https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=AgnesOppen5 2026-08-02T09:11:04Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patharkandi_Assembly_constituency&diff=524752 2026-05-08T09:13:02Z

<p>AgnesOppen5: stub!</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Assembly constituency of Assam}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Patharkandi<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 125<br /> | map_image = Patharkandi Assembly constituency map 2023.svg<br /> | mla = [[Krishnendu Paul]]&lt;Br&gt;{{Small|[[Government of Assam#Council of Ministers|Cabinet Minister in Assam]]}}<br /> | party = {{party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP}}<br /> | alliance = {{party index link|National Democratic Alliance|NDA}}<br /> | latest_election_year = 2021<br /> | preceded_by = Monilal Gowala<br /> | state = [[Assam]]<br /> | division = [[Barak Valley]]<br /> | district = [[Karimganj district|Sribhumi]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Karimganj Lok Sabha constituency|Karimganj]]<br /> | established = 1951<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | incumbent_image =<br /> | electors = 1,80,201<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Patharkandi Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 [[Assam Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Assam]] state in [[Northeast India|North Eastern]] India. It is also one of the 6 state legislative assembly constituencies included in the [[Karimganj Lok Sabha constituency]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary &amp; Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Election<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Political Party<br /> ! Tenure<br /> |-<br /> |2021<br /> |rowspan=2| [[Krishnendu Paul]]<br /> |rowspan=2 style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}&quot; | ||rowspan=2| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |rowspan=2| 2016-''[[Incumbent]]''<br /> |-<br /> |2016<br /> |-<br /> |2011<br /> |Monilal Gowala<br /> |style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}| ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> |2011-16<br /> |-<br /> |2006<br /> | Kartik Sena Sinha<br /> |style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}| ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |2006-11<br /> |-<br /> |2001<br /> |Monilal Gowala<br /> |style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}| ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> |2001-06<br /> |-<br /> |1996<br /> |[[Shukhendu Shekhar Dutta]]<br /> |rowspan=2 style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}| ||rowspan=2| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |1996-01<br /> |-<br /> |1991<br /> |[[Madhusudhan Tiwari]]<br /> |1991-96<br /> |-<br /> |1985<br /> |Monilal Gowala<br /> |style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}| ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> |1985-91<br /> |-<br /> |1983<br /> |Moin Uddin<br /> |rowspan=2 style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Independent}}| ||rowspan=2| [[Independent politician|IND]]<br /> |1983-85<br /> |-<br /> |1978<br /> |Md Fokhrul Islam<br /> |1978-83<br /> |-<br /> |1972<br /> |Biswanath Upadhyaya<br /> |style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}| ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> |1972-78<br /> |-<br /> |1967<br /> |Motilal Kanoo<br /> |style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Independent}}| ||[[Independent politician|IND]]<br /> |1967-72<br /> |-<br /> |1962<br /> |Ramdeb Malah<br /> |style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}| ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> |1962-67<br /> |-<br /> |1957<br /> |Biswanath Upadhyaya<br /> |style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Independent}}| ||[[Independent politician|IND]]<br /> |1957-62<br /> |-<br /> |1951<br /> |Gopesh Namasudra<br /> |style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}| ||[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]<br /> |1951-57<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election Results==<br /> <br /> === 2026 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Patharkandi}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= [[Krishnendu Paul]]|party=National Democratic Alliance|votes=98101 |percentage=64.35 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kartik Sena Sinha |party=Indian National Congress |votes=51337 |percentage=33.67 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1005 |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=46764 |percentage= |change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=152455 |percentage= |change=}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=BJP|loser= |swing=Hold }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2021===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]] : Patharkandi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://ceoassam.nic.in/assembly/2021/form21E_2021.html |title=AC_Wise Final Result as per Form 21E |work=CEO Assam |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Krishnendu Paul]]|votes=74,846|percentage=49.66%|change=+11.73}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Sachin Sahoo|votes=70,379|percentage=46.70%|change=+20.58}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Shihab Uddin Ahmed|votes=1,020|percentage=0.68%|change=''N/A''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,288|percentage=0.85%|change=+0.02}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory|<br /> |votes = 4,467<br /> |percentage = 2.99%<br /> |change =-4.56<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=149,419|percentage=78.51%|change=-0.68}}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing =+11.73<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2016===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Patharkandi}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Krishnendu Paul<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = 46,544<br /> |percentage = 37.93<br /> |change = +29.08<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Dr. Debendra Kumar Sinha<br /> |party = All India United Democratic Front<br /> |votes = 37,276<br /> |percentage = 30.38<br /> |change = -8.85<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Moni Lal Gowala<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = 32,048<br /> |percentage = 26.12<br /> |change = -16.14<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Kripesh Ranjan Dasgupta<br /> |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br /> |votes = 1,638<br /> |percentage = 1.33<br /> |change = -4.53<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Kabir Ahmed<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |votes = 892<br /> |percentage = 0.72<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Rahimuddin Ahmed<br /> |votes = 743<br /> |percentage = 0.60<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Samajwadi Party<br /> |candidate = Misbaqueuddin<br /> |votes = 599<br /> |percentage = 0.48<br /> |change = -0.09<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)<br /> |candidate = Debangshu Nath<br /> |votes = 509<br /> |percentage = 0.41<br /> |change = -0.31<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Asaduddin Ahmed<br /> |votes = 501<br /> |percentage = 0.40<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Nitai Dey<br /> |votes = 495<br /> |percentage = 0.40<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Nihar Ranjan Deb Nath<br /> |votes = 419<br /> |percentage = 0.34<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = None of the above<br /> |votes = 1,030<br /> |percentage = 0.83<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 9,268<br /> |percentage = 7.55<br /> |change = +4.52<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 1,22,694<br /> |percentage = 79.19<br /> |change = +3.18<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box Registered electors|<br /> |reg. electors = 1,54,924<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2011===<br /> {{Election box begin|<br /> title=[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Patharkandi}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Monilal Gowala<br /> |votes = 44,986<br /> |percentage = 42.26<br /> |change = +19.01<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = All India United Democratic Front<br /> |candidate = Kartik Sena Sinha<br /> |votes = 41,762<br /> |percentage = 39.23<br /> |change = +4.83<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Sukhendu Shekhar Dutta<br /> |votes = 9,424<br /> |percentage = 8.85<br /> |change = -28.11<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br /> |candidate = Kripesh Ranjan Dasgupta<br /> |votes = 6,234<br /> |percentage = 5.86<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Nikhil Kumar Sen<br /> |votes = 1,417<br /> |percentage = 1.33<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = All India Trinamool Congress<br /> |candidate = Rupam Nandi Purkayastha<br /> |votes = 1,267<br /> |percentage = 1.19<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)<br /> |candidate = Debangshu Nath<br /> |votes = 764<br /> |percentage = 0.72<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Samajwadi Party<br /> |candidate = Mainuddin Choudhury<br /> |votes = 602<br /> |percentage = 0.57<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 3,224<br /> |percentage = 3.03<br /> |change = +0.47<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 1,06,456<br /> |percentage = 76.01<br /> |change = +2.72<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box Registered electors|<br /> |reg. electors = 1,40,057<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2006===<br /> {{Election box begin|<br /> title=Assam Legislative Assembly election, 2006: Patharkandi}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Kartik Sena Sinha<br /> |votes = 37,220<br /> |percentage = 36.96<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = All India United Democratic Front<br /> |candidate = K. M. Baharul Islam<br /> |votes = 34,640<br /> |percentage = 34.40<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Monilal Gowala<br /> |votes = 23,410<br /> |percentage = 23.25<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Debangshu Nath<br /> |votes = 1,601<br /> |percentage = 1.59<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Janata Dal (Secular)<br /> |candidate = Moinul Haque<br /> |votes = 1,442<br /> |percentage = 1.43<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Asom Gana Parishad<br /> |candidate = Nandeswar Mukherjee<br /> |votes = 899<br /> |percentage = 0.89<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Abdul Hamid<br /> |votes = 866<br /> |percentage = 0.86<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Tajuddin<br /> |votes = 622<br /> |percentage = 0.62<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 2,580<br /> |percentage = 2.56<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 1,00,700<br /> |percentage = 73.29<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box Registered electors|<br /> |reg. electors = 1,37,403<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Patharkandi]]<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Assam Legislative Assembly]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{cite web |title=Results of all Assam Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/67-assam/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]<br /> [[Category:Karimganj district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Assam]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in Assam]]</div>

AgnesOppen5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vilavancode_Assembly_constituency&diff=544597 2026-05-06T19:06:27Z

<p>AgnesOppen5: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Vilavancode<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 233<br /> | map_image = Constitution-Vilavancode.svg<br /> | mla = T. T. Praveen<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}<br /> | alliance = {{Color box|{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}}} [[TVK-led Alliance|TVK+]]<br /> | latest_election_year = 2026 <br /> | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | district = [[Kanniyakumari district|Kanniyakumari]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Kanniyakumari Lok Sabha constituency|Kanniyakumari]]<br /> | established = 1951<br /> | electors = 226,658 <br /> | reservation = None<br /> | incumbent_image =<br /> }}<br /> '''Vilavancode''' is a [[Legislature of Tamil Nadu|legislative assembly]] constituency in [[Kanyakumari district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 22 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu.<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Winner<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Party<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; colspan=&quot;4&quot;|'''Travancore-Cochin'''<br /> |-<br /> | [[1952 Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<br /> | [[Alexandar Manual Simon]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1954 Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly election|1954]]<br /> | [[William (Vilavancode MLA)|William]]<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; colspan=&quot;4&quot;|'''Madras State'''<br /> |-<br /> | [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br /> | rowspan=2|William<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> | [[R. Ponnappan Nadar]]<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; colspan=&quot;4&quot;|'''Tamil Nadu'''<br /> |-<br /> | [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]<br /> | R. Ponnappan Nadar<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (O)|dab=yes}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> | [[D. Gnanasigamony]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2|dab=yes}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> | [[D. Moni]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]<br /> | rowspan=3|[[M. Sundardas]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br /> | rowspan=2|D. Moni<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=3|dab=yes}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br /> | [[G. John Joseph]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br /> | rowspan=3|[[S. Vijayadharani]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2024 elections in India#Tamil Nadu|2024^]]<br /> | [[Tharahai Cuthbert]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br /> | T. T. Praveen<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> {{bar box<br /> |float=right<br /> |title= Vote share of winning candidates<br /> |titlebar=#ddd<br /> |width=300px<br /> |barwidth=275px<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2024 by-election|2024]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|57.71}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|52.12}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|42.43}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|43.69}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|53.74}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|56.75}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|43.35}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|48.86}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|42.25}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|57.49}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|53.66}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|48.85}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|61.79}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|56.19}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|58.19}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1954|1954]]|{{party color|Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress}}|63.87}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress}}|42.85}}<br /> <br /> }}<br /> <br /> === 2026 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Vilavancode}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=T. T. Praveen|party=Indian National Congress|votes=70,755 |percentage= |change= }} {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= K. Michael Kumar |party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes=49,785 |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= [[S. Vijayadharani]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=45,604 |percentage = |change= }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= R. Maria Stella |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=6,199 |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=828 |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,970 |percentage= |change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =225,219 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2024 by-election===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2024 elections in India#Tamil Nadu|2024 Bye election]]: Vilavancode&lt;ref name=&quot;Vilavancode Assembly Constituency Bye Election 2024 Result&quot;&gt;{{cite news |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=5 June 2024 |title=Vilavancode Assembly Constituency Bye Election 2024 Result |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeJune2024/candidateswise-S22233.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616180837/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeJune2024/candidateswise-S22233.htm |archivedate=16 June 2024 |accessdate=16 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Tharahai Cuthbert]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=91,054|percentage=57.72|change=+5%}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V.S. Nanthini|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=50,880|percentage=32.25|change=-3%}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Gemini|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=8,150|percentage=5.08|change=-2%}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=U. Rani|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=5,267|percentage=3.34|change=New}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the above|party=None of the above|votes=919|percentage=0.58|change=}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes= 40,174 |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=65.40%|change=-2.32%}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 239,878 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner= Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2021 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Vilavancode&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Vilavancode Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a233|access-date= 2 Jul 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Vijayadharani]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=87,473 |percentage=52.12% |change=+9.69 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Jayaseelan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=58,804 |percentage=35.04% |change=+13.05 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mary Adlin |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=12,292 |percentage=7.32% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Samuel George Kalai Arasar |party=Independent politician |votes=3,541 |percentage=2.11% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=L. Iden Soni |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=2,447 |percentage=1.46% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=28,669 |percentage=17.08% |change= -3.36% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=167,836 |percentage=67.72% |change= 1.37% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 247,853 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 9.69% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2016 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Vilavancode&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Vijayadharani]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=68,789 |percentage=42.43% |change=-1.27 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Dharmaraj |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=35,646 |percentage=21.98% |change=-4.25 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Chellaswamy |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=25,821 |percentage=15.93% |change=-11.24 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nanjil Domenic Savio George |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=24,801 |percentage=15.30% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,149 |percentage=0.71% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Shibu |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=955 |percentage=0.59% |change=-0.04 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=33,143 |percentage=20.44% |change= 3.91% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=162,139 |percentage=66.34% |change= -2.98% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 244,388 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -1.27% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2011 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Vilavancode&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Vijayadharani]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=62,898 |percentage=43.69% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Leemarose |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=39,109 |percentage=27.17% |change=-26.57 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Jayaseelan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=37,763 |percentage=26.23% |change=+15.78 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Wilson |party=Independent politician |votes=1,144 |percentage=0.79% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Promoth |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=911 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=23,789 |percentage=16.53% |change= -21.01% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=143,948 |percentage=69.32% |change= 7.88% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 207,644 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= -10.05% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2006===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Vilavancode&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=G. John Joseph |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=64,532 |percentage=53.74% |change=-3.01 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=F. Franklin |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=19,458 |percentage=16.20% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pon. Vijaya Raghavan |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=13,434 |percentage=11.19% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=L. Devadhas |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=12,553 |percentage=10.45% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=L. Idan Sony |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=7,309 |percentage=6.09% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. George |party=Independent politician |votes=1,182 |percentage=0.98% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=45,074 |percentage=37.54% |change= 15.52% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=120,076 |percentage=61.44% |change= 9.98% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 195,426 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= -3.01% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2001===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Vilavancode&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[D. Moni]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=59,087 |percentage=56.75% |change=+13.41 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Jeevaraj |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=36,168 |percentage=34.74% |change=+12.91 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Jayaraj |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=6,494 |percentage=6.24% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Radhakrishnanc |party=Independent politician |votes=1,181 |percentage=1.13% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,919 |percentage=22.01% |change= 0.49% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=104,113 |percentage=51.46% |change= -10.12% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 202,315 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= 13.41% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1996===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Vilavancode&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[D. Moni]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=42,867 |percentage=43.35% |change=+5.5 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Thankaraj |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=21,585 |percentage=21.83% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Sreenivasan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=16,141 |percentage=16.32% |change=+4.13 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Sundaradas |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,057 |percentage=13.20% |change=-35.66 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. S. Janakaraj |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=1,713 |percentage=1.73% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Babu |party=Independent politician |votes=1,156 |percentage=1.17% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Chandran |party=Independent politician |votes=681 |percentage=0.69% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,282 |percentage=21.52% |change= 10.50% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=98,891 |percentage=61.58% |change= 2.88% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 169,313 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -5.52% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1991===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Vilavancode&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Sundardas]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=50,151 |percentage=48.86% |change=+6.62 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[D. Moni]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=38,842 |percentage=37.85% |change=-3.16 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Rajeswaran |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=12,511 |percentage=12.19% |change=+2.6 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Durairaj |party=Independent politician |votes=548 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,309 |percentage=11.02% |change= 9.77% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=102,634 |percentage=58.70% |change= -5.06% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 178,941 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 6.62% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1989===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Vilavancode&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Sundardas]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=41,168 |percentage=42.25% |change=-15.24 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[D. Moni]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=39,954 |percentage=41.00% |change=-1.51 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Chandrasenan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,347 |percentage=9.59% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Somasekharan Nair |party=Independent politician |votes=5,292 |percentage=5.43% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Valasalamrose |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,040 |percentage=1.07% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Dasaian |party=Independent politician |votes=644 |percentage=0.66% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,214 |percentage=1.25% |change= -13.74% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=97,445 |percentage=63.75% |change= 0.59% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 155,021 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -15.24% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1984===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Vilavancode&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Sundardas]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=47,169 |percentage=57.49% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[D. Moni]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=34,876 |percentage=42.51% |change=-11.16 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,293 |percentage=14.98% |change= 1.13% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=82,045 |percentage=63.16% |change= 10.64% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 135,185 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= 3.83% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1980===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Vilavancode&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=D. Moni |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=34,170 |percentage=53.66% |change=+4.81 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Davis Raj |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=25,348 |percentage=39.81% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Packianathan |party=Janata Party |votes=3,370 |percentage=5.29% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Manas |party=Independent politician |votes=413 |percentage=0.65% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Purshothaman |party=Independent politician |votes=372 |percentage=0.58% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,822 |percentage=13.86% |change= 10.96% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=63,673 |percentage=52.53% |change= -4.57% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 122,522 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= 4.81% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1977===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Vilavancode&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=D. Gnanasigamony |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=32,628 |percentage=48.85% |change=+33.1 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Sathiadas |party=Janata Party |votes=30,695 |percentage=45.96% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Asary |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,165 |percentage=4.74% |change=-57.05 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,933 |percentage=2.89% |change= -37.42% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=66,787 |percentage=57.10% |change= -5.35% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 117,831 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -12.94% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1971===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Vilavancode&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Ponnappan Nadar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,139 |percentage=61.79% |change=+5.6 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Gnanaraj Christopher |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=11,170 |percentage=21.48% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Packia Das |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=8,195 |percentage=15.76% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Alvin |party=Independent politician |votes=506 |percentage=0.97% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,969 |percentage=40.32% |change= 17.18% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=52,010 |percentage=62.45% |change= -7.37% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,839 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 5.60% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1967===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Vilavancode}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Ponnappan Nadar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,511 |percentage=56.19% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. M. N. Pillai |party=Independent politician |votes=16,184 |percentage=33.05% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Padmanabhan |party=Swatantra Party |votes=4,297 |percentage=8.78% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Elias |party=Independent politician |votes=969 |percentage=1.98% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,327 |percentage=22.10% |change=-2.00% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=51,258 |percentage=69.82% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 73,410 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing=}}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1962===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Vilavancode}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[William (Vilavancode MLA)|M. William]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,386 |percentage=58.19% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Gnanasigamony (Marthamdom) |party=Communist Party of India |votes=21,388 |percentage=40.96% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Gnanasigamony (Nagercoil) |party=Independent politician |votes=441 |percentage=0.84% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,998 |percentage=16.82% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=53,488 |percentage=69.63% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,820 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing=}}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1957===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Vilavancode}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link|candidate=[[William (Vilavancode MLA)|M. William]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 67,159 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress |swing=}}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1954===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1954 Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly election]]: Vilavancode}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[William (Vilavancode MLA)|M. William]] |party=Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress |votes=17,291 |percentage=63.87% |change={{increase}}21.02 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= G. S Mony |party= Communist Party of India |votes=8,274 |percentage=30.56% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Josepth |party= Indian National Congress |votes=1,509 |percentage=5.57% |change={{decrease}}16.87 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,017 |percentage=33.31% |change={{increase}}12.89% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=27,074 |percentage=67.65% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =40,019 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress |loser= |swing=}}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1952===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly election]]: Vilavancode}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Alexander Mannuel Simon |party=Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress |votes=12,089 |percentage=42.85% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Doraswamy. S. |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,330 |percentage=22.44% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Neelakanda Pillai. P. M. |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=4,329 |percentage=15.35% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arjunan |party=Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party |votes=3,071 |percentage=10.89% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sathyanesan. A. N. |party=Independent politician |votes=1,419 |percentage=5.03% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sreedharan Nair. N. |party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |votes=972 |percentage=3.45% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,759 |percentage=20.41% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=28,210 |percentage=73.37% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 38,448 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> * {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010|url-status= dead|df= mdy-all}}<br /> <br /> {{Tamil Nadu assembly elections|state=expanded}}<br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}<br /> {{coord|8.3451075|77.0420246|display=title|format=dms}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Kanyakumari district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]</div>

AgnesOppen5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vypen_Assembly_constituency&diff=545152 2026-05-06T10:24:19Z

<p>AgnesOppen5: added details</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Vypin<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 79<br /> | state = Kerala<br /> | map_image = Nedungad2.jpg<br /> | map_caption = [[Nedungad]] at [[Nayarambalam]]<br /> | established = 2008<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | electors = 1,64,237 (2016)<br /> | mla = [[Tony Chammany]]<br /> | party = [[File:Indian National Congress hand logo.svg|20px]] [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | alliance = {{legend2|#0087BD |'''[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br /> | district = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Vypin State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Ernakulam Lok Sabha constituency]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url = https://ernakulam.nic.in/legislative-assembly<br /> |title = State Assembly Constituencies in Ernakulam district, Kerala<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; As of the [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026 Assembly elections]], the current MLA is Tony Chammany of [[Indian National Congress]].<br /> <br /> Vypin Assembly constituency was established by the 2008 delimitation. Before, it used to be known as Njarackal Assembly constituency from 1957 to 2008.<br /> <br /> ==Local self-governed segments==<br /> The constituency lies in the islands of [[Vypin]]. It is composed of the following local self-governed segments:&lt;ref name=&quot;ekm&quot;&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/ernakulam.html<br /> |website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in<br /> |title = State Assembly constituencies in Ernakulam district, Kerala.<br /> |access-date = 10 March 2021<br /> |archive-date = 14 March 2011<br /> |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110314055251/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/ernakulam.html<br /> |url-status = dead<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 95%;&quot;<br /> !width=&quot;30px&quot; |Sl no.<br /> !width=&quot;100px&quot; |Name<br /> !width=&quot;130px&quot; |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])<br /> !width=&quot;100px&quot; |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |[[Edavanakkad]]<br /> |Grama panchayat<br /> |[[Kochi]]<br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> |[[Elamkunnapuzha]]<br /> |Grama panchayat<br /> |[[Kochi]]<br /> |-<br /> |3<br /> |[[Kuzhuppilly]]<br /> |Grama panchayat<br /> |[[Kochi]]<br /> |-<br /> |4<br /> |[[Nayarambalam]]<br /> |Grama panchayat<br /> |[[Kochi]]<br /> |-<br /> |5<br /> |[[Njarackal]]<br /> |Grama panchayat<br /> |[[Kochi]]<br /> |-<br /> |6<br /> |[[Pallippuram, Ernakulam|Pallippuram]]<br /> |Grama panchayat<br /> |[[Kochi]]<br /> |-<br /> |7<br /> |[[Kadamakkudy]]<br /> |Grama panchayat<br /> |[[Kanayannur]]<br /> |-<br /> |8<br /> |[[Mulavukad]]<br /> |Grama panchayat<br /> |[[Kanayannur]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br /> The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented the constituency:<br /> <br /> ===Njarackal===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Election<br /> ! Niyama&lt;br&gt;Sabha<br /> ! Name<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Party<br /> ! Tenure<br /> |-<br /> | [[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br /> | 1st <br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[K. C. Abraham]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}<br /> | 1957 – 1960<br /> |-<br /> | [[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]<br /> | 2nd<br /> | 1960 – 1965<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> | 3rd<br /> | A. S. Purushothaman<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br /> | 1967 – 1970<br /> |-<br /> | [[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]<br /> | 4th<br /> | M. K. Raghavan<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> | 1970 – 1977<br /> |-<br /> | [[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> | 5th<br /> | T. A. Paraman<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}<br /> | 1977 – 1980<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> | 6th<br /> | M. K. Krishnan<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br /> | 1980 – 1982<br /> |-<br /> | [[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]<br /> | 7th<br /> | [[P. K. Velayudhan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> | 1982 – 1987<br /> |-<br /> | [[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]<br /> | 8th<br /> | K. K. Madhavan<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}<br /> | 1987 – 1991<br /> |-<br /> | [[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br /> | 9th<br /> | Ibrahimkutty Muhamed Suffeer<br /> | {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian National Congress}}<br /> | 1991 – 1996<br /> |-<br /> | [[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br /> | 10th<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| M A Kuttapan<br /> | 1996 – 2001<br /> |-<br /> | [[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br /> | 11th <br /> | 2001 – 2006<br /> |-<br /> | [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br /> | 12th<br /> | M. K. Purushothaman<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br /> | 2006 – 2011<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Vypen===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Election<br /> ! Niyama&lt;br&gt;Sabha<br /> ! Name<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Party<br /> ! Tenure<br /> |-<br /> |[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br /> |13th<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[S. Sharma]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br /> |2011 – 2016<br /> |-<br /> |[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br /> |14th<br /> |2016-2021<br /> |-<br /> |[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br /> |15th<br /> |K. N. Unnikrishnan<br /> |[[Incumbent]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.<br /> <br /> ===2026===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Vypen}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = CPI(M)<br /> |candidate = M. B. Shiny<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Tony Chammany<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Twenty20 Party <br /> |candidate = Anitha Thomas<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Aam Aadmi Party<br /> |candidate = Mohandas P G<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = NOTA<br /> |candidate = None of the above<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory|<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2021 ===<br /> There were 1,72,086 registered voters in the constituency for the 2021 Kerala Assembly election.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2021, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2021|website=eci.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Vypen}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[K. N. Unnikrishnan]]|votes=53,858|percentage=41.24|change={{decrease}}11.00|}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Deepak Joy|votes=45,657|percentage=34.96 |change={{decrease}}2.53|}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Twenty20 Party|candidate=Job Chakkalackal|votes=16,707|percentage=12.79|change=''New''|}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=K. S. Shaiju|votes=13,540|percentage=10.37|change=-|}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=525|percentage=0.40|change=-|}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=M. K. Mukundan|votes=309|percentage=0.24|change=-}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory||votes=8,201|percentage=6.28|change={{decrease}}8.47}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=1,30,596|percentage=75.89|change={{increase}}3.98}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box hold with party link|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing={{decrease}}11.00}}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2016 ===<br /> There were 1,64,237 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Vypen}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[S. Sharma]]|votes=68,526|percentage=52.24|change={{increase}}1.87|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=K. R. Subhash|votes=49,173|percentage=37.49|change={{decrease}}8.54|}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharath Dharma Jana Sena|candidate=Vamalochanan K. K.|votes=10,051|percentage=7.66|change=-|}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Welfare Party of India|candidate=Jyothidas Paravur|votes=1,406|percentage=1.07|change=-|}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=910|percentage=0.69|change=-|}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|candidate=Manjuladevi|votes=248|percentage=0.19|change=-|}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Ambedkarite Party of India|candidate=Rajeev Naagan|votes=231|percentage=0.18|change=-|}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Subhash K. S.|votes=217|percentage=0.17|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Peoples Democratic Party (India)|candidate=K. D. Vishwanathan|votes=183|percentage=0.14|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Kodickal Sadasivan|votes=136|percentage=0.10|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=S. D. Satheesh|votes=88|percentage=0.07|change=-}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=19,353|percentage=14.75|change={{increase}}10.41}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=1,31,169|percentage=79.87|change={{increase}}0.47}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box hold with party link|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing={{increase}}1.87}}{{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2011 ===<br /> There were 1,52,040 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Vypen}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[S. Sharma]]|votes=60,530|percentage=50.37|change=|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Ajay Tharayil|votes=55,572|percentage=46.03|change=|}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=T. G. Surendran|votes=2,930|percentage=2.43|change=-|}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=T. K. Sivanandan|votes=546|percentage=0.45|change=-|}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Santhosh Sarma|votes=490|percentage=0.41|change=-|}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Benny Joseph|votes=374|percentage=0.31|change=|}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory||votes=5,242|percentage=4.34|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=1,20,726|percentage=79.40|change=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box new seat win|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}{{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Vypin]]<br /> * [[Ernakulam district]]<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]<br /> * [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}<br /> <br /> {{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}<br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]<br /> <br /> [[Category:State assembly constituencies in Ernakulam district]]<br /> [[Category:2008 establishments in Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]</div>

AgnesOppen5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manoj_Badale&diff=516223 2026-05-03T17:42:31Z

<p>AgnesOppen5: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|British Indian Businessman}}<br /> {{fan POV|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2021}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox person <br /> | name = Manoj Badale<br /> | honorific_suffix = [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]]<br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1967|12|31|df=yes}}<br /> | alma_mater = [[University of Cambridge]] <br /> | occupation = [[Businessman]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Manoj Badale''' [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=13 June 2018|title=Rajasthan Royals owner Manoj Ba conferred the Officer of the Order of the British Empire|access-date=28 February 2021|website=CricTracker|url=https://www.crictracker.com/rajasthan-royals-owner-manoj-badale-conferred-officer-order-british-empire/ |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; (born 31 December 1967) is an Indian-born British businessman and venture business builder. He is the co-founder and managing partner of venture builder firm Blenheim Chalcot,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Blenheim Chalcot|url=https://www.blenheimchalcot.com/|access-date=16 April 2019|website=www.blenheimchalcot.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; the South African [[SA20]] franchise [[Paarl Royals]] and the Caribbean [[Caribbean Premier League|CPL]] franchise [[Barbados Royals]] and he formerly owned [[Indian Premier League]] franchise [[Rajasthan Royals]] before selling that to UK-based Indian-born [[Lakshmi Mittal]] (75%) and [[Adar Poonawalla]] (18%) at valuation of {{currency|1.63|USD}} billion. He currently has a 7% stake in Rajasthan Royals.<br /> <br /> ==Life==<br /> <br /> Badale was born in [[Dhule]], to a rich Maharashtrian [[Marathi language|Marathi]] speaking family. He attended [[Haberdashers' Boys' School|Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School]] before attending the [[University of Cambridge]], where he studied [[economics]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Manoj Badale|url=https://asiansintech.com/the-list/manoj-badale/|access-date=28 February 2021|website=Asian Stars in UK Tech|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Badale founded the IT services company [[Agilisys]] in 1998.<br /> <br /> In June 2018, Badale was appointed an [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] for services to the economy and charity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Badale, Manoj}}<br /> [[Category:1967 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]<br /> [[Category:Rajasthani people]]<br /> [[Category:Businesspeople from Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:People from Dhule district]]<br /> [[Category:People from Dhule]]<br /> [[Category:Businesspeople from Maharashtra]]</div>

AgnesOppen5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adsar_Purohitan&diff=484719 2026-05-01T16:13:19Z

<p>AgnesOppen5: Adding.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}<br /> {{orphan|date=June 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Adsar Purohitan<br /> | settlement_type = Village<br /> | pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India<br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = Right<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|28.2493|N|74.1876|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{IND}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Bikaner District|Bikaner]]<br /> | subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil|Sub-District]]<br /> | subdivision_name3 = [[Shri Dungargarh]]<br /> | subdivision_type4 = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Assembly Constituency]]<br /> | subdivision_name4 = [[Dungargarh Assembly constituency|Dungargarh]]<br /> | government_type = [[Panchayati Raj]]<br /> | governing_body = [[Gram Panchayat]]<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_total_km2 = 29.69<br /> | population_total = 4328<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_footnotes = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products__rajasthan.html|title=Census of India : Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 : Rajasthan|last=ORGI}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | demographics_type1 = [[Language]]<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official Language<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 331801<br /> | registration_plate = RJ-07<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;langoff&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=30 December 2024|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> '''Adsar Purohitan''' is a village located in [[Shri Dungargarh]] Tehsil within the [[Bikaner]] district of [[Rajasthan|Rajasthan, India]].<br /> This village's population primarily rely on [[agriculture]], and many of them own their own enterprises.<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> <br /> As per 2011 Census, conducted by Government of India; population of this village is 4,328, out of which 2,240 is male population and 2,088 is female population. There're total 634 houses in this village. <br /> Literacy rate of this village is 49.93%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title= Census of Adsar Purohitan village. |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/69854-adsar-purohitan-rajasthan.html |access-date=30 December 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> 99.8% of the village population follows [[Hinduism]], while there're a few followers of [[Islam]] also reside in this village.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Population by religious community - Bikaner District |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Bar box|float=right|title=Religion in Adsar Purohitan Village (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;Religion&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Rajasthan|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;|titlebar=#Fcd117|left1=Religion|right1=Percent|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|99.8}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Rajasthani Muslims|Islam]]|green|0.20}}<br /> |caption=Distribution of religions in Adsar Purohitan Village}}<br /> <br /> [[Bagri language|Bagri]], a dialect of [[Rajasthani Language|Rajsthani]] is the most spoken language here. The village administration follows [[Hindi Language|Hindi]] as their official language.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Languages in Adsar Purohitan village|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10234/download/13346/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-0800.XLSX}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Pie chart|thumb=left|value1=96|value2=3.9|value3=0.10|color1=yellow|color2=red|color3=Pink|caption=Languages of Adsar Purohitan village(2011)|label1=[[Bagri language|Bagri]]|label2=[[Hindi]]|label3=[[English Language|English]]}}<br /> <br /> The PIN Code (Postal Index Number Code) of this village is 331801.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Bikaner district]]<br /> <br /> {{Bikanerdivision-geo-stub}}</div>

AgnesOppen5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saaz_Aggarwal&diff=531529 2026-04-30T05:50:35Z

<p>AgnesOppen5: post!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}<br /> {{Short description|Indian writer, oral historian and artist}}<br /> {{Infobox writer<br /> | name = Saaz Aggarwal<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1961|10|5}}<br /> | occupation = {{Cslist|biographer, oral historian, artist}}<br /> | website = {{URL|https://saazaggarwal.com/}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Saaz Aggarwal''' (born 1961) is a [[Pune]]-based Indian-English writer, biographer, oral historian, independent researcher, and artist. Best known for her extensive efforts in documenting the culture, heritage, and [[Partition of India|Partition]] experiences of the [[Sindhi Hindus|Sindhi diaspora]], her writing and art also prominently feature themes of satire and parody.&lt;ref name=Songbird&gt;{{Cite book |title=The songbird on my shoulder : confessions of an unrepentant madam | first=Saaz | last=Aggarwal. |url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/SCSB-14413629 |via=[[Princeton University Library]]|date=2012 |isbn=978-81-922728-1-8 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aggarwal |first=Saaz |date=21 March 2017 |title=My 1.2 foot vagina |url=http://agentsofishq.com/1-2-foot-vagina/ |website=Agents of Ishq}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> Saaz was born in [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai) in 1961 and grew up in the [[Nilgiri Mountains|Nilgiris]], where her father worked as a tea planter. She attended boarding school from the age of five,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Aggarwal |first=Saaz |date=17 November 2011 |title=Take Me Home |url=https://openthemagazine.com/essays/true-life/take-me-home/ |work=[[Open (Indian magazine)]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; spending her final six years at [[Lawrence School, Lovedale|The Lawrence School, Lovedale]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Varma |first=Amit |date=19 December 2022 |title=Episode 308: Saaz Aggarwal Enters a Vanished Homeland |url=https://seenunseen.in/episodes/2022/12/19/episode-308-saaz-aggarwal-enters-a-vanished-homeland/ |website=The Seen &amp; the Unseen}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saaz pursued a Bachelor of Science in mathematics at [[Jai Hind College]], Mumbai, followed by an Master of Science in mathematics at [[University of Mumbai|Mumbai University]] in 1982.<br /> <br /> == Language, loss and cultural exploration ==<br /> Saaz's upbringing was shaped by her multicultural heritage, which was uncommon for the time. Her father belonged to the [[Chitrapur Saraswat Brahmin]] community, while her mother was [[Sindhis|Sindhi]], both from families with multiple generations of formal education.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=The 1947 Partition Archive |date=18 July 2022 |title=Day 46 of '75 Days of Partition' - The Sindhi Refugee Experience |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dyhtgPBE5qI&amp;ab_channel=1947PartitionArchive |website= |publisher=[[The 1947 Partition Archive]] |via=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 January 2024 |title=The Partition and beyond: Sindhi Stories, Struggles, and Success with Saaz Aggarwal {{!}} Indian Explorers podcast by Amit Nawalrai and Sabrina Scott |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2r3HMcWEvMs |via=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Despite her multicultural upbringing and the influence of many languages, English became her primary language of expression. This linguistic identity became a focal point during the [[Jaipur Literature Festival]] in January 2023, where she was initially invited to join a panel on Sindhi literature. After explaining her inability to contribute in Sindhi, the panel was restructured to focus on &quot;Mother Tongue,&quot; allowing her to share her perspectives on language loss and identity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Aggarwal |first=Saaz |date=28 January 2023 |title=A mother tongue Partition consumed intact: The depletion and revival of Sindhi language and culture |url=https://scroll.in/article/1042577/a-mother-tongue-partition-consumed-intact-the-depletion-and-revival-of-sindhi-language-and-culture |work=[[Scroll.in]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 February 2023 |title=Jaipur Literature Festival {{!}} The Call of the Mother Tongue {{!}} Loquations and Dislocations |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Se9qAfuQDz8&amp;ab_channel=JaipurLiteratureFestival |website=[[Jaipur Literature Festival]] |via=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early career and journalism ==<br /> From December 1982 to March 1986, Saaz taught undergraduate Mathematics at Ruparel College, Mumbai, and took a career break when she had a baby in 1986.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=HLF {{!}} Speaker {{!}} Saaz Aggarwal |url=https://www.hydlitfest.org/blog/speaker/saaz-aggarwal/ |website=Hyderabad Literature Festival}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bangalore Literature Festival {{!}} Participant {{!}} Saaz Aggarwal |url=https://bangaloreliteraturefestival.org/participant/2022-saaz-aggarwal/ |website=Bangalore Literature Festival}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her transition to writing professionally began after becoming a single parent in 1989. She began contributing articles to various Mumbai publications, and in December 1990, was appointed Features Editor at ''[[The Times of India]]'', where she launched ''Ascent'', a human resources supplement.<br /> <br /> In 1993, after marrying Ajay Aggarwal, Saaz moved to Pune. For the next few years, she was Pune correspondent for ''[[Femina (India)|Femina]]'' and contributed regular columns and articles to local and national publications, including ''[[Maharashtra Herald]]'', [[The Indian Express|''Indian Express'']], ''[[Sunday Mid-Day]]'', [[Verve (Indian magazine)|''Verve'']], and [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|''Outlook'']]. From 1998 to 2006, Saaz worked as Head of [[Human resources|Human Resources]] and Quality at Seacom, an [[Information technology|Information Technology]] company co-founded with her husband, eventually selling Seacom to [[Zensar Technologies|Zensar]] in 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=6 February 2013 |title=Zensar buys Seacom's POS solutions, customer base |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/technology/zensar-buys-seacom-s-pos-solutions-customer-base-106030301052_1.htmlt |work=[[Business Standard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2006, Saaz began writing weekly book reviews for the Sunday Mid-Day, covering a variety of genres and interviewing authors including at the Jaipur Literature Festival.<br /> <br /> == Memoirs and corporate biographies ==<br /> Beginning in 2006, Saaz started helping individuals and corporations document their histories. Notable works include:<br /> <br /> * ''Did I Really Do All This'' (2024) memoirs of Vijay Raman, published by ''[[Rupa Publications]]''.<br /> * ''Building Dreams'' (2022) memoirs of Vasudevan Ramamoorthy, founding Chairman of Vascon Engineers Ltd.<br /> * ''The Weikfield Legacy Stories'' (2022). <br /> * ''An Elephant Kissed My Window and other stories from the tea plantations of South India'' (2019) co-written with M. Ravindran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=An elephant kissed my window : and other stories from the tea plantations of South India / M Ravindran &amp; Saaz Aggarwal. |url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/99127097831206421 |via=[[Princeton University Library]] |date=2020 |isbn=9789383465149 |last1=Ravindran |first1=M. |last2=Aggarwal |first2=Saaz |publisher=Black-and-White Fountain }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> * ''Even Against All Odds'' (2019) memoirs of Sunder Advani, a pioneer of India's luxury hotel segment.<br /> * ''The Forbes Marshall Story'' (2016) – Corporate history of [[Forbes Marshall]].<br /> * ''Forgotten Tales from my Village, Harwai'' (2015) – memoirs of Hari Gobind Narayan Dubey.<br /> * ''Odyssey'' (2014) – memoirs of Dr. N.P. Tolani.<br /> * ''Bicycles, Boilers, and Beliefs'' (2011) – memoirs of Darius Forbes.<br /> * ''The Spirit of Sandvik'' (2010) – Corporate history of [[Sandvik|Sandvik Asia]].<br /> * ''There’s No Such Thing as a Self-Made Man'' (2008) – memoirs of P.P. Chhabria, founder of [[Finolex Group|Finolex]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=There's no such thing as a self-made man / by Pralhad P. Chhabria; [text, Saaz Aggarwal]. |url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/SCSB-5499428 |via=[[Princeton University Library]] |date=2008 |isbn=9788190351430 |last1=Chhabria |first1=Pralhad P. |publisher=Ameya Prakashan }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''Doing it My Way'' (2006) – memoirs of S.P. Malhotra, founder of Weikfield.<br /> <br /> == Art and exhibitions ==<br /> In November 2005, Saaz held her first solo art exhibition, ''Bombay Clichés'', at the Bajaj Art Gallery in Mumbai. The exhibition showcased satirical and quirky depictions of urban India in a [[Madhubani art|Madhubani]] folk style.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Chari |first=Mridula |date=27 October 2014 |title=Eight vibrant images of Mumbai with a folksy Madhubani twist |url=https://scroll.in/article/684705/Eight-vibrant-images-of-Mumbai-with-a-folksy-Madhubani-twist |work=[[Scroll.in]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> From 26 January 2017, Saaz became a regular participant in Pune's annual Art Mandai, an initiative conceived and managed by artist and academic Gauri Gandhi. This event brought together artists and vegetable vendors in a traditional market setting.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ray |first=Kunal |date=23 September 2016 |title=Art in the Bazaar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/Art-in-the-bazaar/article14028726.ece |work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Publishing and Sindhi heritage ==<br /> In 2010, Saaz founded Black-and-White Fountain, a publishing imprint, and released ''The Songbird on My Shoulder'',&lt;ref name=Songbird /&gt; a collection of her humour and parody writings.<br /> <br /> In November 2012, she published ''Sindh: Stories from a Vanished Homeland'', evolving from an oral history project inspired by conversations with her mother about life in Sindh before, during and after Partition. The book, later published by [[Oxford University Press]] (Pakistan) as ''Sindh: Stories from a Lost Homeland'', received acclaim for its documentation of Sindhi history and culture and is recognized as a classic in Sindh studies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Sindh : stories from a lost homeland / Saaz Aggarwal. |url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/9982037613506421 |website=[[Princeton University Library]]|date=2013 |isbn=978-0-19-906861-6 |last1=Aggarwal |first1=Saaz |publisher=Oxford University Press }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ansari |first=Sarah |date=20 January 2013 |title=Sindh: Stories from a Vanished Land by Saaz Aggarwal |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/780096 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 February 2013 |title=KLF-2013: Book Launch: Sindh Stories from a Lost Homeland (17.2.2013) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_TTaTHdDMoE&amp;ab_channel=KarachiLitFestival |website=Karachi Literature Festival 2013 |via=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Her contributions to documenting and preserving Sindhi heritage include:<br /> <br /> === Books authored ===<br /> <br /> * ''Sindh: Stories from a Vanished Homeland'' (2012) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Sindh : stories from a vanished homeland / Saaz Aggarwal |url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/99127184635006421 |website=[[Princeton University Library]]|date=2012 |isbn=978-81-922728-5-6 |last1=Aggarwal |first1=Saaz |publisher=Black and White Fountain }}&lt;/ref&gt;     <br /> * ''Sindh: Stories from a Lost Homeland'' (2013) `– published by Oxford University Press (Pakistan)  <br /> * ''Tales from Yerwada Jail'' by Rita Shahani, translated by Saaz Aggarwal (2013) {{ISBN|978-81-922728-4-9}}<br /> * ''The Amils of Sindh: a Narrative History of a Remarkable Community'' (2019) {{ISBN|978-93-83465-08-8}}<br /> * ''Sindhi Tapestry: An Anthology of Reflections on the Sindhi Identity'' (2021) – featuring sixty short pieces by various contributors, including academics, poets, writers, and celebrities. The anthology explores facets of the evolving Sindhi identity through personal narratives and rare archival photographs.          <br /> * ''Losing Home, Finding Home'', (2022) an illustrated collection of selected stories which trace the experience of Sindhi Partition refugees, highlighting their resilience and contributions and a glimpse into the global diaspora.<br /> <br /> === Books published ===<br /> <br /> * ''Sunrise Over Valiwade'' by Susheel Gajwani (2024) {{ISBN|978-93-83465-43-9}}<br /> * ''Refugees in their own country'' by Sunayna Pal (2022) <br /> * ''While Sowing Dreams'' by Mohan Gehani (2021) {{ISBN|978-93-83465-25-5}}<br /> * ''My Sindh'' by Shakuntala Bharvani (2021) {{ISBN|978-93-83465-24-8}}<br /> * ''Beyond the Rainbow'' by Murli Melwani (2020) {{ISBN|978-93-83465-16-3}}<br /> <br /> === Literary and academic articles and presentations on Sindh ===<br /> <br /> * ''Hemu Kalani: A lost freedom hero from Sindh and a homeland cleaved apart'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Aggarwal |first=Saaz |date=15 August 2024 |title=Hemu Kalani: A lost freedom hero from Sindh and a homeland cleaved apart |url=https://scroll.in/article/1071934/hemu-kalani-a-lost-hero-from-sindh-and-a-homeland-cleaved-apart |work=[[Scroll.in]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; published in ''Scroll.in'', 15 August 2024<br /> * ''A mother tongue Partition consumed intact'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Aggarwal |first=Saaz |date=28 January 2023 |title=A mother tongue Partition consumed intact: The depletion and revival of Sindhi language and culture |url=https://scroll.in/article/1042577/a-mother-tongue-partition-consumed-intact-the-depletion-and-revival-of-sindhi-language-and-culture |work=Scroll.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; published in ''Scroll.in'', 29 January 2023<br /> * ''Urban Legacies – tracing the Sindhi and Parsi heritage of Mumbai'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 January 2023 |title=Uncovering Urban Legacies: Tracing the Sindhi and Parsi Heritage of Bombay |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gi2B00HSqQs&amp;feature=youtu.be |website=Avid Learning |via=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt; [https://avidlearning.in/event-details/13/uncovering-urban-legacies-tracing-the-sindhi-26-parsi-heritage-of-bombay Avid Learning], 17 January 2023<br /> * ''Kindness in the time of Partition'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aggarwal |first=Saaz |date=29 October 2022 |title=Kindness in the Time of Partition |url=https://www.usawa.in/issue-8/non-fiction-8/kindness-in-the-time-of-partition/#saaz |website=The Usawa Literary Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; in ''The Usawa Literary Review'', 29 October 2022<br /> * ''For Sindhis, Partition Meant Loss of a Homeland, of a Culture and a Language'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Aggarwal |first=Saaz |date=19 August 2022 |title=For Sindhis, Partition Meant Loss of a Homeland, of a Culture and a Language |url=https://thewire.in/history/for-sindhis-partition-meant-loss-of-a-homeland-of-a-culture-and-a-language |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; in ''[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]'', 19 August 2022<br /> * ''The pain of Partition as seen in the literature of many languages'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=14 August 2022 |title=The Pain of Partition, as Seen in the Literature of Many Languages |url=https://thewire.in/books/the-pain-of-partition-as-seen-in-the-literature-of-many-languages |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; in ''The Wire'', 14 August 2022<br /> * ''How refugees from Sindh rebuilt their lives – and India – after Partition'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Aggarwal |first=Saaz |date=13 August 2022 |title=How refugees from Sindh rebuilt their lives – and India – after Partition |url=https://scroll.in/article/1030368/the-story-of-sindh-and-how-its-refugees-rebuilt-their-lives-and-india-after-partition |work=[[Scroll.in]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; in Scroll.in, 13 August 2022<br /> * Podcast with [[Sonal Kalra|Sonam Kalra]] for [[The 1947 Partition Archive]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kalra |first=Sonam |date=18 July 2022 |title=Day 46 of '75 Days of Partition' - The Sindhi Refugee Experience |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dyhtgPBE5qI |via=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; on 18 July 2022<br /> * ''Sindhiness and the untold truth about Partition'' on the ''Global Indian Series'' podcast with Rajan Singh Nazrana &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nazrana |first=Rajan Singh |date=30 March 2022 |title=Sindhiness and the untold truth about Partition |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lzzj0zIQiUQ&amp;ab_channel=GlobalIndianNetwork |website=Global Indian Series Podcast |via=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; on 30 March 2022<br /> * [[Sahitya Akademi]] seminar on Sindhi writers who have contributed in languages other than Sindhi, paper on ''Dr'' ''Murli Melwani: A Writer of Significant Influence'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aggarwal |first=Saaz |title=Murli Melwani: A Writer of Significant Influence |url=https://www.academia.edu/73699357 |website=[[Academia.edu]]|date=January 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 4 February 2022<br /> * ''Memories and history: how Partition affected the lives of ordinary people,'' public lecture at [https://ohai.info/ Oral History Association of India (OHAI)] workshop &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2020 |title=Memories and history: how Partition affected the lives of ordinary people |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=luy66JRIKKQ&amp;ab_channel=Tapestry |website=Oral History Association of India |via=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; on 11 October 2020<br /> * ''Rootless - but bound by ties that encircle the globe,'' talk at [[IIT Kharagpur]] Partition Lecture Series 2020 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 September 2020 |title=Rootless - but bound by ties that encircle the globe |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9JD8Wx_T3E4&amp;ab_channel=Tapestry |via=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; on 21 September 2020<br /> * ''Freedom fighters: The inspiring story of a Sindhi woman, Kala Shahani, and her husband Shanti'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Aggarwal |first=Saaz |date=15 August 2019 |title=Freedom fighters: The inspiring story of a Sindhi woman, Kala Shahani, and her husband Shanti |url=https://scroll.in/article/933798/freedom-fighters-the-inspiring-story-of-a-sindhi-woman-kala-shahani-and-her-husband-shanti |work=[[Scroll.in]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; in Scroll.in, 15 August 2019<br /> * ''After Partition, Sindhis Turned Displacement Into Determination and Enterprise'' article on Partition for ''The Wire'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Aggarwal |first=Saaz |date=11 August 2017 |title=After Partition, Sindhis Turned Displacement Into Determination and Enterprise |url=https://thewire.in/166634/after-partition-displacement-of-sindhis-turned-into-determination-and-enterprise/ |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; on 11 August 2017<br /> * ''Wherever'': a paper presented at the Conference ''Sindh Through The Centuries'' by [[Sindh Madressatul Islam University]] in Karachi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aggarwal |first=Saaz |title=Wherever |url=https://www.academia.edu/6981074 |website=[[Academia.edu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 25 March 2014<br /> <br /> === Tapestry podcast ===<br /> <br /> * Sindhi food – beyond papad! With Sapna Ajwani | Episode 8 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 June 2023 |title=Their dedication to education {{!}} Tapestry Podcast {{!}} Ep 7 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pJxxgy7xltg&amp;ab_channel=Tapestry |website=Tapestry Podcast |via=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Their dedication to education | Episode 7 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Their dedication to education {{!}} Tapestry Podcast {{!}} Ep 7 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pJxxgy7xltg&amp;ab_channel=Tapestry |website=Tapestry Podcast | date=12 June 2023 |via=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Partition with Nandita Bhavnani | Episode 6 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 June 2023 |title=Partition {{!}} Tapestry Podcast {{!}} Ep 6 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e2RCk9_twB0&amp;ab_channel=Tapestry |website=Tapestry Podcast |via=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Fighting for Freedom with Subash Bijlani | Episode 5 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 May 2023 |title=Fighting for Freedom |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R8xOfcrutYI&amp;ab_channel=Tapestry |website=Tapestry Podcast |via=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Sindhi multinationals in colonial times with Claude Markovits | Episode 4 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sindhi multinationals in colonial times |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CSdElhNMjpA&amp;ab_channel=Tapestry |website=Tapestry Podcast | date=22 May 2023 |via=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Land of multi-faith harmony with Zulfiqar Ali Kalhoro | Episode 3 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Land of multi-faith harmony |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9EwPK8oOjzg&amp;ab_channel=Tapestry |website=Tapestry Podcast | date=15 May 2023 |via=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * I left my heart in … | Episode 2 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 May 2023 |title=I left my heart in... |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BBwZElw4SOA&amp;ab_channel=Tapestry |website=Tapestry Podcast |via=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Stories from a Vanished Homeland | Episode 1 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 May 2023 |title=Stories from a Vanished Homeland |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B4re32Rh6ek |website=Tapestry Podcast |via=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Aggarwal, Saaz}}<br /> [[Category:1961 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Writers from Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women writers]]<br /> [[Category:Jai Hind College alumni]]<br /> [[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]</div>

AgnesOppen5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sivakasi&diff=536293 2026-04-27T04:23:29Z

<p>AgnesOppen5: added new entry...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|City and municipal corporation in Tamil Nadu, India}}<br /> {{for|the film|Sivakasi (film)}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=April 2013}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Sivakasi<br /> | settlement_type = City<br /> | nicknames = Little Japan of India, Cracker City of India<br /> | image_skyline = Kasi Viswanathar, Sivakasi1.jpg<br /> | image_caption = Kasi Viswanathar temple in Sivakasi, after which the city is named<br /> | pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India3<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Sivakasi, Tamil Nadu<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = State<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[File:TamilNadu Logo.svg|22px]] [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Virudhunagar district|Virudhunagar]]<br /> | subdivision_type3 = [[List of revenue divisions of Tamil Nadu|Revenue Division]]<br /> | subdivision_name3 = [[Sivakasi division|Sivakasi]]<br /> | subdivision_type4 = [[Taluk]]<br /> | subdivision_name4 = [[Sivakasi taluk|Sivakasi]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = The deity Shiva and the city Kashi ([[Varanasi]])<br /> | government_type = Municipal Corporation<br /> | governing_body = Sivakasi Corporation<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_total_km2 = 19.89<br /> | area_rank = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = 127<br /> | population_total = 2,60,047<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_footnotes = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/sivakasi/|title=Sivakasi Corporation|work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=4 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204060050/https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/sivakasi/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_demonym = Sivakasian<br /> Sivakasikaran<br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 626123, 626124, 626189, 626130<br /> | area_code = 04562<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone code<br /> | registration_plate = TN 67, TN 84, TN 95<br /> | website = {{URL|https://virudhunagar.nic.in}}<br /> | footnotes = <br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|9.453300|N|77.802400|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | Chairman = <br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br /> | official_name = <br /> | other_name = Little Japan of India<br /> }}<br /> '''Sivakasi''' (also pronounced '''Shivakaashi''') is a city in [[Virudhunagar District]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The city is known for firecrackers and match factories that produce 70% of the country's output. The printing industries in Sivakasi produce 30% of the total diaries produced in India. The industries in Sivakasi employ over 25,000 people and the estimated turnover of the firecracker, match making and printing industries in the city is around {{INRConvert|20|b}}. It is the second largest town in [[Virudhunagar district]] after [[Rajapalayam]].<br /> <br /> Sivakasi was established in the 15th century during the reign of the Pandya king Harikesari Parakkirama Pandian. The city was a part of [[Madurai]] and has been ruled at various times by Later Pandyas, [[Vijayanagar Empire]], [[Madurai Nayaks]], [[Chanda Sahib]], [[Nawab of the Carnatic|Carnatic kingdom]] and the [[British Raj|British]]. A [[Sivakasi riots of 1899|major riot]] during the British Raj took place in 1899.<br /> <br /> Sivakasi has a dry weather, making it suitable for dry crops like cotton, chillies and millets. Badhrkali Amman temple is the most prominent landmark of Sivakasi, and the temple festivals constitute the major festivals of the city. AJ and Hatsun Indoor Stadium has a coaching center for badminton and is the major sporting venue of the city. Sivakasi is a part of [[Sivakasi (State Assembly Constituency)|Sivakasi constituency]] and elects its member of legislative assembly every five years, and a part of the [[Virudhunagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Virudhunagar constituency]] that elects its member of parliament. Sivakasi is locally administered by a municipal corporation which covers an area of {{convert|6.8|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}. Roadways is the major mode of transport to the city, while it has also got rail connectivity. As of 2021, Sivakasi has an estimated population of 160,047.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| title=நகராட்சி நிர்வாகம் மற்றும் குடிநீர் வழங்கல் (தேர்தல்) துறை | language=ta | trans-title=Municipal Administration and Drinking Water Supply (Election) Department | url=https://www.tniuscbe.org/download/go/go2209.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222215501/https://www.tniuscbe.org/download/go/go2209.pdf | archive-date=2023-12-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> Sivakasi was established during the early 15th century CE. Between 1428 and 1460, a [[Pandya kingdom|Pandya]] king Harikesari Parakkirama Pandian ruled the southern part of Madurai region (comprising modern-day Sivakasi and its surroundings). Hindu legend relates that he wanted to construct a temple for the Hindu god [[Shiva]] at [[Tenkasi]] and went to [[Varanasi|Kasi]] to bring a [[lingam]] (an iconic representation of Shiva). While returning to his palace with the prized lingam, he rested under the grove of a [[Aegle marmelos|vilva]] tree, the favourite tree of Shiva. When a cow carrying the lingam refused to move from the spot, the king realised that the wishes of Shiva were different from his own, and he placed the lingam in the place where the cow halted. The place where the &quot;Shiva lingam brought from Kasi&quot; was installed came to be known as Sivakasi.&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Om Namah Shivaya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TQAJ2NOx0EoC&amp;q=sivakasi+temple&amp;pg=PA33|last=Subramaniam|first=Neela|publisher=Young Kids Press|location=Chennai|page=4|isbn=81-7478-510-8|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303160422/https://books.google.com/books?id=TQAJ2NOx0EoC&amp;pg=PA33&amp;dq=sivakasi+temple&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=GVToUPz5NYv88QT-moDIAQ&amp;ved=0CEgQ6AEwBDgK#v=onepage&amp;q=sivakasi%20temple&amp;f=false|archive-date=3 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sivakasi was a part of the Madurai region during the 16th century. Madurai became independent from the [[Vijayanagar Empire]] in 1559 under the [[Madurai Nayak Dynasty|Nayaks]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=V.|first=Vriddhagirisan|page=[https://archive.org/details/nayaksoftanjore0000vrid/page/115 115]|title=Nayaks of Tanjore|year=1995|orig-year=1942|publisher=Asian Educational Services|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-206-0996-4|url=https://archive.org/details/nayaksoftanjore0000vrid/page/115}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nayak rule ended in 1736 and [[Madurai]] was repeatedly captured several times by [[Chanda Sahib]] (1740–1754), [[Nawab of the Carnatic|Arcot Nawab]] and [[Muhammed Yusuf Khan]] (1725–1764) in the middle of the 18th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Harman|first=William. P|title=The sacred marriage of a Hindu goddess|year=1992|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0810-2|pages=30–36|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_siW9T3ev4C&amp;pg=PA36|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229110108/https://books.google.com/books?id=F_siW9T3ev4C&amp;pg=PA36|archive-date=29 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1801, [[Madurai]] came under the direct control of the [[British East India Company]] and was annexed to the [[Madras Presidency]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Markovits|first=Claude|title=A History of Modern India, 1480–1950|year=2004|publisher=Wimbledon Publishing Company|page=253|location=London|isbn=1-84331-152-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uzOmy2y0Zh4C&amp;pg=PA253|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231230336/http://books.google.com/books?id=uzOmy2y0Zh4C&amp;pg=PA253&amp;lpg=PA253|archive-date=31 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The mutual confrontation between the Maravars and Nadars reached its peak in 1899, leading to a series of riots which became known as the [[Sivakasi riots of 1899|Sivakasi riots]]. A total of 22 people were killed, as many as 800 houses and the Big Chariot in the center of the city (used by the temple during festivals) were burnt during the riots. Eventually, the riots came to an end after the intervention of the military in mid-July 1899.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| title=The Nadars of Tamil Nadu| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KZ9mqiLgkdEC&amp;q=sivakasi+riots&amp;pg=PA118| first=Robert| last=Hardgrave| page=118| publisher=University of California Press| year=1969| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108171000/https://books.google.com/books?id=KZ9mqiLgkdEC&amp;pg=PA118&amp;dq=sivakasi+riots&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=EyzoUP7JIoGQ8wSI3IDQCQ&amp;ved=0CDYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=sivakasi%20riots&amp;f=false| archive-date=8 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&amp;d=TS18990801.2.67|title=Current Topics|date=1 August 1899|work=Star|location=Christchurch, New Zealand|page=4|access-date=2009-11-08|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401213104/http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&amp;d=TS18990801.2.67|archive-date=1 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Ritualizing on the Boundaries: Continuity And Innovation in the Tamil Diaspora|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uRxAOJWnyEwC&amp;q=sivakasi+riots&amp;pg=PA89|pages=89–90|last=Clothey|first=Fred W.|publisher=University of South California|year=2006|isbn=9781570036477|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108170959/https://books.google.com/books?id=uRxAOJWnyEwC&amp;pg=PA89&amp;dq=sivakasi+riots&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=EyzoUP7JIoGQ8wSI3IDQCQ&amp;ved=0CD0Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&amp;q=sivakasi%20riots&amp;f=false|archive-date=8 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Converting Women: Gender and Protestant Christianity in Colonial South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HzlkWtM9IJYC&amp;q=sivakasi+riots&amp;pg=PA299|last=Kent|first=Eliza F.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|page=299|isbn=0-19-516507-1|location=New York|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223180957/https://books.google.com/books?id=HzlkWtM9IJYC&amp;pg=PA299&amp;dq=sivakasi+riots&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=EyzoUP7JIoGQ8wSI3IDQCQ&amp;ved=0CEcQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&amp;q=sivakasi%20riots&amp;f=false|archive-date=23 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Sivakasi municipality was established in 1920. After India's independence from the British in 1947, Sivakasi continued to be a municipality under the [[Madras state]] and later a part of [[Tamil Nadu]], when the state was split on linguistic lines during 1953, 1956 and 1960 and renamed in 1968.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Pratiyogita Darpan|date=December 2006|access-date=2013-04-10|volume=1|issue=6|publisher=Pratiyogita Darpan|location=Agra|id=69UU-BLQ-HU3R|page=984|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fugDAAAAMBAJ&amp;q=madras+state+%2B+tamil+nadu&amp;pg=PT83|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303160422/https://books.google.com/books?id=fugDAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PT83&amp;dq=madras+state+%2B+tamil+nadu&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=_CZmUYzsDoKA0AHuyYGABw&amp;ved=0CDgQ6AEwAg|archive-date=3 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was promoted to a second-grade municipality in 1978, first-grade in 1978, selection-grade in 1998, special-grade in 2013 and proposed to be upgraded as municipal corporation in 2017. On 31-December-2020, both Sivakasi and Thiruthangal are merged with a view to promote Sivakasi as municipal corporation. It is declared as Municipal Corporation on 24-August-2021 in Tamil Nadu legislative assembly.{{efn|The municipalities in Tamil Nadu are graded special, selection, grade I and grade II based on income and population.}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Dindigul, Thanjavur to be upgraded as corporations|work=The Hindu|date=11 April 2013|access-date=2013-04-11|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/dindigul-thanjavur-to-be-upgraded-as-corporations/article4603121.ece|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412050451/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/dindigul-thanjavur-to-be-upgraded-as-corporations/article4603121.ece|archive-date=12 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Over the decades after independence, Sivakasi grew as an industrial city specialising in firecracker, match and printing industries. Several incidents of [[List of fireworks accidents and incidents in Sivakasi|fire and explosions]] have occurred in the fireworks factories.<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> Sivakasi is located at {{Coord|9.45|N|77.8167|E|}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/25/Sivakasi.html|title=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc – Sivakasi|publisher=Falling Rain Genomics Inc|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080813131337/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/25/Sivakasi.html|archive-date=13 August 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> and has an average elevation of 101&amp;nbsp;metres (331&amp;nbsp;feet). The city is located in Virudhunagar district of the South Indian state, Tamil Nadu, at a distance of {{convert|74|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Madurai]].&lt;ref name=&quot;abtcity&quot; /&gt; Sivakasi is located to the east of [[Western Ghats]] and to the west of Sattur. The topography is almost plain, with no major geological formation. There are no notable mineral resources available in and around the city. The soil types are black and red that are conducive to cotton, chillies, and millets. These crops are predominant because of poor groundwater supply and soil type. Sivakasi experiences hot and dry weather throughout the year. The temperature ranges from a maximum of {{convert|39|°C|°F}} to a minimum of {{convert|23|°C|°F}}. Like the rest of the state, April to June are the hottest months and December to January are the coldest. Sivakasi receives scanty rainfall with an average of {{convert|812| mm|in|abbr=on}} annually, which is lesser than the state average of {{convert|1008| mm|in|abbr=on}}. The Southwest monsoon, with an onset in June and lasting up to August, brings scanty rainfall. The bulk of the rainfall is received during the North East monsoon in the months of October, November and December.&lt;ref name=&quot;abtcity&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;urbaninfra7&quot;&gt;[[#urban|Urban Infrastructure Report]] 2008, p. 7&lt;/ref&gt; The average humidity of the city is 76.2% and varies between 65.6% to 79.2%. The municipality covers an area of {{convert|6.8|sqkm|sqm|abbr=on}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;abtcity&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> {{bar box|title=Religious census|titlebar=#ddd|left1=Religion|right1=Percent(%)|float=left|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|darkorange|85.42}}{{bar percent|[[Islam|Muslim]]|Green|9.21}}{{bar percent|[[Christianity|Christian]]|dodgerblue|5.20}}<br /> {{bar percent|Other|grey|0.17}}}}<br /> <br /> {{Historical populations<br /> |align = right<br /> |state=collapsed<br /> |1951|22674<br /> |1961|30690<br /> |1971|44883<br /> |1981|59827<br /> |1991|65593<br /> |2001|72168<br /> |2011|71040<br /> |footnote=Sources:&lt;br /&gt;<br /> * 1961 – 1981&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Area and Population|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sivakasi/sal_Population.htm|publisher=Sivakasi municipality|year=2011|access-date=2012-12-29|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014041506/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sivakasi/sal_Population.htm|archive-date=14 October 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 1991 - 2011&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://citypopulation.de/en/india/tamilnadu/virudhunagar/3342616000__sivakasi/ |title=Sivakasi population}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> According to [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Sivakasi had a population of 71,040 with a sex-ratio of 1,009 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113144743/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html|archive-date=13 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; A total of 6,963 were under the age of six, constituting 3,474 males and 3,489 females. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] accounted for 8.35% and 0.25% of the population, respectively. The average literacy of the city was 79.62%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard&quot;/&gt; The city had a total of 18,952 households. There were a total of 29,342 workers, comprising 22 cultivators, 135 main agricultural labourers, 955 in household industries, 27,662 other workers, 568 marginal workers, 6 marginal cultivators, 3 marginal agricultural labourers, 79 marginal workers in household industries and 480 other marginal workers.&lt;ref name=2011census&gt;{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals – Sivakasi|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=701021|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150326/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=701021|archive-date=24 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As per the religious census of 2011, Sivakasi had 85.42% [[Hindus]], 9.21% [[Muslims]], 5% [[Christians]], 0.01% [[Sikhs]], 0.06% [[Jainism|Jains]], 0.08% following other religions and 0.01% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference.&lt;ref name=religion2011&gt;{{cite web|title=Population By Religious Community – Tamil Nadu|year=2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|format=XLS|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|access-date=13 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|archive-date=13 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2001, 16 slums were identified in the city and a total of 34,029 people resided in the slums. The slum population increased from 42% to 47% during the period of 1991–2001.&lt;ref name=&quot;urbaninfra62&quot;&gt;[[#urban|Urban Infrastructure Report]] 2008, p. 62&lt;/ref&gt; The high decadal growth of population &lt;!-- mention the number (growth rate)--&gt;during the 1961–71 period is attributed to the high level of industrialisation during the period. The density of population increased from 9,646 persons per km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; in 1991 to 10,613 persons per km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; in 2001. The wards along the Virudhunagar, Sattur, Srivilliputhur and Vembakottai corridors have registered increased commercial and residential activity.&lt;ref name=&quot;urbaninfra8&quot;&gt;[[#urban|Urban Infrastructure Report]] 2008, p. 8&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Majority of the residents are engaged in the secondary sector involving match works, fireworks, and printing industry. During the 2001 census, the occupational pattern indicated the increasing presence of the tertiary sector. The agricultural output of the city is limited, due to the lack of favourable geographical and climatic conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;urbaninfra12&quot;&gt;[[#urban|Urban Infrastructure Report]] 2008, p. 12&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Municipal administration and politics==<br /> {| class=&quot;toccolours&quot; style=&quot;clear:right; float:right; background:#ffffff; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em; width:320&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;background:#A8BDEC&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|'''Municipality officials'''<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot;| Mayor||I Sangeetha &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web| title=First Mayor| url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/tamilnadu/773806-sangeetha-from-dmk-elected-unopposed-as-the-first-mayor-of-sivakasi-corporation.html| access-date=2022-03-09| year=2022| archive-date=16 March 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316045228/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/tamilnadu/773806-sangeetha-from-dmk-elected-unopposed-as-the-first-mayor-of-sivakasi-corporation.html| url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot; |Deputy Mayor<br /> |Vignesh Priya&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot;|Commissioner||S. Murugan&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Commissioner of municipality|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sivakasi/who_Commissioner.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130108094210/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sivakasi/who_Commissioner.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 January 2013|publisher=Sivakasi municipality|access-date=2012-12-29|year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> <br /> !style=&quot;background:#A8BDEC&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|'''Elected members'''<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot;|Member of Legislative Assembly||[[A. M. S. G. Ashokan]]&lt;ref name=&quot;MLA of Sivakasi&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=MLA of Sivakasi|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/16thassembly/members/001_050.html|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|year=2011|access-date=2012-12-29|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128113614/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/members/profile/205.html|archive-date=28 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot;|Member of Parliament||[[Manicka Tagore]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rit&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Members of Lok Sabha from Tamil Nadu|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/government/loksaba?page=1|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|year=2014|access-date=2014-07-14|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528022004/http://www.tn.gov.in/government/loksaba?page=1|archive-date=28 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> The Sivakasi municipality has 33 wards and there is an elected councillor for each of those wards.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=About the municipality|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sivakasi/abs_municipality.htm|publisher=Sivakasi municipality|access-date=2012-12-29|year=2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619022129/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sivakasi/abs_municipality.htm|archive-date=19 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The functions of the municipality are devolved into six departments: general administration/personnel, Engineering, Revenue, Public Health, city planning and Information Technology (IT). All these departments are under the control of a Municipal Commissioner who is the executive head.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Commissionerate of Municipal Administration|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/cma/chart5.htm|publisher=Commissionerate of Municipal Administration|access-date=2012-12-29|year=2006|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106103849/http://www.tn.gov.in/cma/chart5.htm|archive-date=6 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; The legislative powers are vested in a body of 33 members, one each from the 33 wards.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Councillors of municipality|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sivakasi/who_Councilors.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130108053818/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sivakasi/who_Councilors.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 January 2013|publisher=Sivakasi municipality|access-date=2012-12-29|year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The legislative body is headed by an elected Chairperson assisted by a Deputy Chairperson.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Economic and political weekly, Volume 30|pages=2396|publisher=Sameeksha Trust|year=1995}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 24 August 2021, the government announced the upgrading of Sivakasi city to Sivakasi City Municipal Corporation.&lt;ref name=&quot;TOI_MunicipToCorp&quot;&gt;{{cite news<br /> | last = Shanmughasundaram<br /> | first = J.<br /> | title = Tambaram, Kancheepuram and four other municipalities to be corporations<br /> | newspaper = The Times of India<br /> | location = Chennai<br /> | publisher = The Times Group<br /> | date = 24 August 2021<br /> | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tambaram-kancheepuram-to-be-among-six-new-corporations-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/85594405.cms<br /> | access-date = 29 September 2021<br /> | archive-date = 12 April 2023<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230412142110/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tambaram-kancheepuram-to-be-among-six-new-corporations-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/85594405.cms<br /> | url-status = live<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Sivakasi comes under the [[Sivakasi (State Assembly Constituency)|Sivakasi assembly]] constituency and it elects a member to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] once every five years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url = http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm<br /> |title = List of Assembly Constituencies<br /> |year = 2010<br /> |access-date = 2012-12-28<br /> |work = Tamil Nadu<br /> |publisher = Tamil Nadu state government<br /> |url-status = live<br /> |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120614070155/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/const_map/map.htm<br /> |archive-date = 14 June 2012<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; From the 1977 elections, [[ADMK|All India Anna Dravid Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) won the assembly seat five times (in 1980, 1984,1991,2011 and 2016 elections); [[Tamil Maanila Congress]] (TMC) twice (1996, 2001). The seat was won once by [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK, 1989), [[Janata Party]] (1977), and [[MDMK|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (MDMK, 2006).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S22/partycomp207.htm|title=Partywise Comparison Since 1977|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2012-12-29|year=2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203074513/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S22/partycomp207.htm|archive-date=3 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; The current MLA of the constituency is AMSG. ASHOKAN from Indian National Congress.&lt;ref name=&quot;MLA of Sivakasi&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> During the 1957 elections, Sivakasi was a part of Srivilliputhur constituency and was held by the Indian National Congress and an independent after the by-elections.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1957 to the Second Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2012-12-29|page=17|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010220539/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf|archive-date=10 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the 1962 elections, the city was a part of Aruppukkottai constituency and was held by the Forward Block party.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1962 to the Third Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2012-12-29|page=49|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009143136/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf|archive-date=9 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 1967, the city has been a part of [[Virudhunagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Virudhunagar Lok Sabha constituency]]; the constituency was won by AIADMK five times (1980,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1980 to the Seventh Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2012-12-29|page=79|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175926/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf|archive-date=18 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1984,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1984 to the Eighth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2012-12-29|page=73|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010172057/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf|archive-date=10 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1989,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1989 to the Ninth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2012-12-29|page=81|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011052618/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf|archive-date=11 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1991,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1991/VOL_I_LS_91.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1991 to the Tenth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2012-12-29|page=51|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011125200/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1991/VOL_I_LS_91.pdf|archive-date=11 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; and 2014),&lt;ref name=&quot;Rit&quot;/&gt; MDMK three times (1998,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1998 to the Twelfth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2012-12-29|page=85|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011114340/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf|archive-date=11 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1999,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1999 to the Thirteenth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2012-12-29|page=85|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009232255/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf|archive-date=9 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; and 2004&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 2004 to the Fourteenth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2012-12-29|page=94|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010203826/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf|archive-date=10 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;), and once each by Swathanthara Party (1967),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1967 to the Fourth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2012-12-29|page=67|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011003936/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf|archive-date=11 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; DMK (1971),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS_71.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1971 to the Fifth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2012-12-29|page=71|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009211004/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS_71.pdf|archive-date=9 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; INC (1977),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1977 to the Sixth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2012-12-29|page=80|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009193317/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf|archive-date=9 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI, 1996).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1996 to the Eleventh Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2012-12-29|page=86|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183504/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf|archive-date=18 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; The current Member of Parliament from the constituency is [[Manicka Tagore]] from the [[Indian National Congress]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Rit&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Law and order in the city are maintained by the Sivakasi subdivision of the [[Tamil Nadu Police]] headed by a Deputy Superintendent. There are three police stations in the city, one of them being an all-women police station. There are special units like prohibition enforcement, district crime, social justice and human rights, district crime records and special branch that operate at the district level police division headed by a Superintendent of Police.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Sivakasi Police|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sivakasi/ser_Police%20stations.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218040700/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sivakasi/ser_Police%20stations.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 February 2013|publisher=Sivakasi municipality|access-date=2012-12-29|year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Education and utility services==<br /> [[File:Sivakasi view.jpg|250px|right|thumb|View of the city|alt=Image of the town with mosque amidst a housing locality]]<br /> There are five government schools: two primary schools, one middle school, one high school and one higher secondary school. There are ten other private schools in the city. There are four engineering colleges in the city, with the [[Mepco Schlenk Engineering College]] being prominent among them. There are four arts and science colleges and three polytechnic colleges in the city.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Educational Institutions|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sivakasi/ser_Education%20Institutions.htm|publisher=Sivakasi municipality|access-date=2012-12-29|year=2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325225850/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sivakasi/ser_Education%20Institutions.htm|archive-date=25 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sri Kaliswari College is located within the city.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sri Kaliswari College (Autonomous) |url=http://www.kaliswaricollege.org/skc/ |website=kaliswaricollege.org |access-date=28 March 2020 |archive-date=28 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328065537/http://www.kaliswaricollege.org/skc/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Electricity supply to Sivakasi is regulated and distributed by the [[Tamil Nadu Electricity Board]] (TNEB). The city along with its suburbs forms the Sivakasi Electricity Distribution Circle. A Chief Distribution engineer is stationed at the regional headquarters.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Important Address|url=http://www.windpro.org/pdf/MISC/TNEB%20Address.pdf|publisher=Indian Wind Power Association|access-date=2012-12-29|year=2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016045943/http://www.windpro.org/pdf/MISC/TNEB%20Address.pdf|archive-date=16 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Water supply is provided by the Sivakasi Municipality from the [[Vaippar river]] through eight reservoirs and six feeders located in various parts of the city. In the period 2000–2001, a total of 6.5 million litres of water was supplied every day for households in the city.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Water Supply Details|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sivakasi/sal_Water%20Supply.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130217233929/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sivakasi/sal_Water%20Supply.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 February 2013|publisher=Sivakasi Municipality|year=2011|access-date=2012-12-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As per the municipal data for 2011, about 45 metric tonnes of solid waste were collected from Sivakasi every day by door-to-door collection and subsequently the source segregation and dumping was carried out by the sanitary department of the Sivakasi municipality. The coverage of solid waste management in the city by the municipality had an efficiency of 100% in 2001.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Waste management programme|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sivakasi/sal_Solid%20Waste%20Management.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130108074556/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sivakasi/sal_Solid%20Waste%20Management.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 January 2013|publisher=Sivakasi Municipality|access-date=2012-12-29|year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; There is no underground drainage system in the city and the sewerage system for disposal of sullage is through septic tanks, open drains and public conveniences.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Sivakasi sewarage|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sivakasi/sal_Sewerage.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218004012/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sivakasi/sal_Sewerage.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 February 2013|publisher=Sivakasi municipality|access-date=2012-12-29|year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The municipality maintained a total of {{convert|85.87|km|mi|abbr=on}} of storm water drains in 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Storm water drains of Sivakasi|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sivakasi/sal_Storm%20water%20drains.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130108093249/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sivakasi/sal_Storm%20water%20drains.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 January 2013|publisher=Sivakasi municipality|access-date=2012-12-29|year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2011, there was one government hospital, three municipal health centres, one municipal maternity home and 25 private hospitals and clinics that take care of the healthcare needs of the citizens.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Sivakasi hospitals|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sivakasi/ser_Hospitals.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130108095502/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sivakasi/ser_Hospitals.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 January 2013|publisher=Sivakasi municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu|year=2011|access-date=2012-12-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;urbaninfra1213&quot;/&gt; In 2011, the municipality maintained a total of 2,584 street lamps: 322 sodium lamps, 125 mercury vapour lamps, 2,136 tube lights and one high mast beam lamp.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Sivakasi street lights|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sivakasi/sal_Street%20lights.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130108060638/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sivakasi/sal_Street%20lights.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 January 2013|publisher=Sivakasi Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu|year=2011|access-date=2012-12-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; The municipality operates two markets, namely the Anna Daily Market and Viswanatham Municipal Meat Market that cater to the needs of the city and the rural areas around it.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Sivakasi markets|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sivakasi/sal_Markets.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130108052308/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sivakasi/sal_Markets.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 January 2013|publisher=Sivakasi Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu|year=2011|access-date=2012-12-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Economy==<br /> [[Image:Busy Street, Sivakasi.jpg|thumb|Busy street in Sivakasi|left|250px|alt=image of a street with shops in twilight]]<br /> The economy of Sivakasi is dependent on three major industries: firecrackers, matchbox manufacturing, and printing.&lt;ref name=&quot;urbaninfra1&quot;&gt;[[#urban|Urban Infrastructure Report]] 2008, p. 1&lt;/ref&gt; The city has 520 registered printing industries, 53 match factories, 32 chemical factories, seven soda factories, four flour mills and two rice and oil mills. The city is the nodal center for firecracker manufacturing at the national level. In 2020 there are around 1070 registered firecracker manufacturing companies in sivakasi and 8 lakh (800,000) people were directly and indirectly employed by the industry. Some of the private enterprises had an annual turnover of {{INRConvert|5|b}}. In 2011, the combined estimated turnover of the firecracker, matchbox making and printing industry in the city was around {{INRConvert|20|b}}. Approximately 70% of the firecrackers and matches produced in India are from Sivakasi. The hot and dry climate of the city is conducive to the firecracker and matchbox making industries. The raw materials for these industries were procured from [[Sattur]] earlier but were discontinued due to the high power and production cost. The source of raw materials is [[Kerala]] and [[Andaman Islands|Andaman]]. The paper for the printing industry is procured from various states.&lt;ref name=&quot;abtcity&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=About city|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sivakasi/abt_City.htm|publisher=Sivakasi municipality|access-date=2012-12-29|year=2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419235949/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sivakasi/abt_City.htm|archive-date=19 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;urbaninfra1213&quot;&gt;[[#urban|Urban Infrastructure Report]] 2008, pp. 12–13&lt;/ref&gt; The city is a major producer of diaries, contributing to 30% of the total diaries produced in India. Printing industry in the city was initially utilized for printing labels for the firecrackers and later evolved with modern machinery to grow as a printing hub. In 2012, all the industries suffered 15–20% production loss due to power shortage and escalating labor cost.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Sivakasi set to welcome 2013 with diaries|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-26/madurai/35365867_1_diary-power-crisis-sivakasi|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216070329/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-26/madurai/35365867_1_diary-power-crisis-sivakasi|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 February 2013|date=26 November 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2012-12-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Image:Making of Bomb Shells.JPG|thumb|[[Sutli bomb|Sutli Bomb]] class [[Firecrackers]] being made|right|250px]]<br /> <br /> The major issues in the fireworks industry in Sivakasi is child labour and frequent accidents. In a blast in 1991 in a factory, 39 people were killed and 65 others were injured.&lt;ref name=&quot;fire&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Surprise inspections 'key to Sivakasi safety'|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/article3879294.ece|date=10 September 2012|access-date=2012-12-29|work=The Hindu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In July 2009, more than 40 people were killed in a fire accident in a firecracker unit. The police traced out unregistered units and irregularities that led to the accident.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sudden spate of fire incidents&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Fire incident claims more than 40 lives|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/states/erring-fireworks-units-in-sivakasi-to-come-under-police-scanner_551699.html|access-date=2012-12-29|publisher=Zee News|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610022623/http://zeenews.india.com/news/states/erring-fireworks-units-in-sivakasi-to-come-under-police-scanner_551699.html|archive-date=10 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; In a fire accident in August 2011, seven people were killed and five were seriously injured.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article2330339.ece|title=Toll in Sivakasi cracker unit fire rises to seven|date=6 August 2011|access-date=2012-12-29|work=The Hindu|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108232157/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article2330339.ece|archive-date=8 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; A similar fire accident and blast in a private unit in September 2012 killed 40 people and injured 38 others.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=12 held for Sivakasi blast; State, Centre order probe|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article3865932.ece|date=6 September 2012|access-date=2012-12-29|work=The Hindu|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112134449/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article3865932.ece|archive-date=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; The common reasons cited for the accidents are inadequate training of workers and supervisors involved in different stages of production and marketing of firecracker items.&lt;ref name=&quot;fire&quot;/&gt; Other reasons are found to be overstocking of explosives, raw material and finished goods, and employment of workers in excess of the permitted strength.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=The licence was suspended only the day before|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/the-licence-was-suspended-only-the-day-before/article3863214.ece|date=6 September 2012|access-date=2012-12-29|work=The Hindu|archive-date=12 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412142122/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/the-licence-was-suspended-only-the-day-before/article3863214.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Child labour in the industries, especially in matchbox making factories, was at its peak during the 1970s and 1980s.&lt;ref name=&quot;TN3940&quot;/&gt; In 1981, the child workforce in the age group 4–16 was 30% of the total workforce, 90% of whom were girls. In 1986, the National Child Labour project estimated child labour in Sivakasi matchbox making industries to be 14,121 children. The estimates indicated 80% of the child labour belonging to [[Scheduled Castes]] (SC), who were marginalised for centuries for cheap labour.&lt;ref name=&quot;TN13&quot;&gt;[[#Kitchlu|Kitchlu]] 1996, p. 13&lt;/ref&gt; Poverty and lack of farm produce were stated as the main reason for child labour.&lt;ref name=&quot;TN65&quot;&gt;[[#Kitchlu|Kitchlu]] 1996, p. 65&lt;/ref&gt; The employers also preferred children because of ease of management, discipline, and lack of labour unions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Weiner41&quot;&gt;[[#Weiner|Weiner]] 1991, p. 41&lt;/ref&gt; The children in these industries suffered from a backache, neckache, tuberculosis, malnutrition, gastrointestinal disorders, dermatitis, respiratory disorders, over-exhaustion, burn injuries and water-borne diseases due to exposure to harmful chemicals in the work environment.&lt;ref name=&quot;TN3940&quot;&gt;[[#Kitchlu|Kitchlu]] 1996, pp. 39–40&lt;/ref&gt; The situation of the child labour came to light during an accident of a bus transporting the children in 1976. The central government appointed a one-man committee under Harbans Singh in 1978, who reported abolishing child labour would seriously impact the economy of the region.&lt;ref name=&quot;fire&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Weiner25&quot;&gt;[[#Weiner|Weiner]] 1991, p. 25&lt;/ref&gt; The National Policy on child labour was formulated by the central government in August 1987, aiming at the rehabilitation of children withdrawn from these factories.&lt;ref name=&quot;sharma&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Child Labour in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e6JpXw1d118C&amp;q=sivakasi+child+labour&amp;pg=PA153|publisher=Mittal Publications|pages=153–154|last=Sharma|first=Usha|isbn=81-8324-076-3|location=New Delhi|year=2006|access-date=28 October 2020|archive-date=12 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412142055/https://books.google.com/books?id=e6JpXw1d118C&amp;q=sivakasi+child+labour&amp;pg=PA153|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1988, the union labour ministry initiated a programme for providing informal education, free healthcare and free lunch for children working in the factories.&lt;ref name=&quot;Weiner27&quot;&gt;[[#Weiner|Weiner]] 1991, p. 27&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Supreme Court of India]], in a judgement, ruled in December 1996 indicating provisions for preventing child labour like compensation for the child employed, employment to the adult members of the family and contribution to the corpus fund by the state government.&lt;ref name=&quot;sharma&quot;/&gt; From the establishment of child labour Act in 1986 till 2011, 150,000 inspections on child labour have been conducted in the factories, 1,500 cases have been registered and few prosecutions have been made. The results indicated a small amount of child labour in the cottage and household industries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Child Labour Act requires more teeth|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article2543695.ece|date=17 October 2011|access-date=2012-12-29|work=The Hindu|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106042608/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article2543695.ece|archive-date=6 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Transportation==<br /> [[File:Sivakasi Bus Stand.jpg|thumb|Sivakasi Bus Stand|right|250px]]<br /> <br /> The Sivakasi municipality maintains {{convert|65.151|km|mi|abbr=on}} of the road. The city has {{convert|13.035|km|mi|abbr=on}} concrete road and {{convert|52.116|km|mi|abbr=on}} bituminous road. A total of {{convert|2.5|km|mi|abbr=on}} of state highways is maintained by the State Highways Department.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Sivakasi roads|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sivakasi/sal_Roads.htm|publisher=Sivakasi municipality|year=2011|access-date=2012-12-29|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015044507/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sivakasi/sal_Roads.htm|archive-date=15 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Four major roads connect the city with [[Sattur]], [[Virudhunagar]], [[Srivilliputhur]] and [[Vembakottai]]; The first phase of Outer Ring Road is also under construction. There are eight major intersections located across different parts in these major roads.&lt;ref name=&quot;urbaninfra4043&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Sivakasi Railway Station.jpg|thumb|Sivakasi Railway Station|right|250px]]<br /> <br /> Sivakasi is served by city bus service, which provides connectivity within the city and the suburbs. Minibus service operated by private companies cater to the local transport needs.&lt;ref name=&quot;urbaninfra4043&quot;/&gt; The city bus routes to surrounding villages are to [[Puliparaipatti]], [[Thayilpatti]], [[Madathupatti]] [[Vilampatti]], [[Alangulam, Virudhunagar|Alangulam]], [[Vilampatti]], [[Alangulam, Tirunelveli|Alangulam]], [[Pudupatti, Virudhunagar|M.Pudupatti]], [[Alamarathupatti]], Sengamalapatti, Muthalipatti, and Meenampatti.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Sivakasi bus routes|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sivakasi/ser_Bus%20routes.htm|publisher=Sivakasi municipality|year=2011|access-date=2012-12-29|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015044511/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sivakasi/ser_Bus%20routes.htm|archive-date=15 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The main bus stand covers an area of {{convert|1.39|acre|sqm|abbr=on}} and is located in the heart of the city.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Sivakasi bus stand|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sivakasi/sal_Bus%20stand.htm|publisher=Sivakasi municipality|year=2011|access-date=2012-12-29|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015044422/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sivakasi/sal_Bus%20stand.htm|archive-date=15 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation]] operates daily services connecting various cities to Sivakasi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=S.E.T.C. Tamil Nadu Ltd., Computer reservation centres|url=http://www.tnstc.in/counter_address.html|publisher=Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation Ltd.|year=2011|access-date=2012-12-29|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327113121/http://www.tnstc.in/counter_address.html|archive-date=27 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[State Express Transport Corporation (Tamil Nadu)|State Express Transport Corporation]] operates long-distance buses connecting the city to important cities like [[Chennai]], [[Bangalore]], [[Tiruppur]] and [[Thoothukudi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Bus service to Tuticorin and Sivakasi|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/27/stories/2007102753030800.htm|date=27 October 2007|access-date=2012-12-29|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016082351/http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/27/stories/2007102753030800.htm|archive-date=16 October 2013|work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The major intercity bus routes from the city are to cities like [[Madurai]], [[Chennai]], [[Erode]], [[Karur]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Karaikudi]], [[Dindigul]], [[Trichy]], [[Ramanathapuram]], [[Thanjavur]], [[Sankarankovil]], [[Sengottai]], [[Rajapalayam]], [[Tenkasi]], [[Kovilpatti]], [[Tiruppur]], [[Dharapuram]], [[Oddanchatram]], [[Thoothukudi]], [[Tiruchendur]], [[Nagercoil]] and [[Tirunelveli]]. Being an industrial city, there is significant truck transport with around 400–450 trucks entering the city for loading and unloading activities daily. Three wheelers, called [[Auto rickshaw|autos]] are also a common public transport system.&lt;ref name=&quot;urbaninfra4043&quot;&gt;[[#urban|Urban Infrastructure Report]] 2008, pp. 40–43&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Sivakasi railway station]] is located in the rail head from [[Madurai]] to [[Sengottai]]. It connects [[Tamil Nadu]] with [[Kerala]] through [[Rajapalayam]] and [[Sengottai]]. The [[Podhigai Express]] connects Sivakasi to [[Sengottai]] and [[Chennai Egmore]] in either directions. All other express trains ply from [[Virudunagar]] station. There are also passenger trains running either direction from Madurai to Shencottah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Provide facilities at railway station|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/provide-facilities-at-railway-station/article3596804.ece|work=The Hindu|date=3 July 2012|access-date=2012-12-29|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404213833/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/provide-facilities-at-railway-station/article3596804.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; There is another railway station at Thiruthangal, which caters to the locality of Thiruthangal, where passenger trains, Podhigai Express and Silambu Express stops.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}<br /> <br /> Nearby international airport is Madurai international Airport situated in 70&amp;nbsp;km away.<br /> <br /> ==Culture==<br /> Arulmigu Viswanatha Swamy Temple is the important ancient temple in Sivakasi built by Pandya King Arikesari Parakkirama Pandian between 1428 and 1460 during his reigns.<br /> <br /> [[Badrakali Amman temple, Sivakasi|Badhrakali Amman temple]] is one of the prominent temple of Sivakasi.&lt;ref name=&quot;tourist&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;A&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Temples of South India|first=Ambujam |last=Anantharaman|pages=182|publisher=East West Books (Madras)|year=2006|isbn=978-81-88661-42-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; The tower or Rajagopuram of this temple has a breadth of {{convert|66|ft|m|abbr=on}}, a width of {{convert|44|ft|m|abbr=on}} and a height of {{convert|110|ft|m|abbr=on}}. &quot;Panguni Pongal&quot; and &quot;Chithirai Pongal&quot; are the annual festivals celebrated for the deities Mariamman and Badrakali Amman in April and May, respectively, both of which are celebrated for ten days.&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Sivakasi History|publisher=Sivakasi Municipality|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sivakasi/abt_Historical%20moments.htm|year=2011|access-date=2012-12-29|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130108081250/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sivakasi/abt_Historical%20moments.htm|archive-date=8 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Periya Palli Vasal mosque and Chinna Palli Vasal mosque are two of the most prominent mosques in the city. The CSI Regland Memorial Church is the prominent church.&lt;ref name=&quot;tourist&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Visitor attracts at Sivakasi|publisher=Sivakasi municipality|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sivakasi/abt_Places%20of%20Interest.htm|year=2011|access-date=2012-12-29|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130217233520/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sivakasi/abt_Places%20of%20Interest.htm|archive-date=17 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Notable people==<br /> &lt;!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---&gt; <br /> &lt;!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦---&gt;<br /> *[[Thondar Duraiswamy]] (1915–1971), Indian freedom movement comrade<br /> *[[Sridevi]] (1963-2018), Indian actress<br /> <br /> ==Sports==<br /> AJ Indoor Stadium on Velayutham Road, a coaching center for badminton, table tennis, and basketball. This is a major sporting venue in Sivakasi. Many district, state and national level badminton championship matches are held in this stadium.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| url=http://citypatriots.com/asia/india/tamil-nadu/sivakasi/aj-indoor-stadium | title=AJ Indoor Stadium | access-date=2015-07-27 | url-status=usurped | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003094632/http://citypatriots.com/asia/india/tamil-nadu/sivakasi/aj-indoor-stadium | archive-date=3 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Standard Fireworks (India)]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> <br /> === Footnotes ===<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ===Citations===<br /> {{reflist<br /> | colwidth = 20em<br /> | refs =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{refbegin|2}}<br /> * {{cite book|title=Exploited Child: A National Problem|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2WpAuIOvIQgC&amp;q=sivakasi+child+labour&amp;pg=PA13|first=T.N.|last=Kitchlu|publisher=MD Publications Private Limited|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-7533-013-9|year=1996|ref=Kitchlu|access-date=28 October 2020|archive-date=12 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412142125/https://books.google.com/books?id=2WpAuIOvIQgC&amp;q=sivakasi+child+labour&amp;pg=PA13|url-status=live}}<br /> * {{cite report|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sivakasi/sivakasi.pdf|title=Conversion of City Corporate Plan into Business Plan|last=Urban Infrastructure report|publisher=Tamil Nadu Urban Infrastructure Financial Services Limited|year=2008|access-date=2012-12-29|ref=urban|archive-date=24 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424232004/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sivakasi/Sivakasi.pdf|url-status=live}}<br /> * {{cite book|title=The Child and the State in India: Child Labor and Education Policy in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=er0KLVbIZoYC&amp;q=sivakasi+child+labour&amp;pg=PA41|last=Weiner|first=Myron|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1991|isbn=0-691-07868-8|location=New Jersey|ref=Weiner|access-date=28 October 2020|archive-date=12 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412142156/https://books.google.com/books?id=er0KLVbIZoYC&amp;q=sivakasi+child+labour&amp;pg=PA41|url-status=live}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{commons category}}<br /> * [http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sivakasi/ Municipality of Sivakasi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120416010332/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sivakasi/ |date=16 April 2012 }}<br /> * [https://sivakasiweekly.com/ Sivakasi Weekly]<br /> <br /> {{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu|state=collapsed}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Virudhunagar district]]</div>

AgnesOppen5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koklabari_Chapaguri_College&diff=510275 2026-04-24T18:00:47Z

<p>AgnesOppen5: put up - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Multiple issues|<br /> {{Orphan|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{refimprove|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{citation style|date=June 2018}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}} {{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox college<br /> | image = <br /> | name = Koklabari Chapaguri College, Hazuwa<br /> | established = 18 August 2013<br /> | founder = <br /> | principal = Joushrung Baro<br /> | type = [[Public university|Public]]<br /> | city = [[Hazuwa, Simla]], [[Baksa district|Baksa]], [[Bodoland]]<br /> | state = [[Assam]]<br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | coor = {{coord|26.7072087|91.1946736|display=inline,title}}<br /> | campus = building<br /> | affiliations = [[Bodoland University]]<br /> | website = {{URL|www.kcchazuwa.ac.in}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Koklabari Chapaguri College''' ([[Bodo language|Bodo:]] ककलाबारि चापागुरि फरायसालिमा) is a self-financed institute affiliated to [[Bodoland University]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://bodolanduniversity.ac.in/s24c/news.php?id=541|title=Bodoland University|website=bodolanduniversity.ac.in|access-date=2018-11-06|archive-date=6 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106134141/http://bodolanduniversity.ac.in/s24c/news.php?id=541|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; and It offers Bachelor of Arts.<br /> <br /> == Location of the College ==<br /> Koklabari Chapaguri College is located at Hazuwa under the revenue village ‘Hazuwa’. Further Hazuwa is bifurcated by a river called ‘Pota’ giving a lively view of the area. North of the ‘Pota’river is known as Hazuwa and southern part is Simla. The name Hazuwa has some background. The name appears itself because the people are very simple, honest, mild and innocent;as such the name of the place is Hazuwa (Hoza)since the British time. Hazuwa is under the revenue circle of Jalah and it has 78 villages. It is under the district Baksa in BTAD, Assam. The demography of the area is mostly of ST people and other backward classes. The general caste people are very thin. The livelihood of the locality is agriculture. Hardly few people are living on business and other different jobs. The educational background of this area is very backward because of the lack of academic atmosphere. Only few schools and one junior college is the only for the 10 + 2 education to the needy students. For higher education the aspirant students are to move to a long distance. Considering all aspects of the area, the educated people of this area feel very hungrily to have Degree College to pursue higher education to the aspirant students. People gathered and decided to form a Trust to establish a new degree college at Hazuwa. The Trust was registered under society act. The Trust initiated their activities in step wise and finally the college was established at Hazuwa in 2013.<br /> <br /> == Academic ==<br /> * Bachelor of Arts (Honours &amp; Regular)<br /> # B.A.in Bodo<br /> # B.A in Assamese<br /> # B.A in English<br /> # B.A in Philosophy<br /> # B.A in Economics<br /> # B.A in Education<br /> # B.A in Political science<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> [[Category:Colleges in India]]<br /> [[Category:Universities and colleges in Assam]]<br /> [[Category:2013 establishments in Assam]]</div>

AgnesOppen5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kacha_(king)&diff=507265 2026-04-20T00:10:14Z

<p>AgnesOppen5: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox royalty<br /> | title = [[Maharajadhiraja]]&lt;br&gt; Sarva-rajocchetta<br /> | image = Kachagupta of the Gupta Empire circa AD 335.jpg<br /> | image_size = 300<br /> | caption = Gold coin of Kacha. Chakradhvaja type.&lt;br&gt;'''''Obverse:''''' Kacha, nimbate, standing left, sacrificing at altar and holding filleted ''chakradhvaja'' (wheel-standard); legend ''Kā-cha'' [[File:Gupta ashoka kaa.svg|14px]][[File:Gupta allahabad c.svg|12px]] in [[Gupta script]] vertically below left arm, circular Brahmi legend around ''Kacho gamavajitya divam karmabhir-uttamair-jayati'' (&quot;Having conquered the earth, Kacha wins the heaven by excellent deeds&quot;).{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|p=52}}.&lt;br&gt;'''''Reverse:''''' Goddess (possibly [[Lakshmi]]) standing left, holding flower and cornucopia, Brāhmī legend at right: ''Sarvarājochchhettā'' (&quot;Exterminator of all kings&quot;).{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|p=53}}<br /> | succession = Possible [[List of Gupta emperors|Gupta emperor]]<br /> | reign = 4th century CE<br /> | predecessor = Possibly [[Chandragupta I]]<br /> | successor = Possibly [[Samudragupta]]<br /> | spouse = <br /> | issue = <br /> | house = [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]]<br /> | father = [[Chandragupta I]]<br /> | mother = <br /> | religion = [[Vaishnavism]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Kacha''' ([[Gupta script]]: [[File:Gupta ashoka kaa.svg|14px]][[File:Gupta allahabad c.svg|12px]] ''Kā-cha'', [[IAST]]: Kāca, c. 4th century) was a king of India, possibly a member of the [[Gupta dynasty]]. He is known only from his gold coins, which are similar to those of the Gupta king [[Samudragupta]].<br /> <br /> Kacha's identity is a matter of debate among modern historians: two popular theories are that he was either Samudragupta himself, or that he was a brother of Samudragupta. According to the first theory, Kacha may have assumed the regnal name &quot;Samudra-gupta&quot; after extending his empire's borders up to the ocean (&quot;''samudra''&quot;). According to the second theory, Kacha probably contested Samudragupta's claim to the throne, and ruled for a brief period. Alternative theories identify him with other Gupta rulers, or as a non-Gupta usurper.<br /> <br /> == Coinage ==<br /> &lt;mapframe text=&quot;Find spots of Kacha's coins&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; zoom=&quot;4&quot; longitude=&quot;78&quot; latitude=&quot;25.35&quot;&gt;<br /> {<br /> &quot;type&quot;: &quot;FeatureCollection&quot;,<br /> &quot;features&quot;: [<br /> {<br /> &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Feature&quot;,<br /> &quot;properties&quot;: { &quot;marker-symbol&quot;: &quot;circle&quot;, &quot;title&quot;: &quot;Sakour&quot; },<br /> &quot;geometry&quot;: { &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Point&quot;, &quot;coordinates&quot;: [79.7231612, 24.2055759] }<br /> },<br /> {<br /> &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Feature&quot;,<br /> &quot;properties&quot;: { &quot;marker-symbol&quot;: &quot;circle&quot;, &quot;title&quot;: &quot;[[Tanda, Ambedkar Nagar|Tanda]]&quot; },<br /> &quot;geometry&quot;: { &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Point&quot;, &quot;coordinates&quot;: [82.6645469, 26.5432647] }<br /> },<br /> {<br /> &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Feature&quot;,<br /> &quot;properties&quot;: { &quot;marker-symbol&quot;: &quot;circle&quot;, &quot;title&quot;: &quot;Kasarva (or Kaserwa), [[Ballia district]]&quot; },<br /> &quot;geometry&quot;: { &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Point&quot;, &quot;coordinates&quot;: [84.0894043, 25.8076852] }<br /> },<br /> {<br /> &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Feature&quot;,<br /> &quot;properties&quot;: { &quot;marker-symbol&quot;: &quot;circle&quot;, &quot;title&quot;: &quot;Kumarkhan&quot; },<br /> &quot;geometry&quot;: { &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Point&quot;, &quot;coordinates&quot;: [72.0223717, 22.9067231] }<br /> },<br /> {<br /> &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Feature&quot;,<br /> &quot;properties&quot;: { &quot;marker-symbol&quot;: &quot;circle&quot;, &quot;title&quot;: &quot;[[Bayana]]&quot; },<br /> &quot;geometry&quot;: { &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Point&quot;, &quot;coordinates&quot;: [77.2893606, 26.9158088] }<br /> },<br /> {<br /> &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Feature&quot;,<br /> &quot;properties&quot;: { &quot;marker-symbol&quot;: &quot;circle&quot;, &quot;title&quot;: &quot;[[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]]&quot; },<br /> &quot;geometry&quot;: { &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Point&quot;, &quot;coordinates&quot;: [82.6987002, 25.7490034] }<br /> }<br /> ]<br /> }<br /> &lt;/mapframe&gt;<br /> {{Gupta Empire}}<br /> <br /> Kacha is known from some gold coins dated to the early Gupta period: these coins bear the legend &quot;Kacha&quot; under the king's image. However, he is not mentioned in the Gupta genealogies or any other source.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=135}}<br /> <br /> The obverse of these coins depicts the king dressed in a way similar to the standard type coins of [[Samudragupta]]. The king is seen holding a ''chakra-dhvaja'' (wheel-standard) in his left hand, and offering incense on an altar with his right hand. One variety of Kacha's coins also depict a ''Garuda-dhvaja'' ([[Garuda]] flag) in front of him. The circular legend (in ''Upagati'' [[Sanskrit prosody|metre]]) on this side reads ''Kacho gamavajitya divam karmabhir-uttamair-jayati'' (&quot;Having conquered the earth, Kacha wins the heaven by excellent deeds&quot;).{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|p=52}}<br /> <br /> The reverse side depicts a goddess (possibly [[Lakshmi]]) with a [[halo (religious iconography)|halo]]. She is seen wearing a [[sari]], a bodice, an upper garment, ear-rings, a necklace and armlets. She stands on a carpet, and holds a [[cornucopia]] in her left hand.{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|p=52}} In most coins of this style, she holds a flower in her right hand; in a few coins, she holds a noose in her right hand.{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|pp=52-53}} The legend on this side reads ''Sarva-rajochchhetta'' (&quot;exterminator of all kings&quot;).{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|p=53}}<br /> <br /> Kacha's coins have been unearthed at [[Tanda, Ambedkar Nagar|Tanda]], Kasarva (or Kaserwa) in [[Ballia district]], Kumarkhan in [[Ahmedabad district]], Sakour (or Sakori) in [[Damoh district]], [[Bayana]], and [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]].{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|p=53}}<br /> <br /> == Identification ==<br /> <br /> Comparison of Kacha's coins with those issued by other Gupta kings suggests that he ruled sometime in the 4th century CE or first quarter of the 5th century. For example, Kacha's coins weigh between 111 and 118 [[grain (unit)|grains]]. The coins of the early Gupta kings are closer in weight to Kacha's coins: for example, over 80% of the coins issued by [[Samudragupta]] and [[Chandragupta II]], who ruled in the 4th century, weigh 121 [[grain (unit)|grains]].{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|p=58, 68}} On the other hand, the coins issued by the 5th century Gupta kings weigh more: 75% of [[Kumaragupta I]]'s coins weight 127 grains, while [[Skandagupta]]'s coins weigh as much as 144 grains.{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|p=68}} Moreover, most of Kacha's coins have been found in hoards containing the coins of [[Chandragupta I]], Samudragupta, and Chandragupta II.{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|p=69}}<br /> <br /> There are two popular theories about Kacha's identity:{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=71}}<br /> <br /> # Kacha was another name for Samudragupta<br /> # Kacha was an elder brother of Samudragupta, and a rival claimant to the Gupta throne<br /> <br /> Several other theories have also been put forward, including that Kacha may have been a foreign invader.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=135}}<br /> <br /> === Samudragupta ===<br /> <br /> According to one theory, Kacha was another name of Samudragupta: it is possible that he was earlier known as Kacha, and acquired the regnal name &quot;Samudra&quot; (literally &quot;ocean&quot;) after extending his territory up to the ocean.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=71}}<br /> <br /> Arguments cited in favour of this theory include:<br /> <br /> * The legend on the obverse of Kacha's coins boasts that he conquered the earth, and then won the heaven by his excellent deeds. This suggests that he became a sovereign ruler, and then performed religious and charitable deeds. A similar legend also occurs on the coins of [[Samudragupta]]: it does not occur on the coin legends of any other earlier king.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=105}}<br /> * The above-mentioned legend indicates that Kacha had a long reign: thus, he could not have been someone who seized the throne for a short period, such as during a brief interval between Chandragupta I's death and Samudragupta's ascension.{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|p=57}}<br /> * The reverse of Kacha's coins is similar to that of Samudragupta's tiger-slayer and ashvamedha type coins.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=144}}<br /> * The legend on the reverse of Kacha's coins describes him as the &quot;exterminator of all kings&quot;, an epithet applied to Samudragupta in the Gupta records.{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|p=57}} This legend does not appear on the coins of any other Gupta ruler.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=105}}<br /> * The above-mentioned legend fits in with the description of Samudragupta's extensive conquests in the [[Allahabad Pillar]] inscription.{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|p=57}} Kacha could not have preceded Samudragupta, because if Kacha had &quot;exterminated&quot; all these kings, there was no need for Samudragupta to subdue them. Similarly, if Kacha had succeeded Samudragupta, there was no need for Kacha to subjugate these kings, because Samudragupta had already defeated them.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=105}}<br /> <br /> Critics of this theory argue that:<br /> <br /> * Kacha's coins vary from Samudragupta's coins in several ways. For example:<br /> ** Over 80% of Samudragupta's coins weigh 121 [[grain (unit)|grains]], while Kacha's coins weigh between 111 and 118 grains.{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|p=58}}<br /> ** The female figure depicted on Kacha's coins is shown wearing an upper garment besides a bodice, while the female figures displayed on Samudragupta's tiger-slayer and ashvamedha type coins are shown wearing only a bodice. The objects in the hands of these female figures are also different.{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|p=60}}<br /> ** Kacha's coins feature a symbol either at the top-left or the centre-left: this symbol is not found on Samudragupta's tiger-slayer and ashvamedha type coins.{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|p=60}}<br /> * The Gupta kings, without exception, used only one name on their coins. Samudragupta is known to have issued coins under the name &quot;Samudragupta&quot;, therefore, the coins with the legend Kacha are not likely to have been issued by him.{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|p=62}}<br /> * Mere similarity of coin legends cannot be used to identify two kings as identical: similar legends appear on coins of kings known to be different persons.{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|pp=58-59}}<br /> * Samudragupta's own coins do not describe him as the &quot;exterminator of all kings&quot;.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=144}} The Nalanda and Gaya inscriptions attributed to him mention this epithet, but the authenticity of these inscriptions is doubtful.{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|p=72}}<br /> * Grandiloquent titles are quite common in Indian history, and grand claims such as that of having conquered the earth should not be taken at face value. These titles and claims cannot be used to make conclusions about Kacha's actual military achievements or the length of his reign.{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|p=61}}<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;<br /> Dinar of Kacha LACMA M.77.55.18 (2 of 2).jpg | A coin of Kacha<br /> Dinar of Samudragupta LACMA M.77.55.17 (2 of 2).jpg | A coin of Samudragupta<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> === Rival brother of Samudragupta ===<br /> <br /> According to another theory, Kacha was a rival claimant to the throne, possibly a brother of Samudragupta. He probably occupied the throne for a brief period, before being dethroned by Samudragupta.{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|p=61}} A variation of this theory is that Kacha outlived Samudragupta, and took control of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] after his death, while the authority of Samudragupta's son [[Ramagupta]] was confined to [[Malwa]].{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=144}}<br /> <br /> Arguments cited in favour of this theory include:<br /> <br /> * A verse in the Allahabad Pillar inscription of Samudragupta depicts a court scene where Chandragupta I nominates Samudragupta as his successor, leading to a &quot;melancholy look&quot; on some faces.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|pp=104-105}} This suggests that there were rival claimants to the throne,{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=71}} and may be considered as an indirect reference to Kacha.{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|p=62}}<br /> * The king's dress and the device of the king offering an incense on Kacha's coins seem to be inspired by the coins of the [[Kushan Empire]], which ruled northern India in the preceding centuries.{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|p=55}} On the other hand, Samudragupta's coins are Indian in character.{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|p=63}} Thus, Kacha's coins are less original than those of Samudragupta, and therefore, Kacha must have preceded Samudragupta.{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|p=62}}<br /> * The 8th-9th century work ''[[Mañjuśrī-mūla-kalpa|Arya-manju-shri-mula-kalpa]]'' mentions a king called Bhasma, who was the younger brother of king Samudra.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=137}} Samudra may be identified with Samudragupta, and Bhasma can be identified with Kacha, because the Sanskrit words &quot;kacha&quot; and &quot;bhasma&quot; both literally mean &quot;alkaline ashes&quot;.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=72}} Based on this identification, L. P. Pandey credits Kacha with expanding the Gupta kingdom up to Kashmir.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=138}}<br /> * The ''Kaliyuga-raja-vrttanta'' section of the ''Bhavishyottara Purana'' mentions that Kacha was a son of Chandragupta I from a [[Licchavi (tribe)|Licchavi]] princess. It states that he helped his father supplant the [[Andhra dynasty|Andhras]] on the throne of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]].{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|pp=62-63}} It describes Kacha as jointly ruling with his father, and states that Samudragupta killed their father.{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|p=65}}<br /> * Kacha was seen as a usurper by Samudragupta's descendants, because of which the inscriptions of the subsequent Gupta kings must have omitted his name from the genealogical lists.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=72}}<br /> <br /> Criticism of this theory includes:<br /> <br /> * The Allahabad Pillar inscription does not state that the people disappointed at Samudragupta's ascension were his brothers: it only mentions that they were from families of equal rank. The inscription does not state that these people revolted against him.{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|p=64}}<br /> * The Samudra and Bhasma of ''Arya-manju-shri-mula-kalpa'' cannot be identified as Samudragupta and Kacha. The text states that Bhasma's elder brother Samudra was an evil person, who obtained the kingdom for three days. Bhasma, too, was a cruel and evil ruler, and his kingdom was full of wretched [[Brahmins|Brahmanas]].{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=136}} He obtained riches of various kinds, and marched westwards to the doorstep of [[Kashmir]]. There, he won a battle, and ruled for 12 years and 15 {{sic}} months. Towards the end of his life, he suffered from a disease, which caused him to faint repeatedly.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=137}}<br /> ** Samudra ruled for three days (or perhaps, three years), while Samudragupta ruled for over three decades.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=137}}<br /> ** Kacha's coins describe him as a performer of &quot;excellent deeds&quot;, while ''Arya-manju-shri-mula-kalpa'' describes Bhasma as an evil king. Such a glaring discrepancy cannot simply be explained as the negative attitude of the text's Buddhist writer towards a non-Buddhist king.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=141}}<br /> ** There is no evidence that Samudragupta had a brother named Bhasma, who ruled for over 12 years.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=137}}<br /> ** The text does not state that Bhasma rebelled against Samudra.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=138}}<br /> ** The list of succeeding kings mentioned in the text does not tally with the Gupta genealogy.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|pp=140-141}}<br /> * The portion of ''Kaliyuga-raja-vrttanta'' that describes the early Gupta history is clearly a modern forgery.{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|p=66}}{{sfn|S. R. Goyal|1994|p=57}}<br /> * There is no concrete evidence that Kacha's coins precede those of Samudragupta: their similarity to the Kushan archetype does not necessarily mean that Kacha preceded Samudragupta.{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|p=65}}<br /> <br /> === Another person depicted on Samudragupta's coins ===<br /> <br /> ==== Kacha of Ajanta inscription ====<br /> <br /> The [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta Cave]] XVII inscription mentions a ruler named Kacha, who was the son and successor of Upendragupta. Historian M. J. Sharma speculated that this Kacha was related to Samudragupta through his wife [[Dattadevi]], and helped Samudragupta in a war of succession following the death of Chandragupta I. According to Sharma's theory, the coins that depict Kacha were issued by Samudragupta as a mark of respect towards Kacha: one side of these coins mentions Kacha, the other side describes Samudragupta. The Gupta emperor appointed Kacha as his governor of [[Eran|Airikina]] (modern Eran).{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|p=53}}<br /> <br /> Criticism of this theory includes:<br /> <br /> * It is unlikely that an emperor issued coins in name of his subordinate.{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|p=53}}<br /> * There is no evidence to show that the Kacha of Ajanta Cave inscription was a subordinate of Samudragupta.{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|p=54}}<br /> * There is hardly any evidence connecting Kacha with Airikina: Sharma's assertions are based on a flawed reading of the inscription's text.{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|p=54}}<br /> <br /> ==== Samudragupta's martyred brother ====<br /> <br /> Historian [[R. D. Banerji]] speculated that Kacha was a brother of Samudragupta, and died fighting &quot;a war of liberation&quot; against the Kushan Empire during the reign of their father Chandragupta I. According to this theory, the coins attributed to Kacha were actually commemorative [[medal]]s issued by Samudragupta to commemorate his brother.{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|p=66}}<br /> <br /> However, there is no proof that Magadha was a part of the Kushan Empire during the first quarter of the 4th century, when the Guptas rose to power. Moreover, there is no concrete proof that Samudragupta had a brother named Kacha, who died fighting against the Kushan forces. Finally, no ancient Indian kings are known to have stuck such commemorative medals.{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|p=66}}<br /> <br /> === Ramagupta ===<br /> <br /> Some scholars, such as [[K. P. Jayaswal]] and [[D. R. Bhandarkar]], identified Kacha with [[Ramagupta]], who according to the Sanskrit play ''[[Devichandraguptam]]'', was a brother of [[Chandragupta II]], and thus a son of Samudragupta..{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|p=54}} The proponents of this theory argued that Kacha's coins are similar to the coins that were issued by Samudragupta during the later part of his reign, such as his Ashvamedha and tiger-slayer coins. However, there is no concrete evidence that Kacha's coins are of a later date than those of Samudragupta.{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|p=55}}<br /> <br /> [[A. S. Altekar]] also once supported this identification, theorizing that the name &quot;Kacha&quot; (Kāca) was converted to &quot;Rāma&quot; because of scribal mistakes.{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|p=54}} However, he later withdrew his opinion after the discovery of coins attributed to Ramagupta, in Malwa.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=72}} The discovery of three stone inscriptions referring to Ramagupta also nullified this theory.{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|p=55}}<br /> <br /> === Ghatotkacha ===<br /> <br /> [[James Prinsep]] identified Kacha with [[Ghatotkacha (king)|Ghatotkacha]], the grandfather of Samudragupta, based on the similarity of two names. However, Ghatotkacha was a pre-imperial ruler of the dynasty, and it is unlikely that he issued any gold coins.{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|p=56}} The legend &quot;exterminator of all kings&quot; on Kacha's coins does not befit a non-imperial ruler like him.{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|p=57}}<br /> <br /> Moreover, the Sanskrit words &quot;Kacha&quot; (Kāca) and &quot;Ghatotkacha&quot; (Ghaṭotkaca) have completely different meanings: there is little scope for contraction of the name &quot;Ghatotkacha&quot; to &quot;Kacha&quot;.{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|p=56}}<br /> <br /> === A non-Gupta usurper ===<br /> <br /> B. S. Sitholey theorized that Kacha was a non-Gupta &quot;political adventurer&quot; who usurped the throne, when Samudragupta was busy in his [[Samudragupta#Southern conquests|southern campaigns]], and was defeated by Samudragupta when the latter returned to the capital. Sitholey argues that the absence of Kacha's name in literary and epigraphic sources proves that he was an outsider.{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|p=67}}<br /> <br /> However, there is no concrete evidence for this: it is common for princes of collateral branches to be excluded from royal genealogies,{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|p=67}} which describe the ancestry of the current king, not the succession of the previous kings.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=143}} Also, whenever Kacha's coins have been discovered in a [[hoard]], they have always been found among coins issued by other Gupta kings. For example, the [[Bayana]] hoard contains 1621 gold coins including 16 Kacha coins: all other coins in this hoard were issued by persons known to be Gupta kings. This suggests that Kacha was affiliated with the Gupta dynasty.{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|p=68}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> === Bibliography ===<br /> <br /> {{ref begin}}<br /> * {{cite book |author=Ashvini Agrawal |title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC&amp;pg=PA315 |year=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0592-7 |page=315 }}<br /> * {{cite book |author=Dilip Kumar Ganguly |title=The Imperial Guptas and Their Times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hud2_Ie3T94C&amp;pg=PP1 |year=1987 |publisher=Abhinav |isbn=978-81-7017-222-2 }}<br /> * {{cite book |author=S. R. Goyal |title=An introduction to Gupta numismatics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GTZmAAAAMAAJ |year=1994 |publisher=Kusumanjali Prakashan |oclc=32240275 }}<br /> * {{cite book |author=Tej Ram Sharma |title=A Political History of the Imperial Guptas: From Gupta to Skandagupta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWVZWjNAcAgC |year=1989 |publisher=Concept |isbn=978-81-7022-251-4 }}<br /> {{ref end}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Gupta emperors]]<br /> [[Category:4th-century Indian monarchs]]</div>

AgnesOppen5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kudavasal_Assembly_constituency&diff=510951 2026-04-19T08:51:53Z

<p>AgnesOppen5: stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | map_image = <br /> | established = 1962<br /> | district = [[Tiruvarur district|Tiruvarur]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = <br /> | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam<br /> | mla = Periasamy Udayar K.<br /> | name = Kudavasal<br /> | electors= 81,818<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | abolished= 1971<br /> }}<br /> '''Kudavasal''' was former [[Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu|state assembly]] constituency in [[Tiruvarur district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India. It existed from 1962 to 1971.<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Winner<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]|| [[K. Periasamy]] || {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]||C. Krishnamoorthi|| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]||[[P. Jayaraj]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> <br /> {{bar box<br /> |float=right<br /> |title= Vote share of winning candidates<br /> |titlebar=#ddd<br /> |width=300px<br /> |barwidth=275px<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.75}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.96}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|48.64}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===1971===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kudavasal&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. Periasamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=31,302 |percentage=47.75% |change=-7.21% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Daksinamoorthy Kalingaraya |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,576 |percentage=35.97% |change=-9.08% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Veeraiyan G. |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=10,221 |percentage=15.59% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Uruthirapathy Nadar K. S. |party=Independent politician |votes=453 |percentage=0.69% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,726 |percentage=11.79% |change=1.87% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=65,552 |percentage=82.59% |change= -2.31% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,818 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -7.21% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1967===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Kudavasal&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date= 19 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=C. Krishnamoorthi |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,880 |percentage=54.96% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. D. T. Pillai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,585 |percentage=45.04% |change=-3.60% }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,295 |percentage=9.92% |change=-11.92% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=63,465 |percentage=84.89% |change= 12.72% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,794 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 6.32% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1962===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Kudavasal&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. Jayaraj |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,819 |percentage=48.64% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Appasamy |party=Communist Party of India |votes=16,433 |percentage=26.81% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. S. Veeraiah |party=Swatantra Party |votes=12,083 |percentage=19.71% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Chinnaniyan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,961 |percentage=3.20% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=U. Krishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,006 |percentage=1.64% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,386 |percentage=21.84% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=61,302 |percentage=72.17% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 89,549 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 }}<br /> <br /> {{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}<br /> {{coords|10.856|79.481|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Tiruvarur district]]<br /> [[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]<br /> [[Category:1962 establishments in Madras State]]<br /> [[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1971]]<br /> [[Category:1971 disestablishments in India]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Tiruvarur-geo-stub}}<br /> {{India-constituency-stub}}</div>

AgnesOppen5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salim_Hassan&diff=532141 2026-04-18T11:05:56Z

<p>AgnesOppen5: added new bio</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian television and film actor}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Salim Hassan<br /> | image = Salim Hassan (Malayalam actor).jpg<br /> | caption = Salim in 2024<br /> | birth_name = Salim Hassan<br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_place = [[Mulavukad]], [[Kochi]]<br /> | alma_mater = [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala]]<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | occupation = {{ubl|Actor|director|screenwriter}}<br /> | years_active = 2011 {{endash}} present<br /> | known_for = Pyarijathan in [[Marimayam]]<br /> | parents = <br /> | mother = <br /> | father = <br /> | relatives = <br /> | television = ''[[Marimayam]]''<br /> | spouse = Babitha Salim<br /> | children = 2<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Salim Hassan''' is an actor who appears in the Malayalam television and film industry.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mollywood Artists Salim Hasan Biography, News, Photos, Videos |url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/malayalam/artists/salim-hasan |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=nettv4u |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is best known for his role as ''Pyarijathan'' or ''Pyari'' in the television sitcom, ''[[Marimayam]]'', on [[Mazhavil Manorama]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Khalid, the all rounder who loved art until his last breath |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/06/26/khalid-all-rounder-sumesh-actor-marimayam.html |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=Onmanorama}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=M |first=Athira |date=2020-09-28 |title=Malayalam sitcom 'Marimayam', on air for nine years, bags its fourth Kerala State Television Award for the Best Comedy Programme |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/malayalam-sitcom-marimayam-wins-yet-another-state-television-award/article32715097.ece |access-date=2024-07-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title='ചായ കൊടുത്ത്' തുടങ്ങി, പ്രത്യേക പരാമർശം നേടി 'പ്യാരിജാതൻ'; സലിം ഹസൻ പറയുന്നു |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/style/love-n-life/2021/09/09/actor-salim-hassan-about-his-character-pyarijathan-in-sitcom-marimayam.html |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=www.manoramaonline.com |language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt; He had also appeared in Malayalam films, including [[Mera Naam Shaji]] (2019) and [[Makal]] (2022).&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8984634/fullcredits |title=Mera Naam Shaji (2019) - IMDb |language=en |access-date=2024-07-11 |via=m.imdb.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=List of Malayalam Movies by State Released,Actor Salim Hassan |url=https://en.msidb.org/movies.php?tag=Search&amp;state=Released&amp;actor=Salim%20Hassan&amp;limit=2&amp;alimit=1 |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=en.msidb.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite AV media |url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt15554616/characters/nm14102934 |title=Makal (2022) - IMDb |access-date=2024-07-11 |via=www.imdb.com}} {{unreliable?|date=December 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Biography==<br /> Salim Hassan is a native of [[Mulavukad]] island located in [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]]. His father Hassan was a small-scale business man while his mother, Khadeeja was a house wife. He has an elder brother. His father had been involved in [[stage play]] which led him to be active in [[Impressionist (entertainment)|mimicry]] during his school days. He married his wife Babitha in 2006 and has two daughters.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=മറിമായം പ്യാരിയുടെ വീട്ടുവിശേഷങ്ങൾ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/homestyle/spot-light/2018/09/29/salim-hasan-marimayam-home-memories.html |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=ManoramaOnline}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> He marked his entry into [[Small screen|mini screen]] through the family [[reality show]], ''Veruthe Alla Bharya'' aired on [[Mazhavil Manorama]], which he secured third position. He played the role of ''Pyarijathan'' in [[Marimayam]], a sitcom aired on the same channel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Marimayam is the only Malayalam television show to win the 'Best Comedy Show' award at Kerala State Television Awards for five consecutive years in a row starting from 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title=സംസ്ഥാന ടെലിവിഷൻ പുരസ്കാരം: മികച്ച നടി അശ്വതി, നടൻ ശിവജി ഗുരുവായൂർ |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/television/state-television-award-2020-winners-list-552535/ |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=malayalam.indianexpress.com |language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Salim Hassan won the Special Jury Award in 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2021-09-01 |title=Aswathy Sreekanth winning best actress award to Marimayam fetching its 5th trophy in a row: A look at Kerala State TV awards 2020 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/aswathy-sreekanth-winning-best-actress-award-to-marimayam-fetching-its-5th-trophy-in-a-row-a-look-at-kerala-state-tv-awards-2020/photostory/85834392.cms |access-date=2024-07-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; His directorial debut along with [[Manikandan Pattambi]], the film ''[[Panchayath Jetty]]'' starring the [[Marimayam]] regular cast is awaiting theaterical release on 26 July 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-07-03 |title='Panchayath Jetty' gets a release date |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2024/Jul/03/panchayath-jetty-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-07-02 |title=Manikandan Pattambi And Salim Hassan's Panchayath Jetty To Hit Theatres On July 26 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/manikandan-pattambi-and-salim-hassans-panchayath-jetty-to-hit-theatres-on-july-26-8952163.html |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-07-03 |title=Panchayath Jetty: മറിമായം താരങ്ങളുടെ സംവിധാനം; 'പഞ്ചായത്ത് ജെട്ടി' ജൂലായ് 26ന് |url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/panchayath-jetty-movie-release-date-is-out-201312 |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=Zee News Malayalam |language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> ===Films===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year !! Title !! Role !! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes<br /> |-<br /> | 2019 || ''[[Mera Naam Shaji]]''|| ||&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2022 || ''[[Makal]]''|| ||&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2 | 2023 || ''Pachappu Thedi'' || ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=vineesh.kumar |date=2023-07-28 |title=കാവിൽ രാജ് സംവിധാനം ചെയ്ത 'പച്ചപ്പ് തേടി': റിലീസിനൊരുങ്ങുന്നു {{!}} Cinema, General, Indian Cinema, Latest News, Mollywood, Movie Gossips, NEWS, WOODs , 'Pachappu Thedi' Movie, Directed, Kavil Raj, Ready for release |url=https://www.eastcoastdaily.com/movie/2023/07/28/kavil-raj-directed-pachappu-thedi-ready-for-release/ |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=East Coast Movies &amp; Entertainments News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''3 Days'' || ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt15238886/ |title=3 Days (2023) ⭐ 8.0 {{!}} Crime |language=en-US |access-date=2024-07-11 |via=m.imdb.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=3 | 2024 || ''[[Panchayath Jetty]]'' || O.K Haridas|| Also Co-Director&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-07-02 |title=Panchayath Jetty gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jul/02/panchayath-jetty-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Adios Amigo (2024 film)|Adios Amigo]]'' || ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-07-12 |title=Asif Ali and Suraj Venjaramoodu's Adios Amigo moves up release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jul/12/asif-ali-and-suraj-venjaramoodus-adios-amigo-moves-up-release-date |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Bharathanatyam (film)|Bharathanatyam]]'' || Henry Samuel ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-09-04 |title=‘Bharathanatyam’ box office collection day 5: Saiju Kurup starrer sees a spike on its first Tuesday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/box-office/bharathanatyam-box-office-collection-day-5-saiju-kurup-starrer-sees-a-spike-on-its-first-tuesday/articleshow/113042119.cms |access-date=2026-04-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Television===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Title<br /> ! Role<br /> !Channel<br /> ! Genre<br /> ! Notes<br /> |-<br /> |2011 {{endash}} Present||''[[Marimayam]]''||Pyarijathan ||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]||TV series||&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{IMDb name|14102934}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Hassan, Salim}}<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Malayalam television]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors from Kochi]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Malayalam comedians]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male comedians]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male television actors]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>

AgnesOppen5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Secunderabad_Assembly_constituency&diff=533875 2026-04-15T02:14:17Z

<p>AgnesOppen5: added entry...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency in Telangana, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Secunderabad<br /> | map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (70-Secunderabad highlighted).png<br /> | map_caption = Location of Secunderabad Assembly constituency within Telangana<br /> | mla = [[T. Padma Rao Goud]]<br /> | party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]<br /> | established = 1951<br /> | state = [[Telangana]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Secunderabad]]<br /> | district = [[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad]]<br /> | electors = 2,39,601<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | incumbent_image = T PadmaRao Goud.jpg<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 70<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Secunderabad Assembly constituency''' is a constituency of the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is one of the 15 constituencies of [[Hyderabad]]. It is part of [[Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency]].<br /> <br /> [[T. Padma Rao Goud|T. Padma Rao]] is representing the constituency.<br /> <br /> ==Extent of the constituency==<br /> The assembly constituency presently comprises five municipal divisions and the following neighbourhoods:<br /> {{srn}}<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash&quot;<br /> !Neighbourhood<br /> |-<br /> | Addagutta<br /> |-<br /> | [[Boudhanagar]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Mettuguda]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Sitaphalmandi]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Osmania University]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Tarnaka]] <br /> |-<br /> | Chilakalguda<br /> |-<br /> | [[Namalagundu]]<br /> |-<br /> | Tukaramgate<br /> |-<br /> | [[Warasiguda]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Parsigutta]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year of election<br /> ! MLA<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Political Party<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=4| [[Hyderabad State]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1952<br /> | V.B Raju<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=1}}<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=4| [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1957<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | K. Satya Narayana<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}<br /> |-<br /> | 1962<br /> |-<br /> | 1967 <br /> |-<br /> | 1972 <br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | L. Narayana<br /> |-<br /> | 1978 <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | 1983 <br /> | M. Krishna Rao <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | 1985 <br /> | Alladi Raj Kumar <br /> |-<br /> | 1989 <br /> | Mary Ravindra Nath<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 1994 <br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Talasani Srinivas Yadav]] <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | 1999 <br /> |-<br /> | 2004<br /> | [[T. Padma Rao]] <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2008<br /> | [[Talasani Srinivas Yadav]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2009<br /> | [[Jayasudha|Jayasudha Kapoor]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=4| [[Telangana]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2014<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[T. Padma Rao]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2018<br /> |-<br /> | 2023<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> <br /> === Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2023 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2023]]: Secunderabad (Assembly constituency)}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Bharat Rashtra Samithi|candidate=[[T. Padma Rao Goud|T. Padma Rao]]|votes=78,223|percentage=|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Adam Santosh Kumar|votes=32,983|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Mekala Sarangapani|votes=25,202|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box majority|votes=45,240|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> | winner = Bharat Rashtra Samithi<br /> | swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2018 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2018]]: Secunderabad (Assembly constituency)&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.indiavotes.com/ac/details/61/42792/266 Secunderabad 2018 Results]&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Telangana Rashtra Samithi|candidate=[[T. Padma Rao Goud|T. Padma Rao]]|votes=79,309|percentage=60.18|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Kasani Gnaneshwar Mudiraj]]|votes=33,839|percentage=25.68|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Bandapelly Satish|votes=11,781|percentage=8.94|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=1,582|percentage=1.20|change=}}<br /> {{Election box majority|votes=45,470|percentage=34.5|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout|votes=1,31,779|percentage=55.38|change=}}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> | winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi<br /> | swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2014 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2014]]: Secunderabad (Assembly constituency)&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.indiavotes.com/ac/details/61/34797/239 Secunderabad 2014 Results]&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Telangana Rashtra Samithi|candidate=[[T. Padma Rao Goud|T. Padma Rao]]|votes=57,920|percentage=42.40|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Kuna Venkatesh Goud|votes=31,941|percentage=23.28|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Jayasudha|Jayasudha Kapoor]]|votes=14,090|percentage=10.31|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|candidate=James Sylvester|votes=12,721|percentage=9.31|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=Adam Vijay Kumar|votes=11,668|percentage=8.54|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Lok Satta Party|candidate=Pulla Sunitha Rani|votes=2,192|percentage=1.60|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Anitha Rao. K|votes=1,338|percentage=0.98|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=976|percentage=0.71|change=}}<br /> {{Election box majority|votes=25,979|percentage=19.02|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout|votes=1,36,603|percentage=57.00|change=}}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> | winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi<br /> | loser = Indian National Congress<br /> | swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 2009 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Andhra Pradesh Assembly Elections, 2009]]: Secunderabad (Assembly constituency)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/details/27/30481/205|title = IndiaVotes &amp;#124; India's largest election database}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Jayasudha|Jayasudha Kapoor]] |votes=45,063|percentage=36.32|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Talasani Srinivas Yadav]]|votes=40,668|percentage=32.78|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=Mekala Sarangapani|votes=18,666|percentage=15.04|change=}}<br /> {{Election box majority|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> | winner = Indian National Congress<br /> | loser = Telugu Desam Party<br /> | swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2008 by-election ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=2008 By-election: Secunderabad&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/07to08/ac/bye_209ap.htm|title = Election Commission of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> | party = Telugu Desam Party<br /> | candidate =[[Talasani Srinivas Yadav]]<br /> | votes = 50,031<br /> | percentage = 41.52<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Indian National Congress<br /> | candidate = Pitla Krishna Mudiraj<br /> | votes = 31,964<br /> | percentage = 26.52<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]<br /> | candidate = [[T. Padma Rao Goud|T. Padma Rao]]<br /> | votes = 28,256<br /> | percentage = 23.44<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> | winner = Telugu Desam Party<br /> | loser = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]<br /> | swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Secunderabad Cantonment Assembly constituency]]<br /> * [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}<br /> {{coord|17.44|78.50|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Hyderabad, India]]<br /> [[Category:Hyderabad district, India]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:Secunderabad]]</div>

AgnesOppen5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amir_Ali_(field_hockey)&diff=485983 2026-04-13T06:08:42Z

<p>AgnesOppen5: Biography.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian field hockey player}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox field hockey player<br /> | name = Amir Ali<br /> | image = <br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2004|5|2|df=y}} <br /> | birth_place = [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India<br /> | height = <br /> | position = Defender<br /> | clubs1 = [[Team Gonasika]]<br /> | clubs2 = <br /> | years2 = <br /> | nationalyears1 = 2022–2025<br /> | nationalteam1 = [[India men's national under-21 field hockey team|India U21]]<br /> | nationalcaps1 = <br /> | nationalgoals1 = <br /> | nationalyears2 = 2024–<br /> | nationalteam2 = [[India men's national field hockey team|India]]<br /> | nationalcaps2 = <br /> | nationalgoals2 = <br /> | medaltemplates = <br /> {{MedalSport|Men's [[field hockey]]}}<br /> {{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}<br /> {{MedalCompetition|[[Men's Asian Champions Trophy|Asian Champions Trophy]]}}<br /> {{Medal|Gold|[[2024 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|2024 Hulunbuir]]}}<br /> {{MedalCompetition|[[Men's FIH Hockey Junior World Cup|Junior World Cup]]}}<br /> {{Medal|Bronze|[[2025 Men's FIH Hockey Junior World Cup|2025 Tamil Nadu]]}}<br /> {{MedalCompetition|[[Men's Hockey Junior Asia Cup|Junior Asia Cup]]}}<br /> {{Medal|Gold|[[2023 Men's Hockey Junior Asia Cup|2023 Salalah]]}}<br /> {{Medal|Gold|[[2024 Men's Hockey Junior Asia Cup|2024 Muscat]]}}<br /> |years1=2024–}}<br /> '''Amir Ali''' (born 2 May 2004) is an Indian [[field hockey]] player.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Amir Ali - Hockey India |url=https://hockeyindia.org/players/amir-ali-profile-11652 |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=hockeyindia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; He made his senior India debut in the [[2024 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|2024 Asian Champions Trophy]]. He plays as a defender for Uttar Pradesh in the domestic tournaments and [[Team Gonasika]] in the [[Hockey India League]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-12-06 |title=Amir Ali is excited to play in HIL alongside his idol Manpreet Singh |url=https://thebridge.in/hockey/amir-ali-excited-to-play-hil-manpreet-team-gonasika-50971 |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> Ali is from [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. His father is a motorcycle mechanic, Tasawar Ali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-10-07 |title=Lucknow boy to lead Indian junior hockey team |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/amir-ali-named-captain-of-indian-junior-hockey-team-for-sultan-of-johor-cup/articleshow/113993533.cms |access-date=2025-01-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; He took to hockey at the age of ten at [[K. D. Singh Babu Stadium, Lucknow]] and learnt his basics under his first coach Rashid Aziz Khan. In grade sixth, he was selected into [[Major Dhyanchand Sports College]] in 2014 and trained under Mohammad Zia Ur Rahman.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-10-16 |title=Amir Ali’s jackpot: Son of roadside garage owner in Lucknow gets Rs 34 lakh at HIL auction |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/hockey/amir-ali-35-lakhs-hil-auction-father-garage-owner-lucknow-9623520/ |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He returned to Lucknow in 2019 and rejoined his first coach Khan in [[Sports Authority of India|Sports Authority of India's]] Lucknow center.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-12-12 |title=Amir Ali shores up shaky defence, guides India into junior hockey World Cup semis |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/hockey/amir-ali-shores-up-shaky-defence-guides-india-into-junior-hockey-world-cup-semis-101702404565024-amp.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121153414/https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/hockey/amir-ali-shores-up-shaky-defence-guides-india-into-junior-hockey-world-cup-semis-101702404565024-amp.html |archive-date=21 January 2024 |access-date=2025-01-29 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Ali made his senior India debut winning a gold medal in the [[2024 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|2024 Asian Champions Trophy]]. He also played in the Indian team at the [[FIH Pro League]] 2023–24. He was part of the Indian under–21 team the [[Sultan of Johor Cup]] for three years where India won gold in [[2022 Sultan of Johor Cup|2022]] and bronze in [[2023 Sultan of Johor Cup|2023]] and [[2024 Sultan of Johor Cup|2024]]. He was also part of the Indian team at the [[2023 Men's FIH Hockey Junior World Cup|2023 Junior World Cup]] where India finished fourth. He captained the Indian team&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Amir Ali to lead Indian Jr hockey team in Sreejesh's coaching debut at Sultan of Johor Cup |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/hockey/amir-ali-to-lead-indian-jr-hockey-team-in-sreejeshs-coaching-debut-at-sultan-of-johor-cup-3221451 |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; to a gold medal at the [[2024 Men's Hockey Junior Asia Cup|2024 Junior Asia Cup]], to add to his previous Junior Asia Cup gold in the [[2023 Men's Hockey Junior Asia Cup|2023]] edition.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-12-06 |title=HIL 2024: From idolising Manpreet Singh to playing with him, life comes a full circle for Amir Ali |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/hockey/amir-ali-india-junior-mens-team-captain-comments-on-hockey-india-league-playing-with-manpreet-singh/article68954707.ece |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Ali, Amir}}<br /> [[Category:2004 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian men's field hockey players]]<br /> [[Category:Men's field hockey defenders]]<br /> [[Category:Field hockey players from Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Hockey India League players]]<br /> [[Category:Sportspeople from Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]</div>

AgnesOppen5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gopi_Nath_Tripura&diff=500924 2026-04-05T00:06:16Z

<p>AgnesOppen5: Put up...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> |name = Gopi Nath Tripura<br /> |image = <br /> |office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]<br /> |term_start = [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|09 March 1972]]<br /> |term_end = 1977<br /> |predecessor = <br /> |successor = <br /> |constituency = [[Pabiachhara Assembly constituency|Pabiachhara]]<br /> |birth_name = <br /> |spouse = <br /> |birth_date = <br /> |birth_place = [[Tripura]], India<br /> |parents = <br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |other_party = <br /> |alma_mater = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Gopi Nath Tripura''' was a [[Tripuri people|Tipra]] Indian politician from [[Tripura]]. He won the election as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) representing [[Pabiachhara Assembly constituency|Pabiachhara]] in 1972.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/1972-election-results.html|title=Tripura Assembly Election Results in 1972|website=Election India|access-date=2023-01-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://elections.traceall.in/Tripura-vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/1972|title=Assembly Election Results in 1972, Tripura|website=Elections Trace All|access-date=2023-01-03|archive-date=2023-01-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103041116/https://elections.traceall.in/Tripura-vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/1972|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Tripura MLAs 1972–1977]]<br /> [[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tripura]]</div>

AgnesOppen5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cutting_Loose_(album)&diff=495062 2026-03-27T04:02:29Z

<p>AgnesOppen5: New</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2026}}<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Cutting Loose<br /> | type = studio<br /> | artist = [[Jaimin Rajani|Jaimin]]<br /> | cover = Cutting Loose (album).jpg<br /> |border=yes<br /> | released = {{Start date|2022|8|19}}<br /> | recorded = January–December 2021<br /> | studio = Thru the Lens ([[Kolkata]])<br /> | genre = * [[Soft rock]]<br /> * [[indie folk]]<br /> * [[folk rock]]<br /> * [[indie rock]]<br /> | length = 59:45<br /> | label = [[The Orchard (company)|The Orchard]]<br /> | misc = {{Singles<br /> | name = Cutting Loose<br /> | type = studio<br /> | single1 = Bucket of Pain<br /> | single1date = June 18, 2022<br /> | single2 = She<br /> | single2date = June 24, 2022<br /> | single3 = I'm Going Solo<br /> | single3date = July 22, 2022<br /> | single4 = One More Night<br /> | single4date = July 29, 2022<br /> | single5 = She's Running Late<br /> | single5date = August 12, 2022<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> {{Music ratings<br /> &lt;!-- Maximum of 10 reviews in table form per [[Template:Album ratings]] --&gt;<br /> | rev1 = ''[[God Is in the TV]]''<br /> | rev1score = 8/10&lt;ref name=&quot;God Is in the TV rev&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Etheridge |first=Loz |title=Shortbites – The Last Few Months |url=https://www.godisinthetvzine.co.uk/2022/12/02/shortbites-the-last-few-months/ |access-date=2 December 2022 |website=God Is in the TV|date=2 December 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | rev2 = ''A Humming Heart''<br /> | rev2score = 7/10&lt;ref name=&quot;A Humming Heart rev&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= Hira |first=Soumili |title=Jaimin's collaborative debut release exhibits the essence of joy, freedom and nostalgia |url=https://ahummingheart.com/reviews/cutting-loose-by-jaimin/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824181202/https://ahummingheart.com/reviews/cutting-loose-by-jaimin/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=24 August 2022 |access-date=24 August 2022 |website=A Humming Heart|date=24 August 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | rev3 = ''[[The Indian Express]]''<br /> | rev3score = {{rating|2.5|5}}&lt;ref name=&quot;The Indian Express&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Jaimin Rajani's debut, Cutting Loose, is still a work in progress |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/jaimin-rajanis-debut-cutting-loose-is-still-a-work-in-progress-8136276/ |last=Khurana |first=Suanshu |date=7 September 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=7 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | rev4 = ''Narendra Kusnur''<br /> | rev4score = {{rating|5|5}}<br /> }}<br /> '''''Cutting Loose'''''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cutting Loose - Jaimin |date=August 19, 2022 |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/cutting-loose-mw0003831376 |publisher=[[AllMusic]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Release “Cutting Loose” by Jaimin - MusicBrainz |url=https://musicbrainz.org/release/2632fb41-64b3-4132-8d83-2d8a7c02b227 |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=musicbrainz.org |publisher=[[MusicBrainz]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; is the debut studio album by Indian singer-songwriter [[Jaimin Rajani|Jaimin]], released independently on August 19, 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cutting Loose — Jaimin |date=August 19, 2022 |url=https://www.last.fm/music/Jaimin/Cutting+Loose |publisher=[[Last.fm]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Jaimin - Cutting Loose |date=2022-08-19 |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/24504176-Jaimin-Cutting-Loose |access-date=2026-02-07 |language=en |publisher=[[Discogs]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; It marks his first collection of original [[English language|English]] songs.<br /> <br /> ==Background==<br /> In a musical landscape increasingly dominated by singles and EPs, Jaimin&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Jaimin |date=August 19, 2022 |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/jaimin-mn0004313114 |publisher=[[AllMusic]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; insisted on a 14-track, hour-long record, citing a desire for longevity and an engaging listening experience. Thematically, the album explores conflict, disappointment, and departure, reflected and presented in an old-school singer-songwriter style influenced by artists such as [[Buddy Holly]], [[Bob Dylan]], [[Mark Knopfler]], [[Paul Simon]], [[The Beatles]], [[JJ Cale]], [[Jackson Browne]] and [[John Prine]].<br /> <br /> The release of the full album was preceded by five singles: &quot;Bucket of Pain&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chaudhuri |first=Shaswata Kundu |date=2022-07-11 |title=From Jaimin Rajani to Apurva Tamang, indie singles roundup from June |url=http://www.news9live.com/art-culture/music/from-jaimin-rajani-to-apurva-tamang-indie-singles-roundup-from-june-181933 |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=21 June 2022 |title=On World Music Day, a selection of songs to keep you feeling good |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/music/on-world-music-day-a-selection-of-songs-to-keep-you-feeling-good/cid/1871087|work=[[The Telegraph (India)]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;She&quot;, &quot;I'm Going Solo&quot;, &quot;One More Night&quot;, and &quot;She's Running Late&quot;. In 2023, the album received a CD release via ''Free School Records'', with remastered audio.<br /> <br /> ==Writing==<br /> The material on Cutting Loose was composed over a span of sevens, beginning in 2015. The opening track, &quot;Home,&quot; was the first song Jaimin ever wrote,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Khatoon |first=F. |date=2022-08-29 |title=Jaimin Rajani's debut album Cutting Loose is high on melody and emotions |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2022/Aug/29/jaimin-rajanis-debut-album-cutting-loose-is-high-on-melody-and-emotions-43559.html |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; which he noted explains its &quot;unstructured nature.&quot; Many of the songs were written during his early years in [[Mumbai]]. Jaimin has described his songwriting process as &quot;primal&quot; stating that he prioritised intuitiveness over technical complexity.<br /> <br /> ==Recording==<br /> Production officially began in December 2020 and spanned eighteen months. The album was co-produced by guitarist ''Subharaj Ghosh'', a graduate of [[Berklee College of Music]], who Jaimin described as his &quot;translator&quot; for technical musical vocabulary. To achieve a unified sound, the two engaged in extensive brainstorming regarding instrumentation and tonal choices.<br /> <br /> [[File:A Recording Session in Progress.jpg|alt=A still from the Cutting Loose recording session, featuring Jaimin, Subharaj Ghosh and Bibhubrata Acharjee|thumb|A studio recordings session in progress]]The recording process was a DIY effort, largely taking place in a friend's apartment on the periphery of Kolkata to ensure a quiet environment. Due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and geographic distances, most of the contributions from guest artists were recorded remotely.<br /> <br /> The album features a diverse set of instruments, blending acoustic and electric guitars with harmonica, violin, sitar, saxophone, and &quot;drunken synths.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2022-08-24 |title=Review {{!}} Cutting Loose by Jaimin {{!}} A Humming Heart |url=https://ahummingheart.com/reviews/cutting-loose-by-jaimin/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824181202/https://ahummingheart.com/reviews/cutting-loose-by-jaimin/ |archive-date=2022-08-24 |access-date=2026-02-08 |work=A Humming Heart |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Despite the presence of seasoned jazz and rock musicians, Jaimin directed the arrangements to remain minimal and modest, avoiding virtuosic displays to maintain the album's introspective nature. Notably, Jaimin chose to sing in his natural conversational voice and accent, avoiding the &quot;foreign twang&quot; often associated with Indian artists performing in English, to maintain authenticity.<br /> <br /> ==Critical reception==<br /> <br /> Cutting Loose received widespread acclaim from music critics, with many highlighting its &quot;literariness&quot; and &quot;sophistication&quot;. ''[[Jaideep Varma]]'', writing for ''[[The Quint]]'', called it an &quot;unexpected masterpiece&quot; and &quot;India’s finest-ever album of original English songs,&quot; praising its lack of &quot;filler&quot; tracks and its &quot;organic simplicity.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=28 August 2022 |title=Why 'Cutting Loose' Is India's Finest-Ever Album of Original English Songs |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/cutting-loose-jaimin-rajani-kolkata-review|publisher=[[The Quint]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''[[India Today]]'': &quot;An intricately crafted record, with hopeful refrains and a stream-of-consciousness lyricism lending it purpose and forward motion.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=14 November 2022 |title=Jaimin Rajani's debut album Partners in high places |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20221114-jaimin-rajanis-debut-album-partners-in-high-places-2293368-2022-11-04|publisher=[[India Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''[[Network18 Group|MoneyControl]]'' noted Jaimin as &quot;a bright new star on the indie horizon&quot;, and described the album as having &quot;hallmarks of ageless music&quot;, &quot;suffused with intelligent instrumentation and a certain introspective quality that seems to have gone missing lately.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=2 October 2022 |title=Music Review: Kolkata musician Jaimin Rajani's 'Cutting Loose' is a tight debut album |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/entertainment/music-review-kolkata-musician-jaimin-rajanis-cutting-loose-is-a-tight-debut-album-9242331.html|publisher=[[Moneycontrol]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''[[The Telegraph India]]'' lauded the album's honesty, describing it as &quot;shimmering&quot; and &quot;quietly self-assured.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=17 August 2022 |title=For his debut album Cutting Loose, Jaimin Rajani lets his mind erupt |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/music/for-his-debut-album-cutting-loose-jaimin-rajani-lets-his-mind-erupt/cid/1880662|publisher=[[The Telegraph (India)]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''[[God Is in the TV]]'': &quot;The whole record is simply gorgeous.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-02 |title=Shortbites - The Last Few Months - God Is In The TV |url=https://www.godisinthetvzine.co.uk/2022/12/02/shortbites-the-last-few-months/ |access-date=2026-02-07 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''[[Rolling Stone|Rolling Stone India]]'' characterised the debut as &quot;wholesome&quot; and &quot;compelling&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |date=23 August 2022 |title=Hear Jaimin's Wholesome Debut Album 'Cutting Loose' |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/hear-jaimins-wholesome-debut-album-cutting-loose/|magazine=[[Rolling Stone|Rolling Stone India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Writing for ''[[The Indian Express]]'', while ''Suanshu Khurana'' praised the &quot;intelligent orchestration&quot; and &quot;compositional sophistication,&quot; she argued that the album &quot;ended up just brushing past the genre it wants to be steeped in.&quot; Regarding the 8.5-minute track &quot;She,&quot; she remarked that while it featured a &quot;rich tapestry&quot; of violin, the piece eventually &quot;drags&quot; and would have benefited from editing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-09-07 |title=Jaimin Rajani's debut, Cutting Loose, is still a work in progress |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/jaimin-rajanis-debut-cutting-loose-is-still-a-work-in-progress-8136276/ |access-date=2026-02-07 |publisher=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''News9:'' &quot;Jaimin Rajani is someone to watch out for.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chaudhuri |first=Shaswata Kundu |date=2022-07-31 |title=From Midival Punditz to Jaimin, indie singles roundup from July |url=http://www.news9live.com/art-culture/music/from-midival-punditz-to-jaimin-indie-singles-roundup-from-july-186217 |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Writing for ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]'', veteran music critic ''Ian Zachariah'' noted the album as having &quot;much more hit material than you get on a regular album&quot;, calling it the &quot;album of the year.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=13 January 2023 |title=An Album to Remember |url=https://epaper.thestatesman.com/c/71439976|publisher=[[The Statesman (India)]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''[[The New Indian Express]]'': &quot;Cutting Loose is high on melody and emotions.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Khatoon |first=F. |date=2022-08-29 |title=Jaimin Rajani's debut album Cutting Loose is high on melody and emotions |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2022/Aug/29/jaimin-rajanis-debut-album-cutting-loose-is-high-on-melody-and-emotions-43559.html |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The album also gained recognition from international figures associated with the folk and rock movements of the 1960s and 70s.<br /> <br /> ''[[Pete Townshend]]'' (of ''[[The Who]]'') described the recordings as &quot;beautiful&quot; and noted that while the music is &quot;gentle,&quot; the words &quot;seem quite angry in places,&quot; naming &quot;Something Here to Stay&quot; as his favourite. ''[[Scarlet Rivera]]'' described Jaimin as a &quot;seeker&quot; whose songs take us on a journey of insights.&quot; [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] inductee ''[[John Sebastian]]'' (of ''[[The Lovin' Spoonful]]'') commended the &quot;great writing, fingerpicking and singing&quot; that are at the heart of the album. ''[[Rob Stoner]]'' described Jaimin's work as &quot;melodic songs delivered tunefully&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Jaimin Rajani's album Cutting Loose gets a CD release, courtesy Free School Street Records |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/lifestyle/jaimin-rajanis-album-cutting-loose-gets-a-cd-release-courtesy-free-school-street-records/cid/1968432 |access-date=2026-02-07 |language=en |publisher=[[The Telegraph (India)]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Packaging==<br /> The album's cover art features a surrealist collage against a cream-coloured textured background. The imagery consists of fragments of Jaimin's face — his eyes and mouth. A pale flower is placed over the left eye, while a dried, orange leaf covers the right. These elements are intended to symbolise pleasant and unpleasant experiences in life and love, aligning with the album's central theme.<br /> <br /> [[File:Cutting Loose CD and inner sleeve.jpg|alt=Cutting Loose CD and Inner Sleeve|thumb|Cutting Loose CD and Inner Sleeve]]The 2023 CD release features expanded design assets, including a multi-panel layout with a dedicated personnel sheet and a tracklist with song durations. The internal packaging includes a &quot;Testimonials&quot; page featuring endorsements from notable musicians.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Jaimin Rajani's album Cutting Loose gets a CD release, courtesy Free School Street Records |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/lifestyle/jaimin-rajanis-album-cutting-loose-gets-a-cd-release-courtesy-free-school-street-records/cid/1968432 |access-date=2026-02-07 |language=en |publisher=[[The Telegraph (India)]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Track listing==<br /> {{Track listing<br /> | headline = Cutting Loose<br /> | total_length = 59:45<br /> | all_writing = Jaimin<br /> | title1 = Home<br /> | length1 = 2:06<br /> | title2 = Autumn Leaves<br /> | length2 = 5:02<br /> | title3 = She's Running Late<br /> | length3 = 3:16<br /> | title4 = Bucket of Pain<br /> | length4 = 2:52<br /> | title5 = One More Night<br /> | length5 = 3:46<br /> | title6 = Never Mind<br /> | length6 = 5:23<br /> | title7 = She<br /> | length7 = 8:30<br /> | title8 = This One's for You<br /> | length8 = 5:40<br /> | title9 = Something Here to Stay<br /> | length9 = 4:02<br /> | title10 = Let Me Find a Way Out<br /> | length10 = 3:04<br /> | title11 = Varanasi<br /> | length11 = 1:52<br /> | title12 = The Girl with Wilderness in Her Garden<br /> | length12 = 6:18<br /> | title13 = I'm Going Solo<br /> | length13 = 3:04<br /> | title14 = Wore My Heart on My Sleeve<br /> | length14 = 4:50<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Personnel==<br /> {{col-begin}}<br /> {{col-3}}<br /> '''Musicians'''<br /> &lt;!--Credit order should be based on album credits per [[WP:PERSONNEL]], not necessarily alphabetical--&gt;<br /> *Jaimin{{nbsp}}– vocals, guitar, harmonica&lt;!--No source for producer credit--&gt;<br /> *Subharaj Ghosh{{nbsp}}– guitar, bass, backing vocals<br /> *Arka Chakraborty{{nbsp}}– piano, organ, synths, bass<br /> *Aniruddha Saha{{nbsp}}– drums, percussion<br /> *Arjun Chakraborty{{nbsp}}– drums, percussion<br /> *Ralph Pais{{nbsp}}– bass<br /> *Rohan Ganguli{{nbsp}}– bass<br /> *Rajarshi Das{{nbsp}}– violin<br /> *Protyay Chakraborty{{nbsp}}– violin<br /> {{col-3}}<br /> '''Guest musicians'''<br /> &lt;!--Credit order should be based on album credits per [[WP:PERSONNEL]], not necessarily alphabetical--&gt;<br /> *[[Rahul Ram]]{{nbsp}}– bass on &quot;She's Running Late&quot;<br /> *Patrick Fitzsimons{{nbsp}}– mandolin on &quot;Bucket of Pain&quot; and &quot;She's Running Late&quot;<br /> *Billy Cardine{{nbsp}}– [[resonator guitar]] on &quot;Bucket of Pain&quot;<br /> *Deepak Castelino{{nbsp}}– [[classical guitar]] on &quot;Home&quot;<br /> *Abhay Sharma{{nbsp}}– saxophone on &quot;Something Here to Stay&quot;<br /> *Kalyan Majumdar{{nbsp}}– sitar on &quot;Something Here to Stay&quot;<br /> *Bachospati Chakraborty{{nbsp}}– bass on &quot;Wore My Heart on My Sleeve&quot;<br /> *Bibhubrata Acharjee{{nbsp}}– backing vocals on &quot;Home&quot;, &quot;Bucket of Pain&quot; and &quot;The Girl with Wilderness in Her Garden&quot;<br /> *[[Susmit Bose]]{{nbsp}}– backing vocals on &quot;Never Mind&quot;<br /> *Rajshekhar Banerjee{{nbsp}}– backing vocals on &quot;One More Night&quot;<br /> {{col-3}}<br /> '''Engineers'''<br /> &lt;!--Credit order should be based on album credits per [[WP:PERSONNEL]], not necessarily alphabetical--&gt;<br /> *Protyay Chakraborty{{nbsp}}– [[Audio engineering|engineering]], [[Audio mixing (recorded music)|mixing]], [[Audio mastering|mastering]]<br /> *Subharaj Ghosh{{nbsp}}– recording and additional mastering engineer<br /> <br /> '''Artwork'''<br /> *Visal A Chattopadhyay– front cover photo and album design<br /> *Rajiv Pandey{{nbsp}}– inner sleeve photo on CD edition<br /> <br /> '''Music Video'''<br /> *Filmed by Ivor Houston<br /> *Edited by Suyash Modi<br /> {{col-end}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2022 debut albums]]<br /> [[Category:Folk rock albums by Indian artists]]<br /> [[Category:Indie folk albums]]<br /> [[Category:Indie rock albums]]<br /> [[Category:Soft rock albums]]<br /> [[Category:The Orchard (company) albums]]</div>

AgnesOppen5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free_software_in_Kerala&diff=499360 2026-03-26T19:02:51Z

<p>AgnesOppen5: Done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}<br /> The state of [[Kerala]], in [[India]] has had an active [[Free software movement|Free software community]] since early 1980s.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://swatantryam.blogspot.in/2007/08/story-of-free-software-in-kerala-india.html|title=Free as in Freedom: The Story of Free Software in Kerala, India|website=swatantryam.blogspot.in|date=31 August 2007 |access-date=2016-07-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; The initial users were those who started using [[TeX]] in the city of [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. Subsequently Free software users groups were formed in some of the different cities like Thiruvananthapuram, [[Kochi]] and around engineering colleges&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/free-software-pioneer-richard-stallman-to-lecture-at-sjcet/article586239.ece|title=Free Software pioneer Richard Stallman to lecture at SJCET|date=2010-08-21|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-07-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; in the state. The Free software community in Kerala was instrumental in creating a policy environment at the state government level that was biased towards Free software.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-info-tech/kerala-aims-to-become-open-source-software-destination/article1649293.ece|title=Kerala aims to become open source software destination|date=2007-02-12|access-date=2016-07-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[government of Kerala]] policy on Free software gives first preference to Free and Open Source software for its IT requirements.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/apcity/unpan002950.pdf|title=Kerala State IT Policy 2001|last=|first=|date=|website=UNPAN|publisher=|access-date=|archive-date=3 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103210627/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/apcity/unpan002950.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The state claims to be the only state in the world where IT education is imparted over a Free software operating system.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/10236947|title=IT@SCHOOL PROJECT OF KERALA – A LANDMARK IN ICT INITIATIVE IN GENERAL EDUCATION|access-date=2016-07-30|last1=Nath |first1=Prof Baiju K. }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/money/2006/sep/02microsoft.htm|title=Kerala logs Microsoft out of schools|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=2016-07-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Government Policy on Free software ==<br /> The IT Policy for the state of Kerala had acknowledged the relevance of Free software as early as 2001&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The 2001 IT policy states that,&lt;blockquote&gt;''The Government wishes to encourage the judicious use of open source/free software that complements/supplements proprietary software, to reduce the total cost of ownership of IT applications/solutions without compromising on the immediate and medium term value provided by the application. The Government welcomes research into the use of open/free software in the context of education, governance, and for general use at home, to make IT truly a part of the daily lives of the people of the State. The Government also encourages projects such as the Simputer that is low cost, based on open software, and attuned to the needs of the common man.''&lt;/blockquote&gt;In 2007, [[government of Kerala]] released its ICT policy&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/46696/IT%20Policy%202007|title=Kerala State IT Policy 2007|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=|archive-date=23 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223203233/http://kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/46696/IT%20Policy%202007|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; where one of its objectives was to mandate appropriate use of Free Software in all ICT initiatives.&lt;blockquote&gt;''The Government realizes that Free Software presents a unique opportunity in building a truly egalitarian knowledge society. The Government will take all efforts to develop Free Software and Free Knowledge and shall encourage and mandate the appropriate use of Free Software in all ICT initiatives.''&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> == Free software communities / mailing lists ==<br /> There are two prominent free software mailing lists and communities around these mailing lists in Kerala. One is around the [[Free Software Users Group, Thiruvananthapuram]] and the other is the [[ILUG-Cochin|Indian Libre User Group, Kochi]]. The primary activities of the users groups were around offering support to Free software users and in running technology and awareness sessions for the public and in institutions&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/free-software-symbolises-freedom/article332594.ece|title=Free software symbolises freedom|date=2009-03-15|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-07-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/a-freedom-movement-gains-pace/article1249331.ece|title=A freedom movement gains pace|date=2008-05-01|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-07-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; and running install fests.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/linux-install-fest-at-technopark/article1322461.ece|title=Linux Install Fest at Technopark|date=2008-08-24|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-07-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/freeing-software-for-users/article1412723.ece|title=Freeing software for users|date=2008-04-19|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-07-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; There are also active Free software clubs in several Engineering colleges in the state like [[College of Engineering, Trivandrum]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/now-a-movement-for-open-hardware/article7466555.ece|title=Now, a movement for open hardware|date=2015-07-26|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-07-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[St. Joseph's College of Engineering and Technology, Palai|St. Josephs College of Engineering and Technology, Pala]],&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; [[MES College of Engineering|MES College of engineering Kuttippuram]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/tathva22-at-nit-calicut-from-october-21/article66010705.ece|website=[[The Hindu]]|title=Richard Stallman, founder of Free Software Foundation, will present a lecture on the topic 'In today's computing, injustice is all around|date=14 October 2022 }}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[National Institute of Technology Calicut|National Institute of Technology, Kozhikode]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/fossmeet-begins-today/article5687686.ece|title=FOSSMeet begins today|date=2014-02-14|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-07-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; L.B.S College of Engineering, Vidya Academy of Science and Technology, Thrissur, SCMS School of Engineering and Technology<br /> <br /> == Free software initiatives in the state ==<br /> Over the years several government entities in the state of Kerala switched / started significantly using Free software solutions in their operations. Some of the notable projects are listed below.<br /> <br /> === KITE ===<br /> In 2006, the state government decided to impart ICT education in public schools across the state using a customized Debian distribution called KITE GNU/Linux (previously known as IT@School GNU/Linux).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/it-practical-tests-on-open-platform/article1906612.ece|title=IT practical tests on 'open' platform|date=2007-09-07|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-07-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[KITE Kerala|KITE]] under Department of General Education, Government of Kerala implemented one of the largest deployments of GNU/Linux systems anywhere in the world.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Earlier technical support and training for the project was provided by SPACE and is currently being provided by KITE&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The SAGE Handbook of Intellectual Property|last=Matthew David, Debora Halbert|publisher=SAGE|year=2014|isbn=9781473914391|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pHKACgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=%22Society+for+promotion+of+alternative+computing+and+employment%22+SPACE+IT%40Scchool+project&amp;pg=PT687|pages=|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === ORUMA billing software by Kerala State Electricity Board ===<br /> In 2008, the [[Kerala State Electricity Board]] moved to a Free software platform called [[ORUMA]] to run their billing operations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.kseboa.org/kseb/oruma-free-software-based-billing-application-of-kseb-2809230.html|title=ORUMA - Free software based billing application of KSEB|last=|first=|date=|website=www.kseboa.org|publisher=|access-date=2016-07-31|archive-date=11 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811041556/http://www.kseboa.org/kseb/oruma-free-software-based-billing-application-of-kseb-2809230.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://icfoss.in/doc/FOSS_Transition_Policy/FOSS%20experience.pdf|title=FOSS experience of KSEB|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=ICFOSS|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The system was built with the help of an internal team at KSEB. Initial consultations and trainings were provided by SPACE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.space-kerala.org/files/SPACE-Annual%20Report%202007-2008.pdf|title=SPACE Annual Report 2007-08|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=SPACE|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/business/biztech/kerala-goes-open-source-in-it-education-1863743.html|title=Kerala Goes Open Source In IT Education - Firstpost|date=2007-12-13|language=en-US|access-date=2016-07-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Kerala Khadi &amp; Village Industries Board Free software migration ===<br /> The [[Kerala Khadi &amp; Village Industries Board|Kerala Khadi and Village Industries Board]] moved to a Free software platform&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/9TFfGIjiHk5YPxKmBOSs8O/Free-software-activism-no-longer-a-fringe-movement.html|title=Free software activism no longer a fringe movement - Livemint|website=www.livemint.com|access-date=2016-07-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; built by [[Keltron]].<br /> <br /> === Public Works Department ===<br /> The [[Kerala Public Works Department]] moved to a Free software platform built by [[Inapp|InApp Technologies]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Kerala Legislative Assembly Free software migration ===<br /> In 2014 the [[Kerala Legislature|Kerala Legislative Assembly]] moved all of their IT operations into GNU/Linux based systems with the assistance of [[Zyxware Technologies]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/kerala-legislature-announces-smooth-transition-to-free-software/article6224551.ece|title=Kerala Legislature announces smooth transition to free software|last=Kurian|first=Vinson|date=2014-07-18|website=Hindu Business Line|publisher=|access-date=2016-07-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Organizations and not-for-profit agencies working in the Free software space ==<br /> <br /> === ICFOSS - International Center for Free and Open Source Software ===<br /> [[ICFOSS]] is an autonomous agency set up by the Government of Kerala in 2011&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://keralaitnews.com/date/2011/02|title=2011 February|website=keralaitnews.com|access-date=2016-07-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; with the mandate of popularizing [[Free and Open Source Software]] for universal use; consolidating the early FOSS work done in Kerala; and networking with different nations, communities and governments to collaboratively promote FOSS.<br /> <br /> === SPACE - Society for Promotion of Alternative Computing and Employment ===<br /> SPACE is a not-for-profit society which has been working closely with the Government and several of the government departments and agencies in driving Free software adoption in them.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/software-sans-borders/article1430520.ece|title=Software sans borders|date=2008-12-04|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-07-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; SPACE has been involved in policy formulation, consultation, training and technical support for projects like IT@School, ORUMA, Khadi Board migration etc.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article1342429.ece|title=A celebration of software freedom|date=2008-09-21|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-07-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; The agency has also been running a center called INSIGHT which is actively pursuing taking Free software to the differently abled.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/new-software-tool-for-the-disabled/article2304394.ece|title=New software tool for the disabled|date=2011-07-29|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-07-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === SMC - Swathantra Malayalam Computing ===<br /> [[Swathanthra Malayalam Computing|SMC]] is a Free software collective which works in the space of Indic language computing.&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/enhanced-android-keyboard-for-indian-languages-released/article7291192.ece|title=Enhanced Android keyboard for Indian languages released|date=2015-06-07|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-07-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; SMC is the upstream maintainers for Malayalam fonts and tools&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu.com&quot;/&gt; for popular GNU/Linux based operating systems such as Fedora and Debian. They also maintain localizations for Free Software Desktops ([[GNOME]]/[[KDE Software Compilation|KDE]]) and applications such as [[Firefox]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/firefox-malayalam-version-fully-loaded/article829718.ece|title=Firefox Malayalam version fully loaded|date=2010-10-14|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-07-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[LibreOffice|Libre Office]].<br /> <br /> == Free software Conferences ==<br /> <br /> === Free Software Free Society Conference ===<br /> Kerala hosts a regular international conference on Free Software which runs once every 2 – 4 years. This conference is done with the involvement of the Government of Kerala and the Free software community. [[ICFOSS|International Center for Free and Open Source Software (ICFOSS)]] has been responsible for organizing the last two editions of the conference.<br /> # Freedom First 2001&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.gnu.org/press/2001-07-20-FSF-India.en.html|title=Richard Stallman Inaugurates Free Software Foundation-India, First Affiliate in Asia of the Free Software Foundation|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> # Free Software Free Society 2005&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.linuxjournal.com/article/8319|title=India's Upcoming Free Software, Free Society Conference {{!}} Linux Journal|website=www.linuxjournal.com|access-date=2016-07-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> # FSFS 2008&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://mm.gnu.org.in/pipermail/fsfs-discuss/2008-November/000000.html|title=[FSFS-discuss][Free Software, Free Society] 2nd International Conference on Freedom in Computing|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=2016-07-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> # FOSSK4 2011&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/foss-meet-moots-new-domain-for-free-software/article2758387.ece|title=FOSS meet moots new domain for free software|date=2011-12-29|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-07-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://meetings.vtools.ieee.org/m/9917|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919063308/https://meetings.vtools.ieee.org/m/9917|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 September 2016|title=International FOSS Conference, Kerala : vTools Events|last=IEEE.vTools|website=[[IEEE]]|access-date=2016-07-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> # [[Swatantra 2014]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://cis-india.org/openness/news/swatantra-2014-icfoss-december-18-20-2014-fifth-international-free-software-conference-in-kerala|title=Swatantra 2014: Fifth International Free Software Conference, Kerala|access-date=2016-07-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/huge-savings-from-free-software-highlighted/article6710522.ece|title=Huge savings from free software highlighted|date=2014-12-20|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-07-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> # Swatantra 2017 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://icfoss.in/event/swatantra17|title=Swatantra 2017: Sixth International Free Software Conference, Kerala|access-date=2018-08-31|archive-date=31 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831141213/https://icfoss.in/event/swatantra17|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === FOSSMeet ===<br /> The students of [[National Institute of Technology Calicut]] conducts an annual Free Software conference called [http://fossmeet.net/ FOSSMeet], which is held on the campus during the month of February/March every year.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/fossmeet-begins-today/article5687686.ece|title=FOSSMeet begins today|date=2014-02-14|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-07-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; The 3 day conference has been held every year since 2005.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Calicut/NIT/FOSS Meet - FSCI Wiki |url=https://wiki.fsci.in/Calicut/NIT/FOSS_Meet#2005 |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=wiki.fsci.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; After a gap of 3 years due to COVID-19, FOSSMeet was restarted offline in 2023.<br /> <br /> # FOSSMeet 2005&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Calicut/NIT/FOSS Meet/05 - FSCI Wiki |url=https://wiki.fsci.in/Calicut/NIT/FOSS_Meet/05 |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=wiki.fsci.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> # FOSSMeet 2019&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-08-10 |title=FOSSMeet'19 {{!}} FOSSCell NITC |url=https://fossmeet.in/ |access-date=2024-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810123443/https://fossmeet.in/ |archive-date=10 August 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> # FOSSMeet 2024&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FOSSMeet'24 – FOSSCell, NIT Calicut |url=https://www.fossmeet.net/ |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=www.fossmeet.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{Portal|Free and open-source software}}[[Free software in India]]<br /> <br /> [[Free software movement]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Free Software}}<br /> [[Category:Free software movement]]<br /> [[Category:Free Software Foundation]]<br /> [[Category:Software industry in India]]<br /> [[Category:Science and technology in Kerala]]</div>

AgnesOppen5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=UB_City&diff=461793 2026-03-26T04:56:08Z

<p>AgnesOppen5: small refine section after review further and updated info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{more citations needed|date=March 2014}}<br /> {{Infobox building<br /> | name = UB City<br /> | image = UBtowers.jpg<br /> | location = [[Bengaluru, Karnataka]], India<br /> | pushpin_map = India Karnataka<br /> | building_type = [[Tower block]]<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|12|58|18.30|N|77|35|45.00|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br /> | roof = {{convert|123|m|ft|abbr=on}} (UB Tower)&lt;ref&gt;{{Ctbuh|id=13883|title=UB Tower}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | floor_count = 20 (UB Tower/Concorde)<br /> | construction_start_date = 2004<br /> | completion_date = 2008<br /> | owner = [[Vijay Mallya]]<br /> | floor_area = {{convert|950000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}<br /> | main_contractor = [[Prestige Group]]<br /> | operator = [[United Breweries]]<br /> | architect = Thomas Associates, [[Bengaluru]]<br /> }}<br /> '''UB City''' is a [[mixed-use]] [[high-rise]] complex in [[Bengaluru]], India. It is a complex of 6 buildings with a total built up area of over 1.6 million sq ft.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=About UBCity|url=http://www.ubcitybangalore.in/about/overview.php}}&lt;/ref&gt; Established by the [[UB Group]] in a joint venture with [[Prestige Group]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url= http://www.financialexpress.com/news/ub-city-bags-asia-pacific-property-awards/493640/|title= UB City, a joint development venture between the UB Group and Prestige group|date= June 2009|newspaper=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; it is built on {{convert|13|acre|m2}} of land and hosts {{convert|1000000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}} of high-end commercial, retail and service apartment space.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/UB-City-is-finally-here/articleshow/1672524.cms | newspaper=The Times Of India | title=UB City is finally here | date=22 June 2006 | first=Sujit | last=John | access-date=7 October 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Location==<br /> <br /> Centrally located in the [[Bengaluru Central Business District]] at the corner of [[Kasturba Road]] and Vittal Mallya Road, UB City is {{cvt|1.8|km}} from the [[M G Road, Bengaluru|MG Road]]-[[Brigade Road]] junction and opposite [[Cubbon Park]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title={{!}} Explocity Guide To Bangalore {{!}} People, Culture, Cuisine, Shopping, News |url=https://bangalore.explocity.com/bangalore-guide/listing/ub-city/ |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=Explocity Bangalore}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Buildings==<br /> <br /> UB City has four towers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.emporis.com/complex/107020/ub-city-bangalore-india |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728020836/https://www.emporis.com/complex/107020/ub-city-bangalore-india |url-status=usurped |archive-date=28 July 2021 |title=Ub City |website=Emporis}}&lt;/ref&gt; UB Tower houses corporate offices. It has an elevated rooftop helipad which provides a five-minute aerial commute to the [[Kempegowda International Airport]]. The Collection houses luxury brand stores.<br /> <br /> == Gallery ==<br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> File:UB City Bangalore.JPG|UB City<br /> File:UB City at night .jpg|UB City at night<br /> File:UB City (7870275150).jpg|UB Tower<br /> File:Canberra Tower UB City Bangalore.jpg|Canberra Tower UB City Bangalore<br /> File:45-UB city Bangalooru.JPG|Building in UB City<br /> File:UB City (7870272594).jpg|UB City Entrance<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[List of tallest buildings in Bangalore]]<br /> *[[List of tallest buildings in India]]<br /> *[[List of tallest buildings and structures in the Indian subcontinent]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{commons category}}<br /> *[http://www.theubgroup.com/infrastructure.html UB Group page on project]<br /> <br /> {{United Spirits}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Buildings and structures in Bengaluru]]<br /> [[Category:Office buildings completed in 2008]]<br /> [[Category:Residential buildings completed in 2008]]<br /> [[Category:Skyscraper office buildings in India]]<br /> [[Category:United Breweries Group]]<br /> [[Category:2008 establishments in Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Prestige Group]]</div>

AgnesOppen5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sengol&diff=534044 2026-03-23T18:45:33Z

<p>AgnesOppen5: added info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Golden sceptre in the Parliament of India}}<br /> {{italic title}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}<br /> [[File:PM lighting the lamp at the inauguration of New Parliament Building, in New Delhi on May 28, 2023 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=0.6| The Sengol in its case at the [[Loksabha|Lok Sabha]]]]<br /> <br /> The '''''Sengol''''' ([[Sanskrit]]:सेंगोलम, [[Tamil language|Tamil]]: செங்கோல்) is a gold-plated, silver [[sceptre]] that is installed in the [[Lok Sabha]] or [[lower house]] of the [[New Parliament House, New Delhi|Parliament of India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-05-25 |title=Sengol {{!}} Evidence thin on government's claims about the sceptre |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sengol-evidence-thin-on-governments-claims-about-the-sceptre/article66894055.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525183813/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sengol-evidence-thin-on-governments-claims-about-the-sceptre/article66894055.ece |archive-date=25 May 2023 |access-date=2023-06-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; The sceptre was presented to [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the first [[Prime Minister of India]], by a [[Tamils|Tamil]] ''[[Matha#Aadheenams|Adheenam]]'' in an informal ceremony on the evening before the [[Independence of India]] in 1947. The ''Sengolam'' was initially housed at [[Allahabad Museum]] for decades until it was moved to its present location at the [[Parliament House, New Delhi|new parliament building]] during its inauguration by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] Ji in May 2023.<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> <br /> As the [[independence of India]] drew near, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and other members of the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC or Congress) took part in religious ceremonies and received gifts.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Many Holes in the Union Government's Claims Around the Sengol |url=https://thewire.in/history/the-many-holes-in-the-union-governments-claims-around-the-sengol |access-date=2023-05-28 |website=The Wire}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine |date=1947-08-25 |title=INDIA: Oh Lovely Dawn |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,798062,00.html |url-status=live |magazine=Time |language=en-US |issn=0040-781X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524200128/https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,798062,00.html |archive-date=2023-05-24 |access-date=2023-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; On such an occasion on 14 August 1947, emissaries from the [[Thiruvaduthurai Adheenam|Tiruvāvaḍutuṟai Ādhīṉam Maṭha]], a [[Shaivism|Shaivite]] monastery in the erstwhile [[Tanjore District (Madras Presidency)|Tanjore district]] of [[Madras Presidency]] (nowadays [[Tamil Nadu]]), presented Nehru with the ''Sengol'' at his home.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; According to a report in the ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'':<br /> <br /> {{Blockquote|quote=From Tanjore in south India came two emissaries of Śrī Ambalavāṇa Dēśikar, head of a sannyasi order of Hindu ascetics. Śrī Ambalavāṇa thought that Nehru, as first Indian head of a really Indian Government ought, like ancient Hindu kings, to receive the symbol of power and authority from Hindu holy men&amp;nbsp;... One sannyāsi carried a sceptre of gold, five feet long, two inches thick. He sprinkled Nehru with holy water from Tanjore and drew a streak in sacred ash across Nehru's forehead. Then he wrapped Nehru in the pītāmbaram and handed him the golden sceptre. He also gave Nehru some cooked rice which had been offered that very morning to the dancing god Naṭarāja in south India, then flown by plane to Delhi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,798062-1,00.html |title=INDIA: Oh Lovely Dawn |work=Time |date=25 August 1947}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> The event had negligible impact on public discourse at the time;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; contemporaneous news clips recorded the gift of the ''Sengol'' as a courtesy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Soon afterwards, the ''Sengol'' and other belongings of Nehru were donated to [[Allahabad Museum]] in [[Prayagraj]].<br /> <br /> The ''Sengolam'' lost prominence until it was placed in the [[Lok Sabha]] during the inauguration of [[New Parliament House, New Delhi|New Parliament House]], [[New Delhi]], in 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-05-28 |title=Manu S Pillai on Sengol: For some, rediscovery is cultural renascence, for others, political Hinduisation of a national symbol |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-history/sengol-new-parliament-controversy-manu-pillai-interview-8632977/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528102046/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-history/sengol-new-parliament-controversy-manu-pillai-interview-8632977/ |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; At the inauguration, Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]], who was accompanied by Hindu priests heading the 20 ''[[Adheenam]]s'' in Tamil Nadu, installed the ''Sengol'' near the chair of the [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NYTSengol&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/28/world/asia/india-parliament.html|title=Modi Opens India's New Parliament Building as Opposition Boycotts|publisher=New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Video of Sengol installed in new Parliament building |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DfFCAZ6yLDs |access-date=2023-08-14 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nath |first=Akshaya |date=2023-06-03 |title=Sengol puts focus on Tamil Nadu's Adheenams. Wings clipped by Dravidian politics, now courted by BJP |url=https://theprint.in/politics/sengol-puts-focus-on-tamil-nadus-adheenams-wings-clipped-by-dravidian-politics-now-courted-by-bjp/1608001/ |access-date=2023-08-22 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Indian Government published a widely discredited historical narrative, regarding the Sengol, claiming it was used in an official ceremony to symbolise the transfer of power from Britain to India.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-06-02 |title=Criticism of the historicity of Sengol is baseless |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/criticism-of-the-historicity-of-sengol-is-baseless-8641365/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602130103/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/criticism-of-the-historicity-of-sengol-is-baseless-8641365/ |archive-date=2 June 2023 |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[File:PM installs ‘Sengol’ at new Parliament building, in New Delhi on May 28, 2023.jpg|thumb|PM Modi receiving the Sengol from Hindu (''Adheenam'') priests in 2023]]<br /> <br /> == Design ==<br /> Vummidi Bangaru Chetty, a jeweller from [[Madras]] (currently Chennai), crafted the ''Sengol''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; The ''Sengol'' is a handcrafted, [[gold-plated]] sceptre about {{convert|5|ft|spell=in|abbr=out}} long, and has a diameter of about {{convert|3|in|spell=in|abbr=out}} at the top and {{convert|1|in|spell=in|abbr=out}} at the bottom. It encases a wooden staff and is surmounted by a sitting [[Nandi (Hinduism)|Nandi]] to symbolise justice and righteousness &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine |date=1947-08-25 |title=INDIA: Oh Lovely Dawn |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,798062,00.html |url-status=live |magazine=Time |language=en-US |issn=0040-781X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524200128/https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,798062,00.html |archive-date=2023-05-24 |access-date=2023-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=24 May 2023 |title=Why a historic ‘sengol’ is being installed in new Parliament building &amp; how it was made |newspaper=[[ThePrint]] |url=https://theprint.in/india/why-a-historic-sengol-is-being-installed-in-new-parliament-building-how-it-was-made/1592623/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New Parliament: What Is The Significance Of Sengol In Rs 20,000 Crore-Worth Central Vista Project? |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/business/new-parliament-what-is-the-significance-of-sengol-in-rs-20-000-crore-worth-central-vista-project--news-289354}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-05-24 |title=New Parliament building opening {{!}} How a letter to PMO set off a search for the Sengol |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/new-parliament-building-opening-how-a-letter-to-pmo-set-off-search-for-the-sengol/article66889495.ece |url-status=live |access-date=2023-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524181219/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/new-parliament-building-opening-how-a-letter-to-pmo-set-off-search-for-the-sengol/article66889495.ece |archive-date=2023-05-24 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=அகஸ்டஸ் |date=2023-05-25 |title=நாடாளுமன்றத்தில் செங்கோல்; இதற்கும் சோழர்களுக்கும் என்ன தொடர்பு? - தரவுகளுடன் விரிவான அலசல் |url=https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/story-about-historic-sengol-to-be-installed-in-new-parliament-building |access-date=2023-05-25 |website=www.vikatan.com |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> Barely a fortnight after Nehru received the ''Sengol'', [[C. N. Annadurai]], a Dravidian nationalist and the future first [[List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]], wrote a polemical tract on the subject for ''Dravida Nadu'', pondering the socio-political implications of his acceptance. He warned the motive of the Adheenam was to convince the public later they had inaugurated the new government.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Annadurai Cautioned the 1947 Govt and Nehru About the Motives Behind the ‘Gift’ of the Sengol |url=https://thewire.in/history/look-at-the-sengol-and-pay-attention-to-the-lessons-it-offers-c-n-annadurais-appeal-to-nehru |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=The Wire}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Many political analysts have noted the increasing use of Hindu grammar in the domains of the state. In 2023, ''[[The New York Times]]'' noted that this sceptre emerged as a key object encapsulating the meaning of the new Parliament, that is, &quot;to shed not just the remnants of India's colonial past, but also increasingly to replace the secular governance that followed it&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYTSengol2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Modi Opens India's New Parliament Building as Opposition Boycotts |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/28/world/asia/india-parliament.html |publisher=New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Others found the use of a monarchical relic unsuitable for a parliamentary democracy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-05-28 |title=The Sengol Is a Symbol of 'Divine Right' to Power |language=en-IN |work=The Wire |url=https://thewire.in/politics/sengol-divine-right-parliament-people |access-date=2023-05-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Electoral context ==<br /> According to analysts, the 2023 episode with the ''Sengol'' was part of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'s (BJP) strategy to present itself as champions of Tamil culture.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; The party was aiming to gain electoral significance in South India through its Look South campaign.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2022-07-10 |title=Nationally dominant, BJP prepares for southern march |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nationally-dominant-bjp-prepares-for-southern-march/articleshow/92782439.cms |access-date=2023-08-22 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rajagopalan |first=R. |date=2022-11-21 |title=Modi's Tamil-Varanasi outreach is BJP's ‘Look South’ strategy. Fort DMK better watch out |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/modis-tamil-varanasi-outreach-is-bjps-look-south-strategy-fort-dmk-better-watch-out/1227076/ |access-date=2023-08-22 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2022-08-08 |title=In Tamil Nadu, BJP’s strategic moves |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/in-tamil-nadu-bjps-strategic-moves/article65746396.ece |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808190733/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/in-tamil-nadu-bjps-strategic-moves/article65746396.ece |archive-date=8 August 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Soon after the ''Sengol''{{'s}} installation, [[Amit Shah]] asked Tamil voters to elect 25 [[National Democratic Alliance|BJP coalition]] legislators to Parliament as a show of gratitude.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-06-11 |title=T.N. should elect over 25 NDA MPs as thanks for Sengol installation: Amit Shah |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-must-elect-more-than-25-nda-mps-in-2024-as-gratitude-for-installing-sengol-in-parliament-amit-shah/article66958025.ece |access-date=2023-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611170411/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-must-elect-more-than-25-nda-mps-in-2024-as-gratitude-for-installing-sengol-in-parliament-amit-shah/article66958025.ece |archive-date=11 June 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[New Parliament House, New Delhi|New Parliament House]]<br /> * [[Ceremonial mace]]<br /> {{Clear}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{Commons category-inline}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Ceremonial maces]]<br /> [[Category:Formal insignia]]<br /> [[Category:Indian metalwork]]</div>

AgnesOppen5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naveen_Polishetty&diff=455990 2026-03-23T06:45:51Z

<p>AgnesOppen5: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian actor}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Naveen Polishetty<br /> | image = Naveen during promotions of Miss Shetty Mr Polishetty (cropped).jpg<br /> | caption = Polishetty in 2023<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1989|12|26|df=yes}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Naveen Polishetty's look from 'Jathi Ratnalu' released - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/naveen-polishettys-look-from-jathi-ratnalu-released/articleshow/72981740.cms|access-date=2020-12-10|website=The Times of India|date=26 December 2019 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Naveen Polishetty is on a signing spree! - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/naveen-polishetty-is-on-a-signing-spree/articleshow/71498742.cms|access-date=2020-12-10|website=The Times of India|date=9 October 2019 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] (present-day [[Telangana]]), India<br /> | alma_mater = [[Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology|NIT Bhopal]]<br /> | occupation = {{hlist|Actor|screenwriter}}<br /> | years_active = 2012{{ndash}}present<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Naveen Polishetty''' (born 26 December 1989) is an Indian actor and screenwriter who primarily works in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films. He made his silver screen acting debut with ''[[Life Is Beautiful (2012 film)|Life Is Beautiful]]'' and became lead actor with the film ''[[Agent Sai Srinivasa Athreya]]'' (2019). He then appeared in the [[coming-of-age]] blockbuster film ''[[Chhichhore]]'' (2019), which marked his Hindi debut. He subsequently played the protagonist in the comedy film ''[[Jathi Ratnalu]]'' (2021) and the romantic comedy ''[[Miss. Shetty Mr. Polishetty]]'' (2023).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-03-18|title=Jathi Ratnalu Day 7 Collections: Naveen Polishetty Movie Continues To Dominate Highest Grossing Films Of 2021|url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/tollywood/jathi-ratnalu-day-7-collections-naveen-polisheetys-continues-dominate-highest|access-date=2021-03-18|website=Sakshi Post|archive-date=18 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318032025/https://english.sakshi.com/news/tollywood/jathi-ratnalu-day-7-collections-naveen-polisheetys-continues-dominate-highest|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life ==<br /> Naveen Polishetty was born on 26 December 1989 in [[Hyderabad]], India. He graduated with a [[Bachelor of Civil Engineering]] degree from [[Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology]] (also known as [[NIT Bhopal]]).<br /> <br /> Polishetty moved to [[England]] to work as an engineer. He then decided to return to India to pursue his dream of becoming an actor. As his parents were opposed to it, he lived in [[Mumbai]] and took up part-time jobs to pursue a full-time career in acting, worked in theatre and performed in plays.&lt;ref name=&quot;ib&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2015-07-05|title=Focus Light: Naveen Polishetty - Telugu cinema news|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/focuslight/naveenpolishetty.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913043532/http://idlebrain.com/news/focuslight/naveenpolishetty.html|archive-date=13 September 2019|access-date=2020-07-15|website=www.idlebrain.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Polishetty started his career by performing in theater plays. He appeared in supporting roles in the Telugu films ''[[Life Is Beautiful (2012 film)|Life Is Beautiful]]'', ''[[D for Dopidi]]'' and ''[[1: Nenokkadine]]'', from 2012 to 2014. He subsequently moved to Mumbai where he started collaborating to make [[YouTube]] videos. He played major roles in AIB and Cheers!.<br /> <br /> In 2019, Polishetty made his debut as a leading man in Telugu cinema with the comedy thriller film ''[[Agent Sai Srinivasa Athreya]]'', which he co-wrote and played the lead. He made his Hindi cinema debut in [[Nitesh Tiwari]]'s ''[[Chhichhore]]'' as Acid. ''Chhichhore'' grossed ₹150 crore globally and also earned him a [[Zee Cine Awards Telugu|Zee Cine Awards]] nomination for Best Actor in a comic role. He then starred in the 2021 comedy film ''[[Jathi Ratnalu]]''. The film was commercially successful, with a gross collection of ₹70 crore, emerging as Polishetty's biggest success. He won the Best Actor award at the [[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Awards]] for his portrayal of Jogipet Srikanth. He appeared in the 2023 film ''[[Miss Shetty Mr Polishetty]]'' as a stand-up comedian alongside Anushka Shetty.<br /> <br /> In 2026, Polishetty appeared in the comedy film ''[[Anaganaga Oka Raju]]'', co-starring [[Meenakshi Chaudhary]], which was a box office success.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title='Anaganaga Oka Raju' success meet: Naveen Polishetty says 'Sankranti will be remembered forever' |work=The Times of India |date=1 February 2026 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/anaganaga-oka-raju-success-meet-naveen-polishetty-says-sankranti-will-be-remembered-forever-after-films-feast/articleshow/127836744.cms |access-date=1 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> {{Pending films key}}<br /> <br /> ''All films are in Telugu unless otherwise noted.''<br /> <br /> ===Films===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Title<br /> ! Role<br /> ! Notes<br /> ! {{Tool tip|Ref.|References}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2012<br /> | ''[[Life Is Beautiful (2012 film)|Life Is Beautiful]]''<br /> | Rakesh<br /> | <br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Nadadhur|first=Srivathsan|date=2017-06-26|title=Naveen Polishetty: Meet the viral actor|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/naveen-polishetty-interview-meet-the-viral-actor/article19149439.ece|access-date=2020-07-15|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=15 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715155250/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/naveen-polishetty-interview-meet-the-viral-actor/article19149439.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2013<br /> | ''[[D for Dopidi]]''<br /> | Harish<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|credited as Naveen<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=D For Dopidi Telugu Movie Review, Rating|url=https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/39401/D-For-Dopidi-Telugu-Movie-Review-Rating|access-date=2021-06-25|website=indiaherald.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2014<br /> | ''[[1: Nenokkadine]]''<br /> |Naveen<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Mahesh Babu bowled over by 'Jathi Ratnalu': Hails Naveen Polishetty - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahesh-babu-bowled-over-by-jathi-ratnalu-hails-naveen-polishetty/articleshow/81481374.cms|access-date=2021-06-25|website=The Times of India|date=13 March 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2019 ||''[[Agent Sai Srinivasa Athreya]]''|| Agent Sai Srinivasa Athreya || Debut as lead actor; also screenplay writer<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-10-12 |title=South Stream: Naveen Polishetty's Agent Sai Srinivasa Athreya |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/south-stream-naveen-polishetty-agent-sai-srinivasa-athreya-6062696/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715133322/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/south-stream-naveen-polishetty-agent-sai-srinivasa-athreya-6062696/ |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=2020-07-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Chhichhore]]''|| Himanshu &quot;Acid&quot; Deshmukh ||[[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] film <br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Watson |first=AuthorShweta |title=Our Hyderabadi Chhichhora raring to go |url=https://telanganatoday.com/our-hyderabadi-chhichhora-raring-to-go |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715212927/https://telanganatoday.com/our-hyderabadi-chhichhora-raring-to-go |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=2020-07-15 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot;| 2021<br /> |''[[Jathi Ratnalu]]''|| Jogipet Srikanth ||<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Adivi|first=Sashidhar|date=2020-01-10|title=A Telangana touch for Naveen Polishetty|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/100120/a-telangana-touch-for-naveen-polishetty.html|access-date=2020-07-15|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|archive-date=16 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716074601/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/100120/a-telangana-touch-for-naveen-polishetty.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2023<br /> |''[[Miss Shetty Mr Polishetty]]''<br /> |Sidhu Polishetty<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=4 April 2022 |title=Anushka Shetty, Naveen Polishetty film goes on floors |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2022/apr/04/anushka-shettynaveen-polishetty-film-goes-on-floors-30671.html |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=స్టాండప్ కమెడియన్‌గా నవీన్ పోలిశెట్టి.. మోషన్ పోస్టర్ రిలీజ్ |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/naveen-polishetty-plays-as-standup-comedian-in-his-upcoming-movie-121672041255457.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226081637/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/naveen-polishetty-plays-as-standup-comedian-in-his-upcoming-movie-121672041255457.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 December 2022 |access-date=26 December 2022 |publisher=Hindustan Times Telugu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2026<br /> | ''[[Anaganaga Oka Raju]]'' <br /> |Raju<br /> | Also writer and playback singer<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=16 January 2022 |title=Anaganaga Oka Raju title teaser: Naveen Polishetty invites audience to 'most entertaining event of the decade' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/anaganaga-oka-raju-title-teaser-naveen-polishetty-video-7726174/ |access-date=17 January 2022 |website=The Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Television ===<br /> ''All shows are in Hindi unless otherwise noted.''<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Title<br /> ! Role<br /> ! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | 2015 || ''AIB Honest Indian Wedding'' || Pankaj || Web debut; 2 episodes<br /> |-<br /> |2015<br /> |''[[Mastiii]] (See Taare Mastiii Pe)''<br /> |Anchor / Host<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2016 || ''Chinese Bhasad'' || Raghu || 8 episodes<br /> |-<br /> |''AIB : The Demonetization Circus''<br /> |Tea Vendor<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[24 (Indian TV series)|''24'']] || Kush Sawant || 10 episodes<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 2017 || ''[[Fais pas ci, fais pas ça]]'' || Rushik Sanghvi || French TV series; 2 episodes <br /> |-<br /> | ''AIB: Honest Engineering Campus Placements '' || Average Mishra || 3 episodes<br /> |-<br /> | ''Untag'' || Sumit Razdan|| <br /> |-<br /> | 2018 || ''What's Your Status'' || Tej &quot;TJ&quot; Kiran<br /> | 5 episodes<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Awards and nominations ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot;<br /> |+<br /> !Year<br /> !Award<br /> !Category<br /> !Work<br /> !Result<br /> !Ref.<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2020<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Zee Cine Awards Telugu|{{no wrap|Zee Cine Awards}} Telugu]]<br /> |Best Find ({{small|Male}})<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |''[[Agent Sai Srinivasa Athreya]]''<br /> |{{won}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Agent Sai Srinivasa Athreya Bags 3 Awards At Zee Cine Awards 2020|url=https://pycker.com/news/agent-sai-srinivasa-athreya-bags-3-awards-at-zee-cine-awards-2020/168650481268218|website=pyckers}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Best Screenplay<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Critics' Choice Film Awards<br /> |Best Writing<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2 March 2020|title=Critics Choice Film Awards 2020: Complete nominations list|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/critics-choice-film-awards-2020-complete-nominations-list-6295588/|access-date=10 March 2020|website=The Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2021 <br /> ! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Awards]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[SIIMA Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor – Telugu]]<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=2019 Nomination List |url=https://siima.in/2019-nominations.php |website=[[SIIMA]] |access-date=14 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2022<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ''[[Jathi Ratnalu]]''<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;news18.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-08-17 |title=Allu Arjun's Pushpa: The Rise Leads SIIMA Nominations; Check Full List Here |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/allu-arjuns-pushpa-the-rise-leads-siima-nominations-check-full-list-here-5766859.html |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Critics Best Actor – Telugu]]<br /> | {{won}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hymavathi |first=Ravali |date=2022-09-11 |title=SIIMA Awards 2022: Check Out The Complete List Of Tollywood Winners… |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/siima-awards-2022-check-out-the-complete-list-of-tollywood-winners-761317 |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Filmfare Awards South]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor – Telugu]]<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;news18.com&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2024<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''[[Miss Shetty Mr Polishetty]]''<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Critics Best Actor – Telugu]]<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb name|5189611}}<br /> {{Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Telugu}}{{SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actor – Telugu}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Polishetty, Naveen}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors from Hyderabad, India]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male comedians]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male stage actors]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]<br /> [[Category:1989 births]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu male actors]]<br /> [[Category:Zee Cine Awards Telugu winners]]<br /> [[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]<br /> [[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]</div>

AgnesOppen5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jamia_Masjid,_Srinagar&diff=505533 2026-03-22T23:02:07Z

<p>AgnesOppen5: details - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Mosque in Srinagar, Kashmir}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br /> {{for|similarly named mosques|List of grand mosques}}<br /> {{Infobox religious building<br /> | name = Jamia Masjid<br /> | native_name = {{langx|ks|بٔڑ مٔشیٖد}}<br /> | image = Jama Masjid, Srinagar (14363005587).jpg<br /> | image_upright = 1.4<br /> | caption = A view of eastern entrance<br /> | location = Naiyut, [[Nowhatta]], [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu &amp; Kashmir]]<br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | geo = {{Coord|34.098352|N|74.809180|E|region:IN|format=dms|display=it}}<br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | religious_affiliation = [[Islam]]<br /> | patron = Mirwaiz e Kashmir<br /> | status = [[Mosque]]<br /> | functional_status = Active<br /> | heritage_designation = Protected{{clarify|date=January 2025}}<br /> | governing_body = Anjuman e Auqaaf Jamia Masjid Srinagar<br /> | architect = <br /> | architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}<br /> | architecture_style = {{ubl|[[Iranian architecture|Persian]]|[[Culture of Kashmir|Koshur]]}}<br /> | founded_by = [[Sikandar Shah Miri]]<br /> | year_completed = 1402 [[Common Era|CE]]<br /> | map_type = India Jammu and Kashmir<br /> | map_size = 250<br /> | map_caption = Location of the mosque in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu &amp; Kashmir]]<br /> | map_relief = yes<br /> | construction_cost = <br /> | capacity = 33,333 worshippers<br /> | length = {{cvt|384|ft|m|order=flip}}<br /> | width = {{cvt|381|ft|m|order=flip}}<br /> | dome_quantity = 4 ([[Turret (architecture)|turret]]s)<br /> | minaret_quantity = <br /> | minaret_height = <br /> | materials = [[Cedrus deodara|Deodar]], stones, bricks<br /> }}<br /> The '''Jamia Masjid''' ({{langx|ks|بٔڑ مٔشیٖد}}) is a [[Congregational mosque|Friday mosque]] located at [[Nowhatta]] in the [[Downtown Srinagar|Old City]] of [[Srinagar]], in the [[India|Indian]]-administered union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. The mosque was commissioned by Sultan [[Sikandar Butshikan|Sikandar]] in 1394 [[Common Era|CE]] and completed in 1402 CE,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=sofi |first=Sabeen Ahmad |date=2018 |title=MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE OF KASHMIR A CASE STUDY OF JAMIA MASJID SRINAGAR. |url=https://www.jetir.org/view?paper=JETIR1810039 |journal=Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research |language=en |volume=V 5}}&lt;/ref&gt; at the behest of Mir Mohammad Hamadani, the son of [[Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaffar2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Jamia Masjid Srinagar |url=http://gaffarakashmir.com/jamiamasjid.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721052036/http://www.gaffarakashmir.com/jamiamasjid.html |archive-date=21 July 2017 |access-date=2009-05-08 |work=Gaffara Kashmir}}&lt;/ref&gt; and is regarded as one of the most important mosques in Kashmir.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Jama Masjid – Srinagar |url=http://www.kashmirhills.com/attractions/mosques/jama-masjid-in-srinagar/ |access-date=9 January 2019 |website=Kashmir Hills}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is located in a central zone in the religio-political life of Srinagar, and is headed by the [[Mirwaiz|''mirwaiz'' of Kashmir]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dar |first=Nazir Ahmad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hlMwAAAAYAAJ |title=Religious Institutes of Kashmir |date=2006 |publisher=Jay Kay Book Shop |isbn=978-81-87221-57-9 |pages=19 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The mosque has been the site of anti-Indian protests over generations, and has become a platform for people to debate and discuss the politics of the [[Kashmir conflict]].&lt;ref name=Legend /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> ===Sikh Era (1819–1846)===<br /> For 24 years,&lt;ref name=Legend /&gt; the mosque faced closure under the [[Sikh Empire]] of ''[[maharaja]]'' [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh|Ranjit Singh]] beginning in 1819, when the-then governor of Kashmir, [[Moti Ram]], put curbs on offering prayers in Jamia Masjid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bamzai |first1=P. N. K. |author-link=Prithivi Nath Kaul Bamzai |title=Culture and Political History of Kashmir |date=1994 |publisher=M D Publications Pvt. Ltd. |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-85880-34-4 |page=623 |edition=1st}}&lt;/ref&gt; No prayers were offered and no call for prayers was given from the mosque. It was reopened by the governor [[Shaikh Ghulam Muhy-ud-Din|Shaikh Muhy-ud-Din]] in 1843,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lawrence |first1=Walter R. |title=The Valley of Kashmir |date=2005 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=8120616308 |page=201}}&lt;/ref&gt; who spent nearly a lakh and a half of rupees on its repair and permitted calling for prayers. For 11 years, rulers allowed prayers only on Fridays. The mosque was opened for just few hours on Fridays and closed again.&lt;ref name=Legend /&gt;<br /> <br /> === 1931 Kashmir agitation ===<br /> [[File:Prayer in Jamia Mosque.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Part of the prayer hall inside the mosque]]<br /> During the [[1931 Kashmir agitation]], a funeral was held in the Jamia Masjid for 22 Kashmiri Muslim protestors who were killed by the Dogra police. The bodies of the victims were laid in the shrine compound of Khawaja Naqashband Sahab in Khawaja Bazar, Srinagar where [[Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah|Sheikh Abdullah]], ''[[Mawlawi (Islamic title)|maulvi]]'' [[Mirwaiz Yusuf Shah|Muhammad Yusuf Shah]] and other leaders delivered speeches against Dogra ''maharaja'' [[Hari Singh]].&lt;ref name=Legend /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Post 1947 ===<br /> According to historian [[Mohammad Ishaq Khan]], ''“''Jamia Masjid has primarily played a significant part in imparting religious education. However, with the spread of modern education among Kashmiri Muslims, thanks to the efforts of Mirwaiz Ghulam Rasul Shah, the Masjid began to play a seminal role in the growth of political consciousness. Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah was, in fact, initiated into what I would call the mysteries of Kashmiri Muslim politics at Jamia Masjid by Mirwaiz Muhammad Yusuf Shah''.”''&lt;ref name=GK&gt;{{cite web |last1=Aslam |first1=Faheem |title=JAMIA MASJID SIEGE: Moti Ram's legacy revived |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/news/jamia-masjid-siege-moti-ram-s-legacy-revived/84169.html |website=Greater Kashmir |access-date=9 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Jamia Masjid has been a hot-bed of political discourse&lt;ref name=&quot;Legend&quot; /&gt; on [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|the present turmoil]] in the state, and the politics that has unfolded in Kashmir has led to curbs and gags on congregations here. The mosque has also become a platform for people to debate and discuss the politics of the [[Kashmir conflict]].&lt;ref name=Legend /&gt;<br /> <br /> Prolonged closure of the mosque came into effect in 2008 when the [[Amarnath land transfer controversy|Amarnath land row]] erupted. The decision of the state government to prevent people from offering Friday prayers for weeks led to massive outrage,&lt;ref name=GK /&gt; and was seen as an attempt to choke the rebellion whose epicentre was the areas of the old city, particularly around Jamia Masjid.&lt;ref name=Legend /&gt;<br /> <br /> During the [[Mehbooba Mufti]]-led coalition government, the mosque was again locked down for three months during the [[2016–17 Kashmir unrest|unrest of 2016]], and again in 2017 and 2018 for different periods of time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Huriyat hits out at Mehbooba, says Jamia locked for three months in her rule in 2016 |url=https://greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/huriyat-hits-out-at-mehbooba-says-jamia-locked-for-three-months-in-her-rule-in-2016/308120.html |website=Greater Kashmir |access-date=9 January 2019 |archive-date=10 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110013736/https://greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/huriyat-hits-out-at-mehbooba-says-jamia-locked-for-three-months-in-her-rule-in-2016/308120.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === 2018 desecration ===<br /> On 28 December 2018, a group of masked young men stormed into the mosque with [[ISIS]] flags after Friday congregational prayers, when the mosque was nearly empty, and a video of the incident went viral on social media. The incident became highly publicised and provoked condemnation from a wide range of organisations and public figures, including the mosque's ''Mirwaiz'' and the [[Chief minister of Jammu and Kashmir|chief minister]] of the state.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Masoodi |first1=Nazir |title=Masked Men Storm Into Srinagar's Jamia Masjid, Wave ISIS Flags |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/masked-men-barge-into-srinagars-jamia-masjid-wave-isis-flags-1969916 |website=NDTV |access-date=9 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mirwaiz leads rally against IS's desecration of Jamia Masjid in Srinagar |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mirwaiz-leads-rally-against-is-s-desecration-of-jamia-masjid-in-srinagar/story-umpAyVoeqV4fmnTdLMtH7K.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=9 January 2019 |language=en |date=2 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Jamia Masjid desecration: JRL holds meeting at Geelani's residence |url=https://thekashmirwalla.com/2018/12/jamia-masjid-desecration-jrl-holds-meeting-at-geelanis-residence/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231154807/https://thekashmirwalla.com/2018/12/jamia-masjid-desecration-jrl-holds-meeting-at-geelanis-residence/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=31 December 2018 |website=The Kashmir Walla |access-date=9 January 2019 |date=31 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Desecration of Jamia Masjid won't be tolerated: Auqaf |url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/desecration-of-jamia-masjid-wont-be-tolerated-auqaf/ |website=Daily Excelsior |access-date=9 January 2019 |date=29 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Desecration of Jamia Masjid intolerable: Jama'at |url=https://kashmirreader.com/2019/01/01/desecration-of-jamia-masjid-intolerable-jamaat/ |website=Kashmir Reader |access-date=9 January 2019 |date=31 December 2018 |archive-date=10 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110014237/https://kashmirreader.com/2019/01/01/desecration-of-jamia-masjid-intolerable-jamaat/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Jamia Desecration Issue: KEA Calls For Joint Strategy To Foil Nefarious Designs |url=http://valleyonline.in/jamia-desecration-issue-kea-calls-for-joint-strategy-to-foil-nefarious-designs/ |website=Valley Online |access-date=9 January 2019 |date=1 January 2019 |archive-date=28 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328152315/http://valleyonline.in/jamia-desecration-issue-kea-calls-for-joint-strategy-to-foil-nefarious-designs/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Muslim League condemns desecration of Jamia Masjid |url=https://kashmirreader.com/2019/01/08/muslim-league-condemns-desecration-of-jamia-masjid/ |website=Kashmir Reader |access-date=9 January 2019 |date=7 January 2019 |archive-date=10 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110183347/https://kashmirreader.com/2019/01/08/muslim-league-condemns-desecration-of-jamia-masjid/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=LeT condemns desecration of Jamia Masjid |url=https://kashmirlife.net/let-condemns-desecration-of-jamia-masjid-196650/ |website=Kashmir Life |date=30 December 2018 |access-date=9 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mehbooba calls Mirwaiz to convey her outrage over Jamia Masjid desecration |url=https://kashmirlife.net/mehbooba-calls-mirwaiz-to-convey-her-outrage-over-jamia-masjid-desecration-196676/ |website=Kashmir Life |date=31 December 2018 |access-date=9 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Soz condemns desecration of Jamia Masjid |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/soz-condemns-desecration-of-jamia-masjid/308192.html |website=Greater Kashmir |publisher=G.K. Communications Pvt. Ltd. |access-date=9 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; A day to &quot;purify&quot; the mosque, and another to reiterate its importance and sanctity, were observed the following week.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mirwaiz Heads Drive to Clean Jamia, Says Will Reveal Names of Masked Youth Soon |url=https://thekashmirwalla.com/2019/01/mirwaiz-heads-drive-to-clean-jamia-says-will-reveal-names-of-masked-youth-soon/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102214142/https://thekashmirwalla.com/2019/01/mirwaiz-heads-drive-to-clean-jamia-says-will-reveal-names-of-masked-youth-soon/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=2 January 2019 |website=The Kashmir Walla |access-date=9 January 2019 |date=2 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Days after IS flags at Jamia, Mirwaiz cleans defiled area |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/days-after-is-flags-at-jamia-mirwaiz-cleans-defiled-area/707790.html |website=The Tribune |access-date=9 January 2019 |archive-date=10 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110102255/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/days-after-is-flags-at-jamia-mirwaiz-cleans-defiled-area/707790.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mirwaiz Leads Cleansing Of Jamia Pulpit, Vows To Name Masked Men |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2019/city-news/mirwaiz-leads-cleansing-jamia-pulpit-vows-name-masked-men-39171 |website=Kashmir Observer |access-date=9 January 2019 |language=en |date=2 January 2019 |archive-date=10 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110013933/https://kashmirobserver.net/2019/city-news/mirwaiz-leads-cleansing-jamia-pulpit-vows-name-masked-men-39171 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Since bifurcation ===<br /> After the [[Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir|revocation]] of the erstwhile state's special status, and its [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019|bifurcation]] into two union territories, on 5 August 2019, including the rise of [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]] in Kashmir, the government imposed restrictions on prayers for 136 days.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Prayers Allowed in Srinagar's Jamia Masjid for the First Time in 136 Days |url=https://thewire.in/rights/prayers-allowed-in-srinagars-jamia-masjid-for-the-first-time-in-136-days |website=The Wire |access-date=2020-05-15 |date= }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2022-03-01 |title=After 30 weeks, Kashmir's Jamia Masjid likely to reopen for Friday prayers |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/after-30-weeks-kashmir-s-jamia-masjid-likely-to-reopen-for-friday-prayers-101646078321763.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911201543/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/after-30-weeks-kashmir-s-jamia-masjid-likely-to-reopen-for-friday-prayers-101646078321763.html |archive-date=11 September 2024 |access-date=2025-01-06 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en-us |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Architecture ==<br /> [[File:Jami Masjid eastern facade (6133561003).jpg|thumb|300px|The eastern [[façade]] of the mosque]]<br /> [[File:Jami Masjid courtyard (6133553291).jpg|thumb|400x400px|The courtyard of the Jamia Masjid, Srinagar. [[Hari Parbat]] is visible in the background.]]<br /> The Jamia Masjid is heavily influenced by [[Iranian architecture|Persian architecture]], with similarities to the Buddhist [[pagoda]]s. The structure occupies is quadrangular in shape with four [[Turret (architecture)|turrets]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-02-25 |title=The pride of Kashmir - Jamia Masjid Srinagar |url=https://www.yemberzal.in/2023/01/the-pride-of-kashmir-jamia-masjid.html |access-date=2024-02-19 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; These are in the middle of each side and covered with pyramidal roofs. All of the turrets are interconnected by spacious halls, with bright yellow poppies lining the mossy brick paths and the entire structure is surrounded by wide lanes on all four sides and has a square garden in the middle. The entrance on the southern side of the Mosque comprises a recessed portico which further leads onto an inner courtyard. This courtyard is based on the traditional Chaar Bagh plan and has a tank in the centre. The entire courtyard is made up of pointed arched, brick arcade.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}} The court which was originally planted with a series of chinars is enclosed by arched ''liwans'' (cloisters) covered with two tiered sloping roof.&lt;ref name=Legend&gt;{{cite web |last1=Handoo |first1=Bilal |title=The Legend Of Jamia Masjid |url=https://kashmirlife.net/the-legend-of-jamia-masjid-8764/ |website=Kashmir Life |date=29 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On the western and eastern sides, the mosque is {{convert|381|ft|m|order=flip}} in length while the northern and southern sides are {{convert|384|ft|m|order=flip}} long.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Jama Masjid |url=http://jktourism.org/jama-masjid.html |website=Department of Tourism, Jammu and Kashmir |access-date=9 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another source says that it is 120 meters by 120 meters.&lt;ref name=Jamia /&gt; The inner courtyard measures {{convert|375|by|370|ft|m|order=flip}} having a {{convert|33|by|34|ft|m|adj=on|order=flip}} water tank with a fountain flowing in the centre. Thus the space area of the mosque is {{convert|146000|sqft|m2|order=flip}}. <br /> <br /> Its walls, made of burnt bricks, are over {{convert|4|ft|m|order=flip}} thick. The lower portion of the walls is made of rectangular stones. There are three big entrance gates on north, south and eastern sides of the mosque confronting three turrets standing on lofty columns of [[Cedrus deodara|deodar]] wood.&lt;ref name=Gaffar&gt;{{cite web |work=Gaffara Kashmir |title=Jamia Masjid Srinagar |url=http://gaffarakashmir.com/jamiamasjid.html |access-date=2009-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721052036/http://www.gaffarakashmir.com/jamiamasjid.html |archive-date=21 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The eastern side has a large entrance called the Shah Gate which is covered with a pyramidal roof surmounted by a square open pavilion ({{lang|mis|brangh}}) with a spire on top.&lt;ref name=Legend /&gt; A total of 378 wooden columns support the roof. Each [[Turret (architecture)|turret]] is supported by eight lofty pillars {{convert|48|ft|m|order=flip}} high and {{convert|6|ft|m|order=flip}} in girth. The ''[[mihrab]]'' too has a similar turret over it. The remaining interior of the Mosque has 346 columns {{convert|21|ft|m|order=flip}} high and {{convert|5|ft|m|order=flip}} in girth. Initially the roof was covered with birch bark and clay.&lt;ref name=Gaffar /&gt;&lt;ref name=Plaque /&gt; The western wall of the cloister has a ''mihrab'' made of black Kashmiri marble which is adorned with [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphic work]] and has the [[Names of God in Islam|ninety-nine attributes of Allah]] engraved on it.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}<br /> <br /> The mosque can hold 33,333 worshippers in addition to the [[Imam]] but upto 100,000 people can offer prayers together at a peak.&lt;ref name=Jamia&gt;{{cite book | last=Deodhar | first=Shrikant | title=A Trip to Paradise - Kashmir: Tourist Guide | publisher=Notion Press | date=2023-01-21 | isbn=979-8-88849-072-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GsylEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=jamia+masjid+srinagar+capacity&amp;pg=PT91 | access-date=2025-08-29 | page=1 | quote=&quot;Though it has a capacity to accommodate 33,333, people offering prayers, at the peak, 100,000 people offer prayers together.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Plaque&gt;{{cite web |last1=Jahan |first1=S. M. Mukarram |title=Plaque of Jamia Masjid |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plaque_of_Jamia_Masjid.jpg |website=Wikimedia Commons |publisher=Wikimedia |access-date=9 January 2019 |date=9 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Plaque of Jamia Masjid.jpg|thumb|Plaque of Jamia Masjid]]<br /> The walls of the four turrets have interior stairs in the circular form that end in the lounges of each turret which lead to the mosque's roof. The city of [[Srinagar]] can be viewed from these high turrets. The roof is constructed out of timber and iron bars. The birch bark over the roof is now replaced by [[corrugated iron]] sheets. The inner courtyard of the mosque has a water fountain, that is used for [[Wudu|ablution]], with four lawns around it decorated with [[Platanus orientalis|chinar]] trees.&lt;ref name=Gaffar /&gt; The water tank in the courtyard was originally fed by a water channel known as ''Lachma Kual''.&lt;ref name=Legend /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reconstructions ==<br /> <br /> The mosque was subject to much destruction due to the damage caused by fires, and was partially or completely destroyed by devastating fires three times, and was restored after every disaster.&lt;ref name=SMC&gt;{{cite web |title=Jamia Masjid |url=https://www.smcsite.org/index.php?link=Jamia%20Masjid |website=Srinagar Municipal Corporation |access-date=9 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; The existing construction was erected by Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]] in 1672 CE. The reconstructions and major renovations in mosque's history have been conducted by:<br /> * [[Sultan Sikandar]] in {{AH|796|link=yes}}: The Sultan commissioned the construction of the mosque in 1394 CE&lt;ref name=Plaque /&gt; and it was completed in 1402 CE.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}<br /> * [[Shah Mir dynasty|Sultan Hasan Shah]] in {{AH|885|link=yes}}: The first fire that damaged it was in 1479, and the then ruler, Sultan Hasan Shah, immediately began the reconstruction work. He died before the repair work was done, and the task was taken over by Ibrahim Magre, the [[Commander-in-Chief]] of Kashmir forces under the rule of [[Muhammad Shah]] and [[Fateh Shah]] and completed it by 1503 CE.&lt;ref name=Legend /&gt;<br /> * [[Jehangir]] in {{AH|1083|link=yes}}: After facing another fatal destruction because of fire during the supremacy of Mughal Emperor Jehangir, the mosque was re-constructed under an architect-historian based in Kashmir, namely, Malik Haider of [[Chadoora|Tsodur]].&lt;ref name=JKTDC&gt;{{cite web |title=Jamia Masjid in Kashmir |url=https://www.jktdc.co.in/Jamia-masjid.aspx |website=J&amp;K Tourism Development Corporation |access-date=9 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; The entire repair work took 17 years to complete.&lt;ref name=Legend /&gt;<br /> * [[Aurangzeb]] in 1672 CE:&lt;ref name=Plaque /&gt; The third fire that distorted the structure was during the reign of Aurangzeb. It is said that when Aurangzeb heard about the accident, he only inquired if the [[Platanus orientalis|''chinars'']] were safe, for 'the mosque could be rebuilt in a short time. A full-grown ''chinar'' can never be replaced.'&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mohammad |first1=Ghulam |editor1-last=Iqbal |editor1-first=Sheikh Mohammad |title=Jamia Masjid, Srinagar |journal=Jammu &amp; Kashmir State Research Biannual |date=1976 |volume=I |issue=II |page=34 |publisher=Department of Libraries, Research, Museums and Archaeology, J&amp;K Govt. |location=Srinagar |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He got together all the bricklayers and masons of the city, and Jamia Masjid was restored within three years.&lt;ref name=Legend /&gt;<br /> <br /> During his reign, Sultan [[Zayn al-Abidin the Great|Zain-ul-Abidin]] extended the mosque&lt;ref name=JKTDC /&gt; and constructed a turret&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Ul Aslam |first1=Viqar |title=Ramadan at Jamia Masjid, Srinagar |url=http://www.risingkashmir.com/news/ramadan-at-jamia-masjid-srinagar |access-date=9 January 2019 |work=Rising Kashmir |agency=Rising Kashmir |publisher=Syed Rafi-u-Din Bukhari |date=June 10, 2017 |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110014335/http://www.risingkashmir.com/news/ramadan-at-jamia-masjid-srinagar |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; in the primary structure.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}} The last restoration work was carried out under the reign of [[Pratap Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Maharaja Pratap Singh]]. Singh encouraged the reconstruction of the mosque many times and even offered financial assistance.&lt;ref name=Legend /&gt;&lt;ref name=SMC /&gt; However, all the renovations were carried out to reflect the original architecture and to retain the historic value of the mosque that it has carried through centuries.&lt;ref name=JKTDC /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Maintenance==<br /> <br /> The Jamia Masjid falls under the domain of ''Anjuman-e-Auqaf'', a private enterprise. The caretaker board of the mosque was constituted in 1975. Major source of revenue comes from the rent of 278 shops (owned by the ''Auqaf'') around the Mosque and other sources of public funding. The revenue is not fixed and varies annually. Before the inception of the ''Auqaf'', income for the mosque used to come from rich donors. For the welfare of the mosque, [[Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage|INTACH]] took over the reins of renovation in 2012.&lt;ref name=Legend /&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{stack|{{portal|India|Islam}}}}<br /> * [[Islam in India]]<br /> * [[List of largest mosques]]<br /> * [[List of mosques in India]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Commons category-inline|Jamia Masjid, Srinagar}}<br /> <br /> {{Mosques in India}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:15th-century mosques in India]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century attacks on mosques]]<br /> [[Category:Attacks on mosques in India]]<br /> [[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1402]]<br /> [[Category:Grand mosques|Srinagar]]<br /> [[Category:Mosque buildings with domes in India]]<br /> [[Category:Mosques completed in the 1400s]]<br /> [[Category:Mosques in Srinagar]]</div>

AgnesOppen5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=P._J._Sarma&diff=464975 2026-03-22T07:50:39Z

<p>AgnesOppen5: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian actor and writer}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}<br /> {{Family name hatnote|Pudipeddi|lang=Telugu}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = P. J. Sarma<br /> | image = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_name = Pudipeddi Jogeswara Sarma<br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_place = [[Kallepalli Rega]], [[Vizianagaram district]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]&lt;br/&gt;(now in [[Andhra Pradesh]], India)<br /> | death_date = {{death date and given age|2014|12|14|81|df=y}}<br /> | death_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India<br /> | occupation = Actor, writer<br /> | spouse = Shirisha<br /> | children = 5 including &lt;br&gt; [[P. Sai Kumar]] &lt;br&gt; [[P. Ravi Shankar]] &lt;br&gt; [[Ayyappa P. Sharma]]<br /> | relatives = [[Aadi (Telugu actor)|Aadi]] (grandson)<br /> | yearsactive = 1968-2014<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Pudipeddi Jogeswara Sarma''' was an Indian film dubbing artist, turned actor and writer, known for his works predominantly in [[Telugu cinema]]. He has worked for over 500 films as an actor and dubbing artist.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.maastars.com/p-j-sarma-profile/ P J Sharma&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/dialogue-king-on-a-roll/article1572517.ece |title='Dialogue King' on a roll – The Hindu|work=The Hindu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110402232539/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2011/03/26/stories/2011032651690100.htm|archive-date=2 April 2011|access-date=7 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is the father of actors [[P. Sai Kumar]], [[P. Ravi Shankar]] and [[Ayyappa P. Sharma]].&lt;ref name=&quot;The Hindu : Star voices&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=M. L.|first1=Narasimham|title=Star voices|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2004/05/04/stories/2004050400430100.htm|website=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=19 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050126072607/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/05/04/stories/2004050400430100.htm|archive-date=26 January 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He died on 14 December 2014 of a heart attack at the age of 81.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/telugu-actor-dubbing-artiste-p-j-sarma-no-more/article6691020.ece|title=Telugu actor, dubbing artiste P J Sarma no more|work=The Hindu|date=14 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Selected filmography==<br /> {{colbegin}}<br /> *1968 ''Bhale Monagadu''<br /> *1969 ''Ukku Pidugu''&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Ukku Pidugu Telugu Length Movie {{!}} Kaantha Rao {{!}} RajaShree {{!}} Raajanala {{!}} TVNXT Telugu | date=8 August 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MxqRiyGx-Xw |access-date=2024-01-13 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Mahamanthri of Kalinga<br /> *1971 ''[[Sampoorna Ramayanam (1971 film)|Sampoorna Ramayanam]]''<br /> *1971 ''Kathanayakuralu''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kathanayakuralu (1971) |url=https://indiancine.ma/OLR/info |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=Indiancine.ma}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Lawyer<br /> *1971 ''[[Mattilo Manikyam]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mattilo Manikyam (1971) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ONG |access-date=2024-03-02 |website=Indiancine.ma}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Father of Lakshmi's best friend<br /> *1972 ''[[Bala Bharatam]]''<br /> *1972 ''Collector Janaki''<br /> *1973 ''Devudamma'' as Nagabhushanam<br /> *1975 ''Zamindarugari Ammayi''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zamindaru gari Ammayi (1975) |url=https://indiancine.ma/RGS/info |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=Indiancine.ma}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Ramanatham<br /> *1975 ''[[Sri Ramanjaneya Yuddham]]''<br /> *1976 ''Bhale Dongalu'' as Public Prosecutor<br /> *1976 ''[[Mahakavi Kshetrayya]]''<br /> *1976 ''[[Bangaru Manishi]]''<br /> *1977 ''[[Kurukshetram (1977 film)|Kurukshetram]]''<br /> *1977 ''[[Daana Veera Soora Karna]]''<br /> *1977 ''Indradhanusu''<br /> *1977 ''Dongalaku Donga'' as David<br /> *1978 ''Indradhanussu''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Indradhanusu (1978) |url=https://indiancine.ma/SGU |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=Indiancine.ma}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Govindu, Shanti's ([[Sarada (actress)|Sarada]]) father<br /> *1978 ''[[Malle Poovu]]'' <br /> *1978 ''Dongala Veta'' as One of the Board Members<br /> *1978 ''Sahasavanthudu''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sahasavantudu (1978) |url=https://indiancine.ma/TJN |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=Indiancine.ma}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Inspector General of Police<br /> *1978 ''Agent Gopi''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Agent Gopi (1978) |url=https://indiancine.ma/STH |access-date=2024-06-01 |website=Indiancine.ma}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Latha's confidante<br /> *1979 ''[[Hema Hemeelu]]''<br /> *1979 ''Cheyyethi Jai Kottu'' as Shankaram<br /> *1980 ''Sivamethina Satyam'' as Public Prosecutor<br /> *1980 ''Mahalakshmi'' as Doctor<br /> *1980 ''[[Prema Tarangalu]]''<br /> *1980 ''[[Ram Robert Rahim]]''<br /> *1980 ''[[Love in Singapore (1980 Telugu film)|Love in Singapore]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://movievolume.com/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF-%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8D-%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D-%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%82/|title=చిరంజీవి 'లవ్ ఇన్ సింగపూర్' సినిమాకి 40 ఏళ్ళు|work=Movie Volume|language=te|access-date=20 March 2024|archive-date=19 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319192256/https://movievolume.com/%e0%b0%9a%e0%b0%bf%e0%b0%b0%e0%b0%82%e0%b0%9c%e0%b1%80%e0%b0%b5%e0%b0%bf-%e0%b0%b2%e0%b0%b5%e0%b1%8d-%e0%b0%87%e0%b0%a8%e0%b1%8d-%e0%b0%b8%e0%b0%bf%e0%b0%82%e0%b0%97%e0%b0%aa%e0%b1%82/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; as S.I. Krishna Rao<br /> *1980 ''Venkateswara Vratha Mahatyam''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Venkateswara Vratha Mahatyam (వేంకటేశ్వర వ్రత మహత్యం) 1980 {{!}} ♫ tunes |url=https://tunes.desibantu.com/venkateswara-vratha-mahatyam-1980/ |access-date=2023-11-14 |language=en-US |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114183110/https://tunes.desibantu.com/venkateswara-vratha-mahatyam-1980/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; aa Ramanandulu<br /> *1981 ''[[Nyayam Kavali]]''<br /> *1981 ''[[Chattaniki Kallu Levu]]'' as Jailer Ananda Rao<br /> *1982 ''[[Kaliyuga Ramudu]]''<br /> *1982 ''[[Naa Desam]]''<br /> *1982 ''Kalahala Kapuram''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kalahala Kapuram (1982) {{!}} V CINEMA - Movie, Review, Cast, Songs &amp; Release Date |url=https://www.vcinema.com/movie/about:blank |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=www.vcinema.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; (1982) as Rammurthy<br /> *1982 ''Talliprema''<br /> *1982 ''Pratigna'' as Ramaiah<br /> *1983 ''[[Shakthi (film)|Shakthi]]''<br /> *1983 ''Police Venkataswamy''<br /> *1983 ''[[Abhilasha (1983 film)|Abhilasha]]''<br /> *1983 ''[[Gudachari No.1]]'' as Dr. Raghunath<br /> *1983 ''[[Khaidi (1983 film)|Khaidi]]''<br /> *1984 ''Kode Trachu''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kode Trachu (1984) {{!}} V CINEMA - Movie, Review, Cast, Songs &amp; Release Date |url=https://www.vcinema.com/movie/about:blank |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=www.vcinema.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Family Lawyer<br /> *1984 ''Kondaveeti Nagulu''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kondaveeti Nagulu (1984) |url=https://indiancine.ma/YSS |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=Indiancine.ma}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Police Officer trying to capture Nagulu<br /> *1984 ''Daku''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Daku on Moviebuff.com |url=https://www.moviebuff.com/daku-1984-telugu |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=Moviebuff.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; as I.G. Rama Rao<br /> *1984 ''[[Jagan (film)|Jagan]]'' as Judge<br /> *1984 ''[[Janani Janmabhoomi]]'' <br /> *1984 ''[[Devanthakudu (1984 film)|Devanthakudu]]'' as Judge<br /> *1984 ''Chadarangam''&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=CHADARANGAM {{!}} TELUGU FULL MOVIE {{!}} NARESH {{!}} BHANU PRIYA {{!}} SARADA {{!}} SATHYANARAYANA {{!}} V9 Videos |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WJWm1OVEv74 |access-date=2023-10-31 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Inspector General of Police<br /> *1984 ''[[Bobbili Brahmanna]]'' as Punnaiah<br /> *1985 ''[[Chattamtho Poratam]]'' as Lecturer<br /> *1985 ''Garjana'' as Ranga Rao<br /> *1985 ''Erramallelu''<br /> *1985 ''Mugguru Mitrulu''<br /> *1985 ''[[Pattabhishekam (1985 film)|Pattabhishekam]]''<br /> *1985 ''[[Adavi Donga]]'' <br /> *1985 ''[[Pachani Kapuram]]'' as Murthy<br /> *1985 ''Aggiraju''<br /> *1985 ''Palnati Simham''<br /> *1985 ''[[Raktha Sindhuram]]'' as Inspector General of Police<br /> *1985 ''[[Vijetha (1985 film)|Vijetha]]''<br /> *1986 ''Ide Naa Samadhanam'' as Inspector General of Police<br /> *1986 ''[[Nireekshana]]''<br /> *1986 ''[[Kashmora]]'' as Priest<br /> *1986 ''[[Kondaveeti Raja]]'' as Public Prosecutor<br /> *1986 ''[[Ugra Narasimham]]''<br /> *1986 ''[[Oka Radha Iddaru Krishnulu]]''<br /> *1986 ''[[Jailu Pakshi]]''<br /> *1986 ''[[Punyasthree]]'' <br /> *1986 ''Aranyakanda''<br /> *1987 ''Gowthami''<br /> *1987 ''[[Bhanumathi Gari Mogudu]]''<br /> *1987 ''Daada''<br /> *1987 ''[[Sankharavam (1987 film)|Sankharavam]]''<br /> *1988 ''Kaliyuga Karnudu'' as Judge<br /> *1988 ''[[Aswaddhama]]'' as Judge<br /> *1988 ''Aanimuthyam''<br /> *1988 ''Ugranethrudu'' as CBI Officer Sarma<br /> *1988 ''Nyayam Kosam'' as CBI Chief<br /> *1988 ''[[Bazaar Rowdy]]'' <br /> *1988 ''Sri Saila Bramarambika Kataksham''<br /> *1988 ''[[Inspector Pratap]]''<br /> *1988 ''[[Khaidi No. 786]]''<br /> *1988 ''[[Rowdy No.1]]''<br /> *1989 ''Chennapatnam Chinnollu''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chennapatnam Chinnollu movie cast |url=https://www.vcinema.com/movie/chennapatnam-chinnollu-1989}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Police Inspector<br /> *1989 ''[[Ontari Poratam]]''<br /> *1989 ''[[Two Town Rowdy]]''<br /> *1989 ''Yamapasam''<br /> *1990 ''[[Jagadeka Veerudu Athiloka Sundari]]''<br /> *1990 ''[[Karthavyam (1990 film)|Karthavyam]]''<br /> *1990 ''Kaliyuga Abhimanyudu''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kaliyuga Abhimanyudu (1990) {{!}} V CINEMA - Movie, Review, Cast, Songs &amp; Release Date |url=https://www.vcinema.com/movie/about:blank |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=www.vcinema.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Collector<br /> *1991 [[Brahmarshi Vishwamitra|''Brahmarishi Vishwamitra'']]<br /> * 1991 ''[[Maanagara Kaaval]]'' (Tamil)<br /> *1991 ''[[Shanti Kranti]]''<br /> *1991 ''Nayakuralu''<br /> *1991 ''Tholi Puddu'' <br /> *1991 ''[[Chaitanya (film)|Chaitanya]]'' <br /> *1992 ''[[Asadhyulu]]'' <br /> *1992 ''Nani''<br /> *1992 ''Samarpana''<br /> *1993 ''[[Sarigamalu]]'' <br /> *1994 ''Mugguru Monagallu''<br /> *1994 ''[[Hero (1994 film)|Hero]]'' (Tamil)<br /> *1995 ''Leader''<br /> *1996 ''[[Maavichiguru]]'' <br /> *1996 ''Sampradayam''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=FilmiClub |title=Sampradayam (1996) Complete Cast &amp; Crew |url=https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/sampradayam-1996-telugu-movie/cast-crew |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=FilmiClub |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Diwan<br /> *1996 ''Hello Guru''<br /> *1996 ''Shri Krishnarjuna Vijayam''<br /> *1997 ''[[Rowdy Durbar]]''<br /> *1998 ''[[Tholi Prema (1998 film)|Tholi Prema]]''<br /> *1998 ''[[Padutha Theeyaga (film)|Padutha Theeyaga]]''<br /> *1998 ''[[Kante Koothurne Kanu]]''<br /> *1998 ''[[Eshwar Alla]]''<br /> *1998 ''Kodukulu''<br /> *1998 ''[[Choodalani Vundi]]''<br /> *2001 ''[[Athanu]]''<br /> *2001 ''[[Khaki Chokka]]''<br /> *2003 ''[[Naaga]]''<br /> *2004 ''[[Seshadri Naidu]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-seshadrinaidu.html|title=Telugu cinema Review - Seshadri Naidu - Srihari, Nanditha - Posani Krishna Murali|website=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=23 April 2004|last=jeevi|access-date=1 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{Colend}}<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> {{Unreferenced section|date= May 2022}}<br /> ;[[Nandi Awards]]<br /> ;[[Filmfare Awards South]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sarma, P. J.}}<br /> [[Category:2014 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu male actors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male voice actors]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br /> [[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]<br /> [[Category:Nandi Award winners]]<br /> [[Category:People from Vizianagaram]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]</div>

AgnesOppen5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natyarani&diff=521192 2026-03-06T03:37:21Z

<p>AgnesOppen5: started new post</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}<br /> {{EngvarB|date=March 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Natyarani<br /> | image = Natyarani poster.jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | native_name = <br /> | director = B. N. Rao<br /> | producer = <br /> | writer = [[Kambadasan]]<br /> | screenplay = <br /> | story = Kambadasan<br /> | based_on = <br /> | starring = [[Vasundhara Devi]]&lt;br /&gt;B. S. Raja Ayyangar&lt;br /&gt;[[B. S. Saroja]]&lt;br /&gt;[[T. S. Balaiah]]<br /> | narrator = <br /> | music = [[Papanasam Sivan]]<br /> | cinematography = <br /> | editing = <br /> | studio = Baskar Pictures<br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{film date|df=yes|1949|8|19}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=19 August 1949 |title=Natyarani |pages=1 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&amp;dat=19490819&amp;printsec=frontpage&amp;hl=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | runtime = 15,200 ft.<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> '''''Natyarani''''' ({{translation|Dance Queen}}) is a 1949 [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[dance film]] starring [[Vasundhara Devi]], [[B. S. Saroja]], [[K. Thavamani Devi]] and [[T. S. Balaiah]].&lt;ref name=&quot;hindu&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=23 November 2013 |title=Natyarani (1949) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/natyarani-1949/article5383234.ece |access-date=16 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> A swamy (hermit) teaches fine arts like music and dance from his Ashram in a village to students. A young girl named Shanthala from the villages brings him milk every day. May be due to her seeing students training in music and dance in the ashram, Shanthala had a strange dream in which she becomes very famous. Shanthala tells about her dream to a close friend, Veni who laughs it off. But Shanthala believes in her dream and starts worshipping Lord Shiva in a temple located outside the village. Lord Shiva appears to her and grants her wish. In the meantime, the king of [[Hoysala Empire|Hoysala]], [[Vishnuvardhana]], visits the Swamy. Swamy was writing a treatise on Classical dance called Natya. He sings a song while the king was listening. Shanthala starts dancing to the tune of the song exhibiting the correct ''mudhra''s perfectly. The king becomes fascinated by Shanthala's dance movements. He meets Shanthala privately and marries her by exchanging rings. He tells her that he will take her to the palace on an auspicious day. However, the king did not tell Shanthala that he is already married. After waiting, Shanthala goes to the palace only to find there is already a queen there. The queen, on learning about Shanthala, tries to poison and kill Shanthala. How Shanthala escapes and then joins the king forms the rest of the story.&lt;ref name=hindu /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> * [[Vasundhara Devi]] as ''Shanthala''<br /> * B. S. Raja Ayyangar as ''Swamy''<br /> * [[B. S. Saroja]] as ''Shanthala''<br /> * [[T. S. Balaiah]]<br /> * M. L. Pathi Krishna Bai as ''Veni''<br /> * K. Rajamani as ''King Vishnuvarhana''<br /> * [[B. Jayamma]] as <br /> * [[K. Thavamani Devi]]<br /> * ''Bombay'' Charlie<br /> * Navaneetham<br /> * [[Lalitha (actress)|Lalitha]]-[[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] (Dance)&lt;ref name=anandan /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> The film was produced by Baskar Pictures.&lt;ref name=&quot;anandan&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Film News Anandan |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1949-cinedetails11.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925015921/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1949-cinedetails11.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-date=25 September 2016 |title=Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraipada Varalaru |date=23 October 2004 |publisher=Sivakami Publishers |location=Chennai |language=Tamil |trans-title=History of Landmark Tamil Films |author-link=Film News Anandan}}&lt;/ref&gt; and was directed by B. N. Rao while the story and dialogues were written by Kambadasan. V. Madhavan was in charge of Choreography. A notable feature in the production of this film is that one single character is done by two different artistes. It so happened when production began, [[Vasundhara Devi]] was acting the role of Shanthala. Several scenes and dances had been shot with her. But she left the film in the middle for some unknown reason. Then B. S. Saroja acted in the remaining scenes. However, the director did not want to abandon the shots made with Vasundhara Devi. He and the screenplay writer came upon a brilliant idea to change the person without losing the earlier shots. The story was re-written to say that the original Shathala died in a fire accident but her spirit entered another body and continued to live as Shanthala, though the physical features have changed. It was considered a plausible explanation that people accepted in those days.&lt;ref name=hindu /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> Music was composed by [[Papanasam Sivan]] who also wrote the lyrics. Some lyrics were penned by S. Rajaram. Playback singers are D. K. Pattammal and [[Kothamangalam Seenu]]. [[K. Thavamani Devi]] who acted in a minor role, sang a song.&lt;ref name=hindu /&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|id=0261855}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1949 films]]<br /> [[Category:1949 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1949 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Papanasam Sivan]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>

AgnesOppen5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chutu_dynasty&diff=454367 2026-03-06T00:28:13Z

<p>AgnesOppen5: updated page</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian dynasty (1st century BCE–3rd century CE)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox former country<br /> | common_name = Chutu dynasty<br /> | conventional_long_name = Chutu dynasty<br /> | year_start = 1st century BCE<br /> | year_end = 3rd century CE<br /> | image_map = {{South Asia in 120 CE|center|Location of the Chutus in South India, and neighbouring South Asian polities circa 120 CE.&lt;ref name=&quot;JES&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=21, 145|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=048}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> | map_caption = <br /> | capital = [[Banavasi]]<br /> | government_type = Monarchy<br /> | p1 = Satavahana dynasty<br /> | s1 = Kadamba dynasty<br /> | today = [[India]]<br /> | common_languages = [[Prakrit]]{{cn|date=March 2026}}&lt;br/&gt;[[Kannada]]<br /> | religion = [[Buddhism]]{{cn|date=March 2026}}&lt;br/&gt;[[Jainism]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hampa1999&quot;&gt;Hampa Nagarajaiah (1999). Jaina Vestiges in Karnataka. Jaina Sahitya Parishat.{{pn|date=March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{unreliable source inline|reason=Written by a non-historian Jain, published by a religous organization|date=March 2026}}<br /> | demonym = <br /> | area_km2 = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | GDP_PPP = <br /> | GDP_PPP_year = <br /> | HDI = <br /> | HDI_year = <br /> | image_coat = ChutusCurrency.jpg<br /> | coa_size = 300px<br /> | symbol_type = Coin of the Chutu ruler Mulananda c. 125-345. Lead Karshapana 14.30g. 27&amp;nbsp;mm.&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''Obv.''': Arched hill/stupa with river motif below.&lt;br&gt;<br /> '''Rev.''': Tree within railed lattice, [[triratana]] to right.<br /> }}<br /> The '''Chutu dynasty''' ([[IAST]]: Cuṭu) ruled parts of the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] region of [[South India]] between the first and third centuries CE, with their capital at [[Banavasi]] in present-day [[Karnataka]] state. The Chutus probably rose to power as feudatories of the [[Satavahanas]], and assumed sovereignty after the decline of Satavahana power. Except for the [[edicts of Asoka]], the inscriptions of the Chutu dynasty are the oldest documents found in the [[North Karnataka|northern part of Karnataka]].<br /> <br /> == Name ==<br /> <br /> The name &quot;Chutu-''kula''&quot; (&quot;Chutu family&quot;) is found in the contemporary inscriptions.{{sfn|Michael Mitchiner|1983|p=97}} The coins attributed to the family bear the legends ''Raño Cuṭukaḷānaṃdasa'' (&quot;of king Chutukalananda&quot;), ''Raño Muḷānaṃdasa'', and ''Raño Sivaḷānaṃdasa''. The word &quot;Cuṭukaḷānaṃdasa&quot; was misread as &quot;Cuṭukaḍānaṃdasa&quot; by some earlier scholars, leading to different theories about the names of the kings and their dynasty.{{sfn|Michael Mitchiner|1983|p=98}} For example, numismatist [[E. J. Rapson]] (1908) theorized &quot;Chutu-kada-nanda&quot; meant &quot;Joy of the City of the Chutus&quot;.{{sfn|Michael Mitchiner|1983|p=97}} The word ''Chutu'' in Kannada language means &quot;crest&quot;. Chutu inscriptions contain the emblem of the cobra hood implying ''Chutu'' meant the &quot;cobra crest&quot;. This connects the Chutus to the [[Nagas of Vindhyatabi|Naga]] tribes as they also associated themselves with the region of the western Deccan called Nagara Khanda around modern [[Banavasi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aiyangar |first=S. Krishnaswami |author-link=S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vRcql-QBhRwC&amp;q=myakadoni&amp;pg=PA138 |title=Some Contributions of South India to Indian Culture |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=1995 |isbn=9788120609990 |location=India |pages=138–140}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to numismatist Michael Mitchiner (1983), these names appear to be [[matronymic]]s.{{sfn|Michael Mitchiner|1983|pp=98-99}} For example, ''Raño Muḷānaṃdasa'' means &quot;of king Mulananda&quot;, where &quot;Mulananda&quot; is a matronymic meaning &quot;son (''nanda'') of a queen belonging to the Mula [[gotra]]&quot;. Similarly, ''Sivaḷānaṃdasa'' means &quot;of the son of a queen belonging to the Sivala gotra&quot;. Mitchiner theorizes &quot;Chutu-kula-nanda-sa&quot; (&quot;son of a queen belonging to the Chutu family&quot;) was a common name borne by multiple kings of the dynasty. This theory is based on the fact that the Banavasi inscription of king Haritiputra Vishnukada Chutukulananda Satakarni was issued shortly before the [[Kadamba dynasty|Kadamba]] occupation of Banavasi c. 345, while the coins bearing the name Chutukulananda can be dated to two centuries earlier based on the [[stratigraphy (archaeology)|stratification]] at [[Chandravalli]] excavations.{{sfn|Michael Mitchiner|1983|p=99}} Historian M. Rama Rao used the term &quot;Ananda family&quot; to describe the family, because the coin legends mention kings whose names end in &quot;-nanda&quot;. Numismatists P. L. Gupta and A. V. Narasimha Murthy also followed this interpretation.{{sfn|Michael Mitchiner|1983|p=97}}<br /> <br /> == Origins ==<br /> At least two of the Chutu kings bore the title of &quot;Satakarni&quot;,{{sfn|Michael Mitchiner|1983|p=102}} which is associated with the more notable [[Satavahana]] dynasty, and which was also borne by ministers and ordinary people in the Satavahana period.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Gopalachari |first=K. |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZI6kuQy.TVA_BOK_0002584 |title=Early History of the Andhra Country |publisher=University of Madras |year=1976 |page=39}}&lt;/ref&gt; The exact relationship between the Chutus and the Satavahanas is uncertain.&lt;ref name=&quot;HPR_1986&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Ray |first=Himanshu Prabha |author-link=Himanshu Prabha Ray |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3zVGAAAAMAAJ |title=Monastery and guild: commerce under the Sātavāhanas |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-19-561941-6 |pages=40–41}}&lt;/ref&gt; Modern historians variously believe the Chutu family originated as a branch of the Satavahanas,&lt;ref name=&quot;DKC_2010&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Chakrabarty |first=Dilip Kumar |author-link=Dilip Kumar Chakrabarti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EIAyDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT59 |title=The Geopolitical Orbits of Ancient India: The Geographical Frames of the Ancient Indian Dynasties |publisher=Oxford University Press India |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-908832-4 |page=59}}&lt;/ref&gt; was descended from the Satavahana princesses,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Studies in Indian Epigraphy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G4RjAAAAMAAJ |year=2002 |publisher=Epigraphical Society of India / Geetha Book House |page=75 }}&lt;/ref&gt; or simply succeeded the Satavahanas in the southern Deccan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Scharfe |first=Hartmut |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7s19sZFRxCUC&amp;pg=PA167 |title=Handbook of Oriental Studies |publisher=BRILL |year=2002 |isbn=90-04-12556-6 |page=167 |quote=&quot;It is not clear if this king and his family (the Cutus) were a branch of the Sata- vahanas or were their successors in the southern part of their dominions.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Numismatist Michael Mitchiner speculates the Chutus may have been of [[Indo-Scythians|Indo-Scythian]] (Shaka) origin.{{sfn|Michael Mitchiner|1983|p=99}} According to him, some Chutu coins bear designs copied from Indo-Scythian coins. For example, the obverse of two lead coins found at [[Kondapur, Medak|Kondapur]] features a [[swastika]] surrounded by a legend &quot;reminds one of the [[Western Satraps|Kshaharata]] coins stuck for Ladhanes and Pisayu&quot;. The reverse of the same coin bears an arrow and a thunderbolt that seems to be derived from the coins of [[Bhumaka]] and [[Nahapana]]. According to [[V. V. Mirashi]]'s interpretation, the issuers of such coins variously call themselves Shakas or members of the Chutu family.{{sfn|Michael Mitchiner|1983|p=100}} Mirashi and Mitchiner read the legend on the coin as ''Mahasenapatisa Baradajaputasa Saga Mana Chutukulasa'', which means &quot;of the ''Maha-senapati'' (chief commander) Saka Mana, the son of Baradaja, of the Chutu family&quot;.{{sfn|Michael Mitchiner|1983|pp=100-101}} Mitchiner notes that according to a [[Nashik]] inscription, the Satavahana king [[Gautamiputra Satakarni]] issued an order from his &quot;camp of victory&quot; at Vaijayanti (the ancient name of Banavasi).{{sfn|Michael Mitchiner|1983|p=100}} He theorizes the Chutus were originally Indo-Scythian chiefs, who became Satavahana feudatories when Gautamiputra defeated the Indo-Scythian king Nahapana around 125 CE. Subsequently, they participated in Satavahana military campaigns: one Chutu chief was appointed as the ''Mahasenapati'' in the Kondapur region, while another was appointed to govern the newly-captured city of Banavasi.{{sfn|Michael Mitchiner|1983|p=101}}<br /> <br /> Historian [[D. C. Sircar]] has disputed Mirashi's reading of the coin legend, arguing the expression ''Saga Mana Chutukulasa'' cannot be interpreted as &quot;Saka Mana of the Chutu family&quot;. Sircar argues if this was the meaning intended, the expression would have been ''Chutu-kulasa Saga-Manasa'' or ''Chutu-kula-Saga-Manasa''.{{sfn|D.C. Sircar|1968|p=130}} Sircar instead reads the term ''Saga-Mana'' as ''Sagamana'' (&quot;of the Sagamas, that is, belonging to the Sagama family&quot;).{{sfn|D.C. Sircar|1968|p=130}} The Chutu coins discovered from [[Anantapur district]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and the southern part of [[Telangana]] prove the Chutus held sway in and around the [[Srisailam]] ([[Kurnool district]], Andhra Pradesh) or Sriparvata area which explained their title of Sriparvatiyas (the masters of the Sriparvata region).&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Parmanand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LzHpZ5N5MhcC&amp;q=pulumavi&amp;pg=PA23 |title=Geography from Ancient Indian Coins &amp; Seals |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=1989 |isbn=9788170222484 |pages=22–23}}&lt;/ref&gt; In medieval times, the Srisailam region or the Sriparvata area was known as ''Kannadu'' and ''Kannavisaya'' which is the contracted form of ''Satakarninadu'' and ''Satakarnivisaya''. ''Satakarninadu'' and ''Satakarnivisaya'' seem to be identical with the Satavahanihara of the Myakadoni inscription of [[Vasishthiputra Pulumavi|Pulumayi]], or the Satavahaniratta of the [[Hirehadagalli]] grant.{{sfn|Shrimali|1992|p=151}} The Chutus continued to use the title ''Satakanni'' along with their names and regions, but later dropped the ''Sata'' part of ''Satakanni'' and used only the title of ''Kanni''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Political history ==<br /> [[File:East-Hem 200ad.jpg|thumb|300px|The Eastern Hemisphere {{circa|2nd century AD}}.]]<br /> The Chutus ruled a kingdom centered around the city of [[Banavasi]] in present-day [[Karnataka]] for over two centuries, from c. 125 CE to c. 345 CE.{{sfn|Michael Mitchiner|1983|pp=95, 101}} The Chutus were probably subordinate to the Satavahanas in the beginning, and assumed independence when Satavahana power declined.&lt;ref name=&quot;HPR_1986&quot; /&gt; They were probably one of the several dynasties described collectively as &quot;''Andhra-bhritya''&quot; (&quot;servants of the Andhras, that is, the Satavahanas) in the [[Puranas]]. Numismatic evidence suggests the Chutus were surrounded by other Satavahana feudatories: the Kuras of [[Kolhapur]] in the north and the Sadakana Maharathis of [[Chandravalli]]. The coins issued by these three families are similar, and most of these coins can be dated to the 2nd century CE.{{sfn|Michael Mitchiner|1983|p=95}} Coins discovered at Chandravalli and Kondapur bear the legend of &quot;Maharathi Sadakana Chutu Krishna&quot;, which suggests the Chutus consolidated their power by intermarriage with the other feudatory families.{{sfn|Michael Mitchiner|1983|p=101}}<br /> <br /> Numismatic evidence also indicates that by the last quarter of the 2nd century CE, the power of these three feudatory families was eclipsed by the Satavahanas, who appear to have assumed greater control over their territories. This is suggested by the discovery of the coins of the Satavahana ruler [[Yajna Sri Satakarni]] at Bramhapuri (Kolhapur) and Chandravalli: the Satavahana coins were found in a more recent [[stratigraphy (archaeology)|strata]] compared to the coins of the feudatory dynasties.{{sfn|Michael Mitchiner|1983|p=95}} When Satavahana power declined in the first half of the 3rd century CE, the Chutus retained their authority at Banavasi, unlike the Kuras and the Sadakana Maharathis. Their rule is attested by at least four inscriptions dated between the 260s and 340s CE.{{sfn|Michael Mitchiner|1983|p=96}} Historian Sailendra Nath Sen states that after the fall of the Satavahanas post the end of the reign of Pulumayi IV in 225 CE, the Chutus appear to have controlled the far-flung areas of the south-western parts of the erstwhile Satavahana empire. They subsequently extended their power in the north and the east.{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|p=175}} According to historian [[Teotónio de Souza|Teotónio R. De Souza]], following the rule of Shak Satakarni of the Satavahanas, the Chutus ruling from Banavasi in Karnataka, probably also gained control of the Konkan and places in [[Goa]] like Kunkalli, Balli, and [[Canacona|Kankon]], as subordinates of the [[Bhojas of Goa|Bhojas]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=De Souza |first=Teotonio |author-link=Teotónio de Souza |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwYDPnEjTb4C&amp;pg=PA9 |title=Goa Through the Ages: An economic history |publisher=Concept |year=1990 |isbn=978-81-7022-259-0 |page=9}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Che hutu dynasty came to an end probably in the first or second half of the third century , that is, around 250–275 CE. Two kings of the Chutu dynasty tre known through inscriptions, Hariti-putra Chutu-kadananda Satakarni and his grandson Hariti-putra Siva-skanda-varman, who ruled in Banavasi before its conquest by the Kadamba dynasty. In 222 CE, Prithivi-sena, son of Rudra-sena I, was reigning as the Western Kshatrapa ruler, in succession to the latter - Hariti-putra Siva-skanda-varman.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=Antiquities of India; an account of the history and culture of ancient Hindustan |url=https://archive.org/stream/antiquitiesofind00barn_0/antiquitiesofind00barn_0_djvu.txt |journal=Antiquities of India; an Account of the History and Culture of Ancient Hindustan |date=1913}}{{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Chutus appear to have continued the policy of consolidating their power by intermarriage with their neighbours: this is suggested by an [[Andhra Ikshvaku|Ikshvaku dynasty]] record which states the &quot;Maharaja of Vanavasa&quot; (presumably the Chutu ruler of Banavasi) married a daughter of the Ikshvaku king Vira-purusha-datta. Mitchiner also believes the occurrence of the name &quot;Satakarni&quot; in the names of the Chutu kings (Vishnurudra Sivalananda Satakarni and Haritiputra Vishnukada Chutukulananda Satakarni) suggests the Chutus also married into the Satavahana family.{{sfn|Michael Mitchiner|1983|p=102}} The Chutu king Sivalananda is attested by a 278 CE inscription of the [[Abhira dynasty|Abhira]] ruler Vasushena from [[Nagarjunakonda]].{{sfn|Michael Mitchiner|1983|pp=96-98}}<br /> <br /> ==Religion==<br /> <br /> According to Mitchiner, the designs on the Chutu coins suggest they may have been [[Buddhism|Buddhists]],{{sfn|Michael Mitchiner|1983|pp=102-105}} although they also patronised [[Hinduism]]. According to an inscription in the town of [[Malavalli]] in southern Karnataka, one of their rulers, King Haritiputra Satakarni donated the village of Belgame to a group of Hindu priests. Belgame, not to be confused with its [[Belgaum|namesake]] in northwestern Karnataka, was located in the [[Shimoga district]] in Central Karnataka and is known as [[Balligavi]] today. The priests built five [[Matha|mathas]], three puras and seven [[Gurukula|gurukulas]] there and developed Belgame as an important centre of learning and knowledge. The original grant was revived by another Chutu ruler, King Haritiputra Shiva-skandavarman and the sacred town was later expanded by the succeeding Kadamba rulers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Scharfe |first=Harmut |title=Education in Ancient India |journal=Handbook of Oriental Studies |publisher=BRILL |volume=16 |pages=167–168}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dineshchandra |first=Sircar |author-link=Dineshchandra Sircar |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.69990/page/n243/mode/2up |title=Successors Of The Satavahanas In Lower Deccan |publisher=Calcutta University Press |year=1939 |pages=221}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> == Successors ==<br /> <br /> The [[Chalukya dynasty]] of [[Badami]], which later controlled much of present-day Karnataka, claimed descent from a son of Hariti (a woman of the Harita [[gotra]]) and of Manavya gotra. The Chalukyas had appropriated this genealogy from the Kadamba dynasty, who ruled Banavasi before them and after the Chutus. The Kadambas, in turn, had appropriated this genealogy from the Chutus.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Ali |first=Daud |author-link=Daud Ali |title=Querying the Medieval: Texts and the History of Practices in South Asia |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-19-535243-6 |page=187 |chapter=Royal Eulogy as World History: Rethinking Copper—plate Inscriptions in Cola India |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0GyRBXRdiOwC&amp;pg=PA187}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historian Sailendra Nath Sen theorizes the Chalukyas were related to the Chutus and the Kadambas &quot;in some way&quot;.{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|p=360}}<br /> <br /> == Inscriptions ==<br /> <br /> === Banavasi inscription ===<br /> <br /> The stone inscription at Banavasi (Vanavasi or Vaijayanti in [[Uttara Kannada|Uttara Kannada district]], Karnataka) mentions Haritiputra Visnukada Chutukulananda Satakarni, who in the 12th year of his reign made a gift of a ''Nagashilpa'', a tank and a ''[[Vihāra|Vihara]]''. The nearby Malavalli inscription refers the same king Manavyasa Gotra Haritiputra Visnukadda Chutukulananda Satakarni, the king of Banavasi, who in the 1st year of his reign made the grant of a village. A stone inscription on the same pillar by a Kadamba king of the 5th century mentions a prior chieftain, Manavyasa Gotra Haritiputra Vaijayantipati Sivaskandavarman who also ruled this area. Based on this inscription and Rapson's opinion on Kanheri and this inscriptions, historian [[Gabriel Jouveau-Dubreuil]] states the Chutus succeeded the Satavahanas in both the Karnataka and the [[Aparanta]] (Konkan and western Maharashtra) regions. However, Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya states the succession occurred at a later date, when the Chutus had gained control over the northern part of the Kannada and Malayalam speaking regions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Chattopadhyaya |first=Sudhakar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=78I5lDHU2jQC&amp;q=haritiputra&amp;pg=PA208 |title=Some Early Dynasties of South India |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |year=1974 |isbn=9788120829411 |pages=130, 196, 100–103}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Haritiputra-Satakarni issued an order to the chief revenue commissioner ''Mahavallabha-Rajjuka'' to grant the village of Sahalavati to a certain Kondamana as a [[Brahmin]] endowment in 175 CE for the enjoyment of the Mattapatti (Malavalli) god with the exemption of the soldier's entry ''(abhatappavesam)''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Trading Communities in Ancient India: From Earliest Times to 300 A.D.|last=Mishra|first=Arun Kumar|publisher=Anamika Publishers &amp; Distributors|year=1992|isbn=9788185150130|pages=108, 112, 118}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rice |first=Benjamin Lewis |author-link=B. Lewis Rice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p0wSoEIub1YC&amp;q=haritiputra+satakarni+%22malavalli%22+inscriptions&amp;pg=PA461 |title=Gazetteer of Mysore |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=2001 |isbn=9788120609778 |location=Karnataka, India |pages=461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another record states king Satakami had a daughter named Mahabhoja-Nagasri who made a grant of a tank and a Vihara to the Madhukeswara temple.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=HISTORY OF SOME IMPORTANT TOWNS|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/104980/10/10_chapter%204.pdf|journal=HISTORY OF SOME IMPORTANT TOWNS-Shodhganga}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Coinage ==<br /> [[File:I78 PostChutus 1 (8175964738).jpg|thumb|A coin of the post-Chutu period (250–400) in bronze. (Deccan, Central India)<br /> <br /> A / Cow on the right; Below undulating line, above legend Rajavipurudapa<br /> <br /> R / 4 arches with arrows and center circle<br /> <br /> Dimension: 17&amp;nbsp;mm Weight: 1.21 g. Bronze]]<br /> <br /> Chutu coins have been discovered at [[Karwar]] and [[Chandravalli]].{{sfn|Michael Mitchiner|1983|p=96}} Their coins are mostly minted of lead, belonging to Mulananda c. 125–345. One coin shows an arched hill (or stupa?) with a river motif below on the obverse and a tree within a railed lattice; and a [[Nandipada]] to the right on the Reverse.&lt;ref&gt;[http://prabhu.50g.com/southind/chutu/south_chutucat.html Coins of the Chutus of Banavasi] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070119113639/http://prabhu.50g.com/southind/chutu/south_chutucat.html |date=19 January 2007 }} Attribution:Mitchiner CSI 34&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> ===Citations===<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> === Sources ===<br /> {{ref begin}}<br /> * {{cite book |author=D.C. Sircar |title=Studies in Indian Coins (2008 reprint) |author-link=Dineshchandra Sircar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1JYwP5tVQUC&amp;pg=PA126 |year=1968 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-2973-2}}<br /> * {{cite journal |author=Michael Mitchiner |title=The Chutus of Banavasi and their Coinage |journal=The Numismatic Chronicle |volume=143 |year=1983 |pages=95–120 |jstor=42665170}}<br /> * {{cite book |author=Sailendra Nath Sen |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&amp;pg=PA360 |year=1999 |publisher=New Age International |isbn=978-81-224-1198-0}}<br /> * {{citation |last=Shrimali |first=K M |title=Proceedings Of The Indian History Congress 52nd Session |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.170000 |publisher=Amrit Printing Works |location=New Delhi |year=1992 }}<br /> {{ref end}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Former monarchies of India]]<br /> [[Category:Dynasties of India]]<br /> [[Category:1st-century establishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:3rd-century disestablishments]]<br /> [[Category:Buddhist dynasties of India]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu dynasties]]</div>

AgnesOppen5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baghban_(2003_film)&diff=450374 2026-03-03T01:16:33Z

<p>AgnesOppen5: Refined content and updated sections</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2003 film by Ravi Chopra}}<br /> {{Good article}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = {{Lang|hi-latn|Baghban}}<br /> | image = Baghban 2003 poster.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = [[Ravi Chopra]]<br /> | writer = {{Plainlist|<br /> * [[B. R. Chopra]]<br /> * Achala Nagar<br /> * Satish Bhatnagar<br /> * Ram Govind<br /> * Shafiq Ansari<br /> }}<br /> | story = B. R. Chopra<br /> | producer = B. R. Chopra<br /> | starring = {{Plainlist|<br /> * [[Amitabh Bachchan]]<br /> * [[Hema Malini]]<br /> * [[Salman Khan]]<br /> * [[Mahima Chaudhry]]<br /> }}<br /> | cinematography = [[Barun Mukherjee]]<br /> | editing = {{Plainlist|<br /> * Shailendra Doke<br /> * Godfrey Gonsalves<br /> * Shashi Mane<br /> }}<br /> | music = [[Aadesh Shrivastava]]<br /> | studio = B. R. Films<br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{film date|2003|10|2|[[Leeds International Film Festival]]|2003|10|3|India|df=yes}}<br /> | runtime = 181 minutes&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Baghban |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/baghban-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zntkxnjk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519080016/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/baghban-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zntkxnjk |archive-date=19 May 2021 |access-date=19 May 2021 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> | budget = {{INR|100 million|link=yes}}&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=510|title=Baghban – Movie|publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | gross = {{INR|431.1 million|link=yes}}&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''{{Lang|hi-latn|Baghban}}''' ({{translation|''Gardener''}}) is a 2003 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|family drama film]] directed by [[Ravi Chopra]], co-written and produced by [[B. R. Chopra]]. It tells the story of an elderly couple, Raj ([[Amitabh Bachchan]]) and Pooja ([[Hema Malini]]), who have been married for 40 years. After Raj retires, they reunite with their four sons ([[Aman Verma (actor)|Aman Verma]], [[Samir Soni]], Saahil Chadha, Nasir Khan) to discuss who will support them. However, none of the sons want to take care of both parents, causing Raj and Pooja to live separately. <br /> <br /> {{Lang|hi-latn|Baghban}} was conceived by producer and co-writer [[B. R. Chopra]] during his 1960s trip across Europe, when he visited a retirement home and was inspired by the householders' story. Although the screenplay was finished in 1973, Chopra did not begin production for decades because he was busy with other projects. After he revived it, [[principal photography]] began in July 2002 in [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]]. {{Lang|hi-latn|Baghban}}{{'s}} soundtrack was composed by [[Aadesh Shrivastava]], with lyrics written by [[Sameer Anjaan|Sameer]].<br /> <br /> The film premiered at the [[Leeds International Film Festival]] on 2 October 2003, and was released worldwide the following day. With a production cost of {{INRConvert|100|m|lk=r}}, the film was a commercial success; earning {{INRConvert|431.1|m|lk=r}} at the box office, {{Lang|hi-latn|Baghban}} was the year's [[List of highest-grossing Hindi films|fifth-highest-grossing Indian film]]. It received mixed reviews from critics, Bachchan and Malini's performances were praised. They received the [[Screen Award for Jodi No. 1]]. Bachchan and Malini were nominated for Best Actor and Best Actress at the [[49th Filmfare Awards]]. It has gained [[cult status]].<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> Raj and his wife, Pooja, have been married for 40 years and have four sons: Ajay, Sanjay, Rohit, and Karan. They also have an adopted son, Alok, who falls in love with Arpita. Raj provides the orphaned Alok with money and education, raising him as his own son. Now successful, Alok venerates Raj because of his help. Raj retires and cannot support himself; he and Pooja decide to leave their home. They want to live with their children, who are unwilling to take care of them. The children decide to split their parents up; each lives with one of the sons for the next six months. They think that their parents will refuse the offer and remain in their home. However, Raj and Pooja reluctantly accept the offer.<br /> <br /> They endure separation and poor treatment by their children. Raj stays first with Sanjay, and then with Rohit; Pooja stays first with Ajay, and then with Karan. While living with Sanjay, the only affection Raj receives is from his grandson Rahul. Saddened by the way he has been treated by his children, Raj writes about how he fulfilled his children's dreams and his treatment in return; he also writes about his love for his wife, and the pain their separation has caused. Pooja is abused by Ajay, her daughter-in-law Kiran, and her granddaughter Payal. Payal, however, repents when Pooja saves her from a rape attempt by her boyfriend and showers Pooja with love.<br /> <br /> Changing trains after six months, Pooja and Raj spend time together in Vijaynagar. They encounter Alok, who brings them to his home and cares for them far better than how their sons had treated them in their homes. Raj learns that his writings have been published as {{Lang|hi-latn|Baghban}}, by Hemant, a café owner whom he befriended, along with two teenagers Kapil and Nilli, during his stay with Sanjay. The novel becomes a success, giving Raj the money he needs to support himself and Pooja. Knowing that their parents are earning more than them due to the launch success of the novel, the four sons and their wives plan to go to their book ceremony event for forgiveness. Everyone goes except Rahul and Payal because of the pain their grandparents went through and that the four sons are only going there just for their money not forgiveness. The sons ask for forgiveness, but Raj and Pooja refuse and disown them for the pain they have caused. Raj and Pooja then reunite with Payal and Rahul, and declare Alok and Arpita as their only son and daughter-in-law.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> The cast is listed below:&lt;ref name=&quot;Cast &amp; Crew&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Baghban Cast &amp; Crew |url=http://www.indiafm.com/movies/cast/6954/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060309114958/http://www.indiafm.com/movies/cast/6954/index.html |archive-date=9 March 2006 |access-date=19 May 2021 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Baghban Cast |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/cast_crew.php?movieid=510 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124003644/https://boxofficeindia.com/cast_crew.php?movieid=510 |archive-date=24 November 2020 |access-date=19 May 2021 |website=Box Office India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{div col begin}}<br /> * [[Amitabh Bachchan]] as Raj Malhotra a retired employee of [[ICICI Bank]]<br /> * [[Hema Malini]] as Pooja Malhotra; Raj's wife<br /> * [[Salman Khan]] as Alok Raj Malhotra; Raj and Pooja's adopted son<br /> **Smith Sen as young Alok<br /> * [[Mahima Chaudhry]] as Arpita Malhotra; Alok's wife<br /> * [[Aman Verma (actor)|Aman Verma]] as Ajay Malhotra; Raj and Pooja's eldest son<br /> * [[Samir Soni]] as Sanjay Malhotra; Raj and Pooja's second son<br /> * Saahil Chadha as Rohit Malhotra; Raj and Pooja's third son<br /> * Nasir Khan as Karan Malhotra; Raj and Pooja's fourth son<br /> * [[Suman Ranganathan]] as Kiran Malhotra; Ajay's wife<br /> * [[Divya Dutta]] as Reena Malhotra; Sanjay's wife<br /> * [[Arzoo Govitrikar]] as Priya Malhotra; Rohit's wife<br /> * [[Rimi Sen]] as Payal Malhotra; Ajay and Kiran's Daughter; Raj and Pooja's granddaughter<br /> * Yash Pathak as Rahul Malhotra; Sanjay and Reena's Son; Raj and Pooja's grandson<br /> * [[Paresh Rawal]] as Hemant Patel; Shanti's husband and Raj's friend<br /> * [[Lillete Dubey]] as Shanti Patel; Hemant's wife and Raj's friend<br /> * [[Mohan Joshi]] as Khuber Desai; hotel owner<br /> * [[Sharat Saxena]] as Ram Avtaar; Raj's neighbour<br /> * [[Anang Desai]] as Mr. Verma; Kapil's father and Raj's book publisher<br /> * [[Avtar Gill]] as Mr. Rawat; ICICI Bank manager<br /> * [[Asrani]] as Mr. Bedi; employee of ICICI Bank; Mr. Rawat and Raj's friend<br /> * [[Gajendra Chauhan]] as car salesman<br /> * [[Nakul Vaid]] as Kapil Verma; Mr. Verma's son and Nilli's boyfriend<br /> * [[Sanjeeda Sheikh]] as Nilli; Kapil's girlfriend<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> The idea for {{Lang|hi-latn|Baghban}} came to director and producer [[B. R. Chopra]] in [[Copenhagen]] during a tour across Europe in the 1960s, when he stayed at a hotel next to a retirement home. In a ''[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]'' interview, Chopra said that when he sat on the hotel balcony, he saw elderly people sitting at the bungalows. After several days, he joined a couple there and struck up a conversation about their personal lives. The couple talked about feeling abandoned by their children and grandchildren, inspiring Chopra to make a film. During a 1973 holiday in [[Lonavala]], he began writing the screenplay one afternoon and continued for fourteen hours; he finished it the next morning.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nurturing a dream&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Bhattacharya |first=Roshmila |author-link=Roshmila Bhattacharya |date=3 October 2003 |title=Nurturing a dream |work=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |url=http://www.screenindia.com:80/fullstory.php?content_id=6294 |url-status=dead |access-date=19 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031005233740/http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=6294 |archive-date=5 October 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Chopra met his son, [[Ravi Chopra]], back in [[Mumbai]]. Ravi was filming the action drama ''[[Zameer (1975 film)|Zameer]]'', a 1975 release starring [[Amitabh Bachchan]] and [[Saira Banu]]. During the filming, Banu told Ravi that she was tired and wanted to continue filming at [[Pali Hill]]. B. R. Chopra told his close friend, [[Dilip Kumar]], that he wanted to make a film with him. Several years later, at a ceremony honouring Chopra's films, he asked Kumar about the project; the actor suggested casting [[Rakhee Gulzar]] as his wife, but Chopra did not do so. Banu became ill and went to [[London]] with her husband, Kumar. B. R. and Ravi Chopra were busy with [[Doordarshan]]'s epic series ''[[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|Mahabharat]]'' (1988–1990), and {{Lang|hi-latn|Baghban}} was shelved.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nurturing a dream&quot; /&gt; According to Ravi Chopra, who initially liked the story and wanted to direct it, he tried several times to revive the production but his other projects &quot;kept coming to the fore&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Back together&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Lalwani |first=Vickey |date=5 October 2003 |title=Back together with Baghban |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031005/spectrum/main5.htm |url-status=live |access-date=19 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050104222249/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031005/spectrum/main5.htm |archive-date=4 January 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kulkarni |first=Ronjita |date=1 October 2003 |title='I was fated to direct Baghban' |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/oct/01ravi.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519094710/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/oct/01ravi.htm |archive-date=19 May 2021 |access-date=19 May 2021 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After years in [[development hell]], the project was revived. Achala Nagar was chosen to help B. R. Chopra write the screenplay, dialogue, and story;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nurturing a dream&quot; /&gt; Satish Bhatnagar, Ram Govind, and Shafiq Ansari co-wrote them,&lt;ref name=&quot;Cast &amp; Crew&quot; /&gt; and [[Salim Khan]] and [[Javed Akhtar]] polished the dialogue.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=13 October 2003 |title=Anti-climax! |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/anti-climax/article28452652.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=20 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520065803/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/anti-climax/article28452652.ece |archive-date=20 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Baghban'' was the last unofficial partnership between the legendary [[Salim–Javed]] screenwriter duo. Bachchan had requested that Akhtar write his final speech in the film while Salman Khan requested his father Salim Khan to write his speech in the film. Neither Salim Khan nor Javed Akhtar were credited.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chaudhuri595&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Chaudhuri |first1=Diptakirti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gq-CBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT595 |title=Bollybook: The Big Book of Hindi Movie Trivia |date=2014 |publisher=[[Penguin Group]] |isbn=9789351187998 |page=595 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The role of Raj Malhotra, for which Ravi Chopra had wanted Kumar, was given to Bachchan because the former actor was too old to play a 60-year-old man.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nurturing a dream&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Back together&quot; /&gt; Hema Malini was cast as Pooja, who is five years younger than Raj. The Chopras originally wanted a much-younger actress to star with Bachchan, but they changed their minds to avoid difficulty with the make-up a younger actress would require. Although Malini was initially reluctant to play a film role unless she liked it, she did not want to disappoint her fans.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nurturing a dream&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |date=2003 |title=Mr Bachchan jokes a lot! |url=http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/interview.php?id=13282506&amp;cid=2398 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050118012040/http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/interview.php?id=13282506&amp;cid=2398 |archive-date=18 January 2005 |access-date=20 May 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; When she heard the story, she said she had waited a long time for a film suited for her age. {{Lang|hi-latn|Baghban}} reunited Bachchan and Malini onscreen after 20 years, having last appeared together in {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Nastik (1983 film)|Nastik]]}} (1983). [[Neeta Lulla]] and B. R. Chopra's daughter-in-law, Renu, were Malini's costume designers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nurturing a dream&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Lang|hi-latn|Baghban}}{{'s}} [[principal photography]] began in [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]] on 18 July 2002.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |date=19 July 2002 |title=Grand launch for Baghban |url=http://www.indiafm.com:80/scoop/02/jul/1907baghban/index.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020721103444/http://www.indiafm.com/scoop/02/jul/1907baghban/index.shtml |archive-date=21 July 2002 |access-date=20 May 2021 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ravi Chopra told journalist [[Roshmila Bhattacharya]] that he was nervous during that period, and called it &quot;an exam&quot; for him.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nurturing a dream&quot; /&gt; The film was produced on an estimated budget of {{INRConvert|70|m|year=2003}}; [[Barun Mukherjee]] was the cinematographer. Ashok Bhushan and Keshto Mondal designed the sets, and [[Vaibhavi Merchant]] choreographed the songs. In January 2003, it was reported that Salman Khan and Mahima Chaudhry would appear in the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |author-link=Taran Adarsh |date=10 January 2003 |title=Salman is Big B's adopted son |work=Bollywood Hungama |url=http://www.indiafm.com:80/scoop/03/jan/1001baghban/index.shtml |url-status=dead |access-date=19 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030207130901/http://www.indiafm.com/scoop/03/jan/1001baghban/index.shtml |archive-date=7 February 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; Portions of {{Lang|hi-latn|Baghban}} were also filmed in [[London]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2 April 2003 |title=Salman denies Vivek's charges |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030403/main7.htm |url-status=live |access-date=20 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124113120/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030403/main7.htm |archive-date=24 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; and it was edited by Shailendra Doke, Godfrey Gonsalves, and Shashi Mane.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cast &amp; Crew&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The core plot of the film was inspired by the 1937 American film ''[[Make Way for Tomorrow]]'', which was later adapted into the Japanese classic ''[[Tokyo Story]]'' (1953).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |date=3 March 2021 |title=The World of Movies: Make Way for Tomorrow |url=https://www.filmsfatale.com/blog/2021/3/3/the-world-of-movies-make-way-for-tomorrow |access-date=8 September 2024 |magazine=Films Fatale |quote=''Make Way for Tomorrow'', directed by Leo McCarey, has inspired at least two other films, ''Tokyo Story'' (Yasujiro Ozu, 1953) and ''Baghban'' (Ravi Chopra, 2003).}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |date=10 February 2023 |title=Karparaa Review: An Unflinching Examination Of Human Frailty |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/film-festivals/iffr-rotterdam-karparaa-review-vignesh-an-unflinching-examination-of-human-frailty |access-date=8 September 2024 |magazine=Film Companion |quote=The story of grown-up children feeling burdened by ageing parents has been told innumerable times since Leo McCarey’s ''Make Way for Tomorrow'' (1937) and its more influential Japanese remake in Yasujiro Ozu’s ''Tokyo Story'' (1953). Dozens of Indian films, most famously ''Baghban'' (2003), have milked the theme of elder abuse for maximum melodramatic effect.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Avtaar]]'', a 1983 Indian film, starring [[Rajesh Khanna]] and [[Shabana Azmi]], has also been noted as an inspiration, though Ravi Chopra denied that ''Baghban'' was a remake of it, stating that the plot of that film was about a father seeking revenge on his children while this film, in contrast, focused on the bond between an old couple.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ravi Chopra: 'I was fated to direct Baghban' |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/oct/01ravi.htm |access-date=8 February 2018 |website=[[rediff.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> {{Main|Baghban (soundtrack)}}<br /> [[Aadesh Shrivastava]] composed the soundtrack for {{Lang|hi-latn|Baghban}}, with lyrics by [[Sameer Anjaan|Sameer]], except for &quot;Holi Khele Raghuveera&quot; which was written by Bachchan's father and poet [[Harivansh Rai Bachchan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Amitji&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Khatib |first=Salma |date=3 October 2003 |title='Amitji is very sureela' |work=Screen |url=http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=6199 |url-status=dead |access-date=20 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031018040908/http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=6199 |archive-date=18 October 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rediff.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pant |first=Seema |date=2 October 2003 |title=Kerchief caper! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/oct/02baghban.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214005125/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/oct/02baghban.htm |archive-date=14 February 2021 |access-date=20 May 2021 |website=Rediff.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bachchan performed vocals for most of the songs with [[Udit Narayan]], [[Alka Yagnik]], Shrivastava, [[Hema Sardesai]], [[Sudesh Bhosale]], [[Richa Sharma (singer)|Richa Sharma]], Sneha Pant and [[Sukhwinder Singh]].&lt;ref name=&quot;iTunes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Baghban (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/baghban-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1139177550 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210521130510/https://music.apple.com/us/album/baghban-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1139177550 |archive-date=21 May 2021 |access-date=20 May 2021 |website=[[iTunes]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Uttam Singh]] had composed two songs for the film before he was replaced by Shrivastava, and was not credited on the film's soundtrack. [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] released the album on 23 August 2003 to positive response from [[Music journalism|music critics]];&lt;ref name=&quot;Amitji&quot; /&gt; according to the [[Box Office India]] website, {{Lang|hi-latn|Baghban}}{{'s}} soundtrack album was the year's ninth bestselling with 1.4 million units sold.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Music Hits 2000–2009 (Figures in Units) |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&amp;catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215081557/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&amp;catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5&amp;PHPSESSID=108b9056cd4ca14236f9c6119d34dcce |archive-date=15 February 2008 |access-date=20 May 2021 |website=Box Office India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> {{Lang|hi-latn|Baghban}} had pre-release publicity because of its pairing of Amitabh Bachchan and Malini for the first time since the action film ''[[Andha Kanoon]]'' (1983).&lt;ref name=&quot;Back together&quot; /&gt; B. R. and Ravi Chopra had great expectations for the film, which they targeted to family audiences.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Doval |first=Nikita |date=2003 |title=Ravi Chopra: Back to the family drama |work=Filmfare |url=http://movies.indiatimes.com/articleshow.cms?msid=186010 |url-status=dead |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040205010052/http://movies.indiatimes.com/articleshow.cms?msid=186010 |archive-date=5 February 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt; It premiered at the [[Leeds International Film Festival]] on 2 October 2003,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 September 2003 |title=Baghban World Premiere At Leeds Festival |url=http://indiafm.com/scoop/03/sep/2909baghban/index.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031002021157/http://indiafm.com/scoop/03/sep/2909baghban/index.shtml |archive-date=2 October 2003 |access-date=21 May 2021 |website=Bollywood Hungama |publisher=IndiaFM News Bureau}}&lt;/ref&gt; and was released worldwide the following day.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ka Boom!&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=November 2003 |title=Box Office: Ka Boom! |work=[[Filmfare]] |url=http://filmfaremagazine.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/330377.cms?&amp;right=1&amp;fright=1&amp;botlink=1 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040112211601/http://filmfaremagazine.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/330377.cms?&amp;right=1&amp;fright=1&amp;botlink=1 |archive-date=12 January 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt; Opening during [[Vijayadashami]], the film had competition from Yusuf Khan's action thriller ''[[Khel – No Ordinary Game|Khel: No Ordinary Game]]'' and [[Chandan Arora]]'s comedy-drama ''[[Main Madhuri Dixit Banna Chahti Hoon]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nurturing a dream&quot; /&gt; {{Lang|hi-latn|Baghban}} ran in theatres for 25 weeks, becoming a [[silver jubilee]] film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=26 March 2004 |title=Baghban celebrates silver jubilee |work=Screen |url=http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=7632 |url-status=dead |access-date=4 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040413101010/http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=7632 |archive-date=13 April 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|A silver jubilee film is one which completes a theatrical run of 25 weeks, or 175 days.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Krishnamoorthy |first=Suresh |date=29 December 2014 |title=Disappointing year for Telugu film industry |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/disappointing-year-for-telugu-film-industry/article6733046.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=4 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416081923/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/disappointing-year-for-telugu-film-industry/article6733046.ece |archive-date=16 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Salam |first=Ziya Us |author-link=Ziya Us Salam |date=25 September 2011 |title=Life after The End |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/life-after-the-end/article2484778.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=4 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417140607/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/life-after-the-end/article2484778.ece |archive-date=17 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} It was released on [[DVD]] on 17 November of that year in [[NTSC]] widescreen format.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 November 2003 |title=Baghban (2003) (Hindi Film/Bollywood Movie/Indian Cinema DVD) |url=https://www.amazon.com/Baghban-Hindi-Bollywood-Indian-Cinema/dp/B004UDQ7RS |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521125916/https://www.amazon.com/Baghban-Hindi-Bollywood-Indian-Cinema/dp/B004UDQ7RS |archive-date=21 May 2021 |access-date=21 May 2021 |website=[[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film's television rights were sold to [[Sony Entertainment Television]] for {{INRConvert|80|m}}, and it premiered worldwide on television on 21 February 2004.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 February 2004 |title=Sony bags rights to 'Koi Mil Gaya', 'Baghban' |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/feb/feb190.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040412200912/https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/feb/feb190.htm |archive-date=12 April 2004 |access-date=21 May 2021 |website=Indian Television}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has been available for streaming on [[Amazon Prime Video]] since 30 November 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bagbaan |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/baghban |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001001131/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/baghban |archive-date=1 October 2020 |access-date=21 May 2021 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Baghban |url=https://www.amazon.com/Baghban-Amitabh-Bachchan/dp/B07SV4V48R |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521125940/https://www.amazon.com/Baghban-Amitabh-Bachchan/dp/B07SV4V48R |archive-date=21 May 2021 |access-date=21 May 2021 |website=[[Amazon Prime Video]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to journalists, the positive [[Word of mouth|word-of-mouth]] for {{Lang|hi-latn|Baghban}} played an important role in the film's commercial success.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ka Boom!&quot; /&gt; It was released on 275 screens across India and grossed {{INRConvert|9|m}} on its first day,&lt;ref name=&quot;BOI&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Baghban |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=510 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510060552/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=510 |archive-date=10 May 2021 |access-date=19 May 2021 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; earning {{INRConvert|29.2|m}} by the end of its first weekend and {{INRConvert|53.9|m}} after running for a week.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Top India First Weekend (2003) |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/india-first-weekend.php?year=2003 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106063801/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/india-first-weekend.php?year=2003 |archive-date=6 January 2018 |access-date=21 May 2021 |website=Box Office India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Top India First Week (2003) |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/india-first-week.php?year=2003 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219082155/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/india-first-week.php?year=2003 |archive-date=19 February 2018 |access-date=21 May 2021 |website=Box Office India}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Lang|hi-latn|Baghban}} earned a total of {{INRConvert|310.3|m}} in India, and was 2003's fifth-highest-grossing Indian film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Top India Grossers (2003) |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/india-total-gross.php?year=2003 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403130359/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/india-total-gross.php?year=2003 |archive-date=3 April 2019 |access-date=21 May 2021 |website=Box Office India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abroad, the film earned {{INRConvert|41.6|m}} in its first week.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Top Overseas First Weekend (2003) |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/overseas-first-week.php?year=2003 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702052635/http://boxofficeindia.com/overseas-first-week.php?year=2003 |archive-date=2 July 2017 |access-date=21 May 2021 |website=Box Office India}}&lt;/ref&gt; After its overseas theatrical run, it grossed {{INRConvert|120.8|m}}, becoming the year's third-highest-grossing Indian film overseas;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Top Overseas Grossers (2003) |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/overseas-total-gross.php?year=2003 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223111307/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/overseas-total-gross.php?year=2003 |archive-date=23 December 2016 |access-date=21 May 2021 |website=Box Office India}}&lt;/ref&gt; in its year-end box-office report, ''The Hindu'' said that most of its revenue was from Asian countries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=29 December 2003 |title=Top five |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/top-five/article28459979.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511061322/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/top-five/article28459979.ece |archive-date=11 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Summing up the film's gross in India and overseas, Box Office India estimated that {{Lang|hi-latn|Baghban}} earned {{INRConvert|431.1|m}}, thereby becoming the fifth-highest-grossing Indian film of 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Top Worldwide Grossers (2003) |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/worldwide-total-gross.php?year=2003 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225151858/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/worldwide-total-gross.php?year=2003 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=21 May 2021 |website=Box Office India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Adjusted for inflation, the film has grossed {{INRConvert|1.55|b|year=2023}} as of 2023. <br /> <br /> It was remade in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Ee Bandhana]]'', a 2007 film directed by [[Vijayalakshmi Singh]] which received critical acclaim.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=E Bandhana |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/e-bandhana-review-kannada-14579905.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408185716/http://www.sify.com/movies/e-bandhana-review-kannada-14579905.html |archive-date=8 April 2014 |access-date=21 May 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> {{Lang|hi-latn|Baghban}} received mixed reviews from critics, who praised the performances, primarily Bachchan and Malini's, but panned the chemistry between the actors and the film's story.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ka Boom!&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mirani |first=Indu |date=7 October 2003 |title=Big B reigns at the BO! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/oct/07box.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519123656/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/oct/07box.htm |archive-date=19 May 2021 |access-date=21 May 2021 |website=Rediff.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave it two stars and said that Bachchan delivered a &quot;powerful&quot; and &quot;memorable&quot; performance; Adarsh said that Malini was &quot;elegant and conveys the pathos convincingly&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |date=2 October 2003 |title=Movie Review: Baghban |url=http://indiafm.com/movies/review/6954/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060325083952/http://indiafm.com/movies/review/6954/index.html |archive-date=25 March 2006 |access-date=21 May 2021 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}&lt;/ref&gt; Seema Pant of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' praised the film: &quot;{{Lang|hi-latn|Baghban}} has a high emotional quotient. Director Ravi Chopra retains his audience's interest in the lives of Raj and Puja Malhotra. Despite some unconvincing moments in the plot, {{Lang|hi-latn|Baghban}} keeps the viewers involved all the way to the climax.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rediff.com&quot; /&gt; Director and film critic [[Khalid Mohamed]] gave the film three stars, saying that it &quot;is unthinkable without the imperishable grace and beauty projected&quot; from Malini. However, he compared its direction to Indian television shampoo advertisements and called its cinematography and production design as &quot;old worldly as bell bottoms&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Mohamed |first=Khalid |author-link=Khalid Mohamed |date=5 October 2003 |title=Generation gup shup |work=[[Mid-Day]] |url=http://web.mid-day.com/columns/khalid_mohammed/2003/october/65510.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031212043913/http://web.mid-day.com/columns/khalid_mohammed/2003/october/65510.htm |archive-date=12 December 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Ziya Us Salam]] said, &quot;[Ravi] Chopra, on his part, brings a rare sight to the Indian screen. Here the aged couple is, yes, aged. Yet the romance is still very much a part of their life. The ardour for physical fulfilment may have gone but the need for proximity is there.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Salam |first=Ziya Us |author-link=Ziya Us Salam |date=6 October 2003 |title=Of yesterday, today, tomorrow... |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/of-yesterday-today-tomorrow/article28452077.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519064321/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/of-yesterday-today-tomorrow/article28452077.ece |archive-date=19 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Mid-Day]]''{{'s}} Narendra Kusnur called Bachchan's performance one of his best since the 1990s,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kusnur |first=Narendra |date=3 October 2003 |title=Film review of 'Baghban' |work=[[Mid-Day]] |url=http://web.mid-day.com:80/entertainment/hindimoviesreview/2003/october/65411.htm |url-status=live |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031206142128/http://web.mid-day.com/entertainment/hindimoviesreview/2003/october/65411.htm |archive-date=6 December 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; and—according to Manjula Negi of the ''[[Hindustan Times]]''—he &quot;carries forward the plot&quot; along with Malini.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Hema Malini: Beyond the Dream Girl |title-link=Hema Malini: Beyond the Dream Girl |last=Mukherjee |first=Ram Kamal |author-link=Ram Kamal Mukherjee |date=10 October 2017 |isbn=978-93-52773-22-0 |page=204|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ram Kamal Mukherjee]] of ''[[Stardust (magazine)|Stardust]]'' wrote that {{Lang|hi-latn|Baghban}} remains one of the decade's finest Bollywood films; Mukherjee said that Salman Khan delivered a &quot;seasoned&quot; performance, but Chaudhry was a &quot;total waste&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Mukherjee |first=Ram Kamal |date=October 2003 |title=Baghban: An emotional saga |work=[[Stardust (magazine)|Stardust]] |url=http://www.stardust.co.in:80/display_Standard.asp?section=reviews&amp;subsection=&amp;xml=October2003_reviews_standard33 |url-status=dead |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031014113330/http://www.stardust.co.in/display_Standard.asp?section=reviews&amp;subsection=&amp;xml=October2003_reviews_standard33 |archive-date=14 October 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Filmfare]]'' critic Gautam Buragohain was ambivalent about the film, enjoying the performances but finding the story &quot;stale&quot;; he believed the plot was based on a similar film (the 1983 drama ''[[Avtaar]]''), and dismissed {{Lang|hi-latn|Baghban}} as &quot;predictable&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Buragohain |first=Gautam |date=2003 |title=Baghban |work=Filmfare |url=http://movies.indiatimes.com/articleshow/214667.cms |url-status=dead |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031204160355/http://movies.indiatimes.com/articleshow/214667.cms |archive-date=4 December 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; Omar Ahmed of ''[[Empire (film magazine)|Empire]]'' praised {{Lang|hi-latn|Baghban}} for its exploration of family values and Indian culture.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ahmed |first=Omar |date=22 October 2003 |title=Baghban Review |work=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]] |url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/reviews/baghban-review/ |url-status=live |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521125938/https://www.empireonline.com/movies/reviews/baghban-review/ |archive-date=21 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Parag Chandrabala Maniar, who reviewed the film for [[B4U (network)|B4U]], agreed with Buragohain about the film's similarity to ''Avtaar'' but gave {{Lang|hi-latn|Baghban}} a more-positive reception. Calling the first part of {{Lang|hi-latn|Baghban}} was &quot;predictable&quot; and &quot;hackneyed&quot;, he said that Bachchan was &quot;excellent&quot; as Raj. The character was &quot;conveying love, anger and pain through his intelligent eyes. Bachchan makes the film worth a watch!&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maniar |first=Parag Chandrabala |date=2003 |title=Baghban |url=http://www.b4utv.com/movies/review/baghban.asp?ReviewID=baghban10032003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031217113026/http://www.b4utv.com/movies/review/baghban.asp?ReviewID=baghban10032003 |archive-date=17 December 2003 |access-date=21 May 2021 |website=[[B4U (network)|B4U]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Rajen Garabadu of [[NDTV]], &quot;{{Lang|hi-latn|Baghban}} dwells on the new generation, their false aspirations and confused priorities&amp;nbsp;[...] The film is replete with its fair share of drama (sometimes a little exaggerated), song and dance sequences and a couple of blows delivered here and there. Ravi Chopra has not experimented too much. He has wisely invested in human love, affection and familial bonding to reap the rewards for him.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Garabudu |first=Rajen |date=2003 |title=Baghban |url=http://www.ndtv.com/ent/reviews.asp?lang=hindi&amp;id=78&amp;moviename=Baghban |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031207011805/http://www.ndtv.com/ent/reviews.asp?lang=hindi&amp;id=78&amp;moviename=Baghban |archive-date=7 December 2003 |access-date=21 May 2021 |website=[[NDTV]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In ''[[The Afternoon Despatch &amp; Courier]]'', [[Deepa Gahlot]] called the film's plot &quot;terribly worn out&quot; and &quot;very 60s&quot;, but the chemistry of Bachchan and Malini (and their performances) satisfied the audience and concealed the film's flaws.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Gahlot |first=Deepa |author-link=Deepa Gahlot |date=October 2003 |title=Amitabh-Hema shine in mediocre fare! |work=[[The Afternoon Despatch &amp; Courier]] |url=http://www.cybernoon.com:80/DisplayArticle.asp?section=xtras&amp;subsection=showbuzz&amp;xfile=October2003_filmreview_standard17&amp;child=filmreview |url-status=dead |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031021011014/http://www.cybernoon.com/DisplayArticle.asp?section=xtras&amp;subsection=showbuzz&amp;xfile=October2003_filmreview_standard17&amp;child=filmreview |archive-date=21 October 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In ''[[The Times of India]]'', Parul Gupta described Khan's brief appearance as Raj's and Pooja's adopted son as &quot;a picture of the obedient offspring&quot; and called the film &quot;[[wikt:larger than life|larger-than-life]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Parul |date=3 October 2003 |title=Big B towers in Baghban |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/215095.cms |url-status=dead |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031222152318/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/215095.cms |archive-date=22 December 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sify]]'s Kunal Shah said that although he was sure that Chopra had addressed the themes in his previous work, the director &quot;has been successful in coming up with good performances from the lead cast&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Kunal |date=2003 |title=An old tale in a glamorous garb |url=http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/review.php?id=13275309&amp;ctid=5&amp;cid=2425 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031204145304/http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/review.php?id=13275309&amp;ctid=5&amp;cid=2425 |archive-date=4 December 2003 |access-date=21 May 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Namrata Joshi]] of ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'' criticised the film's length and number of &quot;family functions&quot;. She praised the performances (especially Bachchan's), and said the film &quot;seems to have been tailormade&quot; for his fans. Joshi said that Bachchan overshadowed Malini with his &quot;perfect efficiency and elan&quot;, but she praised Malini's &quot;fetching and elegant&quot; look.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Joshi |first=Namrata |author-link=Namrata Joshi |date=20 October 2003 |title=Baghban |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |url=https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/baghban/221785 |url-status=live |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210521130630/https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/baghban/221785 |archive-date=21 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; K. N. Vijiyan of the ''[[New Straits Times]]'' called the film &quot;the perfect comeback vehicle&quot; for Malini,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. N. |date=18 October 2003 |title=Message to unfilial children |page=27 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XEEhAAAAIBAJ&amp;q=Baghban+2003+review |url-status=live |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521130043/https://books.google.co.id/books?id=XEEhAAAAIBAJ&amp;dq=Baghban+2003+review&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s |archive-date=21 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Derek Elley]] of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' said: &quot;It takes stars of Bachchan and Hema Malini's stature to make the confection work, and luckily they're both up to the job, creating a palpable sense of the couple's mutual affection&amp;nbsp;...&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Elley |first=Derek |author-link=Derek Elley |date=24 November 2003 |title=Baghban |url=https://variety.com/2003/film/reviews/baghban-1200537774/ |url-status=live |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613090337/https://variety.com/2003/film/reviews/baghban-1200537774/ |archive-date=13 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Accolades ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Award<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Category<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Recipient(s)<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Result<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Bollywood Movie Awards]]<br /> | [[Bollywood Movie Award&amp;nbsp;– Most Sensational Actress|Most Sensational Actress]]<br /> | {{sort|Malini|Hema Malini}}<br /> | {{won}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Winners of Bollywood Movie Awards |url=http://www.bollywoodawards.com/winba9.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102124901/http://www.bollywoodawards.com/winba9.php |archive-date=2 November 2013 |access-date=21 May 2021 |website=[[Bollywood Movie Awards]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Best Story<br /> | {{sort|B. R. Chopra|B. R. Chopra}}<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[Filmfare Awards]]<br /> | [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]]<br /> | {{Lang|hi-latn|Baghban}}<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Filmfare Nominees and Winners |url=https://sites.google.com/site/deep750/FilmfareAwards.pdf?attredirects=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019034032/https://sites.google.com/site/deep750/FilmfareAwards.pdf?attredirects=0 |archive-date=19 October 2015 |access-date=21 May 2021 |website=Filmfare |format=PDF |pages=116–119}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]<br /> | {{sort|Bachchan|Amitabh Bachchan}}<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]<br /> | {{sort|Malini|Hema Malini}}<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]<br /> | {{sort|Khan|Salman Khan}}<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;8&quot; | [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]<br /> | [[IIFA Award for Best Film|Best Film]]<br /> | {{Lang|hi-latn|Baghban}}<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; rowspan=&quot;8&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kay |first=Jeremy |date=2 February 2004 |title=Kal Ho Naa Ho leads IIFA nominees |url=https://www.screendaily.com/kal-ho-naa-ho-leads-iifa-nominees/4018041.article |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107094231/https://www.screendaily.com/kal-ho-naa-ho-leads-iifa-nominees/4018041.article |archive-date=7 January 2018 |access-date=21 May 2021 |website=[[Screen International]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[IIFA Award for Best Director|Best Director]]<br /> | {{sort|Ravi Chopra|Ravi Chopra}}<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[IIFA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]<br /> | {{sort|Bachchan|Amitabh Bachchan}}<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[IIFA Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]<br /> | {{sort|Malini|Hema Malini}}<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role|Best Performance in a Comic Role]]<br /> | {{sort|Rawal|Paresh Rawal}}<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[IIFA Award for Best Story|Best Story]]<br /> | {{sort|B. R. Chopra|B. R. Chopra}}<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[IIFA Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]<br /> | {{sort|Sameer|Sameer}} {{small|(for &quot;Main Yahan Tu Wahan&quot;)}}<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[IIFA Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]<br /> | {{sort|Bachchan|Amitabh Bachchan}} {{small|(for &quot;Main Yahan Tu Wahan&quot;)}}<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Producers Guild Film Awards]]<br /> | [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]]<br /> | {{Lang|hi-latn|Baghban}}<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1st Apsara Producers Guild Awards Nominees |url=http://apsaraawards.org/1st_apsara_awards_nominees.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111155559/http://apsaraawards.org/1st_apsara_awards_nominees.html |archive-date=11 January 2018 |access-date=21 May 2021 |website=[[Producers Guild Film Awards]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Best Costume Design<br /> | {{sort|Malhotra|[[Manish Malhotra]]}}, {{sort|Lulla|Neeta Lulla}}, {{sort|Vikram P.|Vikram P.}}, {{sort|Tilakha P.|Tilakha P.}}<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Screen Awards]]<br /> | [[Screen Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]<br /> | {{sort|Bachchan|Amitabh Bachchan}}<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 January 2004 |title=Special feature |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/special-feature-news-others-kkfvNSibdhesi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107105851/http://www.sify.com/movies/special-feature-news-others-kkfvNSibdhesi.html |archive-date=7 January 2018 |access-date=21 May 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=19 January 2004 |title=Sci-fi sweep at Star Screen Awards |work=[[The Indian Express]] |location=Mumbai, India |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/sci-fi-sweep-at-star-screen-awards/ |url-status=live |access-date=22 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519122515/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/sci-fi-sweep-at-star-screen-awards/ |archive-date=19 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Screen Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]<br /> | {{sort|Malini|Hema Malini}}<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Screen Award for Jodi No. 1|Jodi No. 1]]<br /> | {{sort|Bachchan|Amitabh Bachchan}}, {{sort|Malini|Hema Malini}}<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Stardust Awards]]<br /> | [[Stardust Award for Best Director|Best Director]]<br /> | {{sort|Ravi Chopra|Ravi Chopra}}<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nominations for the year 2003 |url=http://www.indiafm.com:80/awards/stardust/nominations.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040923211455/http://www.indiafm.com/awards/stardust/nominations.shtml |archive-date=23 September 2004 |access-date=21 May 2021 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Stardust Award for Breakthrough Performance – Female|Breakthrough Performance&amp;nbsp;– Female]]<br /> | {{sort|Sen|Rimi Sen}}<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | [[Zee Cine Awards]]<br /> | [[Zee Cine Award for Best Film|Best Film]]<br /> | {{Lang|hi-latn|Baghban}}<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=7 February 2004 |title=Zee Cine Awards 2004 takes flight |work=Indian Television |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/feb/feb68.htm |url-status=live |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180120164553/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/feb/feb68.htm |archive-date=20 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor&amp;nbsp;– Male|Best Actor&amp;nbsp;– Male]]<br /> | {{sort|Bachchan|Amitabh Bachchan}}<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor&amp;nbsp;– Female|Best Actor&amp;nbsp;– Female]]<br /> | {{sort|Malini|Hema Malini}}<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Zee Cine Award for Best Playback Singer&amp;nbsp;– Male|Best Playback Singer&amp;nbsp;– Male]]<br /> | {{sort|Bhosale|Sudesh Bhosale}} {{small|(for &quot;Meri Makhna Meri Soniye&quot;)}}<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]<br /> | {{sort|Sen|Rimi Sen}}<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | Best Re-recording<br /> | {{sort|Sod|Kuldeep Sod}}<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Zindagi (1976 film)|''Zindagi'' (1976 film)]]<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{Notelist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *{{IMDb title|0337578}}<br /> *{{Rotten Tomatoes|baghban/reviews}}<br /> *{{Mojo title|baghban}}<br /> <br /> {{B. R. Chopra}}<br /> {{Salim-Javed}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Baghban (Film)}}<br /> [[Category:2003 Hindi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2003 drama films]]<br /> [[Category:2003 films]]<br /> [[Category:Films about adoption]]<br /> [[Category:Films about death]]<br /> [[Category:Films about dysfunctional families]]<br /> [[Category:Films about grief]]<br /> [[Category:Films about marriage]]<br /> [[Category:Films about old age]]<br /> [[Category:Films about parent–child relationships]]<br /> [[Category:Films about social realism]]<br /> [[Category:Films about writers]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Ravi Chopra]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Aadesh Shrivastava]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Uttam Singh]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in London]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in London]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian family films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian remakes of Japanese films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Films based on multiple works]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi remakes of English films]]<br /> [[Category:Films distributed by Eros International]]</div>

AgnesOppen5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ranbir_Singh_of_Jind&diff=529490 2026-03-02T18:30:19Z

<p>AgnesOppen5: made</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Last ruling Maharaja of Jind from 1887–1948}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox royalty<br /> | name = Ranbir Singh<br /> | image = Photograph of Maharaja Ranbir Singh of Jind State, Bourne &amp; Shepherd, 1903.jpg<br /> | caption = Portrait by [[Bourne &amp; Shepherd]], 1903<br /> | reign = 7 March 1887 – 31 March 1948<br /> | predecessor = [[Raghubir Singh of Jind|Raghubir Singh]]<br /> | succession = [[Jind State|Maharaja of Jind]]<br /> | successor = Rajbir Singh<br /> | coronation = <br /> | reg-type = Chief Minister<br /> | regent = Sir Shamsher Singh<br /> | spouse = <br /> | issue = <br /> | house = <br /> | father = Balbir Singh, Crown Prince of Jind<br /> | mother = <br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|1879|10|11|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = Jind Fort Palace, Jind Fort, [[Jind]], [[Jind State|Kingdom of Jind]], [[British Raj|Empire of India]]<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|1948|3|31|1879|10|11|df=y}}<br /> | death_place = Mubarak Palace, [[Sangrur]], Kingdom of Jind,<br /> | place of burial = <br /> | signature = <br /> | religion = [[Sikhism]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Brigadier Maharajah '''Sir Ranbir Singh''' [[G.C.S.I.]], [[G.C.I.E.]] (11 October 1879 – 31 March 1948) was the [[Maharaja]] of [[Jind State|Jind]] (Punjab at that time, now Jind city falls in Haryana and the rest of his state is in Punjab). He ruled Jind from 1887 to 1948- one of the longest terms as the ruler.<br /> <br /> ==Early life and family==<br /> Singh was born on 11 October 1879 as the only son of Tikka Sri Balbir Singh Sahib Bahadur (1857-1883), the only son of [[Raghubir Singh of Jind]] and the heir apparent to the throne of Jind. When Ranbir Singh was four, his father died, and he became the heir. In 1887, his grandfather Raghubir Singh died, and he succeeded him as the Raja of Jind.<br /> <br /> ==Early career==<br /> [[file:Portrait photograph of Raja Ranbir Singh of Jind State, ca.1903.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Ranbir Singh {{circa|1903}}]]<br /> After ruling under a regency for a decade, Singh came of age and was formally installed in 1899. He contributed contingents of the state army to serve with the British in the [[Tirah Campaign]] of 1897, the East African campaign during the First World War and in the [[Third Afghan War]] of 1919 and the Malayan campaign against the forces of [[Imperial Japan]] during the Second World War. Ranbir Singh himself pursued a military career, eventually rising to the rank of Brigadier in the British Army.<br /> <br /> A progressive ruler, Singh built schools and hospitals, established charities for widows and orphans and instituted free primary education in Jind. In the [[1909 New Year Honours]], he was knighted with the KCSI and two years later was granted the hereditary distinction of Maharaja of Jind. He was appointed a GCIE in the [[1916 New Year Honours]]. In 1918, he received the additional title of ''Rajendra Bahadur''; in 1926, he was granted an increased permanent gun salute of 13-guns with a 15-gun local salute. He was appointed a G.C.S.I. in 1937.<br /> <br /> == Late career ==<br /> He was stone deaf for his last few years on the throne, before the [[Partition of India]] and during the course of World War II, and was largely a puppet of the Prime Minister at the time- Sir Behari Lall Dhingra.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Diwan Jarmani Dass |title=Maharaja |url=https://ia801901.us.archive.org/5/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.202181/2015.202181.Maharaja.pdf |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=ia801901.us.archive.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was known as the Bola Raja, or the 'Deaf King'. Later he joined the P.E.P.S.U. (Patiala and East Punjab States Union).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maharaja Ranbir Singh Of Jind |url=https://jatchiefs.com/maharaja-ranbir-singh-of-jind/ |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=Jat Chiefs |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In March 1947, Singh celebrated his Diamond Jubilee, marking 60 years on the throne of Jind-the longest reign of any of the rulers of the Phulkian clan. He signed the Instrument of Accession to the Dominion of India five months later and died on 31 March 1948, aged 68 after a 61-year reign. He was succeeded by his son, [[Rajbir Singh of Jind|Rajbir Singh]].<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> He caused controversy when marrying a Belgian-Romanian woman named Olive Monalescu; Lord Curzon was the Viceroy of India at the time. He did not like this clandestine marriage. Ranbir Singh told Curzon frankly that the marriage was none of his concern. Curzon stated that Olive shall never get the title of ‘Maharani of Jind’ and it was so. Olive later took divorce from Ranbir Singh in 1928 and proceeded to London and settled there with her daughter Dorothy, who later committed suicide.<br /> <br /> Maharaja Ranbir Singh was also a womanizer and philanderer. He was interested in dogs and he had many kennels in India, which many European aristocrats&lt;sup&gt;[who?]&lt;/sup&gt; used to visit.<br /> <br /> Singh married five times, first to Dhelma Kaur, then to Jaswant Kaur (née Olive Monalescu), the daughter of a Romanian barber, third to Deepkumar Kaur and fourth to Gurcharan Kaur. He had 12 children, five sons and seven daughters:<br /> # An unnamed prince<br /> # Dorothy Kaur<br /> # Dhelma Kaur<br /> # Devinderbir Kaur<br /> # [[Rajbir Singh of Jind|Rajbir Singh]]<br /> # Brijinder Kaur<br /> # Ruby Rajibir Kaur<br /> # Diamond Balbir Rajinder Kaur<br /> # Jagatbir Singh<br /> # [[Lieutenant-General]] Jasbir Singh, PVSM<br /> # Gajinder Bir Singh<br /> # Taranbir Kaur<br /> <br /> ==Titles==<br /> *1879-1883: [[Yuvaraja|Rajkumar]] [[Sri]] Ranbir Singh<br /> *1883-1887: Sri [[Heir apparent|Tikka]] [[Sahib]] Ranbir Singh Bahadur<br /> *1887-1909: [[His Highness]] Farzand-i-Dilband, Rasikh ul-Itiqad-i- Daulat-i-Inglishia, Raja-i-Rajgan, [[Raja]] Sri Ranbir Singh Bahadur, [[Raja]] of [[Jind]]<br /> *1909-1911: His Highness Farzand-i-Dilband, Rasikh ul-Itiqad-i- Daulat-i-Inglishia, Raja-i-Rajgan, Raja Sri [[Sir]] Ranbir Singh Bahadur, Raja of Jind, [[Order of the Star of India|KCSI]]<br /> *1911-1916: His Highness Farzand-i-Dilband, Rasikh ul-Itiqad-i- Daulat-i-Inglishia, Raja-i-Rajgan, [[Maharaja]] Sri Sir Ranbir Singh Bahadur, [[Maharaja]] of Jind, KCSI<br /> *1916-1918: His Highness Farzand-i-Dilband, Rasikh ul-Itiqad-i- Daulat-i-Inglishia, Raja-i-Rajgan, Maharaja Sri Sir Ranbir Singh Bahadur, Maharaja of Jind, [[GCIE]], KCSI<br /> *1918-1926: [[Lieutenant-Colonel]] His Highness Farzand-i-Dilband, Rasikh ul-Itiqad-i- Daulat-i-Inglishia, Raja-i-Rajgan, Maharaja Sri Sir Ranbir Singh Rajendra Bahadur, Maharaja of Jind, GCIE, KCSI<br /> *1926-1937: [[Colonel]] His Highness Farzand-i-Dilband, Rasikh ul-Itiqad-i- Daulat-i-Inglishia, Raja-i-Rajgan, Maharaja Sri Sir Ranbir Singh Rajendra Bahadur, Maharaja of Jind, GCIE, KCSI<br /> *1937-1943: Colonel His Highness Farzand-i-Dilband, Rasikh ul-Itiqad-i- Daulat-i-Inglishia, Raja-i-Rajgan, Maharaja Sri Sir Ranbir Singh Rajendra Bahadur, Maharaja of Jind, [[GCSI]], GCIE<br /> *1943-1948: [[Brigadier]] His Highness Farzand-i-Dilband, Rasikh ul-Itiqad-i- Daulat-i-Inglishia, Raja-i-Rajgan, Maharaja Sri Sir Ranbir Singh Rajendra Bahadur, Maharaja of Jind, GCSI, GCIE<br /> <br /> == Honours ==<br /> *Delhi Durbar gold medal-1903<br /> *Delhi Durbar gold medal-1911<br /> *[[Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]] (GCIE)-1916<br /> *[[King George V Silver Jubilee Medal]]-1935<br /> *[[King George VI Coronation Medal]]-1937<br /> *[[Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]] (GCSI)-1937 (KCSI-1909)<br /> *Indian Independence Medal-1947<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian knights]]<br /> [[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]<br /> [[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]<br /> [[Category:1879 births]]<br /> [[Category:1948 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]<br /> [[Category:Maharajas of Jind State]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian monarchs]]</div>

AgnesOppen5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pratapsingh_Rane&diff=450904 2026-03-01T18:20:32Z

<p>AgnesOppen5: General improvements to article content</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian politician (born 1939)}}<br /> {{BLP sources|date=September 2019}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | image = Pratapsingh Rane.jpg<br /> | caption = Rane in 2005<br /> | name = Pratapsingh Rane <br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1939|1|28|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Sanquelim]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]<br /> | nationality = {{ubl|<br /> * Portuguese&lt;br/&gt;(until 1961)<br /> * Indian (from 1961)}}<br /> | residence = Golden Acres, Kulan, [[Sanquelim]], [[Goa]], India<br /> | constituency = <br /> | office = 1st [[Chief Minister of Goa]]<br /> | term_start = 7 June 2005<br /> | term_end = 8 June 2007<br /> | predecessor = ''[[President's rule]]'' | governor = S. C. Jamir<br /> | successor = [[Digambar Kamat]]<br /> | term_start2 = 2 February 2005<br /> | term_end2 = 4 March 2005 | governor2 =[[S. C. Jamir]] <br /> | predecessor2 = [[Manohar Parrikar]]<br /> | successor2 = ''President's rule''<br /> | term_start3 = 16 December 1994<br /> | term_end3 = 29 July 1998 | governor3 =[[Gopala Ramanujam]], [[Romesh Bhandari]], [[P. C. Alexander]], [[T. R. Satishchandran]], [[J. F. R. Jacob]]<br /> | predecessor3 = [[Wilfred de Souza]]<br /> | successor3 = [[Wilfred de Souza]]<br /> | term_start4 = 30 May 1987<br /> | term_end4 = 27 March 1990<br /> | predecessor4 = ''Office established'' | governor4 =[[Gopal Singh (politician)|Gopal Singh]], [[Khurshed Alam Khan]]<br /> | successor4 = [[Churchill Alemao]]<br /> | term_start5= <br /> | term_end5= <br /> | predecessor5= <br /> | successor5= <br /> | office6=3rd [[List of Chief Ministers of Goa|Chief Minister of Goa, Daman and Diu]]<br /> | term_start7= |lieutenant_governor6=[[P. S. Gill]], [[Idris Hasan Latif]], [[K. T. Satarawala]], Idris Hasan Latif, [[Gopal Singh (politician)|Gopal Singh]] <br /> | term_end7=<br /> | term_start6=16 January 1980<br /> | term_end6=30 May 1987 <br /> | predecessor7= <br /> | predecessor6=''[[President's rule]]''<br /> | successor7=<br /> | successor6= ''Office abolished''<br /> | office8 = Member of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | term_start8 = 1989 <br /> | term_end8 = 2022<br /> | predecessor8 = ''constituency established''<br /> | successor8 = [[Deviya Rane]]<br /> | constituency8 = [[Poriem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Poriem]]<br /> | termstart9 = 1972<br /> | term_end9 = 1989<br /> | predecessor9 = K.G. Appa<br /> | successor9 = ''constituency delimited''<br /> | constituency9 = [[Sattari Assembly constituency|Sattari]]<br /> | office10 = [[List of speakers of the Goa Legislative Assembly|Speaker]] of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | termstart11 = 15 June 1999<br /> | termend11 = 11 June 2002<br /> | predecessor11 = [[Tomazinho Cardozo]]<br /> | successor11 = [[Vishwas Satarkar]]<br /> | termstart10 = 15 June 2007<br /> | termend10 = 6 March 2012<br /> | predecessor10 = [[Francisco Sardinha]]<br /> | successor10 = [[Rajendra Arlekar]]<br /> | party = [[Indian National Congress]] (since 1977)<br /> | other_party = [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]] (1972–1977)&lt;ref&gt;https://www.heraldgoa.in/goa/son-makes-the-sun-go-down-on-pratapsingh-ranes-five-decade-political-career/356596/&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | spouse = <br /> | children = [[Vishwajit Rane]] (son)<br /> | relatives = [[Deviya Rane]] (daughter-in-law)<br /> | source = https://web.archive.org/web/20060707212453/http://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/profile.php?memberid=3&amp;class=gov Government of Goa<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Pratapsingh Raoji Rane''' (born 28 January 1939) is an Indian politician and statesman who served as the third [[Chief Minister of Goa, Daman and Diu]] from 1980 to 1987, and as the first [[Chief Minister of Goa]], holding the office five times between 1987 and 2007. Rane was also the former Leader Of Opposition in the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]]. He had been a state legislator for nearly 50 years.<br /> <br /> Rane is the longest-serving [[Chief Minister]] in the history of [[Goa]] and also holds the record for the longest continuous tenure as [[Chief Minister]] in the state. In 2022, the [[Pramod Sawant]] led [[Government of Goa|Government]] conferred life long cabinet status on Rane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-01-07|title=Goa govt to confer ‘lifelong cabinet status’ on Cong leader Pratapsingh Rane|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/goa-bjp-govt-to-confer-lifelong-cabinet-status-on-veteran-cong-leader-pratapsingh-rane-101641539744786.html|access-date=2022-02-07|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Rane has been a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] since the mid-1970s, and was earlier a prominent figure in the [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]]. In the MGP, he was minister for law and also held other portfolios, in the term beginning 1972.<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Rane comes from the prominent [[Rane (clan)]] feudal clan of the [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha]] caste that dominated politics in [[Sattari]]. The clan had a set of revolts and peace treaties with the Portuguese while the latter were ruling Goa. He completed his schooling in [[Shri Shivaji Preparatory Military School (Pune)]], and later obtained a Bachelor in Business Administration degree in the United States. <br /> <br /> He dominated politics in Goa throughout the 1980s, and for part of the 1990s. His achievements include the launching of the [[Kadamba Transport Corporation]], government-run bus transport system in [[Goa]]. He started Schools and Colleges in rural areas.<br /> <br /> During his tenure as a Chief Minister, [[Goa University]] was established. He built a network of roads connecting villages and towns in Goa. Number of Industrial Estates and Industrial Training Institutes were stated during his tenure which helped Goa to industrialise.<br /> <br /> He undertook to build small and big Irrigation Projects in various parts of Goa. He is also a founder member of the International Centre Goa and a founder member of [[Goa Institute of Management]], a premier Management Institute in [[India]].<br /> <br /> == Political career ==<br /> <br /> In the 1980s, dissidents within the ruling Congress party sought to dislodge Rane from power, by appealing to [[New Delhi]] mostly unsuccessfully. Some of his later tenures in power earned criticism allegedly because of growing corruption during his regime. He was leader of the Opposition while the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) ruled Goa from the late-1990s until early 2005. His critics, like the then editor of the local Goa newspaper ''Herald'' or ''[[O Heraldo]]'', Rajan Narayan criticised Rane for not doing enough as the leader of the Opposition.<br /> <br /> Rane became chief minister after the Congress's first-ever win in [[Goa]] in 1980 mainly as a &quot;consensus candidate&quot;, after a bitter battle for the top political slot between the then two Congress heavyweights, Dr [[Wilfred de Souza]] and [[Ananta Narcina Naik]], also known as Babu Naik. Naik was subsequently largely marginalised in state politics, while Souza served under Rane in some of his cabinets.<br /> <br /> After 5 years of [[BJP]] rule, Rane began his fifth term as chief minister in February 2005 after the government fell due to a split in the Goa BJP. A month later, however, the state was put under president’s rule for three months. Rane then served as chief minister for the sixth time, for two years until the June 2007 state elections. Though the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]] and its allies won a comfortable majority, Rane was forced to step aside as chief minister due to infighting within the state Congress party, and was forced to step aside in favor of a neutral candidate, [[Digambar Kamat]]. Rane was, however, elected speaker of the state assembly when it reconvened a few days later.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2007-09-27 |title=Mangalorean.Com- Serving Mangaloreans Around The World! |url=http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=local&amp;newsid=45666 |access-date=2025-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927220030/http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=local&amp;newsid=45666 |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Personal life==<br /> By profession, Rane is an [[agriculturist]]. He is married. He enjoys reading and watching [[Marathi language|Marathi]] Drama and also enjoys English Theatre and Western and Indian Classical Music. He loves playing the Piano.{{cn|date=December 2023}}. His son [[Vishwajit Rane]] is married to [[Deviya Rane]], both of whom are legislators in the [[Government of Goa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2022-02-07 |title=Pratapsingh Rane passes on baton to BJP and daughter-in-law as he stays away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/rane-passes-on-baton-to-bjp-and-daughter-in-law-as-he-stays-away/articleshow/89391575.cms |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Controversies==<br /> <br /> After the BJP attempted a &quot;show of strength&quot; to take over the Goa house, they were stifled by Rane. The BJP accused Rane of acting in a partisan manner to protect the Congress led government.&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.today/20120731002623/http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=90195 Goa Speaker acting in partisan manner: BJP-led front] 30 July 2007&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He has also been accused by businessman, [[Bhalchandra Naik]] of demanding Rs 10 crore for being granted Environmental clearance for a mine, of which Rs 6 crore had been paid to his son [[Vishwajit Pratapsingh Rane|Vishwajit Rane]], MLA from [[Valpoi Assembly constituency|Valpoi]].<br /> <br /> In 2018, Rane was caught in another controversy, where he called Goan emigrants from [[United Kingdom]], &quot;toilet cleaners&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Congress Leader Calls Goans Settled Abroad &quot;Toilet Cleaners&quot;, Party Upset|url=https://www.ndtv.com/goa-news/goans-settled-abroad-are-toilet-cleaners-says-congress-leader-party-reacts-1896287|access-date=2022-02-07|website=NDTV.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was asked for an explanation by the [[Goa Pradesh Congress Committee|state party]] president, [[Girish Chodankar]].<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060707212453/http://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/profile.php?memberid=3&amp;class=gov Goa Assembly - Chief Minister Profile, official version]<br /> <br /> {{s-start}}<br /> {{succession box|<br /> before=[[Pratapsinh Rane]]|<br /> title=[[Chief Minister of Goa]]|<br /> years=1979&amp;ndash;1990|<br /> after=[[Churchill Alemao]]<br /> }}<br /> {{succession box|<br /> before=[[Manohar Parrikar]]|<br /> title=[[Chief Minister of Goa]]|<br /> years=2005&amp;ndash;2007|<br /> after=[[Digambar Kamat]]<br /> }}<br /> {{s-end}}<br /> {{Chief Ministers of Goa}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Rane, Pratapsingh}}<br /> [[Category:1939 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Goa]]<br /> [[Category:Chief ministers of Goa]]<br /> [[Category:Speakers of the Goa Legislative Assembly]]<br /> [[Category:Leaders of the opposition in Goa]]<br /> [[Category:Chief ministers from Indian National Congress]]<br /> [[Category:Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Politicians from North Goa district]]<br /> [[Category:Indian National Congress (U) politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Goa, Daman and Diu MLAs 1972–1977]]<br /> [[Category:Goa, Daman and Diu MLAs 1977–1980]]<br /> [[Category:Goa, Daman and Diu MLAs 1980–1984]]<br /> [[Category:Goa MLAs 1984–1989]]<br /> [[Category:Goa MLAs 1989–1994]]<br /> [[Category:Goa MLAs 1994–1999]]<br /> [[Category:Goa MLAs 1999–2002]]<br /> [[Category:Goa MLAs 2002–2007]]<br /> [[Category:Goa MLAs 2007–2012]]<br /> [[Category:Goa MLAs 2012–2017]]<br /> [[Category:Goa MLAs 2017–2022]]</div>

AgnesOppen5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cristiano_Ronaldo&diff=446917 2026-02-28T20:57:34Z

<p>AgnesOppen5: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Portuguese footballer (born 1985)}}<br /> {{Redirect|CR7|other uses|Cristiano Ronaldo (disambiguation)|and|CR7 (disambiguation)}}<br /> {{Portuguese name|dos Santos|Aveiro}}<br /> {{pp-move}}<br /> {{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=September 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox football biography<br /> | name = Cristiano Ronaldo&lt;br&gt;{{nobold|{{post-nominals|post-noms=[[Order of Prince Henry|GOIH]] [[Order of Merit (Portugal)|ComM]]}}}}<br /> | image = File:Cristiano Ronaldo 2275 (cropped).jpg<br /> | caption = Ronaldo playing for [[Portugal national football team|Portugal]] in 2025<br /> | full_name = Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.fifadata.com/documents/FCWC/2017/pdf/FCWC_2017_Squadlists.pdf |title=FIFA Club World Cup UAE 2017: List of players: Real Madrid CF |publisher=[[FIFA]] |page=5 |date=16 December 2017 |access-date=23 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223004345/https://www.fifadata.com/documents/fcwc/2017/pdf/fcwc_2017_squadlists.pdf |archive-date=23 December 2017 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1985|2|5|df=y}}&lt;ref name=&quot;AtFeet&quot;/&gt;<br /> | birth_place = [[Funchal]], Madeira, Portugal<br /> | height = 1.87 m{{refn|group=note|Varies between 1.85 and 1.89 metres by source. [[FIFA]] gives 1.85,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://fdp.fifa.org/assetspublic/ce44/pdf/SquadLists-English.pdf |title=FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022™ – Squad List: Portugal (POR) |publisher=[[FIFA]] |page=22 |date=18 December 2022 |access-date=20 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218195301/https://fdp.fifa.org/assetspublic/ce44/pdf/SquadLists-English.pdf |archive-date=<br /> 18 December 2022 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] 1.87,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.realmadrid.com/en/football/squad/cristiano-ronaldo-dos-santos?pid=1330528088945 |title=Cristiano Ronaldo (CR7) {{!}} Official Website |date=2018 |publisher=[[Real Madrid CF]] |website=realmadrid.com<br /> |access-date=29 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129183438/https://www.realmadrid.com/en/football/squad/cristiano-ronaldo-dos-santos?pid=1330528088945 |archive-date=29 January 2019 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; and the [[Portuguese Football Federation]] 1.89.&lt;ref name=&quot;FPF&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> | position = [[Forward (association football)|Forward]]<br /> | currentclub = [[Al-Nassr FC|Al-Nassr]]<br /> | clubnumber = 7<br /> | youthyears1 = 1992–1995<br /> | youthclubs1 = [[CF Andorinha|Andorinha]]<br /> | youthyears2 = 1995–1997<br /> | youthclubs2 = [[C.D. Nacional|Nacional]]<br /> | youthyears3 = 1997–2002<br /> | youthclubs3 = [[Sporting CP Youth Academy|Sporting CP]]<br /> | years1 = 2002–2003<br /> | clubs1 = [[Sporting CP B]]<br /> | caps1 = 2<br /> | goals1 = 0<br /> | years2 = 2002–2003<br /> | clubs2 = [[Sporting CP]]<br /> | caps2 = 25<br /> | goals2 = 3<br /> | years3 = 2003–2009<br /> | clubs3 = [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]<br /> | caps3 = 196<br /> | goals3 = 84<br /> | years4 = 2009–2018<br /> | clubs4 = [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]]<br /> | caps4 = 292<br /> | goals4 = 311<br /> | years5 = 2018–2021<br /> | clubs5 = [[Juventus FC|Juventus]]<br /> | caps5 = 98<br /> | goals5 = 81<br /> | years6 = 2021–2022<br /> | clubs6 = [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]<br /> | caps6 = 40<br /> | goals6 = 19<br /> | years7 = 2023–<br /> | clubs7 = [[Al-Nassr FC|Al-Nassr]]<br /> | caps7 = 99<br /> | goals7 = 95&lt;!-- LEAGUE ONLY --&gt;<br /> | nationalyears1 = 2001<br /> | nationalteam1 = [[Portugal national under-15 football team|Portugal U15]]<br /> | nationalcaps1 = 9<br /> | nationalgoals1 = 7<br /> | nationalyears2 = 2001–2002<br /> | nationalteam2 = [[Portugal national under-17 football team|Portugal U17]]<br /> | nationalcaps2 = 7<br /> | nationalgoals2 = 5<br /> | nationalyears3 = 2003<br /> | nationalteam3 = [[Portugal national under-20 football team|Portugal U20]]<br /> | nationalcaps3 = 5<br /> | nationalgoals3 = 1<br /> | nationalyears4 = 2002–2003<br /> | nationalteam4 = [[Portugal national under-21 football team|Portugal U21]]<br /> | nationalcaps4 = 10<br /> | nationalgoals4 = 3<br /> | nationalyears5 = 2004<br /> | nationalteam5 = [[Portugal Olympic football team|Portugal U23]]<br /> | nationalcaps5 = 3<br /> | nationalgoals5 = 2<br /> | nationalyears6 = 2003–<br /> | nationalteam6 = [[Portugal national football team|Portugal]]<br /> | nationalcaps6 = [[List of men's footballers with 100 or more international caps#Men's footballers with 100 or more international caps|226]]<br /> | nationalgoals6 = [[List of international goals scored by Cristiano Ronaldo|143]]<br /> | club-update = 22:00, 28 February 2026 (UTC)<br /> | nationalteam-update = 22:45, 13 November 2025 (UTC)<br /> | medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[Association football|football]]}}&lt;!--DO NOT EDIT OUT HOST NATION FOR TEAM COMPETITIONS--&gt;<br /> {{MedalCountry|{{fb|POR}}}}<br /> {{Medal|Competition|[[UEFA European Championship]]}}<br /> {{Medal|W|[[UEFA Euro 2016|2016 France]]|}}<br /> {{Medal|RU|[[UEFA Euro 2004|2004 Portugal]]|}}<br /> {{Medal|3rd|[[UEFA Euro 2012|2012 Poland-Ukraine]]|{{refn|group=note|Although there was no third-place playoff, both losing semi-finalists (Germany and Portugal) were awarded bronze medals by UEFA.&lt;ref name=regulations2012&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/competitions/euro/91/87/57/918757_download.pdf |title=Regulations for UEFA Euro 2012 |publisher=UEFA |date=September 2009 |access-date=29 December 2020 |archive-date=15 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215034039/https://www.uefa.com/multimediafiles/download/competitions/euro/91/87/57/918757_download.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}}}<br /> {{Medal|Competition|[[UEFA Nations League]]}}<br /> {{Medal|W|[[2019 UEFA Nations League Finals|2019 Portugal]]|}}<br /> {{Medal|W|[[2025 UEFA Nations League Finals|2025 Germany]]|}}<br /> {{Medal|Competition|[[FIFA Confederations Cup]]}}<br /> {{Medal|3rd|[[2017 FIFA Confederations Cup|2017 Russia]]|}}<br /> | module = {{Infobox person|embed=yes<br /> | website = {{URL|https://cristianoronaldo.com}}<br /> | signature = Cristiano Ronaldo Signature.svg<br /> | signature_alt = Cristiano Ronaldo signature}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Cristiano Ronaldo series}}<br /> '''Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro'''{{efn|{{IPA|pt|kɾɨʃtjɐnu ʁunaɫdu duʃ ˈsɐ̃tuʃ aˈvej.ɾu|audio=Cristiano Ronaldo name pronunciation.ogg}}}} (born 5 February 1985), nicknamed '''CR7''', is a Portuguese professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Forward (association football)|forward]] for and [[Captain (association football)|captains]] both [[Saudi Pro League]] club [[Al-Nassr FC|Al-Nassr]] and the [[Portugal national football team|Portugal national team]]. Widely regarded as one of the greatest players in history, he has won numerous [[List of career achievements by Cristiano Ronaldo#Individual honours|individual accolades]] throughout [[Career of Cristiano Ronaldo|his career]], including five [[Ballon d'Or]]s, a record three [[UEFA Men's Player of the Year Award]]s, and four [[European Golden Shoe]]s. He was also named the [[The Best FIFA Men's Player#FIFA Player of the Year (including predecessors)|world's best player]] five times by [[FIFA]].{{refn|group=note|The terminology for the award has varied. Ronaldo received three Ballons d'Or as awarded by ''[[France Football]]'' magazine ([[2008 Ballon d'Or|2008]], [[2016 Ballon d'Or|2016]], [[2017 Ballon d'Or|2017]]) and two [[FIFA Ballon d'Or|FIFA Ballons d'Or]] ([[2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or|2013]], [[2014 FIFA Ballon d'Or|2014]]) as well as the [[2008 FIFA World Player of the Year]] and [[The Best FIFA Football Awards 2016|2016]] and [[The Best FIFA Football Awards 2017|2017]] [[The Best FIFA Men's Player|Best FIFA Men's Player]] awards.}} He has won [[List of career achievements by Cristiano Ronaldo#Collective awards|34 trophies in his career]], including five [[UEFA Champions League]]s and the [[UEFA European Championship]]. He holds the records for most [[List of UEFA Champions League top scorers#All-time top scorers|goals]] (140) and [[European Cup and UEFA Champions League records and statistics#Most assists|assists]] (42) in the Champions League, [[UEFA European Championship top goalscorers|goals]] (14) and assists (8) in the European Championship, and most [[List of men's footballers with 100 or more international caps|international appearances]] (226) and [[List of men's footballers with 50 or more international goals|international goals]] (143). He is the only player to have scored 100 goals with four different clubs. He has made [[List of men's footballers with 1,000 or more official appearances|over 1,300 professional career appearances]], the most by an [[outfield]] player, and has scored [[List of footballers with 500 or more goals|over 960 official senior career goals]] for club and country, making him the top goalscorer of all time.<br /> <br /> Born in [[Funchal]], Madeira, Ronaldo began his career with [[Sporting CP]] before signing with [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] in 2003. He became a star player at United, where he won three consecutive [[Premier League]] titles, the [[2007–08 UEFA Champions League|Champions League]], and the [[FIFA Club World Cup]]. His [[2007–08 Manchester United F.C. season|2007–08]] season earned him his first [[2008 Ballon d'Or|Ballon d'Or]] at age 23. In 2009, Ronaldo became the subject of the then-[[List of most expensive association football transfers|most expensive transfer in history]] when he joined [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] in a deal worth €94 million (£80 million). At Madrid, he was at the forefront of the club's resurgence as a dominant European force, helping them win four Champions Leagues between 2014 and 2018, including the long-awaited ''[[La Décima]]''. He also won two [[La Liga]] titles, including the record-breaking [[2011–12 La Liga|2011–12]] season in which Madrid reached 100 points, and became the club's [[List of Real Madrid CF records and statistics#Goalscorers|all-time top goalscorer]]. He won Ballon d'Ors in [[2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or|2013]], [[2014 FIFA Ballon d'Or|2014]], [[2016 Ballon d'Or|2016]] and [[2017 Ballon d'Or|2017]], and was runner-up three times to [[Lionel Messi]], his perceived [[Messi–Ronaldo rivalry|career rival]]. Following issues with the club hierarchy, Ronaldo signed for [[Juventus FC|Juventus]] in 2018 in a transfer worth an initial €100&amp;nbsp;million, where he was pivotal in winning two [[Serie A]] titles. In 2021, he returned to United before joining Al-Nassr in 2023.<br /> <br /> Ronaldo made his international debut for Portugal in 2003 at the age of 18 and has earned more than [[List of men's footballers with 100 or more international caps|200 caps]], making him history's most-capped male player.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 December 2022 |title=Cristiano Ronaldo becomes all-time international cap leader |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2022/12/cristiano-ronaldo-becomes-all-time-international-cap-leader-729651 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810231839/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2022/12/cristiano-ronaldo-becomes-all-time-international-cap-leader-729651 |archive-date=10 August 2023 |access-date=9 August 2023 |website=Guinness World Records }}&lt;/ref&gt; He has played in eleven major tournaments. He scored his first international goal in [[UEFA Euro 2004|Euro 2004]], where he helped Portugal reach [[UEFA Euro 2004 Final|the final]] and subsequently made the [[UEFA European Championship awards#Team of the Tournament|team of the tournament]]. He assumed [[List of Portugal national football team captains|captaincy]] of the national team ahead of [[Euro 2008]]; and at [[UEFA Euro 2012|Euro 2012]], he was named in the team of the tournament. Ronaldo led Portugal to their first major tournament title at [[UEFA Euro 2016|Euro 2016]], being named in the team of the tournament for the third time. In the [[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018 World Cup]], he had his most prolific World Cup campaign with four goals. He received the [[UEFA Euro 2020#Awards|Golden Boot]] as the top scorer of [[UEFA Euro 2020|Euro 2020]] before playing in his fifth World Cup at the [[2022 FIFA World Cup|2022 World Cup]]. He has won two [[UEFA Nations League]]s, in [[2018–19 UEFA Nations League|2019]] and [[2024–25 UEFA Nations League|2025]].<br /> <br /> One of the world's most marketable and famous athletes, Ronaldo was ranked the [[Forbes list of the world's highest-paid athletes|world's highest-paid athlete]] by ''[[Forbes]]'' on five occasions, and the world's most famous athlete by [[ESPN]] from 2016 to 2019. ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' included him on their list of the [[Time 100|100 most influential people in the world]] in 2014. He is the most popular sportsperson on social media: he counts over 1&amp;nbsp;billion total followers across [[Facebook]], [[Twitter]], [[YouTube]] and [[Instagram]], making him the first person to achieve that feat. Ronaldo was named in the [[UEFA Team of the Year#UEFA Ultimate Team of the Year|UEFA Ultimate Team of the Year]] in 2015, the [[UEFA European Championship awards#All-time Euro XI|All-time UEFA Euro XI]] in 2016, and the [[Ballon d'Or Dream Team]] in 2020. In recognition of his record-breaking goalscoring success, he received special awards for [[The Best FIFA Football Awards#FIFA Special Award for an Outstanding Career Achievement|Outstanding Career Achievement]] by FIFA in 2021 and [[List of UEFA Champions League top scorers|Champions League All-Time Top Scorer]] by [[UEFA]] in 2024.{{TOC limit|4}}<br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro was born on 5 February 1985 in the [[São Pedro (Funchal)|São Pedro]] parish of [[Funchal]], the capital of the Portuguese island of [[Madeira]], and grew up in the nearby parish of [[Santo António (Funchal)|Santo António]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=https://www.dn.pt/dossiers/desporto/cristiano-ronaldo/perfil/interior/pelos-caminhos-de-ronaldo-1298338.html |newspaper=Diário de Notícias |title=Desporto – Pelos caminhos de Ronaldo |date=6 July 2009 |access-date=22 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808072949/http://www.dn.pt/dossiers/desporto/cristiano-ronaldo/perfil/interior/pelos-caminhos-de-ronaldo-1298338.html |archive-date=8 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.marca.com/en/football/real-madrid/2017/02/05/5896528d22601db9458b4599.html |last=Jimenez |first=Ruben |title=Cristiano turns 32 |work=Marca|location=Spain |date=5 February 2017 |access-date=22 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715151746/http://www.marca.com/en/football/real-madrid/2017/02/05/5896528d22601db9458b4599.html |archive-date=15 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is the fourth and youngest child of Maria Dolores dos Santos Viveiros Aveiro, who worked as a cook in the [[hospitality industry]] and a [[cleaning woman]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 July 2018 |title=Família de Cristiano Ronaldo inaugura restaurante em Gramado: 'Me apaixonei pela cidade', diz irmã |url=https://g1.globo.com/rs/rio-grande-do-sul/noticia/familia-de-cristiano-ronaldo-inaugura-restaurante-em-gramado-me-apaixonei-pela-cidade-diz-irma.ghtml |access-date=20 November 2023 |website=G1 |language=pt-br |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120134441/https://g1.globo.com/rs/rio-grande-do-sul/noticia/familia-de-cristiano-ronaldo-inaugura-restaurante-em-gramado-me-apaixonei-pela-cidade-diz-irma.ghtml |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 April 2023 |title=Cristiano Ronaldo, do início humilde à grandeza no futebol |url=https://bomdia.ch/cristiano-ronaldo-do-inicio-humilde-a-grandeza-no-futebol/ |access-date=20 November 2023 |website=BOM DIA Suíça |language=pt |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120134442/https://bomdia.ch/cristiano-ronaldo-do-inicio-humilde-a-grandeza-no-futebol/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and José Dinis Aveiro, a municipal gardener at the ''[[Junta de Freguesia]]'' of Santo António and part-time [[Equipment manager|kit man]] for football club [[CF Andorinha|Andorinha]].&lt;ref name=&quot;LittleBee&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=José Dinis: &quot;O meu filho é uma força da natureza&quot; |url=https://www.record.pt/futebol/futebol-nacional/liga-betclic/sporting/detalhe/jose-dinis-o-meu-filho-e-uma-forca-da-natureza |access-date=20 November 2023 |website=www.record.pt |language=pt-PT |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120132119/https://www.record.pt/futebol/futebol-nacional/liga-betclic/sporting/detalhe/jose-dinis-o-meu-filho-e-uma-forca-da-natureza |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 June 2011 |title=Deixou a Madeira em lágrimas e chegou ao topo do Mundo |url=https://www.dn.pt/gente/deixou-a-madeira-em-lagrimas-e-chegou-ao-topo-do-mundo-1881777.html |access-date=20 November 2023 |website=www.dn.pt |language=pt-PT |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120132753/https://www.dn.pt/gente/deixou-a-madeira-em-lagrimas-e-chegou-ao-topo-do-mundo-1881777.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; His father served in the [[Portuguese Army]] during the [[Portuguese Colonial War]] and saw combat in [[Angola]], he was traumatized by his experiences as a soldier which led to lifelong struggles with alcoholism.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Doyle |first1=Brian |title=Cristiano Ronaldo: World-Beater |date=2017 |pages=13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ronaldo has one older brother, Hugo, and two older sisters, Elma and [[Kátia Aveiro|Liliana Cátia &quot;Kátia&quot;]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AtFeet&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|web|last=Lewis |first=Tim |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2008/jun/08/manchesterunited.portugal |title=He's got the world at his feet |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=8 June 2008 |access-date=5 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927042123/http://www.theguardian.com/football/2008/jun/08/manchesterunited.portugal |archive-date=27 September 2013 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; He was named after actor and U.S. President [[Ronald Reagan]], whom his father was a fan of.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2016/01/19/cristiano-ronaldo-was-named-after-ronald-reagan-no-really/|title=Cristiano Ronaldo was named after Ronald Reagan. No, really.|quote=My parents named me after [Ronald Reagan] because they both liked this name and thought it sounded strong. [...] I know that my father admired him.|last=Payne|first=Marissa|newspaper=Washington Post|via=GQ|date=19 January 2016|access-date=23 June 2023|archive-date=6 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306034422/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2016/01/19/cristiano-ronaldo-was-named-after-ronald-reagan-no-really/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; His mother revealed that she wanted to [[Abortion in Portugal|abort]] him due to poverty, his father's [[alcoholism]], and having too many children already, but her doctor refused to perform the procedure.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Cristiano Ronaldo's mother: I wanted an abortion, but God said no |url=https://www.eurosport.co.uk/football/liga/2014-2015/cristiano-ronaldos-mother-i-wanted-an-abortion-but-god-said-no_sto4979169/story.shtml |access-date=26 January 2021 |publisher=[[Eurosport]] |date=5 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ronaldo's mother reveals she tried to abort her son |url=https://www.independent.ie/sport/soccer/other-soccer/ronaldos-mother-reveals-she-tried-to-abort-her-son-30441371.html |access-date=30 June 2022 |work=Irish independent |date=18 July 2014 |archive-date=30 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630105713/https://www.independent.ie/sport/soccer/other-soccer/ronaldos-mother-reveals-she-tried-to-abort-her-son-30441371.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ronaldo grew up in an impoverished [[Catholic Church in Portugal|Catholic]] home, sharing a room with all his siblings.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |title=Cristiano Ronaldo spills all to his 'close friend' Jasmine about women, football, cars... and money |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/cristiano-ronaldo-spills-all-to-his-close-friend-139054 |date=3 July 2011 |work=Daily Mirror |access-date=21 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819214735/http://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/cristiano-ronaldo-spills-all-to-his-close-friend-139054 |archive-date=19 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As a child, Ronaldo played for Andorinha from 1992 to 1995,&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |title=Bola de Ouro – Ronaldo conquistou primeiro prémio aos oito anos no Andorinha |url=https://www.dn.pt/dossiers/desporto/cristiano-ronaldo/noticias/interior/bola-de-ouro-ronaldo-conquistou-primeiro-premio-aos-oito-anos-no-andorinha-1066979.html |language=pt |newspaper=Diário de Notícias |date=2 December 2008 |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823210705/http://www.dn.pt/dossiers/desporto/cristiano-ronaldo/noticias/interior/bola-de-ouro-ronaldo-conquistou-primeiro-premio-aos-oito-anos-no-andorinha-1066979.html |archive-date=23 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; where his father was the kit man,&lt;ref name=&quot;LittleBee&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The 'little bee' who always cried – the story of young Ronaldo's path to greatness in Madeira |url=http://www.goal.com/en-us/news/the-little-bee-who-always-cried-the-story-of-young-ronaldos-path-/k927thno26e41b42er1z9zhqo |work=Goal |first=Ben |last=Hayward |date=23 June 2017 |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830041632/http://www.goal.com/en-us/news/the-little-bee-who-always-cried-the-story-of-young-ronaldos-path-/k927thno26e41b42er1z9zhqo |archive-date=30 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; and later spent two years with [[C.D. Nacional|Nacional]]. In 1997, aged 12, he went on a three-day trial with [[Sporting CP]], who signed him for a fee of £1,500.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clash&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/clash-of-the-titans-989542|title=Clash of the Titans|date=18 April 2010|access-date=30 August 2014|work=[[Manchester Evening News]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903060451/http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/clash-of-the-titans-989542|archive-date=3 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; He subsequently moved from Madeira to [[Lisbon]] to join [[Sporting CP Youth Academy|Sporting CP's youth system]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Clash&quot; /&gt; By age 14, while struggling with his school duties and responsibilities in Escola EB2 de Telheiras, his school in the [[Telheiras Station|Telheiras]] area of Lisbon, Ronaldo believed he had the ability to play semi-professionally and agreed with his mother and his [[Tutoring|tutor]] at Sporting CP, [[Leonel Pontes]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Roseiro |first=Bruno |title=Leonel, o homem que faz a Ponte(s): tutor de Ronaldo, aluno de 17,5 valores, uma década com Bento e o (extinto?) Jumilla |url=https://observador.pt/2019/09/03/leonel-o-homem-que-faz-a-pontes-tutor-de-ronaldo-aluno-de-175-valores-uma-decada-com-bento-e-o-extinto-jumilla/ |access-date=7 December 2023 |website=Observador |language=pt-PT |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207221339/https://observador.pt/2019/09/03/leonel-o-homem-que-faz-a-pontes-tutor-de-ronaldo-aluno-de-175-valores-uma-decada-com-bento-e-o-extinto-jumilla/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; to cease his education to focus entirely on football.&lt;ref name=&quot;expelled&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Cristiano Ronaldo: I was expelled from school for throwing a chair at the teacher |url=http://www.nowmagazine.co.uk/celebrity-news/529372/cristiano-ronaldo-i-was-expelled-from-school-for-throwing-a-chair-at-the-teacher |work=Now Magazine |date=6 July 2011 |access-date=22 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429171348/http://www.nowmagazine.co.uk/celebrity-news/529372/cristiano-ronaldo-i-was-expelled-from-school-for-throwing-a-chair-at-the-teacher |archive-date=29 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Castello Branco |first=Igor |date=14 August 2012 |title=Uma década de CR7: atacante vira profissional e logo se torna 'diabólico' |url=https://globoesporte.globo.com/futebol/futebol-internacional/noticia/2012/08/uma-decada-de-cr7-atacante-vira-profissional-e-logo-se-torna-diabolico.html |access-date=7 December 2023 |website=globoesporte.com |archive-date=16 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120816232218/http://globoesporte.globo.com/futebol/futebol-internacional/noticia/2012/08/uma-decada-de-cr7-atacante-vira-profissional-e-logo-se-torna-diabolico.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> With a troubled life as a student,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cristiano Ronaldo tinha medo de ir à escola |url=https://www.cmjornal.pt/tv-media/detalhe/cristiano-ronaldo-tinha-medo-de-ir-a-escola |access-date=18 December 2022 |website=www.cmjornal.pt |date=17 May 2014 |language=PT |archive-date=18 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218123649/https://www.cmjornal.pt/tv-media/detalhe/cristiano-ronaldo-tinha-medo-de-ir-a-escola |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and although living in Lisbon area away from his Madeiran family,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Katia Aveiro afirma que &quot;guerra e ditadura&quot; levaram ao alcoolismo do pai |url=https://www.jn.pt/gente/artigo/katia-aveiro-afirma-que-guerra-e-ditadura-levaram-ao-alcoolismo-do-pai/16243190/ |access-date=12 April 2024 |website=Jornal de Notícias |date=25 April 2023 |archive-date=24 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524081959/https://www.jn.pt/gente/katia-aveiro-afirma-que-guerra-e-ditadura-levaram-ao-alcoolismo-do-pai-16243190.html/amp/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 April 2023 |title=Cristiano Ronaldo A história por detrás do alcoolismo do pai de CR7 |url=https://www.impala.pt/famosos/nacionais/cristiano-ronaldo-a-historia-por-detras-do-alcoolismo-do-pai-de-cr7/ |access-date=12 April 2024 |website=Impala |language=pt-PT |archive-date=29 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429230408/https://www.impala.pt/famosos/nacionais/cristiano-ronaldo-a-historia-por-detras-do-alcoolismo-do-pai-de-cr7/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; he did not complete schooling beyond the 6th grade.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |agency=[[EFE]] |date=4 August 2017 |title=Ronaldo tells judge: &quot;I never had this problem in England, that's why I want to go back there&quot; |url=https://en.as.com/en/2017/08/04/soccer/1501873447_159604.html |access-date=18 December 2022 |website=Diario AS |archive-date=18 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218123647/https://en.as.com/en/2017/08/04/soccer/1501873447_159604.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ronaldo em tribunal: &quot;Só tenho o sexto ano de escolaridade&quot; |url=https://www.dn.pt/desporto/so-tenho-o-sexto-ano-de-escolaridade-8686121.html |access-date=18 December 2022 |website=www.dn.pt |date=4 August 2017 |language=PT |archive-date=18 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218123647/https://www.dn.pt/desporto/so-tenho-o-sexto-ano-de-escolaridade-8686121.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; While popular with other students at school, he had been expelled after throwing a chair at his teacher, who he said had &quot;disrespected&quot; him.&lt;ref name=&quot;expelled&quot; /&gt; One year later, he was diagnosed with [[tachycardia]], a condition that could have forced him to give up playing football.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cristiano-Ronaldo |title=Cristiano Ronaldo |newspaper=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=11 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812184905/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cristiano-Ronaldo|archive-date=12 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ronaldo underwent heart surgery where a laser was used to [[cauterise]] multiple [[Electrical conduction system of the heart|cardiac pathways]] into one, altering his resting [[heart rate]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=https://www.news.com.au/sport/football/what-you-didnt-know-about-cristiano-ronaldo/news-story/41e4d9d91b8f3a1d65c3826f00d63d15 |title=What you didn't know about Cristiano Ronaldo |last=Conte |first=Peter |date=8 May 2018 |work=NewsComAu|access-date=11 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812184547/https://www.news.com.au/sport/football/what-you-didnt-know-about-cristiano-ronaldo/news-story/41e4d9d91b8f3a1d65c3826f00d63d15|archive-date=12 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was discharged from the hospital hours after the procedure and resumed training a few days later.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |title=Manchester United winger Cristiano Ronaldo needed heart operation to save career |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/players/cristiano-ronaldo/4382937/Manchester-United-winger-Cristiano-Ronaldo-needed-heart-operation-to-save-career.html |work=The Telegraph |date=29 January 2009 |access-date=22 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823141642/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/players/cristiano-ronaldo/4382937/Manchester-United-winger-Cristiano-Ronaldo-needed-heart-operation-to-save-career.html |archive-date=23 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2021, Cristiano Ronaldo's mother, Dolores Aveiro, stated in an interview for Sporting CP's official television channel ([[Sporting TV]]) that her son would be a [[bricklayer]] if he had not become a professional football player.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=ADN de Leão {{!}} Episódio 37: Dolores Aveiro | date=21 September 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MA9wTYYLdLI&amp;t=430s |access-date=28 September 2023 |archive-date=28 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928102205/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MA9wTYYLdLI&amp;t=430s |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Growing up, Ronaldo idolised the Brazilian footballers [[Ronaldinho]] and [[Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer)|Ronaldo]], and has described them as leaving &quot;a beautiful history in football&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://m.allfootballapp.com/news/EPL/%E2%80%9CLeft-a-beautiful-history-in-football%E2%80%9D-%E2%80%93-Ronaldo-reveals-his-2-idols-in-the-game/2750394|title=&quot;Left a beautiful history in football&quot; – Ronaldo reveals his 2 idols in the game &amp;#124; All Football|website=m.allfootballapp.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Club career ==<br /> {{Main|Career of Cristiano Ronaldo#Club career}}<br /> <br /> === Sporting CP ===<br /> After impressing in Sporting's [[Sporting CP Youth Academy|youth teams]], he was promoted to the [[Sporting CP|main team]] by first-team manager [[László Bölöni]]. At age 17, on 14 August 2002, he played his first official match for the first team, in a [[2002–03 UEFA Champions League qualifying rounds|UEFA Champions League qualifying round]] at [[Estádio José Alvalade (1956)|José Alvalade Stadium]] against [[Inter Milan]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=History: Sporting CP vs Inter |website=UEFA Champions League 2002/03 |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/match/70011--sporting-cp-vs-inter/ |access-date=11 June 2024 |archive-date=24 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224104313/https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/match/70011--sporting-cp-vs-inter/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and his [[Primeira Liga]] debut, took place a month later against [[S.C. Braga|Braga]], and on 7 October, he scored two goals against [[Moreirense F.C.|Moreirense]] in their 3–0 win.&lt;ref name=&quot;u17&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=http://www.uefau17.com/history/index.htm |title=Famous players featured in U17 c'ships |publisher=UEFAu17.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602071706/http://www.uefau17.com/history/index.htm |archive-date=2 June 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Over the course of the [[2002–03 Primeira Liga|2002–03 season]], his representatives suggested the player to [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] manager [[Gérard Houllier]] and [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] president [[Joan Laporta]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=https://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/06122010/58/premier-league-liverpool-turned-ronaldo.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208061005/http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/06122010/58/premier-league-liverpool-turned-ronaldo.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 December 2010 |title=Liverpool 'turned down Ronaldo' |publisher=Eurosport |date=6 December 2011 |access-date=30 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manager [[Arsène Wenger]], who was interested in signing Ronaldo, met with him at [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]]'s stadium in November to discuss a possible transfer.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |last=Conn |first=David |author-link=David Conn |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/david-conn-inside-sport-blog/2011/jan/19/inside-sport-cristiano-ronaldo-agent |title=The brightest star in Europe and £1m to a mysterious agent |work=The Guardian |date=19 January 2011 |access-date=11 November 2011 |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005154731/http://www.theguardian.com/sport/david-conn-inside-sport-blog/2011/jan/19/inside-sport-cristiano-ronaldo-agent |archive-date=5 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] manager [[Alex Ferguson]] was determined to acquire Ronaldo on a permanent move urgently, after Sporting defeated United 3–1 at the inauguration of the [[Estádio José Alvalade]] on 6 August 2003. Initially, United had planned to sign Ronaldo and loan him back to Sporting for a year.&lt;ref name=BR2003&gt;{{cite news |title='He Was There to Put on a Show': Ronaldo's Legendary Manchester United Audition |work=[[Bleacher Report]] |date=6 October 2017 |url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2735948-he-was-there-to-put-on-a-show-ronaldos-legendary-manchester-united-audition |access-date=27 May 2018 |last=Pilger |first=Sam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528133259/http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2735948-he-was-there-to-put-on-a-show-ronaldos-legendary-manchester-united-audition |archive-date=28 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Having been impressed by him, the United players urged Ferguson to sign him. After the game, Ferguson said Ronaldo was &quot;one of the most exciting young players&quot; he had ever seen.&lt;ref name=BR2003/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Marshall |first=Adam |date=12 August 2003 |title=United confirm Ronaldo capture |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/2273339/united-confirm-ronaldo-capture |access-date=4 December 2024 |work=[[Sky Sports]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Manchester United ===<br /> ==== 2003–2007: Development and breakthrough ====<br /> {{quote box|width=30%|align=left|quote=&quot;There have been a few players described as 'the new [[George Best]]' over the years, but this is the first time it's been a compliment to me.&quot; |source=—Former Manchester United player [[George Best]] hails the 18-year-old Cristiano Ronaldo in 2003.&lt;ref name=&quot;BestQuote&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> On 12 August 2003, less than a week after the friendly that impressed Ferguson, Manchester United signed Ronaldo for £12&amp;nbsp;million,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/m/man_utd/3142959.stm |title=Man Utd sign Ronaldo |date=12 August 2003 |access-date=11 June 2024 |work=[[BBC Sport]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731063111/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/m/man_utd/3142959.stm |archive-date=31 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; an England record for a teenager.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/2409432/United-fork-out-record-12m-fee-to-land-teenager.html |title=United fork out record £12m fee to land teenager |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/2409432/United-fork-out-record-12m-fee-to-land-teenager.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |date=12 August 2003|access-date=11 June 2024}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; This also made him the first Portuguese player to sign for the club.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/m/man_utd/3142959.stm |title=Man Utd sign Ronaldo |date=12 August 2003 |access-date=27 August 2014 |work=[[BBC Sport]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731063111/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/m/man_utd/3142959.stm |archive-date=31 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Although he requested the number 28, his number at Sporting, he received the [[Squad number (association football)|squad number]] 7 shirt, which had previously been worn by such United players as [[George Best]], [[Eric Cantona]] and [[David Beckham]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Taylor |first=Daniel |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2003/aug/13/newsstory.sport10 |title=Teenager takes Beckham No7 shirt |date=13 August 2003 |access-date=27 August 2014 |work=The Guardian |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903152721/http://www.theguardian.com/football/2003/aug/13/newsstory.sport10 |archive-date=3 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wearing the number 7 became an extra source of motivation for Ronaldo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Legends&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=McDonnell |first=David |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/cristiano-ronaldo-exclusive-716711 |title=Cristiano Ronaldo exclusive |date=29 September 2007 |access-date=27 August 2014 |work=Daily Mirror |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903115441/http://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/cristiano-ronaldo-exclusive-716711 |archive-date=3 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; A key element in his development during his time in England proved to be Ferguson, of whom he later said: &quot;He's been my father in sport, one of the most important and influential factors in my career.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ronaldo vows to justify price tag |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/m/man_utd/8134301.stm |work=BBC Sport |date=4 July 2009 |access-date=4 July 2009 |archive-date=21 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721210224/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/m/man_utd/8134301.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Ronaldo - Manchester United vs Chelsea.jpg|thumb|left|Ronaldo playing for Manchester United against [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] during the [[2005–06 FA Premier League|2005–06 Premier League]] season]] <br /> Ronaldo made his debut as a substitute in a 4–0 home win over [[Bolton Wanderers F.C.|Bolton Wanderers]] in the Premier League on 16 August 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Wilson |first=Paul |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2003/aug/17/match.sport5 |title=Only one Ronaldo as United find new idol |date=17 August 2003 |access-date=27 August 2014 |work=The Guardian |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903152616/http://www.theguardian.com/football/2003/aug/17/match.sport5 |archive-date=3 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; His performance earned praise from Best, who hailed it as &quot;undoubtedly the most exciting debut&quot; he had ever seen.&lt;ref name=&quot;BestQuote&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Barnes |first=Justin |url=http://sabotagetimes.com/reportage/legends-george-best-on-ronaldos-man-united-debut/ |title=George Best on Ronaldo's Debut For Man Utd |date=12 June 2014 |access-date=27 August 2014 |work=Sabotage Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903085222/http://sabotagetimes.com/reportage/legends-george-best-on-ronaldos-man-united-debut/ |archive-date=3 September 2014 |url-status=usurped}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ronaldo scored his first goal for Manchester United with a free-kick in a 3–0 win over [[Portsmouth F.C.|Portsmouth]] on 1 November.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_prem/3207091.stm |title=Man Utd see off Pompey |date=1 November 2003 |access-date=27 August 2014 |work=BBC Sport |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809002543/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/3207091.stm |archive-date=9 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 15 May 2004, in a victory against Aston Villa, Ronaldo scored the opening goal and later received the first [[Red card (association football)|red card]] of his career.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Ridley |first=Ian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2004/may/16/match.sport1 |title=Ronaldo's good and bad day |date=15 May 2004 |access-date=27 August 2014 |work=The Guardian |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903152542/http://www.theguardian.com/football/2004/may/16/match.sport1 |archive-date=3 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 May 2004 |title=Man United 2–0 Aston Villa |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/match/_/gameId/109804/manchester-united-aston-villa |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=ESPN }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ronaldo ended his first season in English football with a trophy, scoring the opening goal in United's 3–0 win over [[Millwall F.C.|Millwall]] in the [[2004 FA Cup Final]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Man Utd win FA Cup |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/fa_cup/3725063.stm |work=BBC Sport |date=22 May 2004 |access-date=26 January 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225084836/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/fa_cup/3725063.stm |archive-date=25 February 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; BBC pundit [[Alan Hansen]] described him as the star of the final.&lt;ref name=&quot;HansenQuote&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Hansen |first=Alan |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/fa_cup/3739251.stm |title=Wing wizard lights up final |date=22 May 2004 |access-date=11 January 2021 |work=BBC Sport |archive-date=23 August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060823050947/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/fa_cup/3739251.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The British press had been critical of Ronaldo during the season for his &quot;elaborate&quot; step-overs in trying to beat opponents,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/euro_2004/portugal/players_to_watch/3708551.stm |title=Ones to Watch: Cristiano Ronaldo |date=25 May 2004 |access-date=11 January 2021 |work=BBC Sport |archive-date=30 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130143447/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/euro_2004/portugal/players_to_watch/3708551.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; but teammate [[Gary Neville]] said he was &quot;not a show pony, but the real thing&quot;, and predicted he would become a world-class player.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=McNulty |first=Phil |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/euro_2004/england/3831825.stm |title=Neville wary of Ronaldo |date=23 June 2004 |access-date=11 January 2021 |work=BBC Sport |archive-date=24 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024023140/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/euro_2004/england/3831825.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{quote box<br /> | width = 27%<br /> | align = right<br /> | quote = &quot;He has got the tricks and party pieces, we know that, but they're not much good unless there is something at the end of it all. We still have to remember, of course, that the lad is only 19 years of age. Considering that, you have to say he has got massive talent. His feet are mesmerising at times, and if he can couple that with some consistently good crossing, the future looks frightening.&quot;<br /> | source = —Former [[BBC]] pundit [[Alan Hansen]] commenting on Ronaldo after his first season.&lt;ref name=&quot;HansenQuote&quot;/&gt;<br /> }}<br /> At the start of 2005, Ronaldo played two of his best matches of the [[2004–05 FA Premier League|2004–05 season]], producing a goal and an assist against Aston Villa and scoring twice against [[Arsenal F.C.–Manchester United F.C. rivalry|rivals]] Arsenal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_prem/4177033.stm |title=Man Utd 3–1 Aston Villa |date=22 January 2005 |access-date=27 August 2014 |work=BBC Sport |archive-date=14 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814024445/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/4177033.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_prem/4221105.stm |title=Arsenal 2–4 Man Utd |date=1 February 2005 |access-date=27 August 2014 |work=BBC Sport |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814024707/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/4221105.stm |archive-date=14 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ronaldo won his second trophy in English football, the [[2005–06 Football League Cup|Football League Cup]], after scoring the third goal in United's 4–0 final win over [[Wigan Athletic F.C.|Wigan Athletic]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Man Utd ease to Carling Cup glory |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/league_cup/4727118.stm |work=BBC Sport |date=26 February 2006 |access-date=26 January 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070828124554/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/league_cup/4727118.stm |archive-date=28 August 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During his third season in England, Ronaldo was involved in several incidents. Ronaldo clashed with a teammate, striker [[Ruud van Nistelrooy]], who took offence at the winger's showboating style of play.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Brennan |first=Stuart |url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/ruud-and-ron-in-training-bust-up-1016868 |title=Ruud and Ron in training bust-up |date=17 January 2006 |access-date=28 August 2014 |work=Manchester Evening News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903055643/http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/ruud-and-ron-in-training-bust-up-1016868 |archive-date=3 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]], in which he was involved in an incident where club teammate [[Wayne Rooney]] was sent off,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Taylor |first=Daniel |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/worldcup2006blog/2006/jul/03/rooneymustlookathimselfra |title=Rooney must look at himself rather than blame Ronaldo |date=3 July 2006 |access-date=28 August 2014 |work=The Guardian |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903152921/http://www.theguardian.com/football/worldcup2006blog/2006/jul/03/rooneymustlookathimselfra |archive-date=3 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ronaldo publicly asked for a transfer, lamenting the lack of support he felt he had received from the club over the incident.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Stirling |first=James |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2006/jul/09/worldcup2006.sport3 |title=Ronaldo: I can't stay in Manchester |date=9 July 2006 |access-date=28 August 2014 |work=The Guardian |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903152928/http://www.theguardian.com/football/2006/jul/09/worldcup2006.sport3 |archive-date=3 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; United denied the possibility of him leaving the club.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Buckingham |first=Mark |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/2383344/united-ronaldo-not-for-sale |title=United: Ronaldo not for sale |date=12 July 2006 |access-date=19 June 2022 |work=Sky Sports |archive-date=19 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619171144/https://www.skysports.com/football/news/2383344/united-ronaldo-not-for-sale |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Although his World Cup altercation with Rooney resulted in Ronaldo being booed throughout the [[2006–07 FA Premier League|2006–07 season]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Tyldesley |first=Clive |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/2346496/Ronaldo-has-last-laugh-on-Reading-fans.html |title=Ronaldo has last laugh on Reading fans |date=25 September 2006 |access-date=28 August 2014 |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903151154/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/2346496/Ronaldo-has-last-laugh-on-Reading-fans.html |archive-date=3 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; it proved to be his break-out year, as he broke the 20-goal barrier for the first time and won his first [[List of English football champions|Premier League title]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Winter |first=Henry |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/real-madrid/10272433/The-secrets-behind-the-development-of-Real-Madrids-Cristiano-Ronaldo-revealed-by-Rene-Meulensteen.html |title=The secrets behind the development of Real Madrid's Cristiano Ronaldo, revealed by Rene Meulensteen |date=29 August 2013 |access-date=28 August 2014 |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810065928/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/real-madrid/10272433/The-secrets-behind-the-development-of-Real-Madrids-Cristiano-Ronaldo-revealed-by-Rene-Meulensteen.html |archive-date=10 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== 2007–2009: Collective and individual success and Ballon d'Or ====<br /> [[File:Cristiano Ronaldo and Andriy Shevchenko, 2007 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Ronaldo (pictured during [[2007–08 Manchester United F.C. season|2007-08]]) evolved into the best player in the world in this season, according to many pundits and fellow players.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2008-05-12 |title=Why Ronaldo made the difference |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/m/man_utd/7390543.stm |access-date=2025-03-07 |archive-date=9 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209150737/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/m/man_utd/7390543.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> In the [[2006–07 Manchester United F.C. season|2006–07 season]], he amassed a host of personal awards for the season, winning the [[Professional Footballers' Association]]'s [[PFA Players' Player of the Year|Player's Player]], [[PFA Fans' Player of the Year|Fans' Player]], [[PFA Young Player of the Year|Young Player of the Year]] awards, and the [[Football Writers' Association]]'s [[FWA Footballer of the Year|Footballer of the Year]] award,&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=http://www.worldsoccer.com/news/ronaldo-wins-pfa-double |title=Ronaldo wins PFA double |date=23 April 2007 |access-date=28 August 2014 |work=World Soccer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903134221/http://www.worldsoccer.com/news/ronaldo-wins-pfa-double |archive-date=3 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |last=Buckingham |first=Mark |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/2455317/writers-award-for-ronaldo |title=Writers award for Ronaldo |date=4 May 2007 |access-date=19 June 2022 |work=Sky Sports}}&lt;/ref&gt; becoming the first player to win all four main PFA and FWA honours.&lt;ref name=&quot;PFA0607&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|date=22 April 2007|title=Ronaldo secures PFA awards double |work=BBC Sport |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/6582201.stm |access-date=18 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080414212009/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/6582201.stm|archive-date=14 April 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ronaldo was named runner-up to [[Kaká]] for the [[2007 Ballon d'Or]],&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |title=Kaká's year capped by Ballon d'Or |url=http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid=631048.html |publisher=UEFA |date=2 December 2007 |access-date=3 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121205144302/http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid=631048.html |archive-date=5 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; and came third, behind Kaká and [[Lionel Messi]], in the running for the [[2007 FIFA World Player of the Year]] award.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |title=Ronaldo:Going the right way |url=https://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/awards/gala/news/newsid=663385.html |work=FIFA |date=17 December 2007 |access-date=18 December 2007 |archive-date=18 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218205137/http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/awards/gala/news/newsid%3D663385.html |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Ronaldo scored his first [[Hat-trick (association football)|hat-trick]] for United in a 6–0 win against [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]] on 12 January 2008.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |title=Man Utd 6–0 Newcastle |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_prem/7172817.stm |work=BBC Sport |date=12 January 2008 |access-date=12 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115134551/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_prem/7172817.stm |archive-date=15 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; His 31 league goals earned him the [[Premier League Golden Boot]],&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |title=Ronaldo &amp; Ferguson win top awards |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/m/man_utd/7401795.stm |work=BBC Sport |date=14 May 2008 |access-date=16 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518025735/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/m/man_utd/7401795.stm |archive-date=18 May 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as the [[European Golden Shoe]], which made him the first winger to win the latter award.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/news/01ce-0f84de550009-c40194dcbe23-1000--ronaldo-scoops-esm-golden-shoe/ |title=Ronaldo scoops ESM Golden Shoe |date=17 June 2008 |access-date=19 June 2022 |publisher=UEFA }}&lt;/ref&gt; He additionally received the PFA Players' Player of the Year and FWA Footballer of the Year awards for the second consecutive season.&lt;ref name=&quot;PFA0708&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/7370319.stm|title=Ronaldo named player of the year|work=BBC Sport|date=27 April 2008|access-date=18 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501021313/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/7370319.stm|archive-date=1 May 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/7379586.stm |title=Ronaldo wins writers' award again |date=2 May 2008 |access-date=29 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815031757/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/7379586.stm|archive-date=15 August 2017 |work=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; United reached the [[2008 UEFA Champions League Final|final]] against [[Chelsea FC|Chelsea]] in Moscow on 21 May, where, despite his opening goal being negated by an equaliser and his [[Penalty kick (association football)|penalty kick]] being saved in the shoot-out,&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |last=Hodges |first=Vicki |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/2301257/Champions-League-final-Cristiano-Ronaldos-penalty-technique-unacceptable.html |title=Cristiano Ronaldo's penalty technique 'unacceptable' |date=22 May 2008 |access-date=27 August 2014 |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903142530/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/2301257/Champions-League-final-Cristiano-Ronaldos-penalty-technique-unacceptable.html |archive-date=3 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; United emerged victorious, winning 6–5 on penalties after a 1–1 draw at the end of 120 minutes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Champions League (Sky Sports) |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/manchester-united-vs-chelsea/teams/103061 |access-date=19 January 2023 |website=Sky Sports |archive-date=19 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119024432/https://www.skysports.com/football/manchester-united-vs-chelsea/teams/103061 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |last=McNulty |first=Phil |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/7406252.stm |title=Man Utd earn dramatic Euro glory |date=22 May 2008 |access-date=27 August 2014 |work=BBC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526022453/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/7406252.stm |archive-date=26 May 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; As the [[List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League top scorers|Champions League top scorer]], Ronaldo was named the [[UEFA Club Footballer of the Year]].&lt;ref name=&quot;UEFA-Profile&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/players/player=63706/profile/ |title=Cristiano Ronaldo |publisher=UEFA |access-date=24 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529135759/http://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/players/player=63706/profile/ |archive-date=29 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; With his [[2008 Ballon d'Or]] and [[2008 FIFA World Player of the Year]], Ronaldo became United's first [[Ballon d'Or]] winner since Best in 1968,&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |last=Roughley |first=Gregg |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2008/dec/02/ronaldo-manchesterunited |title=Ronaldo beats off Messi and Torres to scoop Ballon d'Or |date=2 December 2008 |access-date=29 August 2014 |work=The Guardian |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006221218/http://www.theguardian.com/football/2008/dec/02/ronaldo-manchesterunited |archive-date=6 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the first Premier League player to be named the [[FIFA World Player of the Year]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |title=Ronaldo named Fifa player of 2008 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/7822115.stm |work=BBC Sport |date=12 January 2009 |access-date=2 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090118230528/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/7822115.stm |archive-date=18 January 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Shortly after, Ronaldo was linked to a move to [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]], United filed a tampering complaint with governing body FIFA over Madrid's alleged pursuit of their player, but they declined to take action.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |last=Gardner |first=Alan |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2008/jun/16/ronaldo.manchesterunited |title=Fifa decline to take action against Real |date=16 June 2008 |access-date=27 August 2014 |work=The Guardian |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903153647/http://www.theguardian.com/football/2008/jun/16/ronaldo.manchesterunited |archive-date=3 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; and he remained at United for another year.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=http://www.espnfc.com/story/560619/ronaldo-to-give-heart-and-soul-to-united |title=Ronaldo sticks with United |date=7 August 2008 |access-date=29 August 2014 |publisher=ESPN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903081007/http://www.espnfc.com/story/560619/ronaldo-to-give-heart-and-soul-to-united |archive-date=3 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; His match-winning goal in the second leg against [[FC Porto|Porto]], a 40-yard strike, earned him the inaugural [[FIFA Puskás Award]], presented by FIFA in recognition of the best goal of the year;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |title=Ronaldo's 'incredible, fantastic' goal |url=https://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/awards/gala/news/newsid=1151584.html |work=FIFA |date=21 December 2009 |access-date=15 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091224170408/http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/awards/gala/news/newsid%3D1151584.html |archive-date=24 December 2009 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; he later called it the best goal he had ever scored.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |title=Ronaldo stunner thrills Ferguson |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/8001249.stm |work=BBC Sport |date=15 April 2009 |access-date=15 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417121012/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/8001249.stm |archive-date=17 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; United advanced to the [[2009 UEFA Champions League Final|final]] in Rome,&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/5285730/united-cruise-into-final |title=United cruise into final |date=5 May 2009 |access-date=19 June 2022 |work=Sky Sports}}&lt;/ref&gt; where he made little impact in United's 2–0 defeat to Barcelona.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |last=Williams |first=Richard |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2009/may/27/lionel-messi-cristiano-ronaldo-champions-league-final |title=Cristiano Ronaldo in a mess as Lionel Messi takes lead role on grand stage |date=27 May 2009 |access-date=27 August 2014 |work=The Guardian |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009050713/http://www.theguardian.com/football/2009/may/27/lionel-messi-cristiano-ronaldo-champions-league-final |archive-date=9 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Real Madrid ===<br /> ==== 2009–2015: World record transfer and consecutive Ballon d'Or wins ====<br /> [[File:Cristiano Ronaldo 2, 2010.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Ronaldo adapted tremendously to Spanish football, scoring 33 goals in just 35 games in his debut season.]]<br /> In 2009, Ronaldo transferred to [[Real Madrid]] for a then world record £80&amp;nbsp;million.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/manchester-united/5505073/Cristiano-Ronaldo-transfer-Real-Madrid-agree-80-million-fee-with-Manchester-United.html |title=Cristiano Ronaldo transfer: Real Madrid agree £80&amp;nbsp;million fee with Manchester United |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=11 June 2009 |access-date=11 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821104751/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/manchester-united/5505073/Cristiano-Ronaldo-transfer-Real-Madrid-agree-80-million-fee-with-Manchester-United.html |archive-date=21 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; At least 80,000 fans attended his presentation at the [[Santiago Bernabéu Stadium|Santiago Bernabéu]], surpassing the 25-year record of 75,000 fans who had welcomed [[Diego Maradona]] at [[S.S.C. Napoli|Napoli]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2009/jul/06/cristiano-ronaldo-real-madrid-bernabeu |title=Cristiano Ronaldo welcomed by 80,000 fans at Real Madrid unveiling |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=6 July 2009 |access-date=6 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216085027/http://www.theguardian.com/football/2009/jul/06/cristiano-ronaldo-real-madrid-bernabeu |archive-date=16 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ronaldo said, &quot;This is the completion of my boyhood dream, to be a Real Madrid player.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-07-06 |title=On This Day in 2009: Cristiano Ronaldo Was Officially Unveiled as a Real Madrid Player |url=https://www.si.com/soccer/2018/07/06/day-2009-cristiano-ronaldo-was-officially-unveiled-real-madrid-player |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=SI }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Ronaldo made his [[La Liga]] debut against [[Deportivo de La Coruña|Deportivo La Coruña]] on 29 August, scoring a penalty in a 3–2 home win.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |title=Ronaldo in winning start for Real |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/8229070.stm |work=BBC Sport |date=29 August 2009 |access-date=29 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; He scored in each of his first four league games, the first Madrid player to do so.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/players/cristiano-ronaldo/6225577/Cristiano-Ronaldo-makes-Real-Madrid-history.html |title=Cristiano Ronaldo makes Real Madrid history |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |date=23 September 2009 |access-date=25 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227073936/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/players/cristiano-ronaldo/6225577/Cristiano-Ronaldo-makes-Real-Madrid-history.html |archive-date=27 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; His first Champions League goals for the club followed with two free kicks in the first group match against [[FC Zürich|Zürich]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |title=Tuesday's Champions League review |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/8257957.stm |work=BBC Sport |date=15 September 2009 |access-date=15 September 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; His strong start to the season was interrupted when he suffered an ankle injury in October while on international duty, which kept him sidelined for seven weeks.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |last=Glendenning |first=Barry |title=Champions League: Milan v Real Madrid – as it happened |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2009/nov/03/milan-real-madrid-latest-score |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=3 November 2009 |access-date=22 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715003545/http://www.theguardian.com/football/2009/nov/03/milan-real-madrid-latest-score |archive-date=15 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ronaldo forced out of Milan meetings |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/01de-0e7307fb0f43-0895b8d4e0b9-1000--ronaldo-forced-out-of-milan-meetings/ |publisher=UEFA |date=11 October 2009 |access-date=19 June 2022 |archive-date=19 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619171140/https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/01de-0e7307fb0f43-0895b8d4e0b9-1000--ronaldo-forced-out-of-milan-meetings/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Despite scoring 33 goals in all competitions and contributing to Real Madrid's 96 points in [[La Liga]], his first season with Madrid ended trophyless.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/708610-92-points-not-good-enough-for-real-madrid-to-win-la-liga|title=92 Points Not Good Enough for Real Madrid to Win La Liga|publisher=[[Bleacher Report]]|access-date=11 June 2024|archive-date=19 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719102716/https://bleacherreport.com/articles/708610-92-points-not-good-enough-for-real-madrid-to-win-la-liga|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Cristiano Ajax.jpg|thumb|upright|Ronaldo scored 46 league goals during the La Liga championship success in his third season in Spain.]]<br /> Following [[Raúl (footballer)|Raúl]]'s departure, Ronaldo was given No. 7 for the 2010–11 season and scored 53 goals, helping Madrid win the [[Copa del Rey]], scoring the winning goal against rivals Barcelona in the ''[[El Clásico]]'', his first trophy with Madrid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11827/6886577/madrid-clinch-copa-del-rey |title=Madrid clinch Copa del Rey |work=[[Sky Sports]] |date=21 April 2011 |access-date=11 June 2024 |archive-date=27 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127213126/https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11827/6886577/madrid-clinch-copa-del-rey |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; He also became the first player in La Liga to score 40 goals.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/13485792 |title=Cristiano Ronaldo sets new Primera Liga scoring record |date=21 May 2011 |access-date=30 August 2014 |work=BBC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107100925/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/13485792 |archive-date=7 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition to the [[Pichichi Trophy]], Ronaldo won the European Golden Shoe for a second time, becoming the first player to win the award in different leagues.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/news/newsid=1634078.html |title=Record-breaking Ronaldo wins 2010/11 Golden Shoe |date=23 May 2011 |access-date=30 August 2014 |publisher=UEFA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805170354/http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/news/newsid=1634078.html |archive-date=5 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[2011–12 Real Madrid CF season|following season]] saw Ronaldo score 60 goals across all competitions,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite ma&lt;!----&gt;g |last1=Jones |first1=Harry |title=Cristiano Ronaldo becomes all-time leading goalscorer: His whole record-breaking career so far |url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/cristiano-ronaldo-full-career-juventus-man-utd-real-madrid-ballon-dor-champions-league-goals-stats |magazine=[[FourFourTwo]] |publisher=[[Future plc]] |date=21 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; leading Madrid to their first [[List of Spanish football champions|league title]] in four years with a record 100 points and his runner-up finish to Lionel Messi in the [[2011 FIFA Ballon d'Or]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.espn.com/sports/soccer/news/_/id/7012360/hat-tricks-lionel-messi-cristiano-ronaldo |title=Hat tricks for Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo |date=24 September 2011 |access-date=11 June 2024 |work=[[ESPN]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904140118/http://espn.go.com/sports/soccer/news/_/id/7012360/hat-tricks-lionel-messi-cristiano-ronaldo |archive-date=4 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; He scored his 100th league goal for Madrid in a 5–1 win over [[Real Sociedad]] on 24 March 2012, breaking the previous club record held by [[Ferenc Puskás]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=http://www.espnfc.com/story/1039908 |title=Madrid and Barca victorious |date=24 March 2011 |access-date=30 August 2014 |work=ESPN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903081230/http://www.espnfc.com/story/1039908 |archive-date=3 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the [[2012–13 Real Madrid CF season|2012–13 season]], he scored his first [[List of UEFA Champions League hat-tricks|hat-trick in the Champions League]] in a 4–1 win over [[AFC Ajax|Ajax]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |last=Tynan |first=Gordon |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/european/champions-league-roundup-cristiano-ronaldo-grabs-another-real-madrid-hattrick-8196517.html |title=Cristiano Ronaldo grabs another Real Madrid hat-trick |date=4 October 2012 |access-date=30 August 2014 |work=The Independent |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903110527/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/european/champions-league-roundup-cristiano-ronaldo-grabs-another-real-madrid-hattrick-8196517.html |archive-date=3 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Four days later, he became the first player to score in six successive ''Clásicos'' when he hit a brace in a 2–2 draw at [[Camp Nou]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |last=Jenson |first=Pete |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/european/lionel-messi-and-cristiano-ronaldo-a-class-apart-in-el-clasico-8201425.html |title=Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo: a class apart in el Clasico |date=8 October 2012 |access-date=30 August 2014 |work=The Independent |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903110539/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/european/lionel-messi-and-cristiano-ronaldo-a-class-apart-in-el-clasico-8201425.html |archive-date=3 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; His performances again saw Ronaldo voted second in the running for the [[2012 FIFA Ballon d'Or]], behind four-time winner Messi.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/01/07/sport/football/football-messi-wins-ballon-dor-ronaldo-iniesta/index.html |title=Messi crowned world's best for record fourth time |work=CNN |date=8 January 2013 |access-date=10 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403071250/http://edition.cnn.com/2013/01/07/sport/football/football-messi-wins-ballon-dor-ronaldo-iniesta/index.html |archive-date=3 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Following the 2012–13 winter break, Ronaldo captained Madrid for the first time in an official match, scoring twice to lift 10-man Madrid to a 4–3 win over Sociedad on 6 January.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Iker Casillas turns down Ronaldo's mid-game offer of the captain's armband |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/soccer-dirty-tackle/iker-casillas-turns-down-ronaldo-mid-game-captain-212458669--sow.html |access-date=6 December 2021 |agency=Yahoo Sports}}&lt;/ref&gt; He subsequently became the first non-Spanish player in 60 years to captain Madrid in ''[[El Clásico]]'' on 30 January, a match which also marked his 500th club appearance.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |last=Lowe |first=Sid |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2013/jan/30/real-madrid-barcelona-copa-del-rey |title=Real Madrid 1–1 Barcelona Copa del Rey semi-final first leg match report |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=30 January 2013 |access-date=21 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231153337/http://www.theguardian.com/football/2013/jan/30/real-madrid-barcelona-copa-del-rey |archive-date=31 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Real Madrid vs. Atlético Madrid 28 September 2013 a (cropped2).JPG|left|thumb|279x279px|Ronaldo scored a record 17 [[UEFA Champions League]] goals during the [[2013–14 Real Madrid CF season|2013–14 season]] en route to ''La Décima''.]]<br /> In [[2013–14 Real Madrid CF season|2013–14 season]], Ronaldo was joined at the club by winger [[Gareth Bale]] and together with striker [[Karim Benzema]], they formed an attacking trio popularly dubbed &quot;BBC&quot;, an acronym of Bale, Benzema and Cristiano, and a play on the name of the British [[public service broadcaster]], the [[British Broadcasting Corporation]] (BBC).&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |title=200 goals for the BBC |url=http://www.realmadrid.com/en/news/2015/09/200-goals-by-the-bbc |date=24 October 2015 |publisher=Real Madrid CF |access-date=6 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118103246/https://www.realmadrid.com/en/news/2015/09/200-goals-by-the-bbc |archive-date=18 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; He continued prolific scoring, with 69 goals in 2013, winning the [[2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.marca.com/2013/12/31/en/football/real_madrid/1388444820.html |title=Cristiano Ronaldo's goal-den 2013, month by month |work=Marca|location=Spain |date=31 December 2013 |access-date=11 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116154551/https://www.marca.com/2013/12/31/en/football/real_madrid/1388444820.html |archive-date=16 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the [[FIFA World Player of the Year]] award, for the first time in his career.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |first=Brian |last=Homewood |title=Emotional Ronaldo ends Messi run |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/soccer-fifa-awards-ronaldo-idINDEEA0C0FB20140113 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=14 January 2014 |access-date=13 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140217070647/http://in.reuters.com/article/2014/01/13/soccer-fifa-awards-ronaldo-idINDEEA0C0FB20140113 |archive-date=17 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Concurrently with his individual achievements, Ronaldo enjoyed his greatest team success in Spain to date, as he helped Madrid win ''La Décima'', their tenth European Cup, scoring a penalty in the 120th minute of the 4–1 final win over [[Madrid derby|city rivals]] [[Atlético Madrid]], becoming the first player to score in two European Cup finals for two different winning teams.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=https://www.eurosport.com/football/champions-league/2013-2014/ronaldo-first-to-score-for-two-different-european-cup-winners_sto4260599/story.shtml |title=Ronaldo first to score for two different European Cup winners |work=[[Eurosport]] |agency=[[Reuters]] |date=24 May 2014 |access-date=19 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; As the competition's top goalscorer for the third time, with a record 17 goals,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0252-0cdc68c5ee7f-854c7d82fcc8-1000--record-breaking-ronaldo-takes-scoring-honours/ |title=Record-breaking Ronaldo takes scoring honours |publisher=UEFA |date=24 May 2014 |access-date=19 June 2022 |archive-date=19 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619191846/https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0252-0cdc68c5ee7f-854c7d82fcc8-1000--record-breaking-ronaldo-takes-scoring-honours/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; he was named the [[UEFA Best Player in Europe]].&lt;ref name=&quot;UEFA.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Ronaldo named UEFA Best Player in Europe |url=https://www.uefa.com/news-media/news/0253-0d041e24d1a1-b7ca8a495f74-1000--ronaldo-named-uefa-best-player-in-europe/ |publisher=UEFA |date=28 August 2014 |access-date=19 June 2022 |archive-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009054856/https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/awards/news/0253-0d041e24d1a1-b7ca8a495f74-1000--ronaldo-named-uefa-best-player-in-europe/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ronaldo scored 31 goals in 30 league games, which earned him the Pichichi and the [[European Golden Shoe]], along with [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]]'s [[Luis Suárez]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espn.co.uk/football/sport/story/308791.html |title=Suarez claims top billing with Ronaldo |publisher=ESPN |date=19 May 2014 |access-date=21 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520071349/http://www.espn.co.uk/football/sport/story/308791.html |archive-date=20 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 4 May, Ronaldo scored a back-heeled volley in the closing moments of the match against [[Valencia CF|Valencia]], voted goal of the season by the [[Liga Nacional de Fútbol Profesional]] (LFP),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.lfp.es/en/news/cristiano-ronaldo-winner-of-the-best-goal-in-the-2013-14-liga-bbva |title=Cristiano Ronaldo, winner of the 'Best Goal in the 2013–14 Liga BBVA' |publisher=LFP |date=27 October 2014 |access-date=11 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029074108/http://www.lfp.es/en/news/cristiano-ronaldo-winner-of-the-best-goal-in-the-2013-14-liga-bbva |archive-date=29 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; giving him the [[LFP Awards|Best Player in La Liga]] award.&lt;ref name=&quot;2013–14&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> During the [[2014–15 Real Madrid CF season|2014–15 season]], Ronaldo set a new personal best of 61 goals, and after winning the [[2014 FIFA Club World Cup]],&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid=2199029.html |title=Real Madrid claim FIFA Club World Cup |date=20 December 2014 |access-date=21 December 2014 |publisher=UEFA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225172001/http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid=2199029.html |archive-date=25 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ronaldo received the [[2014 FIFA Ballon d'Or|2014 Ballon d'Or]],&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.fifa.com/ballon-dor/news/y=2015/m=1/news=ronaldo-kessler-low-and-kellermann-triumph-at-fifa-ballon-d-or-2014-2505871.html &quot;Ronaldo, Kessler, Low and Kellermann triumph at FIFA Ballon d'Or 2014&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602042817/http://www.fifa.com/ballon-dor/news/y=2015/m=1/news=ronaldo-kessler-low-and-kellermann-triumph-at-fifa-ballon-d-or-2014-2505871.html |date=2 June 2016}}. FIFA. Retrieved 13 January 2015&lt;/ref&gt; joining [[Johan Cruyff]], [[Michel Platini]] and [[Marco van Basten]] as a three-time recipient.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |first=Thomas |last=Simon |title=Cristiano Ronaldo dans la troisième dimension |journal=France Football |date=12 January 2015 |url=http://www.francefootball.fr/news/cristiano-ronaldo-dans-la-troisia-me-dimension/527726 |access-date=12 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010140730/http://www.francefootball.fr/news/cristiano-ronaldo-dans-la-troisia-me-dimension/527726 |archive-date=10 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madrid finished in second place in La Liga and exited at the semi-final stage in the Champions League.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Rigg |first=Nicholas |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/club/real-madrid/86/blog/post/2461499/ronaldo-eclipses-his-best-in-tumultuous-real-madrid-season |title=Cristiano Ronaldo eclipses his best in an up-and-down Real Madrid campaign |date=27 May 2015 |access-date=19 June 2022 |work=ESPN |archive-date=19 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619171149/https://www.espn.co.uk/football/club/real-madrid/86/blog/post/2461499/ronaldo-eclipses-his-best-in-tumultuous-real-madrid-season |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; With 10 goals, he finished as top scorer for a third consecutive season, alongside Messi and [[Neymar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=6 June 2015|title=Neymar, Messi and Ronaldo top scoring charts |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0252-0cd2c6a4864d-6fcf927ecffc-1000--neymar-messi-and-ronaldo-top-scoring-charts/ |access-date=7 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608211518/http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid=2251883.html|archive-date=8 June 2015|url-status=live|publisher=UEFA}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 5 April, he scored five goals in a game for the first time in his career, including an eight-minute hat-trick, in a 9–1 rout of [[Granada CF|Granada]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Real Madrid 9–1 Granada|work=BBC|date=5 April 2015 |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/32121102|access-date=5 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406095209/http://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/32121102|archive-date=6 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; His 300th goal for his club followed three days later in a 2–0 win against Rayo Vallecano.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|date=8 April 2015|title=Rayo Vallecano 0–2 Real Madrid |work=BBC Sport |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/32176264|access-date=6 January 2019 |archive-date=7 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107100926/http://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/32176264}}&lt;/ref&gt; He finished the season with 48 goals, winning a second consecutive Pichichi and the European Golden Shoe for a record fourth time.&lt;ref name=&quot;AS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Ronaldo beats his personal best for a single season |url=http://as.com/diarioas/2015/05/24/english/1432466623_718194.html |work=AS |access-date=24 May 2015 |date=24 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524231648/http://as.com/diarioas/2015/05/24/english/1432466623_718194.html |archive-date=24 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== 2015–2018: All-time Madrid top scorer and fifth Ballon d'Or ====<br /> Cristiano Ronaldo became Real Madrid's [[List of Real Madrid CF records and statistics#Goalscorers|all-time top scorer]] on 12 September 2015 against [[RCD Espanyol|Espanyol]], netting 230 goals in 203 matches, surpassing the previous record holder, Raúl.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.laliga.es/noticias/un-historico-ronaldo-lidera-la-goleada-al-espanyol |title=Un histórico Ronaldo lidera la goleada al Espanyol |trans-title=A historic Ronaldo leads the thrashing at Espanyol |publisher=laliga.es |date=12 September 2015 |access-date=11 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914003829/http://www.laliga.es/noticias/un-historico-ronaldo-lidera-la-goleada-al-espanyol |archive-date=14 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ronaldo also became the [[List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League top scorers|all-time top scorer in the Champions League]] with a hat-trick in the first group match against [[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]], having finished the previous season level with Messi on 77 goals.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11945/9993056/ronaldo-scores-a-hat-trick-as-real-madrid-beat-shakhtar |title=Cristiano Ronaldo scores a hat-trick as Real Madrid beat Shakhtar |publisher=Sky Sports |date=16 September 2015 |access-date=16 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150917152504/http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11945/9993056/ronaldo-scores-a-hat-trick-as-real-madrid-beat-shakhtar |archive-date=17 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Two goals against Malmö FF in a 2–0 away win on 30 September saw him reach the milestone of 500 career goals for club and country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/real-madrid/story/2619945/real-madrid-cristiano-ronaldo-scores-500th-career-goal |title=Real Madrid forward Cristiano Ronaldo scores 500th career goal |work=ESPN |date=30 September 2015 |access-date=19 June 2022 |archive-date=19 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619171143/https://www.espn.co.uk/football/real-madrid/story/2619945/real-madrid-cristiano-ronaldo-scores-500th-career-goal |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; He won the [[2016 Ballon d'Or]], his fourth, and the inaugural [[The Best FIFA Football Awards 2016|2016 The Best FIFA Men's Player]], a revival of the former [[FIFA World Player of the Year]], largely owing to his success with Portugal in winning [[Euro 2016]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/the-best-fifa-football-awards/news/y=2017/m=1/news=the-world-at-cristiano-ronaldo-s-feet-2863112.html |title=The world at Cristiano Ronaldo's feet |work=FIFA |date=10 January 2017 |access-date=14 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603144500/http://www.fifa.com/the-best-fifa-football-awards/news/y=2017/m=1/news=the-world-at-cristiano-ronaldo-s-feet-2863112.html |archive-date=3 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Ronaldo in 2018.jpg|thumb|right|Ronaldo in the [[2018 UEFA Champions League Final]], his final game for Real Madrid]]<br /> In the [[2016–17 UEFA Champions League]] quarter-finals against Bayern in April, Ronaldo scored both goals in a 2–1 away win which saw him make history by becoming the first player to reach 100 goals in UEFA club competition.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |title=Ronaldo makes history with 100th European goal |url=http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid=2406572.html |date=12 April 2017 |publisher=UEFA |access-date=13 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414200754/http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid=2406572.html |archive-date=14 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 17 May, Ronaldo overtook [[Jimmy Greaves]] as the all-time top scorer in the top five European leagues, scoring twice against Celta de Vigo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11096/10819175/cristiano-ronaldo-smashes-jimmy-greaves-all-time-goal-record |title=Cristiano Ronaldo smashes Jimmy Greaves' all-time goal record |work=Sky Sports |date=17 May 2017 |access-date=18 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518094459/http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11096/10819175/cristiano-ronaldo-smashes-jimmy-greaves-all-time-goal-record |archive-date=18 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; He finished the season with 42 goals in all competitions as he helped Madrid to win their [[2016–17 La Liga|first La Liga]] title since 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/39926301 |title=Real Madrid win La Liga title with victory at Malaga |date=21 May 2017 |work=BBC |access-date=6 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226192537/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/39926301 |archive-date=26 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the [[2017 UEFA Champions League Final|Champions League Final]], Ronaldo scored two goals in a 4–1 victory over [[Juventus FC|Juventus]] to take him to 12 goals for the season, making him the competition's top goalscorer for the fifth straight season (sixth overall), as well as the first player to score in three finals in the Champions League era; the second goal was the 600th of his senior career.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/real-madrid/story/3138139/real-madrids-cristiano-ronaldo-nets-600th-career-goal-i-was-very-good |title=Real Madrid's Cristiano Ronaldo nets 600th goal, boasts 'I was very good' |work=ESPN |date=3 June 2017 |access-date=19 June 2022 |archive-date=19 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619171144/https://www.espn.co.uk/football/real-madrid/story/3138139/real-madrids-cristiano-ronaldo-nets-600th-career-goal-i-was-very-good |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Madrid also became the first team to win back-to-back finals in the Champions League era.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/03/sports/champions-league-final-score.html |title=Champions League Final: Real Madrid Confirms Its Spot as World's Best |first1=Andrew |last1=Das |first2=Rory |last2=Smith |work=The New York Times |url-access=limited |date=3 June 2017 |access-date=3 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603230044/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/03/sports/champions-league-final-score.html |archive-date=3 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 23 October, his performances throughout 2017 saw him awarded [[The Best FIFA Football Awards 2017#The Best FIFA Men's Player|The Best FIFA Men's Player]] award for the second consecutive year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/the-best-fifa-football-awards/best-fifa-mens-player/index.html |title=The Best FIFA Men's Player |work=FIFA |access-date=23 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171124135136/http://www.fifa.com/the-best-fifa-football-awards/best-fifa-mens-player/index.html|archive-date=24 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; A day later, Ronaldo won the [[2017 Ballon d'Or]], receiving his fifth-time award on the [[Eiffel Tower]] in Paris.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |title=Ballon d'Or 2017: Cristiano Ronaldo beats Lionel Messi to win fifth award |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/42269979 |work=BBC |date=8 December 2017|access-date=6 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128165201/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/42269979|archive-date=28 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 3 April 2018, Ronaldo scored the first two goals in a 3–0 away win against Juventus in the [[2017–18 UEFA Champions League knockout phase#Juventus v Real Madrid|quarter-finals]] of the [[2017–18 UEFA Champions League]], with his second goal being an acrobatic [[bicycle kick]]. Described as a &quot;[[PlayStation]] goal&quot; by Juventus defender [[Andrea Barzagli]], with Ronaldo's foot approximately {{Convert|7|ft|7|in|m|abbr=on}} off the ground, it garnered him a standing ovation from the opposing fans in the stadium as well as a plethora of plaudits from peers, pundits and coaches.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/43636379 |title=Cristiano Ronaldo bicycle kick: Night Juventus Stadium rose to applaud Real Madrid forward |work=BBC Sport |first=Pat |last=Nevin |author-link=Pat Nevin |date=3 April 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403233537/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/43636379|archive-date=3 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the [[2018 UEFA Champions League Final|final]] on 26 May, Madrid defeated Liverpool 3–1, winning Ronaldo his fifth Champions League title, the first player to do so.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ronaldo first to win five Champions League titles |date=26 May 2018 |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0250-0c5117b83097-712dd4b75ccb-1000--ronaldo-first-to-win-five-champions-league-titles/ |publisher=UEFA|access-date=6 January 2019|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916232033/https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid=2475340.html|archive-date=16 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; He finished as the top scorer of the tournament for the sixth consecutive season with 15 goals.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0245-0e98d7318379-716954065574-1000--madrid-beat-liverpool-to-complete-hat-trick/ |title=Madrid beat Liverpool to complete hat-trick |date=26 May 2018 |publisher=UEFA |access-date=19 June 2022 |archive-date=15 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615085251/https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0245-0e98d7318379-716954065574-1000--madrid-beat-liverpool-to-complete-hat-trick/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; After the final, Ronaldo referred to his time with Madrid in the past tense, sparking speculation that he could leave the club.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Corrian |first=Dermot |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/real-madrid/story/3510863/cristiano-ronaldo-puts-future-in-doubt-its-been-very-nice-playing-for-real-madrid |title=Cristiano Ronaldo puts future in doubt: 'It's been very nice playing for Real Madrid' |date=26 May 2018 |work=ESPN |access-date=19 June 2022 |archive-date=19 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619171148/https://www.espn.co.uk/football/real-madrid/story/3510863/cristiano-ronaldo-puts-future-in-doubt-its-been-very-nice-playing-for-real-madrid |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Juventus ===<br /> ==== 2018–2020: Consecutive Serie A titles ====<br /> [[File:2019-20 Serie A - Torino v Juventus - Cristiano Ronaldo (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|286x286px|Ronaldo playing for Juventus against [[Torino FC|Torino]] in November 2019]]<br /> Ronaldo joined [[Juventus]] in 2018 for €100&amp;nbsp;million, the transfer was the highest ever for a player over 30 years old and the highest paid by an Italian club.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |title=Cristiano Ronaldo to Juventus: Is £99m signing a good deal for Italian champions? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/44785738 |access-date=10 July 2018 |work=BBC |date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711103316/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/44785738 |archive-date=11 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Upon signing, Ronaldo cited his need for a new challenge as his rationale for departing Madrid,&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |title=Cristiano Ronaldo: Juventus sign Real Madrid forward for £99.2m |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/44785173 |access-date=10 July 2018 |work=BBC |date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710154813/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/44785173 |archive-date=10 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; but later attributed the transfer to the lack of support he felt was shown by club president [[Florentino Pérez]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |last=Fifield |first=Dominic |title=Cristiano Ronaldo: I left Real Madrid because of president Florentino Pérez |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2018/oct/29/cristiano-ronaldo-left-real-madrid-president-florentino-perez-juventus |access-date=30 October 2018 |work=The Guardian |date=29 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030170352/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2018/oct/29/cristiano-ronaldo-left-real-madrid-president-florentino-perez-juventus |archive-date=30 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 18 August, Ronaldo made his debut in a 3–2 away win against [[A.C. ChievoVerona|Chievo Verona]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Gamba |first=Emanuele |date=18 August 2018 |url=https://www.repubblica.it/sport/calcio/serie-a/juventus/2018/08/18/news/chievo_juventus_2-3_ronaldo_bernardeschi-204404802/ |title=Buona la prima di Ronaldo in Italia: gioca bene e la Juventus batte il Chievo 3–2 |work=La Repubblica |language=it |access-date=14 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 19 September, in his first [[2018–19 UEFA Champions League|Champions League]] match for Juve, he was sent off against Valencia, his first red card in 154 Champions League appearances.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Valencia 0–2 Juventus: Cristiano Ronaldo sent off but Italians still win |work=BBC Sport |date=19 September 2018 |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/45581933 |access-date=11 June 2024 |archive-date=19 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919221207/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/45581933 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In the reverse (home) leg against Valencia, Cristiano won 100 Champions League matches, becoming the first ever player to do so.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=https://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Champions-League/Juventus/28-11-2018/juve-ronaldo-mandukic-che-simbiosi-capolavori-assist-gol-310803729233.shtml |title=Juve, Ronaldo e Mandukic: che simbiosi. Tra capolavori, assist e gol |newspaper=La Gazzetta dello Sport |language=it |date=28 November 2018 |access-date=11 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128164736/https://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Champions-League/Juventus/28-11-2018/juve-ronaldo-mandukic-che-simbiosi-capolavori-assist-gol-310803729233.shtml |archive-date=28 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Ronaldo won his first trophy with the club on 16 January 2019, the [[2018 Supercoppa Italiana]], after he scored the only goal from a header against [[AC Milan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/live/2019/jan/16/juventus-v-milan-supercoppa-italiana-live |title=Juventus 1–0 Milan: Supercoppa Italiana – as it happened |work=The Guardian |first=Simon |last=Burnton |date=16 January 2019 |access-date=16 January 2019 |archive-date=28 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428163836/https://www.theguardian.com/football/live/2019/jan/16/juventus-v-milan-supercoppa-italiana-live |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; On 10 February, Ronaldo scored in a 3–0 win over Sassuolo, the ninth consecutive away game in which he had scored in the league, equalling [[Giuseppe Signori]]'s single season Serie A record of [[Football records in Italy#Most consecutive Serie A away appearances with at least one goal scored in a single season|most consecutive away games with at least one goal]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=https://www.gazzetta.it/calcio/fantanews/11-02-2019/cr7-record-juve-9-trasferte-fila-gol-serie-a-mirino-c-messi-3201193050934.shtml |title=Juve, CR7 da record: 9 trasferte di fila con gol in Serie A. E nel mirino c'è Messi |newspaper=La Gazzetta dello Sport |language=it |date=11 February 2019 |access-date=11 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 12 March, Ronaldo scored a hat-trick in a 3–0 home win against Atlético in the second leg of the Champions League round of 16, helping Juventus overcome a two-goal deficit to reach the quarter-finals.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2019/mar/12/juventus-atletico-madrid-champions-league-last-16-second-leg-match-report |title=Cristiano Ronaldo hat-trick against Atlético fires Juventus into last eight |work=The Guardian |date=12 March 2019 |access-date=12 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 20 April, Ronaldo played in the ''[[List of Italian football champions|scudetto]]'' clinching game against Fiorentina, as Juventus won their eighth successive title after a 2–1 home win, thereby becoming the first player to win league titles in [[Premier League|England]], [[La Liga|Spain]] and [[Serie A|Italy]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last2=Smith |first2=Adam |last1=Dampf |first1=Andrew |url=https://www.apnews.com/b67c98f3f07641d7b8a931092a12e037 |title=Ronaldo Becomes first player to win Europe's top 3 leagues |website=AP News |date=22 April 2019 |access-date=22 October 2019 |archive-date=22 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022121059/https://www.apnews.com/b67c98f3f07641d7b8a931092a12e037 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; With 21 goals and eight assists, Ronaldo won the [[Serie A Awards|league award]] for Most Valuable Player.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=18 May 2019|title=Ronaldo MVP in Serie A Awards|url=https://www.football-italia.net/138193/ronaldo-mvp-serie-awards|access-date=11 June 2024|publisher=Football Italia|archive-date=13 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813042350/https://www.football-italia.net/138193/ronaldo-mvp-serie-awards|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 1 October, he reached several milestones in Juventus's 3–0 [[2019–20 UEFA Champions League|Champions League]] group stage win over [[Bayer 04 Leverkusen|Bayer Leverkusen]] including breaking [[Iker Casillas]]' record for most Champions League wins of all time.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=https://www.90min.com/posts/6467560-cristiano-ronaldo-smashes-champions-league-record-during-juventus-win-over-bayer-leverkusen |title=Cristiano Ronaldo breaks series of records after scoring 128th Champions League goal in Juventus win over Bayer Leverkusen |work=90 Min |last=Jacot |first=Sam |date=2 October 2019 |access-date=5 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 18 December, Ronaldo leapt to a height of {{Convert|8|ft|5|in|m|abbr=on}}, higher than the crossbar, to head the winning goal in a 2–1 away win against [[UC Sampdoria|Sampdoria]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |title=Cristiano Ronaldo: Juventus forward defies gravity with jump |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/50849469 |date=18 December 2019 |access-date=20 December 2019 |work=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt; He scored his first Serie A hat-trick on 6 January 2020, in a 4–0 home win against [[Cagliari Calcio|Cagliari]] and became only the second player to score hat-tricks in the Premier League, La Liga and Serie A.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |title=Juventus 4–0 Cagliari: Cristiano Ronaldo scores first Serie A hat-trick |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/51000226 |date=6 January 2019 |access-date=6 January 2019 |work=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 22 February, Ronaldo scored for a [[Football records and statistics in Italy#Most consecutive Serie A appearances with at least one goal scored in a single season|record-equalling]] 11th consecutive league game, alongside [[Gabriel Batistuta]] and [[Fabio Quagliarella]], in what was his 1,000th senior professional game, a 2–1 away win against [[S.P.A.L.|SPAL]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/51598794 |title=Cristiano Ronaldo scores in win to equal Serie A record in 1,000th game |work=BBC Sport |date=22 February 2020 |access-date=22 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 22 June, he scored a penalty in a 2–0 away win over [[Bologna FC 1909|Bologna]], overtaking [[Rui Costa]] to become the highest scoring Portuguese player in Serie A history.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/cristiano-ronaldo-overtakes-rui-costa-225433836.html |title=Cristiano Ronaldo overtakes Rui Costa to become Serie A's top Portuguese scorer |work=Yahoo Sports |date=22 June 2020 |access-date=23 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 20 July, Ronaldo scored twice in a 2–1 home win over [[SS Lazio|Lazio]]; his first goal was his 50th in Serie A. He became the first player in history to reach 50 goals in the Premier League, La Liga and Serie A, and becoming the second player after [[Edin Džeko]] to score 50 goals in three of [[Big Five (association football)|Europe's top five major leagues]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bhargav |date=24 September 2020 |title=Top 5 players who have succeeded in 3 top-5 leagues |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/top-5-players-succeeded-3-top-five-leagues |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125023839/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/top-5-players-succeeded-3-top-five-leagues |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Moreover, he became the oldest player, at the age of 35 years and 166 days, to score over 30 goals in one of the five top European leagues since [[Ronnie Rooke]] with Arsenal in 1948.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.marca.com/en/football/international-football/2020/07/21/5f171bcdca4741ba628b464d.html |title=Cristiano Ronaldo equals a record from 1948 |website=Marca |date=21 July 2020 |access-date=22 July 2020 |archive-date=22 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722172859/https://www.marca.com/en/football/international-football/2020/07/21/5f171bcdca4741ba628b464d.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; On 26 July, Ronaldo scored the opening goal in a 2–0 home win over Sampdoria as Juventus were crowned Serie A champions for a ninth consecutive time.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/53544939 |title=Juventus 2–0 Sampdoria: Maurizio Sarri's side claim ninth straight Serie A title |work=BBC Sport |date=27 July 2020 |access-date=6 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 7 August, Ronaldo scored a brace in a 2–1 home win against [[Olympique Lyonnais|Lyon]] in the second leg of the Champions League round of 16, which saw him finish the season with 37 goals in all competitions; the tally allowed him to break Borel's club record of 36 goals in a single season.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.goal.com/en-za/news/ronaldo-breaks-all-time-juventus-scoring-record-with-lyon/g3rzq1s808zo1x25vgeu90whu |title=Ronaldo breaks all-time Juventus scoring record with Lyon double |work=Goal |date=7 August 2020 |access-date=7 August 2020 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809035730/https://www.goal.com/en-za/news/ronaldo-breaks-all-time-juventus-scoring-record-with-lyon/g3rzq1s808zo1x25vgeu90whu/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== 2020–2021: 100 Juve goals, ''Capocannoniere'', and departure ====<br /> Ronaldo played his 100th match in all competitions for Juventus on 13 December, scoring two penalties in a 3–1 away win over [[Genoa CFC|Genoa]] in the league to bring his goal tally to 79.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=13 December 2020 |title=Serie A, Genoa-Juventus 1–3: Dybala e CR7 stendono i rossoblù |url=https://www.sportmediaset.mediaset.it/calcio/seriea/serie-a-genoa-juventus1-3-dybala-e-cr7-stendono-i-rossobl_26560749-202002a.shtml |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Sport Mediaset |archive-date=14 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214021755/https://www.sportmediaset.mediaset.it/calcio/seriea/serie-a-genoa-juventus1-3-dybala-e-cr7-stendono-i-rossobl_26560749-202002a.shtml |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; On 2 March 2021, he scored a goal in a 3–0 win over [[Spezia Calcio|Spezia]] in his 600th league match, to become the first player to score at least 20 goals in 12 consecutive seasons in the top five leagues of Europe.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/03/03/football/cristiano-ronaldo-goal-record-spt-intl/index.html |title=Cristiano Ronaldo breaks another record during his 600th league game |work=CNN |date=3 March 2021 |access-date=15 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 12 May, Ronaldo scored a goal in a 3–1 away win over Sassuolo to reach his 100th goal for Juventus in all competitions on his 131st appearance, becoming the fastest Juventus player to achieve the feat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/ronaldo-becomes-fastest-player-to-reach-100-juventus-goals/1ie2lnhyz7z1c1ka0qv1rzwi9t |title=Ronaldo becomes fastest player to reach 100 Juventus goals |work=Goal |date=12 May 2021 |access-date=12 May 2021 |archive-date=13 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513013241/https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/ronaldo-becomes-fastest-player-to-reach-100-juventus-goals/1ie2lnhyz7z1c1ka0qv1rzwi9t |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; With Juventus's victory in the [[2021 Coppa Italia Final]] on 19 May, Ronaldo became the first player in history to win every major domestic trophy in England, Spain and Italy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/20/football/cristiano-ronaldo-wins-coppa-italia-spt-intl/index.html |title=Cristiano Ronaldo cements domestic dominance as Juventus wins Coppa Italia |work=CNN |date=20 May 2021 |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-date=15 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215083109/https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/20/football/cristiano-ronaldo-wins-coppa-italia-spt-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ronaldo ended the season with 29 league goals, winning the ''[[Capocannoniere]]'' award for highest goalscorer and becoming the first footballer to finish as top scorer in the English, Spanish and Italian leagues.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/juventus-itajuventus/story/4390877/cristiano-ronaldo-first-player-to-finish-as-top-scorer-in-serie-a-premier-league-la-liga |title=Cristiano Ronaldo first player to finish as top scorer in Serie A, Premier League, La Liga |date=23 May 2021 |publisher=ESPN |access-date=23 May 2021 |archive-date=24 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524070459/https://www.espn.com/soccer/juventus-itajuventus/story/4390877/cristiano-ronaldo-first-player-to-finish-as-top-scorer-in-serie-a-premier-league-la-liga |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The start of the following season came amid reports Ronaldo would depart the club before the closure of the transfer window,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/12961/12388381/cristiano-ronaldo-juventus-boss-says-he-decided-to-use-portuguese-star-from-the-bench-on-sunday |title=Cristiano Ronaldo: Juventus boss says he decided to use Portuguese star from the bench on Sunday |date=23 August 2021 |access-date=27 August 2021 |work=[[Sky Sports]] |archive-date=23 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823191915/https://www.skysports.com/football/news/12961/12388381/cristiano-ronaldo-juventus-boss-says-he-decided-to-use-portuguese-star-from-the-bench-on-sunday |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; despite Ronaldo and his agent [[Jorge Mendes]] reaching a verbal agreement with [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] over personal terms,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Delaney |first=Miguel |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/cristiano-ronaldo-man-city-news-b1909193.html |title=Cristiano Ronaldo: Man City agree personal terms with Juventus star ahead of possible transfer |date=26 August 2021 |access-date=27 August 2021 |work=[[The Independent]] |archive-date=26 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826223614/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/cristiano-ronaldo-man-city-news-b1909193.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; but the club pulled out of the deal,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Dawson |first=Rob |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/manchester-city-engman_city/story/4462735/cristiano-ronaldo-to-manchester-city-off-manchester-united-now-frontrunners-sources |title=Cristiano Ronaldo to Manchester City off: Manchester United now front-runners |date=27 August 2021 |access-date=27 August 2021 |work=[[ESPN]] |archive-date=27 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827210345/https://www.espn.com/soccer/manchester-city-engman_city/story/4462735/cristiano-ronaldo-to-manchester-city-off-manchester-united-now-frontrunners-sources |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and later it was confirmed that City's [[Manchester derby|rivals]] Manchester United, Ronaldo's former club, were in advanced talks to sign him,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Stone |first=Simon |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/58359561 |title=Cristiano Ronaldo: Man Utd in advanced talks to sign Juventus forward |date=27 August 2021 |access-date=27 August 2021 |work=[[BBC Sport]] |archive-date=27 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827225241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/58359561 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11667/12392208/cristiano-ronaldo-manchester-united-in-advanced-talks-to-sign-forward-after-manchester-city-pull-out-of-deal |title=Cristiano Ronaldo: Manchester United in advanced talks to sign forward after Manchester City pull out of deal |date=27 August 2021 |access-date=27 August 2021 |work=[[Sky Sports]] |archive-date=27 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827210305/https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11667/12392208/cristiano-ronaldo-manchester-united-in-advanced-talks-to-sign-forward-after-manchester-city-pull-out-of-deal |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; while former manager [[Alex Ferguson]] and several ex-teammates had been in contact to persuade him to re-sign for United.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Delaney |first=Miguel |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/cristiano-ronaldo-manchester-united-transfer-b1910152.html |title=Cristiano Ronaldo: How Manchester United sealed a transfer 12 years in the making in a matter of hours |date=27 August 2021 |access-date=27 August 2021 |work=The Independent |archive-date=27 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827183453/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/cristiano-ronaldo-manchester-united-transfer-b1910152.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Ogden |first=Mark |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/soccer-transfers/story/4462844/cristiano-ronaldos-man-utd-return-ex-teammates-whatsapp-messages-helped-end-man-city-move-sources |title=Cristiano Ronaldo's Man Utd return: ex-teammates' Whatsapp messages helped end Man City move |date=27 August 2021 |access-date=27 August 2021 |work=ESPN |archive-date=27 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827213003/https://www.espn.com/soccer/soccer-transfers/story/4462844/cristiano-ronaldos-man-utd-return-ex-teammates-whatsapp-messages-helped-end-man-city-move-sources |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Return to Manchester United ===<br /> [[File:Cr7 11 September 2021.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Ronaldo in a [[Premier League]] match against [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle]] in September 2021, his first game back at [[Manchester United]]]]<br /> On 27 August 2021, Manchester United announced they had reached an agreement with Juventus to re-sign Ronaldo, subject to agreement of personal terms, visa and medical.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 August 2021 |title=United confirm Ronaldo agreement |url=https://www.manutd.com/en/news/detail/official-statement-on-agreement-reached-for-cristiano-ronaldo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831183606/https://www.manutd.com/en/news/detail/official-statement-on-agreement-reached-for-cristiano-ronaldo |archive-date=31 August 2021 |publisher=Manchester United F.C.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Aarons |first1=Ed |last2=Romano |first2=Fabrizio |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2021/aug/27/manchester-city-cristiano-ronaldo-wants-to-leave-juventus-allegri |title='Welcome back': Manchester United agree €20m deal for Cristiano Ronaldo |date=27 August 2021 |access-date=27 August 2021 |work=[[The Guardian]] |archive-date=28 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828223405/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2021/aug/27/manchester-city-cristiano-ronaldo-wants-to-leave-juventus-allegri |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ronaldo was given the number 7 shirt after [[Edinson Cavani]] agreed to switch to 21.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Ostlere |first=Lawrence |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/cristiano-ronaldo-shirt-number-manchester-united-b1913375.html |title=Cristiano Ronaldo shirt number: New Manchester United forward takes No7 from Edinson Cavani |date=2 September 2021 |access-date=2 September 2021 |work=The Independent |archive-date=3 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903225143/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/cristiano-ronaldo-shirt-number-manchester-united-b1913375.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The first 24 hours of Ronaldo's shirt sales was reported to have broken the all-time record following a transfer, overtaking Messi after his move to [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |last=Fiore |first=Tommaso |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11667/12400586/ronaldo-smashes-man-utd-shirt-sales |title=Cristiano Ronaldo: New Manchester United No 7 smashes shirt sale record and causes media frenzy |date=6 September 2021 |access-date=7 September 2021 |work=Sky Sports}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 11 September, Ronaldo made his second debut at Old Trafford, scoring the opening two goals in a 4–1 league victory against [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Stone |first=Simon |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/58437003 |title=Cristiano Ronaldo twice scores as Manchester United beat Newcastle |date=11 September 2021 |access-date=11 September 2021 |work=[[BBC Sport]] |archive-date=15 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915102644/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/58437003 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; On 29 September, he scored a last-minute winner in United's 2–1 victory at home to [[Villarreal CF|Villarreal]] in the [[2021–22 UEFA Champions League group stage#Group F|Champions League]], and overtook [[Iker Casillas]] as the player with the most appearances in the competition.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Marsh |first=Charlotte |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/man-utd-vs-villarreal/report/457343 |title=Man Utd 2–1 Villarreal: Cristiano Ronaldo snatches dramatic late Champions League victory for United |date=29 September 2021 |access-date=30 September 2021 |work=Sky Sports |archive-date=5 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005023533/https://www.skysports.com/football/man-utd-vs-villarreal/report/457343 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ronaldo proved to be crucial in the next Champions League fixtures, scoring various last-minute goals to help United qualify for the [[2021–22 UEFA Champions League knockout phase#Round of 16|round of 16]] as group winners.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Villarreal 0–2 Man Utd: Cristiano Ronaldo and Jadon Sancho score as United reach Champions League last 16 |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11945/12476601/villarreal-0-2-man-utd-cristiano-ronaldo-and-jadon-sancho-score-as-united-reach-champions-league-last-16 |access-date=13 November 2022 |work=Sky Sports |archive-date=23 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223210905/https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11945/12476601/villarreal-0-2-man-utd-cristiano-ronaldo-and-jadon-sancho-score-as-united-reach-champions-league-last-16 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; On 2 December, Ronaldo netted two goals in a 3–2 home league win against [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]], which saw him surpass [[List of footballers with 500 or more goals|800 career goals]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |title=Cristiano Ronaldo: Man Utd &amp; Portugal forward becomes first player to score 800 top-level goals |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/59514549 |date=3 December 2021 |access-date=4 December 2021 |work=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; Struggles ensued, with a fractured relationship with his teammates and interim manager, continuing for two months,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ae/news/ronaldo-37-time-finally-catching-up-man-utd-superstar/bltadab34347c5bb2e7|title=Ronaldo at 37: Is time finally catching up with Man Utd superstar?|website=[[Goal.com]]|date=8 February 2022|access-date=11 June 2024|archive-date=20 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220122122/https://www.goal.com/en-ae/news/ronaldo-37-time-finally-catching-up-man-utd-superstar/bltadab34347c5bb2e7|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; until he scored in United's 2–0 win at home versus [[Brighton &amp; Hove Albion F.C.|Brighton &amp; Hove Albion]] on 15 February 2022, his first in the new year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Manchester United 2–0 Brighton &amp; Hove Albion: Ronaldo scores as Man Utd beat Brighton |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/59618478 |work=[[BBC Sport]] |date=15 February 2022 |access-date=11 June 2024 |archive-date=12 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112110744/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/59618478 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; He finished the season with 24 goals in all competitions being named in the Premier League Team of the Year and the winner of United's [[Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year]] award,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Garrick |first=Omar |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/4175611/2022/06/09/pfa-premier-league-team-of-the-year-ronaldo-de-bruyne-salah-included/ |title=PFA Premier League Team of the Year: Ronaldo, De Bruyne, Salah included |date=9 June 2022 |access-date=19 June 2022 |work=The Athletic |archive-date=9 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609183929/https://theathletic.com/news/pfa-premier-league-team-of-the-year-ronaldo-salah-de-bruyne/mPO0l7G4S946/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first=Joe |last=Nelson |title=Ronaldo named United's Player of the Year |url=https://www.manutd.com/en/news/detail/cristiano-ronaldo-wins-man-utd-sir-matt-busby-player-of-the-year-award-2021-22-06-june-2022 |publisher=Manchester United |date=4 June 2022 |access-date=4 June 2022 |archive-date=26 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126184345/https://www.manutd.com/en/news/detail/cristiano-ronaldo-wins-man-utd-sir-matt-busby-player-of-the-year-award-2021-22-06-june-2022 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; but United finished in a disappointing sixth place and qualified for the [[UEFA Europa League]]; as a result, Ronaldo went trophyless for the first time since 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=23 May 2022 |title=Comparing Messi's PSG record with Ronaldo's at Man Utd in 2021–22 |url=https://www.planetfootball.com/quick-reads/comparing-lionel-messi-psg-record-with-cristiano-ronaldo-at-man-utd-in-2021-22/ |access-date=12 June 2022 |work=Planet Football |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213092802/https://www.planetfootball.com/quick-reads/comparing-lionel-messi-psg-record-with-cristiano-ronaldo-at-man-utd-in-2021-22/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After growing dissatisfaction with the direction of United on and off the field, Ronaldo desired to leave to join a club competing in the Champions League, but a move failed to materialise, with various European clubs refusing a transfer, due to his age, overall cost of a transfer and high wage demands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=28 July 2022 |title=Cristiano Ronaldo reiterates desire to leave Manchester United during Carrington meeting |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/3457659/2022/07/28/cristiano-ronaldo-manchester-united-desire/ |access-date=11 November 2022 |work=[[The Athletic]] |archive-date=19 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219151742/https://theathletic.com/3457659/2022/07/28/cristiano-ronaldo-manchester-united-desire/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Aarons |first=Ed |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/jul/14/chelsea-decide-against-signing-cristiano-ronaldo-after-talks-with-representatives |title=Chelsea decide against signing Cristiano Ronaldo after talks with representatives |date=14 July 2022 |access-date=27 November 2022 |work=The Guardian |archive-date=27 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127213129/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/jul/14/chelsea-decide-against-signing-cristiano-ronaldo-after-talks-with-representatives |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Shortly after, he fell out with manager [[Erik ten Hag]] who used him as a substitute, leading United to terminate his contract on 22 November, following an interview with [[Piers Morgan]], where Ronaldo said that he felt &quot;betrayed&quot; by Ten Hag and criticised the management of the club.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/nov/22/cristiano-ronaldo-to-leave-manchester-united-with-immediate-effect |title=Cristiano Ronaldo to leave Manchester United with immediate effect |date=22 November 2022 |access-date=22 November 2022 |work=[[The Guardian]] |archive-date=20 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220122808/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/nov/22/cristiano-ronaldo-to-leave-manchester-united-with-immediate-effect |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Al-Nassr ===<br /> [[File:RonaldoAl-Nassr23.jpg|thumb|upright|Ronaldo with [[Al-Nassr FC|Al-Nassr]] in September 2023]]<br /> [[File:Cristiano in a match against Al Taawoun.jpg|thumb|upright|Ronaldo in a match against Al-Taawoun]]<br /> On 30 December 2022, Saudi Arabian club [[Al-Nassr FC|Al-Nassr]] reached an agreement for Ronaldo to join the club, signing a contract until 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/12777056/cristiano-ronaldo-former-manchester-united-forward-signs-for-saudi-arabian-club-al-nassr |title=Cristiano Ronaldo: Former Manchester United forward signs for Saudi Arabian club Al-Nassr |date=30 December 2022 |access-date=30 December 2022 |work=[[Sky Sports]] |archive-date=12 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112173135/https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/12777056/cristiano-ronaldo-former-manchester-united-forward-signs-for-saudi-arabian-club-al-nassr |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ronaldo received [[List of largest sports contracts|the highest football salary ever]], at €200 million per year,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Romano |first=Fabrizio |author-link=Fabrizio Romano |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/dec/30/cristiano-ronaldo-al-nassr-saudi-arabia |title=Cristiano Ronaldo completes deal to join Saudi Arabian club Al Nassr |date=30 December 2022 |access-date=30 December 2022 |work=[[The Guardian]] |archive-date=5 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105112321/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/dec/30/cristiano-ronaldo-al-nassr-saudi-arabia |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/63805297 |title=Cristiano Ronaldo joins Saudi Arabian side Al Nassr until 2025 |date=30 December 2022 |access-date=30 December 2022 |work=[[BBC Sport]] |archive-date=12 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212015056/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/63805297 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; including a guaranteed football salary of €90 million, with commercial and sponsorship deals bringing his total annual salary to €200 million. He made his debut for Al-Nassr on 22 January 2023, as club captain, playing the full 90 minutes of a 1–0 win over [[Al-Ettifaq FC|Al-Ettifaq]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/64368434 |title=Cristiano Ronaldo: Portugal forward makes competitive debut in Al Nassr win |work=BBC Sport |date=22 January 2023 |access-date=23 January 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and scored his first goal in a 2–2 draw against [[Al Fateh SC|Al-Fateh]] by converting a last-minute penalty.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/av/football/64523053 |title=Cristiano Ronaldo scores late penalty for first Al Nassr goal in Saudi Arabia |work=BBC Sport |date=3 February 2023 |access-date=3 February 2023 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207084026/https://www.bbc.com/sport/av/football/64523053 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; On 9 February, Ronaldo scored all four goals in a 4–0 win over [[Al Wehda FC|Al-Wehda]], his first goal of the match being his 500th career league goal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ronaldo scores four goals to pass 500 in club career |url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/ronaldo-scores-four-goals-pass-500-club-career-2023-02-09/ |access-date=10 February 2023 |date=9 February 2023 |work=[[Reuters]] |archive-date=10 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210184933/https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/ronaldo-scores-four-goals-pass-500-club-career-2023-02-09/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the [[BBC]], Ronaldo's transfer to Al-Nassr led a &quot;revolution&quot; in Asian football, with many players from other leagues, particularly those in Europe, transferring to Saudi Pro League clubs for the [[2023–24 Saudi Pro League|2023–24 season]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Saudi wealth shaping football's new reality |work=BBC Sport |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/66245206 |access-date=17 August 2023 |archive-date=26 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026141231/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/66245206 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=16 August 2023 |title=Neymar credits Ronaldo for Saudi Pro League transformation |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/soccer/neymar-credits-ronaldo-saudi-pro-league-transformation-2023-08-16/ |access-date=17 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 August 2023 |title=Neymar, the latest star of the Saudi Pro League, the new order of soccer |url=https://www.marca.com/en/football/2023/08/15/64dbce77e2704ef5378b4569.html |access-date=17 August 2023 |website=MARCA }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the final of the [[Arab Club Champions Cup]] on 12 August, Ronaldo scored both goals as they defeated rivals [[Al Hilal SFC|Al-Hilal]] 2–1 after extra time. Ronaldo scored six goals in the competition.&lt;ref name=&quot;accc&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine |date=12 August 2023 |title=Cristiano Ronaldo Wins First Trophy Since 2021 After Scoring Two Goals For 10-Man Al-Nassr In Arab Club Champions Cup Final |url=https://www.si.com/fannation/soccer/futbol/news/cristiano-ronaldo-wins-1st-al-nassr-trophy-after-2-goals-in-final |access-date=12 August 2023 |magazine=[[Sports Illustrated]] |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828163849/https://www.si.com/fannation/soccer/futbol/news/cristiano-ronaldo-wins-1st-al-nassr-trophy-after-2-goals-in-final |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; At the close of the year, Ronaldo scored 54 goals in all competitions for Al-Nassr and Portugal, making him the outright top scorer in 2023, reaching the same goalscoring record as in 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Cristiano Ronaldo to end 2023 as world's top goal scorer|newspaper=[[ESPN]]|date=30 December 2023|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/39211354/cristiano-ronaldo-end-2023-world-top-goalscorer|archive-date=7 April 2024|access-date=29 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407083631/https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/39211354/cristiano-ronaldo-end-2023-world-top-goalscorer|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Cristiano Ronaldo Ends 2023 Two Goals Clear Of Harry Kane And Kylian Mbappe As Top Scorer In World Soccer|newspaper=[[Sports Illustrated]]|date=30 December 2023|url=https://www.si.com/fannation/soccer/futbol/news/cristiano-ronaldo-ends-2023-as-top-scorer-in-world-with-54-goals|archive-date=4 April 2024|access-date=29 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404131209/https://www.si.com/fannation/soccer/futbol/news/cristiano-ronaldo-ends-2023-as-top-scorer-in-world-with-54-goals|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 27 May 2024, in Al-Nassr's home fixture against [[Al-Ittihad Club (Jeddah)|Al-Ittihad]], Ronaldo scored his 34th and 35th league goals of the campaign, surpassing [[Abderrazak Hamdallah]]'s record for the most goals scored in a single Saudi Pro League season. He also became the first footballer to finish as top scorer in four different leagues: the English, Spanish, Italian and Saudi leagues.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Banerjee |first=Ritabrata |url=https://www.goal.com/en-kw/lists/cristiano-ronaldo-makes-history-al-nassr-breaks-saudi-pro-league-record-most-goals-in-season/bltdba00468162c54b2#csf3eebff5aaf5212a |title=Cristiano Ronaldo makes history again! Al-Nassr hero breaks Saudi Pro League record for most goals in a season as Portugal hero downs Al-Ittihad |publisher=Goal.com |date=27 May 2024 |access-date=12 June 2024 |archive-date=27 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527212242/https://www.goal.com/en-kw/lists/cristiano-ronaldo-makes-history-al-nassr-breaks-saudi-pro-league-record-most-goals-in-season/bltdba00468162c54b2#csf3eebff5aaf5212a |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; On 31 May, in a 5–4 penalty shoot-out defeat to Al-Hilal in the [[2024 King Cup final]] following a 1–1 draw after extra time (in which he scored his side's second spot kick), he equalled [[Rogério Ceni]]'s record for most top-level matches by a male professional footballer (1,225).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.iffhs.com/posts/3664 |title=NEW WORLD RECORD |publisher=www.iffhs.com |date=4 June 2024 |access-date=12 June 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Ronaldo finished the [[2024–25 Saudi Pro League|2024–25 season]] with 25 league goals, becoming the league's top scorer for a second consecutive time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/lists/cristiano-ronaldo-second-successive-saudi-pro-league-golden-boot-ahead-ivan-toney-al-nassr-superstar-consolation-prize-title-failure/blt0b2b73f0317cf384|title=Cristiano Ronaldo clinches second successive Saudi Pro League Golden Boot ahead of Ivan Toney as Al-Nassr superstar lands consolation prize after latest title failure &amp;#124; Goal.com|date=27 May 2025|website=www.goal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == International career ==<br /> {{Main|Career of Cristiano Ronaldo#International career}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Cristiano Ronaldo (links unten) im EM-Halbfinale gegen die Niederlande.jpg|thumb|left|Ronaldo (bottom left) playing for [[Portugal national football team|Portugal]] during their semi-final match against the [[Netherlands national football team|Netherlands]] at [[Euro 2004]]]]<br /> At the age of 18, Ronaldo made his debut for Portugal as a substitute against [[Kazakhstan national football team|Kazakhstan]] on 20 August 2003.&lt;ref name=&quot;ABC&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.abc.net.au/sport/columns/200604/s1624027.htm |title=Cristiano Ronaldo: Young lion |date=26 April 2006 |access-date=16 June 2021 |work=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |archive-date=4 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904024920/https://www.abc.net.au/sport/columns/200604/s1624027.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; At [[UEFA Euro 2004]], he scored his first international goal in a 2–1 group stage loss to [[Greece national football team|Greece]] in his eighth international appearance.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Emons |first1=Michael |title=Cristiano Ronaldo: Portugal's Euros record breaker and record chaser |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/articles/clkk92yprl3o |work=[[BBC Sport]] |date=5 June 2024 |archive-date=11 June 2024 |access-date=12 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611122652/https://www.bbc.com/sport/articles/clkk92yprl3o |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SW&quot; /&gt; Despite Portugal losing to Greece again in the [[UEFA Euro 2004 final|final]], Ronaldo made the [[UEFA European Championship awards#Team of the Tournament|team of the tournament]], with two assists and two goals.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=UEFA EURO 2004 Statistics: Assists |url=http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/season=2004/statistics/round=1581/players/type=assists/index.html |access-date=9 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202232904/http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/season=2004/statistics/round=1581/players/type=assists/index.html|archive-date=2 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]], at the age of 21 years and 132 days, Ronaldo became the youngest ever goalscorer for Portugal at a World Cup finals.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/world_cup_2006/4853078.stm |title=Portugal 2–0 Iran |date=17 June 2006 |access-date=16 June 2021 |work=BBC Sport |archive-date=16 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070816004343/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/world_cup_2006/4853078.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Portugal reached the semi-finals, where Portugal lost to [[France national football team|France]], with Ronaldo being booed during their defeat, due to an incident that occurred in the quarter-finals against [[England national football team|England]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chick |first=Alex |date=6 July 2006 |title=Scolari's fortunes take a dive |url=http://www.espnfc.com/story/373430 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904122504/http://www.espnfc.com/story/373430/scolaris-fortunes-take-a-dive |archive-date=4 September 2014 |access-date=3 October 2023 |website=[[ESPN FC]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; FIFA's Technical Study Group overlooked him for the tournament's Best Young Player award and handed it to [[Germany national football team|Germany]]'s [[Lukas Podolski]], citing his behaviour as a factor in the decision.&lt;ref name=&quot;FFT&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |title=Podolski beats Ronaldo to award |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/world_cup_2006/5157434.stm |work=BBC Sport |date=7 July 2006 |access-date=10 July 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060710052315/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/world_cup_2006/5157434.stm|archive-date=10 July 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Cristiano Ronaldo 20120609.jpg|thumb|upright|Ronaldo, pictured playing against [[Germany national football team|Germany]] at [[Euro 2012]], was made captain for Portugal in 2008.]]<br /> On 6 February 2007, Cristiano [[List of Portugal national football team captains|captained]] Portugal for the first time in a friendly against [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Rediff captain&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Scolari delighted with Portugal victory over Brazil |url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/2007/feb/07scol.htm |publisher=Rediff |date=7 February 2007 |access-date=11 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629013920/http://www.rediff.com/sports/2007/feb/07scol.htm|archive-date=29 June 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; He wore the number 7 shirt ahead of [[UEFA Euro 2008]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/season=2008/teams/team=110/squad/index.html |title=Portugal |access-date=11 June 2024 |publisher=UEFA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116105958/http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/season=2008/teams/team=110/squad/index.html|archive-date=16 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Despite scoring eight goals in [[UEFA Euro 2008 qualification|qualifications]],&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |title=Top scorers for Euro 2008 European Qualifying campaign |url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/stats/topscorers?league=uefa.euroq |publisher=ESPN|access-date=11 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007223817/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/stats/topscorers?league=uefa.euroq|archive-date=7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; the second-highest tally, he scored just one goal in the finals, netting the second goal of Portugal's 3–1 win in the group stage game against the [[Czech Republic national football team|Czech Republic]]. Portugal were eliminated in the quarter-finals after a 3–2 loss to [[Germany national football team|Germany]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/international/2303651/Euro-2008-German-power-leaves-Portugal-in-despair.html |title=Euro 2008: German power leaves Portugal in despair |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=20 June 2008 |access-date=11 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830054532/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/international/2303651/Euro-2008-German-power-leaves-Portugal-in-despair.html|archive-date=30 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Ronaldo failed to score in [[2010 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA)|2010 World Cup qualifying]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FFT&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Flanagan |first=Chris |url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/cristiano-ronaldo-portugal-100th-goal-international-record-man-utd-real-madrid-juventus-sweden-ali-daei |title=Long read: Cristiano Ronaldo's incredible journey to 100 Portugal goals – and the all-time international record still to come |date=8 September 2020 |access-date=11 June 2024 |work=[[FourFourTwo]] |archive-date=12 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212112423/https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/cristiano-ronaldo-portugal-100th-goal-international-record-man-utd-real-madrid-juventus-sweden-ali-daei |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; He scored only one goal in the [[2010 FIFA World Cup|2010 World Cup finals]]; despite this, he was named man of the match in all three group stage matches, against [[Ivory Coast national football team|Ivory Coast]], [[North Korea national football team|North Korea]] and Brazil.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/southafrica2010/matches/round=249722/match=300061489/report.html |title=Full-time report Côte d'Ivoire-Portugal |work=FIFA |date=15 June 2010 |access-date=11 June 2024|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513034839/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/southafrica2010/matches/round%3D249722/match%3D300061489/report.html |archive-date=13 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/southafrica2010/matches/round=249722/match=300061487/report.html |title=Full-time report North Korea-Portugal |work=FIFA |date=21 June 2010 |access-date=11 June 2024|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618010543/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/southafrica2010/matches/round%3D249722/match%3D300061487/report.html |archive-date=18 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/southafrica2010/matches/round=249722/match=300111111/report.html |title=Full-time report Brazil-Portugal |work=FIFA |date=25 June 2010 |access-date=11 June 2024|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513030008/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/southafrica2010/matches/round%3D249722/match%3D300111111/report.html |archive-date=13 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; His only goal of the tournament came in their 7–0 demolishing of North Korea, which was his first international goal in 16 months.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsj&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704895204575320582816388848.html |title=Portugal Beats North Korea in 7–0 Rout |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=21 June 2010 |access-date=11 June 2024 |archive-date=25 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825182548/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704895204575320582816388848 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Two years later, in [[UEFA Euro 2012]], Ronaldo was joint top scorer with three goals, enough for him to be included in the team of the tournament.&lt;ref name=regulations2012/&gt; During [[2014 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA)|qualification]] for the [[2014 FIFA World Cup]], Ronaldo scored eight goals. Despite this, Portugal did not qualify directly; Ronaldo scored all four goals against [[Sweden men's national football team|Sweden]] in the play-off to qualify.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/international/cristiano-ronaldo-showed-i-am-here-after-stunning-hattrick-for-portugal-in-world-cup-playoff-against-sweden-8951025.html |title=Cristiano Ronaldo showed 'I am here' after stunning hat-trick for Portugal in World Cup play-off against Sweden |date=20 November 2013 |access-date=11 June 2024 |work=The Independent |archive-date=29 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140829072537/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/international/cristiano-ronaldo-showed-i-am-here-after-stunning-hattrick-for-portugal-in-world-cup-playoff-against-sweden-8951025.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; At the tournament in Brazil, Ronaldo assisted a last-minute 2–2 equaliser against the [[United States men's national soccer team|United States]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Ogden |first=Mark |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/world-cup/10918774/USA-v-Portugal-World-Cup-2014-Cristiano-Ronaldo-produces-last-gasp-moment-of-magic-to-keep-hopes-alive.html |title=Cristiano Ronaldo produces last gasp moment of magic to keep hopes alive |date=23 June 2014 |access-date=11 June 2024 |work=The Daily Telegraph |url-access=subscription |archive-date=24 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224173406/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/world-cup/10918774/USA-v-Portugal-World-Cup-2014-Cristiano-Ronaldo-produces-last-gasp-moment-of-magic-to-keep-hopes-alive.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and scored an 80th-minute winner in a 2–1 win over [[Ghana national football team|Ghana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC14&quot;&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/25285312 &quot;Portugal 2–1 Ghana&quot;] . BBC Sport. Retrieved 11 June 2024&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:1 cristiano ronaldo 2016.jpg|thumb|left|Ronaldo leaps in the air in Portugal's [[Euro 2016]] quarter-final match against [[Poland national football team|Poland]].|upright]]<br /> In 2016, Ronaldo led Portugal to their first-ever trophy at the [[UEFA Euro 2016]], although he was subbed off in the 25th minute in the [[UEFA Euro 2016 final|final]] against hosts France.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cristiano Ronaldo's incredible journey to 100 Portugal goals – and the all-time international record still to come |url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/cristiano-ronaldo-portugal-100th-goal-international-record-man-utd-real-madrid-juventus-sweden-ali-daei |website=[[FourFourTwo]] |date=30 August 2021 |access-date=11 June 2024 |archive-date=12 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212112423/https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/cristiano-ronaldo-portugal-100th-goal-international-record-man-utd-real-madrid-juventus-sweden-ali-daei |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; He received the [[UEFA Euro 2016#Awards|Silver Boot]] as the second-highest goalscorer, which gave him his [[2016 Ballon d'Or|fourth Ballon d'Or]] later that year. With the win, Portugal qualified and made its only appearance in the [[FIFA Confederations Cup]] held in [[2017 FIFA Confederations Cup|Russia]], where they finished in third place, with Ronaldo being named man of the match in all three of Portugal's group stage matches.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/confederationscup/awards/man-of-the-match/index.html |title=FIFA Confederations Cup Russia 2017 – Awards – Man of the Match |work=FIFA |access-date=26 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621031639/http://www.fifa.com/confederationscup/awards/man-of-the-match/index.html|archive-date=21 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/confederationscup/matches/round=274643/match=300334886/match-report.html |title=Portugal come from behind to finish third |work=FIFA |date=2 July 2017 |access-date=2 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702174315/http://www.fifa.com/confederationscup/matches/round=274643/match=300334886/match-report.html |archive-date=2 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the [[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018 World Cup]], Ronaldo became the oldest player to score a [[List of FIFA World Cup hat-tricks|hat-trick]] in a World Cup match, in a 3–3 draw against [[Spain national football team|Spain]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cbssports.com/soccer/world-cup/news/spain-vs-portugal-final-score-crazy-draw-as-ronaldo-becomes-oldest-to-score-world-cup-hat-trick/amp/ |title=Spain vs. Portugal final score: Crazy draw as Cristiano Ronaldo becomes oldest to score World Cup hat trick |website=cbssports.com |date=16 June 2018 |access-date=11 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616031345/https://www.cbssports.com/soccer/world-cup/news/spain-vs-portugal-final-score-crazy-draw-as-ronaldo-becomes-oldest-to-score-world-cup-hat-trick/amp/|archive-date=16 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The following match, Ronaldo scored the only goal in a 1–0 win against [[Morocco national football team|Morocco]], breaking Puskás' record as the highest European goalscorer of all time, with 85 international goals.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |first=Luke |last=Brown |date=20 June 2018 |title=Cristiano Ronaldo goal, Portugal vs Morocco World Cup 2018: Real Madrid forward breaks record with header |work=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/world-cup/cristiano-ronaldo-goal-portugal-vs-morocco-watch-live-stream-world-cup-2018-record-highlights-a8407906.html |access-date=20 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620235228/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/world-cup/cristiano-ronaldo-goal-portugal-vs-morocco-watch-live-stream-world-cup-2018-record-highlights-a8407906.html|archive-date=20 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; For his performances in the tournament, Ronaldo was named in the [[2018 FIFA World Cup#Dream Team|World Cup Dream Team]].&lt;ref name=&quot;2018FWC&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=23 July 2018|title=Fan Dream Team and prize winners revealed!|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/fan-dream-team-and-prize-winners-revealed|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828182020/https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/fan-dream-team-and-prize-winners-revealed|archive-date=28 August 2018|access-date=18 August 2018|work=FIFA}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Ronaldo led Portugal to victory in the inaugural [[2018–19 UEFA Nations League|UEFA Nations League]] in 2019, receiving the [[2019 UEFA Nations League Finals#Awards|top scorer award]] in [[2019 UEFA Nations League Finals|the finals]],&lt;ref name=&quot;CR7 NL 2019&quot;/&gt; and received the [[UEFA Euro 2020#Awards|Golden Boot]] as top scorer of [[UEFA Euro 2020|Euro 2020]]. Ronaldo also became the first player to score at five European Championships.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/4209629/2021/06/15/cristiano-ronaldo-becomes-top-scorer-in-european-championship-history/ |title=Cristiano Ronaldo becomes top scorer in European Championship history |work=[[The Athletic]] |date=15 June 2021 |access-date=11 June 2024 |archive-date=15 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615190634/https://theathletic.com/news/cristiano-ronaldo-goals-euro-2020/JOKIXtc3fbOR |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; On 23 June 2021, Ronaldo scored two goals in the Euro 2020 match against France, breaking the men's goalscoring record previously held by [[Ali Daei]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Cristiano Ronaldo breaks men's international scoring record with 108th and 109th goals |work=BBC Sport |date=September 2021 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/58412201 |access-date=11 June 2024 |archive-date=8 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008105620/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/58412201 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Cristiano Ronaldo WC2022 - 02.jpg|thumb|upright|Ronaldo during a group stage game against [[Uruguay national football team|Uruguay]] at the 2022 World Cup]]<br /> On 9 October, he scored the opening goal in a 3–0 friendly win over [[Qatar national football team|Qatar]] at the Estádio Algarve; with his 181st international appearance, he also overtook [[Sergio Ramos]]'s [[List of men's footballers with 100 or more international caps|record for the most international caps received by a European player]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/ronaldo-record-appearance-portugal-international-21814851 |title=Cristiano Ronaldo breaks another international record while scoring 112th goal |work=Manchester Evening News |last=Smith |first=Joshua |date=9 October 2021 |access-date=10 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cristiano Ronaldo bate recorde europeu de internacionalizações |url=https://maisfutebol.iol.pt/portugal/selecao-nacional/cristiano-ronaldo-bate-recorde-europeu-de-internacionalizacoes |access-date=3 January 2024 |website=Maisfutebol |language=pt}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the following match against [[Luxembourg national football team|Luxembourg]] on 12 October, also played at the Estádio Algarve, Ronaldo scored a hat-trick in a 5–0 win for Portugal, thus becoming the first player to score 10 [[List of footballers who achieved hat-trick records|hat-tricks in men's international football]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=https://www.sportinglife.com/football/news/cristiano-ronaldo-scores-a-record-breaking-10th-international-hat-trick-for-portugal/195305 |title=Cristiano Ronaldo scores a record-breaking 10th international hat-trick for Portugal |work=Sporting Life |date=13 October 2021 |access-date=6 December 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the [[2022 FIFA World Cup|2022 World Cup]], on 24 November, Ronaldo became the first player to score at five World Cups, netting a penalty against Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Portugal's Cristiano Ronaldo becomes first male player to score in 5 World Cups |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/portugal-por/story/4805137/cristiano-ronaldo-becomes-first-man-to-score-in-5-world-cups |website=[[ESPN]] |date=24 November 2022 |access-date=11 June 2024 |archive-date=26 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126052300/https://www.espn.co.uk/football/portugal-por/story/4805137/cristiano-ronaldo-becomes-first-man-to-score-in-5-world-cups |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Following a dispute with manager [[Fernando Santos (footballer, born 1954)|Fernando Santos]], after their last group game against [[South Korea national football team|South Korea]], he was dropped from the starting line-up for Portugal's last 16 match, marking the first time since [[Euro 2008]] that he had not started a game for Portugal in a major international tournament,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=McNulty |first=Phil |author-link=Phil McNulty |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/63882676 |title=World Cup 2022: 'Cristiano Ronaldo reduced to role of superstar nobody wants' |date=6 December 2022 |access-date=7 December 2022 |work=BBC Sport |archive-date=6 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206235326/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/63882676 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and the first time Portugal had started a knockout game without Ronaldo in the starting line-up at an international tournament since [[UEFA Euro 2000|Euro 2000]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Humayun |first=Ali |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/3975683/2022/12/06/cristiano-ronaldo-portugal-team-news/ |title=Cristiano Ronaldo dropped for Portugal's World Cup clash with Switzerland |date=6 December 2022 |access-date=6 December 2022 |work=[[The Athletic]] |archive-date=6 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206175009/https://theathletic.com/3975683/2022/12/06/cristiano-ronaldo-portugal-team-news/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:CR7Portugal24.jpg|thumb|left|Ronaldo during an interview at the [[UEFA Euro 2024]]|upright]]<br /> On 23 March 2023, Ronaldo scored a brace against [[Liechtenstein national football team|Liechtenstein]] as he earned his 197th overall cap to become the most capped male footballer of all time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ronaldo at the double as Portugal beat Liechtenstein 4–0 in the Euro 2024 qualifiers |url=https://portugoal.net/selecao/3146-ronaldo-at-the-double-as-portugal-beat-liechtenstein-4-0-in-the-euro-2024-qualifiers |website=PortuGOAL.net |access-date=11 June 2024 |archive-date=2 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602184948/https://portugoal.net/selecao/3146-ronaldo-at-the-double-as-portugal-beat-liechtenstein-4-0-in-the-euro-2024-qualifiers |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; On 20 June, Ronaldo made his 200th appearance for his national team, scoring the only goal of an away win over Iceland, in the [[UEFA Euro 2024 qualifying|Euro qualifiers]], as he became the first player in the history of men's international football to make 200 appearances for his country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://portugoal.net/selecao/3274-cristiano-ronaldo-celebrates-his-200th-cap-in-style-by-firing-portugal-to-a-1-0-win-in-iceland|title=Cristiano Ronaldo celebrates his 200th cap in style by firing Portugal to a 1–0 win in Iceland|publisher=PortuGOAL|first=Matthew|last=Marshall|date=20 June 2023|access-date=20 June 2023|archive-date=21 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621051015/https://portugoal.net/selecao/3274-cristiano-ronaldo-celebrates-his-200th-cap-in-style-by-firing-portugal-to-a-1-0-win-in-iceland|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 16 October, Portugal secured first place in their qualifying group, following a 5–0 away victory over [[Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team|Bosnia and Herzegovina]], with Ronaldo scoring twice.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 October 2023 |title=João Neves é o segundo estreante da &quot;era&quot; Roberto Martínez |trans-title=João Neves is the second debutant of the Roberto Martínez &quot;era&quot; |url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/selecao-nacional/joao-neves-e-o-segundo-estreante-da-era-roberto-martinez_d1521960 |access-date=16 October 2023 |website= |publisher=RTP |language=pt-pt |archive-date=4 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704022044/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/66069220 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> With his start in Portugal's [[UEFA Euro 2024]] opener against the [[Czech Republic national football team|Czech Republic]], Ronaldo became the first player to feature in six European Championships, having previously been the first player to appear in five.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/euro2024/news/028e-1b131eaadde2-59e74eb244e8-1000--most-euro-final-tournaments-ronaldo-breaks-new-ground/ |title=Most EURO final tournaments: Ronaldo breaks new ground |work=[[UEFA]] |date=18 June 2024 |access-date=19 June 2024 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618210229/https://www.uefa.com/euro2024/news/028e-1b131eaadde2-59e74eb244e8-1000--most-euro-final-tournaments-ronaldo-breaks-new-ground/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Later that year, on 5 September, he scored his 900th career goal in a 2–1 victory over [[Croatia national football team|Croatia]] in the [[2024–25 UEFA Nations League|UEFA Nations League]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/cvg5j08n694o |title=Ronaldo reaches 900 career goals – the numbers behind the landmark |publisher=BBC Sport |date=5 September 2024 |access-date=6 September 2024 |archive-date=10 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910223724/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/cvg5j08n694o |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; On 8 June 2025, Ronaldo won his second Nations League title, helping Portugal defeat Spain in the final, scoring eight goals in nine games in the tournament.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last1=Veth | first1=Manuel | title=Portugal Beat Spain in Munich to Win 2nd Uefa Nations LeagueTitle | website=[[Forbes]] | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/manuelveth/2025/06/08/portugal-beat-spain-in-munich-to-win-2nd-uefa-nations-leaguetitle/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; On 14 October, he scored twice in a 2–2 draw against [[Hungary national football team|Hungary]] in the [[2026 FIFA World Cup qualification|2026 World Cup qualifiers]], reaching a record 41 goals in World Cup qualifying.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Portugal 2-2 Hungary: Cristiano Ronaldo sets scoring record as Portugal held to draw |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/live/c4g2nmexvmzt |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ronaldo was sent off for elbowing defender [[Dara O'Shea]] in the back during Portugal's 2–0 loss to [[Republic of Ireland national football team|Ireland]] in the World Cup qualifiers in [[Dublin]] on 14 November.&lt;ref&gt;Jamie Braidwood, [https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/cristiano-ronaldo-red-card-world-cup-suspension-b2865172.html 'How many games could Cristiano Ronaldo miss after red card in World Cup qualifying?']. ''The Independent'', 14 November 2025. Retrieved 14 November 2025&lt;/ref&gt; FIFA issued a three-month ban and one year of probation as a result, though it did not result in him being suspended from playing in the World Cup.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/6809592/2025/11/25/cristiano-ronaldo-world-cup-ban-fifa/|title=Cristiano Ronaldo avoids World Cup ban as FIFA grants Portugal captain 'probationary period'|first1=Ali|last1=Rampling|first2=Dan|last2=Kilpatrick|work=New York Times|date=25 November 2025|accessdate=25 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Player profile ==<br /> === Style of play ===<br /> [[File:&quot;Cristiano Ronaldo&quot; (5098214382).jpg|thumb|At his peak, Ronaldo was known for his exceptional speed, explosive shooting, flair and athleticism.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Real Madrid's Cristiano Ronaldo: The Fastest In Football – German Study |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/12/spanish-football/2009/12/11/1680966/real-madrids-cristiano-ronaldo-the-fastest-in-football |access-date=14 June 2019 |work=Goal |archive-date=16 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716165917/http://www.goal.com/en/news/12/spanish-football/2009/12/11/1680966/real-madrids-cristiano-ronaldo-the-fastest-in-football |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> A versatile [[Forward (association football)|attacker]], Ronaldo is capable of playing on either wing as well as through the centre of the pitch,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/exclusive/why-cristiano-ronaldo-is-better-than-lionel-messi_3863.html |title=Why Cristiano Ronaldo is better than Lionel Messi! |publisher=Zeenews.india.com |date=26 August 2012 |access-date=30 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130804194346/http://zeenews.india.com/exclusive/why-cristiano-ronaldo-is-better-than-lionel-messi_3863.html |archive-date=4 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; and, while ostensibly right-footed, is very strong with both feet.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |first=Jonathan |last=Wilson |title=Why are so many wingers playing on the 'wrong' wings? |newspaper=The Guardian |date=24 March 2010 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2010/mar/24/the-question-inside-out-wingers |access-date=16 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826015823/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2010/mar/24/the-question-inside-out-wingers |archive-date=26 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tactically, Ronaldo has undergone several evolutions throughout his career. While at Sporting and during his first season at Manchester United, he was typically deployed as a traditional [[Midfielder#Winger|winger]] on the right side of midfield, where he regularly looked to deliver [[Cross (football)|crosses]] into the penalty area. In this position, he was able to use his pace and acceleration, agility and technical skills to take on opponents in one-on-one situations. Ronaldo became noted for his [[Dribbling#Association football|dribbling]] and flair, often displaying an array of [[Association football tactics and skills|tricks]] and [[Dummy (football)|feints]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Bolt&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.sportmediaset.mediaset.it/calcio/articoli/articolo28668.shtml |title=E' Ronaldo il Bolt del calcio |publisher=Sport mediaset |language=it |access-date=14 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924104915/http://www.sportmediaset.mediaset.it/calcio/articoli/articolo28668.shtml |archive-date=24 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cristiano Ronaldo – Portogallo |url=http://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/SoleOnLine4/dossier/Sport/2008/europei-2008/campioni/portogallo-ronaldo.shtml?uuid=7b8731d6-2da2-11dd-ba2d-00000e251029&amp; |access-date=14 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428065744/http://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/SoleOnLine4/dossier/Sport/2008/europei-2008/campioni/portogallo-ronaldo.shtml?uuid=7b8731d6-2da2-11dd-ba2d-00000e251029&amp; |archive-date=28 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; such as the [[step over]]s and so-called 'chops' that became his trademark;&lt;ref name=&quot;Grantland&quot;&gt;{{cite web |first=Mike L. |last=Goodman |title=The Evolution of Cristiano Ronaldo |work=Grantland |url=http://grantland.com/the-triangle/the-evolution-of-cristiano-ronaldo-real-madrid-manchester-united/ |date=22 September 2015 |access-date=25 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512095445/http://grantland.com/the-triangle/the-evolution-of-cristiano-ronaldo-real-madrid-manchester-united/ |archive-date=12 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; he has also been known to use the [[Flip flap (association football)|flip-flap]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11835/10773390/watch-ronaldos-elastico-nutmeg |title=WATCH: Ronaldo's elastico nutmeg! |publisher=Sky Sports |date=20 February 2017 |access-date=8 April 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614112723/https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11835/10773390/watch-ronaldos-elastico-nutmeg |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> His strength and jumping ability, combined with his elevation, heading accuracy and height of {{height|m=1.87}}, give him an edge in winning aerial duels. These attributes allow him to function as a target-man and make him an aerial goal threat in the penalty area; consequently, many of his goals have been headers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Molinaro&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.sportsnet.ca/soccer/ronaldo-vs-messi-case-ronaldo-worlds-greatest-player/ |title=Ronaldo Vs. Messi: The Case For Ronaldo As World's Best Player |publisher=Sportsnet |first1=John |last1=Molinaro |access-date=26 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627033937/https://www.sportsnet.ca/soccer/ronaldo-vs-messi-case-ronaldo-worlds-greatest-player/ |archive-date=27 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espn.com/soccer/blog/the-match/60/post/2896675/cristiano-ronaldo-stars-as-portugal-accept-fernando-santos-challenge-to-reach-the-euro-2016-final |title=Ronaldo, Portugal accept manager's challenge to reach Euro 2016 final |publisher=ESPN FC |first=Gabriele |last=Marcotti |date=6 July 2016 |access-date=26 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627005549/http://www.espn.com/soccer/blog/the-match/60/post/2896675/cristiano-ronaldo-stars-as-portugal-accept-fernando-santos-challenge-to-reach-the-euro-2016-final |archive-date=27 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/manchester-united/9870500/How-did-Cristiano-Ronaldo-score-his-incredible-header-against-Manchester-United.html |title=How did Cristiano Ronaldo score his incredible header against Manchester United? |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |date=14 February 2013 |access-date=1 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530150630/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/manchester-united/9870500/How-did-Cristiano-Ronaldo-score-his-incredible-header-against-Manchester-United.html |archive-date=30 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ronaldo holds the record for the highest recorded jump in football history, measuring {{convert|2.93|m}}, which he achieved during a match against Manchester United while playing for Real Madrid in the round of 16 of the UEFA Champions League in 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/cristiano-ronaldo-highest-jumps-football-vertical-leap |title=Cristiano Ronaldo's highest jumps – when Air CR7 defied gravity |website=Olympics.com |access-date=5 October 2024 |archive-date=23 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323191542/https://olympics.com/en/news/cristiano-ronaldo-highest-jumps-football-vertical-leap |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Allied with his increased stamina and work-rate, his goalscoring ability improved drastically on the left wing where he was given the positional freedom to move into the centre to finish attacks. He has also increasingly played a [[Playmaker|creative role]] for his team, often dropping deep to pick up the ball, participate in the build-up of plays and create chances for his teammates, courtesy of his vision and passing ability.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bolt&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Molinaro&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In his final seasons at United, Ronaldo played an even more attacking and central role, functioning both as a [[Forward (association football)#Striker|striker]] and as a [[Forward (association football)#Second striker|supporting forward]], or even as an [[Midfielder#Attacking midfielder|attacking midfielder]] on occasion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Molinaro&quot;/&gt; He developed into a prolific goalscorer, capable of finishing well both inside the penalty area and from distance with an accurate and powerful shot, courtesy of his striking ability.&lt;ref name=&quot;Molinaro&quot;/&gt; An accurate [[Penalty kick (association football)|penalty kick]] taker,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espnfc.us/blog/espn-fc-united-blog/68/post/2075094/who-is-the-best-penalty-taker-and-saver-in-europe |title=Eden Hazard the new penalty taker king; Julio Cesar the best stopper |publisher=ESPN FC |date=7 October 2014 |access-date=18 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114104846/http://www.espnfc.us/blog/espn-fc-united-blog/68/post/2075094/who-is-the-best-penalty-taker-and-saver-in-europe |archive-date=14 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; he also became a set piece specialist, renowned for his powerful, [[Curl (association football)|bending]] [[Direct free kick|free kicks]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |title=From Messi to Ronaldo – the world's best free kick takers |url=http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/telebest/sport/from-messi-to-ronaldo--the-worlds--best-freekick-takers-14784405.html |work=The Belfast Telegraph |access-date=4 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; When taking free kicks, Ronaldo is known for using the ''[[Knuckleball#Association football|knuckleball]]'' technique, which was developed by [[Juninho Pernambucano]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcthree/article/7ff3d21d-6ff3-480b-b22c-3b198bad381f |title=Noughty Boys: No one hit a free-kick quite like Juninho Pernambucano |work=BBC |first=Carl |last=Anka |date=12 December 2018 |access-date=13 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212134537/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcthree/article/7ff3d21d-6ff3-480b-b22c-3b198bad381f |archive-date=12 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also adopts a trademark stance before striking the ball, which involves him standing with his legs far apart.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/06/16/football/cristiano-ronaldo-world-cup-portugual-commentary-intl-spt/index.html |title=Cristiano Ronaldo: Portuguese commentator goes wild over CR7 |work=CNN |first1=Chris |last1=Scott |access-date=13 December 2018 |date=16 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215224614/https://www.cnn.com/2018/06/16/football/cristiano-ronaldo-world-cup-portugual-commentary-intl-spt/index.html |archive-date=15 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Regarding Ronaldo's unique style of taking free kicks, former United assistant manager [[Mike Phelan]] commented: &quot;People used to put the ball down, walk away, run up and hit it. He brought in a more dynamic showmanship. He places the ball down, the concentration level is high, he takes his certain amount of steps back so that his standing foot is in the perfect place to hit the ball in the sweet spot. He is the ultimate showman. He has that slight arrogance. When he pulls those shorts up and shows his thighs, he is saying 'All eyes on me' and this is going in. He understands the marketing side of it. The way he struts up and places it; the world is watching him.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.foxsportsasia.com/football/serie-a/967412/former-manchester-united-coach-reveals-cristiano-ronaldo-iconic-free-kick-stance/ |title=Former Manchester United coach reveals why Cristiano Ronaldo takes free-kicks in his iconic style |first=Sarthak |last=Sharma |work=FOX Sports Asia |date=4 November 2018 |access-date=13 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215225822/https://www.foxsportsasia.com/football/serie-a/967412/former-manchester-united-coach-reveals-cristiano-ronaldo-iconic-free-kick-stance/ |archive-date=15 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:New Zealand-Portugal (13).jpg|left|thumb|220x220px|As Ronaldo entered his thirties he dribbled less frequently,&lt;ref name=&quot;evolves&quot; /&gt; instead transitioning into a &quot;deadly poacher&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sutherland |first=Nick |date=2022-02-21 |title=Cristiano Ronaldo's 'hand trick' skill still needs explaining |url=https://www.givemesport.com/87972893-cristiano-ronaldos-hand-trick-skill-still-needs-explaining/ |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=GiveMeSport}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> At Real Madrid, Ronaldo continued to play a more offensive role, while his creative and defensive duties became more limited, although not entirely diminished.&lt;ref name=&quot;Centrally&quot;/&gt; Initially deployed as a [[Forward (association football)#Centre-forward|centre forward]] by managers [[Manuel Pellegrini]] and [[José Mourinho]], he was later moved back onto the left wing, though in a free tactical role; this position allowed him to drift into the centre at will to get onto the end of crosses and score, or draw out defenders with his movement off the ball and leave space for teammates to exploit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Centrally&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rise&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How Liverpool can stop Cristiano Ronaldo |url=http://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/how-liverpool-can-stop-cristiano-ronaldo |work=FourFourTwo |date=21 October 2014 |access-date=14 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214183045/http://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/how-liverpool-can-stop-cristiano-ronaldo |archive-date=14 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madrid's counter-attacking style of play also allowed him to become a more efficient and consistent player, as evidenced by his record-breaking goalscoring feats. While he mainly drew praise in the media for his prolific goalscoring, Ronaldo also demonstrated his ability as an effective creator in this role.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/978123-real-madrids-cristiano-ronaldo-the-most-underrated-man-in-football |title=Real Madrid's Cristiano Ronaldo: The Most Underrated Man in Football? |work=Bleacher Report |access-date=8 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409043039/http://bleacherreport.com/articles/978123-real-madrids-cristiano-ronaldo-the-most-underrated-man-in-football|archive-date=9 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;flourish&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Did Jose Mourinho's Tactics Help Cristiano Ronaldo Flourish at Real Madrid? |website=[[Bleacher Report]] |url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1676581-did-jose-mourinhos-tactics-help-cristiano-ronaldo-flourish-at-real-madrid |access-date=14 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619210739/http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1676581-did-jose-mourinhos-tactics-help-cristiano-ronaldo-flourish-at-real-madrid |archive-date=19 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/real-madrid-v-liverpool-the-five-phases-of-cristiano-ronaldo-gxhqs8htq |title=Real Madrid v Liverpool: The five phases of Cristiano Ronaldo |newspaper=[[The Times]] |first1=Gabriele |last1=Marcotti |date=25 May 2018 |access-date=28 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; This unique role has been described by pundits as that of a &quot;false&quot;, &quot;attacking&quot;, or &quot;goalscoring winger&quot;, as Ronaldo effectively almost functioned as a striker at times with his central runs into the penalty area, despite actually playing on the left flank.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rise&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.football-italia.net/125639/cristiano-ronaldos-rise-real-madrid |title=Cristiano Ronaldo's rise at Real Madrid |work=Football Italia |last=Driscoll |first=Jon |date=2 August 2018 |access-date=18 April 2020 |archive-date=10 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910110637/https://football-italia.net/125639/cristiano-ronaldos-rise-real-madrid |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/club/real-madrid/86/blog/post/3418861/cristiano-ronaldo-evolving-into-an-effective-striker-for-real-madrid |title=Cristiano Ronaldo evolving into an effective striker for Real Madrid |publisher=ESPN FC |last1=Dunne |first1=Robbie |date=14 March 2018 |access-date=18 April 2020 |archive-date=25 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825222345/https://www.espn.com/soccer/club/real-madrid/86/blog/post/3418861/cristiano-ronaldo-evolving-into-an-effective-striker-for-real-madrid |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; From 2013 onwards, under manager [[Carlo Ancelotti]], he effectively adapted his style to the physical effects of ageing with increasingly reduced off-the-ball movement and general involvement, completing fewer dribbles and passes per game, and instead focusing on short-distance creating and goalscoring.&lt;ref name=&quot;Centrally&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/club/name/86/blog/post/2055111/headline |title=The argument for playing Cristiano Ronaldo centrally at Real Madrid |publisher=ESPN FC |last=Rigg |first=Nicholas |date=25 September 2014 |access-date=14 December 2014 |archive-date=5 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805151805/http://www.espn.co.uk/football/club/name/86/blog/post/2055111/headline |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/10657507/cristiano-ronaldo8217s-evolution-could-he-really-play-beyond-the-age-of-40 |title=Cristiano Ronaldo's evolution: Could he really play beyond the age of 40? |publisher=Sky Sports |first1=Adam |last1=Bate |date=15 November 2016 |access-date=28 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629021805/http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/10657507/cristiano-ronaldo8217s-evolution-could-he-really-play-beyond-the-age-of-40 |archive-date=29 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://m.espn.com/soccer/blogs/blogpost?w=1invg&amp;i=TOP&amp;id=2105117&amp;topslot=1&amp;wjb= |title=Real Madrid vs. Barcelona: Clasico promises goals aplenty |publisher=ESPN FC |first1=Graham |last1=Hunter |date=23 October 2014 |access-date=28 June 2018 |archive-date=6 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106194154/http://m.espn.com/soccer/blogs/blogpost?w=1invg&amp;i=TOP&amp;id=2105117&amp;topslot=1&amp;wjb= |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 2017, Ronaldo adapted his style of play yet again to become more of a free-roaming centre forward under manager [[Zinedine Zidane]], a role in which he continued to excel and maintain a prolific goalscoring record; in this position, he earned praise in the media for his intelligent movement both on and off the ball, positional sense, link-up play and finishing, as well as his ability to lose or anticipate his markers, find space in the box and score from few touches or opportunities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/why-cristiano-ronaldo-has-been-real-madrids-major-problem-season-he-can-also-be-their |title=Why Cristiano Ronaldo has been Real Madrid's major problem this season... but he can also be their solution |first1=Thore |last1=Haugstad |publisher=FourFourTwo |date=13 February 2018 |access-date=26 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627005805/https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/why-cristiano-ronaldo-has-been-real-madrids-major-problem-season-he-can-also-be-their |archive-date=27 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/29326/10842815/cristiano-ronaldo-can-become-great-centre-forward-says-gary-neville |title=Cristiano Ronaldo can become great centre-forward, says Gary Neville |publisher=Sky Sports |date=20 April 2017 |access-date=28 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529054101/http://www.skysports.com/football/news/29326/10842815/cristiano-ronaldo-can-become-great-centre-forward-says-gary-neville|archive-date=29 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2017/05/10/cristiano-ronaldo-joins-illustrious-list-players-reinvented/ |title=Cristiano Ronaldo joins illustrious list of players who reinvented themselves in a new position |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=10 May 2017 |access-date=28 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529064430/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2017/05/10/cristiano-ronaldo-joins-illustrious-list-players-reinvented/|archive-date=29 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In his first season at Juventus, Ronaldo continued to play in a variety of different attacking roles under manager [[Massimiliano Allegri]], depending on whom he was partnered with. While he had occupied an increasingly offensive role in his final years at Real Madrid, at times he functioned in a free role at Juventus, either as a lone striker or in his trademark role on the left wing, in a 4–2–3–1 or 4–3–3 formation, in which he often switched positions with [[Mario Mandžukić]]. In this role, he was also given licence to drop deep or even out wide onto the right flank to receive the ball, and be more involved in the build-up of plays; as such, aside from scoring goals himself, he began to take on opponents and create chances for other players with greater frequency than he had in his final seasons with Real Madrid. Off the ball, he was also capable of creating space for teammates with his movement and attacking runs into the box, or finishing off chances with his head or feet by getting onto the end of his teammates' crosses.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espn.com/soccer/blog/espn-fc-united/68/post/3779061/juventus-twin-towers-of-ronaldomandzukic-to-provide-a-unique-test-for-atleticos-stingy-defence |title=Juventus' twin towers of Ronaldo, Mandzukic to provide a unique test for Atletico's stingy defence |publisher=ESPN FC |first1=Michael |last1=Cox |date=19 February 2019 |access-date=30 April 2019 |archive-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322062355/http://www.espn.com/soccer/blog/espn-fc-united/68/post/3779061/juventus-twin-towers-of-ronaldomandzukic-to-provide-a-unique-test-for-atleticos-stingy-defence |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FreeRole&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/italian-serie-a/story/3958370/ronaldos-free-role-with-juventus-is-a-headache-for-sarri-how-can-he-work-around-his-star |title=Ronaldo's free role with Juventus is a headache for Sarri. How can he work around his star? |publisher=ESPN FC |last1=Robson |first1=Stewart |date=5 October 2019 |access-date=12 October 2019 |archive-date=6 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006201457/https://www.espn.com/soccer/italian-serie-a/story/3958370/ronaldos-free-role-with-juventus-is-a-headache-for-sarri-how-can-he-work-around-his-star |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; On occasion he also played in an attacking partnership alongside Mandžukić in a 4–3–1–2, 4–4–2, or 3–5–2 formation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espn.com.au/football/blog/marcottis-musings/62/post/3606914/cristiano-ronaldo-conundrum-how-should-max-allegri-use-juventus-star |title=Cristiano Ronaldo conundrum: How should Max Allegri use Juventus' star? |publisher=ESPN FC |first1=Gabriele |last1=Marcotti |date=22 August 2018 |access-date=30 April 2019 |archive-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430202935/http://www.espn.com.au/football/blog/marcottis-musings/62/post/3606914/cristiano-ronaldo-conundrum-how-should-max-allegri-use-juventus-star |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.football-italia.net/128820/dybala-gives-allegri-headache |title=Dybala gives Allegri a headache |publisher=Football Italia |first1=Gaby |last1=McKay |date=3 October 2018 |access-date=30 April 2019 |archive-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430202935/https://www.football-italia.net/128820/dybala-gives-allegri-headache |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/12961/11572135/is-cristiano-ronaldo-undergoing-another-evolution-at-juventus |title=Is Cristiano Ronaldo undergoing another evolution at Juventus? |publisher=Sky Sports |first1=James |last1=Walker-Roberts |date=6 December 2018 |access-date=30 April 2019 |archive-date=1 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501023629/https://www.skysports.com/football/news/12961/11572135/is-cristiano-ronaldo-undergoing-another-evolution-at-juventus |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; He continued to play a similar role in his second season with the club under manager [[Maurizio Sarri]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FreeRole&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> === Reception and image ===<br /> [[File:Portugal_fans_before_Brazil_&amp;_Portugal_match_at_World_Cup_2010-06-25_4.jpg|left|thumb|A Portugal fan at the [[2010 FIFA World Cup]] in South Africa holding a banner dedicated to Ronaldo]]<br /> Ronaldo is widely regarded as one of the two best players of his generation, alongside Argentina forward [[Lionel Messi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Messi&quot;&gt;Various sources:<br /> *{{cite web |url=http://www.goal.com/story/messi-ronaldo-the-future/index.html |title=A future without Messi and Ronaldo |work=[[Goal (website)|Goal]] |access-date=8 June 2018 |last=Macdonald |first=Paul |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029200613/https://www.goal.com/story/messi-ronaldo-the-future/index.html |url-status=live }}<br /> *{{cite web |last=Staunton |first=Peter |url=http://www.goal.com/story/messi-ronaldo-changing-face-of-football/index.html |title=Messi and Ronaldo: Changing the face of football |work=[[Goal (website)|Goal]] |access-date=8 June 2018 |archive-date=4 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804214954/http://www.goal.com/story/messi-ronaldo-changing-face-of-football/index.html |url-status=live }}<br /> *{{cite web |url=https://www.eurosport.co.uk/football/whoever-wins-the-ballon-d-or-the-messi-ronaldo-duopoly-is-coming-to-an-end_sto5054730/story.shtml |title=Whoever wins the Ballon d'Or, the Messi-Ronaldo duopoly is coming to an end |work=[[Eurosport]] |date=11 January 2016 |access-date=8 June 2018 |last=Haugstad |first=Thore |archive-date=20 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120014411/https://www.eurosport.co.uk/football/whoever-wins-the-ballon-d-or-the-messi-ronaldo-duopoly-is-coming-to-an-end_sto5054730/story.shtml |url-status=live }}<br /> *{{cite web |url=https://www.tifofootball.com/features/will-cristiano-ronaldos-departure-hasten-the-end-of-the-greatest-era/ |title=Will Cristiano Ronaldo's Madrid departure hasten the end of the 'Greatest' era? |work=Tifo Football |date=16 July 2018 |access-date=11 August 2018 |last=Brewin |first=John |archive-date=11 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811132449/https://www.tifofootball.com/features/will-cristiano-ronaldos-departure-hasten-the-end-of-the-greatest-era/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Winning his first [[Ballon d'Or]] in [[2008 Ballon d'Or|2008]] by a record-high vote count at age 23, over the next decade Ronaldo has often featured in debates concerning who is the greatest player in history.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Ronaldo, Messi, Pele: The GOAT debate is unending, and shouldn't matter |last=Kilpeläinen |first=Juuso |work=[[Football Paradise]] |access-date=15 December 2020 |date=2 September 2018 |url=https://www.footballparadise.com/greatest-debate-silly-ronaldo-messi-pele/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902185408/https://www.footballparadise.com/greatest-debate-silly-ronaldo-messi-pele/ |archive-date=2 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Acclaimed for his prolific and consistent goal-scoring,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.marca.com/en/football/real-madrid/2017/06/07/5937e189468aeb72498b45a2.html |title=Cristiano Ronaldo is the greatest goalscorer of all time |magazine=Marca |date=7 June 2017 |access-date=21 January 2018 |last=Ruthven |first=Graham |archive-date=22 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122072052/http://www.marca.com/en/football/real-madrid/2017/06/07/5937e189468aeb72498b45a2.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; he is considered a decisive player who is also a game changer,&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |last=Purnell |first=Gareth |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/manchester-united-will-miss-ronaldo-says-lampard-1775367.html |title=Manchester United will miss Ronaldo says Lampard |work=The Independent |location=London |date=21 August 2009 |access-date=22 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212082407/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/manchester-united-will-miss-ronaldo-says-lampard-1775367.html |archive-date=12 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; especially in important and high-pressured situations.&lt;ref name=&quot;pressure&quot;&gt;Various sources:<br /> *{{cite web |last=Dawson |first=Alan |title=We analysed who the better big-game player is, Cristiano Ronaldo or Lionel Messi – and the stats show the winner is clear |url=http://nordic.businessinsider.com/cristiano-ronaldo-or-lionel-messi-the-winner-is-clear-for-big-games-2018-4 |work=Business Insider |access-date=8 June 2018 |date=13 April 2018 }}<br /> *{{cite web |last=Weiner |first=David |title=Scary proof Ronaldo is the ultimate big game player |url=https://www.qt.com.au/news/cristiano-ronaldo-kills-off-paris-saintgermain-to-/3354487/ |work=The Queensland Times |access-date=8 June 2018 |date=7 March 2018 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143357/https://www.qt.com.au/news/cristiano-ronaldo-kills-off-paris-saintgermain-to-/3354487/ |url-status=live }}<br /> *{{cite web |last=Jones |first=Robert |url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/sport/football/european/ronaldo-has-become-king-of-the-biggame-occasion-for-real-madrid-36776116.html |title=Ronaldo has become king of the big-game occasion for Real Madrid |work=The Belfast Telegraph |date=5 April 2018 |access-date=8 June 2018 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141607/https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/sport/football/european/ronaldo-has-become-king-of-the-biggame-occasion-for-real-madrid-36776116.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In a 2018 article for ''[[Bleacher Report]]'', former [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] star [[Steve Nash]] compared Ronaldo to [[Michael Jordan]]: &quot;On the pitch, [Ronaldo's] learned how to make his play—less explosive in individual movements—more successful for the team, and in that, I see the greatness of Jordan.&quot; In the same article, Ronaldo was ranked first in the ranking of the 50 most influential people in sports culture for 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=NASH |first=STEVE |title=Steve Nash: Why Cristiano Ronaldo Is the Michael Jordan of World Football |url=https://mag.bleacherreport.com/cristiano-ronaldo-steve-nash-power-50-cover-2018/ |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=Bleacher Report}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{quote box<br /> | width = 30%<br /> | quote = &quot;In the six years we had him, you just saw his game grow all the time, and he was a fantastic player. Now you see the complete player. His decision-making, his maturity, his experience, plus all the great skills he has got, they all make him the complete player.&quot;<br /> | source = —Former manager [[Alex Ferguson]], January 2013&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2013/jan/09/cristiano-ronaldo-complete-alex-ferguson |title=Cristiano Ronaldo is the 'complete player', admits Sir Alex Ferguson |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=9 January 2013 |access-date=25 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903153638/http://www.theguardian.com/football/2013/jan/09/cristiano-ronaldo-complete-alex-ferguson |archive-date=3 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> Ronaldo is noted for his work ethic, elite body conditioning and dedication to improvement on the training pitch, as well being regarded as a natural leader.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Mitten |first=Andy |url=https://www.eurosport.co.uk/football/how-ronaldo-became-the-worlds-best-the-inside-story_sto4716516/story.shtml |title=How Ronaldo became the world's best: the inside story |publisher=Eurosport |date=5 March 2013 |access-date=26 November 2022 |archive-date=8 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208193636/http://www.eurosport.co.uk/football/how-ronaldo-became-the-worlds-best-the-inside-story_sto4716516/story.shtml |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/07/11/football/cristiano-ronaldo-euro-2016/index.html |title=Cristiano Ronaldo: Is Euro 2016 triumph his greatest achievement? |work=CNN |date=11 July 2016 |access-date=28 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328165731/https://edition.cnn.com/2016/07/11/football/cristiano-ronaldo-euro-2016/index.html|archive-date=28 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; On his longevity and &quot;extraordinary commitment to physical preparation&quot;, Adam Bate of [[Sky Sports]] said: &quot;Dedication is a huge part of staying at the top and Ronaldo's focus is perhaps unparalleled within the game.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;evolves&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |last1=Bate |first1=Adam |title=Cristiano Ronaldo's evolution: Could he really play beyond the age of 40? |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/10657507/cristiano-ronaldo8217s-evolution-could-he-really-play-beyond-the-age-of-40 |date=15 November 2016 |access-date=1 October 2018 |work=Sky Sports |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001142304/https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/10657507/cristiano-ronaldo8217s-evolution-could-he-really-play-beyond-the-age-of-40 |archive-date=1 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; While stating they were stylistically different players who shared an equal desire to score goals, former Brazil international [[Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer)|Ronaldo]] praised Cristiano's approach to training, arguing that &quot;there are so few players who take care of their body like he does. I trained because I had to, he does it because he loves it.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |title=Ronaldo: I trained because I had to, Cristiano Ronaldo does it because he loves it|url=https://www.marca.com/en/football/international-football/2018/12/07/5c0aa36dca4741fc368b458b.html |access-date=12 May 2021 |magazine=Marca|date=7 December 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt; His drive and determination to succeed are fuelled by a desire to be talked about alongside other greats such as [[Pelé]] and [[Diego Maradona]] once retiring.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/cristiano-ronaldo-says-no-idea-3620117 &quot;Cristiano Ronaldo says he has no idea how much money he has&quot;]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612151241/https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/cristiano-ronaldo-says-no-idea-3620117 |date=12 June 2018}}. London. ''Daily Mirror''. Retrieved 5 September 2014&lt;/ref&gt; He is credited, along with his compatriot, coach [[José Mourinho]], with inspiring changing fortunes of Portuguese football in {{decade|2010}} and {{decade|2020}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |title=How Portugal became a European super power in football |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2021/jun/09/benficas-luis-araujo-with-only-one-ball-we-have-to-put-on-a-good-session |date=9 June 2021 |work=The Guardian |last=Brassell |first=Andy |access-date=17 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; At times, he has been criticised for [[Diving (association football)|simulating]] when tackled.&lt;ref name=&quot;simulating&quot;&gt;Various sources:<br /> * {{cite web |last=Sunderland |first=Tom |title=10 Biggest Divers in World Football §&amp;nbsp;6. Cristiano Ronaldo |url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1844766 |work=[[Bleacher Report]] |access-date=8 June 2018 |date=11 November 2013 |archive-date=30 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230171936/http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1844766 |url-status=live }}<br /> * {{cite web |last=Pickup |first=Oliver |title=Arjen Robben joins list of top 9 football divers of all time, but where does he rank compared to the others? |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/world-cup/10935074/Arjen-Robben-joins-list-of-top-9-football-divers-of-all-time-but-where-does-he-rank-compared-to-the-others.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/world-cup/10935074/Arjen-Robben-joins-list-of-top-9-football-divers-of-all-time-but-where-does-he-rank-compared-to-the-others.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |work=The Telegraph |access-date=30 December 2017 |date=30 June 2014}}{{cbignore}}<br /> * {{cite web |url=https://www.sport-english.com/en/news/sir-alex-ferguson-admits-cristiano-ronaldo-was-diver-4734422 |title=Sir Alex Ferguson admits Cristiano Ronaldo was a diver |work=Sport English |year=2015 |access-date=8 June 2018 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141258/https://www.sport-english.com/en/news/sir-alex-ferguson-admits-cristiano-ronaldo-was-diver-4734422 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; He was also occasionally criticised early in his career by manager Alex Ferguson, teammates and the media for being a selfish or overly flamboyant player.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/rio-ferdinand-claims-cristiano-ronaldo-4267114 |title=Rio Ferdinand claims Cristiano Ronaldo was once blasted by Sir Alex Ferguson for playing selfishly |work=Daily Mirror |location=London |first=Jim |last=Daly |date=16 September 2014 |access-date=14 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219083945/http://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/rio-ferdinand-claims-cristiano-ronaldo-4267114 |archive-date= 19 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Jonathan Wilson (writer)|Jonathan Wilson]] of ''[[The Guardian]]'' opined that Ronaldo had made Juventus, who he joined aged 33 in 2018, weaker, due to &quot;his relative immobility&quot; in his mid-30s, even if his personal goal-scoring output remained high.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cristiano Ronaldo held Juventus back: just what do Manchester United see in him? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2021/aug/28/cristiano-ronaldo-held-juventus-back-just-what-is-that-manchester-united-see-in-him |date=28 August 2021 |access-date=29 August 2021 |work=The Guardian |last=Wilson |first=Jonathan |author-link=Jonathan Wilson (writer)}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During his career, Ronaldo has also been described as having an &quot;arrogant image&quot; on the pitch,&lt;ref name=FPMH&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.footballparadise.com/blood-sweat-foundation-legacy-cristiano-ronaldo/ |title=Blood, sweat and toil: The foundations for the legacy of Cristiano Ronaldo |work=[[Football Paradise]] |access-date=15 December 2020 |date=8 June 2018 |last=Kilpeläinen |first=Juuso |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141107/https://www.footballparadise.com/blood-sweat-foundation-legacy-cristiano-ronaldo/|archive-date=12 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; with Ronaldo stating that he had become a &quot;victim&quot; because of how he was portrayed in the media.&lt;ref name=personality&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/11/08/sport/football/cristiano-ronaldo-interview/index.html |title=Ronaldo admits perceived arrogance has cost him |work=CNN |date=8 November 2012 |access-date=23 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122071522/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/11/08/sport/football/cristiano-ronaldo-interview/index.html |archive-date=22 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is often seen moaning, gesticulating and scowling while trying to inspire his team to victory,&lt;ref name=FPMH/&gt; with Ronaldo insisting that his competitive nature should not be mistaken for arrogance.&lt;ref name=personality/&gt; His managers, teammates and various journalists have said that this reputation has caused an unfair image of him.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/news/story/_/id/1381618/jose-mourinho-claims-cristiano-ronaldo-deserved-to-win-ballon-d%27or |title=Jose Mourinho claims Cristiano Ronaldo deserved to win Ballon d'Or |work=[[ESPN]] |date=20 March 2013 |access-date=19 June 2022 |archive-date=19 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619171143/https://www.espn.co.uk/football/news/story/_/id/1381618/jose-mourinho-claims-cristiano-ronaldo-deserved-to-win-ballon-d%27or |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=http://www.marca.com/2013/09/10/en/football/real_madrid/1378834274.html |title=Pepe: 'Cristiano is a symbol' |date=10 September 2013 |newspaper=Marca|location=Spain |access-date=10 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913013826/http://www.marca.com/2013/09/10/en/football/real_madrid/1378834274.html |archive-date=13 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |last=Balague |first=Guillem |author-link=Guillem Balague |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/12087/9115007/ballon-dor-cristiano-ronaldos-improved-image-helped-win-says-guillem-balague |title=Ballon d'Or: Cristiano Ronaldo's improved image helped win, says Guillem Balague |publisher=Sky Sports |date=14 January 2014 |access-date=19 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Goal celebrations ===<br /> [[File:Cristiano Ronaldo 0876.jpg|left|thumb|Ronaldo's &quot;siu&quot; celebration]]<br /> Ronaldo has adopted several [[goal celebration]]s throughout his career, including one particular celebration which gained widespread coverage in the media, when he squatted and stared directly into a camera on the sidelines of the pitch with his hand on his chin.&lt;ref name=&quot;FIFA18&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GoalCel&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2706975-chronology-of-cristiano-ronaldo-told-through-his-goal-celebrations |title=Chronology of Cristiano Ronaldo Told Through His Goal Celebrations |work=Bleacher Report |first=Karl |last=Matchett |date=3 May 2017 |access-date=13 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215223301/https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2706975-chronology-of-cristiano-ronaldo-told-through-his-goal-celebrations |archive-date=15 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NewGoalCel&quot;/&gt; After scoring a goal, he usually celebrates with a &quot;storming jump&quot; and &quot;turn&quot;, before &quot;landing in spread-eagled fashion&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;GoalCel&quot;/&gt; into his &quot;signature power stance&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;NewGoalCel&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.foxsports.com/soccer/story/everyone-mocks-cristiano-ronaldos-new-goal-celebration-including-his-own-son-112016 |title=Everyone mocks Cristiano Ronaldo's new goal celebration, including his own son |work=Fox Sports |first=Caitlin |last=Murray |date=9 December 2016 |access-date=13 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215223301/https://www.foxsports.com/soccer/story/everyone-mocks-cristiano-ronaldos-new-goal-celebration-including-his-own-son-112016 |archive-date=15 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; while usually simultaneously exclaiming &quot;Sí&quot; (Spanish and Italian for &quot;yes&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;FIFA18&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.joe.co.uk/sport/cristiano-ronaldo-celebration-166745 |title=What does Cristiano Ronaldo's goal celebration mean? |publisher=joe.co.uk |first=Simon |last=Lloyd |date=March 2018 |access-date=13 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215231528/https://www.joe.co.uk/sport/cristiano-ronaldo-celebration-166745 |archive-date=15 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; This trademark celebration has been dubbed the &quot;'''Siu'''&quot; or &quot;'''siuuu'''&quot; in the media.&lt;ref name=&quot;FIFA18&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GoalCel&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Wright |first=Chris |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/blog/the-toe-poke/65/post/3214519/little-fan-absolutely-nails-cristiano-ronaldo-goal-celebration |title=Little fan absolutely nails Cristiano Ronaldo goal celebration |work=ESPN |date=27 September 2017 |access-date=19 June 2022 |archive-date=19 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619171150/https://www.espn.co.uk/football/blog/the-toe-poke/65/post/3214519/little-fan-absolutely-nails-cristiano-ronaldo-goal-celebration |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; It has also been known as &quot;'''suiii'''&quot;, &quot;'''siiuuu'''&quot;, &quot;'''siii'''&quot; or &quot;'''Right Here Right Now'''&quot;, formally the '''Cristiano Ronaldo celebration'''. Since Ronaldo first performed the gesture in 2013,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 August 2023 |title=Siuuuu! Cristiano Ronaldo's most iconic celebration turns a decade old |url=https://www.marca.com/en/football/2023/08/09/64d398b022601df71c8b458b.html |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=MARCA |archive-date=4 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204083709/https://www.marca.com/en/football/2023/08/09/64d398b022601df71c8b458b.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; it has been widely imitated by athletes and personalities both in and outside of football when celebrating scoring in respective sports or a significant achievement, and is widely regarded as the most iconic association football [[Goal celebration|celebration]] of all time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 November 2023 |title=What is Cristiano Ronaldo's 'Siuuu' celebration? Portugal superstar sets trend with iconic move copied around the globe |first1=Phil |last1=Spencer |url=https://talksport.com/football/956732/cristiano-ronaldo-celebration-siuu-meaning-origin/ |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=talkSPORT |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240204083709/https://talksport.com/football/956732/cristiano-ronaldo-celebration-siuu-meaning-origin/ |archive-date= 4 February 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The gesture was first performed by Ronaldo on 7 August, during the [[2013 International Champions Cup|2013 International Champions Cup Final]] between Real Madrid and [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]]. Ronaldo gave Madrid a 2–1 lead with a [[Free kick (association football)|free kick]] when he headed in a cross from [[Isco]], helping Madrid beat Chelsea 3–1 to claim the [[International Champions Cup]] and celebrating with his first &quot;Siuuu&quot;. During an interview after the match against Chelsea when he first performed the gesture, Ronaldo explained he scored the goal and &quot;it just felt natural&quot; and &quot;didn't know where it came from&quot;. He started doing it more often and when the supporters see it they are reminded of him.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author1=Conor Pope |date=19 January 2022 |title=What is Cristiano Ronaldo's &quot;Siuuuu&quot; celebration about? |url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/what-is-cristiano-ronaldos-siuuuu-celebration-about |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=FourFourTwo }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The phrase &quot;siu&quot; is derived from Portuguese ''sim'', meaning &quot;yes&quot;. This was confirmed by Ronaldo in an interview in 2023, almost a decade since he first performed it. Ronaldo explained that the phrase &quot;Siuuu&quot; simply means yes, but &quot;meaning it very strongly&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 June 2023 |title=Cristiano Ronaldo finally explains the meaning behind his iconic 'Siu' goal celebration |url=https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/cristiano-ronaldo-finally-explains-meaning-154715840.html |first1=Ryan |last1=Dabbs |agency=FourFourTwo |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=Yahoo Life |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204092447/https://www.yahoo.com/web/20240204092447/https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/cristiano-ronaldo-finally-explains-meaning-154715840.html |archive-date= 4 February 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Rivalry with Lionel Messi ===<br /> {{Main|Messi–Ronaldo rivalry}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi - Portugal vs Argentina, 9th February 2011.jpg|thumb|upright|Ronaldo with [[Lionel Messi]] before an [[international friendly]] between [[Portugal national football team|Portugal]] and [[Argentina national football team|Argentina]] in 2011]]<br /> Both Ronaldo and Lionel Messi have scored in multiple [[UEFA Champions League]] finals, have regularly broken the 50-goal barrier in a single season, and are the two [[List of footballers with 500 or more goals|leading goal scorers in history]]. Sports journalists and pundits regularly weigh the individual merits of both players in an attempt to argue who they believe is the best player in modern football or in the history of the game.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |last=Mendes |first=Chris |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/players/cristiano-ronaldo/10923614/World-Cup-2014-Cristiano-Ronaldos-personal-duel-with-Lionel-Messi-is-affecting-his-performances-for-Portugal.html |title=Cristiano Ronaldo's personal duel with Lionel Messi is affecting his performances for Portugal |date=24 June 2014 |access-date=30 September 2014 |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007135938/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/players/cristiano-ronaldo/10923614/World-Cup-2014-Cristiano-Ronaldos-personal-duel-with-Lionel-Messi-is-affecting-his-performances-for-Portugal.html |archive-date=7 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has been compared to several [[List of sports rivalries|sports rivalries]], among them the [[Muhammad Ali]]–[[Joe Frazier]] rivalry in boxing, the [[Borg–McEnroe rivalry]] in tennis and the [[Senna–Prost rivalry]] from [[Formula One]] motor racing.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |last=Hunter |first=Graham |url=http://espn.go.com/sports/soccer/news/_/id/5842703/el-clasico-all-ronaldo-vs-messi |title=The game's best rivalry |date=28 November 2010 |access-date=30 September 2014 |publisher=ESPN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006150207/http://espn.go.com/sports/soccer/news/_/id/5842703/el-clasico-all-ronaldo-vs-messi |archive-date=6 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Messi v Ronaldo |publisher=Sky Sports |date=17 October 2011 |url=http://www.skysports.com/news/21227/7235124/messi-v-ronaldo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006105413/http://www.skysports.com/news/21227/7235124/messi-v-ronaldo |archive-date=6 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some commentators choose to analyse the differing physiques and playing styles of the two.&lt;ref name=&quot;hughes2011&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |last=Hughes |first=Rob |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/14/sports/soccer/14iht-soccer14.html |title=Ronaldo May Look Like the Best, but There Is Someone Better |date=13 September 2011 |access-date=30 September 2014 |work=The New York Times |url-access=limited |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701061906/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/14/sports/soccer/14iht-soccer14.html |archive-date=1 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Part of the debate revolves around the contrasting personalities of the two players, as Ronaldo is sometimes depicted as an arrogant and theatrical showoff, while Messi is portrayed as a shy, humble character.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |last=Hayward |first=Paul |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2009/may/26/cristiano-ronaldo-lionel-messi-champions-league |title=Cristiano Ronaldo versus Lionel Messi pits showman against shy man |date=26 May 2009 |access-date=30 September 2014 |work=The Guardian |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009050509/http://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2009/may/26/cristiano-ronaldo-lionel-messi-champions-league |archive-date=9 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |last=Lewis |first=Tim |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2013/nov/24/cristiano-ronaldo-real-madrid-portugal-football |title=Cristiano Ronaldo: he's got a god-given talent – and he knows it |date=24 November 2013 |access-date=30 September 2014 |work=The Guardian |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006163656/http://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2013/nov/24/cristiano-ronaldo-real-madrid-portugal-football |archive-date=6 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |last=Calvin |first=Michael |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/news-and-comment/the-last-word-crunch-time-for-lionel-messi-and-cristiano-ronaldo-9537924.html |title=Crunch time for Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo |date=15 June 2014 |access-date=30 September 2014 |work=The Independent |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006094101/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/news-and-comment/the-last-word-crunch-time-for-lionel-messi-and-cristiano-ronaldo-9537924.html |archive-date=6 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{quote box<br /> | width = 24%<br /> | align = left<br /> | quote = &quot;It's part of my life now. People are bound to compare us. He tries to do his best for his club and for his national team, as I do, and there is a degree of rivalry with both of us trying to do the best for the teams we represent.&quot;<br /> | source = —Ronaldo commenting on his rivalry with Messi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Marca 2014&quot;&gt;[http://www.marca.com/2014/08/28/en/football/real_madrid/1409211779.html &quot;Messi and I are colleagues, work friends&quot;]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141125062432/http://www.marca.com/2014/08/28/en/football/real_madrid/1409211779.html|date=25 November 2014}}. ''Marca'' (Spain). 28 August 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> In a 2012 interview, Ronaldo commented on the rivalry, saying: &quot;I think we push each other sometimes in the competition, this is why the competition is so high.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |last1=Montague |first1=James |last2=Pinto |first2=Pedro |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/05/17/sport/football/football-champions-league-ronaldo-interview/ |title=Cristiano Ronaldo: I'm better than Messi |date=29 May 2012 |access-date=30 September 2014 |work=CNN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006125456/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/05/17/sport/football/football-champions-league-ronaldo-interview/ |archive-date=6 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Alex Ferguson]], Ronaldo's manager during his time at Manchester United, opined: &quot;I don't think the rivalry against each other bothers them. I think they have their own personal pride in terms of wanting to be the best.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |last=Palmer |first=Kevin |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/news/story/_/id/1271003/alex-ferguson:-cristiano-ronaldo-and-lionel-messi-both-the-best |title=Fergie: Ronaldo and Messi are equals |date=20 December 2012 |access-date=19 June 2022 |work=ESPN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Messi himself denied any rivalry, saying that it was &quot;only the media, the press, who wants us to be at loggerheads but I've never fought with Cristiano.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/9478241/Barcelonas-Lionel-Messi-blames-media-for-inventing-rivalry-with-Real-Madrids-Cristiano-Ronaldo.html |title=Barcelona's Lionel Messi blames media for inventing rivalry with Real Madrid's Cristiano Ronaldo |date=15 August 2012 |access-date=30 September 2014 |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007221041/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/9478241/Barcelonas-Lionel-Messi-blames-media-for-inventing-rivalry-with-Real-Madrids-Cristiano-Ronaldo.html |archive-date=7 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Responding to the claims that he and Messi do not get on well on a personal level, Ronaldo commented: &quot;We don't have a relationship outside the world of football, just as we don't with a lot of other players.&quot; Ronaldo added that in years to come he hopes they can laugh about it together, stating: &quot;We have to look on this rivalry with a positive spirit, because it's a good thing.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Marca 2014&quot;/&gt; Representing archrivals Barcelona and Real Madrid, the two players faced each other at least twice every season in the world's biggest club game, ''[[El Clásico]]'', which is among the world's most viewed annual sporting events.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2014/05/16/lionel-messi-agrees-to-new-50-million-a-year-deal-with-barcelona/ &quot;Lionel Messi Reaches $50 Million-A-Year Deal With Barcelona&quot;]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006091338/http://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2014/05/16/lionel-messi-agrees-to-new-50-million-a-year-deal-with-barcelona/|date=6 October 2014}}. ''Forbes''. 16 May 2014. Retrieved 1 October 2014&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In a debate at [[Oxford Union]] in October 2013, when asked whether FIFA president [[Sepp Blatter]] preferred Messi or Ronaldo, Blatter paid tribute to the work ethic of the Argentine before taking a swipe at Ronaldo, claiming &quot;one of them has more expenses for the hairdresser than the other.&quot; Real Madrid demanded and promptly received a full apology. In response to Blatter's &quot;commander&quot; on the pitch comment, Ronaldo issued his own riposte with a mock-salute celebration after scoring a penalty against Sevilla.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/24730976 |title=Cristiano Ronaldo: Sepp Blatter's apology to Real Madrid |work=BBC Sport |date=29 October 2013 |access-date=6 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125161507/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/24730976 |archive-date=25 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; In August 2019, Ronaldo and Messi were interviewed while sat next to each other prior to the announcement of the [[UEFA Men's Player of the Year Award|UEFA Men's Player of the Year]], with Ronaldo stating: &quot;I pushed him and he pushed me as well. So it's good to be part of the history of football.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |title=Cristiano Ronaldo, Lionel Messi &amp; Eric Cantona light up Uefa awards |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/49516474 |access-date=30 August 2019 |work=BBC|date=29 August 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In September 2023, Ronaldo declared that his rivalry with Messi was over and &quot;gone&quot;, after 36 official fixtures and 15 years of &quot;sharing the stage&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cristiano Ronaldo: Lionel Messi rivalry now 'gone' says Portuguese great |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/66738794 |website=[[BBC Sport]] |access-date=11 September 2023 |date=7 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == In popular culture ==<br /> === Popularity and online following ===<br /> {{infobox YouTube personality<br /> | name = UR · Cristiano<br /> | youtube_handle = cristiano<br /> | youtube_display_name = UR · Cristiano<br /> | youtube_years_active = 2024–present<br /> | youtube_genre = {{Hlist|Sports|Entertainment}}<br /> | youtube_subscribers = 76.7 million&lt;!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE WITHOUT UPDATING stats_update BELOW --&gt;<br /> | youtube_views = 903 million&lt;!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE WITHOUT UPDATING stats_update BELOW --&gt;<br /> | stats_update = 30 September 2025<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Ronaldo was named in the 2014 [[Time 100]], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''{{'}}s annual list of the most influential people in the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last1=Pelé |url=http://time.com/70818/cristiano-ronaldo-2014-time-100/ |title=Cristiano Ronaldo by Pelé: Time 100 |magazine=Time |date=23 April 2014 |access-date=3 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602235206/http://time.com/70818/cristiano-ronaldo-2014-time-100/ |archive-date=2 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ESPN]] named Ronaldo the world's most famous athlete in 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |title=ESPN World Fame 100 |url=http://espn.go.com/espn/feature/story/_/id/15685581/espn-world-fame-100 |publisher=ESPN |date=3 June 2016 |access-date=6 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713040749/http://espn.go.com/espn/feature/story/_/id/15685581/espn-world-fame-100 |archive-date=13 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ESPN World Fame 100 |url=http://www.espn.com/espn/feature/story/_/page/worldfame100/espn-world-fame-100-top-ranking-athletes#R1__CristianoRonaldo |publisher=[[ESPN]] |date=30 May 2017 |access-date=1 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170531181150/http://www.espn.com/espn/feature/story/_/page/worldfame100/espn-world-fame-100-top-ranking-athletes#R1__CristianoRonaldo |archive-date=31 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |title=ESPN ranks the 100 most famous athletes |url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/sports/ftw/2018/05/22/5-surprises-from-espns-ranking-of-the-100-most-famous-athletes/111166614/ |work=USA Today |date=31 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |title=World Fame 100 – 2019 |url=http://www.espn.com/espn/feature/story/_/id/26113613/espn-world-fame-100-2019 |access-date=14 September 2019 |publisher=ESPN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Demand for a replica Ronaldo shirt has been high throughout his career. In 2008, Ronaldo's number 7 Manchester United shirt was the best-selling Premier League sports product.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2011/jul/22/wayne-rooney-manchester-united |location=London |work=The Guardian |title=Manchester United's Wayne Rooney is king of the replica kit |date=22 July 2011 |access-date=13 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630161615/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2011/jul/22/wayne-rooney-manchester-united |archive-date=30 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2015, Ronaldo's number 7 Real Madrid shirt was the second best-selling worldwide, after Messi's number 10 Barcelona shirt.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |title=Leo Messi's Barcelona Shirt Is the Most Sold Worldwide, Cristiano Ronaldo 2nd |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2609501-leo-messis-barcelona-shirt-is-the-most-sold-worldwide-cristiano-ronaldo-2nd |access-date=4 January 2019 |work=Bleacher Report}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2018, within 24 hours of his number 7 Juventus shirt being released, over 520,000 had been sold, with $62.4&amp;nbsp;million generated in one day.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |title=Juventus Have Sold $60 Million Of Ronaldo Jerseys In 24 Hours |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2018/07/20/juventus-have-sold-60-million-of-ronaldo-jerseys-in-24-hours-infographic/ |last1=McCarthy |first1=Niall |access-date=13 October 2018 |work=Forbes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013213627/https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2018/07/20/juventus-have-sold-60-million-of-ronaldo-jerseys-in-24-hours-infographic/ |archive-date=13 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:SK 20170808 214655 (36289315022).jpg|thumb|Fans of [[Real Madrid]] (left; Ronaldo's then current club) and [[Manchester United]] (right; Ronaldo's then former club) wearing Ronaldo's 7 shirt at the [[2017 UEFA Super Cup]]]]<br /> Ronaldo has established a strong online presence. The most popular sportsperson on social media, he counted over 500&amp;nbsp;million total followers across [[Facebook]], [[Twitter]] and [[Instagram]] by February 2021, making him the first person to pass half a billion followers.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |title=Ronaldo Is The First Person To Pass Half A Billion Followers On Social Media |url=https://www.sportbible.com/football/football-news-legends-take-a-bow-cristiano-ronaldo-is-the-first-person-to-have-500-million-followers-20210212 |access-date=13 February 2021 |work=SportBible}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[List of most-followed Facebook pages|most-followed person]] on Facebook (171&amp;nbsp;million), [[List of most-followed Instagram accounts|most-followed]] on Instagram (650&amp;nbsp;million) and [[List of most-followed Twitter accounts|most-followed sportsperson]] on Twitter (115&amp;nbsp;million), his sponsors earned $936&amp;nbsp;million in media value across his accounts between June 2016 and June 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;Forbes 2017&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> After announcing the creation of his [[YouTube]] channel, UR · Cristiano on 21 August 2024, it became the fastest to reach the 1 million subscribers milestone,&lt;ref name=&quot;onefootball.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 August 2024 |title=🎥 Cristiano Ronaldo unveils his official YouTube channel |url=https://onefootball.com/pt-br/noticias/cristiano-ronaldo-unveils-his-official-youtube-channel-39923949 |access-date=22 August 2024 |website=OneFootball |language=pt-br}}&lt;/ref&gt; doing so in 90 minutes.&lt;ref name=&quot;onefootball.com&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ronaldo creates YouTube history, smashes new one million subscribers record |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2024/8/21/footballer-cristiano-ronaldo-breaks-new-youtube-channel-record |access-date=22 August 2024 |website=Al Jazeera }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 August 2024 |title=Cristiano Ronaldo launches YouTube channel, gains over a million followers after posting first video |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/cristiano-ronaldo-launches-youtube-channel-gains-a-million-followers-after-first-video-cr7-updates/article68551628.ece |access-date=22 August 2024 |website=Sportstar }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 August 2024 |title=Cristiano Ronaldo lança canal no Youtube e consegue mais de 1 milhão de inscritos em menos de uma hora |url=https://www.espn.com.br/futebol/artigo/_/id/14066897/cristiano-ronaldo-lanca-canal-youtube-consegue-mais-1-milhao-inscritos-menos-uma-hora |access-date=22 August 2024 |website=ESPN.com |language=pt}}&lt;/ref&gt; The channel also became the fastest to reach 5,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shepherd |first=Ian |title=Cristiano Ronaldo Smashes Records With Massive YouTube Channel Launch |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ianshepherd/2024/08/21/cristiano-ronaldo-smashes-records-with-massive-youtube-channel-launch/ |access-date=22 August 2024 |website=Forbes }}&lt;/ref&gt; 10,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 August 2024 |title=Cristiano Ronaldo's YouTube channel gets over 10 million subscribers within one day of launch – CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/sports/cristiano-ronaldos-youtube-channel-gets-over-10-million-subscribers-within-one-day-of-launch-19463653.htm |access-date=22 August 2024 |website=CNBCTV18 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 20,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ayamga |first=Emmanuel |date=22 August 2024 |title=Ronaldo shatters more records, surpasses 20m YouTube subscribers under 24 hours |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/sports/football/cristiano-ronaldo-surpasses-20-million-youtube-subscribers-under-24-hours/tbtzl86 |access-date=22 August 2024 |website=Pulse Ghana }}&lt;/ref&gt; 30 and 50 million subscribers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ritman |first=Alex |date=23 August 2024 |title=Cristiano Ronaldo Launches YouTube Channel, Hits 30 Million Subscribers in Two Days |url=https://variety.com/2024/digital/global/cristiano-ronaldo-launches-youtube-channel-ur-1236113655/ |access-date=23 August 2024 |website=Variety }}&lt;/ref&gt; It also became the most subscribed channel in Portugal, surpassing the Portuguese [[Nick Jr.]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Portugal: YouTube channels by number of subscribers 2024 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1374862/portugal-youtube-channels-by-number-of-subscribers/ |access-date=22 August 2024 |website=Statista }}&lt;/ref&gt; Computer security company [[McAfee]] produced a 2012 report ranking footballers by the probability of an internet search for their name leading to an unsafe website, with Ronaldo's name first on the list.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=http://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/view/26658/mcafee-names-most-dangerous-football-team-in-europe/ |title=McAfee Names Most Dangerous Football Team in Europe |work=Infosecurity |date=28 June 2012 |access-date=15 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630155959/http://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/view/26658/mcafee-names-most-dangerous-football-team-in-europe/ |archive-date=30 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Wealth and sponsorships ===<br /> With earnings of €720&amp;nbsp;million (£615&amp;nbsp;million) from 2010 to 2019, Ronaldo was ranked second in ''[[Forbes]]'' list of the decade's highest-paid athletes, behind boxer [[Floyd Mayweather Jr.]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2019/12/23/the-highest-paid-athletes-of-the-decade-mayweatherronaldo-lebron-score/ |title=The Highest-Paid Athletes Of The Decade: Mayweather, Ronaldo And LeBron Dominate |last=Badenhausen |first=Kurt |work=Forbes |access-date=13 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Forbes'' ranked Ronaldo as the highest-paid ahtlete in the world in 2016 ($88 million), 2017 ($93 million) and from 2023 to 2025 ($136 million, $260 million and $275 million respectively), and he has entered [[Forbes list of the world's highest-paid athletes|every top 10 since the ranking's inception in 2012]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |title=The world's highest paid football players |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/christinasettimi/2014/05/07/the-worlds-highest-paid-soccer-players-3/ |work=Forbes |date=7 May 2014 |access-date=8 May 2014 |first=Christina |last=Settimi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140510084750/http://www.forbes.com/sites/christinasettimi/2014/05/07/the-worlds-highest-paid-soccer-players-3/ |archive-date=10 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |title=The world's highest paid football players 2015 |url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/mlh45eldf/1-cristiano-ronaldo-real/ |work=Forbes |access-date=26 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126122118/http://www.forbes.com/pictures/mlh45eldf/1-cristiano-ronaldo-real/ |archive-date=26 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The World's Highest-Paid Athletes |url=https://www.forbes.com/athletes/ |work=Forbes |access-date=14 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118041725/http://www.forbes.com/athletes/ |archive-date=18 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cristiano Ronaldo first footballer to top Forbes rich list of highest-earning athletes |url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/10307782/cristiano-ronaldo-first-footballer-to-top-forbes-rich-list-of-highest-earning-athletes |publisher=Sky Sports |date=8 June 2016 |first=Ben |last=Reynolds |access-date=9 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610125422/http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/10307782/cristiano-ronaldo-first-footballer-to-top-forbes-rich-list-of-highest-earning-athletes |archive-date=10 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Forbes 2017&quot;&gt;[https://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2017/06/15/cristiano-ronaldo-produces-nearly-1-billion-in-value-for-sponsors-on-social-media-this-year/ &quot;Cristiano Ronaldo Produced Nearly $1 Billion in Value for Sponsors on Social Media&quot;]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013015658/https://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2017/06/15/cristiano-ronaldo-produces-nearly-1-billion-in-value-for-sponsors-on-social-media-this-year/|date=13 October 2018}}. ''Forbes''. 15 June 2016. Retrieved 30 August 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; He has also been included in every annual ranking of the highest-paid athletes by [[Penske Media Corporation#Sportico|Sportico]]: he was named the third highest-paid athlete of 2021 ($120 million) and 2022 ($115 million) and the highest-paid athlete of 2023 ($275 million) and 2024 ($260 million).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2025-02-13|title=Cristiano Ronaldo was the highest paid athlete in 2024 on a list which featured no women in the top 100|url=https://cnn.com/cnn/2025/02/13/sport/cristiano-ronaldo-top-100-highest-earning-athletes-spt|access-date=2025-05-01|publisher=[[CNN]]|archive-date=1 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501165110/https://www.cnn.com/cnn/2025/02/13/sport/cristiano-ronaldo-top-100-highest-earning-athletes-spt|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-02-13 |title=Cristiano Ronaldo tops list of highest-paid athletes, Ben Simmons the only Australian, no women in top 100|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/rcna192011|access-date=2025-06-03 |publisher=[[NBC News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-02-13 |title=Highest-paid athletes in the world named|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/highest-paid-athletes-cristiano-ronaldo-tyson-fury-b2697849.html|access-date=2025-06-03 |work=[[The Independent]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is the first footballer and only the third sportsman to earn $1 billion in their career.&lt;ref name=settimi2020&gt;{{cite web |last=Settimi |first=Christina |title=Ronaldo's $105 Million Year Tops Messi And Crowns Him Soccer's First Billion-Dollar Man |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/christinasettimi/2020/06/04/ronaldos-105-million-year-tops-messi-and-crowns-him-soccers-first-billion-dollar-man/ |access-date=9 June 2020 |work=Forbes}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Ronaldo is one of the world's most marketable sportsmen: ''[[SportsPro]]'' rated him the fifth most marketable athlete in 2012&lt;ref name=&quot;SportsPro 2012&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-26/off-the-field/32424123_1_mc-mary-kom-london-olympics-world-champion-boxer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618042111/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-26/off-the-field/32424123_1_mc-mary-kom-london-olympics-world-champion-boxer |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 June 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=MS Dhoni, Mary Kom world's 16th, 38th most marketable athletes |date=26 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; and eighth most marketable athlete in 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;SportsPro 2012&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.sportspromedia.com/most_marketable/cristiano_ronaldo |title=50 Most Marketable 2013&amp;nbsp;– Cristiano Ronaldo |publisher=SportsProMedia |date=8 May 2013 |access-date=15 May 2014 |archive-date=15 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140515072837/http://www.sportspromedia.com/most_marketable/cristiano_ronaldo |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sports market research company Repucom named Ronaldo the most marketable and most recognised football player in the world in May 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Top 10 Most Marketable Footballers in the World |publisher=Repucom (press release) |date=28 May 2014 |url=http://repucom.net/wp-content/uploads/Top-10-Most-Marketable-Football-Players.pdf |access-date=22 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064853/http://repucom.net/wp-content/uploads/Top-10-Most-Marketable-Football-Players.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since his reputation grew at Manchester United, Ronaldo has signed many sponsorship deals for consumer products, including sportswear, football boots; since November 2012, Ronaldo has worn the Nike Mercurial Vapor personalised CR7 edition,&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |title=Nike's CR7 Collection Reflects Attitude And Irreverence Of A Global Icon |url=https://news.nike.com/news/new-cristiano-ronaldo-signature-collection-from-nike-reflects-attitude-irreverence-of-a-global-icon |work=Nike |date=7 November 2012 |access-date=6 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707011634/https://news.nike.com/news/new-cristiano-ronaldo-signature-collection-from-nike-reflects-attitude-irreverence-of-a-global-icon |archive-date=7 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; soft drinks, clothing, automotive lubricants, financial services, electronics, and video games.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |title=Cristiano Ronaldo expands his brand with the launch of Legacy fragrance |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2015/09/16/cristano-ronaldo-expands-his-brand-with-launch-of-legacy-frangrance/ |work=Forbes |date=26 November 2015 |access-date=6 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922120808/https://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2015/09/16/cristano-ronaldo-expands-his-brand-with-launch-of-legacy-frangrance/ |archive-date=22 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |last=Booth |first=Robert |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2009/jun/11/cristiano-ronaldo-transfer-real-madrid |title=From £175 to £80m in 14 years – but can Cristiano Ronaldo earn it like Beckham? |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=11 June 2009 |access-date=8 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217232948/http://www.theguardian.com/football/2009/jun/11/cristiano-ronaldo-transfer-real-madrid |archive-date=17 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2012/07/11/is-cristiano-ronaldo-the-worlds-most-marketable-athlete/ |title=Is Cristiano Ronaldo The World's Most Marketable Athlete? |work=Forbes |date=7 November 2012 |access-date=8 July 2013 |first=Kurt |last=Badenhausen |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602113649/http://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2012/07/11/is-cristiano-ronaldo-the-worlds-most-marketable-athlete/ |archive-date=2 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |title=Why Cristiano Ronaldo's $1 Billion Nike Deal May Be A Bargain For Sportswear Giant |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2016/12/02/cristiano-ronaldos-1-billion-nike-deal-is-a-bargain-for-sportswear-giant/ |work=Forbes |date=2 December 2016 |access-date=6 July 2018 |first=Kurt |last=Badenhausen |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705235422/https://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2016/12/02/cristiano-ronaldos-1-billion-nike-deal-is-a-bargain-for-sportswear-giant/ |archive-date=5 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ronaldo featured as the cover star of [[FIFA (video game series)|''FIFA'' video game]] ''[[FIFA 18]]'' and was heavily involved in the game's promotion.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=EA Unveil new FIFA 18 trailer and official cover art |url=http://www.goal.com/en-us/news/ea-unveil-new-fifa-18-trailer-and-official-cover-art/uwbx8pwyazdw1fq8jsk08ojpd |work=[[Goal (website)|Goal]] |access-date=8 November 2017 |date=22 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108204922/http://www.goal.com/en-us/news/ea-unveil-new-fifa-18-trailer-and-official-cover-art/uwbx8pwyazdw1fq8jsk08ojpd|archive-date=8 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; His &quot;Sii&quot; [[goal celebration]] features in the ''FIFA'' series, accompanied with his own voiceover.&lt;ref name=&quot;FIFA18&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |last=Russell |first=Bradley |url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/how-do-12-new-fifa-18-celebrations-plus-more-our-favourites |title=How to do the 12 new FIFA 18 celebrations – plus more of our favourites |date=6 October 2017 |access-date=26 November 2022 |work=FourFourTwo}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was also the face of ''[[Pro Evolution Soccer]]'', appearing on the covers of the [[Pro Evolution Soccer 2008|2008]], [[Pro Evolution Soccer 2012|2012]] and [[Pro Evolution Soccer 2013|2013]] editions of the game.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |title=Fifa 18 release date confirmed with Cristiano Ronaldo as cover star |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/sport/football/fifa-18-release-date-confirmed-with-cristiano-ronaldo-as-cover-star-a3557866.html |newspaper=London Evening Standard |access-date=5 July 2018 |date=6 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706002905/https://www.standard.co.uk/sport/football/fifa-18-release-date-confirmed-with-cristiano-ronaldo-as-cover-star-a3557866.html|archive-date=6 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Philanthropy ===<br /> [[File:Cristiano Ronaldo, 2010.jpg|thumb|upright|Ronaldo in 2010]]<br /> Ronaldo has made contributions to various charitable causes throughout his career. Television footage of the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami]] showed an eight-year-old boy survivor named [[Martunis]] wearing a Portuguese football shirt who was stranded for 19 days after his family was killed. Following this, Ronaldo visited [[Aceh]], Indonesia, to raise funds for rehabilitation and reconstruction.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |title=Ronaldo raises funds for tsunami-hit Aceh |url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200506/13/eng20050613_189948.html |work=People's Daily |date=13 June 2005 |access-date=2 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110309050612/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200506/13/eng20050613_189948.html |archive-date=9 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Tsunami Survivors: New Life For A Decimated Football Club |url=https://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/socialresponsibility/news/newsid=668801/ |work=FIFA |date=9 January 2008 |access-date=3 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130311204841/http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/socialresponsibility/news/newsid=668801/ |archive-date=11 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; After accepting undisclosed damages from a libel case against ''[[The Sun (United Kingdom)|The Sun]]'' newspaper in 2008, Ronaldo donated the damages to a charity in [[Madeira]].&lt;ref name=payout /&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2009, Ronaldo donated £100,000 to the hospital that saved his mother's life in [[Madeira]] following her battle with cancer, so that they could build a cancer centre on the island.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.nowmagazine.co.uk/celebrity-news/312084/cristiano-ronaldo-donates-100-000-to-cancer-hospital |title=Ronaldo donates to Cancer-stricken mums saviors |work=Now |date=25 June 2012 |access-date=25 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212005600/http://www.nowmagazine.co.uk/celebrity-news/312084/cristiano-ronaldo-donates-100-000-to-cancer-hospital |archive-date=12 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; In support of the victims of the [[2010 Madeira floods and mudslides|2010 Madeira flood]], Ronaldo pledged to play in a charity match in Madeira between Primeira Liga club Porto and players from Madeiran-based clubs [[C.S. Marítimo|Marítimo]] and Nacional.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/ozasp-soccer-spain-ronaldo-madeira-20100-idAFJOE61L09O20100222 |title=Ronaldo to play in charity match for Madeira |work=Reuters |date=22 February 2010 |access-date=26 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2012, Ronaldo and his agent paid for specialist treatment for a nine-year-old Canarian boy with apparently terminal cancer.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=http://www.as.com/english/articulo/cristiano-ronaldo-funds-cancer-treatment/20120619dasdenspo_11/Ten |title=Cristiano Ronaldo funds cancer treatment for 9-year-old boy |work=AS.com |date=19 June 2012 |access-date=15 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517153709/http://www.as.com/english/articulo/cristiano-ronaldo-funds-cancer-treatment/20120619dasdenspo_11/Ten |archive-date=17 May 2014 |last1=s. l. |first1=Diarioas AS }}&lt;/ref&gt; In December 2012, Ronaldo joined FIFA's &quot;11 for Health&quot; programme to raise awareness among kids of how to steer clear of conditions including drug addiction, HIV, malaria, and obesity.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=http://www.marca.com/2012/12/31/en/football/international_football/1356973939.html |title=Messi and Ronaldo join forces for FIFA's '11 for Health' |newspaper=Marca |location=Spain |date=31 December 2012 |access-date=21 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206092629/http://www.marca.com/2012/12/31/en/football/international_football/1356973939.html |archive-date=6 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; In January 2013, Ronaldo became [[Save the Children]]'s new Global Artist Ambassador, in which he hopes to help fight child hunger and obesity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.savethechildren.org/site/apps/nlnet/content2.aspx?c=8rKLIXMGIpI4E&amp;b=8486803&amp;ct=12703073 |title=Cristiano Ronaldo Kicks Off the New Year as Save the Children's New Global Artist Ambassador for Child Hunger and Nutrition |work=Save the Children |date=27 March 2013 |access-date=6 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927052831/http://www.savethechildren.org/site/apps/nlnet/content2.aspx?c=8rKLIXMGIpI4E&amp;b=8486803&amp;ct=12703073 |archive-date=27 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; In March 2013, Ronaldo agreed to be the ambassador for the [[Mangrove Care Forum Bali]] in Indonesia, an organisation aiming to raise awareness of [[mangrove]] conservation.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/03/17/ronaldo-ambassador-mangrove.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130321060234/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/03/17/ronaldo-ambassador-mangrove.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 March 2013 |title=Ronaldo ambassador for mangrove |newspaper=The Jakarta Post |date=17 March 2013 |access-date=15 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Ronaldo was named the world's most charitable sportsperson in 2015 after donating £5&amp;nbsp;million to the relief effort after the [[April 2015 Nepal earthquake|earthquake in Nepal]] which killed over 8,000 people.&lt;ref name=&quot;Independent 2016&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/european/cristiano-ronaldo-real-madrid-forward-donates-600000-champions-league-final-bonus-to-charity-a7063036.html |title=Cristiano Ronaldo: Real Madrid forward donates €600,000 Champions League win bonus to charity |newspaper=The Independent |date=3 June 2016 |access-date=3 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605020931/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/european/cristiano-ronaldo-real-madrid-forward-donates-600000-champions-league-final-bonus-to-charity-a7063036.html |archive-date=5 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; In June 2016, Ronaldo donated the entirety of his €600,000 Champions League bonus after Real Madrid won the competition.&lt;ref name=&quot;Independent 2016&quot;/&gt; In August of the same year, Ronaldo launched CR7Selfie, a [[selfie]] app for charity to help Save the Children that lets participants take a selfie with him in one of several different outfits and poses.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=http://www.adweek.com/adfreak/cristiano-ronaldos-new-charity-app-lets-you-post-selfies-him-topless-or-otherwise-172893 |title=Cristiano Ronaldo's New Charity App Lets You Post Selfies With Him, Topless or Otherwise |first=David |last=Griner |work=Adweek |date=9 August 2016 |access-date=11 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811170925/http://www.adweek.com/adfreak/cristiano-ronaldos-new-charity-app-lets-you-post-selfies-him-topless-or-otherwise-172893 |archive-date=11 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Eponyms and honours ===<br /> {{See also|Academia Cristiano Ronaldo|Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport|Museu CR7|Galaxy CR7}}<br /> <br /> [[File:CR7 museum and hotel in Funchal, Madeira.JPG|thumb|The Cristiano Ronaldo Museum, [[Museu CR7]], in Funchal, Madeira, opened in December 2013.]]<br /> In 2007, C.D. Nacional renamed its youth campus Cristiano Ronaldo Campus Futebol (Cristiano Ronaldo Football Campus).&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=http://www.cdnacional.pt/cristiano-ronaldo-campus-futebol/ |title=Cristiano Ronaldo Football Campus |website=CD Nacional |access-date=21 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222122039/http://www.cdnacional.pt/cristiano-ronaldo-campus-futebol/|archive-date=22 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; In December 2013, Ronaldo opened a museum, [[Museu CR7]], in his hometown of Funchal, Madeira, to house trophies and memorabilia;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/news-and-comment/inside-cristiano-ronaldos-museum-i-have-room-for-more-trophies-9152637.html |title=Inside Cristiano Ronaldo's museum: 'I have room for more trophies' |first=Alice |last=Jones |newspaper=The Independent |date=25 February 2014 |access-date=15 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701192051/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/news-and-comment/inside-cristiano-ronaldos-museum-i-have-room-for-more-trophies-9152637.html |archive-date=1 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; the museum is an official sponsor of the local football team [[União da Madeira]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.maisfutebol.iol.pt/liga-honra/cr7/cristiano-ronaldo-associa-se-ao-uniao-da-madeira |title=Cristiano Ronaldo associa-se ao União da Madeira |website=Maisfutebol.iol.pt |access-date=24 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825184437/http://www.maisfutebol.iol.pt/liga-honra/cr7/cristiano-ronaldo-associa-se-ao-uniao-da-madeira|archive-date=25 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.tvi24.iol.pt/liga-honra/cr7/cristiano-ronaldo-associa-se-ao-uniao-da-madeira |title=Cristiano Ronaldo associa-se ao União da Madeira |date=20 November 2014 |website=Tvi24.iol.pt |access-date=24 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825224903/http://www.tvi24.iol.pt/liga-honra/cr7/cristiano-ronaldo-associa-se-ao-uniao-da-madeira|archive-date=25 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; At a ceremony held at the [[Belém Palace]] in January 2014, President of Portugal [[Aníbal Cavaco Silva]] raised Ronaldo to the rank of Grand Officer of the [[Order of Prince Henry]] &quot;to distinguish an athlete of world renown who has been a symbol of Portugal globally, contributing to the international projection of the country and setting an example of tenacity for future generations.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |title=Cristiano Ronaldo made Grand Officer of the Order of Prince Henry |url=http://elpais.com/elpais/2014/01/21/inenglish/1390317530_265899.html |work=El País |date=21 January 2014 |access-date=15 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517153224/http://elpais.com/elpais/2014/01/21/inenglish/1390317530_265899.html |archive-date=17 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; In June 2015, astronomers led by David Sobral from Lisbon and [[Leiden]] discovered a galaxy which they named [[Cosmos Redshift 7]] (CR7) in tribute to Ronaldo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Galaxy&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |title=Cristiano Ronaldo: CR7 name given to discovered galaxy |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/33185760 |work=BBC Sport |date=18 June 2015 |access-date=21 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924224248/http://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/33185760 |archive-date=24 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 23 July 2016, following Portugal's triumph at Euro 2016, Madeira Airport in Funchal was renamed as [[Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Madeira airport renamed after Cristiano Ronaldo |url=http://theworldgame.sbs.com.au/article/2016/07/23/madeira-airport-renamed-after-cristiano-ronaldo |website=The World Game |publisher=Special Broadcasting Service |access-date=23 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724175107/http://theworldgame.sbs.com.au/article/2016/07/23/madeira-airport-renamed-after-cristiano-ronaldo |archive-date=24 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; The name change was subject to much debate locally by some politicians and citizens, who even started a petition against the move, an action criticised by President of Madeira [[Miguel Albuquerque]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/portugal/story/3090789/madeira-airport-preparing-to-be-renamed-after-portugal-captain-cristiano-ronaldo |title=Madeira airport preparing to be renamed after Cristiano Ronaldo |newspaper=Espn.com |date=28 March 2017 |access-date=19 June 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Airport&quot;/&gt; On 21 September 2020, the Sporting CP's [[Academia Cristiano Ronaldo|football academy in Alcochete]], until then called ''Academia Sporting'', was renamed ''Academia Cristiano Ronaldo''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Academia Cristiano Ronaldo |publisher=sporting.pt |url=https://www.sporting.pt/en/news/club/statements/2020-09-21/academia-cristiano-ronaldo}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nacional &quot;estupefacto e desagradado&quot; com Sporting por dar nome de Ronaldo a Academia |url=https://www.sabado.pt/desporto/detalhe/nacional-estupefacto-e-desagradado-com-sporting-por-dar-nome-de-ronaldo-a-academia |access-date=27 September 2023 |website=www.sabado.pt |language=pt-pt}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2023, the Lisbon City Council approved awarding him, at the proposal of its president, [[Carlos Moedas]], the Medal of Honor of the City, because he is &quot;a great Lisboner, in the sense of the passion he has for the city&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lisbon awards Cristiano Ronaldo with City Medal of Honour |url=https://www.theportugalnews.com/news/2023-05-04/lisbon-awards-cristiano-ronaldo-with-city-medal-of-honour/77278 |access-date=9 March 2024 |website=www.theportugalnews.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Public art ===<br /> {{multiple image<br /> | align = right<br /> | direction = horizontal<br /> | total_width = 300<br /> | image1 = Cristiano Ronaldo figure at Madame Tussauds London (31094131932).jpg<br /> | image2 = Funchal CR7 Statue.JPG<br /> | footer = Public artwork of Ronaldo include a waxwork likeness in [[Madame Tussauds]], London (left) and a bronze statue in Madeira (right), resembling the pose he strikes before taking free kicks.<br /> }}<br /> <br /> In June 2010, during the build-up to the World Cup, Ronaldo became the fourth footballer, after [[Steven Gerrard]], Pelé, and David Beckham, to be represented as a waxwork at [[Madame Tussauds London]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/players/cristiano-ronaldo/7816806/World-Cup-2010-Cristiano-Ronaldo-gets-Madam-Tussauds-waxwork.html |title=World Cup 2010: Cristiano Ronaldo gets Madam Tussauds waxwork |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |date=10 June 2010 |access-date=15 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206192857/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/players/cristiano-ronaldo/7816806/World-Cup-2010-Cristiano-Ronaldo-gets-Madam-Tussauds-waxwork.html |archive-date=6 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another waxwork of him was presented at the Madrid Wax Museum in December 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/31745660 |title=Cristiano Ronaldo sends stylist to museum to brush waxwork's hair |date=5 March 2015 |work=BBC Sport |access-date=4 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623125358/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/31745660 |archive-date=23 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; A bronze statue of Ronaldo, designed by artist Ricardo Madeira Veloso, was unveiled in Funchal in December 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2014/12/22/sport/football/cristiano-ronaldo-bronze-statue/index.html |title=Cristiano Ronaldo immortalized in bronze statue outside his personal museum |work=CNN |date=22 December 2014 |access-date=24 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223205109/http://edition.cnn.com/2014/12/22/sport/football/cristiano-ronaldo-bronze-statue/index.html |archive-date=23 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.eurosport.com/football/huge-statue-of-cristiano-ronaldo-erected-and-there-s-something-slightly-stiff-about-it_sto4714822/story.shtml |title=Huge statue of Cristiano Ronaldo erected – and there's something slightly stiff about it |work=[[Eurosport]] |date=21 December 2014|access-date=23 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The unveiling of the rebranded Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport took place on 29 March 2017, which included a bust of his head being presented.&lt;ref name=&quot;Airport&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/portugal/story/3079064/cristiano-ronaldo-airport-rename-critics-slammed-by-madeira-president |title=Cristiano Ronaldo airport rename critics slammed by Madeira president |work=ESPN |date=10 March 2017 |access-date=19 June 2022 |last=Corrigan |first=Dermot}}&lt;/ref&gt; The bust and the name change were controversial, with the lack of the bust's likeness to Ronaldo being ridiculed by comedians, including ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media |date=9 April 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lhNNrhze3vs |title=Weekend Update: Cecilia Gimenez on Cristiano Ronaldo Bust – SNL |publisher=[[Saturday Night Live]] |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=20 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024035853/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lhNNrhze3vs |archive-date=24 October 2022 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Airport&quot;/&gt; A year later, sports website [[Bleacher Report]] commissioned sculptor [[Emanuel Santos]] to create another bust;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |title=Ronaldo statue: Sculptor Emanuel Santos takes another shot at bust |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-43598431 |work=BBC News |date=30 March 2018 |access-date=30 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525025556/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-43598431|archive-date=25 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; however, this bust was never used and a new one was made by a Spanish sculptor, shown to the public on 15 June 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Aeroporto da Madeira tem novo busto de Cristiano Ronaldo |url=https://rr.sapo.pt/noticia/vida/2018/06/18/aeroporto-da-madeira-tem-novo-busto-de-cristiano-ronaldo/116124/ |work=SAPO |date=17 June 2018 |access-date=26 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Business ventures ===<br /> Ronaldo opened a fashion boutique under the name ''CR7'' (his initials and shirt number) on the island of Madeira in 2006 and opened a second in Lisbon in 2008.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |title=New CR7 store in London |url=http://www.footballshirtculture.com/Football-Fashion/new-cr7-store-in-lisbon.html |date=10 October 2008 |work=Football Shirt Culture |access-date=6 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616103310/http://www.footballshirtculture.com/Football-Fashion/new-cr7-store-in-lisbon.html |archive-date=16 June 2018 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; In partnership with Scandinavian manufacturer JBS Textile Group and the New York fashion designer [[Richard Chai]], Ronaldo co-designed a range of underwear and sock line, released in November 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=http://www.prweek.com/article/1219136/m-c-saatchi-launches-underwear-range-giant-image-ronaldo-pants |title=M&amp;C Saatchi launches underwear range with giant image of Ronaldo in pants |first=Jonathan |last=Tilley |work=PR Week |date=1 November 2013 |access-date=15 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517121906/http://www.prweek.com/article/1219136/m-c-saatchi-launches-underwear-range-giant-image-ronaldo-pants |archive-date=17 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; He expanded his ''CR7'' fashion brand by launching a line of premium shirts and shoes in July 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=http://www.complex.com/style/2014/07/cristiano-ronaldo-cr7-richard-chai-shirts |title=Cristiano Ronaldo Is Working With Richard Chai to Add Shirts to His CR7 Underwear Line |work=Complex |date=15 July 2014 |access-date=23 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719040243/http://www.complex.com/style/2014/07/cristiano-ronaldo-cr7-richard-chai-shirts |archive-date=19 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=http://www.irishmirror.ie/sport/soccer/soccer-news/cristiano-ronaldo-launches-shoe-range-3876935 |title=Cristiano Ronaldo launches SHOE range as he branches out into fashion |work=Irish Mirror |date=17 July 2014 |access-date=23 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728191556/http://www.irishmirror.ie/sport/soccer/soccer-news/cristiano-ronaldo-launches-shoe-range-3876935 |archive-date=28 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In September 2015, Ronaldo released his own fragrance, &quot;Legacy&quot;, in a partnership with Eden Parfums.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Badenhausen |first=Kurt |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2015/09/16/cristano-ronaldo-expands-his-brand-with-launch-of-legacy-frangrance/?sh=4a4d0b27665a |title=Cristiano Ronaldo Expands His Brand With Launch Of New Fragrance |website=[[Forbes]] |date=16 September 2015 |access-date=27 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 26 October 2023, the new owners of [[Medialivre]] (''[[Correio da Manhã (Portugal)|Correio da Manhã]]'', ''[[Record (Portuguese newspaper)|Record]]'' and ''[[Jornal de Negócios]]'' publisher) are a group of investors that include Cristiano Ronaldo through Portuguese company Expressão Livre.&lt;ref name=&quot;Portugal Business News&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=27 October 2023 |title=What is the media company owned by Cristiano Ronaldo? |url=https://www.portugalbusinessesnews.com/post/what-is-the-media-company-owned-by-cristiano-ronaldo |access-date=1 November 2023 |work=Portugal Business News}}&lt;/ref&gt; In December 2011, he launched an [[iPhone]] game called ''Heads Up with Cristiano'', created by developer [[RockLive]],&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |title=How Mobile Games Are Sports Stars' Newest Marketing Channel |date=29 December 2011 |url=http://mashable.com/2011/12/28/rocklive-cristiano-ronaldo-athletes-mobile-game/ |publisher=Mashable |access-date=6 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612184421/https://mashable.com/2011/12/28/rocklive-cristiano-ronaldo-athletes-mobile-game/ |archive-date=12 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; and in December 2013, he launched ''Viva Ronaldo'', a dedicated social networking website and app.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=http://as.com/diarioas/2013/12/13/english/1386953936_605314.html |title='Viva Ronaldo' – Cristiano creates his own online community |work=AS |date=13 December 2013 |access-date=15 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226101456/http://as.com/diarioas/2013/12/13/english/1386953936_605314.html |archive-date=26 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 26 February 2026, Ronaldo acquired a 25% ownership stake in Spanish club [[UD Almería]] as part of his investment activities through CR7 Sports Investments, a subsidiary of CR7 S.A.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=McKenna|first=Lorraine|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/c39wry03jvmo|title=Ronaldo becomes co-owner of Spanish side Almeria|website=[[BBC Sport]]|date=26 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Media ===<br /> Ronaldo's autobiography, titled ''Moments'', was published in 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.chapters.indigo.ca/books/Moments-Cristiano-Ronaldo/9780230706699-item.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090523102037/http://www.chapters.indigo.ca/books/Moments-Cristiano-Ronaldo/9780230706699-item.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 May 2009 |title=Moments |date=27 March 2009 |work=Chapters}}&lt;/ref&gt; His sponsor Castrol produced the television film ''Ronaldo: Tested to the Limit'', in which he was physically and mentally tested in several areas; his physical performance was subject to scrutiny by world media upon the film's release in September 2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;hughes2011&quot; /&gt; ''[[Cristiano Ronaldo: The World at His Feet]]'', a documentary narrated by actor [[Benedict Cumberbatch]], was released via [[Vimeo]] in June 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Brown |first=Brigid |title=WATCH: Benedict Cumberbatch Narrates Cristiano Ronaldo Documentary |url=http://www.bbcamerica.com/anglophenia/2014/06/watch-benedict-cumberbatch-narrates-cristiano-ronaldo-documentary/ |work=BBC America |date=June 2014 |access-date=10 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510113440/http://www.bbcamerica.com/anglophenia/2014/06/watch-benedict-cumberbatch-narrates-cristiano-ronaldo-documentary/ |archive-date=10 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; A documentary film directed by [[Anthony Wonke]] about his life and career, titled ''[[Ronaldo (film)|Ronaldo]]'', was released on 9 November 2015.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2015/11/footballer-cristiano-ronaldo-awarded-with-guinness-world-records-certificates-at-405247 &quot;Footballer Cristiano Ronaldo awarded with Guinness World Records certificates at London film premiere&quot;], {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915090326/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2015/11/footballer-cristiano-ronaldo-awarded-with-guinness-world-records-certificates-at-405247 |date=15 September 2018}}. Guinness World Records. Retrieved 10 November 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/cristiano-ronaldo-confirms-film-being-made-about-his-life-and-football-career-10310832.html |title=Cristiano Ronaldo confirms film being made about his life with Amy and Senna director on board |newspaper=Independent |date=10 June 2015 |access-date=2 August 2015 |first=Jess |last=Denham |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614010448/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/cristiano-ronaldo-confirms-film-being-made-about-his-life-and-football-career-10310832.html |archive-date=14 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; He appears as a playable character in the 2025 [[fighting game]] ''[[Fatal Fury: City of the Wolves]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last=Romano | first=Sal | title=Fatal Fury: City of the Wolves adds Cristiano Ronaldo as playable fighter | website=Gematsu | date=March 26, 2025 | url=https://www.gematsu.com/2025/03/fatal-fury-city-of-the-wolves-adds-cristiano-ronaldo-as-playable-fighter | access-date=March 26, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; In December 2025, it was confirmed that he will participate in the film ''Fast X: Part 2'', from the ''[[Fast &amp; Furious]]'' franchise.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last=F. de Buján | first=Rocío | title=Cristiano Ronaldo da el salto al cine con un papel en 'Fast &amp; Furious' | website=[[ABC (newspaper)|ABC]] | date=December 18, 2025 | url=https://www.abc.es/gente/cristiano-ronaldo-salto-cine-papel-fast-furious-20251218101012-nt.html | access-date=December 19, 2025 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> === Family, children, and relationships ===<br /> Ronaldo is a [[Catholic Church|Catholic]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rhodes |first=Charlie |date=17 December 2018 |title=Cristiano Ronaldo: &quot;Juventus? As a group, it is better than Real Madrid&quot; |url=https://sportslens.com/news/cristiano-ronaldo-juventus/ |access-date=4 August 2023 |website=Sportslens.com }}&lt;/ref&gt; Within his ancestry, he is of (one-eighth) Cape Verdean descent through his great-grandmother.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Doyle |first=Paul |date=12 January 2013 |title=Cape Verde are minnows no more on eve of Africa Cup of Nations debut |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2013/jan/12/africa-cup-nations-cape-verde |access-date=18 July 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ronaldo's great-grandmother on his father's side, Isabel da Piedade, an African woman, was born in the island of [[São Vicente, Cape Verde|São Vicente]], in what was then [[Portuguese Cape Verde]], and moved to the island of Madeira when she was 16.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Cristiano Ronaldo tem 'costela' cabo-verdiana |url=https://expresso.sapo.pt/actualidade/cristiano-ronaldo-tem-costela-cabo-verdiana=f491641 |first=Pedro |last=Miguel Neves |work=Sapo Expresso |access-date=23 July 2017 |language=pt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713163733/http://expresso.sapo.pt/actualidade/cristiano-ronaldo-tem-costela-cabo-verdiana=f491641 |archive-date=13 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sousa |first=Hugo Daniel |date=12 January 2015 |title=O que mais distingue Cristiano Ronaldo dos outros? A potência |url=https://www.publico.pt/2015/01/12/desporto/noticia/o-que-mais-distingue-cristiano-ronaldo-dos-outros-a-potencia-1681928 |access-date=16 January 2024 |website=PÚBLICO |language=pt |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116215951/https://www.publico.pt/2015/01/12/desporto/noticia/o-que-mais-distingue-cristiano-ronaldo-dos-outros-a-potencia-1681928 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> His father, José, died of an alcoholism-related liver condition at age 52 in September 2005 when Ronaldo was 20.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Davies |first=Hunter |title=The Fan: Cristiano Ronaldo the tarnished icon |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/2014/01/fan-cristiano-ronaldo-tarnished-icon |work=New Statesman |date=16 January 2014 |access-date=18 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726100131/http://www.newstatesman.com/2014/01/fan-cristiano-ronaldo-tarnished-icon |archive-date=26 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; After her son achieved legendary status in world football, Cristiano Ronaldo's mother, Dolores Aveiro, became a popular personality in Portugal to such an extent that advertising campaigns for well-known brands in the country, such as [[Maggi]], MultiOpticas and [[Pingo Doce]], have featured her in commercials.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 June 2018 |title=Dolores Aveiro é a nova embaixadora Maggi |url=https://grandeconsumo.com/dolores-aveiro-e-a-nova-embaixadora-maggi/ |access-date=30 April 2024 |website=Grande Consumo |language=pt-PT}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 January 2020 |title=Dolores Aveiro dá a cara pela MultiOpticas |url=https://www.meiosepublicidade.pt/2020/01/14/dolores-aveiro-da-cara-pela-multiopticas |access-date=30 April 2024 |website=Meios e Publicidade |language=pt}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Ronaldo has five living children. He first became a father to a son, Cristiano Ronaldo Jr., who was born on 17 June 2010 in the United States.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |title=Cristiano Ronaldo announces he is the father of a baby boy on Twitter |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/players/cristiano-ronaldo/7870962/Cristiano-Ronaldo-announces-he-is-the-father-of-a-baby-boy-on-Twitter.html |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=4 July 2010 |access-date=5 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821132940/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/players/cristiano-ronaldo/7870962/Cristiano-Ronaldo-announces-he-is-the-father-of-a-baby-boy-on-Twitter.html |archive-date=21 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; He has full custody of the child and has not publicly revealed the identity of the mother per an agreement with her.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |title=Baby 'joy' for Cristiano Ronaldo |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/8786871.stm |work=BBC Sport |date=4 July 2010 |access-date=4 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722144547/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/8786871.stm |archive-date=22 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |title=Cristiano Ronaldo names son Cristiano Ronaldo |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/7878410/Cristiano-Ronaldo-names-son-Cristiano-Ronaldo.html |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |date=8 July 2010 |access-date=8 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501163740/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/7878410/Cristiano-Ronaldo-names-son-Cristiano-Ronaldo.html |archive-date=1 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ronaldo Jr. is a youth footballer who plays for Portugal Under-15s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-05-18 |title=Cristiano Ronaldo Jr. nets 1st Portugal U15s goals |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/45210278/cristiano-ronaldo-jr-nets-first-portugal-goals-u15s-win |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=ESPN.com }}&lt;/ref&gt; In January 2015, Ronaldo's five-year relationship with Russian model [[Irina Shayk]] ended.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/soccer/2015/01/20/apnewsbreak-ronaldo-breaks-up-with-girlfriend-irina-shayk/22035547/ |title=Cristiano Ronaldo breaks up with girlfriend Irina Shayk |work=USA Today |date=20 January 2015 |access-date=21 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122003510/http://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/soccer/2015/01/20/apnewsbreak-ronaldo-breaks-up-with-girlfriend-irina-shayk/22035547/|archive-date=22 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Then, in 2017, Ronaldo became a father to [[twin]]s,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Sharland |first=Pete |title=Cristiano Ronaldo confirms he is a father of twins |date=29 June 2017 |url=http://au.eurosport.com/football/fifa-confederations-cup-qualification/2017/cristiano-ronaldo-confirms-he-is-a-father-of-twin-boys_sto6233943/story.shtml |work=Eurosport |access-date=29 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701214509/http://au.eurosport.com/football/fifa-confederations-cup-qualification/2017/cristiano-ronaldo-confirms-he-is-a-father-of-twin-boys_sto6233943/story.shtml |archive-date=1 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; born on 8 June 2017 in the United States via [[surrogacy]].<br /> <br /> Ronaldo is currently in a relationship with Argentine and Spanish model [[Georgina Rodríguez]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.forbesargentina.com/millonarios/la-argentina-georgina-rodriguez-forbes-me-encanta-ser-mujer-cristiano-ronaldo-pero-lo-tengo-banco-lo-gane-yo-n13088 |title=La argentina Georgina Rodríguez con Forbes: &quot;Me encanta ser la mujer de Cristiano Ronaldo, pero lo que tengo en el banco lo gané yo&quot;|work=Forbes Argentina |date=25 February 2022|last=Leyra|first=Paloma|language=ES}}&lt;/ref&gt; who gave birth to a daughter on 12 November 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/real-madrid/story/3267889/cristiano-ronaldo-georgina-rodriguez-confirm-birth-of-baby-girl |title=Cristiano Ronaldo, Georgina Rodriguez confirm birth of baby girl |date=12 November 2017 |work=ESPN |access-date=19 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; The couple expected another set of twins in 2022. The male twin died during childbirth while the female twin survived.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Jackson |first=Jamie |date=18 April 2022 |title=Cristiano Ronaldo and Georgina Rodríguez announce death of baby son |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/apr/18/cristiano-ronaldo-and-georgina-rodriguez-announce-death-of-baby-son |access-date=18 April 2022 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 11 August 2025, Rodríguez announced their engagement via Instagram.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Blanchet |first1=Brenton |last2=Clack |first2=Erin |date=11 August 2025 |title=Cristiano Ronaldo and Georgina Rodríguez Are Engaged After 8 Years of Dating — and She Has a Massive Ring to Prove It |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/family-and-relationships/dating/cristiano-ronaldo-and-georgina-rodriguez-are-engaged-after-8-years-of-dating-and-she-has-a-massive-ring-to-prove-it/ar-AA1Kk4iW |access-date=11 August 2025 |work=People}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Health ===<br /> Ronaldo has said that he [[Teetotalism|does not drink alcohol]],&lt;ref name=payout&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |title=Cristiano Ronaldo accepts Daily Telegraph libel payout |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-11709871 |access-date=14 October 2018 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=8 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915090138/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-11709871 |archive-date=15 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; and he received [[Defamation|libel]] damages over a ''[[Daily Mirror]]'' article that reported him drinking heavily in a nightclub while recovering from an injury in July 2008.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/soccer/2009-11-09-873451543_x.htm |title=Ronaldo receives libel damages over drink story |work=USA Today |date=9 November 2009 |access-date=12 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091113084928/http://www.usatoday.com/sports/soccer/2009-11-09-873451543_x.htm |archive-date=13 November 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also does not have any tattoos, as he regularly [[Blood donation|donates blood]] and [[bone marrow]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/cristiano-ronaldo-tattoos/axdtx8bwqem01dr97j7ha755u |title=Does Cristiano Ronaldo have tattoos? Juventus star's position on body ink explained |work=Goal |date=3 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Legal issues ===<br /> In July 2017, Ronaldo was charged with fraudulently evading almost €15&amp;nbsp;million in tax between 2011 and 2014, a claim he denied at the time.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2017/jul/31/cristiano-ronaldo-denies-tax-evasion-madrid-court |title=Cristiano Ronaldo gets right up your nose |date=31 July 2017 |work=The Guardian |access-date=11 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912011811/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2017/jul/31/cristiano-ronaldo-denies-tax-evasion-madrid-court|archive-date=12 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; In June 2018, Ronaldo was given a two-year suspended jail sentence and fined €18.8&amp;nbsp;million, later reduced to €16.8&amp;nbsp;million after reaching a deal with Spanish authorities. The sentence was served under probation, without any jail time, so long as he did not re-offend.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/world-cup/cristiano-ronaldo-jail-sentence-two-years-suspended-tax-evasion-case-fine-how-much-world-cup-2018-a8400631.html |title=Cristiano Ronaldo 'agrees' two-year suspended jail sentence and €18.8m fine over tax evasion case |first=Jack |last=De Menezes |date=15 June 2018 |work=The Independent|access-date=6 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615222820/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/world-cup/cristiano-ronaldo-jail-sentence-two-years-suspended-tax-evasion-case-fine-how-much-world-cup-2018-a8400631.html|archive-date=15 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Ronaldo and another man were investigated by the British [[Crown Prosecution Service]] after a 2005 rape allegation was brought forward by two women. Within days, the two women withdrew their allegation, and [[Scotland Yard]] later issued a statement declaring there was not enough evidence for a prosecution.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/4468628.stm |title=Ronaldo will not face rape charge |access-date=8 October 2018 |work=BBC|date=24 November 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008175202/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/4468628.stm|archive-date=8 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In April 2017, it was reported that Ronaldo was being investigated by the [[Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department|Las Vegas Police Department]] for an allegation by a woman that he had raped her in 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spiegel&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/der-spiegel-football-leaks-exclusive-cristiano-ronaldo-rape-allegation-a-1143910.html |title=Cristiano Ronaldo's Secret |date=19 April 2017 |newspaper=Der Spiegel|access-date=11 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910221252/http://www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/der-spiegel-football-leaks-exclusive-cristiano-ronaldo-rape-allegation-a-1143910.html|archive-date=10 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2018/oct/10/cristiano-ronaldo-lawyers-rape-allegation-documents-altered |title=Cristiano Ronaldo's lawyers claim rape allegation documents have been altered |work=The Guardian |date=10 October 2018 |access-date=16 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015185617/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2018/oct/10/cristiano-ronaldo-lawyers-rape-allegation-documents-altered|archive-date=15 October 2018 |last1=MacInnes |first1=Paul }}&lt;/ref&gt; Documents, confirmed by Ronaldo's lawyers, state that Ronaldo paid a woman [[United States dollar|US$]]375,000 in a [[Non-disclosure agreement|non-disclosure settlement]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Spiegel&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.spiegel.de/international/cristiano-ronaldo-kathryn-mayorga-the-woman-who-accuses-ronaldo-of-rape-a-1230634.html ''Her Name Is Kathryn The Woman Who Accuses Ronaldo of Rape.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117225608/http://www.spiegel.de/international/cristiano-ronaldo-kathryn-mayorga-the-woman-who-accuses-ronaldo-of-rape-a-1230634.html |date=17 November 2018}} [[Der Spiegel]], 29 September 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Ronaldo and his lawyers issued a lengthy statement denying all accusations, describing them as an &quot;intentional defamation campaign&quot; with parts significantly &quot;altered and/or completely fabricated&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |title=Cristiano Ronaldo: 'Allegations of rape based on completely fabricated documents' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/45817055 |access-date=10 October 2018 |work=BBC Sport |date=10 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010175403/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/45817055 |archive-date=10 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-45712777 |title=Cristiano Ronaldo rape allegation: Las Vegas police reopen case |access-date=11 October 2018 |work=BBC|date=2 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016080207/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-45712777|archive-date=16 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; a claim which ''[[Der Spiegel (website)|Der Spiegel]]'' categorically denied.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |title=Cristiano Ronaldo: 'German Magazine stands by reporting' |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/45824263 |access-date=10 October 2018 |work=BBC Sport |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012012740/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/amp/football/45824263 |archive-date=12 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In July 2019, [[Las Vegas]] prosecutors said they would not charge Ronaldo over allegations of rape; the statement added: &quot;Based upon a review of information at this time, the allegations of sexual assault against Cristiano Ronaldo cannot be proven beyond a [[reasonable doubt]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-49078808 |title=Ronaldo will not face charges over alleged rape |work=BBC |date=22 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; The same woman, in September 2018, filed a [[Civil law (common law)|civil]] [[lawsuit]] in [[Nevada]] accusing Ronaldo of rape.&lt;ref name=AFP-dismissed&gt;{{cite news |title=US judge dismisses rape suit against football star Ronaldo |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220611-us-judge-dismisses-rape-suit-against-football-star-ronaldo |access-date=12 June 2022 |work=[[France 24]] |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |date=11 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[The Daily Mirror]]'', citing court documents, reported in 2021 that the woman sought £56&amp;nbsp;million in [[damages]] from Ronaldo.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |title=Cristiano Ronaldo: Kathryn Mayorga demands £56m in damages over rape allegation |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/cristiano-ronaldo-rape-claim-kathryn-mayorga-b1839530.html |access-date=23 September 2021 |work=[[The Independent]] |date=29 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In October 2021, federal magistrate judge Daniel Albregts recommended that the lawsuit be dismissed, citing that the woman's lawyer, Leslie Stovall, &quot;acted in bad faith by asking for, receiving, and using [[Football Leaks]] documents to prosecute&quot; the case, despite the documents containing &quot;privileged communications&quot; between Ronaldo and his lawyers. Additionally, Albregts stated that no evidence was found of Ronaldo's lawyers having &quot;intimidated [the woman] or impeded law enforcement&quot; during the 2010 settlement with her.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Ritter |first1=Ken |title=Court says Ronaldo rape lawsuit in Vegas should be dismissed |url=https://apnews.com/article/soccer-entertainment-sports-premier-league-courts-68bcaf8e2cfd4d05710768baf496a33d |access-date=12 June 2022 |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=8 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; In June 2022, the woman's rape lawsuit was [[dismissed with prejudice]] in the [[United States District Court for the District of Nevada]], as district judge [[Jennifer A. Dorsey]] ruled that Stovall's repeated use of &quot;cyber-hacked [[attorney–client privilege]]d documents&quot; were actions representing &quot;abuses and flagrant circumvention of the proper litigation process&quot;.&lt;ref name=AFP-dismissed/&gt;&lt;ref name=dw-dismissed&gt;{{cite news |title=Cristiano Ronaldo: US judge dismisses Las Vegas rape lawsuit |url=https://www.dw.com/en/cristiano-ronaldo-us-judge-dismisses-las-vegas-rape-lawsuit/a-62102311 |access-date=12 June 2022 |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=11 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:President Donald Trump meets with Cristiano Ronaldo in the Oval Office (54933344262).jpg|thumb|Ronaldo with U.S. President [[Donald Trump]] at the [[White House]] in 2025]]<br /> <br /> === Politics ===<br /> In a November 2025 interview with [[Piers Morgan]], Ronaldo stated a wish to meet with U.S. president [[Donald Trump]]. &quot;I wish one day to meet him [and] sit with him because he's one of the [people] that I really like,&quot; Ronaldo said. &quot;I think it can make things happen, and I like people like that.&quot; Without endorsing any political agenda, Ronaldo stated that a potential meeting with Trump would revolve around his desire for [[world peace]]. &quot;I wish that the world goes in a [peaceful] way. I'm going to tell him that we have something in common and something that we share.&quot; Ronaldo said. He later joked that he was &quot;seriously more famous&quot; than the president.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Siwak |first=Miranda |date=2025-11-06 |title=Cristiano Ronaldo Explains Why He Wants to Meet Donald Trump |url=https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/cristiano-ronaldo-explains-why-he-wants-to-meet-donald-trump/ |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=Us Weekly |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wy04CeNcy44 |title=Cristiano Ronaldo x Piers Morgan Part 2 {{!}} On Trump, Jota, World Cup &amp; More |date=2025-11-06 |last=Piers Morgan Uncensored |access-date=2025-11-07 |via=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 18 November Ronaldo and his [[fiancée]] [[Georgina Rodríguez|Georgina]] met Trump at the [[White House]]. Later in the day he attended a black-tie dinner at the White House, along with [[Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia|Saudi Crown Prince]] [[Mohammed bin Salman]], FIFA president [[Gianni Infantino]], and dozens of billionaires and business leaders.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Bushnell |first=Henry |date=November 19, 2025 |title=Cristiano Ronaldo praised by Trump at White House dinner in his return to U.S. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/6818863/2025/11/18/cristiano-ronaldo-trump-white-house-saudi/ |access-date=November 20, 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Talreja |first=Prashant |date=November 20, 2025 |title=Cristiano Ronaldo gets 'key to White House' from US President Donald Trump |url=https://www.wionews.com/sports/cristiano-ronaldo-gets-key-to-white-house-from-us-president-donald-trump-1763614391190 |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=[[WION]] |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |last=Langell |first=Amanda |date=2025-11-19 |title=The Best Pictures of Cristiano Ronaldo's Meeting With President Trump |url=https://www.si.com/soccer/best-pictures-cristiano-ronaldo-meeting-president-trump |access-date=2025-11-20 |magazine=[[Sports Illustrated]] |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |number=1991176130565722322 |user=totalcristiano |title=Cristiano Ronaldo and Donald Trump took a picture at the White House Oval Office. 🤝 |date=November 19, 2025 |access-date=November 20, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; A week later, FIFA issued Ronaldo a reprieve, eliminating a two-out-of-three-match ban against him, for having elbowed Irish defender [[Dara O'Shea]] in a match against [[Republic of Ireland national football team|Ireland]] on 14 November. The reprieve ensured Ronaldo's availability for Portugal's first matches in the World Cup.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Roan|first=Dan|date=2025-12-05 |title=Por qué la estrecha relación entre Trump y Gianni Infantino pone en cuestión la neutralidad política de la FIFA antes del Mundial 2026|url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/articles/ceq1g407vzzo |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=bbcmundo.com |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Lewis|first=Michael|date=2025-11-25 |title=After Visiting White House, Ronaldo Gets Suspension Cut By FIFA|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaellewis/2025/11/25/after-visiting-white-house-ronaldo-gets-suspension-cut-by-fifa/ |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=forbes.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career statistics==<br /> ===Club===<br /> {{updated|match played 28 February 2026}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe18623/cristiano-ronaldo/club-matches/ |title=Cristiano Ronaldo » Club matches |website=WorldFootball.net |date=11 September 2024 |access-date=23 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=SW&gt;{{Soccerway|382|access-date=23 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable nowrap&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition<br /> !rowspan=2|Club<br /> !rowspan=2|Season<br /> !colspan=3|League<br /> !colspan=2|National cup{{efn|Includes [[Taça de Portugal]], [[FA Cup]], [[Copa del Rey]], [[Coppa Italia]], [[King's Cup (Saudi Arabia)|King's Cup]]}}<br /> !colspan=2|League cup{{efn|Includes [[Football League Cup]]}}<br /> !colspan=2|Continental<br /> !colspan=2|Other<br /> !colspan=2|Total<br /> |-<br /> !Division||Apps||Goals||Apps||Goals||Apps||Goals||Apps||Goals||Apps||Goals||Apps||Goals<br /> |-<br /> |[[Sporting CP B]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/club/8718/2002_1/Sporting_Lisboa_B.html |title=Sporting Lisboa B (02/03) |website=National Football Teams |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205105813/https://www.national-football-teams.com/club/8718/2002_1/Sporting_Lisboa_B.html |archive-date=5 December 2020 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=SportingCPB&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/51516799 |title=Cristiano Ronaldo: Juventus forward scores on 1,000th senior appearance |work=BBC Sport |date=22 February 2020 |access-date=7 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223003607/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/51516799 |archive-date=23 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |[[2002–03 Segunda Divisão B|2002–03]]<br /> |[[Segunda Divisão|Segunda Divisão B]]<br /> |2||0||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||2||0<br /> |-<br /> |[[Sporting CP]]<br /> |[[2002–03 Sporting CP season|2002–03]]<br /> |[[Primeira Liga]]<br /> |25||3||3||2||colspan=2|—||3{{efn|One appearance in [[UEFA Champions League]], two appearances in [[UEFA Cup]]}}||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||31||5<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=7|[[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]<br /> |[[2003–04 Manchester United F.C. season|2003–04]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;6&quot;|[[Premier League]]<br /> |29||4||5||2||1||0||5{{efn|name=UCL|Appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]]}}||0||0||0||40||6<br /> |-<br /> |[[2004–05 Manchester United F.C. season|2004–05]]<br /> |33||5||7||4||2||0||8{{efn|name=UCL}}||0||0||0||50||9<br /> |-<br /> |[[2005–06 Manchester United F.C. season|2005–06]]<br /> |33||9||2||0||4||2||8{{efn|name=UCL}}||1||colspan=2|—||47||12<br /> |-<br /> |[[2006–07 Manchester United F.C. season|2006–07]]<br /> |34||17||7||3||1||0||11{{efn|name=UCL}}||3||colspan=2|—||53||23<br /> |-<br /> |[[2007–08 Manchester United F.C. season|2007–08]]<br /> |34||31||3||3||0||0||11{{efn|name=UCL}}||8||1{{efn|name=&quot;CS&quot;|Appearance in [[FA Community Shield]]}}||0||49||42<br /> |-<br /> |[[2008–09 Manchester United F.C. season|2008–09]]<br /> |33||18||2||1||4||2||12{{efn|name=UCL}}||4||2{{efn|name=&quot;FCW&quot;|Appearances in [[FIFA Club World Cup]]}}||1||53||26<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Total<br /> !196!!84!!26!!13!!12!!4!!55!!16!!3!!1!!292!!118<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;10&quot;|[[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]]<br /> |[[2009–10 Real Madrid CF season|2009–10]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;9&quot;|[[La Liga]]<br /> |29||26||0||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||6{{efn|name=UCL}}||7||colspan=2|—||35||33<br /> |-<br /> |[[2010–11 Real Madrid CF season|2010–11]]<br /> |34||40{{efn|Does not include one goal scored on 18 September 2010 against [[Real Sociedad]]. ''[[Marca (newspaper)|Marca]]'', which awards the [[Pichichi Trophy]], attribute it to Ronaldo, while La Liga and UEFA attribute it to [[Pepe (footballer, born 1983)|Pepe]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |title=Pepe's goal is awarded to Cristiano Ronaldo |url=http://www.marca.com/2010/09/18/futbol/1adivision/1284847182.html |work=Marca |date=18 September 2010 |access-date=4 December 2010 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101112084933/http://www.marca.com/2010/09/18/futbol/1adivision/1284847182.html |archive-date=12 November 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;|name=goal}}<br /> ||8||7||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||12{{efn|name=UCL}}||6||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||54||53<br /> |-<br /> |[[2011–12 Real Madrid CF season|2011–12]]<br /> |38||46||5||3||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||10{{efn|name=UCL}}||10||2{{efn|name=&quot;SCE&quot;|Appearances in [[Supercopa de España]]}}||1||55||60<br /> |-<br /> |[[2012–13 Real Madrid CF season|2012–13]]<br /> |34||34||7||7||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||12{{efn|name=UCL}}||12||2{{efn|name=&quot;SCE&quot;}}||2||55||55<br /> |-<br /> |[[2013–14 Real Madrid CF season|2013–14]]<br /> |30||31||6||3||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||11{{efn|name=UCL}}||17||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||47||51<br /> |-<br /> |[[2014–15 Real Madrid CF season|2014–15]]<br /> |35||48||2||1||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||12{{efn|name=UCL}}||10||5{{efn|One appearance and two goals in [[UEFA Super Cup]], two appearances in [[Supercopa de España]], two appearances in [[FIFA Club World Cup]]}}||2||54||61<br /> |-<br /> |[[2015–16 Real Madrid CF season|2015–16]]<br /> |36||35||0||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||12{{efn|name=UCL}}||16||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||48||51<br /> |-<br /> |[[2016–17 Real Madrid CF season|2016–17]]<br /> |29||25||2||1||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||13{{efn|name=UCL}}||12||2{{efn|name=&quot;FCW&quot;}}||4||46||42<br /> |-<br /> |[[2017–18 Real Madrid CF season|2017–18]]<br /> |27||26||0||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||13{{efn|name=UCL}}||15||4{{efn|One appearance in [[UEFA Super Cup]], one appearance and one goal in [[Supercopa de España]], two appearances and two goals in [[FIFA Club World Cup]]}}||3||44||44<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=2|Total<br /> !292!!311!!30!!22!!0!!0!!101!!105!!15!!12!!438!!450<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;5&quot;|[[Juventus FC|Juventus]]<br /> |[[2018–19 Juventus FC season|2018–19]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|[[Serie A]]<br /> |31||21||2||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||9{{efn|name=UCL}}||6||1{{efn|name=&quot;SI&quot;|Appearance in [[Supercoppa Italiana]]}}||1||43||28<br /> |-<br /> |[[2019–20 Juventus FC season|2019–20]]<br /> |33||31||4||2||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||8{{efn|name=UCL}}||4||1{{efn|name=&quot;SI&quot;}}||0||46||37<br /> |-<br /> |[[2020–21 Juventus FC season|2020–21]]<br /> |33||29||4||2||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||6{{efn|name=UCL}}||4||1{{efn|name=&quot;SI&quot;}}||1||44||36<br /> |-<br /> |[[2021–22 Juventus FC season|2021–22]]<br /> |1||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||1||0<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Total<br /> !98!!81!!10!!4!!0!!0!!23!!14!!3!!2!!134!!101<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|[[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]<br /> |[[2021–22 Manchester United F.C. season|2021–22]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Premier League]]<br /> |30||18||1||0||0||0||7{{efn|name=UCL}}||6||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||38||24<br /> |-<br /> |[[2022–23 Manchester United F.C. season|2022–23]]<br /> |10||1||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||0||0||6{{efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]}}||2||colspan=2|—||16||3<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Total<br /> !40!!19!!1!!0!!0!!0!!13!!8!!0!!0!!54!!27<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;5&quot;|[[Al-Nassr FC|Al-Nassr]]<br /> |[[2022–23 Al-Nassr FC season|2022–23]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|[[Saudi Pro League]]<br /> |16||14||2||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||1{{efn|name=SSP|Appearance(s) in [[Saudi Super Cup]]}}||0||19||14<br /> |-<br /> |[[2023–24 Al Nassr FC season|2023–24]]<br /> |31||35||4||3||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||9{{efn|Appearances in [[AFC Champions League]]}}||6||7{{efn|Six appearances and six goals in [[Arab Club Champions Cup]], one appearance in [[Saudi Super Cup]]}}||6||51||50<br /> |-<br /> |[[2024–25 Al-Nassr FC season|2024–25]]<br /> |30||25||1||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||8{{efn|name=ACL|Appearances in AFC Champions League Elite}}||8||2{{efn|name=SSP}}||2||41||35<br /> |-<br /> |[[2025–26 Al-Nassr FC season|2025–26]]<br /> |22||21||1||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||1{{efn|Appearance in [[AFC Champions League Two]]}} ||0||2{{efn|name=SSP}}||1||26||22<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Total<br /> !99!!95!!8!!3!!0!!0!!18!!14!!12!!9!!137!!121<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;3&quot;|Career total<br /> !752!!593!!78!!44!!12!!4!!213!!157!!33!!24!!1,088!!822<br /> |}<br /> &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;reflist reflist-lower-alpha&quot;&gt;&lt;references group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ===International===<br /> {{for|a comprehensive listing of international goals scored by Cristiano Ronaldo|List of international goals scored by Cristiano Ronaldo}}<br /> {{updated|match played 13 November 2025}}&lt;ref name=&quot;FPF&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.fpf.pt/Jogadores/Cristiano-Ronaldo|title=Cristiano Ronaldo|publisher=[[Portuguese Football Federation]]|language=pt|access-date=16 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cristiano Ronaldo |url=https://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=24753 |website=eu-football.info |access-date=16 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |+ Appearances and goals by national team, year and competition<br /> |-<br /> !rowspan=2|Team<br /> !rowspan=2|Year<br /> !colspan=2|Competitive<br /> !colspan=2|Friendly<br /> !colspan=2|Total<br /> |-<br /> !Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals<br /> |-<br /> |[[Portugal national under-15 football team|Portugal U15]]<br /> |2001<br /> |2&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;Appearances in the [[2001 European Youth Summer Olympic Festival]].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |1<br /> |7<br /> |6<br /> |9<br /> |7<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=3|[[Portugal national under-17 football team|Portugal U17]]<br /> |2001<br /> |colspan=2|—<br /> |3<br /> |2<br /> |3<br /> |2<br /> |-<br /> |2002<br /> |4&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;Two appearances and three goals in the 2002 UEFA European Under-17 Championship qualification, two appearances in the [[2002 UEFA European Under-17 Championship]].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |3<br /> |colspan=2|—<br /> |4<br /> |3<br /> |-<br /> !Total<br /> !4<br /> !3<br /> !3<br /> !2<br /> !7<br /> !5<br /> |-<br /> |{{nobr|[[Portugal national under-20 football team|Portugal U20]]}}<br /> |2003<br /> |colspan=2|—<br /> |5&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;Appearances in the [[2003 Toulon Tournament]].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |1<br /> |5<br /> |1<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=3|[[Portugal national under-21 football team|Portugal U21]]<br /> |2002<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |-<br /> |2003<br /> |7&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;Appearances in the [[2004 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification]].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |2<br /> |2<br /> |0<br /> |9<br /> |2<br /> |-<br /> !Total<br /> !7<br /> !2<br /> !3<br /> !1<br /> !10<br /> !3<br /> |-<br /> |[[Portugal national under-23 football team|Portugal U23]]<br /> |2004<br /> |2&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;Appearances in the [[Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|2004 Summer Olympics]].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |3<br /> |2<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;24&quot; |[[Portugal national football team|Portugal]]<br /> |2003<br /> |colspan=2|—<br /> |2<br /> |0<br /> |2<br /> |0<br /> |-<br /> |2004<br /> |11&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;Six appearances and two goals in [[UEFA Euro 2004]], five appearances and five goals in the [[2006 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA)|2006 FIFA World Cup qualification]].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |7<br /> |5<br /> |0<br /> |16<br /> |7<br /> |-<br /> |2005<br /> |7&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;Appearances in the [[2006 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA)|2006 FIFA World Cup qualification]].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |2<br /> |4<br /> |0<br /> |11<br /> |2<br /> |-<br /> |2006<br /> |10&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;Six appearances and one goal in the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]], four appearances and three goals in the [[UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying]].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |4<br /> |4<br /> |2<br /> |14<br /> |6<br /> |-<br /> |2007<br /> |9&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;Appearances in the [[UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying]].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |5<br /> |1<br /> |0<br /> |10<br /> |5<br /> |-<br /> |2008<br /> |5&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;Three appearances and one goal in [[UEFA Euro 2008]], two appearances in the [[2010 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA)|2010 FIFA World Cup qualification]].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |1<br /> |3<br /> |0<br /> |8<br /> |1<br /> |-<br /> |2009<br /> |5&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;Appearances in the [[2010 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA)|2010 FIFA World Cup qualification]].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |0<br /> |2<br /> |1<br /> |7<br /> |1<br /> |-<br /> |2010<br /> |6&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;Four appearances and one goal in the [[2010 FIFA World Cup]], two appearances and two goals in the [[UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying]].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |3<br /> |5<br /> |0<br /> |11<br /> |3<br /> |-<br /> |2011<br /> |6&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;Appearances in the [[UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying]].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |5<br /> |2<br /> |2<br /> |8<br /> |7<br /> |-<br /> |2012<br /> |9&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;Five appearances and three goals in [[UEFA Euro 2012]], four appearances and one goal in the [[2014 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA)|2014 FIFA World Cup qualification]].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |4<br /> |4<br /> |1<br /> |13<br /> |5<br /> |-<br /> |2013<br /> |6&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;Appearances in the [[2014 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA)|2014 FIFA World Cup qualification]].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |7<br /> |3<br /> |3<br /> |9<br /> |10<br /> |-<br /> |2014<br /> |5&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;Three appearances and one goal in the [[2014 FIFA World Cup]], two appearances and two goals in the [[UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying]].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |3<br /> |4<br /> |2<br /> |9<br /> |5<br /> |-<br /> |2015<br /> |4&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;Appearances in the [[UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying]].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |3<br /> |1<br /> |0<br /> |5<br /> |3<br /> |-<br /> |2016<br /> |10&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;Seven appearances and three goals in [[UEFA Euro 2016]], three appearances and seven goals in the [[2018 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA)|2018 FIFA World Cup qualification]].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |10<br /> |3<br /> |3<br /> |13<br /> |13<br /> |-<br /> |2017<br /> |10&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;Six appearances and eight goals in the [[2018 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA)|2018 FIFA World Cup qualification]], four appearances and two goals in the [[2017 FIFA Confederations Cup]].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |10<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |11<br /> |11<br /> |-<br /> |2018<br /> |4&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;Appearances in the [[2018 FIFA World Cup]].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |4<br /> |3<br /> |2<br /> |7<br /> |6<br /> |-<br /> |2019<br /> |10&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;Eight appearances and eleven goals in the [[UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying]], two appearances and three goals in the [[2019 UEFA Nations League Finals]].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |14<br /> |colspan=2|—<br /> |10<br /> |14<br /> |-<br /> |2020<br /> |4&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;Appearances in the [[2020–21 UEFA Nations League]].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |2<br /> |2<br /> |1<br /> |6<br /> |3<br /> |-<br /> |2021<br /> |11&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;Seven appearances and six goals in the [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA)|2022 FIFA World Cup qualification]], four appearances and five goals in [[UEFA Euro 2020]].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |11<br /> |3<br /> |2<br /> |14<br /> |13<br /> |-<br /> |2022<br /> |12&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;Two appearances in the [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA)|2022 FIFA World Cup qualification]], five appearances and two goals in the [[2022–23 UEFA Nations League]], five appearances and one goal in the [[2022 FIFA World Cup]].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |3<br /> |colspan=2|—<br /> |12<br /> |3<br /> |-<br /> |2023<br /> |9&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;Appearances in the [[UEFA Euro 2024 qualifying]].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |10<br /> |colspan=2|—<br /> |9<br /> |10<br /> |-<br /> |2024<br /> |10&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;Five appearances in the [[UEFA Euro 2024]], five appearances and five goals in the [[2024–25 UEFA Nations League]].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |5<br /> |2<br /> |2<br /> |12<br /> |7<br /> |-<br /> |2025<br /> |9&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;Four appearances and three goals in the [[2024–25 UEFA Nations League]], five appearances and five goals in the [[2026 FIFA World Cup qualification]].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |8<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |9<br /> |8<br /> |-<br /> !Total<br /> !172<br /> !121<br /> !54<br /> !22<br /> !226<br /> !143<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=2|Career total<br /> !187<br /> !128<br /> !73<br /> !33<br /> !260<br /> !161<br /> |}<br /> '''Notes'''<br /> &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;reflist reflist-lower-alpha&quot;&gt;&lt;references group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> == Honours ==<br /> {{For|a comprehensive listing of Ronaldo's achievements|List of career achievements by Cristiano Ronaldo}}<br /> [[File:Cristiano Ronaldo - Ballon d'Or (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Ronaldo, with his [[2014 FIFA Ballon d'Or#FIFA Ballon d'Or|third Ballon d'Or]], at the [[Santiago Bernabéu Stadium|Santiago Bernabéu]] in January 2015]]<br /> '''Sporting CP'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.juventus.com/en/teams/first-team/forwards/cristiano-ronaldo/index.php |title=Cristiano Ronaldo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604100358/https://www.juventus.com/en/teams/first-team/forwards/cristiano-ronaldo/index.php |archive-date=4 June 2019 |work=Juventus}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira]]: [[2002 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira|2002]]<br /> <br /> '''Manchester United'''&lt;ref name=&quot;PremProfile&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.premierleague.com/players/2522/Cristiano-Ronaldo/overview |title=Cristiano Ronaldo: Overview |publisher=Premier League|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417224152/https://www.premierleague.com/players/2522/Cristiano-Ronaldo/overview|archive-date=17 April 2018 |access-date=28 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;honours&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Cristiano Ronaldo (CR7) |work=Real Madrid C.F. - Web Oficial |url=https://www.realmadrid.com/en-US/the-club/history/football-legends/cristiano-ronaldo-dos-santos-aveiro |publisher=Real Madrid C.F. |access-date=21 February 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Premier League]]: [[2006–07 FA Premier League|2006–07]], [[2007–08 Premier League|2007–08]], [[2008–09 Premier League|2008–09]]<br /> * [[FA Cup]]: [[2003–04 FA Cup|2003–04]]<br /> * [[EFL Cup|Football League Cup]]: [[2005–06 Football League Cup|2005–06]], [[2008–09 Football League Cup|2008–09]]<br /> * [[FA Community Shield]]: [[2007 FA Community Shield|2007]]<br /> * [[UEFA Champions League]]: [[2007–08 UEFA Champions League|2007–08]]<br /> * [[FIFA Club World Cup]]: [[2008 FIFA Club World Cup|2008]]<br /> <br /> '''Real Madrid'''&lt;ref name=&quot;honours&quot;/&gt;<br /> * [[La Liga]]: [[2011–12 La Liga|2011–12]], [[2016–17 La Liga|2016–17]]<br /> * [[Copa del Rey]]: [[2010–11 Copa del Rey|2010–11]], [[2013–14 Copa del Rey|2013–14]]<br /> * [[Supercopa de España]]: [[2012 Supercopa de España|2012]], [[2017 Supercopa de España|2017]]<br /> * UEFA Champions League: [[2013–14 UEFA Champions League|2013–14]], [[2015–16 UEFA Champions League|2015–16]], [[2016–17 UEFA Champions League|2016–17]], [[2017–18 UEFA Champions League|2017–18]]<br /> * [[UEFA Super Cup]]: [[2014 UEFA Super Cup|2014]], [[2017 UEFA Super Cup|2017]]<br /> * FIFA Club World Cup: [[2014 FIFA Club World Cup|2014]], [[2016 FIFA Club World Cup|2016]], [[2017 FIFA Club World Cup|2017]]<br /> <br /> '''Juventus'''&lt;ref name=SW/&gt;<br /> * [[Serie A]]: [[2018–19 Serie A|2018–19]], [[2019–20 Serie A|2019–20]]<br /> * [[Coppa Italia]]: [[2020–21 Coppa Italia|2020–21]]<br /> * [[Supercoppa Italiana]]: [[2018 Supercoppa Italiana|2018]], [[2020 Supercoppa Italiana|2020]]<br /> <br /> '''Al-Nassr'''<br /> * [[Arab Club Champions Cup]]: [[2023 Arab Club Champions Cup|2023]]&lt;ref name=&quot;accc&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> '''Portugal'''<br /> * [[UEFA European Championship]]: [[UEFA Euro 2016|2016]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CR7 Euro 2016&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=10 July 2016 |title=Portugal striker Cristiano Ronaldo forced off injured in Euro 2016 final |url=http://www.espnfc.us/portugal/story/2910804/portugal-striker-cristiano-ronaldo-forced-off-injured-in-euro-2016-final |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711145832/http://www.espnfc.us/portugal/story/2910804/portugal-striker-cristiano-ronaldo-forced-off-injured-in-euro-2016-final |archive-date=11 July 2016 |access-date=10 July 2016 |publisher=ESPN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[UEFA Nations League]]: [[2018–19 UEFA Nations League|2018–19]],&lt;ref name=&quot;CR7 NL 2019&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|first=Daniel|last=Taylor|author-link=Daniel Taylor (journalist)|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2019/jun/09/portugal-netherlands-nations-league-final-match-report|title=Portugal win Nations League as Gonçalo Guedes does for the Netherlands|work=[[The Guardian]]|location=Estádio do Dragão|date=9 June 2019|access-date=2 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[2024–25 UEFA Nations League|2024–25]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefanationsleague/match/2044949--portugal-vs-spain/|title=Portugal vs Spain - UEFA Nations League Final 2025|website=UEFA.com|accessdate=8 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> '''Individual'''<br /> {{columns-list|colwidth=50em}}<br /> &lt;!-- LEAGUE AND FEDERATION-SANCTIONED AWARDS ONLY. No fan or magazine-voted awards. Listed by kind of award. --&gt;<br /> * [[Ballon d'Or]]/[[FIFA Ballon d'Or]]: [[2008 Ballon d'Or|2008]], [[2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or|2013]], [[2014 FIFA Ballon d'Or|2014]], [[2016 Ballon d'Or|2016]], [[2017 Ballon d'Or|2017]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CNNFacts&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;honours&quot;/&gt;<br /> * [[FIFA World Player of the Year]]: [[2008 FIFA World Player of the Year|2008]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CNNFacts&quot;/&gt;<br /> * [[The Best FIFA Men's Player]]: [[The Best FIFA Football Awards 2016|2016]], [[The Best FIFA Football Awards 2017|2017]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CNNFacts&quot;/&gt;<br /> * [[The Best FIFA Football Awards#FIFA Special Award for an Outstanding Career Achievement|The Best FIFA Special Award for Outstanding Career Achievement]]: [[The Best FIFA Football Awards 2021#The Best FIFA Special Award|2021]]&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |url=https://www.fifa.com/the-best-fifa-football-awards/news/cristiano-ronaldo-the-best-interview-i-am-so-proud-to-be-the-best-goalscorer-ever|title=Ronaldo FIFA Special The Best Award |date=17 January 2022 |publisher=FIFA |access-date=17 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[UEFA Club Footballer of the Year]]: [[UEFA Club Footballer of the Year#Winners|2007–08]]<br /> * [[UEFA Men's Player of the Year Award]]: [[UEFA Men's Player of the Year Award#Finalists|2013–14]], [[UEFA Men's Player of the Year Award#Finalists|2015–16]], [[UEFA Men's Player of the Year Award#Finalists|2016–17]]<br /> * [[List of UEFA Champions League top scorers|The Best Special Award of UEFA Champions League All-Time Top Scorer]]: [[List of UEFA Champions League top scorers#All-time top scorers|2024]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 August 2024 |title=Cristiano Ronaldo honoured as UEFA Champions League All-Time Top Scorer |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0290-1bba8222dbee-c67bbff473ca-1000--cristiano-ronaldo-honoured-as-uefa-champions-league-all-/ |access-date=27 October 2024 |website=UEFA Champions League}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[FIFA Puskás Award]]: [[FIFA Puskás Award#2009|2009]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 August 2021 |title=Ronaldo's 'best goal' for Man United was so good he got a DVD and created Puskas award |url=https://talksport.com/football/835442/cristiano-ronaldo-goal-porto-man-utd-puskas-award-champions-league/ |access-date=23 May 2023 |website=talkSPORT }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[FIFA Club World Cup Golden Ball]]: [[2016 FIFA Club World Cup#Awards|2016]]<br /> * [[List of UEFA Champions League top scorers#Top scorers by season|UEFA Champions League top scorer]]: [[2007–08 UEFA Champions League|2007–08]], [[2012–13 UEFA Champions League|2012–13]], [[2013–14 UEFA Champions League|2013–14]], [[2014–15 UEFA Champions League|2014–15]], [[2015–16 UEFA Champions League|2015–16]], [[2016–17 UEFA Champions League|2016–17]], [[2017–18 UEFA Champions League|2017–18]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 June 2023 |title=Champions League all-time top scorers: Cristiano Ronaldo, Lionel Messi, Robert Lewandowski, Karim Benzema {{!}} UEFA Champions League |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0257-0e910cf2494a-5185150de9d4-1000--champions-league-all-time-top-scorers-cristiano-ronaldo-lion/ |access-date=26 August 2023 |website=[[UEFA]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[European Golden Shoe]]: 2007–08, 2010–11, 2013–14, 2014–15&lt;ref name=&quot;CNNFacts&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2014/07/14/world/europe/cristiano-ronaldo-fast-facts/index.html |title=Cristiano Ronaldo Fast Facts |date=20 January 2021 |access-date=16 June 2021 |work=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;honours&quot;/&gt;<br /> * [[UEFA European Championship Teams of the Tournament#All-time Euro XI|UEFA European Championship All-Time XI]]: 2016&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/history/news/0253-0d813794a987-97623277ab50-1000--your-all-time-euro-11-revealed/ |title=Your All-time EURO 11 revealed |publisher=UEFA |date=7 June 2016 |access-date=8 June 2016 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626232029/https://www.uefa.com/news/newsid=2371381.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[UEFA European Championship awards#Top goalscorer|UEFA European Championship Golden Boot]]: [[2020 UEFA European Championship#Awards|2020]]<br /> * [[UEFA Nations League]] Finals Top Scorer: [[2019 UEFA Nations League Finals#Award|2019]], [[2025 UEFA Nations League Finals#Award|2025]] (shared)<br /> * [[Premier League Player of the Season]]: [[2006–07 FA Premier League#Annual awards|2006–07]], [[2007–08 Premier League#Annual awards|2007–08]]&lt;ref name=&quot;PremProfile&quot; /&gt;<br /> * [[La Liga Awards#Winners|La Liga Best Player]]: [[2013–14 La Liga|2013–14]]&lt;ref name=&quot;2013–14&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |last=Rigg |first=Nicholas |title=Atlético Madrid snubbed at La Liga awards despite winning league ahead of Spanish giants Real Madrid and Barcelona |newspaper=The Independent |date=28 October 2014 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/european/atletico-madrid-snubbed-at-la-liga-awards-despite-winning-league-ahead-of-spanish-giants-real-madrid-9822760.html |access-date=18 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309200553/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/european/atletico-madrid-snubbed-at-la-liga-awards-despite-winning-league-ahead-of-spanish-giants-real-madrid-9822760.html |archive-date=9 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Serie A Footballer of the Year]]: [[2018–19 Serie A|2019]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.football-italia.net/147170/ronaldo-crowned-serie-best-player |title=Ronaldo crowned Serie A best player |date=2 December 2019 |publisher=Football Italia |access-date=2 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202231707/https://www.football-italia.net/147170/ronaldo-crowned-serie-best-player |archive-date=2 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[2019–20 Serie A|2020]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gran Gala 2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://sport.sky.it/calcio/serie-a/2021/03/19/cristiano-ronaldo-miglior-giocatore-gala-del-calcio-2021 |title=Cristiano Ronaldo giocatore dell'anno per il 2020: la premiazione al Galà del Calcio 2021 |trans-title=Cristiano Ronaldo player of the year for 2020: the award ceremony at the Gala del Calcio 2021 |date=19 March 2021 |access-date=26 November 2022 |publisher=[[Sky Sport (Italy)|Sky Sport]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Premier League Golden Boot]]: [[2007–08 Premier League#Annual awards|2007–08]]&lt;ref name=&quot;PremProfile&quot; /&gt;<br /> * [[Pichichi Trophy]]: [[2010–11 La Liga|2010–11]], [[2013–14 La Liga|2013–14]], [[2014–15 La Liga|2014–15]]<br /> * [[Capocannoniere]]: [[2020–21 Serie A|2020–21]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Serie A top scorer&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 May 2021 |title=Cristiano Ronaldo first player to finish as top scorer in Serie A, Premier League, La Liga |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/juventus-itajuventus/story/4390877/cristiano-ronaldo-first-player-to-finish-as-top-scorer-in-serie-a-premier-league-la-liga |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524070459/https://www.espn.com/soccer/juventus-itajuventus/story/4390877/cristiano-ronaldo-first-player-to-finish-as-top-scorer-in-serie-a-premier-league-la-liga |archive-date=24 May 2021 |access-date=23 May 2021 |publisher=ESPN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Saudi Pro League#Top scorers by season|Saudi Pro League Golden Boot]]: [[2023–24 Saudi Pro League|2023–24]], [[2024–25 Saudi Pro League|2024–25]]<br /> * [[Golden Foot]]: 2020&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Football Italia staff |title=Ronaldo wins Golden Foot Award |url=https://www.football-italia.net/162867/ronaldo-wins-golden-foot-award |work=[[Football Italia#Website and magazine|Football Italia]] |access-date=18 December 2020 |date=1 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Globe Soccer Awards#Awards of the Century|21st Century Awards]], by Globe Soccer Awards: 2020&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/sport/football/cristiano-ronaldo-voted-player-of-the-century-at-the-dubai-globe-soccer-awards-1.1135775 |title=Cristiano Ronaldo voted Player of the Century at the Dubai Globe Soccer Awards |work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]] |location=Abu Dhabi |date=27 December 2020 |access-date=20 October 2021 |archive-date=27 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227162531/https://www.thenationalnews.com/sport/football/cristiano-ronaldo-voted-player-of-the-century-at-the-dubai-globe-soccer-awards-1.1135775 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Primeira Liga|Primeira Liga Best Player of All Time Award]]: 2025&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=11 September 2025 |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/46222334/cristiano-ronaldo-named-best-all-liga-portugal |title=Cristiano Ronaldo named 'Best of All Time' by Liga Portugal |website=ESPN |access-date=21 October 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Ballon d'Or Dream Team]]: 2020&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Crépin |first=Timothé |title=Ballon d'Or Dream Team : Découvrez les révélations de ce onze de légende ! |url=https://www.francefootball.fr/news/Ballon-d-or-dream-team-decouvrez-les-revelations-de-ce-onze-de-legende/1205748 |publisher=France Football |language=fr |date=14 December 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |archive-date=14 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214151520/https://www.francefootball.fr/news/Ballon-d-or-dream-team-decouvrez-les-revelations-de-ce-onze-de-legende/1205748 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[FIFA FIFPRO World 11]]: 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://fifpro.org/en/supporting-players/player-influence/world11/lionel-messi-through-the-years-in-the-world-11 |title=Lionel Messi: World 11 through the years |publisher=[[FIFPRO]] |date=15 January 2024 |access-date=10 March 2024 |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115205630/https://fifpro.org/en/supporting-players/player-influence/world11/lionel-messi-through-the-years-in-the-world-11 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Golden Globe (Portugal) for Best Sportsman|Portuguese Sportsman of the Year]]: 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://caras.sapo.pt/globosdeouro/globosdeouro_desporto/2017-05-21-Cristiano-Ronaldo-premiado-na-XXII-Gala-dos-Globos-de-Ouro|title=Cristiano Ronaldo premiado na XXII Gala dos Globos de Ouro|work=Caras|access-date=24 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Portuguese Football Federation|FPF Portuguese Player of the Year]]: 2015, 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=21 March 2017 |title=Ronaldo named Portugal's player of the year; Sanches best young player |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/portugal/story/3086873/cristiano-ronaldo-named-portugals-player-of-the-year-as-renato-sanches-wins-best-young-player |access-date=19 June 2022 |work=ESPN}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2017, 2018, 2019&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espnfc.com/portugal/story/3086873/cristiano-ronaldo-named-portugals-player-of-the-year-as-renato-sanches-wins-best-young-player |title=Ronaldo named Portugal's player of the year; Sanches best young player|date=21 March 2017|access-date=6 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215123710/http://www.espnfc.com/portugal/story/3086873/cristiano-ronaldo-named-portugals-player-of-the-year-as-renato-sanches-wins-best-young-player|archive-date=15 December 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> '''Orders'''<br /> * [[File:PRT Ordem de Nossa Senhora da Conceicao de Vila Vicosa Cavaleiro ribbon.svg|60px]] Medal of Merit, [[Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa]] ([[House of Braganza|Portuguese Royal Family]])&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |title=D. Duarte condecora selecção nacional |url=https://www.cmjornal.pt/desporto/detalhe/d-duarte-condecora-seleccao-nacional |newspaper=Correio da Manhã |date=31 August 2006 |access-date=27 August 2017 |language=pt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827214152/http://www.cmjornal.pt/desporto/detalhe/d-duarte-condecora-seleccao-nacional |archive-date=27 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[File:PRT Order of Prince Henry - Grand Officer BAR.svg|60px]] Grand officer of the [[Order of Prince Henry]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CNNFacts&quot;/&gt;<br /> * [[File:POR Ordem do Merito Comendador BAR.svg|60px]] Commander of the [[Order of Merit (Portugal)|Order of Merit]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Presidente da República condecora jogadores com grau de comendador da Ordem do Mérito |url=http://www.record.xl.pt/internacional/competicoes-de-selecoes/europeu/euro-2016/grupos/grupo-f/portugal/detalhe/presidente-da-republica-condecora-jogadores-com-grau-de-comendador-da-ordem-do-merito.html |publisher=Record.pt |access-date=10 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712132803/http://www.record.xl.pt/internacional/competicoes-de-selecoes/europeu/euro-2016/grupos/grupo-f/portugal/detalhe/presidente-da-republica-condecora-jogadores-com-grau-de-comendador-da-ordem-do-merito.html |archive-date=12 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[File:FitadasInsigniasHonorificasMadeirenses.png|60px]] Cordão da Insígnia autonómica de distinção (Collar of the [[Autonomic Insignia of Distinction]], [[Autonomous Region of Madeira]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ojogo.pt/internacional/cristiano-ronaldo/noticias/interior/ronaldo-vai-ser-condecorado-na-madeira-3672547.html |title=Ronaldo vai ser condecorado na Madeira |website=ojogo.pt |date=6 February 2014 |language=pt |access-date=10 August 2019 |archive-date=10 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810004630/https://www.ojogo.pt/internacional/cristiano-ronaldo/noticias/interior/ronaldo-vai-ser-condecorado-na-madeira-3672547.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[List of footballers with 100 or more UEFA Champions League appearances]]<br /> * [[List of top international men's football goal scorers by country]]<br /> * [[List of men's footballers with 100 or more international caps]]<br /> * [[List of men's footballers with 50 or more international goals]]<br /> * [[List of men's footballers with the most official appearances]]<br /> * [[List of most-followed Instagram accounts]]<br /> * [[List of most-liked Instagram posts]]<br /> * [[List of most-viewed Instagram reels]]<br /> * [[List of footballers with 500 or more goals]]<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;reflist&gt;&lt;references group=&quot;note&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;reflist&quot;&gt;&lt;references group=&quot;nb&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> === Citations ===<br /> {{Reflist|20em}}<br /> <br /> === Works cited ===<br /> * {{cite book|last=Caioli|first=Luca|year=2016|orig-year=2012|url=https://archive.org/details/ronaldoobsession0000caio/mode/2up|title=Ronaldo: The Obsession for Perfection|edition=2017 updated|location=New York|publisher=[[Icon Books]]|isbn=978-1-78578-140-7}}<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> * {{cite book|last=Balagué|first=Guillem|author-link=Guillem Balagué|year=2015|title=Cristiano Ronaldo: The Biography|edition=hardcover|location=London|publisher=[[Orion Publishing Group]]|isbn=978-1-4091-5504-1}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Sister project links|c=Category:Cristiano Ronaldo|wikt=no|s=no|v=no|b=no|d=yes}}<br /> * {{Official website}}<br /> * [https://www.realmadrid.com/en/about-real-madrid/history/football-legends/cristiano-ronaldo-dos-santos-aveiro Profile] at [[Real Madrid CF]]<br /> * [https://www.manutd.com/en/players-and-staff/detail/cristiano-ronaldo Profile] at [[Manchester United F.C.]]<br /> * {{FPF national player}}<br /> * {{FIFA player}}<br /> * {{UEFA player}}<br /> * {{Premier League player|new_id=14937|old_id=2522|archive=20250629093432}}<br /> <br /> {{Al-Nassr squad}}<br /> {{#invoke:navboxes|top<br /> | title = Portugal squads<br /> | bg = #B50000<br /> | fg = gold<br /> | bordercolor = #006600<br /> }}<br /> {{Portugal squad UEFA Euro 2004}}<br /> {{Portugal men's football squad 2004 Summer Olympics}}<br /> {{Portugal squad 2006 FIFA World Cup}}<br /> {{Portugal squad UEFA Euro 2008}}<br /> {{Portugal squad 2010 FIFA World Cup}}<br /> {{Portugal squad UEFA Euro 2012}}<br /> {{Portugal squad 2014 FIFA World Cup}}<br /> {{Portugal squad UEFA Euro 2016}}<br /> {{Portugal squad 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup}}<br /> {{Portugal squad 2018 FIFA World Cup}}<br /> {{Portugal squad UEFA Euro 2020}}<br /> {{Portugal squad 2022 FIFA World Cup}}<br /> {{Portugal squad UEFA Euro 2024}}<br /> {{#invoke:navboxes|bottom}}<br /> {{#invoke:navboxes|top<br /> | title = Awards<br /> | bg = gold<br /> | fg = navy<br /> }}<br /> {{2018 FIFA World Cup Team of the Tournament}}<br /> {{UEFA Euro 2004 Team of the Tournament}}<br /> {{UEFA Euro 2012 Team of the Tournament}}<br /> {{UEFA Euro 2016 Team of the Tournament}}<br /> {{2019 UEFA Nations League Finals Team of the Tournament}}<br /> {{UEFA European Championship top scorers}}<br /> {{2007 FIFA FIFPRO World 11}}<br /> {{2008 FIFA FIFPRO World 11}}<br /> {{2009 FIFA FIFPRO World 11}}<br /> {{2010 FIFA FIFPRO World 11}}<br /> {{2011 FIFA FIFPRO World 11}}<br /> {{2012 FIFA FIFPRO World 11}}<br /> {{2013 FIFA FIFPRO World 11}}<br /> {{2014 FIFA FIFPRO World 11}}<br /> {{2015 FIFA FIFPRO World 11}}<br /> {{2016 FIFA FIFPRO World 11}}<br /> {{2017 FIFA 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Liga Team of the Year}}<br /> {{2015–16 La Liga Team of the Year}}<br /> {{2018–19 Serie A Team of the Year}}<br /> {{2019–20 Serie A Team of the Year}}<br /> {{2020–21 Serie A Team of the Year}}<br /> {{2021–22 Premier League PFA Team of the Year}}<br /> {{Ballon d'Or recipients}}<br /> {{FIFA Player of the Year}}<br /> {{FourFourTwo player of the year}}<br /> {{Globe Soccer Awards best Player}}<br /> {{FIFA Puskás Award}}<br /> {{FIFPro awards}}<br /> {{IFFHS World's Best Top Goal Scorer}}<br /> {{IFFHS World's Best Top Division Goal Scorer}}<br /> {{IFFHS World's Best International Top Goal Scorer}}<br /> {{Onze Mondial European Footballer of the Year}}<br /> {{UEFA Club Footballer of the Year}}<br /> {{UEFA Men's Player of the Year}}<br /> {{UEFA Club Football Awards}}<br /> {{PFA Players' Player of the Year}}<br /> {{PFA Fans' Player of the Year}}<br /> {{PFA Young Player of the Year}}<br /> {{FWA Footballer of the Year}}<br /> {{Premier League Player of the Season}}<br /> 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Athlete}}<br /> {{BBC Sports Personality World Sport Star of the Year}}<br /> {{PAP European Sportsperson of the Year}}<br /> {{#invoke:navboxes|bottom}}<br /> {{Portal bar|Association football|Biography|Portugal|Sports}}<br /> {{#invoke:Authority control|authorityControl}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Ronaldo, Cristiano}}<br /> [[Category:Cristiano Ronaldo| ]]<br /> [[Category:1985 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Roman Catholics]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Portuguese sportsmen]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Roman Catholics]]<br /> [[Category:2006 FIFA World Cup players]]<br /> [[Category:2010 FIFA World Cup players]]<br /> [[Category:2014 FIFA World Cup players]]<br /> [[Category:2017 FIFA Confederations Cup players]]<br /> [[Category:2018 FIFA World Cup players]]<br /> [[Category:2022 FIFA World Cup players]]<br /> [[Category:Men's association football forwards]]<br /> [[Category:Men's association football wingers]]<br /> [[Category:Ballon 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United F.C. players]]<br /> [[Category:Real Madrid CF players]]<br /> [[Category:Juventus FC players]]<br /> [[Category:Al-Nassr FC players]]<br /> [[Category:The Best FIFA Men's Player winners]]<br /> [[Category:UEFA Champions League–winning players]]<br /> [[Category:UEFA Champions League top scorers]]<br /> [[Category:UEFA Euro 2004 players]]<br /> [[Category:UEFA Euro 2008 players]]<br /> [[Category:UEFA Euro 2012 players]]<br /> [[Category:UEFA Euro 2016 players]]<br /> [[Category:UEFA Euro 2020 players]]<br /> [[Category:UEFA Euro 2024 players]]<br /> [[Category:UEFA European Championship–winning players]]<br /> [[Category:UEFA Men's Player of the Year Award winners]]<br /> [[Category:UEFA Nations League–winning players]]<br /> [[Category:World Soccer Magazine World Player of the Year winners]]<br /> [[Category:World record holders]]<br /> [[Category:Portuguese billionaires]]</div>

AgnesOppen5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chaganti_Koteswara_Rao&diff=448100 2026-02-20T19:17:24Z

<p>AgnesOppen5: Content refined and expanded</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian scholar and spiritual speaker (born 1959)}}<br /> {{family name hatnote|Chaganti|lang=Telugu}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox Hindu leader<br /> | name = Chaganti Koteswara Rao<br /> | image = Chaganti Koteswara Rao in August 2015.JPG<br /> | caption = ChagaKoteswara Rao in August 2015<br /> | religion = [[Sanatana Dharma]]<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1959|07|14|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = <br /> | birth_name = Chaganti Raja Veera Venkata Basava Koteswara Rao<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | father = Chaganti Sundara Siva Rao<br /> | mother = Chaganti Suseelamma<br /> | spouse = C. Subrahmanyeswaryi<br /> | guru = <br /> | influenced = <br /> | literary_works = <br /> | disciple = <br /> | known_for = <br /> | philosophy = [[Advaita Vedanta]]<br /> | honors = Saradaa Gnana Putra, Pravachana Chakravarti<br /> | footnotes = <br /> | website = {{url|https://sriguruvaani.net/}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Chaganti Koteswara Rao''' (born 14 July 1959) is an Indian orator and scholar, known for his discourses on [[Sanātana Dharma|Sanatana Dharma]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |date=2009-11-20 |title=Discourses on 'Sivaanandalahari' from Nov. 22 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/11/20/stories/2009112053160200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124224929/http://www.hindu.com/2009/11/20/stories/2009112053160200.htm |archive-date=2009-11-24 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Brahmasri Chaganti Koteswara Rao |url=http://www.srichaganti.net/ |work=srichaganti.net}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; His teachings are widely known among the [[Telugu people|Telugu community]] worldwide and are regularly broadcast on channels such as [[Bhakthi TV|Bhakti TV]] and [[SVBC]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=2014-04-07 |title=Set aside time for spiritual growth |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/set-aside-time-for-spiritual-growth/article5883392.ece |newspaper=The Hindu}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Known for his knowledge and engaging style, he has earned titles like ''Pravachana Chakravarti'' (Emperor of Discourses) and ''Sarada Gnana Putra'' (Son of the Goddess of Knowledge).&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;The New Indian Express&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Changanti, TS Reddy to be felicitated at Vijayawada |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2016/dec/10/changanti-ts-reddy-to-be-felicitated-at-vijayawada-1547588.html |access-date=19 March 2018 |website=The New Indian Express}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> In 2016, Koteswara Rao was appointed as the cultural advisor to the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] and served as one of the ten ambassadors for the Swachh Andhra Corporation.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Sindhu among 10 brand ambassadors of Swachha Andhra Corp.&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite news |date=16 May 2017 |title=Sindhu among 10 brand ambassadors of Swachha Andhra Corp. |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/sindhu-among-10-brand-ambassadors-of-swachha-andhra-corp/article18463250.ece |accessdate=19 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He has also contributed to various state government initiatives related to culture and public awareness.<br /> <br /> == Early and personal life ==<br /> Chaganti Koteswara Rao was born on 14 July 1959 to the couple Chaganti Sundara Siva Rao and Chaganti Suseelamma in [[Eluru district|Eluru]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]. His father was a staunch follower of Hindu Dharma. During his student days in Eluru, he used to participate in essay writing and elocution competitions on ancient Indian wisdom.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Eenadu article&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=ధర్మబద్ధ జీవనమే అతి పెద్ద పూజ |url=https://www.eenadu.net/hai/topstory/54479 |website=www.eenadu.net |accessdate=10 February 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190210174941/https://www.eenadu.net/hai/topstory/54479 |archivedate=10 February 2019 |location=Hyderabad |url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;[[File:Chaganti Koteswara Rao with his wife in August 2015.JPG|thumb|right|Chaganti Koteswara Rao with his wife]]<br /> He is married to Subrahmanyeswari. His wife is a state government employee in Agricultural department.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Chaganti, right choice as Cultural Advisor Adapa Apparao&quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Chaganti video about his remuneration&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |date=15 March 2014 |title=Facts about Sri Chaganti Koteswara Rao Garu |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=US2hacpxum8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/US2hacpxum8 |archive-date=2021-12-15 |accessdate=17 March 2018 |website=Youtube}}{{cbignore}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He worked for [[Food Corporation of India]] in [[Kakinada]] and retired as of August 2018.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;english.srichaganti.net&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Brahmasri Chaganti Koteswara Rao |url=http://english.srichaganti.net/ |accessdate=15 March 2018 |website=english.srichaganti.net}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Chaganti, right choice as Cultural Advisor Adapa Apparao&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|title='Chaganti, right choice as Cultural Advisor' Adapa Apparao|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/1970-01-01/-Chaganti-right-choice-as-Cultural-Advisor-Adapa-Apparao/220625|website=The Hans India|accessdate=19 March 2018|language=en|date=2016-04-11}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He has two children Shanmukha Charan, and Nagavalli. Both are engineering graduates.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;english.srichaganti.net&quot; /&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> == Religious discourses ==<br /> Chaganti Koteswara Rao regularly gives religious discourses on various Hindu epics like [[Bhagavata Purana|''Bhagavata'']], ''[[Ramayana]]'', ''[[Mahabharata]]'', and various ''[[Puranas]]''.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Bramhasri Chaganti Koteswar Rao delivers spiritual discourse at Rail Kalarang&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=Bramhasri Chaganti Koteswar Rao delivers spiritual discourse at Rail Kalarang|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2017-10-14/Bramhasri-Chaganti-Koteswar-Rao-delivers-spiritual-discourse-at-Rail-Kalarang/333198|website=The Hans India|accessdate=19 March 2018|language=en|date=2017-10-15}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; These are broadcast on various radio and TV channels. Some devotional TV channels set aside special slots for airing his discourses.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Chaganti, right choice as Cultural Advisor Adapa Apparao&quot;/&amp;gt; He does not accept any remuneration for delivering a discourse except his traveling expenses.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Chaganti video about his remuneration&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> He has several distinctions for delivering discourses. He completed the discourse on Ramayana in 42 days, Bhagavatam in 42 days, [[Siva Puranam]] in 30 days, and [[Lalita Sahasranama|Sri Lalita Sahasra Namam]] in 2-3 months.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Chaganti, right choice as Cultural Advisor Adapa Apparao&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> == Discourses about Films ==<br /> He also delivered spiritual discourses based on musical films [[Sankarabharanam (1980 film)|''Sankarabharanam'']] (1980) and [[Sruthilayalu|''Srutilayalu'']] (1987).&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Kavirayani&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite news |last1=Kavirayani |first1=Suresh |title=Sri Chaganti Koteswara Rao's second filmy discourse |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/041018/sri-chaganti-koteswara-raos-second-filmy-discourse.html |accessdate=6 February 2019 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=4 October 2018 |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> == Positions ==<br /> Chaganti was appointed as cultural adviser for the Government of Andhra Pradesh in 2016.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Chaganti Koteswara Rao appointed government cultural adviser&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=9 April 2016 |title=Chaganti Koteswara Rao appointed government cultural adviser |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/chaganti-koteswara-rao-appointed-government-cultural-adviser/article8454276.ece |accessdate=15 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He was also one of the 10 ambassadors Swacch Andhra Corporation.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Sindhu among 10 brand ambassadors of Swachha Andhra Corp.&quot;/&amp;gt; Chaganti Koteswara Rao was appointed Adviser (Students, Ethics and Values) for the government of Andhra Pradesh in 2024.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Andhra Pradesh government releases list of 62 persons nominated to various corporations&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |date=9 November 2024 |title=Andhra Pradesh government releases list of 62 persons nominated to various corporations |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-government-releases-list-of-62-persons-nominated-to-various-corporations/article68849540.ece |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110134346/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-government-releases-list-of-62-persons-nominated-to-various-corporations/article68849540.ece |archivedate=10 November 2024 |accessdate=10 November 2024 |language=en-IN}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> == Awards and honours==<br /> * [[Ramineni Foundation Awards|Honour by Ramineni Foundation]], USA in 2015.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Ramineni Foundation to honour teachers, students&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite news|author=Staff Reporter|title=Ramineni Foundation to honour teachers, students|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ramineni-foundation-to-honour-teachers-students/article7772040.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|accessdate=19 March 2018|language=en-IN|date=17 October 2015}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> * ''Dr Pinnamaneni and Seeta Devi foundation'' award (2016)&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Prajasakti news story&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=బ్రహ్మశ్రీ చాగంటి కోటేశ్వరరావు, ఫొటోగ్రాఫర్‌ శ్రీనివాసరెడ్డిలకు డాక్టర్‌ పిన్నమనేని అండ్‌ సీతాదేవి ఫౌండేషన్‌ అవార్డు ప్రదానం|url=http://www.prajasakti.com/Article/Vijayanagaram/1874769|website=Prajasakti|accessdate=17 March 2018}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> == Controversies ==<br /> On 5 March 2016, devotees of [[Sai Baba of Shirdi|Shirdi Sai Baba]] staged a [[protest]] against Chaganti Koteswara Rao's remarks about worship of Saibaba during a discourse in 2012. Pending case against him is brought to notice of the government. Later on, clarification of his discourses holding huge respect significantly, the protest was withdrawn.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Shirdi Sai Controversy&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=Shirdi Sai devotees protest |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/shirdi-sai-devotees-protest/article8562981.ece |accessdate=6 February 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=6 May 2016 |language=en-IN}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> He also faced protests from All India [[Yadav|Yadava]] Mahasabha because of his remarks on [[Krishna|Lord Krishna]].&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Yadava Controversy&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=Complaint Against Spiritual speaker Chaganti Koteswara Rao for 'derogatory' comment on Lord Krishna |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/complaint-against-spiritual-speaker-changanti-koteswara-rao-derogatory-comment-lord-krishna |accessdate=6 February 2019 |work=www.thenewsminute.com |date=17 January 2017}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Later, the representatives of the community went to his residence. He clarified that he held respect for their community and did not intend to hurt any community.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Yadava controversy explanation&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=యాదవులను కౌగిలించుకుంటా: చాగంటి కోటేశ్వరరావు |url=http://www.andhrajyothy.com/artical?SID=359915 |accessdate=6 February 2019 |work=www.andhrajyothy.com |date=21 January 2017 |language=te}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> {{Hindu reform movements|state=collapsed}}<br /> [[Category:Scholars of Hinduism]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu people]]<br /> [[Category:People from West Godavari district]]<br /> [[Category:People from Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:New Age spiritual leaders]]<br /> [[Category:Indian spiritual teachers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian spiritual writers]]<br /> [[Category:1959 births]]<br /> [[Category:People from Kakinada]]</div>

AgnesOppen5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Academy_of_Indian_Railways&diff=455478 2026-02-14T18:01:16Z

<p>AgnesOppen5: added info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Training institute in Vadodara, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox Institute<br /> | name = National Academy of Indian Railways<br /> | image = File:Indian Railways.png<br /> | image_size = 120px<br /> | image_name = <br /> | caption = Official Emblem of Indian Railways<br /> | established = {{start date and age|1930}}<br /> | mission = *[[Civil Service]] Training <br /> *[[Engineering]] Training <br /> *[[Medical]] Training<br /> | head_label = <br /> | head = [[Indian Railways]]<br /> | faculty = <br /> | staff = <br /> | budget = <br /> | endowment = <br /> | debt = <br /> | location = [[Vadodara]]<br /> | mapframe = Yes<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|22.2806|73.2002|type:edu_region:IN_source:enwiki|display=title}}<br /> | address = <br /> | website = https://nair.indianrailways.gov.in/<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''National Academy of Indian Railways (NAIR), Vadodara''' formerly '''Railway Staff College''' and historically the '''Pratap Vilas Palace''', is a Centralised [[Civil Service|civil service]], [[engineering]] and [[medical]] training institute for [[Civil Service]], [[Engineering]] and [[Medical]] Officers of [[Indian Railway Personnel Service]], [[Indian Railway Stores Service]] and [[Indian Railway Medical Services]] cadre headed by a Director General and staffed by a faculty of experienced Railway Managers and Experts. Starting with the initial training of Officers Trainees inducted as Central [[Civil Services]], [[Engineering]] and [[Medical]] professionals that form the backbone of [[Indian Railways]], the Academy also conducts, mid-service mandatory or theme based ''in service'' Management Courses for all Officers of IR and courses for Officers of other Group A Central Services, Public Sector and Foreign Railways. The Academy is housed in the sprawling 55 acres campus of the Pratap Vilas Palace at Lalbaug, [[Vadodara]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nair.indianrailways.gov.in/index.jsp|title=National Academy of Indian Managers and Managers and experts|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> [[File:Sir William Acworth.jpg|thumb|158x158px|Sir William Acworth]]<br /> The Indian Railway Committee was constituted in 1920, under the chairmanship of Sir [[William Mitchell Acworth]], with 10 members including 3 Indians viz. [[V. S. Srinivasa Sastri]] (Elected Member of the Viceroy's Legislative Council), Purshottam Das Thakurdas (representing Indian Commercial Interests) and Sir [[Rajendra Nath Mookerjee]]. The committee recommended setting up a Railway Staff College which came up at Dehradun but soon closed down. Later the Indian Military Academy IMA came up on the same campus.<br /> <br /> [[File:A print of the Gaekwar of Baroda.jpg|thumb|158x158px|Maharaja Sayaji Rao III of Baroda]]<br /> The Railway Staff College was reestablished in 1952 at Pratap Vilas Palace [[Vadodara]] built by [[Sayajirao Gaekwad III|Maharaja Sayaji Rao]] for his eldest son [[Fatehsinghrao Gaekwad|Fatehsingh Rao]]. The Palace is adorned by exquisite carvings. Its construction was started on 15 February 1908 in the year when the last ruler of [[Baroda State]], [[Pratap Singh Rao Gaekwad|Pratapsingh Rao]] was born and his father Fatehsingh Rao died. Named after [[Pratap Singh Rao Gaekwad|Pratapsingh Rao]], the palace was designed in the renaissance style by [[Frederick William Stevens|Charles F. Stevens]], son of [[Frederick William Stevens|F.W. Stevens]], the British architect who designed the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus|Victoria Terminus in Mumbai.]] The palace complex is built in 55 acres (220,000 m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) of well laid out gardens and wooded land enlivened by the calls of peacocks and migratory birds and adorned by exquisite carvings of creepers, flowers, leaves, birds and animals and noted for its architectural grandeur highlighted with columns and arches. The palace, completed in 1914, also known as Lalbaugh Palace or Prince's Palace, was leased by the then Bombay Government on 31 January 1949 and given to the Railways for their use who subsequently purchased the property on 6 January 1964 for Rs 24,38,271.[[File:V.M. Doroshevich-East and War-British India. Railroad Station in Bombay enhaced.jpg|thumb|Chatrapati Shivaji Terminus Mumbai designed By F. W Stevens]]<br /> <br /> == Courses ==<br /> Indian Railways employs over 1.25 million personnel including 15,000 group ‘A’ and group ‘B’ officers. The Academy is the apex institution for Management Training of all Railway Officers and Centralised &amp; Professional Training for Officers of Accounts, Personnel, Stores and Medical departments including the centralized training of newly recruited [[Indian Railway Accounts Service|IRAS]], [[Indian Railway Personnel Service|IRPS]], [[Indian Railway Stores Service|IRSS]] and [[Indian Railway Health Service|IRHS]] (erstwhile [[Indian railway medical service|IRMS]]) Trainee officers.<br /> <br /> Nearly 100 courses for about 3800 officer trainees are planned in 2016. 120 courses were conducted in 2015.<br /> <br /> Professional Training of all officers including centralized training of the Officer Trainees of Civil, Electrical, Mechanical, Signal &amp; Telecom Engineering, Traffic Transportation &amp; Commercial Departments and the Railway Protection Force of Indian Railways is conducted at Seven other Centralised Training Institutes (CTIs) viz,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=National Academy of Indian Railways |url=https://www.pnr.meramaal.com/national-academy-of-indian-railways/ |website=pnr.meramaal}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * IRICEN-[[Indian Railways Institute of Civil Engineering]], [[Pune]]<br /> * IRISET-[[Indian Railways Institute of Signal and Telecommunications Engineering]], [[Secunderabad]]<br /> * IRIMEE-[[Indian Railways Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering]], [[Jamalpur, Munger|Jamalpur]]<br /> * IRIEEN-[[Indian Railways Institute of Electrical Engineering]], [[Nasik]]<br /> * IRITM-[[Indian Railways Institute of Transportation Management]], [[Lucknow]]<br /> * [[Railway Protection Force Academy|Jagjivan Ram Railway Protection Force Academy]] [[Lucknow]]<br /> * [[Centralized Training Academy For Railway Accounts]] [[Secunderabad]].<br /> The training of non-gazetted staff is conducted at 55 Main Training Centers and 222 Other Training Centers (i.e., Area Training Centers, Basic Training Centers, Divisional Training Centers, Multi Disciplinary Training Centers etc.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.kportal.indianrailways.gov.in/index.php/training-institutes|title=Training Institutes on Indian Railways|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==The Academy==<br /> [[File:Palace for web.jpg|thumb|[[Vadodara|Pratap Vilas Palace]]]]<br /> Shri S.P.S Chauhan is the current Director General of the Academy. The faculty comprises 24 experts drawn from various disciplines i.e., Finance, HR, Management, Engineering, Law, Safety, Security, Medicine, Rajbhasha etc.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nair.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&amp;id=0,1,448|title=Faculty at NAIR|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [http://www.nair.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&amp;id=0,1,448/ Faculty of the Academy- See Academy website]<br /> <br /> The Academy along with all 7 other CTIs function under the administrative control of the Ministry of Railways (Railway Board).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?id=0,1,304,366,530|title=Management Services at IR|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Training programmes ==<br /> <br /> ===Centralized Training for IRAS, IRSS, IRPS &amp; IRHS===<br /> <br /> The Academy is the ‘Centralised Training Institute’, for Officer Trainees assigned to ‘[[Indian Railway Accounts Service]]’, [[Indian Railway Personnel Service]]’, ‘[[Indian Railway Stores Service]]’ and Indian Railway Medical Service’ by [[Union Public Service Commission|UPSC]]. Training includes class room inputs, field training and visits to other CTIs. Officer Trainees of [[Indian Railway Accounts Service|IRAS]] also attend short term Professional modules at [[Indian Audit and Accounts Service|National Academy of Audit and Accounts]], [[Shimla]], National Institute of Financial Management, [[Faridabad]], [[National Academy of Direct Taxes]] [[Nagpur]] and Centralized Training Academy For Railway Accounts (C-TARA) [[Secunderabad]], for discipline specific modules.<br /> <br /> ===Foundation &amp; Induction Programmes for Group A and B Officers===<br /> <br /> It is a combined programme for Officer Trainees of nine Organized Central Group A Civil &amp; Engineering Services that are responsible for managing Indian Railways and the foundation and induction courses for them. In the case of Officer Trainees of the Indian Railway Medical Service (IRMS), the Organised Central Group A Medical Service, which manages the health services on the Indian Railways network, shorter Foundation and Induction programmes are conducted separately. In order to provide an overview of the railways to recently promoted Group 'B' officers of all departments, the Railways Foundation Programmes are offered. For officers of the Stores, Accounts, and Personnel departments, induction programmes are held as part of their induction process. During the induction courses, Group B officers from other departments attend induction courses held at their respective CTIs.<br /> <br /> ====Mid Service Training====<br /> Offered in two formats:<br /> <br /> # General inputs of interest to all Managers at various stages in their career.<br /> # Function or subject specific inputs only to relevant set of Managers.<br /> <br /> ====Special Courses====<br /> <br /> Theme based short term courses on various topics such as [[Right to Information Act]], Discipline &amp; Appeal Rules, Vigilance, [[Labour law in India|Labour Laws]], Railway Safety, Hospital Management, [[Information Technology]] are conducted throughout the year.<br /> <br /> ====BIMSTEC Training Program====<br /> <br /> An International Programme on ‘Costing &amp; Pricing of Rail Transport Services’ is conducted every year for Executives of Railways and other Transport sectors from [[BIMSTEC]] &amp; [[Mekong-Ganga Cooperation]] and allied countries (Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam and India).<br /> <br /> == Seminars/Workshops ==<br /> Seminars/Workshops conducted in the past year&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nair.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1454477913605-ANNUAL-REPORT-2015.pdf|title=Annual Report NAIR 2015|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Interactive Workshops on ''Project Management through Alternate Financing'', ''Recruitment procedures for RRB Chairpersons'', ''Good Governance Code for Station Managers''<br /> Seminars on ''Enhancing Productivity on IR through IT Applications'', ''Make in India for the World – Realizing export potential of Railway Products &amp; services'', and ‘''Startups''’<br /> <br /> == Auditorium ==<br /> Seminars, conferences, mock drill sessions, films, cultural functions etc. are organized regularly in the 250 seat auditorium known as ‘Sardar Patel Sabhagriha’.<br /> <br /> == Library ==<br /> The library at has about 53,000 titles on transport, economics, rail transport, psychology, management, law, finance, engineering, computer science, literature and more than 100 journals &amp; government publications are subscribed including 5 e-Journals. The database of the library is available at NIC's ([[National Informatics Centre]]) e-Granthalaya portal in a cluster with four other CTIs’ ([[IRICEN]], [[IRISET]], [[IRIEEN]], IRITM and [[RDSO]]. A knowledge portal has been built to aggregate most of the available knowledge on Indian Railways by linking websites, documents etc. <br /> The website of the Academy [https://web.archive.org/web/20130213140005/http://www.rscbrc.indianrailways.gov.in/ nair.indianrailways.gov.in] hosts important information like tenders, information for Guest officers, training schedule,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nair.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&amp;id=0,2,737|title=NAIR calendar|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; [http://www.nair.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&amp;id=0,2,737 2016- Training Calendar of NAIR].<br /> <br /> == Model Room ==<br /> The Academy has a well equipped model room displaying various types of train operating and signaling systems in use on Indian Railways. Trainee Officers get a feel of practical train operations by running working models of trains under a simulated hands-on environment. Model room has working models of [[route relay interlocking]], auxiliary warning system, automatic block signaling, train activated warning at level crossings, block proving by axle counters, 4 aspects automatic signal &amp; data Logger etc. Souvenirs from the [[National Rail Museum New Delhi]] are displayed and are also available for sale to trainees.[[File:Delhi Railway Museum Monorail 05-02-17 M22.jpeg|thumb|Patiala State Monorail at National Railway Museum<br /> ]]<br /> <br /> == Periodicals ==<br /> The Academy publishes a newsletter Rail Parisar (Rail Campus) and the bilingual Abhivyakti (Expression)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nair.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&amp;id=0,6,501|title=Abhivyakti|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; which carries technical and literary articles by Faculty and alumni.<br /> <br /> == Heritage ==<br /> Mild weathering of the limestone facade of the century-old palace as a whole is evident but is severe in some locations. The interior has suffered from heavy use. Conservation efforts are being initiated. A heritage arcade with an indoor photo gallery has come up in the Palace Guard House at the main entrance. A renovated narrow gauge (2&quot;6') passenger coach is on display next to the guard house.<br /> <br /> A heritage walk is being planned for the citizens of Vadodara in the palace grounds in collaboration with the Vadodara Municipal Corporation.<br /> <br /> ==Sports==<br /> Sports facilities includes badminton, tennis, squash basketball and volleyball courts, a swimming pool &amp; sauna, a cricket and football ground, a gymnasium, a billiards and table tennis lounge, other indoor games and a small golfing green.<br /> [[File:Atithi Hostel.jpg|thumb|Atithi Hostel]]<br /> <br /> ==Mess==<br /> NAIR Officers Mess has one AC dining hall with a capacity of 200 and is managed by a committee of trainee officers and FMs on a &quot;no profit, no loss&quot; basis.<br /> <br /> == Hostels ==<br /> The Academy has three hostels, with a capacity to accommodate about 200 officers in 170 air-conditioned rooms with rooms earmarked on ground floor for differently-abled officers.<br /> <br /> ==Former Director Generals/Principals==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |P.C Bahl <br /> |Principal <br /> |02.01.1952 <br /> |10.03.1956<br /> |-<br /> |A.C. Mukherji <br /> |Principal <br /> |26.04.1956 <br /> |02.04.1958<br /> |-<br /> |A.V. D'Costa <br /> |Principal <br /> |15.04.1958 <br /> |01.04.1959<br /> |-<br /> |M.A. Rao <br /> |Principal <br /> |06.08.1959 <br /> |05.05.1960<br /> |-<br /> |S.S. Surana <br /> |Principal <br /> |14.05.1960 <br /> |09.05.1962<br /> |-<br /> |Hari Sinha <br /> |Principal <br /> |14.05.1962 <br /> |20.01.1963<br /> |-<br /> |A.C. Mukherji <br /> |Principal <br /> |21.01.1963 <br /> |19.01.1966<br /> |-<br /> |Hari Sinha <br /> |Principal <br /> |20.01.1966 <br /> |18.02.1967<br /> |-<br /> |A.S. Latif <br /> |Principal <br /> |24.02.1967 <br /> |03.04.1967<br /> |-<br /> |Rajendra Dev <br /> |Principal <br /> |18.05.1967 <br /> |03.01.1969<br /> |-<br /> |S.R. Gokhale <br /> |Principal <br /> |16.11.1969 <br /> |31.07.1975<br /> |-<br /> |O.D. Agnihotri <br /> |Principal <br /> |22.03.1976 <br /> |17.06.1977<br /> |-<br /> |K.S. Charyulu <br /> |Principal <br /> |18.06.1977 <br /> |31.10.1979<br /> |-<br /> |O.D. Agnihotri <br /> |Principal <br /> |17.03.1980 <br /> |13.10.1980<br /> |-<br /> |Inder Sahai <br /> |Principal <br /> |19.01.1981 <br /> |31.03.1984<br /> |-<br /> |T.S. Vardya <br /> |Principal <br /> |04.04.1984 <br /> |28.04.1985<br /> |-<br /> |A.K. Pant <br /> |Principal <br /> |29.04.1985 <br /> |27.10.1986<br /> |-<br /> |C.S. Christan <br /> |Principal <br /> |28.10.1986 <br /> |07.07.1987<br /> |-<br /> |J. Rajagopalachari <br /> |Principal <br /> |08.07.1987 <br /> |16.03.1988<br /> |-<br /> |B.V. Rama Rao <br /> |Principal <br /> |27.03.1988 <br /> |31.01.1990<br /> |-<br /> |B.P. Singh <br /> |Principal <br /> |31.01.1990 <br /> |31.01.1992<br /> |-<br /> |Hari Prakash Mittal <br /> |Principal <br /> |06.04.1992 <br /> |03.08.1992<br /> |-<br /> |Hasan Iqbal <br /> |Principal <br /> |03.08.1992 <br /> |14.08.1993<br /> |-<br /> |K Balasubramanian <br /> |Principal <br /> |15.08.1983 <br /> |28.07.1984<br /> |-<br /> |Rajendra Bhansali <br /> |Principal <br /> |29.07.1994 <br /> |30.11.1996<br /> |-<br /> |J.M. Ovasadi <br /> |Principal <br /> |24.11.1997 <br /> |31.02.1997<br /> |-<br /> |N. Krutivasan <br /> |Principal <br /> |08.04.1997 <br /> |29.08.1997<br /> |-<br /> |Chandra Bijlani <br /> |Principal <br /> |29.08.1997 <br /> |25.06.2000<br /> |-<br /> |Chandra Bijlani <br /> |DG <br /> |26.06.2000 <br /> |31.03.2002<br /> |-<br /> |Suresh Chandra Gupta <br /> |DG <br /> |05.04.2002 <br /> |31.05.2002<br /> |-<br /> |G.K. Garg <br /> |DG <br /> |31.05.2002 <br /> |30.06.2005<br /> |-<br /> |Smt. Shobhana Jain <br /> |DG <br /> |07.07.2005 <br /> |31.08.2008<br /> |-<br /> |A.K. Jhingron <br /> |DG <br /> |09.09.2008 <br /> |31.10.2008<br /> |-<br /> |Smt. Sowmya Raghavan <br /> |DG <br /> |31.10.2008 <br /> |29.11.2008<br /> |-<br /> |H.S. Pannu <br /> |DG <br /> |29.11.2008 <br /> |28.12.2008<br /> |-<br /> |A.K. Vohra <br /> |DG <br /> |29.12.2009 <br /> |25.08.2009<br /> |-<br /> |B.B. Moudgil <br /> |DG <br /> |27.08.2009 <br /> |24.11.2009<br /> |-<br /> |C.P. Verma <br /> |DG <br /> |25.11.2009 <br /> |29.07.2010<br /> |-<br /> |Niraj Kumar <br /> |DG <br /> |29.07.2010 <br /> |31.12.2012<br /> |-<br /> |Mahesh Kumar <br /> |DG <br /> |01.01.2013 <br /> |09.04.2013<br /> |-<br /> |Pramod Kumar <br /> |DG <br /> |10.04.2013 <br /> |31.12.2013<br /> |-<br /> |Mrs. R. Ravikumar <br /> |DG <br /> |31.12.2013 <br /> |14.10.2014<br /> |-<br /> |R.C. Agrawal <br /> |DG <br /> |27.10.2014 <br /> |31.11.2014<br /> |-<br /> |Hemant Kumar <br /> |DG <br /> |01.12.2014 <br /> |31.12.2014<br /> |-<br /> |S. Mookerjee <br /> |DG <br /> |31.12.2014 <br /> |30.09.2015<br /> |-<br /> |G.C. Agrawal <br /> |DG <br /> |01.10.2015 <br /> |12.04.2016<br /> |-<br /> |Rajeev Gupta <br /> |DG <br /> |13.04.2016 <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Pradeep Kumar<br /> |DG<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |S.P.S Chauhan<br /> |DG<br /> |<br /> |''incumbent''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist||refs=|8=}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://www.nair.indianrailways.gov.in/ Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928190350/https://nair.indianrailways.gov.in/ |date=28 September 2022 }}<br /> *[http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/mgt_ser/training_circulars/2013/Name_Change_RSC.pdf]<br /> {{Indian Railways}}<br /> {{Vadodara topics}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Training institutes of Indian Railways]]<br /> [[Category:Tourist attractions in Vadodara]]<br /> [[Category:Universities and colleges in Vadodara]]<br /> [[Category:1888 establishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1888]]</div>

AgnesOppen5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_administrators_of_Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu&diff=457403 2026-02-14T13:09:26Z

<p>AgnesOppen5: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Head of UT DNHDD}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox official post<br /> |post = Administrator<br /> |native_name =<br /> |body = the [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]<br /> |insignia = Seal of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu.svg<br /> |insigniasize = 220<br /> |insigniacaption = Seal of the [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]<br /> |image = Shri Praful Khoda Patel.jpg<br /> |incumbent = [[Praful Khoda Patel]] <br /> |incumbentsince = 26 January 2020<br /> |style = The Honourable<br /> |residence = Daman, India<br /> |termlength = Five Years<br /> |appointer = [[President of India]]<br /> |formation = {{start date and years ago|2020|01|26|df=y|p=y}}<br /> |inaugural = [[Praful Khoda Patel]]<br /> |website = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> This is a list of '''administrators of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu''' a [[States and union territories of India|union territory]] of [[India]]. The union territory of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]] was created following the merger of the union territories of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] and [[Daman and Diu]] on 26 January 2020.<br /> <br /> ==List of administrators of Dadra and Nagar Haveli==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Name<br /> ! Took office<br /> ! Left office<br /> |-<br /> | R. V. Mudras<br /> | 22 July 1954<br /> | 24 July 1954<br /> |-<br /> | Jayantibhai Desai<br /> | 22 July 1954<br /> | 1 August 1954<br /> |-<br /> | [[Vishwanath Lawande]]<br /> | 2 August 1954<br /> | 15 August 1954<br /> |-<br /> | Atmaram &quot;Appasaheb&quot; Narsinh Karmalkar<br /> | 15 August 1954<br /> | May 1955<br /> |-<br /> | Antoni Furtado<br /> | May 1955<br /> | 17 October 1960<br /> |-<br /> | Kishinchand Gobindram Badlani<br /> | 17 October 1960<br /> | 8 June 1962<br /> |-<br /> | Tumkur Sivasankar<br /> | 8 June 1962<br /> | 2 September 1963<br /> |-<br /> | [[M. R. Sachdev]]<br /> | 2 September 1963<br /> | 8 December 1964<br /> |-<br /> | [[Hari Sharma]]<br /> | 12 December 1964<br /> | 24 February 1965<br /> |-<br /> | Kashinath Raghunath Damle<br /> | 24 February 1965<br /> | 18 April 1967<br /> |-<br /> | Nakul Sen<br /> | 18 April 1967<br /> | 16 November 1972<br /> |-<br /> | S. K. Bandhopadhyay <br /> | 16 November 1972<br /> | 16 November 1977<br /> |-<br /> | Pratap Singh Gill<br /> | 16 November 1977<br /> | 31 March 1981<br /> |-<br /> | [[Jagmohan]]<br /> | 31 March 1981<br /> | 30 August 1982<br /> |-<br /> | [[Idris Hasan Latif]] ''(acting)''<br /> | 30 August 1982<br /> | 24 February 1983<br /> |-<br /> | [[Kershasp Tehmurasp Satarawala]]<br /> | 24 February 1983<br /> | 4 July 1984<br /> |-<br /> | [[Idris Hasan Latif]] ''(acting)''<br /> | 4 July 1984<br /> | 24 September 1984<br /> |-<br /> | [[Gopal Singh (politician)|Gopal Singh]]<br /> | 24 September 1984<br /> | 18 July 1989<br /> |-<br /> | [[Khurshed Alam Khan]]<br /> | 18 July 1989<br /> | 25 March 1991<br /> |-<br /> | Bhanu Prakash Singh<br /> | 25 March 1991<br /> | 16 March 1992<br /> |-<br /> | K. S. Baidwan<br /> | 16 March 1992<br /> | 28 March 1994<br /> |-<br /> | Ramesh Chandra<br /> | 28 March 1994<br /> | 15 July 1995<br /> |-<br /> | S. P. Aggarwal<br /> | 15 July 1995<br /> | 26 June 1998<br /> |-<br /> | Ramesh Negi ''(acting)''<br /> | 26 June 1998<br /> | 23 February 1999<br /> |-<br /> | Sanat Kaul<br /> | 23 February 1999<br /> | 23 April 1999<br /> |-<br /> | Ramesh Negi ''(acting)''<br /> | 23 April 1999<br /> | 19 July 1999<br /> |-<br /> | O. P. Kelkar<br /> | 19 July 1999<br /> | 2003<br /> |-<br /> | Arun Mathur<br /> | 2003<br /> | 2006<br /> |-<br /> | R. K. Verma<br /> | 2006<br /> | 2009<br /> |-<br /> | Satya Gopal, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<br /> | 2009<br /> | 2011<br /> |-<br /> | Narendra Kumar, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<br /> | 2011<br /> | 2012<br /> |-<br /> | B. S. Bhalla<br /> | 28 August 2012<br /> | 18 August 2014<br /> |-<br /> | Ashish Kundra<br /> | 18 August 2014<br /> | 13 March 2016<br /> |-<br /> | Vikram Dev Dutt<br /> | 14 March 2016<br /> | 3 October 2016<br /> |-<br /> | Madhup Vyas<br /> | 4 October 2016 <br /> | 29 December 2016<br /> |-<br /> | [[Praful Khoda Patel]]<br /> | 30 December 2016<br /> | 26 January 2020<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Lieutenant governors of Goa, Daman and Diu==<br /> Goa, along with [[Daman and Diu]] was a [[union territory]] of India until 30 May 1987. As such it had a lieutenant governor till that time.&lt;ref name=lib&gt;{{cite web|title=Governors of Goa since Liberation |url=http://www.rajbhavangoa.org/pastgovernors_postliberation.htm |website=rajbhavangoa.org |access-date=9 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326193954/http://www.rajbhavangoa.org/pastgovernors_postliberation.htm |archive-date=26 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! #<br /> ! Name<br /> ! Portrait<br /> ! Took office<br /> ! Left office<br /> ! Birth-Death<br /> ! Duration<br /> |-<br /> ! bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot; | 1<br /> | bgcolor=#DDEEFF | [[K. P. Candeth|Maj. Gen. K. P. Candeth]] (military governor)<br /> |bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot; |[[File:Kunhiraman Palath Candeth-.jpg|72x72px]]<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot; | 19 December 1961<br /> | bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 6 June 1962<br /> | bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 1916–2003<br /> | bgcolor=#DDEEFF | <br /> |-<br /> ! bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot; | 2<br /> | bgcolor=#DDEEFF | Tumkur Sivasankar<br /> |bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot; |[[File:Blank.svg|60x60px]]&lt;!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH --&gt;<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot; | 7 June 1962<br /> | bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 1 September 1963<br /> | bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 189?–19??<br /> |bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> ! bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot; | 3<br /> | bgcolor=#DDEEFF | [[M. R. Sachdev]]<br /> |bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot; |[[File:Blank.svg|60x60px]]&lt;!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH --&gt;<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot; | 2 September 1963<br /> | bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 8 December 1964<br /> | bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 1903–1964<br /> |bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> ! bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot; | 4<br /> | bgcolor=#DDEEFF | [[Hari Sharma]]<br /> |bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot; |[[File:Blank.svg|60x60px]]&lt;!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH --&gt;<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot; | 12 December 1964<br /> | bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 23 February 1965<br /> | bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 1910–1987<br /> |bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> ! bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot; | 5<br /> | bgcolor=#DDEEFF | [[K. R. Damle]]<br /> |bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot; |[[File:Blank.svg|60x60px]]&lt;!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH --&gt;<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot; | 24 February 1965<br /> | bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 17 April 1967<br /> | bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 1912–2001<br /> |bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> ! bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot; | 6<br /> | bgcolor=#DDEEFF | [[Nakul Sen]]<br /> |bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot; |[[File:Blank.svg|60x60px]]&lt;!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH --&gt;<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot; | 18 April 1967<br /> | bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 15 November 1972<br /> | bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 1915–1983<br /> |bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> ! bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot; | 7<br /> | bgcolor=#DDEEFF | [[S. K. Bandhopadhyay]]<br /> |bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot; |[[File:Blank.svg|60x60px]]&lt;!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH --&gt;<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot; | 16 November 1972<br /> | bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 15 November 1977<br /> | bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 1922–2010<br /> |bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> ! bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot; | 8<br /> | bgcolor=#DDEEFF | [[P. S. Gill]]<br /> |bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot; |[[File:Blank.svg|60x60px]]&lt;!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH --&gt;<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot; | 16 November 1977<br /> | bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 30 March 1981<br /> | bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 1927-living<br /> |bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> ! bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot; | 9<br /> | bgcolor=#DDEEFF | [[Jagmohan]]<br /> |bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot; |[[File:The Union Minister for Tourism and Culture Shri Jagmohan briefing the media about further plans of the Ministry of Tourism and Culture for Yamuna Pushta Area and activities of ASI in New Delhi on February 13, 2004.jpg|60x60px]]<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot; | 31 March 1981<br /> | bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 29 August 1982<br /> | bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 1927–2021<br /> |bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> ! bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot; | -<br /> | bgcolor=#DDEEFF | [[Air chief marshal (India)|ACM]] [[Idris Hasan Latif]] ''(acting)''<br /> |bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot; |[[File:ACM IH Latif.jpg|71x71px]]<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot; | 30 August 1982<br /> | bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 23 February 1983<br /> | bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 1923–2018<br /> |bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> ! bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot; | 10<br /> | bgcolor=#DDEEFF | [[Kershasp Tehmurasp Satarawala|K. T. Satarawala]]<br /> |bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot; |[[File:Blank.svg|60x60px]]&lt;!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH --&gt;<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot; | 24 February 1983<br /> | bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 3 July 1984<br /> | bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 1930–2016<br /> |bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> ! bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot; | -<br /> | bgcolor=#DDEEFF | [[Air chief marshal (India)|ACM]] [[Idris Hasan Latif]] ''(acting)''<br /> |bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot; |[[File:ACM IH Latif.jpg|71x71px]]<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot; | 4 July 1984<br /> | bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 23 September 1984<br /> | bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 1923–2018<br /> |bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> ! bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot; | 11<br /> | bgcolor=#DDEEFF | [[Gopal Singh (politician)|Gopal Singh]]<br /> |bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot; |[[File:Blank.svg|60x60px]]<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot; | 24 September 1984<br /> | bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 29 May 1987<br /> | bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 1917–1990<br /> |bgcolor=&quot;#DDEEFF&quot; |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==List of administrators of Daman and Diu==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! #<br /> ! Name<br /> ! Took office<br /> ! Left office<br /> |-<br /> | 1<br /> | Gopal Singh<br /> | 30 May 1987<br /> | 18 July 1989<br /> |-<br /> | 2<br /> | [[Khurshed Alam Khan]]<br /> | 18 July 1989<br /> | 25 March 1991<br /> |-<br /> | 3<br /> | Bhanu Prakash Singh<br /> | 25 March 1991<br /> | 16 March 1992<br /> |-<br /> | 4<br /> | K. S. Baidwan<br /> | 16 March 1992<br /> | 28 March 1994<br /> |-<br /> | 5<br /> | Ramesh Chandra<br /> | 28 March 1994<br /> | 15 July 1995<br /> |-<br /> | 6<br /> | S. P. Aggarwal<br /> | 15 July 1995<br /> | 26 June 1998<br /> |-<br /> | -<br /> | Ramesh Negi ''(acting)''<br /> | 26 June 1998<br /> | 23 February 1999<br /> |-<br /> | 7<br /> | Sanat Kaul<br /> | 23 February 1999<br /> | 23 April 1999<br /> |-<br /> | -<br /> | Ramesh Negi ''(acting)''<br /> | 23 April 1999<br /> | 19 July 1999<br /> |-<br /> | 8<br /> | O. P. Kelkar<br /> | 19 July 1999<br /> | 2003<br /> |-<br /> | 9<br /> | Arun Mathur<br /> | 2003<br /> | 2006<br /> |-<br /> | 10<br /> | R. K. Verma<br /> | 2006<br /> | 2009<br /> |-<br /> | 11<br /> | Satya Gopal, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<br /> | 2009<br /> | 2011<br /> |-<br /> | 12<br /> | Narendra Kumar, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<br /> | 2011<br /> | 2012<br /> |-<br /> | 13<br /> | B. S. Bhalla<br /> | 28 September 2012<br /> | 18 August 2014<br /> |-<br /> | 14<br /> | Ashish Kundra<br /> | 18 August 2014<br /> | 13 March 2016<br /> |-<br /> | 15<br /> | [[Vikram Dev Dutt]]<br /> | 14 March 2016<br /> | 29 August 2016<br /> |-<br /> |16<br /> | [[Praful Khoda Patel]]<br /> | 29 August 2016<br /> | 26 January 2020<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==List of administrators of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !No.<br /> !'''Portrait'''<br /> !'''Name'''<br /> &lt;small&gt;(lifespan)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> !'''Assumed office'''<br /> !'''Left office'''<br /> !Tenure in office<br /> !Appointer<br /> &lt;small&gt;(President)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |[[File:Shri Praful Khoda Patel.jpg|100px]]<br /> |'''[[Praful Khoda Patel]]'''<br /> &lt;small&gt;(b. 1957)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |26 January 2020<br /> |''Incumbent''<br /> |{{ayd|26 January 2020}}<br /> |[[Ram Nath Kovind]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Oath ==<br /> “I, A. B., do swear in the name of God/solemly affirm that I will faithfully<br /> execute the office of Administrator (or discharge the functions<br /> of the Administrator) of .............(name of the Union Territory) and will to<br /> the best of my ability preserve, protect and defend the<br /> Constitution and the law and that I will devote myself to<br /> the service and well-being of the people of ..………(name<br /> of the Union Territory).” <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]<br /> * [[List of administrators of Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]<br /> * [[List of administrators of Daman and Diu]]<br /> * [[Governor (India)|Governors in India]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Sources==<br /> * http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_states.html<br /> <br /> {{Current Indian lieutenant governors and administrators}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Government of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]<br /> [[Category:Lists of lieutenant governors and administrators of Indian union territories|Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]<br /> [[Category:Indian government officials]]<br /> [[Category:Administrators of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]</div>

AgnesOppen5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yogi_Adityanath&diff=450740 2026-02-14T07:50:29Z

<p>AgnesOppen5: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh since 2017}}<br /> {{Redirect|Adityanath|other uses|Yogi Adityanath ministry (disambiguation){{!}}Yogi Adityanath ministry}}<br /> {{Protection padlock|small=1|vandalism}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | image = Yogiji in 2023.jpg<br /> | caption = Official portrait, 2023<br /> | office = &lt;!--Do NOT add counts or ordinals, as per [[WP:CONSENSUS]]--&gt; [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> | term_start = 19 March 2017<br /> | term_end = <br /> | governor = [[Ram Naik]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Anandiben Patel]] <br /> | deputy = {{Plainlist|<br /> * [[Brajesh Pathak]] (since 2022)<br /> * [[Keshav Prasad Maurya]] (since 2017)<br /> * [[Dinesh Sharma (politician)|Dinesh Sharma]] (2017–2022)<br /> }}<br /> | predecessor = [[Akhilesh Yadav]]<br /> | 2blankname1 = [[Second Yogi Adityanath ministry|Additional ministries]]<br /> | 2namedata1 = {{collapse top|List}}<br /> * [[Home Department (Uttar Pradesh)|Home and Confidential]]<br /> * [[Department of Appointment and Personnel (Uttar Pradesh)|Appointment and Personnel]]<br /> * General Administration<br /> * Cabinet Affairs<br /> * Information and Public Relations<br /> * Housing<br /> * Revenue<br /> * Mining and Geology<br /> * Institutional Finance<br /> * Planning<br /> * Programme Implementation<br /> * Relief and Rehabilitation<br /> * Protocol<br /> * Sainik Welfare<br /> * Prantiya Raksha Dal<br /> * [[Civil aviation in India|Civil Aviation]]<br /> * Law<br /> * Food Safety and Drug Administration<br /> * Other departments not allotted to any minister<br /> {{collapse bottom}}<br /> | office2 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | term_start2 = 10 March 2022<br /> | constituency2 = [[Gorakhpur Urban Assembly constituency|Gorakhpur Urban]]<br /> | predecessor2 = [[Radha Mohan Das Agarwal]]<br /> | majority2 = 1,03,390<br /> | office3 = [[Member of Legislative Council|Member]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]<br /> | term_start3 = 18 September 2017<br /> | term_end3 = 22 March 2022<br /> | constituency3 = ''Elected by the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|MLAs]]''<br /> | predecessor3 = [[Yashwant Singh (Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council member)|Yashwant Singh]]<br /> | successor3 = [[Daya Shankar Mishra]]<br /> | office4 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]<br /> | term_start4 = 5 October 1998<br /> | term_end4 = 21 September 2017<br /> | constituency4 = [[Gorakhpur Lok Sabha constituency|Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> | predecessor4 = [[Mahant Avaidyanath]]<br /> | successor4 = [[Praveen Kumar Nishad]]<br /> | office5 = &lt;!--Do NOT add counts or ordinals, as per [[WP:CONSENSUS]]--&gt;Leader of the House of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | term_start5 = 25 March 2022<br /> | predecessor5 = Keshav Prasad Maurya{{efn|Yogi Adityanath was MLC during his first term and his deputy Maurya was Leader of the House in Assembly during that time.}}<br /> | 1blankname5 = Speaker<br /> | 1namedata5 = [[Hriday Narayan Dikshit]]&lt;br&gt;[[Satish Mahana]]<br /> | cabinet = {{ubl|[[First Yogi Adityanath ministry|Yogi Adityanath I]]|[[Second Yogi Adityanath ministry|Yogi Adityanath II]]}}<br /> | birth_name = Ajay Mohan Singh Bisht<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1972|06|05|df=yes}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Panchur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India&lt;br&gt;(present-day [[Uttarakhand]])<br /> | residence = [[5, Kalidas Marg|5, Kalidas Marg, Lucknow]]<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | occupation = {{hlist|Politician|monk}}<br /> | alma_mater = [[Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University]] ([[BSc]], [[Mathematics]])<br /> | website = {{bulletedlist<br /> |{{URL|https://yogiadityanath.in|Official Website}}<br /> |{{URL|https://upcmo.up.nic.in/|UP CM official}}<br /> }}<br /> | module = {{Infobox religious biography<br /> | embed = yes<br /> | religion = [[Hinduism]]<br /> | denomination = [[Shaivism]]<br /> | school = [[Yoga]]<br /> | sect = [[Nath|Nath Sampradaya]]<br /> | lineage = [[Guru Gorakhnath]]<br /> | guru = [[Mahant Avaidyanath]]<br /> | post = [[Mahant]]<br /> | temple = [[Gorakhnath Math]]<br /> | ordination = 12 September 2014<br /> | period = 2014–present<br /> | predecessor = [[Mahant Avaidyanath]]<br /> | successor = <br /> }}<br /> | order = &lt;!--Do NOT add counts or ordinals, as per [[WP:CONSENSUS]]--&gt;<br /> | order2 = &lt;!--Do NOT add counts or ordinals, as per [[WP:CONSENSUS]]--&gt;<br /> | order1 = &lt;!--Do NOT add counts or ordinals, as per [[WP:CONSENSUS]]--&gt;<br /> }}<br /> '''Yogi Adityanath''' (born '''Ajay Mohan Singh Bisht'''; 5 June 1972){{efn|The date of birth is 5 June 1972,&lt;ref name=&quot;Loksabha&quot;/&gt; but his birth name is variously reported as &quot;Ajay Mohan Bisht&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;HT&quot;/&gt; or &quot;Ajay Singh Bisht&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Barry |first1=Ellen |last2=Raj |first2=Suhasini |date=12 July 2017 |title=Firebrand Hindu Cleric Ascends India's Political Ladder |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/12/world/asia/india-yogi-adityanath-bjp-modi.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |quote=Adityanath, born Ajay Singh Bisht, found his vocation in college as an activist in the student wing of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, a right-wing Hindu organization. |archive-date=29 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229204138/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/12/world/asia/india/yogi-adityanath-bjp-modi.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-39403778|title=Who's the Hindu hardliner running India's most populous state?|quote=The son of a forest ranger, Yogi Adityanath was born in 1972 in [[Garhwal division|Garhwal]] (then in Uttar Pradesh, now in [[Uttarakhand]]) and was named Ajay Singh Bisht.|publisher=BBC|access-date=10 March 2022|archive-date=10 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310112433/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-39403778|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} is an Indian [[Hinduism|Hindu]] monk and politician. A member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], Adityanath has served as the &lt;!-- Do NOT add counts or ordinals, as per [[WP:CONSENSUS]] --&gt; [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|chief minister of Uttar Pradesh]] since 2017. He is the state's longest-serving chief minister and the first to hold the office for two consecutive terms.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Yogi Adityanath Became the Longest Serving Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh |url=https://www.drishtiias.com/state-pcs-current-affairs/yogi-adityanath-became-the-longest-serving-chief-minister-of-uttar-pradesh |access-date=6 April 2023 |website=Drishti IAS |language=en |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406050009/https://www.drishtiias.com/state-pcs-current-affairs/yogi-adityanath-became-the-longest-serving-chief-minister-of-uttar-pradesh |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=TOI12May24&gt;{{Cite news |title=Yogi Adityanath now CM with longest unbroken tenure in UP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/yogi-adityanath-now-cm-with-longest-unbroken-tenure-in-up/articleshow/98341835.cms |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |date=1 March 2023 |access-date=12 May 2024 |archive-date=12 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512122147/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/yogi-adityanath-now-cm-with-longest-unbroken-tenure-in-up/articleshow/98341835.cms |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Previously, Adityanath served as a [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|member of India's parliament]] for almost two decades, from 1998 until 2017. At the age of 26, he became one of the youngest Indian parliamentarians in 1998 and went on to win the next five consecutive terms from [[Gorakhpur Lok Sabha constituency]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Loksabha&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://loksabhaph.nic.in/members/memberbioprofile.aspx?mpsno=7&amp;lastls=16 |title=Member Profile: 16th Lok Sabha |work=Lok Sabha |access-date=4 October 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004152532/https://loksabhaph.nic.in/members/memberbioprofile.aspx?mpsno=7&amp;lastls=16 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=TOI21Mar&gt;{{citation |title=In Lok Sabha, Yogi Adityanath takes a dig at Rahul-Akhilesh partnership |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/yogi-adityanath-takes-a-dig-at-rahul-akhilesh-partnership-in-lok-sabha/articleshow/57754009.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=21 March 2017 |access-date=22 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322041919/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/yogi-adityanath-takes-a-dig-at-rahul-akhilesh-partnership-in-lok-sabha/articleshow/57754009.cms |archive-date=22 March 2017 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2017, he moved from central to the UP state politics and was elected as the chief minister of Uttar Pradesh.&lt;ref name= &quot;Singh 2017&quot;&gt;{{cite news | last=Singh | first=Akhilesh | title=Yogi, Parrikar and Maurya to stay MPs till President polls in July | work=The Times of India | date=22 March 2017 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/yogi-parrikar-and-maurya-to-stay-mps-till-president-polls-in-july/articleshow/57762331.cms | access-date=22 March 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324163412/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/yogi-parrikar-and-maurya-to-stay-mps-till-president-polls-in-july/articleshow/57762331.cms | archive-date=24 March 2017 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Initially, in 2017, he became a member of the UP [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|legislative council]]. Subsequently, in 2022, he became a member of the state [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly]], having won the election from [[Gorakhpur Urban Assembly constituency]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Yogi Adityanath news: UP CM Yogi Adityanath top stories, speech, photos &amp; videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/yogi-adityanath |access-date=26 October 2024 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Adityanath is also the ''[[mahant]]'' (head priest) of the [[Gorakhnath Math]], a Hindu monastery in [[Gorakhpur]], a position he has held since September 2014 following the death of [[Mahant Avaidyanath]], his spiritual Guru.&lt;ref name=IT22Jan&gt;{{cite magazine |last=Mukul |first=Sushim |date=22 June 2024 |title=Chief Minister Yogi, Gorakhnath and Ram Lalla- A history of 75 years |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ram-mandir-pran-pratishtha-ayodhya-gorakhnath-mutt-yogi-adityanath-mahant-digvijaynath-advaidyanath-temple-2491988-2024-01-22 |magazine=India Today |access-date=12 May 2024 |archive-date=12 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512211753/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ram-mandir-pran-pratishtha-ayodhya-gorakhnath-mutt-yogi-adityanath-mahant-digvijaynath-advaidyanath-temple-2491988-2024-01-22 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Jha|2014|p=110}}&lt;ref name=HFYogi1&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/03/18/yogi-adityanath-hindutva-firebrand-is-the-new-cm-of-up_a_21902234/|title=Yogi Adityanath, Hindutva Firebrand, Is The New CM Of UP|website=Huffington Post India|access-date=6 July 2017|date=18 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322204207/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/03/18/yogi-adityanath-hindutva-firebrand-is-the-new-cm-of-up_a_21902234/|archive-date=22 March 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He founded [[Hindu Yuva Vahini]], a now defunct&lt;ref name=&quot;t221&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=State, regional, &amp; district units of Hindu Yuva Vahini dissolved | website=The Indian Express | date=4 August 2022 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/hindu-yuva-vahini-units-dissolved-8069316/ | access-date=22 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hindutva]] youth [[militia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;google&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vcSHCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA110|title=Battles of the New Republic: A Contemporary History of Nepal|last=Jha|first=Prashant|date=1 January 2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9781849044592|pages=110|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Hindu-Muslim Communal Riots in India II (1986-2011)|author1=Violette Graff |author2=Juliette Galonnier|date=20 August 2013|website=Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence; [[Sciences Po]].|pages=30, 31|citeseerx = 10.1.1.692.6594}}&lt;/ref&gt; He has an image of a [[Hindutva|Hindutva nationalist]] and a [[social conservative]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Jha |first1=Dhirendra K. |title=The fall and rise of India's Yogi Adityanath |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2017/06/fall-rise-india-yogi-adityanath-170622133909959.html |access-date=20 September 2020 |work=www.aljazeera.com |date=27 June 2017 |archive-date=11 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811015511/https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2017/06/fall-rise-india-yogi-adityanath-170622133909959.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vox&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Wildman |first=Sarah |date=20 March 2017 |title=India's prime minister just selected an anti-Muslim firebrand to lead its largest state |work=Vox |url=https://www.vox.com/world/2017/3/20/14982146/modi-india-muslim-yogi-adityanath-incitement |url-status=live |access-date=12 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413070847/http://www.vox.com/world/2017/3/20/14982146/modi-india-muslim-yogi-adityanath-incitement |archive-date=13 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |others=Editorial |date=20 March 2017 |title=Wag the dog: On Yogi Adityanath as UP CM |language=en |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/on-yogi-adityanath-taking-over-as-cm-of-uttar-pradesh/article17532552.ece |url-status=live |access-date=6 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319213137/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/on-yogi-adityanath-taking-over-as-cm-of-uttar-pradesh/article17532552.ece |archive-date=19 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Adityanath was placed 5th in 2023 and 6th in 2024 on the list of India's most powerful personalities, conducted by [[the Indian Express]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/india-news/top-ten-most-powerful-indians-ie-100-list-8530066/ | title=IE 100 2023: Who are the top 10 most powerful Indians? | date=31 March 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/modi-most-powerful-indian-adani-cji-chandrachud-in-top-10-ed-chief-above-virat-kohli-jay-shah-check-list-101709176540439.html | title=Most powerful Indian 2024 | work=Hindustan Times |date=29 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life and education==<br /> Yogi Adityanath was born as Ajay Mohan Singh Bisht on 5 June 1972 in the village of [[Panchur]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Yogi Adityanath visits ancestral village first time after becoming UP CM |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/yogi-adityanath-visits-ancestral-village-first-time-after-becoming-up-cm-101651632688539.html |work=Hindustan Times |agency=PTI |date=4 May 2022 |access-date=18 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; in [[Pauri Garhwal district|Pauri Garhwal]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] (now in [[Uttarakhand]]) in a [[Garhwali people|Garhwali]] [[Rajput]] family.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |author=Ellen Barry |title=Firebrand Hindu Cleric Yogi Adityanath Picked as Uttar Pradesh Minister |date=18 March 2017 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/18/world/asia/firebrand-hindu-cleric-yogi-adityanath-picked-as-uttar-pradesh-minister.html |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=25 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329234614/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/18/world/asia/firebrand-hindu-cleric-yogi-adityanath-picked-as-uttar-pradesh-minister.html |url-status=live |archive-date=29 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;HT&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Jadid |first1=Abdul |date=6 April 2017 |title=Who is Yogi Adityanath? MP, head of Gorakhnath temple and a political rabble-rouser |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/assembly-elections/who-is-yogi-adityanath-mp-head-of-gorakhnath-temple-and-a-political-rabble-rouser/story-tTAP7eBbg5nrTU93NLLZbO.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=28 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Saffron power in Gorakhpur |newspaper=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/saffron-power-in-gorakhpur/article342682.ece |url-status=dead |date=29 March 2009 |access-date=18 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304222148/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/saffron-power-in-gorakhpur/article342682.ece |archive-date=4 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Ramaseshan |first=Radhika |date=14 April 2009 |title=Smart father's 'simple' son battles a Yogi |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/smart-father-s-simple-son-battles-a-yogi/cid/635025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807022051/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1090414/jsp/nation/story_10819205.jsp |archive-date=7 August 2017 |access-date=18 March 2017 |website=Telegraph India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Aron |first=Sunita |date=28 January 2022 |title=Yogi Adityanath interview: 'I do politics of development... how can that be divisive' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/uttar-pradesh-assembly-election/yogi-adityanath-interview-i-do-politics-of-development-how-can-that-be-divisive-101643309039129.html |access-date=6 April 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |quote=One should take pride in one’s caste, and I am proud to be a Rajput |archive-date=6 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406161622/https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/uttar-pradesh-assembly-election/yogi-adityanath-interview-i-do-politics-of-development-how-can-that-be-divisive-101643309039129.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; His late father, Anand Singh Bisht, was a [[Forest range officer|forest ranger]].{{efn|Anand Singh Bisht died on 20 April 2020 in [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi|AIIMS Hospital New Delhi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=CM योगी आदित्यनाथ के पिता आनंद सिंह बिष्ट का निधन, दिल्ली के एम्स में ली अंतिम सांस |url=https://www.jagran.com/politics/national-ncr-yogi-adityanaths-father-will-be-taken-to-ancestral-village-in-uttarakhand-who-admitted-in-aiims-20206933.html |work=Dainik Jagran |language=hi |access-date=20 April 2020 |archive-date=20 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420162308/https://www.jagran.com/politics/national-ncr-yogi-adityanaths-father-will-be-taken-to-ancestral-village-in-uttarakhand-who-admitted-in-aiims-20206933.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=UP CM Yogi Adityanath's father Anand Singh Bisht passes away |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/up-cm-yogi-adityanaths-father-anand-singh-bisht-passes-away-5166241.html |work=Moneycontrol |access-date=20 April 2020 |archive-date=24 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524221553/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/up-cm-yogi-adityanaths-father-anand-singh-bisht-passes-away-5166241.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=village&gt;Anupam Trivedi, [http://www.hindustantimes.com/assembly-elections/father-villagers-elated-over-yogi-adityanath-s-elevation-as-up-cm/story-936cY6mfqyADqqIbZvJtoK.html Father, villagers in Uttarakhand elated over Yogi Adityanath's elevation as UP CM] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319161411/http://www.hindustantimes.com/assembly-elections/father-villagers-elated-over-yogi-adityanath-s-elevation-as-up-cm/story-936cY6mfqyADqqIbZvJtoK.html |date=19 March 2017 }}, ''Hindustan Times'', 19 March 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;}} He was the second born in the family, among four brothers and three sisters.&lt;ref name=village/&gt; He completed his [[bachelor's degree]] in mathematics from the [[Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University]] in [[Uttarakhand]].&lt;ref name=et0317&gt;{{citation |title=Yogi Adityanath, a Maths graduate who became a sanyasi |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/57713011.cms |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=19 March 2017 |last1=Bano |first1=Arjumand |access-date=19 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320024309/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/57713011.cms |archive-date=20 March 2017 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=TOI&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/How-a-Pauri-youth-turned-into-Yogi/articleshow/41659956.cms|title=How a Pauri youth turned into Yogi|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 September 2014|access-date=5 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905023830/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/How-a-Pauri-youth-turned-into-Yogi/articleshow/41659956.cms|archive-date=5 September 2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He left his home around the 1990s to join the [[Ayodhya dispute|Ayodhya Ram temple movement]] and the [[demolition of the Babri Masjid]]. Around that time, he also became a disciple of [[Mahant Avaidyanath]], the chief of the [[Gorakhnath Math]].&lt;ref name=et0317/&gt; Mahant Avaidyanath was leading the Ayodhya Ram temple movement at that time. While based in [[Gorakhpur]] after his initiation, Adityanath has often visited his ancestral village, establishing a school there in 1998.&lt;ref name=village/&gt;<br /> <br /> Adityanath was promoted to the rank of ''[[Mahant]]'' or high priest of the Gorakhnath Math after the death of Avaidyanath on 12 September 2014. He was made ''Peethadhishwar'' (Head Seer) of the Math amid traditional rituals of the [[Nath]] sect two days later.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/yogi-adityanath-anointed-gorakshnath-peeth-head-seer-political-clout-set-to-rise/|title=Yogi Adityanath anointed Gorakshnath Peeth head seer, political clout set to rise|last=Verma|first=Lalmani|date=15 September 2014|work=The Indian Express|access-date=19 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319113814/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/yogi-adityanath-anointed-gorakshnath-peeth-head-seer-political-clout-set-to-rise/|archive-date=19 March 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early political career==<br /> Adityanath belongs to a specific tradition of [[Hindutva]] politics in [[Uttar Pradesh]] that can be traced back to the Mahant [[Digvijay Nath]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Jaffrelot&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/the-other-saffron/99/|title=The other saffron|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|date=6 October 2014|newspaper=Indian Express|access-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008195641/http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/the-other-saffron/99/|archive-date=8 October 2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Ayodhya&gt;{{cite book |last1=Jha |first1=Krishna |last2=Jha |first2=Dhirendra K. |title=Ayodhya: The Dark Night |publisher=HarperCollins India |year=2012 |isbn=978-93-5029-600-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Both Digvijay Nath and his successor [[Mahant Avaidyanath]] belonged to the [[Hindu Mahasabha]] and were elected to the Parliament on that party's ticket. The head priest ([[Mahant]]) of the [[Gorakhnath Math]], a prominent [[Hindu]] temple,&lt;ref name=TOI92&gt;[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/92-yr-old-Avaidyanath-hopes-to-see-temple/articleshow/6661784.cms 92-yr-old Avaidyanath hopes to see temple]. ''Times of India''. 1 October 2010&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mahant Avaidyanath]] switched to the BJP in 1991, but nevertheless maintained significant autonomy. Four years after Adityanath was designated Avaidyanath's successor, he was elected to the Lower House of the Indian Parliament (the [[Lok Sabha]]).&lt;ref name=Jaffrelot/&gt; Avaidyanath is known as the mentor and guru of Adityanath.&lt;ref name=TOI92&gt;[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/92-yr-old-Avaidyanath-hopes-to-see-temple/articleshow/6661784.cms 92-yr-old Avaidyanath hopes to see temple]. ''Times of India''. 1 October 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=ndtv-2017&gt;[http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/yogi-adityanaths-village-celebrates-advice-from-chief-ministers-father-1671266 As Yogi Adityanath's Village Celebrates His Rise, Advice From His Father], NDTV News, 20 March 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Adityanath was elected as a Member of Parliament from [[Gorakhpur (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Gorakhpur]] for the first time in 1998 during the [[12th Lok Sabha]] at the age of 26; he was its youngest member at that time. He was elected to Parliament for five consecutive terms, that is, in the [[1998 Indian general election|1998]], [[1999 Indian general election|1999]], [[2004 Indian general election|2004]], [[2009 Indian general election|2009]] and [[2014 Indian general election|2014]] elections.&lt;ref name=Loksabha/&gt;&lt;ref name=TOI21Mar/&gt;<br /> <br /> Adityanath's attendance in the Lok Sabha was 77% and he asked 284 questions, participated in 56 debates and introduced three private member Bills in the [[16th Lok Sabha]].&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Yogi Adityanath's Lok Sabha attendance is 77%, Amarinder Singh's 6% |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/yogi-adityanaths-lok-sabha-attendance-is-77-amarinder-singhs-6/articleshow/57755887.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=21 March 2017 |access-date=22 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324003843/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/yogi-adityanaths-lok-sabha-attendance-is-77-amarinder-singhs-6/articleshow/57755887.cms |archive-date=24 March 2017 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Adityanath had also said in the Lok Sabha on 13 August 2014, that who is communal should be a topic of discussion and that whoever claims that My God, my Prophet is the most superior is communal; to say that the only people who are entitled to life are those who believe in him which is not allowed by the [[Hinduism|Hindu philosophy of life]], the guiding principle of which is &quot;live and let live.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Modi appeals for moratorium on communalism but is his MP listening? | website=The Indian Express | date=16 August 2014 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/modi-appeals-for-moratorium-on-communalism-but-is-his-mp-listening/ | access-date=17 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; After his first electoral win, Adityanath started his own youth organisation [[Hindu Yuva Vahini]], which came to be known for its activities in [[Purvanchal|eastern Uttar Pradesh]] and was instrumental in Adityanath's meteoric rise. There have been recurrent tensions between Adityanath and the BJP leadership over the allocating election tickets. However, the BJP has not let the tensions mount because Adityanath has served as a star campaigner for the party.&lt;ref name=Jaffrelot/&gt;&lt;ref name=communal&gt;{{cite web |last1=Graff |first1=Violette |last2=Galonnier |first2=Juliette |title=Hindu–Muslim Communal Riots in India II (1986–2011) |url=http://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/hindu-muslim-communal-riots-india-ii-1986-2011 |publisher=[[Sciences Po]] |date=20 August 2013 |access-date=18 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319111000/http://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/hindu-muslim-communal-riots-india-ii-1986-2011 |archive-date=19 March 2017 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=DNA&gt;[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-uttar-pradesh-s-next-cm-yogi-adityanath-a-mascot-of-unapologetic-hindutva-2358122 Uttar Pradesh's next CM Yogi Adityanath, a mascot of unapologetic Hindutva] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319105546/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-uttar-pradesh-s-next-cm-yogi-adityanath-a-mascot-of-unapologetic-hindutva-2358122 |date=19 March 2017 }}, Daily News and Analysis, 18 March 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2006, he took up links between [[Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist-Centre)|Nepali Maoists]] and Indian Leftist parties as a key campaign issue and encouraged [[Madheshi Jana Adhikar Forum, Nepal|Madhesi]] leaders to oppose Maoism in [[Nepal]].&lt;ref name=&quot;google&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 April 2017 |title=Encounter with Adityanath |url=http://www.spotlightnepal.com/News/Article/Battle-of-New-Republic-encounter-Adityanath |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415174847/http://www.spotlightnepal.com/News/Article/Battle-of-New-Republic-encounter-Adityanath |archive-date=15 April 2017 |access-date=1 May 2017 |website=Spotlight News Magazine Nepal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2008, his convoy was reportedly attacked while en route to [[Azamgarh]] for an anti-terrorism rally. The attack left one person dead and at least six persons injured.&lt;ref name=&quot;2008zeeAttack&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=BJP MP Yogi Adityanath's convoy attacked, 7 injured|url=http://zeenews.india.com/home/bjp-mp-yogi-adityanaths-convoy-attacked-7-injured_467356.html|access-date=17 February 2018|agency=Zee News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217141914/http://zeenews.india.com/home/bjp-mp-yogi-adityanaths-convoy-attacked-7-injured_467356.html|archive-date=17 February 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2008attackTOI&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Yogi Adityanath: When Yogi survived a murderous attack |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/when-yogi-survived-a-murderous-attack/articleshow/61747357.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124030138/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/when-yogi-survived-a-murderous-attack/articleshow/61747357.cms |archive-date=24 January 2018|work=The Times of India |date=22 November 2017 |access-date=17 February 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In January 2007, Adityanath along with other BJP leaders had gathered to mourn the death of a man who was killed because of religious violence. He and his supporters were subsequently arrested by the police and lodged in Gorakhpur jail on the charges of disturbing peace and violating prohibitory orders. His arrest led to further unrest during which several coaches of the [[Mumbai]] bound Mumbai–Gorakhpur Godan Express were burnt, allegedly by protesting [[Hindu Yuva Vahini]] members.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1076780|title=Violence hits parts of eastern UP, curfew in Gorakhpur area|work=DNA India|date=29 January 2008|access-date=3 February 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200849/http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1076780|archive-date=27 September 2007|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/jailhouse-rock-for-yogi-co-host-amarmani/story-cbyrPKDdCcvrZQ7qsh7RPK.html|title='Jailhouse rock' for Yogi &amp; Cohost Amarmani|date=2 February 2007|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=1 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032719/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/jailhouse-rock-for-yogi-co-host-amarmani/story-cbyrPKDdCcvrZQ7qsh7RPK.html|archive-date=17 November 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070203/nation.htm#3|title=Vahini activists set train ablaze|author=Shahira Naim|date=2 February 2007|access-date=26 April 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070428214824/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070203/nation.htm|archive-date=28 April 2007|url-status=live|publisher=Tribune News Service}}&lt;/ref&gt; The day after the arrest, the District Magistrate and the local police chief were transferred and replaced.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070130/main3.htm|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Main News|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=8 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045217/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070130/main3.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Murder case dismissal ===<br /> In 1999, Adityanath was charged in connection with the death of head constable Satya Prakash Yadav, who was the personal security officer of [[Samajwadi Party]] leader Talat Aziz. The incident occurred in [[Maharajganj district|Maharajganj]] when Adityanath and his supporters reportedly opened fire at Aziz and his supporters. The CB-CID (Crime Branch-Criminal Investigation Department) conducted an investigation and filed a final report that cleared Adityanath of the charges. In 2019, [[Allahabad High Court]]'s special court for MPs and MLAs dismissed the 20-year-old murder case, upholding the CB-CID's findings and the CJM court's decision.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/20-year-old-murder-case-against-yogi-dismissed |title=20-year-old murder case against Yogi dismissed |newspaper=[[National Herald]] |date=17 July 2019 |agency=IANS |archive-date=4 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304213754/https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/20-year-old-murder-case-against-yogi-dismissed#bypass-sw |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Relations with the BJP===<br /> In 1998, Yogi Adityanath was elected to the Indian Parliament after joining the BJP;&lt;ref name=Jaffrelot/&gt; however, there were reports of his strained relations with the state BJP leaders.&lt;ref name=indexp&gt;{{cite news |title=Group war peaks in Uttar Pradesh |author=Sharad Gupta |newspaper=[[Indian Express]] |url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19990928/ipo28045.html |date=28 September 1999 |access-date=5 September 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140905210123/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19990928/ipo28045.html |archive-date=5 September 2014 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; It has also been alleged that he often derided and criticised the dilution of the Hindutva ideology by the BJP in the 1990s and early 2000s.{{sfn|Basu, Violent Conjunctures in Democratic India|2015|p=222}} Having established his independent power base in Eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]], with the support of the Hindu Yuva Vahini and the Gorakhnath Math, he felt confident to be able to dictate terms to the BJP.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mohit Kwatra Ward No-216 ( BJP Party) |url=https://rajnitti.com/india/uttar-pradesh/cm/yogi-adityanath.html |access-date=17 July 2023 |website=rajnitti.com |language=en |archive-date=17 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717090440/https://rajnitti.com/india/uttar-pradesh/cm/yogi-adityanath.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; When his voice was not heard, he revolted by fielding candidates against the official BJP candidates. The most prominent example was the fielding of [[Radha Mohan Das Agarwal]] from Gorakhpur on a Hindu Mahasabha ticket in 2002, who then defeated BJP Cabinet minister, [[Shiv Pratap Shukla]] by a wide margin.{{sfn|Basu, Violent Conjunctures in Democratic India|2015|p=222}} In 2007, Adityanath threatened to field 70 candidates for the state assembly against the BJP candidates. But he reached a compromise in the end.&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{citation |last=Voll |first=Klaus Julian |chapter=Power Games or Programmatic Evolution in the BJP |editor1=Hartmut Elsenhans |editor2=Rachid Ouaissa |editor3=Mary Ann Tétreault |title=The Transformation of Politicised Religion: From Zealots Into Leaders |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4tuXCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA138 |year=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-01360-0 |pages=131–142}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Yogi's revolt may hit BJP: Ex-BJP leader to go it alone in U.P |first=Atiq |last=Khan |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Yogis-revolt-may-hit-BJP/article14738679.ece |date=28 March 2007 |access-date=26 April 2007 |location=Chennai, India |archive-date=31 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731205003/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Yogis-revolt-may-hit-BJP/article14738679.ece |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Adityanath back in BJP, 8 nominees get tickets |first=Mohua|last=Chatterjee |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Adityanath-back-in-BJP-8-nominees-get-tickets/articleshow/1835543.cms |date=30 March 2007 |access-date=26 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103112143/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-03-30/india/27870314_1_bjp-yogi-adityanath-assembly-polls |archive-date=3 November 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In the 2009 Parliamentary elections, Adityanath was rumoured to have campaigned against the BJP candidates who were then defeated.{{sfn|Basu, Violent Conjunctures in Democratic India|2015|p=222}}<br /> <br /> Despite his periodic revolts, Adityanath has been kept in good humour by the RSS and the BJP leaders. The deputy prime minister [[L. K. Advani]], the RSS chief [[Rajendra Singh (RSS)|Rajendra Singh]] and the VHP chief [[Ashok Singhal]] have visited him in Gorakhpur. During 22–24 December 2006, Adityanath organised a three-day ''Virat Hindu Mahasammelan'' at [[Gorakhpur]] at the same time as the BJP National Executive Meet in [[Lucknow]]. Despite the conflict, several RSS and VHP leaders attended the ''Mahasammelan'', which issued a commitment to pursue the Hindutva goals despite the BJP's claimed &quot;abandonment&quot; of them.{{sfn|Basu, Violent Conjunctures in Democratic India|2015|p=222}}&lt;ref name=Gatade&gt;{{citation |last=Gatade |first=Subhash |title=The Yogi and the Fanatic |newspaper=People's Democracy |volume=XXXI |number=6 |date=11 February 2007 |url=http://archives.peoplesdemocracy.in/2007/0211/02112007_gatade.htm |access-date=19 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331014415/http://archives.peoplesdemocracy.in/2007/0211/02112007_gatade.htm |archive-date=31 March 2015 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In March 2010, he was among the few BJP leaders, who pushed for a discussion in the party on the women's quota issue, following [[Gopinath Munde]]'s advocacy for OBC sub-quota within the [[Women's Reservation Bill, 2010|Women's Reservation Bill]].&lt;ref name=&quot;hindustantimes&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/adityanath-adds-to-bjp-woes-on-women-s-bill/story-yCKaEissuZr8PX6f1kZxHP.html|title=Adityanath adds to BJP woes on women's Bill|date=12 April 2010|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=30 March 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331033205/http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/adityanath-adds-to-bjp-woes-on-women-s-bill/story-yCKaEissuZr8PX6f1kZxHP.html|archive-date=31 March 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=3698770 |title=Split wide open: BJP divided over Women's Reservation Bill |date=12 March 2012 |access-date=30 March 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312084826/http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=3698770 |archive-date=12 March 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2018, Adityanath supported and campaigned for fellow Hindu monk and BJP candidate [[Pratap Puriji Maharaj]], the head of the Taratara math, in the [[Rajasthan]] state assembly election.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Why the Political Atmosphere in Rajasthan's Pokhran Has Turned Communal |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/rajasthan-elections-pokhran-bjp-congres |access-date=23 August 2019 |work=The Wire |date=5 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823104735/https://thewire.in/communalism/rajasthan-elections-pokhran-bjp-congres |archive-date=23 August 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh (2017–present)==<br /> [[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi at the swearing-in ceremony of the new government of Uttar Pradesh, at Lucknow (1).jpg|thumb|280x280px|Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and other [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] leaders at the swearing-in ceremony of Yogi Adityanath]]Adityanath was a prominent campaigner for the BJP in the [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 assembly elections]] in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The [[government of Uttar Pradesh|state government]] appointed him as &lt;!-- Do NOT add counts or ordinals, as per [[WP:CONSENSUS]] --&gt; [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|chief minister]] on 18 March 2017;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT2&quot;/&gt; he was sworn in the next day, after the BJP won the assembly elections.&lt;ref name=&quot;sworn2017&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=19 March 2017 |title=BJP's Adityanath sworn in as UP chief minister with 2 deputies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/news/bjps-adityanath-sworn-in-as-uttar-pradesh-chief-minister/articleshow/57716008.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322143228/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/news/bjps-adityanath-sworn-in-as-uttar-pradesh-chief-minister/articleshow/57716008.cms |archive-date=22 March 2017 |access-date=22 March 2017 |website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC3&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=18 March 2017 |title=Hindu firebrand Yogi Adityanath picked as Uttar Pradesh chief minister |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-39316597 |url-status=live |access-date=18 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318171353/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-39316597 |archive-date=18 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nextCM3&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=18 March 2017 |title=Yogi Adityanath is new Uttar Pradesh CM, will have two deputies |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |url=http://indianexpress.com/elections/uttar-pradesh-assembly-elections-2017/yogi-adityanath-bjp-up-will-be-the-next-cm-of-uttar-pradesh-chief-minister-keshav-prasad-maurya-manoj-singh-deputy-cm-4574851/ |url-status=live |access-date=18 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318150300/http://indianexpress.com/elections/uttar-pradesh-assembly-elections-2017/yogi-adityanath-bjp-up-will-be-the-next-cm-of-uttar-pradesh-chief-minister-keshav-prasad-maurya-manoj-singh-deputy-cm-4574851/ |archive-date=18 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Ministry allocation ===<br /> {{Main|First Yogi Adityanath ministry}}<br /> After becoming the chief minister of Uttar Pradesh, Adityanath kept around 36 ministries under his direct control, including [[Department of Home and Confidential|Home]], [[Department of Housing and Urban Planning|Housing, Town and country planning department]], Revenue, [[Department of Food and Civil Supplies (Uttar Pradesh)|Food and Civil Supplies]], Food Security and drug administration, Economics and Statistics, Mines and Minerals, Flood control, Stamp and registry, Prison, General administration, Secretariat administration, Vigilance, [[Department of Appointment and Personnel|Personnel and appointment]], Information, Institutional finance, Planning, Estate department, Urban land, UP state reorganisation committee, Administration reforms, Programme implementation, National integration, Infrastructure, Coordination, Language, External aided project, Relief and Rehabilitation, Public Service Management, Rent Control, Consumer protection and Weights and measures.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=CM Yogi Adityanath keeps home, revenue: UP portfolio allocation highlights |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/live-updates-on-uttar-pradesh-govt-portfolios-keshav-prasad-maurya-gets-pwd/story-JafGBgr7Oe7VXxcBsnAOdM.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=22 March 2017 |access-date=22 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026122648/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/live-updates-on-uttar-pradesh-govt-portfolios-keshav-prasad-maurya-gets-pwd/story-JafGBgr7Oe7VXxcBsnAOdM.html |archive-date=26 October 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Uttar Pradesh CM Yogi Adityanath allocates portfolios, keeps home |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/ml8rjBW8B7eioW9MkGh0QP/UP-cabinet-live-Yogi-Adityanath-unveils-portfolios-keeps-h.html |work=[[Live Mint]] |date=23 March 2017 |access-date=26 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326023301/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/ml8rjBW8B7eioW9MkGh0QP/UP-cabinet-live-Yogi-Adityanath-unveils-portfolios-keeps-h.html |archive-date=26 March 2017 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In his first cabinet meeting, held on 4 April 2017, the decision was taken to [[loan forgiveness|forgive loans]] to nearly 87 [[lakh]] (8,700,000) small and marginal farmers of Uttar Pradesh, amounting to {{INRConvert|363.59|b}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Yogi Adityanath-led UP govt waives off farm loans worth Rs 36,359 cr |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/yogi-adityanath-led-first-cabinet-meet-farm-loans-worth-rs-36359-crore-waived-off/articleshow/58012312.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=4 April 2017 |access-date=5 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521081205/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/yogi-adityanath-led-first-cabinet-meet-farm-loans-worth-rs-36359-crore-waived-off/articleshow/58012312.cms |archive-date=21 May 2017 |url-status=live |last1=Sharma |first1=Aman }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|title=Yogi Adityanath gives big relief to farmers, waives of loans of Rs 30729 crore in first cabinet meet|date=4 April 2017|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/yogi-adityanath-cabinet-meet-big-relief-for-farmers-cm-waives-off-loans-up-to-rs-1-lakh/614718/|work=[[The Financial Express (India)]]|access-date=5 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405181511/http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/yogi-adityanath-cabinet-meet-big-relief-for-farmers-cm-waives-off-loans-up-to-rs-1-lakh/614718/|archive-date=5 April 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; For [[Independence Day (India)|India's Independence Day]] celebrations in 2017, his government singled out Muslim religious schools, requiring them to provide video evidence that their students had sung the Indian national anthem.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=The unfinished Partition of India and Pakistan|url=https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21726729-seventy-years-after-two-countries-split-many-hindus-and-muslims-are-still-trying|access-date=19 August 2017|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=17 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819100557/https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21726729-seventy-years-after-two-countries-split-many-hindus-and-muslims-are-still-trying|archive-date=19 August 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Law and order ===<br /> {{See also|Bulldozer justice}}<br /> In 2017, his government ordered the withdrawal of around 20,000 &quot;politically motivated&quot; cases, including those against himself and other politicians.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Bajpai|first=Namita|date=27 December 2017|title=Process to withdraw 20,000 cases against politicians, including Yogi Adityanath, takes off in Uttar Pradesh|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/dec/27/process-to-withdraw-20000-cases-against-politicians-including-yogi-adityanath-takes-off-in-uttar-1738395.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230042754/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/dec/27/process-to-withdraw-20000-cases-against-politicians-including-yogi-adityanath-takes-off-in-uttar-1738395.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 December 2017|access-date=3 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Adityanath ordered the forming of ''quasi''-vigilante anti-&quot;[[Eve teasing|romeo]]&quot; squads.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=UP CM Yogi Adityanath's appointment and decisions have trapped Oppn and liberals |date=28 March 2017 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/up-cm-yogi-adityanath-s-appointment-has-trapped-the-opposition-and-liberals/story-KzkpuGVJIBUydHNRDkyq8M.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328230845/http://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/up-cm-yogi-adityanath-s-appointment-has-trapped-the-opposition-and-liberals/story-KzkpuGVJIBUydHNRDkyq8M.html |access-date=29 March 2017 |archive-date=28 March 2017 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He imposed a blanket ban on [[Cow smuggling in India|cow-smuggling]] and a stay on [[Uttar Pradesh Public Service Commission|UPPSC]] civil service exam results, exams and interviews until further order.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Yogi Adityanath gets cracking: 3 days, 5 big decisions of new Uttar Pradesh chief minister |date=22 March 2017 |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/yogi-adityanath-big-decisions-uttar-pradesh-slaughter-houses/1/910001.html |work=[[India Today]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322164611/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/yogi-adityanath-big-decisions-uttar-pradesh-slaughter-houses/1/910001.html |access-date=22 March 2017 |archive-date=22 March 2017 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He imposed a ban on the [[vice]]s of tobacco, ''[[paan]]'' and ''[[gutka]]'' in government offices across the state, and compelled officials to pledge to devote 100 hours every year for the [[Swachh Bharat Mission]].&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath Bans Paan Masala, Gutka In UP Offices |date=22 March 2017 |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/furious-at-paan-stains-up-chief-minister-yogi-adityanath-bans-tobacco-in-up-offices-1672222 |work=[[NDTV]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323143319/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/furious-at-paan-stains-up-chief-minister-yogi-adityanath-bans-tobacco-in-up-offices-1672222 |access-date=23 March 2017 |archive-date=23 March 2017 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; More than 100 &quot;[[black sheep]]&quot; policemen were suspended by the [[Uttar Pradesh police]].&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Over 100 Policemen Suspended in UP After New Govt Takes Over |date=23 March 2017 |url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/over-100-policemen-suspended-in-up-after-new-govt-takes-over-1363284.html |work=[[News 18]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323234509/http://www.news18.com/news/india/over-100-policemen-suspended-in-up-after-new-govt-takes-over-1363284.html |access-date=23 March 2017 |archive-date=23 March 2017 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Since 2017, Adityanath had ordered the closing of many slaughterhouses. As a direct consequence, the tanneries that sourced raw leather from the slaughterhouses were impacted. Several tanneries were also ordered to be shut down. The tannery industry was estimated to be worth ₹50,0000 crore in 2017. The industry directly or indirectly gave employment to more than 10 lakh people. Since 2018, through executive orders, Adityanath had closed around 200 tanneries out of more than 400 that were active in Jajamau, Kanpur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tanneries&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=As Kanpur Tanneries Face Extinction, Adityanath's (Mis)rule Dominates Poll Talk |url=https://thewire.in/labour/as-kanpur-tanneries-face-extinction-adityanaths-misrule-dominates-poll-talk |access-date=20 February 2022 |work=The Wire |archive-date=19 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219172518/https://thewire.in/labour/as-kanpur-tanneries-face-extinction-adityanaths-misrule-dominates-poll-talk |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the first 10 months of his first term, he conducted four [[Encounter killings by police|police encounters]] per day.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Dixit |first1=Neha |title=A Chronicle of the Crime Fiction That is Adityanath's Encounter Raj |url=https://thewire.in/rights/chronicle-crime-fiction-adityanaths-encounter-raj |access-date=25 August 2022 |work=The Wire |date=25 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[National Human Rights Commission of India|National Human Rights Commission]] issued a notice to the state government and a bench of three judges from the [[Supreme Court of India]] warned and issued notice to the [[Uttar Pradesh government]] in this case.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/supreme-court-to-uttar-pradesh-over-fake-encounters/articleshow/64824250.cms|title=Supreme Court to Uttar Pradesh over fake encounters |website=The Times of India|date=2 July 2018|access-date=3 July 2019 |archive-date=9 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209061003/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/supreme-court-to-uttar-pradesh-over-fake-encounters/articleshow/64824250.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/lucknow-news/ngo-alleges-threat-from-up-police-over-fake-encounter-1879645|title=NGO Alleges Threat From UP Police Over Fake Encounter|website=NDTV.com|access-date=3 July 2019|archive-date=9 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209061003/https://www.ndtv.com/lucknow-news/ngo-alleges-threat-from-up-police-over-fake-encounter-1879645|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Committee Against Assault on Journalists found that 138 cases of persecution of journalists were registered under Adityanath's term in Uttar Pradesh between 2017 and February 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=In Yogi's UP, 48 Journalists Assaulted, 66 Booked, 12 Killed: Report |url=https://thewire.in/media/in-yogis-up-48-journalists-assaulted-66-booked-12-killed-report |access-date=25 August 2022 |work=The Wire |date=12 February 2022 |archive-date=25 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825112248/https://thewire.in/media/in-yogis-up-48-journalists-assaulted-66-booked-12-killed-report |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After the [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests in Uttar Pradesh]], he put up hoardings with names, photographs and addresses of protestors. Only after the order of the [[Allahabad High Court|High Court]], which called his government's action &quot;shameless&quot; and an &quot;unwarranted interference in privacy&quot;, the posters were removed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title='Name and shame' posters: 'No law to support you,' Supreme Court tells Adityanath government |url=https://scroll.in/latest/955906/no-law-to-support-you-says-sc-as-it-hears-up-governments-defence-of-posters-of-caa-protestors |access-date=25 August 2022 |work=Scroll.in |date=12 March 2020 |archive-date=25 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825114026/https://scroll.in/latest/955906/no-law-to-support-you-says-sc-as-it-hears-up-governments-defence-of-posters-of-caa-protestors |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title='Shameless': Allahabad HC orders removal of posters with CAA protestors' addresses in UP |url=https://scroll.in/latest/955621/caa-allahabad-hc-orders-removal-of-all-posters-with-protestors-photos-and-addresses |access-date=25 August 2022 |work=Scroll.in |date=9 March 2020 |archive-date=25 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825113657/https://scroll.in/latest/955621/caa-allahabad-hc-orders-removal-of-all-posters-with-protestors-photos-and-addresses |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi and the President of the Republic of South Korea, Mr. Moon Jae-in jointly inaugurating the Samsung manufacturing plant, World’s Largest Mobile Factory, in Noida, Uttar Pradesh (2).JPG|thumb|280x280px|Yogi Adityanath along with Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and [[Moon Jae-in]], [[President of South Korea]], inaugurating the Samsung manufacturing plant, the world's largest smartphone manufacturing factory, in [[Noida]], Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> <br /> === Infrastructure development ===<br /> In July 2018, Adityanath, along with Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and [[Moon Jae-in]], [[president of South Korea]], inaugurated the world's largest smartphone manufacturing factory in [[Noida]], Uttar Pradesh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=9 July 2018 |title=World's largest mobile manufacturing factory to be inaugurated in India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/worlds-largest-mobile-manufacturing-factory-to-be-inaugurated-in-india/articleshow/64914431.cms#aoh=15968807068378&amp;csi=1&amp;referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp;amp_tf=From%20%251%24s |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101082438/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/worlds-largest-mobile-manufacturing-factory-to-be-inaugurated-in-india/articleshow/64914431.cms |archive-date=1 November 2020 |access-date=8 August 2020 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; His government was credited for making 50 megawatts of power and a {{Convert|22|km|4=-long|abbr=|adj=mid}} electricity line in a record four months for the Samsung mobile plant.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url =https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/even-sp-bsp-congress-combine-won-t-be-able-to-stop-bjp-yogi-adityanath/story-U7vuKbEkDYnXUmlZanjN4M.html|title =When Yogi Adityanath stepped in to stop Samsung from leaving UP|newspaper =Hindustan Times|date =16 September 2019|author =Shishir Gupta|access-date =8 August 2020|archive-date =2 August 2020|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200802021117/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/even-sp-bsp-congress-combine-won-t-be-able-to-stop-bjp-yogi-adityanath/story-U7vuKbEkDYnXUmlZanjN4M.html|url-status =live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url =https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/50-mw-power-22-km-electricity-line-in-record-time-what-yogi-adityanath-did-to-bring-samsung-plant-in-noida/1237569/|title =50 MW power, 22-km electricity line in record time: What Yogi Adityanath did to bring Samsung plant to Noida|newspaper =[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]|date =9 July 2018|access-date =8 August 2020|archive-date =3 December 2020|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20201203103941/https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/50-mw-power-22-km-electricity-line-in-record-time-what-yogi-adityanath-did-to-bring-samsung-plant-in-noida/1237569/|url-status =live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Narendra Modi unveiling the plaque to lay the foundation stone of Ram Janmabhoomi Mandir, in Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh on August 05, 2020. The Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, Yogi Adityanath and other dignitaries are also seen.jpg|thumb|280x280px|[[Narendra Modi]], Yogi Adityanath, [[Mohan Bhagwat]] and Nrityagopal Das unveiling the plaque to lay the foundation stone of [[Ram Mandir, Ayodhya|Ram Janmabhoomi Mandir]], in Ayodhya on 5 August 2020]]<br /> <br /> In November 2019, the government along with the Ministry of Defense laid the foundation stone of the Defence Industrial Corridor project in Jhansi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |agency=ANI |date=19 November 2021 |title=defence: PM Modi lays foundation stone of UP Defence Corridor project worth Rs 400 crore in Jhansi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-lays-foundation-stone-of-up-defence-corridor-project-worth-rs-400-crore-in-jhansi/articleshow/87803112.cms |access-date=11 March 2022 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=11 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311114245/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-lays-foundation-stone-of-up-defence-corridor-project-worth-rs-400-crore-in-jhansi/articleshow/87803112.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Adityanath held consultations with private firms in order to increase private investment in the defence corridor project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=12 November 2021 |title=Uttar Pradesh Defence Industrial Corridor: Rajnath Singh, Yogi Adityanath meets with investors |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/uttar-pradesh-defence-industrial-corridor-rajnath-singh-yogi-adityanath-meets-with-investors |access-date=11 March 2022 |work=Free Press Journal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He subsequently inaugurated Defense Corridor in 26 February 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=23 February 2024 |title=Yogi Adityanath to inaugurate Defence Corridor in UP on Feb 26 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/yogi-adityanath-to-inaugurate-defence-corridor-in-up-on-feb-26/articleshow/107938087.cms?from=mdr |access-date=23 January 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh government]] inked over 150 defence manufacturing contracts valued at Rs 24,000 crore in July 2024 for the UP Defence Industrial Corridor, spanning [[Lucknow district|Lucknow]], [[Kanpur Dehat district|Kanpur]], [[Jhansi district|Jhansi]], [[Aligarh district|Aligarh]], [[Chitrakoot district|Chitrakoot]], and [[Agra district|Agra]] districts which will create an estimated 40,000 new jobs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bharatshakti |first=Team |date=8 July 2024 |title=Kanpur Node Takes Lead In 'Make in UP' Initiative For Defence Industrial Corridor |url=https://bharatshakti.in/kanpur-node-takes-lead-in-make-in-up-initiative-for-defence-industrial-corridor/ |access-date=23 January 2025 |website=Bharat Shakti |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The ''[[New York Times]]'' relayed analysts' estimations of Adityanath as a candidate for [[Prime Minister of India]] in 2024, provided he &quot;delivers on some fronts&quot;{{Which|date=February 2022}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/12/world/asia/india-yogi-adityanath-bjp-modi.html|title=Firebrand Hindu Cleric Ascends India's Political Ladder|first1=Ellen|last1=Barry|first2=Suhasini|last2=Raj|date=12 July 2017|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=1 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229204138/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/12/world/asia/india-yogi-adityanath-bjp-modi.html|archive-date=29 December 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In August 2020, ''[[India Today]]''{{'s}} &quot;Mood of the nation&quot; survey showed Adityanath as the best-performing chief minister in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url =https://www.indiatoday.in/mood-of-the-nation/story/uttar-pradesh-yogi-adityanath-best-performing-cm-chief-minister-india-third-time-1708880-2020-08-07|title =Mood of the Nation poll: Yogi Adityanath is best performing CM in India for third time in row|newspaper =[[India Today]]|date =7 August 2020|access-date =8 August 2020|archive-date =8 August 2020|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200808124925/https://www.indiatoday.in/mood-of-the-nation/story/uttar-pradesh-yogi-adityanath-best-performing-cm-chief-minister-india-third-time-1708880-2020-08-07|url-status =live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Ordinance and bills ===<br /> In September 2020, Adityanath asked his government to devise a strategy to prevent &quot;[[love jihad|religious conversions in the name of love]]&quot;, and even considered passing an ordinance for the same if needed.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=18 September 2020|title=Adityanath govt mulls ordinance against 'love jihad'|work=[[The Economic Times]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/adityanath-govt-mulls-ordinance-against-love-jihad/articleshow/78186587.cms|access-date=19 September 2020|archive-date=27 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027135411/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/adityanath-govt-mulls-ordinance-against-love-jihad/articleshow/78186587.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=18 September 2020|title=Adityanath govt. mulls ordinance against 'love jihad'|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/adityanath-govt-mulls-ordinance-against-love-jihad/article32643089.ece|access-date=19 September 2020|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920022252/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/adityanath-govt-mulls-ordinance-against-love-jihad/article32643089.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 31 October, Adityanath announced that a [[Prohibition of Unlawful Religious Conversion Ordinance, 2020]] to curb &quot;[[Love Jihad]]&quot;{{Efn|As of November 2020, ''Love Jihad'' is a term not recognised by the Indian legal system.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Adityanath Cabinet Approves Ordinance Against 'Love Jihad' |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/adityanath-cabinet-approves-ordinance-against-love-jihad-law |access-date=25 November 2020 |work=[[The Wire (India)]] |date=24 November 2020 |archive-date=24 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124140103/https://thewire.in/communalism/adityanath-cabinet-approves-ordinance-against-love-jihad-law |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|name=|group=}} would be passed by his government.<br /> <br /> The [[Uttar Pradesh Council of Ministers|Uttar Pradesh state cabinet]] cleared Adityanath's ordinance on 24 November 2020. following which it was approved and signed by state Governor [[Anandiben Patel]] on 28 November 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=24 November 2020|title=Jail term, fine for 'illegal' conversions in Uttar Pradesh|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uttar-pradesh-cabinet-clears-ordinance-against-love-jihad/article33170627.ece|access-date=25 November 2020|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=24 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124211523/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uttar-pradesh-cabinet-clears-ordinance-against-love-jihad/article33170627.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=28 November 2020|title=UP Governor Anandiben Patel gives assent to ordinance on 'unlawful conversion'|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/up-governor-anandiben-patel-gives-assent-to-ordinance-on-unlawful-conversion-11606545320071.html|access-date=1 December 2020|website=mint|language=en|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128065626/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/up-governor-anandiben-patel-gives-assent-to-ordinance-on-unlawful-conversion-11606545320071.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In July 2021, Adityanath introduced the UP population control draft bill 2021–2030. On the event of [[World Population Day]], the chief minister unveiled the policy on reducing population growth for the forthcoming years. There were also several benefits announced based on the laid single-child and two-child policies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Yogi unveils population control draft bill to eliminate 'hurdle'|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/yogi-unveils-population-control-draft-bill-to-eliminate-hurdle/cid/1822050|access-date=14 July 2021|website=www.telegraphindia.com|archive-date=14 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714082902/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/yogi-unveils-population-control-draft-bill-to-eliminate-hurdle/cid/1822050|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He said the state population policy focused on efforts to increase the accessibility of contraceptive measures issued under the Family Planning Programme and provide a proper system for safe abortion.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=11 July 2021|title=Yogi Aditynath unveils population control draft bill, says 'every community taken care of'; all you need to know|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/yogi-adityanath-unveils-ups-new-population-policy-from-provisions-to-implementation-of-measures-what-you-need-to-know-9796721.html|access-date=14 July 2021|website=Firstpost|archive-date=14 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714082902/https://www.firstpost.com/india/yogi-adityanath-unveils-ups-new-population-policy-from-provisions-to-implementation-of-measures-what-you-need-to-know-9796721.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; This policy also received lots of reactions and criticisms from other political parties. It was said that this policy mainly focused on the upcoming general elections in the state. The opposition [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in the state has called it a &quot;political agenda&quot; and the Samajwadi Party said it is &quot;murder of democracy&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Yogi Adityanath Unveils Population Policy As Congress, Samajwadi Fume|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/yogi-adityanath-unveils-population-policy-as-congress-samajwadis-fume-2484136|access-date=14 July 2021|website=NDTV.com|archive-date=14 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714082902/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/yogi-adityanath-unveils-population-policy-as-congress-samajwadis-fume-2484136|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Quraishi|first=S. Y.|date=14 July 2021|title=CM Yogi's UP population control bill is designed to serve only one purpose — 2022 election|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/cm-yogis-up-population-control-bill-is-designed-to-serve-only-one-purpose-2022-election/695550/|access-date=14 July 2021|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|archive-date=14 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714053241/https://theprint.in/opinion/cm-yogis-up-population-control-bill-is-designed-to-serve-only-one-purpose-2022-election/695550/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Second term (2022–present) ===<br /> {{Main|Second Yogi Adityanath ministry}}<br /> On 10 March 2022, with the announcement of the legislative assembly results, the BJP-led [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] alliance secured 273 seats with Adityanath winning his second term. He and his party wrote history, being the first chief minister to return to power after completing a full 5-year term in office. The BJP is also the first party to return to power consecutively after 37 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 March 2022 |title=Yogi Adityanath makes history amid BJP's big win in Uttar Pradesh - 10 points |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/yogi-adityanath-makes-history-amid-bjps-big-win-in-uttar-pradesh-10-points-2444287.html |access-date=11 March 2022 |website=Zee News |language=en |archive-date=11 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311040830/https://zeenews.india.com/india/yogi-adityanath-makes-history-amid-bjps-big-win-in-uttar-pradesh-10-points-2444287.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;theprint.in&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=10 March 2022 |title=Yogi Adityanath — 'curious boy' who became firebrand leader makes history with 2nd term as UP CM |language=en-US |work=ThePrint |url=https://theprint.in/politics/yogi-adityanath-curious-boy-who-became-firebrand-leader-makes-history-with-2nd-term-as-up-cm/866666/ |access-date=11 March 2022 |archive-date=11 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311075236/https://theprint.in/politics/yogi-adityanath-curious-boy-who-became-firebrand-leader-makes-history-with-2nd-term-as-up-cm/866666/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; He was only the third chief minister, in Uttar Pradesh's political history to complete a full 5-year term as the chief minister of the state after [[Mayawati]] of [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]] and [[Akhilesh Yadav]] belonging to the [[Samajwadi Party]].&lt;ref name=&quot;theprint.in&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In the buildup to the assembly elections, Adityanath successfully used a campaign with a bulldozer as its main image, earning him the nickname &quot;Bulldozer Baba&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Majumder |first=Bhaswati Guha |date=10 March 2022 |title=Why BJP Workers in Uttar Pradesh Are Celebrating Yogi's Victory on Bulldozers |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/why-bjp-workers-in-uttar-pradesh-are-celebrating-yogis-victory-with-bulldozers-4861778.html |access-date=10 April 2022 |work=News18 |language=en |archive-date=10 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410024454/https://www.news18.com/news/politics/why-bjp-workers-in-uttar-pradesh-are-celebrating-yogis-victory-with-bulldozers-4861778.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=10 March 2022 |agency=PTI |title='Bulldozer baba' -- Mighty Yogi's new sobriquet |url=https://theprint.in/india/bulldozer-baba-mighty-yogis-new-sobriquet/867987/ |access-date=10 April 2022 |work=ThePrint |archive-date=10 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410024454/https://theprint.in/india/bulldozer-baba-mighty-yogis-new-sobriquet/867987/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The term had initially been used as a taunt by an opposition party.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Sahu |first=Manish |date=8 March 2022 |title=Explained: Not just bulls, how bulldozers made it to election lexicon in UP |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-not-just-bulls-how-bulldozers-made-it-to-election-lexicon-in-up-7804167/ |url-access=limited |access-date=10 April 2022 |work=The Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt; His speeches during the polls included hate speeches against Muslims, promoting religious polarisation and Hindu supremacy. Further, his speeches included the idea that the rights of Hindus are at odds with that of Muslims, where he repeatedly conflated Muslims with terrorists and criminals, and the opposition parties as appeasers of Muslims.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Barton |first1=Naomi |last2=Jafri |first2=Alishan |last3=Fatima |first3=Madeeha |title=100+ Instances of Hate Speech, Religious Polarisation, Hindutva Supremacy in Adityanath's Poll Speeches |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/100-instances-of-hate-speech-religious-polarisation-hindutva-supremacy-in-adityanaths-poll-speeches |access-date=30 August 2022 |work=The Wire |date=3 March 2022 |archive-date=30 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830114638/https://thewire.in/communalism/100-instances-of-hate-speech-religious-polarisation-hindutva-supremacy-in-adityanaths-poll-speeches |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Adityanath denied the accusations of the Samajwadi Party that the BJP is a sectarian party with a communal way of thinking, that the BJP's ideology is based on inclusivity and togetherness, not division and added that we believe in 'Sabka Saath, Sabka Vishwas (Together with all, trust of all)' and that the BJP's goal of &quot;Sarve Bhavantu Sukhinah, Sarve Santu Niraamaya,&quot; which means &quot;May all be happy, may all be free from illness,&quot; was emphasised by Chief Minister Yogi as a governing principle.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=BJP believes in Sabka Saath, Sabka Vishwas, how can it be communal: Yogi | website=The New Indian Express | date=4 March 2025 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Mar/04/bjp-believes-in-sabka-saath-sabka-vishwas-how-can-it-be-communal-yogi | access-date=17 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is seen as a potential successor of Prime Minister Modi by a large group of Hindu Nationalists across the country.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/the-new-sovereign-yogi-adityanath-leads-the-race-for-narendra-modis-successor/cid/1923290 |title=Op-ed &amp;#124; the new sovereign: Yogi Adityanath leads the race for Narendra Modi's successor - Telegraph India |access-date=20 May 2024 |archive-date=20 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520122833/https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/the-new-sovereign-yogi-adityanath-leads-the-race-for-narendra-modis-successor/cid/1923290 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://thewire.in/politics/by-pushing-talk-that-adityanath-may-be-next-pm-bjp-wants-to-ensure-we-dont-let-go-of-modi |title=By Pushing Talk That Adityanath May be Next PM, BJP Wants to Ensure We Don't Let Go of Modi |access-date=20 May 2024 |archive-date=20 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520122836/https://thewire.in/politics/by-pushing-talk-that-adityanath-may-be-next-pm-bjp-wants-to-ensure-we-dont-let-go-of-modi |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Allegations and criticism===<br /> Concerns were raised for alleged maladministration in the appointments and recruitment of candidates to various departments of government. The opposition leaders from [[Samajwadi Party]] as well as BJP's own allies like [[Anupriya Patel]] criticised the Yogi government time and again for sabotaging the right of [[Other Backward Castes]] and [[Dalits]]. In a letter written to Uttar Pradesh government, Patel alleged that the appointment authorities under Adityanath government are labelling the [[Other Backward Class|OBC]] and SC, [[Schedule Tribe|ST]] candidates as ineligible for appointment in the interview based appointment process to various departments of government.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Salaria |first=Shikha |date=24 July 2024 |url=https://theprint.in/politics/yogi-maurya-rift-out-in-open-veiled-barbs-quota-missives-back-to-back-meetings/2189077/ |title=Yogi, Maurya rift out in open — veiled barbs, quota missives &amp; back-to-back meetings |work=The Print |accessdate=5 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Mishra |first=Ishita |date=28 June 2024 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bias-against-obcs-scs-sts-in-up-govt-appointments-union-minister-tells-yogi/article68344934.ece|title=Bias against OBC SC ST in UP government union minister tells |work=The Hindu |access-date=7 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The criticism also came from within the party and in 2023, Deputy Chief Minister [[Keshav Prasad Maurya]] wrote to the Appointment and Personnel department to publish the data of selection of candidates belonging to [[Other Backward Class|OBC]], SC and [[Schedule Tribe|ST]] communities to various departments of government.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/now-dy-cm-maurya-seeks-details-of-reservation-in-up-government-jobs-101721677879071.html|title= Now, dy CM Maurya seeks details of reservation in UP government jobs|website=Hindustan Times|date= 23 July 2024|accessdate=5 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Yogi Adityanath government was also criticised for malpractices in appointment of 69,000 teachers in state sponsored schools of Uttar Pradesh. Many candidates alleged that despite securing more marks than [[Forward Castes|general caste]] candidates, they were placed in reserved quota and allotted the seats meant for reserved quota candidates, thus reducing their overall representation and increasing the representation of candidates belonging to general castes. In a reply in [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], Adityanath government later admitted that mismanagement has taken place in the appointments, which was followed by subsequent decrees of [[Allahabad High Court]] on reviewing the result and republishing it after considering the quota rules properly.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/government/up-teacher-recruitment-maurya-backs-69000-protestors-yogi-had-dismissed-as-pawns-of-sp|title=UP Teacher Recruitment: Maurya Backs '69,000' Protestors Yogi Had Dismissed as 'Pawns' of SP |website=The Wire|accessdate=6 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/up-69000-assistant-teachers-exam-hc-9522223/|title=Why the selection of 69,000 assistant teachers in Uttar Pradesh has been ordered afresh |website=Indian express|date=19 August 2024 |accessdate=9 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Furthermore, Adityanath was also criticised for bulldozer action against properties and lands allegedly claimed by him to be owned by criminals and mafia across the state of Uttar Pradesh, including politicians with criminal cases against them.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title='Should I do aarti…?’ Yogi Adityanath defends bulldozer action against criminals |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/yogi-adityanath-bulldozer-action-aarti-criminal-mafia-uttar-pradesh-land-grab-2414537-2023-08-01 |work=India Today |date=1 August 2023 |access-date=14 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=UP CM Yogi hands over flats built on land recovered from Mukhtar Ansari |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/up-cm-yogi-hands-over-flats-built-on-land-recovered-from-mukhtar-ansari-125110500696_1.html |work=Economic Times |date=5 November 2025 |access-date=14 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Political positions held==<br /> {{Conservatism in India|Politicians}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! From<br /> ! To<br /> ! Position <br /> ! Party<br /> |-<br /> |-<br /> | 1998<br /> | 1999<br /> | [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]] (1st term) in [[12th Lok Sabha]] from [[Gorakhpur Lok Sabha constituency|Gorakhpur]]<br /> | [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1999<br /> | 2004<br /> |[[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]] (2nd term) in [[13th Lok Sabha]] from [[Gorakhpur Lok Sabha constituency|Gorakhpur]]<br /> | [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2004<br /> | 2009<br /> | [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]] (3rd term) in [[14th Lok Sabha]] from [[Gorakhpur Lok Sabha constituency|Gorakhpur]]<br /> | [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2009<br /> | 2014<br /> | [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]] (4th term) in [[15th Lok Sabha]] from [[Gorakhpur Lok Sabha constituency|Gorakhpur]]<br /> | [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2014<br /> | 2018<br /> | [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]] (5th term) in [[16th Lok Sabha]] from [[Gorakhpur Lok Sabha constituency|Gorakhpur]]<br /> | [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2017<br /> | 2022 <br /> | [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]] ([[First Yogi Adityanath ministry|1st term]]) in [[17th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]<br /> *[[Member of the Legislative Council (India)|MLC]] (1st term) in [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]<br /> | [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2022 <br /> | Present <br /> | [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]] ([[Second Yogi Adityanath ministry|2nd term]]) in [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]<br /> *[[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] from [[Gorakhpur Urban Assembly constituency]] (1st term)<br /> | [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Electoral history ==<br /> {{Main|Electoral history of Yogi Adityanath}}<br /> === Lok Sabha elections ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |- <br /> !Year<br /> ! Constituency <br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> !Votes <br /> !%<br /> !Result<br /> |-<br /> |[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]<br /> | rowspan=5|[[Gorakhpur Lok Sabha constituency|Gorakhpur]]<br /> | {{party name with colour| Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}<br /> |268,428<br /> |42.62<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]<br /> |267,382<br /> |41.10<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]<br /> |353,647<br /> |51.31<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<br /> |403,156<br /> |53.85<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<br /> |539,127<br /> |51.83<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> === Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly elections ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |- <br /> !Year<br /> ! Constituency <br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> !Votes <br /> !%<br /> !Result<br /> |-<br /> |[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br /> | rowspan=5|[[Gorakhpur Urban Assembly constituency|Gorakhpur Urban]]<br /> | {{party name with colour| Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=1}}<br /> |165,499<br /> |66.18<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == In popular culture ==<br /> In 2025, a biographical film titled ''[[Ajey: The Untold Story of a Yogi]]'' was announced, depicting his life. The film, inspired by [[Shantanu Gupta]]'s book ''[[The Monk Who Became Chief Minister]]'', explores his journey from a [[Natha Sampradaya|Nathpanthi]] monk to a prominent political leader as the chief minister of Uttar Pradesh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=First look of biopic 'AJEY- The Untold Story of a Yogi' shows transformation of Yogi Adityanath |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/first-look-of-biopic-ajey-the-untold-story-of-a-yogi-shows-transformation-of-yogi-adityanath/articleshow/119528312.cms |work=The Times of India |agency=IANS |issn=0971-8257 |date=26 March 2025 |access-date=28 March 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |title=Ajey: The Untold Story of a Yogi brings Yogi Adityanath's life to the screen |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/film-on-yogi-adityanath-ajey-the-untold-story-of-a-yogi-2699361-2025-03-26 |magazine=India Today |date=26 March 2025 |access-date=28 March 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Cyril |first=Grace |date=26 March 2025 |title=Yogi Adityanath's Journey Comes Alive In Ajey: The Untold Story Of A Yogi, Motion Poster Out Now |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/yogi-adityanaths-journey-comes-alive-in-ajey-the-untold-story-of-a-yogi-motion-poster-out-now-9275773.html |work=News18 |access-date=28 March 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was officially released on 19 September 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Sah |first=Purnima |date=7 August 2025 |title=Film inspired by Yogi Adityanath stuck in censorship row |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/film-inspired-by-yogi-adityanath-stuck-in-censorship-row/article69906721.ece |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X |access-date=10 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> * ''Haṭhayoga svarūpa evam sādhanā'', Gorakhapura : Śrī Gorakshanātha Mandira, 2007, 148 p. &lt;small&gt;On [[Hatha yoga]].&lt;/small&gt;<br /> * {{Cite book|author=Adityanath, Yogi|title=Rājayoga : svarūpa evaṃ sādhanā|year=2019|pages=192|isbn=978-93-5322-406-6|location=Dillī|oclc=1102086331|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FfVAEAAAQBAJ}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|Biography|Politics|Hinduism}}<br /> * ''[[The Monk Who Became Chief Minister]]''<br /> * ''[[Yogi Adityanath: The Rise of a Saffron Socialist]]''<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> ===Citations===<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ===Sources===<br /> * {{citation |last=Jha |first=Prashant |title=Battles of the New Republic: A Contemporary History of Nepal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vcSHCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA110 |year=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-1-84904-459-2 |ref={{sfnref|Jha, Battle of the New Republic|2014}}}}<br /> * {{citation |last=Basu |first=Amrita |title=Violent Conjunctures in Democratic India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mFzmCQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA222 |date=2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-316-30018-3 |ref={{sfnref|Basu, Violent Conjunctures in Democratic India|2015}}}}<br /> * {{citation |last=Gupta |first=Shantanu |title=The Monk Who Became Chief Minister |url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/in/the-monk-who-became-chief-minister-9789386606426/ |date=2017 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=9789386606426 |ref={{sfnref|Gupta, The Monk Who Became Chief Minister|2017}} |access-date=13 August 2017 |archive-date=7 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807193831/https://www.bloomsbury.com/in/the-monk-who-became-chief-minister-9789386606426/ |url-status=live }}<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> * {{Cite book|last=Gupta|first=Shantanu|title=[[The Monk Who Became Chief Minister|The Monk Who Became Chief Minister: The Definitive Biography Of Yogi Adityanath]]|publisher=[[Bloomsbury India]]|year=2017|isbn=978-93-86606-42-6|location=New Delhi|oclc=1002853059|author-link=Shantanu Gupta}}<br /> * {{Cite book|author=Kumar, Pravin|title=[[Yogi Adityanath: The Rise of a Saffron Socialist]]|publisher=[[The Times Group|Times Group Books]]|year=2017|isbn=978-93-86206-56-5|location=New Delhi|oclc=1015857869}}<br /> * {{Cite book|last=Adhikari, Shekhar|title=Yogi Adityanath : Blend of Spiritualism and Political Realism|year=2018|isbn=978-93-86618-45-0|location=New Delhi|oclc=1041543420}}<br /> * {{Cite book|last1=Pradhan|first1=Sharat|title=Yogi Adityanath: Religion, Politics and Power: The Untold Story|last2=Chandra|first2=Atul|publisher=Penguin Random House India|year=2021|isbn=9789354922213}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Wikiquote}}<br /> {{Commons category}}<br /> * {{Official website|http://www.yogiadityanath.in}}<br /> <br /> {{s-start}}<br /> {{s-par|in-lwr}}<br /> {{s-bef|before=[[Mahant Avaidyanath]]}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title= Member of Parliament&lt;br /&gt;for [[Gorakhpur (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Gorakhpur]] | years=1998–2017}}<br /> {{s-aft|after=[[Praveen Kumar Nishad]]}}<br /> |-<br /> {{s-off}}<br /> {{s-bef|before=[[Akhilesh Yadav]]}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=[[List of Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]]|years=19 March 2017 – Present}}<br /> {{s-inc}}<br /> {{s-end}}<br /> {{Navboxes|list=<br /> {{Yogi ministry}}<br /> {{16th LS members from Uttar Pradesh}}<br /> {{Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> {{Current Indian chief ministers}}<br /> {{Bharatiya Janata Party chief ministers}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Adityanath, Yogi}}&lt;!-- Yogi is a title, not used for sorting --&gt;<br /> [[Category:Yogi Adityanath| ]]<br /> [[Category:1972 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Garhwali people]]<br /> [[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Chief ministers from Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> [[Category:Chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]<br /> [[Category:Indian far-right politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Hindus]]<br /> [[Category:Politicians from Gorakhpur]]<br /> [[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]<br /> [[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]<br /> [[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]<br /> [[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]<br /> [[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]<br /> [[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]<br /> [[Category:Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Hindu religious leaders]]<br /> [[Category:Hindutva]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu nationalists]]<br /> [[Category:COVID-19 pandemic in India]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu Mahasabha politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Gorakhpur]]<br /> [[Category:Shaivite religious leaders]]</div>

AgnesOppen5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joyoti_Basu&diff=506633 2026-02-07T23:08:31Z

<p>AgnesOppen5: put up - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian medical researcher (born 1957)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox scientist<br /> | name = Joyoti Basu<br /> | image =<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1957|12|17}}<br /> | birth_place = [[West Bengal]], India<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | fields = {{ublist | [[Biochemistry]] | [[Cell biology]] }}<br /> | workplaces = {{ublist | [[Bose Institute]] }}<br /> | alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Presidency college, Calcutta]] | [[Calcutta University]] | [[Bose Institute]] | [[University of Liège]] }}<br /> | doctoral_advisor = {{ublist | Parul Chakrabarti | [[:de:Jean-Marie Ghuysen|Jean-Marie Ghuysen]] }}<br /> | doctoral_students = <br /> | known_for = Studies on interaction of mycobacteria with host macrophages<br /> | awards = {{ublist| 1989&amp;nbsp;[[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] Young Scientist Medal | 2002&amp;nbsp;[[National Bioscience Award for Career Development|N-BIOS Prize]] }} <br /> }}<br /> '''Joyoti Basu''' (born 17 December 1957) is an Indian biochemist, cell biologist and a senior professor at the [[Bose Institute]]. Known for her studies on the membrane structure of [[red blood cells]], Basu is an elected fellow of all three major Indian science academies, namely the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]], the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] and the [[Indian National Science Academy]], as well as the [[Indian Society for Chemical Biology]]. The [[Department of Biotechnology]] of the Government of India awarded her the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]], one of the highest Indian science awards, for her contributions to biosciences in 2002.&lt;ref name=&quot;Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf |title=Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development |date=2016 |publisher=Department of Biotechnology |access-date=2017-11-20 |archive-date=4 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304191331/http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> [[File:Bose Institute - Kolkata 7354.JPG|thumb|left|[[Bose Institute]].]]<br /> [[File:Parul Chakrabarti - Kolkata 2009-11-07 2693.JPG|thumb|Parul Chakrabarti - Basu's mentor at Bose Institute]]<br /> Born on 17 December 1957&lt;ref name=&quot;Fellow profile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Basu,_Dr_Joyoti |title=Fellow profile |date=2017-12-06 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date=2017-12-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]], Joyoti Basu did her undergraduate studies at the [[Presidency College, Kolkata]] and after completing the BSc honors in chemistry, she obtained an MSc from the [[University of Calcutta]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Indian fellow - Joyoti Basu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail/P09-1475 |title=Indian fellow - Joyoti Basu |date=2017-12-06 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=2017-12-06 |archive-date=27 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227094739/http://insaindia.res.in/detail/P09-1475 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Her doctoral research was at the [[Bose Institute]], Kolkata&lt;ref name=&quot;Joyoti Basu (0000-0002-0497-9581) - ORCID - Connecting Research and Researchers&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0497-9581 |title=Joyoti Basu (0000-0002-0497-9581) - ORCID |last=ORCID |date=2017-12-09 |website=orcid.org |language=en |access-date=2017-12-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;LIST of Alumni of BOSE INSTITUTE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://boseinstitutealumni.in/alum.pdf |title=LIST of Alumni of BOSE INSTITUTE |date=2017-12-09 |website=Bose Institute |access-date=2017-12-09 |archive-date=10 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210015806/http://boseinstitutealumni.in/alum.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; under the guidance of Parul Chakrabarti, which earned her a PhD from Calcutta University. She did her post-doctoral work at the laboratory of Jean-Marie Ghuysen at the [[University of Liège]] working on [[mycobacterial]] cell division and mycobacterial [[peptidoglycan]]-biosynthesizing enzymes. She joined Bose Institute in 1991 as a faculty member at the department of Chemistry.&lt;ref name=&quot;Joyoti Basu on Loop&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/73639/bio |title=Joyoti Basu on Loop |date=2017-12-09 |website=Loop |language=en |access-date=2017-12-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Joyoti Basu -Bose Institute - Academia.edu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://boseinst.academia.edu/JoyotiBasu |title=Joyoti Basu -Bose Institute - Academia.edu |date=2017-12-09 |website=boseinst.academia.edu |language=en |access-date=2017-12-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Controversy ==<br /> Basu's alleged scientific misconduct has been noted widely and has even been covered in media. She is widely alleged to have duplicated images leading to retraction of two papers, correction of another two, and, many alleged instances of misconduct listed on Pubpeer.&lt;ref name=&quot;Image duplication: Group at Bose Institute has two papers retracted, two corrected, and many listed on Pubpeer&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url= https://journosdiary.com/2018/08/09/image-duplication-bose-institute-retracted-corrected-pubpeer/ | title = Image duplication: Group at Bose Institute has two papers retracted, two corrected, and many listed on Pubpeer| date = 2018-08-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; Basu has retracted a few of her papers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Author objects to retraction for not “faithfully represented” immunology figures&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://retractionwatch.com/2015/10/02/author-objects-to-retraction-for-not-faithfully-represented-immunology-figures/ |title=Author objects to retraction for not &quot;faithfully represented&quot; immunology figures |date=2015-10-02 |website=Retraction Watch |language=en-US |access-date=2018-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; This includes an article published in [[The Journal of Immunology]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Retraction: TLR4-Dependent NF-κB Activation and Mitogen- and Stress-Activated Protein Kinase 1-Triggered Phosphorylation Events Are Central to Helicobacter pylori Peptidyl Prolyl cis-, trans-Isomerase (HP0175)-Mediated Induction of IL-6 Release from Macrophages&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |url=https://pubpeer.com/publications/A4594F49CBF5D0D5DA5D717DF53019 |title=Retraction: TLR4-Dependent NF-κB Activation and Mitogen- and Stress-Activated Protein Kinase 1-Triggered Phosphorylation Events Are Central to Helicobacter pylori Peptidyl Prolyl cis-, trans-Isomerase (HP0175)-Mediated Induction of IL-6 Release from Macrophages |last1=Basu |first1=Joyoti |last2=Kundu |first2=Manikuntala |date=2015-08-15 |language=en |access-date=2018-05-02}}{{primary source inline|date=October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Retraction: TLR4-Dependent NF-κB Activation and Mitogen- and Stress-Activated Protein Kinase 1-Triggered Phosphorylation Events Are Central to Helicobacter pylori Peptidyl Prolyl cis-, trans-Isomerase (HP0175)-Mediated Induction of IL-6 Release from Macrophages 2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Basu |first1=Joyoti |last2=Kundu |first2=Manikuntala |title=Retraction: TLR4-Dependent NF-κB Activation and Mitogen- and Stress-Activated Protein Kinase 1-Triggered Phosphorylation Events Are Central to Helicobacter pylori Peptidyl Prolyl cis -, trans -Isomerase (HP0175)-Mediated Induction of IL-6 Release from Macrophages |journal=The Journal of Immunology |date=15 August 2015 |volume=195 |issue=4 |pages=1902 |doi=10.4049/jimmunol.1501299 |pmid=26473200 |doi-access=free }}{{primary source inline|date=October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Research work ==<br /> [[File:Blausen 0761 RedBloodCells.png|thumb|180px|Red Blood Cells]]<br /> Basu's research is focused on the cellular and molecular biology of [[mycobacteria]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Bose Institute - Joyoti Basu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.jcbose.ac.in/faculty-details/joyoti-basu |title=Bose Institute - Joyoti Basu |date=2017-12-09 |website=www.jcbose.ac.in |access-date=2017-12-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the initial stages of her career, she worked on the membrane structure of red blood cells and her research is reported to have assisted in widening the understanding of [[apoptosis]] of nucleated mammalian cells and the physiology of the red cell that lacked a cell nucleus.&lt;ref name=&quot;Indian fellow - Joyoti Basu&quot; /&gt; Her association with her mentor, Parul Chakrabarti, during her doctoral research days, precipitated the studies of the [[biosynthetic]] pathways of [[fatty acids]] in relation to cell wall building and the functions of [[Penicillin binding proteins|penicillin-binding proteins]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BurmaChakravorty2011&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=D. P. Burma|author2=Maharani Chakravorty|title=From Physiology and Chemistry to Biochemistry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CaQ3-x3LXMC&amp;pg=PA247|year=2011|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-3220-5|pages=247–}}&lt;/ref&gt; She is known to be the first scientist to propose that the removal of the ''aged or [[Oxidative stress|oxidatively stressed]] red blood cells'' from the [[circulatory system]] causes [[cellular death]]. Later she moved on to the biological study of [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]], a pathogenic bacteria causing [[tuberculosis]], with regard to its host-pathogen interaction and her studies revealed the mechanisms of [[macrophage]] [[apoptosis]] as well as the relationship between host [[cell signaling]] and innate [[immune response]]. In 2007, the team led by Basu and her college mate from the Presidency College, Manikuntala Kundu, were successful in identifying a protein in Mycobacterium tuberculosis which caused weakening of the immune system of the host.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hope for a new TB cure, Kolkata scientists identify ‘villain’ protein&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/hope-for-a-new-tb-cure-kolkata--scientists-identify--villain--protein-/30481/ |title=Hope for a new TB cure, Kolkata scientists identify 'villain' protein |date=9 May 2007 |website=archive.indianexpress.com |language=en-gb |access-date=2017-12-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; They found that the protein, named [[ESAT-6|Early Secreted Antigen 6]], which bound themselves on [[Toll-like receptor 2]] of the host, hindered the production of [[cytokines]], a type of protein which helped the immune system to fight the tuberculosis bacteria. The discovery also has reported importance in the [[therapeutics]] of diseases like [[rheumatoid arthritis]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Hope for a new TB cure, Kolkata scientists identify ‘villain’ protein&quot; /&gt; The achievement was later published as an article, ''Direct extracellular interaction between the early secreted antigen ESAT-6 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and TLR2 inhibits TLR signaling in macrophages'' in [[Nature Immunology]] journal in 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Pathak |first1=Sushil Kumar |last2=Basu |first2=Sanchita |last3=Basu |first3=Kunal Kumar |last4=Banerjee |first4=Anirban |last5=Pathak |first5=Shresh |last6=Bhattacharyya |first6=Asima |last7=Kaisho |first7=Tsuneyasu |last8=Kundu |first8=Manikuntala |last9=Basu |first9=Joyoti |date=June 2007 |title=Direct extracellular interaction between the early secreted antigen ESAT-6 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and TLR2 inhibits TLR signaling in macrophages |journal=Nature Immunology |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=610–618 |doi=10.1038/ni1468 |pmid=17486091 }}{{primary source inline|date=October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her studies have been documented by way of a number of articles&lt;ref name=&quot;Browse by Fellow&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Basu=3AJoyoti=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2017-12-06 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date=2017-12-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} and [[ResearchGate]], an online repository of scientific articles has listed 77 of them.&lt;ref name=&quot;On ResearchGate&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Joyoti_Basu |title=On ResearchGate |date=2017-11-23 |access-date=2017-11-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Besides, she has mentored several research scholars in their doctoral studies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Junior Research Fellow&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/sep252006/847.pdf |title=Junior Research Fellow |date=2006 |website=Indian Institute of Science |access-date=2017-12-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Basu is a member of the executive committee of the Indian Society of Cell Biology&lt;ref name=&quot;EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.iscb.org.in/present_ec.htm |title=EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY |date=2017-12-09 |website=www.iscb.org.in |access-date=2017-12-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; and is a former Treasurer of the Society.&lt;ref name=&quot;EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY 2003-05&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.iscb.org.in/2003-05.htm |title=EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY 2003-05 |website=www.iscb.org.in |access-date=2017-12-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY 2005-07&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.iscb.org.in/2005-07.htm |title=EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY 2005-07 |website=www.iscb.org.in |access-date=2017-12-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; She is credited with contributing to the establishment of a program on ''Systems Biology'' at the Bose Institute. She is also a former associate editor of the [[Journal of Immunology]] and is an Academic Editor of [[PLOS One|PLoS One]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Indian fellow - Joyoti Basu&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Basu retired in June 2018.<br /> Basu resides on Madhab Chatterjee Street in [[Kolkata]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NASI fellows&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-11-12 |title=NASI fellows |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=B |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717005033/http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=B |archive-date=17 July 2015 |access-date=2017-11-12 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Awards and honors ==<br /> Basu received the Young Scientist Medal of the [[Indian National Science Academy]] in 1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;INSA Young Scientists Medal&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/youngmedal.php |title=INSA Young Scientists Medal |date=2017-11-12 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=2017-11-12 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511084357/https://www.insaindia.res.in/youngmedal.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Department of Biotechnology]] of the Government of India awarded her the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 2002.&lt;ref name=&quot;Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development&quot; /&gt; The [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] elected her as a fellow the same year.&lt;ref name=&quot;NASI Year Book 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |title=NASI Year Book 2015 |date=2017-11-24 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=2017-11-24 |archive-date=6 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806211716/http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; She received the elected fellowships of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] and the Indian National Academy of Sciences in 2006&lt;ref name=&quot;Fellow profile&quot; /&gt; and 2009 respectively.&lt;ref name=&quot;INSA Year Book 2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |title=INSA Year Book 2016 |date=2017-12-09 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=2017-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104001952/http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2016 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; She is a recipient of the J.C. Bose National Fellowship in 2017.<br /> <br /> == Selected bibliography ==<br /> * {{cite journal |last1=Kumawat |first1=Kuldeep |last2=Pathak |first2=Sushil Kumar |last3=Spetz |first3=Anna-Lena |last4=Kundu |first4=Manikuntala |last5=Basu |first5=Joyoti |title=Exogenous Nef Is an Inhibitor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-induced Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Production and Macrophage Apoptosis |journal=Journal of Biological Chemistry |date=April 2010 |volume=285 |issue=17 |pages=12629–12637 |doi=10.1074/jbc.m109.073320 |pmid=20068037 |pmc=4705387 |doi-access=free }}<br /> * {{cite journal |last1=Sureka |first1=Kamakshi |last2=Sanyal |first2=Sourav |last3=Basu |first3=Joyoti |last4=Kundu |first4=Manikuntala |title=Polyphosphate kinase 2: a modulator of nucleoside diphosphate kinase activity in mycobacteria |journal=Molecular Microbiology |date=December 2009 |volume=74 |issue=5 |pages=1187–1197 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2958.2009.06925.x |pmid=19843229 |doi-access=free }}<br /> * {{cite journal |last1=Basu |first1=Sanchita |last2=Pathak |first2=Shresh |last3=Pathak |first3=Sushil Kumar |last4=Bhattacharyya |first4=Asima |last5=Banerjee |first5=Anirban |last6=Kundu |first6=Manikuntala |last7=Basu |first7=Joyoti |title=Mycobacterium avium-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression occurs in a cyclooxygenase-2-dependent manner and involves phosphorylation- and acetylation-dependent chromatin modification: Mycobacterium avium-induced MMP-9 expression |journal=Cellular Microbiology |date=December 2007 |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=2804–2816 |doi=10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.00997.x |pmid=17590163 |doi-access=free }}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{Div col|colwidth=30em}}<br /> * [[ESAT-6]]<br /> * [[Host–pathogen interaction]]<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> {{portal|India|Biology}}<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{reflist|group=note|2}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> {{N-BIOS Laureates 1999–2009}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Basu, Joyoti}}<br /> [[Category:N-BIOS Prize recipients]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women academics]]<br /> [[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]<br /> [[Category:1957 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]<br /> [[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]<br /> [[Category:Women scientists from West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Indian biochemists]]<br /> [[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]<br /> [[Category:University of Liège alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Indian cell biologists]]<br /> [[Category:Scientists from Kolkata]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]</div>

AgnesOppen5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=India_national_football_team_results_(unofficial_matches_1924%E2%80%931947)&diff=503961 2026-02-06T11:07:50Z

<p>AgnesOppen5: put up</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}}<br /> <br /> {{Main|India national football team results}}<br /> {{India national football team results}}<br /> <br /> This is a list of the '''[[India national football team]]''''s [[India national football team results|results]] from 1924 to 1947 (pre-independence) that, for various reasons, are '''''not''''' accorded the status of official [[International A Match|International A Matches]]. India competed as '''Calcutta Indians''' and '''Calcutta Wanderers''' during the initial years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/history|title=11 May 2023|access-date=11 May 2023|archive-date=8 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308124507/http://www.the-aiff.com/history|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ifawb.org/footballs-passage/|title=The passage of football in India|access-date=11 May 2023|archive-date=11 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511092009/https://ifawb.org/footballs-passage/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Key<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#BBF3BB&quot; |<br /> |Win<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFBB&quot; |<br /> |Draw<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#FFBBBB&quot; |<br /> |Defeat<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == 1919 ==<br /> {{Football box collapsible<br /> |date=17 April 1919<br /> |round=British Inter-Theatre of War Championship<br /> |score=2–0<br /> |report=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003221/19190425/043/0003<br /> |team1=[[British home army in the First World War|Home Forces]] {{flagicon|GBR}}<br /> |goals1=Thompson {{goal|?||?|pen.}}<br /> |team2={{fb|IND|British}}<br /> |goals2=<br /> |location=[[Aldershot]], England<br /> |note=<br /> |result=L<br /> }}<br /> {{Football box collapsible<br /> |date=25 April 1919<br /> |round=British Inter-Theatre of War Championship <br /> |score=1–0<br /> |report=[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesc/challenge-kentish.html#prec Report]<br /> |team1={{fb-rt|IND|British}}<br /> |goals1=<br /> |team2={{fb|EGY|1882}}<br /> |goals2=<br /> |location=[[Aldershot]], England<br /> |note=<br /> |result=W<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==1924==<br /> {{#invoke:football box collapsible|main<br /> |date = September 1924<br /> |team1 = Rangoon XI {{flagicon|British India}}<br /> |score = 0–1<br /> |report = [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesc/calcindians-javatrip24.html]<br /> |team2 = {{flagicon|IND|British}} Calcutta Indians<br /> |location = [[Rangoon]]<br /> |result= W<br /> }}<br /> {{#invoke:football box collapsible|main<br /> |date = 24 September 1924 <br /> |team1 = [[Singapore FA]] {{flagicon|Straits Settlements}}<br /> |score = 0–4<br /> |report = [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesc/calcindians-javatrip24.html]<br /> |team2 = {{flagicon|IND|British}} Calcutta Indians<br /> |goals1 = <br /> |goals2 = H. Bose {{goal|}}&lt;br/&gt;[[Syed Abdus Samad (footballer)|Samad]] {{goal|}}{{goal}}&lt;br/&gt;R. Ganguly {{goal|}}<br /> |stadium = Anson Road Stadium<br /> |location = [[Singapore]]<br /> |referee = C. Salter<br /> |result= W<br /> }}<br /> {{#invoke:football box collapsible|main<br /> |date = 25 September 1924 <br /> |team1 = [[Singapore Chinese Football Club|Singapore Chinese FA]] {{flagicon|Straits Settlements}}<br /> |score = 0–1<br /> |report = [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesc/calcindians-javatrip24.html]<br /> |team2 = {{flagicon|IND|British}} Calcutta Indians<br /> |goals1 = <br /> |goals2 = M. Dutt {{goal|}}<br /> |stadium = Anson Road Stadium<br /> |location = [[Singapore]]<br /> |attendance = 10,000<br /> |referee = R.H. Gale<br /> |result= W<br /> }}<br /> {{#invoke:football box collapsible|main<br /> |date = 28 September 1924<br /> |team1 = Hercules {{flagicon|Dutch East Indies}}<br /> |score = 0–2<br /> |report = [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesc/calcindians-javatrip24.html]<br /> |team2 = {{flagicon|IND|British}} Calcutta Indians<br /> |goals1 = <br /> |goals2 = <br /> |stadium = B.V.C.-veld, [[Sawah Besar|Weltevreden]]<br /> |location = [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]]<br /> |attendance = 20,000<br /> |referee = W. van Galen<br /> |result= W<br /> }}<br /> {{#invoke:football box collapsible|main<br /> |date = 29 September 1924<br /> |team1 = Batavia FC (BVC) {{flagicon|Dutch East Indies}}<br /> |score = 0–1<br /> |report = [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesc/calcindians-javatrip24.html]<br /> |team2 = {{flagicon|IND|British}} Calcutta Indians<br /> |goals1 = <br /> |goals2 = P Chatterjee {{goal|}}<br /> |stadium = B.V.C.-veld, [[Sawah Besar|Weltevreden]]<br /> |location = [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]]<br /> |referee = J. Hetharia<br /> |result= W<br /> }}<br /> {{#invoke:football box collapsible|main<br /> |date = 2 October 1924 <br /> |team1 = West Java FA (WJVB) {{flagicon|Dutch East Indies}}<br /> |score = 0–0<br /> |report = [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesc/calcindians-javatrip24.html]<br /> |team2 = {{flagicon|IND|British}} Calcutta Indians<br /> |goals1 = <br /> |goals2 = <br /> |stadium = B.V.C.-veld, [[Sawah Besar|Weltevreden]]<br /> |location = [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]]<br /> |referee = F.X.A. Drilling<br /> |result= D<br /> }}<br /> {{#invoke:football box collapsible|main<br /> |date = 5 October 1924<br /> |team1 = [[Hogere Burgerschool|Hoogere Burger School]] (HBS) {{flagicon|Dutch East Indies}}<br /> |score = 1–0<br /> |report = [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesc/calcindians-javatrip24.html]<br /> |team2 = {{flagicon|IND|British}} Calcutta Indians<br /> |goals1 = Cana {{goal|}}<br /> |goals2 = <br /> |stadium = T.H.O.R.-veld<br /> |location = [[Surabaya]]<br /> |attendance = 10,000<br /> |referee = Henny van Alphen<br /> |result= L<br /> }}<br /> {{#invoke:football box collapsible|main<br /> |date = 9 October 1924<br /> |team1 = [[Persebaya Surabaya|Soerabaja FA]] (SVB) {{flagicon|Dutch East Indies}}<br /> |score = 0–1<br /> |report = [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesc/calcindians-javatrip24.html]<br /> |team2 = {{flagicon|IND|British}} Calcutta Indians <br /> |stadium = T.H.O.R.-veld<br /> |location = [[Surabaya]]<br /> |attendance = 6,000<br /> |referee = Wegeman<br /> |result= W<br /> }}<br /> {{#invoke:football box collapsible|main<br /> |date = 13 October 1924<br /> |team1 = Hercules {{flagicon|Dutch East Indies}}<br /> |score = 2–1<br /> |report = [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesc/calcindians-javatrip24.html]<br /> |team2 = {{flagicon|IND|British}} Calcutta Indians<br /> |goals1 = Willy Galstaun {{goal|}}{{goal}}<br /> |goals2 = [[Balaidas Chatterjee|Chatterjee]] {{goal|}}<br /> |stadium = B.V.C.-veld, [[Sawah Besar|Weltevreden]]<br /> |location = [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]]<br /> |attendance = 20,000<br /> |referee = W. van Galen<br /> |result= L<br /> }}<br /> {{#invoke:football box collapsible|main<br /> |date = 15 October 1924<br /> |team1 = [[Persib Bandung|Bandoeng FA]] (BVB) {{flagicon|Dutch East Indies}}<br /> |score = 0–0<br /> |report = [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesc/calcindians-javatrip24.html]<br /> |team2 = {{flagicon|IND|British}} Calcutta Indians<br /> |location = [[Bandung]]<br /> |attendance = <br /> |referee = Foltynski<br /> |result= D<br /> }}<br /> {{#invoke:football box collapsible|main<br /> |date = 17 October 1924 <br /> |team1 = Sidolig {{flagicon|Dutch East Indies}}<br /> |score = 0–1<br /> |report = [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesc/calcindians-javatrip24.html]<br /> |team2 = {{flagicon|IND|British}} Calcutta Indians <br /> |goals2 = [[Syed Abdus Samad (footballer)|Samad]] {{goal|}} <br /> |location = [[Bandung]]<br /> |attendance = <br /> |referee = De Wilde<br /> |result= W<br /> }}<br /> {{#invoke:football box collapsible|main<br /> |date = 19 October 1924<br /> |team1 = North Java FA (NJVB) {{flagicon|Dutch East Indies}}<br /> |score = 1–2<br /> |report = [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesc/calcindians-javatrip24.html]<br /> |team2 = {{flagicon|IND|British}} Calcutta Indians<br /> |goals1 = Julius {{goal|}}<br /> |goals2 = M. Dutt {{goal|}}&lt;br/&gt;[[Syed Abdus Samad (footballer)|Samad]] {{goal|}}<br /> |location = [[Tegal]]<br /> |result= W<br /> }}<br /> {{#invoke:football box collapsible|main<br /> |date = 21 October 1924 <br /> |team1 = [[Persib Bandung|Bandoeng FA]] (BVB) {{flagicon|Dutch East Indies}}<br /> |score = 5–1<br /> |report = [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesc/calcindians-javatrip24.html]<br /> |team2 = {{flagicon|IND|British}} Calcutta Indians<br /> |goals1 = De Jager {{goal|5||20}}&lt;br/&gt;Middleton {{goal|10}}&lt;br/&gt;Giesel {{goal|41}}&lt;br/&gt;? {{goal|55|o.g.}}<br /> |goals2 = ? {{goal|}} <br /> |location = [[Bandung]]<br /> |referee = Foltynski<br /> |result= L<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==1926==<br /> {{#invoke:football box collapsible|main<br /> |date = 20 October 1926<br /> |team1 = Duke of Wellington's {{flagicon|Straits Settlements}}<br /> |score = 5–2<br /> |report = [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesc/calcutta-w-javatrip26.html]<br /> |team2 = {{flagicon|IND|British}} Calcutta Wanderers<br /> |goals1 = Hawthorn {{goal|5}}{{goal}}{{goal}}&lt;br/&gt;Osborne {{goal|}}&lt;br/&gt;Basford {{goal|}}<br /> |goals2 = [[Syed Abdus Samad (footballer)|Samad]] {{goal|pen.}}{{goal}}&lt;br/&gt;Rahman {{goal|}}<br /> |location = [[Singapore]]<br /> |result= L<br /> }}<br /> {{#invoke:football box collapsible|main<br /> |date = 21 October 1926 <br /> |team1 = [[Singapore FA]] {{flagicon|Straits Settlements}}<br /> |score = 2–4<br /> |report = [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesc/calcutta-w-javatrip26.html]<br /> |team2 = {{flagicon|IND|British}} Calcutta Wanderers<br /> |goals1 = Chan Hee {{goal|5}}&lt;br/&gt;Wan Puteh {{goal|}}<br /> |goals2 = N. Gossain {{goal|}}&lt;br/&gt;T. Shome {{goal|}}&lt;br/&gt;T. Das {{goal|}}{{goal}}<br /> |location = [[Singapore]]<br /> |result= W<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{#invoke:football box collapsible|main<br /> |date = 24 October 1926 <br /> |team1 = Hercules {{flagicon|Dutch East Indies}}<br /> |score = 2–1<br /> |report = [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesc/calcutta-w-javatrip26.html]<br /> |team2 = {{flagicon|IND|British}} Calcutta Wanderers<br /> |location = [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]]<br /> |result= L<br /> }}<br /> {{#invoke:football box collapsible|main<br /> |date = 26 October 1926 <br /> |team1 = Semarang FA (VSO) {{flagicon|Dutch East Indies}}<br /> |score = 2–0<br /> |report = [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesc/calcutta-w-javatrip26.html]<br /> |team2 = {{flagicon|IND|British}} Calcutta Wanderers <br /> |stadium = <br /> |location = [[Semarang]]<br /> |result= L<br /> }}<br /> {{#invoke:football box collapsible|main<br /> |date = 28 October 1926 <br /> |team1 = [[Persib Bandung|Bandoeng FA]] (BVB) {{flagicon|Dutch East Indies}}<br /> |score = 2–0<br /> |report = [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesc/calcutta-w-javatrip26.html]<br /> |team2 = {{flagicon|IND|British}} Calcutta Wanderers<br /> |location = [[Bandung]]<br /> |result= L<br /> }}<br /> {{#invoke:football box collapsible|main<br /> |date = 30 October 1926 <br /> |team1 = Oliveo {{flagicon|Dutch East Indies}}<br /> |score = 1–2<br /> |report = [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesc/calcutta-w-javatrip26.html]<br /> |team2 = {{flagicon|IND|British}} Calcutta Wanderers<br /> |location = [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]]<br /> |result= W<br /> }}<br /> {{#invoke:football box collapsible|main<br /> |date = 31 October 1926<br /> |team1 = West Java FA (WJVB) {{flagicon|Dutch East Indies}}<br /> |score = 6–0<br /> |report = [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesc/calcutta-w-javatrip26.html]<br /> |team2 = {{flagicon|IND|British}} Calcutta Wanderers<br /> |location = [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]]<br /> |result= L<br /> }}<br /> {{#invoke:football box collapsible|main<br /> |date = 3 November 1926<br /> |team1 = Hercules {{flagicon|Dutch East Indies}}<br /> |score = 2–1<br /> |report = [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesc/calcutta-w-javatrip26.html]<br /> |team2 = {{flagicon|IND|British}} Calcutta Wanderers<br /> |location = [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]]<br /> |result= L<br /> }}<br /> {{#invoke:football box collapsible|main<br /> |date = 5 November 1926<br /> |team1 = Vios {{flagicon|Dutch East Indies}}<br /> |score = 2–1<br /> |report = [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesc/calcutta-w-javatrip26.html]<br /> |team2 = {{flagicon|IND|British}} Calcutta Wanderers<br /> |location = [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]]<br /> |result= L<br /> }}<br /> {{#invoke:football box collapsible|main<br /> |date = 10 November 1926<br /> |team1 = [[Singapore Chinese Football Club|Singapore Chinese FA]] {{flagicon|Straits Settlements}}<br /> |score = 3–0<br /> |report = [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesc/calcindians-javatrip24.html]<br /> |team2 = {{flagicon|IND|British}} Calcutta Wanderers<br /> |goals1 = ? {{goal|o.g.}}{{goal}}&lt;br/&gt;Un Sun {{goal}}{{goal}}<br /> |goals2 = <br /> |location = [[Singapore]]<br /> |result= L<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==1933==<br /> {{#invoke:football box collapsible|main<br /> |date = 31 January 1933<br /> |time = <br /> |round = [[Exhibition game|Friendly]]<br /> |team1 = [[Sri Lanka national football team|All Ceylon]] {{flagicon|British Ceylon}}<br /> |score = 0–1<br /> |report = https://gpa.eastview.com/crl/san/?a=d&amp;d=tocy19330201-01.1.5&amp;e=-------en-25--1--img-txIN----------<br /> |team2 = {{fb|IND|British|name=IFA XI}}<br /> |goals1 = <br /> |goals2 = [[Karuna Bhattacharya|Bhattacharya]] {{goal}}<br /> |stadium = <br /> |location = [[British Ceylon]]<br /> |attendance = <br /> |referee = P. Gupta<br /> |result = W<br /> }}<br /> {{#invoke:football box collapsible|main<br /> |date = 3 February 1933<br /> |time = <br /> |round = [[Exhibition game|Friendly]]<br /> |team1 = De Mel League {{flagicon|British Ceylon}}<br /> |score = 0–1<br /> |report = https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003221/19330202/139/0010<br /> |team2 = {{fb|IND|British|name=IFA XI}}<br /> |goals1 = <br /> |goals2 = <br /> |stadium = NCC Ground<br /> |location = [[British Ceylon]]<br /> |attendance = 3,500<br /> |referee = <br /> |result = W<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==1934==<br /> {{#invoke:football box collapsible|main<br /> |date = 9 June 1934&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mbft.in/2024/07/Why-MohunBagan-EP5.html|title=The Terrific Tales of Mohun Bagan between 1925-50 |date=29 July 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |time = <br /> |round = <br /> |team1 = Natal XI {{flagicon|RSA|1928}}<br /> |score = 0–6<br /> |report = https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/the-mercury-south-africa/20180214/281822874264111<br /> |team2 = {{fb|IND|British}}<br /> |goals1 = <br /> |goals2 = [[Karuna Bhattacharya|Bhattacharya]] {{goal|1|}}{{goal}}{{goal}}&lt;br/&gt;Ramanna {{goal|}}{{goal}}{{goal}}<br /> |stadium = Curries Fountain<br /> |attendance = 10,000<br /> |location = [[Durban]]<br /> |referee = <br /> |result=W<br /> }}<br /> {{#invoke:football box collapsible|main<br /> |date = 11 June 1934&lt;ref name=&quot;thehardtackle.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/legends-of-indian-football-gostha-pal/|title=LEGENDS OF INDIAN FOOTBALL : GOSTHA PAL|date=20 August 2011|access-date=2018-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820140949/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/legends-of-indian-football-gostha-pal/|archive-date=20 August 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |time = <br /> |round = <br /> |team1 = Natal XI {{flagicon|RSA|1928}}<br /> |score = 3–1<br /> |report = https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/the-mercury-south-africa/20180214/281822874264111<br /> |team2 = {{fb|IND|British}}<br /> |goals1 = <br /> |goals2 = <br /> |stadium = <br /> |attendance = <br /> |location = [[Pietermaritzburg]]<br /> |referee = <br /> |result=L<br /> }}<br /> {{#invoke:football box collapsible|main<br /> |date = 13 June 1934<br /> |time = <br /> |round = <br /> |team1 = Transvaal XI {{flagicon|RSA|1928}}<br /> |score = 1–7<br /> |report = https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/the-mercury-south-africa/20180214/281822874264111<br /> |team2 = {{fb|IND|British}}<br /> |goals1 = A. Naidu {{goal|}}<br /> |goals2 = Lakshminarayan {{goal|}}{{goal}}{{goal}}{{goal}}&lt;br/&gt;Ramanna {{goal|}}{{goal}}{{goal}}<br /> |stadium = Natalspruit Indian Sports Ground<br /> |attendance = 4000<br /> |location = [[Johannesburg]]<br /> |referee = <br /> |result=W<br /> }}<br /> {{#invoke:football box collapsible|main<br /> |date = 16 June 1934<br /> |time = <br /> |round = <br /> |team1 = Transvaal XI {{flagicon|RSA|1928}}<br /> |score = 1–6<br /> |report = https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/the-mercury-south-africa/20180214/281822874264111<br /> |team2 = {{fb|IND|British}}<br /> |goals1 = Govinder {{goal}}<br /> |goals2 = [[Karuna Bhattacharya|Bhattacharya]]&lt;br/&gt;Lakshminarayan<br /> |stadium = Caledonian Football Ground<br /> |attendance = <br /> |location = [[Pretoria]]<br /> |referee = <br /> |result=W<br /> }}<br /> {{#invoke:football box collapsible|main<br /> |date = 1934<br /> |time = <br /> |round = <br /> |team1 = {{fb-rt|RSA|1928}}<br /> |score = 0–2<br /> |report = https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/the-mercury-south-africa/20180214/281822874264111<br /> |team2 = {{fb|IND|British}}<br /> |goals1 = <br /> |goals2 = <br /> |stadium = <br /> |attendance = 6,000<br /> |location = [[Johannesburg]]<br /> |referee = <br /> |result=W<br /> }}<br /> {{#invoke:football box collapsible|main<br /> |date = 1934<br /> |time = <br /> |round = <br /> |team1 = {{fb-rt|RSA|1928}}<br /> |score = 0–2<br /> |report =https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/the-mercury-south-africa/20180214/281822874264111 <br /> |team2 = {{fb|IND|British}}<br /> |goals1 = <br /> |goals2 = <br /> |stadium = <br /> |attendance = <br /> |location = [[Durban]]<br /> |referee = <br /> |result=W<br /> }}<br /> {{#invoke:football box collapsible|main<br /> |date = 1934<br /> |time = <br /> |round = <br /> |team1 = Natal Sunday League XI {{flagicon|RSA|1928}}<br /> |score = 1–7<br /> |report =https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/the-mercury-south-africa/20180214/281822874264111 <br /> |team2 = {{fb|IND|British}}<br /> |goals1 = <br /> |goals2 = <br /> |stadium = <br /> |attendance = <br /> |location = N/A<br /> |referee = <br /> |result=W<br /> }}<br /> {{#invoke:football box collapsible|main<br /> |date = 1934<br /> |time = <br /> |round = <br /> |team1 = Boards XI {{flagicon|RSA|1928}}<br /> |score = 0–9<br /> |report = https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/the-mercury-south-africa/20180214/281822874264111<br /> |team2 = {{fb|IND|British}}<br /> |goals1 = <br /> |goals2 = <br /> |stadium = <br /> |attendance = <br /> |location = N/A<br /> |referee = <br /> |result=W<br /> }}<br /> {{#invoke:football box collapsible|main<br /> |date = 1934<br /> |time = <br /> |round = <br /> |team1 = Eastern Province XI {{flagicon|RSA|1928}}<br /> |score = 1–6<br /> |report = https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/the-mercury-south-africa/20180214/281822874264111<br /> |team2 = {{fb|IND|British}}<br /> |goals1 = <br /> |goals2 = <br /> |stadium = <br /> |attendance = <br /> |location = N/A<br /> |referee = <br /> |result=W<br /> }}<br /> {{#invoke:football box collapsible|main<br /> |date = 1934<br /> |time = <br /> |round = <br /> |team1 = Western Province XI {{flagicon|RSA|1928}}<br /> |score = 1–3<br /> |report = https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/the-mercury-south-africa/20180214/281822874264111<br /> |team2 = {{fb|IND|British}}<br /> |goals1 = <br /> |goals2 = <br /> |stadium = <br /> |attendance = <br /> |location = [[Cape Town]]<br /> |referee = <br /> |result=W<br /> }}<br /> {{#invoke:football box collapsible|main<br /> |date = 7 July 1934<br /> |time = <br /> |round = <br /> |team1 = {{fb-rt|RSA|1928}}<br /> |score = 1–4<br /> |report = https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/the-mercury-south-africa/20180214/281822874264111<br /> |team2 = {{fb|IND|British}}<br /> |goals1 = Adams {{goal}}<br /> |goals2 = Lakshminarayan {{goal|}}{{goal}}&lt;br/&gt;S. Chaudhuri {{goal}}&lt;br/&gt;S. Dutt {{goal}}<br /> |stadium = <br /> |attendance = <br /> |location = [[Cape Town]]<br /> |referee = <br /> |result=W<br /> }}<br /> {{#invoke:football box collapsible|main<br /> |date = 1934<br /> |time = <br /> |round = <br /> |team1 = Nicualand {{flagicon|RSA|1928}}<br /> |score = 1–6<br /> |report = https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/the-mercury-south-africa/20180214/281822874264111<br /> |team2 = {{fb|IND|British}}<br /> |goals1 = <br /> |goals2 = <br /> |stadium = <br /> |attendance = <br /> |location = N/A<br /> |referee = <br /> |result=W<br /> }}<br /> {{#invoke:football box collapsible|main<br /> |date = 1934<br /> |time = <br /> |round = <br /> |team1 = Northern Natal {{flagicon|RSA|1928}}<br /> |score = 1–8<br /> |report = https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/the-mercury-south-africa/20180214/281822874264111<br /> |team2 = {{fb|IND|British}}<br /> |goals1 = <br /> |goals2 = <br /> |stadium = <br /> |attendance = <br /> |location = N/A<br /> |referee = <br /> |result=W<br /> }}<br /> {{#invoke:football box collapsible|main<br /> |date = 1934<br /> |time = <br /> |round = <br /> |team1 = Witwatersrand {{flagicon|RSA|1928}}<br /> |score = 0–1<br /> |report = https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/the-mercury-south-africa/20180214/281822874264111<br /> |team2 = {{fb|IND|British}}<br /> |goals1 = <br /> |goals2 = <br /> |stadium = <br /> |attendance = <br /> |location = N/A<br /> |referee = <br /> |result=W<br /> }}<br /> {{#invoke:football box collapsible|main<br /> |date = 1934<br /> |time = <br /> |round = <br /> |team1 = Kimberley Xi {{flagicon|RSA|1928}}<br /> |score = n/a<br /> |report = https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/the-mercury-south-africa/20180214/281822874264111<br /> |team2 = {{fb|IND|British}}<br /> |goals1 = <br /> |goals2 = <br /> |stadium = <br /> |attendance = <br /> |location = N/A<br /> |referee = <br /> |result=W<br /> }}<br /> {{#invoke:football box collapsible|main<br /> |date = 1934<br /> |time = <br /> |round = <br /> |team1 = {{fb-rt|RSA|1928}}<br /> |score = n/a<br /> |report = https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/the-mercury-south-africa/20180214/281822874264111<br /> |team2 = {{fb|IND|British}}<br /> |goals1 = <br /> |goals2 = <br /> |stadium = <br /> |attendance = <br /> |location = [[Durban]]<br /> |referee = <br /> |result=W<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==1936==<br /> {{#invoke:football box collapsible|main<br /> |date = 4 July 1936<br /> |id = INDvCHN<br /> |time = <br /> |round = [[Exhibition game|Friendly]]<br /> |team1 = {{fb-rt|IND|British}}<br /> |score = 1–1<br /> |report = [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&amp;dat=19360706&amp;printsec=frontpage&amp;hl=en Report][https://eastbengalclubrecords.wordpress.com/tag/india-football/]<br /> |team2 = {{fb|Republic of China (1912–1949)}}<br /> |goals1 = Noor Mohammed {{goal|}}<br /> |goals2 = [[Suen Kam Shun]] {{goal|}}<br /> |stadium = [[Calcutta FC Ground]]<br /> |attendance = 100,000<br /> |location = [[Calcutta]], India<br /> |referee = <br /> |result=D<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==1938==<br /> {{#invoke:football box collapsible|main<br /> |date = 30 May 1938<br /> |id = INDvNUR<br /> |time = <br /> |round = [[Exhibition game|Friendly]]<br /> |team1 = {{fb-rt|IND|British}}<br /> |score = 2–2<br /> |report = [https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP262-1-2-2-128#?c=0&amp;m=0&amp;s=0&amp;cv=10&amp;xywh=548%2C1338%2C2089%2C1200] [https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP262-1-2-2-127#?open=true&amp;xywh=3508%2C5737%2C1593%2C1037&amp;cv=5]<br /> |team2 = {{fb|Burma|1937}}<br /> |goals1 = Lakshminarayan {{goal|}}{{goal}}<br /> |goals2 = [[Fred Pugsley|Pugsley]] {{goal|}}{{goal}}<br /> |stadium = [[Calcutta FC Ground]]<br /> |attendance = <br /> |location = [[Calcutta]], India<br /> |referee = S Gosh (India)<br /> |result=D<br /> }}<br /> {{#invoke:football box collapsible|main<br /> |round=<br /> |date = August 1938<br /> |team1 = {{fb-rt|India|British}}<br /> |report = [https://eastbengalclubrecords.wordpress.com/2014/11/17/indias-first-ever-international-tour-to-australia-1938-part-2/]<br /> |score = 6–1<br /> |team2 = {{flagicon|South Australia}} [[Football Federation South Australia|South Australia]]<br /> |goals1 = A. Nandi {{goal}}&lt;br/&gt; Prosad {{goal}}&lt;br/&gt;[[Karuna Bhattacharya|K. Bhattacharya]] {{goal}}<br /> |goals2 = <br /> |stadium = [[Hindmarsh Stadium|Hindmarsh Oval]]<br /> |location = [[Adelaide]], Australia<br /> |attendance = 3,000 <br /> |referee= <br /> |result=W<br /> }}<br /> {{#invoke:football box collapsible|main<br /> |round=<br /> |date = August 1938<br /> |team1 = {{fb-rt|India|British}}<br /> |report = [https://eastbengalclubrecords.wordpress.com/2014/11/17/indias-first-ever-international-tour-to-australia-1938-part-2/]<br /> |score = 1–4<br /> |team2 = {{flagicon|Victoria}} [[Football Federation Victoria|Victoria (Australia)]]<br /> |goals1 = K. Prosad {{goal|}}<br /> |goals2 = <br /> |stadium = [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]]<br /> |location = [[Melbourne]], Australia<br /> |attendance = <br /> |referee= <br /> |result=L<br /> }}<br /> {{#invoke:football box collapsible|main<br /> |round=<br /> |date = August 1938<br /> |team1 = {{fb-rt|India|British}}<br /> |report = [https://eastbengalclubrecords.wordpress.com/2014/11/19/indias-first-ever-international-tour-to-australia-1938-part-3/]<br /> |score = 4–6<br /> |team2 = {{flagicon|New South Wales}} [[Football NSW|New South Wales]]<br /> |goals1 = Rahim {{goal|}}{{goal}}{{goal}}{{goal}}<br /> |goals2 = <br /> |stadium = [[Sydney Showground (Moore Park)|Sydney Showground]]<br /> |location = [[Sydney]], Australia<br /> |attendance = 25,000 <br /> |referee= <br /> |result=L<br /> }}<br /> {{#invoke:football box collapsible|main<br /> |round=<br /> |date = August 1938<br /> |team1 = {{fb-rt|India|British}}<br /> |report = [https://eastbengalclubrecords.wordpress.com/2014/11/19/indias-first-ever-international-tour-to-australia-1938-part-3/]<br /> |score = 1–2<br /> |team2 = {{flagicon|Northern Territory}} Northern Districts (Australia)<br /> |goals1 = [[R. Lumsden (footballer)|Lumsden]] {{goal|}}<br /> |goals2 = Heeney {{goal|}}{{goal|}}<br /> |stadium = [[Baddeley Park]]<br /> |location = [[Cessnock, New South Wales|Cessnock]], Australia<br /> |attendance = <br /> |referee= <br /> |result=L<br /> }}<br /> {{#invoke:football box collapsible|main<br /> |date = 5 September 1938<br /> |team1 = {{fb-rt|India|British}}<br /> |report = [https://eastbengalclubrecords.wordpress.com/2014/11/19/indias-first-ever-international-tour-to-australia-1938-part-3/]<br /> |score = 6–5<br /> |team2 = {{flagicon|Queensland}} [[Football Queensland|Queensland]]<br /> |goals1 = Rahim {{goal|}}&lt;br/&gt;Noor Mohammed {{goal|}}&lt;br/&gt;A. Nandi {{goal|}}&lt;br/&gt;[[R. Lumsden (footballer)|Lumsden]] {{goal|}}&lt;br/&gt;B. Sen {{goal|}}&lt;br/&gt;A. Premlal {{goal|}} <br /> |goals2 = Brittain {{goal|pen.}}{{goal}}{{goal}}&lt;br/&gt;{{goal|}}{{goal}}<br /> |stadium = [[Brisbane Exhibition Ground]]<br /> |location = [[Brisbane]], Australia<br /> |attendance = 5,000<br /> |referee= <br /> |result=W<br /> }}<br /> {{#invoke:football box collapsible|main<br /> |date = 7 September 1938<br /> |team1 = {{fb-rt|India|British}}<br /> |report = [https://eastbengalclubrecords.wordpress.com/2014/11/19/indias-first-ever-international-tour-to-australia-1938-part-3/]<br /> |score = 5–2<br /> |team2 = {{flagicon|Queensland}} [[Ipswich, Queensland|Ipswich]]<br /> |goals1 = Noor Mohammed {{goal|10}}&lt;br/&gt;[[R. Lumsden (footballer)|Lumsden]] {{goal|17||90}}{{goal}}&lt;br/&gt;Rahim {{goal|40}}<br /> |goals2 = Donaldson {{goal|}}&lt;br/&gt;{{goal|}}{{goal}}<br /> |stadium = [[North Ipswich Reserve]]<br /> |location = [[Ipswich, Queensland|Ipswich]], Australia<br /> |attendance = 2,000<br /> |referee= <br /> |result=W<br /> }}<br /> {{#invoke:football box collapsible|main<br /> |date = September 1938<br /> |team1 = {{fb-rt|India|British}}<br /> |report = [https://eastbengalclubrecords.wordpress.com/2014/11/19/indias-first-ever-international-tour-to-australia-1938-part-3/]<br /> |score = 5–2<br /> |team2 = {{flagicon|Queensland}} [[Football Queensland|Queensland]]<br /> |goals1 = [[R. Lumsden (footballer)|Lumsden]] {{goal|pen}}{{goal}}&lt;br/&gt;[[Karuna Bhattacharya|K. Bhattacharya]] {{goal|46}}{{goal}}&lt;br/&gt;Rahim {{goal|89}}<br /> |goals2 = [[Fat Kitching|Kitching]] {{goal|}}&lt;br/&gt;Young {{goal|}}<br /> |stadium = [[Clive Berghofer Stadium|Athletic Oval]]<br /> |location = [[Toowoomba]], Australia<br /> |attendance = <br /> |referee= <br /> |result=W<br /> }}<br /> {{#invoke:football box collapsible|main<br /> |date = 22 September 1938<br /> |team1 = {{fb-rt|India|British}}<br /> |report = [https://eastbengalclubrecords.wordpress.com/2014/11/19/indias-first-ever-international-tour-to-australia-1938-part-3/]<br /> |score = 6–4<br /> |team2 = {{flagicon|New South Wales}} [[Football South Coast|South Coast]]<br /> |goals1 = <br /> |goals2 = <br /> |stadium = <br /> |location = [[New South Wales]], Australia<br /> |attendance = 4,000<br /> |referee= <br /> |result=W<br /> }}<br /> {{#invoke:football box collapsible|main<br /> |date = 28 September 1938<br /> |team1 = {{fb-rt|India|British}}<br /> |report = https://eastbengalclubrecords.wordpress.com/2014/11/19/indias-first-ever-international-tour-to-australia-1938-part-3/<br /> |score = 4–6<br /> |team2 = {{flagicon|New South Wales}} Granville<br /> |goals1 = Noor Mohammed {{goal|}}&lt;br /&gt;[[R. Lumsden (footballer)|Lumsden]] {{goal}}{{goal}}{{goal|45}}<br /> |goals2 = R.Sanders {{goal|}}{{goal}}{{goal}}&lt;br /&gt;Hextell {{goal|}}{{goal}}&lt;br /&gt;S McDonald {{goal|}} <br /> |stadium = Clyde Oval<br /> |location = [[New South Wales]], Australia<br /> |attendance = <br /> |referee= <br /> |result=L<br /> }}<br /> {{#invoke:football box collapsible|main<br /> |date = 8 October 1938<br /> |team1 = {{fb-rt|India|British}}<br /> |report = [https://eastbengalclubrecords.wordpress.com/2014/11/19/indias-first-ever-international-tour-to-australia-1938-part-3/]<br /> |score = 1–5<br /> |team2 = {{flagicon|Western Australia}} [[Football West|Western Australia]]<br /> |goals1 = K. Prosad {{goal|}}<br /> |goals2 = W. Waddell {{goal|}}{{goal}}{{goal}}&lt;br /&gt; {{goal|}}{{goal}}<br /> |stadium = [[WACA Ground]]<br /> |location = [[Perth]], Australia<br /> |attendance = 2,000<br /> |referee= <br /> |result=L<br /> }}<br /> {{#invoke:football box collapsible|main<br /> |date = 11 October 1938<br /> |team1 = {{fb-rt|India|British}}<br /> |report = [https://eastbengalclubrecords.wordpress.com/2014/11/19/indias-first-ever-international-tour-to-australia-1938-part-3/]<br /> |score = 3–1<br /> |team2 = {{flagicon|Western Australia}} [[Football West|Western Australia]]<br /> |goals1 = <br /> |goals2 = <br /> |stadium = [[WACA Ground]]<br /> |location = [[Perth]], Australia<br /> |attendance = 2,000<br /> |referee= <br /> |result=W<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[India national football team results (unofficial matches 1948–1999)]]<br /> *[[India national football team results (unofficial matches 2000–present)]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{India national football team}}<br /> {{Football results Unofficial}}<br /> [[Category:Lists of national association football team unofficial results]]<br /> [[Category:India national football team results|Unofficial]]</div>

AgnesOppen5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mithila_Student_Union&diff=456948 2026-02-05T04:37:22Z

<p>AgnesOppen5: quick update</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Non-political student organisation}}<br /> {{Infobox organization<br /> | image = MSU_logo.png<br /> | alt = Mithila Student Union Logo<br /> | caption = MSU Flag<br /> | formation = 2015<br /> | founder = Anup Maithil, Nitish Karn, Raushan Maithil&lt;ref name=&quot;bhaskar.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/darbhanga/biraul/news/mithila-student-union-gets-new-leadership-135460482.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | type = [[Student society|Student Organization]]<br /> | status = [[Non-profit organizations]]<br /> | purpose = [[Activism]], Development in Mithila Region<br /> | headquarters = [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], [[India]]<br /> | language = [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]<br /> | leader_title = National President<br /> | leader_name = Vidya Bhushan Roy&lt;ref name=&quot;bhaskar.com&quot;/&gt;<br /> | leader_title2 = National General Secretary<br /> leader_name = [[गोपाल चौधरी|Gopal Choudhary]]<br /> | leader_title3 = National Organising Secretary<br /> | name = Mithila Student Union&lt;br /&gt;{{lang|hi|मिथिला स्टूडेंट यूनियन}}<br /> | size = <br /> | abbreviation = MSU<br /> | location = India<br /> | region_served = [[India]]<br /> | num_staff = <br /> | website = {{URL|http://mithilastudentunion.org/}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Mithila Student Union (MSU)''' ([[Maithili language|Maithili]] : [[:hi:मिथिला स्टूडेंट यूनियन|मिथिला स्टूडेंट यूनियन]]) is a non-political&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/darbhanga-mithila-student-union-performed-17040520.html|title=मिथिला स्टूडेंट यूनियन ने किया प्रदर्शन|work=jagran|access-date=2017-11-17|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117180516/http://www.jagran.com/bihar/darbhanga-mithila-student-union-performed-17040520.html|archive-date=2017-11-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[student organisation]] whose sole purpose is the development of [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] and [[Maithils]] living in India. It is one of the largest student organisations&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/blogs/prime-time-with-ravish-kumar-on-indian-education-system-1775928|title=यूनिवर्सिटी सीरीज का 24वां अंक : शिक्षा पर निवेश इतना कम क्यों? रवीश कुमार के साथ प्राइम टाइम|work=NDTVIndia|access-date=2017-11-17|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117174829/https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/blogs/prime-time-with-ravish-kumar-on-indian-education-system-1775928|archivedate=2017-11-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; in [[Bihar]]. It is a registered organization under the provisions of the [[Societies Registration Act, 1860]] under the [[Constitution of India|Indian constitution]]. Anup Maithil is the founder president of Mithila Student Union.<br /> They mostly keep '''Mithila Art Boarded Maroon Gamchha''' on their Sholder which is the Symbol of Passion, Love, Bravery and Courage.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The organization was established in 2015 to improve the education system, employment, migration issues, literacy, condition of health facilities, and scarcity of small-scale industries in the Mithila region.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://mithilastudentunion.com/|title=Mithila Student Union|website=mithilastudentunion.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-06-26|archive-date=2019-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323193614/http://mithilastudentunion.com/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> *6 May 2015: MSU's first campaign was a march to include [[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga]], [[Saharsa district|Saharsa]], [[Purnia district|Purnia]] in the smart cities list under the leadership of Anup Maithil.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/March-to-include-Darbhanga-Saharsa-Purnia-in-smart-cities-list/articleshow/47181065.cms|title=March to include Darbhanga, Saharsa, Purnia in smart cities list|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-11-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121034559/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/March-to-include-Darbhanga-Saharsa-Purnia-in-smart-cities-list/articleshow/47181065.cms|archivedate=2017-11-21|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; MSU organized a public march, social media campaign and submitted memos to government offices and ministries. [[Darbhanga Airport|Darbhanga airport]] was another issue for which founder of MSU Anup Maithil raised a voice.<br /> *28 May 2016:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/darbhanga-in-msu-meeting-on-sugar-mill-issue-protest-issue-14467014.html|title=एमएसयू की बैठक में चीनी मिल आंदोलन पर चर्चा|work=jagran|access-date=2017-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034414/http://www.jagran.com/bihar/darbhanga-in-msu-meeting-on-sugar-mill-issue-protest-issue-14467014.html|archive-date=2017-12-01|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In May 2016 Mithila witnessed the rise of a new activist group of young yellowed ''Senani's''. About 100 active members reached Darbhanga from across the country. A movement to renovate and restart the [[Industrial ruins in Mithila region|old sugar mills]] was already present. Mithila was once the main producer of the country's finest sugar. This industry used to provide direct and indirect employment and benefits to more than 1 million local people. Agriculture was a good business then, as sugarcane production provided financial support. Over time the mills decayed. The MSU campaign became a hit, and the chini mill movement became the first movement in Mithila to gain high support from farmers, labourers, students, locals and intellectuals. A 7-day rally&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.newsofbihar.com/regional-news/msu-protest-for-suger-mill.html|title=ले के रहेंगे चीनी मिल, MSU का हूंकार|date=2016-05-27|work=न्यूज़ ऑफ़ बिहार|access-date=2017-11-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031800/http://www.newsofbihar.com/regional-news/msu-protest-for-suger-mill.html|archivedate=2017-12-01|url-status=dead|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Included ''sabhas'' and ''nukkar-nataks''. This movement mainly affected Raiyyam, Lohath, and Pandaul areas. Just before this movement, a few MSU members were arrested in an attempt to present memo to the CM [[Nitish Kumar]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-13974440.html|title=पुलिसिया लाठीचार्ज की भ‌र्त्सना|work=jagran|access-date=2017-11-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; who was on his Darbhanga ''yatra''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-students-entered-into-nitishs-carcade-lathicharge-in-darbhanga-13966827.html|title=CM नीतीश के काफिले में जबरन घुसे छात्र, पुलिस ने लाठीचार्ज कर हटाया|work=jagran|access-date=2017-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201030849/http://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-students-entered-into-nitishs-carcade-lathicharge-in-darbhanga-13966827.html|archive-date=2017-12-01|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; These arrests&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/darbhanga-13850406.html|title=चीनी मील अपन अधिकार आंदोलन का होगा श्रीगणेश|work=jagran|access-date=2017-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129192336/http://www.jagran.com/bihar/darbhanga-13850406.html|archive-date=2017-11-29|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; helped MSU to get the support of the people, and the movement gained public involvement. The government did not try to reopen the mills, MSU's profile and acceptance rose.<br /> *2 November 2016: MSU launched a membership campaign.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/news/state-mithila-student-union-run-membership-campaign-14965925.html?src=RN_detail-page|title=मिथिला स्टूडेंट यूनियन ने चलाया सदस्यता अभियान|work=jagran|access-date=2017-11-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *6 February 2017: The Cycle March&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.newsofbihar.com/khas-khabar/cycle-yatra-se-yuva-layenge-sudhaer.html|title=साइकिल से आएगा मिथिला में सुधार : MSU के मस्तानों की टोली को है विश्वास |date=2017-02-04|work=न्यूज़ ऑफ़ बिहार|access-date=2017-11-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031721/http://www.newsofbihar.com/khas-khabar/cycle-yatra-se-yuva-layenge-sudhaer.html|archivedate=2017-12-01|url-status=dead|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; of February caught public support and praise. This journey was to get to know Mithila better and make people aware of MSU and its goals. senani were constant travelers, and local teams joined and welcomed them as they arrived. This march (''yatra'') helped in getting links and helped to form teams in different blocks of these cities.<br /> <br /> [[File:MSU ON NANCY JHA CASE.jpg|thumb|msu protested for CBI investigation for nancy jha murder case]]<br /> <br /> * 1 June 2017: Nancy Jha&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.navodayatimes.in/news/delhi/candle-march-about-the-justice-of-nancy-jha/43336/|title=नैंसी झा को इंसाफ दिलाने के लिए सड़कों पर उतरे लोग, CBI जांच की मांग|date=2017-06-01|access-date=2017-11-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040242/http://www.navodayatimes.in/news/delhi/candle-march-about-the-justice-of-nancy-jha/43336/|archivedate=2017-12-01|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; was an 11-year-old girl in Mahadevmath of [[Madhubani district|Madhubani]]. She was allegedly kidnapped and killed. Raushan Maithil, President of MSU,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/madhubani/madhubani-nancy-massacre-madhubani-delhi-protest/998548.html|title=Prabhat Khabar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034847/https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/madhubani/madhubani-nancy-massacre-madhubani-delhi-protest/998548.html|archive-date=2017-12-01|url-status=dead|access-date=2017-11-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; started a campaign after a family member of Nancy, contacted him. This campaign won public involvement and pressured local police and administration. A new SIT team was formed for Investigation. MSU members reached out to Nancy's&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/dailybiharnews-epaper-dbnews/ho+gaya+khulasa+nainsi+hatyakand+ko+lekar+esapi+ka+bada+bayan+hatyakand+me+dono+chacha+-newsid-68633294?listname=topicsList&amp;index=0&amp;topicIndex=0&amp;mode=pwa|title=Dailyhunt|website=m.dailyhunt.in|language=en|access-date=2017-11-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; village and teams around India joined [[Jantar Mantar, New Delhi|Jantar Mantar]] and social media campaigns. This campaign gave [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]-[[Maithils|Maithili]] a new method, involvement, coverage and hope and support of people from many places and background. Local media&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/madhubani/nancy-jha-murder-case-madhubani-bihar-vandalism-girl-child-protection-nitish-kumar/999255.html|title=Prabhat Khabar}}&lt;/ref&gt; people such as, Bj Bikas and Pankaj Prasoon started covering and following up.<br /> * 7 August 2017: [[Jajuar|Yajuar]] is the second most populous village of Bihar. It has three [[Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act 1996|Panchayat]], covers 25&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, and around 70,000 residents, but lacks electric power.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/muzaffarpur-people-agitating-about-electrical-problem-16503853.html|title=विद्युत समस्या को लेकर भड़के लोग|work=jagran|access-date=2017-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033308/http://www.jagran.com/bihar/muzaffarpur-people-agitating-about-electrical-problem-16503853.html|archive-date=2017-12-01|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; MSU started a campaign to highlight the issue with hashtag #[https://www.facebook.com/hashtag/bijli2yajuar BIjli2Yajuar]. An MSU team reached Yajuar and started a ''Jan-Andolan'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://biharcoverez.com/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%82-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE/|title=सुशासन बाबू का बिजली वाला 'गर्व' और अंधेरे में बिहार का दूसरा सबसे बड़ा गांव - बिहार कवरेज|date=2017-11-19|work=बिहार कवरेज|access-date=2017-11-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031621/http://biharcoverez.com/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%82-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE/|archivedate=2017-12-01|url-status=dead|language=hi-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt; a cycle rally of children, and a protest in front of the Block Office.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.raftaar.in/jagran-news-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97/detail/79afc7ccdefd2e4e668517b7debabb3a|title=विद्युत-समस्या-को-लेकर-भड़के-लोग|date=2017-08-07|work=Raftaar News|access-date=2017-11-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171130172412/http://news.raftaar.in/jagran-news-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97/detail/79afc7ccdefd2e4e668517b7debabb3a|archivedate=2017-11-30|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 8 neighbouring villages, memoranda, meetings, mail and phone campaigns and a media campaign generated pressure on government officials.<br /> <br /> [[File:MSU Senani carrying relief item for flood affected victims.jpg|thumb|Msu's sainani carrying relief item for flood affected victims]]<br /> <br /> * 19 August 2017: North [[Bihar]] was suffering from floods, killing hundreds, and leaving many hungry and homeless&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/dailybiharnews-epaper-dbnews/badh+pidito+ke+lie+sarakar+banakar+samane+aaya+chatr+sangathan+emaesayu-newsid-72344337?listname=topicsList&amp;index=0&amp;topicIndex=0&amp;mode=pwa|title=Dailyhunt|website=m.dailyhunt.in|language=en|access-date=2017-11-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; and millions affected. The road-embankment collapsed houses, closed the school hospital and spread disease. MSU members&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://livebihar.live/most-popular/ground-report-from-flood-area-good-governance-gov/67666.html|title=बाढ़ क्षेत्र से ग्राउंड रिपोर्ट : सुशासन सरकार राजनीति में तो छात्र संस्थाएं राहत में जुटी है|last1=Jha|first1=Roshan Kumar|website=Live Bihar|language=hi-IN|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129030435/http://livebihar.live/most-popular/ground-report-from-flood-area-good-governance-gov/67666.html|archivedate=2017-11-29|url-status=dead|access-date=2017-11-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; (MSU) reached villages, coordinating and donating food&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-helped-in-the-help-of-flood-victims-16608737.html|title=बाढ़ पीड़ितों की मदद में जान की बाजी लगा दी|work=jagran|access-date=2017-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035117/http://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-helped-in-the-help-of-flood-victims-16608737.html|archive-date=2017-12-01|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and other necessary items in the [[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga]]-[[Madhubani district|Madhubani]]-[[Saharsa]]-[[Sitamarhi district|Sitamarhi]] districts of [[Bihar]]. MSU started a social media campaign with hashtag [https://www.facebook.com/hashtag/msuwithu #MSUwithU] to collect funds online and a ground [[Bhikshatana]] was done for this purpose. This campaign brought a new face to MSU. More than 200 Active members in 6 districts were on the ground, divided into 16 teams to distribute relief packages, medicines, milk, clothes and other items. MSU units started 6 base camps where food items were made, packaged and divided for further distribution. They started medical camps and provided active support to government officials. They raised flood-aid funds, and collected many food-items and other essential articles. Afterwards, MSU published a list of all income and expenses in a detailed format.<br /> * 18 September 2017:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/education/after-ryan-school-incident-scrutiny-of-private-school-chains-is-important|title=Post Ryan, Why It Is Important to Scrutinise Private School Chains|work=The Quint|access-date=2017-11-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117174534/https://www.thequint.com/news/education/after-ryan-school-incident-scrutiny-of-private-school-chains-is-important|archivedate=2017-11-17|url-status=dead|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|date=September 18, 2017|title=Pradhyumn Thakur murder: Candle march held at Jantar Manta|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pradhyumn-thakur-murder-candle-march-held-at-jantar-manta/videoshow/60733277.cms|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171120172009/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pradhyumn-thakur-murder-candle-march-held-at-jantar-manta/videoshow/60733277.cms|url-status=live|accessdate=2017-11-17|archivedate=2017-11-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; MSU activists carried out a candle march at [[Jantar Mantar, New Delhi|Jantar Mantar]] in [[Delhi]] over the killing of 7-year-old student [[Pradyuman Thakur Murder Case|Pradhyumn Thakur]]. Police leveled a ''[[Lathi charge|lathi]]'' charge on MSU members and the public who were protesting in front of the school, but eventually, they transferred the case to [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] after a long campaign and public pressure.<br /> <br /> [[File:MSU senani marched for LNMU movement.jpg|thumb|Mithila Student Union Senani (MSU) marched for LNMU movement on 15 November 2017|195x195px]]<br /> <br /> * 15 November 2017:&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt; Mithila Student Union (MSU) protested in [[Lalit Narayan Mithila University]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://voiceofdarbhanga.com/?p=17787|title=मिसु के आन्दोलन से मिथिला विवि में दरभंगा के वाड्रा के चल रहे लूट-खसोट पर मंडराया खतरा! Voice of Darbhanga|work=Voice Of Darbhanga|access-date=2017-11-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612111422/http://voiceofdarbhanga.com/?p=17787|archivedate=2018-06-12|url-status=dead|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; over issues such as lack of teaching staff, necessary education reforms and many more. [[Lalit Narayan Mithila University|LNMU Darbhanga]] is one of the most important universities in [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]], educating approximately half a million college students, despite poor conditions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/darbhanga-education-caarption-in-lnmu-16891030.html|title=लनामिविवि में शैक्षणिक अराजकता|work=jagran|access-date=2017-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201081145/http://www.jagran.com/bihar/darbhanga-education-caarption-in-lnmu-16891030.html|archive-date=2017-12-01|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 70% of teaching and academic positions are vacant. The library, laboratory and hostel facilities are minimal. Classes are not regular, nor are curriculum, exams, or results. MSU tried to change this situation, without improvement, it formed a movement (andolan)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/darbhanga-mithila-student-union-performed-17040520.html|title=मिथिला स्टूडेंट यूनियन ने किया प्रदर्शन|work=jagran|access-date=2017-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129105302/http://www.jagran.com/bihar/darbhanga-mithila-student-union-performed-17040520.html|archive-date=2017-11-29|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; on November 15, 2017. On November 15, more than 3,000 active members from all teams and students gathered in [[Lalit Narayan Mithila University|LNMU]] to protest. When the Vice-Chancellor came for discussion, he agreed on eleven agenda (mang) items and asked for time to fulfill them. Every media house covered it and their [[hashtag]]s&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/hashtag/msu4lnmu|title=#MSU4LNMU|publisher=Facebook|language=en|access-date=2018-07-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; [https://twitter.com/hashtag/MSU4LNMU?src=hash #MSU4LNMU] trended on social media. The demonstration put MSU in conflict with local [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] Leaders.<br /> <br /> [[File:MSU-2.jpg|thumb|Msu cleaning Mithila painting of Madhubani station]]<br /> <br /> * 16 June 2018: Walls - The [[Madhubani railway station]] was to display a [[Madhubani/Mithila Painting|Mithila painting]]. It was created by local artists. The [[Madhubani railway station|Madhubani]] railway received the title of the second most beautiful railway station in India. Over time, the station was vandalized and became filled with garbage. The Mithila Student Union (MSU), a student union working for student and society interest in [[Mithilanchal]], cleaned it.<br /> *1 October 2018: Mithilaband for MDB, On day before [[Gandhi Jayanti]] MSU had called for mithila band&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/darbhanga-mithila-student-unions-mithila-bandh-combined-in-darbhanga-18488026.html|title=मिथिला स्टूडेंट यूनियन के मिथिला बंद का दरभंगा में मिलाजुला असर|work=Dainik Jagran|access-date=2018-10-02|language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; demanding for Mithila Development Board.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/madhubani/story-mithila-student-union-closes-today-administration-alert-2199647.html|title=मिथिला स्टूडेंट यूनियन का बंद आज, प्रशासन अलर्ट|website=Hindustan Dainik|language=hi|access-date=2018-10-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]]<br /> * [[Mithila Rajya Sangharsh Samiti]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category|Mithila Student Union}}<br /> * &lt;references group=&quot;https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/The-president-of-MSU-Anup-Kumar-Maithil-said-that-the-hundreds-of-students-particularly-belonging-to-Mithilanchal-would-gather-at-Delhis-Jantar-Mantar-on-Sunday-noon-for-taking-out-a-march-to-union-urban-development-ministers-official-residence-at-30-Aurangzeb-road-/articleshow/47178286.cms&quot; responsive=&quot;0&quot; /&gt;<br /> {{Official website|http://mithilastudentunion.org/ }}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Student organisations in India]]<br /> [[Category:Maithili language]]<br /> [[Category:Youth organisations based in India]]<br /> [[Category:Students' unions in India]]<br /> [[Category:Students in India]]</div>

AgnesOppen5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ambaji_Mata_Temple&diff=485876 2026-02-05T01:56:16Z

<p>AgnesOppen5: Adding</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Hindu temple and Shakti piths in Gujarat, India}}<br /> {{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Ambaji Mata Temple|native_name=અરાસુરી અંબા માતા મંદિર|country=India|state=[[Gujarat]]|district=[[Banaskantha district]]|location=[[Ambaji]]|deity=[[Shakti]] (Arasuri Amba)|elevation_m=480|architecture=White marble with gold-plated spire|map_type=India Gujarat|map_caption=Location in Gujarat|website=[https://www.ambajitemple.in ambajitemple.in]|native_name_lang=GU|image=0081323 Arasuri Ambaji mandir, Shakti Peeth, north Gujarat 037.jpg|alt=Ambaji Temple at Night|coordinates={{coord|24.33|N|72.85|E|display=inline,title}}|caption=Ambaji Mata Temple}}<br /> '''Ambaji Mata Temple''' (also known as '''Arasuri Amba Temple''') is a prominent [[Hindu temple]] in the town of [[Ambaji]] in [[Banaskantha district]], [[Gujarat]], India.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-07-30 |title=Ambaji set to become model temple town |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/ambaji-set-to-become-model-temple-town/articleshow/122982575.cms |access-date=2025-08-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; Revered as one of the 51 [[Shakta pithas]], the temple is traditionally believed to enshrine the heart of the goddess [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Sati]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2018-11-28 |title=Nita Ambani visits Ambaji temple, boy steals papal audience, and other news in pictures |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/boy-steals-papal-audience-congress-tdp-joint-rally-in-khammam-and-other-news-in-pictures/article25611625.ece |access-date=2025-08-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is a major pilgrimage destination, particularly during [[Navratri]] and the annual '''Bhadarvi Purnima Fair'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ambaji Set to Become India's Benchmark Temple Town with Gujarat's New Master Plan |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/religion/ambaji-set-to-become-india-s-benchmark-temple-town-with-gujarat-s-new-master-plan-article-13349431.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250730095349/https://www.moneycontrol.com/religion/ambaji-set-to-become-india-s-benchmark-temple-town-with-gujarat-s-new-master-plan-article-13349431.html |archive-date=2025-07-30 |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-09-20 |title=From 45 lakh to over 32 lakh, footfall at Ambaji temple records dip compared to last year |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/from-45l-to-over-32l-footfall-at-ambaji-temple-records-dip-compared-to-last-yr-9577860/ |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Location ==<br /> The temple stands at an elevation of about 480 metres on the Arasur Hills of the [[Aravalli Range]], near the [[Gujarat]]–[[Rajasthan]] border. It lies roughly 65 km from [[Palanpur]], 20 km from [[Abu Road]], 45 km from [[Mount Abu]], and 185 km from [[Ahmedabad]], near the source of the [[Saraswati River|Saraswati]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ambaji set to be linked with Gabbar Hill as ₹1,632 cr 'Shakti Corridor' master plan launched |url=https://english.gujaratsamachar.com/news/gujarat/ambaji-set-to-become-model-temple-town-under-rs-1632-crore-master-plan |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=english.gujaratsamachar.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Govt unveils master plan for development of Ambaji |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/govt-unveils-master-plan-for-development-of-ambaji/81896249.html |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=Ahmedabad Mirror |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Religious significance ==<br /> Ambaji is regarded as one of the principal [[Shaktism|Shakti]] pilgrimage sites. According to tradition, the heart or right arm of Sati fell at this spot following her immolation and Shiva's dance of destruction.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ambaji Shaktipeeth to get Rs 1,191-cr facelift |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/ambaji-shaktipeeth-to-get-rs-1191-cr-facelift/81886355.html |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=Ahmedabad Mirror |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The site is associated with Shaktism and tantric worship. Nearby Gabbar Hill—considered the original seat of the goddess—houses shrines and a light-and-sound show illustrating local legends.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-09-30 |title=PM Modi offers prayers at Ambaji temple, performs 'maha aarti' at Gabbar Tirth |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pm-modi-offers-prayers-at-ambaji-temple-performs-maha-aarti-gabbar-tirth-2006970-2022-09-30 |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Unlike many Hindu shrines, Ambaji does not contain an idol; the goddess is represented by the Shree Visa Yantra, a sacred geometric diagram that is veiled and not visible to devotees. Photography inside the sanctum is prohibited.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=DeshGujarat |date=2023-04-20 |title=2200 kg Shree Yantra to be set up at pilgrim town Ambaji in Gujarat |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2023/04/20/2200-kg-shree-yantra-to-grace-ambaji-temple-in-gujarat/ |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-02-11 |title=CM inaugurates 'fulfilment centre' for online delivery of Ambaji temple prasad |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/cm-inaugurates-fulfilment-centre-for-online-delivery-of-ambaji-temple-prasad-9155220/ |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Architecture and worship ==<br /> The complex features white marble construction, a gold-plated spire, and silver-plated doors. Daily offerings and multiple ''[[Aarti|āratī]]'' ceremonies are performed, and an eternal flame (''Akhand Jyot'') is maintained in the Chachar Chowk courtyard.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-03-08 |title=Mohanthal versus Chikki as Ambaji temple 'prasad' |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/mohanthal-versus-chikki-as-ambaji-temple-prasad-1503160529.html |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Amarnath K. |date=2015-04-30 |title=The Modi government wants gold idling in temple vaults to be part of the India growth story. The trusts aren't enthusiastic |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/religion/story/20150511-gold-akshaya-tritiya-world-gold-council-temple-818296-2015-04-30 |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-02-07 |title=Gujarat hosts 51 Shakti Peeth Parikrama Mahotsav at Ambaji: Rituals begin on Feb 9, over 15 lakh devotees expected - Gujarat News |url=https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/local/gujarat/news/gujarat-shakti-peeth-parikrama-ambaji-2024-134431262.html |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=Bhaskar English |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Festivals and pilgrimage ==<br /> The Bhadarvi Purnima Fair (September) attracts large numbers of devotees, many of whom travel on foot to Ambaji. During the fair the town is illuminated, resembling [[Diwali]]. The temple also hosts extensive [[Garba (dance)|garba]] dances and [[Bhavai]] folk theatre during [[Navratri]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-08-09 |title=Kashtbhanjan Dev adorned with rakhis from across India: Ambaji, Khedbrahma temples draw massive crowds since early morning - Gujarat News |url=https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/local/gujarat/news/raksha-bandhan-kashtbhanjan-dev-rakhis-ambaji-temple-crowd-khedbrahma-ambika-mataji-celebrations-gujarat-135638650.html |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=Bhaskar English |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-01-22 |title=Ram Temple Consecration : Ambaji Mandir to provide online prasad to devotees |url=https://theblunttimes.in/ram-temple-consecration-ambaji-mandir-to-provide-online-prasad-to-devotees/39522/ |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=The Blunt Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Govt officials join Gujarat's 'Review Mission' ahead of Ambaji Bhadrapadi Poonam Mela |url=https://www.thehawk.in/news/india/govt-officials-join-gujarats-review-mission-ahead-of-ambaji-bhadrapadi-poonam-mela |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=www.thehawk.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Governance and recent developments ==<br /> In the 2020s, state-led works were announced to develop Ambaji as a &quot;model temple town,&quot; including a proposed &quot;Shakti Corridor&quot; linking the main temple with Gabbar Hill and Mansarovar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ambaji redevelopment project gets green light |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/ambaji-redevelopment-project-gets-green-light/81884328.html |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=Ahmedabad Mirror |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2025 a data centre was introduced to support registrations for the Bhadarvi Poonam fair, donations, ''prasad'' distribution and parking systems.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-08-08 |title=Data centre at Ambaji temple in Gujarat inaugurated |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/data-centre-at-ambaji-temple-in-gujaratinaugurated/articleshow/123190029.cms |access-date=2025-08-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2021-11-02 |title=Gujarat: Stairway to Gabbar hilltop at Ambaji to be restored |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/stairway-to-gabbar-hilltop-at-ambaji-to-be-restored/articleshow/87473518.cms |access-date=2025-08-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; Preparations for the fair have included coordinated cleanliness, safety and traffic measures, alongside an online parking system intended to streamline pilgrim arrivals.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-10-30 |title=PM Modi prays at Ambaji temple during Gujarat visit |url=https://thefederal.com/category/states/west/gujarat/pm-modi-offers-prays-at-ambaji-temple-during-gujarat-visit-99659 |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=thefederal.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Accessibility ==<br /> Ambaji is connected by road to [[Palanpur]] and [[Ahmedabad]]. The nearest railway station is [[Abu Road railway station|Abu Road]] (about 20 km), with links to [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]] and [[Jaipur]]. The nearest major airport is [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport]] in Ahmedabad.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ahmedabad to Ambaji train set to run in 2027, 20% of track construction complete |url=https://english.gujaratsamachar.com/news/gujarat/ahmedabad-to-ambaji-train-set-to-run-in-2027-20-of-track-construction-complete |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=english.gujaratsamachar.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[Ambaji]]<br /> * [[Shakti piths]]<br /> * [[Navratri]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> * [https://www.ambajitemple.in Official website]<br /> * [https://www.gujaratindia.gov.in/Home/ambaji-temple Gujarat state portal: Ambaji Temple]<br /> * [https://www.gujarattourism.com/north-zone/banaskantha/ambaji-temple.html Gujarat Tourism: Ambaji Temple]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Hindu temples in Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:Banaskantha district]]<br /> [[Category:Shakti temples]]<br /> [[Category:Tourist attractions in Gujarat]]</div>

AgnesOppen5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Akash_Puri&diff=485217 2026-02-02T10:19:29Z

<p>AgnesOppen5: Stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian actor}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Akash Puri<br /> | image = Akash Puri.png<br /> | caption = Akash in 2018<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1997|7|25}}&lt;ref name=&quot;bday&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=The first look of Aakash Puri from Chor Bazaar is out! |work=Times Of india |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/the-first-look-of-aakash-puri-from-chor-bazaar-is-out/articleshow/84727812.cms |access-date=25 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | birth_name = Akash Puri<br /> | birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] (now [[Telangana]]) India<br /> | occupation = Actor<br /> | years_active = 2007–present<br /> | father = [[Puri Jagannadh]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Akash Puri''' is an Indian actor who works in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title='Mehbooba' actor Akash Puri's second film announced! |work=Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mehbooba-actor-akash-puris-second-film-announced/articleshow/67939858.cms |access-date=11 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Akash Puri and Ketika Sharma starrer Romantic has a release date |work= Times Of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/akash-puri-and-ketika-sharma-starrer-romantic-has-a-release-date/articleshow/81270059.cms |access-date=1 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; He started his career in 2008 as a [[child actor]] in the films ''[[Chirutha]]'', ''[[Bujjigadu]]'', ''[[Ek Niranjan]]'', ''[[The Lotus Pond]]'', ''[[Businessman (film)|Businessman]]'', ''[[Dhoni (film)|Dhoni]]'' and ''[[Gabbar Singh (film)|Gabbar Singh]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title='Wanted to act since Class II': Puri Akash |work=Deccan Chronicle |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/amp/131115/entertainment-tollywood/article/%25E2%2580%2598wanted-act-class-ii%25E2%2580%2599-puri-akash |access-date=15 November 2015}}{{dead link|date=June 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Puri debuted as a lead and adult with the 2015 film ''[[Andhra Pori]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=AAKASH PURI'S 'ANDHRA PORI' ON MAY 15TH |work=India Glitz |url= https://www.indiaglitz.com/aakash-puris-andhra-pori-on-may-15th--_amp-news-126884 |access-date=3 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; His notable films include ''[[Mehbooba (2018 film)|Mehbooba]]'' and ''[[Romantic (film)|Romantic]]''.<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Puri made his debut as a child artist in ''[[Chirutha]]'' as a young Charan in 2007. The film was directed by his father [[Puri Jagannadh]], starring [[Ramcharan]] and [[Neha Sharma]]. He has also done more 7 films as a [[Child actor|child artist]] which includes ''[[Bujjigadu]], [[Ek Niranjan]], [[The Lotus Pond]], [[Businessman]], [[Dhoni (film)|Dhoni]] and [[Gabbar Singh (film)|Gabbar Singh]]''.<br /> <br /> Puri made his debut as a lead actor in 2015 with the film ''[[Andhra Pori]]''. After that, he made a film [[Mehbooba (2018 film)|''Mehbooba'']], which was directed by his father [[Puri Jagannadh]]. The film achieved a commercial hit.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title= Movie Review |work=Times Of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/mehbooba/amp_movie_review/64122072.cms |access-date=11 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also starred in [[Romantic (film)|romantic]] film with [[Ketika Sharma]] which got mixed talk from viewers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Movie Review |work=Times Of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/romantic/amp_movie_review/87360866.cms |access-date=29 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He will next feature in [[Romance film|romantic]]-[[Action film|action]] film [[Chor Bazaar (film)|''Chor Bazaar'']] directed by [[B. Jeevan Reddy]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=The first look of Aakash Puri from Chor Bazaar is out! |work=Times Of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/the-first-look-of-aakash-puri-from-chor-bazaar-is-out/articleshow/84727812.cms |access-date=25 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; <br /> | style=&quot;background:#ffc;&quot;|<br /> {{dagger|alt:Films that have not yet been released}}<br /> | Denotes films that have not yet been released <br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> !Title<br /> !Role<br /> !Language<br /> ! Notes<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2007<br /> | ''[[Chirutha]]''<br /> | Young Charan<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; | Child actor<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2008<br /> | ''[[Bujjigadu]]''<br /> | Young Bujji<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2009<br /> | ''[[Ek Niranjan]]''<br /> | Sameera's guitar student<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2010<br /> | ''[[The Lotus Pond]]''<br /> | Neeraj<br /> | [[English language|English]]<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Little movie, Himalayan surprise! |work=The New Indian Express| url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2012/Jan/15/little-movie-himalayan-surprise-330341.html |access-date=15 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2012<br /> | [[Businessman (film)|''Businessman'']]<br /> | Younger Vijay Surya<br /> |Telugu<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Dhoni (film)|''Dhoni'']]<br /> | Karthick Subramaniam<br /> |Telugu&lt;br /&gt;[[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Gabbar Singh (film)|''Gabbar Singh'']]<br /> | Young Venkataratnam Naidu / Young Gabbar Singh <br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Telugu<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=I'm playing young Pawan Kalyan in Gabbar Singh - Aakash |work=Ragalahari |url=https://m.ragalahari.com/celebrity-interview/1094/aakashs-interview-about-dhoni}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2015<br /> | ''[[Andhra Pori]]''<br /> | Narsingh<br /> | Adult debut<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Andhra Pori perfect film for my age: Akash Puri |work= Mangalorean |url=https://www.mangalorean.com/andhra-pori-perfect-film-for-my-age-akash-puri/%3famp |access-date=21 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2018<br /> | [[Mehbooba (2018 film)|''Mehbooba'']]<br /> | Roshan/Kabir<br /> |<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Puri Chose The Most Successful Genre For His Son |work=Telugu bullet |url=https://telugubullet.com/puri-jagannadh-son-mehbooba-movie/ |access-date=10 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2021<br /> | [[Romantic (film)|''Romantic'']]<br /> | Vasco De Gama<br /> | <br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=After Successful Theatrical Run, Akash Puri's Romantic Now Streaming on Aha |work=News18 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/after-successful-theatrical-run-akash-puris-romantic-now-streaming-on-aha-4490432.html |access-date=26 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2022<br /> |[[Chor Bazaar (film)|''Chor Bazaar'']]<br /> |Bachchan Saab<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=The first look of Aakash Puri from Chor Bazaar is out! |work=Times Of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/the-first-look-of-aakash-puri-from-chor-bazaar-is-out/articleshow/84727812.cms |access-date=25 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Playback singer===<br /> *&quot;Mera Naam Vasco De Gama&quot;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{IMDb name|4859271}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Puri, Akash}}<br /> [[Category:Male actors from Hyderabad, India]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu male actors]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male child actors]]<br /> [[Category:1997 births]]<br /> <br /> {{India-film-actor-1990s-stub}}</div>

AgnesOppen5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Government_Dental_College,_Silchar&diff=501041 2026-01-26T18:56:52Z

<p>AgnesOppen5: Put up</p> <hr /> <div>{{Multiple issues|<br /> {{notability|1=Companies|date=July 2018}}<br /> {{more citations needed|date=July 2018}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}{{Short description|Dental College in Silchar, Assam, India}}<br /> {{Infobox university|<br /> |name = Government Dental College, Silchar |native_name = চৰকাৰী দন্ত চিকিৎসা মহাবিদ্যালয়<br /> |image=<br /> |motto= <br /> |established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|2018}}<br /> |type = [[Public]]<br /> |principal = Dr. Manjula Das<br /> |city = [[Silchar]]<br /> |state = [[Assam]]<br /> |campus = Urban<br /> | coor = <br /> |free_label = Acronym | <br /> |free = GDCS |<br /> |affiliations = [[Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Dental Council of India]]<br /> |undergrad = 50 per year<br /> | postgrad =<br /> <br /> |faculty = <br /> |website = <br /> }}<br /> '''Government Dental College, Silchar''' is a government dental college of [[Assam]]. It was established in 2018 by [[Government of Assam]].<br /> <br /> The college offers 5 year full-time degree course of [[Bachelor of Dental Surgery]] (BDS). The college is affiliated with [[Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = about us |url = http://ssuhs.in/node.php?u=afflt<br /> |website = ssuhs.in |accessdate = 2018-07-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is recognized by [[Dental Council of India]].<br /> <br /> ==Academics==<br /> The college offers a 5-year full-time undergraduate degree course of [[Bachelor of Dental Surgery]]. The admission into the BDS course is based on [[National Eligibility and Entrance Test|NEET]]. All courses are provided by [[Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences]]. The first academic session started on 12 September 2018.<br /> <br /> ===Courses===<br /> * [[Bachelor of Dental Surgery]] – 50 seats per year&lt;ref name=&quot;The Sentinel&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/news/two-more-dental-colleges-in-the-offing/|publisher=sentinelassam.com|title=Two more dental colleges in the offing|accessdate=2018-07-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{coord missing|Assam}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Affiliates of Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences]]<br /> [[Category:Dental colleges in India]]<br /> [[Category:Medical colleges in Assam]]<br /> [[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2018]]<br /> [[Category:2018 establishments in Assam]]<br /> {{Assam-university-stub}}<br /> {{dentistry-stub}}</div>

AgnesOppen5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mind_teachings_of_Tibet&diff=450510 2026-01-20T01:25:36Z

<p>AgnesOppen5: Expanded content with additional details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Preservation of mind teachings of Tibetan Buddhism}}<br /> [[File:The Ninth Karmapa, Wangchug Dorje (1555-1603) - Google Art Project.jpg|right|thumb|300px |The Ninth Karmapa, Wangchug Dorje (1555–1603)]]<br /> <br /> {{Tibetan Buddhism}}<br /> The '''mind teachings of Tibet''' ([[Wylie transliteration|Wylie]]: ''sems khrid'') are a body of sacredly held instructions on the nature of mind and the practice of meditation on, or in accordance with, that nature.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Rinpoche |first1= Khenchen Thrangu |title=Pointing Out the Dharmakaya: Teachings on the Ninth Karmapa's Text |page=5 |location= Ithaca, New York |publisher= Snow Lion Publications |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-59030-055-8 |quote=Two different lineages of the meditation of looking directly at mind arose in the Vajrayana in Tibet. One was the mahamudra and the other was the dzogchen lineage….The instructions in both of these traditions is simply called &quot;guidance on the mind&quot; because in both systems everything hinges on the student's recognition of the nature of mind. By looking at texts from both systems, one finds that they point to the same thing. In fact, in many cases they use the same words.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Khenpo Jamyang Dorje |first=Nyoshul |year=2015 |translator-last=Christensen |translator-first=David | title=The Fearless Lion's Roar: Profound Instructions on Dzogchen, the Great Perfection |page=193 |publisher= Snow Lion, an Imprint of Shambhala Publications, Inc. |location= Boston, Massachusetts | isbn= 978-1-55939-431-4 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Although maintained and cultivated, to various degrees, within each of the major Tibetan Buddhist traditions, they are primarily associated with the [[mahamudra]] traditions&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kongtrül |first1=The Third Jamgön |title= Cloudless Sky: The Mahamudra Path of the Tibetan Buddhist Kagyü School |page=15 |location= Boston, Massachusetts |publisher=Shambhala Publications, Inc. |year=1992 |isbn=0-87773-694-4|quote=The essence of the countless teachings of the Buddha is the explanation of the buddha-nature, the luminosity that abides in the mind of every single being. As long as one does not recognize one's buddha-nature, one experiences the confusion of samsara.…Buddha's instructions were basically methods to help one overcome confusion and recognize the true nature of mind. The teachings of mahamudra, known as the &quot;path of liberation,&quot; represent the pinnacle of the Buddha's teachings. }}&lt;/ref&gt; of the [[Kagyu]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Namgyal |first1=Dakpo Tashi |last2=Lhalungpa |first2=Lobsang |year=2006 |title=Mahamudra – The Moonlight: Quintessence of Mind and Meditation |page=XXVII |publisher= Wisdom Publications, Inc.|location= Boston |quote=''Mahāmudrā: The Moonlight – Quintessence of Mind and Meditation'' (&quot;Moonbeams of Mahāmudrā&quot;) represents the advanced doctrine and practice as understood and realized by the Kagyüpa Order of Tibetan Buddhism. |isbn=978-0861712991 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and the [[dzogchen]] traditions&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Rinpoche |first1=Tulku Thondup |title=Buddha Mind: An Anthology of Longchen Rabjam's Writings on Dzogpa Chenpo |publisher=Snow Lion Publications |year= 1989 |page= xiii |isbn=0-937938-66-1|quote=The teachings of ''Dzogpa Chenpo'' (or ''Dzogchen''), the ''Great Perfection'', are the innermost esoteric Buddhist training preserved and practiced to this day by the followers of the ''Nyingma'' (''rNying-Ma'') school of Tibet. The main emphasis of ''Dzogpa Chenpo'' is to attain the realization of the true nature of the mind, the Intrinsic Awareness (''Rig-Pa''), which is the Buddha Mind or Buddha-essence. }}&lt;/ref&gt; of the [[Nyingma]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Rinpoche |first1=Dudjom |title=The Nyingma School of Tibetan Buddhism: Its Fundamentals and History |publisher=Wisdom Publications |year= 1991 |page=36 |isbn=0-86171-199-8 |quote=The Great Perfection…refers not to consciousness (Wylie: ''rnam shes'') but to pristine cognition (Wylie: ''ye shes''). It is the intrinsic awareness of mind-as-such (Wylie: ''sems nyid kyi rang rig''), transcending the mind, and buddhahood is said to emerge not through compounded provisions but through realisation of pristine cognition without activity. – Gyurme Dorje (Translator’s Introduction) }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The mind teachings of [[Tibet]] are generally believed to have originated with [[Shakyamuni Buddha]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Rinpoche |first1=Thrangu | year=1994 |title= King of Samadhi: Commentaries on the Samadhi Raja Sutra and The Song of Lodrö Thaye |publisher=Rangjung Yeshe Publications |location= Hong Kong, Boudhanath and Århus |isbn=962-7341-19-3 }}&lt;/ref&gt; although the recorded lineages only trace back to adepts from various regions of the [[Pala Empire]] within the [[Medieval India]] era between the 7th and 11th century (CE.)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Norbu |first1= Namkhai |title=The Cycle of Day and Night: An Essential Tibetan Text on the Practice of Contemplation |publisher=Station Hill Press |year=1984 |page=17 |isbn=0-88268-040-4 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Rinpoche |first1=Dudjom |title=The Nyingma School of Tibetan Buddhism: Its Fundamentals and History |publisher=Wisdom Publications |year= 1991 |isbn=0-86171-199-8 }}&lt;/ref&gt; After the great [[Tibetan diaspora]] in 1959, the mind teachings were among the first Tibetan [[Dharma]] teachings identified for preservation and propagation, an effort which assumed an increased sense of urgency under the direction of the [[14th Dalai Lama]] as the full scope of the destruction to Tibet's religious and cultural heritage became apparent. Important treatises by the illustrious Nyingmapa [[Longchenpa]] (1308–1364) and the Kagyu master [[Wangchuk Dorje, 9th Karmapa Lama]] (1556–1603) were among the earliest of the works published by the [[Library of Tibetan Works and Archives]] (LTWA.)<br /> <br /> The first Nyingma work by Longchenpa published by LTWA was based on the four dharmas of [[Gampopa]] (1079–1153), the founder of the [[Dagpo Kagyu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Rab-jam-pa |first1=Long-chen |last2=Rinpoche |first2=H.H. Dudjom |last3=Khyentse Rinpoche |first3=Beru |title=The Four-Themed Precious Garland: An Introduction to Dzogchen-ch'en, the Great Completion |location= Dharamsala, H.P. India |publisher=Library of Tibetan Works and Archives |year=1979 |page=ix |quote=In June 1975, His Holiness the Fourteenth Dalai Lama, as part of his programme to preserve and transmit the many lineages of Buddhism in Tibet, commissioned the Library of Tibetan Works to translate and preserve representative works from each of the major Tibetan Buddhist traditions. As a sample of the Nying-ma style of teaching, and in particular of the Dzog-ch'en or &quot;Great Completeness&quot;…''The Four themed Precious Garland'' of Long-ch'en Rab-jam-pa was chosen…Together with the Third Karmapa, he studied under Rig-dzin Kumarāja. Through the efforts of these three, the diverse streams of the &quot;Nying-t'ig&quot; or &quot;Innermost Essence&quot; teachings of Dzog-ch'en were brought together and codified into one of the common grounds between the Nying-ma and the Ka-gyü traditions. – Alexander Berzin }}&lt;/ref&gt; The first mahamudra work published by them was a concise, yet comprehensive, [[Karma Kagyu]] mahamudra meditation manual by Wangchuk Dorje, &quot;pertaining to ancient Tibetan traditions of the mind.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Wang-chu'g Dor-je |first1=Ninth Karmapa |title=The Mahāmudrā: Eliminating the Darkness of Ignorance |pages=iii–xiii |location= Dharamsala, India |publisher=Library of Tibetan Works and Archives |year=1978 |quote=This publication is a continuation of the Library of Tibetan Works and Archives' programme of research, translation and publication of several works from the original Tibetan sources. It is also a response to the growing demand for matters pertaining to ancient Tibetan traditions of the mind. – Gyatsho Tshering. Mahāmudrā, or the &quot;Great Seal,&quot; refers to a Mahāyāna Buddhist system of meditation on the nature of mind and is undertaken for realizing Enlightenment – the complete elimination from the mind of all delusions and obstacles, and the attainment in terms of all of its good qualities. In this state you have the maximum ability to benefit others… This volume…on the Kar-ma Ka-gyü tradition of Mahāmudrā forms part of LTWAs programme to present representative works of the various Tibetan Buddhist lineages in order to preserve and further the wide diversity of teachings transmitted in Tibet. – Alexander Berzin |isbn=81-85102-13-9 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In addition to texts published by, or in cooperation, with LTWA, Kagyu and Nyingma leaders independently pursued other avenues to further the preservation of their most important works. By the dawn of the 21st century, the two most highly regarded Tibetan works on the nature of the mind, and the practice of meditation on, and in accordance with, that nature, were translated by highly qualified translators and published openly in English.<br /> <br /> ==Important texts==<br /> The foremost mind teaching treatise to be identified among the Kagyu traditions was a masterful presentation of the quintessential instructions of mahamudra by [[Dakpo Tashi Namgyal]] (1512–1587), colloquially referred to as &quot;Moonbeams of Mahamudra&quot; (Wylie: ''phyag chen zla ba'i 'od zer''). In 1969, Dukchen Thuksey Rinpoche (1916–1983), the acting head of the [[Drukpa Kagyu]], and, shortly thereafter, [[Rangjung Rigpe Dorje, 16th Karmapa]] (1924–1981), the head of the Karma Kagyu, independently requested the Tibetan-English translator Lobsang P. Lhalungpa to undertake the translation of this voluminous work, which involved the task of translating a variety of forms of classical Tibetan, written in literary styles spanning several centuries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Lobsang P.|last=Lhalungpa | year=2006| title=Mahamudra – The Moonlight: Quintessence of Mind and Meditation |pages=XXI-XXII| publisher= Wisdom Publications, Inc. |quote=Since 1959, when many thousands of Tibetans escaped to India and other neighboring countries, I had been asked to translate Buddhist texts by the highest authority within our tradition and by many of my Lamas. In 1969 the late Venerable Dukchen Thuksay Rinpoche, master of the Drukpa Kagyü Order, presented me with a xylographed print of a Tibetan text during an assembly at Sangngak Chöling Monastery in Darjeeling (India). While blessing me, Rinpoche, in his gentle voice, said: &quot;This is the most important sacred text! I urge you to translate it.&quot;… A few years later, His Holiness Karmapa Rigpei Dorje, the Sixteenth Karmapa, presented me with seven great commentaries on the sūtric and tantric teachings. He also handed me a certificate bearing his seal that assigned me the task of translating these texts. On the list of titles this Mahāmudrā text was especially marked for translation. | location= Boston |isbn=978-0861712991 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It was published and made accessible, without restrictions, in 1986, under the title, ''Mahamudra - The Moonlight: Quintessence of Mind and Meditation.''<br /> <br /> [[File:Dudjom Rinpoche with Prince Paljor Namgyal and Maharani Kunzang Dechen Tshomo Namgyal.jpg|right|thumb|Dudjom Rinpoche with Prince Paljor Namgyal and Maharani Kunzang Dechen Tshomo Namgyal]]<br /> <br /> With respect to dzogchen, the highest and final vehicle of the nine [[Yana (Buddhism)|yana]]s of the Nyingma, the [[Seven Treasuries]] of Longchenpa were identified early on by [[Dudjom Jigdral Yeshe Dorje|Dudjom Rinpoche]], the [[Nyingma#Hierarchy and teachers|first selected head]] of the Nyingma, as most important for preservation, and which, in their entirety, were significantly larger than &quot;Moonbeams of Mahamudra.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Rinpoche |first1=Dudjom |title=The Nyingma School of Tibetan Buddhism: Its Fundamentals and History |publisher=Wisdom Publications |year= 1991 |page= 375 |isbn=0-86171-199-8 |quote=As for all those…who wish to thoroughly investigate the limits of study and reflection…should be impartially liberated by relying on the extensive eloquent compositions…of accomplished masters such as: the scriptures of the all-knowing Trime Özer (Longchenpa), which, in the manner of a treasury of precious gems containing all the numerous extraordinary riches of the kingdom, excellent comment on the definitive, profound essentials of tantra, transmission and esoteric instruction endowed with the six superiorities of the ancient translations, with an insight which perceives reality, just as it is (explicit reference to the seven treasuries is provided)}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The 14th Dalai Lama also independently stated that two of the Seven Treasuries are exceptionally noteworthy, summarizing his views as, &quot;Only by comprehending the practices of the Great Perfection based on these two texts (''The Treasury of the Dharmadhātu'' and ''The Treasury of the Supreme Vehicle'') can you hope to have a good reliable understanding of the Great Perfection (Dzogchen.)&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lama |first1=H. H. the Dalai |title=Dzogchen: The Heart Essence of the Great Perfection |publisher=Shambhala Publications, Inc. |year= 2000 | pages = 119–120 |isbn=1-55939-157-X |quote=''The Treasury of the Dharmadhātu'' is regarded as expressing the essence of Longchenpa's teachings on Dzogchen, and distils the three categories of Dzogchen: mind, space and pith instructions…His Holiness made reference to it during a teaching in London in 1988, when he emphasized the need to study the key texts in order to arrive at a thorough understanding of Dzogchen…. (noting, specifically that ''The Treasury of the Dharmadhātu'') &quot;outlines the Great Perfection. In fact this…text is like the key to Dzogchen. Only by comprehending the practices of the Great Perfection based on these two texts (it, along with ''The Treasury of the Supreme Vehicle'' or &quot;theg mchog mdzod&quot;) can you hope to have a good reliable understanding of the Great Perfection.&quot; }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''The Treasury of the Dharmadhātu'', colloquially known in Tibetan as the &quot;Chöying Dzöd&quot;, was also called by him &quot;the key to dzogchen.&quot; It was to become the first of these two treasures translated (along with some of the other treasures) over a period of several years by a team led by [[Richard Barron]] under the direction of [[Chagdud Tulku Rinpoche]] (1930–2002), and published in 2001 under the title, ''A Treasure Trove of Scriptural Transmission.''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Rabjam |first1=Longchen |title=A Treasure Trove of Scriptural Transmission : A Commentary on The Precious Treasury of the Basic Space of Phenomena |publisher=Padma Publishing |year=2001 |isbn=1-881847-30-6 |page=vii |quote=The publication of Longchen Rabjam's Seven Treasuries should be a cause for rejoicing among deeply committed English-speaking Buddhists who aspire to realize the dzogchen, or great perfection, teachings of vajrayana Buddhism….Among Buddhist teachings, none are more profound, more capable of freeing the mind from its most subtle obscurations, than those of the great perfection }}&lt;/ref&gt; This translation included the root text and, most importantly, the full auto-commentary by Longchenpa; the root text only was also published separately in 2001, with both Tibetan and English depictions, under the title of ''The Treasury of the Basic Space of Phenomena.''<br /> <br /> ==Preservation of oral instruction==<br /> [[File:Khenchen Thrangu Rinpoche in Nepal, 2008.jpg|right|thumb|Khenchen Thrangu Rinpoche in Nepal, 2008]]<br /> A call for the propagation of the teachings of mahamudra first rose to prominence in the 1970s when, during his travels in the West, Rangjung Rigpe Dorje proclaimed, &quot;of all meditations, Mahamudra would be of the most benefit for Westerners, because it deals directly with mind itself and is therefore accessible to people of any culture.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Rinpoche |first1=Khenchen Thrangu |title=The Ninth Karmapa's Ocean of Definitive Meaning |publisher= Snow Lion |year=2003 |page= xiii (Peter Alan Roberts, from Translator's Preface) |isbn=1-55939-202-9 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It was based on his advice and request&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= https://leksheyling.net/pages/english/Lineages/KagyuGoldenrosary/023_8th-Karmpa_mtshungs-med-mi-bskyod-rdo-rje.htm |title=Karma Lekshey Ling Shedra - Kagyu Lineage - 23. 8th Karmapa 1507 – 1554 |last=Karma Lekshey Ling Shedra |publisher= Karma Lekshey Ling Shedra |website= leksheyling.net |access-date=August 31, 2023 |quote=Mahamudra practice is very useful and beneficial. There are various systems and texts which present it…and there is this text, 'Moonbeams of Mahamudra' by Dakpo Tashi Namgyal, who was an emanation of the great teacher Gampopa. In fact, it is very appropriate for our particular moment in history. When the Sixteenth Karmapa, Rangjung Rigpe Dorje, came to the West and taught, he was asked which text would be most useful and beneficial for western students and he particularly indicated this text. He said that to have it taught, translated, and printed would be of a great benefit at this time….We should meditate (according to) these teachings. We should read the text and tell others about it. – Thrangu Rinpoche (Oxford Seminar) }}&lt;/ref&gt; that the scholar-monk of the Karma Kagyu tradition, [[Thrangu Rinpoche|Khenchen Thrangu Rinpoche]] (1933–2023), followed up on the English publication of &quot;Moonbeams of Mahamudra&quot; by presenting a comprehensive series of instructions on it over a period of six years. In addition, for more than four decades, he provided oral instructions and transmissions on several other mahamudra meditation manuals, and their ancillary texts, all with the intent of allowing the teachings to benefit as many as possible. Thrangu Rinpoche noted that it was &quot;important that this highest, or deepest, teaching should be readily available to all who are interested in practicing it,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; reaffirming the stance maintained within his tradition that mahamudra should be available as a complete and distinct &quot;path to liberation&quot; (Wylie: ''grol lam'') – both independent of, and interdependent with, its tantric methods.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kyabgon |first1=Traleg |title=Mind at Ease: Self-Liberation Through Mahamudra Meditation |publisher= Shambhala Publications, Inc. |year=2003 |page=5 |isbn=1-59030-156-0 |quote=Although other Tibetan Buddhist schools always practiced Mahamudra in conjunction with Tantrism, in the Kagyu tradition it is treated as a separate path to enlightenment, one that in fact transcends tantric methods and techniques, emphasizing the concept of self-liberation as opposed to tantric transformation. This is unique in the Kagyu school. }}&lt;/ref&gt; In this manner, he followed in the footsteps of not only the 16th century Dakpo Tashi Namgyal (who was among the first to preserve the oral instructions of Tibet in writing, after xylographic methods of printing developed in China, were finally adopted in Tibet),&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Namgyal |first1=Dakpo Tashi |title= Moonbeams of Mahamudra : with Dispelling the Darkness of Ignorance by Wangchuk Dorje, the Ninth Karmapa | pages=xxxix–xl |publisher=Snow Lion |location=Boulder |year=2019 |isbn=9781559394802 |quote=This new technology enabled monasteries to print large collections of texts, such as the Kangyur and Tengyur and multivolume collected works of individual authors, and make them available in an unprecedented way. Prior to that, the only option was to copy books by hand.– Elizabeth M. Callahan (from Translator’s Introduction) }}&lt;/ref&gt; and the 12th century Gampopa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Namgyal |first1= Dakpo Tashi |last2=Lhalungpa |first2=Lobsang | year=2006 |title=Mahamudra – The Moonlight: Quintessence of Mind and Meditation |pages=109–112 | publisher= Wisdom Publications, Inc.|location= Boston |isbn=978-0861712991 }}&lt;/ref&gt; but also in those of the earliest recorded adepts of his tradition, dating from around the 8th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Namgyal |first1=Dakpo Tashi |title= Moonbeams of Mahamudra : with Dispelling the Darkness of Ignorance by Wangchuk Dorje, the Ninth Karmapa |page=xxxiii |publisher=Snow Lion |location=Boulder |year=2019 |isbn=9781559394802 |quote=Although more study needs to be done of Gampopa’s Collected Works, his life and times, and other transmissions of mahāmudrā in India and Tibet, it is becoming clear that, while he may have done some things differently than his teachers, Gampopa did not teach in an unprecedented way and did not teach a mahāmudrā that was different from that taught by Maitrīpa and his students. – Elizabeth M. Callahan (from Translator’s Introduction) }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A few years later, another branch of the Kagyu, the [[Drikung Kagyu]], realized the translation of its text on the mind teachings, a very early Tibetan mahamudra written work by its founder [[Jigten Sumgön]] (1143–1217), who is frequently quoted in &quot;Moonbeams of Mahamudra&quot; and other mahamudra texts. This work is historically important since it was the first meditation manual on mahamudra written by a Tibetan and is most representative of the extant oral instructions of its time. Although the Drikung are generally known for maintaining a five-fold path consisting of the practices of [[bodhicitta]], [[yidam]] deity meditation, guru yoga, mahamudra and dedication of merit, according to Kyabgön Chetsang Rinpoche, one of the heads of the Drikung lineage, the manual demonstrates that the Drikung have also maintained mahamudra as a complete and independent path for students, and not only as part of their five-fold path.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Sumgon |first1=Kyobpa Jigten |title= Introduction to Mahamudra the Co-emergent Unification: An Ornament which is the Luminosity of the Primordial Awareness that Dispels the Darkness of Ignorance |pages=xiv–xv |publisher=Songtsen Library |location=Dehra Dun, India |year=2004 |isbn=81-89210-00-9 |quote=…this text was not published before; many of the Dharma holders have assumed that the Drikung Kagyu lineage has only the ''Five-fold Mahamudra'' but not the pith instructions of the ''Unification of Co-emergent Mahamudra''. From Naropa through Marpa until Milarepa, the ''Unification of Co-emergent Mahamudra'' was only passed from mouth to ear. Therefore, the pith instruction were not available in this written form… (Afterwards, Gampopa) became a master of Mahamudra and his benevolent activities pervaded all. Thereafter…most of the mind instructions in the old and new tantras in Tibet have been based on the ''Unification of Co-emergent Mahamudra''. In brief, the ''Unification of Co-emergent Mahamudra'' is the amalgamation of the whole gamut of essential pith instructions from the sutric and tantric teachings of Lord Buddha. Left behind by the former siddhas, it is the most profound Dharma of the Kagyu lineage in general and the Dakpo Kagyu lineage in particular. It is a very convenient practice, emphasized by the Dharma Lord Gampopa. – H.H. the Drikung Kyabgon Chetsang (Foreword) }}&lt;/ref&gt; The text was translated by Khenpo Konchog Tamphel and published in 2004 under the title, ''Introduction to Mahamudra the Co-emergent Unification: An Ornament which is the Luminosity of the Primordial Awareness that Dispels the Darkness of Ignorance''.<br /> <br /> The oral instructions on this work had previously been presented in North America, in 1997, by [[Garchen Rinpoche]], after his release from two decades of internment within a People's Republic of China (PRC) labor camp. During its presentation, it was translated into English by the author and great abbot Khenchen Könchog Gyaltsen Rinpoche, and published that same year,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Rinpoche |first1= Garchen |title=Mahamudra Teachings (Drikung Kagyu Teachings Book 1) |publisher= Drikung Kagyu Teachings |year= 1997 |isbn= 0615578314 |quote=As a record of the oral transmission of Mahamudra based on the instructions of the founder of the Drikung Kagyü lineage, these teachings are of immeasurable value …both beginners and long-time practitioners will find much delightful and invaluable instruction embodied within these pages. – Peter Barth (Preface) }}&lt;/ref&gt; edited by a former student of Dukchen Thuksey Rinpoche, a Westerner with experience in Mahamudra practice.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Barth |first1= Peter F. |title=Piercing the Autumn Sky: Discovering the Natural Freedom of Mind |publisher= Lame Turtle Press |year= 1993 |isbn=0-9635796-3-0 |page=6 |quote=Peter Barth’s ''Piercing the Autumn Sky'' is written in simple language and a clear, accessible style in order to help those on the Dharma path. Easily readable, it draws from the author's own long-term experience with Mahamudra practice. ''Piercing the Autumn Sky'' will quench the thirst of the spiritual seeker. – Khenchen Könchog Gyaltsen Rinpoche (Preface) }}&lt;/ref&gt; Garchen Rinpoche was also known as a dzogchen adept, having studied and practiced dzogchen in secret during his internment, under the guidance of his root teacher, Khenpo Munsel (1916–1994) of [[Kathok Monastery]]. Khenpo Munsel was well known as one of the chief disciples, along with [[Dzongsar Khyentse Chökyi Lodrö|Khyentse Chökyi Lodrö]] (1893–1959) and [[Chatral Sangye Dorje|Chatral Rinpoche]] (1913–2015), of the author of ''A Guide to the Words of My Perfect Teacher'', [[Khenpo Ngawang Pelzang|Khenpo Ngagchung]] (1879–1941.)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://treasuryoflives.org/biographies/view/Khenpo-Munsel/9929 |title=The Treasury of Lives |last=Chhosphel |first=Samten |website=treasuryoflives.org |access-date=August 31, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Garchen.jpg| right|thumb|Garchen Rinpoche]]<br /> The tradition of ensuring that oral instructions are provided to illuminate traditional written texts, whether original teachings attributed to Shakyamuni Buddha ([[Kangyur]]) or subsequent treatises and commentaries ([[Tengyur]]), is just as important among the Nyingma as it is among the Kagyu. In the Nyingma schools, by the end of the 19th century, texts which were records of important oral introductions to, and teachings on, dzogchen were increasingly in circulation, such as those of [[Patrul Rinpoche]] (1808–1887) on &quot;The Three Words that Strike the Crucial Point&quot; by [[Garab Dorje]] (c. 7th century.)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Khyentse |first1=Dilgo |year=2016 | title=Primal Purity: The Three Words That Strike the Vital Point |publisher= Shambhala Publications, Inc. |location= Boulder, Colorado | isbn= 9781611803402 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> By 1998, one of the scholar-monks of the Nyingma, [[Khenchen Palden Sherab Rinpoche]] (1938–2010), along with his brother, Khenpo Tsewang Dongyal Rinpoche, in accordance with the wishes of their teacher, Dudjom Rinpoche, provided comprehensive oral introductions to dzogchen and the practice of &quot;trekcho&quot; or &quot;Cutting Through&quot; (Wylie: ''khregs chod''), also known as &quot;kadag trekcho&quot; (&quot;Cutting Through to Primordial Purity&quot;), from dzogchen's most important Direct Instruction Series (Wylie: ''man ngag sde'') in reliance upon those texts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lama |first1=H. H. the Dalai |title=Dzogchen: The Heart Essence of the Great Perfection |publisher=Shambhala Publications, Inc. |year= 2000 | page=43 |isbn=1-55939-157-X |quote=Patrul Rinpoche's ''Special Teaching of the Wise and Glorious King'', an elaboration, with its own commentary, on ''Hitting the Essence in Three Words'', is treasured as the most crucial instructions for the practice of Dzogchen. Brief yet exceedingly profound, it captures the understanding of the trekchö practice, and is &quot;the infallible key point of the path of primordial purity in the natural Dzogpachenpo. }}&lt;/ref&gt; Their teachings were translated into English and published, along with the other two texts, in the book entitled, ''Lion's Gaze'', translated into English by [[Sarah Harding (lama)|Sarah Harding]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first1= Khenchen Palden |last1=Sherab Rinpoche |first2= Khenpo Tsewang |last2= Dongyal Rinpoche |year=1998 |title=Lion's Gaze |publisher=Sky Dancer Press |location=Boca Rota, FL |isbn=1-880975-05-X }}&lt;/ref&gt; In the publication, they emphasize the importance of putting the instructions into practice by noting, &quot;Books alone won't do it. All Buddha's teachings maintain that knowing comes through direct experience, then practice maintains this experience. This is how realization happens. The great Dudjom Rinpoche in his pith instructions said that realization comes through practice.&quot; They encourage a student to practice trekcho even throughout the night, &quot;in sleep. Keep the practice day and night. That view, that courage is necessary.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first1= Khenchen Palden |last1= Sherab Rinpoche |first2= Khenpo Tsewang |last2=Dongyal Rinpoche | year=1998 |title=Lion's Gaze |publisher=Sky Dancer Press |location=Boca Rota, FL |page=176 |isbn=1-880975-05-X }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Lion's Gaze'' was preceded by earlier efforts, in the 1980s, including those by [[Namkhai Norbu]] (1938–2018) who had elected to extend his teachings on dzogchen beyond a small group of students in Italy to a broader audience, by publishing them and excerpts from Longchenpa, and by ensuring their translation into English.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Norbu |first1= Namkhai |title=The 21 Semzin of Dzog-chen Upadesa |publisher=Rinchen Edition |location=Singapore |year=1992 |isbn=981-00-3792-9 }}&lt;/ref&gt; At the time, he also was one of the first in the West to offer dzogchen as a complete path, independent of tantric empowerment. Some of Namkhai Norbu Rinpoche's early instructions were preserved in books, including ''The Cycle of Day and Night'', a text written by him based primarily on his experiences with dzogchen in relation to its Space Series (Wylie: ''klong sde'') and dealing with achieving an all-around uninterrupted presence of awareness.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Norbu |first1= Namkhai |title=The Cycle of Day and Night: An Essential Tibetan Text on the Practice of Contemplation |publisher=Station Hill Press |year=1984 |pages=11–12 |quote=The text we have translated here…is an upadeśa, a teaching on the essential points of Dzogchen practice. It explains with great precision, in detail although concisely, how to practice contemplation continuously during the day and night…the essence of Dzogchen is not found in academic scholarship nor does it require the credentials of ecclesiastical hierarchy. Dzogchen is beyond all such intellectual and cultural limitations. It was not until he met his own root Guru (Wylie: ''rtsa ba'i bla ma''), that he came to understand what Dzogchen meant in terms of direct personal experience and realization….From this master, Norbu Rinpoche received the most important transmissions of the three series of Dzogchen teachings… – John Myrdhin Reynolds (Introduction) |isbn=0-88268-040-4 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It was with the publication of high-quality translations of the most authoritative sacred texts of mahamudra and dzogchen and their corresponding oral instructions – the latter often presented by one or more of the most highly qualified scholar-monks or great [[khenpo]]s (Wylie: ''mkhan chen'') within the Kagyu or Nyingma lineages – that a reliable means of the study and practice of the mind teachings first became widely available beyond the borders of Tibet.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Rabjam |first1=Longchen |title=A Treasure Trove of Scriptural Transmission: A Commentary on The Precious Treasury of the Basic Space of Phenomena |publisher=Padma Publishing |year=2001 |isbn=1-881847-30-6 |pages=v-vi |quote=…those of us with the supreme fortune to have received authentic transmission from great dzogchen masters have a responsibility to maintain the oral lineage, including the translation of texts, as well as the mind-to-mind lineage of realization. If we eschew this work, the precious great perfection teachings will remain inaccessible to some excellent Western practitioners who have potential as meditators but who do not know Tibetan. An avenue for the flourishing of the transmission will be cut off. I am also gravely concerned about the translations of great perfection texts produced by Westerners who know Tibetan but who rely solely on scholarly knowledge, without recourse to teachers. Intellectual understanding alone, without the ripening process that takes place under the direction of qualified dzogchen teachers, will certainly result in misguided translations, perpetuated in misguided meditation by those who base their spiritual practice on such translations. But again, if qualified dzogchen masters refrain from working on translations because they fear imperfect results, can they lament when even more erroneous translations are published? The translator of these texts, Richard Barron (Lama Chokyi Nyima), has truly mastered both literary and spoken Tibetan, but his deeper understanding is based on an extended retreat under the guidance of His Eminence Kalu Rinpoche, on a number of six-week dzogchen retreats, and on listening to and translating the teachings of many eminent lamas. He has translated other great perfection texts and sadhanas, notably Dudjom Lingpa's Buddhahood Without Meditation, under my direction. He thus brings more capability to his work than mere theoretical and intellectual competence. The other members of the translation committee have a grounding in the study of dzogchen terminology and have likewise participated in annual dzogchen retreats. The learned scholar Khenpo Chodzo has been consulted on many details of this translation of The Precious Treasury of the Basic Space of Phenomena. I myself have brought to the process whatever understanding of great perfection I have attained in the course of a lifetime of study and meditation. This means that while we have not necessarily produced flawless translations, we have confidence in this groundbreaking attempt.– Chagdud Tulku Rinpoche (from Foreword) }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Reasons for meditating==<br /> In &quot;Moonbeams of Mahamudra,&quot; Dakpo Tashi Namgyal gives two reasons why meditating on the nature of mind is important.<br /> <br /> First, he points out that, experientially, everything that one knows directly or through inferences arises only as appearances to and within one's mind (Wylie: ''snang sems''). Since mind and its various phenomena are the basis for experience, he quotes a Buddhist sutrā that states, &quot;All things encompassing the phenomena of existence and enlightenment [[saṃsāra]] and [[nirvāṇa]] are of the mind.&quot; Secondly, it follows that, since all appearances occur only in each of our individual minds, it would be of benefit to understand the nature of that mind, and its appearances, while a perpetuation of misunderstandings of mind, and its appearances, would clearly lead one in meaningless directions.<br /> <br /> In scriptural support of these points, Dakpo Tashi Namgyal quotes [[Shantideva]] from the [[Bodhisattvacaryāvatāra]]:<br /> {{poemquote|<br /> If one does not know the secret nature of the mind<br /> Which is the essence of all Dharma<br /> One might wander aimlessly,<br /> Though one wished to be happy and eliminate misery.<br /> Wisdom does not arise without meditating upon tranquility;<br /> Enlightenment does not arise without the emergence of wisdom.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Namgyal |first1= Dakpo Tashi |last2=Lhalungpa |first2=Lobsang | year=2006 |title=Mahamudra – The Moonlight: Quintessence of Mind and Meditation |page=10 | publisher= Wisdom Publications, Inc.|location= Boston |isbn=978-0861712991 }}&lt;/ref&gt; }}<br /> <br /> He further notes that, in mahamudra, Buddhist tranquility meditation (Sanskrit (Skt.): ''Śamaṭha''), not only provides one the opportunity to tame one's mind, but it also serves as a constant and essential companion to insight meditation (Skt. ''Vipaśyanā''). Collectively ([[Samatha-vipassana]]), their unity &quot;causes one to perceive the true nature of reality and enables one to set spiritual trainees on the path to enlightenment and to achieve other virtues.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Namgyal |first1= Dakpo Tashi |last2=Lhalungpa |first2=Lobsang | year=2006 |title=Mahamudra – The Moonlight: Quintessence of Mind and Meditation |page=11 | publisher= Wisdom Publications, Inc.|location= Boston |isbn=978-0861712991 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Both the Nyingma and the Kagyu recognize the importance of honoring gradual (e.g., with stages), as well as sudden and more immediate paths to the dawning of wisdom. In the Kagyu tradition, a student is usually first introduced to general Buddhist tranquility and insight meditations, before being introduced to specific, or extraordinary, mahamudra tranquility and insight meditations, in that order; however, on occasion, a student may receive instruction to insight meditations, or the nature of mind itself, first or early on. In dzogchen, the ninth of the nine vehicles of the Nyingma tradition, introduction to the nature of awareness often occurs early on, since dzogchen is a path that starts with and is based on intrinsic wisdom, in contrast to a path which emphasizes a more gradual cultivation of wisdom and its discovery.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lama |first1=H. H. the Dalai |title=Dzogchen: The Heart Essence of the Great Perfection |publisher=Shambhala Publications, Inc. |year= 2000 | pages = 47–48 |quote= Throughout beginningless time, there has always been present, within us all, a pure awareness – that in-dwelling rigpa which in Atiyoga is evoked in all its nakedness, and which constitutes the practice. In other words, in Dzogchen the whole path is based on this rigpa: first you are introduced to it directly, then you put it into practice. So this is known as the ‘effortless yāna’….’Effortless’ here does not mean ‘with absolutely no effort at all’; it would be quite inappropriate to take this to mean that all you needed to do was lie around and sleep. In this tradition, there is indeed a practice, and it consists of focusing uniquely on rigpa – that is, practicing on the basis of rigpa alone. }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The prayer &quot;Aspiration of Mahamudra&quot; was written by [[Rangjung Dorje, 3rd Karmapa Lama]] (1284–1339), who held both Kagyu and Nyingma lineages of his time and who had studied dzogchen under the same teacher as Longchenpa, [[Rigdzin Kumaradza|Rigdzin Kumaraja]] (1266–1343). Rangjung Dorje presents the roles of the three different types of wisdom on the path of mahamudra as follows: {{poemquote|<br /> Hearing the scriptures and logic brings freedom from the clouds of ignorance.<br /> Contemplating the instructions defeats the darkness of doubt.<br /> The light of meditation illuminates the true nature, just as it is. <br /> May the radiance of the three wisdoms increase.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Peter |title=Mahāmudrā and Related Instructions: Core Teachings the Kagyü Schools |publisher=Wisdom Publications |year= 2011 | page=171 }}&lt;/ref&gt; }}<br /> <br /> All Buddhist traditions, including the Nyingma and Kagyu, rely on the wisdoms (Skt. ''prajna'') of hearing (Wylie: ''thos pa'i shes rab'') and contemplation (Wylie: ''bsam pa'i shes rab''); in addition, both mahamudra and the dzogchen place exceptionally strong emphasis on the third wisdom, a non-conceptual wisdom, dawning directly from yogic perception or cognition (Wylie: ''rnal 'byor mngon sum tshad ma'')&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://studybuddhism.com/en/advanced-studies/science-of-mind/cognition-theory/lorig-ways-of-knowing |title=Study Buddhism, Advanced Studies, Science of Mind |last=Berzin |first=Alexander |website= studybuddhism.com |access-date=August 23, 2023 | quote=Prasangika defines valid cognition as cognition that is non-deceptive, in other words accurate and decisive. It does not include &quot;fresh&quot; in its definition, because no cognition arises under its own power, in accord with the Prasangika refutation of self-established existence. If a cognition could arise under its own power, it would be self-established. Thus, Prasangika does not assert subsequent cognition. Prasangika redefines what Sautrantika calls &quot;bare cognition.&quot; Sautrantika defines this valid way of knowing as always non-conceptual: it takes its object without having a mental category as an intermediate. It needs to be fresh, since they gloss the &quot;pra&quot; prefix of &quot;pramana&quot; the Sanskrit word for &quot;valid cognition&quot; as meaning &quot;first&quot; or &quot;new.&quot; For Prasangika, &quot;pra&quot; connotes valid or correct. They therefore redefine this valid way of knowing as one that does not directly rely for its arising on a line of reasoning. Thus, for Prasangika, bare cognition is straightforward cognition. Thus, what Sautrantika asserts as subsequent sensory bare cognition, Prasangika classifies as non-conceptual sensory straightforward cognition and what Sautrantika calls subsequent yogic bare cognition, Prasangika classifies as non-conceptual yogic straightforward cognition. }}&lt;/ref&gt; and a profound illumination dawning through meditation (Wylie: ''sgom pa'i shes rab'').<br /> <br /> ==Nyingma approach==<br /> In the Nyingma traditions, most students begin their studies with the ''Words of My Perfect Teacher''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Rinpoche |first1=Patrul | year=2010 |title= Words of My Perfect Teacher: A Complete Translation of a Classic Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism |publisher= Shambhala Publications, Inc. |location=Boston |isbn=978-1-57062-412-4 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Pelzang |first1=Khenpo Ngawang | year=2010 |title=A Guide to the Words of My Perfect Teacher |publisher= Shambhala Publications, Inc. |location=Boston |isbn=978-1590300732 }}&lt;/ref&gt; or ''The Nectar of Manjushri's Speech: A Detailed Commentary on Shantideva's Way of the Bodhisattva''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Kunzang |last=Pelden | year=2007| title=The Nectar of Manjushri's Speech: A Detailed Commentary on Shantideva's Way of the Bodhisattva |publisher=Shambhala Publications, Inc.|location= Boston |isbn=978-1-59030-439-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Students wishing to explore the philosophical frameworks associated with this tradition may elect to read and study a more extensive work such as, ''The Adornment of the Middle Way: Shantarakshita's Madhyamakalankara with commentary by Jamgön Mipham.''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Shantarakshita |last2=Mipham |first2=Jamgön | year=1998 |title= The Adornment of the Middle Way: Shantarakshita's Madhyamakalankara with commentary by Jamgön Mipham | publisher= Shambhala Publications, Inc. |location=Boston |isbn=1-59030-241-9 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The four thoughts of the common preliminaries are always emphasized on the path, as is the case in the Kagyu traditions. Although dzogchen is also taught as a path independent of tantra, and therefore strictly not requiring empowerments, tantric preliminaries are often combined with its special preliminaries, as in the newer [[Longchen Nyingthig]] or ''Dudjom Tersar'' traditions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Norbu |first1= Namkhai |title=The 21 Semzin of Dzog-chen Upadesa |pages=14–15 |publisher=Rinchen Edition |location=Singapore |year=1992 |isbn=981-00-3792-9 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Lion's Gaze'' notes that after the common and special [[ngondro]] practices, there is a set of beginning or preparation practices to the main body of dzogchen called &quot;khorde rushan&quot; (Wylie: '''khor 'das ru shan'') and introduces them briefly, including the outer, inner and secret practices, noting beforehand that, &quot;Most interest in dzogchen arose after the 17th century, and some masters began teaching larger groups with more than twenty or thirty students at a time. The emphasis remained the same, receptivity to the teachings was and still is the key to realization.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first1= Khenchen Palden |last1=Sherab Rinpoche |first2= Khenpo Tsewang |last2= Dongyal Rinpoche |year=1998 |title=Lion's Gaze |pages=64–74 |publisher=Sky Dancer Press |location=Boca Rota, FL |isbn=1-880975-05-X }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Chagdud tulku rinpoche.JPG|right|thumb|Chagdud tulku rinpoche]]<br /> Great emphasis in the Nyingma tradition is also placed on working with a qualified teacher, should one be available (and availability of qualified teachers had already become an issue in the 17th century, in part due to the increasing popularity),&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt; and on laying a suitable groundwork by reading and studying its foundational and philosophical texts. Regarding finding qualified guidance – and this is still emphasized, in the case of the &quot;Chöying Dzöd,&quot; the profundity of its topics is such that it is said that even with personal guidance by a great teacher (such as Nyoshul Lungtok (1829–1901), a student of the Paltrul Rinpoche), a fully qualified student (such as Khenpo Ngakchung (1879–1941)) may require an extensive period of reflection and practice based on that guidance, to fully comprehend its significance. Tulku Thondup Rinpoche (1939–2023) notes how Nyoshul Lungtok told his student, Khenpo Ngakchung, &quot;You must study it and treasure the understanding of its meaning in your mind&quot; and yet, in spite of his many fervent prayers to Longchenpa, Khenpo Ngakchung, after some time, relayed back to his teacher that he still &quot;didn’t have much understanding.&quot; So Nyoshul Lungtok then provided further clarification instruction and encouragement and, after awhile, Khenpo Ngakchung reports back, describing it as follows:{{blockquote|After that I studied ''Choying Dzod'' again and again and arrived at an awareness that wasn't the same as what I had earlier. I presented this discovery to him (Nyoshul Lungtok) and he said, &quot;That is right! Progress is made gradually.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Thondup Rinpoche |first1=Tulku |title=Buddha Mind: An Anthology of Longchen Rabjam's Writings on Dzogpa Chenpo |publisher=Snow Lion Publications |year=1989 |page=xii–xiii |isbn=0-937938-66-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; }}<br /> <br /> ===Nyingma key texts===<br /> The &quot;Chöying Dzöd&quot; (including the detailed auto-commentary by Longchenpa) dedicates its first nine chapters on the view of dzogchen, before introducing meditation practice in one chapter based on that view, thereby underscoring the importance of establishing a correct introduction to the view of dzogchen as a basis for meditation.<br /> <br /> In introducing dzogchen view and practice in the West in London in 1984, the 14th Dalai Lama based his instructions on the Patrul Rinpoche and Garab Dorje texts later included in ''Lion's Gaze''. He ensured that his teachings on these texts were published at the outset of his own new book, published in 2000, which also included a 1989 presentation on dzogchen drawn primarily from Longchenpa's &quot;Chöying Dzöd.&quot; In this manner, a reader would benefit from receiving an introduction to dzogchen along the lines of ''Lion's Gaze'', before going on to read and consider his teachings on the &quot;Chöying Dzöd.&quot; He also points out the uniqueness of the approach of dzogchen, stating: {{blockquote|…the special feature of Dzogchen is that the path is created through wisdom. In the Nyingma tradition, the teachings are divided into nine vehicles. Among them are the eight which are philosophical systems that depend on ordinary consciousness, meaning they employ the ordinary mind. In Dzogchen, or Atiyoga, however, the path is created with wisdom, which transcends the ordinary mind or consciousness altogether. There is an enormous difference between a path created with the ordinary mind and a path created through wisdom.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lama |first1=H. H. the Dalai |title=Dzogchen: The Heart Essence of the Great Perfection |publisher=Shambhala Publications, Inc. |year= 2000 |page=125 |isbn=1-55939-157-X }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> The non-sectarian [[Jamgon Kongtrul]] (1813–1899) originally pointed out the importance, particularly in dzogchen, of establishing the correct view or experience of the view at the outset, whether based on directly heard, or on written, pointing-out instructions, or on pointing-out by other means.<br /> <br /> In conclusion to his presentation on dzogchen and the &quot;Chöying Dzöd&quot;, the Dalai Lama advises:{{blockquote|<br /> What I have taught so far should be taken simply as a key, a basis or a source, which should be complemented later on by further reading, meditation and practice. Only then will what I have taught here become beneficial and fruitful. For an actual practitioner of Dzogchen, what is of vital importance is to maintain a continuous effort in your practice…I would like to reiterate: to have a real experience and realization of an advanced level of the path, it is crucial to lay a firm foundation and grounding in the paths. That is why in the Dzogchen system, great emphasis is placed on the preliminaries….The complete preliminary practices are explained systematically in great detail in a text called ''The Words of My Perfect Teacher''… composed by Dza Patrul Rinpoche, as notes taken at a teaching by his teacher Jikmé Gyalwé Nyugu. This text has been translated and is available in English. So if you maintain a sustained effort, without losing your hope or your courage, you will make progress along your spiritual path, and that is certain.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lama |first1=H. H. the Dalai |title=Dzogchen: The Heart Essence of the Great Perfection |publisher=Shambhala Publications, Inc. |year= 2000 |pages=198–199 |isbn=1-55939-157-X }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> The importance of the &quot;Chöying Dzöd,&quot; and the great reverence by which it is held, is apparent from the introduction to it, in which Tulku Thondup Rinpoche quotes Patrul Rinpoche's statement that the text itself embodies &quot;the meaning of the innate mind, [[dharmakaya]]. It elucidates naked primordial wisdom without affirming or denying anything. It is the heart essence of the visions of the Omniscient Lama [[Longchenpa|Longchen Rabjam]]. It is the most profound of all the teachings.&quot; In addition, Tulku Thondup Rinpoche writes: {{blockquote|For centuries, it has remained one of the most sacred meditation manuals and has inspired thousands to attain the ultimate realization of Dzogpa Chenpo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Rabjam |first1=Longchen |title=A Treasure Trove of Scriptural Transmission : A Commentary on The Precious Treasury of the Basic Space of Phenomena |publisher=Padma Publishing |year=2001 |page=ix |isbn=1-881847-30-6 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> ==Kagyu approach==<br /> {{split portions|section=y|portion=excessive detail about book itself including long outline|Moonbeams of Mahamudra|date=September 2023}}<br /> In the Kagyu tradition, Lhalungpa notes that lay students often begin their studies with ''The Jewel Ornament of Liberation''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Gampopa |last2=Gyaltshen |first2=Khenpo Könchog | year=1998 |title= The Jewel Ornament of Liberation: The Wish-fulfilling Gem of the Noble Teachings | publisher= Snow Lion Publications |location=Ithaca |isbn=978-1559390927 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Rinpoche |first1=Khenchen Thrangu | year=2003 |title= The Jewel Ornament of Liberation: The Wish-fulfilling Gem of the Noble Teachings, A Commentary by Khabje Khenchen Thrangu Rinpoche | publisher= Namo Buddha and Zhyisil Chokyi Ghatsal Publications |location=Crestone, CO and Auckland, NZ |isbn=1-877294-27-6 }}&lt;/ref&gt; by Gampopa or the ''Bodhisattvacaryāvatāra'' by Shantideva. At the outset, emphasis is placed on the cultivation of bodhicitta and engendering the motivation to study and practice the mind teachings of mahamudra for the benefit of all beings, including oneself. Some students, at this stage, also pursue meditations on Buddhist philosophical frameworks, such as those summarized by [[Khenpo Tsultrim Gyamtso Rinpoche]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Gyamtso Rinpoche |first1= Khenpo Tsultrim | year=2016 |title=Progressive Stages of Meditation on Emptiness: Experiential training in meditation, reflection and insight | publisher=Shrimala Trust |isbn=978-1537409009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; or explore traditional instructions on the [[Heart Sutra]], [[Madhyamaka]] or [[Ratnagotravibhāga|Uttaratantraśāstra]] to begin to understand the meaning of emptiness (Skt: ''Śūnyatā''),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Rinpoche |first1=Khenchen Thrangu | year=2013 |title=The Open Door to Emptiness: An Introduction to Madhyamaka Logic | publisher=Namo Buddha Publications |location= Glastonbury, CT |isbn= 978-1-931571-21-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; in relation to “Buddha Nature“ and reflect on some of their associated profound views, such as the axioms stating that relative phenomena are &quot;empty of self&quot; and absolute phenomena are &quot;empty of other.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Rinpoche |first1=Khenchen Thrangu | year=2009 |title= Two Views of Emptiness: Shentong and Rangtong | publisher=Namo Buddha Publications |location= Boulder, CO |isbn=978-1-931571-17-3 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the introduction to &quot;Moonbeams of Mahamudra,&quot; Lhalungpa emphasizes that, &quot;Like other great Buddhist treatises it is studied under the guidance of a chosen teacher. The need for a tutor becomes apparent when one considers the magnitude of this very esoteric work, the profundity of the subject...&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Dakpo Tashi |last=Namgyal | year=2006| title=Mahamudra – The Moonlight: Quintessence of Mind and Meditation |pages=xxvii–xxviii |location= Boston | publisher= Wisdom Publications, Inc. |isbn=978-0861712991 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The text begins by drawing from essential knowledge and methods from the areas on ethics [[vinaya]], logic ([[pramāṇa]]), and psychology ([[abhidharma]]), including the basis for aggregates of consciousness and the ongoing experiential sense of self consciousness known by each of us. It then presents aspects of the Buddha's transcendental wisdom ([[prajñāpāramitā]]) and various approaches to achieving insight into the emptiness of self and all phenomena or realities (Skt. sarvadharma-śūnyatā) as their true state.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Dakpo Tashi |last=Namgyal | year=2006| title=Mahamudra – The Moonlight: Quintessence of Mind and Meditation |pages=xxviii–xxix |location= Boston | publisher= Wisdom Publications, Inc. |isbn=978-0861712991 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Oral instructions on &quot;Moonbeams of Mahamudra,&quot; such as those given by Khenchen Thrangu Rinpoche,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Rinpoche |first1=Khenchen Thrangu |year=2004 |title= Essentials of Mahamudra: Looking Directly at the Mind |publisher= Wisdom Publications, Inc. |location= Boston |isbn= 978-0-86171-371-4 }}&lt;/ref&gt; or the translation of it interwoven with oral instructions, such as presented by [[Traleg Kyabgon Rinpoche]] (1955–2010),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kyabgon |first1=Traleg |title=Moonbeams of Mahamudra: The Classic Meditation Manual |publisher= Shogum Publications, Inc. |location=Carlton North, Victoria |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-9805022-3-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt; are considered, within the Kagyu traditions, to serve as a reliable and invaluable gateway to this comprehensive text.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Rinpoche |first1=Khenchen Thrangu |title= Creation and Completion: Essential Points of Tantric Meditation |publisher=Wisdom Publications, Inc. |location=Boston |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-86171-312-7 |quote= You need to attempt them again and again until you actually experience them...Once you have gained some experience through actual practice of the instructions found in the text, then go back and study the text again and see how your experience compares with what you found in the text. Thus, by combining practical experience with the learning you have gained by studying the text, what you learn will actually become useful to you as a practitioner. In this way, the transmission of instructions has been kept as a lineage of practical experience rather than simply a lineage of transmitted. }}&lt;/ref&gt; Lhalungpa notes that oral instructions are of three types, &quot;There are various forms of explaining the texts: a simple literal explanation (tsigtri), a full explanation (dontri), and an experiential elucidation (nyamtri or martri) based on the teacher's personal experience.&quot; He also points out how the most vital instructions stem from interaction with a personal lineage teacher, &quot;The most important of all is the elucidation on each successive stage, which requires the student to meditate for a period of time and then to relate his experience to the teacher. This leads to regular discussions with the teacher in respect to the practice, its problems, and its progress. All the various orders of Tibetan Buddhism practice these oral transmissions.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Dakpo Tashi |last=Namgyal |year=2006 | title=Mahamudra – The Moonlight: Quintessence of Mind and Meditation |page=xxx |location=Boston |publisher= Wisdom Publications, Inc. |isbn=978-0861712991 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Sharaha British Museum.jpg|right|thumb|Saraha (British Museum)]]<br /> Additionally, the study of some of the texts and songs quoted in &quot;Moonbeams of Mahamudra&quot; is encouraged, as they provide a student with both breath and depth. Among these, &quot;Aspiration of Mahamudra,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Rinpoche |first1=Chökyi Nyima |year=1992 |title=Song of Karmapa: The Aspiration of Mahamudra | publisher=Rangjung Yeshe Publications |location= Kathmandu |isbn=962-7341-14-2 }}&lt;/ref&gt; written by Rangjung Dorje, provides an excellent overview of mahamudra; two other texts, composed by Rangjung Dorje specifically for those interested in studying mahamudra, &quot;Distinguishing Consciousness from Wisdom,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Rinpoche |first1=Khenchen Thrangu | year=2013 |title=Transcending Ego: Distinguishing Consciousness from Wisdom | publisher= Namo Buddha Publications |location= Glastonbury, CT |isbn=978-1-931571-24-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; a treatise on Buddhist psychology related to its abhidharma, and &quot;A Treatise on Buddha Nature&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Rinpoche |first1=Khenchen Thrangu | year=2006 |title=On Buddha Essence: A Commentary on Rangjung Dorje's Treatise | publisher= Shambhala Publications, Inc. |location= Boston |isbn=1-59030-276-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; are also considered to be very helpful. An additional support, prior to or concurrent to studying the main text itself, are the oral instructions provided on one or more of the historical [[Doha (Indian literature)|Doha]]s composed by one of the great adepts associated with the tradition, such as those of Sarāha or Naropa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Rinpoche |first1=Khenchen Thrangu | year=2006 |title=Song for the King: Saraha on Mahamudra Meditation | publisher= Wisdom Publications |location= Boston |isbn= 978-0-86171-503-9 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Rinpoche |first1=Khenchen Thrangu |year=1997 |title=Songs of Naropa: Commentaries on Songs of Realization |publisher= Rangjung Yeshe Publications |location=Hong Kong |isbn= 962-7341-28-2 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Kagyu key texts===<br /> Study and practice of the main body of ''Moonbeams of Mahamudra'' itself is traditionally divided into its two parts.<br /> <br /> Part One, entitled &quot;A Concise Elucidation of the Common System of Tranquil Equipoise&quot;, covers the guidance instructions for common (to all Buddhist traditions) tranquility meditation and insight meditation practices, first emphasizing each approach's individual distinctions and then making clear how to practice them completely in unity. In relation to insight, Dakpo Tashi Namgyal draws from the [[Sandhinirmocana Sutra|Saṃdhinirmochana-sūtra]] of the Buddha, the doctrines of [[Maitreya]], the [[Abhidharma-samuccaya]] by [[Asaṅga]], the ''Prajñāpāramitopadeśa'' of [[Ratnākaraśānti]], and the treatises of the [[Bhāvanākrama]] by [[Kamalaśīla]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Dakpo Tashi |last=Namgyal |year=2006 | title=Mahamudra – The Moonlight: Quintessence of Mind and Meditation |publisher=Wisdom Publications, Inc. |pages=15–88 |isbn=978-0861712991 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and also presents the views and contemplations of other schools, with emphasis on the doctrines on &quot;selflessness.&quot;<br /> <br /> Part Two, entitled &quot;An Extensive Elucidation of Mahāmudrā, the uncommon mahamudra meditation&quot;, presents the main body of the mahamudra theory and practices. In the first two chapters, it begins by covering topics to engender confidence in the teachings and the approaches of mahamudra (Chapter 1) and then summarizes both the common (reflection on the &quot;four thoughts&quot;) and the special preliminary practices (Chapter 2.) In recent centuries, special preliminaries have frequently been incorporated into a small set of tantric practices (which traditionally require empowerments, such as [[Vajrasattva]]), although Gampopa and Dakpo Tashi Namgyal both regarded the tantric elements as optional, and not to be required for proceeding with the study and practice of mahamudra itself.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Namgyal |first1=Dakpo Tashi |title= Moonbeams of Mahamudra: with Dispelling the Darkness of Ignorance by Wangchuk Dorje, the Ninth Karmapa |publisher=Snow Lion |location=Boulder |year=2019 |isbn=9781559394802 |quote=Gampopa’s blend of Kagyu mahāmudrā instructions with the graduated Kadam path was a non-tantric approach to mahāmudrā, meaning that no abhiṣekas or preliminary Vajrayāna meditations were required to practice mahāmudrā. – Elizabeth M. Callahan (from Translator’s Introduction) }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The next two chapters of Part Two then present in-depth instructions with emphasis on mahamudra tranquility meditation (Chapter 3) and mahamudra insight meditation (Chapter 4.)<br /> <br /> The remaining chapters of Part Two (Chapters 5–9) present the advanced body of teachings on mahamudra, outlined as follows:{{poemquote|<br /> '''The Stages of Virtuous Practice'''<br /> 1. Understanding the system of absorption at the start<br /> 2. The actual identification of spontaneous coemergence<br /> 3. The elimination of flaws and the appreciation of the meaning of meditation<br /> <br /> '''Consolidation of Experience in Meditation: How to Maintain Absorption and Postabsorption'''<br /> 1. The reason for maintaining meditation even after gaining insight into the identity of virtuous contemplation<br /> 2. How specifically to maintain absorption and postabsorption<br /> <br /> '''Consolidation of Experience in Meditation: How to Get Rid of Meditative Deviation'''<br /> 1. The elimination of aberration and deviation with regard to absorptive equipoise<br /> 2. The methods of removing obstacles to meditation<br /> <br /> '''Determining the Mind to Be Expansive, Open, and Nonarising'''<br /> 1. The epithet, significance, and time of determining the mind<br /> 2. Determining the abiding nature of the mind<br /> 3. Watching the mind's inner face as the basis of determination<br /> 4. Being aware of the mind’s nonarising openness<br /> 5. Remaining in the state of determinate awareness throughout the day and night<br /> <br /> '''The Resultant Dawning of Realization'''<br /> 1. Differentiating the ways of realization<br /> 2. How realization of the four stages of yoga takes place and the specific elucidation of each of the four yoga stages of Mahāmudrā&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Dakpo Tashi |last=Namgyal |year=2006|title=Mahamudra – The Moonlight: Quintessence of Mind and Meditation |location= Boston |publisher= Wisdom Publications, Inc. |isbn=978-0861712991 }}&lt;/ref&gt; }}<br /> <br /> The text finishes with a detailed presentation of the four yogas of mahamudra, 1) one-pointedness, 2) freedom from elaborations, 3) one-taste and 4) non-meditation, which were skillfully introduced earlier in the text, when Dakpo Tashi Namgyal provides detailed instructions on the blending of meditative absorption with postabsorption, and thereby begins to open up mahamudra practice to meaningfully embrace even the distracted states of mind, a special feature of advanced mahamudra practice.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Namgyal |first1=Dakpo Tashi |title= Moonbeams of Mahamudra: with Dispelling the Darkness of Ignorance by Wangchuk Dorje, the Ninth Karmapa |publisher=Snow Lion |location=Boulder |year=2019 |pages=351–353 |isbn=9781559394802 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Dakpo Tashi Namgyal also authored a condensed meditation guide focused exclusively on mahamudra practice, which was translated by [[Erik Pema Kunsang]] and published in 2001. In its introduction, Thrangu Rinpoche reiterates the view that, &quot;it is important that the profound and ultimate instructions of Mahamudra and Dzogchen are made available,&quot; and then adds: {{blockquote|In particular the words of Dakpo Tashi Namgyal are unique in that they are adorned with plenty of pithy advice out of his personal experience. Therefore, practitioners are greatly benefitted by his instructions on how to remove hindrances and progress further. His methods for practicing Mahamudra, found in such books as &quot;Moonbeams&quot; and &quot;Clarifying the Natural State,&quot; are preeminent. Of these, this book (&quot;Clarifying the Natural State&quot;) is indispensable as it focuses exclusively on practice.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Namgyal |first1=Dakpo Tashi |title= Clarifying the Natural State: A Principal Guidance Manual for Mahamudra |publisher=Rangjung Yeshe Publications |year=2001 |page=9 |isbn=962-7341-45-2 }}&lt;/ref&gt; }} The oral instructions had been previously given by Thrangu Rinpoche over two years, in 1998 and 1999, and were also translated by Kunsang. They were published, in 2003, under the title, ''Crystal Clear: Practical Advice for Meditators''.<br /> <br /> In the same year, potential contributions of these ancient teachings to the modern world were being posited by Cambridge educated Traleg Kyabgon Rinpoche, who writes:{{blockquote|I believe that Mahamudra meditation is a most congenial match for the contemporary world. This type of meditation is not founded on the moralistic, judgmental, punitive approaches modern people often associate with religion, nor does it emphasize a spiritual path involving extensive periods of discipline, self-denial, and self-abnegation…the Mahamudra approach to spirituality allows us to see things in a positive and open light. Even things that we might normally regard as bad and undesirable can be interpreted in a more uplifting way due to the expansiveness of the Mahamudra vision, allowing us to benefit from it spiritually.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kyabgon |first1=Traleg |title=Mind at Ease: Self-Liberation Through Mahamudra Meditation |publisher= Shambhala Publications, Inc. |year=2003 |page=xvi |isbn=1-59030-156-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; }}<br /> <br /> ==Legacy and the Rimé movement==<br /> Patrul Rinpoche was a notable proponent of the [[Rimé movement]]. In ''The Nyingma School of Tibetan Buddhism'', Dudjom Rinpoche, summarizes its highest dzogchen practices by quoting not just traditional Nyingma sources, but also the forefathers of mahamudra, Saraha and Naropa, thereby acknowledging the fundamental harmony between the Nyingma and Kagyu mind teachings. He also expresses that he hopes his own concise presentations of these profound teachings will &quot;somewhat benefit&quot; those who pursue its subject-matter with open minds.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Rinpoche |first1=Dudjom |title=The Nyingma School of Tibetan Buddhism: Its Fundamentals and History |publisher=Wisdom Publications |year= 1991 |pages=333–335 |isbn=0-86171-199-8 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Khyentse Chokyi Lodro, the 16th Karmapa, and the 6th Dzogchen Ponlop at Bodh Gaya in 1956.jpg|right|thumb|Khyentse Chokyi Lodro, the 16th Karmapa, and the 6th Dzogchen Ponlop at Bodh Gaya in 1956]]<br /> The spirit of the Rimé was also embraced by the 16th Karmapa, Rangjung Rigpe Dorje, having been fostered by Khyentse Chökyi Lodrö, a mutual teacher of his and of Dudjom Rinpoche, and of a young Chagdud Tulku Rinpoche. Since the time of [[Khakyab Dorje, 15th Karmapa Lama]] (who had received all the Rimé transmissions from his teacher Jamgon Kongtrul), the leading Kagyu lamas have also embraced Rimé [[universalism]] and [[nonsectarianism]].<br /> <br /> Although the rise of Rimé is often associated with Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo and Jamgon Kongtrul – both born in the early 19th century, notable nonsectarian and universal compassion was already voiced by The Third [[Khamtrul Rinpoche]], the author of an important mahamudra guide and a Drukpa lineage leader born in 1680, whose final words were:{{blockquote|I will rest in the nature of mind, within the inner [[mandala]] of [[Padmasambhava]]. Although I will enjoy the peace of [[nirvana]], I cannot abandon suffering beings; so, even if each sentient being takes millions of years to be freed, I will emanate in many incarnations for them and for the Dharma. I have no wish to care only for my own tradition or just for those who respect me and are attached to me—I wish to be helpful to all beings without discrimination.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Khamtrul Rinpoche |first1=Third |title=The Royal Seal of Mahamudra: A Guidebook for the Realization of Coemergence (Vol. 1) |publisher= Snow Lion, An Imprint of Shambhala Publications, Inc. |year=2014 |ISBN=978-1-55939-437-6 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Khamtrul Rinpoche |first1=Third |title=The Royal Seal of Mahamudra: A Guidebook for the Realization of Coemergence (Vol. 2) |publisher= Snow Lion, An Imprint of Shambhala Publications, Inc. |year=2020 |ISBN=978-1-55939-489-5 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> The legacy of the wishes of Tibetan Buddhist religious leaders and their adherents, after being forced to leave their homelands, is visibly apparent in the second half of the 20th century and in the dawn of the 21st, through the collective presentations and publications of the quality translations of these most important sacred texts,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Rabjam |first1=Longchen |title=A Treasure Trove of Scriptural Transmission: A Commentary on The Precious Treasury of the Basic Space of Phenomena |publisher=Padma Publishing |year=2001 |isbn=1-881847-30-6 |pages=v-vi |quote=Yet, because great perfection transmission leads to wisdom beyond words and concepts, the translation of dzogchen texts presents tremendous difficulties. Some lamas have said that it is not even worth the attempt, that too much distortion results. I respect their opinion, but feel that those of us with the supreme fortune to have received authentic transmission from great dzogchen masters have a responsibility to maintain the oral lineage, including the translation of texts, as well as the mind-to-mind lineage of realization. If we eschew this work, the precious great perfection teachings will remain inaccessible to some excellent Western practitioners who have potential as meditators but who do not know Tibetan. An avenue for the flourishing of the transmission will be cut off. – Chagdud Tulku Rinpoche (from Foreword) }}&lt;/ref&gt; along with their associated oral instructions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Namgyal |first1=Dakpo Tashi |title= Clarifying the Natural State: A Principal Guidance Manual for Mahamudra |publisher=Rangjung Yeshe Publications |year=2001 |page=9 |quote=These days many people follow the Dharma astutely and not merely out of faith. Knowledgeable in many topics, they exert themselves in applying the sublime teachings. So, it is important that the profound and ultimate instructions of Mahamudra and Dzogchen are made available. These should include the sublime teachings of Mahamudra, the profound instructions that are simple to practice that are the unimpaired essence of realization of the eight great masters and eighty mahasiddhas from the noble land of India. As these instructions have been kept alive, through an unbroken stream of teaching and practice, by the learned and accomplished masters of Tibet, I find it of vital importance to have some of them translated into foreign languages. In particular, the words of Dakpo Tashi Namgyal are unique in that they are adorned with plenty of pithy advice out of his personal experience. – Thrangu Rinpoche (from Introduction)|isbn=962-7341-45-2 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Taken together, they represent the first major milestone towards ensuring the preservation of the religious and cultural heritage of the mind teachings of Tibet – an effort which some may regard to be reminiscent of their original introduction to the lands of Tibet, more than thirteen centuries earlier.&lt;ref&gt;[http://studybuddhism.com/web/en/archives/e-books/unpublished_manuscripts/survey_tibetan_history/chapter_1.html: Berzin, Alexander, ''A Survey of Tibetan History'']&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Dzogchen]]<br /> [[Category:Kagyu]]<br /> [[Category:Nyingma]]<br /> [[Category:Tibetan Buddhist philosophical concepts]]<br /> [[Category:Tibetan Buddhist practices]]</div>

AgnesOppen5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niranjan_Shah_Stadium&diff=522138 2026-01-14T16:12:50Z

<p>AgnesOppen5: done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Cricket stadium}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2014}}<br /> {{Infobox cricket ground<br /> | ground_name = Niranjan Shah Stadium <br /> | nickname = <br /> | image = File:SCA Stadium.jpg<br /> | image_size = 350px <br /> | caption = <br /> | country = India<br /> | location = [[Rajkot]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]<br /> | establishment = 2008<br /> | seating_capacity = 28,000<br /> | owner = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association]]<br /> | operator = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association]]<br /> | architect = <br /> | tenants = [[India national cricket team]]&lt;br/&gt;<br /> [[India women's national cricket team]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Saurashtra cricket team]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Saurashtra women's cricket team]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Gujarat Lions]] (''defunct'')<br /> | end1 = Pavilion End<br /> | end2 = Media End<br /> | international = true<br /> | firsttestdate = 9–13 November<br /> | firsttestyear = 2016<br /> | firsttesthome = India<br /> | firsttestaway = England<br /> | lasttestdate = 15–18 February<br /> | lasttestyear = 2024<br /> | lasttesthome = India<br /> | lasttestaway = England<br /> | firstodidate = 11 January<br /> | firstodiyear = 2013<br /> | firstodihome = India<br /> | firstodiaway = England<br /> | lastodidate = 14 January <br /> | lastodiyear = 2026<br /> <br /> | lastodihome = India<br /> | lastodiaway = new Zealand<br /> | firstt20idate = 10 October<br /> | firstt20iyear = 2013<br /> | firstt20ihome = India<br /> | firstt20iaway = Australia<br /> | lastt20idate = 28 January<br /> | lastt20iyear = 2025<br /> | lastt20ihome = India<br /> | lastt20iaway = England <br /> <br /> | firstwodidate = 10 January<br /> | firstwodiyear = 2025<br /> | firstwodihome = India<br /> | firstwodiaway = Ireland<br /> | lastwodidate = 15 January<br /> | lastwodiyear = 2025<br /> | lastwodihome = India<br /> | lastwodiaway = Ireland<br /> | date = 15 January<br /> | year = 2025<br /> | source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/ground/377285.html ESPNcricinfo<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Niranjan Shah Stadium''' (formerly known as '''Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium'''), also known as '''Khandheri Cricket Stadium''', is an international [[cricket stadium]] in [[Rajkot]], [[India]]. It is India's second and [[Gujarat]]'s first solar-powered stadium.<br /> <br /> In 2013, the first international match took place in this stadium. In the same year, it hosted its first [[T20 International|T20I]] between [[Indian cricket team|India]] and [[Australian cricket team|Australia]], which India won by six [[wicket]]s. In 2016, stadium hosted its first [[test cricket|Test]], India vs [[England]]. The match ended in a draw. Till date this venue has hosted multiple international Tests, ODIs and T20Is. This stadium also hosted several [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] matches during 2016-17, when [[Gujarat Lions]] opted for Rajkot as their home base.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> {{refimprove section|date=July 2022}}<br /> <br /> Initially, the stadium was being used for [[Ranji Trophy]] matches, when the spectator stands were still being constructed.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110606065408/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/domesticcricket/Antigua-fever-pitch-reaches-Rajkot/Article1-379759.aspx Hindustan Times]&lt;/ref&gt; With the stands completed, the ground can hold 28,000 people. The stadium is a part of a larger sports complex that will include venues for other sports such as [[badminton]], [[basketball]], and [[volleyball]]. It hosts [[Saurashtra Cricket Association]] matches along with [[Madhavrao Scindia Cricket Ground]].<br /> <br /> It is a state of the art cricket stadium. The media box here is similar in design to the one at [[Lord's Cricket Ground]], [[London]]. To facilitate spectator movement, there are several aisles between seat columns and the many entrances/exits for the three stands. There is also a spacious passage running around the stadium, between the stands and the outer wall, to enable easy movement.<br /> <br /> A 30-acre portion of agricultural land next to the Jamnagar highway was acquired around 2004. Construction began in 2006 and the total cost, including land, is said to be around Rs 75 crore (around $14 million). The SCA shifted its offices from the cramped seventh floor of a commercial building in the city to the stadium which has been hosting first-class matches since late 2008.<br /> <br /> The complex has two playing fields: the main one inside the stadium, with a 90-yard outfield, and a smaller one outside, with a 70-yard outfield. The latter is used for outdoor nets, and also for district-level matches. The dressing rooms are big and lined with large, luxurious, cushioned seats.<br /> <br /> There are more than 60 hospitality boxes dotting the West Stand and the Pavilion Stand but the SCA has decided against selling them permanently to corporates and will only hire them out for international matches. There are even plans to have an academy in the future.<br /> <br /> The stadium was in the cricket news when its [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]] run machines [[Cheteshwar Pujara]] and [[Ravindra Jadeja]] make their latest double or triple-hundreds.<br /> <br /> It also hosted its first [[T20 International]] match on 10 October 2013 between [[India cricket team|India]] and [[Australia cricket team|Australia]] during the [[Australian cricket team in India in 2013–14|Australia Tour of India Oct-Nov 2013]]. The match first saw [[Aaron Finch]] make 89 and then the return of [[Yuvraj Singh]] to international cricket in which he scored an unbeaten 77 as [[India cricket team|India]] chased down 201 runs.<br /> <br /> In November 2015, the stadium was selected as one of the six new [[Test cricket|Test]] venues along with [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[JSCA International Stadium Complex]], [[Holkar Stadium]], [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium]] and [[Dr. Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA-VDCA Cricket Stadium]] in India.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/938911.html BCCI revamps selection committee, announces new Test centres]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The stadium was the home ground of the [[Gujarat Lions]] in [[IPL 2016]]. It hosted five matches in the season.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.iplt20.com/schedule IPL-T20 Schedule]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 9 November 2016, the stadium hosted its first Test match, which was played between [[English cricket team in India in 2016–17|England and India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1034809.html | title = England tour of India, 1st Test: India v England at Rajkot, Nov 9-13, 2016 | work = ESPN Cricinfo | access-date = 9 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 14 February 2024, the stadium was named after [[Niranjan Shah]], a former first-class cricketer from Saurashtra and the honorary secretary of the Saurashtra Cricket Association, a day before the start of the [[English cricket team in India in 2023–24|3rd test]] match.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=SCA Stadium renamed after veteran cricket administrator Niranjan Shah |url=https://www.business-standard.com/cricket/news/sca-stadium-renamed-after-veteran-cricket-administrator-niranjan-shah-124021401758_1.html |access-date=17 February 2024 |work=Business Standard |date=16 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Sustainability efforts==<br /> Niranjan Shah Stadium has implemented a [[Rooftop solar power|solar rooftop system]], making it one of the solar-powered venues in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Rajkot's SCA stadium becomes eco-friendly with solar power installation |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-rajkot-s-sca-stadium-becomes-eco-friendly-with-solar-power-installation-2136138 |publisher=DNA India}}&lt;/ref&gt; The system is designed to generate 82,000 units of [[solar power]] annually and contributes to a monthly saving of approximately ₹54,600 in electricity bills.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cricket stadium in Rajkot to be solar-powered |work=The Times of India |date=17 October 2015 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/top-stories/cricket-stadium-in-rajkot-to-be-solar-powered/articleshow/49433944.cms |publisher=Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Additionally, the stadium has plans for expanding its green power generation capabilities in the future.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium: A Homeground Legacy in Rajkot, India |url=https://stadiums.world/saurashtra-cricket-association-stadium-rajkot/ |publisher=Stadiums World}}&lt;/ref&gt; These measures are part of the stadium's approach to [[sustainability]].<br /> <br /> ==List of centuries==<br /> ===Key===<br /> * '''*''' denotes that the batsman was [[not out]].<br /> * '''Inns.''' denotes the number of the innings in the match.<br /> * '''Balls''' denotes the number of [[Delivery (cricket)|balls]] faced in an innings.<br /> * '''NR''' denotes that the number of balls was not recorded.<br /> * The column title '''Date''' refers to the date the match started.<br /> <br /> ===Tests===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! No. !! Player !! Team !! Score !! Balls !! Inns. !! Opposing team !! Date<br /> |- <br /> | 1 || [[Joe Root]]|| {{cr|ENG}}|| 124 || 180 || 1 || {{cr|IND}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |9 November 2016&lt;ref name=&quot;test2232&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=1st Test, England tour of India at Rajkot, Nov 9-13 2016 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/10732/scorecard/1034809/india-vs-england-1st-test-england-tour-of-india-21016-17 |access-date=24 August 2019 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |- <br /> | 2 || [[Moeen Ali]] || {{cr|ENG}} || 117 || 213 || 1 || {{cr|IND}}<br /> |- <br /> | 3 || [[Ben Stokes]] || {{cr|ENG}} || 128 || 235 || 1 || {{cr|IND}}<br /> |- <br /> | 4 || [[Murali Vijay]] || {{cr|IND}} || 126 || 301 || 2 || {{cr|ENG}}<br /> |- <br /> | 5 || [[Cheteshwar Pujara]] || {{cr|IND}} || 124 || 206 || 2 || {{cr|ENG}}<br /> |- <br /> | 6 || [[Alastair Cook]] || {{cr|ENG}} || 130 || 243 || 3 || {{cr|IND}}<br /> |- <br /> | 7 || [[Prithvi Shaw]] || {{cr|IND}} || 134 || 154 || 1 || {{cr|WIN}} || rowspan=3 | 24 October 2018&lt;ref name=test2319&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18902/scorecard/1157752/india-vs-west-indies-1st-test-west-indies-in-india-2018-19 |title=1st Test, West Indies tour of India at Rajkot, Oct 4-6 2018|work=ESPN Cricinfo| access-date=24 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |- <br /> | 8 || [[Virat Kohli]] || {{cr|IND}} || 139 || 230 || 1 || {{cr|WIN}}<br /> |- <br /> | 9 || [[Ravindra Jadeja]] || {{cr|IND}} || 100* || 132 || 1 || {{cr|WIN}}<br /> |-<br /> | 10 || [[Rohit Sharma]] || {{cr|IND}} || 131 || 196 || 1 || {{cr|ENG}} || rowspan=4 | 15 February 2024&lt;ref name=test2530&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-in-india-2023-24-1389386/india-vs-england-3rd-test-1389401/full-scorecard |title=3rd Test, Rajkot, February 15 - 19, 2024, England tour of India|work=ESPN Cricinfo| access-date=15 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |- <br /> | 11 || [[Ravindra Jadeja]] || {{cr|IND}} || 112 || 225 || 1 || {{cr|ENG}}<br /> |- <br /> | 12 || [[Ben Duckett]] || {{cr|ENG}} || 153 || 151 || 2 || {{cr|IND}}<br /> |-<br /> | 13 || [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]]|| {{cr|IND}}|| 214* || 236 || 3 || {{cr|ENG}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===One-Day Internationals===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! No. !! Player !! Team !! Score !! Balls !! Inns. !! Opposing team !! Date<br /> |- <br /> | 1 || [[Quinton de Kock]]|| {{cr|SA}}|| 103 || 118 || 1 || {{cr|IND}}<br /> | 18 October 2015&lt;ref name=&quot;odi3695&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=3rd ODI (D/N), Rajkot, October 18, 2015, South Africa tour of India |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/south-africa-tour-of-india-2015-16-903573/india-vs-south-africa-3rd-odi-903597/full-scorecard |access-date=24 August 2019 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> |[[KL Rahul]]<br /> |{{cr|IND}}<br /> |112*<br /> |92<br /> |1<br /> |{{cr|NZL}}<br /> |rowspan=2|14 January 2026<br /> |-<br /> |3<br /> |[[Daryl Mitchell (New Zealand cricketer)|Daryl Mitchell]]<br /> |{{cr|NZL}}<br /> |131*<br /> |117<br /> |2<br /> |{{cr|IND}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Twenty20 Internationals===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! No. !! Player !! Team !! Score !! Balls !! Inns. !! Opposing team !! Date !! Result<br /> |- <br /> | 1 || [[Colin Munro]] || {{cr|NZL}} || 109* || 58 || 1 || {{cr|IND}} || 4 November 2017 || Won&lt;ref name=t20i631&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18029/scorecard/1120094/india-vs-new-zealand-2nd-t20i-nz-in-ind-2017-18 |title=2nd T20I (N), New Zealand tour of India at Rajkot, Nov 4 2017|work=ESPN Cricinfo| access-date=24 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |- <br /> | 2 || [[Suryakumar Yadav]] || {{cr|IND}} || 112* || 51 || 1 || {{cr|SL}} || 7 January 2023 || Won&lt;ref name=&quot;t20i1986&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/sri-lanka-in-india-2022-23-1348629/india-vs-sri-lanka-3rd-t20i-1348642/full-scorecard |title=3rd T20I (N), Rajkot, January 07, 2023, Sri Lanka tour of India|work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=7 January 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==List of five-wicket hauls==<br /> ===Tests===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+ <br /> |-<br /> ! No.<br /> ! Bowler<br /> ! Date<br /> ! Team<br /> ! Opposing Team<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:20px;&quot;|Inn<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:20px;&quot;|O<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:20px;&quot;|R<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:20px;&quot;|W<br /> ! Result<br /> |-<br /> | 1 || [[Ravindra Jadeja]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2018|10|04}} || {{cr|IND}} || {{cr|WIN}} || 3 || 14 || 57 || 5 || India won&lt;ref name=test2319 /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2 || [[Kuldeep Yadav]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2024|02|15}} || {{cr|IND}} || {{cr|ENG}} || 4 || 12.4 || 41 || 5 || India won&lt;ref name=test2530 /&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://saucricket.com/ Official website]<br /> * [http://www.espncricinfo.com/Australia/content/ground/377285.html Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium] at [[ESPNcricinfo]]<br /> * [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/6019.html Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium] at CricketArchive<br /> <br /> {{coord|22.363|70.710|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}<br /> {{List of cricket grounds in India}}<br /> {{Test cricket grounds in India}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Buildings and structures in Rajkot]]<br /> [[Category:Cricket grounds in Saurashtra (region)]]<br /> [[Category:Sports venues completed in 2008]]<br /> [[Category:2008 establishments in Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:Test cricket grounds in India]]</div>

AgnesOppen5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_eponymous_roads_in_Delhi&diff=451896 2026-01-07T07:27:44Z

<p>AgnesOppen5: General cleanup and content improvements</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br /> This is a list of roads in [[Delhi]], India named after people, organized by [[List of districts of Delhi|district]].<br /> <br /> ==Central Delhi==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Road !! Named after !! Notes<br /> |-<br /> |[[Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Road|Aurangzeb Road]]<br /> |[[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|Emperor Aurangzeb]] <br /> |Aurangzeb road, after the 6th Mughal Emperor. Officially called Dr.A.P.J Abdul Kalam Rd 11th President of India<br /> |-<br /> |Ajmal Khan Road<br /> |[[Hakim Ajmal Khan|Mohammad Ajmal Khan]]<br /> |Founder of [[Jamia Millia Islamia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Mint&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Amrita Shergil Marg<br /> | [[Amrita Sher-Gil]]<br /> | Hungarian-Indian painter. Formerly called Ratendone Road. The road runs alongside Lodi Garden, which was previously called Lady Willingdon Park. Ratendone Road was named after her son, [[Viscount Ratendone]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Mint&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=The Indian streets with an identity crisis |url=https://www.ft.com/content/948fe3cc-6043-11e5-a28b-50226830d644 |website=Financial Times |date=21 September 2015 |accessdate=6 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Baba Kharak Singh Marg<br /> |[[Baba Kharak Singh]]<br /> |Indian independence activist. Formerly called Irwin Road, after British viceroy [[Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|Lord Irwin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Mint&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg]]<br /> |[[Bahadur Shah Zafar]]<br /> |Last Mughal emperor.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mint&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Balwant Rai Mehta Lane<br /> |[[Balwantrai Mehta]]<br /> |2nd Chief Minister of Gujarat. Formerly called Curzon Lane, after the British Viceroy who oversaw the partition of Bengal, [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|George Curzon]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Mint&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Dr Bishambar Das Marg || Bishambar Das || Das was a Punjab-born doctor who popularized homoeopathy in India. Formerly called Allenby Road, after British field marshal [[Edmund Allenby]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Mint&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Soofi |first1=Mayank Austen |title=Bye bye, Aurangzeb |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/zKhIv4dMpjxYLvjFt3DrhK/Bye-bye-Aurangzeb.html |website=Mint |accessdate=6 June 2019 |language=en |date=4 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Jawahar Lal Nehru Marg<br /> |[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]<br /> |1st Prime Minister of India. Formerly called Circular Road.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mint&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Kasturba Gandhi Marg<br /> |[[Kasturba Gandhi]]<br /> |Wife of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. Formerly called Curzon Road, after [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|George Curzon]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Mint&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Shrimant Madhavrao Scindia Marg<br /> |[[Madhavrao Scindia]] <br /> |Union minister. Formerly called Canning Road, after British Governor-General [[Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning|Charles Canning]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Mint&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Maulana Azad Road<br /> |[[Abul Kalam Azad]]<br /> |1st Minister of Education. Formerly called King Edward Road.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mint&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Rafi Marg<br /> |[[Rafi Ahmed Kidwai]]<br /> |1st Minister for Communications. Formerly called Old Mill Road, after a flour mill in the area.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mint&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Rajaji Marg || [[C. Rajagopalachari]] || Last Governor-General of India. Formerly called King George's Avenue, after [[George VI]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Mint&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Rajesh Pilot Marg<br /> |[[Rajesh Pilot]]<br /> |Union minister.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thedelhiwalla.com/2015/09/13/city-list-new-old-road-names-around-town/|title=City List – New &amp; Old Road Names, Around Town|last=List|date=2015-09-13|website=The Delhi Walla|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; Formerly called South End Road&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/what-s-in-a-name-just-ask-the-netas-299691|title=What's in a name? Just ask the netas}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Sardar Patel Marg<br /> |[[Vallabhbhai Patel]]<br /> |1st Deputy Prime Minister of India. Originally named Kitchener Road, after British Field Marshal [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Herbert Kitchener]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Mint&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Subramania Bharti Marg || [[Subramania Bharati]] || 20th century Tamil poet. Formerly called Cornwallis Road after the British governor general [[Edward Cornwallis]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Mint&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Thyagaraja Marg<br /> |[[Tyagaraja]]<br /> |18th century Carnatic music composer. Formerly called Clive Road, after first British administrator of Bengal [[Robert Clive]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Mint&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Tilak Marg<br /> |[[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]]<br /> |Indian nationalist. Formerly called Hardinge Road, after British viceroy [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst|Charles Hardinge]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Mint&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Tolstoy Marg]]<br /> |[[Leo Tolstoy]]<br /> |Russian writer. Formerly called Keeling Road, after chief engineer of Delhi, Hugh Keeling.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mint&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Vivekanand Marg<br /> |[[Swami Vivekananda]]<br /> |Formerly called Minto Road, after British Governor-General [[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto|1st Earl of Minto]] and his grandson Governor-General [[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto|4th Earl of Minto]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Mint&quot; /&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==East Delhi==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Road !! Named after !! Notes<br /> |-<br /> |Haneef Uddin Marg<br /> |Haneef Uddin<br /> |Indian Army Captain who died while serving with the 11th battalion of Rajputana Rifles in the [[Kargil War]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Elizabeth |first1=Prapti |title=You Hear The Names Of These Places Every Day, But Who Are These People? |url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/Everyday-Places-NAmed-After-People/ |website=ScoopWhoop |accessdate=6 June 2019 |language=English |date=11 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Maharaja Agrasen Road<br /> |[[Agrasen]]<br /> |Legendary Maharaja of [[Agroha Mound|Agroha]].<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==New Delhi==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Road !! Named after !! Notes<br /> |-<br /> |[[Akbar Road]]<br /> |[[Akbar]]<br /> |3rd Mughal emperor.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mint&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Alexander M. Kadakin Marg<br /> |[[Alexander Kadakin]]<br /> |[[Ambassador of Russia to India|Russian Ambassador to India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=NDMC renames Officers Mess Road after former Russian ambassador Alexander Kadakin |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/ndmc-renames-officers-mess-road-after-former-russian-ambassador-alexander-kadakin/story-rrOaMWFqKmjVCxhO4tbgQN.html |website=Hindustan Times |accessdate=2 June 2017 |language=en |date=2 June 2017 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603010246/http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/ndmc-renames-officers-mess-road-after-former-russian-ambassador-alexander-kadakin/story-rrOaMWFqKmjVCxhO4tbgQN.html |archivedate=3 June 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Delhi street named after Russia's late envoy Alexander Kadakin: PM Modi |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/narendra-modi-in-russia-vladimir-putin-india-russia-ties-alexander-kadakin-4684843/ |website=The Indian Express |accessdate=2 June 2017 |date=1 June 2017 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170601181223/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/narendra-modi-in-russia-vladimir-putin-india-russia-ties-alexander-kadakin-4684843/ |archivedate=1 June 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Chanakyapuri road named after late Russian envoy Kadakin |url=http://www.ptinews.com/news/8761131_Chanakyapuri-road-named-after-late-Russian-envoy-Kadakin.html |website=Press Trust of India |accessdate=2 June 2017 |location=New Delhi |date=2 June 2017 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602135619/http://ptinews.com/news/8761131_Chanakyapuri-road-named-after-late-Russian-envoy-Kadakin.html |archivedate=2 June 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |André Malraux Marg<br /> |[[André Malraux]]<br /> |French novelist and French Minister of Cultural Affairs.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Aruna Asaf Ali Marg<br /> |[[Aruna Asaf Ali]]<br /> |First Mayor of Delhi.<br /> |-<br /> |Bhai Vir Singh Marg<br /> |[[Vir Singh (writer)|Vir Singh]]<br /> |Punjabi writer.<br /> |-<br /> |Chelmsford Road<br /> |[[Lord Chelmsford]]<br /> |Viceroy (1916–21).&lt;ref name=&quot;Mint&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Connaught Lane<br /> |[[Duke of Connaught]]<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;Mint&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Copernicus Marg<br /> |[[Nicolaus Copernicus]]<br /> |Renaissance polymath from Poland. Formerly called Lytton Road, after British Viceroy [[Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton|Robert Bulwer-Lytton]]. The road was renamed at the request of [[Natwar Singh]], who served as India's Ambassador to Poland in the 1970s.&lt;ref name=&quot;Navbharat Times&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=शुक्ला |first1=विवेक |title=नटवर सिंह का इंदिरा गांधी को पत्र और फिर... दिल्ली कोपरनिकस मार्ग के नाम की कहानी |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/delhi/other-news/delhi-copernicus-marg-name-history-natwar-singh-letter-urging-indira-gandhi-full-story/articleshow/113278088.cms |website=Navbharat Times |accessdate=7 January 2026 |language=hi |date=12 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Dara Shikoh Road|Dalhousie Road]]<br /> |[[Dara Shikoh|Lord Dalhousie]]<br /> |Dalhousie Road(colloquially) after Governor-General Lord Dalhousie.Officially Dara Shikoh Road named after Eldest son of Mughal emperor Shah Jahan.<br /> |-<br /> |Gamal Abdel Nasser Marg<br /> |[[Gamal Abdel Nasser]]<br /> |2nd President of Egypt.&lt;ref name=&quot;NasserNkrumah&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Africa's link with Delhi: grannies and streets |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/africa-s-link-with-delhi-grannies-and-streets/cid/1509130 |website=Telegraph India |accessdate=6 June 2019 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Hailey Road<br /> |[[Malcolm Hailey, 1st Baron Hailey|Malcolm Hailey]]<br /> |British peer and administrator in [[British India]].<br /> |-<br /> |Connaught Circus<br /> |[[Indira Gandhi|Duke of Connaught]]<br /> |Connaught Circus, after the Duke of Connaught.&lt;ref name=&quot;DNA&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Do you know where are Canning, Chelmsford and Hardinge in Delhi? |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/delhi/report-delhi-must-honour-its-british-roads-2342776 |website=DNA India |accessdate=6 June 2019 |language=en |date=5 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Jai Singh Marg<br /> |[[Jai Singh I]]<br /> |Senior most general and a high-ranking mansabdar at the imperial court of [[Mughal Empire]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Jai Singh I |date=2025-09-25 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jai_Singh_I&amp;oldid=1313335979 |access-date=2025-09-28 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Justice S.B. Road<br /> |[[S. B. Sinha]]<br /> |Supreme Court Justice.{{Citation needed|date=February 2020|reason=Dubious}}<br /> |-<br /> |Justice Sunanda Bhandare Marg<br /> |Sunanda Bhandare<br /> |Delhi High Court Justice.&lt;ref name = &quot;Hindu&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/everything-is-in-a-name/article2882275.ece|title=Everything is in a name|last=Hashmi|first=Sohail|date=2012-02-11|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-06-09|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Kamraj Road<br /> |[[K. Kamaraj]]<br /> |3rd [[Chief Minister of Madras|Chief Minister of Madras State]]. Formerly called Dupleix Road, after Governor General of French India [[Joseph François Dupleix]].<br /> |-<br /> |Kwame Nkrumah Marg<br /> |[[Kwame Nkrumah]]<br /> |1st Prime Minister and President of Ghana.&lt;ref name=&quot;NasserNkrumah&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Lodi Road]]<br /> |[[Lodi dynasty]]<br /> |Last dynasty of the [[Delhi Sultanate]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Mint&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Maharshi Raman Marg<br /> |[[Ramana Maharshi]]<br /> |Indian sage.&lt;ref name=&quot;MintMasoodi&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Masoodi |first1=Ashwaq |title=Where the streets have no (female) names |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/AFEaDTLCCwINhqqeh5Cq0O/Where-the-streets-have-no-female-names.html |website=Mint |accessdate=9 June 2019 |language=en |date=2 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Archbishop Makarios Marg<br /> |[[Makarios III]]<br /> |[[Archbishop]] and 1st President of Cyprus.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindu&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Man Singh Road|Mansingh Road]]<br /> |[[Man Singh I]]<br /> |One of the [[Navaratnas]], of the royal court of [[Akbar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Man Singh I |date=2025-09-19 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Man_Singh_I&amp;oldid=1312274908 |access-date=2025-09-28 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Mohammad Ali Jauhar Marg<br /> |[[Mohammad Ali Jauhar]]<br /> |One of the founders and presidents of the [[All-India Muslim League]].<br /> |-<br /> |Mother Teresa Crescent<br /> |[[Mother Teresa]]<br /> |Formerly called Willingdon Crescent.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Road-renamed-after-Mother/articleshow/241752.cms|title=Road renamed after Mother|date=20 October 2003|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-06-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/living-in-the-gandhi-home/story-OAM7sTJaeHwsQ4MnDiuHEK.html|title=Living in the Gandhi home|date=2009-09-21|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-06-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Motilal Nehru Marg<br /> |[[Motilal Nehru]]<br /> |Formerly called York Road, after [[George VI]] who was made the [[Duke of York]] in 1920.&lt;ref name=&quot;DNA&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Mustafa Kemal Ataturk Marg<br /> |[[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]<br /> |Founder of the [[Republic of Turkey]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindu&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Najaf Khan Road<br /> |[[Mirza Najaf Khan|Najaf Khan]]<br /> |Builder of [[Najafgarh]] and commander of the Mughal armies during 1772-82.<br /> |-<br /> |Nelson Mandela Road<br /> |[[Nelson Mandela]]<br /> |1st President of South Africa.<br /> |-<br /> |[[Prithviraj Road]]<br /> |[[Prithviraj Chauhan]]<br /> |King from the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chahamana]] (Chauhan) dynasty.<br /> |-<br /> |Connaught Place <br /> |[[Rajiv Gandhi|Duke of Connaught]] <br /> |Connaught Place(Colloquially), after the Duke of Connaught. Officially Rajiv Chowk named after 6th Prime Minister of India.<br /> |-<br /> |Rao Tula Ram Marg<br /> |[[Rao Tula Ram]]<br /> |Leader in the rebellion of 1857.<br /> |-<br /> |[[Safdarjung Road]]<br /> |[[Safdar Jang]]<br /> |[[Nawab of Awadh]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Shahjahan Road]]<br /> |[[Shah Jahan]]<br /> |5th Mughal emperor<br /> |-<br /> |[[Tughlaq Road]]<br /> |[[Tughlaq dynasty|Tughlaq Dynasty]]<br /> |Dynasty that ruled the Delhi Sultanate from 1320 to 1413.<br /> |-<br /> |Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Marg<br /> |[[Vijaya Raje Scindia]]<br /> |Rajmata of Gwalior State&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/rti-query-on-names-of-streets-piques-ndmc/article6534820.ece|title=RTI query on names of streets piques NDMC|last=Jain|first=Akanksha|date=2014-10-26|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-06-06|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Dr Zakir Hussain Marg<br /> |[[Zakir Husain (politician)|Zakir Husain]]<br /> |3rd President of India.&lt;ref name=&quot;MintMasoodi&quot;/&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==North Delhi==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Road !! Named after !! Notes<br /> |-<br /> |Sham Nath Marg<br /> |Sham Nath<br /> |Deputy Minister for Railways in the 1960s. Formerly called Alipur Road.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mint&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Rani Jhansi Road<br /> |[[Rani of Jhansi|Lakshmibai]]<br /> |Rani of Jhansi. Formerly called Mutiny Memorial Road &lt;ref name=&quot;Mint&quot;/&gt;(often abbreviated to MM Road)<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Old Delhi==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Road !! Named after !! Notes<br /> |-<br /> |Ansari Road<br /> |[[Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari]]<br /> |Indian political leader. Formerly called Darya Ganj Road.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mint&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Netaji Subhash Marg<br /> |[[Subhas Chandra Bose]]<br /> |Indian nationalist. Formerly called Elgin Road, after British viceroy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mint&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Garstin Bastion Road, New Delhi|Swami Shradhanand Marg]]<br /> |[[Swami Shraddhanand]]<br /> |Social reformer. Formerly called Garstin Bastion Road.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mint&quot; /&gt;(Widely known as GB Road)<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==South Delhi==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Road !! Named after !! Notes<br /> |-<br /> |Benito Juarez Marg<br /> |[[Benito Juarez]]<br /> |26th President of Mexico.<br /> |-<br /> |[[Sri Aurobindo Marg]]<br /> |[[Sri Aurobindo]]<br /> |Indian philosopher and nationalist.<br /> |-<br /> |[[Josip Broz Tito Marg]]<br /> |[[Josip Broz Tito]]<br /> |Yugoslav communist leader.<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==South West Delhi==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Road !! Named after !! Notes<br /> |-<br /> |Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Marg<br /> |[[Bacha Khan|Abdul Ghaffar Khan]]<br /> |Pashtun independence activist.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Hashmi |first1=Sohail |title=A road for wrong reasons |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/a-road-for-wrong-reasons/article4680782.ece |website=The Hindu |accessdate=9 June 2019 |language=en-IN |date=4 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Roads formerly named after people==<br /> The following roads were once named after people, but have since been renamed after something else.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Road !! Named after <br /> !Current Name!! Notes<br /> |-<br /> |[[Tees January Road|Albuquerque Road]]<br /> |[[Afonso de Albuquerque]]<br /> |Tees January Marg<br /> |Portuguese governor of Goa in the 16th century. Renamed Tees January Marg, after the date on which Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated on the premises of a bungalow located on the road.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mint&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Baird Road<br /> |[[Sir David Baird, 1st Baronet|David Baird]]<br /> |Bangla Sahib Marg<br /> |British general. Renamed Bangla Sahib Marg, after a nearby gurdwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mint&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Havelock Road<br /> |[[Henry Havelock]]<br /> |Kali Bari Marg<br /> |British general who recaptured Kanpur during the 1857 rebellion. Renamed Kali Bari Marg, after a Kali Temple built in the 1930s.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mint&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Reading Road<br /> |[[Lord Reading]]<br /> |Mandir Marg<br /> |British Viceroy. Renamed Mandir Marg, after the Laxmi Narayan Temple.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mint&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Roberts Road<br /> |[[Robert Tor Russell]]<br /> |Teen Murti Marg<br /> |Chief Architect to the [[Public Works Department]] who designed Connaught Place. Renamed Teen Murti Marg after [[Teen Murti Bhavan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Mint&quot; /&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Lists of roads named after people|Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Roads in Delhi|*eponymous]]<br /> [[Category:Delhi-related lists|Roads]]<br /> [[Category:Lists of roads in India|Delhi]]</div>

AgnesOppen5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dharshini_Thirunavukkarasu&diff=496778 2026-01-05T22:12:30Z

<p>AgnesOppen5: Put up...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian basketball player (born 2000)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}<br /> <br /> '''Dharshini Thirunavukkarasu''' (born 27 March 2000)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-02-23 |title=Dharshini Thirunavukkarasu (India) - Basketball Stats, Height, Age {{!}} FIBA Basketball |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/259106-dharshini-thirunavukkarasu |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=www.fiba.basketball |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; is an Indian basketball player from [[Tamil Nadu]]. She plays for the [[India women's national basketball team]] as a guard. She plays for [[Indian Railways]] team in the domestic tournaments and for Tamil Nadu in the National Games.<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> Dharshini is from Tamil Nadu. She did her graduation in commerce at [[Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science]], Chennai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fiba U-18 Asian Championship |url=https://hindustanuniv.ac.in/events/fiba-u-18-asian-championship/ |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=hindustanuniv.ac.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> She is selected in the Indian team as vice captain for the 3rd South Asian Basketball Association Women's Championship 2025 qualifiers at New Delhi from 23 to 26 February 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Know Your Squad: Indian women's basketball team for SABA Women's Championship 2025 |url=https://khelnow.com/basketball/saba-womens-championship-2025-india-squad-facts-202502 |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=Khel Now |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Indian team played [[Maldives women's national football team results|Maldives]] and [[Nepal women's national football team results|Nepal]] for a berth in the [[FIBA Women's Asia Cup|FIBA women's Asia Cup]]. In the first match, India beat Nepal 113–32 on 23 February 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-01-12 |title=Tamil Nadu men, Railway women retain National basketball titles |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/basketball/article69092554.ece |access-date=2025-02-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; She played both the matches.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FIBA LiveStats India vs. Nepal |url=https://fibalivestats.dcd.shared.geniussports.com/u/FASIA/2624275/bs.html |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=geniussports.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FIBA LiveStats India vs. Maldives |url=https://fibalivestats.dcd.shared.geniussports.com/u/FASIA/2624277/bs.html |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=geniussports.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> In January 2025, she played the 74th Senior National Basketball Championship at Bhavnagar, where she bagged the Most Valuable Player award.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 February 2025 |title=Indian basketball team opens campaign with 113-32 win over Nepal |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/saba-women-championship-2025-basketball-india-vs-nepal-match-report |access-date=23 February 2025 |website=Olympics.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Railways crush Kerala in final, but two Malayalis bag individual honours |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/other-sports/2025/01/12/senior-national-basketball-kerala-sreekala-pranav-prince-individual-awards.html |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=Railways crush Kerala in final, but two Malayalis bag individual honours |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In February 2025, she captained the Tamil Nadu team that won the National Games beating Kerala in the final.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Rayan |first=Stan |date=2025-02-02 |title=Punjab men and Tamil Nadu women triumph in basketball |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/national-games/article69172570.ece |access-date=2025-02-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; She also represented India in the 2018 [[FIBA Under-18 Women's Asian Championship]] Division B.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{Sports links}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Thirunavukkarasu, Dharshini}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:2000 births]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women's basketball players]]<br /> [[Category:Basketball players from Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Sportswomen from Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Point guards]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil sportspeople]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]</div>

AgnesOppen5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Wax_Prince&diff=540761 2025-12-24T03:05:42Z

<p>AgnesOppen5: added info...</p> <hr /> <div>'''The Wax Prince''' is an [[India]]n [[Folklore of India|folktale]] collected and published by Indian author [[Shovona Devi (Indian author)|Shovona Devi]]. In it, a queen devises a ruse to trick the king she gave birth to the son he desired, and she goes great lengths to keep the deceit until the marriage, when the false prince is to be presented to his potential bride; a snake couple learns of the situation and the male snake decides to assume the form and place of the human prince and marry the human princess; later, the princess asks her husband's origins and he vanishes, but at the end of the tale the prince returns and assumes human form permanently.<br /> <br /> The first part of the tale deals with a tale type that is present in [[North India]], ATU 459, &quot;The Make-Believe Son (Daughter)&quot;, wherein a queen tricks the king by fashioning an image of a human child to keep up appearances that she gave birth to an heir, but eventually her creation gains human life. The second part of the tale is a local form of the international cycle of the ''[[Animal as Bridegroom]]'' or ''The Search for the Lost Husband'', in that a woman marries a man of supernatural origin (a snake or serpent), loses him and must regain him.<br /> <br /> == Summary ==<br /> In this tale, a king worries for not having children to carry on his family name, and confides in his wife, the queen, about it. The queen worries that the monarch will find a second wife that will bear him an heir and become the favourite in his eyes, so she devises a plan: she convinces the king she will bring him a child, but lies that the baby cannot be seen until a certain age, for it was predicted thus in a dream. Thus, the king gives her much gold, and she moves out of the palace into a distant house. With the gold, the queen bribes a mother-wit to bring a real child she pinches and rocks to sleep to keep up appearances of having born a prince. After some years, the king sends a tutor to teach the young prince, whom the queen also bribes. The tutor feels caught in a dilemma: he can trick the king until he farce is discovered, or he can tell the king and incur the queen's wrath, so he plans to enjoy the gifts until he departs from the kingdom when the moment is right. He supplies the king with a child's calligraphy, and maintains the farce.<br /> <br /> In time, the king decides to marry his imaginary son to a bride, and the queen despairs that her plot may be discovered. The mother-wit, however, helps her again: she fashions a likelike humanoid doll to pass off as the prince. The queen also hides the wax doll inside a veiled palanquin to maintain her deception and says they will take the prince to the bride's house. On the road, the retinue stop by a river, where a snake slithers inside the palanquin and gives life to the doll. When the royal palanquin arrives at the bride's house, a living human prince steps outside the palanquin, and the king seized with joy for his &quot;son&quot;, goes to embrace and kiss him, despite the queen's warnings. The wedding retinue returns home and the queen faints, thinking the king has discovered the ruse. However, the human prince goes to meet his mother accompanied by his bride and the queen is relieved and glad that the prince is real, thinking that the doll was given life by a magician.<br /> <br /> Some time later, the prince's wife asks her mother-in-law about the prince's family, but the queen goads the newly wed princess to ask her husband herself, since the queen also wants to know how the doll came alive. Thus, while walking near the bank of the river where the palanquin stopped before the wedding, the princess asks the prince about his race, but the prince begs her not to press further. Still, the princess keeps questioning him about his origins, as he enters the water and continues to sink, asking the princess if she indeed wants to know of his true origins. The princess admits she is curious; the prince turns into a large snake and dives in the water.<br /> <br /> The princess swoons, but is rescued by a local old woman and lives with her, afraid of returning to her parents-in-law's palace. As for the king, he notices his &quot;son&quot;'s long absence and surmises something must have happened to him, to which the queen, relieved, reminds him of her warning. Back to the princess, she is visited by a large snake that coils around her feet and becomes friends with her. The strange happenings reach the ears of the king, who rushes to the old woman's hut near the river, but hides in a tree trunk. One day, the large snake enters the old woman's house, but does not see the princess, since she is being tended to by the old woman due to an illness. The snake begins to circle around in a frantic manner, until it removes its slough and turns back into the human Wax Prince (which the story explains is his name). The king, his father, watches the event, burns the snake's slough, and embraces him son. On the mention of the prince's name, the princess's health immediately improves, and the whole family returns home with the old woman in tow.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Orient pearls: Indian folk-lore |first=Shovona |last=Devi |date=1915 |location=London |publisher=Macmillan and co., limited |pages=20–28 |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924089998144/page/n33/mode/1up}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Analysis ==<br /> === Tale type ===<br /> ==== ATU 459: The Make-Believe Son (Daughter) ====<br /> The first part of the tale is classified in the international [[Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index]] as tale type ATU 459, &quot;The Make-Believe Son (Daughter)&quot;: a queen fashions a false image of a child (son or daughter) or a servant finds an animal to convince her husband, the childless king, that she gave birth,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Sircar |first=Sanjay |title=Shashthi's Land: Folk Nursery Rhyme in Abanindranath Tagore's 'The Condensed-Milk Doll' |journal=[[Asian Folklore Studies]] |volume=57 |issue=1 |date=1998 |pages=25–49 [27] |doi=10.2307/1178995|jstor=1178995 }} Accessed 06 Nov. 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; and continues the ruse until it is time to marry the royal child; the queen worries that the king will discover the deceit and thinks of killing herself, but deities take pity on the queen and transform the image or animal into a human person.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=Stith |last2=Roberts |first2=Warren Everett |title=Types of Indic Oral Tales: India, Pakistan, And Ceylon |location=Helsinki |publisher=Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia |date=1960 |pages=65–66 (entry &quot;Devi, 20–28&quot;)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Aarne, Antti; Thompson, Stith. ''The types of the folktale: a classification and bibliography''. Folklore Fellows Communications FFC no. 184. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1961. pp.&amp;nbsp;155-156.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The International Index. Vol. 1: Tales of Magic|first=Hans-Jörg|last=Uther|publisher=Kalevala Society Foundation |year=2011 |page=269 |isbn=978-951-41-1054-2 |series=Folklore Fellows’ Communications |issn=0014-5815 |url=https://edition.fi/kalevalaseura/catalog/book/763}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Thompson-Roberts 425D Ind ====<br /> The second part of the tale is classified, in [[Stith Thompson]] and Warren Roberts's ''Types of Indic Oral Tales'', as its own Indic [[tale type|type]], 425D Ind, &quot;Search for Serpent Husband&quot;: the heroine marries a man of mysterious origin; jealous women probe her into asking his name or origins; he reveals it and turns into a snake; after many hardships, she reunites with him.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=Stith |last2=Roberts |first2=Warren Everett |title=Types of Indic Oral Tales: India, Pakistan, And Ceylon |location=Helsinki |publisher=Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia |date=1960 |page=63 (entry &quot;Devi, 20–28&quot;)}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|The word &quot;Indic&quot; refers to tale types that, although not registered in the [[Aarne-Thompson-Uther]] international index, exist in the oral and written literature of these three [[South Asian]] countries.}}<br /> <br /> ===Motifs===<br /> According to [[Stith Thompson]] and {{ill|Jonas Balys|lt|Jonas Balys}} study of motifs of Indian literature and oral folklore, the tale contains the [[Motif (folkloristics)|motifs]] [[Motif-Index of Folk-Literature|B604.1]] &quot;Marriage to snake&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;Thompson, S., Balys, J. (1958). ''The oral tales of India''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 80.&lt;/ref&gt; D391 &quot;Transformation: serpent (snake) to person&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;Thompson, S., Balys, J. (1958). ''The oral tales of India''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 103.&lt;/ref&gt; and D435.1.4. &quot;Wax prince animated by serpent becomes human being&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Thompson, S., Balys, J. (1958). ''The oral tales of India''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 104.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== The husband's vanishing ====<br /> In his work about ''Cupid and Psyche'' and other ''Animal as Bridegroom'' tales, Swedish scholar {{ill|Jan-Öjvind Swahn|sv|Jan-Öjvind Swahn}} identified that, in certain tales, the heroine causes her supernatural husband's disappearance by inquiring his name. Swahn named this [[Motif (folkloristics)|motif]] ''The Name Taboo'' and surmised that it occurred &quot;primarily in India&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Swahn, Jan Öjvind. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=s3_YAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22name+taboo%22 The Tale of Cupid and Psyche]''. Lund, C.W.K. Gleerup. 1955. pp. 238, 251.&lt;/ref&gt; In Thompson and Roberts's ''Types of Indic Oral Tales'', this motif appears in Indic type 425D Ind, &quot;Search for Serpent Husband&quot;: the heroine insists to know her husband's caste or name, and he, in return, gives her an answer, but vanishes in the water [[Shapeshifting|like a snake]].&lt;ref&gt;Thompson, Stith; Roberts, Warren Everett. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=WxnXAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22his+name+or+his+caste%22 Types of Indic Oral Tales: India, Pakistan, and Ceylon]''. Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1960. p. 63.&lt;/ref&gt; This episode corresponds with motifs C32.2., &quot;Tabu: questioning supernatural husband&quot;; C32.2.1, &quot;Tabu: asking name of supernatural husband&quot;; C32.2.2, &quot;Tabu: asking where supernatural husband comes from&quot;, and C32.2.3, &quot;Tabu: asking for caste of supernatural husband.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Thompson, S., Balys, J. (1958). ''The oral tales of India''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 85.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Variants ==<br /> According to scholarship, tale type ATU 459 is &quot;widespread throughout [[North India]] and other Asian areas, but never found in Europe&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Flora |first1=Giuseppe |title=Fantasy Fictions from the Bengal Renaissance: Abanindranath Tagore, 'The Make-Believe Prince' – Gaganendranath Tagore, 'Toddy-Cat the Bold' . Sanjay Sircar |journal=International Research in Children's Literature |date=February 2021 |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=123–125 |doi=10.3366/ircl.2021.0388 |s2cid=234091187 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Islam, Mazharul. ''[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=KFG3NjdeBMoC&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA166&amp;dq=%22the+make-believe+son%22&amp;hl=pt-BR&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=%22the%20make-believe%20son%22&amp;f=false Folklore, the Pulse of the People: In the Context of Indic Folklore]''. Concept Publishing Company, 1985. pp. 165-166.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === The Tale of Thakur and the Barber ===<br /> <br /> In an Indian tale titled ''The Tale of Thakur and the Barber'', collected from informant Menhdi Lal, from Bibipur, [[Barabanki district|Bara-Banki District]], a [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] takes his Barber, named Gokul Nai, to a pilgrimage next to the Ganges. Tired of attending to the Thakur, the barber tells the Thakur he will leave him if he asks the man something he cannot answer. They reach a city and the barber goes to buy some provisions, when he sees a man cradling a dead snake and crying &quot;Hae! meri nagin&quot; (&quot;Alas, my female snake&quot;). The barber returns to the Thakur and reports the finding, hoping the Thakur does not have an explanation for the event. Thus, the Thakur recounts a tale: a Rája complained that his Ráni had only given him daughters, and threatened to kill her if their next child was a girl. As he predicted, the queen gave birth to a girl, but the queen devised a ruse: she told the king that the prince was born under the asterism of Mul and could not be seen for twelve years. Twelve years passed, and the king arranged for his son's marriage. As the royal palanquin led the would-be bridegroom and the queen, she worried for her fate and her daughter's; the Kahars put down the palanquin next to a tank, and the Rája of the snakes, who lived in the tank, appeared to the princess inside the palanquin and asked her the reason for her sadness. After learning of the queen's ruse, the Snake Rája convened with his snake subjects in the tank how to help the princess; despite their reservations about helping humans, who killed their numbers, the Snake Rája assumed human form and replaced the princess inside the palanquin. When the palanquin reached the bride's palace, the queen worried about her ruse being discovered, but a man came out of the palanquin, to her relief. The Snake Rája married a human princess, and they lived together. After some time, the Snake Rája's snake wife missed her husband and went in search for him, finding him married to a human girl, so she assumed a human disguise and convinced the human princess to ask the Snake Rája about his caste. The human princess kept asking the Snake Rája about his origin, but he refused to divulge anything and asked her to stop asking, but, after much insistence, he took the princess to the tank, resumed his snake form and dived in. The human princess mourned for the loss of her husband, and settled there in a small hut. A Mali woman (gardener or florist) who delivered flowers to Snake Rája learnt of the princess's plight and told Snake Rája about it. The Snake Rája decided to return to his human wife and left his snake-wife behind. The snake-wife followed him into the small hut and prepared to bite the human princess to death, but the Snake Rája placed some poisoned gum on the couch leg. The snake-wife touched the gum and became stuck, dying after. The Snake Rája lamented the death of his snake-wife. The Thakur ends his tale, and both go to another town. The barber goes to buy some provisions and finds a moving goat's head on a door alternatively weeping and laughing. The barber asks the Thakur about it, and the Thakur retells a tale about how King Vikramaditya, who had powers to transfer his soul outside his body, did this to a parrot's body and the king's servant transferred his own soul to Vikramaditya's body; Vikramaditya's wife then played a trick on the false king and asked him to transfer his soul to a goat, which she beheaded, while the true king retook his body.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |chapter=375. The Tale of Thakur and the Barber |title=North Indian notes and queries |volume=5 |date=1895 |pages=139–140 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433081891412&amp;seq=153}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=Stith |last2=Roberts |first2=Warren Everett |title=Types of Indic Oral Tales: India, Pakistan, And Ceylon |location=Helsinki |publisher=Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia |date=1960 |pages=65–66 (entry &quot;NQ, V, 375&quot;)}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === The Snake Prince (Kumaon) ===<br /> In an Indian tale collected in [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] with the title ''The Snake Prince'', a king and queen rule a prosperous kingdom, but have no heirs. One day, a Brahmin appears and divines that the king shall have a son, but the Brahmin does not have actual astrological knowledge. Still, he hires a servant girl to help him in his ruse, and they help the queen with the fake pregnancy by tying the queen's belly in a sari and pretend she is pregnant. The Brahmin also advises the king not to bother the queen for the remainder of the pregnancy, lest an ill omen befalls her and the prince. For her part in the ruse, the queen asks the maid why she is not feeling the pains of pregnancy, but the maid assures her it is a divinely ordained pregnancy, and told her to keep silent about it. After nine months, the time of labour is nigh, but the queen does not bear any child, and the maid points out that the king will behead the three of them, while the Brahmin lies to the king that he cannot see the prince for another twelve years, for the boy's safety. After twelve years pass, the king demands to see his scion, but the Brahmin advises him to find a bride for the prince, for his face will be seen at the wedding. After some selection, the king chooses a bride, but the bride's family wishes to see the bridegroom. The Brahmin assuages he does not have imperfections, and he will be seen at the wedding. Thus, the wedding procession is prepared, and the Brahmin places a statue of [[Ganesha]] inside the palanquin to act as the prince. After walking a while, the bearers let the palanquin under a mango tree and stop to rest, while the Brahmin prentends that the &quot;prince&quot; declines any tea. A pair of snakes live in the tree and see the exchange with curiosity; the snake wife, who has omniscient powers, discerns the whole story and asks her husband to shapeshift into a human male and enter the palanquin, in order to preserve the Brahmin's life and the king's reputation. The snake enters the palanquin and becomes the groom, to the Brahmin's surprise. The retinue reaches the bride's palace and out comes the prince, whom the king embraces for the first time. The palanquin makes a return and pass by the same mango tree as before, and the snake resumes his serpentine form, but the snake-wife tells him to keep the disguise a bit longer when they return to proceed with the wedding celebrations, and he has but to call on her name and she will appear to him. The snake follows his wife's suggestions and continues to pass off as human for when they return to the king's palace. The queen and the maid worry for the discovery of the ruse, and the queen cries, which the maid lies that she has a headache. The prince comes out of the palanquin, to the queen's relief and happiness, and she blesses her &quot;son&quot;'s marriage to the bride. Months pass, and the snake-wife notices her husband is not coming back, and goes looking for him. She reaches the king and queen's palace and slithers to the third floor, where the prince is sleeping with his human wife. The snake-wife is caught between leaving them be or harming the prince and exposing them, and chooses the later, which she plans to do by morning. However, the maid alerts the king of the snake in the prince's room and the monarch kills it. The king feels sorry for harming the animal, thinking he did something that will damn the prince. The prince recognizes the corpse of the animal and performs the death rituals himself, then lives with his human family.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Prabha |last=Pant |title=Echoes of Kumaon: Myths Magic And Mountain Tales |translator=Shweta Awasthi |publisher=BFC Publications |date=2025 |pages=20–25 (tale nr. 2) |isbn=9789371205474}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === What Became of the She-Snake ===<br /> In a tale from [[Haryana]] translated to Bengali with the title &quot;একী হল? কেন হল?&quot; (&quot;Why did it happen&quot;) and to English as ''What Became of the She-Snake'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Folk Tales of Haryana |first1=Indu |last1=Roy Chaudhury |first2=Veena |last2=Srivastava |publisher=Sterling Publishers |date=1974 |pp=47-49 (text for tale nr. 15)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gurudev is teaching his lessons, when a woman approaches him and says she found a handsome youth on the road, wearing a dead snake's skin around his neck, crying and muttering &quot;একী হল? কেন হল?&quot; (&quot;Why did it happen?&quot;; &quot;Say what became of the she-snake?&quot; in Roy Chaudhury's translation). Gurudev offers to explain to the woman the story behind the handsome stranger: a king has seven wives, but no son, even after doing penance and performing rituals, so he decides to depart for pilgrimage. The seven queens suffer for the king's unhappiness, so they devise a ruse: they lie to the king that the youngest queen is pregnant. The king wishes to see his son, but the queens bribe the priests to tell the monarch he cannot see the prince for twelve years. The king agrees to the terms, but waits expectantly for the elapsed time, and receives news of the prince's development through his co-wives, who engaged tutors and servants to keep up the charade. After twelve years, the king wishes to see his son, but the priests say that the prince can only be seen after the wedding and during the ''[[Saat phere|phere]]''. As time passes, would-be brides' fathers send gifts and marriage proposals. When the time of marriage is upon the prince, the queens hire a carpenter to fashion a wooden image of a person, which they place in a palanquin and send the imaginary bridegroom towards his wedding, accompanied by a retinue of musicians and drummers. After a while, the palanquin bearers stop to rest near a hollow or cave where a snake couple lives. The male snake tells his snake wife the king will die of a broken heart for the fake son he never had, and she sighs that the wooden prince could be real. The male snake then hatches a plan: he will transfer his soul from his snake body to the false prince for six months, after which he will return to his snake body. The female snake (Sapini) agrees to protect the snake body, and the male snake promises to return after the palanquin returns with the couple and pass by their hollow. It happens thus, and the snake becomes the human prince. The king sees the face of his son for the first time and embraces him. The snake, in human form, begins to forget his snake wife's words. The prince's wedding is celebrated, and the wedding procession passes by the snake hollow. The female snake spots the happy couple and follows them to their new palace. She enters the prince's room and sees the look of happiness on the sleeping prince's face, worrying that he forgot his snake wife. The snake-wife kills herself in the room, and the prince finds the body, then regains the memories of his previous snake life. He realizes he lost his snake wife, loses his mind and utters a cry asking why it happened. Since then, he wanders the country with the snake wife's body coiled around his neck.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=ভারতের লোককথা |trans-title=Bharater Lokakatha [Folktales of India] |editor=Jagat Laha |location=Kolkatta |date=1948 |pages=177–180 |isbn=81-7332-418-3 |language=Bengali}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Jason |first=Heda |author-link=:de:Heda Jaeson |title=Types of Indic Oral Tales: Supplement |publisher=Academia Scientiarum Fennica |date=1989 |page=27 (entry &quot;2. Haryana 15&quot;)|isbn=9789514105968}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Other tales ===<br /> In a tale collected from a source named Sukhrani Devi in [[Sheoli]], it begins with a childless king worrying about his lack of heirs, when a maidservant tells him the queen is pregnant and will give birth to a son. The maidservant keeps up the charade long enough until the false prince's marriage is arranged and she molds an image with sesame seeds to act as the prince, and the marriage retinue departs with him. The marriage retinue stops and pitch tents to rest for the night. Near the maidservant's tent, a male cobra is drawn to the music and enters the maidservant's tent. He bites the false image and realizes it is made of sesame, then comments with his cobra wife about it. The maidservant overhears their conversation and asks them for some help. The male cobra says he can assume the role of the prince and take on human form, which the cobra wife allows him to do, but on the proviso he must return to his cobra wife after the wedding, otherwise she will come to bite the princess. The male cobra agrees to her terms and takes on the form of a handsome prince. The maidservant calls for the king to see his son for the first time, and the party leaves to celebrate the marriage. The marriage between the now human prince is celebrated with the princess, and the party stops near the same place as before. The she-cobra appears to her husband to remind him of his promise, but he delays his return to snake form since they must return back to the prince's palace and he cannot abandon the retinue in the middle of the journey. The she-cobra reluctantly agrees. The wedding party returns to the prince's kingdom and the prince enjoys the comforts of human life, forgetting about his previous life. After a long time, the she-cobra notices her husband is not returning and goes to the palace to bite the princess, then flees to her snake hole. The prince goes after his snake-wife in search of explanations, and the she-cobra admits she did this since the human princess stole her husband. The prince thinks his snake-wife is justified in her actions, but he cannot abandon the human princess. For this, the she-cobra hits her hood on a rock and kills herself. The human princess wakes up and the prince goes to live with her.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=A Splendor of Worship: Women's Fasts, Rituals, Stories and Art |first=Laxmi G. |last=Tewari |date=1991 |publisher=The Riverdale Company |pages=105-106, 107-108 (text for tale nr. 43a), 140 (classification)}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Animal as Bridegroom]]<br /> * [[Khirer Putul]]<br /> * [[The Daughter of the Childless King]]<br /> * [[Princess Himal and Nagaray]]<br /> * [[Prince Lal Maluk]]<br /> *[[The Snake Prince]] (Indian fairy tale)<br /> *[[The Ruby Prince (Punjabi folktale)]]<br /> * [[The Story of Hira and Lal]]<br /> * [[The Story of Halahal Kumar]]<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Wax Prince}}<br /> [[Category:Indian fairy tales]]<br /> [[Category:Fictional princes]]<br /> [[Category:Fairy tales about princes]]<br /> [[Category:Fairy tales about princesses]]<br /> [[Category:Indian literature]]<br /> [[Category:Female characters in fairy tales]]<br /> [[Category:ATU 400-459]]</div>

AgnesOppen5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arbaaz_Khan&diff=456589 2025-12-11T08:08:21Z

<p>AgnesOppen5: brief corrected page as per guidelines additionally and improved wording</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian film actor, producer, and director (born 1967)}}<br /> {{pp|small=yes}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Arbaaz Khan<br /> | image = Arbaaz Khan at his birthday bash at Su Casa.jpg<br /> | caption = Khan in 2017<br /> | birth_name = Arbaaz Salim Khan<br /> | birth_date = {{birth-date and age|4 August 1967}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Pune, Maharashtra]], India<br /> | occupation = {{hlist|Actor|film producer}}<br /> | years_active = 1996–present<br /> | works = [[Arbaaz Khan filmography|Full list]]<br /> | spouse = {{plainlist|<br /> * {{marriage|[[Malaika Arora]]|1998|2017|reason=divorced}}<br /> * {{marriage|Shura Khan|24 December 2023}}<br /> }}<br /> | children = 2<br /> | parents = [[Salim Khan]] (father)&lt;br/&gt; [[Helen (actress)|Helen]] (step-mother)<br /> | relatives = {{ubl|[[Salman Khan]] (brother)|[[Sohail Khan]] (brother)|[[Alvira Khan Agnihotri]] (sister)}}<br /> | family = [[Salim Khan family]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Arbaaz Salim Khan''' (born 4 August 1967)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |title=Pictures: Raveena Tandon &amp; more attend Arbaaz Khan's birthday bash {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/photos/pictures-raveena-tandon-more-attend-arbaaz-khans-birthday-bash-67664.html |magazine=Filmfare |date=6 August 2024 |access-date=18 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; is an [[Indian actor]] and [[film producer]] who primarily works in [[Bollywood|Hindi cinema]], in addition to [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]], [[Urdu]] and [[Malayalam|Malayalam cinema]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.koimoi.com/actor/arbaaz-khan/|title=Arbaaz Khan Archives|access-date=1 September 2019|archive-date=1 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901171223/https://www.koimoi.com/actor/arbaaz-khan/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.glamsham.com/celebrity/arbaaz-khan |title=Arbaaz Khan Filmography, Wallpapers, Pictures, Photo Gallery, News, Videos, Events &amp; Parties |access-date=18 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318143016/http://www.glamsham.com/celebrity/arbaaz-khan |archive-date=18 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Since his debut in 1996, he has acted in many leading and supporting roles. He ventured into film production in the [[Bollywood]] film industry with Arbaaz Khan Productions, launching ''[[Dabangg]]'' in 2010, in which he starred as the younger brother of his real-life brother [[Salman Khan]]. The film went on to become one of the [[List of highest-grossing Bollywood films|highest-grossing Bollywood films of all time]]. He won the [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]] for the film.&lt;ref&gt;[http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=14796059 Arbaaz's new role as a Producer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203100404/http://www.sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=14796059 |date=3 December 2014 }}&amp;nbsp;– Sify.com&lt;/ref&gt; He also hosted the reality show ''[[Power Couple (Indian TV series)|Power Couple]]'', which aired on [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]]. In 2019, Khan made his digital debut with the crime-thriller web series ''[[Poison (web series)|Poison]]''.<br /> <br /> ==Early life and family==<br /> {{Main article|Salim Khan family}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Arbaaz-Salman-Sohail.jpg|thumb|Khan with his brothers [[Salman Khan]] and [[Sohail Khan]] at an event in 2010]]<br /> Khan was born as the second son into a family with strong ties to the Bollywood film industry; his father is [[Salim Khan]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Afghan traces Bolly Khans' Pathan roots|url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2011/may/180511-Kabul-Pathan-community-Hindi-films-Bolly-Khans.htm|publisher=[[MiD DAY]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611013759/https://www.mid-day.com/news/2011/may/180511-Kabul-Pathan-community-Hindi-films-Bolly-Khans.htm| archive-date=11 June 2011|date=18 May 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; a successful screenwriter, and his mother is Sushila Charak (now known as Salma Khan), while his stepmother is dancer and Bollywood actress [[Helen (actress)|Helen Khan]]. He is the brother of Bollywood actor [[Salman Khan]]—with whom he attended the [[Scindia School]], Gwalior—and actor-producer [[Sohail Khan]]. He has one sister, [[Alvira Khan]] (now known as Alvira Khan Agnihotri), and an adopted sister, [[Arpita Khan]]. His brother-in-laws are actors [[Atul Agnihotri]] and [[Aayush Sharma]].<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> [[File:Arbaaz Khan Presents K Raheja’s Universal Cup Football Match Trophy.jpg|thumb|Khan at K. Raheja's Universal Cop Football Match Trophy]]<br /> Khan made his debut in the 1996 film ''[[Daraar (film)|Daraar]]'' in a villainous role as a [[psychotic]] [[spousal abuse|wife-beater]]. He received the [[Filmfare Best Villain Award|Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role]] for his performance. He has starred in many multi-starrer hit films such as ''[[Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya (1998 film)|Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya]]'' (1998), for which he received a [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]] nomination, and ''[[Garv: Pride and Honour]]'' (2004), where he acted opposite his brother Salman.<br /> <br /> He played a villainous role in the 2003 film ''[[Qayamat: City Under Threat]]'', which was successful at the box office.{{cn|date=March 2024}} He also played supporting roles in director [[Priyadarshan]]'s comedy films ''[[Hulchul (2004 film)|Hulchul]]'' (2004), ''[[Malamaal Weekly]]'' (2006) and ''[[Bhagam Bhag]]'' (2006). He played supporting roles as a police officer (Constable Javed Shaikh) and a mobster (Moscow Chikna) in the 2007 multi-starrers ''[[Shootout at Lokhandwala]]'' and ''[[Fool and Final]]'' respectively. He also made a cameo, alongside his brother [[Sohail Khan]], in the blockbuster ''[[Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na]]'', starring [[Imran Khan (Bollywood actor)|Imran Khan]] and [[Genelia D'Souza]]. In 2009, he starred alongside Sohail in ''[[Kisaan]]'' and played a villain in ''[[Jai Veeru]]''. Khan also appeared in the television serial ''[[Karishma - The Miracles of Destiny]]'' in 2003, and has appeared in many TV programs from time to time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/-jai-ho-reflects-country-s-current-political-scenario-arbaaz-khan_149030.html |title='Jai Ho' reflects country's current political scenario: Arbaaz Khan |work=Zee News |agency=IANS |date=10 January 2014 |access-date=1 September 2019 |archive-date=1 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901171224/https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/-jai-ho-reflects-country-s-current-political-scenario-arbaaz-khan_149030.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He played the main villain in the Telugu film ''[[Jai Chiranjeeva]]'' starring [[Chiranjeevi]]. The movie was extensively shot in [[Los Angeles]], California and [[Las Vegas Valley|Las Vegas]], Nevada.<br /> <br /> In 2010, Khan ventured into film production with [[Arbaaz Khan Productions]]. His first film as a producer was ''[[Dabangg]]'', which was released in September 2010. The film starred his brother Salman in the leading role as the anti-hero Chulbul Pandey, alongside Arbaaz as his younger brother Makhi. His former wife Malaika Arora Khan was featured in the popular item number &quot;[[Munni Badnaam Hui|Munni Badnaam]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Sampurn |title=Dabangg set for an Eid release |url=http://www.realbollywood.com/news/2010/04/dabangg-set-eid-release.html |date=15 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100417100333/http://www.realbollywood.com/news/2010/04/dabangg-set-eid-release.html |archive-date=17 April 2010 |website=Realbollywood News |access-date=17 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The film became a blockbuster within the first week of its release and broke several box office records, becoming the second highest grossing Bollywood film of all time at the time of its release.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title='Dabangg' 17th on list of highest grossers|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Dabangg-17th-on-list-of-highest-grossers/articleshow/6633161.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=7 October 2010|date=27 September 2010|archive-date=27 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127185655/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Dabangg-17th-on-list-of-highest-grossers/articleshow/6633161.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 12 March 2011, while Khan was a special guest of Australia's Indian film festival, [[Bollywood and Beyond (Australia–New Zealand)|Bollywood &amp; Beyond]], he helped his former wife Malaika Arora lead a successful world record attempt in [[Melbourne]]. 1235 participants successfully performed a choreographed dance to &quot;Munni Badnaam&quot; from the ''Dabangg'' soundtrack.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Munni in Guinness Book of Records|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-16/news-interviews/28694083_1_munni-badnaam-hui-guinness-book-malaika-arora-khan/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019103524/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-16/news-interviews/28694083_1_munni-badnaam-hui-guinness-book-malaika-arora-khan|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 October 2013|access-date=16 March 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Khan made his directorial debut with the 2012 released sequel ''[[Dabangg 2]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=I was always nursing this silent ambition to turn director – Arbaaz Khan |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/chunk-ht-ui-entertainmentsectionpage-bollywood/i-was-always-nursing-this-silent-ambition-to-turn-director-arbaaz-khan/article1-971350.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121215061706/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Chunk-HT-UI-EntertainmentSectionPage-Bollywood/I-was-always-nursing-this-silent-ambition-to-turn-director-Arbaaz-Khan/Article1-971350.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 December 2012 |date=11 December 2012 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |agency=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=17 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Khan made his [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] debut in [[Big Brother (2020 film)|''Big Brother'']] starring [[Mohanlal]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/bollywood-actor-arbaaz-khan-make-malayalam-debut-mohanlal-s-big-brother-101980 | title=Bollywood actor Arbaaz Khan to make Malayalam debut in Mohanlal's 'Big Brother' | website=The News Minute | access-date=18 November 2019 | date=7 May 2019 | archive-date=25 May 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525133406/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/bollywood-actor-arbaaz-khan-make-malayalam-debut-mohanlal-s-big-brother-101980 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> [[File:Malaika Arora, Arbaaz Khan visits Rajesh Khanna's home Aashirwad 06.jpg|thumb|Khan with his then-wife [[Malaika Arora]] at [[Rajesh Khanna]]'s residence Aashirwad in 2012]]<br /> Khan married model and actress [[Malaika Arora]] in 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Arbaaz Khan on life after divorce from Malaika Arora - Celebs talk about their love and relationships |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/celebs-talk-about-their-love-and-relationships/arbaaz-khan-on-life-after-divorce-from-malaika-arora/photostory/68402351.cms |access-date=25 January 2021 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=27 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927043149/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/celebs-talk-about-their-love-and-relationships/arbaaz-khan-on-life-after-divorce-from-malaika-arora/photostory/68402351.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; They have a son, Arhaan Khan, born in 2002.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=More than just friends? Malaika Arora's son Arhaan introduces girlfriend Chanel on Christmas |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/more-than-just-friends-malaika-aroras-son-arhaan-introduces-girlfriend-chanel-on-christmas |access-date=25 January 2021 |work=Free Press Journal |date=26 December 2019 |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130032636/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/more-than-just-friends-malaika-aroras-son-arhaan-introduces-girlfriend-chanel-on-christmas |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The couple announced their separation on 28 March 2016&lt;ref name=&quot;HT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web| title = Malaika Arora Khan, Arbaaz Khan confirm split. Read their statement| work = Hindustan Times| date = 28 March 2016| access-date = 2 April 2016| url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/malaika-arora-khan-arbaaz-khan-confirm-separation-read-their-statement/story-juNCJdjvd6odcZgBn95wYL.html| archive-date = 1 April 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160401234314/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/malaika-arora-khan-arbaaz-khan-confirm-separation-read-their-statement/story-juNCJdjvd6odcZgBn95wYL.html| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and officially divorced on 11 May 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.theedgymind.com/malaika-arora-arbaaz-khan-divorced-14-year-old-sons-custody-granted/ |title=Malaika Arora and Arbaaz Khan DIVORCED! 14 Year Old son's custody granted to… |first=Rinni |last=Chibber |access-date=8 November 2017 |archive-date=26 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026163639/http://www.theedgymind.com/malaika-arora-arbaaz-khan-divorced-14-year-old-sons-custody-granted/ |url-status=dead|date=12 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Guggjnoojhu [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Pic-Malaika-and-Arbaaz-attend-first-counselling-session-after-filing-for-divorce/articleshow/55699734.cms Pic: Malaika and Arbaaz attend first counselling session after filing for divorce], ''The Times of India'', 29 January 2017&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/post-filing-for-divorce-malaika-arora-khan-and-arbaaz-khan-attend-first-counselling-session-at-bandra-family-court-see-pics-4402907/|title=Malaika Arora Khan, Arbaaz Khan attend first counselling session during divorce proceedings|date=30 November 2016|access-date=1 September 2019|archive-date=27 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827005318/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/post-filing-for-divorce-malaika-arora-khan-and-arbaaz-khan-attend-first-counselling-session-at-bandra-family-court-see-pics-4402907/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.abplive.in/photos/confirmed-arbaaz-khan-and-malaika-arora-khan-filed-for-divorce-reaches-family-court-454735|title=CONFIRMED: Arbaaz Khan and Malaika Arora Khan File For Divorce, Reach Family Court|first=ABP News|last=Bureau|date=29 November 2016|website=www.abplive.in|access-date=1 September 2019|archive-date=1 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901171223/https://www.abplive.in/photos/confirmed-arbaaz-khan-and-malaika-arora-khan-filed-for-divorce-reaches-family-court-454735|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Chakraborty|first1=Sumita|title=Malaika Arora Khan – &quot;I won't unnecessarily fool around with Salman, and nor are we on backslapping terms!&quot;|url=http://www.magnamags.com/savvy/Malaika-Arora-Khan-I-won%E2%80%99t-unnecessarily-fool-around-with-Salman%20-and-nor-are-we-on-backslapping-terms/4742?item=7954|website=Magna Magazines|access-date=8 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220225219/http://www.magnamags.com/savvy/Malaika-Arora-Khan-I-won%E2%80%99t-unnecessarily-fool-around-with-Salman%20-and-nor-are-we-on-backslapping-terms/4742?item=7954|archive-date=20 December 2014|url-status=usurped}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;HT&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Khan married make-up artist Shura Khan on 24 December 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Arbaaz Khan-Shura Khan wedding: Son Arhaan, brother Salman Khan, parents Salim Khan-Salma, Raveena Tandon attend festivities |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/arbaaz-khan-wedding-son-arhaan-parents-salim-khan-salma-iulia-vantur-raveena-tandon-attend-festivities-9081200/ |work=The Indian Express |date=24 December 2023 |access-date=24 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Arbaaz Khan arrives with parents at sister Arpita's house ahead of his wedding |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/photo/arbaaz-khan-shura-khan-wedding-arrive-salim-khan-salma-khan-arpita-khan-sharma-house-2479971-2023-12-24/3 |work=India Today |date=24 December 2023 |access-date=24 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Arbaaz Khan marries makeup artist Sshura Khan, shares pictures from nikah ceremony&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |title=Arbaaz Khan marries makeup artist Sshura Khan, shares pictures from nikah ceremony |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/arbaaz-khan-marries-makeup-artist-sshura-khan-shares-pictures-from-nikah-ceremony/article67673513.ece |access-date=31 December 2023 |date=25 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231113647/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/arbaaz-khan-marries-makeup-artist-sshura-khan-shares-pictures-from-nikah-ceremony/article67673513.ece |archive-date=31 December 2023 |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Their first child, a girl, was born on 5 October 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Arbaaz Khan becomes father for the second time after 22 years as he welcomes first child with wife Sshura |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/arbaaz-khan-and-wife-sshura-khan-welcome-baby-girl-10287650/ |work=The Indian Express |date=5 October 2025 |access-date=5 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Controversies ==<br /> <br /> ===Accident===<br /> On 1 July 2012, a 70-year-old woman was killed by a Land Cruiser owned by Khan, and the woman's family demanded compensation from the actor. However, the Khan family refused to pay compensation to the family, as the old woman had been disowned by her family.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/salman-khan-not-to-pay-compensation-to-accident-victims-family/| title=Salman Khan not to pay compensation to accident victim's family| date=2 July 2012| access-date=28 January 2013| archive-date=9 July 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709222615/http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/salman-khan-not-to-pay-compensation-to-accident-victims-family/| url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Betting===<br /> In 2018, Arbaaz Khan confessed to having placed bets on Indian Premier League matches (IPL) in the previous five years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Valmiki |first1=Arvind |title=Arbaaz Khan confesses to betting on IPL matches, say Thane police sources |url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/india-news/arbaaz-khan-appears-before-thane-police-in-ipl-betting-case/story-pYgObDjpcya0xed4ViVfjP_amp.html |date=2 June 2018 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=29 October 2018 |archive-date=28 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028225957/https://m.hindustantimes.com/india-news/arbaaz-khan-appears-before-thane-police-in-ipl-betting-case/story-pYgObDjpcya0xed4ViVfjP_amp.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; According to a police official, the Bollywood actor admitted that he had been betting on cricket matches for the past five to six years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=IPL betting case: Will continue to cooperate with cops, says Arbaaz Khan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ipl-betting-case-will-continue-to-cooperate-with-cops-says-arbaaz-khan/articleshow/64428571.cms |access-date=2 June 2018 |publisher=TOI |archive-date=2 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180602174634/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ipl-betting-case-will-continue-to-cooperate-with-cops-says-arbaaz-khan/articleshow/64428571.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Thane Police sources also informed that Arbaaz and the accused bookie—Sonu Jalan, a.k.a. Sonu Malad—were brought face-to-face during the interrogation. It was then that Arbaaz confessed about his betting involvement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Bollywood actor-producer Arbaaz Khan confesses to betting on IPL matches, says will cooperate with police |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/arbaaz-khan-bollywood-actor-confesses-to-betting-indian-premier-league-sonu-jalan-5201317/ |access-date=2 June 2018 |work=Indian Express |archive-date=6 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180606065102/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/arbaaz-khan-bollywood-actor-confesses-to-betting-indian-premier-league-sonu-jalan-5201317/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Sabotaging===<br /> Arbaaz Khan, his father Salim Khan, and his brothers Sohail and Salman have been accused by director [[Abhinav Kashyap]] of sabotaging his film ''[[Besharam (2013 film)|Besharam]]'' and his career. Abhinav directed the Khans' blockbuster film ''[[Dabangg]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Deol |first1=Taran |title=My projects were sabotaged: Abhinav Kashyap says Salman Khan's family ruined his career |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/arbaaz-khan-to-take-legal-action-against-abhinav-kashyap-6462880/ |access-date=16 June 2020 |agency=The Print |publisher=The Print |date=16 June 2020 |ref=The print |archive-date=18 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618092941/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/arbaaz-khan-to-take-legal-action-against-abhinav-kashyap-6462880/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Gitanjali |title=Dabangg Director Abhinav Kashyap Accuses Salman Khan And Family Of &quot;Sabotaging&quot; His Career |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/dabangg-director-abhinav-kashyap-accuses-salman-khan-and-family-of-sabotaging-his-career-2246998 |access-date=14 June 2020 |agency=NDTV.COM |issue=Entertainment |publisher=ndtv.com |date=14 June 2020 |archive-date=16 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616125647/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/dabangg-director-abhinav-kashyap-accuses-salman-khan-and-family-of-sabotaging-his-career-2246998 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Indian Express&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Priyanka |title=Arbaaz Khan to take legal action against Abhinav Kashyap |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/arbaaz-khan-to-take-legal-action-against-abhinav-kashyap-6462880/ |access-date=17 June 2020 |agency=Indian Express |issue=Entertainment/ Bollywood |publisher=Indian Express |date=17 June 2020 |archive-date=18 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618092941/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/arbaaz-khan-to-take-legal-action-against-abhinav-kashyap-6462880/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Raghuvanshi |first1=Aakansha |title=&quot;We Are Taking Legal Action,&quot; Says Arbaaz Khan On Dabangg Director Abhinav Kashyap's Allegations Against Salman And Family |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/we-are-taking-legal-action-says-arbaaz-khan-on-dabangg-director-abhinav-kashyaps-allegations-against-salman-and-family-2247594?pfrom=home-lateststories |access-date=17 June 2020 |agency=NDTV |issue=Entertainment |publisher=NDTV.com |date=17 June 2020 |ref=Entertainment |archive-date=17 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617143321/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/we-are-taking-legal-action-says-arbaaz-khan-on-dabangg-director-abhinav-kashyaps-allegations-against-salman-and-family-2247594?pfrom=home-lateststories |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{clear}}<br /> <br /> == Filmography ==<br /> {{Main|Arbaaz Khan filmography}}<br /> <br /> == Awards and nominations ==<br /> [[File:Pratibha Devisingh Patil presenting the Swarna Kamal Award to Shri Arbaaz Khan for the Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment (Dabangg), at the 58th National Film Awards function.jpg|thumb|Khan receiving an award from the then, [[President of India|President]] [[Pratibha Patil]] at the [[58th National Film Awards]] in 2011.]]<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year !! Award !! Category !! Film !! Result<br /> |-<br /> | 1997 || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Filmfare Awards]] || [[Filmfare Best Villain Award|Best Villain]] || ''[[Daraar (film)|Daraar]]'' || {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | 1999 || [[Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award|Best Supporting Actor]] || ''[[Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya (1998 film)|Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya]]'' || {{nom}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=The Nominations&amp;nbsp;– 1998 |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368676.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708134330/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368676.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 July 2012 |publisher=Filmfare |access-date=13 February 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2006 || Filmfare Awards South || [[Filmfare Award for Best Villain – Telugu|Best Villain – Telugu]] || ''[[Jai Chiranjeeva]]'' || {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; | 2011 || [[National Film Awards]]|| [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment|Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]] || rowspan=&quot;7&quot; | ''[[Dabangg]]'' || {{won}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?keyword=bollywood&amp;ID=ENTEN20110175963&amp;subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&amp;nid=106989 |title=Dabangg Wins National Award for Wholesome Entertainment |access-date=20 May 2011 |date=19 May 2011 |publisher=NDTVMovies |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520234945/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?ID=ENTEN20110175963&amp;subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&amp;keyword=bollywood&amp;nid=106989 |archive-date=20 May 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Filmfare Awards || [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]]|| {{won}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Udaan, Dabangg top winners at Fimfare Awards|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Udaan-Dabangg-top-winners-at-Fimfare-Awards/articleshow/7385103.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=29 January 2011|date=29 January 2011|archive-date=11 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111015515/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Udaan-Dabangg-top-winners-at-Fimfare-Awards/articleshow/7385103.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[IIFA Awards]] || [[IIFA Award for Best Film|Best Film]]|| {{won}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|title=IIFA Awards 2011: Dabangg' bags six awards|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/media/entertainment-/entertainment/iifa-awards-2011-Dabangg-six-awards/articleshow/9001476.cms|date=26 June 2011|access-date=26 June 2011|agency=IANS|archive-date=19 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019144256/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/media/entertainment/entertainment/iifa-awards-2011-shah-rukh-khan-anushka-sharma-win-best-actor-awards/articleshow/9001476.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Zee Cine Awards]]|| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Film|Best Film]] || {{won}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Winners of Zee Cine Awards 2011 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/14/7016/index.html |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=14 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822005736/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/14/7016/index.html |archive-date=22 August 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Stardust Awards]] || Hottest New Film || {{won}}&lt;ref name=&quot;The Winners&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Winners |url=http://www.magnamags.com/content/view/7594/358/lang,english/ |publisher=Stardust.co.in |access-date=16 February 2011 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817004518/http://www.magnamags.com/content/view/7594/358/lang,english/ |archive-date=17 August 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Best Film of The Year || {{won}}&lt;ref name=&quot;The Winners&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Apsara Film &amp; Television Producers Guild Awards]] || [[Apsara Award for Best Film|Best Film]] || {{won}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Winners of 6th Apsara Film &amp; Television Producers Guild Awards |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/11/7008/index.html |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=12 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110114070754/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/11/7008/index.html |archive-date=14 January 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2013 || [[2013 Zee Cine Awards|Zee Cine Awards 2013]]|| Power Fun Club Rs. 1&amp;nbsp;billion || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''[[Dabangg 2]]'' || {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Apsara Awards]] || Most Popular Film Song (&quot;Fevicol Se&quot;) || {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2021 || [[South Indian International Movie Awards]] || Best Actor in a Negative Role || ''Big Brother'' || {{nom}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Commons category}}<br /> * {{IMDb name}}<br /> * {{Bollywood Hungama person}}<br /> * {{Twitter}}<br /> * [https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/arbaaz-khan Arbaaz Khan] at [[Rotten Tomatoes]]<br /> <br /> {{FilmfareAwardBestVillain}}<br /> {{Dabangg}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Arbaaz}}<br /> [[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Muslims]]<br /> [[Category:1967 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Film producers from Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors from Pune]]<br /> [[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]<br /> [[Category:Scindia School alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Film directors from Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi film producers]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]<br /> [[Category:Family of Salim Khan|Arbaaz]]<br /> [[Category:Producers who won the Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment National Film Award]]<br /> [[Category:Indian people of Pashtun descent]]</div>

AgnesOppen5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_Complex_FC&diff=492860 2025-12-10T09:18:49Z

<p>AgnesOppen5: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian association football club based in Itanagar}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox football club<br /> | clubname = Capital Complex<br /> | image = Capital Complex FC.png<br /> | upright = 0.85<br /> | fullname = Capital Complex Football Club<br /> | nickname = <br /> | founded = {{Start date and age|2003}}<br /> | ground = Various<br /> | capacity = <br /> | owntitle = Chairman<br /> | owner = Kipa Takum<br /> | mgrtitle = Head coach<br /> | manager = <br /> | league = [[Indrajit Namchoom Arunachal League]]<br /> | season = <br /> | position = <br /> | current = <br /> | pattern_la1 = <br /> | pattern_b1 = _whitecollar<br /> | pattern_ra1 = <br /> | pattern_sh1 = <br /> | pattern_so1 = <br /> | leftarm1 = FFFFFF<br /> | body1 = 9F00FF<br /> | rightarm1 = FFFFFF<br /> | shorts1 = FFFFFF<br /> | socks1 = FFFFFF<br /> | pattern_la2 = _whiteborder<br /> | pattern_b2 = _whitecollar<br /> | pattern_ra2 = _whiteborder<br /> | pattern_sh2 = _whitebottom<br /> | pattern_so2 = <br /> | leftarm2 = FFA500<br /> | body2 = FFA500<br /> | rightarm2 = FFA500<br /> | shorts2 = FFA500<br /> | socks2 = 002387<br /> | website = <br /> }}<br /> {| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;font-size:83%; width:25em; text-align:center&quot;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;font-size:100%; background-color: Maroon; color:#FFFFF; border:2px solid blue;&quot; |Active departments of Capital Complex FC<br /> |-<br /> ![[File:Football_pictogram.svg|30x30px]]<br /> ![[File:Football_pictogram.svg|30x30px]]<br /> ![[File:Football_pictogram.svg|30x30px]]<br /> |-<br /> !Football (Men's)<br /> !Football (Women's)<br /> !Futsal (Men's)<br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''Capital Complex Football Club''', simply known as '''CCFC''', is an [[India]]n professional [[association football|football]] club based in [[Itanagar]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. Its women's team competed in the [[Indian Women's League]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=AIFF launches maiden Indian Women's League|date=24 January 2017 |url=http://www.espn.in/football/india/story/3045266/aiff-launches-maiden-indian-womens-league|publisher=espn.in|access-date=3 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=AIFF launches professional league for women footballers|date=24 January 2017 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/aiff-launches-professional-league-for-women-footballers-4489784/|publisher=The Indian Express|access-date=3 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its men's team competes in the [[Indrajit Namchoom Arunachal League]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Arunachal: Capital Complex FC crowned champions in Khelo India U-17 Girls League|date=28 January 2020 |url=https://nenow.in/sports/arunachal-capital-complex-fc-crowned-champions-in-khelo-india-u-17-girls-league.html|access-date=2021-12-24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=INAL: Capital Complex FC ease past Kargu Kardi FC 4-1 {{!}} The Arunachal Times|date=16 February 2020 |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2020/02/16/inal-capital-complex-fc-ease-past-kargu-kardi-fc-4-1/|access-date=2021-12-24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Honours ==<br /> === League ===<br /> * '''[[Indrajit Namchoom Arunachal League]]'''<br /> ** Champions (1): [[2025 Arunachal League|2025]]<br /> ** Runners-up (1): 2020&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=neehal|date=2020-03-15|title=Arunachal League 2020: Gora Makik SC retain the Indrajit Namchoom Arunachal League! They defeated Capital Complex FC in the final.|url=http://www.reddit.com/r/IndianFootball/comments/fj3did/arunachal_league_2020_gora_makik_sc_retain_the/|access-date=2021-12-24|website=r/IndianFootball}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === [[Futsal]] ===<br /> * '''[[2022–23 Futsal Club Championship]]'''<br /> ** Group stage<br /> <br /> === Women's team ===<br /> * '''Arunachal Women's League'''<br /> ** '''Champions''' (2): 2017, 2018&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Capital Complex FC beat Arunachal SC to retain Arunachal Women's League title – IndiaFooty|url=https://www.indiafooty.com/2018/07/17/capital-complex-fc-beat-arunachal-sc-to-retain-arunachal-womens-league-title/|access-date=2021-12-24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Football in India}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Football clubs in Arunachal Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Association football clubs established in 2003]]<br /> [[Category:2003 establishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:Women's football clubs in India]]</div>

AgnesOppen5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Women_in_the_Guru_Granth_Sahib&diff=472781 2025-12-05T11:52:11Z

<p>AgnesOppen5: added details for consistency and cleaned formatting to improve readability</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:19th century depiction of a Sikh woman from a Haveli 5.jpg|thumb|300x300px|19th century depiction of a Sikh woman from a Haveli]]<br /> {{Guru Granth Sahib sidebar}}<br /> <br /> The [[Guru Granth Sahib]] is the holy text of [[Sikh]]s. Several of the [[Shabda|shabad]]s (hymns) from the ''Guru Granth Sahib'' address the role of women in Indian and Sikh society.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sikhs.org/women_q.htm |title=Sikhism Religion of the Sikh People |publisher=Sikhs.org |date= |accessdate=2011-12-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Shabads from the Guru Granth Sahib==<br /> ===From woman, man is born===<br /> In this Shabad, the Guru expresses the importance of women. It begins with the line &quot;From a woman, a man is born&quot; to emphasise that all men and women come from a woman. This theme then continues with the Guru highlighting, in a logical sequence, the various stages of life where the importance of woman is noted – &quot;within woman, man is conceived,&quot; and then, &quot; he is engaged and married&quot; to a woman who becomes his friend, partner, and the source for future generations. This Shabad shows that, throughout man's life, he is dependent on woman at every critical stage. <br /> <br /> The Shabad continues, &quot;When his woman dies, he seeks another woman&quot; – so if his wife dies, a man feels the compulsion to find another women still. In the final lines, the Guru asks: &quot;So why call her bad?&quot; – when even kings are born from a female mother as are other women themselves. The Guru then conclude that &quot;without woman – there would be no one at all&quot;. This leaves no doubt for the Guru that the female gender plays a critical part in every aspect of a man's life, someone who is there in one shape or form throughout life and also is critical for the survival of the human race and the very existence of humans to begin with. In this Shabad, the Guru outlines the importance, magnitude, and value of women, in very simple terms, and shows what a significant role they play in propagation of the species as well as multiple other roles. This Shabad is mainly aimed at the culture of that time which consistently put women as below men, as such this type of thinking was to encourage the men of those times to view women more equally. However, this hymn remains pertinent today due to the subjugation of women in many cultures.<br /> <br /> {{Quotation|From woman, man is born; &lt;br&gt;<br /> within woman, man is conceived; to woman he is engaged and married. &lt;br&gt;<br /> Woman becomes his friend; through woman, the future generations come. &lt;br&gt;<br /> When his woman dies, he seeks another woman; to woman he is bound. &lt;br&gt;<br /> So why call her bad? From her, kings are born. &lt;br&gt;<br /> From woman, woman is born; without woman, there would be no one at all. <br /> | Guru Nanak, Raag Aasaa Mehal 1, Ang 473}}<br /> <br /> [[Bhai Gurdas Vaaran]] is also recommended to [[Sikh]]s by [[Guru]]s. Some part of these ''vāran'' state as follows:<br /> <br /> &quot;At birth a Sikh girl is immediately “our darling” to her mother and father. Later, she becomes admired by her brothers and sisters and favored by her relatives. On attaining “the bloom of youth,” she is married, with costly gifts and presents. Now, respected by her husbands family, and deemed lucky in her new household, she is regarded as the equal of her spouse in both virtue and wisdom. She becomes as a doorway to salvation. Such is the verbal portrait of a Guru-inspired, and blessed, faithful Sikh woman.&quot; (5.16)<br /> <br /> ===Shabad against Sati===<br /> [[Sati (practice)|Sati]] is an Indian custom of immolation of a woman on her dead husband's funeral pyre either willingly or by societal inducement and compulsion. Guru Nanak said the following about this practice:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.srigranth.org/servlet/gurbani.gurbani?Action=Page&amp;Param=787&amp;english=t&amp;id=33581#l33581 |title=www.srigranth.org, Guru Granth Sahib page 787 |publisher=Srigranth.org |date= |accessdate=2011-12-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Quotation|Do not call them 'satee', who burn themselves along with their husbands' corpses.&lt;br&gt;O Nanak, they alone are known as 'satee', who die from the shock of separation. (1)&lt;br&gt;<br /> …Some burn themselves along with their dead husbands: [but they need not, for] if they really loved them they would endure the pain alive. | Sri Guru Granth Sahib page 787}}<br /> <br /> The Guru said that if the wife really loves her husband, then she should endure the pain of separation alive; that she should rather continue living her life than suffer a quick death in the fire of her husband's funeral pyre. Further, Guru Nanak explains that a true &quot;Sati&quot; is the person who cannot endure the pain of separation from their loved one.<br /> <br /> ===Shabad against dowry===<br /> The [[Sikh Guru]]s spoke against the common practice of [[dowry]] when a gift of money or valuables had to be given by the [[bride]]'s family to that of the [[Bridegroom|groom]] at the time of their [[marriage]]. Huge pressure was exerted on the bride's family for the extraction of a sizable fortune at times of marriage. It has historically been regarded as a contribution by her family to the married household's future expenses. The Gurus called this giving of gifts an &quot;offer for show&quot; of the guests, and a &quot;worthless display&quot; which only increased &quot;false egotism.&quot; Sikh families were discouraged from continuing this practice, and slowly this trend has diminished in some parts of Indian society. The following Shabad explains the Guru's position:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.srigranth.org/servlet/gurbani.gurbani?Action=Page&amp;Param=79&amp;english=t&amp;id=3163#l3163 |title=www.srigranth.org Guru Granth Sahib page 79 |publisher=Srigranth.org |date= |accessdate=2011-12-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Quotation|Any other dowry, which the self-willed manmukhs offer for show, is only false egotism and a worthless display. &lt;br&gt;<br /> O my father, please give me the Name of the Lord God as my wedding gift and dowry. (4) | Sri Guru Granth Sahib page 79}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Women in India]]<br /> *[[Women in Sikhism]]<br /> *[[Women's rights]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Women In The Guru Granth Sahib}}<br /> [[Category:Women's rights in India]]<br /> [[Category:Sikhism and women|Guru Granth Sahib]]<br /> [[Category:Guru Granth Sahib]]<br /> [[Category:History of women in India]]</div>

AgnesOppen5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karmatanr_(community_development_block)&diff=474531 2025-11-22T15:20:16Z

<p>AgnesOppen5: refine lead and cleaned formatting for accuracy</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> &lt;!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details --&gt;<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Karmatar<br /> | other_name = Karmatar Vidyasagar<br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = Community development block<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | image_map = Karmatanr Vidyasagar in Jamtara (Jharkhand).svg<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|24|5|2|N|86|42|8|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[districts of Jharkhand|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Jamtara district|Jamtara]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]<br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = 175.00<br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = 201<br /> | population_total = 115,266<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym =<br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | leader_title1 = <br /> | leader_name1 = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]<br /> | demographics_type2 = Literacy (2011)<br /> | demographics2_title2 = Total literates<br /> | demographics2_info2 = 53,844 (58.16%) <br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 815352 (Karmatar)<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone/STD code<br /> | area_code = 06433<br /> | registration_plate = JH-21<br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = [[Dumka (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dumka]]<br /> | blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank2_info_sec1 = [[Jamtara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jamtara]] and [[Sarath (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sarath]]<br /> | website = {{URL|jamtara.nic.in/}} <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> '''Karmatar''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in the [[Jamtara Sadar subdivision]] of the [[Jamtara district]], [[Jharkhand]] [[States and territories of India|state]], India. It is located 15&amp;nbsp;km from [[Jamtara]], the district headquarter.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]], the scholar-social reformer and a key figure in the [[Bengal Renaissance]], came to Karmatar in 1873 and spent more than 18 years of his life here.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030826/asp/jharkhand/story_2298943.asp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20030908203854/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030826/asp/jharkhand/story_2298943.asp | url-status = dead | archive-date = 8 September 2003 |title= Vidyasagar legacy lost in sands of time | publisher= The Telegraph, 26 August 2003 | access-date = 26 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1974, the railway station at Karmatar was renamed [[Vidyasagar railway station|Vidyasagar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=H3g9BAAAQBAJ&amp;q=karmatar+renamed+Vidyasagar&amp;pg=PR16 |title= Vidyasagar:The Life and After-life of an Eminent Indian| first= Brian A.|last= Hatcher| work= Introduction|date= 7 August 2014| isbn= 978-0-415-73630-5 | publisher= Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group, 912 Tolstoy House, 15-17 Tolstoy Marg, Connaught Place, New Delhi- 110 001| access-date = 26 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> Karmatar is located at {{coord|24|5|2|N|86|42|8|E}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://wikimapia.org/2120452/Karmatar | title= Karmatar (Karmatar) | work= Jharkhand| publisher= Wikimapia | access-date = 26 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Jamtara district in the south-eastern part of [[Santhal Pargana division|Santhal Parganas]] is a rolling upland tract. The [[Barakar River|Barakar]] separates it from the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] and the [[Ajay River|Ajay]], flows in from [[Deoghar district]] in the west, drains the district, forms the border between Jharkhand and West Bengal for some distance and flows into West Bengal in the east.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3120/page/n1/mode/2up |title = Bihar District Gazetteers: Santhal Parganas| first= P.C.|last=Roychoudhury | work= Chaoter I: General |publisher= Secretariat Press, Patna, 1965 | access-date = 21 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Karmatanr CD block is bounded by [[Margomunda]], [[Karon, Deoghar|Karon]] and [[Sarath, Deoghar|Sarath]] CD blocks in Deoghar district on the north, [[Jamtara block|Jamtara]] CD block on the east, and [[Narayanpur block|Narayanpur]] CD block on the south and west.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jharkhand/tehsil/jamtara-tehsil-map.jpg | title = Jamtara CD block/ tehsil map|publisher = Maps of India | access-date = 22 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jharkhand/tehsil/deogarh.html | title = Deoghar CD block/ tehsil map |publisher = Maps of India | access-date = 22 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Karmatanr CD block has an area of 175.00&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;ref name=census2011&gt;{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2018_PART_B_DCHB_JAMTARA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Jamtara, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Page 55: Rural PCA – CD block wise village primary census abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 22 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[Karmatanr, Jamtara|Karmatanr]] police station serves this block.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/jamtara| title = District Police Profile - Jamtara| publisher = Jharkhand Police| access-date = 22 October 2020| archive-date = 12 November 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201112201126/https://www.jhpolice.gov.in/jamtara| url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Headquarters of this CD block is at [[Karmatanr, Jamtara|Karmatanr]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2018_PART_B_DCHB_JAMTARA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Jamtara, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Map of Jamtara on the third page|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 22 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Karmatar CD block has 18 panchayats and 151 villages.&lt;ref name=admin&gt;{{cite web | url= http://jamtara.nic.in/blk_panchayat.html | title= Jamtara district of Jharkhand | work= Blocks and Panchayats | publisher= Jamtara district administration | access-date= 26 December 2015 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151227014358/http://jamtara.nic.in/blk_panchayat.html | archive-date= 27 December 2015 | url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Panchayats of Karmatar CD block are: Alagchuan, Bagber, Baradaha, Barmundi, Birajpur, Dumariya, Karmatanr, Kuruwa, Mattanr, Mohanpur, Nawadih, Phofnad, Sikarposni, Sitakatta, Subdidih, Tarabahal, Tarkojori and Tetulbandha.&lt;ref name=admin/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> ===Population===<br /> As per the [[2011 Census of India]] Karmatanr CD block had a total population of 115,266, of which 109,398 were rural and 5,868 were urban. There were 58,937 (51%) males and 56,329 (49%) females. Population below 6 years was 22,693. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 7,737 (6.71%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 21,767 (18.88%).&lt;ref name=census2011/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Census town]] in Karmatanr CD block is (2011 census figure in brackets): [[Karmatanr, Jamtara|Karmatanr]] (5,868).&lt;ref name=census2011/&gt;<br /> <br /> Large village (with 4,000+ population) in Karmatanr CD block is (2011 census figure in brackets): Karua (4,031).&lt;ref name=census2011/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Literacy===<br /> {{As of|2011}} census, CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data the total number of literates in Karmatar Vidyasagar CD Block was 53,844 (58.16% of the population over 6 years) out of which 33,798 (63%) were males and 20,046 (37%) were females. The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 26%.&lt;ref name=census2011/&gt;<br /> <br /> See also – [[List of Jharkhand districts ranked by literacy rate]]<br /> {{Literacy in CD Blocks of Jamtara district|collapsible=y}}<br /> <br /> ===Language and religion===<br /> {{bar box<br /> |title=Religions in Karmatand block (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;Religion&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Jharkhand|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11377/download/14490/DDW20C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |titlebar=#Fcd116<br /> |left1=Religion<br /> |right1=Percent<br /> |float=left<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|48.97}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|42.81}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Sarnaism|Sarna]]|maroon|7.54}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Christianity in Jharkhand|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.60}}<br /> {{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.08}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Pie chart<br /> |caption = Languages of Karmatand block (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;language&quot;/&gt;<br /> |label1 = [[Khortha language|Khortha]] |value1 = 67.09 |color1 = red<br /> |label2 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value2 = 18.26 |color2 = darkturquoise<br /> |label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 8.32 |color3 = green<br /> |label4 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value4 = 3.63 |color4 = orchid<br /> |label5 = [[Hindi]] |value5 = 1.77 |color5 = orange<br /> |other = y |other-label = Others |other-color = grey<br /> }}<br /> <br /> At the time of the 2011 census, 67.09% of the population spoke [[Khortha language|Khortha]], 18.26% [[Santali language|Santali]], 8.32% [[Urdu]], 3.63% [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and 1.77% [[Hindi]] as their first language.&lt;ref name=&quot;language&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10207/download/13319/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX|title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Jharkhand|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Rural poverty==<br /> 60-70% of the population of Jamtara district were in the [[Below Poverty Line|BPL]] category in 2004–2005, being in the same category as Ranchi and Dumka districts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/45258/1/MPRA_paper_45258.pdf | title = Rural Poverty in Jharkhad, India| work = Table I: Spatial Distribution of Poverty in Jharkhand | publisher = Munich Personal RePEc Archive | access-date = 22 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Rural poverty]] in Jharkhand declined from 66% in 1993–94 to 46% in 2004–05. In 2011, it has come down to 39.1%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/Jharkhand%20presentation.pdf | title = Eliminating poverty | publisher = Jharkhand government | access-date = 22 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Economy==<br /> ===Livelihood===<br /> {{Pie chart<br /> |caption= '''Livelihood&lt;br/&gt;in Karmatanr CD block'''<br /> |value1 = 29.62<br /> |label1 = Cultivators<br /> |value2 = 51.33<br /> |label2 = Agricultural labourers<br /> |value3 = 1.79<br /> |label3 = Household industries<br /> |value4 = 17.26<br /> |label4 = Other Workers}}<br /> <br /> In Karmatanr CD block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 13,727 and formed 29.62%, agricultural labourers numbered 23,787 and formed 51.33%, household industry workers numbered 828 and formed 1.79% and other workers numbered 7,998 and formed 17.26%. Total workers numbered 48,098 and formed 41.73% of the total population. Non-workers numbered 67,168 and formed 58.27% of total population.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2018_PART_A_DCHB_JAMTARA.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Jamtara | work = Tables 34, 30 Series 21, Part XII A, 2011 census| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand | access-date = 22 October 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;small&gt;Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the Factories Act. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers and entertainment artistes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2018_PART_A_DCHB_JAMTARA.pdf | title= District Census Handbook 2011 Jamtara, Series 21 Part XII A | work= Page 10: Census Concepts |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand| access-date = 22 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Infrastructure===<br /> There are 145 inhabited villages in Karmatanr CD block. In 2011, 114 villages had power supply. 142 villages had well water (covered/ uncovered), 139 villages had hand pumps, and all villages had drinking water facility. 7 villages had post offices, 7 villages had sub post offices, 5 villages had telephones (land lines), 4 villages had public call offices and 105 villages had mobile phone coverage. 144 villages had pucca (paved) village roads, 6 villages had bus service (public/ private), 2 villages had railway stations, 1 village had autos/ modified autos, and 24 villages had tractors. 5 villages had bank branches, 1 village had agricultural credit societies, 2 villages had cinema/ video halls, 33 villages had [[public distribution system]], 21 villages had weekly haat (market) and 66 villages had [[Polling place|assembly polling stations]].&lt;ref name=directory&gt;{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2018_PART_A_DCHB_JAMTARA.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Jamtara, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work = Pages 427-429 Appendix I: Village Directory | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand. | access-date = 22 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Backward Regions Grant Fund===<br /> Jamtara district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund created by the Government of India is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 21 districts of Jharkhand.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 23 September 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 23 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Transportation==<br /> The Ranigunj-Kiul section of the [[Howrah-Delhi main line]] was in position in 1871. It provided rail link for Karmatar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html |title= IR History: Early days II | work= Chronology of Railways in India, Part 2, 1870-1899 | publisher= IRFCA | access-date = 26 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Education==<br /> Karmatanr CD block had 24 villages with pre-primary schools, 119 villages with primary schools, 51 villages with middle schools, 4 villages with secondary schools, 2 villages with senior secondary schools, 26 villages with no educational facility.&lt;ref name=directory/&gt;<br /> &lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;.*Senior secondary schools are also known as Inter colleges in Jharkhand&lt;/small&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Healthcare==<br /> Karmatanr CD block had 2 villages with primary health centres, 8 villages with primary health subcentres, 7 villages with maternity and child welfare centres, 1 village with veterinary hospital, 2 villages with family welfare centres, 16 villages with medicine shops.&lt;ref name=directory/&gt;<br /> &lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;.*Private medical practitioners, alternative medicine etc. not included&lt;/small&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|3}}<br /> <br /> {{Blocks of Jamtara district}}<br /> {{Santhal Pargana Division topics}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Community development blocks in Jamtara district]]</div>

AgnesOppen5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vibhishana&diff=461356 2025-11-22T13:03:25Z

<p>AgnesOppen5: adjusted formatting per sources and corrected details</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Character in the Hindu epic Ramayana}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox deity<br /> | image = Vibhishan become King of Lanka.jpg<br /> | caption = [[Lakshmana]] crowns Vibhishana as King of Lanka<br /> | abode = [[Lanka]]<br /> | predecessor = [[Ravana]]<br /> | consort = [[Sarama (Ramayana)|Sarama]]&lt;br&gt;[[Mandodari]]<br /> | children = Taranisena, Nila (sons), Sananda, [[Trijata]] and Analte(daughters) by Sarama<br /> | dynasty = [[Rakshasa]]<br /> | father = [[Vishrava]]<br /> | mother = [[Kaikesi]]<br /> | siblings = [[Ravana]] &lt;br/&gt; [[Kumbhakarna]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Shurpanakha]]<br /> | type = Hindu<br /> | affiliation = [[Rakshasa]], [[Vaishnavism]]<br /> | texts = [[Ramayana]] and its versions<br /> | deity_of = King of Lanka&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc242055.html | title=Story of Vibhīṣaṇa | date=28 January 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | member_of = [[Chiranjivi]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Contains special characters|Indic}}<br /> <br /> '''Vibhishana''' ({{Langx|sa|विभीषण|lit=formidable|translit=Vibhīṣaṇa}})&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2012-06-24 |title=Vibhishana, Vibhīṣaṇa, Vibhīṣaṇā: 28 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/vibhishana |access-date=2022-10-28 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; is the younger brother of [[Ravana]], the King of [[Lanka]], in the ancient Indian epic ''[[Ramayana]],'' and one of the eight [[Chiranjivi]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.viralsrilanka.com/ravana/|title=Ravana &amp;#124; King Ravana - Viral Sri Lanka|access-date=24 January 2020|date=3 January 2020|archive-date=4 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804102920/https://www.viralsrilanka.com/ravana/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Though a [[rakshasa]] himself, Vibhishana turned his back on Ravana, and defected to [[Rama]]'s side, owing to his ''[[dharma]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Buck |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vvuIp2kqIkMC&amp;dq=vibhishana+brother+ravana&amp;pg=PA281 |title=Ramayana |date=2000 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-1720-3 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; After Rama defeated Ravana, the former crowned Prince Vibhishana as the King of Lanka before returning to [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]].<br /> [[File:Vibhishana showing Vimana to Rama.jpg|thumb|Vibhishana (left) shows the [[Pushpaka Vimana]] to Rama and Lakshmana]]<br /> <br /> ==Legend==<br /> [[File:Rameshvaram lingam.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Rama and Sita worship [[Shiva]] at [[Rameshwaram]] as Vibhishana (right) looks on with Lakshmana, [[Tumburu]] and [[Narada]]]]<br /> <br /> === Early life and boon from Brahma ===<br /> Prince Vibhishana is portrayed as a pious and pure of heart in the epic. After performing a penance to invoke a boon from [[Brahma]], he asked the deity to always set his mind on the path to righteousness, and nothing more.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Saraswati |first=Smt T. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RBGLDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=vibhishana+prays+brahma&amp;pg=PT9 |title=Vibhishana |date=2019-03-02 |publisher=Bharatha Samskruthi Prakashana |isbn=978-93-89020-78-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pleased by his righteousness Brahma gave the boon of immortality.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 3: Vana Parva: Draupadi-harana Parva: Section CCLXXIII |url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03273.htm |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=sacred-texts.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Vibhishana was the youngest son of the rakshasi Kaikesi and the sage [[Vishrava]], who was himself a son of the sage Pulastya, one of the [[Prajapati]]. Vibhishana was the younger brother of the King of Lanka, Ravana, and also the sibling of [[Kumbakarna|Kumbhakarna]]. Even though he was born as a [[rakshasa]], he was pious and virtuous, upholding the values of [[dharma]].<br /> <br /> === Rama's devotee and Lanka war ===<br /> [[File:Vibhishana clarifies Rama about the enemy troops.jpg|thumb|left|Vibhishana clarifies Rama about the enemy troops]]<br /> Due to Vibhishana's differences with Ravana, and because he was against the act of kidnapping Sita, he fled Lanka. His mother, [[Kaikesi]], advised him to go and serve Rama, who was at that time assembling an army to defeat Ravana and to recover his wife. As a consequence, he divulged the secrets of Ravana's army and made sure Rama was victorious in the great battle. Rama accepted Vibhishana's fealty and anointed him the King of Lanka after Ravana's death. In some versions of the epic, he takes his slain brother's queen [[Mandodari]] as his second wife, though in others he merely seeks her blessings during his coronation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Shashi, S. S. |title=Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh. |publisher=Encyclopaedia Indica |year=1998 |volume=21–35 |pages=222}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the Lanka War, Vibhishana's knowledge about the secrets of Lanka proved invaluable to Rama.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ranganayakamma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MPLgDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Vibhishana+secrets+rama&amp;pg=PA569 |title=RAMAYANA The Poisonous Tree |publisher=Sweet Home Publications |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vibhishana freely divulged many secrets that became key to the success of Rama's attack, including revealing the secret path to the temple of Nikumbala, the family deity of the Pulastya clan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Maheshwari |first1=Vipul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pMwAEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Vibhishana+nikumbala&amp;pg=PT146 |title=Ramayana Revisited: An Epic through a Legal Prism |last2=Maheshwari |first2=Anil |date=2020-10-18 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-93-89351-07-1 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the climactic battle between Rama and Ravana, when Rama was unable to kill Ravana, he revealed the secret of Ravana's invulnerability to Rama. He told Rama that Ravana has stored the nectar of immortality in his belly and it is necessary to dry it. With this knowledge, Rama was finally able to kill Ravana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Keshavadas |first=Sadguru Sant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3XIatVGyjmQC&amp;dq=Vibhishana+secrets+rama&amp;pg=PA200 |title=Ramayana at a Glance |date=1988 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0545-3 |pages=200 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He had a daughter named [[Trijata]].<br /> <br /> === Chiranjivi ===<br /> When Rama was about to leave Ayodhya at the end of his reign, he assumed his true form of Vishnu, ordering Vibhishana to stay on earth and serve the people and guide them to the path of truth and ''dharma''. Hence, Vibhishana is considered one of the immortals, the [[Chiranjeevins|Chiranjivis]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ramesh |first=M. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dAdJAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=Vibhishana+chiranjeevi |title=108 Vaishnavite Divya Desams |date=1997 |publisher=T.T. Devasthanams |pages=262 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vishnu also ordered Vibhishana to pray to the family deity of [[Solar dynasty]], [[Ranganatha]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Saraswati |first1=Smt T. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RBGLDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=vibhishana&amp;pg=PT30 |title=Vibhishana |date=2 March 2019 |publisher=Bharatha Samskruthi Prakashana |isbn=978-93-89020-78-6 |language=en |access-date=6 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Characterisation ==<br /> In the ''Ramayana'', Vibhishana's characterisation assists in demonstrating the practical implications of the concept of ''dharma''. The epic stresses that neither Vibhishana nor Kumbhakarna strayed from the path of ''dharma'' and that there is no single way out of a moral dilemma. The ''Ramayana'' teaches that Kumbhakarna adhered to the ''dharma'' of loyalty to his kin when his advice fails, while Vibhishana chose to oppose his kin when his advice failed.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Keshavadas |first=Sadguru Sant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3XIatVGyjmQC&amp;dq=Vibhishana+dharma&amp;pg=PA180 |title=Ramayana at a Glance |date=1988 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0545-3 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Regional legends==<br /> <br /> === Srirangam ===<br /> [[File:Lankatillaka Temple, Vibhishana 0547.jpg|thumb|The [[Murti|statue]] in [[Lankatilaka Vihara]] of Vibhishana and [[Shakti|wife]] is [[Sarama (Ramayana)|Sarama]] as in position of [[Grāmadevatā|guardian deity]] of [[Sri Lanka]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lanka-excursions-holidays.com/lankatilaka.html|title=Lankatilaka Temple near Kandy}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> Vibhishana is featured in the [[Pancharatra]], and consequently the [[Sthala purana|regional legend]] of [[Srirangam Ranganathaswamy temple|Ranganathaswamy temple]] of [[Srirangam]], considered the foremost of the [[Divya Desam]]s, the abodes of Vishnu in [[Sri Vaishnavism]]. During the coronation of [[Rama]], the avatar of Vishnu, Vibhishana was presented the sacrosanct Sri Ranga [[vimana]]. He decided to carry it to his kingdom of Lanka. Midway his journey, in order to rest, he placed the image on the banks of the [[Kaveri]]. After performing his routine [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]], he tried to lift the vimana, but it could not be lifted.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kalyanaraman |first=Srinivasan |title=Evidence for temples in Bhāratam, from ca. 4th-3rd millennium BCE |url=https://www.academia.edu/59775998}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vishnu appeared to him and said that he desired to stay as Ranganatha in the place, which went on to become [[Srirangam]]. Vishnu also desired to watch the [[brahmotsava]]m at Tirucherai. The festivals of the temple are thus considered sacred.&lt;ref name=M&gt;{{cite book|title=15 Vaishnava Temples of Tamil Nadu|last=M.|first=Rajagopalan|pages=66–75|publisher=Govindaswamy Printers|location=Chennai, India|year=1993}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Sri Lanka ===<br /> In some period of history [[Sinhalese people]] have considered Vibhishana as one of the ''[[Four Heavenly Kings|Sathara Waram Deviyo]]'' (four guardian deities).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Kariyawasam|first=A.G.S|title=The Gods &amp; Deity Worship in Sri Lanka|year=1995|url=http://www.hotspotsz.com/The_Gods_and_Deity_Worship_in_Sri_Lanka_%28Article-348%29.html|access-date=26 September 2014|publisher=The Wheel Publication No. 402/404, Buddhist Publication Society|isbn=955-24-0126-7|archive-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208063827/http://www.hotspotsz.com/The_Gods_and_Deity_Worship_in_Sri_Lanka_%28Article-348%29.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; This belief was more prominent in the [[Kingdom of Kotte|Kotte period]]. According to the ''Ravana Katha'' of Wickramasinghe Adigar, after the defeat of Ravana, Vibhishana transferred the [[Yaksha]] capital from [[Alaka]] mandawa to [[Kelaniya]].&lt;ref&gt;Dr. Mirando Obeysekere, ''Was Maya Dannawa the architect of Sigiriya?'', Daily News, 6 March 2003. http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~lkawgw/mdannawa.html&lt;/ref&gt; In the 15th-century poem of [[Thotagamuwe Sri Rahula Thera]], the ''sælalihini sandesaya'', [[Sri Lanka Myna|Myna]] is ordered to carry the missive to Vibhishana at his temple in Kelaniya. After the 16th century, he was replaced as a God of the four warrants by the goddess [[Pattini]]. He continues to be worshipped by a diminishing number of adherents, mainly in the Kelaniya area.&lt;ref&gt;Nandasena Ratnapala, ''Folklore of Sri Lanka'', State Printing Corporation, Colombo, 1991; {{ISBN|955-610-089-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Literature ==<br /> The Sapta Chiranjivi Stotram is a mantra that is featured in [[Hindu texts|Hindu literature]]:<br /> <br /> {{Blockquote|text=अश्वत्थामा बलिर्व्यासो हनुमांश्च विभीषण:।&lt;br&gt;कृप: परशुरामश्च सप्तैतै चिरञ्जीविन:॥&lt;br&gt;सप्तैतान् संस्मरेन्नित्यं मार्कण्डेयमथाष्टमम्।&lt;br&gt;जीवेद्वर्षशतं सोपि सर्वव्याधिविवर्जितः॥<br /> <br /> aśvatthāmā balirvyāsō hanumāṁśca vibhīṣaṇaḥ।&lt;br&gt;kṛpaḥ paraśurāmaśca saptaitai cirañjīvinaḥ॥&lt;br&gt;saptaitān saṁsmarēnnityaṁ mārkaṇḍēyamathāṣṭamam।&lt;br&gt;jīvēdvarṣaśataṁ sopi sarvavyādhivivarjitaḥ॥|title=Sapta Chiranjivi Stotram}}<br /> <br /> The mantra states that the remembrance of the eight immortals ([[Ashwatthama]], [[Mahabali]], [[Vyasa]], [[Hanuman]], Vibhishana, [[Kripa]], [[Parashurama]], and [[Markandeya]]) offers one freedom from ailments and longevity.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{commons category}}<br /> {{Ramayana}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Rakshasa in the Ramayana]]<br /> [[Category:Chiranjivins]]<br /> [[Category:Characters in the Ramayana]]<br /> [[Category:Sinhalese Buddhist deities]]</div>

AgnesOppen5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhela_Samhita&diff=491122 2025-11-20T21:33:49Z

<p>AgnesOppen5: Adding</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Sanskrit medical text}}<br /> {{Infobox book<br /> | name = Bhela Samhita<br /> | author = Bhela<br /> | title_orig = भेलसंहिता<br /> | orig_lang_code = sa<br /> | title_working = <br /> | translator = K.H. Krishnamurthy<br /> | country = Ancient India<br /> | language = [[Sanskrit]]<br /> | subject = [[Internal medicine]]<br /> | genre = [[Samhita]]<br /> | pub_date = c. 7th century CE or later<br /> | native_wikisource = भेलसंहिता<br /> }}<br /> '''Bhela Samhita''' ([[IAST]]: Bhela-saṃhitā, &quot;Compendium of Bhela&quot;) is a [[Sanskrit]]-language medical text from ancient India. It is known from an incomplete {{circa}} 1650 CE manuscript kept at the [[Sarasvati Mahal Library]] in [[Thanjavur]], and a c. 9th century fragment found at [[Tuyoq]]. Quotations in other works suggest that an older version of the text, possibly composed during 400–750 CE, existed.<br /> <br /> Much of the text is in form of a dialogue between sage [[Atreya]] and his pupil Bhela, the author of the text. It shows many similarities with the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'', another text of the Atreya school, but it also shows some similarities with the ''[[Sushruta Samhita]]'' of the Dhanavantri school.<br /> <br /> == Authorship ==<br /> <br /> The text is primarily in form of a dialogue between the sage [[Atreya]]{{efn|The text calls Atreya by several names, including Atreya Punarvasu, Chandra-bhaga, Chandrabhaga Punarvasu, and Krishnatreya.{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|p=14}}}} and his pupil Bhela (also called Bheḍa). However, several other people also talk to Atreya in the text, including:{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|p=14}}<br /> <br /> * the royal sage [[Nagnajit]], who asks Atreya questions about detecting poison in food<br /> * Gurdalu Bhekin, who asks Atreya about medical topography<br /> * Sushrotar Medhavin, who describes the treatment of the dosha-related disorders<br /> * Several sages (including Khandakapya and Maitreya) talk to Atreya on the topic of tastes<br /> <br /> In the text, the dialogue between Nagnajit and Atreya takes place during Atreya's visit to [[Gandhara]].{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|p=14}} Based on the text's mention of Gandhara, some scholars theorize that Bhela was from Gandhara. However, R.S. Singh theorizes that Bhela was from western India, based on an analysis of vegetables used for preparing medicines mentioned in the text.{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|p=22}}<br /> <br /> == Date ==<br /> <br /> Multiple sources, including the Thanjavur version of the ''Bhela Samhita'' mention Bhela as a pupil of the ancient sage Atreya. Plus, Bhela is mentioned in ancient texts such as the [[Bower Manuscript]]. This suggests that Bhela was regarded as a medical authority in the ancient period.{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|p=23}}<br /> <br /> Modern scholars date the Thanjavur manuscript to c. 1650, and the ''Bhela Samhita'' version represented by this manuscript was probably completed in the 7th century CE or later, as suggested by internal evidences.{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|p=24}} Unlike the ''Charaka Samhita'' and the ''Sushruta Samhita'', it has not been revised by later authors.{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|p=14}}<br /> <br /> Tisata's ''Chikitsa-kalika'' (10th century) contains a recipe attributed to Bhela; this recipe is very similar to the recipe described in the Thanjavur manuscript, although the wording is somewhat different. This suggest that the ''Bhela Samhita'' text represented by the Thanjavur manuscript was not very different from the one known to Tisata in the 10th century. The Thanjavur version contains several quotes attributed to Bhela in ''Jvara-samuchchaya'', whose oldest manuscript dates to 924 CE.{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|p=23}}<br /> <br /> Sodhala's ''Gada-nigraha'' (c. 1200 CE) describes the formula for a medicine called ''dhanvantara-ghrta'', attributing it to Bhela; the Thanjavur manuscript refers to this medicine twice, but does not provide the actual formula. This suggests that a more complete version of ''Bhela Samhita'' existed around 1200 CE.{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|pp=22-23}}<br /> <br /> An earlier form of the text probably developed sometime during 400–750 CE. The ''Bhela Samhita'' refers to several practices that originated in the Gupta period, such as chanda-karman and the worship of Shiva on a cremation ground.{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|p=24}} The original ''Bhela Samhita'' was not identical with the Thanjavur text, as suggested by several quotations. For example, on the topic of applying [[enema]] to children, the ''[[Kashyapa Samhita|Kaashyapa-samhita]]'' (possibly c. 7th century{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|p=41}}) attributes an opinion to Bhela which disagrees with the Thanjavur text.{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|p=23}}<br /> <br /> Bhela's text is probably not much earlier than the ''Sushruta Samhita''.{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|p=24}} While the ''Charaka Samhita'' refers to the ''Bhela Samhita'',{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|p=16}} the Thanjavur version was probably composed after Dṛḍhabala redacted the present-day version of ''Charaka Samhita''.{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|p=24}}<br /> <br /> The Bower Manuscript attributes three gruels to Bhela. Eleven more prescriptions mentioned in the Bower Manuscript also appear in the Thanjavur manuscript of ''Bhela Samhita'', although not attributed to Bhela; these may have derived from earlier works that are now lost.{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|p=23}}<br /> <br /> == Contents ==<br /> <br /> ''Bhela Samhita'' is a medical treatise that primarily deals with [[internal medicine]] (''kaya-chikitsa''). The text mainly consists of [[shloka]] verses in [[anuṣṭubh]] metre, and only the ''Sharira-sthana'' part contains prose passages.{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|p=13}}<br /> <br /> The ''Sutra-sthana'' section of the text lists its contents as follows:{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|p=13}}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Section (''sthana'')<br /> ! Number of chapters<br /> ! Chapters surviving (partial or complete) in the Thanjavur manuscript<br /> |-<br /> | ''Sutra-sthana''<br /> | 30<br /> | 4–23, 25–28<br /> |-<br /> | ''Nidana-sthana''<br /> | 8<br /> | 2–8<br /> |-<br /> | ''Vimana-sthana''<br /> | 8<br /> | 1, 3–6<br /> |-<br /> | ''Sharira-sthana''<br /> | 8<br /> | 2–8<br /> |-<br /> | ''Indriya-sthana''<br /> | 12<br /> | 1–12<br /> |-<br /> | ''Chikitsa-sthana''<br /> | 30<br /> | 1–28<br /> |-<br /> | ''Kalpa-sthana''<br /> | 12<br /> | 1, 3–9<br /> |-<br /> | ''Siddhi-sthana''<br /> | 12<br /> | 1–2, 4–8<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Some features of the text include:{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|p=17}}<br /> <br /> * It names four categories of living beings: [[placentalia|placentals]], [[oviparous]], [[germination|germinating]], and moisture-born (''svedaja'').{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|pp=18-19}}<br /> * It states that the main task of a physician (''kaya-chikitsaka'') is to treat the disorders of the &quot;digestive fire&quot; (''kaya-agni''), which is located in the abdomen, and whose size depends on the body size of the animal{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|p=18}}<br /> * Its list of internal and external organs differs slightly from the ''Charaka Samhita'', and it names the ''rasa'' (nutritive fluid) as the most important constituent of the body.{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|p=19}} Its description of the heart is similar to that of the ''Sushruta Samhita'',{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|p=17}} and it states that according to Parashara, the heart is the first part of the embryo to develop.{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|p=18}} It also discusses other concepts in [[physiology]], such as 8 types of [[sweat]].{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|p=17}}<br /> * It contains general advice regarding diet. For example, it describes 12 types of wholesome food articles; advises people against drinking water before or during a meal; and advises against eating a fish called ''chilichima'' in combination with milk.{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|p=17}}<br /> * It states that the mental state of the parents during the sexual intercourse determines the nature (''[[guṇa]]'' - ''[[sattva|satvika]]'', ''[[rajas]]a'', or ''[[tamas (philosophy)|tamasa]]'') of a child.{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|p=18}}<br /> * It discusses a wide range of disorders. Examples include various types of [[diarrhea]] (including the ones caused by fear and grief),{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|p=20}} fainting and sleep-related disorders, including [[hypersomnia]] and [[insomnia]] etc.{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|p=21}}<br /> * It discusses a wide range of causes of the disorders, such as abnormalities during pregnancy; [[constipation]]; [[bile]]; improper administration of [[emetics]] and [[laxatives]], five causes of baldness and grey hair etc.{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|p=17-18, 21}}<br /> * It describes 20 kind of [[parasites]] (''krmi'').{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|p=18}} It describes rainy season as dangerous, stating that there is a high incidence of disease during it.{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|p=17}}<br /> * It rejects the claim that supernatural beings cause [[epilepsy]], and instead states that an epilepsy attack is caused when one or more ''[[dosha]]s'' obstruct the veins leading from the heart to the mind.{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|p=18}}<br /> * It rejects the claim that supernatural beings cause [[insanity]],{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|p=18}} instead attributing it to a gradual process in which the doshas progressively affect the various parts of the mind, including the ''[[manas (early Buddhism)|manas]]'', the ''[[citta|chitta]]'' and the ''[[buddhi]]''. It also discusses other [[mental disorders]] that may develop into instanity.{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|p=20}}<br /> * It describes many drug formulae and [[therapy|therapeutic]] rules.{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|p=21}} It also mentions religious elements while describing treatment of fevers, such as invoking of deities like [[Vishnu]] and [[Shiva]], and chanting of [[Vedic chant|Vedic mantras]]. It also discusses fevers in animals other than humans.{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|p=19}}<br /> * It mentions [[spirit possession]] (''bhutonmada'') while discussing insanity, but does not give much attention to the topic. It states that the physicians should focus on prescribing drugs, and the religious treatment should be left to [[exorcist]]s (''bhuta-vaidya'' or ''bhuta-chikitsaka'').{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|pp=19-20}}<br /> * It lists 16 deities that preside over the functions of the body and the mind: [[Agni]], [[Prithvi]], [[Ap (water)|Apah]], [[Akasha]], [[Vayu]], Vidyut, [[Parjanya]], [[Indra]], [[Gandharva]], [[Mrtyu]], [[Ādityas|Aditya]], [[Chandrama]]s, [[Tvastar]], [[Vishnu]], [[Prajapati]], and [[Brahma]]. This list does not match with a similar list in the ''Charaka Samhita''.{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|p=19}}<br /> * It discusses the [[transmigration of the soul]].{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|p=19}}<br /> <br /> === Comparison with the ''Charaka Samhita'' ===<br /> <br /> The ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'' refers to ''Bhela Samhita'',{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|p=16}} and the two texts are similar in many ways:{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|p=13}}<br /> <br /> * They agree on several topics, suggesting that they both belong to the [[Atreya]] school.{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|p=16}}<br /> * The name of the sections (''sthana''s) and the number of chapters in each section is exactly same.{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|p=13}}<br /> * Several chapters in the two texts have same or similar names.{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|p=14}}<br /> * The chapters in both texts begin in same way.{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|p=13}}<br /> * Both texts (as well as the ''Sushruta Samhita'') feature discussions among sages. For example:{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|p=14}}<br /> ** Both texts feature a discussion between sages on the topic of tastes, which takes place in the Chaitra-ratha forest. In both cases, Atreya rejects seven different opinions and expresses what he calls the correct view. Unlike the ''Bhela-sahita'', the ''Charaka Samhita'' attributes these seven opinions to particular persons.{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|p=14}}<br /> ** Both texts feature a discussion on which part of the [[embryo]] develops first: the views expressed in the ''Bhela-sahita'' and the ''Charaka Samhita'' are very similar, and disagree with the view of the ''Sushruta Samhita''.{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|p=14}}<br /> <br /> However, the ''Bhela Samhita'' also differs from the ''Charaka Samhita'' in several ways:<br /> <br /> * It is more concise and uses simpler language than the ''Charaka Samhita''.{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|p=13}}<br /> * Its chapters end differently, with the phrase ''ity āha bhagavān Ātreyaḥ''.{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|p=14}}<br /> * While some of the content in the two texts is similar, there are substantial differences. For example, the ''Vimana-sthana'' sections of the two texts differs considerably.{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|p=15}}<br /> * It contains considerable similarities with the Dhanavantri school represented by the ''[[Sushruta Samhita]]''.{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|p=13, 23}}<br /> <br /> == Manuscripts ==<br /> <br /> Only one pre-modern manuscript of ''Bhela Samhita'' with substantial content is known. It is kept at the [[Sarasvati Mahal Library]] in [[Thanjavur]], and several copies of this manuscripts have been made,{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|p=13}} such as the one at the [[India Office Library]].{{sfn|C.R. Sarma|B. Rama Rao|1980|p=7}} The Thanjavur manuscript is missing several chapters or portions of chapters, and the surviving chapters are not arranged in the proper order. It has several scribal errors, and the Sanskrit text is often grammatically incorrect. Several other copies of this manuscript have been prepared.{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|p=13}}<br /> <br /> A fragment of ''Bhela Samhita'' survives as one page from a paper manuscript found at [[Tuyoq]], dated to c. 9th century. It was discovered by Indologist [[Heinrich Lüders]] among a collection of manuscripts brought to Europe by archaeologist [[Albert von Le Coq]].{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|p=13}} It contains parts of the ''Nidana-sthana'' Chapter 1 and the ''Vimana-sthana'' chapter 1.{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|p=15}}<br /> <br /> The surviving text known from the Thanjavur manuscript appears to be different from the original text that must have once existed.{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|p=14}} This can be inferred from the fact that later authors often quote Bhela, but only a few of these quotations are present (some partially) in the Thanjavur manuscript text.{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|pp=22-23}}<br /> <br /> According to Lüders the Tuyoq fragment represents a more original version of the text. The ''Nidana-sthana'' section of both the ''Bhela Samhita'' and the ''Charaka Samhita'' discuss eight major diseases, seven of which are same. The Thanjavur manuscript of ''Bhela Samhita'' discusses the ''kāsa'' disease instead of the ''rakta-pitta'' disease discussed in the ''Charaka Samhita''. However, the Tuyoq fragment discusses ''rakta-pitta'' instead of ''kāsa''.{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|p=15}}<br /> <br /> == Critical editions ==<br /> <br /> Several editions of the text have been published, all based on the Thanjavur manuscript:<br /> <br /> * Edited by ''Mahamahopadhyaya'' Ananta-krishna Shastri and Asutosh Mookerjee; published by the University of Calcutta (1921). Shastri was a scholar of Sanskrit, but not of Ayurveda. He corrected some grammatical mistakes in the original text, but omitted some portions of the manuscript.{{sfn|C.R. Sarma|B. Rama Rao|1980|pp=7-8}}<br /> * Edited by ''Vaidya'' Girija-dayal Shukla; published by the Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi (1959). This edition was apparently based on the Calcutta edition, and not the original manuscript.{{sfn|C.R. Sarma|B. Rama Rao|1980|p=8}}<br /> * Edited by ''Vaidya Visharada'' V.S. Venkata-subramanya Sastry and ''Vaidya Visharada'' C. Rajarajeswara Sarma; published by the Literary Research Unit of the Sarasvati Mahal Library / Central Council for Research in Indian Medicine &amp; Homoeopathy (1977). This [[critical edition]] is based on a fresh study of the manuscript, and corrects several mistakes in the earlier editions.{{sfn|C.R. Sarma|B. Rama Rao|1980|p=7}}<br /> * Edited by Priyavrat Sharma with English translation and commentary by K.H. Krishnamurthy published by Chaukhambha Visvabharati (2000)<br /> <br /> == Legacy ==<br /> <br /> A number of historical Indian texts on medicine quote from or refer to the ''Bhela Samhita'', including the text of the [[Bower Manuscript]] and the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]''. ''Bhela Samhita'' is one of the sources for the Persian-language text ''Ma'din al-Shifa'' (1512), and [[Ibn Sina]] may have also been aware of it. The [[Traditional Tibetan medicine|Tibetan tradition]] refers to Bhela as a medical authority by the name Gzins-can.{{sfn|G. Jan Meulenbeld|2000|pp=16-17}}<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> === Bibliography ===<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> <br /> * {{cite journal |author1=C.R. Sarma |author2=B. Rama Rao |title=A note on the New Edition of Bhela Samhita |journal=Bulletin of the Indian Institute of History of Medicine (Hyderabad) |volume=10 |year=1980 |issue=1–4 |pages=7–14 |pmid=11613682 |url=https://ayushportal.nic.in/pdf/9084.pdf }}<br /> * {{cite book |author=G. Jan Meulenbeld |author-link=Gerrit Jan Meulenbeld |title=A History of Indian Medical Literature |volume=IIA |publisher=Egbert Forsten |location=Groningen |year=2000 |isbn=9069801248 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G74rAAAAYAAJ }}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.271948 The Bhela Samhita] (1921), University of Calcutta<br /> * [https://www.cc.kyoto-su.ac.jp/~yanom/sanskrit/ayurveda/bhela/ Transcription of Bhela-samhita] by Tsutomu Yamashita, based on the 1977 edition of the Sarasvati Mahal Library Literary Research Unit<br /> * {{cite web |author=Vitus Angermeier |title=Epidemiology in the Bhelasaṃhitā: The Chapter on Distinctions According to Land and People |date=2022-12-19 |publisher=Consortium for History of Science, Technology and Medicine |doi=10.17613/wn0a-rb05 |url=https://hcommons.org/deposits/objects/hc:50366/datastreams/CONTENT/content |access-date=2023-02-20 }}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Sanskrit texts]]<br /> [[Category:Ancient Indian medical works]]</div>

AgnesOppen5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cashify&diff=492921 2025-11-13T06:01:27Z

<p>AgnesOppen5: Put up...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian recommerce company}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox company<br /> | name = Manak Waste Management Pvt. Ltd.<br /> | logo = Cashify logo.svg<br /> | logo_size = <br /> | logo_upright = &lt;!-- default = 1 --&gt;<br /> | logo_alt = <br /> | logo_caption = <br /> | image = <br /> | image_size = <br /> | image_upright = &lt;!-- default = 1 --&gt;<br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | trade_name = Cashify<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = &lt;!-- Use ISO 639-1 code, e.g. &quot;fr&quot; for French. For multiple names in different languages, use {{Lang|[code]|[name]}} in native_name = and leave native_name_lang = empty. --&gt;<br /> | romanized_name = <br /> | former_name = ReGlobe (2009–2013)<br /> | type = [[Private limited company|Private]]<br /> | traded_as = <br /> | ISIN = <br /> | industry = [[Recommerce]]&lt;br&gt;[[E-commerce]]<br /> | genre = <br /> | predecessor = &lt;!-- or: | predecessors = --&gt;<br /> | founded = {{Start date and age|2009}}<br /> | founder = Amit Sethi&lt;br&gt; Mandeep Manocha &lt;br&gt;Nakul Kumar&lt;br&gt;Siddhant Dhingra<br /> | defunct = &lt;!-- {{End date|YYYY|MM|DD}} --&gt;<br /> | fate = <br /> | successor = &lt;!-- or: | successors = --&gt;<br /> | hq_location = <br /> | hq_location_city = [[Gurgaon]]<br /> | hq_location_country = India<br /> | num_locations = <br /> | num_locations_year = &lt;!-- Year of num_locations data (if known) --&gt;<br /> | area_served = India<br /> | key_people = Mandeep Manocha &lt;small&gt;(CEO)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | products = <br /> | production = <br /> | production_year = &lt;!-- Year of production data (if known) --&gt;<br /> | brands = <br /> | services = <br /> | revenue = <br /> | revenue_year = &lt;!-- Year of revenue data (if known) --&gt;<br /> | operating_income = <br /> | income_year = &lt;!-- Year of operating_income data (if known) --&gt;<br /> | net_income = &lt;!-- or: | profit = --&gt;<br /> | net_income_year = &lt;!-- or: | profit_year = --&gt;&lt;!-- Year of net_income/profit data (if known) --&gt;<br /> | aum = &lt;!-- Only for financial-service companies --&gt;<br /> | assets = <br /> | assets_year = &lt;!-- Year of assets data (if known) --&gt;<br /> | equity = <br /> | equity_year = &lt;!-- Year of equity data (if known) --&gt;<br /> | owner = &lt;!-- or: | owners = --&gt;<br /> | members = <br /> | members_year = &lt;!-- Year of members data (if known) --&gt;<br /> | num_employees = <br /> | num_employees_year = &lt;!-- Year of num_employees data (if known) --&gt;<br /> | divisions = <br /> | subsid = <br /> | module = &lt;!-- Used to embed other templates --&gt;<br /> | ratio = &lt;!-- Basel III ratio; used for banks only --&gt;<br /> | rating = &lt;!-- Credit rating; used for banks only --&gt;<br /> | website = {{URL|https://www.cashify.in/|Official website}}<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> '''Cashify''' (formerly known as '''ReGlobe''') is a [[recommerce]] company with headquarters in [[Gurgaon]], India. It was founded in 2009. It operates as an online marketplace where users can sell their used electronic gadgets like mobile phones, tablets, smartwatches, laptops and video game consoles to professional buyers. It also deals in [[Refurbishment (electronics)|refurbished]] devices.&lt;ref name=ken&gt;{{cite news |last1=Agarwal |first1=Ayush |title=Cashify ditches path to profitability as it turns on growth afterburners |url=https://the-ken.com/story/cashify-ditches-profitability-as-it-turns-on-the-growth-afterburners/ |publisher=[[The Ken]] |date=20 April 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> Cashify was founded in 2009 as ReGlobe by Mandeep Manocha, Nakul Kumar and Amit Sethi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Abhishek |title=Recommerce start-up Cashify offers instant cash for your used mobiles |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/recommerce-start-up-cashify-offers-instant-cash-for-your-used-mobiles-118072900635_1.html |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] |date=29 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The company operated as ReGlobe from 2009 to 2012.&lt;ref name=junk/&gt; The company had completed their first project with the mobile handset maker [[Nokia]].&lt;ref name=junk/&gt;<br /> <br /> In October 2013, the company partnered with [[Snapdeal]] to buy back mobiles, tablets and laptops.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Bhushan |first1=Kul |title=Snapdeal introduces ReGlobe, a platform to sell used gadgets |url=https://www.digit.in/news/internet/snapdeal-introduces-reglobe-a-platform-to-sell-used-gadgets-17951.html |publisher=Digit |date=9 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later Cashify formed partnerships with various [[original equipment manufacturer]]s, including [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]], [[eBay]], [[Infibeam]], [[Apple Inc.]], [[Samsung]], [[OnePlus]], [[Oppo phones|Oppo]], [[Xiaomi]], [[Vivo (technology company)|Vivo]] and [[HP Inc.|HP]], under which these companies offer buy-back services.&lt;ref name=techcrunch/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Borpuzari |first1=Pranbihanga |title=ReGlobe inks deal with Amazon to buy-back old electronics |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/reglobe-inks-deal-with-amazon-to-buy-back-old-electronics/articleshow/47382320.cms?from=mdr |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=22 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; In April 2019, Cashify partnered with [[Xiaomi]] to launch the 'Mi Recycle' feature through its MIUI Security app.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Jagmeet |title=Xiaomi Launches 'Mi Recycle' Feature in MIUI Security App to Let Users Easily Sell Phones |url=https://www.gadgets360.com/mobiles/news/xiaomi-mi-recycle-cashify-miui-security-app-2018024 |publisher=[[NDTV]] Gadgets360 |date=4 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=पुराने स्मार्टफोन बेचने पर iPhone 13 दे रही ये वेबसाइट, ऑफर जानकर हो जाएंगे हैरान |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/tech/gadgets-news/old-smartphone-sell-on-cashify-with-maximum-discount-offer/articleshow/98090360.cms |work=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In July 2019, the company launched its first offline store in [[Faridabad]], [[Haryana]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Cashify launches first exclusive offline store in Faridabad |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/my-mobile/20190715/281908774714097 |publisher=My Mobile |date=15 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; It opened 60 offline stores across India, including in cities like [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Bangalore]], [[Patna]], [[Kanpur]] and [[Ranchi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Singal |first1=Nidhi |title=Cashify to expand presence; plans to have 150 retail stores by 2021-end |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/cashify-to-expand-retail-presence-plans-to-have-150-retail-stores-by-2021-end-298966-2021-06-17 |publisher=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |date=17 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of April 2022, it has 103 offline stores in tier-1 cities.&lt;ref name=ken/&gt;<br /> <br /> In June 2020, it raised donations to provide free refurbished mobile phones to non-profit organisations to support children dealing with the online shift of classes through its Donate for Education campaign.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Cashify unveils 'Donate for Education' to provides refurbished smartphones to students |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/cashify-unveils-donate-for-education-to-provides-refurbished-smartphones-to-students/article31887541.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |date=22 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; In August 2021, the company appointed [[Bollywood]] actor [[Rajkummar Rao]] as its brand ambassador.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Tewari |first1=Saumya |title=Cashify appoints Rajkummar Rao as first brand ambassador |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/cashify-appoints-rajkummar-rao-as-first-brand-ambassador-11628577915597.html |publisher=[[Livemint]] |date=10 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cashify onboarded [[Rashmika Mandanna]] as its brand ambassador to spread brand awareness in the South Indian markets in February 2022.&lt;ref name=ken/&gt;<br /> <br /> The company gets 80% of its supply from its direct channels, including its website, which offers doorstep pick-up facilities, and offline stores and kiosks. Cashify also retails refurbished phones under PhonePro, contributing 20% of the company's revenue.&lt;ref name=ken/&gt; The company has 30 million users on its app.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Agarwal |first1=Ankit |title=Cashify Elevates Core Members To Scale Up Its Leadership Team |url=https://www.vccircle.com/cashify-elevates-core-members-to-scale-up-its-leadership-team |publisher=[[VCCircle]] |date=18 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cashify uses technology to determine a used phone's value based on criteria such as age, condition and warranty coverage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author1=Vedanta |title=Old is gold for used phone seller Cashify |url=https://the-ken.com/story/cashify-used-phones/ |publisher=[[The Ken]] |date=19 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Acquisitions ===<br /> In July 2016, the company bought MobiBing, a [[Bangalore]] based re-commerce platform operated by Innowhiz Online Services Pvt Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Chopra |first1=Arushi |title=Cashify acquires MobiBing in cash and stock deal |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/5gZZLRGIovaSone03zg9gM/Cashify-acquires-MobiBing-in-cash-and-stock-deal.html |publisher=[[Livemint]] |date=19 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; It acquired Teksolvr, a [[Chandigarh]] based gadget-repairing company in January 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author1=Udit |title=Cashify Acqui-hires Gadget Repairing Startup Teksolvr |url=https://techstory.in/cashify-acqui-hires-gadget-repairing-startup-teksolvr/ |publisher=TechStory |date=7 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; In July 2021, Cashify acquired UniShop, an omnichannel retail platform, for an undisclosed amount.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Shah |first1=Sneha |title=Cashify buys UniShop as it looks to expand both online and offline |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/funding/cashify-buys-unishop-as-it-looks-to-expand-both-online-and-offline/articleshow/84770007.cms |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=27 Jul 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Finances ==<br /> In April 2015, the company raised funding for an undisclosed amount from [[Bessemer Venture Partners]] and Blume Ventures,&lt;ref name=junk&gt;{{cite news |last1=Dwivedi |first1=Vinay |title=Profit from 'junk' : Re-commerce firm ReGlobe buys electronic products you no longer have use for |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/profit-from-junk-re-commerce-firm-reglobe-buys-electronic-products-you-no-longer-have-use-for/articleshow/47653541.cms |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=1 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; followed by its Series A funding for an undisclosed sum led by [[Shunwei Capital]] and existing investors Bessemer Venture Partners and Blume Ventures in July 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Disha |last2=R |first2=Bruhadeeswaran |title=Re-commerce startup Cashify raises Series A round from Chinese VC, others |url=https://www.vccircle.com/exclusive-re-commerce-startup-cashify-raises-series-a-funding-from-chinese-vc-others/ |publisher=[[VCCircle]] |date=6 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; The company received {{INR}}6 crores of venture debt from Trifecta Capital in February 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Trifecta Capital loans Rs 6 crore of debt to Gurgaon-based Cashify |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/startup/trifecta-capital-loans-rs-6-crore-of-debt-to-gurgaon-based-cashify-2506327.html |publisher=[[Moneycontrol]] |date=12 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In June 2018, Cashify raised funding of $12 million, led by Chinese private equity firm [[CDH Investments]] and [[Morningside Venture Capital|Morningside Venture]], along with strategic investor AiHuiShou.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Ahuja |first1=Aakanksha |title=Cashify raises $12 million from Morningside, CDH, others |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/TEFRQab4flZAju6MfgJ3tL/Cashify-raises-12-million-from-Morningside-CDH-others.html |publisher=[[Livemint]] |date=28 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; In March 2021, it secured $15 million in funding for a round Series D led by [[New York City|New York]]-based Olympus Capital Asia's clean energy and sustainability arm, Asia Environmental Partners.&lt;ref name=techcrunch&gt;{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Manish |title=Cashify raises $15 million for its second-hand smartphone business in India |url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/03/03/cashify-raises-15-million-for-its-second-hand-smartphone-business-in-india/ |publisher=[[TechCrunch]] |date=4 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cashify raised $90 million in its Series E funding from NewQuest Capital Partners and Prosus in June 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Nariharan |first1=Sindhu |title=Cashify raises $90 million in Series E funding |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/cashify-raises-90-million-in-series-e-funding/articleshow/92406463.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=23 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ecommerce company [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] invested {{INR}} 39.5 crores through its [[Amazon.com]] NV Investment Holdings LLC, while existing investor Blume Ventures invested {{INR}}13.45 crores as a part of the Series E round.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Rawat |first1=Aman |title=E-Commerce Giant Amazon Invests In Used-Device Seller Cashify |url=https://www.vccircle.com/ecommerce-giant-amazon-invests-in-used-device-seller-cashify |publisher=[[VCCircle]] |date=23 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In Financial Year 2023 Cashify's revenue was RS 815.9 Crore and In FY22 was Rs 497.7 Crore. Net Loss after tax was Rs 147.9 Crore and In FY 22 was Rs 99.0 Crore loss.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenumbernews.com/post/cashify-s-revenue-grew-by-64-to-rs-816-cr-but-losses-also-spike-to-rs-148-cr|title=Cashify's Revenue grew by 64% to Rs. 816 Cr. but losses also spike to Rs. 148 Cr.|website=www.thenumbernews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Other ==<br /> There have been a few reported instances where alleged thieves used the platform to sell robbed phones or electric devices.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Even the best startup ideas can be laid low by Bengaluru's crooks |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/cover-story/even-the-best-startup-ideas-can-be-laid-low-by-bengalurus-crooks/articleshow/69668483.cms |agency=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |date=6 Jun 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=BBA student, minor held for selling snatched mobiles |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/bba-student-minor-held-for-selling-snatched-mobiles/article32476273.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=29 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; In April 2019, it was reported that Cashify complained about fraudsters and imposters cheating customers of Cashify. However, they were let off with a written apology.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Mahadevan |first1=S. |title=Cashify busts fraud involving iPhones, Apple Watches being picked up in its name |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/cashify-busts-fraud-involving-iphones-apple-watches-being-picked-its-name-99466 |publisher=[[The News Minute]] |date=4 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Electronic waste]]<br /> * [[Reuse]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Retail companies established in 2009]]<br /> [[Category:Internet properties established in 2009]]<br /> [[Category:Online marketplaces of India]]<br /> [[Category:Companies based in Gurgaon]]<br /> [[Category:2009 establishments in India]]</div>

AgnesOppen5 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santhi_Soundarajan&diff=532919 2025-11-07T16:55:12Z

<p>AgnesOppen5: added a stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian athlete (born 1981)}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=January 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox sportsperson<br /> | name = Santhi Soundarajan<br /> | alt = Santhi Soundarajan, an Indian athlete wearing white, stands between two masculine-presenting people.<br /> | caption = Santhi Soundarajan [middle] is an Indian track and field athlete and coach.<br /> | nationality = [[India]]n<br /> | sport = [[Running]]<br /> | event = [[800 metres]], [[1500 metres]]<br /> | club = <br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1981|4|17|df=yes}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Kathakkurichi]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]<br /> | alma_mater = NIS, [[Sports Authority of India]] (SAI), Bangalore<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | height = {{convert|1.70|m|ftin}}<br /> | weight = {{convert|64|kg|lb}}<br /> | pb = '''800m''': 2:02.21&lt;br /&gt;'''1500m''': 4:11.66&lt;br /&gt; National record '''3000m''': 10:44.76 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;world athletics&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/india/soundarajan-shanthi-14283061 |title=Soundarajan Shanti &amp;#124; Profile |website=Iaaf.org |accessdate=2025-10-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; All India Inter University Record Holder '''800m''': 2:07.68<br /> | medaltemplates = {{Medal|Sport |Women's [[Athletics (sport)|athletics]]}}<br /> {{Medal|Country|{{IND}}}}<br /> {{Medal|Competition|[[Asian Games]]}}<br /> {{Medal|DQ|[[Athletics at the 2006 Asian Games|2006 Doha]]|800 m}}<br /> {{Medal|Competition|[[South Asian Games]]}}<br /> {{Medal|Gold |[[2006 South Asian Games|2006 Colombo]]|1500 m}}<br /> {{Medal|Gold |[[2006 South Asian Games|2006 Colombo]]|4×400 m relay}}<br /> {{Medal|Silver |[[2006 South Asian Games|2006 Colombo]]|800 m}}<br /> {{Medal|Competition|[[Asian Indoor Games]]}}<br /> {{Medal|Gold |[[2005 Asian Indoor Games|2005 Bangkok]]|4×400 m relay}}<br /> {{Medal|Gold |[[2005 Asian Indoor Games|2005 Bangkok]]|800 m}}<br /> {{Medal|Competition|[[Asian Athletics Championships]]}}<br /> {{Medal|Silver |[[2005 Asian Athletics Championships|2005 Incheon]]|800 m}}<br /> {{Medal|Competition|Asian Grand Prix}}<br /> {{Medal|Silver |2004 Asian Grand Prix, Bangalore|800 m}}<br /> {{Medal|Silver |2004 Asian Grand Prix, Pune|800 m}}<br /> {{Medal|Competition|International Peace Sports Festival}}<br /> {{Medal|Gold |International Peace Sports Festival 2003|5000 m}}<br /> {{Medal|Silver |International Peace Sports Festival 2003|800 m}}<br /> {{Medal|Bronze |International Peace Sports Festival 2003|400 m}} <br /> }}<br /> '''Santhi Soundarajan''' (also spelled ''Shanthi Soundararajan'', born 17 April 1981&lt;ref name=&quot;world athletics&quot; /&gt;) is a [[track and field]] athlete from [[Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu, India]]. She is the winner of 12 international medals for India and around 50 medals for her home state of Tamil Nadu. Soundarajan is the first Tamil woman to win a medal at the [[Asian Games]].&lt;ref name=&quot;The Times of India&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Ninan |first=Susan |date=March 7, 2016 |title=Poll ticket, crowd-funded academy on Santhi's agenda – The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/athletics/Poll-ticket-crowd-funded-academy-on-Santhis-agenda/articleshow/51295052.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240805043614/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/athletics/Poll-ticket-crowd-funded-academy-on-Santhis-agenda/articleshow/51295052.cms |archive-date=August 5, 2024 |work=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; She competes in [[Middle-distance running|middle distance track events]]. She was stripped of her silver medal won at the [[2006 Asian Games]] after failing a [[Sex verification in sports|sex verification test]] which disputed her eligibility to participate in the women's competition.&lt;ref name=&quot;Santhi 'medal should be returned'&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=14 September 2009 |title=Santhi 'medal should be returned' |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8253880.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240805050256/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8253880.stm |archive-date=5 August 2024 |work=BBC News {{!}} South Asia}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life and career==<br /> Santhi Soundarajan was born 17 April 1981 in the [[Pudukkottai district|Pudukkottai District]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], India. Soundarajan grew up in a 20-by-5-foot hut where there was no running water, electricity, or a bathroom or outhouse. She was the eldest of five children born to her parents, who are both [[Brickworks|brick-kiln]] labourers; her parents often had to seek work in other [[brickyard]]s where they earned the equivalent of $4 US dollars a week. While they were away, Soundarajan was in charge of taking care of her four younger siblings, often with the help of Soundarajan's grandfather, who was an accomplished runner himself. When she was 13, Soundajaran's grandfather taught her how to run properly and bought her a pair shoes to help her advance with her running. Soundajaran recalls that her grandfather had always been her &quot;biggest supporter.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Although Soundarajan suffered from malnutrition as a child, she was able to become a [[Middle-distance running|middle-distance runner]] in her early teens, at first to earn money from competitions to help her family. Soundarajan won a tin cup in her eighth-grade competition debut; at interschool competitions over time, she added 13 more cups to her collection. Her dominant performances caught the attention of a nearby high school's sports coach, who recruited her. In addition to paying her tuition, the school provided her a uniform and hot lunches. This was Soundarajan's first experience eating three meals a day, which helped her improve.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> After high school, Santhi got a scholarship from an arts college in Pudukkottai, the nearest town. The following year, Santhi transferred to a college in [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu's capital, which was seven hours away. In 2005, she attended the [[Asian Athletics Championships]] in [[Incheon]], [[South Korea]], where she won a silver medal. In 2006, she was chosen to represent India at the [[Asian Games]] (run by the [[Olympic Council of Asia]]). In the 800 meters, Santhi took the silver in 2 minutes, 3.16 seconds, beating [[Viktoriya Yalovtseva]] of [[Kazakhstan]] by 0.03 seconds. This win led to Santhi becoming embroiled in an ongoing, unresolved debate over what makes an athlete eligible to compete in the women's division.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Shapiro |first=Samantha |date=23 July 2012 |title=Failed gender test forces Olympian to redefine athletic career |url=https://www.espn.com/olympics/story/_/id/8192977/failed-gender-test-forces-olympian-redefine-athletic-career-espn-magazine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240805052255/https://www.espn.com/olympics/story/_/id/8192977/failed-gender-test-forces-olympian-redefine-athletic-career-espn-magazine |archive-date=5 August 2024 |access-date=2016-08-02 |publisher=ESPN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2004 Santhi was awarded 1 lakh cash from then Tamil Nadu Chief Minister [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/SanthiSoundrajn/status/806008047134879744 |title=Gopi Shankar Madurai on Twitter: &quot;Cannot believe she is no more #RipAmma #Jayalalitha is a legacy &quot; |via=[[Twitter]] |date=2016-12-05 |accessdate=2017-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Primary source inline|date=November 2020}}<br /> <br /> Santhi holds the national record for the women's [[3000 metres steeplechase]] clocking 10:44.65 seconds.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}} At a 2005 national meet in [[Bangalore]], she won the [[800 metres|800m]], [[1500 metres|1,500m]] and [[3000 metres|3000m]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}} She won the silver medal in 800m at the [[2005 Asian Championships in Athletics|2005 Asian Championships]] in [[Incheon]], South Korea.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}<br /> <br /> ==Asian Games controversy==<br /> Santhi won a silver medal in the women's [[800 metres|800m]] race at the [[2006 Asian Games]] held in [[Doha]], Qatar clocking 2 minutes, 3.16 seconds.&lt;ref name = &quot;Dec9Hindu&quot;&gt;[http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/007200612092013.htm India strike it rich in track and field events] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930203534/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/007200612092013.htm |date=30 September 2007 }}, [[The Hindu]], 9 December 2006&lt;/ref&gt; However, she underwent a [[sex test]] shortly afterwards, and the results indicated that she &quot;does not possess the sexual characteristics of a woman&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/south_asia/6188775.stm|title=Indian athlete fails gender test|date=18 December 2006|work=BBC News|access-date=20 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;zeenews.india.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=2006-12-20 |title=Santhi scandal an insult to all Tamils &amp;#124; Zee News |url=http://zeenews.india.com/sports/others/santhi-scandal-an-insult-to-all-tamils_343116.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240805050858/https://zeenews.india.com/sports/others/santhi-scandal-an-insult-to-all-tamils_343116.html |archive-date=5 August 2024 |accessdate=2016-08-02 |publisher=Zee News}}&lt;/ref&gt; While such sex tests are not compulsory for competitors, the [[International Association of Athletics Federations]] can request that contenders take such tests at any time, and include intensive evaluation by a gynecologist, a geneticist, an endocrinologist, a psychologist, and an internal medicine specialist. Reports initially suggested that her upbringing in impoverished rural India, where she reportedly only started eating proper meals in 2004, could be a factor behind the test result.&lt;ref name=&quot;RAW&quot;&gt;S. Sen (20 December 2006) &quot;[http://rawstory.com/news/2006/AFI_to_investigate_Santhi_case_unev_12202006.html AFI to investigate Santhi case, uneven diet cited as possible reason]&quot; [[The Raw Story]]&lt;/ref&gt; In a 2016 video petition, Santhi Soundarajan disclosed that she has been told she has [[androgen insensitivity syndrome]].&lt;ref name=&quot;thappad&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Five days after the news report, Santhi says, she received a call from Lalit Bhanot, a former joint secretary of the Indian Olympic Association. Bhanot spoke to Santhi in English. &quot;He told Santhi she can't do sports anymore,'. When she asked why, she was told: It's been confirmed, Santhi cannot compete in sports.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2008/jul/30/olympicgames2008.gender|title=The gender trap|last=Saner|first=Emine|date=30 July 2008|work=The Guardian|accessdate=20 August 2009|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1109135.cms |title=The sad story of Santhi Soundarajan |date=9 January 2007 |work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=20 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112191344/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1109135.cms |archivedate=12 January 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name = &quot;FS&quot;/&gt; Soon after the results of the sex test came out, she was stripped of her silver medal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/12/18/asia/AS_SPT_ATH_India_Medalist_Challenged.php| title=Indian silver medalist female runner at Asian Games fails gender test| date=18 December 2006|work=International Herald Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Santhi returned to her village in humiliation and promptly fell into serious depression. Months later, she tried to kill herself by ingesting a type of poison used by veterinarians. A friend found her vomiting uncontrollably and took her to a hospital.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/olympics/trackandfield/news/story?id=2701018 |title=Indian runner fails gender test, loses medal |publisher=ESPN |date=2006-12-18 |access-date=2016-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061218/asp/sports/story_7153292.asp | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529051749/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061218/asp/sports/story_7153292.asp | url-status=dead | archive-date=29 May 2014 | location=Calcutta, India | work=The Telegraph | title=Shanti fails Doha gender test | date=18 December 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Later life==<br /> In January 2007, the Tamil Nadu Chief Minister [[Karunanidhi]] awarded Santhi a television set and a cash prize of [[Indian rupee|Rs.]] 1.5 million for her Doha Games effort, despite the fallout of Santhi failing a gender test. Santhi spent her reward money on her students; there are an average of 68 (trainees) and none of them is charged any fee.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/09/14/Semenya.India.Athlete/index.html?iref=24hours | publisher=CNN | title=India athlete makes plea for Semenya | date=14 September 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Santhi's application to the state-run railways for a job before the games was turned down because the athlete failed a gender test.&lt;ref name=&quot;zeenews.india.com&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In September 2007, Santhi was reported to have attempted suicide, reportedly by consuming a veterinary drug at her residence.&lt;ref name=&quot;FS&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.foxsports.com.au/story/0,8659,22373013-23210,00.html|title=Sex-test failure attempts suicide|date=6 September 2007|work=Fox Sports|accessdate=20 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; The attempt was blamed on gender, economic, and sports pressure in India.<br /> <br /> Two months later, Santhi took up coaching, starting a training academy at her home district of Pudukkottai, and became a temporary athletics coach with the regional government. By 2009, her academy had 68 students and her students had won the first and third positions in the [[Chennai]] marathon.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/sport/archives/2009/06/11/2003445882|title=Santhi turns to coaching after suicide attempt|date=11 June 2009|work=Taipei Times|accessdate=20 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Santhi was admitted to the NIS athletic coach diploma course in Bangalore in 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/financial-aid-for-santhi/article4904965.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Financial aid for Santhi | date=11 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Santhi was one of the 24 coaches in athletics, out of the 108 students who attended the course in eight disciplines. on 30 April 2014 she became a qualified athletics coach, being awarded the NIS diploma certificate at the Sports Authority of India graduation ceremony in Bangalore.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/graduation-day-at-sai-south-centre/article5964728.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Graduation day at SAI South Centre | date=1 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Santhi-leaves-tainted-past-is-all-set-to-coach-athletes/articleshow/34456680.cms | work=The Times of India | title=Santhi leaves tainted past, is all set to coach athletes – The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Santhi didn't have a permanent job at that time. Commenting on Santhi's situation at the time, Olympic shooter [[Anjali Bhagwat]] said: &quot;It's sad that such thing has happened in our society.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/shooting/Santhi-Soundarajan-incident-shameful-Anjali-Bhagwat/articleshow/15144380.cms | title = Santhi Soundarajan incident shameful: Anjali Bhagwat | work = The Times of India| date = 25 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In December 2014, with the help of intersex rights activist [[Gopi Shankar Madurai]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Kappur |first=Shilpa |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/One-Who-Fights-For-an-Other/2015/04/13/article2756559.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519130306/http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/One-Who-Fights-For-an-Other/2015/04/13/article2756559.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 May 2015 |title=One Who Fights For an Other |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |accessdate=2016-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Santhi met [[Pon. Radhakrishnan]], Minister of State for Road Transport and Highways, Olympic silver medallist [[Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore]], Minister of State for Information Technology and Broadcasting, and Union Sports and Youth Affairs Minister [[Sarbananda Sonowal]] in New Delhi to present a request for assistance securing a permanent job as an athletics coach, and in restoring her 800m silver medal from the 2006 Doha Asian Games.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/santhis-plea/article6711959.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Santhi's plea | date=21 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Radhakrishnan, a political heavyweight from Tamil Nadu, in turn, wrote to Sports Minister Sarbananda Sonowal to release a cash award to Santhi, but the Ministry's response was unfavorable: she was informed through a letter that since the medal has not been restored to her, the Ministry cannot give a Rs 10 lakh cash award for the medal. Also, the Ministry does not provide or recommend jobs in central/state government offices.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sport/santhi-finds-herself-at-crossroads-again/80813.html |title=Santhi finds herself at crossroads again |website=The Tribune |date=2015-05-15 |accessdate=2016-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Quote box|width=246px|bgcolor=#c6dbf7|align=left|quote=&quot;My legacy will remain not with my medals but with the determination and hope to overcome my past torment and my present struggles, I want to live my dream through my students.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Times of India&quot;/&gt;}} Santhi told the [[BBC]] Tamil Service that the Indian authorities had not fought her case after she was stripped of her silver medal at the 2006 Asian Games in Doha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Santhi 'medal should be returned'&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/athletics/afi-to-monitor-semenyas-test-to-make-santhis-case/article20662.ece |title=AFI to monitor Semenya's test to make Santhi's case |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=2009-09-15 |accessdate=2016-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 29 July 2015, the Madras High Court directed the State government to consider Santhi's plea for relaxation in educational qualifications and help her become a coach at the Sports Development Authority of Tamil Nadu (SDATN). As per the notification issued by the Youth Welfare and Sports Development in April 2015, an applicant contesting for the post of the coach should have an education qualification of a bachelor's degree and Santhi did not have one. Justice D. Hariparanthaman directed the Secretary of the Youth Welfare and Sports Development to &quot;consider her claim for the post of coach by granting requisite relaxation as a special case&quot;, in the light of the documents produced by her in the sports area and pass appropriate orders within six weeks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/madras-hc-comes-to-the-aid-of-santhi/article7489546.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=Dennis S. | last=Jesudasan | title=HC comes to the aid of Santhi | date=1 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 27 September 2016 the [[National Commission for Scheduled Castes]] (NCSC) served a notice on the [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]] in response to a petition filed by Santhi. The NCSC investigated allegations of injustice and sought a response in the matter from the secretary of the Department of Sports within 30 days.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.espn.in/athletics/story/_/id/17761605/ministry-sports-served-notice-santhi-soundarajan-complaint | title = Ministry of sports served notice on Santhi Soundarajan's complaint | publisher = ESPN | date = 11 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/sc-panel-intervenes-in-santhi-case/article9205414.ece | title = SC panel intervenes in Santhi case | work = The Hindu | date = 1 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 16 October 2016 Santhi was informed that the State government decided to appoint her as a permanent athletic coach under Sports Development Authority of Tamil Nadu. Tamil Nadu Sports Minister [[K. Pandiarajan]] said the State will plead her case with the International Court of Arbitration for Sport. He also stated that the Tamil Nadu Government will write to SAI, Indian Olympic Association and Athletics Federation of India to take up Santhi's case in that forum.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/santhi-set-to-rebuild-life-as-official-athletic-coach/article9227071.ece | title = Santhi set to rebuild life as official athletic coach | date = 1 December 2016 | work = The Hindu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Santhi received her appointment order for a permanent athletic coach under SDAT on 20 December 2016 from Tamil Nadu Sports Minister [[K. Pandiarajan]] at the [[Fort St. George, India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/santhi-gets-a-state-job-to-fight-for-return-of-medal/articleshow/56099342.cms | title = Santhi gets a state job, to fight for return of medal | work = The Times of India| date = 21 December 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ten-years-after-failing-gender-test-tn-athlete-santhi-soundarajan-gets-government-job-offer|title=Ten years after 'failing' gender test, TN athlete Santhi Soundarajan gets government job offer|date=2016-12-21|work=The News Minute|access-date=2017-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 3 January 2017 [[Gopi Shankar Madurai]] who is closely working with Santhi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/athlete-santhi-soundarajan-may-file-human-rights-case-afi-ioa-wash-hands-medal-issue-55135 |title=Athlete Santhi Soundarajan may file human rights case, as AFI, IOA wash hands of medal issue |publisher=The News Minute |date=2017-01-02 |accessdate=2017-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; said she will file a human rights violation case against Athletic Federation of India and Indian Olympic Association at Madras High Court or the Apex of India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/santhi-soundarajan-to-file-human-rights-violation-case-against-afi-ioa-ten-years-after-failed-gender-test-3186372.html |title=Santhi Soundarajan to file human rights violation case against AFI, IOA ten years after being stripped off medal |website=Firstpost.com |date=2011-02-24 |accessdate=2017-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.timesnow.tv/sports/video/santhi-set-to-fight-for-justice/53765 |title=Santhi Set To Fight For Justice Jan 03, 2017, 19:43 IST, Times Now |website=Timesnow.tv |date=3 January 2017 |accessdate=2017-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 16 February 2017 The [[National Human Rights Commission of India]] rejected Santhi's complaint and claimed that it was too late to accept it.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/human-rights-body-rejects-santhi-soundarajan-s-complaint-claims-it-s-too-late-accept-it |title=Human rights body rejects Santhi Soundarajan's complaint, claims it's too late to accept it |date=16 February 2017 |publisher=The News Minute |accessdate=2017-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Achievements and honours==<br /> Santhi has won 12 international medals and 50 national medals, including:<br /> * Gold Medal – [[2005 Asian Indoor Games]] – 4x400 relay<br /> * Gold Medal – [[2005 Asian Indoor Games]] – 800 meters<br /> * Silver Medal – [[2006 Asian Games]]- 800 meters<br /> * Gold Medal – [[2006 South Asian Games]] – 1500 meters<br /> * Gold Medal – [[2006 South Asian Games]] – 4x400 relay<br /> * Gold Medal – 2003 International Peace Sports Festival – 5000 meters<br /> * Silver Medal – [[2006 South Asian Games]] – 800 meters<br /> * Silver Medal – [[2005 Asian Athletics Championships]] – 800 meters<br /> * Silver Medal – 2004 Asian Grand Prix, Bangalore – 800 meters<br /> * Silver Medal – 2004 Asian Grand Prix, Pune – 800 meters<br /> * Silver Medal – 2003 International Peace Sports Festival – 800 meters<br /> * Bronze Medal – 2003 International Peace Sports Festival – 400 meters<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! width=5%| Year<br /> ! style=&quot;width:25%;&quot;| Award<br /> ! style=&quot;width:25%;&quot;| Honouring body<br /> ! style=&quot;width:45%;&quot;| Notes<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; <br /> || 2016<br /> || Young Inspirational Women Leader Award&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.worldwomenleadershipcongress.org/Santhi-Soundarajan.html |title=World Women Leadership Congress &amp; Awards |accessdate=2016-03-18 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330050639/http://www.worldwomenleadershipcongress.org/Santhi-Soundarajan.html |archivedate=30 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> || World Women Leadership Congress (WWLC)<br /> || Awarded for her contributions towards increasing the participation of young Tamil girls in Athletics.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Dental-health-awareness-camp-held/articleshow/51421157.cms |title=Dental health awareness camp held |website=The Times of India |date=2016-03-16 |accessdate=2016-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! width=5%| Year<br /> ! style=&quot;width:25%;&quot;| Title<br /> ! style=&quot;width:25%;&quot;| Honouring body<br /> ! style=&quot;width:45%;&quot;| Notes<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; <br /> || 2017<br /> || Living Phoenix&lt;ref name=&quot;web.archive.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.kurukshetra.org.in/ |title=Kurukshetra |website=www.kurukshetra.org.in |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061024063648/http://www.kurukshetra.org.in/ |archive-date=24 October 2006 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guindytimes1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.guindytimes.com/articles/the-living-phoenix-speaks-an-exclusive-interview-with-santhi-soundararajan |title=The Living Phoenix Speaks! – An Exclusive Interview With Santhi Soundararajan |work=The Guindy Times|accessdate=2017-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> || [[Kurukshetra (college festival)]] by [[College of Engineering, Guindy]], [[Anna University]].&lt;ref name=&quot;guindytimes1&quot;/&gt;<br /> || Conferred on her for Santhi's remarkable contributions in the field of Athletics.&lt;ref name=&quot;web.archive.org&quot;/&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==IAAF policy and support for other athletes==<br /> Santhi's case has been contrasted&lt;ref name=&quot;kalra2012&quot; /&gt; with that of [[Caster Semenya]] of South Africa, also a middle-distance runner, who nearly lost the gold she won at the 2009 Berlin World Championship after she failed a similar gender test. Semenya's nation rallied around her to safeguard her dignity, her rights and position in world sports. She was also her country's flag-bearer at the [[2012 Summer Olympics|London Olympics 2012]]. Santhi supported Semenya, fearing that Semenya would face the same humiliation that she did.&lt;ref name=&quot;edition.cnn.com&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/09/14/Semenya.India.Athlete/ | publisher=CNN | title=India athlete makes plea for Semenya | date=14 September 2009 | archive-date=3 October 2018 | access-date=10 July 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003224302/http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/09/14/Semenya.India.Athlete/ | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Time&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine| url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1919562,00.html | magazine=Time | title=Gender and Athletics: India's Own Caster Semenya | date=1 September 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/sport/2009/09/2009919193436727487.html |title=al jazeera |publisher=Al Jazeera |accessdate=2016-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Santhi also extended her support to [[Dutee Chand]] and said the youngster should not be victimized. She also expressed her dismay at the lack of sensitivity in the handling of the Dutee Chand issue, fearing that the young athlete's future may have now been jeopardized. Santhi demanded that all steps be taken to ensure the 18-year-old's return to the track.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Gopalkrishnan |first=Krithika |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/Santhi-Urges-Establishment-to-Help-Sidelined-Dutee/2014/07/19/article2335981.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905020219/http://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/Santhi-Urges-Establishment-to-Help-Sidelined-Dutee/2014/07/19/article2335981.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 September 2014 |title=Santhi Urges Establishment to Help Sidelined Dutee |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=2014-07-19 |accessdate=2016-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Welcoming the [[Court of Arbitration for Sport]]'s ruling in favour of Chand on 27 July 2015 for suspending gender test, the landmark ruling has also fuelled Santhi's hopes of regaining the silver medal and the Rs 10-lakh prize money from the central government which was withheld after the gender test row.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/athletics/Santhi-keen-on-getting-her-Asiad-medal-back/articleshow/48262924.cms | work=The Times of India | title=Santhi keen on getting her Asiad medal back – The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Ruling-on-Dutee-Gives-Santhi-a-Ray-of-Hope/2015/08/10/article2966755.ece | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810181803/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Ruling-on-Dutee-Gives-Santhi-a-Ray-of-Hope/2015/08/10/article2966755.ece | url-status=dead | archive-date=10 August 2015 | title=Ruling on Dutee gives Santhi a Ray of hope | work=The New Indian Express | date=10 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In this regard, it is notable that the IAAF policy, suspended as a result of Chand's case, did not prevent Santhi from competing. Kalra, Kulshreshtha and Unnikrishnan, writing in the ''Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism'' in 2012, stated that &quot;Chromosomal sex, used to disqualify Santhi in 2010, is not mentioned at all in the current guidelines.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;kalra2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal| doi = 10.4103/2230-8210.102980| pmid = 23226629| pmc = 3510954| issn = 2230-8210| volume = 16| issue = 6| pages = 873–5| last1 = Kalra| first1 = Sanjay| last2 = Kulshreshtha| first2 = Bindu| last3 = Unnikrishnan| first3 = AmbikaGopalakrishnan| title = We care for intersex: For Pinky, for Santhi, and for Anamika| journal = Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism|year = 2012| url = http://www.ijem.in/text.asp?2012/16/6/873/102980| doi-access = free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Immediately prior to the 2016 Olympic Games and in response to sex verification controversies, Genel, Simpson and de la Chapelle in the ''Journal of the American Medical Association'' stated &quot;One of the fundamental recommendations published almost 25 years ago ... that athletes born with a [[disorders of sex development|disorder of sex development]] and raised as females be allowed to compete as women remains appropriate&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1001/jama.2016.11850| pmid = 27490137| issn = 0098-7484| last1 = Genel M| last2 = Simpson J| last3 = de la Chapelle A| title = The olympic games and athletic sex assignment| journal = JAMA| date = 4 August 2016| volume=316| issue = 13| pages = 1359–1360}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==In popular culture==<br /> In 2006, [[Amitabh Bachchan]] raised a question on Santhi in the show [[Kaun Banega Crorepati]] 2 he hosted.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}<br /> <br /> The character of Valli in the Tamil film [[Ethir Neechal (2013 film)|Ethir Neechal]] is a tribute to Santhi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.in.com/news/entertainment/tamil-movie-review-ethir-neechal-is-a-nice-commercial-entertainer-50210545-in-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054352/http://www.in.com/news/entertainment/tamil-movie-review-ethir-neechal-is-a-nice-commercial-entertainer-50210545-in-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-09-21 |title=Top Latest News, Breaking News Headlines India, Live World News, Indian News Stories |website=In.com |accessdate=2016-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://kolly360.com/critique-de-ethir-neechal/ |title=Critique de &quot;Ethir Neechal&quot; |website=Kolly360 |accessdate=2014-08-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903082103/http://kolly360.com/critique-de-ethir-neechal/ |archivedate=3 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In August 2016 Thappad, an online platform and mobile application, made a video as part of an online campaign that is asking for Santhi's name to be included in the official records again and that the government should give her a permanent job to rebuild her life.&lt;ref name=&quot;thappad&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = http://thappad.in/petition/shanti/ | title = #FairTreatment for Shanthi Soundarajan | work = Thappad | year = 2016 | access-date = 3 January 2017 | archive-date = 12 June 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180612132317/http://thappad.in/petition/shanti/ | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;huff2016&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/08/09/why-we-should-join-the-campaign-seeking-justice-for-runner-shant/ |title=Why We Should Join The Campaign Seeking Justice For Runner Shanthi Soundarajan |author=Sonam Joshi |date=August 9, 2016 |website=Huffington Post |access-date=August 18, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814115514/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/08/09/why-we-should-join-the-campaign-seeking-justice-for-runner-shant/ |archive-date=August 14, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/justice-shanthi-petition-supporting-tn-athlete-who-failed-gender-test-47986 |title=Justice for Shanthi: Petition supporting TN athlete who failed the gender test |publisher=The News Minute |date=2016-08-10 |accessdate=2017-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Put Chutney [[Rajmohan Arumugam]], under the banner of [[Culture Machine Media Pvt Ltd]], made a video in Tamil to explain the significance of her struggle to residents of Tamil Nadu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Sonam Joshi |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/10/19/a-decade-after-being-banned-for-failing-a-controversial-gender-t/?ncid=tweetlnkinhpmg00000001 |title=A Decade After Being Banned For Failing A Controversial Gender Test, Athlete Shanthi Soundarajan Gets A Government Job |website=Huffingtonpost.in |accessdate=2017-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Sex verification in sports]]<br /> *[[Androgen insensitivity syndrome]]<br /> *''[[Ethir Neechal (2013 film)|Ethir Neechal]]''<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Soundarajan, Santhi}}<br /> [[Category:1981 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Intersex sportspeople]]<br /> [[Category:Indian intersex women]]<br /> [[Category:Indian intersex people]]<br /> [[Category:People from Pudukkottai district]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women middle-distance runners]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women steeplechase runners]]<br /> [[Category:Sex verification in sports]]<br /> [[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2006 Asian Games]]<br /> [[Category:Sportswomen from Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]<br /> [[Category:South Asian Games silver medalists for India]]<br /> [[Category:Asian Games athletes for India]]<br /> [[Category:South Asian Games medalists in athletics]]<br /> [[Category:Asian Athletics Championships medalists]]</div>

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