Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Uma (unreleased film)

2026-05-07T15:30:44Z

Agamx:

{{Short description|Unreleased Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Uma
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| director = Tathagata Singha
| writer = Tathagata Singha & Sudeep Nigam
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| producer = Avishek Ghosh Mantraraj Paliwal
| starring = [[Kajal Aggarwal]] [[Ayoshi Talukdar]] Gaurav Sharma Harsh Chhaya Tinnu Anand
| narrator =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| music =
| studio = AVMA Media Miraj Group
| distributor =
| released =
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Uma''''' is an unreleased Indian [[Hindi]]-language film directed by Tathagata Singha. The film is produced by Avishek Ghosh and Mantraraj Paliwal. The film stars [[Kajal Aggarwal]], [[Tinnu Anand]], Harsh Chhaya, Gaurav Sharma and [[Ayoshi Talukdar]].<ref>{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=2021-06-04|title=Kajal Aggarwal teams up with Sujoy Ghosh for slice-of-life film 'Uma'|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kajal-aggarwal-teams-up-with-sujoy-ghosh-for-slice-of-life-film-uma/article34725003.ece|access-date=2021-11-02|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Kajal Aggarwal-starrer 'Uma', directed by Tathagata Singha, goes on floors|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/kajal-aggarwal-starrer-uma-directed-by-tathagata-singha-goes-on-floors/articleshow/84164718.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-11-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kajal Aggarwal wraps shooting of her film 'Uma' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kajal-aggarwal-wraps-shooting-of-her-film-uma/articleshow/85124995.cms|access-date=2021-11-02|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Special interview: Kajal Aggarwal talks about her new Hindi film, Uma, and her journey as an actress|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/celebs/2021/jun/25/special-interview-kajal-aggarwal-talks-about-her-new-hindi-film-uma-and-her-journey-as-an-actress-34391.html|access-date=2021-11-02|website=www.indulgexpress.com|language=en}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Kajal Aggarwal]] as Uma<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-06|title=Kajal Aggarwal begins shooting for Uma|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kajal-aggarwal-starrer-uma-goes-on-floors-7390172/|access-date=2021-11-02|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
*[[Tinnu Anand]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tinnu Anand was recently in Kolkata to shoot for Uma {{!}} Bangla Movie News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/bangla/tinnu-anand-was-recently-in-kolkata-to-shoot-for-uma/videoshow/84642107.cms|access-date=2021-11-02|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref>
*[[Harsh Chhaya]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kajal Aggarwal, Harsh Chhaya in Kolkata to shoot for Uma - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/harsh-chhaya-kajal-aggarwal-in-kolkata-to-shoot-for-uma/articleshow/84145855.cms|access-date=2021-11-02|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
*Meghana Malik
*Gaurav Sharma
*[[Shriswara]]
*[[Ayoshi Talukdar]] as Pinky<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ayoshi Talukdar on shooting for her Bollywood debut film 'Uma'|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/ayoshi-talukdar-on-shooting-for-her-bollywood-debut-film-uma/cid/1823137|access-date=2021-11-02|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt14897410}}

{{Hindi-film-stub}}
[[Category:Unreleased Hindi-language films]]

List of Internet pioneers

2026-05-07T03:59:14Z

Agamx: Created a stub - done

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Internet|History|General|Governance|Information|Infrastructure|Services|Guides}}

Instead of having a single inventor, the [[Internet]] was developed by many people over many years. The following people are '''Internet pioneers''' who have been recognized for their contribution to its early and ongoing development. These contributions include theoretical foundations, building early networks, specifying protocols, and expansion beyond a research tool to wide deployment.

This list includes people who were:

* acknowledged by [[Vint Cerf]] and [[Bob Kahn]] in their seminal 1974 paper on [[internetworking]], "A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication";''<ref name="Cerf-1974" />'' or
* received the [[IEEE Internet Award]]; or have been
* inducted into the [[Internet Hall of Fame]]; or are
* included on the Stanford University "Birth of the Internet" plaque.<ref name="JNC-2016">[http://mercury.lcs.mit.edu/~jnc/plaque.html "Stanford University 'Birth of the Internet' Plaque"], web page, J. Noel Chiappa, Laboratory for Computer Science, MIT</ref>

Among the pioneers, along with Cerf and Kahn, [[Bob Metcalfe]], [[Donald Davies]], [[Louis Pouzin]], [[Steve Crocker]] and [[Ray Tomlinson]] meet three out of the four criteria above; as well as [[Jon Postel]], considering the 2003 IEEE Internet award on which he is posthumously cited. Davies and Kahn are featured in the 1972 documentary film ''[[Computer Networks: The Heralds of Resource Sharing]]'' along with several early pioneers.

Other Internet pioneers, who made notable contributions to the development of the Internet but do not meet any of the four criteria above, are listed in the [[#Other Internet pioneers|final section of the article]].

The pioneers are listed in rough chronological order, reflecting the process through which the Internet developed.
{{TOC right}}

== Birth of the Internet plaque ==

A plaque commemorating the "Birth of the Internet" was dedicated at a conference on the history and future of the Internet on 28 July 2005 and is displayed at [[Stanford University]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Orenstein |first=David |date=13 July 2005 |title=Cyber-pioneer Vint Cerf to headline July 28 forum on the future of Internet |url=http://news.stanford.edu/news/2005/july13/forum-071305.html |access-date=7 April 2011 |work=Press release |publisher=Stanford Report}}</ref>

=== Background ===
The seminal paper on [[internetworking]], "A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication"'','' published in 1974 by Vint Cerf, at [[Stanford University]], and Bob Kahn, at [[DARPA|ARPA]], acknowledges a number of early members of the [[International Network Working Group]] (INWG): "The authors wish to thank a number of colleagues for helpful comments during early discussions of international network protocols, especially R. Metcalfe, R. Scantlebury, D. Walden, and H. Zimmerman; D. Davies and L. Pouzin who constructively commented on the fragmentation and accounting issues; and S. Crocker who commented on the creation and destruction of associations".''<ref name="Cerf-1974" />''

The first version of TCP, [[RFC (identifier)|RFC]] 675, was written later that year by Cerf with Yogen Dalal and Carl Sunshine. The introduction states "The authors would like to acknowledge the contributions of R. Tomlinson ..., D. Belsnes, J. Burchfiel, M. Galland, R. Kahn, D. Lloyd, W. Plummer, and J. Postel all of whose good ideas and counsel have had a beneficial effect (we hope) on this protocol design. In the early phases of the design work, R. Metcalfe, A. McKenzie, H. Zimmerman, G. LeLann, and M. Elie were most helpful in explicating the various issues to be resolved."<ref name="RFC 675">{{Cite IETF|rfc=675}}</ref>

Subsequently, ARPA funded another working group to develop TCP for use for internetworking. Over two hundred [[Internet Experiment Note|Internet Experiment Notes]] (IEN) were produced, documenting the group's work. Only a few of the people who authored notes, or who participated in the work or whose work was referenced in the notes are named on the "Birth of the Internet" plaque.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Internet Experiment Note Index |url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/ien/ien-index.html |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=www.rfc-editor.org}}</ref> Robert Metclafe, Yogen Dalal and John Shoch contributed to discussions leading up to the splitting of TCP,<ref name="Panzaris" /> which influenced the work of [[Jon Postel]] at the [[Information Sciences Institute]] at the [[University of Southern California]] (USC-ISI) published as the second Internet Experiment Note (IEN2).<ref name="xgruR" />

TCP version 2, published in 1977 (IEN5), authored by Cerf, states that "Although the list of participants in the TCP work is very long (see ... the final TCP project report), special acknowledgements are due to R. Kahn, R. Tomlinson, T. Dalal, R. Karp and C. Sunshine for their active participation In the design of TCP."<ref name="Cerf-TCPv2">{{Cite web |last=Cerf |first=Vinton |date=March 1977 |title=Specification of Internet Transmission Control Program: TCP (Version 2) |url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/ien/ien5.pdf |page=3, 92}}</ref> At that time, the "Final Report of the Internetwork TCP Project" was to be written by: Cerf, who led the work at Stanford University and had moved to ARPA to manage the program with Kahn; [[Peter T. Kirstein]], who led the work at [[University College London]] (UCL); and [[Paal Spilling]], who led the work at the [[Norwegian Defence Research Establishment]] (NDRE); and, in addition, three of their team members who were Stephen Edge and Andrew Hinchley at UCL, who authored the first IEN (along with their colleague Chris Bennett who authored several other IENs),<ref>{{Cite IETF|ien=1}}</ref> and Richard Karp at Stanford.<ref name="Cerf-TCPv2" />

The preface of version 3, published in 1978 by Cerf and Postel, states that "The evolution from TCP version 2 to version 3 was influenced by many people, but special mention should be made of the work at MIT's Laboratory for Computer Science on the Data Stream Protocol (DSP) by Dave Clark and Dave Reed. Many of the specific changes introduced in version 3 were first described by Ray Tomlinson of BBN." It goes on to add that "This edition of the specification benefited from the comments of the following reviewers: Michael Padlipsky, Carl Sunshine, John Day, Gary Grossman, and Ray Tomlinson".<ref name="Postel-TCPv3">{{Cite web |last1=Cerf|first1=Vinton G.|last2=Postel|first2=Jon|date=January 1978|title=Specification of Internetwork Transmission Program: TCP Version 3|url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/ien/ien21.pdf}}</ref>

Postel published version 4 later that year, in which TCP and IP were split into separate protocols, the preface of which notes "This revised edition of the version 4 specification was influenced by the comments of the following: Vint Cerf, Dick Watson, Carl Sunshine, Danny Cohen, Dave Clark, John Day, Gary Grossman, Jim Mathis, Bill Plummer, Jack Haverty, and the whole TCP Working Group."<ref name="Postel-TCPv4">{{Cite web |last=Postel|first=Jon|date=September 1978|title=Specification of Internetwork Transmission Control Protocol: TCP Version 4|url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/ien/ien55.pdf}}</ref>

The bibliography of each of the TCP versions references papers published by many more researchers active in the field at the time.<ref name="RFC 675" /><ref name="Cerf-TCPv2" /><ref name="Postel-TCPv3" /><ref name="Postel-TCPv4" />

The final report of the project, which was orchestrated and funded by ARPA, was eventually published by Cerf alone in 1980 under the title "Final Report of the Stanford University TCP Project" (IEN151); several of the people mentioned in the report are named on the plaque.<ref>{{Cite IETF|ien=151}}</ref> Cerf has discussed the role of some of the participants in his oral history, including Roger Scantlebury and Donald Davies;<ref name="Smithsonian-1990b" /> his graduate students at Stanford, [[Judy Estrin]], Richard Karp, Yogan Dalal, and Carl Sunshine; and visiting researchers Gérard Le Lann, Dag Belsnes, James Mathis, Darryl Rubin, and [[Ron Crane (engineer)|Ronald Crane]].<ref name="Smithsonian-1990a" />

=== Inscription ===
The text printed and embossed in black into the brushed bronze surface of the Stanford plaque reads:<ref name="JNC-2016" />

<div class="center" style="font-size:85%;">
<poem>
'''BIRTH OF THE INTERNET'''

THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE INTERNET AND THE DESIGN OF
THE CORE NETWORKING PROTOCOL TCP (WHICH LATER BECAME TCP/IP)
WERE CONCEIVED BY VINTON G. CERF AND ROBERT E. KAHN DURING 1973
WHILE CERF WAS AT STANFORD'S DIGITAL SYSTEMS LABORATORY AND
KAHN WAS AT ARPA (LATER DARPA). IN THE SUMMER OF 1976, CERF LEFT STANFORD
TO MANAGE THE PROGRAM WITH KAHN AT ARPA.

THEIR WORK BECAME KNOWN IN SEPTEMBER 1973 AT A NETWORKING CONFERENCE IN ENGLAND.
CERF AND KAHN'S SEMINAL PAPER WAS PUBLISHED IN MAY 1974.

CERF, YOGEN K. DALAL, AND CARL SUNSHINE
WROTE THE FIRST FULL TCP SPECIFICATION IN DECEMBER 1974.
WITH THE SUPPORT OF DARPA, EARLY IMPLEMENTATIONS OF TCP (AND IP LATER)
WERE TESTED BY BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN (BBN),
STANFORD, AND UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON DURING 1975.

BBN BUILT THE FIRST INTERNET GATEWAY, NOW KNOWN AS A ROUTER, TO LINK NETWORKS TOGETHER.
IN SUBSEQUENT YEARS, RESEARCHERS AT MIT AND USC-ISI, AMONG MANY OTHERS,
PLAYED KEY ROLES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SET OF INTERNET PROTOCOLS.

'''KEY STANFORD RESEARCH ASSOCIATES AND FOREIGN VISITORS'''

[[Vint Cerf|VINTON CERF]]
DAG BELSNES JAMES MATHIS
[[Ron Crane (engineer)|RONALD CRANE JUNIOR]] [[Robert Metcalfe|BOB METCALFE]]
YOGEN DALAL DARRYL RUBIN
[[Judith Estrin|JUDITH ESTRIN]] [[John Shoch|JOHN SHOCH]]
RICHARD KARP CARL SUNSHINE

[[Gérard Le Lann|GERARD LE LANN]] KUNINOBU TANNO

'''DARPA'''
[[Robert E. Kahn|ROBERT KAHN]]

'''COLLABORATING GROUPS'''

'''BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN'''
WILLIAM PLUMMER • GINNY STRAZISAR • [[Ray Tomlinson|RAY TOMLINSON]]

'''MIT'''
[[Noel Chiappa|NOEL CHIAPPA]] • [[David D. Clark|DAVID CLARK]] • [[Stephen Kent (network security)|STEPHEN KENT]] • [[David P. Reed|DAVID P. REED]]

'''NDRE'''
[[Yngvar G. Lundh|YNGVAR LUNDH]] • [[Pål Spilling|PAAL SPILLING]]

'''UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON'''
FRANK DEIGNAN • MARTINE GALLAND • PETER HIGGINSON
ANDREW HINCHLEY • [[Peter T. Kirstein|PETER KIRSTEIN]] • [[Adrian V. Stokes|ADRIAN STOKES]]

'''USC-ISI'''
[[Bob Braden|ROBERT BRADEN]] • [[Daniel I. A. Cohen|DANNY COHEN]] • DANIEL LYNCH • [[Jon Postel|JON POSTEL]]

ULTIMATELY, THOUSANDS IF NOT TENS TO HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS
HAVE CONTRIBUTED THEIR EXPERTISE TO THE EVOLUTION OF THE INTERNET.

DEDICATED 28 July 2005
</poem>
</div>

== J. C. R. Licklider ==
{{main|J. C. R. Licklider}}

'''Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider''' (1915–1990) was a faculty member of [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT), and researcher at [[Bolt, Beranek and Newman]]. He developed the idea of a universal [[computer network]] at the [[Information Processing Techniques Office]] (IPTO) of the [[United States Department of Defense]] [[Advanced Research Projects Agency]] (ARPA).<ref name="iHist">{{cite web |last=Stewart |first=Bill |title=Internet History |url=http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii.htm |access-date=30 March 2011 |work=Living Internet web book}}</ref><ref name="Columbia">{{cite web |url= http://www.columbia.edu/~jrh29/years.html |title= JCR Licklider (1915-1990) |first= Jay R. |last= Hauben |publisher= Columbia University |access-date= 30 March 2011 }}</ref> He headed the IPTO from 1962 to 1963, and again from 1974 to 1975. His 1960 paper "[[Man-Computer Symbiosis]]" envisions that mutually-interdependent, "living together", tightly coupled human brains and computing machines would prove to complement each other's strengths.<ref>[http://medg.lcs.mit.edu/people/psz/Licklider.html "Man-Computer Symbiosis"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051103053540/http://medg.lcs.mit.edu/people/psz/Licklider.html |date=3 November 2005 }}, J.C.R. Licklider, ''IRE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics'', vol. HFE-1, pp.4-11, Mar 1960</ref>

In 2013, Licklider was inducted into the [[Internet Hall of Fame]] "pioneers" award by the [[Internet Society]].

==Paul Baran==
{{main|Paul Baran}}

'''Paul Baran''' (1926–2011) developed the field of redundant distributed networks while conducting research at [[RAND Corporation]] starting in 1960 when Baran began investigating the development of large-scale survivable communication networks.<ref name="Baran-2002">{{Cite journal |last=Baran |first=Paul |date=2002 |title=The beginnings of packet switching: some underlying concepts |url=http://web.cs.ucla.edu/~lixia/papers/Baran2002.pdf |url-status=live |journal=IEEE Communications Magazine |language=en |volume=40 |issue=7 |pages=42–48 |doi=10.1109/MCOM.2002.1018006 |bibcode=2002IComM..40g..42B |issn=0163-6804 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221010/http://web.cs.ucla.edu/~lixia/papers/Baran2002.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-10 |quote=Essentially all the work was defined by 1961, and fleshed out and put into formal written form in 1962. The idea of hot potato routing dates from late 1960.}}</ref> This led to a series of papers titled "On Distributed Communications" that in 1964 described a detailed architecture for ''distributed adaptive message block switching''. The proposal was composed of three key ideas: use of a [[decentralized]] network with multiple paths between any two points; dividing user messages into message blocks; and delivery of these messages by [[store and forward]] switching.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paul Baran and the Origins of the Internet |url=https://www.rand.org/about/history/baran.html |access-date=2020-02-15 |website=RAND Corporation |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Roberts-1978a">{{cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Lawrence G. |date=November 1978 |title=The evolution of packet switching |url=http://www.ece.ucf.edu/~yuksem/teaching/nae/reading/1978-roberts.pdf |journal=Proceedings of the IEEE |volume=66 |issue=11 |pages=1307–13 |doi=10.1109/PROC.1978.11141 |bibcode=1978IEEEP..66.1307R |s2cid=26876676 |quote=Both Paul Baran and Donald Davies in their original papers anticipated the use of T1 trunks}}</ref><ref name="The Washington Post2">{{Cite news |date=30 May 2015 |title=A Flaw in the Design |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/business/2015/05/30/net-of-insecurity-part-1/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108111512/https://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/business/2015/05/30/net-of-insecurity-part-1/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=20 February 2020 |newspaper=The Washington Post |quote=The Internet was born of a big idea: Messages could be chopped into chunks, sent through a network in a series of transmissions, then reassembled by destination computers quickly and efficiently. Historians credit seminal insights to Welsh scientist Donald W. Davies and American engineer Paul Baran. ... The most important institutional force ... was the Pentagon's Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) ... as ARPA began work on a groundbreaking computer network, the agency recruited scientists affiliated with the nation's top universities.}}</ref> Baran's network design was never built; it was intended for voice communication using low-cost electronics and did not feature software switches.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kleinrock |first=L. |date=1978 |title=Principles and lessons in packet communications |journal=Proceedings of the IEEE |volume=66 |issue=11 |pages=1320–1329 |doi=10.1109/PROC.1978.11143 |bibcode=1978IEEEP..66.1320K |issn=0018-9219 |quote=Paul Baran ... focused on the routing procedures and on the survivability of distributed communication systems in a hostile environment, but did not concentrate on the need for resource sharing in its form as we now understand it; indeed, the concept of a software switch was not present in his work.}}</ref><ref name="Pelkey6.1a2">{{Cite book |last=Pelkey |first=James L. |title=Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications 1968–1988 |chapter=6.1 The Communications Subnet: BBN 1969 |quote=As Kahn recalls: ... Paul Baran’s contributions ... I also think Paul was motivated almost entirely by voice considerations. If you look at what he wrote, he was talking about switches that were low-cost electronics. The idea of putting powerful computers in these locations hadn’t quite occurred to him as being cost effective. So the idea of computer switches was missing. The whole notion of protocols didn’t exist at that time. And the idea of computer-to-computer communications was really a secondary concern. |chapter-url=https://historyofcomputercommunications.info/section/6.1/the-communications-subnet-bbn-1969/ |archive-date=30 January 2024 |access-date=15 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130212406/https://historyofcomputercommunications.info/section/6.1/The-Communications-Subnet-BBN-1969/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":5a">{{Cite book |last=Waldrop |first=M. Mitchell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eRnBEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT285 |title=The Dream Machine |date=2018 |publisher=Stripe Press |isbn=978-1-953953-36-0 |pages=286 |language=en |quote=Baran had put more emphasis on digital voice communications than on computer communications.}}</ref>

Baran provided input to the ARPANET project on distributed communications and dynamic routing.<ref name="Abbate20003">{{cite book |last1=Abbate |first1=Janet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9BfZxFZpElwC&pg=PA37 |title=Inventing the Internet |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-2625-1115-5 |location=Cambridge, MA |pages=39, 57–58 |quote=Baran proposed a "distributed adaptive message-block network" [in the early 1960s] ... Roberts recruited Baran to advise the ARPANET planning group on distributed communications and packet switching.}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Summary of ARPA ad hoc meeting |date=November 3, 1967 |url=https://archive.org/details/SummaryOfArpaAdHocMeeting/page/n1/mode/2up |quote=We propose that a working group of approximately four people devote some concentrated effort in the near future in defining the IMP precisely. This group would interact with the larger group from the earlier meetings from time to time. Tentatively we think that the core of this investigatory group would be Bhushan (MIT), Kleinrock (UCLA), Shapiro (SRI) and Westervelt (University of Michigan), along with a kibitzer's group, consisting of such people as Baran (Rand), Boehm (Rand), Culler (UCSB) and Roberts (ARPA).}}</ref>

Baran received the inaugural [[SIGCOMM Award]] in 1989, the inaugural [[IEEE Internet Award]] in 2000 and the inaugural [[Internet Hall of Fame]] "pioneers" award from the [[Internet Society]] in 2012.<ref name="IHOF-2012">[http://www.internethalloffame.org/inductees/year/2012 2012 Inductees] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121213033309/http://internethalloffame.org/inductees/year/2012 |date=13 December 2012 }}, [[Internet Hall of Fame]] website. Last accessed 24 April 2012</ref>

==Donald Davies==
{{main|Donald Davies}}

'''Donald Davies''' (1924–2000) independently invented and named the concept of [[packet switching]] for [[data communication]]s in 1965 at the United Kingdom's [[National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)|National Physical Laboratory]] (NPL).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roberts |first=Gareth Ffowc |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=waCYEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA102 |title=For the Recorde: A History of Welsh Mathematical Greats |date=2022 |publisher=University of Wales Press |isbn=978-1-78683-917-6 |language=en |quote=Mathematicians had already developed methods of analysing traffic jams - 'queuing theory' ... - but it needed a new insight to solve the problem of how to avoid bottle-necks between computers. That insight was provided by Donald Davies, who established the principles that today enable computers to communicate easily and speedily with each other, allowing them to create computer networks that together form the 'Internet'}}</ref><ref name="Yates-1997">{{Cite book |last=Yates |first=David M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ToMfAQAAIAAJ&q=packet+switch |title=Turing's Legacy: A History of Computing at the National Physical Laboratory 1945-1995 |date=1997 |publisher=National Museum of Science and Industry |isbn=978-0-901805-94-2 |pages=132–4 |language=en |quote=Davies's invention of packet switching and design of computer communication networks ... were a cornerstone of the development which led to the Internet}}</ref><ref name="The Washington Post2"/> In the same year, he proposed a national commercial data network in the UK employing high-speed switching nodes.<ref name="Roberts-1978a" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Edmondson-Yurkanan |first=Chris |date=2007 |title=SIGCOMM's archaeological journey into networking's past |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/1230819.1230840 |journal=Communications of the ACM |language=en |volume=50 |issue=5 |pages=63–68 |doi=10.1145/1230819.1230840 |issn=0001-0782 |quote=In his first draft dated Nov. 10, 1965 [5], Davies forecast today’s “killer app” for his new communication service: “The greatest traffic could only come if the public used this means for everyday purposes such as shopping... People sending enquiries and placing orders for goods of all kinds will make up a large section of the traffic... Business use of the telephone may be reduced by the growth of the kind of service we contemplate.”|url-access=subscription }}</ref> He refined his ideas in a paper written in 1966, which included the first description of an ''interface computer'' to act as a [[Router (computing)|router]].<ref name="Davies-1966">{{Citation |last=Davies |first=D. W. |title=Proposal for a Digital Communication Network |year=1966 |url=http://www.dcs.gla.ac.uk/~wpc/grcs/Davies05.pdf |publisher=[[National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)|National Physical Laboratory]] |quote=Computer developments in the distant future might result in one type of network being able to carry speech and digital messages efficiently. |author-link=Donald}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.packet.cc/files/arpanet-computernet.html|title=The ARPANET & Computer Networks|last1=Roberts|first1=Dr. Lawrence G.|date=May 1995|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324032800/http://www.packet.cc/files/arpanet-computernet.html|archive-date=24 March 2016|access-date=13 April 2016|quote=Then in June 1966, Davies wrote a second internal paper, "Proposal for a Digital Communication Network" In which he coined the word packet,- a small sub part of the message the user wants to send, and also introduced the concept of an "Interface computer" to sit between the user equipment and the packet network.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pelkey |first=James |url=http://www.historyofcomputercommunications.info/Individuals/abstracts/donald-davies.html |title=Entrepreneurial Capitalism & Innovation: A History of Computer Communications 1968 - 1988 |date=2007 |quote=paper dated June 1966 ... introduced the concept of an “interface computer” to sit between the user equipment and the packet network. |access-date=2020-02-18 |archive-date=30 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730005552/http://www.historyofcomputercommunications.info/Individuals/abstracts/donald-davies.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Later in 1966, he established a team which produced a design for a local-area network to serve the needs of NPL and prove the feasibility of packet switching while developing a more formal design proposal for a national network based on a high-level network connected to local networks.<ref name="Davies-1967">{{cite conference |last1=Davies |first1=Donald |last2=Bartlett |first2=Keith |last3=Scantlebury |first3=Roger |last4=Wilkinson |first4=Peter |date=October 1967 |title=A Digital Communication Network for Computers Giving Rapid Response at remote Terminals |url=https://people.mpi-sws.org/~gummadi/teaching/sp07/sys_seminar/how_did_erope_blow_this_vision.pdf |conference=ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221010/https://people.mpi-sws.org/~gummadi/teaching/sp07/sys_seminar/how_did_erope_blow_this_vision.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-10 |access-date=2020-09-15 |quote=all users of the network will provide themselves with some kind of error control |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA115440.pdf |title=A History of the ARPANET: The First Decade |date=1 April 1981 |publisher=Bolt, Beranek & Newman Inc. |pages=53 of 183 (III-11 on the printed copy) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201013642/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA115440 |archive-date=1 December 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Davies built the local-area [[NPL network]], the first implementation of packet switching in early 1969 and the first to use high-speed links.<ref name="Cambell-Kelly-1987">{{Cite journal |last=Cambell-Kelly |first=Martin |date=1987 |title=Data Communications at the National Physical Laboratory (1965-1975) |url=https://archive.org/details/DataCommunicationsAtTheNationalPhysicalLaboratory |journal=Annals of the History of Computing |language=en |volume=9 |issue=3/4 |pages=221–247 |doi=10.1109/MAHC.1987.10023 |bibcode=1987IAHC....9c.221C |s2cid=8172150}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-02-05 |title=Alan Turing and the Ace computer |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8498826.stm |access-date=2024-06-05 |language=en-GB |quote=The NPL network ran at multi-megabit speeds in the late 1960s, faster than any network at the time.}}</ref> His work influenced the ARPANET and research in Europe and Japan.<ref name="Abbate20002">{{cite book |last1=Abbate |first1=Jane |author-link=Janet Abbate |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E2BdY6WQo4AC&q=packet+switching&pg=PA125 |title=Inventing the Internet |date=2000 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0262261333 |pages=37–8, 58–9 |quote=The NPL group influenced a number of American computer scientists in favor of the new technique, and they adopted Davies's term "packet switching" to refer to this type of network. Roberts also adopted some specific aspects of the NPL design.}}</ref><ref name="Pelkey2">{{cite book |last=Pelkey |first=James |url=http://www.historyofcomputercommunications.info/Book/6/6.3-CYCLADESNetworkLouisPouzin1-72.html |title=Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications 1968-1988 |chapter=6.3 CYCLADES Network and Louis Pouzin 1971-1972 |quote=The inspiration for datagrams had two sources. One was Donald Davies' studies. |access-date=2021-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617093154/https://www.historyofcomputercommunications.info/Book/6/6.3-CYCLADESNetworkLouisPouzin1-72.html |archive-date=2021-06-17 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="frs">{{Cite journal |last1=Needham |first1=R. M. |author-link=Roger Needham |year=2002 |title=Donald Watts Davies, C.B.E. 7 June 1924 – 28 May 2000 |journal=[[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]] |volume=48 |pages=87–96 |doi=10.1098/rsbm.2002.0006 |doi-access=free|s2cid=72835589 |quote=The 1967 Gatlinburg paper was influential on the development of ARPAnet, which might otherwise have been built with less extensible technology. ... In 1969 Davies was invited to Japan to lecture on packet switching. He gave what must have been a quite gruelling series of nine three-hour lectures, concluding with an intense discussion with around 80 people.}}</ref><ref name="Kim2005">{{cite book |last1=Kim |first1=Byung-Keun |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lESrw3neDokC&pg=PA54 |title=Internationalising the Internet the Co-evolution of Influence and Technology |date=2005 |publisher=Edward Elgar |isbn=1845426754 |pages=51–55}}</ref> He carried out [[simulation]] work on [[datagram]] networks on a scale to provide data communication to much of the United Kingdom and designed an adaptive method of [[congestion control]], which he called ''isarithmic''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wilkinson |first=Peter |date=Summer 2020 |title=Packet Switching and the NPL Network |url=https://www.computerconservationsociety.org/resurrection/res90.htm#c |journal=Resurrection: The Journal of the Computer Conservation Society |issue=90 |issn=0958-7403}}</ref><ref name="Clarke-1982a">{{Cite thesis |last=Clarke |first=Peter |title=Packet and circuit-switched data networks |date=1982 |degree=PhD |publisher=Department of Electrical Engineering, Imperial College of Science and Technology, University of London |url=https://spiral.imperial.ac.uk/bitstream/10044/1/35864/2/Clarke-PN-1982-PhD-Thesis.pdf |archive-date=3 August 2022 |access-date=15 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803035935/https://spiral.imperial.ac.uk/bitstream/10044/1/35864/2/Clarke-PN-1982-PhD-Thesis.pdf |url-status=dead }} "As well as the packet switched network actually built at NPL for communication between their local computing facilities, some simulation experiments have been performed on larger networks. A summary of this work is reported in [69]. The work was carried out to investigate networks of a size capable of providing data communications facilities to most of the U.K. ... Experiments were then carried out using a method of flow control devised by Davies [70] called 'isarithmic' flow control. ... The simulation work carried out at NPL has, in many respects, been more realistic than most of the ARPA network theoretical studies."</ref><ref name="MCK">{{cite journal |last=Cambell-Kelly |first=Martin |date=Autumn 2008 |title=Pioneer Profiles: Donald Davies |url=http://www.computerconservationsociety.org/resurrection/res44.htm |journal=Computer Resurrection |issn=0958-7403 |number=44}}</ref>

In the 1970s, Davies worked on [[internetworking]] and [[secure communication]].<ref name="frs" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Abbate |first=Janet |author-link=Janet Abbate |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E2BdY6WQo4AC&pg=PA125 |title=Inventing the Internet |date=2000 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-51115-5 |pages=125 |language=en}}</ref> He was acknowledged by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn in their seminal 1974 paper on internetworking, ''A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication.<ref name="Cerf-1974">{{Cite journal |last1=Cerf |first1=V. |last2=Kahn |first2=R. |date=1974 |title=A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication |url=https://www.cs.princeton.edu/courses/archive/fall06/cos561/papers/cerf74.pdf |journal=IEEE Transactions on Communications |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=637–648 |doi=10.1109/TCOM.1974.1092259 |bibcode=1974ITCom..22..637C |issn=1558-0857 |quote=The authors wish to thank a number of colleagues for helpful comments during early discussions of international network protocols, especially R. Metcalfe, R. Scantlebury, D. Walden, and H. Zimmerman; D. Davies and L. Pouzin who constructively commented on the fragmentation and accounting issues; and S. Crocker who commented on the creation and destruction of associations.}}</ref>''

Davies received the inaugural [[IEEE Internet Award]] in 2000 and the inaugural [[Internet Hall of Fame]] "pioneers" award from the [[Internet Society]] in 2012.<ref name="IHOF-2012" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harris |first=Trevor, University of Wales |date=2009 |editor-last=Pasadeos |editor-first=Yorgo |title=Who is the Father of the Internet? The Case for Donald Davies |url=https://www.academia.edu/378261 |url-status=dead |journal=Variety in Mass Communication Research |language=en |publisher=ATINER |pages=123–134 |isbn=978-960-6672-46-0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502025941/https://www.academia.edu/378261/Who_is_the_Father_of_the_Internet_The_Case_for_Donald_Davies |archive-date=May 2, 2022}}</ref>

== Roger Scantlebury ==
{{Main|Roger Scantlebury}}

'''Roger Scantlebury''' (born 1936) led the pioneering work to implement packet switching and associated [[communication protocol]]s at the NPL in the late 1960s.<ref name="Scantlebury-2001">{{Cite conference |last1=Scantlebury |first1=Roger |last2=Wilkinson |first2=Peter |last3=Barber |first3=Derek |date=2001 |title=NPL, Packet Switching and the Internet |url=http://www.topquark.co.uk/conf/IAP2001.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030807200346/http://www.topquark.co.uk/conf/IAP2001.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2003-08-07 |conference=Symposium of the Institution of Analysts & Programmers 2001 |access-date=2024-06-13 |quote=The system first went 'live' early in 1969 |website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Publications and Conference Papers - Data Communications at the National Physical Laboratory - History of Computing Collection: National Physical Laboratory Collection - Archives Hub |url=http://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb133-nahc/npl/nahc/add.ms/3 |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk}}</ref> Scantlebury and his colleague Keith Bartlett were the first to describe the term ''protocol'' in a modern data-communications context in an April 1967 memorandum entitled ''A Protocol for Use in the NPL Data Communications Network''.<ref name="Cambell-Kelly-1987" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Naughton |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bbonCgAAQBAJ&q=%22first%20use%20of%20the%20term%20'protocol'%22 |title=A Brief History of the Future |date=2015 |publisher=Orion |isbn=978-1-4746-0277-8 |language=en}}</ref> He proposed the use of packet switching in the ARPANET at the inaugural [[Symposium on Operating Systems Principles]] in October 1967 and convinced Larry Roberts the economics were favorable to [[message switching]].<ref name="C. Hempstead, W. Worthington">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/EncyclopediaOf20thCenturyTechnologyAZMalestrom/page/n623/mode/2up |title=Encyclopedia of 20th-Century Technology |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |isbn=9781135455514 |editor1-last=Hempstead |editor1-first=C. |volume=1, A-L |pages=574 |quote=It was a seminal meeting as the NPL proposal illustrated how the communications for such a resource-sharing computer network could be realized. |editor2-last=Worthington |editor2-first=W.}}</ref><ref name=":5b">{{Cite book |last=Waldrop |first=M. Mitchell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eRnBEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT285 |title=The Dream Machine |date=2018 |publisher=Stripe Press |isbn=978-1-953953-36-0 |pages=285–6 |language=en |quote=Scantlebury and his companions from the NPL group were happy to sit up with Roberts all that night, sharing technical details and arguing over the finer points.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Oral-History:Donald Davies & Derek Barber |url=http://ethw.org/Oral-History:Donald_Davies_%26_Derek_Barber |access-date=13 April 2016 |quote=the ARPA network is being implemented using existing telegraphic techniques simply because the type of network we describe does not exist. It appears that the ideas in the NPL paper at this moment are more advanced than any proposed in the USA}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Barber |first1=Derek |date=Spring 1993 |title=The Origins of Packet Switching |url=http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/CCS/res/res05.htm#f |journal=The Bulletin of the Computer Conservation Society |issue=5 |issn=0958-7403 |access-date=6 September 2017 |quote=Roger actually convinced Larry that what he was talking about was all wrong and that the way that NPL were proposing to do it was right. I've got some notes that say that first Larry was sceptical but several of the others there sided with Roger and eventually Larry was overwhelmed by the numbers.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=On packet switching |url=https://www.nethistory.info/Archives/packets.html |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=Net History |quote=[Scantlebury said] We referenced Baran's paper in our 1967 Gatlinburg ACM paper. You will find it in the References. Therefore I am sure that we introduced Baran's work to Larry (and hence the BBN guys).}}</ref>

During the 1970s, he was a major figure in the [[International Network Working Group]] (INWG) through which he was an early contributor to concepts used in the [[Transmission Control Program]], which became part of the [[Internet protocol suite]].''<ref name="McKenzie-2011a">{{Cite journal |last=McKenzie |first=Alexander |date=2011 |title=INWG and the Conception of the Internet: An Eyewitness Account |journal=IEEE Annals of the History of Computing |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=66–71 |doi=10.1109/MAHC.2011.9 |bibcode=2011IAHC...33a..66M |issn=1934-1547 |s2cid=206443072 |quote=At the New York meeting, a small team of engineers (E. Aupperle, V. Cerf, B. Kahn, A. McKenzie, R. Metcalfe, R. Scantlebury, et al.) with implementation experience in ARPANET (US), Cyclades (F), MERIT (US), and NPL (UK) created a first draft of an International Transmission Protocol (ITP). ... Specifically noted were the Walden Message-Switching Protocol, ARPA H-H Protocol, NPL High-Level Protocol, CYCLADES Protocol, and EPSS Protocol.... Perhaps the only historical difference that would have occurred if DARPA had switched to the INWG 96 protocol is that rather than Cerf and Kahn being routinely cited as “fathers of the Internet,” maybe Cerf, Scantlebury, Zimmermann, and I would have been.}}</ref><ref name="Smithsonian-1990b">{{cite web |date=24 April 1990 |title=Smithsonian Oral and Video Histories: Vinton Cerf |url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/comphist/vc1.html |access-date=23 September 2019 |website=[[National Museum of American History]] |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]] |quote=Roger Scantlebury was one of the major players. And Donald Davies who ran, at least he was superintendent of the information systems division or something like that. I absolutely had a lot of interaction with NPL at the time. They in fact came to the ICCC 72 and they had been coming to previous meetings of what is now called Datacomm. Its first incarnation was a long title having to do with the analysis and optimization of computer communication networks, or something like that. This started in late 1969, I think, was when the first meeting happened in Pine Hill, Georgia. I didn't go to that one, but I went to the next one that was at Stanford, I think. That's where I met Scantlebury, I believe, for the first time. Then I had a lot more interaction with him. I would come to the UK fairly regularly, partly for IFIP or INWG reasons}}</ref>''<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hafner |first1=Katie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RLKxSvCBQZcC |title=Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet |last2=Lyon |first2=Matthew |date=1999-08-19 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-0-684-87216-2 |pages=225–6 |language=en |orig-date=1996}}</ref> He was acknowledged by Cerf and Kahn in their seminal 1974 paper on internetworking''.<ref name="Cerf-1974" />''

==Bob Taylor==
{{main|Robert Taylor (computer scientist)}}

'''Robert W. Taylor''' (1932–2017) was director of [[DARPA|ARPA]]'s [[Information Processing Techniques Office]] (IPTO) from 1966 through 1969, where he convinced ARPA to fund a computer network.<ref>{{cite news |title= Robert Taylor, Innovator Who Shaped Modern Computing, Dies at 85 |first= John |last= Markoff |work= New York Times |date= 13 April 2017 |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/14/technology/robert-taylor-innovator-who-shaped-modern-computing-dies-at-85.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&clickSource=story-heading&module=second-column-region&region=top-news&WT.nav=top-news }}</ref> The 1968 paper, "The Computer as a Communication Device", that he wrote together with J.C.R. Licklider starts out: "In a few years, men will be able to communicate more effectively through a machine than face to face."<ref name="com68">{{cite journal |title= The Computer as a Communication Device |first1= J.C.R. |last1= Licklider |first2= Robert |last2= Taylor |journal= Science and Technology |date= April 1968 |url= http://www.kurzweilai.net/the-computer-as-a-communication-device |author-link1= J.C.R. Licklider }}</ref> And while their vision would take more than "a few years", the paper lays out the future of what the Internet would eventually become.

From 1970 to 1983, he managed the Computer Science Laboratory of the [[Xerox Palo Alto Research Center]] (PARC), where technologies such as [[Ethernet]] and the [[Xerox Alto]] were developed.<ref>{{cite news |last=Softky |first=Marion |date=11 October 2000 |title=Building the Internet: Bob Taylor won the National Medal of Technology "For visionary leadership in the development of modern computing technology" |url=http://www.almanacnews.com/morgue/2000/2000_10_11.taylor.html |access-date=30 March 2011 |work=The California Almanac}}</ref> He was the founder and manager of [[Digital Equipment Corporation]]'s [[Systems Research Center]] until 1996.<ref>{{cite book |last=Naughton |first=John |title=A Brief History of the Future: Origins of the Internet |date=5 October 2000 |publisher=Phoenix |isbn=978-0-7538-1093-4}}</ref>

==Larry Roberts==
{{main|Larry Roberts (computer scientist)}}

'''Lawrence G. "Larry" Roberts''' (1937–2018) was an American [[computer scientist]].<ref name="NAE_2001">{{cite web|url=http://www.nae.edu/Activities/Projects20676/Awards/20681/PastWinners/page2001.aspx|publisher=[[National Academy of Engineering]]|year=2001|title=2001 Draper Prize Recipients' Bios}}</ref> After earning his [[PhD]] in [[electrical engineering]] from [[MIT]] in 1963, Roberts continued to work at MIT's [[Lincoln Laboratory]] where in 1965 he connected Lincoln Lab's [[TX-2]] computer to the [[System Development Corporation|SDC]] [[AN/FSQ-32|Q-32]] computer in [[Santa Monica]].<ref name="Wired_2001_05">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/9.05/caspian.html?pg=3&topic=&topic_set=|title=The n -Dimensional Superswitch|date=May 2001|first=Josh|last=McHugh|magazine=[[Wired Magazine]]}}</ref>

In 1967, he became a program manager in the [[DARPA|ARPA]] [[Information Processing Techniques Office]] (IPTO), where he managed the development of the [[ARPANET]], the first wide area [[packet switching]] network. Roberts applied Donald Davies' concepts of packet switching in the ARPANET, and sought input from Paul Baran and other researchers on network design.<ref name="Abbate20003" /><ref name="Abbate20002" /> After Robert Taylor left ARPA in 1969, Roberts became director of the IPTO.

In 1973, he left ARPA to commercialize the nascent technology in the form of [[Telenet]], which became one of the first [[public data network]]s in the world, and served as its [[CEO]] from 1973 to 1980.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/04_39/b3901030_mz072.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040922070308/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/04_39/b3901030_mz072.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 September 2004|magazine=[[Business Week]]|title=Larry Roberts:He made the Net Work|date=27 September 2004|first=Otis|last=Port}}</ref>

In 2012, Roberts was inducted into the [[Internet Hall of Fame]] by the [[Internet Society]].<ref name="IHOF-2012" />

==Leonard Kleinrock==
{{main|Leonard Kleinrock}}

'''Leonard Kleinrock''' (born 1934) studied the optimization of message delays in communication networks using [[queueing theory]] in his Ph.D. thesis, ''Message Delay in Communication Nets with Storage,'' at MIT in 1962.<ref>{{cite thesis |author=Kleinrock, Leonard |date=December 1962 |title=Message Delay in Communication Nets with Storage |url=http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/11562/33840535.pdf |location=Cambridge |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |type=Thesis}}</ref><ref name="Clarke-1982b">{{Cite thesis |last=Clarke |first=Peter |title=Packet and circuit-switched data networks |date=1982 |degree=PhD |publisher=Department of Electrical Engineering, Imperial College of Science and Technology, University of London |url=https://spiral.imperial.ac.uk/bitstream/10044/1/35864/2/Clarke-PN-1982-PhD-Thesis.pdf |archive-date=3 August 2022 |access-date=15 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803035935/https://spiral.imperial.ac.uk/bitstream/10044/1/35864/2/Clarke-PN-1982-PhD-Thesis.pdf |url-status=dead }} "Many of the theoretical studies of the performance and design of the ARPA Network were developments of earlier work by Kleinrock ... Although these works concerned message switching networks, they were the basis for a lot of the ARPA network investigations ... The intention of the work of Kleinrock [in 1961] was to analyse the performance of store and forward networks, using as the primary performance measure the average message delay. ... Kleinrock [in 1970] extended the theoretical approaches of [his 1961 work] to the early ARPA network."</ref><ref name="Davies-1979a">{{Cite book |last=Davies |first=Donald Watts |url=https://archive.org/details/computernetworks00davi/page/86/mode/2up?q=kleinrock+kleinrock%27s |title=Computer networks and their protocols |date=1979 |publisher=Wiley |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-471-99750-4 |pages=See page refs highlighted at url |quote=In mathematical modelling use is made of the theories of queueing processes and of flows in networks, describing the performance of the network in a set of equations. ... The analytic method has been used with success by Kleinrock and others, but only if important simplifying assumptions are made. ... It is heartening in Kleinrock's work to see the good correspondence achieved between the results of analytic methods and those of simulation.}}</ref> After this, he moved to [[UCLA]]. Kleinrock became involved in the ARPANET project in early 1967.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SRI Project 5890-1; Networking (Reports on Meetings). [1967] |url=http://sloan.stanford.edu/mousesite/EngelbartPapers/B1_F20_CompuMtg.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810063347/http://sloan.stanford.edu/mousesite/EngelbartPapers/B1_F20_CompuMtg.html |archive-date=2011-08-10 |access-date=2020-02-15 |website=web.stanford.edu |quote=W. Clark's message switching proposal (appended to Taylor's letter of April 24, 1967, to Engelbart )were reviewed.}}</ref><ref name="Isaacson2014">{{cite book |last1=Isaacson |first1=Walter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4V9koAEACAAJ&pg=PA237 |title=The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution |date=2014 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=9781476708690 |page=237}}</ref> In 1969, under his contract with ARPA to run the Network Measurement Center, a team at UCLA connected a computer to an [[Interface Message Processor]] (IMP), becoming the first node on the network.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beranek |first=Leo |date=2000 |title=Roots of the Internet: A Personal History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25081152 |journal=Massachusetts Historical Review |volume=2 |pages=55–75 |issn=1526-3894 |jstor=25081152}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Postel |first=J. |date=7 February 1979 |title=Internet Meeting Notes -- 25 & 26 January 1979 |url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/ien/ien76.pdf |access-date=9 February 2022 |page=5 |quote=Vint noted that UCLA's internet work is primarily theoretical research on throughput and delay analysis. This work is headed by L. Kleinrock.}}</ref> Building on his earlier work on queueing theory, during the 1970s, Kleinrock carried out theoretical work to measure, simulate and mathematically model the performance of the ARPANET.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Lawrence G. |title=Proceedings of the May 5-7, 1970, spring joint computer conference on - AFIPS '70 (Spring) |last2=Wessler |first2=Barry D. |date=1970 |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |isbn=978-1-4503-7903-8 |location=New York, NY, USA |pages=543–549 |chapter=Computer network development to achieve resource sharing |doi=10.1145/1476936.1477020 |quote=The third paper by Kleinrock [5] derives procedures for optimizing the capacity of the transmission facility in order to minimize cost and average message delay. ... [5] L KLEINROCK. Analytic and simulation methods in Computer Network Design AFIPS Conference Proceedings, May 1970 |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/1476936.1477020 |s2cid=9343511}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kahn |first=R.E. |date=1972 |title=Resource-sharing computer communications networks |journal=Proceedings of the IEEE |volume=60 |issue=11 |pages=1397–1407 |doi=10.1109/PROC.1972.8911 |bibcode=1972IEEEP..60.1397K |issn=0018-9219 |quote=7. H. Frank, R. E. Kahn and L. Kleinrock, "Computer communication network design—experience with theory and practice", AFIPS Spring Joint Comput. Conf., pp. 255-270, 1972.}}</ref> Kleinrock published hundreds of research papers,<ref name=":26">{{Cite web |title=Leonard Kleinrock |url=https://www.internethalloffame.org/inductee/leonard-kleinrock/ |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=Internet Hall of Fame |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite web |title=Kleinrock (Leonard) papers |url=https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8kd240b/entire_text/ |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=oac.cdlib.org}}</ref> which ultimately launched a new field of research on the theory and application of queuing theory to computer networks.<ref name="Abbatep81">{{Cite book |last=Abbate |first=Janet |url=https://archive.org/details/inventinginterne00jane/page/80/mode/2up |title=Inventing the Internet |date=1999 |publisher=MIT Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-262-01172-3 |pages=81, 230 |quote=Leonard Kleinrock's work became the basic reference in queuing theory for computer networks ... On Kleinrock's influence, see Frank, Kahn, and Kleinrock 1972, p. 265; Tanenbaum 1989, p. 631.}}</ref><ref name=":42">{{Cite book |last=Davies |first=Donald Watts |url=https://archive.org/details/computernetworks00davi/page/86/mode/2up?q=kleinrock+kleinrock%27s |title=Computer networks and their protocols |date=1979 |publisher=Wiley |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-471-99750-4 |pages=See page refs highlighted at url}}</ref> His work on [[hierarchical routing]] in the late 1970s with student [[Farouk Kamoun]] remains critical to the operation of the Internet today.<ref name="Davies-1979c">{{Cite book |last=Davies |first=Donald Watts |url=https://archive.org/details/computernetworks00davi/page/110/mode/2up?q=%22kleinrock+and+kamoun%22 |title=Computer networks and their protocols |date=1979 |publisher=Wiley |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-471-99750-4 |pages=110–111 |quote=Hierarchical addressing systems for network routing have been proposed by Fultz and, in greater detail, by McQuillan. A recent very full analysis may be found in Kleinrock and Kamoun.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Feldmann |first1=Anja |title=Proceedings of the 2009 workshop on Re-architecting the internet |last2=Cittadini |first2=Luca |last3=Mühlbauer |first3=Wolfgang |last4=Bush |first4=Randy |last5=Maennel |first5=Olaf |date=2009 |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |isbn=978-1-60558-749-3 |series=ReArch '09 |location=New York, NY, USA |pages=43–48 |chapter=HAIR: Hierarchical architecture for internet routing |doi=10.1145/1658978.1658990 |quote=The hierarchical approach is further motivated by theoretical results (e.g., [16]) which show that, by optimally placing separators, i.e., elements that connect levels in the hierarchy, tremendous gain can be achieved in terms of both routing table size and update message churn. ... [16] KLEINROCK, L., AND KAMOUN, F. Hierarchical routing for large networks: Performance evaluation and optimization. Computer Networks (1977). |chapter-url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/326320693.pdf |s2cid=2930578}}</ref>

In 2012, Kleinrock was inducted into the [[Internet Hall of Fame]] by the [[Internet Society]].<ref name="IHOF-2012" />

== Frank Heart ==
{{Main|Frank Heart}}

'''Frank Heart''' (1929–2018) worked for [[Bolt, Beranek and Newman]] (BBN) from 1966 to 1994, during which time he managed the team that designed and implemented the [[Interface Message Processor]]s (IMPs), the [[routing]] computers for the [[ARPANET]].

==Bob Kahn==
[[File:Bob Kahn.jpg |thumb|upright|Bob Kahn]]
{{main|Robert Kahn (computer scientist)}}

'''Robert E. "Bob" Kahn''' (born 1938) is an American [[engineer]] and [[computer scientist]]. After earning a [[Ph.D.]] degree from [[Princeton University]] in 1964, he worked for [[AT&T Bell Laboratories]], as an [[assistant professor]] at MIT. He moved to [[Bolt Beranek & Newman]] (BBN) where he was the principal designer of the [[Interface Message Processor|IMP subnetwork]] and the [[Interface Message Processor#BBN Report 1822|IMP-Host protocol]] for the ARPANET.<ref name="Hafner1">{{harvnb|Hafner|Lyon|1996|pp=[https://archive.org/details/wherewizardsstay00haf_vgj/page/116/mode/2up?q=kahn 116, 149]}}</ref><ref name="Pelkey6.1b">{{Cite book |last=Pelkey |first=James L. |title=Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications 1968–1988 |chapter=6.1 The Communications Subnet: BBN 1969 |quote=Kahn, the principal architect |chapter-url=https://historyofcomputercommunications.info/section/6.1/The-Communications-Subnet-BBN-1969/}}</ref>

In 1972, he joined the [[Information Processing Techniques Office|IPTO]] within [[DARPA|ARPA]], where he worked on both satellite packet networks (which led to [[SATNET]]) and ground-based radio packet networks (which led to [[PRNET]]), and recognized the value of being able to communicate across heterogenous networks. Along with Vint Cerf, he authored the seminal paper on [[internetworking]], ''A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication'', in 1974''.<ref name="Cerf-1974" /><ref>{{cite web |year=2004 |title=Robert E Kahn |url=http://awards.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=4598637&srt=all&aw=140&ao=AMTURING&yr=2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120713023128/http://awards.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=4598637&srt=all&aw=140&ao=AMTURING&yr=2004 |archive-date=13 July 2012 |access-date=23 January 2010 |work=A. M. Turing Award |publisher=ACM |quote=For pioneering work on internetworking, including the design and implementation of the Internet's basic communications protocols, TCP/IP, and for inspired leadership in networking.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal |url=http://www.ieee.org/about/awards/medals/bell.html#sect3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406225653/http://www.ieee.org/about/awards/medals/bell.html#sect3 |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 April 2010 |access-date=28 July 2013 |publisher=Ieee.org}}</ref>''

Kahn left ARPA in 1986 to found the [[Corporation for National Research Initiatives]] (CNRI), a nonprofit organization providing leadership and funding for research and development of the [[National Information Infrastructure]].<ref>{{cite web|title=CNRI Officers and Directors|url=http://www.cnri.reston.va.us/directors_2.html|access-date=25 February 2009|publisher=CNRI}}</ref>

== David Walden ==
{{Main|David Walden}}

'''David Walden''' (1942–2022) worked for BBN where he implemented the packet switching and routing software for the ARPANET IMP.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dave Walden, Looking back at the ARPANET effort, 34 years later - Internet History |url=https://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_imp_walden.htm |access-date=May 8, 2022 |publisher=LivingInternet |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Roberts-1978b">{{cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Lawrence G. |date=November 1978 |title=The evolution of packet switching |url=http://www.ece.ucf.edu/~yuksem/teaching/nae/reading/1978-roberts.pdf |journal=Proceedings of the IEEE |volume=66 |issue=11 |pages=1307–13 |doi=10.1109/PROC.1978.11141 |bibcode=1978IEEEP..66.1307R |s2cid=26876676 |quote=Significant aspects of the network's internal operation, such as routing, flow control, software design, and network control were developed by a BBN team consisting of Frank Heart, Robert Kahn, Severo Ornstein, William Crowther, and David Walden}}</ref><ref name="F.E. Froehlich, A. Kent2">{{cite book |author=F.E. Froehlich, A. Kent |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gaRBTHdUKmgC&pg=PA344 |title=The Froehlich/Kent Encyclopedia of Telecommunications: Volume 1 - Access Charges in the U.S.A. to Basics of Digital Communications |date=1990 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=0824729005 |page=344 |quote=Although there was considerable technical interchange between the NPL group and those who designed and implemented the ARPANET, the NPL Data Network effort appears to have had little fundamental impact on the design of ARPANET. Such major aspects of the NPL Data Network design as the standard network interface, the routing algorithm, and the software structure of the switching node were largely ignored by the ARPANET designers. There is no doubt, however, that in many less fundamental ways the NPL Data Network had and effect on the design and evolution of the ARPANET.}}</ref> He proposed what became known as the ''Walden message switching protocol'',<ref>Walden, D. C, "A System tor Interprocess Communication in a Resource Sharing Computer Network," Com. of ACM, April 1972, pp 221-230.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 1978 |title=DESIGN ALTERNATIVES FOR COMPUTER NETWORK SECURITY |url=https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/SP/nbsspecialpublication500-21v1.pdf |quote=The discussion will generally be limited to ARPA-like protocols (CRO-71), but will also consider suggested variations such as Walden's message-switching protocol. ... At the same time, the basic protocol selection should be reviewed to see if the message-switching protocol of Walden might be better suited for a secure net. He discusses the handling of "ports" as capabilities (in an access control sense) but does not consider the potential problems of controlling the establishment of end-to-end communications paths (i.e., setting up the encipherment keys). Since the "connections" in his scheme would only exist for the flow of one message, the dialog-oriented approach that we have taken for the SC might not apply. [*The notion of connection appears to be prerequisite for end-to-end encipherment (using a separate encryption key for each dialog), and to implement the explicit opening and closing of a particular communication path. However, end-to-end protection is possible by a combination of encipherment and other protection means.] In contrast, the current ARPA net protocol is connection-oriented (a connection is created by control commands for use during a dialog) and therefore seems to fit well with our scheme. However, the intuitive appeal of using a message-oriented protocol for a message-switched network deserves additional attention.}}</ref><ref name="McKenzie-2011a" /> and was acknowledged by Cerf and Kahn in their seminal 1974 paper on [[internetworking]].<ref name="Cerf-1974" /> He wrote INWG Note 10 with Will Crowther,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=UMedia |url=https://umedia.lib.umn.edu/item/p16022coll270:13895 |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=umedia.lib.umn.edu}}</ref> and co-authored the ''ARPANET Completion Report'' with Frank Heart, Alex Mckenzie, and J. McQuillian.<ref name=":1">{{cite tech report |url=https://walden-family.com/bbn/arpanet-completion-report.pdf |title=Arpanet Completion Report |last1=Heart |first1=F. |last2=McKenzie |first2=A. |last3=McQuillian |first3=J. |last4=Walden |first4=D. |date=January 4, 1978 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527095942/https://walden-family.com/bbn/arpanet-completion-report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2023-05-27 |publisher=Bolt, Beranek and Newman |location=Burlington, MA}}</ref>

== Ray Tomlinson ==
{{Main|Ray Tomlinson}}

'''Ray Tomlinson''' (1941–2016) worked for BBN. He carried out the first experimental message transfer between separate computer systems on the ARPANET in 1971.<ref name="thvv">{{cite web |author=Tom Van Vleck |title=The History of Electronic Mail |url=http://www.multicians.org/thvv/mail-history.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202025034/http://www.multicians.org/thvv/mail-history.html |archive-date=2017-12-02 |access-date=2017-11-28}}</ref> His message was sent from one [[DEC PDP-10]] computer to another PDP-10, placed next to each other.<ref name="firstnetworkemail">{{cite web |last=Tomlinson |first=Ray |title=The First Network Email |url=http://openmap.bbn.com/~tomlinso/ray/firstemailframe.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209064041/http://openmap.bbn.com/~tomlinso/ray/firstemailframe.html |archive-date=2014-02-09 |access-date=2014-01-09 |website=Openmap.bbn.com}}</ref><ref>Wave New World, Time Magazine, October 19, 2009, p.48</ref> Tomlinson initiated the use of the [[@ sign]] to separate the names of the user and the user's machine.<ref name="Lievrouw-2006">{{cite book |last=Lievrouw |first=L. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NZ3ktyGA0rwC&q=ARPANET&pg=PA253 |title=Handbook of New Media: Student Edition |date=2006 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications|SAGE]] |isbn=1412918731 |editor-last1=Lievrouw |editor-first1=L. A. |page=253 |access-date=15 August 2015 |editor-last2=Livingstone |editor-first2=S. M.}}</ref> Tomlinson's idea for network mail was adopted on the ARPANET, which significantly increased network traffic.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Abbate |first=Janet |author-link=Janet Abbate |title=Inventing the Internet |date=2000 |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |isbn=978-0-2625-1115-5 |location=Cambridge, MA |pages=106–111 |oclc=44962566}}</ref> As a result, he has been called "the inventor of modern email".<ref>{{cite web |date=6 March 2016 |title=Ray Tomlinson, Inventor Of Modern Email, Dies |url=https://www.npr.org/2016/03/06/469428062/ray-tomlinson-inventor-of-modern-email-has-died |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013013840/http://www.npr.org/2016/03/06/469428062/ray-tomlinson-inventor-of-modern-email-has-died |archive-date=13 October 2017 |access-date=5 April 2018 |work=NPR.org}}</ref><ref name="chm-email-innovation-timeline">{{cite web |last1=Feinler |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Vittal |first2=John |date=2022-07-01 |title=Email Innovation Timeline |url=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2022/08/102806104-05-01-acc.pdf |access-date=2023-08-18 |publisher=[[Computer History Museum]] |authorlink1=Elizabeth J. Feinler}}</ref>

The use of the [[File Transfer Protocol]] (FTP) for network mail on the ARPANET was proposed in {{IETF RFC|469}} in March 1973.<ref>{{cite IETF|rfc=469|title=Network Mail Meeting Summary}}</ref> Through {{IETF RFC|561|680|724|733|leadout=, and finally|link=no}} in November 1977, a standardized framework was developed for "electronic mail" using FTP mail servers on the ARPANET.<ref name="ARPA-1977">{{cite IETF|rfc=733|date=21 November 1977|title=Standard for the Format of ARPA Network Text Messages}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-20 |title=A history of e-mail: Collaboration, innovation and the birth of a system |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/on-innovations/a-history-of-e-mail-collaboration-innovation-and-the-birth-of-a-system/2012/03/19/gIQAOeFEPS_story.html |access-date=2024-07-07 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Tomlinson discussed a network mail protocol among the [[International Network Working Group]] in ''INWG Protocol note 2'', in September 1974, although it was never adopted.<ref name="McKenzie-2011b">{{Cite journal |last=McKenzie |first=Alexander |date=2011 |title=INWG and the Conception of the Internet: An Eyewitness Account |journal=IEEE Annals of the History of Computing |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=66–71 |doi=10.1109/MAHC.2011.9 |bibcode=2011IAHC...33a..66M |issn=1934-1547 |s2cid=206443072}}</ref>

Furthermore, he participated in the initial design of TCP during 1973–74,<ref name="IEN 151"/> was acknowledged in the specification of TCP version 2 in March 1977,<ref>{{Cite IETF|ien=5}}</ref> and version 3 in January 1978, which says that many of the changes introduced in that version were first described by Tomlinson the previous year when he put forward a "Proposal for TCP 3".<ref>{{Cite IETF|ien=21}}</ref><ref name="IEN 54">{{Cite IETF|ien=54}}</ref><ref name="IEN 55">{{Cite IETF|ien=55}}</ref>

Tomlinson received the IEEE Internet Award in 2004, with [[David H. Crocker]], for networked email.
{{clear}}

== Steve Crocker ==
[[File:SteveCrockerJI1 (cropped).jpg|right|thumb |upright|Steve Crocker]]
{{Main|Steve Crocker}}

'''Steve Crocker''' (born 1944) has worked in the ARPANET and Internet communities since their inception. As a UCLA graduate student in the 1960s, he led the creation of the [[Network Control Protocol (ARPANET)|ARPANET Network Control Protocol]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Lyon |first=Matthew |date=Fall 1997 |title=Wired! |url=http://www.magazine.ucla.edu/year1997/fall97_03.html |work=UCLA Magazine |access-date=15 July 2012 |archive-date=26 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091226220313/http://www.magazine.ucla.edu/year1997/fall97_03.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He also created the [[Request for Comments]] (RFC) series,<ref>{{IETF RFC|2468}}</ref> authoring the very first RFC and many more.<ref>{{IETF RFC|1}}</ref> He was instrumental in creating the ARPA Network Working Group, the forerunner of the modern [[Internet Engineering Task Force]].

In 1972, Crocker moved to the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) to become a program manager. He formed the [[International Network Working Group]] (INWG),<ref name="Pelkey8.3">{{cite book |last=Pelkey |first=James |title=Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications 1968–1988 |chapter=8.3 CYCLADES Network and Louis Pouzin 1971–1972 |chapter-url=https://historyofcomputercommunications.info/section/8.3/CYCLADES-Network-and-Louis-Pouzin-1971-1972/}}</ref><ref name="Hafnerp222">{{harvnb|Hafner|Lyon|1999|p=[https://archive.org/details/wherewizardsstay00haf_vgj/page/222/mode/2up 222]}}</ref> then his research interests shifted to [[artificial intelligence]]. He was acknowledged by Cerf and Kahn in their seminal 1974 paper on internetworking.<ref name="Cerf-1974" />

He was a senior researcher at [[University of Southern California|USC]]'s [[Information Sciences Institute]] (ISI) where he contributed to discussions on the Transmission Control Program in August 1977.<ref name="IEN 3">{{Cite IETF|ien=3}}</ref> He was a founder and director of the Computer Science Laboratory at [[The Aerospace Corporation]] and a vice president at [[Trusted Information Systems]]. In 1994, Crocker was one of the founders and chief technology officer of [[CyberCash]], Inc. He has also been an [[IETF]] security area director, a member of the [[Internet Architecture Board]], chair of the [[Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers]] (ICANN) Security and Stability Advisory Committee, a board member of the [[Internet Society]] and numerous other Internet-related volunteer positions. Crocker is chair of the board of ICANN.<ref>{{cite web |date=June 2011 |title=ICANN news release |url=http://www.icann.org/en/announcements/announcement-1-24jun11-en.htm}}</ref>

For this work, Crocker was awarded the 2002 [[IEEE Internet Award]] "for leadership in creation of key elements in open evolution of Internet protocols". In 2012, Crocker was inducted into the [[Internet Hall of Fame]] by the [[Internet Society]].<ref name="IHOF-2012" />
{{clear}}

== Jon Postel ==
[[File:Jon Postel.jpg|right|thumb|Jon Postel, c. 1994]]
{{main|Jon Postel}}

'''Jon Postel''' (1943–1998) was a researcher at the [[Information Sciences Institute]] (ISI) at the [[University of Southern California]] (USC) . He was editor of much of the early the [[Request for Comments|RFC]] series as well as versions 3 and 4 of [[TCP/IP]] in January 1978 and February 1979, and the final version of TCP and Internet Protocol, which were published in January 1980 by DARPA on behalf of the [[Defense Communications Agency]].<ref name="IEN 151"/> He was the creator of the [[Simple Mail Transfer Protocol]] (SMTP) and the co-creator and longtime administrator of the [[Internet Assigned Numbers Authority]] (IANA). His beard and sandals made him "the most recognizable archetype of an Internet pioneer".<ref>{{cite web |date=16 October 2008 |title=A ten year tribute to Jon Postel: An Internet visionary, 1943-1998 |url=http://www.isoc.org/awards/postel/memory.shtml |access-date=30 March 2011 |publisher=Internet Society}}</ref>

The [[International Network Working Group]] (INWG) discussed protocols for electronic mail in 1979,<ref>Barber, D., and J. Laws, "A Basic Mail Scheme for EIN," INWG 192, February 1979.</ref> which was referenced by Postel in his early work on Internet email. Postel first proposed an Internet Message Protocol in 1979 as part of the [[Internet Experiment Note]] (IEN) series.<ref>{{Cite IETF|ien=85}}</ref><ref>{{Cite IETF|ien=113}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Internet Experiment Note Index |url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/ien/ien-index.html |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=www.rfc-editor.org}}</ref> In September 1980, Postel and Suzanne Sluizer published {{IETF RFC|772}} which proposed the Mail Transfer Protocol to enable servers to transmit ''computer mail'' on the ARPANET as a replacement for FTP. {{IETF RFC|780|link=no}} published in May 1981 removed all references to FTP. In November 1981, Postel published {{IETF RFC|788|link=no}} describing the [[Simple Mail Transfer Protocol]] (SMTP) protocol, which was updated by {{IETF RFC|821}} in August 1982. Addresses were extended to {{var|username}}{{mono|@}}{{var|host}}{{mono|.}}{{var|domain}} by {{IETF RFC|805|link=no}} in February 1982. {{IETF RFC|822|link=no}}, written by [[David H. Crocker]], defined the format for messages.

The [[Internet Society]]'s [[Postel Award]] is named in his honor, as is the Postel Center at the Information Sciences Institute. His obituary was written by [[Vint Cerf]] and published as RFC 2468 in remembrance of Postel and his work. In 2012, Postel was inducted into the [[Internet Hall of Fame]] by the Internet Society.<ref name="IHOF-2012" />
{{clear}}

== Vint Cerf ==
[[File:Vint Cerf - 2010.jpg |thumb|Vint Cerf, September 2010]]
{{main|Vint Cerf}}

'''Vinton G. "Vint" Cerf''' (born 1943) is an American computer scientist.<ref name="vita">[http://www.icann.org/correspondence/cerf-testimony-08feb01.htm#Vita Cerf's ''curriculum vitae'' as of February 2001], attached to a transcript of his testimony that month before the [[United States House Energy Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet]], from [[ICANN]]'s website</ref> He is recognized as one of "[[People known as the father or mother of something#Computing|the fathers of the Internet]]",<ref>(see [http://www.gcn.com/print/25_2/38005-1.html?topic=interview Interview with Vinton Cerf] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609092123/http://www.gcn.com/print/25_2/38005-1.html?topic=interview|date=9 June 2007}}, from a January 2006 article in ''Government Computer News''), Cerf is willing to call himself one of the Internet's fathers, citing [[Bob Kahn]] and [[Leonard Kleinrock]] in particular as being others with whom he should share that title.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cerf |first1=V. G. |year=2009 |title=The day the Internet age began |journal=Nature |volume=461 |issue=7268 |pages=1202–1203 |bibcode=2009Natur.461.1202C |doi=10.1038/4611202a |pmid=19865146 |s2cid=205049153}}</ref> sharing this title with [[Bob Kahn]].<ref>{{cite web |title=ACM Turing Award, list of recipients |url=http://awards.acm.org/homepage.cfm?srt=all&awd=140 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212132624/http://awards.acm.org/homepage.cfm?awd=140&srt=all |archive-date=12 December 2009 |access-date=2 December 2011 |publisher=Awards.acm.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=7 July 2009 |title=IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal |url=http://www.ieee.org/about/awards/medals/bell.html#sect3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406225653/http://www.ieee.org/about/awards/medals/bell.html#sect3 |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 April 2010 |access-date=2 December 2011 |publisher=Ieee.org}}</ref>

He earned his Ph.D. from [[UCLA]] in 1972. At [[UCLA]] he worked in Professor Leonard Kleinrock's networking group that connected the first two nodes of the ARPANET and contributed to the ARPANET host-to-host protocol, the [[Network Control Program (ARPANET)|Network Control Program]]. Cerf was an [[Professor#Assistant professor|assistant professor]] at [[Stanford University]] from 1972 to 1976, where he conducted research on packet network interconnection protocols and co-designed the DoD TCP/IP protocol suite. He authored the seminal paper on [[internetworking]], ''A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication'', in May 1974 with [[Bob Kahn]]; the first specification of TCP with Yogen Dalal and Carl Sunshine in December that year; and edited the second version of TCP in March 1977.<ref name="IEN 151"/> He was a program manager for the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) from 1976 to 1982, overseeing the first internetworking experiments with [[SATNET]] and [[PRNET]]. Cerf was instrumental in the formation of both the [[Internet Society]] and [[Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers]] (ICANN), serving as founding president of the Internet Society from 1992 to 1995 and in 1999 as chairman of the board and as ICANN Chairman from 2000 to 2007.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vinton G. Cerf's biography at the Internet Society |url=http://www.icann.org/en/biog/cerf.htm |access-date=28 July 2013 |publisher=Icann.org}}</ref>

His many awards include the [[National Medal of Technology]],<ref name="vita" /> the [[Turing Award]],<ref name="turing">[https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/16/technology/16internet.html?oref=login Cerf wins Turing Award] 16 February 2005</ref> the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]],<ref name="whitehouse">[https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2005/11/20051109-10.html 2005 Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients] from the White House website</ref> and membership in the [[National Academy of Engineering]] and the [[Internet Hall of Fame|Internet Society's Internet Hall of Fame]].<ref name="IHOF-2012" />
{{clear}}

== Douglas Engelbart ==
[[File:Douglas Engelbart in 2008.jpg |thumb|upright|Douglas Engelbart]]
{{main|Douglas Engelbart}}

'''Douglas Engelbart''' (1925–2013) was an early researcher at the [[Stanford Research Institute]] (SRI). His [[Augmentation Research Center]] laboratory became the second node on the ARPANET in October 1969, and SRI became the early Network Information Center, which evolved into the [[domain name registry]].<ref name="isoc">{{cite web |title= A Brief History of the Internet |first1=Barry M. |last1=Leiner |first2=Vinton G. |last2=Cerf |first3=David D. |last3=Clark |first4=Robert E. |last4=Kahn |first5=Leonard |last5=Kleinrock |first6=Daniel C. |last6=Lynch |first7=Jon |last7=Postel |first8=Larry G. |last8=Roberts |first9=Stephen |last9=Wolff |publisher= Internet Society |url= http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/brief.shtml |access-date= 30 March 2011 }}</ref>

Engelbart was a committed, vocal proponent of the development and use of computers and [[computer network]]s to help cope with the world's increasingly urgent and complex problems.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dougengelbart.org/colloquium/colloquium.html|title=The Unfinished Revolution II: Strategy and Means for Coping with Complex Problems|work=Colloquium at Stanford University|publisher=The Doug Engelbart Institute|date=April 2000|access-date=17 June 2012}}</ref> He is best known for his work on the challenges of [[human–computer interaction]], resulting in the invention of the [[computer mouse]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/1633972.stm|title=Mouse inventor strives for more|first=Alfred|last=Hermida|work=[[BBC News Online]]|date=5 November 2001|access-date=17 June 2012}}</ref> and the development of [[hypertext]], networked computers, and precursors to [[graphical user interface]]s.<ref name="acm">{{ACMPortal|id=81100342853}}</ref>

== John Klensin ==
{{Main|John Klensin}}

'''John Klensin''''s involvement with Internet began in 1969, when he worked on the [[File Transfer Protocol]].<ref>{{cite web |date=3 April 1998 |title=Internet Experts selected to fill top organizational posts |url=http://www.isoc.org/isoc/media/releases/980403pr.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813055217/http://www.isoc.org/isoc/media/releases/980403pr.shtml |archive-date=13 August 2011 |access-date=23 July 2011 |publisher=[[Internet Society|ISOC]]}}</ref>
Klensin was involved in the early procedural and definitional work for DNS administration and top-level domain definitions and was part of the committee that worked out the transition of DNS-related responsibilities between USC-ISI and what became ICANN.<ref>[http://www.internethalloffame.org/inductees/john-klensin "John Klensin biographical sketch"], Internet Hall of Fame, Internet Society, 2012</ref>

His career includes 30 years as a principal research scientist at [[MIT]], a stint as INFOODS project coordinator for the [[United Nations University]], Distinguished Engineering Fellow at [[MCI WorldCom]], and Internet Architecture Vice President at [[AT&T]]; he is now an independent consultant.<ref>{{cite web |title=Biography of John Klensin at the ICANN web site |url=http://www.icann.org/biog/klensin.htm |access-date=17 June 2008}}</ref> In 1992 Randy Bush and John Klensin created the ''Network Startup Resource Center'',<ref>{{cite web |year=1992 |title=About the Network Startup Resource Center |url=http://www.nsrc.org/about.html#support |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813094354/http://nsrc.org/about.html#support |archive-date=13 August 2011 |access-date=25 July 2011 |work=NSRC}}</ref> helping dozens of countries to establish connections with [[FidoNet]], [[UseNet]], and when possible the [[Internet]].

In 2003, he received an [[International Committee for Information Technology Standards|International Committee for Information Technology Standards Merit Award]].<ref>{{cite web |title=INCITS Awards Honor Roll |url=http://www.incits.org/Awards/honor.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801094436/http://www.incits.org/Awards/honor.htm |archive-date=1 August 2013 |access-date=25 July 2011 |publisher=[[INCITS]]}}</ref> In 2007, he was inducted as a Fellow of the [[Association for Computing Machinery]] for contributions to networking standards and Internet applications.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of 2007 ACM Fellows inductees |url=http://fellows.acm.org/fellow_citation.cfm?id=1101344&srt=alpha&alpha=K |access-date=17 June 2008}}</ref> In 2012, Klensin was inducted into the [[Internet Hall of Fame]] by the [[Internet Society]].<ref name="IHOF-2012" />
{{clear}}

== Elizabeth Feinler ==
[[File:ElizabethFeinler-2011.jpg |thumb|upright|Jake Feinler]]
{{main|Elizabeth J. Feinler}}

'''Elizabeth J. "Jake" Feinler''' (born 1931) was a staff member of Doug Engelbart's [[Augmentation Research Center]] (ARC) at [[SRI International|SRI]] and [[principal investigator]] for the [[Network Information Center]] (NIC) for the ARPANET and the [[Defense Data Network]] (DDN) from 1972 until 1989.<ref>[http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/Oral_History/102702199.05.01.acc.pdf ''Oral History of Elizabeth (Jake) Feinler''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811175249/http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/Oral_History/102702199.05.01.acc.pdf|date=11 August 2011}}, Interviewed by Marc Weber, 10 September 2009, Reference no: X5378.2009, Computer History Museum, 49 pp.</ref><ref name="FeinlerSRIBio">{{cite web |title=Alumni Hall of Fame: Elizabeth J. Feinler |url=http://www.sri.com/about/alumni/alumni-hall-fame-2000#Feinler |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201140923/http://www.sri.com/about/alumni/alumni-hall-fame-2000#Feinler |archive-date=1 February 2013 |access-date=13 June 2013 |publisher=[[SRI International]]}}</ref> In 2012, Feinler was inducted into the [[Internet Hall of Fame]] by the [[Internet Society]].<ref name="IHOF-2012" />

== Louis Pouzin ==
{{main|Louis Pouzin}}

'''Louis Pouzin''' (born 1931) is a French computer scientist. He built the first implementation of a wide-area [[datagram]] packet-communications network, [[CYCLADES]], that demonstrated the feasibility of [[internetworking]], which he called a "catenet".<ref name="Russell-2014a">{{Cite journal |last1=Russell |first1=Andrew L. |last2=Schafer |first2=Valérie |date=2014 |title=In the Shadow of ARPANET and Internet: Louis Pouzin and the Cyclades Network in the 1970s |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/562835 |journal=Technology and Culture |language=en |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=880–907 |doi=10.1353/tech.2014.0096 |issn=1097-3729|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Pelkey">{{cite book |last=Pelkey |first=James |url=http://www.historyofcomputercommunications.info/Book/6/6.3-CYCLADESNetworkLouisPouzin1-72.html |title=Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications 1968-1988 |chapter=6.3 CYCLADES Network and Louis Pouzin 1971-1972 |access-date=3 February 2020 |archive-date=17 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617093154/https://www.historyofcomputercommunications.info/Book/6/6.3-CYCLADESNetworkLouisPouzin1-72.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.acm.org/sigs/sigcomm/sigcomm99/pouzin.html "Biography of Louis Pouzin, 1999 SIGCOMM Award Winner"], ACM SIGCOMM web site</ref> He was acknowledged by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn in their seminal 1974 paper on internetworking''.<ref name="Cerf-1974" />'' Further concepts from his work were reflected in the development of TCP/IP.<ref name="The Economist-2013">{{Cite news |date=2013-11-30 |title=The internet's fifth man |url=https://www.economist.com/news/technology-quarterly/21590765-louis-pouzin-helped-create-internet-now-he-campaigning-ensure-its |access-date=2020-04-22 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613 |quote=In the early 1970s Mr Pouzin created an innovative data network that linked locations in France, Italy and Britain. Its simplicity and efficiency pointed the way to a network that could connect not just dozens of machines, but millions of them. It captured the imagination of Dr Cerf and Dr Kahn, who included aspects of its design in the protocols that now power the internet.}}</ref>

In 1997, Pouzin received the ACM [[SIGCOMM Award]] for "pioneering work on connectionless packet communication".<ref name="SIGCOM-1997">[http://www.sigcomm.org/awards/sigcomm-awards/postel-and-pouzin-award-details "Postel and Pouzin: 1997 SIGCOMM Award Winners"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114084317/http://www.sigcomm.org/awards/sigcomm-awards/postel-and-pouzin-award-details |date=14 November 2013 }}, ACM SIGCOMM web site</ref> He was named a [[Chevalier of the Legion of Honor]] by the French government on 19 March 2003. In 2012, Pouzin was inducted into the [[Internet Hall of Fame]] by the [[Internet Society]].<ref name="IHOF-2012" />

== Hubert Zimmermann ==
{{Main|Hubert Zimmermann}}

'''Hubert Zimmerman''' (1941–2012) was a French software engineer who pioneered internetworking with Louis Pouzin.<ref name="ieee201703">{{cite magazine |author=Andrew L. Russell |date=30 July 2013 |title=OSI: The Internet That Wasn't |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/osi-the-internet-that-wasnt |magazine=[[IEEE Spectrum]] |volume=50 |issue=8}}</ref> He contributed to early discussions on the Transmission Control Program,<ref name="Russell-2014a" /><ref name="McKenzie-2011a" /> and was acknowledged by Cerf and Kahn in their seminal 1974 paper on internetworking''.<ref name="Cerf-1974" />''

== Gérard Le Lann ==
{{Main|Gérard Le Lann}}

'''Gérard Le Lann''' proposed the [[Sliding window protocol|sliding window scheme]] for achieving reliable error and flow control on end-to-end connections.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2020 |title=Between Stanford and Cyclades, a transatlantic perspective on the creation of Internet |url=https://www.inria.fr/en/between-stanford-and-cyclades-transatlantic-perspective-creation-internet |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=Inria}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Brügger |first1=Niels |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqyJEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT82 |title=Oral Histories of the Internet and the Web |last2=Goggin |first2=Gerard |date=2022-10-25 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-79781-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Le Lann |first1=Gérard |last2=Le Goff |first2=Hervé |date=1978-02-01 |title=Verification and evaluation of communication protocols |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0376-5075%2878%2990039-9 |journal=Computer Networks |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=50–69 |doi=10.1016/0376-5075(78)90039-9 |issn=0376-5075|url-access=subscription }}</ref> He joined Vint Cerf's research team at Stanford University during 1973-4 and Cerf incorporated his sliding window scheme into the research work for the Transmission Control Program (TCP).<ref name="Smithsonian-1990a">{{cite web |date=24 April 1990 |title=Smithsonian Oral and Video Histories: Vinton Cerf |url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/comphist/vc1.html |access-date=23 September 2019 |website=[[National Museum of American History]] |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]] |quote=I had a whole team of graduate students, some of whose names are now fairly familiar in the industry. Judy Estrin, who is Gerald Estrin's daughter, was one of my master's degree students. Of course, she went on to found Bridge Communications, and now she's running, or she's executive VP of the company that makes those little NCD X displays. A guy named Richard Karp, another old high school friend of mine, decided to go back to graduate school and I took him on as a research assistant. He wrote the first TCP in BCPL on the PDP 11/20 at Stanford. He went on to get a Ph.D. in theorem proving and now is president of a company called ISDN Technologies out on the west coast in Palo Alto. Another person is Yogan Dalal who was a graduate student at Stanford and was deeply involved in the design of the TCP, the first go around, and also did a lot of work on the first documents that came out in 1974. He is now vice president of software engineering at Claris Corporation, a spin off from Apple. A guy named Carl Sunshine, who has written several books on the subject of internetting, did his dissertation work in my group, and is now running a lab at Aerospace Corporation. He took a job that Steve Crocker vacated in order to go to work for Trusted Information Systems. (Laugh) I mean, you'll never be able to disentangle this group. Let's see. Then I had visitors who were there, not graduate students. I already mentioned that Gerard Lelann was with us for a year. There was another guy from Norway, Dag Belsnes. He did some really interesting work on pure datagram protocols and how you get reliable connection initiation. In fact, he managed to prove that a three way handshake was not enough and that you actually needed a five way handshake to make sure that everything was right. And we decided that was overkill and accepted the limitations the three way handshake imposed on us. There were some others. A guy named James Mathis who went on to work at SRI International on the packet radio project and now is at Apple. He built the first TCP for an Apple system. Also Darryl Rubin, now a vice president at Microsoft, and Ronald Crane who is a key person at Apple.}}</ref><ref name="Russell-2014b">{{Cite journal |last1=Russell |first1=Andrew L. |last2=Schafer |first2=Valérie |date=2014 |title=In the Shadow of ARPANET and Internet: Louis Pouzin and the Cyclades Network in the 1970s |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24468474 |journal=Technology and Culture |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=880–907 |doi=10.1353/tech.2014.0096 |issn=0040-165X |jstor=24468474 |s2cid=143582561|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Internet Histories">{{Cite journal |last1=Paloque-Bergès |first1=Camille |last2=and Schafer |first2=Valérie |date=2019-01-02 |title=French memories about the ARPANET: a conversation with Michel Élie and Gérard Le Lann |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/24701475.2018.1536934 |journal=Internet Histories |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=81–97 |doi=10.1080/24701475.2018.1536934 |issn=2470-1475|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>[https://www.inria.fr/en/arpanet-now-50-years-old ARPANET is now 50 years old]</ref>

Le Lann is included on the Stanford University "Birth of the Internet" plaque and mentioned in the Stanford TCP project completion report.<ref name="JNC-2016" /><ref name="IEN 151">{{Cite IETF|ien=151}}</ref>

== Bob Metcalfe ==
{{Main|Robert Metcalfe}}

'''Bob Metcalfe''' (born 1946) designed and began implementing [[Ethernet]] and the [[PARC Universal Packet]] for internetworking while studying for his PhD at Harvard University and working at [[Xerox Parc]]. He contributed to early discussions on the Transmission Control Program at the [[International Network Working Group]] (INWG) meeting in June 1973,<ref name="McKenzie-2011a" /> and participated in the initial design of TCP, worked out at Stanford during 1973–74.<ref name="IEN 151"/> He was acknowledged by Cerf and Kahn in their seminal 1974 paper on internetworking''.<ref name="Cerf-1974" />'' In addition, along with Yogen Dalal, he contributed to discussions leading up to the splitting of TCP,<ref name="Panzaris" /> which influenced the work of Jon Postel, published in the [[Internet Experiment Note]] series.<ref name="xgruR">{{citation |last=Postel |first=Jon |title=Comments on Internet Protocol and TCP |date=15 August 1977 |url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/ien/ien2.txt |access-date=June 11, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516055704/http://www.rfc-editor.org/ien/ien2.txt |archive-date=May 16, 2019 |url-status=live |id=IEN 2 |quote=We are screwing up in our design of internet protocols by violating the principle of layering. Specifically we are trying to use TCP to do two things: serve as a host level end to end protocol, and to serve as an internet packaging and routing protocol. These two things should be provided in a layered and modular way. |author-link=Jon Postel}}</ref>

== John Shoch ==
{{Main|John Shoch}}

'''John Shoch''' worked on internetworking at Xerox Parc. He contributed to early discussions on the Transmission Control Program at the June 1973 INWG meeting,<ref>{{Citation |last=Taylor |first=Bob |title=Oral History of Robert (Bob) W. Taylor |date=October 11, 2008 |journal=Computer History Museum Archive |volume=CHM Reference number: X5059.2009 |pages=27–8 |url=http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2013/05/102702015-05-01-acc.pdf}}</ref> as well as discussions in August 1977 about splitting TCP from IP,<ref name="IEN 3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=On the design of TCP/IP |url=http://www.nethistory.info/Archives/tcpiptalk.html |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=www.nethistory.info}}</ref> and was acknowledged in an early version of TCP version v4 in September 1978 in which the split was implemented.<ref name="IEN 54" /> He published several Internet Experiment Notes in the late 1970s and 1980,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Internet Experiment Note Index |url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/ien/ien-index.html |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=www.rfc-editor.org}}</ref> and his work was referenced in the final [[IP version 4]] that would be standardized in {{IETF RFC|760}} (1980) and {{IETF RFC|791|link=no}} (1981).

==Yogen Dalal==
'''Yogen K. Dalal''',<ref name="Dalal">{{cite web |title=Yogen Dalal |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/events/bio/Yogen,Dalal |website=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="Pelkey-6.9">{{cite book |last1=Pelkey |first1=James L. |title=Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications, 1968-1988 |date=2007 |chapter=6.9 {{ndash}} Metcalfe Joins the Systems Development Division of Xerox 1975-1978 |chapter-url=http://www.historyofcomputercommunications.info/Book/6/6.9-MetcalfeJoinsSystemsDevelopmentDivisionXerox75-78.html |access-date=5 September 2019 |archive-date=5 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905165348/http://www.historyofcomputercommunications.info/Book/6/6.9-MetcalfeJoinsSystemsDevelopmentDivisionXerox75-78.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> is an Indian-born electrical engineer and computer scientist. He was an ARPANET pioneer,<ref name="Panzaris">{{cite book |last1=Panzaris |first1=Georgios |title=Machines and romances: the technical and harrative construction of networked computing as a general-purpose platform, 1960-1995 |date=2008 |publisher=[[Stanford University]] |page=128 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9yMhAQAAIAAJ |quote=Despite the misgivings of Xerox Corporation (which intended to make PUP the basis of a proprietary commercial networking product), researchers at Xerox PARC, including ARPANET pioneers Robert Metcalfe and Yogen Dalal, shared the basic contours of their research with colleagues at TCP and lnternet working group meetings in 1976 and 1977, suggesting the possible benefits of separating TCPs routing and transmission control functions into two discrete layers.}}</ref> and a key contributor to the development of [[Internetworking Protocol|internetworking protocols]].<ref name="Pelkey-Dalal">{{cite book |last1=Pelkey |first1=James L. |title=Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications, 1968-1988 |date=2007 |chapter=Yogen Dalal |chapter-url=http://www.historyofcomputercommunications.info/Individuals/abstracts/yogen-dalal.html |access-date=5 September 2019 |archive-date=5 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905162105/http://www.historyofcomputercommunications.info/Individuals/abstracts/yogen-dalal.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Dalal co-authored the first [[Transmission Control Program]] specification, with Vint Cerf and Carl Sunshine between 1973 and 1974.<ref name="Smithsonian-1990a" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhatt |first1=Kamla |title=Interview with Yogen Dalal: Part 1 |url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/H0bPwYOYAwsYksZ8RAdtaJ/Interview-with-Yogen-Dalal-Part-1.html |access-date=5 September 2019 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=10 November 2008}}</ref> It was published as {{IETF RFC|675}} (''Specification of Internet Transmission Control Program'') in December 1974.<ref>[[Vint Cerf|Cerf, Vinton]]; [[Yogen Dalal|Dalal, Yogen]]; Sunshine, Carl (December 1974), {{IETF RFC|675}}, ''Specification of Internet Transmission Control Protocol''</ref> It first used the term ''internet'' as a shorthand for ''internetworking'', and later [[Request for Comments|RFCs]] repeated this use.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Barry M. |last1=Leiner |first2=Vinton G. |last2=Cerf |author-link2=Vinton G. Cerf |first3=David D. |last3=Clark |author-link3=David D. Clark |first4=Robert E. |last4=Kahn |author-link4=Robert E. Kahn |first5=Leonard |last5=Kleinrock |author-link5=Leonard Kleinrock |first6=Daniel C. |last6=Lynch |first7=Jon |last7=Postel |author-link7=Jon Postel |first8=Larry G. |last8=Roberts |author-link8=Lawrence Roberts (scientist) |first9=Stephen |last9=Wolff |author-link9=Stephen Wolff |title=A Brief History of Internet |website=Internet Society |year=2003 |url=http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/brief.shtml |access-date=28 May 2009 |bibcode=1999cs........1011L |page=1011 |arxiv=cs/9901011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070604153304/http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/brief.shtml |archive-date=4 June 2007 }}</ref> Between 1976 and 1977 Dalal, Bob Metcalfe and others proposed splitting Transmission Control Program into [[Transmission Control Protocol]] and [[Internet Protocol]], leading to the development of TCP/IP.<ref name="Panzaris" /><ref name="Pelkey-Dalal" />

After receiving a [[B.Tech]] in [[Electrical Engineering]] at the [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay]],<ref name="Dalal"/> he went to the United States to study for a [[master's degree]] at [[Stanford University]] in 1972 and then a [[PhD]] in 1973.<ref name="interview">{{cite book |last1=Pelkey |first1=James L. |title=Interview of Yogen Dalal |url=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2018/02/102738752-05-01-acc.pdf |date=2 August 1988 |access-date=2 November 2023}}</ref> His interest in [[data communication]] as a [[graduate student]] led him to working with new professor Vint Cerf as a teaching assistant in 1973, and then as a research assistant while studying for his PhD. In Summer 1973, while Cerf and Bob Kahn were attempting to formulate an internetworking protocol, Dalal joined their research team to assist them on developing what eventually became Transmission Control Program.<ref name="interview"/> After co-authoring the first internet protocol with Cerf and Sunshine in 1974, Dalal received his PhD in Electrical Engineering and [[Computer Science]],<ref name="Dalal"/> in 1977 while remaining active in the development of TCP/IP at Stanford.<ref name="interview"/>

Due to his experience in [[communication protocol]]s, several key research centers were greatly interested in recruiting him, but in early 1977, Dalal joined [[Robert Metcalfe]]'s team at [[PARC (company)|Xerox PARC]], where he contributed the development of the Xerox Network Systems (XNS).<ref name="interview"/> and the [[Xerox Star]].<ref name="Dalal" /> He also worked on the 10{{nbsp}}[[Mbps]] Ethernet Specification along with [[Digital Equipment Corporation|DEC]] and [[Intel]], leading to the [[IEEE 802.3]] [[LAN]] standard.<ref name="Pelkey-Dalal"/>

He later left Xerox, and became a founding member of the startup [[tech companies]] [[Metaphor Computer Systems]] and [[Claris]] in the 1980s. He later became a managing partner of [[Mayfield Fund|Mayfield]], and joined the [[Board of Directors]] at several tech companies including [[TIBCO Software|Tibco]] and [[Nuance Communications|Nuance]].<ref name="Dalal"/> In 2005, he was recognized by Stanford as one of the pioneers of the Internet.<ref>{{cite news |title=Yogen Dalal's Contribution to Internet Protocol Recognized by Stanford University School of Engineering; Dalal Named on Plaque, Kapoor Moderates Digital Media Discussion at Stanford Conference on Net's Future |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20050725005014/en/Yogen-Dalals-Contribution-Internet-Protocol-Recognized-Stanford |access-date=30 August 2019 |work=[[Business Wire]] |date=25 July 2005}}</ref>

== Carl Sunshine ==
'''Carl Sunshine''' completed his PhD under Vint Cerf at the Digital Systems Laboratory, Stanford University. He worked on the first full TCP specification in December 1974 with Cerf and Yogen Dalal.<ref name="IEN 151"/><ref name="Smithsonian-1990a" /> He later worked for [[RAND]] and [[The Aerospace Corporation]]. Sunshine published a notable paper on internetworking in 1977,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sunshine |first=Carl A |date=1977 |title=Interconnection of computer networks |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/0376-5075(77)90003-4 |journal=Computer Networks |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=175–195 |doi=10.1016/0376-5075(77)90003-4 |issn=0376-5075|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Davies-1979b">{{Cite book |last=Davies |first=Donald Watts |url=https://archive.org/details/computernetworks00davi |title=Computer networks and their protocols |date=1979 |publisher=Chichester, [Eng.]; New York : Wiley |others=Internet Archive |isbn=9780471997504 |pages=109 |quote=The problems of routing in interconnected networks have received limited attention in the literature; notable papers are those by Cerf and Kahn and, more recently, Sunshine.}}</ref> among many papers on networking.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carl A. Sunshine's research |url=https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Carl-A-Sunshine-70427384 |website=ResearchGate}}</ref> During the 1980s, he chaired the [[International Network Working Group]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sunshine |first=Carl |date=January 1987 |title=IFIP WG 6.1 Newsletter 87/1 |url=https://umedia.lib.umn.edu/item/p16022coll270:14706 |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=umedia.lib.umn.edu}}</ref> and edited two books on communication protocols.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Communication Protocol Modeling |date=1981 |publisher=Artech House |isbn=978-0-89006-097-1 |editor-last=Sunshine |editor-first=C. A. |series=The Artech House telecommunications library |location=Dedham, Mass}}</ref><ref name="Plenum Press-1989">{{Cite book |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/473323916/Sunshine-C-A-1989-A-Brief-History-of-Computer-Networking |title=Computer network architectures and protocols |date=1989 |publisher=Plenum Press |isbn=978-0-306-43189-0 |editor-last=Sunshine |editor-first=Carl A. |edition=2nd |series=Applications of communications theory |location=New York |pages=3–6 |chapter=A Brief History of Computer Networking}}</ref>

== Peter Kirstein ==
{{main|Peter T. Kirstein}}

'''Peter T. Kirstein''' (1933–2020) was a British [[computer scientist]] and a leader in the international development of the Internet.<ref>[http://www.isoc.org/isoc/media/releases/030716pr.shtml "Peter T. Kirsten recognized with the Internet Society's Postel Award"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050906215856/http://www.isoc.org/isoc/media/releases/030716pr.shtml|date=6 September 2005}}, 16 July 2003, Press Release, Internet Society</ref> In 1973, he established one of the first two international nodes of the ARPANET.<ref>[http://www.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/P.Kirstein/internationalactivity.html "Peter Kirstein's International Activities"], [[University College London]] web page</ref> In 1978 he co-authored "Issues in packet-network interconnection" with Vint Cerf, one of the early technical papers on the internet concept.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cerf |first1=V.G. |year=1978 |title=Issues in packet-network interconnection |journal=Proceedings of the IEEE |volume=66 |issue=11 |pages=1386–1408 |doi=10.1109/PROC.1978.11147 |bibcode=1978IEEEP..66.1386C |s2cid=27658511}}</ref> His research group at [[University College London]] adopted TCP/IP in 1982, ahead of ARPANET, and played a significant role in the very earliest experimental Internet work.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Martin |first1=Olivier |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eTRYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT17 |title=The "Hidden" Prehistory of European Research Networking |date=2012 |publisher=Trafford Publishing |isbn=978-1466938724}}</ref><ref name="Kirstein-1999">{{Cite journal |last=Kirstein |first=P.T. |date=1999 |title=Early experiences with the Arpanet and Internet in the United Kingdom |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4773/f19792f9fce8eacba72e5f8c2a021414e52d.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=IEEE Annals of the History of Computing |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=38–44 |doi=10.1109/85.759368 |bibcode=1999IAHC...21a..38K |issn=1934-1547 |s2cid=1558618 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207092443/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4773/f19792f9fce8eacba72e5f8c2a021414e52d.pdf |archive-date=2020-02-07 |quote=[In] 1975 ... there were already some 40 British academic research groups using the link.}}</ref> Starting in 1983 he chaired the International Collaboration Board, which involved six NATO countries, served on the Networking Panel of the NATO Science Committee (serving as chair in 2001), and on Advisory Committees for the Australian Research Council, the Canadian Department of Communications, the German GMD, and the Indian Education and Research Network (ERNET) Project. He led the Silk Project, which provides satellite-based Internet access to the [[Newly Independent States]] in the [[Southern Caucasus]] and [[Central Asia]]. In 2012, Kirstein was inducted into the [[Internet Hall of Fame]] by the [[Internet Society]].<ref name="IHOF-2012" />

== Adrian Stokes ==
{{Main|Adrian V. Stokes}}

'''Adrian Stokes''' (1945–2020) was a researcher at UCL's [[Institute of Computer Science]] working for Peter Kirstein in 1973. He worked on the first implementation of email in the United Kingdom in 1974 as well as the early monitoring software for the interconnection of the ARPANET with [[Internet in the United Kingdom#Early years|British academic networks]], the first international heterogenous computer network.<ref name="Kirstein-1999" /><ref name="Implementation of email in the UK">{{cite web |last1=Tribunals |first1=Council |title=Implementation of email in the UK |url=http://www.council-on-tribunals.gov.uk/adjust/item/profile_stokes.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100910235604/http://www.council-on-tribunals.gov.uk/adjust/item/profile_stokes.htm |archive-date=2010-09-10}}</ref><ref name="abbate" />

He contributed to a number of books on communication protocols and computer networking from the late 1970s to the early 1990s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Books by Adrian V. Stokes |url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Books-Adrian-V-Stokes/s?rh=n%3A266239%2Cp_27%3AAdrian+V+Stokes |website=Amazon}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Integrated office systems |date=1982 |publisher=Pergamon Infotech Ltd |isbn=978-0-08-028568-9 |editor-last=Stokes |editor-first=A. V. |series=State of the Art Report |location=Maidenhead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Communications standards |publisher=Pergamon Infotech |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-08-034092-0 |editor-last=Stokes |editor-first=A. V. |series=State of the art report |location=Oxford; New York}}</ref>

== Danny Cohen ==
{{Main|Danny Cohen (computer scientist)}}

'''Danny Cohen''' (1937–2019) led several projects on real-time interactive applications over the [[ARPANet]] and the [[Internet]] starting in 1973.<ref>[http://www.internethalloffame.org/inductees/danny-cohen "Danny Cohen biography"], Internet Hall of Fame, Internet Society, accessed 14 July 2012</ref> After serving on the computer science faculty at [[Harvard University]] (1969–1973) and [[Caltech]] (1976), he joined the [[Information Sciences Institute]] (ISI) at [[University of Southern California]] (USC). At ISI (1973–1993) he started many network related projects including, one to allow interactive, real-time speech over the ARPANet, packet-voice, packet-video, and Internet Concepts.<ref>"RFC 0741: Specifications for the Network Voice Protocol (NVP)", 22 Nov 1977.</ref> He was acknowledged in the specification of TCP version 3 in January 1978.<ref name="IEN 54" />

In 1981 he adapted his visual flight simulator to run over the [[ARPANet]], the first application of packet switching networks to real-time applications. In 1993, he worked on [[Distributed Interactive Simulation]] through several projects funded by [[United States Department of Defense]]. He is probably best known for his 1980 paper "On Holy Wars and a Plea for Peace"<ref name="HOLY">{{cite IETF
| title = On Holy Wars and a Plea for Peace
| ien = 137
| last1 = Cohen
| first1 = Danny
| date = 1 April 1980
| quote = ...which bit should travel first, the bit from the little end of the word, or the bit from the big end of the word? The followers of the former approach are called the Little-Endians, and the followers of the latter are called the Big-Endians.
| publisher = [[IETF]]
}} Also published at ''[[IEEE Computer]]'', [https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1667115/;jsessionid=51A9BC63F26AFFB886B67E122F60D011?arnumber=1667115 October 1981 issue].</ref> which adopted the terminology of [[endianness]] for computing.

Cohen was elected to the [[National Academy of Engineering]] in 2006 for contributions to the advanced design, graphics, and real-time network protocols of computer systems<ref name="NAE">[http://www.nae.edu/nae/naepub.nsf/Members+By+UNID/4424CB034570705786257552006B36FC?opendocument National Academy of Engineering member] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528040346/http://www.nae.edu/nae/naepub.nsf/Members+By+UNID/4424CB034570705786257552006B36FC?opendocument |date=28 May 2010 }}, 2006</ref> and as an [[IEEE Fellow]] in 2010 for contributions to protocols for packet switching in real-time applications.<ref name="IEEE">[http://www.ieee.org/membership_services/membership/fellows/chronology/fellows_2010.html IEEE Fellow] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516075924/http://www.ieee.org/membership_services/membership/fellows/chronology/fellows_2010.html |date=16 May 2013 }}, 2010</ref> In 1993 he received a [[United States Air Force]] [[Meritorious Civilian Service Award]]. And in 2012, Cohen was inducted into the [[Internet Hall of Fame]] by the [[Internet Society]].<ref name="IHOF-2012" />

== Judith Estrin ==
{{Main|Judith Estrin}}

Judith Estrin worked with [[Vinton Cerf]] on the [[Transmission Control Protocol]] project at Stanford University in the 1970s.<ref name="Smithsonian-1990a" /><ref name="Karp Interview">{{cite web |title=Interview with Richard A. Karp |url=http://www.wiwiw.org/test/index.php/wiwiw/pioneers/richard_a_karp |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316081741/http://www.wiwiw.org/test/index.php/wiwiw/pioneers/richard_a_karp |archivedate=2012-03-16 |accessdate=2014-03-04 |website=wiwiw.org}}</ref> Her role within the research team was to help with the initial implementation tests of [[Transmission Control Protocol|TCP]] with University College London.<ref name="Newnham-2016">{{cite book |url=https://www.apress.com/la/book/9781484223635 |title=Female Innovators at Work - Women on Top of Tech {{!}} Danielle Newnham {{!}} Apress |work=SpringerLink |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gwiazda |first=Suzanne Butler |title=Vinton G. Cerf : An Oral History |url=https://exhibits.stanford.edu/oral-history/catalog/pj259nj7501 |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=Stanford Oral History Collections - Spotlight at Stanford |page=98 |language=en}}</ref>

== David Clark ==
{| cellpadding="1" style="width: 220px; float: right; clear: right; border: 1px solid #8888aa; background: #f7f8ff; padding: 5px; margin: 0 0 15px 15px; text-align: left;"
|'''We reject: kings, presidents and voting. We believe in: rough consensus and running code.''     -Dave Clark at IETF 24''''' <ref name="ClarkQuote">{{cite web |date=16 July 1992 |title=A Cloudy Crystal Ball -- Visions of the Future |url=http://ietf.org/proceedings/prior29/IETF24.pdf |access-date=5 March 2011 |page=551 |format=[[w:Portable Document Format|PDF]]}} (Presentation given at the 24th [[Internet Engineering Task Force]].)</ref>
|}
{{main|David D. Clark}}

'''David D. Clark''' (born 1944) is an American [[computer scientist]].<ref>[http://www.csail.mit.edu/user/1526 David Clark's Biography], MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory</ref> He was acknowledged in the specification of TCP version 4 in September 1978.<ref name="IEN 55" />

During the period of tremendous growth and expansion of the Internet from 1981 to 1989, he acted as chief protocol architect in the development of the Internet, and chaired the Internet Activities Board, which later became the [[Internet Architecture Board]]. He is currently a senior research scientist at the [[MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory]].

In 1990 Clark was awarded the ACM [[SIGCOMM Award]] "in recognition of his major contributions to Internet protocol and architecture."<ref>[http://www.sigcomm.org/awards/sigcomm-awards "SIGCOMM Award Recipients"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212183658/https://www.sigcomm.org/awards/sigcomm-awards |date=12 February 2019 }}, ACM, retrieved 5 March 2013</ref> In 1998 he received the [[IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal]] "for leadership and major contributions to the architecture of the Internet as a universal information medium".<ref>{{cite web |title=IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal Recipients |url=http://www.ieee.org/documents/hamming_rl.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620000223/http://ieee.org/documents/hamming_rl.pdf |archive-date=20 June 2010 |access-date=29 May 2011 |publisher=[[IEEE]]}}</ref> In 2001 he was inducted as a Fellow of the [[Association for Computing Machinery]] for "his preeminent role in the development of computer communication and the Internet, including architecture, protocols, security, and telecommunications policy".<ref>[http://fellows.acm.org/fellow_citation.cfm?id=1239037&srt=all "ACM Fellow Citation for David D. Clark"], ACM, 2001, retrieved 5 March 2013</ref> In 2001, he was awarded the Telluride Tech Festival Award of Technology in Telluride, Colorado,<ref>[http://www.techfestival.org/past-honorees/ "Telluride Tech Festival Award of Technology: Past Honorees"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111017185018/http://www.techfestival.org/past-honorees/|date=17 October 2011}}, Telluride Technology Festival, 2001, retrieved 5 March 2013</ref> and in 2011 the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford "in recognition of his intellectual and institutional contributions to the advance of the Internet."<ref>[http://www.oii.ox.ac.uk/news/?id=564 "Computer Scientist David Clark Receives Lifetime Achievement Award from the Oxford Internet Institute"], Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, 22 July 2011</ref>

== J. Farber ==
[[File:Dave Farber, May 2008.JPG|right|thumb|upright|Farber in 2008]]
{{Main|David J. Farber}}

Starting in the 1980s '''Dave Farber''' (1934–2026) helped conceive and organize the major American research networks [[CSNET]], [[NSFNET]], and the [[National Research and Education Network]] (NREN). He helped create the NSF/DARPA-funded Gigabit Network Test bed Initiative and served as the chairman of the Gigabit Test bed Coordinating Committee. He also served as chief technologist at the US [[Federal Communications Commission]] (2000–2001) and is a founding editor of ICANNWatch.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |work=ICANNWatch |url=http://www.icannwatch.org/about_us.shtml |access-date=2 March 2014 |archive-date=8 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308003013/http://www.icannwatch.org/about_us.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Farber is an [[IEEE Fellow]], [[ACM Fellow]], recipient of the 1995 [[SIGCOMM Award]] for vision and breadth of contributions to and inspiration of others in computer networks, distributed computing, and network infrastructure development,<ref name=SIGCOMMlist0>{{cite web |url=http://www.sigcomm.org/awards/sigcomm-awards |publisher=[[SIGCOMM]] |work=sigcomm.org |title=SIGCOMM Award Recipients |access-date=8 April 2012 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212183658/https://www.sigcomm.org/awards/sigcomm-awards |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the 1996 [[John Scott Award]] for seminal contributions to the field of computer networks and distributed computer systems. He served on the board of directors of the [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]], the [[Electronic Privacy Information Center]] advisory board, the board of trustees of the [[Internet Society]], and as a member of the Presidential Advisory Committee on High Performance Computing and Communications, Information Technology and Next Generation Internet.

On 3 August 2013, Farber was inducted into the Pioneers Circle of the [[Internet Hall of Fame]] for his key role in many systems that converged into today's Internet.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.internethalloffame.org/inductees/dave-farber |title=Internet Hall of Fame Announces 2013 Inductees |date=26 June 2013 |publisher=[[Internet Hall of Fame]] |access-date=3 August 2013}}</ref>

==Paul Mockapetris==
{{main|Paul Mockapetris}}

'''Paul V. Mockapetris''' (born 1948), while working with [[Jon Postel]] at the [[Information Sciences Institute]] (ISI) in 1983, proposed the [[Domain Name System]] (DNS) architecture.<ref>RFC 882 - Domain Names - Concepts and Facilities, November 1983</ref><ref>RFC 883 - Domain Names - Implementation and Specification, November 1983</ref> He was [[IETF]] chair from 1994 to 1996.<ref>[http://www.nominum.com/who-we-are/board-of-directors/paul-mockapetris Biography of Paul Mockapetris] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830190817/http://www.nominum.com/who-we-are/board-of-directors/paul-mockapetris |date=30 August 2010 }}, Nominum web site</ref>

Mockapetris received the 1997 [[John C. Dvorak]] Telecommunications Excellence Award "Personal Achievement - Network Engineering" for DNS design and implementation, the 2003 [[IEEE Internet Award]] for his contributions to DNS, and the Distinguished Alumnus award from the [[University of California, Irvine]]. In May 2005, he received the ACM [[SIGCOMM Award|Sigcomm lifetime award]]. In 2012, Mockapetris was inducted into the [[Internet Hall of Fame]] by the [[Internet Society]].<ref name="IHOF-2012"/>

==Joyce K. Reynolds==
{{main|Joyce K. Reynolds}}

'''Joyce K. Reynolds''' (1952–2015) was an American [[computer scientist]] and served as part of the editorial team of the RFC series from 1987 to 2006. She performed the [[IANA]] function with [[Jon Postel]] until this was transferred to [[ICANN]], then worked with ICANN in this role until 2001, while remaining an employee of [[Information Sciences Institute|ISI]].<ref name="ih">{{cite web |title=Internet History Project biography, 2003 |url=http://www.postel.org/pipermail/internet-history/2003-October/000343.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165406/http://www.postel.org/pipermail/internet-history/2003-October/000343.html |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=26 July 2009}}</ref>

As Area Director of the User Services area, she was a member of the [[Internet Engineering Steering Group]] of the [[IETF]] from 1990 to March 1998.<ref>[http://www.ietf.org/iesg/past-members.html "Past IESG Members and IETF Chairs"], Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), retrieved 5 March 2013</ref>

Together with [[Bob Braden]], she received the 2006 [[Postel Award]] in recognition of her services to the Internet.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 November 2006 |title=Bob Braden and Joyce K. Reynolds recognized with the Internet Society's Postel Award |url=http://www.isoc.org/isoc/media/releases/061110pr.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213052355/http://www.isoc.org/isoc/media/releases/061110pr.shtml |archive-date=13 December 2011 |access-date=30 July 2008}}</ref> She is mentioned, along with a brief biography, in RFC 1336, ''Who's Who in the Internet'' (1992).{{Ref RFC|1336}} In 2025, Reynolds was inducted into the [[Internet Hall of Fame]] by the [[Internet Society]].

== Dave Crocker ==
{{main|Dave Crocker (engineer)}}

The younger brother of Steve was awarded the [[IEEE Internet Award]] in 2004, together with [[Ray Tomlinson]] for their work on network messaging – the invention of email. Dave started networking with [[Arpanet]] and is still active in development.

== Susan Estrada ==
{{main|Susan Estrada}}

'''Susan Estrada''' founded [[CERFnet]], one of the original regional IP networks, in 1988. Through her leadership and collaboration with [[PSINet]] and [[UUnet]], Estrada helped form the interconnection enabling the first commercial Internet traffic via the Commercial Internet Exchange.<ref name="inducted">{{cite news |title= INTERNET HALL of FAME PIONEER Susan Estrada |url=http://www.hpcwire.com/off-the-wire/susan-estrada-inducted-internet-hall-fame/ |date=8 April 2014}}</ref><ref name="internethalloffame">{{cite news |title=Susan Estrada Inducted into Internet Hall of Fame |url=http://internethalloffame.org/inductees/susan-estrada |website=internethalloffame.org }}</ref> She wrote ''Connecting to the Internet'' in 1993 and she was inducted to the Internet Hall of Fame in 2014. She is on the board of trustees of the [[Internet Society]].

==Dave Mills==
[[File:Ntp logo.jpeg|thumb|[[Network Time Protocol]] Public Services Project logo<ref>[http://support.ntp.org/ Network Time Protocol Public Services Project logo], NTPPSP web site</ref>]]
{{main|David L. Mills}}

'''David L. Mills''' (1938–2024) was an American [[computer engineering|computer engineer]].<ref>[http://www.eecis.udel.edu/~mills/bio.html "David L. Mills Biography and Credentials"], University of Delaware</ref> Mills earned his [[PhD]] in Computer and Communication Sciences from the [[University of Michigan]] in 1971. While at Michigan he worked on the [[DARPA|ARPA]] sponsored Conversational Use of Computers (CONCOMP) project and developed [[DEC PDP-8]] based hardware and software to allow terminals to be connected over phone lines to an [[IBM System/360]] [[mainframe computer]].<ref>[http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/6635 ''The Data Concentrator''], David Mills, May 1968, CONCOMP Project, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor</ref><ref>[http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/6642 ''System/360 interface engineering report''], D. L. Mills, November 1967, CONCOMP Project, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor</ref>

Mills was the chairman of the [[GADS Task Force|Gateway Algorithms and Data Structures Task Force]] (GADS) and the first chairman of the Internet Architecture Task Force.<ref name=Quarterman>{{cite book|title=Matrix: Computer Networks and Conferencing Systems Worldwide|first=John S.|last=Quarterman|edition=2|publisher=Digital Press|year=1990|url=https://archive.org/details/matrixcomputerne0000quar/page/185|isbn=1-55558-033-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/matrixcomputerne0000quar/page/185 185–186]}}</ref> He invented the [[Network Time Protocol]] (1981),<ref>[http://tools.ietf.org/pdf/rfc778 RFC 778: ''DCNET Internet Clock Service''], D.L. Mills, COMSAT Laboratories, 18 April 1981</ref><ref>[http://tools.ietf.org/pdf/rfc958 RFC 958: ''Network Time Protocol (NTP)''], D.L. Mills, M/A-COM Linkabit, September 1985</ref> the [[LSI-11|DEC LSI-11]] based [[fuzzball router]] that was used for the 56 kbit/s [[NSFNET]] (1985),<ref>[http://nsf.gov/about/history/nsf0050/internet/fuzzball.htm "Fuzzball: The Innovative Router"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520060410/http://nsf.gov/about/history/nsf0050/internet/fuzzball.htm |date=20 May 2011 }}, web page on NSF's [http://nsf.gov/about/history/nsf0050/internet/internet.htm "The Internet: Changing the Way We Communicate"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514043622/http://www.nsf.gov/about/history/nsf0050/internet/internet.htm |date=14 May 2011 }}</ref> the [[Exterior Gateway Protocol]] (1984),<ref>[http://tools.ietf.org/pdf/rfc904 RFC 904: ''Exterior Gateway Protocol Formal Specification''], D.L. Mills, April 1984</ref> and inspired the author of [[Ping (networking utility)|ping]] (1983).<ref>[https://ftp.arl.army.mil/~mike/ping.html "The Story of the PING Program"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514103713/http://ftp.arl.army.mil/~mike/ping.html |date=14 May 2011 }}, Mike Muuss</ref> He was an emeritus professor at the [[University of Delaware]] following his retirement in 2008 after 22 years of teaching for the university.<ref>[https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2024/01/inventor-of-ntp-protocol-that-keeps-time-on-billions-of-devices-dies-at-age-85/ "Inventor of NTP protocol that keeps time on billions of devices dies at age 85"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119204118/https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2024/01/inventor-of-ntp-protocol-that-keeps-time-on-billions-of-devices-dies-at-age-85/ |date=19 January 2024 }}</ref>

In 1999 he was inducted as a [[Fellow]] of the [[Association for Computing Machinery]], and in 2002, as a Fellow of the [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] (IEEE). In 2008, Mills was elected to the [[National Academy of Engineering]] (NAE). In 2013 he received the [[IEEE Internet Award]] "For significant leadership and sustained contributions in the research, development, standardization, and deployment of quality time synchronization capabilities for the Internet."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100407235918/http://www.ieee.org/about/awards/bios/internet_recipients.html#sect1 "IEEE Internet Award Recipients: 2013 - David Mills"], IEEE Web site, accessed 27 January 2013</ref>

==Radia Perlman==
[[File:Radia Perlman 2009.jpg |thumb|upright| Radia Perlman]]
{{main|Radia Perlman}}

'''Radia Joy Perlman''' (born 1951) is the software designer and network engineer who developed the [[Spanning Tree Protocol]] which is fundamental to the operation of [[network bridge]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mother of the Internet Radia Perlman speaks out|first=Bob|last=Brown|publisher=[[Network World]]|date=5 May 2006|url=http://www.networkworld.com/community/node/5738|access-date=22 January 2010|archive-date=2 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102231924/http://www.networkworld.com/community/node/5738|url-status=dead}}</ref> She also played an important role in the development of [[link-state routing protocols]] such as [[IS-IS]] (which had a significant influence on [[OSPF]]).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071208092956/http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/perlman.html "Inventor of the Week: Radia Perlman"], August 2007, Inventor Archive, Lemelson-MIT Program</ref> In 2010 she received the [[SIGCOMM Award|ACM SIGCOMM Award]] "for her fundamental contributions to the Internet routing and bridging protocols that we all use and take for granted every day."<ref>[http://www.sigcomm.org/awards/sigcomm-awards 2010 SIGCOMM Lifetime Achievement Award given to Radia Perlman] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212183658/https://www.sigcomm.org/awards/sigcomm-awards |date=12 February 2019 }}, "for her fundamental contributions to the Internet routing and bridging protocols that we all use and take for granted every day", ACM SIGCOMM award recipients web page</ref>

==Dennis M. Jennings==
{{main|Dennis Jennings (Internet pioneer)}}

'''Dennis M. Jennings''' is an Irish physicist, academic, Internet pioneer, and venture capitalist. In 1984, the [[National Science Foundation]] (NSF) began construction of several regional [[supercomputing]] centers to provide very high-speed computing resources for the US research community. In 1985 NSF hired Jennings to lead the establishment of the [[National Science Foundation Network]] (NSFNET) to link five of the super-computing centers to enable sharing of resources and information. Jennings made three critical decisions that shaped the subsequent development of NSFNET:<ref>[http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_nsfnet.htm "Internet > History > NSFNET -- National Science Foundation Network"], ''livinginternet.com: The World's First Web Published Book'', 2000, accessed 16 July 2012</ref>
* that it would be a general-purpose research network, not limited to connection of the supercomputers;
* it would act as the backbone for connection of regional networks at each supercomputing site; and
* it would use the [[ARPANET]]'s TCP/IP protocols.

Jennings was also actively involved in the start-up of research networks in Europe ([[European Academic Research Network]], EARN - President; [[EBONE]] - Board member) and Ireland ([[HEAnet]] - initial proposal and later board member). He chaired the Board and General Assembly of the [[Council of European National Top Level Domain Registries]] (CENTR) from 1999 to early 2001 and was actively involved in the start-up of the [[Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers]] (ICANN). He was a member of the ICANN Board from 2007 to 2010, serving as vice-chair in 2009–2010.<ref name=RealNetPioneer>[http://www.independent.ie/business/technology/irelandrsquos-real-net-pioneer-1115628.html "Ireland's real net pioneer"], ''Independent.ie'', 4 October 2007</ref> In April 2014 Jennings was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame.<ref>[http://www.internethalloffame.org/inductees/dennis-jennings "Dennis Jennings Internet Hall of Fame Pioneer"], Internet Hall of Fame, April 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2014.</ref>
{{clear}}

==Steve Wolff==
[[File:Nsfnet logo.jpg|thumb|[[NSFNET]] logo, c. 1987]]
{{main|Stephen Wolff}}

'''Stephen "Steve" Wolff''' participated in the development of [[ARPANET]] while working for the U.S. Army.<ref name=Wolff1>[http://newsroom.cisco.com/dlls/ts_073002.html "Stephen Wolff–Hustling for Innovation"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120225414/http://newsroom.cisco.com/dlls/ts_073002.html |date=20 January 2011 }}, Charles Waltner, ''News@Cisco'', 30 July 2002</ref> In 1986 he became Division Director for Networking and Communications Research and Infrastructure at the [[National Science Foundation]] (NSF) where he managed the development of [[NSFNET]].<ref>[http://www.apress.com/book/view/9781430208693 ''On the Way to the Web: The Secret History of the Internet and Its Founders''], Michael A. Banks, Apress, New York, 2008, {{ISBN|978-1-4302-0869-3}}</ref> He also conceived the Gigabit Testbed, a joint NSF-[[DARPA]] project to prove the feasibility of IP networking at [[Gigabit per second#Gigabit per second|gigabit speeds]].<ref>[http://www.cnri.reston.va.us/gigafr/ "The Gigabit Testbed Initiative–Final Report"], Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI), December 1996</ref> His work at NSF transformed the fledgling internet from a narrowly focused U.S. government project into the modern [[Internet]] with scholarly and commercial interest for the entire world.<ref>[http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/brief.shtml "A Brief History of the Internet"], Barry M. Leiner, et al., Internet Society, December 2003</ref> In 1994 he left NSF to join [[Cisco]] as a technical manager in Corporate Consulting Engineering.<ref name=Wolff1/> In 2011 he became the CTO at [[Internet2]].<ref>[http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20110401/FREE/110409996# "Internet2's new chief technology officer helped create Internet No. 1"], Tom Henderson, ''Crain's Detroit Business'', 1 April 2011</ref>

In 2002 the [[Internet Society]] recognized Wolff with its [[Postel Award]]. When presenting the award, Internet Society (ISOC) President and CEO Lynn St. Amour said "…Steve helped transform the Internet from an activity that served the specific goals of the research community to a worldwide enterprise which has energized scholarship and commerce throughout the world."<ref name=PostelAward-2002>[http://www.internetsociety.org/stephen-wolff-receives-internet-societys-postel-service-award-2002 "Stephen Wolff Receives the Internet Society's Postel Service Award for 2002"], Internet Society, 24 June 2002</ref> The Internet Society also recognized Wolff in 1994 for his courage and leadership in advancing the Internet.<ref name=PostelAward-2002/>

==Sally Floyd==
{{main|Sally Floyd}}

'''Sally Floyd''' (1950–2019) was an American engineer recognized for her extensive contributions to Internet architecture and her work in identifying practical ways to control and stabilize [[network congestion|Internet congestion]].<ref name="icsi2007">[http://www.icsi.berkeley.edu/icsi/gazette/2007/09/sally-floyd-sigcomm-award "Sally Floyd Wins 2007 SIGCOMM Award"], ICSI, Sept. 2007 (last visited 7 October 2012).</ref> She invented the [[random early detection]] active queue management scheme, which has been implemented in nearly all commercially available [[Router (computing)|routers]], and devised the now-common method of adding [[delay jitter]] to message timers to avoid synchronization collisions.<ref name="ieeeghn">IEEE, [http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Sally_Floyd "Sally Floyd"], IEEE Global History Network (last visited 7 October 2012).</ref> Floyd, with [[Vern Paxson]], in 1997 identified the lack of knowledge of [[network topology]] as the major obstacle in understanding how the Internet works.<ref>Albert-laszlo Barabasi and Jennifer Frangos, ''Linked: The New Science of Networks'' (Basic Books, 2002), p.150.</ref> This paper, "Why We Don't Know How to Simulate the Internet", was re-published as "Difficulties in Simulating the Internet" in 2001 and won the IEEE Communication Society's William R. Bennett Prize Paper Award.

Floyd was also a co-author on the standard for TCP [[Selective acknowledgement]] (SACK), [[Explicit Congestion Notification]] (ECN), the [[Datagram Congestion Control Protocol]] (DCCP) and [[TCP Friendly Rate Control]] (TFRC).

She received the [[IEEE Internet Award]] in 2005 and the ACM [[SIGCOMM Award]] in 2007 for her contributions to congestion control.<ref name="icsi2007" /> She has been involved in the [[Internet Advisory Board]], and, as of 2007, was one of the top-ten most cited researchers in computer science.<ref name="icsi2007" />
{{clear}}

==Van Jacobson==
[[File:Van Jacobson1.jpg |thumb|upright|Van Jacobson in January 2006]]
{{main|Van Jacobson}}

'''Van Jacobson''' is an American [[computer scientist]], best known for his work on TCP/IP network performance and scaling.<ref name="SIGCOM-2001"/> His work redesigning TCP/IP's flow control algorithms ([[TCP congestion avoidance algorithm|Jacobson's algorithm]])<ref>[http://ee.lbl.gov/papers/congavoid.pdf "Congestion avoidance and control"], Van Jacobson, ''Proceedings of SIGCOMM '88'', Stanford, CA, Aug. 1988, ACM</ref><ref>[http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=205447.205462 "Congestion avoidance and control"], Van Jacobson, ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review - Special twenty-fifth anniversary issue, Highlights from 25 years of the Computer Communication Review, Volume 25 Issue 1, Jan. 1995, pp.157-187</ref> to better handle congestion is said to have saved the Internet from collapsing in the late 1980s and early 1990s.<ref name="IEEE-2002"/> He is also known for the TCP/IP Header Compression protocol described in RFC 1144: ''Compressing TCP/IP Headers for Low-Speed Serial Links'', popularly known as [[Van Jacobson TCP/IP Header Compression]]. He is co-author of several widely used network diagnostic tools, including [[traceroute]], [[tcpdump]], and pathchar. He was a leader in the development of the [[multicast backbone]] (MBone) and the multimedia tools vic,<ref>[http://ee.lbl.gov/vic/ "vic - Video Conferencing Tool"], web page at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</ref> vat,<ref>[http://ee.lbl.gov/vat/ "vat - LBL Audio Conferencing Tool"], web page at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</ref> and wb.<ref>[http://ee.lbl.gov/wb/ "wb - LBNL Whiteboard Tool"], web page at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</ref>

For his work, Jacobson received the 2001 [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] [[SIGCOMM Award|SIGCOMM Award for Lifetime Achievement]],<ref name=SIGCOM-2001>[http://www.sigcomm.org/awards/sigcomm-awards 2001 SIGCOMM Award for Lifetime Achievement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212183658/https://www.sigcomm.org/awards/sigcomm-awards |date=12 February 2019 }} to Van Jacobson "for contributions to protocol architecture and congestion control."</ref> the 2003 [[IEEE]] [[Koji Kobayashi Computers and Communications Award]],<ref name=IEEE-2002>[https://archive.today/20130616091347/http://www.ieee.org/about/awards/bios/kobayashi_recipients.html#sect10 "Van Jacobson: 2002 IEEE Koji Kobayashi Computers and Communications Award Recipient"], IEEE web site</ref> and was elected to the [[National Academy of Engineering]] in 2006.<ref>[http://www.nae.edu/MembersSection/Directory20412/30818.aspx "Mr. Van Jacobson"], Members Directory, National Academy of Engineering</ref> In 2012, Jacobson was inducted into the [[Internet Hall of Fame]] by the [[Internet Society]].<ref name="IHOF-2012"/>
{{clear}}

==Tim Berners-Lee==
[[File:WWW logo by Robert Cailliau.svg|thumb|220px|The Web's historic logo designed by [[Robert Cailliau]]]]
{{main|Tim Berners-Lee}}

'''Timothy John "Tim" Berners-Lee''' (born 1955) is a British [[physicist]] and [[computer scientist]].<ref name="W3Bio">{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/Longer.html|title=Berners-Lee Longer Biography|publisher=World Wide Web Consortium|access-date=18 January 2011}}</ref> In 1980, while working at [[CERN]], he proposed a project using [[hypertext]] to facilitate sharing and updating information among researchers.<ref>{{cite web|title=Berners-Lee's original proposal to CERN|publisher=World Wide Web Consortium|date=March 1989|url=http://www.w3.org/History/1989/proposal.html|access-date=25 May 2008}}</ref> While there, he built a prototype system named [[ENQUIRE]].<ref name="linvinginternet">{{cite web|last=Stewart|first=Bill|title=Tim Berners-Lee, Robert Cailliau, and the World Wide Web|url=http://www.livinginternet.com/w/wi_lee.htm|access-date=22 July 2010}}</ref> Back at CERN in 1989 he conceived of and, in 1990, together with [[Robert Cailliau]], created the first client and server implementations for what became the [[World Wide Web]]. Berners-Lee is the director of the [[World Wide Web Consortium]] (W3C), a standards organization which oversees and encourages the Web's continued development, co-director of the [[Web Science Trust]], and founder of the [[World Wide Web Foundation]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Tim Berners-Lee receives Draper Prize|date=5 January 2007 |url=http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2007/draper-prize.html|publisher=MIT News, [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]|access-date= 25 May 2008}}</ref>

In 1994, Berners-Lee became one of only six members of the [[World Wide Web Hall of Fame]].<ref name="The World-Wide Web Hall of Fame">{{cite web|title=The World-Wide Web Hall of Fame|url=http://botw.org/1994/awards/fame.html |publisher=[[Best of the Web Directory]]}}</ref> In 2004, Berners-Lee was [[Order of the British Empire|knighted]] by Queen [[Elizabeth II]] for his pioneering work.<ref name=tecb>{{cite news
| title =Web's inventor gets a knighthood
|publisher=BBC
|date=31 December 2003
| url =https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/3357073.stm
| access-date=25 May 2008 }}</ref> In April 2009, he was elected a foreign associate of the [[United States National Academy of Sciences]], based in Washington, D.C.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Timothy Berners-Lee Elected to National Academy of Sciences|url=http://www.ddj.com/217200450|magazine=[[Dr. Dobb's Journal]]|access-date=9 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|access-date=17 January 2011|date=28 April 2009|title=72 New Members Chosen By Academy|publisher=United States National Academy of Sciences|url=http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=04282009}}</ref> In 2012, Berners-Lee was inducted into the [[Internet Hall of Fame]] by the [[Internet Society]].<ref name="IHOF-2012"/>
{{clear}}

==Robert Cailliau==
[[File:Robert Cailliau On Desk.jpg |thumb|upright|Robert Cailliau, 1995]]
{{main|Robert Cailliau}}

'''Robert Cailliau''' ({{IPA|fr|kaˈjo|lang}}, born 1947), is a [[Belgians|Belgian]] [[Informatics (academic field)|informatics engineer]] and [[computer scientist]] who, working with [[Tim Berners-Lee]] and [[Nicola Pellow]] at [[CERN]], [[Software developer|developed]] the [[World Wide Web]].<ref name="Berners-Lee">{{cite web |last=Berners-Lee |first=Tim |date=3 November 1992 |title=Macintosh Browser |url=http://www.w3.org/History/19921103-hypertext/hypertext/WWW/Macintosh/Status.html |access-date=2 June 2010 |publisher=[[World Wide Web Consortium]]}}</ref> In 2012 he was inducted into the [[Internet Hall of Fame]] by the [[Internet Society]].<ref name="IHOF-2012"/>
{{clear}}

==Simon S. Lam==
[[File:Simon_S_Lam_2009.jpg |thumb|upright|Simon S. Lam in June 2009]]
{{main|Simon S. Lam}}

'''Simon S. Lam''' (born 1947) is an American computer scientist. He was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame (2023) by the [[Internet Society]] for “inventing secure sockets in 1991 and implementing the first secure sockets layer, named SNP, in 1993.”<ref>[https://www.internethalloffame.org/inductee/simon-s-lam ''Simon S. Lam, 2023 Internet Hall of Fame inductee'']</ref>

In 1990, while a professor at [[University of Texas at Austin]], he was inspired after writing a paper on formal semantics of upper and lower interfaces of a protocol layer <ref>"{{cite book |last1=Lam |first1=Simon |last2=Shankar |first2=Udaya|last3=Woo |first3=Thomas |chapter=Applying a theory of modules and interfaces to security verification |title= Proceedings. 1991 IEEE Computer Society Symposium on Research in Security and Privacy |date=May 1991 |chapter-url=https://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/lam/Vita/IEEE/LSW91.pdf | pages=136–154|doi=10.1109/RISP.1991.130782 |isbn=0-8186-2168-0 |s2cid=18581606 | access-date=1 October 2023}}</ref> and he conceived the idea of a new security sublayer in the Internet protocol stack. The new sublayer, at the bottom of the Application layer, would make use of transport layer sockets for data transfer and offer corresponding secure sockets to application processes. This way, application programmers do not need to know much about implementation details for security. Also, the upper interface of the sublayer would enable implementation changes in the future.

Lam's idea of a sublayer which offers a “secure sockets interface” to applications was novel and a radical departure from contemporary security research for Internet applications (e.g., MIT's Kerberos, 1988–1992). Lam wrote a proposal to the [[NSA]] University Research Program, which was funded for two years.<ref>Simon S. Lam (PI/PD), "Applying a Theory of Modules and Interfaces to Security Verification", NSA INFOSEC University Research Program grant no. MDA 904-91-C-7046, 6/28/91 to 6/27/93.</ref> By early 1993, Lam, with the help of 3 graduate students (Woo, Bindignavle, and Su), designed and implemented the first secure sockets layer, named [[Secure Network Programming]] (SNP).

They demonstrated SNP to their NSA program manager when he visited UT-Austin in June 1993. They also published and presented SNP in the [[USENIX]] Summer Technical Conference on June 8, 1994, including its architecture, system design, and performance evaluation results to demonstrate its efficiency and practicality <ref name="SNP-USENIX">{{cite journal |last1=Woo |first1=Thomas |last2=Bindignavle |first2=Raghuram |last3=Su |first3=Shaowen |last4=Lam |first4=Simon |title=SNP: An Interface for Secure Network Programming |journal=Proceedings USENIX Summer Technical Conference |date=June 1994 |url=http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/lam/Vita/Cpapers/WBSL94.pdf |accessdate=1 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usenix.org/legacy/publications/library/proceedings/bos94/ |title=1994 USENIX Summer Technical Conference Program, Boston, 6-10 June 1994}}</ref>

SNP was created for Internet applications in general, concurrently and independently of the invention and development of [[WWW]], which had only dozens of servers worldwide in early 1993. Subsequent secure sockets layers, SSL and [[Transport Layer Security|TLS]], developed years later, follow the same architecture and key ideas of SNP. Today's [[Transport Layer Security|TLS]] 1.3 is used for all [[e-commerce]] applications (banking, shopping, etc.), for email, and many other Internet applications.

Lam and his students won the 2004 [[ACM Software System Award]] for SNP. He received the 2004 ACM [[SIGCOMM Award]] for lifetime contribution to the field of communication networks. He was inducted into the [[National Academy of Engineering]] in 2007.
{{clear}}

==Marc Andreessen==
[[File:Marc Andreessen-9 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Marc Andreessen, 2013]]
{{main|Marc Andreessen}}

'''Marc L. Andreessen''' (born 1971) is an American [[software engineer]], [[entrepreneur]], and [[investor]]. Working with [[Eric Bina]] while at [[National Center for Supercomputing Applications|NCSA]], he co-authored [[Mosaic (web browser)|Mosaic]], the first widely used [[web browser]]. He is also co-founder of [[Netscape Communications Corporation]].<ref name="co-founder">{{cite web|url=http://www.alleyinsider.com/2008/6/marc-andreessen-joins-facebook-board |title=Marc Andreessen Joins Facebook Board |publisher=Alleyinsider.com |first=Dan |last=Frommer |access-date=5 October 2008}}</ref>

==Eric Bina==
{{main|Eric Bina}}

'''Eric J. Bina''' (born 1964) is an American [[computer programmer]]. In 1993, together with [[Marc Andreessen]], he authored the first version of [[Mosaic (web browser)|Mosaic]] while working at [[National Center for Supercomputing Applications|NCSA]] at the [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]].<ref name="The World-Wide Web Hall of Fame"/> Mosaic is famed as the first [[killer application]] that popularized the Internet. He is also a co-founder of [[Netscape Communications Corporation]].<ref>[http://www.ncsa.illinois.edu/Projects/mosaic.html "About NCSA Mosaic"] {{webarchive|url=http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20160605115205/http://www.ncsa.illinois.edu/Projects/mosaic.html |date=5 June 2016}}, NCSA web site, University of Illinois</ref>

== Noel Chiappa ==
{{Main|Noel Chiappa}}

== Stephen Kent ==
{{Main|Stephen Kent (network security)}}

== David Reed ==
{{Main|David P. Reed}}

== Yngvar Lundh ==
{{Main|Yngvar G. Lundh}}

== Pål Spilling ==
{{Main|Pål Spilling}}

== Bob Braden ==
{{Main|Bob Braden}}

== Scott Shenker ==
{{Main|Scott Shenker}}

'''Scott Shenker''' received the IEEE Internet Award in 2006 for contributions to the study of [[Shared resource|resource sharing]].

== Lixia Zhang ==
{{Main|Lixia Zhang}}

'''Lixia Zhang''' received the IEEE Internet Award in 2009 for [[Internet topology|Internet architecture and modeling]].

== Stephen Deering ==
{{Main|Steve Deering}}

'''Stephen Deering''' received the IEEE Internet Award in 2010 for [[IP multicast]]ing and [[IPv6]].

== Jun Murai ==
{{Main|Jun Murai}}

'''Jun Murai''' is a professor at [[Keio University]]. He is the founder of [[JUNET]] and the [[WIDE Project]]. Murai received the IEEE Internet Award in 2011 for leadership in the development of the global Internet, especially in Asia. He was inducated into the [[Internet Hall of Fame]] in 2013, recognizing his administrative and co-ordination efforts in establishing Internet connectivity in Japan, and serving as President of Japan Network Information Center.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jun Murai | Internet Hall of Fame |url=http://www.internethalloffame.org/inductees/jun-murai}}</ref>

== Mark Handley ==
{{Main|Mark Handley (computer scientist)}}

'''Mark Handley''' is Professor of Networked Systems in the Department of Computer Science of [[University College London]], where he leads the Networks Research Group. He received the IEEE Internet Award in 2012 for exceptional contributions to the advancement of Internet technology for network architecture, mobility, and/or end-use applications.

== Jon Crowcroft ==
{{Main|Jon Crowcroft}}

'''Jon Crowcroft''' is the [[Marconi]] Professor of Communications Systems in the [[Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge]]. He received the IEEE Internet Award in 2014 for contributions to research in and teaching of Internet protocols, including multicast, transport, quality of service, security, mobility, and opportunistic networking.

== KC Claffy ==
{{Main|KC Claffy}}

'''KC Claffy''' s director of the Center for Applied Internet Data Analysis at the [[University of California, San Diego]]. She received the IEEE Internet Award in 2015 for seminal contributions to the field of Internet measurement, including security and network data analysis, and for distinguished leadership in and service to the Internet community by providing open-access data and tools. In 2017 she was awarded the [[Jonathan B. Postel Service Award]] and inducted into the [[Internet Hall of Fame]] in 2019.

== Vern Paxson ==
{{Main|Vern Paxson}}

'''Vern Paxson''' is a professor of [[computer science]] at the [[University of California, Berkeley]]. He is an active member of the [[Internet Engineering Task Force]] (IETF) community and served as the chair of the [[Internet Research Task Force|IRTF]] from 2001 until 2005. From 1998 to 1999 he served on the [[IESG]] as Transport Area Director for the IETF.

In 2006 Paxson was inducted as a [[List of Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery|Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery]] (ACM). The [[SIGCOMM|ACM's Special Interest Group on Data Communications]] (SIGCOMM) gave Paxson its 2011 award, "for his seminal contributions to the fields of Internet measurement and Internet security, and for distinguished leadership and service to the Internet community." The annual [[SIGCOMM Award]] recognizes lifetime contribution to the field of communication networks.<ref name="SIGCOMMaward2011">{{cite web |date=August 11, 2012 |title=Vern Paxson Honored |url=http://crd.lbl.gov/news-and-publications/news/2011/vern-paxson-honored/ |access-date=April 8, 2012 |website=crd.lbl.gov |publisher=Lawrence Berkeley Lab}}</ref> He received the IEEE Internet Award in 2015 for seminal contributions to the field of Internet measurement, including security and network data analysis, and for distinguished leadership in and service to the Internet community by providing open-access data and tools.

== Henning Schulzrinne ==
{{Main|Henning Schulzrinne}}

'''Henning Schulzrinne''' received the IEEE Internet Award in 2016.

== Deborah Estrin ==
{{Main|Deborah Estrin}}

'''Deborah Estrin''' received the IEEE Internet Award in 2017.

== Ramesh Govindan ==
{{Main|Ramesh Govindan}}

'''Ramesh Govindan''' received the IEEE Internet Award in 2018.

== Jennifer Rexford ==
{{Main|Jennifer Rexford}}

'''Jennifer Rexford''' received the IEEE Internet Award in 2019.

== Eve Schooler ==
{{Main|Eve Schooler}}

'''Eve Schooler''' and [[Stephen Casner]] received the IEEE Internet Award in 2020 for contributions to Internet multimedia standards and protocols.

== Ian Foster ==
{{Main|Ian Foster (computer scientist)}}

'''Ian Foster''' received the IEEE Internet Award in 2023.

== Carl Kesselman ==
{{Main|Carl Kesselman}}

'''Carl Kesselman''' received the IEEE Internet Award in 2023.

== Other Internet pioneers ==

Some other people, who have made notable contributions to the development of Internet but do not meet the criteria defined at the top of the article, include the following.

=== Wesley Clark ===
{{Main|Wesley A. Clark}}

'''Wesley Clark''' (1927–2016) had a key insight in the planning for the [[ARPANET]]. In April 1967, he suggested to [[Robert Taylor (computer scientist)|Bob Taylor]] and [[Lawrence Roberts (scientist)|Larry Roberts]] the idea of using separate small computers (later named [[Interface Message Processor]]s) as a way of forming a [[message switching]] network and reducing load on the local computers.<ref name="Pelkey-1967">{{cite web |last=Pelkey |first=James |title=4.7 Planning the ARPANET: 1967-1968 in Chapter 4 - Networking: Vision and Packet Switching 1959 - 1968 |url=https://historyofcomputercommunications.info/section/4.7/planning-the-arpanet-1967-1968/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223230647/https://historyofcomputercommunications.info/section/4.7/planning-the-arpanet-1967-1968/ |archive-date=December 23, 2022 |access-date=May 9, 2023 |work=The History of Computer Communications}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Press |first=Gil |title=A Very Short History Of The Internet And The Web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/gilpress/2015/01/02/a-very-short-history-of-the-internet-and-the-web-2/ |access-date=2020-02-07 |website=Forbes |language=en |quote=Roberts’ proposal that all host computers would connect to one another directly ... was not endorsed ... Wesley Clark ... suggested to Roberts that the network be managed by identical small computers, each attached to a host computer. Accepting the idea, Roberts named the small computers dedicated to network administration ‘Interface Message Processors’ (IMPs), which later evolved into today’s routers.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=January 7, 2000 |title=ARPANET IMP, Interface Message Processor |url=http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_imp.htm |access-date=2016-02-24 |website=Livinginternet.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SRI Project 5890-1; Networking (Reports on Meetings).[1967] |url=https://web.stanford.edu/dept/SUL/library/extra4/sloan/mousesite/EngelbartPapers/B1_F20_CompuMtg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202062940/https://web.stanford.edu/dept/SUL/library/extra4/sloan/mousesite/EngelbartPapers/B1_F20_CompuMtg.html |archive-date=2020-02-02 |access-date=2020-02-15 |website=web.stanford.edu |quote=W. Clark's message switching proposal (appended to Taylor's letter of April 24, 1967 to Engelbart)were reviewed.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Harford |first=Tim |date=2019-10-16 |title=And 'Lo!' - How the internet was born |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-49842681 |access-date=2020-02-19 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB |quote=Clark suggested installing a minicomputer at every site on this new network.}}</ref>

=== Barry Wessler ===
'''Barry Wessler''' (1943–2018) was hired by Larry Roberts in 1968 to work for him at ARPA.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Planning the ARPANET: 1967-1968 {{!}} History of Computer Communications |url=https://historyofcomputercommunications.info/section/4.7/Planning-the-ARPANET-1967-1968/ |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=historyofcomputercommunications.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Barry Wessler, Salt Lake City, UT: an interview by Anne P. Peterson, 3 October 2012 {{!}} Everett L. Cooley Oral History Project |url=https://collections.lib.utah.edu/details?id=839279 |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=collections.lib.utah.edu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Barry David Wessler Obituary |url=https://www.tributearchive.com/obituaries/15895479/barry--david-wessler |access-date=2025-12-07 |website=www.tributearchive.com}}</ref> Roberts and Wessler wrote the "IMP Specification" for the ARPANET, which was discussed at the June 1968 meeting of principal investigators.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Salus |first=Peter H. |date=1998 |title=The Net: A Brief History of Origins |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29762576 |journal=Jurimetrics |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=671–676 |jstor=29762576 |issn=0897-1277}}</ref> Wessler approved the [[Network Control Program (ARPANET)|Network Control Program]] for the ARPANET in 1970, after ordering certain more exotic elements to be dropped.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{IETF RFC|53}}</ref> In 1972, Barry Wessler updated Larry Roberts' RD program for network mail and called it ''NRD''.<ref name=":182">* {{Cite journal |last=Partridge |first=Craig |date=April–June 2008 |title=The Technical Development of Internet Email |url=http://www.ir.bbn.com/~craig/email.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=IEEE Annals of the History of Computing |location=Berlin |publisher=IEEE Computer Society |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=3–29 |doi=10.1109/mahc.2008.32 |bibcode=2008IAHC...30b...3P |s2cid=206442868 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512165437/http://www.ir.bbn.com/~craig/email.pdf |archive-date=2011-05-12}}</ref> Later that year, Wessler co-authored a report the second sub-group of INWG which considered host-to-host protocol requirements for an international protocol.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=McKenzie |first=Alexander |date=2011 |title=INWG and the Conception of the Internet: An Eyewitness Account |journal=IEEE Annals of the History of Computing |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=66–71 |doi=10.1109/MAHC.2011.9 |bibcode=2011IAHC...33a..66M |issn=1934-1547 |s2cid=206443072}}</ref><ref name=":9b">[https://umedia.lib.umn.edu/item/p16022coll270:13895 Wessler, Cerf, Samuelson, Barber, Shephard, Pouzin, Sexton, Clipsham, Sandum, McKenzie, Tucker (October 1972) "Report of Subgroup 2 on HOST-HOST protocol Requirements", INWG Note No. 2.]</ref> Along with Larry Roberts, he left ARPA in 1973 to found [[Telenet]], a commercial packet-switched network in the US. They both joined the international effort to standardize a protocol for packet switching based on virtual circuits shortly before it was finalized as [[X.25]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mathison |first1=Stuart L. |last2=Roberts |first2=Lawrence G. |last3=Walker |first3=Philip M. |date=2012 |title=The history of telenet and the commercialization of packet switching in the US |journal=IEEE Communications Magazine |volume=50 |issue=5 |pages=28–45 |bibcode=2012IComM..50e..28M |doi=10.1109/MCOM.2012.6194380 |s2cid=206453987}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=On the design of TCP/IP |url=http://www.nethistory.info/Archives/tcpiptalk.html |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=www.nethistory.info}}</ref> He was recognized for his role as an Internet pioneer.<ref>[http://cba.mit.edu/events/04.09.I0/bios.pdf Internet 0: Past, Present, and Future]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Advisory Council |url=https://gcsc.georgetown.edu/council/ |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=Georgetown Center for Secure Communications |language=en-US |quote=Dr. Barry D. Wessler is widely known as one of the founders of the Internet as a result of his work in the late 1960s at the Advanced Research Projects Agency, where he directed the research for the design and implementation of the ARPANet, the forerunner of today’s Internet.}}</ref>

=== Severo Ornstein ===
{{Main|Severo Ornstein}}

'''Severo Ornstein''' (born 1930) was part of the [[Bolt, Beranek and Newman]] (BBN) team that wrote the winning proposal submitted in 1968 to [[DARPA|ARPA]] for the [[ARPANET]]. He was responsible for the design of the communication interfaces and other special hardware for the [[Interface Message Processor]] (IMP).<ref name="Roberts-1978b" />

=== William Crowther ===
{{Main|William Crowther (programmer)}}

'''William Crowther''' (born 1936) was part of the original BBN IMP team. He implemented a distributed distance vector routing system for the ARPAnet.<ref name="Roberts-1978b" /> He wrote INWG Note 10 with Dave Walden.<ref name=":2" />

=== Michel Elie ===
{{further ill|Michel Elie|fr|Michel Elie}}

'''Michel Elie''' (born 1961) was a research assistant at UCLA who participated in the original Arpanet project.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-09 |title=From the Arpanet to Internet in France : some milestones {{!}} Inria |url=https://www.inria.fr/en/arpanet-internet-france-some-milestones |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=www.inria.fr |language=en}}</ref> He later worked on Louis Pouzin's CYCLADES project, as well as co-authoring a number of early publications and INWG notes on internetworking.<ref name="Russell-2014a" /><ref name="Internet Histories" />

=== Alex Mckenzie ===
'''Alex Mckenzie''' worked at BBN from 1967 to 1996. He was involved with development of the ARPANET host-to-host protocol, starting in 1970, and later in the development of Internet protocols through INWG and the IEN series.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=McKenzie |first=Alexander |date=2011 |title=INWG and the Conception of the Internet: An Eyewitness Account |journal=IEEE Annals of the History of Computing |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=66–71 |doi=10.1109/MAHC.2011.9 |bibcode=2011IAHC...33a..66M |issn=1934-1547 |s2cid=206443072}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Google Search |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=mckenzie+site:https://www.rfc-editor.org/ien/&gs_lp=Egxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAiLW1ja2VuemllIHNpdGU6aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cucmZjLWVkaXRvci5vcmcvaWVuL0inBlD9A1j9A3ABeACQAQCYAQCgAQCqAQC4AQPIAQD4AQGYAgCgAgCYAwCIBgGSBwCgBwCyBwC4BwDCBwDIBwA&safe=active |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=www.google.com}}</ref> He co-authored the ''ARPANET Completion Report'' with Frank Heart, Dave Walden, and J. McQuillian.<ref name=":1" /> Later, he headed a project consulting to the US National Bureau of Standards (now NIST) to present the ideas developed in the Internet to the OSI project.<ref name=":0" />

=== David Boggs ===
{{Main|David Boggs}}

'''David Boggs''' (1950–2022) he co-invented Ethernet and worked on internetworking at [[XEROX PARC]]. He participated in the initial design of TCP during 1973–74.<ref name="IEN 151"/>

=== Sylvia Wilbur ===
{{Main|Sylvia Wilbur}}

'''Sylvia B. Wilbur''' (born 1938) was a British computer scientist at University College London who programed the local node for the ARPANET connection to [[Internet in the United Kingdom#Early years|British academic networks]], was one of the first to exchange email in Britain in 1974, and became a leading researcher on [[computer-supported cooperative work]].<ref name="abbate">{{citation |last=Abbate |first=Janet |title=Silvia Wilbur |date=April 2001 |work=IEEE History Center Interview #634 |url=https://ethw.org/Oral-History:Silvia_Wilbur |publisher=[[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] |quote=I mean, when we actually got it working, and started sending emails—it was one of the first things we started to do. I was probably one of the first people in this country [the United Kingdom] ever to send an email, back in 1974. |authorlink=Janet Abbate}}</ref><ref name="Kirstein-1999" />

=== Mark P. McCahill ===
{{main|Mark P. McCahill}}

'''Mark P. McCahill''' (born 1956) is an American programmer and systems architect. While working at the [[University of Minnesota]] he led the development of the [[Gopher (protocol)|Gopher]] protocol (1991), the effective predecessor of the [[World Wide Web]], and contributed to the development and popularization of a number of other Internet technologies from the 1980s.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100308102018/http://www.opencobalt.org/community/contributors-volunteers/mark-mccahill-collaborative-systems-architect "Mark McCahill, Collaborative Systems Architect"]}}, Biographical sketch, Open Cobalt. Retrieved 24 July 2013.</ref><ref>[http://searchenginewatch.com/article/2067063/A-Pre-Web-Search-Engine-Gopher-Turns-Ten "A Pre-Web Search Engine, Gopher Turns Ten"], Chris Sherman, Search Engine Watch, 5 February 2002.</ref><ref>[http://www.jucs.org/jucs_1_4/evolution_of_internet_gopher "Evolution of Internet Gopher"], Mark P. McCahill and Farhad X. Anklesaria, ''Journal of Universal Computer Science'', vol 1, issue 4 (April 1995), pages 235-246.</ref>

=== Nicola Pellow ===
{{main|Nicola Pellow}}

'''Nicola Pellow''', one of the nineteen members of the ''WWW Project'' at [[CERN]] working with Tim Berners-Lee, is recognized for developing the first cross-platform web browser, [[Line Mode Browser]], that displayed web-pages on dumb terminals and was released in May 1991.<ref name="CERN10">{{cite web |title=Ten Years Public Domain for the Original Web Software |url=http://tenyears-www.web.cern.ch/tenyears-www/Story/WelcomeStory.html |access-date=21 July 2010 |publisher=CERN |archive-date=29 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629132328/http://tenyears-www.web.cern.ch/tenyears-www/Story/WelcomeStory.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> She joined the project in November 1990, while an undergraduate math student enrolled in a [[sandwich course]] at Leicester Polytechnic (now [[De Montfort University]]).<ref name="CERN10" /><ref name="Cailliau-2000">{{Cite book |author1=Gillies, James |url=https://archive.org/details/howwebwasbornsto00gill/page/6 |title=How the Web was Born: The Story of the World Wide Web |author2=Cailliau, R. |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=0192862073 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/howwebwasbornsto00gill/page/6 6] |url-access=registration}}</ref> She left CERN at the end of August 1991, but returned after graduating in 1992, and worked with Robert Cailliau on [[MacWWW]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=MacWWW: the first web browser for the Apple Macintosh platform |url=http://www.internet-guide.co.uk/MacWWW.html |access-date=2 November 2016 |website=internet-guide.co.uk}}</ref> the first web browser for the [[classic Mac OS]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Stewart |first=Bill |date=2015 |title=Web Browser History |url=http://www.livinginternet.com/w/wi_browse.htm |access-date=21 March 2017 |publisher=Living Internet}}</ref><ref name="Berners-Lee" />

==See also==
{{Portal|Internet}}
* [[History of the Internet]]
* [[History of email]]
* [[History of hypertext]]
* [[History of the World Wide Web]]
* [[List of Internet entrepreneurs]]
* [[Protocol Wars]]
* [[Internet Hall of Fame]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{Cite book |last1=Hafner |first1=Katie |url=http://archive.org/details/wherewizardsstay00haf_vgj |title=Where wizards stay up late: the origins of the Internet |last2=Lyon |first2=Matthew |date=1996 |publisher=New York : Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-0-684-81201-4}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110721025312/http://www.internethalloffame.org/ Internet Hall of Fame], established by the [[Internet Society]] in April 2012.
* {{Ref RFC|1336|ref=no}}
* [https://www.ietf.org/about/groups/iesg/past-members/ "Past IESG Members and IETF Chairs"], IETF web site
* [http://www.iab.org/about/history.html "A Brief History of the Internet Advisory / Activities / Architecture Board"] from the IAB web site includes historical lists of IAB Members, IAB Chairs, IAB Ex-Officio and Liaison Members (IETF Chairs), IRTF Chairs, RFC Editors, and much more historical information.
* [http://www.ibiblio.org/pioneers/ "Internet Pioneers"], web pages at [http://ibiblio.org ibiblio.org], a collaboration of the School of Information and Library Science and the School of Journalism and Mass Communication at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
* [http://www.wiwiw.org/pioneers/ "Pioneers Gallery"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114035411/http://www.wiwiw.org/pioneers/ |date=14 November 2017 }}, from the Who Is Who in the Internet World (WiWiW) web site.
* [http://www.xconomy.com/national/2009/03/03/the-greatest-internet-pioneers-you-never-heard-of-the-story-of-erwise-and-four-finns-who-showed-the-way-to-the-web-browser/ "The Greatest Internet Pioneers You Never Heard Of: The Story of Erwise and Four Finns Who Showed the Way to the Web Browser"], Juha-Pekka Tikka, 3 March 2009, Xconomy web page.

===Oral histories===

* {{cite interview |url=http://purl.umn.edu/107387 |title=Oral history interview with Robert E. Kahn |publisher=[[Charles Babbage Institute]] |location=Minneapolis |date=24 April 1990 |access-date=15 May 2008|subject=Kahn, Robert E. |interviewer=Judy O'Neill}} Focuses on Kahn's role in the development of computer networking from 1967 through the early 1980s. Beginning with his work at [[Bolt Beranek and Newman]] (BBN), Kahn discusses his involvement as the ARPANET proposal was being written and then implemented, and his role in the public demonstration of the ARPANET. The interview continues into Kahn's involvement with networking when he moves to IPTO in 1972, where he was responsible for the administrative and technical evolution of the ARPANET, including programs in packet radio, the development of a new network protocol (TCP/IP), and the switch to TCP/IP to connect multiple networks.
* {{cite interview |url=http://purl.umn.edu/107214 |title=Oral history interview with Vinton Cerf |publisher=[[Charles Babbage Institute]] |location=Minneapolis |date=24 April 1990 |access-date=1 July 2008|subject=Cerf, Vinton G. |interviewer=Judy O'Neill}} Cerf describes his involvement with the ARPA network, and his relationships with Bolt Beranek and Newman, Robert Kahn, Lawrence Roberts, and the Network Working Group.
* {{cite interview |url=http://purl.umn.edu/107101 |title=Oral history interview with Paul Baran |publisher=[[Charles Babbage Institute]] |location=Minneapolis |date=5 March 1990 |access-date=1 July 2008|subject=Baran, Paul |interviewer=Judy O'Neill}} Baran describes his work at RAND, and discusses his interaction with the group at ARPA who were responsible for the later development of the ARPANET.
* {{cite interview |url=http://purl.umn.edu/107411 |title=Oral history interview with Leonard Kleinrock |publisher=[[Charles Babbage Institute]] |location=Minneapolis |date=3 April 1990 |access-date=1 July 2008|subject=Kleinrock, Leonard |interviewer=Judy O'Neill}} Kleinrock discusses his work on the ARPANET.
* {{cite interview |url=http://purl.umn.edu/107608 |title=Oral history interview with Larry Roberts |publisher=[[Charles Babbage Institute]] |location=Minneapolis |date=4 April 1989 |access-date=1 July 2008|subject=Roberts, Lawrence G. |interviewer=Arthur L. Norberg}} The interview focuses on Robert's work at the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) at ARPA including discussion of ARPA and IPTO support of research in computer science, computer networks, and artificial intelligence, the ARPANET, the involvement of universities with ARPA and IPTO, J. C. R. Licklider, Ivan Sutherland, Steve Lukasik, Wesley Clark, as well as the development of computing at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Lincoln Laboratory.
* {{cite interview |url=http://purl.umn.edu/107471 |title=Oral history interview with Mark P. McCahill |publisher=[[Charles Babbage Institute]] |location=Minneapolis |date=13 September 2001 |access-date=24 July 2013 |subject=McCahill, Mark P. |interviewer=Philip L. Frana}} Focuses on McCahill's work at the University of Minnesota where he led the team that created Gopher, the popular client/server software for organizing and sharing information on the Internet as well as his work on development of Pop Mail, Gopher VR, Forms Nirvana, the Electronic Grants Management System, and the University of Minnesota Portal.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Internet Pioneers}}
[[Category:Internet pioneers| ]]
[[Category:History of the Internet]]
[[Category:Lists of computer scientists]]
[[Category:People in information technology]]

Indpalsar Raikan

2026-05-01T23:17:51Z

Agamx: started new entry!

{{Short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}
{{orphan|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Indpalsar Raikan
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| pushpin_label_position = Right
| coordinates = {{coord|27.9487|N|74.1624|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bikaner District|Bikaner]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil|Sub-District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Shri Dungargarh]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Assembly Constituency]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Dungargarh Assembly constituency|Dungargarh]]
| government_type = [[Panchayati Raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 5.44
| population_total = 764
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products__rajasthan.html|title=Census of India : Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 : Rajasthan|last=ORGI}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official Language
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 331803
| registration_plate = RJ-07
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=31 December 2024|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
}}
'''Indpalsar Raikan''' is a village located in [[Shri Dungargarh]] Tehsil within the [[Bikaner]] district of [[Rajasthan|Rajasthan, India]].
This village's population primarily rely on [[agriculture]], and many of them own their own enterprises.

==Demographics==

As per 2011 Census, conducted by Government of India; population of this village is 764, out of which 394 is male population and 370 is female population. There're total 100 houses in this village.
Literacy rate of this village is 35.47%<ref>{{cite web |title= Census of Indpalsar Raikan village. |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/69913-indpalsar-raikan-rajasthan.html |access-date=31 December 2024}}</ref>

100% of the village population follows [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population by religious community - Bikaner District |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS}}</ref>

{{Bar box|float=right|title=Religion in Indpalsar Bara Village (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Rajasthan|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>|titlebar=#Fcd117|left1=Religion|right1=Percent|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|100}}
|caption=Distribution of religions in Indpalsar Raikan Village}}

[[Bagri language|Bagri]], a dialect of [[Rajasthani Language|Rajsthani]] is the most spoken language here. The village administration follows [[Hindi Language|Hindi]] as their official language.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Languages in Indpalsar Bara village|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10234/download/13346/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-0800.XLSX}}</ref>

{{Pie chart|thumb=left|value1=96|value2=3.9|value3=0.10|color1=yellow|color2=red|color3=Pink|caption=Languages of Indpalsar Raikan village(2011)|label1=[[Bagri language|Bagri]]|label2=[[Hindi]]|label3=[[English Language|English]]}}

PIN Code(Postal Index Number Code) of this village is 331803.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

[[Category:Villages in Bikaner district]]

{{Bikanerdivision-geo-stub}}

Somwarpet South Assembly constituency

2026-04-26T15:31:40Z

Agamx: put up a post

{{Short description|Defunct constituency of the Mysore Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Somwarpet South
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| state = [[Mysore State]] ''([[Coorg State]] till 31 October 1956)''
| electorate =
| established = 1951
| abolished = 1957
| reservation = None
}}
'''Somwarpet South Assembly constituency''' was a constituency of the [[Mysore Legislative Assembly]] (part of [[Coorg Legislative Assembly]] till 31 October 1956). The lone election to this constituency was conducted in [[1952 Coorg State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] to the legislature of the [[Coorg State|Coorg State (Kodagu)]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Q5q4MedrFIC |title=India Votes |year=1968 |page=355}}</ref> The constituency included areas located south of [[Somwarpet]]. This seat was included to [[Mysore Legislative Assembly]] in 1956 during the [[States Reorganisation Act|reorganisation of the Indian States]] based along linguistic lines, the state of [[Coorg State|Coorg (Kodagu)]] was merged with [[Mysore State]].<ref>{{cite news |date=1 October 2005 |title=SRC submits report |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/01/stories/2005100100040900.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060301045415/http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/01/stories/2005100100040900.htm |archive-date=1 March 2006 |access-date=9 October 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai}}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1952 Coorg Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<ref name="CoorgECI1951"></ref>
|[[H. T. Muthanna]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|colspan=5 align=center|1957 onwards: ''Seat does not exist. See [[Madikeri Assembly constituency|Madikeri]]''
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===1952===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1952 Coorg Legislative Assembly election]]: Somwarpet South<ref name="CoorgECI1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4106-coorg-1951/ | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Coorg (Kodagu) | publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date=2020-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022013656/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_COORG.pdf |archive-date=22 October 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[H. T. Muthanna]]
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 1,219
|percentage = 55.16
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = K. P. Hanumarajayya
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 929
|percentage = 42.04
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = B. C. Rudrappa
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 62
|percentage = 2.81
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,210
|percentage = 63.85
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{coords|12.570011|75.847752|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Coorg]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:1957 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1957]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]

Sudarshan Haripal

2026-04-21T13:26:29Z

Agamx: put up pg

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sudarshan Haripal
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2024
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Rengali Assembly constituency|Rengali]]
| predecessor = [[Nauri Nayak]]
| successor =
| birth_place = [[Sambalpur]]
| birth_date =
| spouse = Nisha Haripal
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| alma_mater = +2 Complete From Jyoti Vihar Junior Collage
| profession = Politician
| website = https://assembly.odisha.gov.in/MemberofAssembly.aspx?filterType=constituency&filterValue=Rengali+-++(++Sambalpur+%2C+Odisha+)
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sudarshan Haripal''' (born 15 May 1981)<ref name=":0" /> is an Indian politician from [[Odisha]]. He is an MLA from [[Rengali Assembly constituency]] in [[Sambalpur district]]. He won the [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Biju Janata Dal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudarshan Haripal , BJD Election Results LIVE: Latest Updates On Sudarshan Haripal , Assembly Election Constituency Seat |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/odisha/assembly-election-candidates-list-2024/sudarshan-haripal-18016-6 |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rengali Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Rengali Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/odisha-assembly-election/rengali-constituency/ |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Haripal is from [[Rengali Assembly constituency|Rengali]], Sambalpur district, Odisha. He is the son of Debaraj Haripal. He completed his Class 12 at Jyoti Vihar Junior College, [[Burla, India|Burla]] in 2003.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sudarshan Haripal(BJD):Constituency- RENGALI (SC)(SAMBALPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Odisha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=844 |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> He used to do odd jobs including sticking posters. In 2012, to repair a pump in his locality, he approached many officials but the work was done only after a politician intervened. Then he decided to take up politics.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-07 |title=BJD's Rengali pick used to paste posters, now is on them |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/bjds-rengali-pick-used-to-paste-posters-now-is-on-them/articleshow/109095401.cms |access-date=2024-10-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Career ==
Haripal won from Rengali Assembly constituency representing the Biju Janata Dal in the 2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election. He polled 73,420 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Nauri Nayak]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 3,212 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudarshan Haripal, BJD Candidate from Rengali Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/odisha/sudarshan-haripal-s18aed2008a016e2024c005/ |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rengali Assembly Election Results 2024: Rengali Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/rengali-constituency-result-18016 |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haripal, Sudarshan}}
[[Category:People from Sambalpur]]
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]

Sagar Charan Das

2026-04-21T03:00:37Z

Agamx: put up post

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sagar Charan Das
| native_name =
| image =
| caption =

| office1 = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 4 Jun 2024
| term_end1 =
| successor1 =
| predecessor1 = [[ Pradipta Kumar Naik ]]
| constituency1 = [[ Bhawanipatna (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhawanipatna]]

| party = [[ Indian National Congress ]]
| birth_place = [[ Bhawanipatna ]], [[ Odisha ]] [[ India ]]
| other_party =
| spouse =
| children =
| father = [[ Bhakta Charan Das]]
| mother = Sunanda Das
| education = Graduate
| alma_mater = [[ Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology ]]
| profession =
| source =
}}

'''Sagar Charan Das''' is an Indian politician from Odisha. He is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from 2024, representing [[Bhawanipatna Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Bhawanipatna Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/bhawanipatna-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916740.html |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Bhawanipatna, Odisha Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: INC's SAGAR CHARAN DAS with 67085 defeats BJP's PRADIPTA KUMAR NAIK |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/bhawanipatna-odisha-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548462-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Sagar Charan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology alumni]]

{{Odisha-INC-politician-stub}}

Patiala Rural Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:40:13Z

Agamx: started new info w/ refs!

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Patiala Rural
| map_image = 110-Patiala Rural.svg
| mla = [[Dr. Balbir Singh]]
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district = [[Patiala district|Patiala]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Patiala (Lok Sabha constituency)|Patiala]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:226041}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=10 May 2022 |access-date= 15 May 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 110
}}
'''Patiala Rural Assembly constituency''' is one of the 117 [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/lpac.aspx |title=List of Parliamentary Constituencies and Assembly Constituencies in the State of Punjab as determined by the delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituency notification dated 19th June, 2006 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |date=19 June 2006 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf|title= List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies|accessdate= 19 July 2016|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf|archivedate= 23 April 2016}}</ref>
It is part of [[Patiala district|Patiala]] district.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| rowspan=2|[[Brahm Mohindra]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
||[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Dr. Balbir Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2022 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2022]]: Patiala Rural}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Dr. Balbir Singh]]<ref name="2022 Punjab AAP candidates">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Aam Aadmi Party candidates and their constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-aam-aadmi-party-candidates/2404732/ |access-date=23 January 2022 |work=The Financial Express |date=21 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|votes = {{formatnum:77155}}
|percentage = 52.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Mohit Mohindra]]<ref name="Punjab INC 2022">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Congress Candidates and their Constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-congress-candidates/2407341/ |access-date=18 February 2022 |work=FE Online |agency=The Indian Express Group |issue=The Financial Express (India) |date=February 18, 2022}}</ref>
|votes = {{formatnum:23681}}
|percentage = 15.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = Jaspal Singh Bitu Chatha
|votes = {{formatnum:19996}}
|percentage = 13.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Punjab Lok Congress
|candidate = Sanjeev Sharma Bittu
|votes = {{formatnum:11887}}
|percentage = 8.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|candidate = Mohinder Pal Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:5404}}
|percentage = 3.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Saurabh Jain
|votes = {{formatnum:3080}}
|percentage = 2.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Dhraminder Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1071}}
|percentage = 0.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:771}}
|percentage = 0.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:53474}}
|percentage = 36.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:148243}}
|percentage = 65.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:226033}}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2017"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2017"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: Patiala Rural<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Brahm Mohindra]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:68891}}
|percentage = 47.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Karanvir Singh Tiwana
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:41662}}
|percentage = 28.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Satbir Singh Khatra]]
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:30784}}
|percentage = 21.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:1009}}
|percentage = 0.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:27229}}
|percentage = 18.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:145659}}
|percentage = 71.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:225639}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Patiala district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Election results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|30.4|76.31|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Patiala district]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Patiala]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2012]]

Barfung Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:23:56Z

Agamx: pg - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Sikkim legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| constituency_no = 9
| name = Barfung
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Rikshal Dorjee Bhutia]]
|party = {{Party index link|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
|latest_election_year = [[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Sikkim]]
| district = [[Namchi district|Namchi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Sikkim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sikkim]]
| established = 2008
| electors = 
| reservation = BL
}}
'''Barfung Assembly constituency''' is one of the 32 assembly constituencies of [[Sikkim]], a northeast state of [[India]]. Barfung is part of [[Sikkim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sikkim Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/sikkim/assembly-constituencies/barfung.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Barfung Assembly constituency]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S02/Old/partycomp24.htm Election Commission of India]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceosikkim.nic.in/Files/Assembly_block.htm |title=Assembly constituencies Revenue Blocks |access-date=13 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416060808/http://ceosikkim.nic.in/Files/Assembly_block.htm |archive-date=16 April 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=227, 250}}</ref>

This constituency is reserved for members of the [[Bhutia-Lepcha]] community.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2009 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || Sonam Gyatso Bhutia || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2014 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Dorjee Dazom Bhutia]]
|-
| [[2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || [[Tashi Thendup Bhutia]]
|-
|[[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2024]] ||[[Rikshal Dorjee Bhutia]]|| {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|}

== Election results ==

===Assembly election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Barfung<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/Stats_SK_April2009.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404202702/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/Stats_SK_April2009.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2014|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sonam Gyatso Bhutia |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=6,049 |percentage=70.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lobzang Bhutia |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,197 |percentage=25.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sonam Pintso Bhutia |party=Independent politician |votes=352 |percentage=4.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,852 |percentage=44.80% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,598 |percentage=85.78% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,023 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Barfung}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dorjee Dazom Bhutia]] |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=6,639 |percentage=63.79% |change={{decrease}}6.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pema Wangyal Bhutia |party=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |votes=3,460 |percentage=33.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=197 |percentage=1.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dadul Lepcha |party=Indian National Congress |votes=112 |percentage=1.08% |change={{decrease}}24.48 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,179 |percentage=30.54% |change= {{decrease}}14.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,408 |percentage=84.73% |change= {{decrease}}1.05 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,283 |ref = |change= {{increase}}22.55 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{decrease}}6.57 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Barfung<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-24|title=Sikkim Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners|url=https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/sikkim-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205926.html|access-date=2020-08-15|website=Zee News|language=en|archive-date=6 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106160313/https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/sikkim-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205926.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tashi Thendup Bhutia]] |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=5,936 |percentage=49.13% |change={{decrease}}14.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lobzang Bhutia |party=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |votes=5,839 |percentage=48.32% |change={{increase}}15.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mingma Tshring Sherpa |party=Sikkim Republican Party |votes=169 |percentage=1.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=139 |percentage=1.15% |change={{decrease}}0.74 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=97 |percentage=0.80% |change= {{decrease}}29.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,083 |percentage=81.23% |change= {{decrease}}3.50 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,875 |ref = |change= {{increase}}21.10 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{decrease}}14.66 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Barfung<ref name="Election Results 2024 Sikkim: Full list of winners on all 32 Legislative Assembly seats of Sikkim">{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |date=2 June 2024 |title=Election Results 2024 Sikkim: Full list of winners on all 32 Legislative Assembly seats of Sikkim |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/election-results-2024-sikkim-full-list-of-winners-on-all-32-legislative-assembly-seats-of-sikkim-9366829/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603081356/https://indianexpress.com/elections/election-results-2024-sikkim-full-list-of-winners-on-all-32-legislative-assembly-seats-of-sikkim-9366829/ |archive-date=3 June 2024 |access-date=3 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Sikkim Assembly Election 2024 Winners List">{{cite news |last1=Financialexpress |date=2 June 2024 |title=Sikkim Assembly Election 2024 Winners List |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/sikkim-assembly-election-2024-winners-list/3509765/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603081540/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/sikkim-assembly-election-2024-winners-list/3509765/ |archive-date=3 June 2024 |access-date=3 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rikshal Dorjee Bhutia |party=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |votes=8,358 |percentage=61.86% |change={{increase}}13.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bhaichung Bhutia]] |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=4.012|percentage=29.69% |change={{decrease}}18.63 }}
{{Election box candidate| |candidate=Dadul Lepcha |party=Citizen Action Party – Sikkim |votes=656 |percentage=4.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Tashi Dadul Bhutia
|votes = 298
|percentage = 2.21%
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=188 |percentage=1.39% |change={{increase}}0.24 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,346 |percentage=32.16% |change= {{increase}}31.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,512 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==

* [[Namchi district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|27.294|88.353|display=title}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Sikkim}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Namchi district]]
[[Category:Politics of Sikkim]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Anamalai Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:54:38Z

Agamx: stub

{{Short description|Former legislative Assembly constituency in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| established = 1962
| district = [[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]]
| loksabha_cons =
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| name = Anamalai
| reservation = None
| abolished= 1962
}}

'''Anamalai''' was one of the 234 constituencies in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], a southern state of [[India]]. It was in [[Coimbatore district]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]||[[K. Ponniah]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|42.30}}
}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Anamalai<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Ponniah]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,474 |percentage=42.30% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramasamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=15,767 |percentage=29.67% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. T. Karuppiah |party=Communist Party of India |votes=10,376 |percentage=19.53% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. N. Palamisamy |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes=3,206 |percentage=6.03% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Marathumuthu |party=Independent politician |votes=1,311 |percentage=2.47% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,707 |percentage=12.62% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=53,134 |percentage=66.08% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 83,269 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 }}

{{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coords|10.58|76.93|display=title}}

[[Category:Coimbatore district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 disestablishments in India]]

{{Coimbatore-geo-stub}}
{{India-constituency-stub}}

Josias Du Pré

2026-04-18T12:40:26Z

Agamx: started a article!

{{Short description|English merchant and civil servant}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Josias Du Pré
| image =
| order =
| office = Governor of Madras
| term_start = 31 January 1770
| term_end = 2 February 1773
| lieutenant =
| predecessor = [[Sir Robert Palk, 1st Baronet]]
| successor = [[Alexander Wynch]]
| birth_date = 1721
| birth_place = [[South Carolina]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death year and age|1780|1721}}
| death_place = [[Beaconsfield]], [[Buckinghamshire]], England
| party =
| spouse = Rebecca Alexander
| profession =
| signature =
}}

'''Josias Du Pré''' (1721–1780) was a London merchant, a director of the [[East India Company]] and [[Governor of Madras]].<ref name="Love">{{cite book|author=Henry Davidson Love|title=Indian Records Series Vestiges of Old Madras|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h2nkEiSSDaYC&pg=PA1|accessdate=20 April 2012|publisher=Mittal Publications|pages=1–3|id=GGKEY:GE1U0JNYH0Q}}</ref>

==Life==
[[File:Wilton Park Estate.jpg|thumb|Wilton Park House]]
Du Pré was born in South Carolina, the son of Cornelius Dupré. He joined the civil service of the East India Company in 1752, as a factor, and rose through a succession of positions. He spent a period in England in the 1760s, and married there.<ref name="Love"/> He purchased the [[Wilton Park Estate]] near Beaconsfield in [[Buckinghamshire]] from the Basil family in 1760,<ref name=HoP/> or around 1770.<ref name=VCH>'Parishes: Beaconsfield', A History of the County of Buckingham: Volume 3 (1925), pp. 155-165. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=42542 Date accessed: 20 April 2012.</ref>

Du Pré was Governor of Madras from 1770 to 1773. He was mostly preoccupied with the construction of fortifications there. His authority was circumscribed: [[Eyre Coote (East India Company officer)|Eyre Coote]], the military commander, and [[Sir John Lindsay]] who had overall command in the East Indies, left him little room in which to operate.<ref name="Love"/>

Once back in England he commissioned [[Richard Jupp]] to build a mansion at Wilton Park. Known as the "White House", it was completed in 1779.<ref name="Bull">{{cite news |last1=Bull |first1=Clare |title=Wilton Park |url=https://www.beaconsfieldhistory.org.uk/content/beaconsfield-history/the-great-houses/wilton-park |accessdate=20 May 2019 |work=Beaconsfield and District Historical Society}}</ref>

Du Pré at the end of his life became a [[Fellow of the Royal Society]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://collections.royalsociety.org/DServe.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&dsqPos=1&dsqSearch=%28%28text%29%3D%27Dupre%27%29|title=Fellow Details|publisher= Royal Society|accessdate= 19 May 2019}}</ref> owing the honour to his appointment two decades earlier of [[Alexander Dalrymple]] as his deputy.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Christa Jungnickel|author1-link=Christa Jungnickel|author2=Russell McCormmach|author2-link=Russell McCormmach|title=Cavendish: The Experimental Life|url=https://archive.org/details/cavendishexperim00jung|url-access=registration|accessdate=20 April 2012|year=1999|publisher=Bucknell University Press|isbn=978-0-8387-5445-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/cavendishexperim00jung/page/264 264]}}</ref>

He died at Wilton Park in 1780.<ref name=VCH/>

==Family==

He married Rebecca Alexander, daughter of Nathaniel Alexander and sister of [[James Alexander, 1st Earl of Caledon]], another [[nabob]]: [[Du Pré Alexander, 2nd Earl of Caledon]], son of the first Earl, was named after Josias.<ref>{{ODNBweb|id= 93359|title=Alexander, Du Pre|first=P. J.|last=Jupp}}</ref>

Of the children of Josias and Rebecca:

* [[James Du Pré]] was a Member of Parliament.<ref name=HoP>[http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1790-1820/member/du-pratilde-james-1778-1870 historyofparliamentonline.org, ''Du Pré, James (1778–1870), of Wilton Park, Beaconsfield, Bucks''.]</ref>
* Eliza married Colonel Brice, and then Rev. John Blackwood, son of [[Sir John Blackwood, 2nd Baronet]].<ref>[http://thepeerage.com/p40484.htm#i404832 thepeerage.com, ''Eliza Dupré''.]</ref>
* Rebecca married [[Sir Philip Grey Egerton, 9th Baronet]]; [[Sir Philip Grey Egerton, 10th Baronet]], was their son.

Du Pré's sister Esther married Paul Porcher, and was mother of the MP [[Josias Porcher]].<ref>[http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1790-1820/member/porcher-josias-du-pratildecopy-1761-1820 historyofparliamentonline.org, ''Porcher, Josias Du Pré (?1761–1820), of Hillingdon House, Mdx. and Winslade House, Devon''.]</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{S-off}}
{{Succession box | title= [[Governor of Madras]]
| before= [[Charles Bourchier (governor)|Charles Bourchier]]
| after= [[Alexander Wynch]]
| years=1770–1773}}
{{s-end}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Du Pre, Josias}}
[[Category:1721 births]]
[[Category:1780 deaths]]
[[Category:Merchants from London]]
[[Category:Directors of the British East India Company]]
[[Category:Governors of Madras]]
[[Category:British fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:18th-century English merchants]]

Aboi Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:42:05Z

Agamx: data - done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Nagaland State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| map_image = Aboi Assembly constituency map.svg
| name = Aboi
| state = [[Nagaland]]
| type = SLA
| district = [[Mon district|Mon]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nagaland (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagaland]]
| established = 1974
| constituency_no = 47
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[C. Manpon Konyak]]
| party = [[Independent politician|independent]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:13589}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14874-nagaland-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Nagaland General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=20 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|5}}
}}
'''Aboi''' is one of the 60 [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Nagaland]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/nagaland/nagaland-w.htm |title=Nagaland Legislative Assembly |website=legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in |accessdate= 10 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Mon district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1974]] || [[Nyeiwang Konyak]]|| {{Full party name with color|United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || A. Longngei Konyak
|-
| [[1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || Eyong Konyak || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || W. Eyung || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || Nyeiwang Konyak
|-
| [[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || W. Eyong || {{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|-
| [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || Eyong Konyak || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || rowspan=2 | Nyeiwang Konyak || {{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || rowspan=2 | E. Eshak Konyak || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || {{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|-
| [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[C. Manpon Konyak]]|| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Aboi<ref>{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |title=Nagaland Assembly Election results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |access-date=3 March 2023 |date=2 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303042608/https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |archive-date=3 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[C. Manpon Konyak]] |party=Independent politician |votes=6,771 |percentage=52.79% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Wangka Konyak|party=Republican Party of India (Athawale)|votes=3,247|percentage=25.32%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=E. Eshak Konyak|party=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party|votes=2,766|percentage=21.57%|change=-24.21%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nota|party=None of the above|votes=42|percentage=0.33%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,524 |percentage=27.48% |change=19.40% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=12,826|percentage=94.39%|change=0.35%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,589 |change =13.99% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= -1.05% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2018 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Aboi<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3652-nagaland-general-legislative-election-2018/?do=download&r=8575&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=0b619cd94134dd7b05162acdebe1ba9f|title=Nagaland General Legislative Election 2018 - Nagaland - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |date= |author= |accessdate= December 29, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128161430/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 13th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2018 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=E. Eshak Konyak |party=Naga People's Front |votes=6,036 |percentage=53.84% |change=17.05% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Awan Konyak |party=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party |votes=5,131 |percentage=45.77% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=43 |percentage=0.38% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=905 |percentage=8.07% |change=1.55% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,210 |percentage=94.04% |change= -0.30% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,921 |change =5.94% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 10.52% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2013 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Aboi<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125124535/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2013 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=E. Eshak Konyak |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,599 |percentage=43.32% |change=41.07% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nyeiwang Konyak|party=Naga People's Front|votes=3,906|percentage=36.79%|change=-15.63%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[C. Manpon Konyak]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=1,974|percentage=18.59%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Taiwang|party=Nationalist Congress Party|votes=133|percentage=1.25%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=693 |percentage=6.53% |change=0.56% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=10,616|percentage=94.34%|change=-1.41%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,253 |change =4.30% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= -9.10% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2008 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Aboi<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128170532/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2008 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nyeiwang Konyak |party=Naga People's Front |votes=5,415 |percentage=52.42% |change=8.79% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=E. Eshak Konyak |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=4,799 |percentage=46.46% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. P. Hanghuh Konyak |party=Indian National Congress |votes=233 |percentage=2.26% |change=-19.44% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=616 |percentage=5.96% |change=-3.02% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,330 |percentage=96.83% |change= -1.79% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,789 |change =22.08% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= 8.79% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2003 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Aboi<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623083626/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-date=23 June 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 10th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2003 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nyeiwang Konyak |party=Naga People's Front |votes=3,721 |percentage=43.63% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=E. Eshak Konyak |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,955 |percentage=34.65% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manlip |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,850 |percentage=21.69% |change=-51.90% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=766 |percentage=8.98% |change=-38.19% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,529 |percentage=97.53% |change= 5.04% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,838 |change =8.82% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -15.14% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1998 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Aboi<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/9th_General_Election_Report_NLA_1998.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128160926/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/9th_General_Election_Report_NLA_1998.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 9th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 1998 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Eyong Konyak |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,452 |percentage=73.59% |change=32.35% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Howing |party=Independent politician |votes=1,957 |percentage=26.41% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,495 |percentage=47.17% |change=29.64% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,409 |percentage=92.49% |change= -4.50% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,122 |change =-0.53% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= 14.82% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1993 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Aboi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=W. Eyong |party=Naga People's Front |votes=4,632 |percentage=58.77% |change=9.29% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nyeiwang Konyak |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,250 |percentage=41.23% |change=-9.29% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,382 |percentage=17.53% |change=16.48% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,882 |percentage=96.99% |change= 3.05% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,165 |change =15.65% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 8.24% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1989 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Aboi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nyeiwang Konyak |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,324 |percentage=50.52% |change=7.33% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=W. Eyung |party=Naga People's Front |votes=3,255 |percentage=49.48% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=69 |percentage=1.05% |change=-18.73% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,579 |percentage=93.94% |change= -0.81% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,060 |change =0.00% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 7.33% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1987 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Aboi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=W. Eyung |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,868 |percentage=43.19% |change=24.04% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khampei Konyak |party=Independent politician |votes=1,555 |percentage=23.42% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Y. Nyeiwang |party=Naga National Democratic Party |votes=1,491 |percentage=22.45% |change=3.22% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. P. Hanghuh Konyak |party=Independent politician |votes=726 |percentage=10.93% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,313 |percentage=19.77% |change=1.41% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,640 |percentage=94.75% |change= -0.16% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,060 |change =21.10% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= 3.20% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1982 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Aboi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Eyong Konyak |party=Independent politician |votes=2,171 |percentage=39.99% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khampei Konyak |party=Independent politician |votes=1,174 |percentage=21.62% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nyeiwang Konyak |party=Naga National Democratic Party |votes=1,044 |percentage=19.23% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Longngei Konyak |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,040 |percentage=19.16% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=997 |percentage=18.36% |change=4.01% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,429 |percentage=94.91% |change= 8.24% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,830 |change =-4.52% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |swing= -10.25% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1977 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Aboi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Longngei Konyak |party=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |votes=2,573 |percentage=50.23% |change=-1.03% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nyeiwang Konyak |party=National Convention of Nagaland |votes=1,838 |percentage=35.88% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shahang |party=Independent politician |votes=711 |percentage=13.88% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=735 |percentage=14.35% |change=11.81% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,122 |percentage=86.67% |change= 0.74% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,106 |change =11.30% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |loser=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |swing= -1.03% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1974 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Aboi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nyeiwang Konyak |party=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |votes=2,324 |percentage=51.27% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Longneim |party=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |votes=2,209 |percentage=48.73% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=115 |percentage=2.54% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,533 |percentage=85.93% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,486 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Mon district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Nagaland}}

{{coord|26.59|94.9|display=title}}

[[Category:Mon district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Politics of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1974]]
[[Category:1974 establishments in Nagaland]]

Kollam–Sengottai Chord Line

2026-03-26T17:44:11Z

Agamx: small added section based on references additionally and fixed typos after review

{{Short description|Railway line in southern India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width = 25em
| name = Kollam–Sengottai railway line
| other_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| color =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_alt =
| image = 13 Arch bridge Kazhuthurutty Kerala.jpg
| image_width =
| image_alt =
| caption = Metre-gauge train passing through [[Pathimoonnu Kannara Bridge|Thirteen Arch railway bridge]]
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express train]] [[Slow and fast passenger trains in India|Passenger train]]
| system =
| status = Active
| locale = [[Kerala]] [[Tamil Nadu]]
| start = {{stnlnk|Kollam Junction}}
| end = {{stnlnk|Sengottai}}
| stations = 17
| routes = 4 Express, 3 Passenger
| daily_ridership =
| ridership2 =
| open = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1904|11|26}}
| close = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2010}}
| reopen = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2018|06|09}}
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| character =
| depot = [[Kollam MEMU Shed|Kollam]] [[Diesel Loco Shed, Ernakulam|Ernakulam]] [[Diesel Loco Shed, Golden Rock|Golden Rock]]
| stock =
| linelength_km =
| linelength_mi =
| linelength = {{convert|94.1|km|abbr=on}}
| tracklength_km =
| tracklength_mi =
| tracklength =
| tracks = 1
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| old_gauge = {{track gauge|1000mm}}
| load_gauge = {{convert|4725|x|3660|mm|ftin|abbr=on}} ([[Broad gauge|BG]])<ref name=gauge>{{cite book|title=Railway Track Engineering|year=2010|publisher=Tata McGraw Hill|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-0-07-068012-8|page=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n6XrJJIxQTEC&q=loading+gauge+india&pg=PA7|author=J S Mundrey|edition=Fourth|access-date=9 January 2014|archive-date=4 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904035813/https://books.google.com/books?id=n6XrJJIxQTEC&q=loading+gauge+india&pg=PA7|url-status=live}}</ref>
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| routenumber = 63<ref name=qlnpuu>{{cite web|title=Passenger Train time Table-2013 - Punalur–Kollam–Punalur|url=http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1375165458070-Table%2023-85_Pages%20148%20to%20221_SRS.pdf|work=[[Indian Railways]]|publisher=[[Southern Railway zone]]|access-date=9 January 2014|page=54|archive-date=9 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109164906/http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1375165458070-Table%2023-85_Pages%20148%20to%20221_SRS.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| linenumber =
| electrification = Yes
| speed_km/h =
| speed_mph =
| speed = {{convert|100|km/h|abbr=on}}
| elevation_m = 272
| elevation_ft =
| elevation =
| website = {{URL|www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in}}
| map = {{Kollam–Sengottai branch line}}
| map_state = hide
}}

The '''Kollam–Sengottai railway line''' (formerly known as Quilon–Shencottah or Quilon–Chenkotta line) is part of [[Kollam]]-[[Chennai]] railway line in [[South India]] that connects {{stnlnk|Kollam Junction}} in [[Kerala]] state and {{stnlnk|Sengottai}} (also spelled Shencottah, Shenkottai, Chengotta, Chenkottai, Senkottai) in [[Tamil Nadu]]. The Quilon–Shencottah railway line was the first railway line in the erstwhile [[Travancore]] state and is more than a century old. The Kollam–Sengottai section is part of the [[Kollam]]–[[Chennai]] [[metre-gauge]] rail route commissioned by the British in 1904. The line has been completely converted to broad gauge and is now fully operational from {{stnlnk|Kollam Junction}} to Shengottai. It is going to be the important cargo transportation line connecting Vizhinjam container port and South Indian States.

==History==
{{Railway in Kerala cities}}
The Kollam–Sengottai [[metre-gauge]] line was conceived and implemented by Maharajah [[Uthram Thirunal Marthanda Varma|Uthram Thirunal]] of Travancore. It was built jointly by [[South Indian Railway Company]], [[Travancore State]] and the [[Madras Presidency]]. After a survey in 1888, work started in 1900 and was completed by 1902. The first goods train travelled on this route in 1902 while the first passenger train began its run in 1904. Metre-gauge services were inaugurated on 1{{nbsp}}July 1904 with the first passenger train flagged off from Kollam by Maharajah [[Moolam Thirunal]] of Travancore with a 21-gun salute. The railway line was constructed by the [[British Raj|British]] in the foothills of the [[Western Ghats]] to transport forest products, [[spices]] and [[cashew]]s from Kollam to Chennai, their southern headquarters.

=== Timeline ===
*1888 Survey for Quilon-Madras rail started.
* 1899 - Survey for Quilon–Madras rail link completed<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kollamcorporation.gov.in/transport |title=Kollam Municipal Corporation |access-date=21 June 2017 |archive-date=20 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020124744/http://www.kollamcorporation.gov.in/transport |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 1900 - Works for Kollam–Sengottai metre-gauge railway line started to connect the city of Quilon with [[Madras]]
* 1902 - Kollam–Sengottai Railway line works completed
* 1904 - On 1 June, His Highness [[Moolam Thirunal|Moolam Thirunal Rama Varma]] of [[Travancore]] flagged off the first passenger train service on the Kollam–Sengottai railway line at [[Kollam Junction railway station|Kollam railway station]]
* 1998 - Gauge conversion of Kollam–Sengottai Railway line officially started
* 2007 - On 1 May, rail services on Kollam–Punalur section withdrawn
* 2010 - On 10 May, Kollam–Punalur broad-gauge section thrown open for services<ref name="may">{{cite news|title=Kollam-Sengottai train service likely from May|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/Kollam-Sengottai-train-service-likely-from-May/article16916876.ece|access-date=21 June 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 December 2016|location=Kozhikode|archive-date=22 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222162213/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/Kollam-Sengottai-train-service-likely-from-May/article16916876.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2018 - On 31 March, the entire Kollam–Sengottai line thrown open for passenger train services.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2018/apr/01/sengottai-kollam-railway-line-reopens-after-eight-years-1795456.html |title=Sengottai-Kollam railway line reopens after eight years |work=The New Indian Express |date=1 April 2018 |access-date=2 April 2018 |archive-date=4 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904035937/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2018/apr/01/sengottai-kollam-railway-line-reopens-after-eight-years-1795456.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/mar/30/chennai-to-kollam-train-will-resume-after-eight-years-1794626.html |title=Chennai to Kollam train will resume after eight years |work=The New Indian Express |date=31 March 2018 |access-date=2 April 2018 |archive-date=4 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904035814/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/mar/30/chennai-to-kollam-train-will-resume-after-eight-years-1794626.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/special-trains-announced-between-tambaram-and-kollam/articleshow/63538475.cms |title=Special trains announced between Tambaram and Kollam |work=Times of India |date=30 March 2018 |access-date=2 April 2018 |archive-date=2 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402163235/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/special-trains-announced-between-tambaram-and-kollam/articleshow/63538475.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The first passenger train on the stretch was Tambaram–Kollam–Tambaram special train service (06027/28) which completed the service by earning Rs 3.15 lakh as passenger ticket collection from its 879 passengers against a capacity of 712.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/first-train-from-chennai-on-punalur-line-has-commuters-ready-to-roll/articleshow/63564490.cms |title=First train from Chennai on Punalur line has commuters ready to roll |work=Times of India |date=1 April 2018 |access-date=2 April 2018 |archive-date=17 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617145727/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/first-train-from-chennai-on-punalur-line-has-commuters-ready-to-roll/articleshow/63564490.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2022 - Electrification of Kollam - Punalur stretch completed.
* 2023 - Electrification of Punalur - Edamon stretch and Sengottai - Bhagavathipuram stretch completed.
*2024 - On 31 March 2024 the pending electrification works between Edamon and Bhagavatipuram was completed. Thus the entire Kollam–Sengottai line is electrified.<ref>{{cite news |title=Railways to increase speed of trains on Kollam-Sengottai route |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2 March 2024 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/railways-to-increase-speed-of-trains-on-kollam-sengottai-route/article67907609.ece |access-date=14 March 2024 |archive-date=14 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314103439/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/railways-to-increase-speed-of-trains-on-kollam-sengottai-route/article67907609.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=പുനലൂർ-ചെങ്കോട്ട റെയിൽപാതയിൽ വൈദ്യുത വണ്ടികൾക്ക് പച്ചക്കൊടി |date=13 March 2024 |url=https://newspaper.mathrubhumi.com/kollam/news/kollam-chenkotta-railway-line-green-signal-for-electric-trains-1.9404408 |access-date=14 March 2024 |archive-date=14 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314104322/https://newspaper.mathrubhumi.com/kollam/news/kollam-chenkotta-railway-line-green-signal-for-electric-trains-1.9404408 |url-status=live }}</ref> However the [[traction substation]] at [[Punalur]] was not yet ready. On 2024 July 28, the [[Palaruvi Express]] from [[Tirunelveli Junction railway station|Tirunelveli]] to [[Palakkad Junction railway station|Palakkad]] was the first electric train that passed through the route.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-27 |title=Trains in Sengottai-Punalur section start to run with electric traction |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/trains-in-sengottai-punalur-section-start-to-run-with-electric-traction/article68453653.ece |access-date=2024-08-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=4 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904035815/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/trains-in-sengottai-punalur-section-start-to-run-with-electric-traction/article68453653.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The electric supply was obtained from [[Sengottai]] and [[Perinad]] traction substations. Currently all trains Including [[Ernakulam–Velankanni Express]] are running on electric traction. More trains like MEMU are expected to run through the route since electrification is completed.
* 2025 - On 18 October 2025 electric supply from [[Kerala State Electricity Board|KSEB]] reached newly constructed Punalur traction substation after delay of 2.5 years from their end. The Kollam - Chennai Egmore mail was the first train to run using the electric supply from Punalur TSS. The electric supply from Punalur TSS would energise the [[Kilikollur railway station|Kilikollur]] - [[Thenmala railway station|Thenmala]] 70 km section. Thus the entire 761 km Kollam - Chennai route is electrified in all respects finally. This was a milestone in the 121 year old history of the route and would ensure seamless transportation experience along the ghat section.

==About the route==
The route was once a lifeline for the people of the southern districts of [[Kerala]] state and the [[Sengottai]]–[[Virudhunagar]] belt of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It served to create a strong link especially among the trading community of these areas in the two States. British tea estates and coffee plantations thrived on the labour of tribesman living in the [[Thenmala]] forests and workers from Tamil Nadu. The railway line contributed much to the development of a [[plantation]] economy in this area. The farmers of the Shencottah-Virudhunagar belt depended on the trains to market their produce in south Travancore. Huge quantities of vegetables, groceries and dairy products such as curd were brought into Kollam district from Tamil Nadu by trains that plied the route. The [[Palaruvi]] and Kazhuthurutti waterfalls and the Thenmala eco-tourism centre are on the fringes of this line, and the [[Courtallam]] waterfalls at the destination make this route popular with nature lovers.<ref name="adieu">{{cite news|last1=S. Binu|first1=Raj|title=Whistling adieu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Whistling-adieu/article16573298.ece|access-date=6 June 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 March 2010|archive-date=4 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904035942/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Whistling-adieu/article16573298.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Notable landmarks on the route===
[[File:13Arch Bridge View 1.jpg|thumb|right|350px|View of 13 Kannara Bridge]]
[[File:13 Kannara Bridge.jpg|thumb|Train passing over 13 Kannara Bridge in 2022]]
* '''13 Kannara Bridge'''
The [[Pathimoonnu Kannara Bridge]] or 13 Arch Bridge (''Pathimoonu kannara palam'') is a 108–year–old bridge at Kazhathuruthi. The bridge consists of 13 arches and is a major landmark on the Kollam–Sengottai railway line. The bridge connects two hillocks and stands on thirteen granite pillars each almost a hundred feet tall. Sandwiched by the Kollam-Thirumangalam National Highway on one side and the Kazhuthurutti river on the other, the bridge is {{convert|102.72|m}} long and {{convert|5.18|m}} tall.
* '''Aryankavu–Puliyara (Kottavasal) tunnel'''
The [[Aryankavu Tunnel|Aryankavu tunnel]] links Aryankavu in Kerala with Bhagavathipuram in Tamil Nadu. The tunnel was completed in 1903 and is {{convert|680|m}} long. On both sides of the tunnel, the conch shell symbol of the Travancore rulers has been imprinted.

===Popular metre-gauge trains on the route===
[[File:Scengottai-Kollam railway line at Kuri in Kollam district, Jan 2019.jpg|right|thumb|Rail line towards Kollam Junction near [[Kuri railway station|Kuri]]]]
* Train No:6105/6106 (earlier 105/106) Kollam–{{stnlnk|Chennai Egmore}} Mail

This train was introduced in 1904 after the completion of the [[Quilon]]–[[Sengottai]]–[[Virudhunagar]] metre-gauge line and was flagged off by the then Maharaja of Travancore, [[Moolam Thirunal]]. The train was later renamed the Quilon–[[Madras]] Mail. The train was extended to [[Trivandrum]] in 1918 after completion of the Quilon–Trivandrum metre-gauge line. This train was one of the early metre gauge trains to have a First Class. The train was truncated at Quilon after the Kollam–[[Trivandrum Central]] metre-gauge track was converted to broad gauge in 1979. The train went through to [[Madurai Junction railway station]] via Manamadurai Junction from 1996 when the Virudhunagar–Madurai line was converted to broad gauge. The train was discontinued in June 2000.
* Train No:6383/6384 Tirunelveli–Kollam Express
* Sengottai–Kollam passenger
This passenger train was the main means of transport among office workers and students along this route.

==Stations==
The railway stations in Kollam Junction–Sengottai railway line are
{{div col|colwidth=13em}}
* {{stnlnk|Kollam Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Kilikollur}}
* {{stnlnk|Chandanattop}}
* {{stnlnk|Kundara}}
* {{stnlnk|Kundara East}}
* {{stnlnk|Ezhukone}}
* {{stnlnk|Kottarakara}}
* {{stnlnk|Kuri}}
* {{stnlnk|Avaneeswaram}}
* {{stnlnk|Punalur}}
* [[Edamon|Edaman]]
* Ottakkal
* {{stnlnk|Thenmala}}
* Kazhuthurutty
* Edapalayam
* {{stnlnk|New Aryankavu}}
* {{stnlnk|Aryankavu}}
* Bhagavathipuram
* {{stnlnk|Sengottai}}
{{div col end|6}}

==Broad gauge conversion==
[[File:SCT-PUU Gauge Conversion stat.png|thumb|220px]] The Punalur–Sengottai section is part of the 325-km Kollam–Sengottai–[[Tenkasi]]–[[Tirunelveli Junction railway station|Tirunelveli]]–[[Tiruchendur railway station|Tiruchendur]] broad gauge conversion project and part of the Tenkasi–[[Virudhunagar]] trunk route to [[Chennai]]. The broad gauge conversion section has been completed.

===Kollam–Punalur section===
The Kollam Junction–[[Punalur]] metre-gauge railway line to broad-gauge conversion works foundation stone was laid in 1998 at Punalur. Services on the Punalur–Kollam metre-gauge section were withdrawn on 1 May 2007, to facilitate the broad gauge conversion work. The gauge conversion took almost 11 years to complete after the foundation stone was laid. The 44 km line was converted to broad gauge and inaugurated on 10 May 2010. Passenger train services connecting Punalur to Kollam, [[Madurai]], [[Guruvayur]], [[Kanyakumari]] and [[Palakkad Junction]] are currently operational in this route.<ref name=qlnpuu/>

===Punalur–Sengottai section===
To facilitate the broad gauge conversion work on the [[Punalur]]–Sengottai section, train services on the section were withdrawn in September 2010. The 49.2-km Punalur–Sengottai section gauge conversion works were completed in December 2017 and the line was commissioned in March 2018. The inaugural Tambaram–Kollam special train (06027) ran through the section on 31 March 2018. The inaugural TBM–QLN special train was later extended to Chennai Egmore (MS) and then regularised w.e.f. 04.03.2019 where the inaugural run of the regular daily express train was flagged off. The regular train is 115 years old and re-started after 19 years. The train MS<>QLN EXP has train numbers 16101 (MS–QLN)/16102 (QLN–MS). The inaugural special run of the regular train had 06101 as the number and had a total of 14 coaches with 8 SL coaches & 2 3A coaches.

== Major Trains ==
The major trains passing through this line are:

* [[Chennai Egmore–Kollam Junction Express|Chennai Egmore–Kollam Junction Express (Quilon Mail)]]
* [[Ernakulam–Velankanni Express|Ernakulam - Velankanni Express]]
* [[Palaruvi Express]]
* Guruvayur - Madurai Express

== Future Projects ==
* Improvements in track and track alignment is necessary to increase the speed and capacity of trains. Since Edamon-Bhagavathipuram strech is a ghat section, currently trains with less number of bogies are moving at low speed with banker locos attached. The length of platforms at various stations are required to be increased to facilitate stoppage of long trains.
* The doubling of the line is necessary because the line is shortest path from Kollam to Chennai and cargos from upcoming [[Vizhinjam International Seaport Thiruvananthapuram|Vizhinjam Port (Thiruvananthapuram)]] will be travelling through this line.
* Extensions of [[Sabarimala Railway|Sabari Railway Line]]:
# The first phase of Sabari rail line is up to [[Erumely]]. As a second phase a railway line is proposed from Erumeli to [[Punalur railway station|Punalur]]. This facilitates the connection of Kollam- Sengottai line to [[Sabarimala Temple|Sabarimala]], [[Pathanamthitta]] and to [[Shoranur–Cochin Harbour section|Ernakulam - Shornur line]] bypassing [[Kottayam railway station|Kottayam]], [[Alappuzha railway station|Alappuzha]], [[Ernakulam Junction railway station|Ernakulam]].
# Third phase extension from [[Punalur railway station|Punalur]] to [[Nemom railway station|Nemom]] / Balaramapuram (Proposed Vizhinjam port line starts from here).<ref>{{cite news |title=Vizhinjam railway tunnel, third longest tunnel in country, to adopt Austrian tunnelling method |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/vizhinjam-railway-tunnel-third-longest-tunnel-in-country-to-adopt-australian-tunnelling-method/article67072115.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=12 July 2023 |access-date=20 March 2024 |last1=Kallungal |first1=Dhinesh |archive-date=24 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124071439/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/vizhinjam-railway-tunnel-third-longest-tunnel-in-country-to-adopt-australian-tunnelling-method/article67072115.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> This railway line will act as bypass line to Kollam-Thiruvananthapuram line. This line is beneficial to people in the highrange region of Kollam and Thiruvananthapuram districts. Also this line will facilitate the cargo movement from [[Vizhinjam International Seaport Thiruvananthapuram|Vizhinjam Port]].
:: If both the above extensions happen [[Punalur railway station]] will become a major junction railway station in Kerala.

==See also==
* [[Tenkasi Junction railway station|Tenkasi Junction]]
* {{stnlnk|Tirunelveli Junction}}
* [[Kollam–Thiruvananthapuram trunk line|Kollam - Thiruvananthapuram line]]
* [[Ernakulam–Kayamkulam coastal line|Ernakulam-Kayamkulam Coastal line]]
* [[Ernakulam–Kottayam–Kayamkulam line]]
{{maplink|display=inline,title|text=Route map|type=line}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Railways in Southern India}}
{{Kollam |state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kollam-Sengottai Chord Line}}
[[Category:Rail transport in Kollam]]
[[Category:Madurai railway division|*]]
[[Category:Economy of Kollam]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Kerala]]
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 1904]]
[[Category:Transport in Kollam district]]
[[Category:Tirunelveli district]]
[[Category:Thiruvananthapuram railway division|*]]

Mammootty

2026-03-25T08:24:37Z

Agamx:

{{Short description|Indian actor and film producer (born 1951)}}
{{Indian patronymic|Muhammad Kutty or Mammootty|Panaparambil Ismail}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mammootty
| image = File:Mammootty, 2022.jpg
| caption = Mammootty in 2022
| birth_name = Muhammad Kutty Panaparambil Ismail
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1951|9|7}}
| birth_place = [[Chandiroor]], [[Travancore–Cochin]] (present day [[Alappuzha, Kerala]]), India
| alma_mater = [[Sacred Heart College, Thevara|Sacred Heart College]] [[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam|Maharaja's College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) [[Government Law College, Ernakulam|Govt. Law College]] [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]] ([[LLB]]) [[University of Kerala]] [[University of Calicut]] ([[D.Litt]])

| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|film producer}}
| years_active = 1971–present
| works = [[Mammootty filmography|Full list]]
| organization = Mammootty Kampany
| spouse = {{marriage|Sulfath|1979}}
| children = 2, including [[Dulquer Salmaan]] 
| family = [[List of Hindi film families#Mammootty family|Mammootty family]]
| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Mammootty|Full list]]
| honours = [[Padma Shri]] (1998) [[Kerala Awards|Kerala Prabha]] (2022) [[Padma Bhushan]] (2026)
| website = {{URL|http://mammootty.com}}
}}
'''Muhammad Kutty Panaparambil Ismail''' (born 7 September 1951), known professionally as '''Mammootty''' ({{IPA|ml|mɐmːuːʈːi|}}), is an Indian actor and film producer who works predominantly in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language films. With a career spanning over five decades, he has appeared in [[Mammootty filmography|over 400 films]], predominantly in lead roles, across Malayalam, [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]], [[Hindi]], and [[English language|English languages]]. He is the recipient of [[List of awards and nominations received by Mammootty|several accolades]], including three [[National Film Award for Best Actor|National Film Awards]], eleven [[Kerala State Film Awards]], eleven [[Kerala Film Critics Awards]] and fifteen [[Filmfare Awards South]]. He received the [[Padma Bhushan]], the third-highest civilian award, in 2026 for his contributions to cinema, and earlier the [[Padma Shri]], the fourth-highest civilian award, from the [[Government of India]] in 1998. He was also honoured with the [[Kerala Awards|Kerala Prabha Award]] by the [[Government of Kerala]] in 2022. Mammootty was named as one of "the men who changed the face of the Indian Cinema" by [[CNN-News18]] .<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-25 |title=100 Years of Cinema: The men who changed the face of Indian films |url=http://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/100-years-of-cinema-the-men-who-changed-the-face-of-indian-films-894555-27.html |access-date=2024-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925013250/http://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/100-years-of-cinema-the-men-who-changed-the-face-of-indian-films-894555-27.html |archive-date=25 September 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Mammootty made his screen debut as a junior artiste in the drama film ''[[Anubhavangal Paalichakal]]'' (1971). He got his first credited role in [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]'s ''[[Vilkkanundu Swapnangal]]'' (1980). After playing a few supporting roles, he progressed to lead role in I. V. Sasi's romantic drama ''[[Thrishna]]'' (1981). He continued to do secondary and lead roles in the following years. By the early to mid 1980's, he established himself a bankable leading actor by starring in several successful films in 1984 and 1985; the crime drama ''[[Athirathram (film)|Athirathram]]'' (1984), the action thriller ''[[Nirakkoottu]]'' (1985) and the romantic drama ''[[Yathra]]'' (1985) heightened his stardom. Mammootty predominantly works in Malayalam cinema, but has also appeared in other language films. Some of his best known non-Malayalam films include the Tamil gangster drama film ''[[Thalapathi]]'' (1991), the Tamil romantic drama ''[[Kandukondain Kandukondain]]'' (2000), the Telugu musical drama ''[[Swathi Kiranam]]'' (1992) and the English-[[Hindi]] bilingual biopic ''[[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar (film)|Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar]]'' (2000).

Mammootty has won three [[National Film Awards]], seven [[Kerala State Film Awards]], fourteen [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards]], eleven [[Kerala Film Critics Awards]] and five [[Asianet Film Awards]] (from fourteen nominations). In 1998, the government of India honoured Mammootty with its fourth highest civilian award, [[Padma Shri]] for his contribution to the Indian film industry.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> He was conferred with the [[Doctor of Letters]] degree by the [[University of Calicut]] and the [[University of Kerala]] in 2010.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> In 2022, he was the honoured with [[Kerala Awards|Kerala Prabha]], the second-highest award given by the Government of Kerala.<ref name=":4" />

Mammootty's life and career have been included in the undergraduate syllabus of [[Maharaja's College, Kochi|Maharaja's College]], [[Ernakulam]]'s BA History programme, as part of the "History of Malayalam Cinema" course, in recognition of his significant contribution to the film industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mammootty's life added to BA History syllabus at Maharaja's College |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/07/02/mammootty-life-profession-included-in-syllabus-undergraduate-program-maharajas-college.html |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=Mammootty's life added to BA History syllabus at Maharaja's College |language=en}}</ref> He is the chairman of Malayalam Communications, which runs the Malayalam television channels [[Kairali TV]], Kairali News, and Kairali We. He is the owner of multiple production ventures, including the distribution-production banner, Playhouse, and production company, Mammootty Kampany. In 2007, Mammootty published his first book, ''Kazhchapadu'' (roughly translated as "Perspective"), a compilation of short essays he had written in various publications over the years.

== Early life and family ==
[[File:Mammootty_and_Prasant_Payyappilly_Palakkappilly.jpg|alt=Mammootty and Prasant Payyappilly Palakkappilly|thumb|250x250px|Mammootty with Father Prasant Palakkappilly at [[Sacred Heart College, Thevara|Sacred Heart College]] where he completed his [[Pre-university course|Pre degree]].]]
Mammootty was born on 7 September 1951 in [[Chandiroor]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Government of India, Directorate of Film Festivals – National Film Festival 1994 – Document Page number 35.| url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm41thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=41NFA.pdf| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928072259/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm41thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=41NFA.pdf|access-date=30 July 2011|archive-date=28 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Happy 62nd birthday Mammootty: What makes him Malayalam cinema's superstar| url=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/14353.html| newspaper=CNN-IBN|date=7 September 2013| access-date=16 March 2014| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316165245/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/14353.html| archive-date=16 March 2014}}</ref> He was raised in the village of [[Chempu]] near [[Vaikom]] in [[Kottayam district]] in the present-day state of [[Kerala]], [[India]] in a middle-class [[Muslim]] family. His father, Ismail, had a wholesale garment and rice business and was involved in rice cultivation. His mother, Fatima, was a housewife. He is their eldest son. He has two younger brothers, Ibrahimkutty and Zakariah, and three younger sisters, Ameena, Sauda and Shafina.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Mammootty's brother Ibrahim Kutty ruminates about ancestral house.|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/lifestyle/decor/2020/05/05/mammootty-brother-ibrahim-kutty-ruminates-ancestral-house.html|newspaper=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=5 May 2020|access-date=22 August 2022|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816040851/https://www.onmanorama.com/lifestyle/decor/2020/05/05/mammootty-brother-ibrahim-kutty-ruminates-ancestral-house.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="mohamed-2019">{{Cite news |title=Mammootty: Bollywood's loss |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/wknd/bollywood/mammootty-bollywoods-loss |last=Mohamed |first=Khalid |newspaper=[[Khaleej Times]] |date=8 November 2019 |access-date=23 August 2022 |archive-date=9 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109175221/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/wknd/bollywood/mammootty-bollywoods-loss |url-status=live }}</ref>

He went to Government High School, Kulasekharamangalam, Kottayam for his primary education.<ref>{{Cite news|title=A 'special birth day' for Mammootty's teacher|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 November 2016|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/a-special-birth-day-for-mammoottys-teacher/articleshow/55344151.cms|access-date=17 February 2022|archive-date=17 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217053135/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/a-special-birth-day-for-mammoottys-teacher/articleshow/55344151.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In the 1960s, his father moved the family to [[Kochi]], where he attended Government School Ernakulam. He did his [[pre-university course]] (pre-degree) at [[Sacred Heart College, Thevara]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=I seek out gurus in my juniors, says Mammootty |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interview/2017/09/09/mammootty-pullikaran-staraa-movie-teachers.html|newspaper=Malayala Manorama|access-date=17 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203160436/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interview/2017/09/09/mammootty-pullikaran-staraa-movie-teachers.html |archive-date=3 December 2020}}</ref> He attended [[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam]], for his degree.<ref name="the indian express-2022" /> He graduated with an [[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B.]] from [[Government Law College, Ernakulam]].<ref name="the indian express-2022">{{Cite news|title=Vintage photo of Mammootty traces his days in Maharaja's College|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/mammootty-maharajas-college-7713218/|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=9 January 2022|access-date=17 February 2022|archive-date=8 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108140945/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/mammootty-maharajas-college-7713218/|url-status=live}}</ref> He practised law for two years in [[Manjeri]].<ref name="mohamed-2019" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Mammootty – A lawyer?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/did-you-know-/Mammootty-A-lawyer/articleshow/12933677.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=9 May 2013|access-date=23 August 2022|archive-date=5 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171105211741/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/did-you-know-/Mammootty-A-lawyer/articleshow/12933677.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

He married Sulfath Kuttyy in 1979 in an [[Arranged marriage in the Indian subcontinent|arranged marriage]]. The couple has a daughter Surumi (born 1982), and a son [[Dulquer Salmaan]] (born 1983)—also an actor.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mammootty – Sulfath's 43rd Wedding Anniversary: Here Are Some Rare Pics Of The Celebrity Couple|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammootty-sulfaths-43rd-wedding-anniversary-here-are-some-rare-pics-of-the-celebrity-couple/photostory/91376388.cms?picid=91376412|newspaper=The Times of India|date=6 May 2022|access-date=24 August 2022|archive-date=24 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824144820/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammootty-sulfaths-43rd-wedding-anniversary-here-are-some-rare-pics-of-the-celebrity-couple/photostory/91376388.cms?picid=91376412|url-status=live}}</ref> He resides in [[Kochi]] with his family. His younger brother, Ibrahimkutty, has also acted in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam films]]. His nephews, [[Maqbool Salmaan]] and [[Ashkar Saudan]], are Malayalam film and television actors.<ref>{{cite news|title=I never wanted to use my uncle's identity: Maqbool Salman|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/I-never-wanted-to-use-my-uncles-identity-Maqbool-Salman/articleshow/11363220.cms|last=Kurian|first=Shiba|newspaper=The Times of India|date=4 January 2012|access-date=12 December 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104080318/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-04/news-interviews/30588129_1_mammootty-upcoming-flick-first-movie|archive-date=4 November 2013}}</ref>

== Film career ==
=== 1971–1982: Early career ===
Mammootty made his onscreen debut as an extra in [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]]’s ''[[Anubhavangal Paalichakal]]'' (1971) at the age of 20.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 March 2011 |title=Anubhavangal Paalichakal |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2011/03/25/stories/2011032550770400.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=28 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824205420/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2011/03/25/stories/2011032550770400.htm |archive-date=24 August 2011}}</ref> He made his second appearance in an uncredited role in the 1973 film ''[[Kalachakram|Kaalachakram]],'' directed by [[K. Narayanan]]. He was cast in a small role as a boatman.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 June 2019 |title=Mammootty says not afraid of failure but it affects him |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |url=https://englisharchives.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/interview/mammootty-says-not-afraid-of-failure-but-it-affects-him-1.3901887 |access-date=27 April 2022 |archive-date=20 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220195018/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/amp/movies-music/interview/mammootty-says-not-afraid-of-failure-but-it-affects-him-1.3901887 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was in this film that he said his first dialogue.<ref>{{cite web |date=11 March 2018 |title=എന്ത് പൗളിയോ? ഞങ്ങളൊന്നിച്ച് നാടകം കളിച്ചിട്ടുണ്ട്, ഇങ്ങോട്ട് വിളിക്കൂ: ആദ്യ സിനിമയില്‍ തന്നെ ഞെട്ടിച്ച മമ്മൂക്കയെക്കുറിച്ച് മികച്ച സഹനടി പൗളി വില്‍സണ്‍ |url=http://www.mangalam.com/news/detail/199417-latest-news-payly-wilson-about-mammootty.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403051425/http://www.mangalam.com/news/detail/199417-latest-news-payly-wilson-about-mammootty.html |archive-date=3 April 2018 |access-date=29 August 2022 |website=Mangalam |language=malayalam}}</ref> In 1975, he acted in the theatre drama ''Sabarmathi''.<ref>{{cite news |date=9 March 2018 |title=മമ്മൂട്ടി എന്നെ മറന്നെന്നാണ് കരുതിയത്, പക്ഷേ; പൗളി വൽസൻ |language=malayalam |work=ManoramaOnline |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2018/03/09/pauly-valsan-about-mammootty0.html |access-date=24 August 2022 |archive-date=23 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823155537/https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2018/03/09/pauly-valsan-about-mammootty0.html |url-status=live }}</ref> After his graduation from [[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam|Maharaja's college]] in 1976, Mammootty began his practice as a lawyer in [[Manjeri]]. During this time, he met his mentor<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actor in me fostered by MT's brilliant characters: Mammootty |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/05/17/mammootty-mt-vasudevan-nair-malayalam-cinema.html |access-date=20 May 2023 |website=OnManorama |archive-date=20 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520171353/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/05/17/mammootty-mt-vasudevan-nair-malayalam-cinema.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]], who cast him in a pivotal role in ''[[Devalokam (film)|Devalokam]]'' (1979).<ref>{{cite news|title=This is the first on screen appearance of a Malayalam superstar: Guess who?|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/first-screen-appearance-malayalam-superstar-guess-who-151508|newspaper=The News Minute|date=30 June 2021|access-date=30 August 2022|archive-date=27 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127152651/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/first-screen-appearance-malayalam-superstar-guess-who-151508|url-status=live}}</ref> However, due to financial constraints and conflicts among cast and crew, the film stopped shooting halfway. As the film did not get a release Vasudevan Nair cast him in a minor role in ''[[Vilkkanundu Swapnangal]]'' (1980), directed by Azad and scripted by Nair, his first credited role.<ref>{{Cite news|title=From Prem Nazir to Fahadh Faasil: The actors who defined Malayalam cinema|url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/from-prem-nazir-to-fahadh-faasil-the-actors-who-defined-malayalam-cinema-1.1541928897299|last=Chandran|first=Jaya|newspaper=[[Gulf News]]|date=12 November 2018|access-date=22 July 2022|archive-date=18 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818131411/https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/from-prem-nazir-to-fahadh-faasil-the-actors-who-defined-malayalam-cinema-1.1541928897299|url-status=live}}</ref>

During the filming of ''Vilkkanundu Swapnangal,'' Mammootty met and got closer to [[Sreenivasan]]. When [[K. G. George]] was looking for a newcomer with a “smart and handsome personality” as a daredevil motorcycle jumper for his film ''[[Mela (1980 film)|Mela]]'' (1980), Sreenivasan suggested Mammooty's name while they were shooting at the Raymon circus at [[Ernakulam]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Babu |first=Ramachandra' |date=2 February 2010 |title=Ramachandra Babu: Mammootty, the Person and Actor |url=http://ramachandrababu.blogspot.com/2010/02/mammootty-person-and-actor.html |access-date=6 May 2023 |website=Ramachandra Babu |archive-date=6 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506091521/http://ramachandrababu.blogspot.com/2010/02/mammootty-person-and-actor.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Mela'' was the first Malayalam film to feature him in a prominent role. He was then cast in a supporting role in Vijayachithra Combines’ big budget action film ''[[Sphodanam]]'' (1981), directed by [[P. G. Viswambharan|P. G. Vishwambharan]]. He was credited as "Sajin" in the film as Vishwanbharan felt that the name "Mammootty" did not suit an actor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Mammootty became Sajin, Lal Jose recalls |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/07/13/how-mammootty-the-name-came-to-spell-success.html |access-date=6 May 2023 |website=OnManorama |archive-date=6 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506115107/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/07/13/how-mammootty-the-name-came-to-spell-success.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The same year, he made his first-ever appearance as a lead actor in the Malayalam film ''[[Thrishna]]'' (1981), which won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Malayalam|Filmfare Award for Best Film]]. Later that year, he appeared in a supporting role in [[I. V. Sasi]]’s political film ''[[Ahimsa (1981 film)|Ahimsa]]'' (1981), which earned him the [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actor]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Southern Comfort: Mammootty is 64 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/southern-comfort-mammootty-is-64-20498 |access-date=6 May 2023 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429201837/https://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/southern-comfort-mammootty-is-64-20498 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The next year, he starred alongside [[Bharat Gopy|Bharath Gopy]] in K. G. George's epoch making ''[[Yavanika]]'' (1982), as a police inspector who is on the search for an unpopular tabla player of a travelling drama group who suddenly disappears.<ref>{{cite web |title=A landmark in Malayalam film history |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/a-landmark-in-malayalam-film-history/article18310261.ece |last1=Kumar |first1=P. k Ajith |website=The Hindu |date=29 April 2017 |access-date=29 April 2022 |archive-date=30 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630003947/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/a-landmark-in-malayalam-film-history/article18310261.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Jijo Punnoose]] experimented Mammootty in a negative role in the epic period drama ''[[Padayottam (1982 film)|Padayottam]]'' (1982).<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Big is bountiful|magazine=India Today|date=16 October 2013|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19820415-padayottam-set-to-be-the-biggest-thing-in-films-in-south-india-771662-2013-10-16|access-date=30 August 2022|archive-date=22 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222142054/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/padayottam-set-to-be-the-biggest-thing-in-films-in-south-india/1/391560.html|url-status=live}}</ref> I. V. Sasi cast him in a pivotal role in ''[[John Jaffer Janardhanan]]'' (1982), the Malayalam remake of [[Manmohan Desai]]’s Hindi film ''[[Amar Akbar Anthony]]'' (1977). He was then cast in a major supporting role in Sasi's political drama ''[[Ee Nadu]]'' (1982), which was a major commercial success, becoming the highest grossing South Indian film of the year.<ref>{{cite web|title=Poor patchwork|url=http://m.indiatoday.in/story/iniyenkilum-starring-mammootty-mohan-lal-seema-is-a-badly-made-film/1/371951.html |work=[[India Today]]|date=15 September 1983|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809211709/http://m.indiatoday.in/story/iniyenkilum-starring-mammootty-mohan-lal-seema-is-a-badly-made-film/1/371951.html |archive-date=9 August 2017}}</ref> Mammootty played supporting roles in most of the films released during the year. He had 23 of his films released during the year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Malayalam Movies acted by Mammootty |url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movieslist.php?a=55 |access-date=20 May 2023 |website=www.malayalachalachithram.com |archive-date=20 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520171829/https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movieslist.php?a=55 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== 1983–1986: Experimentation and breakthrough ===
In 1983, he started to transition into leading roles. [[Balu Kiriyath]] experimented with Mammootty by casting him as the lead in the comedy drama ''[[Visa (film)|Visa]],'' which was declared a hit at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Ravi |date=13 August 2020 |title=റഫിയെ പാടിക്കാനായി മാത്രം ഹിന്ദി പടം പിടിച്ച കിളിമാനൂരുകാരന്‍ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/columns/paatuvazhiyorathu/mohammed-rafi-kabeer-rawther-bollywood-ravi-menon-paattezhuthu-lubna-1.2129796 |access-date= |website=Mathrubhumi |archive-date=13 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813053342/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/columns/paatuvazhiyorathu/mohammed-rafi-kabeer-rawther-bollywood-ravi-menon-paattezhuthu-lubna-1.2129796 |url-status=live }}</ref> In his next film, ''[[Sandhyakku Virinja Poovu]],'' directed by P. G. Vishwambaran, he played the role of a [[libertine]] lawyer who takes up the case of a female physician who is charged with medical negligence. The film became a major commercial success, running for 250 days in theatres. A critic of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "Seema, as Dr. Bala gives a stand out performance, being particularly impressive in highly emotional sequences. She is matched in acting by Mammootty, who is advocate Jayamohan."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Doctor's dilemma |url=https://scontent.fblr1-5.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t39.30808-6/298102151_446187557412192_3483886163348317725_n.jpg?_nc_cat=103&ccb=1-7&_nc_sid=8bfeb9&_nc_ohc=dXjDT1oxHGoAX8Xu6T6&_nc_ht=scontent.fblr1-5.fna&oh=00_AfA2zoYFoe9AsMGrbI9njyW8_DKd8yKJCWUERIb7hp7t_g&oe=63CD0D65 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120065817/https://scontent.fblr1-5.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t39.30808-6/298102151_446187557412192_3483886163348317725_n.jpg?_nc_cat=103&ccb=1-7&_nc_sid=8bfeb9&_nc_ohc=dXjDT1oxHGoAX8Xu6T6&_nc_ht=scontent.fblr1-5.fna&oh=00_AfA2zoYFoe9AsMGrbI9njyW8_DKd8yKJCWUERIb7hp7t_g&oe=63CD0D65 |archive-date=20 January 2023 |access-date=20 January 2023 |website=[[Indian Express Limited]]}}</ref> In 2017, ''[[The Times of India]]'' described Mammootty's role as one of the "astounding advocate roles he has given life to".<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 June 2017 |title=No, Mammootty did not fight a case for Indraja! |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/no-mammootty-did-not-fight-a-case-for-indraja/articleshow/59085264.cms |access-date=2 July 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=23 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123011318/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/no-mammootty-did-not-fight-a-case-for-indraja/articleshow/59085264.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Sandhyakku Virinja Poovu'' is credited with solidifying Mammootty's status as a [[leading man]].<ref name="onmanorama">{{Cite web |title=Raju Mathew, who hit 'Century' with every film |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/11/13/raju-mathew-death-obit-kerala-century-films.html |access-date=2 July 2023 |website=OnManorama |archive-date=2 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702153609/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/11/13/raju-mathew-death-obit-kerala-century-films.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He then starred in Vishwambaran's ''[[Pinnilavu]],'' a film about a fight of ethics between a father and son. A multi starrer, it was also a commercial success, running for 150 days in theatres.<ref name="onmanorama" /> He then appeared in a supporting role in K. G. George's controversial classic ''[[Lekhayude Maranam Oru Flashback]].'' In the film, Mammootty plays the role of a film superstar, a character modelled after [[Prem Nazir]]. On 15 May 1983, Sreedhar Pillai of ''[[India Today]]'' wrote, "Mammootty, the current rage of the Malayalam screen, successfully apes the mannerisms of fellow actor Prem Nazir in his Prem Sagar role."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chronicler |first=Bharat |date=15 May 1983 |title=Imitation of Life |url=https://bharatgopy.com/imitation-of-life/ |access-date=2 July 2023 |website=Bharat Gopy |language=en-US}}</ref>

He then starred as an antihero in P. Padmarajan's classic ''[[Koodevide]].'' In the film, he plays the role of a jealous and possessive lover of a boarding school teacher. The film was a major commercial success. Anandu Suresh of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "Mammootty here adeptly navigated a range of emotions. But particularly impressive was his depiction of Thomas’ jealousy, triggered by Alice's close bond with one of her students, a mother-son-like one which Thomas misconstrues as romantic. Mammootty skillfully showcased Thomas’ descent into villainy, capturing his character's sinister demeanour and willingness to go the extra mile to win Alice's affection just for himself."<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2024 |title=The actor who aspired to become Marlon Brando but ended up being Mammootty instead: An exploration of Bramayugam star's grey roles {{!}} Malayalam News – The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/the-actor-who-aspired-to-become-marlon-brando-but-ended-up-being-mammootty-instead-an-exploration-of-bramayugam-stars-grey-roles-9158422/ |access-date=2 March 2024 |archive-date=22 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222120952/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/the-actor-who-aspired-to-become-marlon-brando-but-ended-up-being-mammootty-instead-an-exploration-of-bramayugam-stars-grey-roles-9158422/ |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> His pairing with [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]] was very successful and was continued in films like ''[[Ente Upasana]]'' (1984). ''Koodevide'' was also selected for screening in that year's Indian Panorama. It also won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value|Kerala State Award for Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value]].<ref name="+++++++++++++ official website of information and public relation department of kerala +++++++++++++-2016">{{Cite web |date=3 March 2016 |title=+++++++++++++ official website of INFORMATION AND PUBLIC RELATION DEPARTMENT OF KERALA +++++++++++++ |url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards2.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234213/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards2.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=2 July 2023 }}</ref> He then collaborated with director [[Joshiy]] for the first time for ''[[Aa Raathri]].''<ref name="nagarajan-2021" /> Despite mixed critical response, it was a commercial success. It had a very successful soundtrack, credited with launching [[Ilaiyaraaja]]'s Malayalam film career.<ref name="the times of india-2018">{{cite news |title=Actor turned TV producer – Mammootty: Lesser known facts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/mammootty-lesser-known-facts/actor-turned-tv-producer/photostory/48651359.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=13 March 2018 |access-date=1 September 2022 |archive-date=7 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907062542/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/mammootty-lesser-known-facts/actor-turned-tv-producer/photostory/48651359.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Critics consider ''Aa Rathri'' to be a trendsetter. It is regarded to be the first of the Kutty Petty films, tear-jerker family-drama tragedy of the 1980s. Films of this genre typically featured a happy family in the beginning, with a well-placed husband-cum-father, a young mother and a girl child of the age of 3 or 4. In the end, the family gets into a whirlpool of relationship problems.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kochukudy |first=Anand |date=9 September 2021 |title=Not Enough Is Said About Mammootty's Impact on Malayalam Cinema of the 80s |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/indian-cinema/mammootty-malayalam-cinema-mega-star-actor-mammukka-mt-vasudevan |access-date=2 July 2023 |website=TheQuint |language=en |archive-date=2 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702153609/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/indian-cinema/mammootty-malayalam-cinema-mega-star-actor-mammukka-mt-vasudevan |url-status=live }}</ref> Other notable releases of the year were supporting roles in Fazil's ''[[Eettillam]]'' and I. V. Sasi's political ''[[Iniyenkilum]].'' Reviewing ''Iniyenkilum'' for ''India Today'', Sreedhar Pillai wrote, "Mammootty easily outshines everyone else as the villainous politician."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iniyenkilum is a badly made film, offers nothing new |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19830915-iniyenkilum-starring-mammootty-mohan-lal-seema-is-a-badly-made-film-771014-2013-07-17 |access-date=2 July 2023 |website=India Today |date=17 July 2013 |language=en |archive-date=2 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702153609/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19830915-iniyenkilum-starring-mammootty-mohan-lal-seema-is-a-badly-made-film-771014-2013-07-17 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1984, he starred as the smuggler Tharadas in I. V. Sasi's ''[[Athirathram (film)|Athirathram]].'' The film achieved considerable commercial success and the character of Tharadas gained a cult following among the youth. Mammootty, who was considered a [[Bankable star|bankable leading actor]] was propelled to [[superstardom]] with the success of the film. Owing to the popularity of the character, it was reprised by Mammootty in ''[[Balram vs. Tharadas|Balram vs Tharadas]]'' (2006).<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2017 |title=IV Sasi: The kingmaker behind Mammootty and Mohanlal |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/iv-sasi-kingmaker-behind-mammootty-and-mohanlal-70549 |access-date=11 July 2023 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=11 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711142447/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/iv-sasi-kingmaker-behind-mammootty-and-mohanlal-70549 |url-status=live }}</ref> He then starred in I. V. Sasi's ''[[Kanamarayathu]],'' an adaptation of the 1912 novel [[Daddy-Long-Legs (novel)|Daddy-Long-Legs]] by [[Jean Webster]]. In the film he plays the role of the sole successor of a rich business empire who falls for an orphan girl younger than him. ''Kanamarayathu'' explores the concept of [[Age disparity in sexual relationships|relationships between couples with a large disparity in their ages]], which challenged Indian social mores. Upon release the film received critical acclaim and became a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web |title=I.V. Sasi's Kanamarayathu turns 37: Here are a few films by the director you must not miss |url=https://www.ottplay.com/listicle/iv-sasis-kanamarayathu-turns-37-here-are-a-few-films-by-the-director-you-must-not-miss/f472c60bc761 |access-date=11 July 2023 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=11 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711142441/https://www.ottplay.com/listicle/iv-sasis-kanamarayathu-turns-37-here-are-a-few-films-by-the-director-you-must-not-miss/f472c60bc761 |url-status=live }}</ref> For his performance as Roy Varghese, Mammootty won his first [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Critics |first=kerala Film |title=FILM CRITICS AWARDS COMPLETE LIST FROM 1977 TILL 2012 ഫിലിം ക്രിട്ടിക്‌സ് അവാര്‍ഡ് 1977 മുതല്‍ 2012 വരെ സമ്പൂര്‍ണ പട്ടിക |url=https://www.keralafilmcritics.com/2020/10/film-critics-awards-complete-list-from.html |access-date=11 July 2023 |language=en-GB |archive-date=25 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125200724/https://www.keralafilmcritics.com/2020/10/film-critics-awards-complete-list-from.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film has over the years accumulated a [[cult following]] and is now considered a [[classic]] in Malayalam cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2017 |title=Remembering 'Kanamarayuthu', the film that made us believe in first love and happily-ever-afters |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/remembering-kanamarayuthu-film-made-us-believe-first-love-and-happily-ever-afters-64907 |access-date=11 July 2023 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=11 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711142446/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/remembering-kanamarayuthu-film-made-us-believe-first-love-and-happily-ever-afters-64907 |url-status=live }}</ref> He then starred as a police officer in [[Bharathan]]'s ''[[Ithiri Poove Chuvannapoove]].'' The film explores the relationship between a police officer and his younger brother, who becomes a [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency|Naxalite]]. It was a critical success and had a successful soundtrack.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ithirippoove Chuvannapoove (1984) |url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1565 |access-date=11 July 2023 |website=www.malayalachalachithram.com |archive-date=11 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711142446/https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1565 |url-status=live }}</ref>

He then appeared in a supporting role in the [[Art film|art house film]], ''[[Akkare]]''. In the film he portrays a [[Malayali diaspora|non resident Malayali]]. The film is a satirical take on the obsession, especially of the middle class of other's lifestyle.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Varma |first=Sandeep |date=10 December 2013 |title=Twenty five years of Akkare (1984) |url=https://bharatgopy.com/twenty-five-years-of-akkare-1984/ |access-date=11 July 2023 |website=Bharat Gopy |language=en-US |archive-date=11 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711142441/https://bharatgopy.com/twenty-five-years-of-akkare-1984/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He then starred as a vengeful fisherman back from prison in I. V. Sasi's ''[[Adiyozhukkukal]].'' The film was a commercial and critical success. Mammootty won his first [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor]] and his first [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Malayalam]] for his performance as Karunan.<ref name="+++++++++++++ official website of information and public relation department of kerala +++++++++++++-2016" /> Mammootty's performance in the film is often considered one of the best in his early career. The film was produced by Casino Productions, a production company owned by Century Kochumon, [[Mohanlal]], [[I. V. Sasi]], and Mammootty.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2015 |title=Adiyozhukkukal (1984) {{!}} Adiyozhukkukal Malayalam Movie {{!}} Movie Reviews, Showtimes |url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/17873/malayalam/adiyozhukkukal/ |access-date=11 July 2023 |website=NOWRUNNING |language=en |archive-date=11 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711142441/https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/17873/malayalam/adiyozhukkukal/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He also starred in I. V. Sasi's ''[[Aalkkoottathil Thaniye]],'' a box office hit. In 1988, film scholar Vasanthi Shankaranarayanan wrote, "''Aalkkottathil Thaniye'' shows the changing image of woman in contemporary Malayalam cinema. From weak and enslaved to strong and independent."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indiancine.ma |url=https://indiancine.ma/ |access-date=11 July 2023 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=5 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405060204/http://indiancine.ma/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Aalkkottathil Thaniye'', the screenplay was released as a book by [[DC Books]] in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |title=aalkkoottathil thaniye ആൾക്കൂട്ടത്തിൽ തനിയെ എം ടി വാസുദേവൻ നായർ യാത്രാവിവരണം യാത്രാനുഭവാഖ്യാനം m t vasudevan nair mt vasudevan nair emti vaasudevan naair travel |url=https://www.pusthakakada.com/product/aalkkoottatthil-thaniye-dc3348/ |access-date=11 July 2023 |website=Pusthakakada |language=en-US |archive-date=11 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711142441/https://www.pusthakakada.com/product/aalkkoottatthil-thaniye-dc3348/ |url-status=live }}</ref> That year he also starred in several Kutty Petty films that received negative critical reviews but were successful at the box office, notable of which were ''[[Sandarbham]], [[Koottinilamkili]]'' and ''[[Chakkarayumma]].'' The former of which was a major box office hit, running for 150 days in theatres. It was one of the highest-grossing films of the year. The genre had now become synonymous with Mammootty, being renamed the Mammootty-Kutty-Petty film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kochukudy |first=Anand |date=9 September 2021 |title=Not Enough Is Said About Mammootty's Impact on Malayalam Cinema of the 80s |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/indian-cinema/mammootty-malayalam-cinema-mega-star-actor-mammukka-mt-vasudevan |access-date=11 July 2023 |website=TheQuint |language=en |archive-date=2 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702153619/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/indian-cinema/mammootty-malayalam-cinema-mega-star-actor-mammukka-mt-vasudevan |url-status=live }}</ref>

The following year, he starred in Padmarajan's ''[[Thinkalaazhcha Nalla Divasam]],'' based on the radio drama ''Ammaykku Vendi'' by Sajini Pavithran'','' in which he plays the role of a man who wants to sell his ancestral house and put his mother in an old age home. The film explores the layers of family relationship in a rural setting threatened by urban culture and explains how the imminent breakdown of the joint family is prevented by a death. Upon release, the film was critically acclaimed, winning the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam]] that year. He then starred in I. V. Sasi's ''[[Anubandham (1985 film)|Anubandham]],'' scripted by M. T. Vasudevan Nair, the film was released to widespread critical acclaim, winning four Kerala State Film Awards that year. He collaborated with Nair and Sasi once again that year with ''[[Karimpinpoovinakkare|Karimbinpoovinakkare]],'' in which he played the role of Shivan, who in a state of rage kills his best friend due to a misunderstanding and explores how he repents for his sin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karimbinpoovinakkare (1985) |url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1702 |access-date=7 April 2024 |website=www.malayalachalachithram.com |archive-date=7 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407165640/https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1702 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rediff On The NeT, Movies: Team of 48 |url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/1998/sep/01hari1.htm |access-date=7 April 2024 |website=www.rediff.com |archive-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127151237/https://www.rediff.com/entertai/1998/sep/01hari1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

He then, starred as Ravi Varma, a millionaire on death row for killing his wife in Joshiy's ''[[Nirakkoottu]].'' The film was a major critical and commercial success, becoming one of the highest-grossing films of that year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2021 |title=Malayalam screenwriter-director Dennis Joseph passes away |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/malayalam-screenwriter-dennis-joseph-passes-away-7309859/ |access-date=21 January 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=14 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214235102/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/malayalam-screenwriter-dennis-joseph-passes-away-7309859/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The film won the Filmfare Award for Best Malayalam film.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nirakkoottu Awards: List of Awards won by Malayalam movie Nirakkoottu |website=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/nirakkoottu/movieawards/65510732.cms |access-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429211528/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/nirakkoottu/movieawards/65510732.cms |archive-date=29 April 2022}}</ref> He then starred as a forest officer who is mistaken for a Naxalite, arrested and jailed for many years in Balu Mahendra's romantic drama ''[[Yathra]].'' The film tells a fictional story but is built upon the human rights violations by the police and the prison authorities in India during [[The Emergency (India)|the emergency]] of 1975–1977, when the fundamental rights of the citizens were suspended. It is an adaptation of the 1977 Japanese classic [[The Yellow Handkerchief (1977 film)|''The Yellow Handkerchief'']].<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 June 2022 |title=Risking life and liberty – The Hindu |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/meenakshi-shedde-looks-at-how-filmmakers-responded-to-the-emergency-with-hardhitting-cinema/article7429522.ece |access-date=21 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603210449/https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/meenakshi-shedde-looks-at-how-filmmakers-responded-to-the-emergency-with-hardhitting-cinema/article7429522.ece |archive-date=3 June 2022 }}</ref> The film was released to widespread critical acclaim, winning the Kerala State Film Award for [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Popular Film|Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value]]. It was declared a blockbuster, running for 200 days in theatres,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Akhila |date=15 November 2016 |title=10 Mammootty Movies Which Completed 200 Days At The Theatres |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2016/mammootty-10-movies-which-completed-200-days-at-the-theatres-247132.html |access-date=11 July 2022 |website=filmibeat.com |language=en |archive-date=27 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627225325/https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2016/mammootty-10-movies-which-completed-200-days-at-the-theatres-247132.html |url-status=live }}</ref> becoming the highest grossing Malayalam film of the year.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 January 1986 |title=New icons of Kerala's thriving movie industry zap jaded demigod Prem Nazir |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19860115-new-icons-of-kerala-movie-industry-zap-jaded-demigod-prem-nazir-800494-1986-01-15 |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=21 January 2024 |archive-date=4 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604113729/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19860115-new-icons-of-kerala-movie-industry-zap-jaded-demigod-prem-nazir-800494-1986-01-15 |url-status=live }}</ref> For his performance, Mammootty won the Filmfare Best Actor Award for his performance in ''[[Yathra]]'', as well as a [[Kerala State Film Award – Special Jury Award|Special Jury Award]] for his performances in both ''[[Yathra]]'' and ''[[Nirakkoottu]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Southern Comfort: Mammootty is 64 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/southern-comfort-mammootty-is-64-20498#photo-261990 |work=NDTV.com |access-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429201837/https://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/southern-comfort-mammootty-is-64-20498 |archive-date=29 April 2022}}</ref><ref name="kerala state film awards winners list">{{cite web |title="Kerala State Film Awards Winners List" |url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards2.htm |access-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234213/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards2.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1986 alone, he acted in about 35 films, including a brief appearance in ''[[Mazha Peyyunnu Maddalam Kottunnu]]''. In 1986, he teamed up with [[I. V. Sasi]] for the film [[Aavanazhi]], which was written by T. Damodaran. Mammootty appears in the lead role as Balram, a police officer. Both [[Inspector Balram]] and [[Balram vs. Tharadas]] are sequels to this film. The film was a huge hit at the box office. The film ran for over 200 days. The film was remade in Tamil, Telugu, and Hindi.<ref>{{cite news |title=10 Mammootty films to watch before you die |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/10-mammootty-films-to-watch-before-you-die/photostory/52419822.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429214228/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/10-mammootty-films-to-watch-before-you-die/photostory/52419822.cms |archive-date=29 April 2022 |access-date=29 April 2022 |url-status=live |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Kumar |first1=P. k Ajith |title=I.V. Sasi reigned at the box office, and made classics too |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/he-reigned-at-box-office-but-made-classics-too/article19912969.ece |website=The Hindu |date=24 October 2017 |access-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628161008/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/he-reigned-at-box-office-but-made-classics-too/article19912969.ece |archive-date=28 June 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 1987–1990 ===
Following a series of flops, Mammootty found commercial success with the crime thriller ''[[New Delhi (1987 film)|New Delhi]]'' (1987), directed by [[Joshiy]] and written by [[Dennis Joseph]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Dress Circle {{!}} Joshiy, hit machine of 3 decades, needs reboot |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/08/30/joshiy-hit-machine-three-decades-needs-reboot.html |website=www.onmanorama.com |access-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629203159/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/08/30/joshiy-hit-machine-three-decades-needs-reboot.amp.html |archive-date=29 June 2021}}</ref> He played G. Krishnamoorthy, a victimised journalist who systematically arranges the killing of politicians who had implicated him under false charges.<ref>{{cite web |title=Revisiting Dennis Joseph's 'New Delhi': When Mammootty played a journo turned killer |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/revisiting-dennis-josephs-new-delhi-when-mammootty-played-journo-turned-killer-148821 |website=The News Minute |access-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514064054/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/revisiting-dennis-josephs-new-delhi-when-mammootty-played-journo-turned-killer-148821 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |date=14 May 2021}}</ref> ''New Delhi'' was a commercial success, becoming the highest-grossing Malayalam film released at that point.<ref name="the indian express-2021">{{cite web |title=Malayalam screenwriter-director Dennis Joseph passes away |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/malayalam-screenwriter-dennis-joseph-passes-away-7309859/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214235102/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/malayalam-screenwriter-dennis-joseph-passes-away-7309859/ |archive-date=14 February 2022 |date=10 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=From back-to-back flops to housefull shows: Dennis Joseph on Mammootty's comeback via 'New Delhi' |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interviews/2021/05/11/dennis-joseph-on-mammootty-comeback-new-delhi-movie.html |website=OnManorama |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513003804/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interviews/2021/05/11/dennis-joseph-on-mammootty-comeback-new-delhi-movie.html |archive-date=13 May 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> After its release, [[Rajinikanth]], wanting to remake the film in Tamil, offered to buy the rights from Joseph, but the rights for Kannada, Telugu and Hindi-language remakes were already sold by that time.<ref>{{cite web |title=Here's why Rajinikanth couldn't procure the Hindi remake rights of New Delhi |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2021/05/11/rajinikanth-on-mammootty-film-new-delhi-by-dennis-joseph.html |website=OnManorama |access-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616064324/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2021/05/11/rajinikanth-on-mammootty-film-new-delhi-by-dennis-joseph.html |archive-date=16 June 2021}}</ref> In the same year, he played Balagopalan, a school teacher who is deemed mad by society owing to a superstitious belief, in the drama ''[[Thaniyavarthanam]]'', directed by [[Sibi Malayil]] and written by [[A. K. Lohithadas]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kumar |first1=P. k Ajith |title=From 'Thalapathi' to 'Vidheyan,' here are Mammootty's unmissable films |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/from-thalapathi-to-vidheyan-here-are-mammoottys-unmissable-films/article36333121.ece |website=The Hindu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907075441/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/from-thalapathi-to-vidheyan-here-are-mammoottys-unmissable-films/article36333121.ece |archive-date=7 September 2021 |date=7 September 2021 |access-date=29 April 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> It won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Malayalam]] at the Filmfare Awards South.<ref>{{cite web |title=35th Filmfare Awards South Winners[ 1] |url=https://archive.org/details/35thFilmfareAwardsSouthWinners1 |access-date=29 April 2022 |date=4 February 2017}}</ref> Mammootty's performance received acclaim from film critics.<ref>{{cite web |title='An incomparable writer' |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/07/03/stories/2009070351090100.htm |website=Hindu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107150349/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/07/03/stories/2009070351090100.htm |archive-date=7 November 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In the first of his several releases in 1988, Mammootty appeared in the comedy film ''[[Manu Uncle]]'', directed by Dennis Joseph. Mohanlal and Suresh Gopi made cameo appearances in the film.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manu Uncle Movie |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/manu-uncle/movieshow/67621105.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=30 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115220647/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/manu-uncle/movieshow/67621105.cms |archive-date=15 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The best cameo roles in Malayalam: Do Mohanlal, Mammootty qualify? |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/dec/10/the-best-cameo-roles-in-malayalam-do-mohanlal-mammootty-qualify-2223799.html |website=The New Indian Express |date=10 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031153947/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/dec/10/the-best-cameo-roles-in-malayalam-do-mohanlal-mammootty-qualify-2223799.html |archive-date=31 October 2021}}</ref> It received the [[National Film Award for Best Children's Film]] at the [[36th National Film Awards]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Manu Uncle Awards: List of Awards won by Malayalam movie Manu Uncle |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/manu-uncle/movieawards/67621105.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=30 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430194204/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/manu-uncle/movieawards/67621105.cms |archive-date=30 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=36th National Film Awards |url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/81_36thNfacatalogue.pdf |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |access-date=30 April 2022 |archive-date=8 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608223318/http://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/81_36thNfacatalogue.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Mammootty played an investigator called [[Sethurama Iyer]] in another film, ''[[Oru CBI Diary Kurippu]]'', which served as the first instalment in the CBI series.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Narayanan |first1=Nirmal |title=Five Mollywood investigative thrillers the world should watch |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/five-mollywood-investigative-thrillers-world-should-watch-802051 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117174931/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/five-mollywood-investigative-thrillers-world-should-watch-802051?utm_source=Internal&utm_medium=amparticle&utm_campaign=related |archive-date=17 November 2021 |date=21 July 2019}}</ref> The film set box office records both in Kerala and [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Malayalam's Big M: Mammootty Turns 63 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/malayalams-big-m-mammootty-turns-63-15937#photo-206493 |website=NDTV.com |access-date=30 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430203118/https://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/malayalams-big-m-mammootty-turns-63-15937 |archive-date=30 April 2022 |date=7 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="firstpost-2019">{{cite web |title=Mammootty's pan-Indian appeal proves he's a bonafide star regardless of how Yatra performs |website=Firstpost |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mammoottys-pan-indian-appeal-proves-hes-a-bonafide-star-regardless-of-how-yatra-performs-6042191.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117173417/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mammoottys-pan-indian-appeal-proves-hes-a-bonafide-star-regardless-of-how-yatra-performs-6042191.html |archive-date=17 November 2021 |date=7 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=In conversation with SN Swamy, man behind Malayalam cinema's finest murder mysteries |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/conversation-sn-swamy-man-behind-malayalam-cinema-s-finest-murder-mysteries-163247 |website=The News Minute |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425122039/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/conversation-sn-swamy-man-behind-malayalam-cinema-s-finest-murder-mysteries-163247 |archive-date=25 April 2022 |date=25 April 2022}}</ref> The film's one-year theatrical run in Tamil Nadu continues to remain an all-time record. That year, he also appeared in the [[Sibi Malayil]]-directed [[action film]] ''[[August 1 (film)|August 1]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Shaji Kailas starts Mammootty's film |url=http://sify.com/movies/shaji-kailas-starts-mammootty-s-film-news-malayalam-kkmrhsjgaeh.html |website=[[Sify]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101015085625/http://sify.com/movies/shaji-kailas-starts-mammootty-s-film-news-malayalam-kkmrhsjgaeh.html |archive-date=15 October 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> which was based on the novel ''[[The Day of the Jackal]]'', by [[Frederick Forsyth]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Day of the Jackal: Cunning 'Fox' |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2017/10/14/magazines/zest/the-day-of-the-jackal-cunning-fox/ |website=The Navhind Times |date=14 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019020032/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2017/10/14/magazines/zest/the-day-of-the-jackal-cunning-fox/ |archive-date=19 October 2021}}</ref> The film's rights were sold in Tamil Nadu for a record-breaking price at the time.<ref name="pillai-1988">{{cite web |date=31 December 1988 |first=Sreedhar|last=Pillai |title=Mammootty and Mohan Lal emerge as unprecedented superstars of Malayalam films |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19881231-mammootty-and-mohan-lal-emerge-as-unprecedented-superstars-of-malayalam-films-798061-1988-12-31 |website=India Today |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630132600/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19881231-mammootty-and-mohan-lal-emerge-as-unprecedented-superstars-of-malayalam-films-798061-1988-12-31 |archive-date=30 June 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Additionally, Mammootty and I. V. Sasi worked together on three projects in the same year: the romantic film ''[[Abkari]]'', the drama ''[[Mukthi]]'' and the war film ''[[1921 (1988 film)|1921]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Venkiteswaran |first1=C. S. |title=The End of an Epoch |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/i-v-sasi-has-been-a-trendsetter-in-the-film-industry/article19924652.ece |website=The Hindu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117173422/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/i-v-sasi-has-been-a-trendsetter-in-the-film-industry/article19924652.ece |archive-date=17 November 2021 |date=26 October 2017}}</ref> In the latter, Mammootty played Khader, a [[World War I]] veteran who joins the [[Malabar rebellion]]. The film, which cost over {{INR}}1.2 crore to produce, earned {{INR}}2 crore during its theatrical run.<ref name="pillai-1988" /> In 1988, Mammootty collaborated with [[Joshiy]] for two films, ''[[Sangham (1988 film)|Sangham]]'' and ''[[Thanthram]]''.<ref name="the indian express-2021" />

The following year, Mammootty starred with [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] and [[Shobana]] in the [[G. S. Vijayan]] [[thriller film]] ''[[Charithram]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=The demon of drugs: How Malayalam directors have grappled with 'getting high' portrayals |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/demon-drugs-how-malayalam-directors-have-grappled-getting-high-portrayals-62642 |website=The News Minute |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421172015/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/demon-drugs-how-malayalam-directors-have-grappled-getting-high-portrayals-62642 |archive-date=21 April 2021 |date=26 May 2017}}</ref> The story is adapted from the English movie ''[[Chase a Crooked Shadow]]''. The story is about the relationship between two brothers.<ref name="narayanan-2020">{{cite web |last1=Narayanan |first1=Nirmal |title=Six evergreen crime thriller movies of Mammootty in Mollywood that the world should not miss |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/six-evergreen-crime-thriller-movies-mammootty-mollywood-that-world-should-not-miss-812002 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |access-date=24 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602232129/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/six-evergreen-crime-thriller-movies-mammootty-mollywood-that-world-should-not-miss-812002 |archive-date=2 June 2022 |date=20 January 2020}}</ref> In the same year, he acted in a film which is considered as one of the best crime thriller in Malayalam cinema, ''[[Adikkurippu]]'', written by [[S. N. Swamy]] and directed by [[K. Madhu]].<ref name="narayanan-2020" /> In 1989, Mammootty starred in the lead as [[Chandu Chekavar]], in the [[Historical drama|epic historical drama]] film ''[[Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha]]'', directed by [[Hariharan (director)|Hariharan]] and written by [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]].<ref>{{cite web |title=From 'Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha' to 'Urumi': Five Malayalam period dramas to binge-watch during the lockdown |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/from-oru-vadakkan-veeragatha-to-urumi-five-malayalam-period-dramas-to-binge-anwatch-during-the-lockdown/photostory/75050823.cms?picid=75051311 |website=The Times of India |access-date=3 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503081336/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/from-oru-vadakkan-veeragatha-to-urumi-five-malayalam-period-dramas-to-binge-watch-during-the-lockdown/photostory/75050823.cms?picid=75051311 |archive-date=3 May 2022 |date=8 April 2020}}</ref> The movie has won four [[National Film Awards]], including [[National Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]](Mammootty), [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]](M.T Vasudevan Nair), [[National Film Award for Best Production Design|Best Production Design]] and [[National Film Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]([[P. Krishnamoorthy]]). The movie has selected as Best Malayalam Movie in [[Filmfare Awards]], also the movie has won seven [[Kerala State Film Awards]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha Awards: List of Awards won by Malayalam movie Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/oru-vadakkan-veeragatha/movieawards/65512882.cms |website=The Times Of India |access-date=3 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503082133/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/oru-vadakkan-veeragatha/movieawards/65512882.cms |archive-date=3 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="kerala state film awards winners list" /> The movie received both commercial and critical acclaim and ran for over 300 days. It is considered as one of the greatest films of all time.<ref>{{cite news |title=10 Mammootty films to watch before you die |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/10-mammootty-films-to-watch-before-you-die/photostory/52419780.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=3 May 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503083511/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/10-mammootty-films-to-watch-before-you-die/photostory/52419780.cms |archive-date=3 May 2022}}</ref> In an online poll conducted in 2013 by [[IBN Live]], as a part of Indian Cinema completing 100 years, Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha listed as the third greatest Indian Film of all time.<ref>{{cite web |title=IBNLive Poll: Vote for India's greatest film of all time |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ibnlive-poll-vote-for-indias-greatest-film-of-all-time/387871-8.html |website=IBN Live |access-date=3 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501074840/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ibnlive-poll-vote-for-indias-greatest-film-of-all-time/387871-8.html |archive-date=1 May 2013 |date=26 April 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In the same year, Mammootty starred with [[Sukumaran]] in the [[Mystery film|Mystery]]-[[thriller film]] ''[[Utharam]]'', written by [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]. The story was based on the short story No Motive by [[Daphne du Maurier]]. Utharam is considered as one of the best investigate thrillers in Malayalam cinema.<ref name="the times of india-2">{{cite news |title=Five best investigative crime thrillers in Malayalam cinema |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/five-best-investigative-crime-thrillers-in-malayalam-cinema/jagratha/photostory/65422200.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=3 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718173032/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/five-best-investigative-crime-thrillers-in-malayalam-cinema/jagratha/photostory/65422200.cms |archive-date=18 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=30 years since its release, why Mammootty's 'Utharam' still remains a relevant thriller |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/30-years-its-release-why-mammoottys-utharam-still-remains-relevant-thriller-110821 |website=The News Minute |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511151325/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/30-years-its-release-why-mammoottys-utharam-still-remains-relevant-thriller-110821 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |date=19 October 2019}}</ref> Second movie in ''[[CBI (film series)]]'', ''[[Jagratha]]'' released in the same year. It is considered as one of the best investigate thrillers in Malayalam.<ref name="the times of india-2" /> In the same year Mammootty joined with [[Joshiy]], in the movie ''[[Mahayanam]]'', which was a critical and commercial success.<ref>{{cite news |title=10 Mammootty films to watch before you die |website=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/10-mammootty-films-to-watch-before-you-die/photostory/52419803.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107183914/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/10-mammootty-films-to-watch-before-you-die/photostory/52419803.cms |archive-date=7 January 2022}}</ref> In 1989, Mammootty appeared as hunter in ''[[Mrugaya (1989 film)|Mrigayaa]]'', Directed by [[I. V. Sasi]] and written by [[A. K. Lohithadas]]. The movie was a major success and I.V Sasi won the [[Kerala State Award]] for Best Director.<ref>{{cite web |title=IV Sasi, Malayalam cinema's trailblazer and king of the box office |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/iv-sasi-malayalam-cinemas-trailblazer-and-king-box-office-70523?amp |website=The News Minute |access-date=4 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624212158/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/iv-sasi-malayalam-cinemas-trailblazer-and-king-box-office-70523?amp |archive-date=24 June 2021 |date=25 October 2017}}</ref> In 1989, Mammootty won the Best Actor Award in [[Kerala State Film Awards]] for the movies Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha, Mrigayaa and Mahayanam.<ref name="kerala state film awards winners list" />

In 1990, he starred in ''[[Kottayam Kunjachan]]'', an [[action comedy film]] directed by [[T. S. Suresh Babu]] and written by [[Dennis Joseph]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Kottayam Kunjachan 2: Mammootty in Kottayam Kunjachan's sequel, directed by Midhun Manuel Thomas |website=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammootty-in-kottayam-kunjachans-sequel-directed-by-midhun-manuel-thomas/articleshow/63301172.cms?from=mdr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225100545/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammootty-in-kottayam-kunjachans-sequel-directed-by-midhun-manuel-thomas/articleshow/63301172.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=25 February 2019|last1=George |first1=Anjana }}</ref> The movie has become one of the highest-grossing film in the year.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mammootty-starrer 'Kottayam Kunjachan' was actually shot in Thiruvananthapuram |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/03/20/mammootty-starrer-kottayam-kunjachan-was-actually-shot-in-thiruvananthapuram.html |website=www.onmanorama.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819202112/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/03/20/mammootty-starrer-kottayam-kunjachan-was-actually-shot-in-thiruvananthapuram.amp.html |archive-date=19 August 2021}}</ref> Mammootty played the role Kunjachan which is a character from the novel Veli written by [[Muttathu Varkey]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Even the producer had no faith in Kottayam Kunjachan, says its director Suresh Babu |website=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/even-the-producer-had-no-faith-in-kottayam-kunjachan-says-its-director-suresh-babu/articleshow/78425675.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026050957/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/even-the-producer-had-no-faith-in-kottayam-kunjachan-says-its-director-suresh-babu/articleshow/78425675.cms |archive-date=26 October 2020|last1=Soman |first1=Deepa }}</ref> Mammootty made his Tamil debut the same year with ''[[Mounam Sammadham]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rajinikanth-r-madhavan-five-south-indian-heroes-who-made-their-mark-bollywood-776494 |title=From Rajinikanth to R Madhavan: Five South Indian heroes who made their mark in Bollywood |work=IB Times |date=30 July 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525001438/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rajinikanth-r-madhavan-five-south-indian-heroes-who-made-their-mark-bollywood-776494 |archive-date=25 May 2021 |access-date=27 April 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=TRIYATRI (1990) |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7da6d4cd |website=BFI |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160928013539/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7da6d4cd |archive-date=28 September 2016}}</ref><ref name="wwwonmanoramacom">{{cite web |title=5 Tamil hits of Mammootty as you await 'Peranbu' |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/07/18/mammootty-tamil-hits-peranbu-release.html |website=www.onmanorama.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029215257/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/07/18/mammootty-tamil-hits-peranbu-release.amp.html |archive-date=29 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/elusive-superstar-status-and-how-mammootty-and-mohanlal-achieved-it-134789 |title=The elusive superstar status and how Mammootty and Mohanlal achieved it |work=The News Minute |date=7 October 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909122525/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/elusive-superstar-status-and-how-mammootty-and-mohanlal-achieved-it-134789 |archive-date=9 September 2021 |access-date=27 April 2022 }}</ref> N. Krishnaswamy of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "Mammootty plays the no-nonsense hero in the film with such dignity, poise and grace."<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Indian Express – Google News Archive Search |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19900622&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=14 November 2022 |website=news.google.com |archive-date=9 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609095049/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19900622&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Mammootty won Best Actor Award in [[National Film Award for Best Actor|National Film Award]] in 1990 for the movie ''Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha'' and ''[[Mathilukal (film)|Mathilukal]]''.<ref name="iffinicin">{{cite web |title=37th National Film Festival 1990 |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm37NFAAward.aspx?PdfName=37nfa.pdf |website=iffi.nic.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018073449/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm37NFAAward.aspx?PdfName=37nfa.pdf |archive-date=18 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The film focuses on the prison life of Vaikom Muhammad Basheer and the love between him and Narayani, a female inmate of the prison, who remains unseen throughout the film. The movie was critically acclaimed and considered as the best classics of Malayalam Cinema.<ref name="deccan herald-2021">{{cite web |title='Mathilukal' to 'Unda': 10 priceless Mammootty movies to watch on his birthday |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/mathilukal-to-unda-10-priceless-mammootty-movies-to-watch-on-his-birthday-1027863.html |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=4 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427023620/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/mathilukal-to-unda-10-priceless-mammootty-movies-to-watch-on-his-birthday-1027863.html |archive-date=27 April 2022 |date=7 September 2021}}</ref> The movie has won four [[National Film Awards]].<ref name="iffinicin" /> When Indian Cinemas Completes 100 Years, [[Forbes]] included the performance of Mammootty in the list "25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema".<ref>{{cite web |title=Forbes India – 25 Greatest Acting Performances Of Indian Cinema |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/100-years-of-indian-cinema/25-greatest-acting-performances-of-indian-cinema/35125/0 |website=Forbes India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026022021/https://www.forbesindia.com/article/100-years-of-indian-cinema/25-greatest-acting-performances-of-indian-cinema/35125/0 |archive-date=26 October 2021}}</ref> Mammootty appeared as Alexander in the 1990 in a [[Gangster film]] ''[[Samrajyam]]'', Directed by [[Jomon (director)|Jomon]] with music composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{cite web |title=തീയിൽ മുളച്ച അലക്‌സാണ്ടർ.... സാമ്രാജ്യം പിറന്ന കഥ പങ്കുവെച്ച് സംവിധായകൻ |website=Mathrubhumi |date=11 January 2020 |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/features/jomon-samrajyam-malayalam-movie-mathrubhumi-star-and-style-1.4434392 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629103123/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/features/jomon-samrajyam-malayalam-movie-mathrubhumi-star-and-style-1.4434392 |archive-date=29 June 2021}}</ref> The movie has commercially a major success at Kerala and Andhra Pradesh box-office.<ref name="firstpost-2019" /> The movie has run for more than 200 days in Kerala and 400 days in Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{cite news |title=10 Mollywood films that ran for the longest time |website=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/10-mollywood-films-that-ran-for-the-longest-time/photostory/52523574.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504184827/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/10-mollywood-films-that-ran-for-the-longest-time/photostory/52523574.cms |archive-date=4 May 2022}}</ref> In 1990, Mammootty was part of ''[[No.20 Madras Mail]]'' directed by [[Joshiy]]. Mammootty done a cameo role as himself and [[Mohanlal]] was in the lead role.<ref>{{cite web |title=Director of 'No. 20 Madras Mail' reveals Mammootty was not part of original cast |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/director-no-20-madras-mail-reveals-mammootty-was-not-part-original-cast-134684 |website=The News Minute |date=6 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028205144/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/director-no-20-madras-mail-reveals-mammootty-was-not-part-original-cast-134684 |archive-date=28 October 2020}}</ref>

=== 1991–1994 ===
In 1991, he starred in ''[[Amaram]]'', directed by [[Bharathan]] and written by [[A. K. Lohithadas]]. Mammootty played the character Achootty, an uneducated fisherman who wants his daughter to be educated and wants her to become a doctor. The role helped Mammootty to grab another Filmfare award for Best actor.<ref>{{cite news |title=Amaram Awards: List of Awards won by Malayalam movie Amaram |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/amaram/movieawards/65513795.cms |website=The Times OF India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123032946/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/amaram/movieawards/65513795.cms |archive-date=23 November 2021}}</ref> In the same year he has done two Tamil films ''[[Thalapathi]]'' and [[Azhagan]]. Both the films were commercially successful.<ref name="onmanorama-2">{{cite web |title=5 Tamil hits of Mammootty as you await 'Peranbu' |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/07/18/mammootty-tamil-hits-peranbu-release.html |website=OnManorama |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029205651/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/07/18/mammootty-tamil-hits-peranbu-release.html |archive-date=29 October 2021}}</ref> Thalapathi is adaptation from the Hindu Epic, [[Mahabharata]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shetty |first1=Kavitha |last2=Kumar |first2=Kalyan |last3=Viswanathan |first3=Anand |title=Mani Rantam's multicrore film promises electrifying experience with southern superstar cast |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19911115-mani-rantams-multicrore-film-promises-electrifying-experience-with-southern-superstar-cast-815094-1991-11-15 |website=India Today |date=15 November 1991 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160628010308/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/mani-rantams-multicrore-film-promises-electrifying-experience-with-southern-superstar-cast/1/319072.html |archive-date=28 June 2016}}</ref> In the same year, Mammootty joined with I.V Sasi for two movies, ''[[Inspector Balram]]'' and ''[[Neelagiri (film)|Neelagiri]]''. Inspector Balram was a sequel to his 1986 film ''[[Aavanazhi]]''. The movie was commercially successful.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Malayali's all-time favourite comic roles of Kalpana |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/malayali-s-all-time-favourite-comic-roles-kalpana-38133 |website=The News Minute |date=25 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416011832/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/malayali-s-all-time-favourite-comic-roles-kalpana-38133 |archive-date=16 April 2022}}</ref> In 1992, he acted with Kannada actor [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] in the action thriller movie ''[[Kauravar]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Director Joshiy teams up with Mammootty after a decade |website=The News Minute |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/director-joshiy-teams-mammootty-after-decade-94168?amp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120210733/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/director-joshiy-teams-mammootty-after-decade-94168?amp |archive-date=20 January 2022 |date=29 December 2018}}</ref> Mammootty played the character Putturumees in the movie ''[[Soorya Manasam]]'', who is a mentally challenged man who lives with his mother in a small village. Mammootty was critically acclaimed for the role and the movie is based on 1937 American Novel [[Of Mice and Men]] by [[John Steinbeck]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Here is a 101 on how to become a Mammootty fan, Step 1: Watch the following classics |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/entertainment/2019/sep/07/here-is-a-101-on-how-to-become-a-mammootty-fan-step-1-watch-the-following-classics-102513.html |website=The New Indian Express |date=8 September 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512100049/https://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/entertainment/2019/sep/07/here-is-a-101-on-how-to-become-a-mammootty-fan-step-1-watch-the-following-classics-102513--8.html |archive-date=12 May 2022}}</ref> [[Sowcar Janaki]] played the mother character.<ref>{{cite web |title=Still Willing to Act: Sowcar Janaki |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2014/nov/17/still-willing-to-act-sowcar-janaki-683243.html |website=The New Indian Express |date=17 November 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512095627/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2014/nov/17/Still-Willing-to-Act-Sowcar-Janaki-683243.html |archive-date=12 May 2022}}</ref> In the same year he acted in movie ''[[Pappayude Swantham Appoos]]'', directed and written by [[Fazil (director)|Fazil]]. The movie explores the relationship between a father and son. The film was both commercial and critical success and ran for more than 200 days.<ref>{{cite news |title=Malayalam films that epitomised father – son relationship |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/malayalam-films-that-epitomised-father-son-relationship/photostory/52868643.cms |website=The Times of India |archive-date=12 May 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512104450/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/malayalam-films-that-epitomised-father-son-relationship/photostory/52868643.cms}}</ref> Mammootty done his entry to Telugu industry through ''[[Swathi Kiranam]]'' in the year 1992.<ref>{{cite news |title=Swathi Kiranam was Mammootty's debut film in Telugu |website=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/did-you-know/swathi-kiranam-was-mammoottys-debut-film-in-telugu/articleshow/75778126.cms |archive-date=24 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224021653/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/did-you-know/swathi-kiranam-was-mammoottys-debut-film-in-telugu/articleshow/75778126.cms}}</ref>

In 1993, Mammootty joined with [[Joshiy]] for an [[Action film]] ''[[Dhruvam]]''. It was [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] debut in Malayalam Cinema.<ref>{{cite web |last1=thomas |first1=elizabeth |title=Dhruvam, my favourite Malayalam movie: Vikram |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151025/entertainment-mollywood/article/dhruvam-my-favourite-malayalam-movie-vikram |website=Deccan Chronicle |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316132134/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151025/entertainment-mollywood/article/dhruvam-my-favourite-malayalam-movie-vikram |archive-date=16 March 2022 |date=26 October 2015}}</ref> The film was a super hit at the box-office.<ref>{{cite news |title=10 Mammootty films to watch before you die |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/10-mammootty-films-to-watch-before-you-die/photostory/52419803.cms |website=The Times of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504152230/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/10-mammootty-films-to-watch-before-you-die/photostory/52419803.cms |archive-date=4 May 2022}}</ref> In the year Mammootty won the [[kerala State Film Award for Best Actor]] and for the movie [[Vatsalyam]], directed by [[Cochin Haneefa]], [[Ponthan Mada]] directed by [[T. V. Chandran]] and [[Vidheyan]] directed and written by [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=KERALA STATE FILM AWARDS 1993 |url=http://www.keralafilm.com/sfa93.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002054806/http://www.keralafilm.com/sfa93.htm |archive-date=2 October 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He also won [[National Film Award for Best Actor]] for the movie Ponthan Mada and Vidheyan at the same year.<ref>{{cite news |title=Won three National Film Awards for five films – Mammootty: Lesser known facts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/mammootty-lesser-known-facts/won-three-national-film-awards-for-five-films/photostory/48651367.cms |website=The Times of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808233007/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/mammootty-lesser-known-facts/won-three-national-film-awards-for-five-films/photostory/48651367.cms |archive-date=8 August 2021}}</ref> In the year Mammootty done a Tamil movie ''[[Kilipetchu Ketkava]]'', directed by [[Fazil (director)|Fazil]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Kilipecchu Ketkavaa |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19931113&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=3 July 2022 |work=news.google.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430040141/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19931113&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |archive-date=30 April 2022}}</ref> Mammootty made his Bollywood debut with the 1993 release [[Dhartiputra]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Holi 2020 special: When Mammootty did a Holi song in a Hindi movie |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/holi-2020-special-when-mammootty-did-a-holi-song-in-a-hindi-movie-812046.html |website=Deccan Herald |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529015225/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/holi-2020-special-when-mammootty-did-a-holi-song-in-a-hindi-movie-812046.html |archive-date=29 May 2022 |date=9 March 2020}}</ref>

=== 1995–1999 ===
In 1995, the combination of the writer [[Sreenivasan]] and director [[Kamal (director)|Kamal]] created the character Nandakumar Varma, who is a college professor in the [[romantic drama]] ''[[Mazhayethum Munpe]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mazhayethum Munpe |website=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/mazhayethum-munpe/movieshow/65514881.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206174212/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/mazhayethum-munpe/movieshow/65514881.cms |archive-date=6 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sreenivasan's role in 'And the Oscar Goes To' revealed |website=The News Minute |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sreenivasan-s-role-and-oscar-goes-revealed-93299 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726144847/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sreenivasan-s-role-and-oscar-goes-revealed-93299 |archive-date=26 July 2021 |date=13 December 2018}}</ref> He acted as an aggressive yet honourable [[District Collector]] Thevalliparambil Joseph Alex [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] in his following release, a [[Political thriller]] film ''[[The King (1995 film)|The King]]''. It became the highest-grossing Malayalam film at that time.<ref>{{cite web |title=26 years of 'The King': Reasons why this Mammootty starrer will give you an adrenaline rush |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/26-years-of-the-king-reasons-why-this-mammootty-starrer-will-give-you-an-adrenaline-rush/photostory/87646592.cms?picid=87646609 |website=The Times of India |access-date=3 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703182520/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/26-years-of-the-king-reasons-why-this-mammootty-starrer-will-give-you-an-adrenaline-rush/photostory/87646592.cms?picid=87646609 |archive-date=3 July 2022 |date=11 November 2021}}</ref> In the same year, he starred in the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[political thriller]] ''[[Makkal Aatchi]]'', directed by [[R. K. Selvamani]] and produced by Thirupur A. Selvaraj under Aarthi International. The film's music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]]. The film was also dubbed in Malayalam as ''Ente Naadu''. The movie was clashed with [[Rajinikanth]] starrer [[Muthu (film)|Muthu]] at the same time and Mammootty took the lead over Rajinikanth in Tamil Nadu.<ref name="onmanorama-2" /> Mammootty's first Malayalam release of 1996 was [[Azhakiya Ravanan]], a [[Romantic Drama]] directed by Kamal and written by Sreenivasan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mammootty@70: Iconic Dialogues Of The Actor |website=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammootty70-iconic-dialogues-of-the-actor/photostory/86003727.cms?picid=86004361 |access-date=3 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703183052/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammootty70-iconic-dialogues-of-the-actor/photostory/86003727.cms?picid=86004361 |archive-date=3 July 2022 |date=7 September 2021}}</ref> The next film he acted in was ''[[Hitler (1996 film)|Hitler]]'' written and directed by [[Siddique (director)|Siddique]]. The film was remade in several languages. The film was a commercial success at the box office and was the highest grossing Malayalam movie, breaking his own movie record The King at that time. The movie has run over 300 days in theatres.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mollywood movies that ran for more than 300 days |website=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/mollywood-movies-that-ran-for-more-than-300-days/photostory/49802142.cms |access-date=3 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426123841/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/mollywood-movies-that-ran-for-more-than-300-days/photostory/49802142.cms |archive-date=26 April 2022}}</ref> He also did a direct Telugu movie in the same year [[Surya Putrulu]], directed by [[C. Umamaheswara Rao]]. The film was a moderate success at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |title=Happy Birthday Mammootty: 3 Direct Telugu Films Of Malayalam Megastar |website=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-birthday-mammootty-3-direct-telugu-films-of-malayalam-megastar/photostory/86008084.cms?picid=86008119 |access-date=3 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703185604/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-birthday-mammootty-3-direct-telugu-films-of-malayalam-megastar/photostory/86008084.cms?picid=86008119 |archive-date=3 July 2022 |url-status=live |date=7 September 2021}}</ref>

In 1997 Mammootty won the Best Actor Award in Filmfare Awards for the performance in the movie [[Bhoothakkannadi]], directed by Lohithadas. It is considered as one of the finest performance in the actor career. In an interview, Mammootty revealed that he want to direct the movie with [[Rajinikanth]] in lead.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bhoothakkannadi: Mammootty reveals he wanted to direct Rajinikanth |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/bhoothakkannadi-mammootty-wanted-to-direct-rajinikanth-971815-2017-04-17 |website=India Today |date=17 April 2017 |access-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706154604/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/bhoothakkannadi-mammootty-wanted-to-direct-rajinikanth-971815-2017-04-17 |archive-date=6 July 2022}}</ref> In the same year Mammootty done two Tamil films [[Pudhayal]], directed by [[Selva (director)|Selva]] and [[Arasiyal]], directed by [[R. K. Selvamani]]. In 1998, Mammootty played the role of an IPS officer in the investigation thriller film [[The Truth (1998 film)|The Truth]], written by [[S. N. Swamy]] and directed by [[Shaji Kailas]].<ref>{{cite web |title='Innale' to 'The Great Indian Kitchen': How couple photos are used in Malayalam films |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/innale-great-indian-kitchen-how-couple-photos-are-used-malayalam-films-149544 |website=The News Minute |access-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511041126/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/innale-great-indian-kitchen-how-couple-photos-are-used-malayalam-films-149544 |archive-date=11 May 2022 |date=26 May 2021}}</ref> He played the lead role in [[Oru Maravathoor Kanavu]], which was the directorial debut of [[Lal Jose]] in 1998.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sreenivasan roped in for Lal Jose's next |website=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sreenivasan-roped-in-for-lal-joses-next/articleshow/62095843.cms?from=mdr |access-date=6 July 2022 |archive-date=2 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702151120/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sreenivasan-roped-in-for-lal-joses-next/articleshow/62095843.cms?from=mdr}}</ref> In the same year, he starred in [[Harikrishnans]], co-starring [[Mohanlal]] and [[Juhi Chawla]]. The movie has two climaxes, and [[Shah Rukh Khan]] was supposed to do a pivotal role, but didn't happen for unknown reasons.<ref>{{cite news |title=Did you know Shah Rukh Khan was cast in a Malayalam movie? |website=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/did-you-know-shah-rukh-khan-was-cast-in-a-malayalam-movie/articleshow/69826847.cms |access-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330035725/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/did-you-know-shah-rukh-khan-was-cast-in-a-malayalam-movie/articleshow/69826847.cms |archive-date=30 March 2020}}</ref> in the same year, Mammootty done a guest appearance in the [[Bollywood]] movie [[Swami Vivekananda (1998 film)|Swami Vivekananda]], directed by [[G. V. Iyer]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=S. Kalidas |title=All-pervasive intolerance forces director of Swami Vivekananda to make seminal changes to cast and script of the historical film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19980810-intolerance-forces-director-of-swami-vivekananda-to-make-seminal-changes-to-cast-and-script-of-historical-film-826859-1998-06-10 |website=India Today |date=10 June 1998 |access-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020184443/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/intolerance-forces-director-of-swami-vivekananda-to-make-seminal-changes-to-cast-and-script-of-historical-film/1/264713.html |archive-date=20 October 2013}}</ref>

In 1999, Mammootty won the Best Actor in National Film Awards for the movie [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar (film)|Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar]], directed by [[Jabbar Patel]]. The performance is considered as one of the finest one in his career. The movie is produced by [[National Film Development Corporation of India|National Film Development Corporation]].<ref>{{cite news |title=For them, Ambedkar was God, says Mammootty |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/for-them-ambedkar-was-god-says-mammootty/articleshow/64635715.cms |website=Times Of India |access-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413163025/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/for-them-ambedkar-was-god-says-mammootty/articleshow/64635715.cms |archive-date=13 April 2022}}</ref> Mammootty joined with [[Priyadarshan]] in the same year for the movie [[Megham]], which is a commercial success.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mammootty to team up with Priyadarshan 18 years after Megham; film will also star Dileep-Entertainment News |website=Firstpost |date=26 April 2017 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mammootty-to-team-up-with-priyadarshan-18-years-after-megham-film-will-also-star-dileep-3405234.html |access-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930200533/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mammootty-to-team-up-with-priyadarshan-18-years-after-megham-film-will-also-star-dileep-3405234.html |archive-date=30 September 2020}}</ref>

=== 2000–2009 ===
[[File:Mamooty.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Portrait photo of Mammootty|Mammootty in 2009]]
In 2000, Mammootty did a cameo role in ''[[Narasimham (film)|Narasimham]]'', in which [[Mohanlal]] did the main role. The movie was a huge success at the boxoffice.<ref>{{cite news |title=Top cameos by Mollywood stars – Top cameos by Mollywood stars |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/top-cameos-by-mollywood-stars/photostory/54585955.cms |website=The Times of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707163700/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/top-cameos-by-mollywood-stars/photostory/54585955.cms |archive-date=7 July 2022}}</ref> With the huge success of Narasimham, director [[Shaji Kailas]], joined with Mammootty in the same year for another action drama ''[[Valliettan]]''. The movie was also a huge success in box office.<ref>{{cite web |title=The show must surely go on... |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2020/jun/07/the-show-must-surely-go-on-2153251.html |website=The New Indian Express |date=7 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711105021/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2020/jun/07/the-show-must-surely-go-on-2153251.html |archive-date=11 July 2021}}</ref> 2000 was one of the best year for the actor in box office performance, after the huge success of Narasimham and Valliettan, Mammootty continued the success with the movies [[Dada Sahib]] and Tamil movie ''[[Kandukondain Kandukondain]]'', co-starring [[Ajith Kumar]] and [[Aishwarya Rai]]. Both movies were blockbuster in box office.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mammootty and double role connection! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/mammootty-and-double-role-connection/photostory/52809397.cms |website=The Times of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707164936/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/mammootty-and-double-role-connection/photostory/52809397.cms |archive-date=7 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Govardan |first1=D. |title=US firm to play Tamil flick on DVD |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/us-firm-to-play-tamil-flick-on-dvd/articleshow/885975.cms |website=The Economic Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502131849/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/us-firm-to-play-tamil-flick-on-dvd/articleshow/885975.cms |archive-date=2 May 2020}}</ref> Mammootty won the Best Actor Award in [[Filmfare Awards]] in 2000 for his performance in ''[[Arayannangalude Veedu]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Arayannangalude Veedu Awards: List of Awards won by Malayalam movie Arayannangalude Veedu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/arayannangalude-veedu/movieawards/65513112.cms |website=The Times Of India |access-date=7 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122230944/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/arayannangalude-veedu/movieawards/65513112.cms |archive-date=22 November 2021}}</ref> He continued his box office reign in 2001 too. In the year, he began with ''[[Rakshasa Rajavu]]'', directed by [[Vinayan]]. The movie was a huge success in box office.<ref>{{cite news |title=Flashback Friday: Filmmaker Vinayan reminisces working with Mammootty for 'Rakshasa Rajavu' |website=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/flashback-friday-filmmaker-vinayan-reminisces-working-with-mammootty-for-rakshasa-rajavu/articleshow/75758975.cms?from=mdr |access-date=7 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707175524/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/flashback-friday-filmmaker-vinayan-reminisces-working-with-mammootty-for-rakshasa-rajavu/articleshow/75758975.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=7 July 2022}}</ref> He has done the lead role in [[N. Lingusamy]] directorial debut ''[[Aanandham]]'' in the same year. The movie was a commercial and critical success.<ref name="wwwonmanoramacom" />

In 2003, Mammootty played Sathyaprathapan, a bachelor in [[romantic comedy]] [[Drama Film]] ''[[Chronic Bachelor]]'', directed by [[Siddique (director)|Siddique]]. The film received positive reviews and became a commercial success at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |title=Box-office update |website=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/28/stories/2003042800590206.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030915122242/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/28/stories/2003042800590206.htm |archive-date=15 September 2003 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Mammootty also acted in ''[[Pattalam (2003 film)|Pattalam]]'', by director [[Lal Jose]], in which he plays an Indian Army officer, Major Pattabhiraman. The movie made an average performance in the box office.<ref>{{cite web |title='Pattalam' on the retreat! |url=http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/fullstory.php?id=13248547 |website=[[Sify]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040326204352/http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/fullstory.php?id=13248547 |archive-date=26 March 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2004, he acted in the third instalment of ''[[CBI (film series)|CBI]]'', ''[[Sethurama Iyer CBI]]''. The movie has become the second highest-grossing movie of the year.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mammootty-Man Of The Year |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/Mammootty-Man-Of-The-Year-imagegallery-6-Movies-jdwmGdfhdgi.html |website=[[Sify]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318182754/http://www.sify.com/movies/Mammootty-Man-Of-The-Year-imagegallery-6-Movies-jdwmGdfhdgi.html |archive-date=18 March 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Mammootty won [[Kerala State Film Awards]] and Filmfare awards for Best Actor for the performance in the movie ''[[Kaazhcha]]''. The movie was the directorial debut of [[Blessy]]. The movie got many critical receptions from all over.<ref name="the times of india">{{cite news |title=Row over Kerala State Films Award |website=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Row-over-Kerala-State-Films-Award/articleshow/15137396.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805084633/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Row-over-Kerala-State-Films-Award/articleshow/15137396.cms |archive-date=5 August 2020}}</ref> In the same year he appeared as a police officer in [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]] movie ''[[Black (2004 film)|Black]]''. The movie was a box office hit.<ref name="the times of india" /> After this action film, he appeared as a family man in ''[[Vesham]]'', who sacrifice his life for his younger brother.<ref>{{cite web |title=Audience apathy to young stars continues! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/audience-apathy-to-young-stars-continues-news-malayalam-kkfv6Vhcbhcsi.html |website=[[Sify]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318184518/http://www.sify.com/movies/audience-apathy-to-young-stars-continues-news-malayalam-kkfv6Vhcbhcsi.html |archive-date=18 March 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

2005 was one of the best year for the actor in both box office and in performance. He was seen in never seen characters in the movies like ''[[Thommanum Makkalum]]'', ''[[Thaskaraveeran (2005 film)|Thaskaraveeran]]'' and ''[[Rajamanikyam]]''. In this, Rajamanikyam was industry hit. The movie has created and broke many records in the box office. The actor was seen in a never seen character. Other releases were ''[[Rappakal]]'', ''[[Nerariyan CBI]]'' which is the fourth instalment of ''[[CBI (film series)]]'' and ''[[Bus Conductor (film)|Bus Conductor]]''. These movies all made money in box office. The characters in each film were different in each others. The actor was totally controlling the box office in the year.<ref>{{cite web |title=Boom year for Mollywood |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/30/stories/2005123001380100.htm |website=[[Sify]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206164931/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/30/stories/2005123001380100.htm |archive-date=6 December 2016}}</ref> In 2006, the actor continues his performance in box office and was utmost care in choosing the character. Mammootty started the year with action comedy film ''[[Thuruppugulan (2006 film)|Thuruppugulan]]'', which was a super hit in box office. The next release was ''[[Balram vs. Tharadas]]'', which was the sequel of ''[[Athirathram (film)|Athirathram]]'' and ''[[Inspector Balram]]''. [[Katrina Kaif]] played the female lead in the movie and the only Malayalam movie she acted.<ref>{{cite web |title='Balram Vs Taradas' in March! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/balram-vs-taradas-in-march-news-malayalam-kkfvu3icbdcsi.html |website=[[Sify]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828065652/https://www.sify.com/movies/balram-vs-taradas-in-march-news-malayalam-kkfvu3icbdcsi.html |archive-date=28 August 2019}}</ref> At the end of the year actor changed to do off-beat movies such as ''[[Karutha Pakshikal]]'' and [[Palunku]]. The actor was nominated in the National Awards for Best actor at the year.<ref>{{cite web |title=Superstars continue their reign |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/superstars-continue-their-reign/article3231843.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601150739/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/superstars-continue-their-reign/article3231843.ece |archive-date=1 June 2022 |date=28 December 2006}}</ref> He won the Best Actor in Filmfare Awards for the movie Karutha Pakshikal.<ref>{{cite news |title=Everyone loves the black lady |website=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Everyone-loves-the-black-lady/articleshow/2274109.cms |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102094929/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Everyone-loves-the-black-lady/articleshow/2274109.cms |archive-date=2 November 2020}}</ref>

He started 2007 with the off-beat film ''[[Kaiyoppu]]''. Then he back with the comedy action film ''[[Mayavi (2007 film)|Mayavi]]'', directed by [[Shafi (director)|Shafi]]. The movie became the highest grosser in the state in the year.<ref>{{cite web |title='Maayavi' creates magic! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/maayavi-creates-magic-news-malayalam-kkfveUbjcadsi.html |website=[[Sify]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805085229/https://www.sify.com/movies/maayavi-creates-magic-news-malayalam-kkfveUbjcadsi.html |archive-date=5 August 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The next was ''[[Big B (film)|Big B]]'', which was the directorial debut of [[Amal Neerad]]. The movie was an average grosser in box office but still manages to completes more than 100 days in Kerala box office. After the release of the DVD of the movie the movie got many appreciation for the cinematography and editing. The movie redefined how to make a mass action movie to be made in Mollywood. Mammootty won the appreciation for the slow-motion walking and the background music is still trending.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bilal first look: Mammootty and Amal Neerad join hands for sequel of Big B |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/bilal-first-look-mammootty-and-amal-neerad-join-hands-for-sequel-of-big-b/story-XdISTVSaaQ4D5Is9ffv8eM.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305210729/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/bilal-first-look-mammootty-and-amal-neerad-join-hands-for-sequel-of-big-b/story-XdISTVSaaQ4D5Is9ffv8eM.html |archive-date=5 March 2022 |date=17 November 2017}}</ref> In the year the actor shown his box office and performance power in the movie ''[[Katha Parayumpol]]''. He done an extended cameo role in the movie. The movie was remade in three languages, ''[[Kuselan]]'' in Tamil, ''[[Billu Barber]]'' in Hindi and ''[[Kathanayakudu (2008 film)|Kathanayakudu]]''. All the remakes failed in the respective box office. Mammootty was appraised for his performance in the movie.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mohanlal's 'Drishyam' to Mammootty's ''Katha Parayumpol'' : Southern films that have been remade many times |website=News18 |url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/south-cinema/mohanlals-drishyam-to-mammoottys-katha-parayumpol-southern-films-that-have-been-remade-many-times-1022255.html |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624205419/https://www.news18.com/amp/photogallery/movies/mohanlals-drishyam-to-mammoottys-katha-parayumpol-southern-films-that-have-been-remade-many-times-1022255.html |archive-date=24 June 2021}}</ref>

He begin 2008 with action film ''[[Roudram]]'', directed by [[Renji Panicker]]. Mammootty joined with Anwar Rasheed after the industrial hit ''Rajamanikyam''. This time for the comedy action movie ''[[Annan Thampi]]''. The movie was a superhit in the boxoffice. The movie done a huge business all over. Telegu rights has sold for a record price until that time.<ref>{{cite web |title=Annan Thambi – A blockbuster? |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/annan-thambi-a-blockbuster-news-malayalam-kkft52ighgasi.html |website=[[Sify]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116021347/http://www.sify.com/movies/annan-thambi-a-blockbuster-news-malayalam-kkft52ighgasi.html |archive-date=16 November 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> His next releases were ''[[Parunthu]]'', ''[[Mayabazar (2008 film)|Mayabazar]]''. He done a cameo role in ''[[One Way Ticket (2008 film)|One Way Ticket]]'' in which [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] done the lead role. These movies didn't done any boxoffice wonders. After that he did the lead role in the biggest multistar movie in Malayalam ''[[Twenty:20 (film)|Twenty:20]]'', directed by [[Joshiy]].<ref>{{cite web |title='Twenty 20' breaks Kerala box-office record |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/news/entertainment/twenty-20-breaks-kerala-box-office-record-6794.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141019090048/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/news/entertainment/twenty-20-breaks-kerala-box-office-record-6794.html |archive-date=19 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mammootty ends 2008 on a happy note |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/mammootty-ends-2008-on-a-happy-note/story-SAtmFVBjShqUkm5MGLOEoM.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=18 July 2022 |date=15 December 2008 |archive-date=18 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718185626/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/mammootty-ends-2008-on-a-happy-note/story-SAtmFVBjShqUkm5MGLOEoM.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2009, he done the all-time blockbuster [[Historical drama|epic period drama film]] ''[[Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja (film)|Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja]]'', written by [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]] and directed by [[Hariharan (director)|Hariharan]]. the film has collected around 49cr in box office.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hariharan- MT Vasudevan prepare for Randamoozham |website=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/hariharan-mt-vasudevan-prepare-for-randamoozham/articleshow/9807050.cms |access-date=18 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418011150/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/hariharan-mt-vasudevan-prepare-for-randamoozham/articleshow/9807050.cms |archive-date=18 April 2021|last1=Vipin |first1=Manu }}</ref> He also done performance oriented movies like ''[[Kerala Cafe]]'' and ''[[Paleri Manikyam: Oru Pathirakolapathakathinte Katha (film)|Paleri Manikyam]]''. He won Best Actor Award in both Kerala State Film Awards and Filmfare Awards for the movie Paleri Manikyam.<ref>{{cite web |title=Southern Comfort: Mammootty is 64 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/southern-comfort-mammootty-is-64-20498#photo-261998 |website=NDTV.com |access-date=18 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718191405/https://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/southern-comfort-mammootty-is-64-20498 |archive-date=18 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mammootty Awards: List of awards and nominations received by Mammootty |website=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Mammootty/awards |access-date=18 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122231050/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Mammootty/awards |archive-date=22 November 2021}}</ref> In the same year he done the action comedy film ''[[Chattambinadu]]'', another performance oriented movie ''[[Loudspeaker (2009 film)|Loudspeaker]]'' and the directorial debut of [[Aashiq Abu]], ''[[Daddy Cool (2009 Malayalam film)|Daddy Cool]]''. These movie has done Hit status in boxoffice.<ref>{{cite web |title=MAN of the MASSES |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/man-of-the-masses/article2537486.ece/ |website=The Hindu |date=14 October 2011 |access-date=18 July 2022 |archive-date=18 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718192454/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/man-of-the-masses/article2537486.ece/amp/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== 2010–2019 ===
[[File:Mammootty Star.jpg|thumb|alt=Portrait photo of Mammootty at Successful party of Abdrahaminte Santhathikal|Mammootty at Successful party of [[Abrahaminte Santhathikal]]]]
In the year 2010, Mammootty acted in the films ''[[Drona 2010]]'', directed by [[Shaji Kailas]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/man-lion-man-prince-12-malayalam-songs-deify-male-heroes-98023|title=Man like a lion, man like a prince: 12 Malayalam songs that deify male heroes|work=The News Minute|date=9 March 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427020746/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/man-lion-man-prince-12-malayalam-songs-deify-male-heroes-98023|archive-date=27 April 2022}}</ref> ''[[Yugapurushan]]'', directed by R. Sukumaran,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/from-oru-vadakkan-veeragatha-to-urumi-five-malayalam-period-dramas-to-binge-watch-during-the-lockdown/photostory/75050823.cms|title=From 'Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha' to 'Urumi': Five Malayalam period dramas to binge-watch during the lockdown|work=The Times of India|date=8 April 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427022017/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/from-oru-vadakkan-veeragatha-to-urumi-five-malayalam-period-dramas-to-binge-watch-during-the-lockdown/photostory/75050823.cms?picid=75050907|archive-date=27 April 2022}}</ref> ''[[Pramaani]]'', directed by [[B. Unnikrishnan]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammootty-to-reunite-with-b-unnikrishnan-for-his-next/articleshow/89587794.cms|title=Mammootty to reunite with B Unnikrishnan for his next|work=The Times of India|date=15 February 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215094243/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammootty-to-reunite-with-b-unnikrishnan-for-his-next/articleshow/89587794.cms|archive-date=15 February 2022}}</ref> ''[[Pokkiri Raja (2010 film)|Pokkiri Raja]]'', the directorial debut of [[Vysakh]] Abraham,<ref name="deccan herald-2021" /> ''[[Kutty Srank]]'', directed by [[Shaji N. Karun]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/all-seeing-eye-director-shaji-719244.html|title=The all-seeing eye of director Shaji Karun|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=19 February 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801043437/https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/all-seeing-eye-director-shaji-719244.html|archive-date=1 August 2019}}</ref> ''[[Pranchiyettan & the Saint]]'', directed by [[Ranjith]],<ref name="nagarajan-2021">{{cite web |last1=Nagarajan |first1=Saraswathy |title=50 years of Mammootty: Why the superstar shows no signs of slowing down |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mammootty-fifty-years-malayalam-cinema/article35938051.ece |website=The Hindu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118132159/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mammootty-fifty-years-malayalam-cinema/article35938051.ece |archive-date=18 November 2021 |date=16 August 2021}}</ref> ''[[Best of Luck (2010 film)|Best of Luck]]'', directed by M. A. Nishad<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Ond-Chance-Kodi-shoot-begins/articleshow/21977672.cms|title=Ond Chance Kodi shoot begins|work=The Times of India|date=22 August 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723141008/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Ond-Chance-Kodi-shoot-begins/articleshow/21977672.cms|archive-date=23 July 2020}}</ref> and ''[[Best Actor (film)|Best Actor]]'', [[Martin Prakkat]]'s debut film.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sify.com/movies/best-actor-audio-launched-news-malayalam-kmijTzacdha.html|title=Best Actor audio launched|work=Sify|date=8 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210025950/http://sify.com/movies/best-actor-audio-launched-news-malayalam-kmijTzacdha.html|archive-date=10 December 2010}}</ref>

His films ''[[August 15 (2011 film)|August 15]]'', directed by [[Shaji Kailas]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/mammootty-is-back-as-cop-in-iaugust-15i-imagegallery-malayalam-lcvmlpbfahgsi.html|title=Mammootty is back as cop in August 15 |work=Sify|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325203841/https://www.sify.com/movies/mammootty-is-back-as-cop-in-iaugust-15i-imagegallery-malayalam-lcvmlpbfahgsi.html|archive-date=25 March 2022}}</ref> ''[[Doubles (2011 film)|Doubles]]'', directed by Sohan Seenulal,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammoottys-charity-behind-the-success-of-doubles/articleshow/17336130.cms?from=mdr|title=Mammootty's charity behind the success of 'Doubles'?|work=Times Of India|date=10 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424221350/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammoottys-charity-behind-the-success-of-doubles/articleshow/17336130.cms?from=mdr|archive-date=24 April 2022}}</ref> ''[[The Train (2011 film)|The Train]]'', directed by [[Jayaraj]], ''[[Bombay March 12]]'', directed by Babu Janardhanan and ''[[Venicile Vyaapari]]'', directed by [[Shafi (director)|Shafi]] appeared in 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/ivenicile-vyaparii-an-important-film-for-mammootty-imagegallery-malayalam-lkvmmFbhbbesi.html|title=Venicile Vyapari, an important film for Mammootty|work=Sify|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325082015/https://www.sify.com/movies/ivenicile-vyaparii-an-important-film-for-mammootty-imagegallery-malayalam-lkvmmFbhbbesi.html|archive-date=25 March 2022}}</ref>

In 2012, his films included: ''[[The King & the Commissioner]]'', directed by [[Shaji Kailas]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/the-king-and-commissioner-on-march-23-news-malayalam-mcwn3Hcgigg.html|title=The King and Commissioner on March 23|work=Sify|date=22 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224164340/http://www.sify.com/movies/the-king-and-commissioner-on-march-23-news-malayalam-mcwn3Hcgigg.html|archive-date=24 February 2012}}</ref> the Kannada-Malayalam bilingual film ''[[Shikari (2012 film)|Shikari]]'' directed by [[Abhaya Simha]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/may/28/south-mammootty-in-shikari.htm|title=Now Mammootty in a Kannada film|website=Rediff|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501172221/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/may/28/south-mammootty-in-shikari.htm|archive-date=1 May 2019}}</ref> ''[[Cobra (2012 film)|Cobra]]'', directed by [[Lal (actor)|Lal]], ''[[Thappana]]'', directed by [[Johny Antony]], ''[[Jawan of Vellimala]]'', directed by [[Anoop Kannan]], (Mammootty produced the film), ''[[Face2Face (2012 Malayalam film)|Face to Face]]'', directed by [[V. M. Vinu]] and ''[[Bavuttiyude Namathil]]'', directed by G. S. Vijayan.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kanihas-new-year-begins-with-a-bang/articleshow/62392321.cms |title=Kaniha's New Year begins with a bang |work=The Times of India |date=7 January 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916211911/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kanihas-new-year-begins-with-a-bang/articleshow/62392321.cms |archive-date=16 September 2018}}</ref>

His first films released in 2013 were ''[[Kammath & Kammath]]'', directed by Thomson and ''[[Immanuel (film)|Immanuel]]'', directed by [[Lal Jose]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=George|first=Vijay|date=24 January 2013|title=Taste of comedy|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/taste-of-comedy/article4339809.ece|access-date=13 July 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711143000/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/taste-of-comedy/article4339809.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, he went on to appear in ''[[Kadal Kadannoru Mathukkutty]]'', directed by [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]], which was released for Ramzan season, ''[[Kunjananthante Kada]]'', directed by [[Salim Ahamed]] and ''[[Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus]]'', directed by G. Marthandan.<ref>{{Cite news|last=C|first=Sharika|date=1 September 2013|title=Kunjananthante Kada – high expectations belied|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kunjananthante-kada-high-expectations-belied/article5080029.ece|access-date=13 July 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=13 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713101132/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kunjananthante-kada-high-expectations-belied/article5080029.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> His next release was ''[[Silence (2013 film)|Silence]]'', directed by [[V. K. Prakash]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=G|first=Vijay|title=Mammooty's Silence hits the screen today|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/mammootys-silence-hits-the-screen-today-south/20131206.htm|access-date=13 July 2021|website=Rediff|archive-date=13 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713100457/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/mammootys-silence-hits-the-screen-today-south/20131206.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

He acted in ''[[Balyakalasakhi (2014 film)|Balyakalasakhi]]'', directed by [[Pramod Payyannur]], ''[[Praise the Lord (film)|Praise the Lord]]'', directed by [[Shibu Gangadharan]] and ''[[Gangster (2014 film)|Gangster]]'', directed by [[Aashiq Abu]] in the first half of 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=The 5 Worst Malayalam films so far|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-the-5-worst-malayalam-films-so-far/20140703.htm|website=[[Rediff.com]]|date=3 July 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019003924/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-the-5-worst-malayalam-films-so-far/20140703.htm|archive-date=19 October 2014}}</ref> He also acted in: ''[[Manglish (film)|Manglish]]'', directed by [[Salam Bappu]], ''[[Munnariyippu]]'', directed by [[Venu (cinematographer)|Venu]], ''[[RajadhiRaja]]'', directed by debutant Ajai Vasudev and ''[[Varsham (2014 film)|Varsham]]'', directed by [[Ranjith Sankar]]. Mammootty received critical praise for his portrayal of C.K. Raghavan in ''Munnariyippu'',<ref>{{cite news|title='Munnariyippu' Review Round up: Mammootty Starrer Rated as One of the Best |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/munnariyippu-review-round-mammootty-starrer-rated-one-best-607430|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=22 August 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140828082718/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/munnariyippu-review-round-mammootty-starrer-rated-one-best-607430|archive-date=28 August 2014}}</ref> while ''[[Sify]]'' called ''RajadhiRaja'' "a genuine hit for Mammootty after a long time".<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Box-Office – September |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=15058401&cid=14625530|website=[[Sify]]|date=8 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009183742/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=15058401&cid=14625530|archive-date=9 October 2014|access-date=12 October 2014}}</ref> Nicy V.P. of ''[[International Business Times]]'' wrote: "''Varsham'' is a movie worth investing your time and money."<ref>{{cite web|title='Varsham' Review Roundup: Ranjith's Direction and Mammootty's Performance Impress Critics|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/varsham-review-roundup-ranjiths-direction-mammoottys-performance-impress-critics-613251|work=International Business Times|date=6 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109101855/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/varsham-review-roundup-ranjiths-direction-mammoottys-performance-impress-critics-613251|archive-date=9 November 2014}}</ref>

His 2015 releases were ''[[Fireman (film)|Fireman]]'', directed by Deepu Karunakaran, ''[[Bhaskar the Rascal]]'', directed by [[Siddique (director)|Siddique]], a commercial success,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movies/2015-in-review-malayalam-cinema-brings-viewers-back-to-theatres-english-news-1.760275|title=2015 in review: Malayalam cinema brings viewers back to theatres......|publisher=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=26 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605093559/http://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movies/2015-in-review-malayalam-cinema-brings-viewers-back-to-theatres-english-news-1.760275|archive-date=5 June 2016}}</ref> ''[[Acha Dhin]]'', directed by Marthandan. ''[[Utopiayile Rajavu]]'', directed by [[Kamal (director)|Kamal]] and ''[[Pathemari]]'', directed by [[Salim Ahamed]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/pathemari-completes-125-days/articleshow/51728950.cms |title=Pathemari completes 125 days |work=The Times of India |date=24 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323135602/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Pathemari-completes-125-days/articleshow/51728950.cms |archive-date=23 March 2018}}</ref>

He acted in ''[[Puthiya Niyamam]]'' alongside [[Nayanthara]] directed by [[A. K. Sajan]] in the first half of 2016. He also acted in [[Kasaba (2016 film)|Kasaba]] directed by debutant director Nithin Renji Paniker. His next releases for the year was [[White (2016 film)|''White'']] directed by [[Uday Ananthan]] and ''[[Thoppil Joppan]]'', directed by [[Johny Antony]] marking their fourth collaboration.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/mammoottys-thoppil-joppan-review-entertaining-if-you-watch-it-without-expectation-700151|title=Mammootty's Thoppil Joppan review: Entertaining if you watch it without expectation|last=James|first=Anu |date=18 October 2016|website=International Business Times, India Edition|access-date=6 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627183814/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/mammoottys-thoppil-joppan-review-entertaining-if-you-watch-it-without-expectation-700151|archive-date=27 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2017, his first release was ''[[The Great Father]]'' directed by debutant [[Haneef Adeni]]. He was then seen in ''[[Puthan Panam]]'' directed by [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]], ''[[Pullikkaran Staraa]]'' directed by [[Syamdhar]] and [[Masterpiece (2017 film)|''Masterpiece'']] directed by [[Ajay Vasudev|Ajai Vasudev]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Mammootty's 'Masterpiece' to release in December |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammoottys-masterpiece-to-release-in-december/articleshow/61238225.cms |date=26 October 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427190627/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammoottys-masterpiece-to-release-in-december/articleshow/61238225.cms |archive-date=27 April 2022}}</ref>

In 2018, he acted in [[Parole (2018 film)|''Parole'']] directed by debutant Sharrath Sandith. He has then seen in [[Uncle (2018 film)|''Uncle'']] written by [[Joy Mathew]] and directed by debutant Girish Damodar. His next release was ''[[Abrahaminte Santhathikal]]'', a crime thriller directed by debutant Shaji Padoor. His last release for the year was ''[[Oru Kuttanadan Blog]]'' directed and written by [[Sachi-Sethu|Sethu]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/oru-kuttanadan-blog-audio-launch-filled-with-cheers-galore/articleshow/65290822.cms |title=Oru Kuttanadan Blog audio launch filled with cheers galore |work=The Times of India |date=6 August 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427192809/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/oru-kuttanadan-blog-audio-launch-filled-with-cheers-galore/articleshow/65290822.cms |archive-date=27 April 2022}}</ref> In 2018, he acted in critically acclaimed Tamil movie ''[[Peranbu]]'' directed by [[Ram (director)|Ram]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/peranbu-movie-review-rating-mammootty-ram-5562395/|title=Peranbu review: There's a lot of heart in this delicately textured moving drama|date=1 February 2019|website=The Indian Express|access-date=31 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424153057/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/peranbu-movie-review-rating-mammootty-ram-5562395/|archive-date=24 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/mammootty-peranbu-release-date-5538276/|title=Mammootty's Peranbu gets a release date|date=14 January 2019|website=The Indian Express|access-date=31 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731131936/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/mammootty-peranbu-release-date-5538276/|archive-date=31 July 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was selected for [[International Film Festival Rotterdam|Rotterdam Film Festival]], [[Shanghai International Film Festival]] and [[International Film Festival of India]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-ram-interview-peranbu/article26110549.ece|title=Film festivals are a blessing: Director Ram on 'Peranbu'|last=S|first=Srivatsan|date=28 January 2019|work=The Hindu|access-date=31 July 2019|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=5 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805120552/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-ram-interview-peranbu/article26110549.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> His role of single parent Amudhavan who struggles with raising his [[Spastic cerebral palsy|spastic]] girl child, Paapa was well appreciated by critics.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/peranbu-review-it-has-the-power-to-change-the-way-you-look-at-life-review-tamil-tb4lkFdccchfj.html|title=Review : Peranbu review: It has the power to change the way you look (2019) |newspaper=Sify|access-date=31 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731134940/https://www.sify.com/movies/peranbu-review-it-has-the-power-to-change-the-way-you-look-at-life-review-tamil-tb4lkFdccchfj.html|archive-date=31 July 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/peranbu-movie-review-mammootty-gives-one-of-his-most-mature-performances-in-a-devastatingly-beautiful-film-5996511.html |title=Peranbu movie review: Mammootty gives one of his most mature performances in a devastatingly beautiful film- Entertainment News|website=Firstpost|date=1 February 2019|access-date=31 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731133434/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/peranbu-movie-review-mammootty-gives-one-of-his-most-mature-performances-in-a-devastatingly-beautiful-film-5996511.html|archive-date=31 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

His first release of 2019 was ''[[Madhura Raja]]'', a spin-off to the 2010 film ''[[Pokkiri Raja (2010 film)|Pokkiri Raja]]'' directed by [[Vysakh]]. It becomes the best-grossing film in Mammootty's career.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kanchana-3-edges-past-rs-100-cr-at-worldwide-box-office-madhuraraja-becomes-mammoottys-career-best-grosser-6549091.html|title=Kanchana 3 edges past Rs 100 cr at worldwide box office; Madhuraraja becomes Mammootty's career-best grosser|website=Firstpost|date=1 May 2019|access-date=6 September 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531235756/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kanchana-3-edges-past-rs-100-cr-at-worldwide-box-office-madhuraraja-becomes-mammoottys-career-best-grosser-6549091.html |archive-date=31 May 2019}}</ref> His next release was ''[[Unda (film)|Unda]]'' directed by Khalid Rahman in which he played the role of a Sub-inspector of Police who led the team of a police unit for state election duty in a Maoist prone area in [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mammootty in a new khaki avatar |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/sep/25/mammootty-in-a-new-khaki-avatar-1876625.html|website=The New Indian Express|date=25 September 2018 |access-date=6 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015185218/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/sep/25/mammootty-in-a-new-khaki-avatar-1876625.html|archive-date=15 October 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> He was then seen in an extended cameo in the film ''[[Pathinettam Padi]]'' directed by [[Shanker Ramakrishnan|Shankar Ramakrishnan]]. Later in the year, Mammootty was in the historical drama ''[[Mamangam (2019 film)|Mamangam]]'' directed by [[M. Padmakumar]], which is based on the historical [[Mamankam festival]] in the banks of the [[Bharathappuzha]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Grand sets erected final schedule of Mammoottys maamaankam |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/grand-sets-erected-final-schedule-mammootty-s-maamaankam-101989|website=thenewsminute|date=18 May 2019|access-date=8 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902043925/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/grand-sets-erected-final-schedule-mammootty-s-maamaankam-101989|archive-date=2 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> He was also in [[Ramesh Pisharody]]'s ''[[Ganagandharvan]]'' in which he plays a ‘ganamela’ singer named Kalasadhan Ullas and [[Ajay Vasudev|Ajai Vasudev]]'s [[Shylock (2019 film)|''Shylock'']].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/06/14/mammootty-new-look-for-ganagandharvan-unda-success.html|title=Have you seen Mammootty's new look for Ganagandharvan?|website=OnManorama|access-date=6 September 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905074219/https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/06/14/mammootty-new-look-for-ganagandharvan-unda-success.html|archive-date=5 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Mammootty's Shylock begins filming |website=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammoottys-shylock-begins-filming/articleshow/70628469.cms|access-date=6 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827021734/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammoottys-shylock-begins-filming/articleshow/70628469.cms|archive-date=27 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> After two decades, Mammootty returned to [[Telugu cinema]] in 2019 with the biopic ''[[Yatra (2019 film)|Yatra]]'' which is based on former [[Andhra Pradesh]] chief minister [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy|YS Rajasekhar Reddy]] directed by [[Mahi V. Raghav|Mahi Raghav]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/yatra-movie-review-ysr-biopic-is-underwhelming-but-mammootty-saves-the-day-1451510-2019-02-08|title=Yatra Movie Review: YSR biopic is underwhelming but Mammootty saves the day|first=Janani |last=K.|website=India Today|access-date=31 July 2019|date=8 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731131937/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/yatra-movie-review-ysr-biopic-is-underwhelming-but-mammootty-saves-the-day-1451510-2019-02-08|archive-date=31 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/mammootty-returns-to-telugu-cinema-after-two-decades-to-play-ys-rajasekhar-reddy-in-a-biopic/story-nOVE88xMkC0hUKax8WGL6I.html |title=Mammootty returns to Telugu cinema after two decades, to play YS Rajasekhar Reddy in a biopic|date=21 March 2018|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=31 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731131934/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/mammootty-returns-to-telugu-cinema-after-two-decades-to-play-ys-rajasekhar-reddy-in-a-biopic/story-nOVE88xMkC0hUKax8WGL6I.html|archive-date=31 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2020–present ===
In 2021, He starred in ''[[The Priest (2021 film)|The Priest]]'', directed by Jofin T. Chacko featuring [[Manju Warrier]] marking her first collaboration with Mammootty.<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 February 2021|title=Mammootty's 'The Priest' to Fahadh's 'Malik': Malayalam films ready to hit the screens|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mammootty-s-priest-fahadh-s-malik-malayalam-films-ready-hit-screens-143544|access-date=18 February 2021|website=The News Minute|archive-date=16 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216083440/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mammootty-s-priest-fahadh-s-malik-malayalam-films-ready-hit-screens-143544|url-status=live}}</ref> He then starred in the political thriller ''[[One (2021 film)|One]]'', directed by Santhosh Vishwanath. He played Kadakkal Chandran, Chief Minister of Kerala in the film.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Mammootty's One to hit theatres before Kerala Assembly polls|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammoottys-one-to-hit-theatres-before-kerala-assembly-polls/articleshow/80321621.cms|access-date=17 January 2021|archive-date=18 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118032940/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammoottys-one-to-hit-theatres-before-kerala-assembly-polls/articleshow/80321621.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2022, He starred in ''[[Bheeshma Parvam]]'' directed by [[Amal Neerad]], which received positive responses and was a blockbuster.<ref>{{Cite web|title=മമ്മൂട്ടി എന്ന സ്നേഹം, പാഠം; നൂറിലേറെ പ്രമുഖരുടെ ഓര്‍മ: അപൂര്‍വ വിഡിയോ|url=https://www.manoramanews.com/news/entertainment/2020/09/07/mammootty-the-legend-friends-and-colleagues-wishing-happy-birthday.html|access-date=13 March 2021|website=Manoramanews|date=7 September 2020 |language=ml|archive-date=8 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808175913/https://www.manoramanews.com/news/entertainment/2020/09/07/mammootty-the-legend-friends-and-colleagues-wishing-happy-birthday.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He then starred in ''[[CBI 5: The Brain]]'', which emerged as a box office success. In 2023, he acted in the Telugu film [[Agent (film)|''Agent'']] starring [[Akhil Akkineni]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2019 |title=ഇന്ത്യന്‍ സിനിമയുടെ പൗരുഷത്തിന് അറുപത്തിയെട്ടിന്‍റെ പിറന്നാള്‍ ചിരി!{{!}}Actor Mammootty |url=https://www.eastcoastdaily.com/movie/2019/09/07/mammootty-birthday-september-seventh/ |access-date=13 March 2021 |website=East Coast Movies & Entertainments News |archive-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523203925/https://www.eastcoastdaily.com/movie/2019/09/07/mammootty-birthday-september-seventh/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2024, he reprised [[Y. S. Rajasekhar Reddy]] in the Tamil film ''[[Yatra 2]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 October 2023 |title='Yatra 2': First look of Mammootty, Jiiva's film out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/yatra-2-first-look-of-mammootty-jiivas-film-out/article67398850.ece |access-date=5 January 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=5 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105092228/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/yatra-2-first-look-of-mammootty-jiivas-film-out/article67398850.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

Mammootty had four Malayalam releases in 2023: He first appeared in ''[[Nanpakal Nerathu Mayakkam]]'', which received critical acclaim for his role which won him the Kerala State Award and Filmfare Award for Best Actor.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=21 July 2023 |title=53rd Kerala State Film Awards: Nanpakal Nerathu Mayakkam wins Best Film, Mammootty and Vincy Aloshious win acting honours |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-state-film-awards-2022-nanpakal-nerathu-mayakkam-wins-best-film-mammootty-and-vincy-aloshious-win-acting-honours/article67105863.ece |access-date=31 October 2023 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031120609/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-state-film-awards-2022-nanpakal-nerathu-mayakkam-wins-best-film-mammootty-and-vincy-aloshious-win-acting-honours/article67105863.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> He then appeared in ''[[Christopher (film)|Christopher]]'' and ''[[Kannur Squad]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2023/02/09/christopher-review-mammootty-stands-out-in-a-stylish-thriller-that-lacks-depth.html|title='Christopher' review: Mammootty stands out in a stylish thriller that lacks depth|website=The Week}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Suresh |first=Anandu |date=28 September 2023 |title=Kannur Squad movie review: Mammootty-starrer police procedural is solid, yet lacks freshness |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/kannur-squad-movie-review-rating-roby-varghese-raj-mammootty-police-procedural-solid-yet-lacks-freshness-8959935/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928113819/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/kannur-squad-movie-review-rating-roby-varghese-raj-mammootty-police-procedural-solid-yet-lacks-freshness-8959935/ |archive-date=28 September 2023 |access-date=28 September 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He then played the lead in ''[[Kaathal – The Core]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suresh |first=Anandu |date=23 November 2023 |title=Kaathal The Core movie review: Mammootty and Jyotika outdo themselves in Jeo Baby's landmark film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/kaathal-the-core-movie-review-rating-mammootty-jyotika-outdo-themselves-jeo-baby-landmark-film-9038231/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |access-date=23 November 2023 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212130742/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/kaathal-the-core-movie-review-rating-mammootty-jyotika-outdo-themselves-jeo-baby-landmark-film-9038231/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2024, Mammootty appeared in three Malayalam films, ''[[Abraham Ozler]]'', ''[[Turbo (2024 film)|Turbo]]'' and ''[[Bramayugam]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mollywood 2024: 207 movies, but only 22 made money; Manjummel Boys dazzled in hit charts |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/12/21/mollywood-2024-big-list-of-films-losses-faced-by-malayalam-film-industry-producers.html |access-date=26 December 2024 |date=21 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Small market, big collection: Box office earnings of recent Malayalam flicks touch record Rs 550 cr |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/04/07/malayalam-movies-success-box-office-record-550-crores.html |website=OnManorama |language=en |date=2024-04-08 |access-date=2024-04-08 |archive-date=2024-04-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412034222/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/04/07/malayalam-movies-success-box-office-record-550-crores.amp.html}}</ref>

Mammootty's first release in 2025 was ''[[Dominic and the Ladies' Purse]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dominic and the Ladies' Purse Movie Review : Mammootty shines in this stylish mystery investigation drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/dominic-and-the-ladies-purse/movie-review/117490867.cms |access-date=2025-01-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He then appeared in ''[[Bazooka (film)|Bazooka]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bazooka Movie Review: A dashing Mammootty powers through a severely underwritten, yet sleek flick. It feels like serving a colourful dessert after a tasteless undercooked main course|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/bazooka-movie-review-a-dashing-mammootty-powers-through-a-severely-underwritten-yet-sleek-flick-9935577/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=11 April 2025}}</ref> Both films underperformed at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office-after-underwhelming-result-of-dominic-and-the-ladies-purse-mammootty-eyes-big-comeback-with-bazooka-1369765 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |date=28 January 2025 |access-date=1 May 2025 |title=Box Office: After underwhelming result of Dominic and the Ladies' Purse, Mammootty eyes big comeback with Bazooka}}</ref> In the same year, an AI-generated version of Mammooty was used in the film ''[[Rekhachithram]]'' without the actor's physical appearance being involved. Also, an arm is shown as the character Moothon in the film ''[[Lokah Chapter 1: Chandra]]'', with voiceover of Mammooty. The film became the highest grossing malayalam film of the year.

He then appeared in the Malayalam-language crime thriller ''[[Kalamkaval]]'', which was released theatrically on 5 December 2025. The film opened to strong audience interest and maintained steady box office performance in the weeks following its release, emerging as one of the notable Malayalam releases of the year.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kalamkaval box office collections: Mammootty film holds steady in second week |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kalamkaval-box-office-collections-day-12-mammootty-film-earns-rs-65-lakhs-on-tuesday-crime-drama-holds-steady/articleshow/126029016.cms |work=The Times of India |date=2025 |access-date=12 January 2026}}</ref>

Around the same period, Mammootty was cast in the Malayalam political thriller ''[[Patriot (2026 Film)]]'', directed by Mahesh Narayanan. The film features an ensemble cast including [[Mohanlal]], [[Fahadh Faasil]], [[Kunchacko Boban]] and [[Nayanthara]], and is among the major multi-starrer projects announced in Malayalam cinema during the mid-2020s. Filming began in 2025, with the film scheduled for release in 2026.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mammootty joins Mahesh Narayanan’s multi-starrer Patriot |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movies/2024/11/20/mammootty-mahesh-narayanan-patriot-malayalam-film.html |work=Onmanorama |date=20 November 2024 |access-date=12 January 2026}}</ref>

In 2026, Mammootty’s Malayalam horror film ''[[Bramayugam]]'', directed by [[Rahul Sadasivan]], was selected for a special screening at the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures in Los Angeles on February 12, as part of the “Where the Forest Meets the Sea” series. It was the first film starring Mammootty to be shown at the Academy Museum, drawing international attention to the film’s global exhibition.<ref>{{cite news |title=‘Bramayugam’ enters Oscar Academy space; Mammootty film creates history; Los Angeles screening on February |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/bramayugam-enters-oscar-academy-space-mammootty-film-creates-history-los-angeles-screening-on-february/articleshow/126404531.cms |work=The Times of India |date=9 January 2026 |access-date=12 January 2026}}</ref>

=== Films in other languages ===
He has acted in Tamil films for directors including [[K. Balachander]]'s (''[[Azhagan]]''), [[Mani Ratnam]]'s (''[[Thalapathi|Thalapathy]]''), [[Fazil (director)|Fazil]]'s (''[[Kilipetchu Ketkava|Kilippechu Kekkavaa]]''), [[N. Linguswamy]]'s (''[[Aanandham]]''), [[R. K. Selvamani]]'s (''[[Makkal Aatchi]]''), [[Marumalarchi Bharathi]]'s (''[[Maru Malarchi|Marumalarchi]]'') and ''[[Ethirum Puthirum]]'' and [[Rajiv Menon]] (''[[Kandukondain Kandukondain]]'') (2000). He played Anantha Sharma in [[K. Viswanath]]'s [[Telugu film]] ''[[Swathi Kiranam]]'' (1992).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-birthday-mammootty-3-direct-telugu-films-of-malayalam-megastar/photostory/86008084.cms?picid=86008247 |title=Happy birthday Mammootty: 3 Direct Telugu films of Malayalam Megastar |work=The Times of India |date=7 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427193601/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-birthday-mammootty-3-direct-telugu-films-of-malayalam-megastar/photostory/86008084.cms?picid=86008247 |archive-date=27 April 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Other work ==
[[File:Mammootty 2007.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Close-up shot of Mammootty, who is looking downwards|Mammootty at an event for [[Association of Malayalam Movie Artists|A.M.M.A]] in 2007]]
During the 1980s, Mammootty was the co-owner of a production company, Casino, along with [[Mohanlal]], [[I.V. Sasi]], [[Seema (actress)|Seema]] and Century Kochumon. The films it produced included ''[[Nadodikkattu]]'' (1987), ''[[Gandhinagar 2nd Street]]'' (1986), ''Adiyozhukkukal'' and ''Karimpin Poovinakkare''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mammootty owned a production house with Mohanlal! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/did-you-know/mammootty-owned-a-production-house-with-mohanlal/articleshow/45345886.cms |website=The Times of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706175210/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/did-you-know/mammootty-owned-a-production-house-with-mohanlal/articleshow/45345886.cms |archive-date=6 July 2022}}</ref> He formed a television [[production company]], Megabytes, which produced [[serial (radio and television)|television serials]], the first being ''Jwalayay''<ref>[http://www.ddktvm.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5&Itemid=26 Mega Serials Mega Hits] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015130802/http://ddktvm.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5&Itemid=26 |date=15 October 2007}}. Rediff.com. 28 October 2006. Retrieved 30 October 2007.</ref> in the late 1990s, which was also his first project as a [[Television producer|producer]].<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/jan/24mallu.htm "Why should they? Especially when they are busy producing a superhit television soap"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412031036/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/jan/24mallu.htm |date=12 April 2011 }}. Rediff.com. 21 December 1998. Retrieved 30 October 2007.</ref>

Mammootty also owns a distribution company named Mammootty Technotainment.<ref name="the times of india-2018" /> He is the owner of Playhouse since 2009, a company which primarily distributes films he has starred in.<ref>{{cite news |date=7 September 2011 |title=Mammootty turrns producer |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Mammootty-turns-producer/articleshow/9896620.cms?referral=PM |url-status=live |archive-date=23 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123042206/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Mammootty-turns-producer/articleshow/9896620.cms?referral=PM}}</ref> It has since ventured into film production, with ventures including the ''Jawan of Vellimala'' and ''Street Lights''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/mammootty-dulquer-salmaan-5042428/ |title=It may happen: Mammootty on acting with Dulquer Salmaan |date=28 January 2018 |access-date=19 May 2022 |archive-date=19 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519060632/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/mammootty-dulquer-salmaan-5042428/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-first-look-mammootty-plays-a-jawan-in-his-next/20120710.htm|title=First Look: Mammootty plays a Jawan in his next|first=Vijay|last=G|website=Rediff|access-date=19 May 2022|archive-date=19 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519060632/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-first-look-mammootty-plays-a-jawan-in-his-next/20120710.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2010, he is the [[Chair (official)|chairman]] of Malayalam Communications, which runs some Malayalam TV channels such as [[Kairali TV]], Kairali News<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-04-09 |title=kairali - The Malayalam channel |url=http://www.kairalitv.in/tv/AboutUs.htm |access-date=2024-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409101650/http://www.kairalitv.in/tv/AboutUs.htm |archive-date=9 April 2010 }}</ref> and Channel We.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kairalitv.in/tv/AboutUs.htm |title=Malayalam Communications Board of Directors |website=kairalitv.in |date=1 November 2004 |access-date=15 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409101650/http://www.kairalitv.in/tv/AboutUs.htm |archive-date=9 April 2010}}</ref> In 2021, he founded another production company, the Mammootty Kampany, which produced the films ''[[Rorschach (film)|Rorschach]]'' (2022) and ''[[Nanpakal Nerathu Mayakkam]]'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2022 |title=Mammootty Kampany 2 : കെട്ട്യോളാണെന്റെ മാലാഖയുടെ സംവിധായകനും മമ്മൂട്ടിയും ഒന്നിക്കുന്നു; ചിത്രത്തിൻറെ ടൈറ്റിൽ പുറത്ത്‌വിട്ടു |url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/mammootty-kampany-2-film-titled-rorschach-first-look-poster-released-89998 |access-date=8 May 2022 |website=Zee News Malayalam |language=ml |archive-date=8 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508165557/https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/mammootty-kampany-2-film-titled-rorschach-first-look-poster-released-89998 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mammootty completes shooting for Nanpakal Nerathu Mayakkam |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/dec/07/mammootty-completes-shooting-for-nanpakal-nerathu-mayakkam-2392525.html |website=The New Indian Express |date=7 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227131817/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/dec/07/mammootty-completes-shooting-for-nanpakal-nerathu-mayakkam-2392525.html |archive-date=27 December 2021}}</ref>

He has stated he has no political ambitions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mammootty: I have no political aspirations |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/Jul/18/mammootty-i-have-no-political-aspirations-2005784.html |work=Indian Express |date=18 July 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220195018/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/jul/18/mammootty-i-have-no-political-aspirations-2005784.amp |archive-date=20 December 2021}}</ref> In 2007, Mammootty published his first book, ''Kazhchapadu'' (roughly translated as "Perspective"), a compilation of short essays he had written in various publications over the years.<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/16mam.htm Meet Mammootty, the writer] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071112024814/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/16mam.htm |date=12 November 2007 }}. Rediff.com. 16 August 2006. Retrieved 30 October 2007.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kerala State Film Awards 2009 |website=Winkerala.com |date=6 April 2010 |url=http://www.winkerala.com/704/kerala-state-best-actor-award-2009-for-mammootty |access-date=22 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723233729/http://www.winkerala.com/704/kerala-state-best-actor-award-2009-for-mammootty |archive-date=23 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> That year, he and [[Dubai]]-based businessman [[M A Yousuf Ali|MA Yousuf Ali]] lobbied for the proposed [[SmartCity, Kochi|Smart City]] project at [[Kochi]] with officials of the [[Dubai Internet City]] (DIC).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/business/04_2007/mammootty-brings-it-park-to-kerala-38529.html |title=Mammootty brings IT park to Kerala |website=ibnlive.com |publisher=IANS |date=14 April 2007 |access-date=30 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227203220/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/business/04_2007/mammootty-brings-it-park-to-kerala-38529.html |archive-date=27 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In August 2021, Mammootty received the [[UAE Golden Visa]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Malayalam actors Mammootty and Mohanlal receive UAE's Golden Visa|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/malayalam-actors-mammootty-and-mohanlal-receive-uae-s-golden-visa-kerala-news-film-news-dubai-news-1.5927343|website=Mathrubhumi|date=19 August 2021|access-date=19 August 2021|archive-date=19 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819041202/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/malayalam-actors-mammootty-and-mohanlal-receive-uae-s-golden-visa-kerala-news-film-news-dubai-news-1.5927343|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Philanthropic and social causes ===
Mammootty is a patron of the Pain and Palliative Care Society, a [[Charitable organization|charitable organisation]] in [[Kerala]], that aims to improve the quality of people in advanced stages of [[cancer]]. He has been working with the Pain and [[Palliative Care]] Centre situated in [[Kozhikode]], India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mammootty is an avid philanthropist – Mammootty: Lesser known facts |website=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/mammootty-lesser-known-facts/mammootty-is-an-avid-philanthropist/photostory/48651350.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907062551/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/mammootty-lesser-known-facts/mammootty-is-an-avid-philanthropist/photostory/48651350.cms |archive-date=7 September 2018}}</ref> In 2018, he put forth a project to provide the pain and palliative care to those suffering from cancer throughout Kerala.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131117/news-current-affairs/article/mammootty-thumbs-kochi-cancer-centre | title=Mammootty thumbs up for Kochi cancer centre | date=17 November 2013 | access-date=19 May 2022 | archive-date=19 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519101823/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131117/news-current-affairs/article/mammootty-thumbs-kochi-cancer-centre | url-status=live }}</ref> He is also a patron of the Care and Share International Foundation, a charity organisation aimed at reducing societal inequality. Among its endeavours, the foundation mobilised financial help for the heart surgeries of children with the ''Hridaya Sparsham'' project. A fundraiser over social networking sites supported by Mammootty raised about {{INR}}1 crore within a day.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/02/stories/2011030261870200.htm |title=Actor wins a hundred hearts |date=2 March 2011 |access-date=4 March 2011 |location=Chennai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307193541/http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/02/stories/2011030261870200.htm |archive-date=7 March 2011 |url-status=dead |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

Mammootty is the [[goodwill ambassador]] of the charity project Street India Movement, which lists the elimination of child begging and [[child labour]] among its goals. He has promoted the activities of the movement, which coordinates with orphanages and institutions looking after the children.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article3104552.ece Mammootty for a cause] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106185935/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article3104552.ece |date=6 January 2016 }} ''The Hindu'' Friday, 14 July 2006. Retrieved 19 June 2009.</ref> He is also goodwill ambassador for [[Akshaya project|Akshaya]], the [[information technology]] dissemination project of the [[Government of Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralaitmission.org/web/newsletter/feb-ii-2006.html |title=Star shines on Project Akshaya |website=KeralaITmission.org |date=25 February 2006 |access-date=30 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070804114730/http://www.keralaitmission.org/web/newsletter/feb-ii-2006.html |archive-date=4 August 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article3042887.ece Mammootty as brand ambassador has helped Akshaya gain publicity] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106185935/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article3042887.ece |date=6 January 2016 }}. ''The Hindu''. 3 November 2006. Retrieved 30 October 2007.</ref> He formally took over the role on 26 February 2006 at a video-telecasted programme that was linked to all district headquarters of the state.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/02/27/stories/2006022700581700.htm |title=Mammootty enlivens Akshaya network |work=The Hindu Businessline |date=26 February 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207003231/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/02/27/stories/2006022700581700.htm|archive-date=7 February 2009 |access-date=30 October 2007}}</ref> He also promotes the anti-drug campaign Addicted to Life, launched by the Government of Kerala and affiliated with the Kerala State Beverages Corporation, which aims to eradicate drugs and alcohol usage among people, especially the youth.<ref>{{cite news |title=Stars join Mammootty; add muscle to online campaign against drugs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/stars-join-mammootty-add-muscle-to-online-campaign-against-drugs/articleshow/40071273.cms |website=The Times of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815072306/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Malayalam/Movies/News/Stars-join-Mammootty-add-muscle-to-online-campaign-against-drugs/articleshow/40071273.cms |archive-date=15 August 2014|last1=Karthikeyan |first1=Shruti }}</ref>

In August 2014, Mammootty launched the My Tree Challenge, modelled after the [[Ice Bucket Challenge]], which purports to encourage others to plant saplings, as the rules dictate that they should if challenged.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140829/lifestyle-offbeat/article/new-challenge-my-tree-challenge|title=The new challenge, 'My Tree Challenge'|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=29 August 2014|access-date=30 August 2014 |author=Thomas, Elizabeth|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830101620/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140829/lifestyle-offbeat/article/new-challenge-my-tree-challenge|archive-date=30 August 2014}}</ref> The challenge was created by Abdul Manaf, an entrepreneur, and Imthias Kadeer, a travel photographer. Mammootty challenged Mohanlal and [[Shah Rukh Khan]] to take up the challenge.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Prakash|first1=Asha |title=Mammootty takes up Fahadh's Tree challenge, challenges Shah RuKh, Vijay and Suriya|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Malayalam/Movies/News/Mammootty-takes-up-Fahadhs-Tree-challenge-challenges-Shah-RuKh-Vijay-and-Suriya/articleshow/41349174.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=31 August 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902005249/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Mammootty-takes-up-Fahadhs-Tree-challenge-challenges-Shah-RuKh-Vijay-and-Suriya/articleshow/41349174.cms|archive-date=2 September 2014}}</ref> Kazhcha, organised by Mammootty Fans Welfare Association and Mammootty Times, in association with Little Flower Hospital and Research Centre and the Eye Bank Association of [[Kerala]], is a venture to extend free eye care and treatment. One of the major activities related to this is the distribution of free spectacles to children. A special fund received from the office of the [[President of India]] will be utilised for this purpose. Free eye camps will also be conducted at various places in connection with this project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mammootty.com/kazhcha.htm |title=Kazhcha 06-07 – free eye care & treatment |website=Mammootty.com |date=13 July 2006 |access-date=30 October 2007 |archive-date=20 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820083342/http://www.mammootty.com/kazhcha.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Media image and artistry ==
[[File:Mammootty and Kerala Chief Minister Sri. Pinarayi Vijayan.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Mammootty with Kerala Chief Minister Sri. Pinarayi Vijayan attending Kairali TV Business Awards|Mammootty and Kerala Chief Minister [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] in Dubai in 2022]]

Mammootty has been described in the Indian media as one of the most versatile actors.<ref>[https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/mammootty-birthday-the-discrete-masculine-charm-one-pazhassi-raja-peranbu-unda-babasaheb-ambedkar Mammootty – The Discreet Masculine Charm] ''Film Companion'' {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928042749/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/mammootty-birthday-the-discrete-masculine-charm-one-pazhassi-raja-peranbu-unda-babasaheb-ambedkar|date=28 September 2013}}</ref> Unlike other Indian film industries, which saw the emergence of superstars that commanded a great degree of fame and stardom post-Indian independence, Malayalam cinema historically focused on stories that dealt with the lives of ordinary people, and did not generally have superstars, with the possible exception of [[Prem Nazir]].<ref name="pillai-1988" /> This changed in the 1980s with the growing popularity of Mammootty and Mohanlal.<ref name="pillai-1988" /> Sreedhar Pillai of ''India Today'' wrote in December 1988, "So impregnable is their hold over the industry today that new films are launched only if they have the time."<ref name="pillai-1988" />

In 2005, films starring Mammootty, Mohanlal and [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] accounted for 97 per cent of the box office revenue of Malayalam cinema. ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "Malayalam cinema revolves around them and scripts are written keeping their age and image in mind", they played larger-than-life characters with distinctive style of attire, dialogues, dance, and fight sequences.<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/12/09/stories/2005120901230100.htm The Hindu : Entertainment Thiruvananthapuram / Cinema : Whither the heroine?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928042749/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/12/09/stories/2005120901230100.htm|date=28 September 2013}} (9 December 2005)</ref><ref>T. N. Gopakumar [http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/94ff8a4a35a9b8876525698d002642a9/46344d1a8344a1f9652572df003429af/$FILE/A0190307.pdf Malayalam Cinema Faces a Theat] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725213203/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/94ff8a4a35a9b8876525698d002642a9/46344d1a8344a1f9652572df003429af/$FILE/A0190307.pdf |date=25 July 2011 }}</ref> During the 2006 [[IIFA Awards]] ceremony held at [[Dubai]], he openly criticised the organisers of the [[IIFA Awards]] for completely ignoring South Indian film by stating that the [[Bollywood]] film industry should stand up to competition from the South Indian film industry before calling itself international.<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20080225003250/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2006/07/07/stories/2006070703030300.htm South-pawed!]}}. ''The Hindu''. Friday, 7 July 2006. Retrieved 19 June 2009.</ref>

Mammootty's performance in ''Mathilukal'' was listed among the "25 Greatest Acting Performances of [[Cinema of India|Indian Cinema]]" by ''[[Forbes India]]'' on the occasion of celebrating 100 years of Indian Cinema.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://forbesindia.com/article/100-years-of-indian-cinema/25-greatest-acting-performances-of-indian-cinema/35125/0 |title=25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema |work=Forbes India |access-date=27 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028052937/http://forbesindia.com/article/100-years-of-indian-cinema/25-greatest-acting-performances-of-indian-cinema/35125/0 |archive-date=28 October 2014}}</ref> His performance in ''Munnariyippu'' is regarded as one of the "100 Greatest Performances of the Decade" by ''[[Film Companion]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=100 Greatest Performances of the Decade |url=https://filmcompanion.in/best-of-the-decade/100-best-performances-indian-cinema.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219043509/https://www.filmcompanion.in/best-of-the-decade/100-best-performances-indian-cinema.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 December 2019 |access-date=14 November 2020 |website=[[Film Companion]] |language=en}}</ref> Mammootty was appointed as the [[brand ambassador]] of the [[Thrissur]]-based [[South Indian Bank]] on 16 October 2006.<ref>[http://www.southindianbank.com/News/newsdetails.aspx?news_id=105 South Indian Bank Announces Mammootty as Brand Ambassador] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029172228/http://www.southindianbank.com/News/newsdetails.aspx?news_id=105 |date=29 October 2007 }}. SouthIndianBank.com. 16 October 2006. Retrieved 30 October 2007.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110125212416/http://indiaearnings.moneycontrol.com/sub_india/corpannoun.php?sel_comp=SIB South Indian Bank has appointed Padmasree Bharat Mammootty as Brand Ambassador]. moneycontrol.com. 16 October 2006. Retrieved 30 October 2007.</ref> He was also featured as the brand ambassador for Kerala Volleyball League.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blonnet.com/2009/11/04/stories/2009110451451700.htm |title=Kerala Volleyball League formed – Mammootty as brand ambassador |work=Business Line |date=4 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102161115/http://www.blonnet.com/2009/11/04/stories/2009110451451700.htm |archive-date=2 January 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2024, he was placed 63rd on [[IMDb]]'s List of 100 Most Viewed Indian Stars.<ref>{{Cite web |access-date=29 August 2024 |title=Deepika Padukone, Shah Rukh Khan Top IMDb's List of Most Viewed Indian Stars |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/deepika-padukone-shah-rukh-khan-imdb-indian-stars-list-1236018332/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241122092159/https://variety.com/2024/film/news/deepika-padukone-shah-rukh-khan-imdb-indian-stars-list-1236018332/ |archive-date=22 November 2024 |website=Variety}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

{{Main|Mammootty filmography}}

== Discography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Track
! scope="col" | Album
! scope="col" | Composer
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 1995
! scope="row" | "Ladies Collegil"
| ''[[Mazhayethum Munpe]]''
| R. Anandh
|
|-
| 1999
! scope="row" | "Poliyopoli Pookkula"
| ''[[Pallavur Devanarayanan]]''
| [[Raveendran]]
|
|-
| 2009
! scope="row" | "Aarandum Koorikootti"
| ''[[Kutty Srank]]''
| [[Isaac Thomas Kottukapally]]
|
|-
| 2009
! scope="row" | "Manjinte Marala Neengunnu"
| ''[[Loudspeaker (2009 film)|Loudspeaker]]''
| [[Bijibal]]
|
|-
| 2012
! scope="row" | "Onnam Kunnumma"
| ''[[Jawan of Vellimala]]''
| [[Bijibal]]
|
|-
| 2018
! scope="row" | "Entha Johnsa Kallille"
| ''[[Uncle (2018 film)|Uncle]]''
| [[Bijibal]]
|
|}

== Accolades ==
{{Main|List of awards and nominations received by Mammootty}}

[[File:Mammootty in RavindraBharathi.jpg|thumb|alt=Mammootty Speech at Innotech Awards|Mammootty speech at Innotech Awards on 2018-07-26 in RavindraBharathi]]
Mammootty has won three [[National Film Awards]], eleven [[Kerala State Film Awards]], fifteen [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards]], eleven [[Kerala Film Critics Awards]] and five [[Asianet Film Awards]] (from fourteen nominations). In 2026, he was honoured with the third-highest civilian award, the [[Padma Bhushan]], by the [[Government of India]] for his distinguished service in cinema.<ref>{{cite news |title=Malayalam superstar Mammootty conferred Padma Bhushan |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2026/01/25/padma-awards-mammootty-winner-malayalam-cinema.html |work=OnManorama |access-date=25 January 2026}}</ref> Earlier, in 1998, he was honoured with the fourth-highest civilian award, [[Padma Shri]], by the [[Government of India]] for his contribution to the Indian film industry.<ref name=":0">[http://india.gov.in/myindia/padmashri_awards_list1.php Padma Shri Award recipients list] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429180134/http://india.gov.in/myindia/padmashri_awards_list1.php |date=29 April 2012 }}. India.gov.in. Retrieved 10 July 2011.</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/myindia/padmashri_awards_list1.php?start=850 |title=Padma Shri Awardees |publisher=Government of India |access-date=10 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721162126/http://india.gov.in/myindia/padmashri_awards_list1.php?start=850 |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2022, he was honoured with [[Kerala Awards|Kerala Prabha]], the second-highest award conferred by the [[Government of Kerala]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=First 'Kerala Puraskarangal' declared: Kerala Jyothi for MT, Mammootty gets Kerala Prabha |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/10/31/kerala-puraskarangal-declared-mt-vasudevan-nair-kerala-jyothi-mammootty-kerala-prabha.html |access-date=1 November 2022 |website=OnManorama |archive-date=31 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031181601/https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/10/31/kerala-puraskarangal-declared-mt-vasudevan-nair-kerala-jyothi-mammootty-kerala-prabha.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He was conferred with the [[Doctor of Letters]] degree by the [[University of Calicut]] and the [[University of Kerala]] in 2010.<ref name=":2">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/14/stories/2010011460540900.htm |title=D.Litt. for Adoor, Mammootty, Umayalpuram Sivaraman |date=14 January 2010 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124120435/http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/14/stories/2010011460540900.htm |archive-date=24 January 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/03/stories/2010120353000700.htm |title=Calicut University confers D.Litt. on Mammootty |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=3 December 2010 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206094246/http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/03/stories/2010120353000700.htm |archive-date=6 December 2010}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Mammootty}}
* {{Official website|http://www.mammootty.com/}}
* {{IMDb name|id=0007123|name=Mammootty}}

{{Mammootty}}
{{Padma Bhushan Award Recipients 2020–2029}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Padma Award winners of Kerala}}
{{FilmfareMalayalamBestActor}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestActor}}
{{Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kerala]]
[[Category:Film people from Kerala]]
[[Category:Film producers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Television personalities from Kerala]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kottayam]]
[[Category:Maharaja's College, Ernakulam alumni]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Malayalam film producers]]
[[Category:Indian television producers]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Best Actor National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Kerala Film Critics Awards winners]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Kerala Prabha Award Winners]]
[[Category:Artists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]

Odu Raja Odu

2026-03-24T11:33:34Z

Agamx: small fixed content after review and improved wording per sources

{{short description|2018 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Odu Raja Odu
| image = File:ORO Theatrical Poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = poster of Odu Raja Odu
| director = Nishanth Ravindaran Jathin Sanker Raj
| producer = [[Vijay V. Moolan]]
| writer = Nishanth Ravindaran
| starring = [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] [[Guru Somasundaram]] [[Actor|Abishek KS]] [[Lakshmi Priyaa Chandramouli]] [[Venkatesh Harinathan]] Deepak Bagga [[Charuhasan]]
| music = Tosh Nanda
| cinematography = Sunil CK Jathin Sanker Raj
| editing = Nishanth Ravindaran
| studio = Candle Light Productions
| distributor = Vijay Moolan Talkies
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2018|8|17}}
| runtime = 122 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Odu Raja Odu''''' ({{translation|Run King Run}}) is a 2018 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[black comedy film]] directed by duo Nishanth Ravindaran and Jathin Sanker Raj in their directorial debuts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Odu Raja Odu (2018) {{!}} Odu Raja Odu Tamil Movie {{!}} Odu Raja Odu Review, Cast & Crew, Release Date, Photos, Videos – Filmibeat |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/movies/odu-raja-odu.html |access-date=17 August 2018 |website=FilmiBeat |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Odu Raja Odu Movie Review {3.0/5}: Critic Review of Odu Raja Odu by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/odu-raja-odu/movie-review/65420082.cms |access-date=17 August 2018}}</ref> Nishanth Ravindaran has also written the screenplay and handled editing. The film stars [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] and [[Guru Somasundaram]] alongside [[Lakshmi Priyaa Chandramouli]], while [[Anandsami]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Charu Hassan]], [[Srinivasan (Tamil actor)|Power Star Srinivasan]], [[Venkatesh Harinathan]], and [[Sona Heiden]] play pivotal and supportive roles in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-10-04 |title=Charuhasan turns retired gangster |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/041016/charuhasan-turns-retired-gangster.html |access-date=17 August 2018 |work=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> The film also marks the comeback of veteran actress [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] in a cameo role and also marks the acting debut of her, husband Deepak Bagga who played the antagonist role.<ref>{{Cite web |title=கணவருடன் நடித்த சிம்ரன்- ட்ரெய்லர் வெளியீடு (வீடியோ)– News18 Tamil |url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/simran-husband-deepak-bagga-act-with-simran-odu-raja-odu-trailer-41437.html |access-date=17 August 2018 |website=News18 Tamil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Simran's husband against "Joker" Guru Somasundaram - Kannada Movie News - IndiaGlitz.com |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/hot-actress-simran-husband-deepak-with-guru-somasundaram-in-odu-raja-odu-kannada-news-168295 |access-date=17 August 2018 |work=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> The movie is produced and distributed by [[Vijay V. Moolan|Vijay Moolan]] through his production company Vijay Moolan Talkies. The music is scored by debutant Tosh Nanda. The film had its theatrical release on 17 August 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Guru Somasundaram and Lakshmi Priya new movie release date announced - Tamil Movie News - IndiaGlitz.com |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/guru-somasundaram-and-lakshmi-priya-new-movie-release-date-announced-tamil-news-218002 |access-date=17 August 2018 |work=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Odu Raja Odu review. Odu Raja Odu Tamil movie review, story, rating - IndiaGlitz.com |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/odu-raja-odu-review-tamil-movie-22499 |access-date=17 August 2018 |work=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Manohar is a jobless, struggling writer whose wife pressures him to get a set top box for her and he goes out with his friend who is a drug peddler, Peter, to fulfill her wish for their wedding anniversary. But to their misfortune, both Manohar and Peter are threatened by gangster Veerabadhran and his sidekick to close a deal for them. However things go awry for them as they land in a retired gangster Kali Muthu's place for help, but it only leads to another mishap.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-08-08 |title=Set Top Box plays a crucial role in Odu Raja Odu |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/080818/set-top-box-plays-a-crucial-role-in-odu-raja-odu.html |access-date=17 August 2018 |work=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Odu Raja Odu traces a day in a marriage |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/aug/16/odu-raja-odu-traces-a-day-in-a-marriage-1858314.html |access-date=17 August 2018 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Guru Somasundaram]] as Manohar
* [[Lakshmi Priyaa Chandramouli]] as Meera
* [[Anandsami]] as Nakul
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Kali Muthu
* Ashiqa Salvan as Mary
* Deepak Bagga as Veerabhadran
* [[Sona Heiden]] as Mythilli
* [[Ravindra Vijay]] as Chella Muthu
* Abhishek K.S. as Imran
* Melvin M. Rajan as Gajapathy
* [[Venkatesh Harinathan]] as Peter
* Joel Nigli as Sundar
* Vinu John as Gunnie
* Harini R. as Malar
* Rahul J. as Sathya
* [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] as Kala Bhairavi (cameo appearance)
* [[Charuhasan]] as Peria Thevar (cameo appearance)
* [[Srinivasan (Tamil actor)|Powerstar Srinivasan]] (cameo appearance)
{{colend}}

== Production ==
Nishanth Ravindaran who primarily worked as post production supervisor in films including ''[[Vishwaroopam]]'' joined hands with cinematographer Jathin Sanker Raj for their maiden directorial venture with the film titled as ''Odu Raja Odu''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-10-03 |title=Guru Somasundaram talks about Odu Raja Odu |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/guru-somasundaram-talks-about-odu-raja-odu.html |access-date=18 August 2018 |work=Behindwoods}}</ref> The film was produced by Vijay Moolan under his production company Vijay Moolan Talkies and was co-produced by Rajendran EM and Varghese Moolan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-08-17 |title=Vijay Moolan Fulfils His Dream With The Film 'Odu Raja Odu' |url=https://m.desimartini.com/news/malayalam/vijay-moolan-fulfils-his-dream-film-odu-raja-odu-article92680.htm |access-date=17 August 2018 |work=Desimartini |language=en}}{{dead link|date=April 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Tosh Nanda who worked as a part of sound department in few Malayalam films was roped in as the music director for the film and also made his debut as a full-time music composer. The official trailer of the film was released on 5 August 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Odu Raja Odu' trailer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/odu-raja-odu-trailer/articleshow/65289729.cms |access-date=17 August 2018 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

The first look poster of the film was released by actor Madhavan on 23 September 2016.<ref>{{Citation |last=Odu Raja Odu |title=Odu Raja Odu {{!}} First Look Poster Reveal by Madhavan |date=2016-09-23 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GlQmPVAmoDU |access-date=17 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chennai365 {{!}} Actor Madhavan {{sic|Reve|iled|nolink=y}} First Look Poster of "Odu Raja Odu" Stills {{!}} Chennai365|website=chennai365.com|language=en-US|access-date=17 August 2018 |url=http://chennai365.com/movies/actor-madhavan-reveiled-first-look-poster-of-odu-raja-odu-stills/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Events - Madhavan launches "Odu Raja Odu" first look poster Movie Trailer Launch - IndiaGlitz Tamil |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/madhavan-launches-odu-raja-odu-first-look-poster-tamil-event-67643 |access-date=17 August 2018 |work=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>

==Music==

The official Promo Song ''Bum Ha Rum'' was released by [[Vijay Sethupathi]] on his Facebook page on 4 March 2017.<ref>{{Citation |last=divomovies |title=Bum Ha Rum - Odu Raja Odu (Official Promo) Acapella ft. Guru Somasundaram {{!}} Nasser {{!}} Anandsami |date=2017-03-04 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nSl0oCozZWE |access-date=2018-08-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijay Sethupathi |url=https://www.facebook.com/VijaySethupathi.Official/posts/748208908670721?__xts__%5B0%5D=68.ARBSXpcYv_lzKVJOwyXB3UfOYWdwCemehb9bh419tPZtuwqusnrW2qTOmH5kTxXH8Q8RTBFoJyz0F0NVOMAq91U1PKNlVkZKW6spP_0lvZ6fu-AhiIz6D38N18nVjValQoUHjJX7BqvT&__tn__=-R |access-date=2018-08-21 |website=www.facebook.com |language=en}}</ref>
{{Infobox album
| name = Odu Raja Odu
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Tosh Nanda
| cover = ORO CD Front Cover.jpg
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2018|08|11}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Odu Raja Odu (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://gaana.com/album/odu-raja-odu |publisher=[[Gaana]]}}</ref>
| recorded = Candle Light Productions
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 19:24
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = Divo Music
| producer = Vijay Moolan
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{YouTube|qW_kfAtIHLY|Audio Jukebox}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track List
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length ={{Duration|m=19|s=24}}

| title1 = Bum Ha Rum
| extra1 = Karthik, Shwetha Mohan & Abishek
| music1 = Tosh Nanda
| lyrics1 = Kavithran
| length1 = 03:08

| title2 = Life Ippo Gaali
| extra2 = Aparna
| music2 = Tosh Nanda
| lyrics2 = Ken Royson & Naveen Paul Rajan
| length2 = 03:21

| title3 = Life Happy
| extra3 = Abishek
| music3 = Tosh Nanda
| lyrics3 = Kavithran
| length3 = 02:06

| title4 = Thamaasu Thamaasu
| extra4 = Samana Raja
| music4 = Tosh Nanda
| lyrics4 = Parinaman
| length4 = 04:47

| title5 = Kaarirule Kaarirule
| extra5 = Shaktisree Gopalan
| music5 = Tosh Nanda
| lyrics5 = Swaminathan Dindigul
| length5 = 02:47

| title6 = Dickey Gone
| extra6 = Aryan Dinesh, Ken Royson, Tosh Nanda
| music6 = Tosh Nanda
| lyrics6 = Ken Royson
| length6 = 03:15

}}

== Release ==
The film had its theatrical release on 17 August 2018, clashing with another black comedy film ''[[Kolamavu Kokila]]'' which stars [[Nayanthara]] in the prominent role, at the box office.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-08-16 |title=Weekend Watch: Kolamaavu Kokila, Odu Raja Odu, Annanukku Jey Are The Tamil Releases This Week |url=https://silverscreen.in/india/features/weekend-watch-kolamaavu-kokila-odu-raja-odu-annanukku-jey-are-the-tamil-releases-this-week/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817161509/https://silverscreen.in/india/features/weekend-watch-kolamaavu-kokila-odu-raja-odu-annanukku-jey-are-the-tamil-releases-this-week/ |archive-date=17 August 2018 |access-date=17 August 2018 |work=Silverscreen.in |language=en-US}}</ref> The film received mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Odu Raja Odu review. Odu Raja Odu Tamil movie review, story, rating |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/odu-raja-odu-review-tamil-movie-22499}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Odu Raja Odu Movie Review {3.0/5}: Critic Review of Odu Raja Odu by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/odu-raja-odu/movie-review/65420082.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt8731842}}

[[Category:2018 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2018 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Hyperlink films]]
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2018 black comedy films]]
[[Category:2018 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Aankhen (1993 film)

2026-03-23T06:25:21Z

Agamx:

{{about|the 1993 film||Aankhen (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aankhen
| image = Aankhen1993.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[David Dhawan]]
| producer = [[Pahlaj Nihalani]]
| writer = [[Anees Bazmee]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] [[Chunky Pandey]] [[Raj Babbar]] [[Shakti Kapoor]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Bappi Lahiri]] '''Lyrics:''' [[Indeewar]]
| cinematography = Siba Mishra
| editing = Nand Kumar
| distributor = Chiragdeep International
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1993|04|09}}
| runtime = 170 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
| gross = {{INR|25 [[crore]]}}<ref name="boi"/> 
}}

'''{{lang|hi-latn|Aankhen}}''' ({{Translation|''Eyes''}}) is a 1993 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action comedy film]] directed by [[David Dhawan]] and written by [[Anees Bazmee]]. It stars [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] (in a double role), [[Chunky Pandey]], [[Raageshwari]], [[Ritu Shivpuri]], [[Shilpa Shirodkar]], [[Kader Khan]], [[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]], [[Shakti Kapoor]] and [[Raj Babbar]]. Along with Govinda, Kader Khan and Raj Babbar also play double roles.

It was the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films#Highest-grossing films by year|highest-grossing Indian film]] of 1993.<ref name="Box Office 1993">{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=199&catName=MTk5Mw%3D%3D |title=Box Office 1993 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=25 December 2016 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115230044/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=199&catName=MTk5Mw%3D%3D |archive-date=15 January 2013 }}</ref> It was remade in Telugu as ''[[Pokiri Raja]]'' (1995).

The film was reported to have been inspired by the 1977 Kannada movie ''[[Kittu Puttu]]'' <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/jul/19slid5.htm |title=rediff.com: David Dhawan's blue-eyed boys |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref> which itself was inspired by the 1967 Tamil movie ''[[Anubavi Raja Anubavi]]'' which had earlier been remade in Hindi in 1973 as ''[[Do Phool]]''. It is also adapted from Marathi film ''[[Changu Mangu]]'' released in 1990.

At the [[39th Filmfare Awards]], the film received 4 nominations - [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] (Dhawan), [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Govinda) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role|Best Comedian]] (Khan), but failed to win in any category.

==Synopsis==
Hasmukh Rai has a problem. As a matter of fact, two problems — his two sons: Munnu and Gulshan "Bunnu". The brothers are notorious slackers up to no good, and involved in elaborate practical jokes. It comes to Hasmukh's attention that his sons have been lying to him about their college grades, in studies and sports and have been failing exams for the last three years. As a result, they are kicked out of college and ultimately, their home. Later, one of their practical jokes gets out of hand, and Bunnu disappears, presumed dead. Munnu gets involved in the conspiracy of killing Bunnu. Meanwhile, from a small Indian village, Bunnu's identical cousin, Gauri Shankar, arrives in town. He is mistaken for Bunnu which leads to hilarious misunderstandings and constant uproar.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] (in dual role) as
** Vijay Rai "Bunnu"; Munnu's brother, Ritu's husband
** Gauri Shankar Rai; Munnu and Bunnu's cousin, Chandramukhi's husband
*[[Chunky Pandey]] as Munnu Rai; Bunnu's brother, Priya's husband
*[[Ritu Shivpuri]] as Ritu Bunnu Rai; Bunnu's wife
*[[Raageshwari]] as Priya Munnu Rai; Munnu's wife
*[[Shilpa Shirodkar]] as Chandramukhi Rai
*[[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]] as Anuradha
*[[Harish Patel]] as Monto (hired principal / hired father / hired thief - by Munnu-Bunnu)
*[[Shakti Kapoor]] as Tejeshwar (main antagonist)
*[[Radha Seth]] as Diana (female accomplice of Tejeshwar)
*[[Mahavir Shah]] as Pravin Shah
*[[Gulshan Grover]] as Natwar Shah
*[[Raza Murad]] as D.C.P
*[[Mac Mohan]] as Tejeshwar's henchman
*[[Sudhir (Hindi actor)|Sudhir]] as Tejeshwar's henchman
*[[Tinu Verma]] as Tejeshwar's henchman
*[[Gavin Packard]] as Tejeshwar's henchman, Man Shot Mistakenly for Bunnu.
*[[Dina Pathak]] as Mrs. Rai; Hasmukh and Neelkanth's mother
*[[Vikas Anand]] as Distinguished Doctor
*[[Govind Namdeo]] as Distinguished Doctor
*[[Kader Khan]] as [[dual role]]
** Hasmukh Rai; Bunnu and Munnu's father
** Neelkanth Rai; Gauri Shankar's father, Hasmukh Rai's brother
*[[Raj Babbar]] as [[dual role]]
** Chief Minister
** Saarang (Tejeshwar's accomplice)
*[[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]] as Inspector Pyaare Mohan
*[[Arun Bakshi]] as a Man who saved Bunnu
*[[Rakesh Bedi]] as Gulshan Kapoor "Gullu"
*[[Bob Christo]] as Tejeshwar's henchman
*[[Neena Gupta]] as Chief Minister's wife
*[[Kamaldeep (actor)|Kamaldeep]] as St. Xavier's Principal
*[[Manmauji]] as Baba
*[[Guddi Maruti]] as Chhabia
*[[Yunus Parvez]] as Seth Sukhiram
*[[Kedarnath Saigal]] as Judge
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Aankhen
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Bappi Lahiri]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 9 April 1993
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Hindi Film Soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = <div style="white-space: nowrap;">[[Ishtar Music|Venus Music]]
</div>
| producer = [[Bappi Lahiri]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The music was composed by [[Bappi Lahiri]]. The lyrics were penned by [[Indeevar|Indivar]]. Album has 5 songs sung by [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Sudesh Bhosale|Sudesh Bhonsle]], [[Mohammed Aziz]], [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Sapna Mukherjee]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Sadhana Sargam]] and [[Arun Bakshi]]. According to the Indian trade website [[Box Office India]] with around 30,00,000 units sold the soundtrack became the fourth highest-selling album of the year<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-01-02 |title=BoxOffice India.com |url=https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20100102010439/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=284&catName=MTk5MC0xOTk5&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=bn&_x_tr_hl=bn&_x_tr_pto=tc |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=web-archive-org.translate.goog}}</ref>.

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 29:01
| title1 = O Lal Dupatte Wali
| length1 = 05:50
| extra1 = [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Sudesh Bhosle]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
| length2 = 06:07
| title2 = Angna Mein Baba
| extra2 = Kumar Sanu, [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| length3 = 06:41
| title3 = Bade Kaam Ka Bander
| extra3 = Kumar Sanu, [[Mohammed Aziz]], [[Arun Bakshi]]
| length4 = 04:21
| title4 = Ek Tamanna Jivan Ki
| extra4 = Kumar Sanu, [[Asha Bhosle]]
| length5 = 06:42
| title5 = Chaukhat Pe Tumhari Hum
| extra5 = Kumar Sanu, Mohammed Aziz, [[Sapna Mukherjee]]
}}

==Reception==
The film was [[List of Bollywood films of 1993|1993]]'s [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|biggest Bollywood hit]] and ran in the theaters for 12 weeks. The domestic distribution share was {{INR|38.5 [[crore]]}} against a {{INR|5.96 crore}} budget. The film had a net income of {{INR|35.5 crore}}, and grossed {{INR|45.85 crore}}<ref name="boi">{{cite web |title=Box Office 1993 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=199&catName=MTk5Mw== |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410191229/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=199&catName=MTk5Mw== |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 April 2008 |website=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=10 April 2008}}</ref> ({{US$|{{#expr:250/30.49 round 1}} million|long=no}}).<ref>{{cite web |title=Official exchange rate (LCU per US$, period average) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF?end=1993&locations=IN&start=1992 |website=[[World Bank]] |year=1993 |access-date=9 December 2018}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
[[39th Filmfare Awards]]:
{| class="wikitable"
!Category
!Nominee
!Result
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|[[Pahlaj Nihalani]]
|rowspan="4" {{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|[[David Dhawan]]
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|[[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]]
|-
|[[Filmfare Best Comedian Award|Best Comedian]]
|[[Kader Khan]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0106204|Aankhen}}

{{David Dhawan}}

[[Category:1993 films]]
[[Category:1993 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1993 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by David Dhawan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bappi Lahiri]]
[[Category:1993 action comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language action films]]
[[Category:Films about monkeys]]
[[Category:Films about pets]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]

Greater Nepal

2026-03-08T11:08:00Z

Agamx: fixes

{{Short description|Nepalese irredentist concept}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
[[File:Joppen1907India1805a.jpg|thumb|right|280px|Nepal in 1805 is the predominant idea of "Greater Nepal"]]

'''Greater Nepal''' is an [[irredentist]] concept in [[Nepal]],<ref name="Verma">{{citation |last=Verma |first=Jai Kumar |title=Greater Nepal: A spark which could become a fire |newspaper=Aviation and defence |date=19 September 2020 |url=https://www.aviation-defence-universe.com/greater-nepal-a-spark-which-could-become-a-fire/ |quote=The growing concept of “Greater Nepal” is an irredentist notion which visualises to include several areas of India which were occupied by Gorkha army after conquering the neighbouring states between 1791 to 1804.}}</ref> which claims current [[India]]n and [[Bangladesh]]i territories beyond Nepal's present-day boundaries.<ref name="Johnson"/> These claims typically include the areas controlled by Nepal between 1791 and 1816, a period that ended with the [[Anglo-Nepalese War]] and the signing of [[Sugauli Treaty]].<ref name="TOI 2005" /> In addition, extensive territories in the present-day Indian states of [[Uttarakhand]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[West Bengal]] and some parts of Bangladesh are also included in the claims of the activist organisation Greater Nepal Nationalist Front, which demands the "return" of these territories to Nepal.<ref name="Johnson">Amy Johnson, [https://culanth.org/fieldsights/dont-break-the-state-indivisibility-and-populist-majority-politics-in-nepal Don’t Break the State: Indivisibility and Populist Majority Politics in Nepal], Society for Cultural Anthropology, 16 March 2021.</ref><ref name="Mishra & Haque"/> A map similar to theirs was displayed by the mayor of [[Kathmandu]] in his office in June 2023, in reaction to an alleged "[[Akhand Bharat]]" map in the Indian Parliament building.<ref>[https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/greater-nepals-map-installed-at-balens-office Greater Nepal's map installed at Balen's office], The Himalayan Times, 9 June 2023.</ref><ref>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/world/in-response-to-akhand-bharat-mural-in-new-parliament-kathmandu-mayor-places-map-of-greater-nepal-in-office-515334 In response to ‘Akhand Bharat’ mural in new Parliament, Kathmandu Mayor places map of ‘Greater Nepal’ in office], The Tribune (Chandigarh), 8 June 2023.</ref>

== Background ==
[[File:Map of Greater Nepal (with part of ceded territory).jpg|280px|right|thumb|Greater Nepal map with ceded territory]]

Nepal was originally the name of the Kathmandu valley, and, in this sense, the term had been in existence for 2000 years.{{sfnp|Whelpton, A History of Nepal|2005|loc=p. 2: "Another manifestation of this nationalist approach is a wish to date as far back as possible the beginnings of the political connection between the Kathmandu Valley, to which the name ‘Nepal’ originally referred, and the much wider territory covered by the modern state."}}{{sfnp|Mishra, Ethnicity and National Unification|2007|loc=pp. 802-803: "Prior to [the Gorkhali expansion] the designation Nepal seems to have been applied only to the Kathamandu valley of the Gorkhas, the people that lived in the principality of the same name... References to Nepal in Mahabharat and Puranas and also in Buddhist and Jain scriptures establish the antiquity of the country as an independent political and territorial entity."}}
In the 18th century, the king of the [[Gorkha Kingdom]], [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]], started a process of expansion, conquering Kathmandu in 1768 and making it his new capital.{{sfnp|Whelpton, A History of Nepal|2005|loc=p. 35}} The expanded state continued to be called "Gorkha" or "Gorkhali" until the early 20th century,{{sfnp|Whelpton, A History of Nepal|2005|loc=p. 55: "When people did think of themselves as subjects of a single king or a single state, it was not ‘Nepal’ they thought of. This word retained its original meaning of the Kathmandu Valley and did not begin to replace ‘Gorkha’ or ‘Gorkhali’ in official use until early in the twentieth century."}}
with the term "Nepal" being officially adopted as the name much later in the 1930s.{{sfnp|Whelpton, Political Identity in Nepal|1997|pp=41–42: "These pre-existing cultural links were reinforced once the area had been brought within the Gorkha state — we need to say 'Gorkha' because the term 'Nepal' was not officially adopted for the entire kingdom until the 1930s."}}

After the death of Prithvi Narayan Shah, the Gorkha state continued to expand, conquering the Gandaki and Karnali basins, and then [[Kumaon Division|Kumaon]] and [[Garhwal Division|Garhwal]] (1792), halting at the [[Sutlej River]] where the [[Sikh Empire]] exerted its influence (1809–10).{{sfnp|Whelpton, A History of Nepal|2005|pp=39, 42}} In the east, the Gorkhas occupied the western half of [[Sikkim]] up to the [[Teesta River]].{{sfnp|Rose, Nepal – Strategy for Survival|1971|loc=p. 38: "By this time [1784] the fighting in Tibet had reached a stalemate, and there was also a temporary cessation of hostilities in Sikkim which left Nepal in control of all of the state west of the Tista river."}}{{efn|The occupation was in violation of the prevailing boundary treaty at that time,{{sfnp|Pradhan, Gorkha Conquests|1991|pp=127–128}} but it might have been justified by the allegation that Tibet was opening an alternative trade route to India via the [[Chumbi Valley]] and Sikkim.{{sfnp|Pradhan, Gorkha Conquests|1991|p=131}}}}

Even though all of this was a straightforward military conquest with no national feelings of any kind, the modern Nepalese narrative retroactively treats it as the "[[Unification of Nepal|unification]]" of a Nepalese "nation".{{sfnp|Whelpton, Political Identity in Nepal|1997|loc=p. 40: "The 'unification' of Nepal by King Prithvi Narayan Shah of Gorkha and his successors in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century was in the first place a straightforward military conquest: there was certainly no demand for unity of the kind expressed by many Germans and Italians before German and Italian unification was achieved."}}<ref>
{{citation |first=David N. |last=Gellner |chapter=Caste, Communalism, and Communism: Newars and The Nepalese State |editor1=David N. Gellner |editor2=Joanna Pfaff-Czarnecka |editor3=John Whelpton |title=Nationalism and Ethnicity in a Hindu Kingdom: The Politics of Culture in Contemporary Nepal |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iEEgtPeIjqYC&pg=PA156 |year=1997 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-90-5702-089-6 |page=156 |quote="The nationalist history of today styles him [Prithvi Narayan Shah] 'the Great': he is the Father of the Nation, and his conquests are referred to as the 'unification' of Nepal."}}</ref>
Some of these extended conquests came unstuck in 1815, when during the [[Anglo-Nepalese War]], the British General Ochterloney compelled the Gorkhali commander Amar Singh Thapa to withdraw from Garhwal and Kumaon across the [[Sharda River]] (or Mahakali River).{{sfnp|Whelpton, A History of Nepal|2005|p=42}} Negotiations for a general settlement took place at [[Sugauli]] in Bihar and agreed in December 1815, but ratified only after Ochterlony advanced to [[Makwanpur]], thirty miles short of Kathmandu.{{sfnp|Whelpton, A History of Nepal|2005|p=42}} Among the terms of the [[Treaty of Sugauli]] was also the Nepalese withdrawal from the territory of [[Sikkim]] east of the Mechi river, which was a British ally in the war.

The Gorkha rule over this "historical Greater Nepal" from [[Sutlej]] to [[Teesta River|Teesta]] was brief. The duration of Gorkhali presence in [[Garhwal division|Garhwal]] was 12 years, [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] 24 years, and [[Sikkim]] 33 years.<ref>Kanak Mani Dixit, [https://www.himalmag.com/looking-for-greater-nepal/ Looking for Greater Nepal], Himal SouthAsian, 1 March 1993.</ref> It has been claimed that the Treaty of Sugauli caused Nepal's rulers to lose about 176,000 km2 of territory and left the country with only 147,516 km2 total area.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pande |first1=Puran Ch. |last2=Pande |first2=Ravindra K. |last3=Pande |first3=Rajnish |title=The Himalayan Environment: Issues and Challenges |date=1998 |publisher=Daya Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7035-187-0 |page=76 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_jK0x458zoC&q=gorkha+rule+in+uttarakhand&pg=PA78 }}
</ref>{{better source needed|date=August 2023}}

== Advocacy ==
=== Greater Nepal Committee ===
A Greater Nepal Committee was formed in Kathmandu in 1991, which wrote letters to the embassies of different countries claiming that India should "unconditionally return to Nepal", territories "east of Mechi river and west of Mahakali", which were ceded to the British in the [[Treaty of Sugauli]]. The committee claimed to create a "world-wide public opinion" in favour of 'Greater Nepal'.<ref name="Verma"/><ref name="Dixit">Kanak Mani Dixit, [https://www.himalmag.com/looking-for-greater-nepal/ Looking for Greater Nepal], Himal SouthAsian, 1 March 1993.</ref><ref>{{citation |first=Samir |last=Sharma |title=1950 India–Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship and Regional Mobilisations in Eastern India |journal=India Quarterly |volume=79 |number=1 |doi=10.1177/0974928422114718 |ref={{sfnref|Samir Sharma, 1950 India-Nepal Treaty|2023}}}}</ref>

The letter was signed by Surendra Dhakal, the former editor of Kathmandu weekly, ''Rangamanch''. Dhakal claimed that the Nepali leaders were cowed down by fear of India and that it was the moral and nationalistic duty of the people to raise such demands.<ref name="Dixit"/>

=== Greater Nepal Nationalist Front ===
The Greater Nepal Nationalist Front (GNNF, formerly "Unified Nepal National Front")<ref name="Mishra & Haque"/><ref>Shambhu Bhujel, Nepali teacher campaigns for "Greater Nepal", Xinhua News Agency, 4 July 2009. {{ProQuest|451767580}}</ref> is a Nepalese [[non-governmental organisation|NGO]] headed by Phanindra Nepal, which champions the cause of Greater Nepal. The organisation disowns the 1810 [[Sugauli Treaty]] and the 1950 [[1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship|Treaty of Peace and Friendship]] with India. It demands the return of the land that belonged to Nepal before the signing of the Sugauli Treaty. This involves land up to the [[Sutlej River]] in the west, the [[Teesta River]] in the east ("[[Shimla]] to [[Darjeeling]]" in the organisation's parlance) and extending up to [[Varanasi]] in the south.<ref name="Mishra & Haque">
{{citation |title=Geographies of India-Nepal contestation |first1=Swasti Vardhan |last1=Mishra |first2=Sk. Mafizul |last2=Haque |website=osf.io |date=2020 |url=https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/4jk8q/}}
</ref>

Scholars Mishra and Haque state that the organisation is rhetorically very powerful. The map of Greater Nepal produced by the organisation provides power to the movement by building "meanings and nostalgic longings". The movement has a web page in the [[Nepali language]], a Facebook page and blog sites.<ref name="Mishra & Haque"/>

An even more grandiose movement is said to talk about "Unified Gorkha-States of India Sub-Continent", which restructures the Indian subcontinent into five autonomous states, the largest of which is the so-called "Arya Autonomous State".<ref name="Mishra & Haque"/>

===Nepalese Maoists===
A Maoist movement has published a 260-page Nepali book titled "''Nepal: Teesta Dekhi Satlej Samma''" ("Nepal: From Teesta to the Sutlej") which, while repeating similar demands to the GNNF, also provides copious references to alleged historical facts. Among others, it claims that the Indian prime minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] supported the idea of "Greater Nepal".<ref name="TOI 2005">
{{cite news |title=Nepal Maoists produce maps to claim parts of India |newspaper=Times of India |date=25 October 2005 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Nepal-Maoists-claim-parts-of-India/articleshow/1273660.cms}}
</ref>
Their map includes the Indian towns of [[Varanasi]], [[Ballia]], [[Bahraich]], [[Pilibhit]] and [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]] within Greater Nepal.<ref>
{{cite journal |last1=Nayak |first1=Nihar |title=India–Nepal Peace and Friendship Treaty (1950): Does it Require Revision? |journal=Strategic Analysis |volume=34 |issue=4 |year=2010 |doi=10.1080/09700161003802778 |s2cid=154483196 |at=page 591, note 20}}
</ref>
The Maoist leader [[Prachanda]] dismissed the claims in an interview with the ''Times of India'' as a "media-created stunt". But according to the ''Times of India'' the book was readily available in and around the Maoist camps along the Indo-Nepal border in 2005.<ref name="TOI 2005"/> The Maoist-affiliated Indian Nepali advocacy group [[Akhil Bharat Nepali Ekta Samaj]] is also supportive of the Greater Nepal ideal according to some sources.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Extremist Group - Akhil Bharat Nepali Ekta Samaj (ABNES) |url=https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/terroristoutfits/ABNES.htm |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=www.satp.org}}</ref>

=== Nepalese scholars ===
Scholars and retired officials such as [[Buddhi Narayan Shrestha]] (former Director of the Survey Department) and [[Dwarika Nath Dhungel]] (former secretary of Water Resources) have published scholarly articles with maps labelled "Greater Nepal".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.peoplesreview.com.np/2019/05/15/my-greater-nepal-released/ |title='My greater Nepal' released] |work=People's Review |location=Kathmandu |date=15 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718144949/https://www.peoplesreview.com.np/2019/05/15/my-greater-nepal-released/ |archive-date=2023-07-18 |quote='My Greater Nepal', a compilation of patriotic articles of ten senior writers was released on Thursday last week amidst a function in Kathmandu. Edited and published by senior journalist Rajan Karki, the compilation in English includes analytical articles on Nepal by Bharat Dahal, Nepal's border expert Buddhinarayan Shrestha, senior journalist N.P Upadhaya, author Prof. Dr. Shastra Dutta Pant, water resource expert Ratna Sansar Shrestha, patriotism campaigner Dirgharaj Prasai, citizenship awareness campaigner Sadhya Bahadur Bhandari, analysts Premsagar Poudel and Basanta Khadka.}}</ref>{{sfnp|Shrestha, Demarcation of the International Boundaries of Nepal|2013|p=151}}<ref>
{{citation |last1=Dhungel |first1=Dwarika Nath |last2=Pun |first2=Santa Bahadur |title=Nepal-India Relations: Territorial/Border Issue with Specific Reference to Mahakali River |journal=FPRC Journal |publisher=Foreign Policy Research Centre |location=New Delhi |year=2014 |url=https://www.academia.edu/12827172 |via=academia.edu}}
</ref>
Shrestha has also spoken in Greater Nepal gatherings<ref>
[https://www.greaternepal.asia.np/2016/10/looking-for-greater-nepal.html Looking For Greater Nepal], greaternepal.asia.np, retrieved 20 October 2020.
</ref><ref>
[https://bordernepal.wordpress.com/2010/03/16/buddhi-narayan-shrestha-spekaing/ Buddhi Narayan Shrestha Speaking], Buddhi Narayan Shrestha blog site, 16 March 2010. "Border researcher Buddhi Narayan Shrestha delivering speech in Shanti Batika, Ratna Park during displaying the Hoarding Board of the Map of Greater Nepal by United Nepal National Front on 7 March 2009."
</ref>
and made media comments in its favour, declaring "The land we lost to the East India Company should not belong to India. It is ours."<ref name="regain">
[https://bordernepal.wordpress.com/2008/01/09/we-could-gain-greater-nepal/ Buddhi Narayan Shrestha: ‘We could regain Greater Nepal’], The Kathmandu Post, 6 January 2008.
</ref>

Shreshta narrates that, before the Sugauli Treaty, Nepal extended up to the confluence of [[Gandak River|Gandak]] and [[Ganges]] Rivers in the south, and to [[Shigatse]] and [[Tashilhunpo]] in the north. "It was ''called'' the 'Greater Nepal'", he states, without mentioning who called it so.{{sfnp|Shrestha, Demarcation of the International Boundaries of Nepal|2013|p=149}} British India apparently "did not like" Greater Nepal as a unified country and therefore dismembered it.{{sfnp|Shrestha, Demarcation of the International Boundaries of Nepal|2013|p=150}} He alleges that the British wanted to expand trade into Tibet but, since Nepal stood in the way, they needed to cut it down.{{sfnp|Shrestha, Demarcation of the International Boundaries of Nepal|2013|p=154}}

==Official positions==
No king of Nepal has ever discussed or approved of the concept of "Greater Nepal".{{citation needed|date=November 2022}} However, upon forming a coalition government after the [[2008 Nepalese Constituent Assembly election]], the leader of the [[Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)|Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)]] and then-prime minister [[Pushpa Kamal Dahal]] (popularly known as "Prachanda") stated that the [[1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship]] would be "scrapped".<ref>
[https://www.rediff.com/news/2008/apr/24nepal.htm Maoists to scrap 1950 Indo-Nepal Friendship Treaty], Rediff News, 24 April 2008.
</ref> However, the matter was pursued no further. He resigned nine months later for other reasons. Late Nepali Prime Minister [[Girija Prasad Koirala]] called the idea of Greater Nepal "a product of unstable minds". According to [[Kanak Mani Dixit]], as of 1993, the mainstream Left of Nepal appears ambivalent: "They like the concept but are unwilling to do anything about it."<ref name="himalmag.com">
[[Kanak Mani Dixit]], [https://www.himalmag.com/looking-for-greater-nepal/ Looking for Greater Nepal], Himal SouthAsian, 1 March 1993.
</ref>

In 2023 when the ''[[Maurya Empire|Mauryan Empire]]'' mural in India's new Parliament building appeared in the newspapers, some politicians of the ruling [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] started branding it an [[Akhand Bharat]] map. The fact that included some Nepalese towns such as [[Lumbini]] produced consternation in Nepal. The mayor of Kathmandu, [[Balen Shah]] placed a map of ''Greater Nepal'' in his office as a protest.<ref>{{cite news |title=Amid Akhanda Bharat map row, KMC Mayor Balen Shah displays a map of 'Greater Nepal' at his office |newspaper=My Republica |date=8 June 2023 |url=https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/map-of-greater-nepal-in-mayor-balen-s-office/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=बालेन शाहले राखे आफ्नाे कार्यकक्षमा ग्रेटर नेपालकाे नक्सा, के ग्रेटर नेपाल सम्भव छ ? - लुम्बिनी टुडे |date=8 June 2023 |url=https://lumbinitoday.com/2023/06/32795/ }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Unification of Nepal]]
* [[Politics in Nepal]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
* {{citation |title=Ethnicity and National Unification: The Madheshis of Nepal (Sectional President's Address) |first=Ratneshwar |last=Mishra |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=67 |year=2007 |pages=802–833 |jstor=44148000 |ref={{sfnref|Mishra, Ethnicity and National Unification|2007}}}}
* {{citation |last=Pradhan |first=Kumar |title=The Gorkha Conquests of Eastern Nepal and Sikkim |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Calcutta |year=1991 |url=http://14.139.206.50:8080/jspui/handle/1/3075 |via=dspace.cus.ac.in |ref={{sfnref|Pradhan, Gorkha Conquests|1991}}}}
* {{citation |last1=Rose |first1=Leo E. |title=Nepal – Strategy for Survival |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v07Vo3vAaKwC |year=1971 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-01643-9 |ref={{sfnref|Rose, Nepal – Strategy for Survival|1971}}}}
* {{citation |first=Buddhi N. |last=Shrestha |chapter=Demarcation of the International Boundaries of Nepal |editor=Haim Srebro |title=International Boundary Making |publisher=International Federation of Surveyors |location=Copenhagen |year=2013 |isbn=978-87-92853-08-0 |pages=149–182 |chapter-url=https://www.fig.net/resources/publications/figpub/pub59/Figpub59_screen.pdf|ref={{sfnref|Shrestha, Demarcation of the International Boundaries of Nepal|2013}}}}
* {{citation |author=Whelpton |first=John |chapter=Political Identity in Nepal: State, Nation and Community |editor1=David N. Gellner |editor2=Joanna Pfaff-Czarnecka |editor3=John Whelpton |title=Nationalism and Ethnicity in a Hindu Kingdom: The Politics of Culture in Contemporary Nepal |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iEEgtPeIjqYC&pg=PA39 |year=1997 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-90-5702-089-6 |pages=39–78 |ref={{sfnref|Whelpton, Political Identity in Nepal|1997}}}}
* {{citation |last=Whelpton |first=John |title=A History of Nepal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KoNT6tjk9mQC |year=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-80470-7 |ref={{sfnref|Whelpton, A History of Nepal|2005}}}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Important Dates in the History of Uttarakhand |url=http://www.bellinfosys.com/important_dates_in_the_history_o.htm |work=Bell Infotech Systems |url-status=usurped |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220210921/http://www.bellinfosys.com/important_dates_in_the_history_o.htm |archivedate=20 December 2016}}
*[https://www.bordernepal.com Border Nepal – Border Management of Nepal]
* {{cite web |title=The Gurkhas – origin, exploration and expansion |newspaper=Darjeeling Times |date=16 April 2011 |url=http://www.darjeelingtimes.com/columns/himalayan-telescope/2653-the-gurkhas-origin-exploration-and-expansion.html |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103093456/http://www.darjeelingtimes.com/columns/himalayan-telescope/2653-the-gurkhas-origin-exploration-and-expansion.html |archivedate=3 November 2013}}
* {{cite web |title=Greater Nepal official site |language=Nepali |url=https://www.greaternepal.org.np/ }}


{{Nationalism in South Asia}}
{{Irredentism}}

[[Category:1816 in law]]
[[Category:India–Nepal relations]]
[[Category:Nepalese irredentism]]
[[Category:Politics of Nepal]]
[[Category:Unification of Nepal]]
[[Category:Gurkhas]]

Affirmative action

2026-03-06T02:51:34Z

Agamx: correct article to improve readability and updated info

{{Short description|Policies aiming to increase inclusion of people from marginalized groups}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2022}}
'''Affirmative action''' (also sometimes called '''reservations''', '''alternative access''', '''positive discrimination''' or '''positive action''' in various countries' laws and policies){{efn|Attributed to multiple references: <ref>{{cite web |last1=Jarrett |first1=Tim |date=24 October 2011 |title=The Equality Act 2010 and positive action |url=https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN06093/SN06093.pdf |access-date=31 March 2023 |website=UK Parliament}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite web |title=positive discrimination |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/positive-discrimination?q=positive+discrimination |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223185155/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/positive-discrimination?q=positive+discrimination |archive-date=23 February 2014 |access-date=13 February 2014 |work=Oxford Dictionaries |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite web |title=affirmative action |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/affirmative-action?q=affirmative+action |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223185154/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/affirmative-action?q=affirmative+action |archive-date=23 February 2014 |access-date=13 February 2014 |work=Oxford Dictionaries |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref><ref>"positive, adj. and n." ''OED Online''. Oxford University Press, March 2023. Web. 6 May 2023.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Jenkins |first1=Laura Dudley |last2=Moses |first2=Michele S. |date=2017-08-08 |title=Affirmative action around the world |url=http://theconversation.com/affirmative-action-around-the-world-82190 |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Reservation Is About Adequate Representation, Not Poverty Eradication |url=https://thewire.in/law/supreme-court-bench-reservation |first1=Kailash |last1=Jeenger |date=May 18, 2020 |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=UNESCO IIEP |date=2021 |title=Flexible learning pathways in Finnish higher education |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000377999 |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=UNESCO |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422022209/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/in/rest/annotationSVC/DownloadWatermarkedAttachment/attach_import_61197fa5-8e7f-4752-879b-cf841bf74dcc?_=377999eng.pdf&to=15&from=1 |archive-date= Apr 22, 2024 }}</ref>}} refers to a set of policies and practices within a government or organization seeking to address systemic discrimination. Historically and internationally, support for affirmative action has been justified by the idea that it may help with bridging inequalities in employment and pay, increasing access to education, and promoting [[diversity (politics)|diversity]], [[social equity]], and [[social inclusion]] ([[Diversity, equity, and inclusion|DEI]]) and redressing wrongs, harms, or hindrances, also called [[substantive equality]].<ref name=twsL13>{{citation|author1=Nicole Richardt |author2=Torrey Shanks |title= Equal Opportunity|publisher= International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences |via=Encyclopedia.com|year= 2008|url= http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Equal_Opportunity.aspx|access-date= 2011-09-12}}</ref>

The nature of affirmative-action policies varies from region to region and exists on a spectrum from a hard quota to merely targeting encouragement for increased participation. Some countries use a [[Quotaism|quota system]], reserving a certain percentage of government jobs, political positions, and school vacancies for members of a certain group; an example of this is the [[Reservation in India|reservation system in India]]. In some other jurisdictions where quotas are not used, minority-group members are given preference or special consideration in selection processes. [[Affirmative action in the United States|In the United States]], affirmative action by executive order originally meant selection without regard to race but preferential treatment was widely used in college admissions, as upheld in the 2003 [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] case ''[[Grutter v. Bollinger]]'', until 2023, when this was overturned in ''[[Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard]].''<ref name="SFFA">{{cite court|litigants=[[Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. President and Fellows of Harvard College]]|vol=600|reporter=U.S.|opinion=___|date=2023|url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/20-1199_hgdj.pdf}}</ref>

A variant of affirmative action more common in Europe is known as [[positive action]], wherein equal opportunity is promoted by encouraging underrepresented groups into a field. This is often described as being "[[Racial color blindness|color blind]]", but some American sociologists have argued that this is insufficient to achieve [[substantive equality]] of outcomes based on race.<ref>{{cite book |title=Racism Without Racists: Color-blind racism and the persistence of racial inequality in the United States |last=Bonilla-Silva |first=Eduardo |date=2014 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-2055-3 |edition=4th |pages=101–102}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Gallagher, Charles A.|date=2003 |title=Color-Blind Privilege: The Social and Political Functions of Erasing the Color Line in Post Race America|journal=Race, Gender & Class|volume=10|issue=4|pages=22–37|jstor=41675099}}</ref>

In the United States, affirmative action is controversial<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Stanford University |title=Affirmative Action |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/affirmative-action/ |access-date=30 October 2022 |quote=When [affirmative-action] steps involve ''preferential'' selection—selection on the basis of race, gender, or ethnicity—affirmative action generates intense controversy. |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |orig-date=Dec 28, 2001 |date=Apr 9, 2018 |first1=Robert |last1=Fullinwider |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220312183751/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/affirmative-action/ |archive-date= 12 March 2022 }}</ref> and [[public opinion]] on the subject is divided. Supporters of affirmative action argue that it promotes [[substantive equality]] for group outcomes and representation for groups, which are socio-economically disadvantaged or have faced historical discrimination or oppression.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gururaj |first1=Suchitra |last2=Somers |first2=Patricia |last3=Fry |first3=Jessica |last4=Watson |first4=Del |last5=Cicero |first5=Francesca |last6=Morosini |first6=Marilia |last7=Zamora |first7=Jennifer |title=Affirmative action policy: Inclusion, exclusion, and the global public good |journal=Policy Futures in Education |date=January 2021 |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=63–83 |doi=10.1177/1478210320940139 |hdl=10923/19826 |s2cid=225376002 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">{{cite web |publisher=Stanford University |title=Affirmative Action |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/affirmative-action/ |access-date=30 October 2022 |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |orig-date=Dec 28, 2001 |date=Apr 9, 2018 |first1=Robert |last1=Fullinwider |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220312183751/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/affirmative-action/ |archive-date= 12 March 2022 }}</ref> Opponents of affirmative action have argued that it is a form of [[reverse discrimination]],<ref name=":2">{{cite magazine |last1=Fish |first1=Stanley |title=Reverse Racism, or How the Pot Got to Call the Kettle Black |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/politics/race/fish.htm |access-date=2 March 2019 |magazine=The Atlantic |date=November 1993 |archive-date=28 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828041855/https://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/politics/race/fish.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> that it tends to benefit the most privileged within minority groups at the expense of the least fortunate within majority groups,<ref name=":3" /> or that—when applied to universities—it can hinder minority students by placing them in courses for which they have not been adequately prepared.<ref name="auto" />

==Origins==
The term "affirmative action" was first used in the United States in [[Executive Order 10925]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://shfg.org/resources/Documents/FH%202%20(2010)%20MacLaury.pdf | title=President Kennedy's E.O.10925: Seedbed of Affirmative Action | publisher=Society for History in the Federal Government | access-date=20 August 2020 | archive-date=27 October 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027201202/http://shfg.org/resources/Documents/FH%202%20%282010%29%20MacLaury.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> signed by President [[John F. Kennedy]] on 6 March 1961, which included a provision that [[government contractor]]s "take ''affirmative action'' to ensure that applicants are employed, and employees are treated [fairly] during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin".<ref name="oeod.uci.edu">[http://www.oeod.uci.edu/aa.html A Brief History of Affirmative Action] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512084109/http://www.oeod.uci.edu/aa.html|date=12 May 2015}}, University of California, Irvine (access date 16 May 2015)</ref> In 1965, President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] issued [[Executive Order 11246]] which required government employers to "hire without regard to race, religion and national origin" and "take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed and that employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, color, religion, sex or national origin."<ref>Executive Order 11246</ref> The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin. Neither executive order nor The Civil Rights Act authorized group preferences. The Senate floor manager of the bill, Senator Hubert Humphrey, declared that the bill "would prohibit preferential treatment for any particular group" adding "I will eat my hat if this leads to racial quotas."
<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ifamnews.com/en/it-is-time-for-senator-humphrey-to-eat-his-hat | title= Today's racial quotas? Senator Humphrey would've eaten his hat | publisher=Family News Network | date=January 20, 2022 | access-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> However affirmative action in practice would eventually become synonymous with preferences, goals and quotas as upheld or struck down by Supreme Court decisions even though no law had been passed explicitly permitting discrimination in favor of disadvantaged groups.{{fact|date=January 2025}}

Affirmative action is intended to promote the opportunities of defined minority groups within a society to give them equal access to that of the majority population.<ref>{{cite web|title=Affirmative Action |url=http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/sharamkohan1/affirmative-action/ |website=Harvard Blogs |publisher=Harvard Law School |access-date=30 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518061955/http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/sharamkohan1/affirmative-action/ |archive-date=18 May 2015 }}</ref> The philosophical basis of the policy has various rationales, including but not limited to compensation for past discrimination, correction of current discrimination, and the diversification of society.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tierney |first=William G. |date=1997 |title=The Parameters of Affirmative Action: Equity and Excellence in the Academy |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1170625 |journal=Review of Educational Research |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=165–196 |doi=10.3102/00346543067002165 |jstor=1170625 |s2cid=146578304 |issn=0034-6543|url-access=subscription }}</ref> It is often implemented in governmental and educational settings to ensure that designated groups within a society can participate in all promotional, educational, and training opportunities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Equal Opportunity & Affirmative Action Policy Statement|url=http://www.chatham.edu/about/legal_nondiscrimination.cfm|website=chatham.edu|access-date=30 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501102235/http://www.chatham.edu/about/legal_nondiscrimination.cfm|archive-date=1 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The stated justification for affirmative action by its proponents is to help compensate for past discrimination, persecution or [[Exploitation of labour|exploitation]] by the ruling class of a culture,<ref name=":3">Sowell, Thomas (2004). Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study, Yale University Press, {{ISBN|0-300-10199-6}}</ref> and to address existing discrimination.<ref name="Affirmative Action">{{cite book|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/affirmative-action/|title=Affirmative Action|publisher=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|date=1 April 2009}}</ref>

==Methods of implementation==
* Quotas<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Morgenroth |first1=Thekla |last2=Ryan |first2=Michelle K. |title=Quotas and affirmative action: U nderstanding group-based outcomes and attitudes |journal=Social and Personality Psychology Compass |date=March 2018 |volume=12 |issue=3 |article-number=e12374 |doi=10.1111/spc3.12374 |hdl=10871/31150 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
* Specific scholarships and financial aid for certain groups<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Affirmative Action? How It Works and Example |url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/affirmative-action.asp |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Investopedia |language=en}}</ref>
* Marketing/advertising to groups that the affirmative action is intended to increase<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Twale |first1=Darla J. |last2=Douvanis |first2=Costas J. |last3=Sekula |first3=Francis J. |title=Affirmative action strategies and professional schools: case illustrations of examplary programs |journal=Higher Education |date=September 1992 |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=177–191 |doi=10.1007/BF00129440 }}</ref>
* Specific training or emulation actions for identified audiences{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}
* Relaxation of selection criteria applied to a target audiences<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rothman |first1=Stanley |last2=Lipset |first2=S. M. |last3=Nevitte |first3=Neil |title=Diversity and affirmative action: The state of campus opinion |journal=Academic Questions |date=December 2002 |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=52–66 |id={{ProQuest|603595788}} |doi=10.1007/s12129-002-1045-8 |doi-broken-date=11 July 2025 }}</ref>

==Women==
{{See also|Women in government#Quotas|label 1=Women in government (quotas)}}
Several different studies investigated the effect of affirmative action on women. Kurtulus (2012) in her review of affirmative action and the occupational advancement of minorities and women during 1973–2003 showed that the effect of affirmative action on advancing black, [[Hispanic]], and white women into management, professional, and technical occupations occurred primarily during the 1970s and early 1980s. During this period, contractors grew their shares of these groups more rapidly than non-contractors because of the implementation of affirmative action. But the positive effect of affirmative action vanished entirely in the late 1980s, which Kurtulus says may be due to the slowdown into advanced occupation for women and minorities because of the political shift of affirmative action that started with President Reagan. Becoming a federal contractor increased white women's share of professional occupations by 0.183 percentage points, or 9.3 percent, on average during these three decades, and increased black women's share by 0.052 percentage points (or by 3.9 percent). Becoming a federal contractor also increased Hispanic women's and black men's share of technical occupations on average by 0.058 percent and 0.109 percentage points respectively (or by 7.7 and 4.2 percent). These represent a substantial contribution of affirmative action to overall trends in the occupational advancement of women and minorities over the three decades under the study.<ref>Fidan Ana Kurtulus, "Affirmative Action and the Occupational Advancement of Minorities and Women During 1973–2003", ''Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society'' (2012) 51#2 pp 213–246. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140116090925/http://economics.lafayette.edu/files/2011/04/kurtulus.pdf online]</ref> A reanalysis of multiple scholarly studies, especially in Asia, considered the impact of four primary factors on support for affirmative action programs for women: gender; political factors; psychological factors; and social structure. Kim and Kim (2014) found that, "Affirmative action both corrects existing unfair treatment and gives women equal opportunity in the future."<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kim|first1=Sunhee|last2=Kim|first2=Seoyong|date=March 2014|title=Exploring the effect of four factors on affirmative action programs for women|url=http://itlboard.ewha.ac.kr/ys_board/view.htm?oid=26&mcode=56&page=2&serial=96605|url-status=dead|journal=[[Asian Journal of Women's Studies]]|volume=20|issue=1|pages=30–69|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904050901/http://itlboard.ewha.ac.kr/ys_board/view.htm?oid=26&mcode=56&page=2&serial=96605|archive-date=4 September 2015}} [http://ajou.ac.kr/~seoyong/paper/2014-Exploring%20the%20Effect%20of%20Four%20Factors Pdf.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624065556/http://ajou.ac.kr/~seoyong/paper/2014-Exploring%20the%20Effect%20of%20Four%20Factors|date=24 June 2015}}</ref>

==Quotas==
Law regarding [[Quotaism|quotas]] and affirmative action varies widely from nation to nation.

Caste-based and other group-based quotas are used in the [[reservation in India|reservation system]].

In 2012, the [[European Union]] Commission approved a plan for women to constitute 40% of non-executive board directorships in large listed companies in Europe by 2020.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=The EU's Boardroom Quota Battle Is Over, But Women Cannot Yet Rest |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/insead/2012/11/19/the-eus-boardroom-quota-battle-is-over-but-women-cannot-yet-rest/ |magazine=Forbes.com}}</ref> Directive (EU) 2022/2381 requires that EU member states adopt by 28 December 2024 laws to ensure that by 30 June 2026 members of the underrepresented sex hold at least 40% of non-executive director positions and at least 33% of all director positions, including both executive and non-executive directors, for listed companies. Directive (EU) 2022/2381 expires on 31 December 2038.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2022/2381/oj |title=Directive (EU) 2022/2381 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 November 2022 on improving the gender balance among directors of listed companies and related measures |author= |date=2022-12-07 |website=EUR-Lex |access-date=2024-02-26}}</ref>

In [[Sweden]], the Supreme Court has ruled that "affirmative action" ethnic quotas in universities are discrimination and hence unlawful. It said that the requirements for the intake should be the same for all. The justice minister said that the decision left no room for uncertainty.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thelocal.se/20061221/5871 |title=Uppsala discriminated against Swedes |website= The Local |date= 21 December 2006}}</ref>

==National approaches==
{{See also|Reserved political positions}}

In some countries that have laws on racial equality, affirmative action is rendered illegal because it does not treat all races equally. This approach of equal treatment is sometimes described as being "[[Color blindness (race)|color blind]]", in hopes that it is effective against discrimination without engaging in [[reverse discrimination]].

In such countries, the focus tends to be on ensuring equal opportunity and, for example, targeted advertising campaigns to encourage ethnic minority candidates to join the police force. This is sometimes called [[positive action]].

===Africa===
====South Africa====
{{See also|Black Economic Empowerment}}
Between 1948 and 1974, the [[apartheid]] government introduced statutes which enshrined racial discrimination in all areas of life. Individuals were classified in a racial hierarchy which placed whites at the top, followed by "[[Coloureds]]",
then Asians or Indians, with black Africans at the bottom. Benefits were afforded based on this hierarchy, and favoured white-owned, especially [[Afrikaner]]-owned companies, which marginalised and excluded black people and limited their employment opportunities. Legislation meant that skilled and highly paid jobs were reserved for [[white people]], and black people were largely used as cheap, unskilled labour, creating and extending the "colour bar" in South African labour.<ref name="Thaver 2017">Thaver, Beverly. "Affirmative action in South Africa: The limits of history." In ''Race and Inequality'', pp. 167-186. Routledge, 2017.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/luli-35 |title=White Workers and the Colour Bar |publisher=Sahistory.org.za |access-date=31 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319002102/http://www.sahistory.org.za/luli-35 |archive-date=19 March 2014 |date=3 April 2011 }}</ref><ref name="africa">[https://www.economist.com/international/1999/09/30/race-law-and-poverty-in-the-new-south-africa Race, law and poverty in the new South Africa], The Economist, 30 September 1999</ref> The variation in skills and productivity between groups of people ultimately caused disparities in employment, occupation, and income within labour markets. Following the end of apartheid, affirmative action legislation aimed to address these disparities.<ref name=prob>{{cite web |last=Stokes|first= G. |date=15 March 2010 |title=The problem with affirmative action |url=http://www.fanews.co.za/article.asp?Front_Page_Features~25,Stokes_Stage~1145,The_problem_with_affirmative_action~7618 |publisher=Fanews.co.za}}</ref>

The [[African National Congress]]-led government chose to implement affirmative action legislation to correct previous imbalances (a policy known as employment equity), and fulfil the obligations of the Republic as a member of the International Labour Organisation.<ref name=prob/><ref name=aff>{{cite journal |last=Bergmann |first=B. |year=1999 |title=The continuing need for affirmative action |journal=The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=757–768 |doi=10.1016/S1062-9769(99)00027-7 |issn = 1062-9769 }}</ref> As a result of the [[Employment Equity Act]] and the [[Broad Based Black Economic Empowerment]] Act, companies were required to employ previously disenfranchised groups (blacks, [[Indian South Africans|Indians]], and Coloureds), as well as women and disabled people.<ref>[http://www.ecsecc.org/files/publications/120307130010.pdf Archived copy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318215653/http://www.ecsecc.org/files/publications/120307130010.pdf|date=18 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.southafrica.info/services/rights/employmentequity.htm |title=Employment Equity FAQ |publisher=Southafrica.info |access-date=11 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401103321/http://www.southafrica.info/services/rights/employmentequity.htm |archive-date=1 April 2012 }}</ref>

Many have embraced these acts; others have criticised them.{{efn|<ref name=prob/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mg.co.za/article/2010-02-03-bees-glass-slipper |title=BEE's Glass Slipper |date=3 February 2010 |publisher=Mg.co.za |access-date=11 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneyweb.co.za/mw/view/mw/en/page292679?oid=346519&sn=2009+Detail+no+image&pid=295799 |title=BEE: A man made disaster |publisher=Moneyweb.co.za |access-date=11 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="fin24.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.fin24.com/articles/default/display_article.aspx?ArticleId=1518-24_2564628 |title='SAB deal to enrich black elite': Fin24: Companies |publisher=Fin24 |access-date=29 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003093857/http://www.fin24.com/articles/default/display_article.aspx?ArticleId=1518-24_2564628 |archive-date=3 October 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.busrep.co.za/index.php?fArticleId=5340048 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516113211/http://www.busrep.co.za/index.php?fArticleId=5340048 |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 May 2016 |title=Business Report – Home – Motlanthe warns BEE council has failed |publisher=Busrep.co.za |date=9 February 2010 |access-date=29 July 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mg.co.za/article/2009-11-20-manyi-vows-to-get-tough-over-bee |title=Manyi vows to get tough over BEE – Mail & Guardian Online: The smart news source |date=20 November 2009 |publisher=Mg.co.za |access-date=29 July 2010}}</ref>}} Proponents have said that South African affirmative action legislation aims to promote economic growth rather than to redistribute wealth,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Franchi|first= V. |year=2003 |title=The racialization of affirmative action in organizational discourses: A case study of symbolic racism in post-apartheid South Africa |volume= 27 |issue= 2 |pages= 157–187 |journal= International Journal of Intercultural Relations |doi= 10.1016/S0147-1767(02)00091-3 }}</ref><ref name=info>{{cite web |title=Black economic empowerment. (n.d.) |url=http://www.southafrica.info/business/trends/empowerment/bee.htm |publisher=Southafrica.info |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101222356/http://southafrica.info/business/trends/empowerment/bee.htm |archive-date=1 November 2012 }}</ref> address [[Wealth inequality in South Africa|vast racial inequalities]] in wealth and income,<ref name="Shai 2019">{{Cite journal|last1=Shai|first1=Lerato|last2=Molefinyana|first2=Comfort|last3=Quinot|first3=Geo|date=2019-12-13|title=Public Procurement in the Context of Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment (BBBEE) in South Africa—Lessons Learned for Sustainable Public Procurement|journal=Sustainability|volume=11|issue=24|pages=7164|doi=10.3390/su11247164|bibcode=2019Sust...11.7164S |issn=2071-1050|doi-access=free}}</ref> and to restore equal access to the benefits of society.<ref name=prob/> Critics suggest these laws limit the free market, raise costs, reduce economic growth, and advantage the black middle class over poorer blacks and other groups.<ref name=aff/><ref name=dem>{{cite web|last=Edigheji |first=O. |year=2006 |title=Affirmative action and state capacity in a democratic South Africa. Policy: issues & actors, 20(4) |url=http://cps.org.za/cps%20pdf/pia20_4.pdf |website=cps.org.za |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519150723/http://cps.org.za/cps%20pdf/pia20_4.pdf |archive-date=19 May 2014 }}</ref><ref name=culture>Goga, F. (n.d.). ''A critique of affirmative action: The concept''. Retrieved from {{cite web|url=http://ccms.ukzn.ac.za/index.php |title=Culture, Communication and Media Studies - Home |access-date=5 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622114513/http://ccms.ukzn.ac.za/index.php |archive-date=22 June 2012 }}</ref> The [[Supreme Court of Appeal of South Africa]] ruled that while blacks may be favoured in principle, in practice this should not lead to unfair discrimination against others.<ref name="africa" />

====Ghana====

The Parliament of Ghana passed the Affirmative Action Bill on July 30, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2024-08-08 |title=Affirmative Action Act, 2024 (Gender Equity ) Passed by Parliament {{!}} Newsroom - Ministry of Information, Ghana |url=https://moi.gov.gh/newsroom/2024/08/affirmative-action-act-2024-gender-equity-passed-by-parliament/ |access-date=2024-09-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> The bill aims to increase the number of women in politics, with a target of 30% by 2026, 35% by 2028 and 50% by 2030. The [[2024 Ghanaian general election]] in December was the first with affirmative action legislation in place. In the election campaign, both the ruling [[New Patriotic Party]] and the main opposition party [[National Democratic Congress (Ghana)|NDC]] voiced their commitment to the targets, in an effort to appeal to women voters. After the election, the number of women remained the same as after the 2020 election (15%).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana's democracy stress tested – three milestones passed - The Nordic Africa Institute |url=https://nai.uu.se/stories-and-events/news/2025-02-06-ghanas-democracy-stress-tested---three-milestones-passed.html |access-date=2025-02-07 |website=nai.uu.se |language=en}}</ref> In his inaugural speech on 7 January 2025, the newly elected President [[John Mahama]] said the NDC was committed to "breaking the glass ceiling" for women in politics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Effah |first=Evans |date=2025-01-07 |title=Full Text: Read President Mahama's inaugural speech |url=https://3news.com/news/full-text-read-president-mahamas-inaugural-speech/ |access-date=2025-02-07 |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Asia===
====China====
{{main|Affirmative action in China}}
There is affirmative action in education for minority nationalities in China, this may equate to lowering minimum requirements for the [[Gaokao|National University Entrance Examination]], which is mandatory for all students to enter university.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.moe.gov.cn/edoas/website18/30/info26630.htm|title=Graduate Student Admission Ordainment – Ministry of Education, PRC|accessdate=31 March 2023}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mzzjw.gd.gov.cn/mzjy/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=541 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105011631/http://www.mzzjw.gd.gov.cn/mzjy/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=541 |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 January 2009 |title=Ethnic and Religious Affairs Commission of Guangdong Province |publisher=Mzzjw.gd.gov.cn |date=15 October 2007 |access-date=11 April 2012 }}</ref> [[Liangshaoyikuan]] refers a policy in China on affirmative action in [[criminal justice]].

====Israel====
A class-based affirmative action policy was incorporated into the admission practices of the four most selective universities in [[Israel]] during the early to mid-2000s. In evaluating the eligibility of applicants, neither their financial status nor their national or ethnic origins are considered; the emphasis is on structural disadvantages, especially neighborhood socioeconomic status and high school rigor, although several individual hardships are also weighed. This policy made the four institutions, especially the echelons at the most selective departments, more diverse than they otherwise would have been. Proponents of this model have said that rising geographic, economic and demographic diversity of the student population suggests the focus on structural determinants of disadvantage yields broad diversity dividends.<ref name="Alon 2011">{{cite journal |author=Alon, Sigal |year=2011 |title=The Diversity Dividends of a Need-blind and Color-blind Affirmative Action Policy |pages=1494–1505 |journal= Social Science Research |volume=40 |issue=6 |doi=10.1016/j.ssresearch.2011.05.005 }}</ref>

In civil service employment, Israeli citizens who are women, Arabs, Blacks or people with disabilities are supported by affirmative action policies.<ref name="moital.gov.il">{{cite web|url=http://www.moital.gov.il/NR/exeres/8C492E47-135C-4B82-84D7-C62254B8BFEF.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201010211/http://www.moital.gov.il/NR/exeres/8C492E47-135C-4B82-84D7-C62254B8BFEF.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 February 2013|title=משרד הכלכלה והתעשייה|website=משרד הכלכלה והתעשייה|access-date=22 October 2017}}</ref> Israeli citizens who are Arabs, Blacks or people with disabilities are also entitled to full university scholarships from the state.<ref name="che.org.il">[http://che.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/%D7%94%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%AA-%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%AA-%D7%9E%D7%A1-1-%D7%AA%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%93.pdf החלטות ישיבת הוועדה לתכנון ולתקצוב מס'1)100] Council for Higher Education (in Hebrew). Retrieved 31 March 2023</ref>

====India====
{{Main|Reservation in India}}

Reservation in India is a form of affirmative action designed to improve the well-being of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] (SC/ST), and [[Other Backward Class]]es (OBC), defined primarily by their caste. Members of these categories comprise about two-thirds of the population of India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/hlo/pca/pca_pdf/PCA-CRC-0000.pdf |title=2011 Census Primary Census Abstract |work=Censusindia.gov.in|access-date=1 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="TOI2007">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/OBCs-form-41-of-population-Survey/articleshow/2328117.cms|title=OBCs form 41% of population: Survey|access-date=21 November 2020|work=[[Times of India]]|publisher=[[Bennett, Coleman & Company]]|date=1 September 2007|url-status=live|archive-date=17 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417023834/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/OBCs-form-41-of-population-Survey/articleshow/2328117.cms}}</ref> According to the [[Constitution of India]], up to 50% of all government-run higher education admissions and government job vacancies may be reserved for members of the SC/ST/OBC-NCL categories, and 10% for those in [[Economically Weaker Section]]s (EWS), with the remaining unreserved.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/cabinet-approves-10-pc-711767.html|title=Govt OKs 10% job quota for economically weaker sections|date=7 January 2019|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|access-date=7 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/big-move-by-modi-government-ahead-of-polls-announces-10-quota-for-upper-castes-reports/articleshow/67418661.cms|title=Modi govt announces 10 per cent quota for economically backward in general category|date=7 January 2019|work=The Economic Times|access-date=7 January 2019}}</ref> In 2014, the [[Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation|Indian National Sample Survey]] found that 12% of surveyed Indian households had received academic scholarships, with 94% being on account of SC/ST/OBC membership, 2% based on financial weakness and 0.7% based on merit.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/rediff-labs-can-you-guess-how-many-indians-get-merit-based-scholarships/20140901.htm|title=Guess how many Indians get merit-based scholarships|work=Rediff|access-date=3 January 2018}}</ref>

====Indonesia====
Indonesia has offered affirmative action for [[Indigenous people of New Guinea|native Papuans]] in education, government civil worker selection, and police & army selection.<ref>{{Cite web|title=777 Putra Asli Papua Lolos Program Beasiswa ADIK dan ADEM|url=https://kumparan.com/bumi-papua/777-putra-asli-papua-lolos-program-beasiswa-adik-dan-adem-1rUFs1b6OUB|access-date=6 August 2020|website=kumparan|language=id-ID}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Afirmasi Pendidikan Tinggi – Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia|url=https://adik.kemdikbud.go.id/|access-date=6 August 2020|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Debora |first=Yantina |editor-last=Hartanto |editor-first=Agung Dwi |title=Seleksi CPNS KKP 2019–2020: Ada Kekhususan Bagi Orang Papua |url=https://tirto.id/seleksi-cpns-kkp-2019-2020-ada-kekhususan-bagi-orang-papua-ewR4 |access-date=6 August 2020 |website=tirto.id |date=4 February 2020 |language=id}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rumagit |first=Alfian |date=25 February 2020 |editor-last=Jauhary |editor-first=Andi |title=OAP calon siswa Bintara Noken di Papua capai 2.407 orang |url=https://www.antaranews.com/berita/1319146/oap-calon-siswa-bintara-noken-di-papua-capai-2407-orang |access-date=6 August 2020 |website=Antara News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Redaksi|title=Gercin Minta Kapolri Akomodir OAP Masuk Akpol {{!}} Papua Today|date=22 March 2019 |url=https://www.papuatoday.com/2019/03/22/gercin-minta-kapolri-akomodir-oap-masuk-akpol/|access-date=6 August 2020|language=id-ID}}</ref> After the [[2019 Papua protests]], many Papuan students chose to abandon their scholarship and return to their respective provinces.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yunelia |first=Intan |date=3 October 2019 |title=Siswa SMA Penerima Beasiswa Memilih Pulang ke Papua |url=https://www.medcom.id/pendidikan/news-pendidikan/eN4Rz4ok-siswa-sma-penerima-beasiswa-memilih-pulang-ke-papua |access-date=6 August 2020 |website=medcom.id |language=id}}</ref> The program has been subject to criticism, with complaints made towards a lack of sufficient quotas and alleged corruption. [[Prabowo Subianto]], Indonesian [[Ministry of Defense (Indonesia)|defense minister]], has expressed that he will direct more effort towards recruiting Papuans to the [[Indonesian National Armed Forces]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Prabowo Disebut Bakal Perbanyak Prajurit TNI Asal Papua |url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20191212091931-32-456266/prabowo-disebut-bakal-perbanyak-prajurit-tni-asal-papua |access-date=6 August 2020 |website=nasional |language=id-ID}}</ref> Education scholarship by [[Ministry of Education and Culture (Indonesia)|Ministry of Education and Culture]], called ADik to the native Papuans and students from perhipery regions close to Indonesian border.<ref>{{Cite web|last=INDBeasiswa|title=Beasiswa ADik untuk Pelajar Papua dan 3T • INDBeasiswa|date=10 May 2019 |url=https://indbeasiswa.com/2019/05/beasiswa-adik-untuk-pelajar-papua-daerah-3t.html|access-date=24 February 2021|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nasikhah |first=Nunung |date=10 December 2019 |title=Mengenal ADik, Beasiswa Kuliah S1 dari Pemerintah RI untuk Generasi Papua dan Daerah 3T |url=https://www.urbanasia.com/mengenal-adik-beasiswa-kuliah-s1-dari-pemerintah-ri-untuk-generasi-papua-dan-daerah-3t-U6573 |access-date=24 February 2021 |website=www.urbanasia.com |language=id}}</ref>

====Malaysia====
{{See also|Bumiputera (Malaysia)|Ketuanan Melayu}}

The [[Malaysian New Economic Policy]] (NEP) is a form of ethnicity-based affirmative action aimed at addressing socioeconomic disadvantages among those who are deemed "Bumiputera", which includes the Malay population, [[Orang Asli]], and the indigenous people of [[Sabah]] and [[Sarawak]], who together form a majority of the population.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ravallion1|first=Martin|title=Ethnic Inequality and Poverty in Malaysia|url=http://www.ecineq.org/ecineq_paris19/papers_EcineqPSE/paper_406.pdf|publisher=[[Georgetown University]], [[University of Malaya]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/economies/Asia-and-the-Pacific/Malaysia-POVERTY-AND-WEALTH.html |title=Encyclopedia of the Nations, "Malaysia Poverty and Wealth" |publisher=Nationsencyclopedia.com |access-date=11 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Mason|first1=Richard|title=The 'Bumiputera Policy': Dynamics and Dilemmas|last2=Omar|first2=Ariffin|publisher=[[Universiti Sains Malaysia]]|year=2004|isbn=|location=Malaysia}}</ref> Within Malaysia, the Malays (representing 58% of the population) have lower incomes than [[Chinese Malaysian]]s (22% of the population) and [[Indian Malaysian]]s (6% of the population), who have traditionally been involved in businesses and industries, and who were also general migrant workers.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ravallion1|first=Martin|title=Ethnic Inequality and Poverty in Malaysia|url=http://www.ecineq.org/ecineq_paris19/papers_EcineqPSE/paper_406.pdf|publisher=[[Georgetown University]], [[University of Malaya]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/economies/Asia-and-the-Pacific/Malaysia-POVERTY-AND-WEALTH.html |title=Encyclopedia of the Nations, "Malaysia Poverty and Wealth" |publisher=Nationsencyclopedia.com |access-date=11 April 2012}}</ref> The mean income for Malays, Chinese and Indians in 1957/58 were 134, 288 and 228 respectively. In 1967/68 it was 154, 329 and 245, and in 1970 it was 170, 390 and 300. Mean income disparity ratio for Chinese/Malays rose from 2.1 in 1957/58 to 2.3 in 1970, whereas for Indians/Malays the disparity ratio also rose from 1.7 to 1.8 in the same period.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Perumal |first=M. |year=1989 |title=Economic Growth and Income Inequality in Malaysia, 1957–1984 |journal=Singapore Economic Review |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=33–46 }}</ref>

To address these inequalities, following the sectarian violence of the [[13 May incident]] in 1969, the NEP was introduced as a time-limited policy, which was supposed to expire after 20 years but remains policy to this day. Although the NEP has succeeded in creating a significant urban Malay and [[Borneo|Native Bornean]] middle class, it has been less effective in eradicating poverty among rural communities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U47j2dS6C_I|title=Malaysia ethnic tribes 'forced to convert'|date=7 August 2010 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IXLHBZvUhrQ|title=Quickiepedia | Outcasts in their own land – The Orang Asli|date=22 August 2018 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> Critics say it has widened disparities between the wealthy and middle classes, and those who are poorest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/492357|title=The real issue is intra-Malay economic inequality|first=Nik Nazmi Nik|last=Ahmad|date=18 September 2019|website=Malaysiakini}}</ref> It has also been described as racially discriminatory.<ref>{{cite news|title=A Never Ending Policy|url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2013/04/27/a-never-ending-policy|access-date=20 April 2019|newspaper=The Economist|date=27 April 2013}}</ref>

====Taiwan====
A 2004 legislation requires that, for a firm with 100 employees or more wishing to compete for government contracts, at least 1 percent of its employees must be [[Taiwanese aborigines]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://minorityrights.org/minorities/indigenous-peoples-7/|title=Taiwan: Indigenous peoples |website = Minority Rights Group International|date=19 June 2015 }}</ref> Ministry of Education and [[Council of Indigenous Peoples|Council of Aboriginal Affairs]] announced in 2002 that Taiwanese Aboriginal students would have their high-school or undergraduate entrance exams boosted by 33% for demonstrating some knowledge of their tribal language and culture.<ref name="HolsingerJacob2009">{{cite book|author1=Donald B. Holsinger|author2=W. James Jacob |title=Inequality in Education: Comparative and International Perspectives|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-lIGaO2-aq4C&pg=PA295 |date=29 May 2009|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-90-481-2652-1|page=295}}</ref> The percentage of boost have been revised several times, and the latest percentage is 35% in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web | url= http://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawOldVer.aspx?Pcode=H0020031&LNNDATE=20130819&LSER=001 | title=原住民學生升學保障及原住民公費留學辦法(民國 102 年08月19 日 )|trans-title=Aboriginal Students Enrollment Guarantee and Public Funding for Aboriginal Study Abroad Act | publisher=[[Ministry of Justice (Taiwan)]] | language=zh}}</ref>

===Europe===

==== Denmark ====
Greenlanders have special advantages when applying for university, college or vocation university degrees in Denmark. With these specific rules, Greenlanders can get into degrees without the required grade averages by fulfilling certain criteria. They need to have a grade average of over 6,0 and have lived a certain number of years in Greenland. These rules have been in force since 1 January 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|last=lok|title=Optagelse af grønlandske ansøgere — Uddannelses- og Forskningsministeriet|url=https://ufm.dk/uddannelse/videregaende-uddannelse/sogning-optag-og-vejledning/optagelse/optagelse-af-gronlandske-ansogere|access-date=29 August 2020|website=ufm.dk|language=da}}</ref>

==== Finland ====
In certain university education programs, including legal and medical education, there are quotas for persons who reach a certain standard of skills in the [[Swedish language]]; for students admitted in these quotas, the education is partially arranged in Swedish.<ref name="Helsinki med">{{cite web|title=Hakuopas 2011. Lääketieteen ja hammaslääketieteen opiskelijavalinnat |url=http://www.med.helsinki.fi/peruskoulutus/docs/opiskelijaksi/hakuopas_2011.pdf |publisher=Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki |access-date=4 June 2011 |language=fi |year=2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002143806/http://www.med.helsinki.fi/peruskoulutus/docs/opiskelijaksi/hakuopas_2011.pdf |archive-date=2 October 2011 }}</ref><ref name="Helsinki law">{{cite web|title=Oikeustieteellinen tiedekunta. Hakuopas 2011|url=http://www.helsinki.fi/oikeustiede/opiskelijaksi/valintakokeet/2011/hakuopas_2011.pdf|publisher=Faculty of Law, University of Helsinki|access-date=4 June 2011|page=3|language=fi|year=2011}}</ref> The purpose of the quotas is to guarantee that a sufficient number of professionals with skills in Swedish are educated for nationwide needs.<ref name="Helsinki med" />

==== France ====
No distinctions based on race, religion or sex are allowed under the 1958 [[French Constitution]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Jonathan D. Mott, PhD |url=http://thisnation.com/library/france.html |title=The French Constitution of 1958 and its Amendments |publisher=Thisnation.com |date=7 February 1992 |access-date=28 April 2014}}</ref> Since the 1980s, a French version of affirmative action based on neighborhood is in place for primary and secondary education. Some schools, in neighborhoods labeled "Priority Education Zones", are granted more funds than the others. Students from these schools also benefit from special policies in certain institutions (such as [[Sciences Po]]).<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.3989/chdj.2015.016|title = Esencia colonial de una política contemporánea: Por un enfoque fanoniano de la discriminación positiva en Francia| journal=Culture & History Digital Journal| volume=4| issue=2| pages=e016|year = 2015|last1 = Ghorbal|first1 = Karim| doi-access=free}}</ref>

The French Ministry of Defence tried in 1990 to make it easier for young French soldiers of North-African descent to be promoted in rank and obtain driving licenses. After a strong protest by a young French lieutenant in the Ministry of Defence newspaper (''Armées d'aujourd'hui''), the driving license and rank plan was cancelled.<ref>Jean-Pierre Steinhofer, "Beur ou ordinaire", ''Armée d'ajourd'hui'', 1991.</ref> After the Sarkozy election, a new attempt in favour of Arab-French students was made, but Sarkozy did not gain enough political support to change the French constitution.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2008/12/17/le-plan-sarkozy-pour-favoriser-l-egalite-reelle-des-chances_1132074_823448.html#ens_id=1128487° |title=Le Plan Sarkozy |work=Le Monde |date=17 December 2008 |access-date=11 April 2012|last1=Eeckhout |first1=Laetitia Van }}</ref>

After 27 January 2014, following the Norwegian example, women had to represent at least 20% of board members in all stock-exchange-listed or state-owned companies. After 27 January 2017, the proportion increased to 40%. All appointments of men as directors were deemed invalid as long as the quotas were not met, and monetary penalties may apply for other directors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vie-publique.fr/actualite/panorama/texte-discussion/proposition-loi-relative-representation-equilibree-femmes-hommes-au-sein-conseils-administration-surveillance-egalite-professionnelle.html |title=Vie Publique |publisher=Vie-publique.fr |date=25 June 2002 |access-date=11 April 2012}}</ref>

==== Germany ====
Article 3 of the [[Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany|German Basic Law]] provides for equal rights of all people regardless of sex, race or social background. There are programs stating that if men and women have equal qualifications, women should be favored for the position and that disabled should be favored over non-disabled people. This is typical for all positions in state and university service {{as of|2007|lc=y}}, typically using the phrase "We try to increase diversity in this line of work". In recent years, there has been a long public debate about whether to issue programs that would grant women a privileged access to jobs in order to fight discrimination. Germany's ''[[The Left (Germany)|Left Party]]'' brought up the discussion about affirmative action in [[Education in Germany|Germany's school system]]. According to Stefan Zillich, quotas should be "a possibility" to help working class children who did not do well in school gain access to a ''[[Gymnasium (Germany)|Gymnasium]]'' (University-preparatory school).<ref>Susanne Vieth-Entus (29. December 2008): "Sozialquote: Berliner Gymnasien sollen mehr Schüler aus armen Familien aufnehmen". Der Tagesspiegel</ref> Headmasters of ''Gymnasien'' have objected, saying that this type of policy would "be a disservice" to poor children.<ref>Martin Klesmann (23 February 2009). "'Kinder aus Neukölln würden sich nicht integrieren lassen' – Ein Politiker und ein Schulleiter streiten über Sozialquoten an Gymnasien". Berliner Zeitung</ref>

==== Norway ====
The boards of all [[Allmennaksjeselskap|public stock companies (ASA)]] in Norway should have at least 40% of either gender.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lovdata.no/all/tl-19970613-045-032.html#6-3 |title=LOV-1997-06-13-45 Lov om allmennaksjeselskaper (allmennaksjeloven) |publisher=Lovdata.no |access-date=29 July 2010}}</ref> This affects roughly 400 companies of over 300,000 in total.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nettavisen.no/nyheter/27-000-flere-bedrifter-i-norge/1874337.html |title=27.000 flere bedrifter i Norge |date=27 May 2004 |publisher=nettavisen.no |access-date=31 May 2015}}</ref> In their study of the effects of affirmative action on presence, prominence, and social capital of women directors in Norway, researchers Seierstad & Opsahl found that, when the affirmative action policy was first implemented, only 7 prominent directors were women and 84 were men. By August 2009, this had risen to 107 women compared to 117 men. The proportion of boards led by a woman remained low overall, but increased from 3.4% to 4.3%. By applying more restrictive definitions of prominence, the proportion of directors who were women generally increased. If only considering directors with at least three directorships, 61.4% of them were women. When considering directors with seven or more directorships, all of them were women.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Seierstad |first1=Cathrine |last2=Opsahl |first2=Tore |title=For the few not the many? The effects of affirmative action on presence, prominence, and social capital of women directors in Norway |journal=Scandinavian Journal of Management |date=March 2011 |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=44–54 |doi=10.1016/j.scaman.2010.10.002 }}</ref> A 2016 study found no effect of the ASA representation requirement on either valuation or profits of the affected companies, and also no correlation between the requirement and the restructuring of companies away from ASA.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://e24.no/makro-og-politikk/norges-handelshoeyskole/studie-kjoennskvotering-ingen-effekt-paa-loennsomhet/23783217 |title=Studie: Kjønnskvotering ingen effekt på lønnsomhet |date=2 September 2016 |publisher=e24.no |access-date=5 June 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eckbo |first1=B. Espen |last2=Nygaard |first2=Knut |last3=Thorburn |first3=Karin S. |title=Valuation effects of Norway's board gender-quota law revisited |journal=Management Science |date=18 August 2021 |volume=68 |issue=6 |pages=4112–4134 |doi=10.1287/mnsc.2021.4031 |hdl=11250/3046314 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

==== Romania ====
[[Romani people]] are allocated quotas for access to public schools and state universities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mmuncii.ro/old/ro/domenii-politici-familiale-incluziune-si-asistenta-sociala-romii---progrese-inregistrate-in-romania-in-perioada-2007---2008-540-view.html |title=Romii – PROGRESE ÎNREGISTRATE ÎN ROMÂNIA ÎN PERIOADA 2007–2008 |access-date=30 January 2013 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==== Soviet Union and Russia ====
Soon after the 1918 revolution, [[Inessa Armand]], [[Lenin]]'s secretary and lover, was instrumental in creating [[Zhenotdel]], which functioned until the 1930s as part of the international egalitarian and affirmative action movements.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stites |first1=Richard |title=Zhenotdel: Bolshevism and Russian Women, 1917–1930 |journal=Russian History |date=1976 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=174–193 |doi=10.1163/187633176X00107 |jstor=24649711 |quote=These egalitarian and affirmative action movements—in other words, early "communism"—receive short shrift in most Western studies... }}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Patterson |first1=Michelle Jane |title=Red 'Teaspoons of Charity': Zhenotdel, Russian Women, and the Communist Party, 1919–1930 |date=29 February 2012 |hdl=1807/32159 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1057/9780230501799_11 |chapter=Socialism in One Gender: Masculine Values in the Stalin Revolution |title=Russian Masculinities in History and Culture |year=2002 |last1=Schrand |first1=Thomas G. |pages=194–209 |isbn=978-1-349-42592-1 }}</ref> Quota systems existed in the [[USSR]] for various social groups including [[ethnic minorities]], women and factory workers. Before 1934 ethnic minorities were described as [[cultural backwardness|culturally backward]], but in 1934 this term was found inappropriate.<ref name="q189">{{cite book |first = Terry Dean |last = Martin |title = The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923-1939| year = 2001| publisher = [[Cornell University Press]]| location = United States| isbn = 978-0-8014-8677-7 }}</ref> In 1920s and early 1930s [[Korenizatsiia]] applied affirmative action to ethnic minorities.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Nicolaïdis |first1=Kalypso |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T9SLDwAAQBAJ |title=Echoes of Empire: Memory, Identity and Colonial Legacies |last2=Sebe |first2=Berny |last3=Maas |first3=Gabrielle |date=2014-12-23 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |isbn=978-0-85773-896-7 |language=en |quote=Elsewhere in the USSR, the late 1930s and the outbreak of World War II also saw some significant changes: elements of korenizatsiya were phased out... the Russians were officially anointed as the 'elder brothers' of the Soviet family of nations, whilst among historians Tsarist imperialism was rehabilitated as having had a 'progressive significance' |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chang |first=Jon K. |title=Tsarist continuities in Soviet nationalities policy: A case of Korean territorial autonomy in the Soviet Far East, 1923–1937 |url=https://www.academia.edu/17823472 |journal=Eurasia Studies Society of Great Britain & Europe Journal}}</ref> Quotas for access to university education, offices in the Soviet system and the Communist Party existed: for example, the position of First Secretary of a Soviet Republic's (or Autonomous Republic's) Party Committee was always filled by a representative of this republic's "[[titular ethnicity]]".{{citation needed|date=February 2025}} Russia retains this system partially. Quotas are abolished, but preferences for some ethnic minorities and inhabitants of certain territories remain.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sakhapress.ru/archives/207211|title=Представители коренных малочисленных народов Севера имеют право получить бесплатную юридическую помощь|date=18 February 2016}}</ref>

==== Serbia ====
The Constitution of the Republic of Serbia from 2006 established the principles of equality and the prohibition of discrimination on any grounds. It also allows affirmative action as "special measures" for certain marginalized groups, such as national minorities, by specifically excluding it from the legal definition of discrimination.<ref>[https://advokatiubeogradu.rs/legislation/constitution-of-the-republic-of-serbia.pdf Constitution of The Republic of Serbia] (Constitution of The Republic of Serbia), 2006.</ref> The Roma national minority is enabled to enroll in public schools under more favorable conditions.<ref>[http://www.upis.mpn.gov.rs/Cir/Pravilnici Pravilnik ministarstva prosvete o upisu u srednje škole] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806034147/http://www.upis.mpn.gov.rs/Cir/Pravilnici |date=6 August 2020 }} (Regulation of the Ministry of Education on enrollment in secondary schools), 2021.</ref>

==== Slovakia ====
The [[Constitutional Court of Slovakia|Constitutional Court]] declared in October 2005 that affirmative action—i.e., "providing advantages for people of an ethnic or racial minority group"—was against its [[Constitution of Slovakia|Constitution]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Goldirova |first=Renata |url=http://euobserver.com/9/20123 |title=Slovakia bans positive discrimination |date=19 October 2005 |publisher=Euobserver.com |access-date=11 April 2012}}</ref>

==== United Kingdom ====
{{See also|Independent Commission on Policing for Northern Ireland}}
In the [[United Kingdom]], hiring someone simply because of their [[Protected group|protected-group]] status, without regard to their performance, is illegal. By default, so is any other form of discrimination, quota or favouritism based on such "protected characteristics" in education, in employment, during commercial transactions, at private clubs or associations, and while using public services.<ref name="cre" /><ref name="govuk">{{cite web |author=GOV.UK |author-link=Gov.uk |date=4 April 2013 |title=Types of discrimination |url=https://www.gov.uk/discrimination-your-rights/types-of-discrimination |access-date=7 April 2013 |work=Discrimination: your rights |publisher=GOV.UK}}</ref><ref name="personneltoday.com">{{Cite web |last=Millar |first=Michael |date=17 January 2006 |title=Is there a case for positive discrimination? |url=https://www.personneltoday.com/hr/is-there-a-case-for-positive-discrimination/ |access-date=13 July 2022 |website=Personnel Today |language=en-GB}}</ref>

The [[Equality Act 2010]] does allow for membership in a protected and disadvantaged group to be considered in hiring and promotion when the group is under-represented in a given area and if the candidates are of equal merit (in which case membership in a disadvantaged group can become a "tie-breaker").<ref name="xperthr.co.uk">{{Cite web |title=What "positive action" is permitted under discrimination legislation? | FAQs | Tools | XpertHR.co.uk |url=https://www.xperthr.co.uk/faq/what-positive-action-is-permitted-under-discrimination-legislation/103008/ |website=www.xperthr.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/15 |title=Equality Act 2010 |publisher=Legislation.gov.uk |access-date=11 April 2012}}</ref> Under Section 159 of the Equality Act 2010, an employer must "reasonably think that people with the protected characteristic suffer a disadvantage or are under-represented in that particular activity" and any [[positive action]] must be "a proportionate means of enabling or encouraging people to overcome the disadvantage or to take part in the activity".<ref name="xperthr.co.uk" /> Specific exemptions include:
* As part of the [[Northern Ireland Peace Process]], the [[Good Friday Agreement]] and the resulting [[Patten report]], the [[Police Service of Northern Ireland]] are requires to recruit 50% of its numbers from the [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] community and 50% from the [[Protestantism|Protestant]] and [[Ethnic minorities in Northern Ireland|other communities]], in order to reduce any possible bias towards Protestants. This was later referred to as the "50:50" measure.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/1540861.stm |title= Police recruitment 'will be 50:50' |work=BBC News |date=12 September 2001 }}</ref>
* The [[Sex Discrimination (Election Candidates) Act 2002]] allowed the use of [[all-women shortlists]] to select more women as election candidates.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons/lib/research/briefings/snpc-05057.pdf|title=All-women shortlists|publisher=House of Commons Library|id=SN/PC/05057|date=29 April 2009|author=Richard Kelly and Isobel White|access-date=23 June 2009}}</ref>

In a 2019, an [[employment tribunal]], found that "while positive action can be used to boost diversity, it should only be applied to distinguish between candidates who were all equally well qualified for a role".<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-merseyside-47335859 |title = Force discriminated against white male|work = BBC News|date = 22 February 2019}}</ref>

=== North America ===

==== Canada ====
{{Further|Employment equity (Canada)|Federal Contractors' Program}}
The equality section of the [[Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms]] explicitly permits affirmative action legislation, although the Charter does not ''require'' legislation that gives preferential treatment. Subsection 2 of [[Section Fifteen of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms|Section 15]] states that the equality provisions do "not preclude any law, program or activity that has as its object the amelioration of conditions of disadvantaged individuals or groups including those that are disadvantaged because of race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age or mental or physical disability".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Heritage |first=Canadian |date=2017-10-23 |title=Guide to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/how-rights-protected/guide-canadian-charter-rights-freedoms.html |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=www.canada.ca}}</ref>

The Canadian [[Employment Equity Act]] requires employers in federally-regulated industries to give preferential treatment to four designated groups: women, persons with disabilities, aboriginal peoples, and [[visible minorities]]. Less than one-third of Canadian Universities offer alternative admission requirements for students of aboriginal descent. Some provinces and territories also have affirmative action policies. For example, in the [[Northwest Territories]] in the Canadian north, aboriginal people are given preference for jobs and education and are considered to have P1 status. Non-aboriginal people who were born in the NWT or have resided half of their life there are considered a P2, as well as women and people with disabilities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hr.gov.nt.ca/employment/affirmativeaction/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120803122042/http://www.hr.gov.nt.ca/employment/affirmativeaction/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 August 2012 |title=GNWT – Human Resources – Affirmative Action |publisher=Hr.gov.nt.ca |date=3 April 2012 |access-date=11 April 2012}}</ref>

==== United States ====
{{Main|Affirmative action in the United States}}
The United States' policy of affirmative action dates to the [[Reconstruction Era]] in the United States.<ref name="Melvin 2020">Melvin I. Urofsky, ''The Affirmative Action Puzzle: A Living History From Reconstruction to Today'' (2020).</ref> Current policy was introduced in the early 1960s in the United States, as a way to combat [[racial discrimination]] in the hiring process, with the concept later expanded to address gender discrimination.<ref name="clinton2.nara.gov">{{cite web |date=19 July 1995 |title=Affirmative Action: History and Rationale |url=http://clinton2.nara.gov/WH/EOP/OP/html/aa/aa02.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527065435/http://clinton2.nara.gov/WH/EOP/OP/html/aa/aa02.html |archive-date=27 May 2011 |access-date=6 December 2018 |publisher=Clinton Administration's Affirmative Action Review: Report to the President}}</ref> During this time, the legal and [[United States Constitution|constitutional]] legitimacy of affirmative action has been the subject of several court cases.<ref name="indystar.com">[http://www.indystar.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080205/LOCAL/80205048 Indy fire-fighters sue city, charge bias; also see] [[Norma M. Riccucci]]. Managing Diversity in Public Sector Workforces. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2002</ref>

Affirmative action was first created from [[Executive Order 10925]], which was signed by President [[John F. Kennedy]] on 6 March 1961 and required that government employers "not discriminate against any employee or applicant for employment because of race, creed, color, or national origin" and "take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed and that employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin" but did not require or permit group preferences.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://shfg.org/shfg/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/4-MacLaury-design4-new_Layout-1.pdf|title=President Kennedy's E.O.10925: Seedbed of Affirmative Action|publisher=Society for History in the Federal Government|access-date=27 September 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083942/http://shfg.org/shfg/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/4-MacLaury-design4-new_Layout-1.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| publisher = U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
| title = Executive Order 10925 – Establishing The President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity
| url = http://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/history/35th/thelaw/eo-10925.html
| access-date = 5 February 2010
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100527213307/http://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/history/35th/thelaw/eo-10925.html
| archive-date = 27 May 2010
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

On 24 September 1965, President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] signed [[Executive Order 11246]], thereby replacing [[Executive Order 10925]], but continued to use the same terminology that did not require or permit group preferences.<ref name="The Federal Register">{{cite web |title=Executive Order 11246—Equal employment opportunity |url=https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/codification/executive-order/11246.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330083544/http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/codification/executive-order/11246.html |archive-date=30 March 2010 |access-date=5 February 2010 |work=The Federal Register}}</ref> Affirmative action was extended to sex by [[Executive Order 11375]] which amended Executive Order 11246 on 13 October 1967, by adding "sex" to the list of protected categories. In the U.S., affirmative action's original purpose was to pressure institutions into compliance with the nondiscrimination mandate of the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]].<ref name="Affirmative Action"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://lcrm.lib.unc.edu/blog/index.php/2012/09/24/executive-order-11246-and-affirmative-action/|title=Executive Order 11246 and Affirmative Action « Publishing the Long Civil Rights Movement|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019155311/https://lcrm.lib.unc.edu/blog/index.php/2012/09/24/executive-order-11246-and-affirmative-action/|archive-date=19 October 2014}}</ref> The Civil Rights Acts do not cover discrimination based on veteran status, disabilities, or age that is 40 years and older. These groups may be protected from discrimination under different laws.<ref name="EmployeeIssues.com">{{cite web|url=http://employeeissues.com/discrimination_laws.htm|title=Federal Employment Discrimination Laws|publisher=EmployeeIssues.com|access-date=18 May 2010}}</ref>

Some colleges use financial criteria to attract racial groups that have typically been under-represented and typically have lower living conditions. Some states such as California ([[California Civil Rights Initiative]]), Michigan ([[Michigan Civil Rights Initiative]]), and Washington ([[Initiative 200]]) have passed constitutional amendments banning public institutions, including public schools, from practicing affirmative action within their respective states.<ref name="pew">{{cite web |last1=DeSilver |first1=Drew |title=Supreme Court says states can ban affirmative action; 8 already have |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/04/22/supreme-court-says-states-can-ban-affirmative-action-8-already-have/ |website=Pew Research Center |publisher=The Pew Charitable Trusts |access-date=24 October 2021 |date=22 April 2014}}</ref>

Since the 1990s, conservative groups have increasingly suggested that college quotas have been used to illegally discriminate against people on the basis of race and have launched numerous lawsuits to stop them.<ref>{{cite book|author=Steven M. Teles|title=The Rise of the Conservative Legal Movement: The Battle for Control of the Law|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MTps-NK20jAC&pg=PA235|year=2010|publisher=Princeton University Press|pages=235–37|isbn=978-1400829699}}</ref> In 2003, a Supreme Court decision regarding affirmative action in higher education (''[[Grutter v. Bollinger]]'', 539 US 244 – Supreme Court 2003) permitted educational institutions to consider race as a factor when admitting students.<ref name="Supct.law.cornell.edu">{{cite web |date=27 June 2002 |title=Highlights of the 2002–2003 Supreme Court Term |url=https://supct.law.cornell.edu/supct/03highlts.html#2 |access-date=1 September 2013 |publisher=Supct.law.cornell.edu}}</ref> In 2014, the U.S. Supreme Court held that "States may choose to prohibit the consideration of racial preferences in governmental decisions". By that time, eight states (Oklahoma, New Hampshire, Arizona, Colorado, Nebraska, Michigan, Florida, Washington, and California) had already banned affirmative action.<ref name="pew" /> On 29 June 2023, the Supreme Court ruled 6–2 that the use of race in college admissions is unconstitutional under the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment in ''[[Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-29 |title=Supreme Court bans colleges from considering race in admissions |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/supreme-court-strike-affirmative-action-university-b2366556.html |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref>

=== Oceania ===

==== New Zealand ====
Individuals of [[Māori people|Māori]] or other [[Polynesia]]n descent are often afforded improved access to university courses, or have scholarships earmarked specifically for them. Such access to University courses have in the past faced criticism, particularly at the University of Auckland due to a phenomenon known as Mismatch theory, accusations of setting the kids up to fail have been made due to a lack of transparency as to the preferred groups graduation rates and the university informing the students of such historical statistics dating back to the 1970s.<ref>Sowell, T. (1990). Preferential policies: An international perspective. William Morrow and Company.</ref><ref name=cre>{{cite web|title=Affirmative action around the world|url=http://www.catalystmagazine.org/Default.aspx.LocID-0hgnew0l0.RefLocID-0hg01b001006009.Lang-EN.htm|work=Catalyst|publisher=Commission for Racial Equality|author=Commission for Racial Equality|author-link=Commission for Racial Equality|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070125034907/http://www.catalystmagazine.org/Default.aspx.LocID-0hgnew0l0.RefLocID-0hg01b001006009.Lang-EN.htm|archive-date=25 January 2007|date=29 September 2006}} [http://www.juliushonnor.com/catalyst/Default.aspx.LocID-0hgnew0l0.RefLocID-0hg01b001006009.Lang-EN.htm Alt URL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014071745/http://www.juliushonnor.com/catalyst/Default.aspx.LocID-0hgnew0l0.RefLocID-0hg01b001006009.Lang-EN.htm |date=14 October 2016 }}</ref>

Affirmative action is provided for under section 73 of the [[Human Rights Act 1993]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1993/0082/latest/DLM304672.html |title=Human Rights Act 1993 No 82 (as of 1 July 2013), Public Act 73 Measures to ensure equality – New Zealand Legislation |publisher=Legislation.govt.nz |date=1 July 2013 |access-date=1 September 2013}}</ref> and section 19(2) of the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1990/0109/latest/DLM225519.html |title=New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 No 109 (as of 1 July 2013), Public Act 19 Freedom from discrimination – New Zealand Legislation |publisher=Legislation.govt.nz |date=1 July 2013 |access-date=1 September 2013}}</ref> Affirmative action in New Zealand is most often carried out indirectly by encouraging those in groups favored by affirmative action to get jobs in sectors they are underrepresented in.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2022-04-13 |title=Is positive discrimination lawful in New Zealand? |url=https://www.laneneave.co.nz/news-events/is-positive-discrimination-lawful-in-new-zealand/ |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=Lane Neave |language=en-US}}</ref> Diversity Awards NZ is an organization in New Zealand whose goal is to " celebrate excellence in workplace diversity, equity and inclusion."<ref>{{Cite web |last=DiversityWorks |title=Diversity Awards NZ™ |url=https://diversityworksnz.org.nz/diversity-awards-nz/ |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=DiversityWorks |language=en-nz}}</ref>

Under section 73 of the Human Rights Act 1993, affirmative action would be permissible if:<ref name=":6" />

# Done in good faith;
# For the purpose of assisting individuals or groups with a characteristic pertaining to a prohibited ground of discrimination; and
# The individuals or groups in question need (or may reasonably be supposed to need) assistance in order to achieve an equal place with other members of the community.

=== South America ===

==== Brazil ====
{{Further|Vestibular exam#Racial quotas}}

Some Brazilian universities (state and federal) have created systems of preferred admissions (quotas) for racial minorities (blacks and Amerindians), the poor and people with disabilities. There are also quotas of up to 20% of vacancies reserved for people with disabilities in the civil public services.<ref>{{cite web|last =Plummer|first= Robert|url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/5357842.stm |title = Black Brazil Seeks a Better Future|work = BBC News|location = São Paulo|date= 25 September 2006}}</ref> The [[Democrats (Brazil)|Democrats]] party, accusing the board of directors of the [[University of Brasília]] for "resurrecting Nazist ideals", appealed to the [[Supreme Federal Court]] against the [[constitutionality]] of the quotas the university reserves for minorities.<ref>{{cite web|author=Por Rodrigo Haidar e Filipe Coutinho |url=http://www.conjur.com.br/2009-jul-20/dem-unb-ressuscitou-ideais-nazistas-suspensao-matriculas |title=DEM entra com ADPF contra cotas raciais |date=20 July 2009 |language=pt |publisher= Conjur.com.br |access-date=11 April 2012}}</ref> The Supreme Court unanimously approved their constitutionality on 26 April 2012.<ref>{{cite web | author= Débora Santos |url =http://g1.globo.com/vestibular-e-educacao/noticia/2012/04/stf-decide-por-unanimidade-pela-constitucionalidade-das-cotas-raciais.html | title=Supremo decide pro unanimidade pela constiucionalidade das cotas |language=pt| publisher=g1.globo.com | access-date=3 June 2012|date =26 April 2012 }}</ref>

== International organizations ==

=== United Nations ===
The International [[Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination]] stipulates (in Article 2.2) that affirmative action programs may be required of countries that ratified the convention, in order to rectify systematic discrimination. It states, however, that such programs "shall in no case entail as a consequence the maintenance of unequal or separate rights for different racial groups after the objectives for which they were taken have been achieved".<ref name="unhchr.ch">United Nations Committee on Human Rights, [http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/3888b0541f8501c9c12563ed004b8d0e?Opendocument General Comment 18 on Non-discrimination, Paragraph 10]</ref>

The [[United Nations Human Rights Committee]] states that "the principle of equality sometimes requires States parties to take affirmative action in order to diminish or eliminate conditions which cause or help to perpetuate discrimination prohibited by the Covenant. For example, in a State where the general conditions of a certain part of the population prevent or impair their enjoyment of human rights, the State should take specific action to correct those conditions. Such action may involve granting for a time to the part of the population concerned certain preferential treatment in specific matters as compared with the rest of the population. However, as long as such action is needed to correct discrimination, in fact, it is a case of legitimate differentiation under the Covenant."<ref name="unhchr.ch"/>

== Responses ==
Proponents of affirmative action say it aims to promote societal equality through the preferential treatment of socioeconomically disadvantaged people. Often, these people are disadvantaged for historical reasons, such as oppression or slavery.<ref name="Christophe Jaffrelot pg. 321">Christophe Jaffrelot, India's Silent Revolution: The rise of lower castes in northern India, p. 321. 2003</ref>
Historically and internationally, support for affirmative action has sought to achieve a range of goals: bridging inequalities in employment and pay; increasing access to education; enriching state, institutional, and professional leadership with the full spectrum of society; redressing apparent past wrongs, harms, or hindrances, in particular addressing the apparent social imbalance left in the wake of slavery and slave laws.<ref name=twsL13 /><ref name="Melvin 2020" /><ref name="clinton2.nara.gov" /> Critics of affirmative action have suggested that affirmative action hinders reconciliation, replaces old wrongs with new wrongs, undermines the achievements of minorities, and encourages individuals to identify themselves as disadvantaged, even if they are not. It may increase racial tension and benefit the more privileged people within [[minority group]]s at the expense of the least fortunate within majority groups.<ref name="Cultural Whiplash 2006">''Cultural Whiplash: Unforeseen Consequences of America's Crusade Against Racial Discrimination'' / Patrick Garry (2006) {{ISBN|1-58182-569-2}}</ref>

A 2017 study of temporary federal affirmative action regulation in the United States estimated that the regulation "increases the black share of employees over time: in 5 years after an establishment is first regulated, the black share of employees increases by an average of 0.8 percentage points. Strikingly, the black share continues to grow at a similar pace even after an establishment is deregulated. [The author] argue[s] that this persistence is driven in part by affirmative action inducing employers to improve their methods for screening potential hires."<ref name="Miller 2017">{{Cite journal|title=The Persistent Effect of Temporary Affirmative Action|journal=American Economic Journal: Applied Economics|volume=9|issue=3|pages=152–190|doi=10.1257/app.20160121|year=2017|last1=Miller|first1=Conrad|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Journalist [[Vann R. Newkirk II]] says that critics of affirmative action often claim court cases such as ''[[Fisher v. University of Texas (2016)|Fisher v. University of Texas]]'', which held that colleges have some discretion to consider race when making admissions decisions, demonstrate that discrimination occurs in the name of affirmative action. He says this is one of several "misconceptions" often used to engender "white resentment" in opposition to affirmative action.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Newkirk |first1=Vann R. |title=The Myth of Reverse Racism: The idea of white victimhood is increasingly central to the debate over affirmative action |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2017/08/myth-of-reverse-racism/535689/ |access-date=2 March 2019 |magazine=The Atlantic |date=5 August 2017}}</ref>

According to scholar George Sher, some critics of affirmative action say that it devalues the accomplishments of individuals chosen only based on the social groups to which they belong rather than their qualifications.<ref name="Sher, George 1983, p.40">Sher, George, "Preferential Hiring", in Tom Regan (ed.), Just Business: New Introductory Essays in Business Ethics, Philadelphia, Temple University Press, 1983, p. 40.</ref><ref name=sowell>{{cite book |last1=Sowell |first1=Thomas |title=Affirmative Action Around the World |date=2004 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0300107753|title-link=Affirmative Action Around the World }}</ref> Legal scholar Tseming Yang and others have discussed the challenges of fraudulent self-identification when implementing affirmative action policies. Yang suggests that because some individuals from non-preferred groups may designate themselves as members of preferred groups to access the benefits of such programs, this requires the "necessary evil" of verifying individuals' race to prevent this.<ref name=sowell/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Tseming |title=Choice and Fraud in Racial Identification: The Dilemma of Policing Race in Affirmative Action, the Census, and a Color-Blind Society |journal=Michigan Journal of Race and Law |date=2006 |volume=11 |pages=367 |url=https://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1718&context=facpubs |access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref> Critics of affirmative action also suggest that programs may benefit the members of the targeted group that least need the benefit—that is, those who have the greatest social, economic and educational advantages within the targeted group—or may lead the beneficiaries of affirmative action to conclude that it is unnecessary to work as hard, and those who do not benefit may perceive hard work as futile.<ref name=sowell/> Political scientist [[Charles Murray (political scientist)|Charles Murray]] has said that beneficiaries are often wholly unqualified for the opportunity made available, citing [[The Bell Curve|his belief]] in [[scientific racism|the innate differences between races]]. He reaffirmed these views in his essay "The Advantages of Social [[Apartheid]]", in which he advocates separation of people based on [[race and intelligence]].<ref name=murray>{{cite web |title=Charles Murray |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/charles-murray |website=Southern Poverty Law Center |access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref>

=== Mismatching ===
''Mismatching'' is the proposed negative effect affirmative action has when it places a student into a college that is too difficult for them based on meeting quotas, which may increase the chance they drop out or fail the course, thus hurting the intended beneficiaries of affirmative action. According to this theory, in the absence of affirmative action, a student may be admitted to a college that matches their academic ability and therefore has a better chance of graduating.<ref name="latimes.com">[https://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/la-oe-sander26sep26,0,3998908.story?coll=la-opinion-center Does affirmative action hurt minorities?], ''Los Angeles Times'', 26 September 2007</ref><ref name="Quotas on trial">[http://www.jewishworldreview.com/cols/sowell010803.asp Quotas on trial], by Thomas Sowell, 8 January 2003</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite journal |last1=Heriot |first1=Gail L. |author-link1=Gail Heriot |title=Want to Be a Doctor? A Scientist? An Engineer? An Affirmative Action Leg Up May Hurt Your Chances |journal=Engage |date=December 2010 |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=18–25 |ssrn=3112683 |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3112683 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=murray/><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121004223026/https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2012/10/the-painful-truth-about-affirmative-action/263122/ The Painful Truth About Affirmative Action], The Atlantic, 2 October 2012</ref>

In 2017, researcher Andrew J. Hill found that affirmative action bans resulted in a reduction in minority students completing four-year STEM degrees, and suggests this indicates that the mismatch hypothesis is unfounded. He says this is evidence that affirmative action may be effective in "some circumstances", such as in encouraging greater minority engagement in STEM degrees.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hill |first1=Andrew J. |title=State affirmative action bans and STEM degree completions |journal=Economics of Education Review |date=1 April 2017 |volume=57 |pages=31–40 |doi=10.1016/j.econedurev.2017.01.003 }}</ref> In 2020, researcher Zachary Bleemer found that an affirmative action ban in California (Prop 209) had resulted in average wage drops of 5% annually among underrepresented minorities aged 24–34 in STEM industries, especially effecting Hispanic people.<ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Bleemer |first1=Zachary |title=Affirmative Action, Mismatch, and Economic Mobility after California's Proposition 209 |date=2020 |ssrn=3484530 }}</ref><ref name="auto"/>

In 2007, [[Gail Heriot]], a professor of law at the [[University of San Diego]] and a member of the [[U.S. Commission on Civil Rights]], discussed the evidence in support of mismatching in law courses. She pointed to a study by [[Richard Sander]] which suggests there were 7.9% fewer Black attorneys than if there had been no affirmative action.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Heriot |first1=Gail |title=Affirmative Action Backfires |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118792252575507571 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=24 August 2007 }}</ref> Sander suggests that mismatching meant Black students were more likely to drop out of law school and fail bar exams.<ref name=Sander>{{cite journal |last1=Sander |first1=Richard H. |title=A Systemic Analysis of Affirmative Action in American Law Schools |journal=Stanford Law Review |date=2004 |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=367–483 |url=https://www.stanfordlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2010/01/Sander.pdf |jstor=40040209 }}</ref> Sander's paper on mismatching has been criticized by several law professors, including [[Ian Ayres]] and Richard Brooks from Yale, who argue that eliminating affirmative action would actually reduce the number of
Black lawyers by 12.7%. Furthermore, they suggest that students attending higher ranking colleges do better than those who don't.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fisman |first=Ray |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/jurisprudence/2005/04/sanding_down_sander.html |title=Slate.com |publisher=Slate.com |access-date=11 April 2012|date=29 April 2005 }}</ref> A 2008 study by [[Jesse Rothstein]] and Albert H. Yoon said Sander's results were "plausible", but said that eliminating affirmative action would "lead to a 63 percent decline in black matriculants at all law schools and a 90 percent decline at elite law schools". They dismissed the mismatch theory, concluding that "one cannot credibly invoke mismatch effects to argue that there are no benefits" to affirmative action.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2008/09/03/affirm | title=Attacking the 'Mismatch' Critique of Affirmative Action | work=Inside Higher Education | date=3 September 2008 | access-date=27 January 2016 | author=Jaschik, Scott | archive-date=13 December 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213085052/https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2008/09/03/affirm | url-status=dead }}</ref> In a 2016 review of previous studies by [[Peter Arcidiacono]] and Michael Lovenheim, they suggested that more African-American students attending less-selective schools would significantly improve first-attempt pass rates at the [[State bar association|state bar]], but cautioned that such improvements could be outweighed by decreases in law school attendance.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Arcidiacono |first1=Peter |last2=Lovenheim |first2=Michael |title=Affirmative Action and the Quality–Fit Trade-off |journal=Journal of Economic Literature |date=1 March 2016 |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=3–51 |doi=10.1257/jel.54.1.3 |s2cid=1876963 }}</ref>

A 2011 study of data held by Duke University said there was no evidence of mismatch, and proposed that mismatch could only occur if a selective school possessed private information about students' prospects at the college which it failed to share. Providing such information to prospective students would avoid mismatch because the students could choose another school that was a better match.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Arcidiacono |first1=Peter |last2=Aucejo |first2=Esteban M. |last3=Fang |first3=Hanming |last4=Spenner |first4=Kenneth I. |title=Does affirmative action lead to mismatch? A new test and evidence |journal=Quantitative Economics |date=November 2011 |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=303–333 |doi=10.3982/QE83 |doi-access=free |hdl=10419/150323 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> A 2016 study on affirmative action in India said there was no evidence for the mismatching hypothesis.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bagde |first1=Surendrakumar |last2=Epple |first2=Dennis |last3=Taylor |first3=Lowell |title=Does Affirmative Action Work? Caste, Gender, College Quality, and Academic Success in India |journal=American Economic Review |date=1 June 2016 |volume=106 |issue=6 |pages=1495–1521 |doi=10.1257/aer.20140783 |url=https://www.aeaweb.org/articles/attachments?retrieve=_ipe5iZhjGakTC0SaPxwDx2piOS0fkOa }}</ref>

=== Polls ===
According to a poll taken by ''[[USA Today]]'' in 2005, the majority of Americans supported affirmative action for women, while views on [[minority group]]s were more split.<ref name="usatoday.com">{{cite web |date=20 May 2005 |title=Usatoday.Com |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/polls/tables/live/0623.htm |access-date=28 April 2014 |publisher=Usatoday.Com}}</ref> Men are only slightly more likely to support affirmative action for women, though a majority of both do.<ref name="usatoday.com"/> However, a slight majority of Americans do believe that affirmative action goes beyond ensuring access and goes into the realm of preferential treatment.<ref name="usatoday.com"/> Also in 2005, a [[The Gallup Organization|Gallup]] poll showed that 72% of black Americans and 44% of white Americans supported racial affirmative action (with 21% and 49% opposing), with support and opposition among [[Hispanic people]] falling between those of black people and white people. Support among black people, unlike among white people, had almost no correlation with political affiliation.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jones |first=Jeffrey M. |date=23 August 2005 |title=Race, Ideology, and Support for Affirmative Action |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/18091/race-ideology-support-affirmative-action.aspx |access-date=11 March 2013 |publisher=[[The Gallup Organization|Gallup]]}}</ref>

A Quinnipiac poll from June 2009 found that 55% of Americans felt that affirmative action, in general, should be discontinued, though 55% supported it for people with disabilities.<ref name="june32009">{{cite web |date=3 June 2009 |title=U.S. Voters Disagree 3-1 With Sotomayor On Key Case, Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds; Most Say Abolish Affirmative Action |url=https://poll.qu.edu/national/release-detail?ReleaseID=1307 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424203526/https://poll.qu.edu/national/release-detail?ReleaseID=1307 |archive-date=Apr 24, 2021 |publisher=Quinnipiac University Poll}}</ref> The [[Quinnipiac University Polling Institute]] survey found 65% of American voters opposed the application of affirmative action to homosexuals, with 27% indicating they supported it.<ref name="june32009"/>

A Leger poll taken in 2010 found 59% of Canadians opposed considering race, gender, or ethnicity when hiring for government jobs.<ref>{{cite news |last=Akin |first=David |author-link=David Akin |date=12 August 2010 |title=Canadians against job hiring quotas |url=http://www.torontosun.com/news/canada/2010/08/12/14998311.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104145049/http://www.torontosun.com/news/canada/2010/08/12/14998311.html |archive-date=4 November 2012 |newspaper=Toronto Sun}}</ref>

A 2014 [[Pew Research Center]] poll found that 63% of Americans thought affirmative action programs aimed at increasing minority representation on college campuses were "a good thing", compared to 30% who thought they were "a bad thing".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Drake |first=Bruce |date=22 April 2014 |title=Public strongly backs affirmative action programs on campus |url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/04/22/public-strongly-backs-affirmative-action-programs-on-campus/ |access-date=16 March 2017 |website=Pew Research Center}}</ref> The following year, [[Gallup (company)|Gallup]] released a poll showing that 67% of Americans supported affirmative action programs aimed at increasing female representation, compared to 58% who supported such programs aimed at increasing the representation of racial minorities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Riffkin |first=Rebecca |date=26 August 2015 |title=Higher Support for Gender Affirmative Action Than Race |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/184772/higher-support-gender-affirmative-action-race.aspx |access-date=16 March 2017 |website=Gallup}}</ref>

A 2019 Pew Research Center poll found 73% of Americans believe race or ethnicity should not factor into college admissions decisions.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 June 2023 |title=More Americans Disapprove Than Approve of Colleges Considering Race, Ethnicity in Admissions Decisions |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2023/06/08/more-americans-disapprove-than-approve-of-colleges-considering-race-ethnicity-in-admissions-decisions/}}</ref> A few years later in 2022, a Pew Research Center poll found that 74% of Americans believe race or ethnicity should not factor into college admissions decisions.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 April 2022 |title=As courts weigh affirmative action, grades and test scores seen as top factors in college admissions |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2022/04/26/u-s-public-continues-to-view-grades-test-scores-as-top-factors-in-college-admissions/}}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=28em}}
* [[Achievement gap in the United States]]
* [[Affirmative action bake sale]]
* [[Anti-discrimination law]]
* [[Anti-racism]]
* [[Coate–Loury model]]
* [[Civil and political rights]]
* [[Civil liberties]]
* [[History of civil rights in the United States]]
** [[Civil rights movement]]
* [[Disability rights movement]]
* [[Discrimination in the United States]]
** [[Racism in the United States]]
** [[Religious discrimination in the United States]]
* [[Diversity, equity, and inclusion]], the successor policy which replaced Affirmative Action
** [[Diversity (business)]]
** [[Diversity training]]
* [[Economic discrimination]]
* [[Equal opportunity]]
* [[Ethnic penalty]]
* [[Gender equality]]
** [[Women's rights]]
* [[Legacy preferences]]
* [[Men's rights movement]]
* [[Minority rights]]
* [[Multiculturalism]]
* [[Multiracialism]]
* [[Numerus clausus]]
** [[Jewish quota]]
* [[Political correctness]]
* [[Positive liberty]]
* [[Progressive stack]]
* [[Quotaism]]
** [[Racial quota]]
* [[Race and intelligence]]
* [[Gerrymandering#Racial gerrymandering 2|Racial gerrymandering]]
* [[Reasonable accommodation]]
* [[Reverse racism]]
* [[Special measures for gender equality in the United Nations]]
* [[Strong-basis-in-evidence standard]]
* [[Social justice]]
* [[Substantive equality]]
* [[Tokenism]]
* [[White backlash]]
** [[Angry white male]]
* [[White guilt]]
** [[Reparations for slavery]]
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Further|Diversity, equity, and inclusion#Further reading}}
* {{Cite journal | last = Anderson | first = Elizabeth S. | author-link = Elizabeth S. Anderson | title = Integration, affirmative action, and strict scrutiny | journal = [[New York University Law Review|NYU Law Review]] | volume = 77 | pages = 1195–271 | year = 2002 | url = http://www.nyulawreview.org/issues/volume-77-number-5/integration-affirmative-action-and-strict-scrutiny | ref = none }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402131822/http://www.nyulawreview.org/sites/default/files/pdf/NYULawReview-77-5-Anderson.pdf Pdf.]
* {{cite book |last=Anderson |first=Kristin J. |title=Benign Bigotry: The Psychology of Subtle Prejudice |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |isbn=978-0-52-187835-7 |pages=278–334 |chapter='Affirmative Action is reverse racism': The myth of merit |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_STPJNHE5fAC&q=%22reverse+racism%22&pg=PA278}}
* {{cite book | last = Anderson | first = Terry H. | title = The pursuit of fairness: a history of affirmative action | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford New York | year = 2004 | isbn = 9780195157642 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/pursuitoffairnes00ande }}, a standard scholarly history
* Bernstein, David E. (2022) Classified: The untold story of racial classification in America. Bombardier Books, NY. ISBN 1637581734.
* {{citation | last1 = Boxill | first1 = Bernard | last2 = Boxill | first2 = Jan | contribution = Affirmative action | editor1-last = Frey | editor1-first = R.G. | editor2-last = Heath Wellman | editor2-first = Christopher | title = A companion to applied ethics | pages = [https://archive.org/details/companiontoappli0000unse/page/89 89–101] | publisher = Blackwell Publishing | series = Blackwell Companions to Philosophy | location = Oxford, UK Malden, Massachusetts | year = 2005 | doi = 10.1002/9780470996621.ch9 | isbn = 9781405133456 | ref = none | postscript = . | url = https://archive.org/details/companiontoappli0000unse/page/89 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Bolick |first=Clint |author-link= Clint Bolick |editor-first=Ronald |editor-last=Hamowy |editor-link=Ronald Hamowy |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC |year=2008 |publisher= [[SAGE Publishing|Sage]]; [[Cato Institute]] |location= Thousand Oaks, California |doi= 10.4135/9781412965811.n5|isbn= 978-1-4129-6580-4 |oclc=750831024| lccn = 2008009151 |pages=6–8 |chapter=Affirmative Action }}
* {{cite web | last = Bossuyt | first = Marc | author-link = Marc Bossuyt | title = United Nations Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151016080556/http://www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/TestFrame/0aaa7775daf0bcebc1256c0c0031c5bd?Opendocument | archive-date = 16 October 2015 | url = http://www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/TestFrame/0aaa7775daf0bcebc1256c0c0031c5bd?Opendocument | publisher = [[United Nations Economic and Social Council|UN Economic and Social Council]] | date = 17 June 2002 }} E/CN.4/Sub.2/2002/21 [https://web.archive.org/web/20140319035719/http://www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/0/0aaa7775daf0bcebc1256c0c0031c5bd/%24FILE/G0214014.pdf Pdf.]
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Condit | first1 = Deirdre M. | last2 = Condit | first2 = Celeste M. | last3 = Achter | first3 = Paul J. | title = Human equality, affirmative action, and genetic models of human variation | journal = Rhetoric & Public Affairs | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | pages = 85–108 | doi = 10.1353/rap.2001.0003 | jstor = 41939651 | date =Spring 2001 | s2cid = 144851327 | ref = none }}
* Dobbin, Frank. ''Inventing equal opportunity'' (Princeton UP, 2009), scholarly history argues that Congress and the courts followed the lead of programs created by corporations.
* {{cite book | editor1-last = Featherman | editor1-first = David L. | editor2-last = Hall | editor2-first = Martin | editor3-last = Krislov | editor3-first = Marvin | title = The next twenty-five years: affirmative action in higher education in the United States and South Africa | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780472033775 | url-access = registration | publisher = University of Michigan Press | location = Ann Arbor | year = 2010 | isbn = 9780472033775 }} [http://www.press.umich.edu/titleDetailDesc.do?id=229720 Details.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100607194017/http://www.press.umich.edu/titleDetailDesc.do?id=229720 |date=7 June 2010 }}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Ghorbal | first1 = Karim | title = Essence coloniale d'une politique contemporaine: pour une approche fanonienne de la discrimination positive en France | journal = Culture & History Digital Journal | volume = 4 | issue = 2 | pages = e016 | doi = 10.3989/chdj.2015.016 | date = 2015 | ref = none | doi-access = free }}
* Gillon, Steven M. "The strange career of affirmative action: the Civil Rights Act of 1964" in his '' "That's Not What We Meant to Do": Reform and Its Unintended Consequences in Twentieth-Century America'' WW Norton, 2000) pp. 120–162.
* {{cite thesis | degree = PhD | last = Golland | first = David Hamilton | date = 2008 | title = Constructing affirmative action: federal contract compliance and the building construction trades, 1956–1973 |publisher= [[City University of New York]] | oclc = 279305174 }} Order No. DA3325474.
* {{Cite journal | last = Harpalani | first = Vinay | title = Diversity within racial groups and the constitutionality of race-conscious admissions | journal = [[University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law]] | volume = 15 | issue = 2 | pages = 463–537 | date = November 2012 | url = http://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/jcl/vol15/iss2/3/ | ref = none }}
* {{Cite journal | last = Harpalani | first = Vinay | title = Fisher's fishing expedition | journal = [[University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law]] | volume = 15 | issue = 1 | pages = 57–74 | date = February 2013 | url = http://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/jcl_online/vol15/iss1/5/ | ref = none }} [https://www.law.upenn.edu/live/files/1687-harpalani15upajconstlheightscrutiny572013pdf Pdf]
* Harper, Shannon, and Barbara Reskin. "Affirmative action at school and on the job." ''Annual Review of Sociology'' . 31 (2005): 357-379. [https://scholar.archive.org/work/5cntzwetj5ahvmm3s6ko2u4cwu/access/wayback/http://www.uiowa.edu/~c07b154/harper_and_reskin.pdf online]
* {{cite journal |last1=Heriot |first1=Gail L. |last2=Somin |first2=Alison |title=Affirmative Action for Men?: Strange Silences and Strange Bedfellows in the Public Debate Over Discrimination Against Women in College Admissions |date=November 28, 2011 |journal=Engage |volume=12 |issue=3 |ssrn=2891107 }}
* {{cite thesis |last1=Hubbard |first1=William Gary |title=Affirmative action : the law and politics of equality |date=1978 |url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/dissertations/AAI7910502/ }}
* Katznelson, Ira. ''When Affirmative Action Was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth-Century America'' (W. W. Norton, 2006)
* Okechukwu, Amaka. ''To fulfill these rights: Political struggle over affirmative action and open admissions'' (Columbia UP, 2019).
* Parashar, Sakshi. "Affirmative Action and Social Discrimination: A Functional Comparative Study of India, USA and South Africa." in ''Comparative Approaches in Law and Policy'' (Springer Nature Singapore, 2023) pp. 171–187.
* Pierce, Jennifer. ''Racing for innocence: Whiteness, gender, and the backlash against affirmative action'' (Stanford University Press, 2012).[https://books.google.com/books?id=TvyGv9JbRs0C&dq=Affirmative&pg=PR7 online]
* {{Cite journal | last = Pollak | first = Oliver B. | title = Antisemitism, the Harvard Plan, and the roots of reverse discrimination | journal = Jewish Social Studies | volume = 45 | issue = 2 | pages = 113–22 | date = 1983 | jstor = 4467214 | ref = none }}
* Rubio, Philip F. ''A History of Affirmative Action, 1619-2000'' (University Press of Mississippi, 2001) [https://archive.org/details/historyofaffirma0000rubi_j5h1 online]
* [[Thomas Sowell|Sowell, Thomas.]] ''Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study'' (Yale University Press) analysis by a conservative
* {{cite journal |last1=Stohler |first1=Stephan |title=Untangling the Partisan Roots of Affirmative Action |journal=Polity |date=January 2021 |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=41–74 |doi=10.1086/712211 }}
* Thurber, Timothy M. "Racial Liberalism, Affirmative Action, and the Troubled History of the President's Committee on Government Contracts." ''Journal of Policy History'' 18.4 (2006): 446-476.
* {{cite book | last = Vieth-Entus | first = Susanne | title = Sozialquote: Berliner Gymnasien sollen mehr Schüler aus armen Familien aufnehmen | date = 29 December 2008 }} Der Tagesspiegel
* {{cite book |last1=Weiss |first1=Robert J. |title='We Want Jobs': A History of Affirmative Action |date=1997 |publisher=Garland Pub. |isbn=978-0-8153-2750-9 }}
* {{cite journal |id={{ERIC|EJ360259}} |last1=Weiss |first1=Robert J. |title=Affirmative Action: A Brief History |journal=Journal of Intergroup Relations |date=1987 |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=40–53 }}

===Primary sources===
* Robinson, Jo Ann, ed. ''Affirmative action : a documentary history'' (2001)

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://archive.org/details/ERIC_EJ682488/mode/2up?view=theater "Affirmative Action: History and Analysis" (2003)] for secondary and middle schools
* {{cite SEP |url-id=affirmative-action |title=Affirmative Action}}, for graduate students
* [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/affirm/affirm.htm Affirmative Action] collected news and commentary at ''[[The Washington Post]]''
* [https://archive.today/20130113061528/http://www.pbs.org/now/shows/434/index.html Does the success of Barack Obama mean we no longer need affirmative action?] NOW on PBS investigates
* [http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160518092243/http://cle.ens-lsh.fr/29902590/0/fiche___pagelibre/&RH=CDL_ANG020000 An interview with Professor Randall Kennedy about the presidency of Barack Obama and affirmative action] Clifford Armion for La Clé des langues.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070615173751/http://www.minorityrights.org/admin/Download/pdf/MRG_RomaBriefing2006.pdf Substantive Equality, Positive Action and Roma Rights in the European Union], Report by Minority Rights Group International
* [[Intelligence Squared]] debate: [http://intelligencesquaredus.org/debates/past-debates/item/1054-affirmative-action-on-campus-does-more-harm-than-good Affirmative Action on Campus Does More Harm than Good] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723005625/http://intelligencesquaredus.org/debates/past-debates/item/1054-affirmative-action-on-campus-does-more-harm-than-good |date=23 July 2016 }}
{{Discrimination}}{{Employment}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Affirmative Action}}
[[Category:Affirmative action| ]]
[[Category:Discrimination]]
[[Category:Egalitarianism]]
[[Category:Industrial and organizational psychology]]
[[Category:Liberalism]]
[[Category:Liberalism in the United States]]
[[Category:Liberalism in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Majority–minority relations]]
[[Category:Race and law]]
[[Category:Social justice]]

Manjula Reddy

2026-03-05T15:13:27Z

Agamx: put up new info...

{{short description|Indian bacterial geneticist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox scientist
| image= Dr. Manjula Reddy.tif
| name = Manjula Reddy
| doctoral_advisor = [[Jayaraman Gowrishankar]]
| alma_mater = [[St Francis College for Women]] (BSc)
[[University of Hyderabad]] (MSc)
[[Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology]] (PhD)
| known_for = Discovery of a key hydrolytic enzyme involved in bacterial cell wall growth
| fields = [[Microbiology]], Bacterial Genetics
| awards = [[Infosys Prize]] in Life Sciences (2019)
| Institutions =
}}
'''Manjula Reddy''' (born 1965)<ref name=":1" /> is an Indian bacterial geneticist. She is the chief scientist at the [[Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology]] in [[Hyderabad]], India. In 2019, she won the [[Infosys Prize#Laureates in Life Sciences|Infosys Prize in Life Sciences]] for her work on bacterial cell wall structure and synthesis. She is a Fellow of the Telangana Academy of Sciences and the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]].

== Education and career ==
Manjula Reddy earned her PhD from the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology in 2002. She started her own lab at the institution in 2007.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|last1=Jayaraj|first1=Nandita|last2=Shah|first2=Mrinal|date=2020-02-07|title=Meet the two women scientists who won the Infosys Prize this year|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/meet-the-two-women-scientists-who-won-the-infosys-prize-this-year/article30760728.ece|access-date=2020-06-28|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
== Research ==
Manjula Reddy conducts research on bacterial [[Cell wall|cell walls]].<ref name=":5" />

She identified a novel "spacemaker" enzyme encoded by the [[open reading frame]] called MepK in ''[[Escherichia coli]].'' She found that this enzyme hydrolyses certain cross-links in [[peptidoglycan]] thereby allowing the bacterial cell wall to expand.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last1=Chodisetti|first1=Pavan Kumar|last2=Reddy|first2=Manjula|date=2019-04-16|title=Peptidoglycan hydrolase of an unusual cross-link cleavage specificity contributes to bacterial cell wall synthesis|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=116|issue=16|pages=7825–7830|doi=10.1073/pnas.1816893116|pmc=6475434|issn=0027-8424|pmid=30940749|bibcode=2019PNAS..116.7825C |doi-access=free}}</ref> She aims to develop novel antimicrobials that can target the [[peptidoglycan]] synthesis pathway.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Infosys Prize - Laureates 2019 - Manjula Reddy|url=http://www.infosys-science-foundation.com/prize/laureates/2019/manjula-reddy.asp|access-date=2020-06-07|website=www.infosys-science-foundation.com}}</ref> She uses the model organisms ''[[Mycobacterium smegmatis]]'' and [[Escherichia coli]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=CCMB {{!}} Research-Group|url=http://www.ccmb.res.in/People/Research-Group/Manjula-Reddy|access-date=2020-06-07|website=www.ccmb.res.in}}</ref>

She was part of the team of scientists who patented the process for identifying mutagens and anti-mutagens. This process was patented from 1999 to 2018 in the United States. The other scientists in the team were Jayaraman Gowrishankar and Shanti M. Bharatan.<ref>{{Cite patent|title=Process for identifying mutagens and antimutagens|gdate=1998-10-19|country=US|number=5981191
|assign=[[Council of Scientific & Industrial Research]]|inventor1-last=Reddy|inventor1-first=Manjula|inventor2-last=Gowrishankar|inventor2-first=Jayaraman|inventor3-last=Bharatan|inventor3-first=Shanti M.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=CCMB {{!}} Patents|url=http://www.ccmb.res.in/Patents|access-date=2020-06-07|website=www.ccmb.res.in|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607163003/http://www.ccmb.res.in/Patents}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
* [[Infosys Prize#Laureates in Life Sciences|Infosys Prize in Life Sciences]] (2019)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-08|title=CCMB scientist Manjula Reddy wins 2019 Infosys Prize for Life Sciences|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/ccmb-scientist-manjula-reddy-wins-2019-infosys-prize-life-sciences-562121|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-06-28|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Asian Scientist 100]], ''[[Asian Scientist]]'' (2020)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asianscientist.com/as100/ |title=The Asian Scientist 100 |author=  |date= |website= |publisher= [[Asian Scientist]] |access-date= 13 March 2025 |quote= |language= }}</ref>
* Fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] (2020)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Fellowship {{!}} Indian Academy of Sciences|url=https://fellows.ias.ac.in/profile/v/FL2020019|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-06-07|website=www.ias.ac.in}}</ref>
* Fellow of the Telangana Academy of Sciences<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Telangana Academy of Sciences (TAS) Hyderabad|url=http://www.tasc.org.in/updated-fellows.html|access-date=2020-06-07|website=www.tasc.org.in}}</ref>
* Editorial board member of the [[Journal of Bacteriology]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Editorial Board {{!}} Journal of Bacteriology|url=https://jb.asm.org/content/board-editors|access-date=2020-06-07|website=jb.asm.org}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
She has stated in an interview that her father, Mohan Reddy, and her mother were supportive of her career as a scientist.<ref name=":3">{{Citation|title=Interview with Infosys Award 2019 Winner - Smt. Manjula Reddy - CCMB - Trishakti - Acchamga Telugu| date=12 November 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W0vJhZQo3D8|language=en|access-date=2020-06-07}}</ref> She is married to a cardiologist and has two sons.<ref name=":3" />
== Selected publications ==
{{external media|float=right|video1=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FlaqsjhsWuo

Dr.Manjula Reddy presents her research at the first edition of the Infosys Prize 2019 Winners’ Symposium}}

* Chodisetti, Pavan Kumar, and Manjula Reddy. "Peptidoglycan hydrolase of an unusual cross-link cleavage specificity contributes to bacterial cell wall synthesis." ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' 116.16 (2019): 7825-7830.<ref name=":6" />
* Singh, Santosh Kumar, et al. "Regulated proteolysis of a cross-link–specific peptidoglycan hydrolase contributes to bacterial morphogenesis." ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' 112.35 (2015): 10956-10961.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Santosh Kumar|last2=Parveen|first2=Sadiya|last3=SaiSree|first3=L.|last4=Reddy|first4=Manjula|date=2015-09-01|title=Regulated proteolysis of a cross-link–specific peptidoglycan hydrolase contributes to bacterial morphogenesis|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=112|issue=35|pages=10956–10961|doi=10.1073/pnas.1507760112|issn=0027-8424|pmid=26283368|pmc=4568209 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11210956S |doi-access=free}}</ref>
* Reddy, Manjula. "Role of FtsEX in cell division of Escherichia coli: viability of ftsEX mutants is dependent on functional SufI or high osmotic strength." ''Journal of bacteriology'' 189.1 (2007): 98-108.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Reddy|first=Manjula|date=2007-01-01|title=Role of FtsEX in Cell Division of Escherichia coli: Viability of ftsEX Mutants Is Dependent on Functional SufI or High Osmotic Strength|journal=Journal of Bacteriology|language=en|volume=189|issue=1|pages=98–108| pmc=1797223| doi=10.1128/JB.01347-06|issn=0021-9193|pmid=17071757|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, Manjula}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian scientists]]
[[Category:Indian geneticists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:University of Hyderabad alumni]]

Mr Ya Miss

2026-03-03T11:56:39Z

Agamx: brief refine article per sources also and updated info after review

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mr Ya Miss
| image = Mr_ya_miss.jpg
| alt = The poster features Antara Mali and Aftab Shivdasani. The film title appears at bottom.
| caption =
| director = {{ubl|[[Antara Mali]]|Satchit Puranik}}
| producer = {{ubl|[[Ram Gopal Varma]]|Sunil Chainani|[[Sameer Chanda]] {{small|(credited as Sameer Srivastava)}}}}
| writer = Raghuveer Shekhawat {{small|(dialogues)}}
| screenplay = Antara Mali
| story = Antara Mali
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Switch (1991 film)|Switch]]''|[[Blake Edwards]]}}
| starring = {{ubl|Antara Mali|[[Aftab Shivdasani]]|[[Riteish Deshmukh]] {{small|(credited as Ritiesh Deshmukh)}}}}
| music = [[Amar Mohile]]
| cinematography = {{ubl|John Wilmor|Samir Sarkar}}
| editing = Vivek Shah
| studio = {{ubl|RGV Film Company|Horseshoe Pictures}}
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2005|12|2|India}}
| runtime = 136 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Mr Ya Miss''''' ({{translation}} ''Mr or Miss'') is a 2005 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[body swap]], [[comedy film]] written and directed by [[Antara Mali]]. Also starring herself along with [[Ritesh Deshmukh]], [[Aftab Shivdasani]] and [[Divya Dutta]].<ref name="rediff">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/dec/02mr.htm|title=Mr Ya Miss: An apology of a film|last=Mitra|first=Indrani|date=2 December 2005|website=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=8 March 2018|archive-date=16 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116170002/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/dec/02mr.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
The movie deals with a wealthy Gujarati-speaking Sanjay Patel, a self-styled Indian casanova who believes in dating and flirting with a lot of women and breaking their hearts. He works as an executive in an advertising firm and is very friendly with a male co-worker, Shekhar, who is exactly Sanjay's opposite when it comes to women. Sanjay's flirtatious actions land him in trouble with three women, Loveleen, Seema, and Rita, where he is accidentally killed by Loveleen.

After his death, he appears before [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] and [[Parvati|Goddess Parvati]] and requests that they let him return to earth. They give him a last chance to mend his ways and behaviour with women before the next [[Maha Shivaratri|Shivaratri]]. Sanjay returns to earth, but the next day he treats this as a bad dream and sets about his usual way. This does not auger well with Parvati, and she recommends to Lord Shiva that Sanjay's gender be changed to female in order to enable him to understand and appreciate women.

The transformation occurs, and Sanjay, much to his horror, is transformed into a woman. He changes his name to Sanjana, introduces himself as Sanjay's stepsister, and makes others believe that Sanjay will return after Shivaratri. Sanjana goes to Loveleen, convinces her of her real identity as Sanjay, and persuades her to give her lessons in being a woman. While working in the company, Sanjana faces much catcalling and harassment, thus making her feel the pain of a woman. She has several problems as the things she used to do with other girls, like flirting, are being done to her.

One day, after a bar fight, a drunk Sanjana and Shekhar spent a night together. In the morning, Sanjana has no memory of the encounter and accuses Shekhar of raping her while she was passed out. Soon, Sanjana finds herself pregnant with his child. Sanjay's dead body is found and identified by both Sanjana and Shekhar. Sanjana is arrested by the police in Sanjay's murder case.

She finally reveals in front of Shekhar about being Sanjay. Slowly, while leading a woman's life, Sanjana understands the error of her ways as a man. With Shekhar's help, Sanjana is proven innocent, and Loveleen is arrested for murdering Sanjay. At home, Sanjay wakes up from his sleep, and these events turn out to be his bad dream. He then mends his ways and starts avoiding women.

==Cast==
*[[Antara Mali]] as Sanjana Patel
*[[Aftab Shivdasani]] as Sanjay Patel
*[[Riteish Deshmukh]] as Shekhar Jaiswal
*[[Rushad Rana]] as Ravi Prasad
*[[Dinesh Lamba]] as Tiwari Shankar
*Anangsha as Rita Kasliwal
*Kainaaz Pervees as Seema Das
*[[Faezeh Jalali]] as Suzy Bahl
*[[Divya Dutta]] as Loveleen
*Khursheet Chehar as Lawyer
*[[Ajinkya Deo]] as Lord Shiva (Guest appearance)
*[[Varsha Usgaonkar|Varsha Usgoankar]] as Parvati (Guest appearance)

==Soundtrack==

The soundtrack album consists of four tracks written (lyrics and composition) by Nitin Raikwar while ''Kanha Kanha'' song's lyrics are written by Satchit Puranik (also director of the film) and composed by Ronkini Sharma and Zoeb Khan.

{{Infobox album
| name = Mr Ya Miss
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Nitin Raikwar, Ronkini Sharma and Zoeb Khan
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption =
| released = {{start date|2005|11|22}}<ref name="itunes">{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/mr-ya-miss-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1135992595|title=Mr. Ya Miss (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP|website=[[iTunes]]|access-date=9 March 2018|archive-date=10 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310010358/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/mr-ya-miss-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1135992595|url-status=live}}</ref>
| recorded = 2005
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = {{duration|m=24|s=9}}
| language = [[Hindi]]
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] Super Cassettes Industries Pvt. Ltd.<ref name="itunes"/>
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 24:09
| title1 = Fakra Hai - Aadmi
| lyrics1 = Nitin Raikwar
| music1 = Nitin Raikwar
| extra1 = [[Sonu Nigam]]
| length1 = 3:44
| title2 = Kamsin Kali Dil Ki Gali
| lyrics2 = Nitin Raikwar
| music2 = Nitin Raikwar
| extra2 = [[Vinod Rathod]], [[Shibani Kashyap]], Mona Sarkar
| length2 = 4:49
| title3 = Jeena Hai Toh Jeena Hain
| lyrics3 = Nitin Raikwar
| music3 = Nitin Raikwar
| extra3 = Vinod Rathod, [[Shibani Kashyap]], Mona Sarkar
| length3 = 5:29
| title4 = Kanha Kanha
| lyrics4 = Satchik Puranik
| music4 = Ronkini Sharma, Zoeb Khan
| extra4 = Sonu Nigam
| length4 = 5:55
| title5 = Fakra Hai - Aurat
| lyrics5 = Nitin Raikwar
| music5 = Nitin Raikwar
| extra5 = [[Shibani Kashyap]]
| length5 = 4:12
}}

==Reception==
[[Taran Adarsh]] of [[IndiaFM]] gave the film 1 out of 5, writing, "On the whole, MR. YA MISS will neither appeal to Mr., Master, Miss or Mrs. amongst moviegoers."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/mr-ya-miss/critic-review/mr-ya-miss-movie-review/|title=Mr Ya Miss Review|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|last=Adarsh|first=Taran|author-link=Taran Adarsh|date=2 December 2005|access-date=13 February 2024|archive-date=13 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213042039/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/mr-ya-miss/critic-review/mr-ya-miss-movie-review/|url-status=live}}</ref> Indrani Roy Mitra of [[Rediff.com]] wrote, "An apology of a film, Mr Ya Miss proves once again that not every good actor can be a good director. Direction is not everyone's cup of tea. Comedy, Ms Mali, is serious business. It's time you realised that.".<ref name="rediff"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0456549}}

{{Ram Gopal Varma}}

[[Category:2005 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films about reincarnation]]
[[Category:Films scored by Amar Mohile]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]

Jiivi 2

2026-03-03T02:40:06Z

Agamx: started a pg!

{{Short description|2022 Indian Tamil-language thriller film}}
{{citation style|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jiivi 2
| image = Jiivi 2 poster.jpg
| caption = Official poster
| director = V. J. Gopinath
| writer = V. J. Gopinath
| based_on =
| producer = [[Suresh Kamatchi]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Vetri (actor)|Vetri]]
* Ashwini Chandrashekar
* [[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]]
* [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]]
* [[Mime Gopi]]
}}
| cinematography = Praveen Kumar
| editing = [[Praveen K. L.]]
| music = K. S. Sundaramurthy
| studio = {{plainlist|
V House Productions}}
| distributor = [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|8|19}}
| runtime = 109 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
}}

'''''Jiivi 2''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[thriller film]] directed and written by V.J Gopinath and produced by [[Suresh Kamatchi]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-08-14 |title=Why OTT Over Theatres For 'Jiivi 2': Producer Suresh Kamatchi Explains |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/why-ott-over-theatres-for-jiivi-2-producer-suresh-kamatchi-explains-news-216427 |access-date=2022-08-16 |website=outlookindia.com/ |language=en}}</ref> The film stars [[Vetri (actor)|Vetri]] in the lead role, alongside an [[ensemble cast]] including [[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]], Ashwini Chandrashekar, Monica Chinnakotla, [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]] and [[Mime Gopi]].<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=JIIVI 2 - Official Teaser {{!}} Vetri {{!}} V J Gopinath {{!}} Suresh Kamatchi {{!}} V House Productions | date=2 July 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2FGkhhyuXGs |language=en |access-date=2022-08-16}}</ref> The soundtrack album and background score was composed by K. S. Sundaramurthy.<ref name=":0" /> A sequel to ''[[Jiivi]]'' (2019), the film was released on 19 August 2022.<ref name=":2">{{Citation |title=JIIVI 2 OFFICIAL TRAILER {{!}} VETRI {{!}} VJ GOPINATH {{!}}SURESH KAMATCHI{{!}} AHA TAMIL {{!}} WORLD DIGITAL PREMIERE | date=13 August 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zhN0QmeBJn0 |language=en |access-date=2022-08-16}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

== Plot ==
The film picks up directly after the end of the first film. Saravanan and Mani coincidentally meet and reconcile. Saravanan is happily married to Kavitha (Ashwini Chandrashekar), the blind daughter of Sivagami, whom he and Mani had burgled ten months previously. He helps Mani set up his own roadside tea stall and switches his profession to become a [[Ridesharing company|ride share]] driver, with help from Sivagami's younger brother Kathir. Meanwhile, Kavitha begins getting ready to undergo costly treatment to cure her eyes.

Their happy lives begin to fall apart when, one night, Saravanan spots Kathir being chased by thugs and rescues him. Kathir reveals that, after his business had failed, he had taken a loan using Sivagami's home as collateral. He was unable to pay back the loan, and the loan sharks are now demanding the house. Fearing for her brother's safety, Sivagami agrees to give up the family's home.

With the loss of the rental income, the family is now solely supported by Saravanan and falls into financial distress. A desperate Saravanan convinces Mani to help him burgle their friend Hari, a rich and feckless college student. The next morning, Hari is found dead in his home, much to the shock of both Saravanan and Mani. The investigating officer Aadil Mohammad suspects Savanan and Mani as they were known to be Hari's closest friends, though Hari's grandmother gives him a recording of a gang of men assaulting and killing Hari.

Shortly after the murder, Kavitha's father dies in his sleep and Saravanan's niece loses her eyesight. The shock of the event sends his brother-in-law into seizures. Kavitha reveals that she is pregnant. Fearing that a triangular fate is once again affecting his family, Saravanan decides to investigate Hari's death himself. He locates Hari's friend Siva, who is revealed to be the son of Kumar, Kathir's friend who had helped him burgle Saravanan's grandfather. Siva confesses to Saravanan that he and Hari had once robbed a former neighbour, in the process accidentally killing his wife. Though Hari and Siva escaped justice, the neighbour had died by suicide, leaving his young daughter orphaned. Saravan discovers that the dead man was, in fact, the man who had accidentally picked up the bag of stolen jewels that Mani had lost on a bus. Moreover, this jewellery had once again returned to Saravanan when he had robbed Hari.

Saravanan and Mani request, and receive, the recording of Hari's death from Hari's grandmother. The pair are soon summoned to Kathir's home, where they listen to the recording and are shocked to learn that it was Kathir who had committed the murder. Aadil Mohammad, who had also uncovered the truth, comes to Kathir's home and Kathir is injured during the resulting shootout. Aadil Mohammad reveals to Saravanan, Mani and Sivagami that Kathir was a money-hungry miser who had resented Saravanan's input into the family's finances and assets. He had plotted to seize Sivagami's home through deception. His plan had been overhead by Hari, who had confronted Kathir and his henchmen, and been silenced. Aadil Mohammad further reveals that Kathir's estranged wife and child had testified to his ruthlessness. It is revealed that Kathir's estranged child is, in fact, Saravanan's ex-girlfriend Ananthi, who had left him as he had been destitute.

Over a year later, Saravanan's niece has recovered her eyesight through surgery. Both Saravanan's young son and his brother-in-law are well, and Kavitha also plans to undergo surgery to restore her sight. On Kavitha's insistence, she and Saravanan adopt an orphaned child, who, unknown to Saravanan, is the daughter of the couple that Siva and Hari had burgled. It is implied that Saravanan plans to leave the stolen jewels to his new daughter, thereby closing the triangle of fate once more.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Vetri (actor)|Vetri]] as Saravanan
* Ashwini Chandrashekar as Kavitha
* [[Monica Chinnakotla]] as Anandhi
* [[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]] as Mani
* Jawahar Nassar as Investigating Officer Aadil Mohammad
* [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]] as Lakshmi
* [[Rama (actress)|Rama]] as Sivagami
* [[Mime Gopi]] as Kathir
* [[Y. G. Mahendran]] as Psychiatrist
* Noor as Shiva
}}

== Production ==
Director V. J. Gopinath began working on a sequel to his first film ''[[Jiivi]]'' (2019) after a proposed project with [[Vishnu Vishal]] was delayed in September 2021. He chose to start the film right from the point where the first part ends, with the sequel retaining all key elements and characters.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2021 |title=Jiivi gets a sequel |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2021/sep/01/jiivi-gets-a-sequel-2352492.html |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The film completed its shoot in April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2022 |title=It's a wap for Jiivi 2 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/apr/01/its-a-wap-for-jiivi-2-30615.html |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

Suresh Kamatchi revealed that he chose to release the film directly through an [[over-the-top media service]] as he was dejected with small movies being rejected by the audience after their release in theaters, despite earning appreciation from critics. He felt that if the film did not fare well at the box office, it would struggle to fetch a good OTT deal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jiivi 2: Suresh Kamatchi opens up on the reason behind the film going the OTT way |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/jiivi-2-suresh-kamatchi-opens-up-on-the-reason-behind-the-film-going-the-ott-way/f876dc3dd5931 |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jiivi 2: Suresh Kamatchi reveals why he opted for a direct OTT release |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/aug/14/jiivi-2-suresh-kamatchi-reveals-why-he-opted-for-a-direct-ott-release-33728.html |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=14 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
This film was released on 19 August 2022. A reviewer from ''[[Dina Malar]]'' gave the film a middling review, rating it 2.5 out of 5 stars.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ஜீவி – 2 - விமர்சனம் {2.5/5} : ஜீவி 2 - இரண்டாம் விதியில் இறக்கம் - Jiivi 2 |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/3190/Jiivi-2/ |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=en}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Times of India]]'' wrote "''Jiivi 2'' might not have the twists and turns we expect out of it, but deserves a watch for what it is".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/tamil/jiivi-2/ottmoviereview/93454180.cms | title=Jiivi 2 Review: Vetri's Jiivi 2 works to an extent | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{imdb title|tt15353762}}

[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:2022 thriller films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films produced by Suresh Kamatchi]]

Thalapathy Kacheri

2026-02-27T22:19:25Z

Agamx: put up a stub

{{Infobox song
| name = Thalapathy Kacheri
| cover = Thalapathy Kacheri.jpeg
| caption = Official song cover
| type = single
| artist = [[Anirudh Ravichander]], [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] and [[Arivu]]
| album = [[Jana Nayagan]]
| released = {{Start date|2025|11|08|df=yes}}
| recorded = 2024–2025
| studio = Albuquerque Records, [[Chennai]] Studio DMI, [[Las Vegas]]
| genre = {{hlist|[[Electronic dance music|EDM]]|[[Dance music|dance]]|[[Dappankuthu|kuthu]]|[[Hip-hop|rap]]|[[Pop music|pop]]|[[Filmi]]}}
| length = 4:47
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| composer = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| writer = [[Arivu]]
| producer = Anirudh Ravichander
| misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|KgpnfT5bgLY|"Thalapathy Kacheri"}}}}
}}

"'''Thalapathy Kacheri'''" ({{translation|Commander's Concert}}) is an Indian [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]]-language song composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]] for the 2026 [[Action-thriller|action thriller]] film ''[[Jana Nayagan]]'', directed by [[H. Vinoth]] and produced by [[KVN Productions]].<ref name="TheHindu">{{cite news |last1=Staff |title='Jana Nayagan' first single: Vijay has a blast in Anirudh Ravichander's 'Thalapathy Kacheri' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jana-nayagan-first-single-vijay-thalapathy-kacheri-anirudh-ravichander-kvn-productions-h-vinoth/article70256147.ece |access-date=December 17, 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=November 8, 2025}}</ref> The song was sung by Anirudh Ravichander and [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], with rap portions by [[Arivu]], who also penned the lyrics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.timesnownews.com/entertainment/actor-vijay-starring-jana-nayagan-movie-first-single-thalapathy-kacheri-lyric-video-sang-by-thalapathy-vijay-h-vinoth-movie-music-anirudh-video-153121113|title=Jana Nayagan First Single: தளபதி கச்சேரி... விஜய் குரலில் வெளியான ஜனநாயகன் முதல் பாடல்!|date=November 8, 2025|website=Times Now Tamil}}</ref> Described as a high-energy celebratory number, the song serves as a musical tribute to Vijay's cinematic legacy and his strong bond with fans.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/music/2025/11/10/thalapathy-vijay-jana-nayagan-h-vinoth-pooja-hegde.html|title=Anna, one last dance: Thalapathy Kacheri from 'Jana Nayagan' crosses 12 million views|website=Anna, one last dance: Thalapathy Kacheri from 'Jana Nayagan' crosses 12 million views}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1382615-jana-nayagan-s-thalapathy-kacheri-song-released.html|title=விஜய்யின் 'ஜனநாயகன்' படத்தின் 'தளபதி கச்சேரி' பாடல் எப்படி?|date=November 8, 2025|website=Hindu Tamil Thisai}}</ref>

Released on 8 November 2025, it serves as the lead single of the film's soundtrack.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/thalapathy-kacheri-from-jana-nayagn-is-an-ode-to-vijay-the-dancer-852398|title=Thalapathy Kacheri from Jana Nayagn is an ode to Vijay the dancer|date=November 8, 2025|website=DT Next}}</ref> The song's lyrical version was released on the [[YouTube]] through [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] on the same day.<ref>https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/thalapathy-vijay-acted-jana-nayagan-movie-thalapathy-kacheri-lyrical-song-released-rvj-ach-2225298.html</ref> Upon its release, the song received widespread positive response and began trending online.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1382624-jana-nayagan-thalapathy-kacheri-lyric.html|title=இந்திய அளவில் ட்ரெண்டிங்கில் இடம்பிடித்த 'தளபதி கச்சேரி'|date=November 8, 2025|website=Hindu Tamil Thisai}}</ref> The hook-step, the vocals by Vijay, the dance performance of [[Pooja Hegde]], fueled the success and made the song viral across the internet.<ref>https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/pooja-hegde-reunites-with-thalapathy-vijay-for-his-50th-film-jana-nayagan-for-the-song-thalapathy-kacheri-13950394.html</ref>

Following its release, it peaked on several charts including ''[[Billboard charts|Billboard]]'' and [[UK Asian Music Chart]] and had a significant commercial success.

== Background ==
This film marks Anirudh's fifth collaboration with Vijay after ''[[Kaththi]]'' (2014) and ''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]'' (2021), ''[[Beast (2022 Indian film)|Beast]]'' (2022) and ''[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2024 |title='Thalapathy 69' officially announced: Vijay to star in H Vinoth's directorial with Anirudh Ravichander's music |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/09/15/vijay-new-movie-thalapathy-69-h-vinoth-tamil-cinema.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915080335/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/09/15/vijay-new-movie-thalapathy-69-h-vinoth-tamil-cinema.html |archive-date=15 September 2024 |access-date=15 September 2024 |website=[[Onmanorama]]}}</ref> [[Arivu]] wrote the lyrics for the song in his seventh collaboration with Anirudh, second with Vijay and [[H. Vinoth]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/thalapathy-kacheri-jana-nayagan-song-vijay-tah1pc9f|title='ജനനായകന്' ഊര്‍ജസ്വലമായ തുടക്കം; ആദ്യഗാനം 'ദളപതി കച്ചേരി' പ്രേക്ഷകരിലേക്ക്|date=November 8, 2025|website=@mathrubhumi}}</ref> "Thalapathy Kacheri" is the third song featuring both Vijay and [[Pooja Hegde]] in a track composed by Anirudh, following "[[Arabic Kuthu]]" and "[[Jolly O Gymkhana]]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/pooja-hegde-thalapathy-kacheri-song-dance-trending-in-social-media-jana-nayagan-t6rh1sn|title=தளபதி விஜய்க்கு ஷாக் கொடுத்த பூஜா ஹெக்டே.. இணையத்தை அதிர வைத்த பாடல்|website=Asianet News Tamil}}</ref>

Vijay recorded the track at Albuquerque Records, [[Chennai]] in his subsequent fifth collaboration with Anirudh as a singer, after "[[Selfie Pulla]]" from ''Kaththi'', "[[Kutti Story]]" from ''Master'', "[[Jolly O Gymkhana]]" from ''Beast'' and "[[Naa Ready]]" from ''Leo''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=R |first=Ansgar |date=7 October 2024 |title=தளபதி 69 : "ஒன் லாஸ்ட் சாங்"; கோலார் வரிகளில் ஒரு பிரம்மாண்ட பாடல் - பாடுவது உங்கள் விஜய்! |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/thalapathy-69-one-last-song-sung-by-thalapathy-vijay-anirudh-musical-ans-skzyi8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008043552/https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/thalapathy-69-one-last-song-sung-by-thalapathy-vijay-anirudh-musical-ans-skzyi8 |archive-date=8 October 2024 |access-date=10 October 2024 |website=[[Asianet News]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Composition and lyrics ==

"Thalapathy Kacheri" is characterised by Anirudh Ravichander's signature electronic energy fused with rhythmic folk elements, creating an electrifying and nostalgic soundscape.<ref name="News18">{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/tamil-cinema/thalapathy-kacheri-from-vijays-jana-nayagan-is-out-anirudhs-electrifying-tribute-to-the-superstar-wins-hearts-ws-kl-9693815.html |title='Thalapathy Kacheri' from Vijay's 'Jana Nayagan' is out |publisher=News18 |date=2025-11-08}}</ref> The song opens with the line "Enganney V Kacheri, Thalapathy Kacheri" in the vocals of [[Deepthi Suresh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.timesnownews.com/entertainment/vijay-starring-jana-nayagan-first-song-thalapathy-kacheri-full-lyrics-in-tamil-jana-nayagan-first-single-lyrical-video-h-vinoth-anirudh-arivu-vijay-article-153121320|title=Thalapathy Kacheri Song Full Lyrics: விஜய் நடிக்கும் ஜன நாயகன் படத்தின் முதல் பாடல் தளபதி கச்சேரி லிரிக்ஸ்!|date=November 8, 2025|website=Times Now Tamil}}</ref>

Lyrical video references to Vijay's past films, including ''[[Ghilli]]'', ''[[Thuppakki]]'', ''[[Mersal (film)|Mersal]]'', ''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]'' and others.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jana Nayagan first single: Vijay has a blast in Anirudh's Thalapathy Kacheri |url=https://udayavani.com/south-cinema/Jana-Nayagan-first-single-Vijay-has-a-blast-in-Anirudh-Ravichanders-Thalapathy-Kacheri-065396 |work=Udayavani |date=November 8, 2025}}</ref> The lyrics, penned by [[Arivu]], are empowering and serve as a tribute to Vijay's larger-than-life screen persona and his strong connection with fans, incorporating affectionate terms such as "Nanba" and "Nanbi"; the song also subtly promotes themes of equality, unity, and opposition to caste discrimination, with the accompanying lyrical video featuring visuals of social reformers and thinkers including [[Periyar]], [[B. R. Ambedkar]], and [[Karl Marx]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.timesnownews.com/entertainment/thalapathy-kacheri-lyric-video-is-out-actor-vijay-69th-film-jana-nayagan-first-single-music-by-anirudh-song-lyrics-by-arivu-sang-by-thalapathy-vijay-article-153121115|title=Thalapathy Kacheri Lyric: தளபதிக்கு இந்த பாட்டு.... நம்ம அண்ணன் போல யாரு காட்டு! வைப் செய்ய வைக்கும் ஜன நாயகன் ஃபர்ஸ்ட் சிங்கிள்! இந்த வரிகளை நோட் பண்ண மறக்காதீர்கள்!|date=November 8, 2025|website=Times Now Tamil}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Thalapathy Kacheri Twitter Review: Vijay's magic rule |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalapathy-kacheri-twitter-review-thalapathy-vijays-magic-rule-anirudh-musical-becomes-a-mass-anthem-overnight/articleshow/125197527.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=November 9, 2025}}</ref> The song also includes Vijay thanking audience in [[Hindi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], and [[Malayalam]] languages.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vijay Jananayagan Thalapathy Kacheri lyrics real meaning: TVK promotion song |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/news/politics/vijay-jananayagan-thalapathy-kacheri-lyrics-real-meaning-tvk-promotion-song-238958 |work=ABP Live Tamil |date=November 8, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/vijay-jananayagan-first-single-thalapathy-kacheri-full-song-lyrics-238949 |title=Vijay Jananayagan first single Thalapathy Kacheri full song lyrics |publisher=ABP Live Tamil |date=2025-11-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/entertainment/south-cinema/thalapathy-vijay-jana-nayagan-first-single-song-thalapathy-kacheri-release-3563055.html |title=Thalapathy Vijay 'Jana Nayagan' first single song 'Thalapathy Kacheri' release |publisher=TV9 Hindi |date=2025-11-08}}</ref>

== Release ==
While fans initially anticipated the release of first single during [[Diwali]] 2025,<ref name="Samayam">{{cite news |title=Vijay's Jana Nayagan movie Thalapathy Kacheri poster impress fans |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/photogallery/kollywood/vijays-jana-nayagan-movie-thalapathy-kacheri-poster-impress-fans/photoshow/msid-125162564.cms |work=Samayam Tamil |date=October 2025}}</ref>
the launch was postponed out of respect for victims of a [[2025 Karur crowd crush|crowd incident in Karur]] during a [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|TVK]] political event.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vijay's Jana Nayagan first single 'Thalapathy Kacheri' to be released tomorrow |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Nov/07/vijays-jana-nayagan-first-single-thalapathy-kacheri-to-be-released-tommorow |work=[[Dinamani]] |date=November 7, 2025}}</ref>

The first single was officially announced by the makers on 6 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/the-thalapathy-kacheri-begins-jananayakan-first-single-to-be-released-today-at-603-pm-796471|title=தளபதி கச்சேரி ஆரம்பம்..! இன்று மாலை 6.03-க்கு வெளியாகிறது "ஜனநாயகன்" பர்ஸ்ட் சிங்கிள் | The Thalapathy kacheri begins..! "Jananayakan" first single to be released today at 6.03 pm|first=மாலை|last=மலர்|date=November 8, 2025|website=www.maalaimalar.com}}</ref> On 7 November, the title of the song was released.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Nov/07/vijays-jana-nayagan-first-single-titled-thalapathy-kacheri |title=Vijay's 'Jana Nayagan' first single titled 'Thalapathy Kacheri' |publisher=Cinema Express |date=2025-11-07}}</ref> The first single titled, "Thalapathy Kacheri" was officially released on 8 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://publictv.in/tvk-vijay-starring-jana-nayagan-movie-thalapathy-kacheri-song-released/|title=ವಿಜಯ್ 'ದಳಪತಿ ಕಛೇರಿ' ಶುರು | Public TV|date=November 8, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/vijay-movie-jana-nayagan-thalapathy-kacheri-lyrical-video-song-out-now-246694|title=Jana Nayagan Movie: കച്ചേരിയിൽ ആടിത്തിമിർത്ത് വിജയ്; 'ജനനായകൻ'ലെ ആദ്യ ഗാനം പുറത്ത്|date=November 8, 2025|website=Zee News Malayalam}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
The song received positive reviews.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/jana-nayagan-song-oru-pere-varalaaru-positions-vijay-as-the-ultimate-peoples-hero-10427223/|title=Jana Nayagan song 'Oru Pere Varalaaru' positions Vijay as the ultimate People's Hero. Watch|date=December 18, 2025}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' called it a "pumped-up celebration" that serves as a fitting tribute to the actor's superstardom.<ref name="TheHindu" /> Neeshita Nyayapati from ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' noted that the song "celebrates his legacy, with lyrics and visuals reflecting his most iconic roles throughout the years." It also highlighted the emotional weight of the "one last dance" request from Anirudh at the end of the video, noting it made many fans emotional.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jana Nayagan song Thalapathy Kacheri: Vijay sings a celebration of his legacy |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/jana-nayagan-song-thalapathy-kacheri-vijay-sings-a-celebration-of-his-legacy-fans-emotional-about-his-one-last-dance-101762605085464.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=November 8, 2025}}</ref> Sneha Biswas of ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Livemint]]'' praised the vocal chemistry between Vijay and Anirudh, describing the track as "nostalgic and electric."<ref name="Mint_Tribute">{{cite news |title=Thalapathy Kacheri song out: Anirudh Ravichander pays tribute to Vijay |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/thalapathy-kacheri-song-out-anirudh-ravichander-pays-tribute-to-vijay-in-first-song-from-jana-nayagan-pooja-hegde-11762607964460.html |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Livemint]] |date=November 8, 2025}}</ref>

Anisha Rao from ''[[India Today]]'' noted "the high-energy number doubles as a celebration of Vijay’s larger-than-life persona and his unbreakable bond with fans".<ref>{{cite news |title=Jana Nayagan song Thalapathy Kacheri out: Anirudh's fan anthem for Vijay |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jana-nayagan-song-thalapathy-kacheri-out-anirudh-fan-anthem-for-vijay-2815891-2025-11-08 |work=[[India Today]] |date=November 8, 2025}}</ref> Yatamanyu Narain of ''[[News18]]'' "‘Thalapathy Kacheri’ isn’t just another mass track — it’s a full-fledged musical tribute. With Vijay himself lending his voice alongside rapper Arivu, the track bursts with high-voltage beats and empowering lyrics that echo the connection between the star and his legion of fans. The composition combines Anirudh’s signature electronic energy with rhythmic folk elements, creating a soundscape that’s both nostalgic and electric."<ref name="News18"/>

Bhawana Tanmayi from ''[[Moneycontrol]]'' In "Thalapathy Kacheri," Vijay seems to say goodbye to the movies in the best way possible: with music, fans, and a party. The song captures the spirit of a superstar who ruled the screen for decades and is now getting ready to take his charm out of the movies and into the public eye. As fans keep streaming and sharing the song, one thing is clear: Vijay's goodbye to movies is as big as his legacy.<ref>https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/regional/vijay-starrer-jana-nayagan-s-first-song-thalapathy-kacheri-is-a-celebration-of-his-legacy-and-acting-career-watch-article-13661869.html</ref>

''[[MSN]]'' noted, "The visual design of the song is designed to appeal to the audience on a large scale. Choreographed by Sekhar, 'Thalapathy Kacheri', the entire song creates a concert vibe. The song, which released today, has further boosted the promotion of the film Jana Nayagan and has become a day of celebration for Thalapathy fans."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/southcinema/jana-nayagan-first-single-thalapathy-kacheri-out-anirudh-s-musical-celebrates-vijay-s-legacy-fans-turn-on-celebration-mode/ar-AA1Q33hn|title=MSN|website=www.msn.com}}</ref>

== Impact ==
[[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] and [[Pooja Hegde]]'s hookstep in the music video went viral.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/pooja-hegde-dominate-to-vijay-in-thalapathy-kacheri-song-internet-shaking-gp49koe|title=థళపతి విజయ్‌ కి ఝలక్‌ ఇచ్చిన పూజా హెగ్డే.. ఒక్క దెబ్బతో ఇంటర్నెట్‌ మొత్తం షేకింగ్‌|website=Asianet News Telugu}}</ref> The song was trending at top position for several days on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Jananayagan | സിനിമയിലെ ഫിനാലെയിൽ പാട്ടുംപാടി ദളപതി വിജയ്; വിജയുടെയും അനിരുദ്ധിന്റേയും അറിവിന്റെയും 'ദളപതി കച്ചേരി' | url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/thalapathy-kacheri-song-from-jananayagan-movie-mm-750278.html }}</ref> Upon its release, the song started trending on internet and became a chartbuster.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/jana-nayagan-first-single-thalapathy-kacheri-song-released-2204366|title=Thalapathy Kacheri | విజ‌య్ 'జ‌న‌నాయ‌గ‌న్' ఫ‌స్ట్ సింగిల్‌ 'త‌ల‌ప‌తి క‌చేరీ' విడుద‌ల‌|first=NT News|last=telugu|date=November 9, 2025|website=www.ntnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Vijay's 'Jana Nayagan' announces unique audio launch venue | website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] | url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2025/11/21/vijay-s-jana-nayagan-announces-unique-audio-launch-venue.html }}</ref> The song soon started trending on several music platforms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/official-jana-nayagan-audio-launch-date-and-location-locked-thalapathy-vijays-last-film-event-moves-outside-india/articleshow/125486325.cms|title=Official! 'Jana Nayagan' audio launch date and location locked; Thalapathy Vijay's last film event moves outside India|work=The Times of India |date=November 24, 2025|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref> Song entered in the trending list on 22 countries.<ref>https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/jana-nayagan-thalapathy-kacheri-song-hits-10-mn-views-within-hours-of-release-dvp-ws-l-2226579.html</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Thalapathy Kacheri: Vijay's Final Dance Goes Viral, Hits 10M Views within Hours | work=News18 | url=https://www.news18.com/movies/regional-cinema/thalapathy-kacheri-vijays-final-dance-goes-viral-hits-10m-views-within-hours-ws-l-9695520.html }}</ref> ''[[Asianet News]]'' listed the song in the Top Tamil Hit Songs list.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/top-5-tamil-cinema-hit-songs-in-2025-monica-thalapathy-kacheri-oorum-blood-m1sgsi6|title=2025ல் சாங்க்ஸில் பட்டைய கிளப்பிய டாப் 5 பாடல்கள்; ஓ இந்த பாடல் தான் டாப்பா?|website=Asianet News Tamil}}</ref>

Upon its release, the song sparked massive celebrations across the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/thalapathy-vijays-jana-nayagan-first-single-thalapathy-kacheri-out-fans-rejoice-2025-11-08|title=Jana Nayagan First Single: रिलीज हुआ 'जन नायकन' का पहला गाना, जबरदस्त डांस करते नजर आए थलपति विजय|website=Amar Ujala}}</ref> Fans in various cities organized street festivals, dancing to the track while wearing posters of the film.<ref>{{cite news |title=Thalapathy Vijay's Thalapathy Kacheri song sparks celebrations |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/thalapathy-vijays-thalapathy-kacheri-song-sparks-celebrations-articleshow-g6eos7h |work=Asianet News |date=November 9, 2025}}</ref> Social media platforms like Instagram saw a surge in "dance cover challenges," particularly focusing on the hook step choreographed by [[Sekhar (choreographer)|Sekhar V. J.]].<ref>{{cite web | title=ஜன நாயகன் ஆடியோ லாஞ்சில் காத்திருக்கும் ட்விஸ்ட்... மலேசியாவை மிரள விட தயாராகும் தளபதி..! | url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/twist-in-jana-nayagan-audio-launch-thalapathy-katcheri-in-malaysia-2ngqgc9 }}</ref><ref name="DailyJagran_Sekhar">{{cite news |title=Jana Nayagan first single Thalapathy Kacheri out now |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/news/jana-nayagan-first-single-thalapathy-kacheri-out-now-anirudh-anthem-celebrates-vijay-legacy-10278583 |work=The Daily Jagran |date=November 8, 2025}}</ref> In some theaters, fans reportedly treated the lyrical video release as a full-length film screening.<ref>https://kannada.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/jana-nayagan-thalapathy-kacheri-instant-hit-fans-says-its-vibing-material-did-you-observed-these-5-things-dvp-ws-al-2225510-page-7.html</ref> Nancy Tiwari of ''[[Asianet News]]'' noted following her viral "[[Monica (2025 song)|Monica]]" performance, Hegde once again grabbed everyone’s attention, becoming the talk of the town.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/pooja-hegde-shines-in-jana-nayagan-first-song-lighting-up-screen-alongside-vijay-afndubt|title=Pooja Hegde Shines in Jana Nayagan's First Song, Lighting Up Screen Alongside Vijay|website=Asianet Newsable}}</ref>

== Live performances ==
[[File:Thalapathy Thiruvizha – Jana Nayagan Audio Launch Anirudh 1.jpg|thumb|right|Anirudh performing the song at [[Thalapathy Thiruvizha – Jana Nayagan Audio Launch]].]]
Anirudh and Vijay performed the song live at the film's promotional event, [[Thalapathy Thiruvizha – Jana Nayagan Audio Launch]] held on 27 December 2025 at the [[Bukit Jalil National Stadium]] in [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysia]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Jana Nayagan audio launch: When and where to watch record-breaking event | website=[[Cinema Express]] | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Dec/30/jana-nayagan-audio-launch-when-and-where-to-watch-record-breaking-event }}</ref>

== YouTube views freeze and surge ==
In November 2025, shortly after the release of the lyric video for "Thalapathy Kacheri, the YouTube view count experienced a temporary freeze followed by a sudden increase, reaching over 44 million views in a short period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mirchi.in/stories/music/vijays-thalapathy-kacheri-hits-44-million-views-youtube-addresses-botallegaions/153151628|title=YouTube addresses bot allegations after Vijay's 'Thalapathy Kacheri' hits 44 million views|website=mirchi.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/vijay-thalapathy-kacheri-song-gets-44-million-views-due-bots-2620400|title=విజయ్ కచేరి సాంగ్‌.. ఫేక్ వ్యూస్‌పై స్పందించిన యూట్యూబ్! | Vijay Thalapathy Kacheri song gets 44 million views due to bots | Sakshi|website=www.sakshi.com}}</ref> YouTube's official [[Twitter|X]] account clarified that this occurred due to their automated validation process, which verifies views for authenticity and can cause counts to slow down or freeze temporarily, particularly when videos are reviewed under [[Google Ads]] policies;<ref>https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/regional/youtube-responds-to-speculations-about-bot-responsible-over-vijay-s-thalapathy-kacheri-song-views-article-13672239.html</ref> in this instance, the video was initially flagged potentially due to associations with Vijay's political activities but was subsequently cleared as entertainment content, resulting in the accumulated genuine views being updated at once.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/youtube-shuts-down-theory-that-vijays-thalapathy-kacheri-from-jana-nayagan-got-millions-of-views-due-to-bots-101762936369832.html|title=YouTube shuts down theory that Vijay's Thalapathy Kacheri from Jana Nayagan got millions of views due to bots|date=November 12, 2025|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/netizens-claim-thalapathy-vijays-jana-nayagan-used-bots-for-thalapathy-katcheri-youtube-breaks-its-silence/articleshow/125273274.cms|title=Netizens claim Thalapathy Vijay's 'Jana Nayagan' used bots for 'Thalapathy Katcheri'; YouTube breaks its silence|work=The Times of India |date=November 12, 2025|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

== Credits and personnel ==
Credits adapted from [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Jana Nayagan - Thalapathy Kacheri Lyric Video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KgpnfT5bgLY |work=[[YouTube]] |date=8 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

{{div col}}
* [[Anirudh Ravichander]]{{spaced ndash}} Composer, Vocals, Arranger, Programmer
* [[Arivu]]{{spaced ndash}} Vocals & Lyrics
* [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]{{spaced ndash}} Vocals
* [[Sekhar (choreographer)|Sekhar V. J.]]{{spaced ndash}} Choreography
* [[Deepthi Suresh]]{{spaced ndash}} Backing Vocals
* Rakesh{{spaced ndash}} Trumpets
* Karthik Vamsi{{spaced ndash}} Rhythm producer
* Shashank Vijay{{spaced ndash}} Additional rhythm programmer
* Nivin Raphael{{spaced ndash}} Additional music programmer
* Ananthakrrishnan{{spaced ndash}} Music advisor
* Sajith Satya{{spaced ndash}} Creative consultant
* Shivakiran S{{spaced ndash}} Session assistant, Engineer
* Shivakiran{{spaced ndash}} Session assistant
* Srinivasan M{{spaced ndash}} Mixing engineer
* Luca Pretolesi{{spaced ndash}} Mastering engineer
* Velavan B{{spaced ndash}} Music coordinator
{{div col end}}

== Charts ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ Chart performances for "Thalapathy Kacheri"
! scope="col"| Chart (2025)
! scope="col"| Peak position
|-
! scope="row"| [[UK Asian Music Chart]] ([[Official Charts Company|OCC]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-music-chart/20251114/asian/|title=Official Asian Music Chart on 14/11/2025|website=[[Official Charts Company]]}}</ref>
| 7
|-
! scope="row" |[[Billboard India Songs|India]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/india-songs-hotw/2025-11-22|title=India Songs|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref>
|8
|-
! scope="row" |UK Video Streaming Chart ([[Official Charts Company|OCC]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/video-streaming-chart/20251114/7508/|title=Official Video Streaming Chart on 14/11/2025|website=Official Charts}}</ref>
|55
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{YouTube|id=KgpnfT5bgLY|title=''Thalapathy Kacheri'' (lyrical video)}}

{{Anirudh Ravichander}}
{{T-Series}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2025 songs]]
[[Category:Songs written for Tamil films]]
[[Category:Songs with music by Anirudh Ravichander]]
[[Category:2020s viral videos]]
[[Category:Songs in Tamil]]
[[Category:Songs with lyrics by Arivu]]
[[Category:Songs written for films]]
[[Category:Electronic dance music songs]]
[[Category:Pop songs]]
[[Category:T-Series (company) singles]]
[[Category:Viral music videos]]

Anupama Bhattacharjya

2026-02-27T02:50:14Z

Agamx: data

{{Short description|Indian actress (1928–2022)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anupama Bhattacharjya
| image = Anupama Bhattacharjya.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| othername =
| birth_place = Amolapatty, Sivasagar
| birth_date = 19 August 1928{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
| death_date = 30 January 2022 (aged 93)
| death_place = Guwahati
| occupation = Actress, radio announcer
| yearsactive =
| notable_works = Siraj (1948 film)
| religion =
| spouse = Uday Bhattacharjya Shivanath Bhattacharjya
| partner =
| children = 1
| parents =
| relatives = [[Lakshminath Bezbaruah]] (paternal uncle) [[Ananda Chandra Baruah]] (maternal uncle)
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
}}
'''Anupama Bhattacharjya''' (19 August 1928 – 30 January 2022){{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} also known as '''Meena Kumari of Assam''' was an Indian actress in the [[Cinema of Assam|Assamese film]] and stage industry.<ref name="nandini">{{cite journal | title=Mor Jibon Mor Prithibi | author=Geetanjali Medhi | journal=Nandini, P. 76-76 | year=2006}}</ref> She acted in plays, radio, films, and television from the 1940s until recent times.{{When|date=January 2025}}

==Early life==
Anupama Bhattacharjya was born on 19 August 1928{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} in Amolapatty, Sivasagar, into a Bezbaruah family. Her father was Gopal Bezbaruah, and her mother was Gunda Bezbaruah. She had three sisters and a brother. [[Lakshminath Bezbaruah|Rasaraj Lakshminath Bezbaruah]] was her paternal uncle, and poet [[Ananda Chandra Baruah]] was her maternal uncle.<ref name="nandini" />

She spent her childhood under strict discipline and traditional Brahminical practices. Despite household duties, she was passionate about dancing, singing, and acting. She especially loved watching movies, often sneaking out to watch them, particularly those featuring Meena Kumari.

==Personal life==
At the age of nine, Anupama was married to Uday Bhattacharjya.<ref name="nandini" /> However, a few months after the wedding, her husband passed away. Recalling the event, she said:
<blockquote>"A few months later, one day my mother suddenly started crying. Women from the neighborhood came and took off my jewelry, wiped the vermilion from my forehead, and told me I had become a widow. The man I was married to had died of fever. I didn't even know what that meant. All I felt was that without the jewelry, my body felt lighter, and I could play more freely."</blockquote>

Later, while acting in the 1948 film ''Siraj'', she married the film's music director, Shivanath Bhattacharjya.<ref name="nandini" /> They had a daughter named Runumi. In 1953, Shivanath died, leaving her a widow again at the age of 22. Without any support, she was forced to act in plays to raise her child. Her daughter, a talented singer, died after giving birth to two daughters. After her daughter’s death, Bhattacharjya released some of her popular songs under the title "O Chikun Bihuti."<ref name="nandini" />

==Acting career==
While living as a widow, she was approached by [[Phani Sharma]] with a proposal to act in the film ''Siraj''. Despite social restrictions, she took up the offer, which led to her family being ostracized.<ref name="nandini" /> In ''Siraj'', she played the character of Fatema. During the filming, she married the film's music director, Shivanath Bhattacharjya.

Anupama Bhattacharjya acted in films such as ''Nimila Ank'', ''Natun Prithibi'', ''Manab aru Danab'', ''Siraj'', ''Sarapaat'', ''Rangdhali'', ''Mon aru Morom'', and ''Biplobi''.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/scripting-own-destiny/cid/1553290| title=Scripting own destiny| date=17 December 2004 | agency=Telegraph India | accessdate=22 January 2025 }}</ref> She also worked in Natraj Theatre for two years, performing in plays like ''Sirajuddoula'', ''Kiyo'', ''Bhogjora'', and ''Kashmir Kumari''. Additionally, she served as a radio announcer and stage artist.

==Awards and recognition==
* Kalaguru Bishnu Rabha Award
* Aideu Handique Award<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/anupama-gets-aideu-award-veteran-artiste-happy-with-honour-regrets-the-delay/cid/697268| title=Anupama gets Aideu award - Veteran artiste happy with honour, regrets the delay| date=30 December 2004 | agency=Telegraph India | accessdate=22 January 2025 }}</ref>
* Promothesh Chandra Barua Award for Lifetime Achievement
* Wayzman Award for Mobile Theatre<ref name="nandini" />

==Death==
On 30 January 2022, at 5:50 PM, she died at GMCH (Guwahati Medical College and Hospital).<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.asomiyapratidin.in/actress-anupama-bhattacharjee-no-more/ | title=Anupama Bhattacharjya, the first actress of Assam's mobile theatre, passes away | date=30 January 2022 | agency=Asomiya Pratidin | accessdate=30 January 2022 | archivedate=2022-01-30 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130155734/https://www.asomiyapratidin.in/actress-anupama-bhattacharjee-no-more/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=3124152}}
{{Assamese cinema}}

[[Category:People from Assam]]
[[Category:Actresses from Assam]]
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Actresses in Assamese cinema]]
[[Category:Assamese-language actors]]

Sarai Kale Khan RRTS station

2026-02-24T04:57:07Z

Agamx:

{{Short description|Upcoming RapidX's Delhi–Meerut RRTS station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Z00 Sarai Kale Khan RRTS station.svg|40px|frameless]] Sarai Kale Khan
| type = {{RapidX Infobox station line|line=Delhi–Meerut|line2=Delhi–Alwar|line3=Delhi–Sonipat–Panipat}}
| style = RapidX
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = [[Sarai Kale Khan]], [[South East Delhi district|South East Delhi]], [[Delhi]]
| country = {{flagu|India}}
| coordinates = {{coord|28.588512|N|77.258407|E|display=inline}}
| line = {{rcb|RapidX|Delhi–Meerut|croute}} {{rcb|RapidX|Delhi–Alwar|croute}} {{rcb|RapidX|Delhi–Sonipat–Panipat|croute}}
| other =  {{ric|Delhi Metro}} {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}} [[Sarai Kale Khan Nizamuddin metro station|Sarai Kale Khan Nizamuddin]]
  {{ric|Indian Railways}} {{stnlnk|Hazrat Nizamuddin}}  {{rint|bus|1}} [[Sarai Kale Khan Inter-State Bus Terminus|Sarai Kale Khan ISBT]]
| structure = Elevated
| platform = 6
| tracks = 4
| parking = Yes
| opening = {{start date and age|22 February 2026|df=yes}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| accessible =
| code =
| owned = [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation|NCRTC]]
| operator = [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation|NCRTC]]
| status = Operational
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=RapidX|line1=Delhi–Meerut|left1=|to-left1=Sarai Kale Khan|right1=New Ashok Nagar|to-right1=Modipuram|header2=Planned Services|line2=Delhi–Alwar|left2=|to-left2=|right2=INA|to-right2=|line3=Delhi–Sonipat–Panipat|left3=|to-left3=|right3=Indraprastha|to-right3=}}
| pass_system =
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| map_state = collapsed
| map_type =
| map_dot_label =
| route_map = {{Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #FFFA4A
}}

'''Sarai Kale Khan RRTS station<ref>{{cite web |title=DELHI-Ghaziabad-Meerut MAP |url=https://ncrtc.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/RevisedDELHI-Ghaziabad-Meerut-MAP.jpg |access-date=1 May 2023 |website=ncrtc.in}}</ref>''' is an elevated terminal [[Higher-speed rail|semi-high-speed-rail]] station located in the [[South East Delhi district]] of [[Delhi]], India. This station caters to trains operating on the [[RapidX]] network, capable of reaching speeds up to 180 km/h. It is the terminus and originating station for three priority [[Namo Bharat|RRTS]] corridors in Phase I: [[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System|Delhi–Meerut]], [[Delhi–Panipat Regional Rapid Transit System|Delhi–Panipat]], and [[Delhi–Alwar Regional Rapid Transit System|Delhi–Alwar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=INTERACTIVE MAP |url=https://ncrtc.in/interactive-map/ |access-date=1 May 2023 |website=ncrtc.in |language=en}}</ref> Currently, only the Delhi–Meerut corridor is operational; construction on the other two corridors has not yet commenced.

Commencement of operations at the Sarai Kale Khan RRTS station was plagued with several delays, with the station missing several deadlines in succession: June, mid-September, and late September of 2025. Officials overseeing the project stated that while all the civil works and trial runs concluded as scheduled, the station would not be rendered operational until the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] inaugurates it.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mufti |first=Ifrah |date=2025-10-09 |title=Delhi's Sarai Kale Khan RRTS station awaits inauguration as deadlines slip |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2025/Oct/09/delhis-sarai-kale-khan-rrts-station-awaits-inauguration-as-deadlines-slip |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Following successive delays, the station was finally made operational on February 22, 2026. With this, the entirety of the [[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System|Delhi-Meerut RRTS]] network became functional too.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mufti |first=Ifrah |date=2026-02-20 |title=Delhi–Meerut RRTS station to open on February 22 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2026/Feb/20/delhimeerut-rrts-station-to-open-on-february-22 |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
The [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation]], a joint venture between the [[Government of India]] and the governments of the states of [[Government of Delhi|Delhi]], [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]], [[Government of Rajasthan|Rajasthan]], and [[Government of Haryana|Haryana]], invited tenders in February 2020 for the construction of the Sarai Kale Khan RRTS station, along with the 4.3 km stretch from [[Sarai Kale Khan]] to [[New Ashok Nagar metro station|New Ashok Nagar]] of the 82.15 km [[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System|Delhi-Meerut RRTS line]].<ref name="themetrorailguy1">{{cite web |title=Afcons Infra Wins Delhi – Meerut RRTS’ Package 6 |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2020/09/01/afcons-infra-wins-delhi-meerut-rrts-package-6/ |website=www.themetrorailguy.com |publisher=The Metro Rail Guy |access-date=1 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref> [[Afcons Infrastructure]] was entrusted with the construction of the station.<ref name="themetrorailguy1"/>

== Station layout ==
The Sarai Kale Khan RRTS station features six elevated platforms, with the station building constructed below the platform level. These six platforms serve four tracks dedicated to regular train services.<ref name="timesofindia-indiatimes1">{{cite web |author1=Priyangi Agarwal |title=Delhi's Sarai Kale Khan RRTS station to link up with road, rail, metro modes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/sarai-kale-khan-rrts-stn-to-link-up-with-road-rail-metro-modes/articleshow/97068029.cms |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |publisher=The Times of India |language=en |date=18 January 2023}}</ref>

The Sarai Kale Khan RRTS station will consist of three levels: platform, concourse, and street level. It will be 215 meters long and 50 meters wide, with the station constructed 15 meters above ground level.<ref name="timesofindia-indiatimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi-Meerut RRTS: Sarai Kale Khan RRTS station to be linked with Nizamuddin Railway Station, Delhi Metro, ISBT |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-delhi-ghaziabad-meerut-rrts-sarai-kale-khan-station-to-be-linked-with-delhi-metro-isbt-nizamuddin-railway-s-3019348 |website=www.dnaindia.com |access-date=1 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Station Layout (TBC) ===
{| cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" border="0"
| valign="top" width="50" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''G'''
| valign="top" width="100" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Street Level
| valign="top" width="390" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Exit/Entrance
|-
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''L1'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Mezzanine
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover
|-
| rowspan="8" style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;text-align:left;" |'''L2'''
| colspan="2" style="border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Side platform]]<nowiki> | Opening of Doors (TBC) </nowiki>{{access icon}}
|-
| width="100" style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" |'''Platform #'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" |← '''''Under Construction →'''''
|-
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Island platform]]<nowiki> | </nowiki>'''P#''' and '''P#''' Opening of Doors (TBC) {{access icon}}
|-
| width="100" style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" |'''Platform #'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" |← '''''Under Construction →'''''
|-
| width="100" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''Platform #'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |← '''''Under Construction →'''''
|-
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Island platform]]<nowiki> | </nowiki>'''P#''' and '''P#''' Opening of Doors (TBC) {{access icon}}
|-
| width="100" style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" |'''Platform #'''
| width="100" style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" |← '''''Under Construction →'''''
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]]<nowiki> | Opening of Doors (TBC) </nowiki>{{access icon}}
|-
| valign="top" width="50" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''L2'''
| valign="top" width="50" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |
| valign="top" width="50" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{RapidX|Delhi–Meerut=yes|Delhi–Alwar=yes|Delhi–Sonipat–Panipat=yes}}

[[Category:Railway stations in South East Delhi district]]

Nanda Kumar Deb Barma

2026-02-13T13:13:52Z

Agamx: put up bio

{{Short description|Indian playwright and poet}}
{{Promotional|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox writer
| embed =
| partner = 
| alma_mater = [[MBB College]] (BA)
| period =
| genre = 
| subject = 
| movement =
| notable_works = Longtoraini Eklobya
| spouse = 
| children =
| citizenship =
| relatives =
| awards = Mahendra Smriti Puraskar, Rabindra Puraskar
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| years_active =
| module =
| website = 
| education =
| nationality =
| honorific_prefix =
| native_name =
| name = Nanda Kumar Deb Barma
| honorific_suffix =
| image = [[File:Nanda Kumar Debbarma.jpg|250px]]
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption = Debbarma at his home
| native_name_lang =
| language = [[Kokborok]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1950|07|21|df=y}}
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| occupation = Playwright, poet, author, lyricist
| portaldisp = 
| birth_place = [[Bishramganj]], Tripura
}}

'''Nanda Kumar Deb Barma''' is a [[Tripuri people|Tipra]] playwright, poet, and lyricist from [[Tripura]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Datta|first=Sekhar|date=10 December 2013|title=Author stirs up language storm|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/author-stirs-up-language-storm/cid/233761|access-date=3 April 2021}}</ref> He is known for literature in Kokborok language and [[Kokborok Drama]]. Nanda Kumar Deb Barma is author of novels such as Rung (2001), and compilations of works such as Thungnuk Bwchap (2015).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Deb Barma|first=Nanda Kumar|title=Thungnuk Bwchab|publisher=Akshar Publications|year=2015|isbn=9789384079291|location=Agartala, Tripura}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Deb Barma|first=Nanda Kumar|title=Thungnuk bwchab by Nanda Kumar Debbarma|url=http://opac.tripurauniv.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=411|access-date=3 April 2021|website=Tripura University (A Central University) Central Library}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He has been one of the active advocates for Kokborok<ref>{{Cite news|last=Correspondent|first=Our Special|others=Poet Nanda Kumar Debbarma, who presided over the function, sought an open debate on the issue.|date=5 January 2019|title=Tripura debate on Kokborok|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/tripura-debate-on-kokborok/cid/686865|access-date=3 April 2021}}</ref> development of literature and education and is the president of Kokborok Sahitya Sabha.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Jamatia|first=Kulungti|others=The other four publishing houses are 1. Jora Publication, 2. Kokborok Sahitya Parishad, 3. Language Wing, Education Department, TTAADC, and 4. Kokborok Sahitya Sabha. The Language and Education department of [[TTAADC]] brought out 13 books in Kokborok this year.|date=25 March 2021|title=Promoting Kokborok: How Indigenous Publishing Houses Are Taking The Language To The Masses|work=Adivasi Lives Matter|url=https://www.adivasilivesmatter.com/post/promoting-kokborok-how-indigenous-publishing-houses-are-taking-the-language-to-the-masses|access-date=3 April 2021}}</ref>

== Works ==
{{Confusing section|date=September 2022}}
Bubar, Mukunne, Kokkisa, Koktanghai, Mari, Randijwkma, Sikhok, Reg-Swnam, Bolongni Muktarwi Sarao, Koktun, Khotalbai, Kwplai, Kantomoni, Imangni Bwsarok, Shehi Bukhukswk Ha, Nuai, Rung, Sundurjak, Yapiri, Dogar, ''Longtoraini Eklobyo'',<ref>{{Cite news|last=NS|first=DH|others=Some languages are kept alive by a group of 400 – 500 people living the tradition and using it for conversation and transactions. If you want to get a feel of one such language, head straight to Sriranga in Kalamandira premises on 4 February at 6 pm to watch '''‘Longtoraini Eklobya’''' – a play on Ekalavya by people who speak Longtorai language, presented by Sampili Theatre Centre, Tripura.|date=2 February 2012|title=Conference on minor languages at CIIL begins today|work=The Deccan Herald|agency=Deccan Herald|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/224144/conference-minor-languages-ciil-begins.html|access-date=4 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Nagpal|first=Kavita|others=Longtoraini Eklobya directed by Nanda Kumar Deb Barma for the Sampili Theatre Centre, Tripura is the story of Eklavya told in contemporary times.|date=8 April 2011|title=Delhi hosts indigenous Northeast fest|work=The Asian Age|url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-asian-age/20110408/282329676479047|access-date=4 April 2021}}</ref> Bwsak Kaisao, Da-kuphur, Chobani Swkang, Swkango Choba, Kotor Buma-Bwsa.

== Selected published works ==
*'''Kokborok Poetry'''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gupta|first=Ramanika|title=Indigenous Writers of India: North-East India|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=2006|isbn=81-8069-300-7|location=New Delhi|pages=209}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Indigenous writers of India : introduction and contributions|date=2006|publisher=Published for Ramnika Foundation by Concept Pub. Co|others=Ramaṇikā. Guptā, Ramnika Foundation|isbn=81-8069-299-X|location=New Delhi|oclc=74946514}}</ref>
*''Simalwng Sakao Holongni Khum (Stone Flowers at the Pyre)''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Barma|first1=Nanda Kumar Deb|last2=Gupta|first2=Ashesh|date=2005|title=Stone Flower at the Pyre|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23346194|journal=Indian Literature|volume=49|issue=5 (229)|pages=60|jstor=23346194 |issn=0019-5804}}</ref>
*''Bolongni Bwsagursong Mwsao (Dances of Jungle Girls)'' {{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}
*''Ani Ganao Ang (Me beside me)'' {{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}
*''Dugmalino (To a Flower)'' {{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}

'''Translated Works'''

* The Story (2005)<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Barma|first1=Nanda Kumar Deb|last2=Gupta|first2=Ashesh|date=2005|title=The Story|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23346193|journal=Indian Literature|volume=49|issue=5 (229)|pages=59|jstor=23346193 |issn=0019-5804}}</ref>
* A Trip to the Shakhangtang Hill (2005)<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Barma|first1=Nanda Kumar Deb|last2=Gupta|first2=Ashesh|date=2005|title=A Trip to the Shakhangtang Hill|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23346195|journal=Indian Literature|volume=49|issue=5 (229)|pages=60–61|jstor=23346195 |issn=0019-5804}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Kokborok}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nanda Kumar Deb Barma}}
[[Category:Writers from Tripura]]
[[Category:Tripuri people]]
[[Category:Writers from Northeast India]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Tripura University alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:MBB College alumni]]

{{India-writer-stub}}
{{Playwright-stub}}

Star Gold Network

2026-02-08T08:09:12Z

Agamx:

{{short description|Indian television movie channels}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Star Gold Network
| logo = Star Gold Network logo.png
| logo_caption = Logos used since 2020
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|1999|6|4}}
| owner = [[JioStar]]
| type = [[Television Channel|Television Channels]]
| picture_format = [[1080i]] [[HDTV]] (downscaled to [[letterboxed]] [[576i]] for the [[SDTV]] feed)
| country = [[India]]
| area = [[Indian subcontinent]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| sister_channels = [[JioStar#Owned channels|JioStar Channels]]
| headquarters = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| online_serv_1 = [[JioHotstar]]
| online_chan_1 = [[India]]
}}

'''Star Gold Network''' is a group of Indian [[Hindi-language]] [[pay television]] [[movie channels]], owned by [[JioStar]], a joint venture between [[Viacom18]] and [[Disney India]]. With a total of eight channels, Star Gold broadcasts Hindi films and occasional sporting events in Hindi audio feed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mumbai |first=afaqs! |title=STAR Gold unveils new logo |url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/31622_star-gold-unveils-new-logo |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=www.afaqs.com |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
Star Gold was launched by Star India in 17 September 2000, as a part of Rupert Murdoch's media conglomerate, News Corporation. It was created to cater to the growing demand for Bollywood films on television. Star Gold is launched as a classic Hindi movie channel, airing a mix of old and new films.

In 2004, Star Gold rebrands to a mainstream Bollywood channel, focusing on recent blockbusters and popular stars. Star Gold becomes the most-watched Hindi movie channel in India.

In 2011, Star Gold launched its HD feed along with [[StarPlus|Star Plus]], [[Star Movies (Indian TV channel)|Star Movies]], [[Star World (India)|Star World]] and [[National Geographic (Indian TV channel)|National Geographic]] in which Star termed as 'Asli HD'.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Star re-launches five HD channels|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/Star-re-launches-five-HD-channels/article14684474.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2011-04-15|access-date=2026-02-01|issn=0971-751X|language=en-IN}}</ref>

Star India launches a new movies channel Star Gold Select in 2017. The Walt Disney Company acquires 21st Century Fox, including Star India. Later in 2020, MoviesOK was rebranded to Star Gold 2. In 2021 Star Gold is rebranded as Utsav Gold in UK and Europe.
In 15 March 2023, [[UTV Action]] and UTV Movies rebranded into [[Star Gold Thrills]] and [[Star Gold Romance]] <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

==Associated channels==
===Star Gold===
''Star Gold'' is a flagship movie channel launched in 2000 also the 1st channel of Star Network. It focuses on showcasing a wide variety of Bollywood films, including blockbuster releases, critically acclaimed cinema, and popular classics.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-23 |title=Munjya TV release date: Watch the hit horror-comedy this week on television before OTT debut. Check details |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/munjya-tv-release-date-watch-the-hit-horror-comedy-this-week-on-television-before-ott-debut-check-details/articleshow/112650379.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-12-28 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
=== Star Gold 2 ===
''Star Gold 2'' is an Indian [[Hindi language|Hindi]]-language [[movie]] [[Pay television|pay television channel]] owned by [[JioStar]] which serves as a sister channel to Star Gold. While its SD feed was launched first as a replacement for ''Movies OK'', its HD feed has replaced ''[[UTV Action #Other versions|UTV HD]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-29 |title=Star India to launch new movie channel 'Star Gold 2' on 01 Feb |url=https://indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/viewership/star-india-to-launch-new-movie-channel-star-gold-2-on-01-feb-200129 |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=indiantelevision.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETBrandEquity.com |title=Star India announces to launch Star Gold 2 - ET BrandEquity |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/media/star-india-announces-to-launch-star-gold-2/73760555 |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=ETBrandEquity.com |language=en |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020044256/https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/media/star-india-announces-to-launch-star-gold-2/73760555 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Star Gold Select ===
''Star Gold Select'' is an Indian Hindi language [[movie]] [[Pay television|pay]] [[television channel]]. It replaced [[Star Movies Action]] owned by [[Disney Star]] (now known as JioStar) which primarily telecasts critically acclaimed movies. The HD version was launched on March 6, 2017, The SD version was launched on June 28, 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Star India announces launch of Star Gold Select HD |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/amp/media-tv-news/star-india-announces-launch-of-star-gold-select-hd-67961.html |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=Indian Media & Marketing News – exchange4media |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020044256/https://www.exchange4media.com/amp/media-tv-news/star-india-announces-launch-of-star-gold-select-hd-67961.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Star Gold Thrills ===
''Star Gold Thrills'' is an Indian Hindi language [[movie]] [[television channel]] owned by [[JioStar]] which primarily telecasts [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] action-based movies, dubbed in Hindi. Also telecasting Hindi language film in genres of action, suspense, thriller and horror from Disney Star (as Star Studios). It replaced [[UTV Action]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |first=Tanay |last=Singh Thakur |title=Star Gold Thrills, Star Gold Romance and Asianet Movies HD Launched in India |url=https://telecomtalk.info/star-gold-thrills-star-gold-romance-and/685214/ |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=telecomtalk.info |language=en-US |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020044256/https://telecomtalk.info/star-gold-thrills-star-gold-romance-and/685214/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Star Gold Romance===
''Star Gold Romance'', launched in 2023, is a dedicated movie channel featuring romantic Bollywood films. This specialized channel curates films that highlight themes of love, relationships, and emotions, targeting audiences who enjoy romance-centric cinema. Before its current identity, it was formerly known as [[UTV Movies]] during its early operation under UTV’s portfolio, prior to its integration and rebranding under Disney Star.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |first=Saikat |last=Chakraborty |title=Shah Rukh Khan announces TV channel Star Gold Romance and Star Gold Thrills in Disney Stars Latest launch trailer |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/chennai-express-star-gold-romance-release-date-watch-the-hit-drama-this-week-on-television-before-ott-debut-check-details/cid/1922652 |date=2023-03-15 |access-date=2025-07-17|website=telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{SP Shows}}
{{STAR}}
{{Disney}}
{{Television in India}}
[[Category:Television stations in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television stations]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 1999]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television channels in India]]
[[Category:Disney Star]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1999]]

Benny Kuriakose

2026-02-06T05:59:26Z

Agamx: stub - done

{{Short description|Indian architect (born 1962)}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox Architect
| name = Dr. Benny Kuriakose
| image = Drbenny.jpg
| caption = Dr. Benny Kuriakose
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1962|5|25}}
| birth_place = [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = Designer
| significant_projects = [[Muziris Heritage Project]], Alleppey Heritage Project, [[DakshinaChitra]]
| website = {{URL|bennykuriakose.com/}}
| practice =
| significant_buildings =
}}
'''Benny Kuriakose''' (born 25 May 1962) was born in [[Kerala]], India. He made his mark in architectural conservation and the design of new buildings, taking his roots from the [[Indian vernacular architecture|vernacular architecture]] of [[South India]]. He is known for designing structures which are built from natural materials such as timber, stone and brick. He has practiced mostly in [[Chennai]] and Kerala. He runs a consultancy firm in Chennai.

==Early life and education==
Kuriakose was born in [[Koothattukulam]] and brought up in [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. There he attended the Government Model High School before joining the Government Arts College for his Pre-Degree course. He then attended the [[College of Engineering, Trivandrum]], where he took a basic degree in Civil Engineering. In 1986, he received the Charles Wallace India Trust Award for a master's degree in Conservation Studies from the [[Institute of Advanced Architectural Studies]] at the [[University of York]], in the [[United Kingdom|UK]]. He completed a doctoral degree at the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, [[Indian Institute of Technology, Madras]] in 2015. Kuriakose is married to Dr. Milly Mathew and has two children. His son, Kevin Kuriakose is an architect settled in Denmark and daughter, Dr. Eileen Kuriakose

==Career==
In 1984, as a recent graduate of the College of Engineering, Trivandrum, he started practicing architecture after a chance meeting with British-born, Indian architect [[Laurie Baker]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://grin.news/benny-kuriakose-the-heir-to-the-legendary-architect-laurie-baker-e8189d32112d|title=How Benny Kuriakose, heir to the legendary Indian architect Laurie Baker, keeps it real|date=2017-09-08|work=Grin|access-date=2018-10-01}}</ref> After working with him for nine months, he started his own practice in 1985. During his early career as a self-taught architect, he worked with several organizations such as the [[Integrated Rural Technology Centre]], Palakkad, the [[Centre of Science and Technology for Rural Development]] (COSTFORD) and Kerala State Nirmithi Kendra for the development of alternative, low-cost and eco-friendly architecture. From 1985 onwards, he built low-cost houses that mirrored Baker's style, until in 1992 he built the house of actor [[Mammootty]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/futurefacing-design/article6272325.ece|title=Future-facing design|last=Elias|first=Esther|date=2014-08-01|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2018-10-01|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129095701/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/futurefacing-design/article6272325.ece|archive-date=29 November 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In 1994, Kuriakose was commissioned by [[Malayala Manorama]] to design housing for the village of Banegaon after the [[1993 Latur earthquake]]. He also designed the layout of public and residential buildings in the village of Chapredi for the Earth Quake Rehabilitation Project, [[Bhuj]] District, [[Gujarat]] State, 2002.

He has been visiting faculty at the [[School of Planning and Architecture]], New Delhi, the [[Indian Institutes of Technology]], the [[Indian Institutes of Management]] and other architecture schools.

Kuriakose was awarded the ''Inside Outside'' Designer of the Year 2001 for the weekend retreat in [[Chennai]], and in 2011, the Celebration of Architecture Award from ''Inside Outside'' magazine. In 2016, he was conferred with the 2016 Estrade Lifetime Achievement Award (the previous recipient of this honor, in 1980, was Architect Karan Grover). He was also listed as one of the top 10 Indian architects who is harnessing traditional wisdom to build homes of the future.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/magazine/845662/ten-indian-architects-who-are-harnessing-traditional-wisdom-to-build-the-homes-of-the-future|title=Ten Indian architects who are harnessing traditional wisdom to build the homes of the future|last=Eartha|work=Scroll.in|access-date=2018-10-01|language=en-US}}</ref>

He has written books such as ''Conserving of Timber Structures in India'' and ''Post Tsunami Reconstruction: Manual for Supervisors and Project Staff''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://housing.com/news/sustainable-buildings-needed-much-industry-society/|title=Sustainable buildings are needed as much for the industry as for society|last=Sharma|first=Purnima Goswami|website=Housing News|date=7 November 2017 |language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707231210/https://housing.com/news/sustainable-buildings-needed-much-industry-society/|archive-date=7 July 2018|url-status=live|access-date=2018-10-01|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He is one of the editors of the book ''Guidelines for the Preparation of a Heritage Management Plan'' published by [[INTACH]].

Kuriakose has offered his services as a consultant to [[UNDP]], [[UNESCO]], various State Governments and other organizations. He has also presented many papers on Housing, Conservation and Cost–Effective Building Techniques in various seminars, conferences and workshops in India and abroad.

==Architectural Style==
[[File:DakshinachitraIMG 9362.jpg|thumb|Dakshinachitra Model House]]
Kuriakose seeks to achieve sustainable architecture through [[Indian vernacular architecture|vernacular]] and traditional practices. He believes in the logic behind vernacular architecture being climate responsive, and using locally available materials to create projects that have a simplistic beauty.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://architecturelive.in/benny-kuriakose/|title=Benny Kuriakose - striving towards sustainable architecture|website=ArchitectureLive!|date=23 June 2015 |language=en-US|access-date=2018-10-01}}</ref> Sustainability and cost-effectiveness form the most important factors in arriving at the final design.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.zingyhomes.com/expert-interview/architect-benny-kuriakose-interview/|title=Architect Benny Kuriakose and his Architectural Journey - Interview|last=Chyne|first=Andrew|date=2015-04-15|website=ZingyHomes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401213310/https://www.zingyhomes.com/expert-interview/architect-benny-kuriakose-interview/|archive-date=1 April 2018|url-status=live|access-date=2018-10-01|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

He tries to explore an architecture that is appropriate to the environment, cost-effective, sustainable and at the same incorporates the principles of vernacular architecture in the modern context. Tradition and heritage is not used as a style, but more as a concept.<ref name=":0" /> Vernacular architecture to him is more like a depository of knowledge. Society ad technology has undergone many changes, so it is for architects to look at these and then derive a different kind of vocabulary in architecture.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fwdlife.in/enchanting-past|title=Enchanting Past|last=Vaibhav|date=2016-11-02|website=FWD Life|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729222857/https://www.fwdlife.in/enchanting-past|archive-date=29 July 2018|url-status=live|access-date=2018-10-01|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Kuriakose tries to design for the client in such a way that there is constant dialogue between them, each affecting the other in various ways, leading to and influencing the final design of the building. This leads the design to progress and clarify as it is continually revised in the light of the constant and evolving interpretations of the parameters. This leads to a final design that is unique and caters to the user.<ref name=":0" />

Kuriakose does not have a style of his own. He thinks the concept is much more important than the style in design.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.estrade.in/best-way-of-going-green-is-to-conserve-our-old-buildings-benny-kuriakose/|title=Best way of going green is to conserve our old buildings: Benny Kuriakose|date=2016-11-10|website=estrade|language=en|access-date=2018-10-01}}</ref> He does not want to impose his ideas onto the buildings he designs. He designs each building according to each one's needs.<ref name=":0" /> All his projects look different because each homeowner has preferences and he tries to respond to their aspirations.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/Builder-of-dreams/article17116794.ece|title=Builder of dreams|last=Sridhar|first=Lalitha|date=2017-01-30|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-10-01|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The location is different, the climate is different, the materials are different and the clients are also different. He thinks that style is very superficial.<ref name=":2" />
[[File:VishramOnTheSeaBENNEY12.jpg|thumb|Vishram on The Sea]]

The sustainability aspects of his buildings varies. Although modern materials such as cement and steel are used, their use is limited and it is mostly natural materials that are prominent in his buildings.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thealternative.in/lifestyle/benny-kuriakose-we-need-to-think-beyond-the-green-building/|title=Benny Kuriakose: 'We need to think beyond the green building'|last=Mohan|first=Aarti|work=The Alternative|access-date=2018-10-01|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403051540/http://www.thealternative.in/lifestyle/benny-kuriakose-we-need-to-think-beyond-the-green-building/|archive-date=3 April 2018|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
The answers to what makes a sustainable building vary, depending on physical factors such as climate, land availability, local building materials and social and cultural factors.<ref name=":4" />

Courtyards, verandahs, and roofs are some of the elements Kuriakose uses in the design of buildings. Kerala, where he grew up, and Tamil Nadu where he has spent the last 25 years of his life have influenced him.<ref name=":3" />

According to Kuriakose, the biggest challenge in the building industry today is to ensure the quality of construction. Everybody is interested in quantity and if the quality of construction cannot be ensured, the buildings will not last for long.<ref name=":2" />

==Projects==
[[File:WayanadHouseLiving.jpg|thumb|Wayanad House]]
* 1992 – [[Mammootty]]’s House
* 1994 – Rehabilitation Project for the Earthquake victims of Banegaon village, [[Latur]]
* 1995 onwards - Designed the Kerala Section and the Public Buildings for [[Dakshinachitra]], heritage and crafts village
* 1999 – [[Institute of Palliative Medicine (Kozhikode)]]
* 2001 – Vishram on the Sea House
* 2002 – Rehabilitation Project for the Earthquake victims of Chapredi village, [[Bhuj]]
* 2003 – Backwater Ripples Resort, [[Kumarakom]]
[[File:WayanadHouse.jpg|thumb|Wayanad House]]
* 2005 – Harishree Vidyalayam, [[Chennai]]
* 2006 – Reconstruction of the Tsunami affected villages of [[Tharangambadi]] and Chinnangudi
* 2008 onwards – [[Muziris Heritage Project]]
* 2009 – Derby Green Resort, [[Ooty]]
* 2010 – Casa Rojo House
* 2010 – Mangala Heritage
* 2011 – Sivaram House
[[File:CasaRojo07.jpg|thumb|Casa Rojo]]
* 2011 – Paramankheni House
* 2011 – Wayanad House
* 2012 – Anantya Resorts [http://anantyaresorts.com], [[Kanyakumari]] District
* 2012 – Springdale Heritage Resort, [[Vandiperiyar]]
* 2014 – The Quiet by the River Resort, [[Kodanad]]
[[File:VishramOnTheSeaBENNEY10.jpg|thumb|Vishram On The Sea - Dining]]

==Dakshinachitra craft village==
Since 1995, Kuriakose has been involved in continuing and developing the design of [[DakshinaChitra]] Craft Village near Chennai based on the original site plan and sketches by Laurie Baker. Baker's sketches were translated into plans by him. In 1996, he moved to Chennai where he was commissioned to do the Kerala Section and the Public Buildings in DakshinaChitra.

==Tharangambadi and Chinnangudi tsunami rehabilitation project==
Kuriakose went on to design more than 1,000 individualized homes for fisherfolk in [[Tharangambadi]] and Chinnangudi villages in [[Nagapattinam]], under the Tsunami Rehabilitation Project. The basic ideology of the project was to provide houses for the victims of the 2004 tsunami, which hit the east coast of India. Generally, in public housing programs in India and elsewhere, a single type design is used for the construction of all of the houses.

In the case of the tsunami reconstruction project carried out by the NGO [[South Indian Federation of Fishermen Societies]] (SIFFS), a novel idea of involving the house owner in the design and construction of the house was tried out. Plots were allotted before the construction of the houses so that each house owner knew which house they would get.

In the design of the houses and the settlement of Tharangambadi and Chinnankudi affected by the tsunami, it was decided to make sure that the community and home owners participated in the rebuilding. Different models were offered and model homes were built so that people could understand what they were actually going to get. The sites were allocated to individuals before starting the construction itself. The houses were highly customized and the home owners had control over the construction process.<ref name=":2" />

==Muziris heritage project==
[[File:Paliam.jpg|thumb|Paliam Palace Museum]]

Kuriakose was selected as conservation consultant for the [[Muziris Heritage Project]] in 2007. [[Muziris]] is not just a place. It is a concept and the project was an attempt to educate future generations about heritage, and to throw light on [[Kerala]]’s pan-Indian and international trade links.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/past-is-charming/article7353897.ece|title=Past is charming|last=Krishnamachari|first=Suganthy|date=2015-06-26|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-10-01|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The project's artifacts and monuments are spread out over an area of 150 km2, and Kuriakose's team has located clusters, including 400 buildings of historic importance and architectural interest.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/Qh1ZNDaPCYKkB1JK9FNxHJ/Musing-on-Muziris.html|title=Musing on Muziris|last=Kumar|first=Sujatha Shankar|date=2017-08-18|work=livemint|access-date=2018-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708221312/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/Qh1ZNDaPCYKkB1JK9FNxHJ/Musing-on-Muziris.html|archive-date=8 July 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

It is an alternate approach to heritage management, and the biggest challenge was to develop a concept which suits the local context. The Muziris Heritage Project has many dimensions. It is an educational project, a developmental project and a model for sustainable tourism.<ref name=":3" /> The project was the brainchild of Dr. [[Thomas Isaac]], who had grown up in the area. An economics professor from the [[Centre for Development Studies]], he became the finance minister of Kerala in 2006. He envisioned Muziris as a non-formal education project for future generations.<ref name=":5" />

The project involved the conservation of Paliam Palace, Paravur Synagogue, Kottappuram Fort, Kottappuram Market and many other historic structures in the Muziris area It has set a precedent in India for adopting an integrated approach to heritage conservation and regional development. The project also envisages features such as interactive museums, visitor centres, a virtual reconstruction centre, facilities to travel by boat on the [[Periyar (river)|River Periyar]] to various monuments, cycle tours of the area and circuit tours, to name a few.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/Return-of-Muziris/article15507371.ece|title=Return of Muziris|last=Sathyendran|first=Nita|date=2011-01-05|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-10-01|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Floated in 2008, it is India's largest conservation project, spread over 25 sites, and links Kerala's histories of Dutch, Arabic, Chinese, Jewish, Greek, Portuguese and Roman roots in the forgotten port of Muziris from 1st Century BC onward.<ref name=":1" />
[[File:AnantyaResortIMG 9550.jpg|thumb|Anantya Resort]]

The restoration of [[Cheraman Juma Mosque]], the oldest mosque in India, removing all the modern appendages is an offshoot of the Muziris Heritage Project.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/how-keralas-muziris-heritage-project-could-serve-as-a-model-for-conservation/articleshow/48838322.cms|title=How Kerala's Muziris Heritage Project could serve as a model for conservation|last=Aravind|first=Indulekha|date=2015-09-06|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402225442/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/how-keralas-muziris-heritage-project-could-serve-as-a-model-for-conservation/articleshow/48838322.cms|archive-date=2 April 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The decision to replace the new chapel in the Kottappuram market with the old was taken by the congregation. The mosque and chapel are just two of the structures that are being transformed as a result of this initiative, coming up in a {{cvt|150|km|2}} 150 square km area in central Kerala, in [[Ernakulam]] and [[Thrissur]] districts.<ref name=":6" />

When the project is completed, it will be a walk through 3,000 years of history of the southern Indian state of Kerala. The place is very special since this is where Jews, Arabs, Greeks, Portuguese, Dutch and the British etc. came together. Three religions came to India through this port namely Judaism, Christianity and Islam.<ref name=":0" />

The Muziris Heritage Project set a precedent in India for adopting an integrated approach to heritage conservation and regional development.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/lessons-from-our-neighbour/articleshow/47885263.cms|title=Lessons from our neighbour|last=Madhukar|first=Jayanthi|date=2015-07-01|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|access-date=2018-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001184158/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/lessons-from-our-neighbour/articleshow/47885263.cms|archive-date=1 October 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Awards==
* 1986 Charles Wallace (India) Trust Award
* 2002 Designer of the Year Award by Inside Outside Magazine
* 2011 Celebration of Architecture Award by Inside Outside Magazine
* 2016 Lifetime Achievement Award by Estrade
* 2017 Scroll of Honour 2017 by Realty Plus
* 2017 Editor's Choice for Exemplary Body of Work, Trends Excellence Award [http://www.trendsawards.in/]

==Bibliography==
* Benny Kuriakose, Nupur Prothi Khanna, Malvika Bajaj Saini (eds), ''Guidelines for Preparation of a Heritage Management Plan'', 2010 [https://books.google.com/books?id=8K_qZwEACAAJ].
* Benny Kuriakose, ''Conserving Timber Structures in India'', 2007 [https://books.google.com/books?id=5AaaQwAACAAJ].
* Benny Kuriakose, ''Habitat Mapping of Chinnangudi – A Study of Chinnangudi Village in Connection with Tsunami Reconstruction Project'', 2006 [https://books.google.com/books?id=SVm6HwAACAAJ].
* Abraham, Rajesh (Director), ''Ace Architect – Benny Kuriakose'', a Documentary on different projects designed by Benny Kuriakose.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kuriakose, Benny}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of York]]
[[Category:People from Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Scientists from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Artists from Thiruvananthapuram]]

St. Olav's Church, Serampore

2026-02-03T06:11:16Z

Agamx: put up new entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Missing|denomination, status, diocese etc.|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox church
| denomination = Protestant
| name = St. Olav's Church
| fullname =
| other name = সেন্ট ওলাভ'স চার্চ
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| image = St Olav's Church, Serampore.jpg
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| caption = Front façade of St.Olav's Church
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| osgridref = 
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| location = 1 no., Church Road, Dr. Bishwanath Jot Sarani, [[Tin Bazar]] [[Serampore]] – 712201, [[West Bengal]]
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| founded date = 1806
| founder = [[Ole Bie]]
| dedication = [[Olaf II of Norway|Saint Olav]]
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| status = Active
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| completed date =1806
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'''St. Olav's Church''' ({{langx|bn|সেন্ট ওলাভ'স চার্চ|translit=Sēnṭa ōlābha'sa cārca}}) is a [[protestant]] church in [[Serampore]], [[West Bengal]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/St+Olaves+Danish+Church/@22.7569212,88.3426511,102m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m12!1m6!3m5!1s0x0:0x9dcfb2b32e54840!2sSerampore+Head+Post+Office!8m2!3d22.7569212!4d88.3423982!3m4!1s0x0:0x7501cdbd71d00aff!8m2!3d22.7568556!4d88.3427033|title=St. Olav's Church|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref> Also known as '''St Olave's Danish Church''', it was built in the early 19th century, when the area was part of [[Fredriksnagore]] – then a small (50 km²) colony of [[Denmark-Norway]]. The building is now jointly controlled by the [[Church of North India]] (CNI) and [[Serampore College]] Council.

== History ==
Locally known as the Danish Church, it was one of the 100 buildings constructed by the [[Danish India|Danish management]] between 1755 and 1845, at a time when the town was called Fredriksnagore.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/travel/travel-buzz/story/revisiting-history-210-year-old-danish-church-restored-in-west-bengal-st-olav-serampore-317623-2016-04-12|title=Revisiting history: 210-year-old Danish church restored in West Bengal|magazine=[[India Today]]|access-date=2016-10-16}}</ref>

A major restoration project there was rewarded by the 2016 [[UNESCO Asia Pacific Heritage Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.unescobkk.org/culture/heritage/awards/previous/2016/ |title=2016 UNESCO Asia-Pacific Heritage Award Winners |access-date=30 October 2016 |archive-date=7 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160907161959/http://www.unescobkk.org/culture/heritage/awards/previous/2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Architecture==
The entrance has an open portico of twin columns under a broken-base pediment containing the royal monogram of [[Christian VII of Denmark|Christian VII]], king of Denmark when the church was consecrated. Above the portico is a bell tower that also contains a clock. One of the church bells is inscribed "[[Frederiksværk|FREDERICKS VÆRCK]] ANNO 1804", indicating it originated from a Danish factory.<ref name=NatmusDK>[https://natmus.dk/historisk-viden/forskning/forskningsprojekter/serampore-initiativet/aktuelle-projekter/restaurering-af-skt-olavs-kirke/ Serampore: Restaurering af Skt. Olavs Kirke], [[National Museum of Denmark]].</ref>

The church is flat roofed, inside and out. The church is not particularly Scandinavian, but reflects the designs of contemporary churches in [[British India]], in particular those in Calcutta, which were inspired by contemporaneous designs popular in Britain, such as [[St. Martin-in-the-Fields]] in London.<ref>[http://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/research/research-projects/the-serampore-initiative/projects/restoration-of-st-olavs-church/ Restoration of St. Olav's Church] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018224137/http://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/research/research-projects/the-serampore-initiative/projects/restoration-of-st-olavs-church/ |date=18 October 2016 }}. [[National Museum of Denmark]].</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Interior of The Church.jpg|Interior of the church
</gallery>
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite news|author=Chakraborty, Ajanta|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Indo-Danish-collaboration-revives-St-Olavs-from-ruins/articleshow/51720301.cms|title=Indo-Danish collaboration revives St Olav's from ruins|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=2016-04-07}}
* {{cite news|author=Chakraborty, Ajanta|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Serampore-church-gets-back-lost-glory/articleshow/50907897.cms|title=Serampore church gets back lost glory|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=2016-02-08}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/kolkata-news/210-year-old-danish-church-to-reopen-this-week-near-kolkata-1391069|title=210-Year-Old Danish Church To Reopen This Week Near Kolkata|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=2016-04-11}}
* {{cite news|author=Chakraborty, Ajanta|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Unesco-honour-for-restoration-of-210-year-old-St-Olavs-Church/articleshow/54023088.cms|title=Unesco honour for restoration of 210-year-old St Olav's Church|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=2016-09-06}}

{{coord|22.7571|N|88.3427|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

[[Category:Churches in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Danish India]]
[[Category:Church of North India church buildings]]
[[Category:Churches completed in 1806]]
[[Category:Serampore]]
[[Category:1800s in Danish India]]

Glossary of cricket terms

2026-01-31T18:17:56Z

Agamx: slightly enhance article per sources and corrected details

{{Short description|none}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2026}}
{{dynamic list}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
[[File:Cricket terminology - Punch cartoon - Project Gutenberg eText 17596.png|thumb|''Young Cricketer''. "Yes, I cocked one off the splice in the gully and the blighter gathered it." 
''Father''. "Yes, but how did you get out? Were you caught, stumped or bowled, or what?" Cartoon from ''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]'', 21 July 1920.]]

This is a general [[glossary]] of the terminology used in the sport of [[cricket]]. Where words in a sentence are also defined elsewhere in this article, they appear in italics. Certain aspects of cricket terminology are explained in more detail in [[cricket statistics]] and the naming of fielding positions is explained at [[fielding (cricket)]].

Cricket is known for its rich terminology.<ref name=cric>{{cite news|url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/239756.html |title=A glossary of cricket terms|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=13 May 2008}}</ref><ref name=ecb>[http://static.ecb.co.uk/files/teacher-task-cards-glossary-of-cricket-terms-817.pdf ''Glossary of cricket terms''.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528033119/http://static.ecb.co.uk/files/teacher-task-cards-glossary-of-cricket-terms-817.pdf |date=28 May 2008 }} [[England Cricket Board]]. Retrieved 13 May 2008.</ref><ref name=bbc>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/skills/6100344.stm "Cricket Academy – Glossary".] [[BBC News]]. Retrieved 13 May 2008.</ref> Some terms are often thought to be arcane and humorous by those not familiar with the game.<ref name=e1>Eastaway, p. 1.</ref>
__NOTOC__
{{compact ToC|notesfirst=yes|refs=yes}}

==A==
{{glossary}}

{{term|term= Abandoned |content=[[Result_(cricket)#Abandoned|Abandoned]]}}
{{defn|defn= The ''result'' if a ''match'' is called off without any play, through no fault of either team. Typically this is due to adverse weather or safety issues. Depending on the ''regulations'' of the competition, the abandoned match might be rescheduled for a ''reserve day'', moved to a different ''ground'', or counted as a ''draw''. A match which is called off part-way through instead uses a ''rain rule'' or is recorded as ''no result''.}}

{{term|term= Across the line}}
{{defn|defn= A ''shot'' which is played with the ''bat'' moving lateral to the direction of motion of the ''ball''. Used when the ''batter'' is aiming ''square'' or behind square, but requires excellent ''timing''. Considered risky, as mistiming the shot can result in a ''leading edge'', being ''strangled'', or missing the ball entirely and being ''out'' ''bowled'' or ''leg before wicket''.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}}}

{{term|term= Action}}
{{defn|defn= See ''{{gli|bowling action}}''<ref name=wisden_dict/>}}

{{term|term= Agricultural shot}}
{{defn|defn= A powerful ''slog'' shot ''across the line'' (resembling a [[scythe|scything]] motion), played with little technique or ''footwork'', particularly one that damages the ''pitch'' with the ''bat''. May result in the ball going to ''cow corner''.<ref>Booth, pp. 2–3</ref><ref name=et_terms>{{cite news |last1=Majid |first1=Abdul |title=Did you know these sports terms? |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/871986/did-you-know-these-sports-terms/ |access-date=18 February 2020 |work=[[The Express Tribune]] |date=29 April 2015}}</ref>}}

{{term|term= Air}}
{{defn|defn= A ''delivery'' by a ''spin bowler'' on a higher trajectory than usual, typically phrased as 'giving it some air'. The term ''flight'' is a near synonym.<ref name=wisden_dict/> Can be combined with ''top spin'' or ''back spin'' to deceive the batter on the ''length'' of the delivery, or with ''off spin'' or ''leg spin'' to give the ball more time to ''drift''.}}

{{term|term= All out}}
{{defn|defn= The ''end of an innings'' due to the batting side running out of ''wickets'', usually because ten of the eleven ''batters'' have been ''dismissed''. It also applies if a total of ten players (in any combination) have ''retired'', are absent from the ''ground'', or have been dismissed, leaving only one available batter remaining. The term is a slight misnomer, as there is always one batter left ''not out''.<ref name=wisden_dict/>}}

{{term|term= All-rounder |content= [[All-rounder]] }}
{{defn|defn=Traditionally, a player adept at both ''[[#batting|batting]]'' and ''[[#bowling|bowling]]''.<ref name=barclays>''Barclays World of Cricket – 2nd Edition'', 1980, Collins Publishers, {{ISBN|0-00-216349-7}}, pp 636–643.</ref> Some recent sources regard a ''[[#wicket-keeper-batter|wicket-keeper/batter]]'' as another type of all-rounder, but this usage is not universal.<ref name=wisden_dict/>}}

{{term|term= Amateur}}
{{defn|no=1|A cricketer who plays for pleasure, not pay. A non-professional.<ref name=wisden_dict/>}}
{{defn|no=2|[[Amateur status in first-class cricket|A former official distinction between players]] of differing [[social class]], important in 18th and 19th century England. Amateurs (also known as ''gentlemen'') were [[upper class]], had usually been to [[private school]] and/or [[Oxbridge]], and could claim [[expenses]] but not receive any other payment. Professionals (also known as ''players'') were [[working class]], paid [[wages]], and relied on cricket as their primary source of income. Most ''county cricket'' teams consisted of a mix of amateurs and professionals; the ''captain'' was always an amateur. The annual [[Gentlemen vs Players]] match pitched the two classes against each other. The distinction became obsolete in the early 20th century and was finally abolished in 1962.<ref name=wisden_dict/>}}

{{term|term= Analysis}}
{{defn|defn=See ''{{gli|bowling analysis}}''<ref name=wisden_dict/>}}

{{term|term= Anchor}}
{{defn|defn= A ''batter'' who remains ''in'' for a long time, scoring at a moderate ''strike rate'' whilst preserving their ''wicket'' by avoiding risky ''shots''. A less defensive and more flexible version of a ''blocker''. ''Top-'' or ''middle-order'' batters may adopt an anchor role if the other batters experience a ''batting collapse''.<ref>Booth, pp. 10–11</ref>}}

[[File:Mashrafe Mortaza 01.jpg|thumb|right|upright|''Bowler'' [[Mashrafe Mortaza]] ''appeals'' for a ''wicket'' during the [[2015 Cricket World Cup]].]]
{{term|term= Appeal |content= [[Appeal (cricket)|Appeal]] }}
{{defn|defn= A ''bowler'' or ''fielder'' asking the ''umpire'' to ''dismiss'' the ''batter'', usually by shouting 'howzat' (how's that?). Variations include 'howzee' (how's he?), or simply turning to the umpire and [[cheering]].<ref name=barclays/> The umpire cannot give a batter ''out'' unless the fielding side appeals, even if the criteria for a dismissal have otherwise been met.<ref name=wisden_dict/> Batters who are obviously out (e.g. ''bowled'' or indisputably ''caught'') will normally ''walk'' from the field without waiting for an appeal.}}

{{term|term= Approach}}
{{defn|no=1|defn= The [[Approach (cricket)|motion of the bowler before bowling the ball]]; also known as the [[run-up (cricket)|run-up]].<ref name=wisden_dict/>}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= The ground a bowler runs on during their run up; e.g.: "Play was delayed because the bowler's approaches were slippery."{{Citation needed|date=May 2008}} }}

{{term|term= Arm ball |content= [[Arm ball]] }}
{{defn|defn= A ''variation'' bowled by a ''finger spinner'', which appears to be their ''stock ball'' but does not ''spin''. Such a ''delivery'' does not ''turn'' when bouncing but travels straight on i.e. following the ''line'' of the bowler's arm, hence the name. An arm ball might also ''swing''.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Around the wicket}}
{{defn|defn= {{ghat|(or '''round the wicket''')}} A right-handed ''bowler'' passing to the right of the non-striker's stumps in their run-up, and vice versa for a left-handed ''bowler''. The opposite of ''over the wicket''.<ref name=barclays3/>}}

{{term|term= Ashes, The |content= [[The Ashes]] {{anchor|Ashes, The}} }}
{{defn|defn= The trophy for the [[English cricket team|England]] v [[Australian cricket team|Australia]] ''Test match'' series.<ref name=wisden_dict/> The Ashes originated as a result of a satirical obituary published in a British newspaper, ''[[The Sporting Times]]'', in 1882 after a match at [[The Oval]] in which Australia beat England on an English ground for the first time. The obituary stated that English cricket had died, and the body would be cremated and the ashes taken to Australia. The English press dubbed the next English tour to Australia (1882–83) as the quest to regain The Ashes. During that tour a small terracotta urn was presented to England captain [[Ivo Bligh, 8th Earl of Darnley|Ivo Bligh]] by a group of Melbourne women. The urn is reputed to contain the ashes of one or two ''bails''.<ref name=wisden_dict/>}}

{{term|term= Asking rate}}
{{defn|defn= See ''{{gli|required run rate}}''}}

{{term|term= Attacking field}}
{{defn|defn= A fielding configuration in which more fielders are close in to the ''pitch'' so as to take ''catches'' more readily, at the risk of allowing more runs to be scored.<ref name=wisden_dict/>}}

{{term|term= Attacking shot}}
{{defn|defn= An aggressive or strong hit by the batter designed to score runs.<ref name=e119>Eastaway, p. 119.</ref>}}

{{term|term= Audi |content= [[Duck (cricket)#Related expressions|Audi]] }}
{{defn|defn=Two consecutive ''pairs'', or four consecutive ''ducks''. The term alludes to [[Audi]], a German car manufacturer, whose logo is four linked rings.<ref name="espn 2001-05-30">{{cite web |last1=Fleming |first1=Stephen |author1-link=Stephen Fleming |title=The sort of Audi that nobody wants |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/the-sort-of-audi-that-nobody-wants-106696 |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=20 November 2021 |date=30 May 2001}}</ref><ref name="espn 2012-05-28">{{cite web |last1=Lynch |first1=Steven |title=Which end of the bat do I hold? Batsmen who went through spells of wretched form |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/espncricinfo-xi-batsmen-who-went-through-spells-of-poor-form-566356 |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=20 November 2021 |date=28 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite podcast |host=Mann, Simon |author-link=Simon Mann |date=12 September 2024 |title=In at the deep end – the psychology of test cricket |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0jq0660 |website=[[Test Match Special]] |location=London |publisher=BBC |access-date=12 September 2024}}</ref>}}

{{term|term= Average}}
{{defn|no=1|defn= see ''{{gli|batting average}}''}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= see ''{{gli|bowling average}}''}}

{{term|term= Away swing}}
{{defn|defn= See ''{{gli|outswing}}''<ref name=e119/>}}

{{glossary end}}

==B==
{{glossary}}
{{term|term= Back foot}}
{{defn|no=1|defn= When ''batting'', the foot that is closest to the ''stumps''. For a ''right-hand'' batter's ''stance'', the back foot is the right foot; for a left-hand batter it is the left foot.<ref name=wisden_dict/>}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= When ''bowling'', the foot which contacts the ground before the ''front foot'' i.e. the back foot is the second contact before the ball is released. Usually the back foot is also the ''bowling foot'', unless the bowler's ''action'' is off the ''wrong foot''.<ref name=e119/>}}

{{term|term= Back foot contact |content= [[Back foot contact]] }}
{{defn|defn= The point in a ''bowling action'' when the ''back foot'' lands on the ground, just before ''release'' of the ball.}}

{{term|term= Back foot shot}}
{{defn|defn= A ''shot'' played with the ''batter's'' weight on their ''back foot''.<ref name=barclays/> Most commonly used when aiming behind ''square''.}}

{{term|term= Back spin}}
{{defn|defn= (Also ''under-spin''.) A ''delivery'' with a backward spin, so that after pitching the ball immediately slows down, or bounces lower and skids on to the ''batter''.<ref name=barclays/>}}

{{term|term= Backing up}}
{{defn|no=1|defn= The ''non-striking'' ''batter'' leaving their crease during the ''bowler's'' ''action'', before the ''ball'' is ''released''. This shortens the distance the non-striker will need to cover to score a ''run'', if the ''striker'' completes a ''shot''. Backing up too far or too early risks a ''run out'', either by one of the ''fielders'', or by the ''bowler'' in a ''mankad''.<ref name=e119/> }}
{{defn|no=2|defn= A ''fielder'' placing themselves on the far side of the ''wicket'' from a team-mate who is throwing the ''ball'' at the ''stumps'' to attempt a ''run out''. The fielder who is backing up can then recover the ball if the throw misses the stumps, thereby preventing ''overthrows''.<ref name=e119/>}}

{{term|term= backlift |content= [[Backlift]] }}
{{defn|defn= Lifting the bat in preparation to hitting the ball.<ref name=e119/>}}

{{term|term= Badger}}
{{defn|defn= A particularly enthusiastic cricketer, someone with an extreme love of the game.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rubiconcricket.co.uk/crictionary/explore/badger |title=Badger | Rubicon Cricket |access-date=27 July 2019 |archive-date=27 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727144520/https://www.rubiconcricket.co.uk/crictionary/explore/badger }}</ref>}}

{{term|term= Bad light}}
{{defn|defn= In a match played during the day, "bad light" refers to the umpires taking the players from the field because the ambient light has dimmed to the point that the ball has become difficult to see. Done for both fairness and the safety of the batters.<ref name="light">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/mcc/content/story/479327.html|title=Umpires won't offer light to batsmen|work=ESPNcricinfo|date= 30 September 2010}}</ref> Often shortened simply to ''light''. See also ''{{gli|offer the light}}''.}}

{{term|term= Baggy green |content= [[Baggy green]] }}
{{defn|defn= A cricket cap of [[Myrtle (colour)|myrtle green]] colour, which has been worn by Australian Test cricketers since around 1900. The cap is a symbol of Australian cricket, and the term is strongly associated with national cricketing pride.}}

{{term|term= Bail |content= [[Bail (cricket)|Bail]] }}
{{defn|defn= One of the two small pieces of wood that lie on top of the ''stumps'' to form the ''wicket''.<ref name=ecb/>}}

[[File:Used cricket ball.jpg|thumb|right|A worn ''ball'']]
{{term|term= Ball |content= [[Cricket ball|Ball]] }}
{{defn|no=1|defn= The spherical object which the ''bowler'' propels towards the ''batter'', who may attempt to hit it with the ''bat''. Constructed of leather stitched around a cork core. A ''red ball'' is used in ''timed matches'' (or a ''pink ball'' for ''day/night cricket''), whilst a ''white ball'' is used in ''limited overs'' cricket.}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= A single ''delivery''. Each ''over'' contains six (legal) balls.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Ball tampering |content= [[Ball tampering]]}}
{{defn|defn= Illegally modifying the condition of the ''ball'', usually by a ''fielder'' to facilitate ''swing bowling''. Ball tampering is a form of [[cheating#Sports|cheating]], so accusations are often controversial.}}

{{term|term= Ball tracking}}
{{defn|defn= A [[computer vision]] system that determines the location of the ''ball'', tracks its motion, and predicts its future trajectory. Used by the ''third umpire'' in the ''decision review system'' to assess ''LBW'' appeals, and by coaches or commentators to analyse player performances.<ref name=cric/> Common brands include [[Hawk-Eye]] and [[Virtual Eye|Eagle-Eye]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Briggs |first1=Simon |title=The Ashes 2010: Hawk-Eye founder claims rival system is not being so eagle-eyed |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/international/theashes/8190200/The-Ashes-2010-Hawk-Eye-founder-claims-rival-system-is-not-being-so-eagle-eyed.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/international/theashes/8190200/The-Ashes-2010-Hawk-Eye-founder-claims-rival-system-is-not-being-so-eagle-eyed.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=7 August 2019 |date=9 December 2010| quote=Virtual Eye – or 'Eagle Eye', as it is known in Australia – has been developed by a New Zealand-based company, Animation Research Ltd, and has provided ball-tracking services for series in Australia, New Zealand and Zimbabwe.}}{{cbignore}}</ref> which are sometimes used as [[genericised trademark]]s for the concept.}}

{{term|term= Bang (it) in}}
{{defn|defn= To bowl a ''delivery'' on a shorter ''length'' with additional speed and force. The bowler is said to be "bending their back" when banging it in.}}

[[File:Bat(cricket).jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.7|A typical cricket bat, showing the front and back with the main parts labelled]]
{{term|term= Bat |content= [[Cricket bat|Bat]] }}
{{defn|defn= The wooden implement which the ''batter'' uses to hit the ball. Usually constructed in two pieces, the rectangular-sectioned ''blade'' and cylindrical ''handle'', which are joined at the ''splice''.<ref name=e119/>}}

{{term|term= Bat-pad}}
{{defn|defn= A fielder placed close to the batter on the leg side to catch the ball if it hits the bat and pad (in either order), and rises to a catchable height. Also a defence against being given out ''lbw'', that the ball may have hit the bat first, however indiscernible.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Batter |content= [[Batting (cricket)|Batter]]}}
{{defn|defn= {{ghat|({{abbr|m.|masculine}} '''batsman''', {{abbr|f.|feminine}} '''batswoman''', or '''batting player''' for either)}} A player on the batting side, or one of the two members of the batting side who are currently at the crease, or (in the context of a player's career) a player whose speciality is batting.<ref name=cric/> The term 'batsman' was used for most of the game's history, regardless of the player's gender, but the more [[gender neutral]] term 'batter' began to be adopted in the 2010s and was made official in the {{gli|Laws}} in 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hoult |first1=Nick |title=MCC to publish gender-neutral redraft of the laws of cricket – but 'batter' keeps its place |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/cricket/2017/03/06/mcc-publish-gender-neutral-redraft-laws-cricket-batsman-keeps/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/cricket/2017/03/06/mcc-publish-gender-neutral-redraft-laws-cricket-batsman-keeps/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=30 January 2020 |work=The Telegraph |date=6 March 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>[https://www.lords.org/lords/news-stories/mcc-to-use-the-term-batters-throughout-the-laws-of "MCC to Use the Term "Batters" throughout the Laws of Cricket".] [[Lord's]]. Retrieved 7 July 2023.</ref>}}

{{term|term= Batting |content= [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] }}
{{defn|defn= The act and skill of defending one's ''wicket'' and scoring ''runs''.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Batting average |content= [[Batting average (cricket)|Batting average]] }}
{{defn|defn= The average number of ''runs'' scored per ''innings'' by a ''batter'', calculated by dividing the batter's total runs scored by the number of times the batter was out.<ref name=e119/>}}

{{term|term= Batting collapse}}
{{defn|defn= When several batters are dismissed in rapid succession for very few runs. The terms ''top order collapse'' or ''middle order collapse'' may refer to batting collapses in a specific part of the ''batting order''.}}

{{term|term= Batting for a draw}}
{{defn|defn= Defensive ''batting'' in a ''timed match'' by a team with little chance of victory, who are instead attempting to salvage a ''draw''. The ''batters'' seek to survive as many ''balls'' as possible before losing their ''wicket'', without attempting to score many ''runs'' and avoiding aggressive ''shots''. Sometimes regarded as boring to watch, and sometimes as producing tense finishes.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Knox |first1=Malcolm |title=England resurrect the lost art of batting for a draw |url=https://www.smh.com.au/sport/cricket/england-resurrect-the-lost-art-of-batting-for-a-draw-20130824-2shtk.html |access-date=10 September 2019 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=23 August 2013 |language=en}}</ref>}}

{{term|term= Batting order |content= [[Batting order (cricket)|Batting order]] }}
{{defn|defn= The order in which the ''batters'' bat, from the ''openers'', through the ''top order'' and ''middle order'' to the ''lower order''.<ref name=e119/>}}

{{term|term= Beach cricket |content= [[Beach cricket]] }}
{{defn|defn= An informal form of the game played on beaches, particularly in Australia, [[New Zealand]], [[Sri Lanka]] and cricket-playing [[Caribbean]] countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.topendsports.com/sport/cricket/beach-cricket.htm |title=Rules of Beach Cricket |publisher=Topendsports.com |access-date=2013-08-02}}</ref>}}

{{term|term= Beamer |content= [[Beamer (cricket)|Beamer]] }}
{{defn|defn= A ''delivery'' that reaches the ''batter'' above waist height without bouncing. This is illegal and an automatic ''no-ball''.<ref name=cric/> Further sanctions are applied to repeat offences, though the exact rules have changed several times. Since 2019, if the ''umpire'' believes that the beamer was dangerous and risked injury to the batter, they issue a first and final warning to the ''bowler''; a second dangerous delivery results in the bowler being banned from bowling for the remainder of that ''innings''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Change to Law 41.7 (from 1st April 2019) |url=https://www.lords.org/assets/Uploads/Law-Change-41.7-v6.pdf |website=Lord's |publisher=[[Marylebone Cricket Club]] |access-date=17 February 2020 |date=13 November 2018 |quote=There is no longer a 'catch-all' sanction, but umpires are instead required to use their best judgement to determine whether a delivery is dangerous. If it is dangerous, it will lead to a first and final warning. If not, it will still be a No ball, but there will be no warning.}}</ref>}}

{{term|term= Beat the bat}}
{{defn|defn= When a ''batter'' narrowly avoids touching the ball with the edge of their bat, through good fortune rather than skill. Considered a moral victory for the ''bowler''. The batter is said to have been beaten. In some cases, this may be expanded to "beaten all ends up".<ref name=e120>Eastaway, p. 120.</ref>}}

{{term|term= Beehive}}
{{defn|defn= A diagram showing where a number of balls, usually from a particular bowler, have passed the batter.<ref name="Hawk-eye innovations">{{cite web|url=http://www.hawkeyeinnovations.co.uk/?page_id=1012 |title=Hawk-eye innovations |publisher=Hawk-eye innovations |access-date=2013-08-02}}</ref> Compare pitch map.}}

{{term|term= Beer match}}
{{defn|defn= In club cricket, where the scheduled game ends early, a friendly match concocted to fill in time, originally where licensing hours would have prevented the teams from retiring to the pub, but also for love of the game. Often played with an unusual format, such as "reverse batting order", "every outfielder must bowl", or "bats retire at 25". }}

{{term|term= Belter}}
{{defn|defn= A belter of a pitch is a pitch offering advantage to the batter.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Bend the back}}
{{defn|defn= Of a [[pace bowler]], to put in extra effort to extract extra speed or bounce.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Benefit season |content= [[Benefit season]] }}
{{defn|defn= A series of fundraising events to reward a long-serving player, typically those who have played over a decade for a single ''county cricket'' team, shortly before the player retires. Similar in concept to [[testimonial match]]es played in other sports.}}

{{term|term= Best bowling}}
{{defn|defn= The ''bowling analysis'' with the most ''wickets'' taken in an ''innings''; the fewest ''runs'' conceded are used as a tie-breaker. This can be used to compare different ''bowlers'' within a single ''match'', or to highlight the best performance by an individual over an extended period, such as a ''season'' or their whole career. The equivalent for batters is the ''high score''.}}

{{term|term= Biffer }}
{{defn|defn= slang term for an attacking batter. A biffer is the opposite of a blocker, being a defending player. In earlier times (particularly pre-[[World War II]]) cricketers were either [[amateur]] (''Gentlemen'') or [[professional]] (''Players''). Typically, but not universally, amateurs would be "biffers" and professionals "blockers". The word derives from the slightly [[Archaism|archaic]] [[transitive verb]], "biff" which means "hit". Today, biffers tend to be known as ''big hitters''.}}

{{term|term= Bite}}
{{defn|defn= the turn a spin bowler is able to produce on a pitch.<ref name=bbc/>}}

{{term|term= Block |content= [[Batting (cricket)#block|Block]] }}
{{defn|defn= A defensive ''shot'', intending to stop the ''ball'' safely without attempting to score ''runs''. The most common form of block is the ''forward defensive''.<ref name=e120/> }}

{{term|term= Blocker}}
{{defn|defn= slang term for a defensive or slow-scoring batter, the opposite of biffer. In earlier times (particularly pre-[[World War II]]) cricketers were either [[professional]] or [[amateur]]. Typically, but not universally, amateurs would be "biffers" and professionals "blockers". The word derives from the natural tendency of such batters to "block" each [[Bowling (cricket)|delivery]], rather than try to score [[Run (cricket)|runs]]. Such players tend to have low [[Strike rate (cricket)|strike rates]], but in many cases high [[Batting average (cricket)|averages]] due to their lack of aggressive shots giving bowlers less chances to dismiss them. They are typically less effective in [[limited overs]] cricket where quick scoring is often needed, though some are able to adapt their game to score quicker in the shorter formats of the game.}}

{{term|term= Block hole}}
{{defn|defn= the gap between the bottom of the ''bat'' and the ''batter's'' toes. This area is the target for a ''yorker'', as it is difficult to ''block'' unless the batter is expecting it.<ref name=e120/>}}

{{term|term= Blob}}
{{defn|defn= See ''{{gli|duck}}''}}

{{term|term= Bodyline |content= [[Bodyline]] (or fast leg theory)}}
{{defn|defn= a historical tactic involving ''fast bowling'' aimed at the ''batter's'' body with numerous close fielders placed on the ''leg side''. Bodyline was developed in the early 1930s and used by England (who called it "fast [[leg theory]]") during the [[1932–33 Ashes Tour]]. The tactic was highly controversial, leading to accusations of unsporting behaviour and deliberately attempting to injure or intimidate the batters. Changes to the rules were brought it to outlaw dangerous deliveries and to limit the number of leg-side fielders and ''bouncers'', making bodyline obsolete.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Boot Hill}}
{{defn|defn= Another term for short leg, the least liked and most dangerous of the fielding positions. The term is derived from this potential for getting hit by the ball, being a reference to the [[Boot Hill]]s of the [[American West]], graveyards for those who "[[Die with your boots on|died with their boots on]]". Due to its unpopularity the position has traditionally been taken by the junior professional, although this is no longer necessarily the case. According to former England fielding coach [[Richard Halsall]], a good short leg has to be physically brave, an outstanding catcher, and preferably a good reader of the batter, and are indeed normally batters themselves.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/753757.html |title=Banished to Boothill |last1=Westerby |first1=John |date=2014 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=4 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Green |first=Jonathon |author-link=Jonathon Green |encyclopedia=Dictionary of Jargon |title=Boot Hill |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4QAjAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA73 |access-date=4 April 2016 |year=2013|series=Routledge Revivals |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=[[Abingdon-on-Thames]] |isbn=978-1-317-90818-0|page=73}}</ref>}}

{{term|term= Bosie |content= Bosie or bosey {{anchor|bosey}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''{{gli|googly}}''<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Bottom hand}}
{{defn|defn= The hand of the ''batter'' that is closest to the blade of the bat. Shots played with the bottom hand often are hit in the air.<ref name=e120/>}}

[[File:North Middlesex CC v Hampstead CC at Crouch End, Haringey, London 06.jpg|thumb|A ''batter'' ducks under a ''bouncer''.]]
{{term|term= Bouncer |content= [[Bouncer (cricket)|Bouncer]] }}
{{defn|defn= a fast short pitched ''delivery'' that rises up near the ''batter's'' head.<ref name=cric/><ref name=bbc/>}}

{{term|term= Bounce out }}
{{defn|defn= to get a ''batter'' out with the aid of bounce, often by getting them caught out<ref>{{cite web|title=Lyon, Cummins share the wickets as Australia cruise to victory in first Test|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1301239|access-date=2020-08-31|website=www.icc-cricket.com|language=en}}</ref>}}

{{term|term= Boundary |content= [[Boundary (cricket)|Boundary]] }}
{{defn|no=1|defn= the perimeter of the ''field''<ref name=e120/> }}
{{defn|no=2|defn= a rope that demarcates that perimeter<ref name=ecb/>}}
{{defn|no=3|defn= a ''shot'' which reaches (or passes over) the boundary rope. If the ball touches the ground before reaching the boundary, the shot scores ''four'' ''runs''. If it does not touch the ground before reaching the rope, the shot scores ''six'' runs.<ref name=e120/> }}

{{term|term= Bowled |content= [[Bowled]] }}
{{defn|defn= a mode of a ''batter's'' dismissal. Occurs when a ''delivery'' hits the ''stumps'' and removes at least one ''bail''.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Laws of Cricket 2017 Code |edition=3rd |date=2022 |publisher=[[Marylebone Cricket Club]] |at=Law 32.1 |chapter=Out Bowled |url=https://www.lords.org/getmedia/81bd1d01-c7e7-42f6-ac70-80473a050c32/Laws-of-Cricket-2017-Code-3rd-Edition-2022_1.docx |access-date=23 January 2026}}</ref>}}

{{term|term= Bowled around the legs}}
{{defn|defn= ''out'' ''bowled'' by a ''delivery'' which passes the ''batter'' on the ''leg side'' before hitting the ''wicket''. The term implies that the batter has moved too far over to their ''off side''.}}

{{term|term= Bowled out}}
{{defn|no=1|defn= see ''{{gli|all out}}''.}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= Sometimes incorrectly used in place of ''bowled''.}}

[[File:Darren Gough bowling.jpg|thumb|''Bowler'' [[Darren Gough]] winds up to deliver a ball.]]
{{term|term= Bowler}}
{{defn|no=1|defn= The player who is currently ''bowling''.}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= A player who specialises in ''bowling''.}}

{{term|term= Bowling |content= [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] }}
{{defn|defn= the act of ''delivering'' the [[cricket ball]] to the ''batter''.<ref name=e120/>}}

{{term|term= [[Bowl-out]] }}
{{defn|defn= A method for breaking a ''tie'' which was used in some ''limited overs matches'' in the late 20th and early 21st centuries; most competitions have replaced it with the ''super over''. Five players from each team bowled at an undefended ''wicket'', with the team with the most hits winning. [[sudden death (sport)|Sudden death]] was used if the number was equal. The concept was analogous to the [[penalty shootout]] used in other sports.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://l.yimg.com/t/icccricket/pdfs/twenty20-playing-conditions-1st-October-2007.doc.pdf |title=ICC Official Website – International Twenty20 Regulations |access-date=2013-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231000/http://l.yimg.com/t/icccricket/pdfs/twenty20-playing-conditions-1st-October-2007.doc.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 }}</ref>}}

{{term|term= Bowling action |content= [[Bowling action]] or action}}
{{defn|defn= The set of movements a ''bowler'' goes through in a ''delivery''.<ref name=wisden_dict/>}}

{{term|term= Bowling analysis |content= [[Bowling analysis]] or bowling figures }}
{{defn|defn= A statistical summary of a ''bowler's'' performance. Two formats are common: either the numbers of ''overs''–''maidens''–''runs'' conceded–''wickets'', or the shorter numbers of wickets/runs e.g. 12-2-46-3 or 3/46, pronounced 'three for forty-six'.<ref name=e120/>}}

{{term|term= Bowling at the death }}
{{defn|defn= See ''{{gli|death overs}}''<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Bowling average |content= [[Bowling average]] }}
{{defn|defn= The number of ''runs'' conceded by a ''bowler'', divided by the number of ''wickets'' they have taken. One of several statistics used to compare the performances of bowlers over extended periods; lower is better.<ref name=wisden_dict/>}}

{{term|term= Box |content= [[Box (cricket)|Box]] }}
{{defn|defn= a protective item shaped like a half-shell and inserted into the front pouch of a [[jockstrap]] with cup pocket worn underneath a player's (particularly a ''batter's'') trousers to protect their genitalia from the hard cricket ball. Also known as an ''abdominal protector'', ''Hector protector'', ''ball box'', ''protector'', ''athletic cup'', ''[[protective cup]]'' or ''cup''.<ref name=e120/>}}

{{term|term= Brace}}
{{defn|defn= two ''wickets'' taken off two consecutive deliveries.}}

{{term|term= Break}}
{{defn|defn= a suffix denoting the ball changing direction after ''pitching'' caused by the bowler's ''spin'' or ''cut''. For example, a ''leg spinner'' will deliver ''leg breaks'' (moving from leg to off).<ref name=barclays/>}}

{{term|term= Buffet bowling}}
{{defn|defn= see ''{{gli|cafeteria bowling}}''.}}

{{term|term= Bump ball}}
{{defn|defn= A ball played off the bat immediately into the ground and then caught by a fielder. Often this has the appearance of being a clean catch directly off the bat.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Bumper}}
{{defn|defn= old-fashioned name for a ''bouncer''.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Bunny}}
{{defn|defn= see ''{{gli|rabbit}}''.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Bunsen}}
{{defn|defn= A pitch on which [[spin bowling|spin bowlers]] can turn the ball prodigiously. From the [[rhyming slang]]: '[[Bunsen Burner]]' meaning 'Turner'.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Buzzer}}
{{defn|defn= see ''{{gli|overthrows}}''}}

{{term|term= Bye |content= [[Bye (cricket)|Bye]] }}
{{defn|defn= ''extras'' scored in the same way as normal runs when the ball does not make contact with any part of the ''batter'' (bat, protective gear, body parts).<ref name=cric/>}}

{{glossary end}}

==C==
{{glossary}}
{{term|term= Cafeteria bowling}}
{{defn|defn= {{ghat|(also '''buffet bowling''')}} Poor quality ''bowling'' which is easy to hit, allowing the ''batters'' to help themselves to ''runs'', analogous to a self-service [[cafeteria]] or [[buffet]]. Occasionally employed deliberately as ''declaration bowling''.}}

{{term|term= Call }}
{{defn|no=1|defn= A shouted announcement by a ''fielder'' while the ''ball'' is in the air, usually the word "''mine''", indicating that they are about to attempt a ''catch''. Considered good practice, to avoid two fielders colliding if both attempt to take the same catch.}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= A shouted, normally single word, instruction from a ''batter'' to their ''partner'', indicating whether to attempt a ''run''. Only one batter makes a call, to avoid confusion that could lead to a ''run out''. Responsibility for making the call is held by whichever batter has the better view of the ''ball'' and can see whether any ''fielders'' are close to it. This is most often the ''striker'' for a ''shot'' in front of ''square'', and the ''non-striker'' for a shot behind square. Common possible calls include ''yes'', ''no'', ''wait'', ''push'', ''one'', ''two'' or ''three''.}}

{{multiple image|width=thumb|direction=vertical|image1=2017–18 W Ashes A v E Test 17-11-11 Ecclestone's cap (01).jpg|image2=2017–18 W Ashes A v E Test 17-11-10 Perry portrait (02).jpg|footer=Two examples of cricket caps: the blue cap of [[England national cricket team|England]] and the ''baggy green'' of [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]]}}
{{term|term= Cap}}
{{defn|no=1|defn= A [[Cricket cap|type of soft material hat]], traditionally worn by ''fielders''.}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= An [[Cap (sport)|appearance for a national team]].}}

{{term|term= Captain |content= [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]}}
{{defn|defn= {{ghat|(or '''skipper''')}} The player who has been appointed leader of their team. The captain decides which ''bowler'' will deliver each ''over'', the placement of the ''fielders'', the ''batting order'', when to use the ''decision review system'', whether and when to ''declare'', and many other aspects of the game. The captain's tactical abilities can have a major impact on the outcome of a match. The captain often has substantial responsibilities between games as well, such as in team ''selection'' or representing the team in the media.}}

{{term|term= Carrom ball |content= [[Carrom ball]] }}
{{defn|defn= a style of slow bowling delivery in which the ball is released by flicking the ball between the thumb and a bent middle finger in order to impart spin}}

{{term|term= Carry}}
{{defn|no=1|defn= A ''shot'' has carried if the ''ball'' is hit in the air and reaches a ''fielder'' without touching the ground (regardless of whether the fielder then successfully takes a ''catch''). If the ball touches the ground before reaching the fielder, it has not carried.<ref name=e121>Eastaway, p. 121.</ref> Slow-motion television replays are sometimes required to determine whether the ball carried or bounced a few inches in front of the fielder.}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= The distance which a ''delivery'' bounces through to the ''wicketkeeper'' if the ''batter'' does not play a ''shot''. The wicketkeeper must position themselves at an appropriate distance behind the ''stumps'' for the carry, which depends on the hardness of the ''pitch'', height of the ''bowler'', the ''length'' they are bowling etc.}}

{{term|term= Carry the bat |content= [[Carry the bat]] }}
{{defn|defn= {{ghat|(or '''carry their bat''')}} An ''opener'' batting through an entire ''innings'', remaining ''not out'' at the conclusion. The rest of the team must be ''all out'' (not any other ''end of innings'' scenario). Regarded as an excellent performance by the opening batter.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Cartwheel}}
{{defn|defn= The motion of a ''stump'' when hit by a ''delivery'' hard enough that it rips out of the ground and flips end-over-end before landing, like a [[cartwheel (gymnastics)|gymnastic cartwheel]].{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}}}

{{term|term= Castled}}
{{defn|defn= Clean ''bowled'' usually by a ''yorker'' or a full length ball.}}

{{term|term= Catch }}
{{defn|defn= A ''fielder'' gaining complete control of the ''ball'', in one or both hands, before it touches the ground. The ''wicketkeeper'' may use gloves, but no other fielder may use any other equipment or clothing to assist in taking the catch. A fair catch leads to the ''batter'' being ''caught''.}}

{{term|term= Caught |content= [[Caught]] }}
{{defn|defn= a method of ''[[dismissal (cricket)|dismissal]]'' in which one of the ''fielders'', including the bowler, ''catches'' the ball before it touches the ground after the ''batter'' hits it (with either the ''bat'' or a ''glove'' that is in contact with the bat).<ref>{{cite book |title=The Laws of Cricket 2017 Code |edition=3rd |date=2022 |publisher=[[Marylebone Cricket Club]] |at=Law 33 |chapter=Caught |url=https://www.lords.org/getmedia/81bd1d01-c7e7-42f6-ac70-80473a050c32/Laws-of-Cricket-2017-Code-3rd-Edition-2022_1.docx |access-date=23 January 2026}}</ref> This is the most common method of getting a batter ''out'' in professional cricket.}}

{{term|term= Caught and bowled}}
{{defn|defn= ''Dismissed'' by a ''catch'' taken by the ''bowler''. The term originates from the way such dismissals are recorded on a scorecard (''c & b''); the alternative "bowled and caught", referring to the sequence of events in the strict chronological order, is almost never used.}}

{{term|term= Caught behind}}
{{defn|defn= ''Dismissed'' by a ''catch'' taken by the ''wicket-keeper''. Usually from an ''edge'' or ''glove'', but sometimes from a ''skier''.}}

{{term|term= Centurion}}
{{defn|defn= A player who has scored a ''century''.}}

{{term|term= Century |content= [[Century (cricket)|Century]] }}
{{defn|no=1|defn= A score of at least 100 ''runs'' by a single ''batter''; considered a substantial personal achievement.<ref name=e121/>}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= (rare) An ironic term for a ''bowler'' who has conceded over 100 runs in an ''innings''.<ref name=e121/>}}

{{term|term= Chance}}
{{defn|defn= An opportunity to ''dismiss'' a ''batter'' that isn't taken by the ''fielding'' side. Common examples include a ''shot'' that ''carries'' to a ''fielder'' who then ''drops'' the ''catch''; a possible ''run out'' in which the fielder's throw misses the ''stumps''; or a fumble by a ''wicketkeeper'' during an attempted ''stumping''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tracking the misses|url=https://www.thecricketmonthly.com/story/1056115/tracking-the-misses|access-date=2020-08-31|website=Cricinfo|language=en}}</ref> If a batter does not provide any chances to the opponent, it is referred to as a "chanceless ''innings''" or "chanceless ''knock''".<ref>{{cite web|date=2006-08-25|title=Look folks, it's Ben Stokes|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/149816.html|access-date=2020-08-31|website=Cricinfo|language=en}}</ref> Some commentators refer to a very difficult opportunity as a "half chance".<ref>{{cite web|date=2019-06-12|title=ICC World Cup 2019: New Zealand's Lockie Ferguson reveals plan to counter Virat Kohli and Rohit Sharma|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/icc-world-cup-2019-new-zealand-s-lockie-ferguson-reveals-plan-to-counter-virat-kohli-and-rohit-sharma/story-tZ7b0rZuIymMl25aSIxB5I.html|access-date=2020-08-31|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>}}

{{term|term= Charge }}
{{defn|defn= A ''batter'' moving quickly towards to the ''bowler'' while the ''delivery'' is in ''flight'', to gain momentum for a powerful ''shot'' (often a ''slog'').<ref name=cric/> A more aggressive version of a ''dance down'', with even higher risk, so usually only attempted in the ''death overs''.}}

{{term|term= Check upstairs }}
{{defn|defn= Invoke the ''Umpire Decision Review System'', especially by the ''umpires'' themselves. The ''third umpire'' is usually seated high in the stadium, and replays are often displayed on elevated screens, hence the expression.}}

{{term|term= Cherry }}
{{defn|no=1|defn= Slang term for a ''red ball'', especially in Australia.}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= A red mark left on a ''bat'' by the impact of a ''red ball'', most commonly a ''new ball'' (which has fresh red dye on its surface).}}

{{term|term= Chest on}}
{{defn|{{ghat|(also '''front on''' or '''square on''')}}}}
{{defn|no=1|defn= A bowler whose chest and hips are aligned towards the batter at the instant of ''back foot contact''.<ref name=cric/> }}
{{defn|no=2|defn= A batter whose hips and shoulders face towards the bowler at the moment of ''release''.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Chin music |content= [[Chin music#Cricket|Chin music]] }}
{{defn|defn= The use of a series of [[bouncer (cricket)|bouncers]] from pace bowlers to intimidate a batter. Term taken from baseball.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Chinaman }}
{{defn|defn= see ''{{gli|left-arm unorthodox spin}}''}}

{{term|term= Chinese cut}}
{{defn|defn= see ''{{gli|French cut}}''}}

{{term|term= Chop on}}
{{defn|defn= to be ''bowled'' by the ball deflecting off the inside or bottom ''edge'' of the bat and onto the stumps while playing a shot}}

{{term|term= Chuck}}
{{defn|defn= of a ''bowler'', to ''throw'' the ball by bending the elbow instead of ''bowling'' it with a straight arm; also '''chucker''': a ''bowler'' who chucks; and '''chucking''': such an illegal bowling action. All are considered offensive terms as they imply cheating.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Circle}}
{{defn|defn= a painted circle (or ellipse), centred in the middle of the ''pitch'', of radius 30-yard (27 m) marked on the field. The circle separates the ''infield'' from the ''outfield'', used in policing the fielding regulations in certain one-day versions of the game. The exact nature of the restrictions vary depending on the type of game: see [[limited overs cricket]], [[Twenty20]] and [[powerplay (cricket)]].}}

{{term|term= Clean bowled}}
{{defn|defn= ''bowled'', without the ''ball'' first hitting the ''bat'' or ''pad''.<ref name=ecb/>}}

{{term|term= Club}}
{{defn|no=1|defn= A group of cricketers, from which one or more teams are formed.}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= To strike the ball gracelessly, but with great force. A weaker form of ''slog''.}}

{{term|term= Club cricket |content=[[Club cricket]]}}
{{defn|defn= {{ghat|([[grade cricket]] in Australia)}} Formally organised cricket played by skilled amateurs. Considered a higher standard of play than purely recreational ''village cricket'', but still lower than professional forms of the sport.}}

{{term|term= Collapse}}
{{defn|defn=see ''{{gli|batting collapse}}''}}

{{term|term= Come to the crease }}
{{defn|defn= A phrase used to indicate a batter walking onto the playing arena and arriving at the [[cricket pitch]] in the middle of the ground to begin batting.}}

{{term|term= [[Women's cricket|Competitive Women's Cricket]] }}
{{defn|defn= The official designation given to the female equivalents to First-class, List A and T20 cricket.<ref>{{cite web|title=ICC Classification of Official Cricket|url=https://pulse-static-files.s3.amazonaws.com/ICC/document/2017/09/24/4510678a-e031-4a9b-a402-397d4868adb6/ICC-Classification-of-Official-Cricket-Effective-1st-October-2017.pdf|page=[https://pulse-static-files.s3.amazonaws.com/ICC/document/2017/09/24/4510678a-e031-4a9b-a402-397d4868adb6/ICC-Classification-of-Official-Cricket-Effective-1st-October-2017.pdf#page=9 9]|publisher=[[International Cricket Council]]|date=1 October 2017|access-date=17 October 2017}}</ref>}}

{{term|term= Compulsory close (cc) }}
{{defn|defn= When a team's innings is closed and completed by a means other than being ''all out'' or ''declaring''. This particularly applies in grade cricket competitions where each innings of a two-innings match is also subject to a time or overs limit. The letters (cc) appear in the team's score to reflect this; ''e.g.'' 266–7(cc).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.northscricket.com/pageitem.aspx?id=18378|title=NSCA – Entering results into MyCricket|date=28 October 2008|access-date=9 April 2021|publisher=Northern Suburbs Cricket Association|archive-date=28 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128211003/http://www.northscricket.com/pageitem.aspx?id=18378|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}

{{term|term= Conventional swing}}
{{defn|defn= see ''{{gli|swing}}''}}

{{term|term= Contrived circumstances }}
{{defn|defn= Unusual tactics which are intended to achieve a legitimate outcome, but result in wild statistical abnormalities; for example, deliberately bowling extremely poorly to encourage a quick ''declaration''. ''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]]'' excludes records set in contrived circumstances from its official lists.<ref>{{cite web|title=The record that never was|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/247910.html|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|publisher=[[ESPN]]|first=Martin|last=Williamson|date=20 May 2006|access-date=13 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105013602/http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/247910.html|archive-date=5 January 2012}}</ref>}}

{{term|term= Cordon}}
{{defn|defn= {{ghat|(or '''slips cordon''')}}Collective term for multiple fielders in the ''slips''. Sometimes also includes ''gully''.}}

{{term|term= Corridor of uncertainty |content= [[Corridor of uncertainty]] }}
{{defn|defn= A good ''line'' and ''length'', around the top of ''off stump'' or just outside it (on ''fourth stump''). A ''delivery'' in this region is difficult for a ''batter'' to decide whether to ''leave'' it, play a ''forward defence'' or ''attacking shot'', and whether to be on the ''front foot'' or ''back foot''.<ref name=cric/><ref name="gallan25">{{cite news |last1=Gallan |first1=Daniel |title=From jaffas to the corridor of uncertainty – revel in cricket's rich language of bowling |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global/2025/dec/10/from-jaffas-to-the-corridor-of-uncertainty-revel-in-crickets-rich-language-of-bowling |work=The Guardian |date=10 December 2025}}</ref>}}

{{term|term= County cricket |content= [[County cricket]] }}
{{defn|defn= the highest level of domestic cricket in England and Wales.<ref name=e122>Eastaway, p. 122.</ref>}}

[[File:Sandwich Town CC mobile cricket pitch covers at Sandwich, Kent, England 09.jpg|thumb|right|A wheeled ''cover'' being removed from the ''pitch'']]
{{term|term= Cover}}
{{defn|{{ghat|(or '''the covers''')}}}}
{{defn|no=1|defn= [[Cover (cricket)|A fielding position]] on the ''off side'', ''forward'' of ''point'' and ''squarer'' than ''mid-off''.<ref name=e122/> A cover fielder situated closer to point than usual is known as ''cover point'', whilst one which is closer to mid-off is known as ''extra cover''. The plural term 'the covers' refers to all these variants collectively.}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= A waterproof assembly or [[tarpaulin]] used by the ''ground staff'' to protect parts of the field from rain (usually the ''pitch'', ''square'' and ''run ups'').<ref name=e122/> }}

{{term|term= [[Cow corner]]}}
{{defn|defn= the area of the field (roughly) between deep ''mid-wicket'' and wide ''long-on''. So called because few 'legitimate' shots are deliberately aimed to this part of the field, so fielders are rarely placed there – leading to the concept that cows could happily graze undisturbed in that area.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Cow shot}}
{{defn|defn= a hard ''shot'', usually in the air, across the line of a full-pitched ball, aiming to hit the ball over the ''boundary'' at [[Cow corner (cricket)|cow corner]], with very little regard to proper accepted technique. A type of ''slog''.<ref name=cric/> }}

[[File:Cricket pitch.svg|thumb|right|upright=2.5|Diagram showing the locations of the ''crease'' lines on the ''pitch'']]
{{term|term= Crease |content= [[Crease (cricket)|Crease]] }}
{{defn|defn= a straight [[whitewash]] line painted on the ''pitch'' near the ''stumps''. At each end of the pitch there are four creases: the 'popping crease', 'bowling crease' and two 'return creases'. The word 'crease' without further qualification refers either to the popping crease or to the region beyond it. The creases are used to adjudge whether a ''run'' has been completed, a ''batter'' is ''run out'', the ''delivery'' is a ''no-ball'' or ''wide'' etc.<ref name=ecb/> }}

{{term|term= Cricketer}}
{{defn|defn= a person who plays cricket.<ref>{{cite book|title=[[Chambers 20th Century Dictionary]]|editor=Kirkpatrick, E. M.|publisher=[[W & R Chambers Ltd]]|location=[[Edinburgh]]|year=1983|edition=New Edition 1983|page=296|isbn=0-550-10234-5}}</ref>}}

{{term|term= Cross-bat shot}}
{{defn|defn= a conventional ''shot'' played with the ''bat'' parallel with the ground, such as a ''cut'' or a ''pull''. Also known as a horizontal-bat shot, it is generally considered a potentially risky option for batters.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Cross the rope}}
{{defn |defn= To cross over the boundary rope. Often said of batters who are beginning or resuming an innings,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecricketmonthly.com/story/586096/chris-harris---i-would-have-loved-to-have-played-international-t20 |title=Chris Harris: 'I would have loved to have played international T20'|website=Cricinfo}}</ref> players entering or exiting the field to begin a session of play,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.batterseabadgers.co.uk/articles/an-ode-to-cricket|title=An Ode to Cricket|website=Battersea Badgers|date=1 October 2012|first = Chris|last = Shone }}</ref> fielders attempting catches,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://au.sports.yahoo.com/cricket-world-cup-2019-windies-sheldon-cottrell-catch-removes-steve-smith-213931893.html|title='Catch of the World Cup' stuns cricket viewers |website=au.sports.yahoo.com|date=6 June 2019 }}</ref> and the ball when the batter scores a boundary}}

{{term|term= Cut |content= [[Cut (cricket)|Cut]] }}
{{defn|defn= a ''shot'' played ''square'' on the ''off side'' to a ''short-pitched'' ''delivery'' wide of ''off'' ''stump''. So called because the ''batter'' makes a "cutting" motion as they play the ''shot''.<ref name=e122/>}}

{{term|term= Cutter}}
{{defn|defn= a ''break'' ''delivery'' bowled by a ''fast'' or ''medium-pace'' ''bowler'' with similar action to a ''spin bowler'', but at a faster pace. It is usually used in an effort to surprise the ''batter'', although some ''medium-pace'' ''bowlers'' use the cutter as their stock (main) ''delivery''.<ref name=barclays/>}}

{{glossary end}}

==D==
{{glossary}}
{{term|term= Daddy hundred }}
{{defn|defn= Informal term for a ''batter''{{'}}s individual score that is substantially higher than a ''century''. Some coaches set a requirement of at least 150 ''runs'', but that value is not universal.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hopps |first1=David |title=England's Alastair Cook hits new heights with 'grandaddy hundred' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2011/aug/12/alastair-cook-england-india |access-date=9 February 2022 |work=The Guardian |date=12 August 2011 |language=en |quote=daddy hundreds – defined by his batting coach, Graham Gooch, as innings of more than 150}}</ref>}}

{{term|term= Daisy cutter }}
{{defn|no=1|defn= A low-[[trajectory]] ''delivery'' in which the ''ball'' bounces twice, or rolls along the ground, before reaching the ''batter''.<ref name=daisy_cutter>{{cite dictionary|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/daisy-cutter|dictionary=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|title=daisy cutter}}</ref> A type of ''no ball''.}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= A ''shot'' in which the ''ball'' travels on a low trajectory, bouncing just above the grass.<ref name=daisy_cutter/><ref>{{cite dictionary|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/daisy%20cutter|dictionary=[[Merriam-Webster]]|title=daisy cutter}}</ref> This retains more speed than a rolling ball, while being very difficult to ''catch''.}}

{{term|term= Dance down |content= Dance down (the pitch)}}
{{defn|defn= A ''batter'' using ''footwork'' to move closer to the ''bowler'' while the ''delivery'' is in ''flight'', typically with a [[Gait (human)#Skip|skipping]] motion, changing the effective ''length''. A near-synonym of ''charge'', but less aggressive. Considered risky, because if the batter misses their ''shot'' they are likely to be ''stumped'' or ''run out''.}}

[[File:Australia vs South Africa.jpg|thumb|right|A ''day/night match'', between [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] and [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] at [[The Gabba]] in 2006]]
{{term|term= Day/night match |content= [[Day/night cricket]] }}
{{defn|defn= a cricket match scheduled to begin during day time and end after sunset, using [[floodlights]]. Used in some ''one day internationals'' since 1979, and ''Test matches'' since 2015.}}

{{term|term= DB}}
{{defn|defn= see ''{{gli|dot ball}}''}}

{{term|term= Dead ball |content= [[Dead ball (cricket)|Dead ball]] }}
{{defn|no=1|defn= the state of play between ''deliveries'', during which ''batters'' may not score ''runs'' or be given ''out''.<ref name=cric/> There are numerous situations where play becomes dead, see [[dead ball (cricket)|dead ball]].}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= a signal given by the ''umpire'' to indicate a state of dead ball. Used only if the state is not obvious to the players.}}

{{term|term= Dead bat |content= [[wikt:dead bat|Dead bat]] }}
{{defn|defn= A defensive ''shot'' with the ''bat'' held in a loose ''grip'' and/or angled towards the ground. If the ''ball'' strikes the bat it loses momentum and falls quickly to the ground. Used to reduce the chance of being ''caught'' off an ''edge''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Madigan |first1=Ken |title=Cricket Tales |date=15 April 2019 |isbn=978-0-359-62502-4 |page=64 |publisher=Lulu.com |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dt2YDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 }}</ref><ref name=wisden_dict>{{cite book |last1=Rundell |first1=Michael |title=The Wisden Dictionary of Cricket |date=January 2009 |publisher=A. & C. Black |isbn=978-1-4081-0161-2 |edition=3rd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Vu9cih3u1kC&pg=PT67 |page=67}}</ref>}}

{{term|term= Dead rubber |content= [[Dead rubber]] }}
{{defn|defn= A match played in a ''series'' after one side has gained an unassailable lead, e.g. has already won 3 matches in a 5-match series, or in a tournament if both teams have already qualified (or failed to qualify) for the subsequent rounds. The term is used disparagingly to imply that the match is of lesser importance, but some regard the concept as outdated.<ref>{{cite news |title=CWC 2019: No international game is a dead rubber says Usman Khawaja before South Africa match |author=Swapnil Shireesh Javkhedkar |url=https://circleofcricket.com/category/Cricket_World_Cup_2019/39180/cwc-2019-no-international-game-is-a-dead-rubber-says-usman-khawaja-before-south-africa-match |date=1 July 1019|access-date=7 August 2019 |work=Circle of Cricket}}</ref>}}

{{term|term= Death bowler }}
{{defn|defn= A ''bowler'' who specialises in delivering the ''death overs'' at the end of a ''limited overs match''. Because ''batters'' usually play very aggressively in this period, a death bowler must be particularly skilled at ''variations'' which are difficult to score from and/or unexpected by the batter, such as ''yorkers'' and ''slower balls''.<ref name=death_overs>{{cite news |title=World Twenty20 2014: The secret of death bowling |author=Sam Sheringham |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/26852992 |date=3 April 2014|access-date=23 August 2019 |work=BBC}}</ref>}}

{{term|term= Death overs}}
{{defn|{{ghat|(or '''slog overs''')}}}}
{{defn|defn= The final few overs of an ''innings'' in a ''limited overs match''. Because only ''runs'' matter in determining the ''result'', a batting side with ''wickets in hand'' will bat very aggressively in this period, seeking to hit every ''delivery'' for a ''boundary'', even if it risks a ''dismissal''. Typically the batting ''strike rate'' is highest in this period, and the bowler's ''economy'' is poorest.<ref name=death_overs/>}}

{{term|term= Death rattle }}
{{defn|defn= The sound of the ''ball'' breaking the ''wicket'' when a ''batter'' is ''out bowled''.<ref name=wisden_dict/>}}

{{term|term= Debenture |content= [[Debenture (sport)|Debenture]] }}
{{defn|defn= a certificate of loan agreement, used by some professional ''clubs'' to raise funding. Typically, investors loan money to the club for a fixed period in return for guaranteed free (or reduced price) match tickets during that period. }}

{{term|term= Decision review system (DRS)}}
{{defn|defn= see ''{{gli|Umpire Decision Review System}}''.}}

{{term|term= Declaration |content= [[Declaration and forfeiture|Declaration]] }}
{{defn|defn= the act of a captain voluntarily bringing their side's ''innings'' to a close, in the belief that their score is now great enough to prevent defeat. Occurs almost exclusively in timed forms of cricket where a draw is a possible result (such as ''first-class cricket''), in order that the side declaring have enough time to bowl the opposition out and therefore win.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Declaration bowling}}
{{defn|defn= deliberately poor bowling (specifically [[Full toss]]es and [[Long hop]]s) from the fielding team with the intention of allowing the batters to score runs quickly and thus encourage the opposing captain to declare, thereby giving both teams a reasonable chance of winning in a ''timed match'' which would otherwise have been inevitably drawn. Non-specialist bowlers will often be used in this context, largely to preserve dignity (and the bowling averages) of the specialist bowlers. This may occasionally be seen in domestic ''first-class cricket'', where the points systems used often show little penalty between a draw and a loss; but it would very seldom be seen in Test cricket where the consequence of a loss in the context of a series is greater. Cf. ''Cafeteria bowling''.}}

{{term|term= Deep}}
{{defn|defn= (of a fielding position) further away from the batter and closer to the boundary.}}

{{term|term= Defensive field}}
{{defn|defn= A fielding configuration in which fielders are spread around the field so as to more readily stop hit balls and reduce the number of runs (particularly ''boundaries'') being scored by ''batters'', at the cost of fewer opportunities to take ''catches'' and ''dismiss batters''.}}

{{term|term= Delivery }}
{{defn|defn= the act of bowling the ball;<ref name=barclays/> also, the quality of the way in which a ball is bowled, in either intent or effect.}}

{{term|term= Devil's number |content= Devil's number {{anchor|Dreaded number}} }}
{{defn|{{ghat|(or '''dreaded number''')}}}}
{{defn|defn= a score of 87, regarded as unlucky in Australian cricket. Superstition holds that ''batters'' are more likely to be ''dismissed'' for 87, because it is 13 runs short of a ''century'' (see [[triskaidekaphobia]]).}}

{{term|term= Diamond duck}}
{{defn|defn= regional usage varies, but either a dismissal (usually run out) without facing a delivery,<ref>{{cite web|url = http://ls.cricket.com.au/HomeFullScorecardMatchMilestones81_2360_15.html |title = 2008/09 KFC Twenty20 Big Bash – 15th Twenty20: RTA SpeedBlitz Bluesv VB Victorian Bushrangers: ANZ Stadium, 2009-01-17 00:00|website = ls.cricket.com.au|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090120152648/http://ls.cricket.com.au/HomeFullScorecardMatchMilestones81_2360_15.html |archive-date=20 January 2009 }}</ref> or a dismissal (for zero) off the first ball of a team's innings (the less common term ''platinum duck'' is used interchangeably).}}

{{term|term= Dibbly dobbly}}
{{defn|{{ghat|(or '''dibbly dobbler''')}}}}
{{defn|no=1|defn= a ''[[medium pace]]'' delivery, neither fast nor slow, with no special variation.}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= a ''bowler'' who uses this type of ''delivery'' as their ''stock ball''.}}
{{defn|no=3|defn= a ''delivery'' that is easy to hit, but difficult to score quickly from.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Dilscoop}}
{{defn|defn= see ''{{gli|paddle scoop}}''}}

{{term|term= Dink}}
{{defn|defn= a deliberately gentle shot played by a batter, without attempted power, in order to guide the ball into an unguarded area of the field, largely using the ball's own momentum from the ''delivery''. Often effective against fast bowlers.}}

{{term|term= Dinner}}
{{defn|defn= the second of the two intervals taken during a full day's play specifically during a day/night test.}}

{{term|term= Dipper}}
{{defn|defn= a ''delivery'' bowled which curves into or away from the ''batter'' before ''pitching''.}}

{{term|term= dismissal |content= [[Dismissal (cricket)|Dismissal]] }}
{{defn|defn= Take the ''wicket'' of one of the ''batters'', so they must cease ''batting'' for the remainder of the ''innings''. A batter who has been dismissed is referred to as ''out''; if ten members of the batting side are dismissed (or ''retire''), the team are ''all out''. There are ten possible methods, but the vast majority of dismissals are one of five types: ''caught'', ''bowled'', ''leg before wicket'', ''run out'' and ''stumped''.}}

{{term|term= Direct hit}}
{{defn|defn= a throw from a ''fieldsman'' that directly strikes and puts down a ''wicket'' (without first being caught by a fieldsman standing at the ''stumps''). Occurs when attempting a ''run out''.}}

{{term|term= D/L}}
{{defn|defn= see ''{{gli|Duckworth-Lewis method}}''}}

{{term|term= DLS}}
{{defn|defn= see ''{{gli|Duckworth-Lewis method}}''}}

{{term|term= Dobbing}}
{{defn|defn= a synonym for ''Mankad'', specifically used in [[Lancashire]] and some neighbouring counties{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}}}

{{term|term= Doctored pitch}}
{{defn|defn= a ''cricket pitch'' which has been intentionally prepared in a specific manner in order to gain a competitive advantage for the home team, such as creating a dry, crumbly surface that particularly favours the home team's ''spin'' bowlers, or a firm, grassy surface which would favour fast bowlers, or any surface which exacerbates perceived weaknesses in the visiting team's batting. Whilst widely considered unsporting, the practice is comparatively common and is (within reason) legal, but the term is always used pejoratively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/blogs/content/story/772595.html|title=It's home advantage, not doctored pitches|author=Michael Jeh|date=21 August 2014|publisher=ESPN Cricinfo|access-date=12 July 2015}}</ref> }}

{{term|term= Dolly}}
{{defn|defn= a very easy ''catch''.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Donkey drop}}
{{defn|defn= A ball with a very high trajectory prior to bouncing.<ref name=barclays/>}}

{{term|term= Doosra |content= [[Doosra]] }}
{{defn|defn= A ''delivery'' by a ''finger spin'' ''bowler'' which ''turns'' in the opposite direction to the ''stock delivery''. The word is [[Hindi]]/[[Urdu]] ([[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]) for 'second' or 'other'.<ref name=cric/> Some bowlers can perform the required ''bowling action'' legally, whilst others cannot do so without ''throwing'', which is often ascribed to physiological differences.}}

{{term|term= Dorothy}}
{{defn|defn= [[rhyming slang]] for ''six'', referring to the author [[Dorothy Dix]].{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}}}

{{term|term= Dot ball |content=Dot ball (DB)}}
{{defn|defn= a ''delivery'' bowled without any ''runs'' scored off it, so called because it is recorded in the score book with a single dot.}}

{{term|term= Double |content= [[Double (cricket)|Double]] }}
{{defn|defn= normally the scoring of a 1000 runs and the taking of 100 wickets in the same season.}}

{{term|term= Down the pitch}}
{{defn|{{ghat|(also '''down the wicket''')}}}}
{{defn|defn= referring to the motion of a ''batter'' towards the ''bowler'' prior to or during the ''delivery'', made in the hope of turning a ''good length'' ball into a ''half-volley''.}}

{{term|term= Drag}}
{{defn|defn= before the current "front foot rule" was introduced, bowlers had to release the ball with the rear foot behind the bowling crease; there were instances of bowlers (especially [[Gordon Rorke]]) managing to "drag" the rear foot forward before release and not being no-balled.}}

{{term|term= Draw }}
{{defn|no=1|defn= a result in timed matches where the team batting last are not all out, but fail to exceed their opponent's total. Not to be confused with a tie, in which the side batting last is all out or run out of overs with the scores level. }}
{{defn|no=2|defn= an antiquated stroke that has fallen into disuse, it was originally a deliberate shot that resembled the ''French cut'' – the ball being played between one's own legs.<ref name=barclays3>''Barclays World of Cricket – 3rd Edition'', 1986, Guild Publishing/Willow Books (Collins), pp693–700.</ref>}}

{{term|term= Draw stumps}}
{{defn|defn= Declare the game, or a day's play, over; a reference to withdrawing the ''stumps'' from the ground by the umpire.}}

{{term|term= Drift}}
{{defn|defn= the slight lateral curved-path movement that a ''spinner'' extracts while the ball is in flight. Considered very good bowling as it increases the difficulty for a batter to correctly judge the precise movement and path of the ball .<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Drinks}}
{{defn|defn= an agreed short break in play, generally taken in the middle of a ''session'', when refreshments are brought out to the players and umpires by the ''twelfth men'' of each side. Drinks breaks do not always need to take place, but they are usual in test matches, particularly in hot countries.}}

{{term|term= Drinks waiter}}
{{defn|defn= a jocular term for the ''twelfth man'', referring to his job of bringing out ''drinks''.}}

[[File:Sandwich Town CC v. MCC at Sandwich, Kent, England 251.jpg|thumb|right|A left-handed ''batter'' plays a ''drive'' shot through the ''covers'']]
{{term|term= Drive |content= [[Drive (cricket)|Drive]] }}
{{defn|defn= a ''shot'' played with a ''straight bat'' on the ''front foot'', aiming anywhere between ''point'' on the ''off side'' and ''mid-wicket'' on the ''leg side''. The drive is the most common shot for scoring ''runs'', and often considered the most aesthetically pleasing. Several sub-types are recognised depending on direction, including the ''square'' drive, [[cover drive (cricket)|''cover'' drive]], ''off'' drive, ''straight'' drive and ''on'' drive.}}

{{term|term= Drop }}
{{defn|no=1|defn= the accidental "dropping" of a ball that was initially caught by a fielder, thus denying the dismissal of the batter; when such an event occurs, the batter is said to have been "dropped". }}
{{defn|no=2|defn= the number of ''dismissals'' which occur in a team's ''innings'' before a given ''batter'' goes ''in'' to bat; a batter batting at 'first drop' is batting at number three in the ''batting order'', going in after one wicket has fallen.}}
{{defn|no=3|defn= the act of excluding a player from '''selection''' in a squad even when they were included in the most recent prior selection.}}

{{term|term= Dropper}}
{{defn|defn= Obsolete term for a ''delivery'' by ''lob bowling'', or a ''bowler'' who employed this style. Common in the 19th century, this form of bowling is now usually illegal.}}

{{term|term= Drop-in pitch |content= [[Drop-in pitch]] }}
{{defn|defn= a temporary [[Cricket pitch|pitch]] that is cultivated off-site from the field which also allows other sports to share the use of the field with less chance of injury to the players.}}

{{term|term= DRS}}
{{defn|defn= see ''{{gli|Umpire Decision Review System}}''}}

{{term|term= Duck |content= [[Duck (cricket)|Duck]] }}
{{defn|defn= a batter's score of nought (zero) ''dismissed'', as in "he was out for a duck." It can refer to a score of nought ''not out'' during an innings, as in "she hasn't got off her duck yet", but never refers to a completed innings score of nought ''not out''. Originally called a "duck's egg" because of the "0" shape in the scorebook.<ref name=cric/><ref name=bbc/> ( see '''Golden''', '''Diamond''', and '''Platinum duck''' )}}

{{term|term= Duck under delivery}}
{{defn|defn= a short pitched delivery that appears to be a bouncer, making the striker duck to avoid from being hit; but instead of bouncing high, it has a low bounce which causes the batter to be dismissed LBW, or occasionally bowled.}}

{{term|term= Duckworth-Lewis method |content= [[Duckworth-Lewis method]] (D/L)}}
{{defn|{{ghat|(or '''Duckworth-Lewis-Stern method''', '''DLS''')}}}}
{{defn|defn= a ''rain rule'' used if a ''limited overs'' match is curtailed by bad weather. If the match cannot be completed, the Duckworth-Lewis method determines the winner, or if the match can be continued but needs to be shortened, it calculates a revised ''target'' for the team batting second. The mathematical formula is based on analysis of past completed matches. Used in all international matches since 1999, and in most domestic leagues.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Dugout |content= Dugout }}
{{defn|defn= term taken from [[association football]], a sheltered place just outside the boundary ropes where a team's non-active players and staff sit. Dugouts are a common feature of Twenty20 matches, but ''pavilions'' are usually used for any longer forms of the game.}}

{{glossary end}}

==E==
{{glossary}}
{{term|term= Eagle-Eye }}
{{defn|defn= see ''{{gli|ball tracking}}''}}

{{term|term= Economical}}
{{defn|defn= A bowler who concedes very few runs from their ''over(s)'', i.e. has a low ''economy rate''. The opposite of ''expensive''.}}

{{term|term= [[Economy rate (cricket)|Economy rate]]}}
{{defn|defn= The average number of ''runs'' conceded per ''over'' delivered by an individual ''bowler''. Lower values are better.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Edge |content= Edge}}
{{defn|no=1|defn= The sides of the ''bat''. If the bat is held vertically, they are known as the inside and outside edges; if held horizontally, they are the top and bottom edges. Not to be confused with the ''toe end''.}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= ''(also '''snick''' or '''nick''')'' A deflection of the ''ball'' off the ''edge'' of the ''bat'', usually slight and unintentional. A large deflection is known as a thick edge; the opposite is a thin edge. The change in direction is sometimes so small that it isn't visible, but the edge can be detected by the distinct [[wikt:snick#Etymology 2|snicking]] sound it makes. Any edge counts as hitting the ball, so the ''batter'' can score ''runs'', but usually gives a ''chance'' for a ''catch'' in the ''slips'' or for ''caught behind''. It can also result in ''playing on''. See also ''leading edge''.<ref name=e123>Eastaway, p. 123.</ref>}}

{{term|term= Eleven}}
{{defn|defn= another name for one cricket team, which is made of eleven players.<ref name=e123/>}}

{{term|term= End}}
{{defn|defn= An area of the ground directly behind one of the ''stumps'', used to designate what end a bowler is bowling from (e.g. the pavilion end).<ref name=e123/> The bowlers take turns delivering alternating overs from the two ends of the pitch.}}

{{term|term= End of an innings |content= [[End of an innings]] }}
{{defn|defn= The conclusion of a batting side's ''innings''. Mostly commonly, this occurs when they are ''all out'' or (in a ''limited overs match'') when the allocated number of ''overs'' have been bowled. Other situations where the innings ends are: the side batting last reaches the ''target'', thereby winning the ''match''; the ''captain'' of the batting side ''declares''; the allocated time expires (in a ''timed match''), so the result is a ''draw''; or if the officials declare a ''forfeit''.}}

{{term|term= Expensive}}
{{defn|defn= a bowler who concedes a large number of runs from their ''over(s)'', i.e. has a high ''economy rate''.<ref name=e123/> The opposite of ''economical''.}}

{{term|term= Express pace}}
{{defn|defn= Fast bowling at speeds above 150 km/h<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/95065.html|title=Records / All cricket records (including minor cricket) / Miscellaneous records / Bowling speeds (1) |work=ESPNCricInfo.com}}</ref>}}

{{term|term= Extra |content= [[Extra (cricket)|Extra]] }}
{{defn|defn= {{ghat|(called a '''sundry''' in Australia)}} A ''run'' awarded to the ''batting team'' that is not credited to a specific ''batter''. These are recorded separately on the ''scorecard''. There are five types: ''byes'', ''leg byes'', ''wides'', ''no-balls'' and ''penalties''. Wides and no-balls are also recorded as runs conceded in the ''bowling analysis'', the others are not attributed to the bowler.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Extra cover}}
{{defn|defn= see ''{{gli|cover}}''}}

{{glossary end}}

==F==
{{glossary}}
{{term|term= Facing}}
{{defn|defn= see ''{{gli|on strike}}''}}

{{term|term= Fall}}
{{defn|defn= a verb used to indicate the [[dismissal (cricket)|dismissal]] of a batter, ''e.g'' "The fourth wicket fell for the addition of only three runs".}}

{{term|term= Fall of wicket |content= Fall of wicket (FOW)}}
{{defn|defn= the batting team's ''score'' at the moment each ''batter'' is ''out''.<ref name=e123/>}}

{{term|term= Farm the strike |content= Farm the strike (also ''shepherd the strike'' or ''farm the bowling'') }}
{{defn|defn= of a batter, contrive to receive the majority of the balls bowled,<ref name=e123/> usually because they are the more skilled of the two batters in facing the bowling style of the bowler. This usually results in the batter contriving to make an even number of runs (for example, by waiting until certain of hitting a 4 or 6, or by running only 2 when they could have run 3) so that they will again face the bowler. For the same reason, they will try to score a single from the last ball of the over, whereas their weaker partner would not attempt to score from it.}}

{{term|term= Fast bowling |content= [[Fast bowling]] }}
{{defn|defn= a style of bowling in which the ball is ''delivered'' at high speeds, typically over 90 mph (145 km/h). Fast bowlers also use ''swing''.<ref name=e123/>}}

{{term|term= Fast leg theory}}
{{defn|defn= see ''{{gli|bodyline}}''}}

{{term|term= Feather}}
{{defn|defn= a faint edge.<ref name=bbc/>}}

{{term|term= Featherbed}}
{{defn|defn= A soft, slow pitch of predictable bounce. Such pitches are considered to be good for batting on, offering little, if any, help for a bowler.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Fence}}
{{defn|defn= The boundary. Sometimes used in the phrase 'find(s) the fence', which is said of a ball that is hit to the boundary.}}

{{term|term= -fer}}
{{defn|defn= a suffix to any number, meaning the number of wickets taken by a team or bowler. (See also ''fifer/five-fer'')}}

{{term|term= Ferret}}
{{defn|defn= see ''{{gli|rabbit}}''.<ref name=cric/>}}

[[File:Cricket field parts.svg|thumb|right|Diagram of a typical oval ''field'']]
{{term|term= Field |content= [[Cricket field|Field]]}}
{{defn|no=1|defn= (noun) a large grass [[turf]] area on which the sport is played, forming part of the wider ''ground''. Typically [[oval]], but a wide variety of other shapes are permitted provided they are at least {{convert|130|yd|m}} in diameter. At (or near) the centre of the field is the ''pitch'', and the edge of the field is the ''boundary'', marked by a [[boundary rope]].}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= (verb) the act of ''fielding''.}}

{{term|term= Fielder |content= [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielder]] (also, more traditionally, ''fieldsman'') }}
{{defn|defn= a player on the fielding side who is neither the ''bowler'' nor the ''wicket-keeper'', in particular one who has just fielded the ball.}}

{{term|term= Fielding |content= [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] }}
{{defn|defn= Recovering the ''ball'' after each ''delivery''. One of the three major skills of cricket (the others being ''batting'' and ''bowling''), all members of the team take part in the fielding. If the ''batter'' has hit the ball in the air, the ''fielders'' can attempt a ''catch'', to ''dismiss'' the batter. Otherwise they attempt to prevent the ball crossing the ''boundary'', bring it under control, then return it to the vicinity of the ''stumps''. This is done as quickly as possible, to either stop the batters from scoring ''runs'' or to effect a ''run out''.}}

{{term|term= Fill-up game}}
{{defn|defn= when a match finished early a further game was sometimes started to fill in the available time and to entertain the paying spectators.}}

{{term|term= Find the gap(s)}}
{{defn|defn= to play a shot or series of shots along the ground, in the gaps between fielders. The least risky way of scoring runs quickly, but it requires good technique to be able to do consistently. The opposite, ''finding the man [at some fielding position]'', is often used when the ball is hit straight to a fielder through the air and is caught.}}

{{term|term= Fine}}
{{defn|defn= of a position on the field behind the batter, closer to the line of the ''pitch'' (''wicket-to-wicket''); the opposite of ''square''.<ref name=e123/>}}

{{term|term= Finger spin |content=[[Finger spin]]}}
{{defn|defn= a form of ''spin bowling'' in which the ''ball'' is made rotate by the action of the ''bowler''{{'}}s fingers (contrast with ''wrist spin''). For a right-handed bowler this produces ''[[off spin]]'', whereas the same technique by a left-handed bowler produces ''[[left arm orthodox spin]]''.}}

{{term|term= First-class cricket |content= [[First-class cricket]] }}
{{defn|defn= the senior form of the game; usually county, state or international. First-class matches consist of two ''innings'' per side and are usually played over three or more days.<ref name=barclays3/>}}

{{term|term= First change}}
{{defn|defn= the third bowler used in an innings. As the first bowler to replace either of the opening pair this bowler is the ''first change'' that the captain makes to the attack.}}

{{term|term= First eleven |content= [[First eleven]] }}
{{defn|defn= the best team of (eleven) players at a ''club'', who will be chosen by the ''selector'' for the most important or high-profile games. Other players are used if members of the first eleven are unavailable or in less important fixtures. Some large clubs have enough players to operate a hierarchy of teams, in which case the others are known as the second eleven, third eleven etc.}}

{{term|term= First innings points}}
{{defn|defn= In two-innings competitions with a league table to determine standings, in addition to points awarded for winning or tieing a match, a team is also awarded points for taking a first innings lead, ''i.e.'' scoring more than their opponents in the first innings.}}

{{term|term= Fishing}}
{{defn|defn= being tempted into throwing the bat at a wider delivery outside off-stump and missing, reaching for a wide delivery and missing. See also ''waft''.}}

{{term|term= Five-wicket haul |content= [[Five-wicket haul]] (also ''five-for'', ''five-fer'', ''fifer'', shortened to ''5WI'' or ''FWI'', or colloquially a ''Michelle'', in honour of the actress [[Michelle Pfeiffer]].) }}
{{defn|defn= five or more ''wickets'' taken by a ''bowler'' in an ''innings'', considered a very good performance. The term ''five-for'' is an abbreviation of the usual form of writing bowling statistics, e.g., a bowler who takes 5 wickets and concedes 117 runs is said to have figures of "5 for 117" or "5–117". A five-wicket haul is traditionally regarded as a special moment for a bowler, just like a century for a batter. }}
{{term|term= Flamingo shot}}
{{defn|defn= A type of shot whereby a batter flicks deliveries from outside off-stump through mid-wicket. It is done when the opposition plays a heavy off-side field and then bowl outside off. This shot was originally invented by Kevin Pietersen. It is also played by [[James Taylor (cricketer, born 1990)|James Taylor]] and by New Zealand tailender [[Trent Boult]]}}
{{term|term= Flash}}
{{defn|defn= to wield the bat aggressively, often hitting good line and length deliveries indiscriminately.}}

{{term|term= Flat pitch}}
{{defn|defn= a [[Cricket pitch|pitch]] which is advantageous to the ''batters'' and offers little or no help to the bowlers, due to predictable bounce. Also known as a "flat deck"<ref>{{cite web|last=AFP|title=Cricket: Hard work on flat deck for England bowlers|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/sport/cricket/cricket-hard-work-on-flat-deck-for-england-bowlers|access-date=2020-08-31|website=Khaleej Times|language=en}}</ref>}}

{{term|term= Flat hit}}
{{defn|defn= an aerial shot hit with significant power by the batter which travels fast enough to make the ballistic trajectory of the ball appear flat}}

{{term|term= Flat throw}}
{{defn|defn= a ball thrown by the fielder which is almost parallel to the ground. Considered to be a hallmark of good fielding if the throw is also accurate because flat throws travel at a fast pace.}}

{{term|term= Flat-track bully}}
{{defn|defn= a ''batter'' high in the ''batting order'' who is very good only when the ''pitch'' is not giving the ''bowlers'' much help. 'Track' is Australian slang for the pitch. When the 'track' is said to be 'flat' it is at its easiest for the batter, but these are the only conditions under which some players can dominate. When conditions are tough, or when it really counts – they do not.}}

{{term|term= Flick}}
{{defn|defn= a gentle movement of the wrist to move the bat, often associated with shots on the ''[[leg side]]''.}}

{{term|term= Flight |content= [[Flight (cricket)|Flight]] }}
{{defn|defn= a delivery which is thrown up at a more arched trajectory by a ''spinner''. Considered to be good bowling. Also ''loop''.}}

{{term|term= Flipper |content= [[Flipper (cricket)|Flipper]] }}
{{defn|defn= a ''leg spin'' ''delivery'' with ''under-spin'', so it bounces lower than normal, invented by [[Clarrie Grimmett]].<ref name=cric/><ref name=bbc/>}}

{{term|term= Floater}}
{{defn|defn= a ''delivery'' bowled by a spinner that travels in a highly arched path appearing to 'float' in the air.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Fly slip}}
{{defn|defn= a position deeper than the conventional slips, between the slips and ''third man''.<ref name=barclays/>}}

{{term|term= Follow-on |content= [[Follow-on|Follow on]] }}
{{defn|defn= a team which bats first in the second innings, after having batted second in the first innings, is said to have followed on. The captain of the team batting first in the first innings may direct the team batting second to follow on if it leads by a certain margin after the first innings; this margin is currently 200 runs in a five-day game, and 150 runs in a three- or four-day game.<ref name=barclays/>}}

{{term|term= Follow through |content= [[Follow through (cricket)|Follow through]] }}
{{defn|defn= a bowler's body actions after the release of the ball to stabilise their body.<ref name=barclays/>}}

{{term|term= Football scorecard}}
{{defn|defn= When the bowling team takes multiple early wickets while conceding very few runs. It is a reference to a typical football scorecard where both teams have single-digit goals. (For example, a team takes three early wickets by conceding only two runs, causing the scorecard to look 2-3){{cn|date=September 2025}}}}

{{term|term= Footmarks}}
{{defn|defn= On a grass pitch, the bowler creates a rough patch where they lands their foot and follow through after delivering the ball. The rough patch can become cratered and becomes more abrasive as the match continues and more players step on it. The abrasive surface means that the ball will increasingly grip more if it lands in the footmarks. Bowlers, particularly spinners, will aim the ball there as it will turn more sharply, and is more likely to get irregular bounce from such areas, making it more difficult for the opposition batters.}}

{{term|term= [[Footwork (cricket)|Footwork]]}}
{{defn|defn= the necessary feet movements that a batter has to take so as to be at a comfortable distance from where the ball has pitched, just right to hit the ball anywhere they desire, negating any spin or swing that a bowler attempts to extract after bouncing.}}

{{term|term= Form}}
{{defn|defn= The quality of a player's recent performances. A player who is 'in form' has played well in recent games, so is likely to do so again. Those that are 'out of form' have struggled recently. A run of poor form may result in the player being ''dropped'' from the team.<ref>{{cite web|title=How to find form and stay in it|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/22661395/how-find-form-stay-it|access-date=2020-12-04|website=www.espncricinfo.com|language=en}}</ref>}}

{{term|term= Forty-Five (on the one)}}
{{defn|defn= An uncommon fielding position akin to a short third-man, roughly halfway between the pitch and the boundary. Also used for a short backward square leg (at 45° behind square defending a single).}}

[[File:Mahela Jayawardene - batting.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mahela Jayawardene]] playing a ''forward defence'']]
{{term|term= Forward defence |content= [[Forward defence (cricket)|Forward defence]] (or forward defensive)}}
{{defn|defn= A common defensive shot, played with the ''batter's'' weight on the ''front foot'' and a ''straight bat'' held stationary close to the ''pad''. The bat is angled downwards to deflect the ''ball'' into the ground in front of the batter, preventing a ''catch''. Considered a safe way of defending against a ''delivery'' which threatens to hit the ''stumps'', but is unlikely to score any ''runs''.}}

{{term|term= Four |content= [[Boundary (scoring)|Four]] }}
{{defn|defn= a ''shot'' that reaches the ''boundary'' after touching the ground, which scores four ''runs'' to the batting side.}}

{{term|term= Four wickets |content= Four wickets (also 4WI) }}
{{defn|defn= Also ''four-for'' four or more wickets taken by a bowler in an innings, considered a good performance. Mostly used in [[One Day International]]s and it is a rarer feat in [[T20 Cricket]].}}

{{term|term= Fourth stump }}
{{defn|defn= a position or line one stump's width outside the ''off stump'', ''i.e.'' where the wicket's fourth stump would be positioned if it existed. Generally refers to the ''line'' or ''pitch'' of a delivery. A fourth stump line is roughly synonymous with the ''corridor of uncertainty''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportwalk.co/cricket/fourth-stump-outside-the-off-stump/|title=A batsman's nightmare: The fourth stump line|access-date=7 August 2015|date=26 June 2015|publisher=Sportwalk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627181508/http://www.sportwalk.co/cricket/fourth-stump-outside-the-off-stump/|archive-date=27 June 2015}}</ref> }}

{{term|term= FOW}}
{{defn|defn= see ''{{gli|fall of wicket}}''}}

{{term|term= Free hit |content= [[Free hit]] }}
{{defn|defn= a penalty given in some forms of cricket when a bowler bowls a 'no-ball'. The bowler must bowl another delivery, and the batter cannot be dismissed by the bowler from that delivery. Between the no-ball and the free hit, the fielders may not change positions (unless the batters changed ends on the no-ball).}}

{{term|term= French cricket |content= [[French cricket]] }}
{{defn|defn= an informal form of the game, typically played by children. The term "playing French Cricket" can imply that a batter has not attempted to move their feet and looks ungainly because of this.}}

{{term|term= French Cut |content= French Cut (also referred to as a ''Chinese Cut'', ''Surrey Cut'', or ''Harrow Drive'') }}
{{defn|defn= term for an unintentionally poorly executed shot which results in an inside ''edge'' where the ball narrowly misses hitting the ''stumps''.<ref name=e121/>}} Such unintentional shots can frequently fool the wicket keeper and may often fortuitously result in [[run (cricket)|run]]s.

{{term|term= Fritz}}
{{defn|defn= To be out stumped following a rebound from the wicketkeeper's pads on to the stumps.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} }}

{{term|term= Front foot}}
:{{ghat|all opposites of ''back foot''}}
{{defn|no=1|defn= (of a ''batter'') in the batting ''stance'', the foot that is closest to the ''bowler'' and furthest from the ''stumps''.}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= (of a ''shot'') played with the ''batter's'' weight primarily on that foot.}}
{{defn|no=3|defn= (of a ''bowler'') during the bowling ''action'', the last foot to contact the ground before the ''ball'' is ''released''.}}

{{term|term= Front foot contact |content= [[Front foot contact]] }}
{{defn|defn= during the ''bowling action'', the position of the ''bowler'' when their ''front foot'' lands on the ground.}}

{{term|term= Fruit Salad}}
{{defn|defn= when a bowler delivers a different type of delivery each time, rather than bowling a constant speed, length and angle. Fruit salad bowling is used most commonly in Twenty20 to prevent batters from getting comfortable.}}

{{term|term= (Full) face of the bat}}
{{defn|defn= references the front, or flat side, of the bat, particularly where the '''manufacturer's insignia''' is written. A batter is said to have given a bowler or a delivery faced the ''full face of the bat'' if they have ''middled'' the ball and driven it straight down the wicket, such that the bowler clearly sees the manufacturer's insignia.}}

{{term|term= Full length}}
{{defn|defn= a ''delivery'' that pitches closer to the ''batter'' than a ball pitching on a ''good length'', but further away than a ''half-volley''.}}

{{term|term= Full pint}}
{{defn|defn= when a stump is knocked completely out of the ground by a delivery.}}

{{term|term= Full toss |content= [[Full toss]] (also ''full bunger'' in Australia) }}
{{defn|defn= a ''delivery'' that reaches the ''batter'' on the full, i.e. without bouncing. Usually considered a bad ''delivery'' to bowl as the ''batter'' has a lot of time to see the ball and play an attacking ''shot''. Also, it does not have a chance to change direction off the ground, making it the ultimate crime for a ''spin'' or ''seam bowler''.<ref name=cric/><ref name=bbc/>}}

{{term|term= Furniture}}
{{defn|defn= another term for the ''stumps''.}}

{{glossary end}}

==G==
{{glossary}}

{{term|term= Gardening}}
{{defn|defn= a ''batter'' prodding at the ''pitch'' with their ''bat'' between ''deliveries'', ostensibly to flatten a bump in the ''pitch''. May be used to inspect features of a deteriorating pitch (e.g. ''footmarks''), or to calm the batter's nerves. Sometimes considered to be [[time-wasting]].<ref name=cric/><ref name=bbc/>}}

{{term|term= Gate}}
{{defn|see ''{{gli|through the gate}}''}}

{{term|term= Genuine number 11}}
{{defn|defn= a consistently poor ''batter'', rightfully relegated to the bottom of the ''batting order''.<ref>{{cite news |title=England vs India: Genuine No 11 Jimmy Anderson will treasure memory of his great knock |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/cricket/england-vs-india-genuine-no-11-jimmy-anderson-will-treasure-memory-of-his-great-knock-9602517.html |work=The Independent |date=12 July 2014}}</ref>{{bsn|reason=only uses the term in the headline and doesn't provide a definition|date=October 2025}}}}

{{term|term= Getting one's eye in}}
{{defn|defn= a ''batter'' playing low-risk defensive ''shots'' when first ''in'', while they assess the conditions and ''bowlers'', before attempting riskier scoring shots.}}

{{term|term= Give (it) the treatment}}
{{defn|defn= of a batter, to hit a poorly bowled ball well, often for a boundary.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cricket.rediff.com/commentary/2018/sep/07/cook-playing-his-final-test/6b8f43f127adc522b307989c875502e3|title=Cook playing his final Test|website=cricket.rediff.com}}</ref>}}

{{term|term= Given man}}
{{defn|defn= a skilled player given by the stronger team in a ''match'' to the weaker team, with the intention of producing teams with approximately equal strength. This was historically used as a form of [[handicapping]], particularly in [[Gentlemen v Players]] matches, to balance the [[odds (gambling)|odds]] for gambling. The practice is now banned at professional level to prevent [[match fixing]], but is occasionally seen in [[village cricket]].{{sfn|Moore|1988|p=21}}}}

{{term|term= Glance}}
{{defn|defn= a ''shot'' that goes ''fine'' on the ''leg side''. Typically played by ''flicking'' a ''ball'' which is heading for the ''batter''{{'}}s hips or thigh.<ref name=barclays3/>}}

{{term|term= Glove}}
[[File:Harlow Town CC v Old Victorians CC at Harlow, Essex, England 033.jpg|thumb|right|A ''batter'' wearing [[batting gloves]] and a ''wicket-keeper'' wearing [[wicket-keeping gloves]].]]
{{defn|no=1|defn= (noun) [[Batting gloves]], hand protection worn by a ''batter'' as part of their ''kit''. Padding is mostly on the outside, to defend against impacts by the ''ball'' while gripping the ''handle'' of the bat.}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= (noun) [[Wicket-keeper's gloves]], webbed catching gloves worn by a ''wicket-keeper''. The padding is on the inside, to absorb the impact of a caught ball. No other member of the ''fielding team'' is allowed to use gloves.}}
{{defn|no=3|defn= (verb) Touch the ball with a batting glove while the glove is in contact with the ''bat''. In that circumstance, the rules consider the glove to be part of the bat, so the ''batter'' can score ''runs'' or be ''caught'' if they glove the ball.}}

{{term|term= Glovemanship |content= Glovemanship (also glovework) }}
{{defn|defn= the skills of ''wicketkeeping'', used when either praising or criticising a performance}}

{{term|term= Golden duck}}
{{defn|defn= a dismissal for nought (zero), from the first ''ball'' faced in a batter's innings. ( cf '''Duck''', '''Diamond duck''', '''Platinum duck''' )}}

{{term|term= Golden pair |content= Golden pair (also ''King pair'') }}
{{defn|defn= a dismissal for nought (zero) ''runs'' off the first ''ball'' faced in each of a batter's two ''innings'' of a two-innings match (see this list of [[Pairs in test and first-class cricket]]).}}

{{term|term= Good length}}
{{defn|defn= the ideal place for a stock ''delivery'' to pitch in its trajectory from the ''bowler'' to the ''batter''. It makes the ''batter'' uncertain whether to play a ''front-foot'' or ''back-foot'' ''shot''. A good length differs from ''bowler'' to ''bowler'', based on the type, height and speed of the ''bowler''. The "good length" is not necessarily the best length to bowl, as a bowler may wish to bowl [[#short-pitched|short]] or [[#full length|full]] to exploit a batter's weaknesses.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Googly |content= [[Googly]] (also ''wrong'un'' or ''bosie'') }}
{{defn|defn= a deceptive spinning ''delivery'' by a ''wrist spin'' ''bowler'' which spins the opposite direction to the stock delivery. For a right-hander ''bowler'' and a right-handed ''batter'', a googly will turn from the off side to the leg side. Developed by [[Bernard Bosanquet (cricketer)|Bosanquet]] around 1900.<ref name=cric/><ref name=bbc/>}}

{{term|term= Gouging}}
{{defn|defn= causing intentional damage to the ''pitch'' or ''ball''.}}

{{term|term= Gozza}}
{{defn|defn= term in Australian cricket meaning a batter who is out on the first ball they receive. See also ''Golden duck''.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} }}

{{term|term= Grade cricket}}
{{defn|see ''{{gli|club cricket}}''}}

{{term|term= Grafting}}
{{defn|defn= batting defensively with strong emphasis on not getting out, often under difficult conditions.}}

{{term|term= Grass}}
{{defn|defn= to ''drop'' a ''catch'', letting the ''ball'' fall onto the grass of the ''field''.<ref name=wisden_dict/>}}

{{term|term= Green top}}
{{defn|defn= a [[Cricket pitch|pitch]] with an unusually high amount of visible grass, that might be expected to assist the pace bowlers in particular.}}

{{term|term= Grip }}
{{defn|defn= the rubber casings used on the handle of the ''bat''; alternatively, how the bowler [[Grip (cricket bowling)|holds the ball]] and how the batter holds the bat.}}

{{term|term= Ground|content=[[Ground (cricket)|Ground]]}}
{{defn|no=1|defn=(noun) A collective term for the ''pitch'', ''field'', ''pavilion'' and any associated amenities, such as seating for spectators. Large grounds with substantial spectator facilities may be referred to as [[stadium]]s.}}
{{defn|no=2|defn=(verb) Turn and touch the bat onto the ground surface behind the ''popping crease'' after the batter has left the ''crease'' in the action of taking a shot or starting a run; to run the bat in the process of completing a run in order to be ''safe''.}}
{{defn|no=3|defn=(noun) The batter's ''safe'' area on the ''pitch''. The batter is 'in their ground' when a part of the body (usually the foot) or the bat is touching the surface behind the ''popping crease''. They have 'left their ground' if they have advanced down the pitch in the action of taking a shot or starting a run. The batter has 'made their ground' if able to ''ground'' their bat or touch the surface behind the ''popping crease'' with a part of the body before a fielder can break the ''wicket'' for a ''run out''.}}

{{term|term= Groundsman (or ''curator'')}}
{{defn|defn= a person responsible for maintaining the cricket field and preparing the ''pitch''.<ref name=barclays/>}}

{{term|term= Grubber }}
{{defn|defn= a delivery that barely bounces.<ref name=cric/>}}
[[File:Stansted Hall & Elsenham CC v High Roding CC at Elsenham, Essex 011.jpg|thumb|A batter takes guard]]
{{term|term= (Taking) guard }}
{{defn|defn= the ''batter'' aligning their ''bat'' according with a ''stump'' (or between ''stumps'') chosen behind them. Typically, the batter marks the position of the bat on the pitch. The marking(s) give the batter an idea as to where they are standing in relation to the ''stumps''.<ref name=barclays/>}}

{{term|term= Gully |content= [[Gully (cricket)|Gully]] }}
{{defn|defn= a close ''fielder'' near the ''slip fielders'', at an angle to a line between the two sets of stumps of about 100 to 140 degrees.<ref name=barclays/>}}

{{glossary end}}

==H==
{{glossary}}
{{term|term= Hack}}
{{defn|defn= a batter of generally low skill with an excessively aggressive approach to batting, commonly with a preference towards lofted cross bat shots. A poor defensive stance and lack of defensive strokes are also features of a hack. Can also be used for one particular stroke}}

{{term|term= Half century}}
{{defn|defn= an individual score of 50 runs or more, but less than 100 (''century''). Reasonably significant landmark for a ''batter'' and more so for the ''lower order'' and the ''tail-enders''.}}

{{term|term= Half-tracker}}
{{defn|defn= another term for a ''long hop''. So called because the ball roughly bounces halfway down the pitch.}}

{{term|term= Half-volley}}
{{defn|defn= a ''delivery'' that bounces just short of the batter so that they can easily strike the ball with an attacking front foot shot such as a ''drive'' or ''glance''.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Handled the ball |content= [[Handled the ball]] }}
{{defn|defn= occurs when a ''batter'' touches the ball with their hands (when they are not gripping the bat) while the ball is still ''live''. No longer a method of dismissal in its own right, but can result in the batter being given ''out''.}}

{{term|term= Harrow drive}}
{{defn|defn= see ''{{gli|French cut}}''}}

{{term|term= Hat-trick |content= [[Hat-trick (cricket)|Hat-trick]] }}
{{defn|defn= a ''bowler'' taking a ''wicket'' off each of three consecutive ''deliveries'' that they bowl in a single match (whether in the same ''over'' or split up in two consecutive ''overs'', or two ''overs'' in two different ''spells'', or even spread across two ''innings'' of a ''test match'' or ''first-class cricket'' game).}}

{{term|term= Hat-trick ball}}
{{defn|defn= a delivery bowled after taking two wickets with the previous two deliveries. The captain will usually set a very attacking field for a hat-trick ball, to maximise the chances of the bowler taking a hat-trick. The bowler is said to be ''on a hat-trick'' before they deliver the hat-trick ball.}}

{{term|term= Hawk-Eye}}
{{defn|defn= see ''{{gli|ball tracking}}''}}

{{term|term= Heavy Roller }}
{{defn|defn= a very heavy cylinder of metal used by the ground staff, to improve a wicket for batting.}}

{{term|term= [[Helicopter shot]] }}
{{defn|defn= a batting shot played by flicking the ball through the air on the leg side, often to avoid close fielders and attempt to hit a boundary. Well-timed helicopter shots off of fast deliveries can often result in six runs, sometimes toward the [[cow corner]]. Helicopter shots are differentiated from slogs and hoicks in that they are somewhat more refined in that they require timing to come off. }}

[[File:Sandwich Town CC v. MCC at Sandwich, Kent, England 219 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|right|Typical cricket helmets in use]]
{{term|term= Helmet | content=[[Cricket helmet|Helmet]]}}
{{defn|defn= Protective headgear worn by ''batters'' facing ''pace bowling'' or ''fielders'' located very close to the batter. Cricket helmets consist of a hard padded hemisphere protecting the [[brain case]], a front [[brim (hat)|brim]], and a large metal grill over the face and jaw, with gaps smaller than the diameter of the ''ball''.}}

{{term|term= High score }}
{{defn|defn= the most runs scored by the batter in a single innings. see also ''Best bowling'' }}

{{term|term= Hip Clip }}
{{defn|defn= a trademark shot of Brian Lara involving a flick of the wrist to whip a ball, at hip height, at right angles past the fielder at square leg.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} }}

{{term|term= Hit the ball twice |content= [[Hit the ball twice]] }}
{{defn|defn= A batter is out 'hit the ball twice' if having struck the ball once with their person or bat, they strike the ball a second time with their person or bat (but not a hand ''not'' holding the bat). A batter is not out if the second strike was for the sole purpose of guarding their wicket.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Laws of Cricket 2017 Code |edition=3rd |date=2022 |publisher=[[Marylebone Cricket Club]] |at=Law 34.1 |chapter=Out Hit the ball twice |url=https://www.lords.org/getmedia/81bd1d01-c7e7-42f6-ac70-80473a050c32/Laws-of-Cricket-2017-Code-3rd-Edition-2022_1.docx |access-date=23 January 2026}}</ref> A batter may not strike the ball a second time to prevent it from being caught (out 'obstructing the field).<ref>{{cite book |title=The Laws of Cricket 2017 Code |edition=3rd |date=2022 |publisher=[[Marylebone Cricket Club]] |at=Law 37.3 |chapter=Obstructing a ball from being caught |url=https://www.lords.org/getmedia/81bd1d01-c7e7-42f6-ac70-80473a050c32/Laws-of-Cricket-2017-Code-3rd-Edition-2022_1.docx |access-date=23 January 2026}}</ref> }}

{{term|term= Hit wicket |content= [[Hit wicket]] }}
{{defn|defn= a ''batter'' getting out by dislodging the ''bails'' of the ''wicket'' behind them either with their ''bat'' or body as they try to play the ball or set off for a run.<ref name=ecb/>}}

{{term|term= Hoick}}
{{defn|defn= an unrefined ''shot'' played to the ''leg side'' usually across the line of the ball.}}

{{term|term= Hold up an end}}
{{defn|defn= A batter who is intentionally restricting their scoring and concentrating on defence while their batting partner scores runs at the other end; or, a bowler who is bowling defensively to restrict runs at their end while their bowling partner tries to take wickets at the other end.}}

{{term|term= Hole out}}
{{defn|defn= To be dismissed by being caught, usually referring to a catch from a lofted shot (or attempt thereof) in the outfield or forward from the wicket, rather than being caught behind by the wicketkeeper, in the slips cordon, or a leg trap fielder from edges or gloved balls.}}

{{term|term= Hoodoo}}
{{defn|defn= a bowler is said to 'have the hoodoo' on a batter when they have got them out many times in their career. (See ''rabbit II.'')}}

{{term|term= Hook |content= [[Pull shot|Hook]] }}
{{defn|defn= a ''shot'', similar to a ''pull'', but played so that the ball is struck when it is above the ''batter's'' shoulder.}}

{{term|term= Hoop}}
{{defn|defn= a particularly large amount of ''swing''.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Telegraph|location=London, England|title=New Zealand v England: Andy Flower blames bowlers' inability to swing the ball for poor series|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/international/england/9957612/New-Zealand-v-England-Andy-Flower-blames-bowlers-inability-to-swing-the-ball-for-poor-series.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/international/england/9957612/New-Zealand-v-England-Andy-Flower-blames-bowlers-inability-to-swing-the-ball-for-poor-series.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|date=27 March 2013|access-date=8 August 2015|author=Derek Pringle}}{{cbignore}}</ref>}}

{{term|term= Hot Spot |content= [[Hot Spot (cricket)|Hot Spot]] }}
{{defn|defn= a technology used in television coverage to evaluate snicks and bat-pad catches. The batter is filmed with an infrared camera, and friction caused by the strike of the ball shows up as a white "hot spot" on the picture.}}

{{term|term= Howzat |content= Howzat or How's that? }}
{{anchor|howzat?}}
{{defn|defn= See ''{{gli|appeal}}''}}

{{term|term= Hundred}}
{{defn|no=1|defn= See ''{{gli|century}}''}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= [[100-ball cricket]], a ''limited overs'' format with modified rules, such as each team batting for up to 100 legal balls, to speed up the game for television broadcasters.}}
{{defn|no=3|defn= [[The Hundred (cricket)|The Hundred]], a domestic competition in England that uses the 100-ball format, introduced in 2021.}}

{{term|term= Hutch}}
{{defn|defn= the pavilion or dressing room. Non-specialist batters or tail enders can be known as 'rabbits', so when they are given out they return to the hutch.}}

{{glossary end}}

==I==
{{glossary}}
{{term|term= In}}
{{defn|defn= of a ''batter'', presently batting.}}

{{term|term= In/out field}}
{{defn|defn= The in/out field is the group of fielders close to the batter or closer to the boundary respectively.}}
{{defn|defn= An in/out field is a ''field setting'', usually with 5 close fielders and 3 on the boundary, designed to force batters into errors by trying to deny the opportunity to score singles while saving easy boundaries.}}

{{term|term= Incoming batter}}
{{defn|defn= the batter next to come in ''in the listed batting order''. The incoming batter is the one who is out when a "[[timed out]]" occurs.}}

{{term|term= Inswing |content= [[Inswinger|Inswing]] or in-swinger {{anchor|in-swinger}} }}
{{defn|defn= a ''delivery'' that curves into the ''batter'' in the air from off to leg.<ref name=barclays3/>}}

{{term|term= In-cutter}}
{{defn|defn= a ''delivery'' that moves into the ''batter'' after hitting the surface.}}

{{term|term= Infield}}
{{defn|defn= the region of the field that lies inside the ''30-yard circle'' (27 m) or, in the days before defined circles, the area of the field close to the wicket bounded by an imaginary line through square leg, mid on, mid off and cover point.<ref name=barclays3/>}}

{{term|term= Innings |content= [[Innings]] }}
{{defn|defn= one player's or one team's turn to bat (or bowl). Unlike in baseball, the cricket term "innings" is both singular and plural.}}

{{term|term= [[Inside edge (cricket)|Inside edge]] }}
{{defn|defn= The edge of the bat facing the batter's legs. The ball then generally goes on the stumps, legs or at ''Forty-Five''.}}

{{term|term= Inside-out}}
{{defn|defn= when a batter opens the chest and plays a ball, usually aggressively and often dancing down the pitch, toward the covers.}}

{{term|term= It's (just) not cricket}}
{{defn|defn= An [[idiom]]atic expression, objecting to actions that the speaker feels are [[sportsmanship|unsporting]], unfair, or against the [[spirit of cricket|spirit of the game]]}}
{{glossary end}}

==J==
{{glossary}}
{{term|term= Jack |content= Jack }}
{{defn|defn= a number eleven batter. From the [[Jack (playing card)|jack playing card]], which ranks immediately after the number ten in each [[suit (playing cards)|suit]].}}

{{term|term= Jaffa |content= Jaffa (also ''corker'') {{anchor|corker}} }}
{{defn|defn= an exceptionally well bowled, practically unplayable delivery, usually but not always from a fast bowler.<ref name=cric/><ref name=bbc/> }}

{{term|term= Jayadevan's system |content= [[Jayadevan's system]] }}
{{defn|defn= an unsuccessful proposal for a ''rain rule'', as an alternative to the ''Duckworth-Lewis system''. Has never been used in professional cricket.}}

{{term|term= Jockstrap |content= [[Jockstrap]] (also ''jock strap'') }}
{{defn|defn= underwear for male cricketers, designed to securely hold a cricket box in place when batting or wicket keeping.}}

{{term|term= Just not cricket}}
{{defn|defn= see ''{{gli|it's (just) not cricket}}''}}

{{glossary end}}

==K==
{{glossary}}
{{term|term= Keeper}}
{{defn|defn= see {{gli|wicket-keeper}}}}

{{term|term= Keep wicket}}
{{defn|defn= 1. For a wicketkeeper to field.

2. "Keep wickets in hand", which is when a batting team tries to have relatively few of its batters get out.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/kartikeya-date-keep-wickets-in-hand-or-go-hard-a-look-at-the-first-25-years-of-odi-history-1187749|title=Keep wickets in hand or go hard? A look at the first 25 years of ODI history|website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> Usually done so that more run-scoring risks can be taken near the end of their innings in a limited-overs match, since they will have many batters left and only a few balls left.}}

{{term|term= King pair}}
{{defn|defn= see [[#G|''Golden pair'']].}}

{{term|term= Knock}}
{{defn|defn= a batter's innings. A ''batter'' who makes a high score in an ''innings'' can be said to have had a "good knock".}}

{{term|term= Knuckle ball |content= [[Knuckle ball (cricket)|Knuckle ball]]}}
{{defn|defn= A type of delivery where the fast bowler holds the ball on the knuckles of their index and middle finger. A type of [[slower ball]].}}

{{term|term= Kolpak |content= [[Kolpak ruling|Kolpak]] }}
{{defn|defn= an overseas player who plays in English domestic cricket under the [[Kolpak ruling]].<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Kwik cricket |content= [[Kwik cricket]] }}
{{defn|defn= {{ghat|(or '''quick cricket''')}} An informal version of cricket with sped-up rules, specifically designed to introduce children to the sport.}}

{{glossary end}}

==L==
{{glossary}}
{{term|term= Lappa}}
{{defn|defn= The Indian version of the ''hoik''. Comes from the English 'lap', an old term for a stroke somewhere between a pull and a sweep.<ref name=barclays3/> }}

{{term|term= Lap sweep}}
{{defn|defn= Also known as a paddle sweep or run sweep, a sweep shot tickled down to fine leg.}}

{{term|term= Laws}}
{{defn|defn= The [[laws of cricket]] are a set of rules established by the [[Marylebone Cricket Club]] (MCC) and apply to cricket worldwide. Cricket is one of the few sports for which the governing principles are referred to as 'Laws' rather than as 'Rules' or 'Regulations'. Note that regulations to supplement and/or vary the laws may be agreed for particular competitions.}}

{{term|term= LBW}}
{{defn|defn= see ''{{gli|leg before wicket}}''}}

{{term|term= Leading edge}}
{{defn|defn= The ball hitting the front edge of the ''bat'' as opposed to its face, when playing a ''straight-bat shot''. Often results in an easy ''catch'' for the ''bowler'' or a ''skier'' for someone else.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Leave}}
{{defn|defn= The action of the batter not attempting to play at the ball. They may do this by holding the bat above their body. However, there is a clause in the ''LBW'' rules making them more susceptible to getting out this way. A batter leaving the ball may also not claim any ''leg byes''.}}

{{term|term= Left arm }}
{{defn|defn= A bowler who bowls the ball with their left hand is, by convention, called a 'left-arm' or 'left arm' bowler (rather than 'left hand' or 'left-handed'). (Contrast "left hand batter".)<ref name=Ashok>Ashok, Kumar. Dph Sports Series Cricket Discovery Publishing House, 1999 {{ISBN|9788171414741}}</ref>}}

{{term|term= Left-arm orthodox spin |content= [[Left-arm orthodox spin]] }}
{{defn|defn= the style of ''spin bowling'' produced by ''left-arm'' ''finger spin''; the left-arm equivalent of ''off spin''.}}

{{term|term= Left-arm unorthodox spin |content= [[Left-arm unorthodox spin]] }}
{{defn|defn= the style of ''spin bowling'' produced by ''left-arm'' ''wrist spin''; the left-arm equivalent of ''leg spin''. Formerly called ''Chinaman'' bowling, after [[Ellis Achong]], a West Indian of Chinese descent, but that term is now considered derogatory.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hotten |first1=Jon |title=The Little Yellow Bible gets the treatment |url=https://www.wisden.com/book-review/wisden-cricketers-almanack-2018-book-review |access-date=11 November 2019 |work=Wisden |date=11 April 2018}}</ref>}}

{{term|term= Left hand }}
{{defn|defn= A batter who bats left-handed is said to be a 'left-hand' bat. (Contrast "left arm bowler".)<ref name="Ashok"/>}}

{{term|term= Leg before wicket |content= [[Leg before wicket]] (LBW) {{anchor|leg before wicket|lbw|LBW}} }}
{{defn|defn= a way of ''dismissing'' the ''batter''. In brief, the batter is out if, in the opinion of the ''umpire'', the ball hits any part of the batter's body (usually the leg) before hitting or missing the bat and would have gone on to hit the ''stumps''.<ref name=cric/><ref name=ecb/>}}

{{term|term= Leg break |content= [[Leg break]] }}
{{defn|defn= a ''spin bowling'' ''delivery'' which turns from the ''leg side'' to the ''off side'' of a right-handed ''batter''. The ''stock delivery'' of a ''leg spin'' bowler.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Leg bye |content= [[Leg bye]] }}
{{defn|defn= ''Extras'' taken after a ''delivery'' hits any part of the body of the ''batter'' other than the ''bat'' or the gloved hand that holds the ''bat''. If the batter makes no attempt to play the ball with the bat or evade the ball that hits them, leg byes may not be scored.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Leg cutter |content= [[Leg cutter]] }}
{{defn|defn= A ''break'' ''delivery'' bowled by a ''fast'' or ''medium-pace'' ''bowler'' with similar action to a ''spin bowler'', but at a faster pace. The ball breaks from the ''leg side'' to the ''off side'' of the ''batter''.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Leg glance |content= [[Batting (cricket)#leg glance|Leg glance]] }}
{{defn|defn= A delicate shot played at a ball aimed slightly on the ''leg side'', using the bat to flick the ball as it passes the batter, deflecting towards the ''square leg'' or ''fine leg'' area.}}

{{term|term= Leg side |content= [[Leg side]] }}
{{defn|defn= the half of the field to the rear of the ''batter'' as they take strike (also known as the ''on side'').<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Leg slip |content=[[Leg slip]] }}
{{defn|defn= a ''fielding'' position equivalent to ''slip'', but on the ''leg side''.}}

{{term|term= Leg spin |content= [[Leg spin]] }}
{{defn|defn= the style of ''spin bowling'' produced by right-handed ''wrist spin''. So called because the ''stock delivery'' is a ''leg break''. Common ''variations'' include the ''googly'', ''top spinner'', and ''flipper''.}}

{{term|term= [[Leg theory]]}}
{{defn|defn= A tactic sometimes used by the fielding side. The ''bowler'' aims for a ''line'' on ''leg stump'' and more ''fielders'' than usual are placed on the ''leg side'', particularly short catching positions. This prevents the ''batter'' from playing ''shots'' on the ''off side''. The goal is to slow the scoring and frustrate the batter into an opportunity for a ''catch''. See also ''fast leg theory'' and ''Bodyline''.<ref name=cric/> The opposite of ''off theory''.}}

{{term|term= Leggie }}
{{defn|no=1|defn= a ''leg spin'' bowler }}
{{defn|no=2|defn= a ''leg break'' delivery}}

[[File:Cricket delivery lengths en.svg|thumb|500px|Cricket ''lengths'']]
{{term|term= Length}}
{{defn|defn= the place along the ''pitch'' where a ''delivery'' bounces (see ''short pitched'', ''good length'', ''half-volley'', ''full toss'').<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Life}}
{{defn|defn= a batter being reprieved because of a mistake by the fielding team, through dropping a catch, missing a run-out chance or the wicket-keeper missing a stumping.}}

{{term|term= Light}}
{{defn|defn= see ''bad light''}}

{{term|term= Limited overs match}}
{{defn|defn= a one-innings match where each side may only face a set number of overs. Another name for [[one-day cricket]].}}

{{term|term= Line |content= Line (also see Line and length) }}
{{defn|defn= the deviation of the point along the ''pitch'' where a ''delivery'' bounces from the line from ''wicket-to-wicket'' (to the ''leg side'' or the ''off side'').<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Line and length |content= [[Line and length|Line and length bowling]] }}
{{defn|defn= bowling so that a ''delivery'' pitches on a ''good length'' and just outside ''off'' ''stump''. This forces the ''batter'' to play a ''shot'' as the ball may hit the ''stumps''.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= List A cricket |content= [[List A cricket]] }}
{{defn|defn= the ''limited-overs'' equivalent of ''first-class cricket''.}}

{{term|term= Lob bowling |content= [[Underarm bowling#Lob bowling|Lob bowling]] }}
{{defn|defn= An obsolete form of ''underarm bowling'', in which the ''ball'' was [[wikt:lob#Verb|lobbed]] high in the air, falling back to the ''pitch'' on a steep trajectory. A common ''variation'' aimed to drop the ball directly onto the ''stumps'', without bouncing. Lob bowling was popular in the 19th century but is now illegal.}}

{{term|term= Loft(ed shot)}}
{{defn|defn= a type of shot where the ball is hit in the air<ref>{{cite web|title=Lofted shot {{!}} cricket|url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/lofted-shot|access-date=2020-08-30|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Batting – The lofted drive|url=https://cricket.co.za/category/15/Coach-Education/2360/Batting-The-lofted-drive/|access-date=2020-08-30|website=cricket.co.za|archive-date=4 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004034550/https://cricket.co.za/category/15/Coach-Education/2360/Batting-The-lofted-drive/}}</ref>}}

{{term|term= Lolly}}
{{defn|defn= a ball that a batter is easily able to hit, or a ball that a fielder is easily able to catch}}

{{term|term= Long hop |content= [[Long hop]] }}
{{defn|defn= a ''delivery'' that is much too short to be a ''good length'' ''delivery'', but without the sharp lift of a ''bouncer''. Usually considered a bad ''delivery'' to bowl as the ''batter'' has a lot of time to see the ball and play an attacking ''shot''.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Long off}}
{{defn|defn= a fielding position close the boundary on the off side, located in front of, and relatively close to, the line of the wicket.}}

{{term|term= Long on}}
{{defn|defn= a fielding position close the boundary on the leg side, located in front of, and relatively close to, the line of the wicket.}}

{{term|term= Long stop}}
{{defn|defn= {{ghat|or '''very fine leg'''}} a fielding position on the boundary directly behind the ''wicket-keeper'', to recover any ''byes'' or ''wides'' that evade the keeper. Occasionally seen at ''village cricket'' level but obsolete in professional cricket.}}

{{term|term= Look for two}}
{{defn|defn= running a ''single'' with urgency, the batters convey the sense (to each other, to the crowd, to commentators) that they will attempt a second run, though no commitment is expected until after the ''turn''. See ''push'', ''two''.}}

{{term|term= Loop}}
{{defn|defn= the curved path of the ball bowled by a ''spinner''.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Loosener}}
{{defn|defn= a poor ''delivery'' bowled at the start of a ''bowler's'' spell.}}

{{term|term= Lost ball |content= [[Lost ball]] }}
{{defn|defn= A ''ball'' which cannot be retrieved, due to being lost or otherwise out of reach (e.g. hit into a river or over a fence). The ''umpire'' calls ''dead ball'' to stop play, and the ''batter'' is credited with any runs completed (generally a ''boundary'') or in progress at the time dead ball is called. A replacement ball is selected, preferably a used one in similar condition to the lost ball.}}

{{term|term= Lower order |content= Lower order (colloquially '''the tail''') {{anchor|the tail}} }}
{{defn|defn= the ''batters'' who bat at between roughly number 8 and 11 in the ''batting order'' and who may have some skill at batting, but are generally either specialist ''bowlers'' or ''wicket-keepers'' with limited batting ability. Such batters are known as lower order batters or tail-enders.}}

{{term|term= Lunch |content= [[Lunch]] }}
{{defn|defn= the first of the two [[Innings break|intervals]] taken during a full day's play, which usually occurs at lunchtime at about 12:30 pm (local time).}}

{{glossary end}}

==M==
{{glossary}}
{{term|term= Maiden over |content= [[Over (cricket)|Maiden over]] }}
{{defn|defn= an ''over'' in which no ''runs'' are scored off the bat, and no ''wides'' or ''no-balls'' are bowled. Considered a good performance for a ''bowler'', maiden overs are tracked as part of a ''bowling analysis''.<ref name=cric/><ref name=bbc/>}}

{{term|term= Maker's name}}
{{defn|defn= The upper face of the bat, where the manufacturer's logo is normally located. This phrase is sometimes used to describe a batter's technique when playing a straight ''drive'', which gives the opposing bowler full view of the logo e.g. "gave that delivery the maker's name" means the batter played a good drive shot.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Man of the match |content= [[Man of the match#Cricket|Man of the match]] }}
{{defn|defn= an award which may be given to the player whose individual performance was considered the most outstanding, or had the greatest impact on the outcome of the game. Usually (but not always) the highest scoring batter or best performing bowler. '''Man of the series''' is the same over a whole series.}}

{{term|term= Manhattan}}
{{defn|defn= also called the '''Skyline'''. It is a [[Bar chart|bar graph]] of the runs scored off each over in a one-day game, with dots indicating the overs in which wickets fell. The name is alternatively applied to a bar graph showing the number of runs scored in each innings in a batter's career. So called because the bars supposedly resemble the skyscrapers that dominate the skyline of [[Manhattan]].<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Mankad |content= [[Run out#Mankaded|Mankad]] }}
{{defn|defn= the running-out by the bowler of a non-striking batter who leaves their crease before the bowler has released the ball. It is named after [[Vinoo Mankad]], an Indian bowler, who controversially used this method in a Test match. This is relatively common in indoor cricket and is noted separately from run outs, though almost unheard of in first-class cricket.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Marillier shot |content= [[Marillier shot]] }}
{{defn|defn= see ''{{gli|paddle scoop}}''}}

{{term|term= Marylebone Cricket Club |content= [[Marylebone Cricket Club]] (MCC) }}
{{defn|defn= the cricket club that owns [[Lord's]] cricket ground in London NW8. It is the custodian of the [[laws of cricket]].<ref name=cric/> }}

{{term|term= Match fixing |content= [[Match fixing]] }}
{{defn|defn= Illegally arranging the outcome of a ''match'' in advance, such as playing deliberately poorly to ensure a loss. Most commonly fixing is due to bribes or collusion with [[gambling|gamblers]] who bet on the result, see [[betting controversies in cricket]]. Fixing outcomes other than the final result is known as [[spot fixing]]. This is not only against the rules of cricket, but often against the law of the country where it is played; some cricketers have gone to jail for their involvement in match fixing scandals.}}

{{term|term= Match referee}}
{{defn|defn= an official whose role is to ensure that the spirit of the game is upheld. They have the power to fine players and/or teams for unethical play.}}

{{term|term= Maximum}}
{{defn|defn= see ''six''.}}

{{term|term= Meat of the bat}}
{{defn|defn= the thickest part of the bat, from which the most energy is imparted to the ball.}}

{{term|term= Mecca of cricket}}
{{defn|defn= this usually refers to the [[Lord's]] cricket ground, also known as the Home of Cricket.}}

{{term|term= Medium-pace |content= [[Medium pace bowling|Medium-pace]] }}
{{defn|defn= a ''bowler'' who bowls slower than a ''pace bowler'', but faster than a ''spin bowler''. Speed is important to the medium-pacer, but they try and defeat the ''batter'' with the movement of the ball, rather than the pace at which it is bowled. Medium-pacers either bowl ''cutters'' or rely on the ball to ''swing'' in the air. They usually bowl at about 55–70 mph (90–110 km/h).}}

{{term|term= Michelle }}
{{defn|defn= See ''five-wicket haul''.}}

{{term|term= Middle of the bat}}
{{defn|defn= the area of the face of the bat that imparts maximum power to a shot if that part of the bat hits the ball. Also known as the "meat" of the bat. Effectively the same as the ''sweet spot''; however, a shot that has been "middled" usually means one that is hit with great power as well as ''timing''.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Middle order}}
{{defn|defn= the ''batters'' who bat at between roughly number 5 and 7 in the ''batting order''. Often includes ''all-rounders'' and the ''wicket-keeper''. }}

{{term|term= Mid-off}}
{{defn|defn= a fielding position intended to save a run on the off side, located in front of, and relatively close to, the line of the wicket. }}

{{term|term= Mid-on}}
{{defn|defn= a fielding position intended to save a run on the leg side, located in front of, and relatively close to, the line of the wicket. }}

{{term|term= Mid-wicket}}
{{defn|defn= a fielding position intended to save a run on the leg side, located between mid-on and square leg.}}

{{term|term= Military medium}}
{{defn|defn= ''medium-pace'' bowling that lacks the speed to trouble the ''batter''. Often has derogatory overtones, suggesting the bowling is boring, innocuous, or lacking in variety, but can also be a term of praise, suggesting a military regularity and lack of unintended variation. A good military medium ''bowler'' will pitch the ball on the same perfect ''line and length'' for six balls an ''over'', making it very hard for the ''batter'' to score runs.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Milking|content=Milking (or milk the bowling)}}
{{defn|defn= Scoring a steady stream of easy ''runs'' at a moderate rate with little risk of getting ''out'', by taking advantage of poor ''bowling'' or gaps in the ''field''. Particularly common against ''spin bowling'' in ''limited overs'' matches, due to the ''circle'' restrictions.<ref name="milking">{{cite news |author1=Kartikeya Date |title=Keep wickets in hand or go hard? A look at the first 25 years of ODI history |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/26920069/keep-wickets-hand-go-hard-look-first-25-years-odi-history |access-date=29 January 2020 |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=10 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref>}}

{{term|term= Mine |content= Mine {{anchor|"Mine"}} }}
{{defn|defn= see ''{{gli|call}}''}}

{{term|term= Mis-field}}
{{defn|defn= a fielder failing to collect the ball cleanly, often fumbling a pick-up or dropping a catch.}}

{{term|term= Mullygrubber}}
{{defn|defn= (Australian) see ''{{gli|grubber}}''<ref>{{cite web |title=Mullygrubber |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/mullygrubber |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217112647/https://www.lexico.com/definition/mullygrubber |archive-date=17 February 2020 |website=Lexico Dictionaries |access-date=17 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref>}}

{{glossary end}}

==N==
{{glossary}}

{{term|term= Negative bowling}}
{{defn|defn= a persistent ''line'' of bowling down the ''leg-side'' of a ''batter'' to stymie the ''batter'' from scoring (particularly in ''Test matches'').}}

{{term|term= Nelson |content= [[Nelson (cricket)|Nelson]] }}
{{defn|defn= A score of 111, either for a team or for an individual ''batter''. [[Superstition]] holds that this score is unlucky and more likely to lead to a ''dismissal'', due to its resemblance to the three ''stumps'' of the ''wicket'' (as if the ''bails'' had been removed). Tradition holds that the bad luck may be averted if spectators stand on one leg. Scores of 222 and 333 are known as double Nelson and triple Nelson respectively; these are sometimes also considered unlucky.<ref name=cric/><ref name=et_terms/>}}

{{term|term= Nervous nineties |content= [[Nervous nineties]] }}
{{defn|defn= The period of a ''batter''{{'}}s ''innings'' when their score is between 90 and 99. Many players bat nervously in this period because they are worried about getting ''out'' before they reach a ''century''. The fielding captain often sets an ''attacking field'' to increase the psychological pressure. Some players are particularly prone to getting out in the nervous nineties.<ref name=cric/>}}

[[File:Pollock in nets.jpg|thumb|[[Shaun Pollock]] in the ''nets'']]
{{term|term= Nets}}
{{defn|defn= a ''pitch'' surrounded on three sides by netting, used by for practice by ''batters'' and ''bowlers''.<ref name=barclays3/>}}

{{term|term= Net run rate |content= [[Net run rate]] (NRR) {{anchor|NRR}} }}
{{defn|defn= In a match, the average run rate scored by a team minus the average run rate scored against them. In a series, a team's NRR is (total runs scored) / (total overs received) – (total runs conceded) / (total overs bowled).<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= New ball |content= [[New ball]]}}
{{defn|defn= In professional cricket, a new ''ball'' is used at the beginning of each ''innings''. In ''timed matches'', the fielding ''captain'' has the option of taking another new ball after 80 ''overs'' have passed.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Laws of Cricket 2017 Code |edition=3rd |date=2022 |publisher=[[Marylebone Cricket Club]] |at=Law 4.4 |chapter=New ball in match of more than one day’s duration |url=https://www.lords.org/getmedia/81bd1d01-c7e7-42f6-ac70-80473a050c32/Laws-of-Cricket-2017-Code-3rd-Edition-2022_1.docx |access-date=23 January 2026}}</ref> A new ball is generally harder and shinier than an old ball, moves faster through the air (favouring ''pace bowling'') and may ''swing'' after a few overs of polishing. In contrast, an old ball will be softer, rougher, and will typically have been polished on one side but not the other, favouring ''reverse swing'' and ''spin bowling''.}}

{{term|term= Nibble}}
{{defn|defn= A small amount of movement by the ball off the ''seam''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alloutcricket.com/cricket/blogs/england-v-india-support-acts-find-their-voice|title=England v India: Support Acts Find Their Voice|author=Jo Harman|date=15 August 2014|access-date=14 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714172114/http://www.alloutcricket.com/cricket/blogs/england-v-india-support-acts-find-their-voice|archive-date=14 July 2015}}</ref>}}

{{term|term= Nick}}
{{defn|defn= Another term for ''edge'' or ''snick''.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Nightwatchman |content= [[Nightwatchman (cricket)|Nightwatchman]] }}
{{defn|defn= (in a ''first-class'' game) a lower order ''batter'' sent in when the light is dimming to play out the remaining overs of the day in order to protect more valuable batters for the next day's play.}}

{{term|term= Nipbacker}}
{{defn|defn=A ''delivery'' that ''pitches'' outside the line of ''off stump'' then deviates off the ''seam'', moving towards the ''batter''.<ref name=wisden_dict/> Similar to an ''off cutter'' but using ''seam bowling''. Usually bowled on a ''good length'' or slightly shorter.}}

{{term|term= No}}
{{defn|defn= a ''call'' by a ''batter'' to their ''partner'', indicating both should return to their ''crease'' without attempting a ''run''. {{cf.}} ''yes'' and ''wait''.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= No-ball |content= [[No-ball]] }}
{{defn|defn= an illegal ''delivery''; the batting side is awarded one ''extra'', the ''bowler'' must deliver another ball in the ''over'', and the ''batter'' cannot be dismissed by the bowler on a no-ball. Most usually a front-foot no-ball, in which the bowler oversteps the [[popping crease]]; other reasons include bowling a full toss above waist height (see ''beamer''), ''throwing'', having more than two fielders (excluding the wicketkeeper) behind square on the leg side, or breaking the return crease in the delivery stride.<ref name=ecb/>}}

{{term|term= No man's land }}
{{defn|defn= an area of the field where a fielder cannot save a single, nor stop a boundary. Occasionally used to catch a batter who mistimes a shot.}}

{{term|term= No result|content=[[No result]]}}
{{defn|defn= the outcome of a ''limited overs match'' in which each team does not face the minimum number of ''overs'' required for a result to be recorded, usually due to a ''rain delay''. This is generally equivalent to a ''draw'', but differs in the recording of some statistics.}}

{{term|term= Non-striker}}
{{defn|defn= The ''batter'' who is not ''on strike'', so begins the ''delivery'' at the same end of the ''pitch'' as the ''bowler''.<ref name=ecb/> Their ''partner'' is the ''striker''. The non-striker cannot score ''runs'' or suffer most forms of ''dismissal'', but can be ''run out'' or dismissed for ''obstructing the field''.}}

{{term|term= Nothing shot}}
{{defn|defn= An overly tentative ''shot'' by the ''batter'': neither a committed attempt to hit the ''ball'', nor a deliberate ''leave''. This often results in an ''edge'', ''beating the bat'', or ''playing on''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Morgan |first1=James |title=Embarrassed – Day 5 at Mount Maunganui |url=https://www.thefulltoss.com/england-cricket-blog/embarrassed-day-5-at-mount-maunganui/ |access-date=24 January 2020 |work=The Full Toss |date=25 November 2019 |quote=It was a nothing shot – a careless effort. It's amazing how often shots lacking conviction ricochet back onto the stumps.}}</ref> }}

{{term|term= Not out |content= [[Not out]] }}
{{defn|no=1|defn= a ''batter'' who is in and has not yet been ''dismissed'', particularly when play has ceased.<ref name=barclays3/> }}
{{defn|no=2|defn= the call of the umpire when turning down an appeal for a wicket.<ref name=barclays3/>}}

{{term|term= Nurdle}}
{{defn|defn= To score ''runs'', usually in ''singles'', by using low-risk ''shots'' to gently nudge the ''ball'' into vacant areas of the ''field''.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{glossary end}}

==O==
{{glossary}}

{{term|term= Obstructing the field |content= [[Obstructing the field]] }}
{{defn|defn= An extremely rare method of ''dismissal''. The ''batter'' is given ''out'' if they wilfully interfere with the ''fielding'', such as blocking a ''run out'' or preventing a fielder from taking a ''catch''. Since 2017 obstructing the field includes the offence of ''handled the ball'', which was previously considered a separate method of dismissal.}}

{{term|term= Occupying the crease }}
{{defn|defn= The act of a batter staying ''in'' for a long time, without trying to score many ''runs''. This tires the ''bowler'' and may frustrate the ''fielding'' side in a ''timed match'', but requires skilled defensive batting technique. It is particularly prized among ''opening batters'' or when ''batting for a draw''.}}

{{term|term= ODI}}
{{defn|defn= see ''{{gli|One Day International}}''}}

{{term|term= Odds match}}
{{defn|defn= a match in which one side has more players than the other. Generally, the extra players were allowed to field as well as bat and so the bowling side had more than 11 fielders.}}

[[File:Off break small.gif|thumb|right|Animation of an ''off break'' delivery]]
{{term|term= Off break |content= [[Off break]] }}
{{defn|defn= an ''off spin delivery'' which, for a right-arm ''bowler'' and a right-handed ''batter'', will turn from the ''off side'' to the ''leg side'' (usually into the ''batter'').<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Off cutter |content= [[Off cutter]] }}
{{defn|defn= A ''cutter'' which, for a right-handed ''batter'', turns from the ''off side'' to the ''leg side''. The ''pace bowling'' equivalent of an ''off break''.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Off side |content= [[Off side]] }}
{{defn|defn= the half of the ''pitch'' in front of the ''batter's'' body as they take strike. For a right-handed batter this is the right half of the pitch, looking up the wicket towards the bowler, and the left half for the left-handed batter. The opposite of ''leg side''.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Off spin |content= [[Off spin]] }}
{{defn|defn= the style of ''spin bowling'' produced by right-arm ''finger spin''. So called because the ''stock delivery'' is an ''off break''. Common variations include the ''arm ball'' and ''doosra''.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Off the mark}}
{{defn|defn= when the first run is scored by a batter, it is said that the batter is off the mark. If a batter gets out without scoring, it is said that the batter failed to get off the mark.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportspundit.com/cricket/terms/309-off-the-mark |title=Off the mark definition |publisher=Sportspundit.com |access-date=2013-08-02}}</ref>}}

{{term|term= Off theory |content= [[Off theory]] }}
{{defn|defn= A tactic sometimes used by the fielding side. The ''bowler'' aims for a ''line'' wide of ''off stump'' and most ''fielders'' are placed on the ''off side''. This prevents the ''batter'' from playing ''shots'' on the ''leg side'', whilst most of the off side is covered by fielders. The goal is to slow the scoring and frustrate the batters into an opportunity for a ''catch''. The opposite of ''leg theory''.}}

{{term|term= Offer the light}}
{{defn|defn= Under historical rules, offering the light was the act of the umpires giving the batters the choice of whether to leave the field during times of ''bad light''. Offering the light has disappeared from the game since 2010, the decision of whether to leave the field for bad light is made solely by the umpires.<ref name="light" />}}

{{term|term= Olympic |content= [[Duck (cricket)#Related expressions|Olympic]] }}
{{defn|defn=Five consecutive ''ducks''. The term alludes to the five interlocking [[Olympic symbols#Rings|Olympic rings]]. See also ''Audi''.<ref name="espn 2001-05-30"/><ref name="espn 2012-05-28"/>}}

{{term|term= On side |content= [[Leg side|On side]] }}
{{defn|defn= see ''{{gli|leg side}}''. The opposite of ''off side''.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= On a length}}
{{defn|defn= a ''delivery'' bowled on a ''good length''.}}

{{term|term= On strike}}
{{defn|defn= {{ghat| or '''facing'''}} (of a ''batter'') Located at the opposite end of the ''pitch'' from the ''bowler'' of the current ''delivery'' (or the next delivery, if it is currently ''dead ball''). The batter who is on strike is the ''striker''; their ''partner'' is the ''non-striker''.<ref name=ecb/>}}

{{term|term= On the [shot name]}}
{{defn|defn= used to describe the type of shot that fielders are placed in order to intercept. For example, "three men on the hook" means three fielders who are placed behind square leg to catch the ball if the hook shot is used.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Connor|first1=Jonathan Douglas|last2=Renshaw|first2=Ian|last3=Farrow|first3=Damian|date=2020-06-15|title=Defining cricket batting expertise from the perspective of elite coaches|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=6|article-number=e0234802|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0234802|issn=1932-6203|pmc=7295192|pmid=32542013|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1534802C|doi-access=free}}</ref> "On the drive" is a similar term used for any type of drive, so generally within a straight 'V' in front of the batter.<ref>{{cite web|title=PitchVision – Live Local Matches {{!}} Tips & Techniques {{!}} Articles & Podcasts|url=https://pitchvision.com/|access-date=2020-08-31|website=PitchVision – Advance Cricket Technology {{!}} Cricket Analytics|language=en|archive-date=27 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827023332/https://www.pitchvision.com/}}</ref>
}}

{{term|term= On the up}}
{{defn|defn= a batter playing a shot, usually a ''drive'', to a ball that is quite short and has already risen to knee height or more as the shot is played.}}

{{term|term= One-day cricket |content= [[One-day cricket]] }}
{{defn|defn= an abbreviated form of the game, with just one ''innings'' per team, usually with a limited number of ''overs'' and played over one day.}}

{{term|term= One Day International |content= [[One Day International]] (ODI) }}
{{defn|defn= a match between two national sides limited to 50 overs per innings, played over at most one day.}}

{{term|term= One down}}
{{defn|defn= a batter who bats at No. 3 i.e. when the team is "down by one wicket", a crucial position in the team's batting innings.}}

{{term|term= One short}}
{{defn|defn= when a ''batter'' fails to make contact with the ground beyond the popping crease, and turns back for an additional ''run''.}}

{{term|term= Opener }}
{{defn|no=1|defn= an ''opening batter''}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= an ''opening bowler''}}

{{term|term= Opening batter}}
{{defn|defn= One of the two ''batters'' who are ''in'' at the start of the ''innings''. They must face the ''opening bowlers'' and ''new ball'', so require good defensive technique to avoid getting ''out'', especially in a ''timed match''. In a ''limited overs match'' an opening batter must also score quickly during the ''power play''.}}

{{term|term= Opening bowler}}
{{defn|defn= One of the two ''bowlers'' who begin the ''innings'' using the ''new ball''. They are usually the fastest or most aggressive ''bowlers'' in the side.<ref name="Collins English Dictionary – Definition of opening bowler">{{cite dictionary|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/opening-bowler|title=Definition of opening bowler|dictionary=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|access-date=24 November 2014}}</ref>}}

{{term|term= Opposite number}}
{{defn|defn= A player on the other team who plays the same role. Often used for captains and wicket keepers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wwos.nine.com.au/cricket/lyon-studying-opposite-number-ashwin/dcd7ef76-798d-49cf-b62f-83eb9d5c8756|title=Lyon studying opposite number Ashwin – Nine Wide World of Sports|website=wwos.nine.com.au|date=13 March 2017 }}</ref>}}

{{term|term= Orthodox }}
{{defn|no=1|defn= shots played in the accepted "textbook" manner, and batters who play in this manner. }}
{{defn|no=2|defn= see {{gli|left-arm orthodox spin}}.}}

{{term|term= Out }}
{{defn|no=1|defn= the state of a ''batter'' who has been ''dismissed''. }}
{{defn|no=2|defn= the word sometimes spoken while raising the index finger by the umpire when answering an appeal for a wicket in the affirmative.}}

{{term|term= Outdipper}}
{{defn|defn= a ''dipper'' that curves away from the ''batter'' before pitching.}}

{{term|term= Outright win/loss}}
{{defn|defn= a win or loss in a completed match of two innings per team. Used in competitions which award ''first innings points'', as a term to distinguish a one-innings win from a two-innings win.}}

{{term|term= Outside the line}}
{{defn|defn= A batsman cannot be out {{gli|leg before wicket}} if the ball pitched outside the line of leg stump. Nor can a batsman be out if the ball hits the batsman outside the line of off stump, unless he/she is offering no stroke.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Outswing |content= [[Outswinger|Outswing]] }}
{{defn|defn= a ''delivery'' that curves away from the ''batter''.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Outfield}}
{{defn|defn= the part of the field lying outside the 30-yard (27 m) ''circle'' measured from the centre of the ''pitch'' or, less formally, the part of the pitch furthest from the wickets.<ref name=barclays3/>}}

{{term|term= Over |content= [[Over (cricket)|Over]] }}
{{defn|defn= the ''delivery'' of six consecutive legal balls by one ''bowler''.<ref name=ecb/> }}

{{term|term= [[Over rate]]}}
{{defn|defn= the average number of overs bowled per hour.}}

[[File:Mark wood bowling action.jpg|thumb|220px|''Bowler'' [[Mark Wood (cricketer)|Mark Wood]] delivering ''over the wicket'']]
{{term|term= Over the wicket}}
{{defn|defn= a right-arm ''bowler'' passing to the left of the non-striker's stumps in their run-up, and vice versa for a left-arm ''bowler''. Compare with ''around the wicket''.<ref name=barclays3/>}}

{{term|term= Overarm |content= [[Overarm bowling|Overarm]] }}
{{defn|defn= the action of bowling with the arm swinging from behind the body over the head, releasing the ball on the down swing without bending the elbow. This type of bowling is the only type normally allowed in all official cricket matches. Compare with ''underarm''.}}

{{term|term= Overpitched delivery}}
{{defn|defn= a delivery that is full pitched but not a yorker, bouncing just in front of the batter. Considered a poor delivery, as it easy for the batter to get the ''middle of the bat'' to the ball. An overpitched ball is often a ''half-volley''.<ref name=barclays3/>}}

{{term|term= Overthrows |content= [[Overthrow (cricket)|Overthrows]] }}
{{defn|defn= the scoring of extra ''runs'' due to an errant throw from a fielder. Also known as ''buzzers''. Occasionally used erroneously for any runs scored after a fielder misfields the ball. Also refers to the throw itself as the ball goes far past or "over" the intended target.<ref name=barclays3/>}}

{{glossary end}}

==P==
{{glossary}}
{{term|term= Pace bowling |content= [[Fast bowling|Pace bowling]] (also ''fast bowling'') }}
{{defn|defn= a style of bowling in which the ball is ''delivered'' at high speeds, typically over 90 mph (145 km/h). A pace bowler (or paceman) often will also use ''swing''.}}

[[File:The wicketkeeping and batting pads. (Image has been cropped for better representation).jpg|thumb|right|''Pads'' used by a ''wicketkeeper'' (left) and a ''batter'' (right)]]
{{term|term= Pads |content= [[Pads]] }}
{{defn|defn= protective equipment for ''batters'' and ''wicket-keepers'', covering the legs.<ref name=bbc/>}}

{{term|term= Pad away |content= Pad away or pad-play {{anchor|pad-play}} }}
{{defn|defn= to intentionally use the pads deflect the ball away from the wicket. Using the pad instead of the bat removes the danger of being caught by close fielders, but would only be used when there is no risk of being dismissed [[Leg before wicket|LBW]] (for example, if the ball pitched on the leg side).<ref name=barclays3/>}}

{{term|term= Paddle sweep |content= [[Paddle sweep]] }}
{{defn|defn= A very fine sweep, almost just a tickle of the delivery pitched on or outside leg stump.}}

{{term|term= Paddle scoop |content= [[Paddle scoop]] }}
{{defn|{{ghat|(also known as a '''scoop shot''', '''ramp shot''', '''Dilscoop''' or '''Marillier shot''')}}}}
{{defn|defn= A ''shot'' in which the ''batter'' drops on one knee and scoops the ball over their shoulder or head, using the ''bat'' as a ramp to redirect the momentum of the ''ball''. Considered unorthodox and risky, but can result in a ''boundary'' behind the ''wicketkeeper'' or in the ''fine leg'' region.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Pair}}
{{defn|defn= a "pair of spectacles" (0–0) or a "pair of ducks". A batter's score of nought (zero) ''runs'' in both ''innings'' of a two-innings match (see this list of [[Pairs in test and first-class cricket]]).<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Par score| content=[[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method#Ball-by-ball par score|Par score]]}}
{{defn|defn= during the second ''innings'' of a ''limited overs match'', the par score is the ''target'' the ''Duckworth-Lewis method'' calculates if the match were to be halted now (e.g. due to rain). Updated after each ball, the par score can be used to judge whether the chasing team is ahead or behind the ''run rate'' and ''wickets'' they will probably require to win, which is of interest even in uninterrupted matches.}}

{{term|term= Partner }}
{{defn|defn= The other ''batter'' who is ''in''. There is always one ''striker'' and one ''non-striker''; the roles switch when an odd number of ''runs'' are scored or at the end of an ''over''.}}

{{term|term= Partnership |content= [[Partnership (cricket)|Partnership]] }}
{{defn|defn= the number of runs scored between a pair of batters before one of them gets dismissed. This also includes the deliveries faced and time taken.}}

{{term|term= Part-time bowler (or part-timer)}}
{{defn|defn= a ''specialist batter'' (or even a ''wicketkeeper'') who is not known for ''bowling'', but has adequate skills to occasionally bowl a few overs. Captains use part-timers to provide some variation in their attack, and to subject batters to bowlers they would not have prepared to face.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/men-with-the-golden-arm-top-5-part-time-bowlers-in-world-cricket|title=Men with the golden arm – Top 5 part-time bowlers in world cricket|author=Aaditya Narayan|website=Sportskeeda|date=12 December 2013 }}</ref>}}

{{multiple image
| width = thumb
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Cricket Pavillion (48091497876).jpg
| image2 = Lords (5967623947).jpg
| footer = Two examples of cricket ''pavilions'': a small pavilion used in ''club cricket'', and the much larger [[Lord's Pavilion]].
}}
{{term|term= Pavilion |content=[[cricket pavilion|Pavilion]]}}
{{defn|defn= a building or grandstand that contains the player's dressing rooms, located adjacent to the ''field''. At larger ''grounds'', the pavilion usually incorporates seating (and other facilities) for members of the home ''club'' to watch the game.}}

{{term|term= Peach}}
{{defn|defn= a delivery bowled by a fast bowler considered unplayable, usually a really good delivery that a batter gets out to, or one that is too good that the batters cannot even edge.}}

{{term|term= Pea roller}}
{{defn|defn= A now illegal delivery where the ball is rolled along the ground rather than bowled over-arm.}}

{{term|term= Pegs}}
{{defn|defn= (slang) the ''stumps''.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}}}

{{term|term= Perfume ball}}
{{defn|defn= a ''[[Bouncer (cricket)|bouncer]]'' on or just outside off-stump that passes within inches of the batter's face. So called because the ball is close enough to the batter's face that they can supposedly smell it.}}

{{term|term= Pfeiffer}}
{{defn|defn= see ''{{gli|five-wicket haul}}''}}

{{term|term= Pick}}
{{defn|defn= Of a batter, to correctly identify which variation a bowler (often a [[Spin bowling|spin bowler]]) has delivered.}}

{{term|term= Pick of the bowlers}}
{{defn|defn= the bowler who performed the best, whether over the course of an innings or a match.}}

{{term|term= Picket fences}}
{{defn|defn= an over in which one run is scored off each delivery. It looks like picket fences 111111, hence the name.}}

{{term|term= Pie Chucker (or Pie Thrower)}}
{{defn|defn= A poor bowler, usually of slow to medium pace whose deliveries are flighted so much as to appear similar to a [[pie]] in the air. Considered easy to score off by batters – see ''Buffet Bowling''.<ref name=bbc/>}}

{{term|term= Pinch hitter / Slogger |content= [[Pinch hitter (cricket)|Pinch hitter/Slogger]] }}
{{defn|defn= a ''lower order'' ''batter'' promoted up the ''batting order'' to increase the ''run rate''. The term, if not the precise sense, is borrowed from baseball.<ref name=cric/>}}

[[File:Cricket ball at Church Times Cricket Cup final 2019.jpg|thumb|right|A ''pink ball'']]
{{term|term= Pink ball}}
{{defn|defn= A type of ''ball'' that is intended to behave like a ''red ball'' but have the visibility of a ''white ball''. Used exclusively in ''day/night'' ''timed matches''. Its construction is identical to the red ball, except greater quantities of a [[fluorescent pink]] dye are used, and the ''seams'' are in black thread. Initially trialled in 2009, it was first used in a ''Test match'' in 2015. The properties of pink balls have been debated and continue to evolve as manufacturing techniques are adjusted.}}

{{term|term= pitch |content= [[Cricket pitch|Pitch]] }}
{{defn|no=1|defn= the rectangular surface in the centre of the field where most of the action takes place, usually made of earth or clay. It is 22 yards in length.<ref name=cric/> Also known as the "deck", as used in the phrase "hit the deck", which is when a bowler makes the ball bounce more off the pitch.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hit The Deck {{!}} A Cricket Term at Sports Pundit|url=https://www.sportspundit.com/cricket/terms/1190-hit-the-deck|access-date=2020-08-31|website=www.sportspundit.com}}</ref> }}
{{defn|no=2|defn= of the ball, to bounce before reaching the batter after delivery. }}
{{defn|no=3|defn= the spot where the ball pitches (sense 2).}}

{{term|term= Pitch up |content= Pitch (It) Up {{anchor|Pitch it up}} }}
{{defn|defn= to bowl a ''delivery'' on a fuller ''length''.}}

{{term|term= Pitch map}}
{{defn|defn= a diagram showing where a number of balls, usually from a particular bowler, have pitched.<ref name="Hawk-eye innovations"/> Compare beehive.}}

{{term|term= Placement}}
{{defn|defn= the ball when it is hit such that it bisects or trisects the ''fielders'' placed on the field. The ball usually ends up being a ''four''.}}

{{term|term= Platinum duck}}
{{defn|defn= a player dismissed without even facing a ball – most likely by being run out as the non-striker. Also sometimes referred to as a '''Diamond Duck'''.}}

{{term|term= Play and miss}}
{{defn|defn= when a batter aims to hit the ball with the bat but does not make contact; a swing and a miss}}

{{term|term= Playing on}}
{{defn|defn= for the ''batter'' to hit the ball with their ''bat'' but only succeed in diverting it onto the ''stumps''. The batter is thus out ''bowled''. Also known as "dragging on" or "chopping on"<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Playing time |content= [[Playing time (cricket)|Playing time]] }}
{{defn|defn= the set of rules specifying when the match begins, which ''intervals'' and/or ''drinks breaks'' occur, how long play can continue etc. These vary widely depending on the type of match (a ''Twenty20'' lasts less than 3 hours, whilst a ''Test match'' takes up to five days) and may be adjusted by prior agreement to account for local climate, the specific competition etc.}}

{{term|term= Plumb}}
{{defn|defn= of a dismissal by ''LBW'': indisputable, obvious.<ref name=cric/><ref name=bbc/> Of a wicket, giving true bounce.<ref name=barclays3/>}}

{{term|term= Point |content= [[Fielding (cricket)|Point]] }}
{{defn|defn= A ''fielding'' position located ''square'' on the ''off side'', in line with the ''popping crease'' and about halfway to the ''boundary''.}}

{{term|term= Point of release |content= [[Point of release]] }}
{{defn|defn= the position of the bowler at the moment when the ball is released.}}

{{term|term= Pongo}}
{{defn|defn= (used primarily by UK county players) a very high volume of run-making, or batting assault.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} }}

{{term|term= Popper}}
{{defn|defn= a ball that rises sharply from the pitch when bowled ('pops up').{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} }}

{{term|term= Popping crease |content= [[Popping crease]] }}
{{defn|defn= One of two lines in the field defined as being four feet in front of and parallel to that end's ''bowling crease'' where the wickets are positioned. A batter who does not have either the bat or some part of their body touching the ''ground'' behind the popping crease is considered out of their ''ground'' and is in danger of being dismissed ''run out'' or ''stumped''.}}

{{term|term= Powerplay |content= [[Powerplay (cricket)|Powerplay]] }}
{{defn|defn= a block of overs that in [[One Day International]]s offer a temporary advantage to the batting side.}}

{{term|term= Pro20}}
{{defn|defn= South African form of [[Twenty20]] }}

{{term|term= Pro40 |content= [[Pro40]] }}
{{defn|defn= a professional ''limited overs'' competition that was played in England from 1969 to 2009, with 40 ''overs'' per side}}

{{term|term= Protected area}}
{{defn|defn= An area of the ''pitch'' defined as two feet wide down the middle of the pitch and beginning five feet from each ''popping crease''. A ''bowler'' is not allowed to trespass this area in their ''follow-through'' or the bowler is given a warning. Three such warnings will immediately bar them from bowling for the rest of the ''innings''.}}

{{term|term= Pull |content= [[Pull shot|Pull]] }}
{{defn|defn= a ''shot'' played to the ''leg side'' to a ''short-pitched'' ''delivery'', between ''mid-wicket'' and backward square-leg.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Pursuit}}
{{defn|defn= Synonym of runchase.}}

{{term|term= Push}}
{{defn|no=1|defn= a ''call'' by a ''batter'' to their ''partner'', a variant of ''yes''. The meaning is the same, except both batters should put in extra effort and be ready to ''turn'' for additional ''run(s)''. May be followed by additional calls of ''no'', ''two'' or ''three''.}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= Can also refer to a bowler ''pushing the ball through'', meaning they bowl it quicker (usually said of a spinner). See ''darting the ball in''. }}

{{term|term= Put down}}
{{defn|defn= 1. [[Put down the wicket]] 2. To put down (drop) a catch; often said with the batter as the object i.e. the fielder has put "him" down.<ref>{{cite web|date=2013-12-05|title=Swann catch ensures honours even in 2nd Ashes Test|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/swann-catch-ensures-honours-even-in-2nd-ashes-test/story-W8ofGV2ncxBTnT1BhNwgjO.html|access-date=2020-09-20|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>}}

{{glossary end}}

==Q==
{{glossary}}

{{term|term= Quarter seam |content= [[Quarter seam]] }}
{{defn|defn= a flush join between pieces of leather on the surface of the ''ball'', running at right angles to the main stitched ''seam''}}

{{term|term= Quick}}
{{defn|defn= Traditionally, a ''quick bowler'' was one who completed their over in a short space of time. In more recent years, it has been used as a synonym for a ''fast'' or ''pace'' bowler. (Paradoxically, a ''quick bowler'' in the traditional sense was often also a ''slow bowler'', that is, a bowler who delivered slow deliveries. A ''fast'' or ''pace'' bowler was rarely also a ''quick'' bowler in the traditional sense, because they took a longer time to complete an over.)}}

{{term|term= Quick cricket}}
{{defn|defn= see ''{{gli|kwik cricket}}''}}

{{term|term= Quick single}}
{{defn|defn= When the two batters run very quickly between the wickets to score a run}}

{{term|term= Quota}}
{{defn|defn= In a ''limited overs match'', the maximum number of ''overs'' that may be bowled by each ''bowler''. Equal to the total number of overs in the ''innings'' divided by five (rounded up if necessary). For a ''One Day International'' the quota is 10 overs, while for a ''T20'' match the quota is 4 overs.}}

{{term|term= Quotient|content=[[Runs Per Wicket Ratio|Quotient]] (or runs per wicket ratio)}}
{{defn|defn= A quantity used as a league table tie-breaker in some ''first class'' tournaments. Defined as the number of runs scored per wicket lost when batting, divided by the number of runs conceded per wicket taken when bowling. The equivalent in ''limited overs'' tournaments is the ''net run rate''.}}

{{glossary end}}

==R==
{{glossary}}

{{term|term= Ramp shot}}
{{defn|defn= see ''{{gli|paddle scoop}}''}}

{{term|term= Rabbit}}
{{defn|no=1|defn= A particularly poor ''batter'', who is, invariably, a specialist ''bowler''. While most lower-order batters would be expected to occasionally score some useful runs, a rabbit is expected to be dismissed cheaply almost every time. Another term, ''ferret'', refers to a batter even worse than a rabbit. The term comes from [[Ferret#Ferreting|hunting with ferrets]] where the hunter "sends in a ferret after the rabbits".<ref name=cric/>}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= A higher order batter who is [[Dismissal (cricket)|out]] frequently to the same bowler is referred to as that bowler's ''rabbit'' or ''bunny''.}}

{{term|term= Rain delay}}
{{defn|defn= A halt in game proceedings due to rain, but not yet a ''wash out''.}}

{{term|term= Rain rule}}
{{defn|defn= Any of various methods of determining which team wins a rain-shortened one-day match. The current preferred method is the ''[[Duckworth–Lewis method]]''.}}

[[File:GandM Purist 156g cricket ball n02.jpg|thumb|right|A ''red ball'']]
{{term|term= Red ball}}
{{defn|defn= The traditional type of ''ball''. Its surface is composed of leather protected by a thin layer of [[lacquer]], both dyed red. Red balls are used in almost all ''timed matches'' and most amateur matches, during which the players wear ''whites''. Red balls are not used in ''day/night matches'', because the dark colour is difficult to see during twilight or under floodlights (a ''pink ball'' can be used instead). Compared to the ''white ball'', red balls are harder wearing, being designed for at least 80 overs of continuous use. Red balls also tend to ''swing'' for longer than white balls.}}

{{term|term= Red cherry}}
{{defn|defn= see ''{{gli|cherry}}''}}

{{term|term= Referral}}
{{defn|defn= {{ghat|(or '''review''')}} An invocation of the ''Umpire Decision Review System'', referring the decision to the ''third umpire'' for review.<ref name=ciref>{{cite web|url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/rsavaus2009/content/story/392135.html |title=Smith and Ponting get their heads around referrals |publisher=Content-aus.cricinfo.com |access-date=2013-08-02}}</ref>}}

{{term|term= Release |content= [[Point of release|Release]] or point of release}}
{{defn|defn= The moment in a ''bowling action'' when the ''bowler'' lets go of the ball.}}

{{term|term= [[Required run rate]]}}
{{defn|defn= {{ghat|(or '''asking rate''')}} The ''run rate'' needed by the ''batting'' team to win, in the second ''innings'' of a ''limited overs match''. Calculated as the number of ''runs'' required for victory (not a ''tie''), divided by the number of ''overs'' remaining.<ref name=cric/> Often shown on the ''scoreboard'' and updated automatically after each ''delivery''. A high required run rate necessitates more aggressive batting.}}

{{term|term= Reserve day}}
{{defn|defn= A vacant day in a touring schedule which can be used to replay or reconvene a match which is ''washed out''. Mostly seen in the latter stages of major ''limited-overs'' tournaments.}}

{{term|term= Rest day}}
{{defn|defn= A non-playing day in the middle of a multiple day game. These were once common, but are seldom seen in the modern era.}}

{{term|term= Result |content= [[Result (cricket)|Result]] }}
{{defn|defn= The final outcome of a match. Possible results are a win/loss, a ''draw'', or a ''tie''. Alternatively, ''rain delays'' may lead to an outcome of ''no result'', or a ''wash out'' may lead to the match being ''abandoned'' before it begins.}}

{{term|term= Retire |content= [[Substitute (cricket)|Retire]] }}
{{defn|defn= for a ''batter'' to voluntarily leave the field during their ''innings'', usually because of injury. A player who retires through injury/illness ("retired hurt/ill") may return in the same innings at the fall of a wicket, and continue where they left off.<ref name=barclays3/> A player who is uninjured ("[[retired out]]") may return only with the opposing captain's consent.}}

{{term|term= Reverse sweep |content= [[Batting (cricket)#Reverse_sweep|Reverse sweep]] }}
{{defn|defn= a right-handed ''batter'' ''sweeping'' the ball like a left-handed batter and vice versa.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Reverse swing |content= [[Reverse swing]] }}
{{defn|defn= the art of ''swinging'' the ball contrary to how a conventionally swung ball moves in the air; ''i.e.'' movement away from the rough side. Many theories as to how this may occur. Usually happens with an older ball than conventional swing, but not always, atmospheric conditions and bowler skill also being important factors. It has been espoused that once the 'rough' side becomes extremely rough a similar effect to that of a dimpled golf ball may cause it to move more quickly through the air than the 'shiny' side of the ball. Invented by Pakistani fast bowler [[Sarfaraz Nawaz]] and later perfected by the likes of [[Imran Khan]], [[Wasim Akram]] and [[Waqar Younis]].}}

{{term|term= Review}}
{{defn|defn= see ''{{gli|referral}}''}}

{{term|term= Rib tickler}}
{{defn|defn= A ball bowled short of a length that bounces up higher than expected and strikes the batter in the midriff (usually the side) and hits several ribs.}}

{{term|term= Right arm }}
{{defn|defn= a bowler who bowls the ball with their right hand is, by convention, called a 'right-arm' or 'right arm' bowler (rather than 'right hand' or 'right-handed'). (Contrast "right hand batter".)<ref name="Ashok"/>}}

{{term|term= Right hand }}
{{defn|defn= a batter who bats right-handed is a 'right hand' bat. (Contrast "right arm bowler".)<ref name="Ashok"/>}}

{{term|term= Ring field}}
{{defn|defn= A field which is set primarily to save singles, consisting of fieldsmen in all or most of the primary positions forward of the wicket, on or about the fielding circle (or where it would be).}}

{{term|term= Road}}
{{defn|defn= A very hard and flat pitch, good for batting on. Synonyms such as ''street'', ''highway'', ''etc.'' may sometimes be used in the same context.}}

{{term|term= Rogers}}
{{defn|defn= The second XI of a club or county. From the Warwickshire and New Zealand player [[Roger Twose]].{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} }}

[[File:Bishop's Stortford Cicket Club ground staff, Hertfordshire 1.jpg|thumb|right|A ''groundsman'' applies a ''roller'' to the ''pitch'', while another paints the ''popping crease'']]
{{term|term= Roller }}
{{defn|defn= A cylindrical implement used to flatten the ''pitch'' before play or between ''sessions''. Usually there are two rollers available, a heavy roller and a light roller, with the choice of which to use being given to the ''captain'' of the batting side.}}

{{term|term= Rotate the strike}}
{{defn|defn= to look to make singles wherever possible, in order to ensure that both batters are continually facing deliveries and making runs. The opposite of ''farming the strike''.}}

{{term|term= Rough}}
{{defn|defn= a worn-down section of the pitch, often due to bowlers' footmarks, from which spinners are able to obtain more turn.}}

{{term|term= Round the wicket}}
{{defn|defn=see ''{{gli|around the wicket}}''}}

{{term|term= Roundarm bowling |content= [[Roundarm bowling]] }}
{{defn|defn= the type of bowling action in which the bowler's outstretched arm is perpendicular to their body when they release the ball. Round arm bowling is legal in cricket.}}

{{term|term= Royal Duck}}
{{defn|defn= a dismissal for nought (zero), from the first ball faced in the game. }}

{{term|term= Run |content= [[Run (cricket)|Run]] }}
{{defn|defn= The basic unit of scoring: the team with the most runs wins the match (with rare exceptions if a ''rain rule'' is required). The two ''batters'' can score a run by both running from one end of the ''pitch'' to the other, ''grounding'' their ''bat'' or foot beyond the ''popping crease'', before the fielding team can recover the ''ball'' and return it for a ''run out''. This usually requires the ''striker'' to play a ''shot'', directing the ball away from the ''fielders'', in which case the run is credited to the striker. Multiple runs can be scored from a single ''delivery'', or by hitting a ''boundary'' (either a ''four'' or a ''six''). The batting team (but not an individual batter) is credited with one or more runs if there are ''extras'' or ''penalty runs''.}}

{{anchor|chase}}{{term|term= Run chase}}
{{defn|defn= The act/task of the team batting second (in a ''limited-overs'' match) or batting fourth (in an unlimited overs match), trying to win a match by batting and surpassing the runs accumulated by the opponent.}}

{{term|term= Run out |content= [[Run out]] }}
{{defn|defn= ''dismissal'' by a member of the fielding side breaking the ''wicket'' while the ''batter'' is outside their ''crease'' making a ''run''.<ref name=ecb/>}}

{{term|term= Run rate |content= [[Run rate]] }}
{{defn|defn= the average number of ''runs'' scored per ''over''.}}

{{term|term= Run-up |content= [[Run-up (cricket)|Run up]] {{anchor|Run up}} }}
{{defn|defn= see ''approach''.}}

{{term|term= Runner |content= [[Runner (cricket)|Runner]] }}
{{defn|defn= a player from the batting side who assists an injured ''batter'' by running between the ''wickets''. The runner wears and carry the same equipment, and can be ''[[dismissal (cricket)#Law 38 : Run out|run out]]''.<ref name=barclays3/> Since 2011, runners have not been permitted in international cricket, but can be used at lower grades.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Runners abolished, ODI and run-out laws tweaked
| work = [[ESPNcricinfo]]
| date = 27 June 2011
| url = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci-icc/content/story/520924.html
| access-date = 2011-07-25}}</ref>}}

{{term|term= Runs per wicket ratio |content= [[Runs Per Wicket Ratio|Runs per wicket ratio]] {{anchor|RPWR}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''quotient''.}}

{{term|term= Runscorer|content= [[wikt:runscorer|Runscorer]] or run scorer}}
{{defn|defn= a ''batter'' who is prolific at scoring ''runs'', particularly if they hold a record for doing so.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wisden.com/play-and-win/quizzes/quiz-name-the-leading-test-runscorers-of-the-2000s|title=Quiz! Name the leading Test runscorers of the 2000s|publisher=[[Wisden]]|date=17 May 2020|access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/cricket-black-caps-batsman-ross-taylor-becomes-new-zealands-all-time-leading-test-runscorer/KVIK5MBSL74BH6UM6SAUXRVTHU/|title=Black Caps batsman Ross Taylor becomes New Zealand's all-time leading test runscorer|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|access-date=15 June 2021|date=6 January 2020|author=Anderson, Niall|location=[[Sydney]], [[New South Wales]], Australia}}</ref>}}

{{glossary end}}

==S==
{{glossary}}

{{term|term= Safe}}
{{defn|defn= The batters are ''safe'' when in their ''ground'', or starting from a position between the ''popping creases'' it have made their ''ground'' before a fielder can break the ''wicket''. }}

{{term|term= Sandshoe crusher}}
{{defn|defn= See ''{{gli|toe crusher}}''}}

{{term|term= Sawn off}}
{{defn|defn= A batter who has been wrongly or unluckily given out by an umpire.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}} }}

{{term|term= Scoop shot}}
{{defn|defn= see ''{{gli|paddle scoop}}''}}

{{multiple image
| width = thumb
| direction = vertical
| image1 = High Beach CC v Stansted CC at High Beach, Essex 125.jpg
| image2 = Headingley Cricket Ground- the scoreboard and the spire of St Michael and All Angels (geograph 1996113).jpg
| footer = Two examples of ''scoreboards'': a simple hand-operated scoreboard used in ''club cricket'', and a large electronic scoreboard at [[Headingley Cricket Ground]].
}}
{{term|term= Scoreboard |content= [[Scoreboard#Cricket|Scoreboard]]}}
{{defn|defn= A large mechanical or electronic display that indicates the current score, controlled by the ''scorer''. A basic scoreboard lists the number of ''runs'' scored, ''wickets'' taken, ''overs'' completed, and (in the second ''innings'' of a ''limited overs match'') the ''target'' required. More sophisticated scoreboards provide far more information, such as individual scores for each ''batter'', the ''bowling analysis'', ''required run rate'', ''par score'' etc.}}

{{term|term= Scorer |content= [[Scorer]] }}
{{defn|defn= A person officially responsible for recording the scoring and detailed statistics of the game, usually ball-by-ball.}}

{{term|term= Scramble seam}}
{{defn|defn= a variation employed in ''{{gli|seam bowling}}'' where the bowler makes the plane of the ball's ''{{gli|seam}}'' tumble, rather than stable at a narrow angle to the direction of the ''{{gli|delivery}}'' (''seam up''), or nearly perpendicular to the direction of the delivery (''cross-seam''). The hope is that the ball will bounce unpredictably depending on whether the ball's seam contacts the ground.}}

{{term|term= Seam }}
{{defn|no=1|defn= (noun) the raised stitching running around the circumference of the ball.<ref name=cric/> }}
{{defn|no=2|defn= (verb) for a ball to deviate off the pitch because it has bounced on its seam.}}

{{term|term= Seam bowling |content= [[Seam bowling]] }}
{{defn|defn= a bowling style which uses the uneven conditions of the ball – specifically the raised seam – to make it deviate upon bouncing off the ''pitch''. Contrast with ''swing bowling''.<ref name=barclays3/>}}

{{term|term= Seamer |content= [[Seamer (bowler)|Seamer]] }}
{{defn|defn= a seam bowler}}

{{term|term= Season |content= [[Cricket season|Season]] }}
{{defn|defn= the period of each year when cricket is played. Varies substantially between countries.}}

{{term|term= Selector}}
{{defn|defn= a person who is delegated with the task of choosing players for a cricket team. Typically, the term is used in the context of player selection for national, provincial and other representative teams at the professional levels of the game, where a "panel of selectors" acts under the authority of the relevant national or provincial cricket administrative body.<ref name=barclays3/>}}

{{term|term= SENA}} {{anchor|SENA}}
{{defn|defn= The countries South Africa, England, New Zealand and Australia, deemed to have unique pitch conditions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-08 |title=Former India skipper Sunil Gavaskar slams SENA countries for double-standards about pitches |url=https://www.wionews.com/cricket/former-india-skipper-sunil-gavaskar-slams-sena-countries-for-double-standards-about-pitches-677785 |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=WION |language=en-us}}</ref> Also sometimes "SANE countries".<ref>{{Cite web |title=How India became a Test cricket powerhouse |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cz6w0lygq22o |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=www.bbc.com |date=3 October 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref>}}

{{term|term= Sent in}}
{{defn|defn= a team which bats first after losing the ''toss'' is said to have been "sent in" by the opposing captain.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|url=https://www.smh.com.au/sport/cricket/gabba-test-to-be-haunted-by-2002-coin-toss-20131118-2xqiw.html|title=Gabba Test to be haunted by 2002 coin toss|author=Phil Lutton|date=18 November 2013|access-date=18 July 2015}}</ref>}}

{{term|term= Series}}
{{defn|defn= A set of matches played a few days apart between the same two teams in the same format, but usually at different locations. An international ''tour'' often includes a ''Test'' series, an ''ODI'' series and a ''T20'' series, each of between two and five matches.}}

{{term|term= Session|content=[[Session (cricket)|Session]]}}
{{defn|defn= A period of play, from start to lunch, lunch to tea and tea until stumps.<ref name=bbc/>}}

{{term|term= Shelled a Dolly}}
{{defn|defn= dropped a really easy catch ([[List of cricket terms#D|Dolly]]).}}

{{term|term= Shepherd the strike |content= Shepherd the strike (also ''farm the strike'') }}
{{defn|defn= of a batter, contrive to receive the majority of the balls bowled, often to protect a weaker batting partner. Typically, involves declining taking ''singles'' early in overs, and trying to take singles late in overs.}}

{{term|term= Shooter}}
{{defn|defn= a delivery that skids after pitching (i.e. does not bounce as high as would be expected), usually at a quicker pace, resulting in a batter unable to hit the ball cleanly.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Short}}
{{defn|no=1|defn= (of a fielding position) close to the batter, but not so close as ''{{gli|silly}}''; the opposite of ''{{gli|deep}}''.}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= (of a ''{{gli|delivery}}'') see ''{{gli|short-pitched}}''.}}

{{term|term= Short-pitched}}
{{defn|defn= a ''{{gli|delivery}}'' that bounces relatively close to the ''bowler''. The intent is to make the ball bounce well above waist height (a ''bouncer''). A slow or low-bouncing short-pitched ball is known as a ''long hop''.}}

{{term|term= Short of a length |content= [[Short of a length]] }}
{{defn|defn= describes a ''{{gli|short-pitched}}'' ''delivery'' that is not so ''short'' as a ''{{gli|bouncer}}''.}}

{{term|term= Short run}}
{{defn|defn = a would-be ''run'' that does not count because, when turning for an additional run, one of the batters failed to ground some part of their body or bat behind the ''popping crease''.}}

{{term|term= Shot}}
{{defn|defn= the act of the ''batter'' hitting the ball with their bat.}}

{{term|term= Shot selection}}
{{defn|defn= The choice by the ''batter'' of which ''shot'' (or ''leave'') to attempt against each ''delivery''. A major part of ''batting'' tactics, there are many factors that influence this decision.}}

{{term|term= Short Stop}}
{{defn|defn= When the wicket keeper stands upfront, the fielder placed right behind the wicket keeper is called a Short Stop. When the fielder stands outside the 30-yard circle, he is called a Long Stop.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}} }}

{{term|term= Shoulder Arms}}
{{defn|defn= Rather than risk playing the ball, the ''batter'' lifts the bat high above their shoulder to keep their bat and hand out of harm's way.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Side on |content= Side on }}
{{defn|no=1|defn= A side on bowler has back foot, chest and hips aligned towards the batter at the instant of [[back foot contact]]. }}
{{defn|no=2|defn= A batter is side on if their hips and shoulders are facing at ninety degrees to the bowler.}}

[[File:Church Times Cricket Cup final 2019, Wicket 3.jpg|thumb|right|View along a ''pitch'' showing the ''sight screen'', which provides a plain white background behind the ''bowler'', to help the ''batter'' see a ''red ball'']]
{{term|term= [[Sight screen]]}}
{{defn|defn= a large board placed behind the ''bowler'', beyond the ''boundary'', used to provide contrast to the ball, thereby aiding the ''striker'' in seeing the ball when it is delivered. Typically, coloured white to contrast a red ball, or black to contrast a white ball.<ref name=barclays3/>}}

{{term|term= Signal |content= [[Umpire_(cricket)#Decisions_and_signals|Signal]]}}
{{defn|defn= a standardised set of body motions used by the ''umpire'' to indicate decisions to the players and the ''scorer''. Most signals utilise only the position or motion of the arm, but some also involve legs or fingers. For example, tapping one thigh while lifting that foot off the ground indicates ''leg byes'', or holding one arm directly upwards while extending a single finger means ''out''.}}

{{term|term= Silly}}
{{defn|defn= a modifier to the names of some [[Short (cricket)|fielding positions]] to denote that they are unusually close to the batter, most often silly mid-off, silly mid-on, silly midwicket and silly point.<ref name=bbc/>}}

{{term|term= Single |content= [[Single (cricket)|Single]] }}
{{defn|defn= a ''run'' scored by the batters physically running once only between the ''wickets''.}}

{{term|term= Single wicket |content= [[Single wicket cricket|Single wicket]] }}
{{defn|defn= A one-vs-one version of cricket, in which the two competitors ''bat'' and ''bowl'' against each other, while neutral participants ''field'' for both. Each ''inning'' consists of a single ''wicket'' and a limited number of ''overs'' (usually two or three). Currently only played informally and rarely seen, the format was once highly popular and played professionally, particularly from 1750 to 1850.}}

{{term|term= Sitter}}
{{defn|defn= a very easy ''catch''. A fielder who misses such a catch is said to have 'dropped a sitter'.}}

{{term|term= Six |content= [[Boundary (scoring)|Six]] (or Sixer) }}
{{defn|defn= a shot which passes over or touches the ''boundary'' without having bounced or rolled, so called because it scores six ''runs'' to the batting side.}}

{{term|term= Skiddy}}
{{defn|defn= A pace bowler who typically obtains a low-bounce on their delivery is described as ''skiddy''. The opposite is ''slingy''}}

{{term|term= Skier }}
{{defn|defn= {{ghat|(or '''skyer'''; pronounced {{IPAc-en|s|'|k|ai|ə}} {{respell|SKY|ə}})}} A mistimed ''shot'' hit almost straight up in the air, to the sky. Usually results in the ''batter'' being caught out. Occasionally however the ''fielder'' positions themself perfectly to take the ''catch'' but misses it or drops it. Such an error is considered very embarrassing for the ''fielder''.}}

{{term|term= Skipper}}
{{defn|defn= An informal term for the ''captain'', from the [[Skipper (boating)|nautical skipper]]. Sometimes shortened to 'skip', particularly as a nickname.}}

{{term|term= Skyline}}
{{defn|defn= alternative name for ''Manhattan''.}}

{{term|term= Slash}}
{{defn|defn= a cut, but played aggressively or possibly recklessly – a cut (q.v.) being a ''shot'' played ''square'' on the ''off side'' to a ''short-pitched'' ''delivery'' wide of ''off'' ''stump''. So called because the ''batter'' makes a "cutting" motion as they play the ''shot''.}}

{{term|term= Sledging |content= [[Sledging (cricket)|Sledging]] }}
{{defn|defn= verbal exchanges between players on opposing sides. This ranges from banter between friends to verbal abuse or a psychological tactic to gain advantage of the opposition by undermining their confidence or breaking their concentration. Considered in some cricketing countries to be against the spirit of the game, but acceptable in others.<ref name=bbc/>}}

{{term|term= Slice}}
{{defn|defn= a kind of ''cut'' ''shot'' played with the bat making an obtuse angle with the batter.<ref name=barclays3/>}}

{{term|term= Slider |content= [[Slider (cricket)|Slider]] }}
{{defn|defn= a wrist spinner's delivery where backspin is put on the ball.}}

{{term|term= Slingy}}
{{defn|defn= A pace bowler who typically obtains a high-bounce on their delivery, perhaps because of their unusual height. The opposite is ''skiddy''}}

{{term|term= Slip |content= [[Slip (cricket)|Slip]] }}
{{defn|defn= a close ''fielder'' positioned behind the ''batter'', close to the ''wicket-keeper'' on the off-side. Also ("in the slips", "at first slip") the positions occupied by such fielders.<ref name=bbc/> Commonly there will be two or three slips in an ''attacking field'' (although there is no limit and a captain may use more), and one or none in a ''defensive field''.<ref name=bbc/>}}

{{term|term= Slip catching cradle |content= [[Slip catching cradle]]}}
{{defn|defn= a large piece of training equipment, used for practising the quick-reaction ''catches'' needed by a ''fielder'' in the ''slips''.}}

{{term|term= Slips cordon}}
{{defn|defn= See ''{{gli|cordon}}''}}

{{term|term= Slog |content= [[Slog]] }}
{{defn|defn= a powerful ''shot'', in which the ''batter'' hits the ''ball'' high and long in an attempt to reach the ''boundary''. Regarded as a risky shot, it will often result in a ''six'' or a ''four'', but also has a high chance of getting ''out''. Used by batters with more strength than skill, or who need to score runs quickly (see ''death overs'').}}

{{term|term= Slog overs}}
{{defn|defn= see ''death overs''.}}

{{term|term= Slog sweep |content= [[Slog sweep]] }}
{{defn|defn= a type of ''slog'' in which a ''sweep'' ''shot'' hit hard and in the air, over the same ''boundary'' as for a ''hook''. Used exclusively against ''spin bowlers''.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Slower ball |content= [[Slower ball]] }}
{{defn|defn= a medium-pace delivery bowled by a ''fast bowler''. Designed to deceive the batter into playing the ball too early and skying it to a fielder. Has several variations.}}

{{term|term= Slow left armer}}
{{defn|defn= a left-arm, ''orthodox'', finger spin ''bowler''; the left-handed equivalent of an off spinner (see ''off spin'').}}

{{term|term= Snick }}
{{defn|defn= See ''{{gli|edge}}''}}

{{term|term= Snickometer |content= [[Snickometer]] }}
{{defn|defn= a television graphic, also available for use by the ''third umpire'', used to assess on a replay whether the batter has ''snicked'' the ball. The graphic juxtaposes a slow motion replay with a sound [[oscilloscope]], and is used to assess whether a sharp sound was recorded at the same moment as the ball passes the bat. Sometimes shortened to '''snicko'''.}}

{{term|term= Soft hands (batting) |content= Soft hands (batting) (also ''soft bat'')}}
{{defn|defn= To bat with soft hands (or play with a soft bat) is to hold the bat loosely or with relaxed hands so that it absorbs the ball's momentum, meaning that the ball does not rebound sharply off it when the shot is played.}}

{{term|term= Soft hands (fielding) |content= Soft hands (fielding)}}
{{defn|defn= To catch the ball with soft hands is to relax the hands and follow through the motion of the ball in the air, allowing the ball to hit the hands gently rather than risking it bouncing out of the hands.}}

{{term|term= Specialist }}
{{defn|defn= a player selected in the team primarily for a single skill, ''i.e.'' not an ''all-rounder'' or a ''wicket-keeper-batter''. Such players can be referred to as specialist batters, specialist bowlers, or specialist wicketkeepers.}}

{{term|term= Spectacles }}
{{defn|defn= another word for a ''pair''. From the appearance of two ''ducks'' on the scorecard as 0–0.}}

{{term|term= Spell }}
{{defn|no=1|defn= the number of continuous ''overs'' a ''bowler'' bowls before being relieved.}}

{{term|term= Spider Graph |content= Spider Graph (also ''Wagon Wheel'') }}
{{defn|defn= a [[Scoring (cricket)#Detailed scoring|graphical chart]] that represents the [[trajectory]] of the ball from each scoring stroke, including its direction, distance travelled, and (where the technology allows) elevation and bounces. Each scoring stroke is represented by a coloured line, typically [[Color code|colour-coded]] by the number of runs from the stroke. The Spider Graph is a more detailed version of the traditional ''Wagon Wheel'' graphic; some commentators use the two terms interchangeably, while others use Wagon Wheel only for the less-detailed version.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} }}

{{term|term= Spin bowling |content= [[Spin bowling]] }}
{{defn|defn= a style of bowling in which a spin ''bowler'' ("spinner") attempts to deceive the ''batter'' by imparting spin on the ball using either their fingers or their wrist. Spin bowling is most effective when the ball is travelling relatively slowly, and so most spinners bowl at a pace between 40 and 55 mph.}}

{{term|term= Spirit of cricket |content=[[Spirit of cricket]] (or spirit of the game)}}
{{defn|defn= A nebulous concept of good conduct, encompassing fair play, [[sportsmanship]], mutual respect and acceptance of the ''umpires''{{'}} decisions. Considered an integral part of the sport. Since 2000 a preamble to the ''Laws of cricket'' instructs all participants to act within the spirit of cricket.}}

{{term|term= Splice }}
{{defn|defn= the joint between the handle and the blade of a ''bat''; the weakest part of the bat. If the ball hits the splice it is likely to ''dolly'' up for an easy ''catch''.}}

{{term|term= Square }}
{{defn|no=1|defn= of a position on the field, perpendicular to the line of the pitch; the opposite of ''fine''. }}
{{defn|no=2|defn= the area in the middle of the ground where the ''pitches'' are prepared. }}
{{defn|no=3|defn= an imaginary line extending the crease to the boundary on the leg side; it is illegal to have more than two fielders behind square.}}

{{term|term= Square leg }}
{{defn|no=1|defn= a fielding position on the on side approximately at right angles to the batter}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= a person who fields at that position}}

{{term|term= Square-cut}}
{{defn|defn= A ''cut'' shot, played ''square'', i.e. perpendicular to the bowler's delivery.}}

{{term|term= Stance (also ''batting stance'')}}
{{defn|defn= the posture of a batter holding their bat when facing a delivery.}}

{{term|term= Stand |content= Stand (noun) }}
{{defn|defn= A synonym for [[partnership (cricket)|partnership]].}}

{{term|term= Standing up}}
{{defn|defn= position adopted by a [[Wicket-keeper]], close to the stumps, when a slow (or, occasionally, [[medium pace bowling|medium pace]]) bowler is operating.}}

{{term|term= Start}}
{{defn|defn= a batter is said to have a start when they successfully avoid being dismissed for very few runs; in Australia, this is generally understood to mean a score of twenty runs. Once a batter survives this initial period and becomes established, batting generally becomes easier as they have settled into a rhythm and have adapted to the playing conditions and are less vulnerable, so they are then expected to convert their starts into big scores.}}

{{term|term= Steaming in}}
{{defn|defn= a bowler taking a fast run-up to bowl is said to be steaming in.}}

{{term|term= Sticky dog}}
{{defn|defn= a drying wicket that is exceedingly difficult to bat on. Uncommon if not non-existent in recent years due to the routine covering of pitches.}}

{{term|term= Sticky wicket |content= [[Sticky wicket]] }}
{{defn|defn= a difficult wet ''pitch''.<ref name=barclays3/>}}

{{term|term= Stock ball}}
{{defn|defn= See ''{{gli|stock delivery}}''}}

{{term|term= Stock bowler}}
{{defn|defn= a bowler whose role is to restrict scoring rather than to take wickets. Usually called upon to bowl numerous ''overs'' at a miserly ''run rate'' while ''strike bowlers'' rest between ''spells'' or attempt to take wickets from the other end.}}

{{term|term= Stock delivery|content= Stock delivery or stock ball)}}
{{defn|defn= A ''bowler's'' standard type of ''delivery''; the one they bowl most frequently.<ref name=cric/> Bowlers usually have a single stock delivery and one or more ''variations''.}}

{{term|term= Stodger}}
{{defn|defn= a batter who makes it their job to defend and to score at a mediocre rate. This style is prone to derogatory comments but also compliments on resilience and technique.}}

{{term|term= Stonewaller}}
{{defn|defn= An extreme example of a ''blocker''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/stonewaller| title=Definition of stonewaller |publisher=The Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia| access-date=2 March 2010}}</ref>}}

{{term|term= Straight}}
{{defn|defn= Close to the imaginary line between the two sets of ''stumps'' (cf. ''wicket-to-wicket''). Used as an adjective, to indicate the direction of a ''shot'', as a modifier to a ''fielding position'', or to describe the ''line'' of a ''delivery''.}}

{{term|term= Straight bat |content= [[wikt:Straight bat|Straight bat]] }}
{{defn|defn= the bat when held vertically, or when swung through a vertical arc}}

{{term|term= Straight up-and-down}}
{{defn|defn= pejorative term for a fast- or medium-paced bowler who cannot swing or seam the ball.}}

{{term|term= Stranded}}
{{defn|defn= a batter is said to be stranded on their score if they narrowly miss scoring a ''century'' or similar milestone because their team's innings ends, rather than because they were ''dismissed''.}}

{{term|term= Strangled}}
{{defn|defn= a form of ''dismissal'' whereby a batter, in trying to play a ''glance'' very ''fine'' to a ''leg-side'' ball, gets an ''inside edge'' which is caught by the ''wicket-keeper''.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} }}

{{term|term= Street }}
{{defn|defn= a pitch which is easy for batters and difficult for bowlers. Sometimes called a road, highway, and various other synonyms for street.}}

{{term|term= Strike}}
{{defn|defn= see ''{{gli|on strike}}''}}

{{term|term= Strike bowler}}
{{defn|defn= an attacking bowler whose role is to take wickets rather than to restrict scoring. Usually a ''fast bowler'' or attacking ''spinner'' who bowls in short spells to [[Fielding (cricket)#Attacking and defending|attacking field settings]].}}

{{term|term= Strike rate |content= [[Strike rate]] }}
{{defn|no=1|defn= (batting) a percentage equal to the number of ''runs'' scored by a ''batter'' divided by the number of balls faced. }}
{{defn|no=2|defn= (bowling) the average number of ''deliveries'' bowled before a ''bowler'' takes a ''wicket''.}}

{{term|term= Striker}}
{{defn|defn= The ''batter'' who is ''facing'' the current ''delivery''. The striker may attempt a ''shot'', score ''runs'', or suffer any method of ''dismissal''. Their ''partner'' is the ''non-striker'', who is located at the other end of the ''pitch''.}}

{{term|term= Stroke}}
{{defn|defn= an attempt by the ''batter'' to play at a ''delivery''.}}

{{term|term= Stump |content= [[Stump (cricket)|Stump]] }}
{{defn|defn= one of the three vertical posts making up the ''wicket''. Starting from the ''off'' side, they are 'off stump', 'middle stump' and 'leg stump'.<ref name=ecb/> }}

{{term|term= Stumped |content=[[Stumped]] }}
{{defn|defn= {{ghat|(or '''stumping''')}} a method of ''dismissing'' a ''batter'', in which the ''wicketkeeper'' breaks the batter's wicket with the ball while the batter is outside their ''crease'' but has not attempted a ''run'' }}

{{term|term= Stumps }}
{{defn|no=1|defn= the plural of ''stump''}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= in a ''timed match'' lasting more than one day, the end of a day's play if the match is not yet complete. For example, 'at stumps, Team A were leading by...'. See also ''draw stumps''.<ref name=ecb/>}}

{{term|term= Stump-cam}}
{{defn|defn= A small television camera inside middle stump to provide images of play close to the stumps, particularly when a batter is bowled out.<ref name="MSN Tech UK – 2 July 2013 – Cricket tech: Stump-cam">{{cite web|url=http://tech.uk.msn.com/features/cricket-tech-the-technology-behind-the-ashes?page=5|title=Cricket tech: Stump-cam|last=Minihane|first=Joe|date=2 July 2013|work=MSN Tech UK|publisher=[[MSN]]|access-date=8 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213104233/http://tech.uk.msn.com/features/cricket-tech-the-technology-behind-the-ashes?page=5|archive-date=13 December 2013}}</ref>}}

{{term|term= Substitute |content= [[Substitute (cricket)|Substitute]] }}
{{defn|defn= a player able to replace another on the fielding side. A substitute fielder may carry out normal fielding duties but is not allowed to bat, bowl or keep wicket.}}

{{term|term= Sun ball}}
{{defn|defn= A method of bowling where the ball is intentionally bowled at a great height and a sluggish pace. This is done to interrupt the batter's field of vision using the sun's rays, often causing disastrous consequences such as blunt strikes to the head.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} }}

{{term|term= Sundry }}
{{defn|defn= see ''{{gli|extra}}''<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Supersub}}
{{defn|defn= Under experimental One-Day International rules played between July 2005 and February 2006, the supersub was a [[Substitute (cricket)|substitute]] player able to come on and replace any player at any point during the game, with the substitute able to take over the substituted player's batting and bowling duties – as distinct from a traditional substitute, who can field but is not permitted to bat, bowl or keep wicket.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://content.cricinfo.com/wc2007/content/story/237248.html|title=ICC to end Supersubs experiment|work=Cricinfo|date=15 February 2006}}</ref>}}

{{term|term= Super Over |content= [[Super Over]] }}
{{defn|defn= A method for breaking a ''tie'' used in some ''limited overs matches''. Each team plays one more ''over'' with nominated ''batters'' (who may already have been ''dismissed'' in the main game), or until two ''wickets'' have been lost. The team that scores the most ''runs'' in their super over wins. The rules vary between competitions if the scores are still tied after the super over, but most commonly a ''boundary'' count is used.}}

{{term|term= Surrey Cut}}
{{defn|defn= see ''French Cut''}}

{{term|term= Sweep |content= [[Sweep shot|Sweep]] }}
{{defn|defn= a ''shot'' played to a ''good length'' slow ''delivery''. The ''batter'' gets down on one knee and "sweeps" the ball to the ''leg side''.}}

{{term|term= Sweet spot}}
{{defn|defn= the small area on the face of the ''bat'' that gives maximum power for minimum effort when the ball is hit with it. Also known as the "middle" or "meat" of the bat. A shot that is struck with the sweet spot is referred to as being "well timed" (see ''timing'').}}

{{term|term= Swerve}}
{{defn|defn= less common term for the ''drift'' used by spin bowlers}}

{{term|term= Swing |content= [[Swing bowling|Swing]] }}
{{defn|defn= a bowling style usually employed by fast and ''medium-pace'' ''bowlers''. The fielding side will polish the ball on one side of the seam only; as the ''innings'' continues, the ball will become worn on one side, but shiny on the other. When the ball is bowled with the seam upright, the air will travel faster over the shiny side than the worn side. This makes the ball swing (curve) in the air. Conventional swing would mean that the ball curves in the air away from the shiny side. (see also ''reverse swing'').<ref name=barclays3/>}}

{{term|term= Swish}}
{{defn|defn= a rapid or careless attacking stroke by the batter.}}

{{term|term= Switch hit |content= [[Switch hit]] }}
{{defn|defn= a shot played by a batter who reverses both their stance and their grip during the bowler's run-up, so that a right-handed batter would play the shot as an orthodox left-hander. The shot was popularised by England batter [[Kevin Pietersen]], prompting some discussion about its impact on the rules, e.g. for lbw decisions in which it is necessary to distinguish between off and leg stumps.}}

{{glossary end}}

==T==
{{glossary}}

{{term|term= Tail}}
{{defn|defn= common colloquialism for the ''lower order'' of a batting line-up.<ref name=bbc/> If the tail ''wags'' it means the lower order has scored significantly well, perhaps enough to salvage a win. A "long tail" is a batting lineup which contains more bowlers than usual, and is considered weaker than normal.}}

{{term|term= Tail-ender |content= [[Tail-ender]] }}
{{defn|defn= a player who bats towards the end of the ''batting order'', usually a specialist ''bowler'' or ''wicket-keeper'' with relatively poor batting skills.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Tampering }}
{{defn|defn= scratching, scuffing, or otherwise unnaturally altering the cricket ball outside of its normal wear and tear. When this is done, it is usually by the fielding team, to give their bowler an edge so that the ball might spin or seam more effectively. This is an illegal act in the game. }}

{{term|term= Tape ball |content= [[Tape ball]] }}
{{defn|defn= An [[wikt:ersatz|ersatz]] cricket ''ball'' produced by wrapping a [[tennis ball]] in [[electrical tape]]. Common in informal games on the [[Indian subcontinent]].}}

{{term|term= Target}}
{{defn|defn= The score that the team batting last has to score to beat their opponents. This is one run more than what the team batting first managed; or, in limited overs cricket, an adjusted value determined by a ''rain rule''.}}

{{term|term= Tea}}
{{defn|defn= the second of the two intervals during a full day's play is known as the [[tea (meal)|tea]] interval, due to its timing at about tea-time. In matches lasting only an afternoon, the tea interval is usually taken between ''innings''.}}

{{term|term= Teesra|content=[[Teesra]]}}
{{defn|defn=A ''back spin'' delivery by a ''finger spin'' bowler.}}

{{term|term=Ten-wicket match|content=[[Ten wickets in a match|Ten-wicket match]]}}
{{defn|defn=A two-innings match in which a bowler takes ten or more wickets in total.}}

{{term|term= Test cricket |content= [[Test cricket]] (also Test match) }}
{{defn|defn= The highest level of the sport. Consists of ''timed matches'' that last up to five days, with two ''innings'' per side. Played between senior international teams which have been granted [[Test status]].}}

{{term|term= Textbook shot}}
{{defn|defn= A ''shot'' played by the ''batters'' with perfect orthodox technique, exactly as shown in textbooks on batting.}}

{{term|term= Three}}
{{defn|no=1|defn= a ''delivery'' from which the ''batter'' scored three ''runs''.}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= a ''call'' by a ''batter'' to their ''partner'', indicating that three ''runs'' should be attempted. Usually a follow-up after ''push'' or ''two'', typically during the second ''turn''.}}

{{term|term= Third man}}
{{defn|defn= position behind the ''wicket-keeper'' on the ''off-side'', beyond the ''slip'' and ''gully'' areas}}

{{term|term= Third umpire |content= [[Third umpire]] }}
{{defn|defn= an off-field ''umpire'', equipped with a television monitor, whose assistance the two on-field ''umpires'' can seek when in doubt.}}

{{term|term= Through the gate}}
{{defn|defn= The ''ball'' passing the ''batter'' in the gap between their ''bat'' and ''pads''. A well-executed ''forward defence'' leaves no such gap ('shuts the gate'), so if a ''delivery'' passes 'through the gate' it indicates poor ''shot selection'' or defensive technique by the ''batter'', which may result in being ''out'' ''bowled''.}}

{{term|term= Throwing| content=[[Throwing (cricket)|Throwing]] }}
{{defn|defn= of a bowler, an illegal bowling action in which the arm is straightened during the delivery.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/cricket/rules-and-regulations/illegal-bowling-actions|title=Illegal bowling actions|website=ICC-Cricket}}</ref> Also known as ''chucking''}}

{{term|term= Tice }}
{{defn|defn= Obsolete term for a ''yorker'', used in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Encyclopaedia of Sport & Games |date=1911 |publisher=J. B. Lippincott Company |page=452 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpouAQAAIAAJ&q=tice |quote=A "yorker" (or "tice") pitches on, or within six inches of, the popping crease}}</ref>}}

{{term|term= Tickle }}
{{defn|defn= An ''edge'' to the ''wicket-keeper'' or ''slips''. Alternatively a delicate shot usually played to ''third man'' or ''fine leg''.}}

{{term|term= Tie |content= [[Result_(cricket)#Tie|Tie]] }}
{{defn|defn= The ''result'' if both teams' scores are exactly equal when the match ends, either because the team batting last is ''all out'' (in a ''timed match'') or the allotted overs have been played (in a ''limited overs match''). Not to be confused with a ''draw'', in which neither team wins but the scores are not equal. Ties are extremely rare; there have only been two [[Tied Test]]s in >2500 ''Test matches''.}}

{{term|term= Tied down}}
{{defn|defn= A batter or batting team having their run-making restricted by the bowling side.}}

{{term|term= Timber}}
{{defn|defn= the (wooden) stumps. Achieving a [[Bowled]] dismissal is to have "hit the timber", or simply "Timber!".}}

{{term|term= Timed match}}
{{defn|defn= a match whose duration is based on a set amount of time rather than a set number of overs. Timed matches usually have a draw as a potential result, in addition to the win/loss or tie that can be achieved in ''limited overs cricket''. All ''first-class cricket'' is currently played under a timed format.}}

{{term|term= Timed out |content= [[Timed out]] }}
{{defn|defn= A batter is ruled ''timed out'' following the fall of a wicket if they do not occupy the crease within a set time. The new batter is then out just as if they had been bowled, stumped, run out or caught.}}

{{term|term= Timeless match}}
{{defn|defn= A historical ''match'' played without a limit on time (''timed match'') or overs (''limited overs match''). The timeless format allowed both teams to complete their full allotted ''innings'', regardless of how many days play were required. In principle this avoided a potential ''draw'', though in practice some timeless matches were drawn by agreement of the ''captains'' because they took too long. Many early ''first-class'' matches were timeless, but their unpredictable schedule and excessive length led to the format being abandoned in the 20th century. At international level, the last [[Timeless Test]] was in 1939.}}

{{term|term= Timing}}
{{defn|defn= the art of striking the ball so that it hits the bat's ''sweet spot''. A "well-timed" shot imparts great speed to the ball but appears effortless.}}

{{term|term= Toblerone}}
{{defn|defn= Lengths of soft sponge, usually printed with advertising, that can be placed over the ''boundary rope''. When in use, the toblerone counts as part of the rope e.g. for determining whether a ''boundary'' has been scored. So-called because its [[triangular prism]] shape is similar to that of [[Toblerone]] chocolate.{{cn|date=January 2024}}}}

{{term|term= Toe end}}
{{defn|defn= The narrow side of the ''bat'', the furthest part away from the ''handle''.}}

{{term|term= Toe-crusher |content= [[Toe-crushers|Toe-crusher]] }}
{{defn|defn= A ''yorker'' bowled with ''inswing'', aimed at the batter's toes.}}

{{term|term= Ton}}
{{defn|defn= Informal term for a ''century''.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Top edge}}
{{defn|defn= See ''{{gli|edge}}''.}}

{{term|term= Top order}}
{{defn|defn= the ''batters'' batting in the top 4 in the ''batting order''. These are generally the most skilled batters in the team, equipped with the technique and temperament to continue batting for long periods, often for hours or a whole day.}}

{{term|term= Top spin |content= [[Topspinner|Top spin]] }}
{{defn|defn= forward rotation on the ball, causing it to increase speed immediately after ''pitching''.<ref name=barclays3/>}}

{{term|term= Toss |content= [[Toss (cricket)|Toss]] }}
{{defn|defn= the traditional flipping of a coin to determine which captain will have the right to choose whether to bat or field.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news.com.au/sport/cricket/homeground-advantage-concerns-could-lead-to-icc-abandoning-coin-toss-on-first-morning-of-test-match/news-story/fdf80ed92cc3f9681d426aada9e66682|access-date=8 July 2018|title=Home-ground advantage concerns could lead to ICC abandoning coin toss on first morning of Test match|date=18 May 2018|work=news.com.au}}</ref>}}

{{term|term= Tour}}
{{defn|defn= An organised itinerary of matches requiring travel away from the team's usual base. Used especially in international cricket for the representative team of one nation playing a series of matches in another nation.<ref name=wisdic3>The Wisden Dictionary of Cricket, Third edition, Michael Rundell, A & C Black, London, 2006</ref>}}

{{term|term= Tour match}}
{{defn|defn= any match on a ''tour'' which does not have full international status; most typically matches played as a warm-up between the travelling international team and a local club or composite team.}}

{{term|term= Track}}
{{defn|defn= another term for the pitch.}}

{{term|term= Trapped (in front)}}
{{defn|defn= ''Dismissed'' ''leg before wicket''}}

{{term|term= Triggered}}
{{defn|defn= when the umpire gives a batter out LBW almost immediately with little consideration for any other factor than the ball hitting the pads in front of the stumps. The batter is said to have been "triggered" or "trig'd" because the Umpire has an itchy trigger finger, ready to raise it to give the batter out easily.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} }}

{{term|term= Trimmer}}
{{defn|defn= a high-quality fast bowling delivery, especially one that results in a dismissal of a batter by removing the bails without hitting the stumps<ref name="wisdic3" />}}

{{term|term= Trundler}}
{{defn|defn= a reliable, steady ''medium-pace'' ''bowler'' who is not especially good, but is not especially bad either.<ref name=cric/> See also ''military medium''.}}

{{term|term= Turn}}
{{defn|no=1|defn= the act of a batter ''grounding'' the bat at the end of a ''run'', changing direction, and preparing to take another run. An additional ''call'' to the ''partner'' is made to specify whether to continue running. Recommended technique is to turn facing the side of the field where the ''ball'' was played, to see whether it has been recovered by the ''fielders'' and judge whether another run is possible. {{cf.}} ''turn blind'', ''turn short'', and ''two''.}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= the amount a spin ball changes directions – turns/spins – after hitting the pitch. For example, "That delivery turned a lot."}}

{{term|term= Turn blind}}
{{defn|defn= a ''turn'' facing the wrong way, i.e. away from the ''ball''. Considered poor technique, because it prevents the ''batter'' seeing the relevant ''fielders'', makes it difficult to determine the appropriate ''call'', and therefore increases the chance of a ''run out''.}}

{{term|term= Turn short}}
{{defn|defn= see ''{{gli|short run}}''.}}

{{term|term= Tweaker}}
{{defn|defn= An informal (often affectionate) term for a ''spin bowler''.<ref name=wisden_dict/>}}

{{term|term= Twelfth man}}
{{defn|defn= Traditionally, the first [[Substitute (cricket)|substitute]] player who fields when a member of the fielding side is injured. In ''Test matches'', twelve players are named to a team prior to the match, with the final reduction to eleven occurring immediately prior to play commencing on the first day. This gives the captain some flexibility in team selection, dependent on the conditions (e.g. a ''spin bowler'' may be named to the team, but omitted if the captain feels that the ''pitch'' is not suitable for spin bowling). In [[One Day International]] games, teams may nominate up to four substitute fielders.<ref name=cric/><ref>{{cite web |title=standard ONE-DAY INTERNATIONAL MATCH playing conditions 4.36 04 APPENDIX 7 Decision Review System (DRS) - Playing Conditions |url=http://icc-live.s3.amazonaws.com/cms/media/about_docs/524ac4ae08b48-04%20Standard%20ODI_2013_19%2009%2013.pdf |access-date=25 June 2023 |quote=1.2.1 Each captain shall nominate 11 players plus a maximum of 4 substitute fielders in writing to the ICC Match Referee before the toss. [...] 1.2.2 Only those nominated as substitute fielders shall be entitled to act as substitute fielders during the match.}}</ref>}}

{{term|term= Twenty20 |content= [[Twenty20]] (or T20) {{anchor|T20}} }}
{{defn|defn= a form of ''limited overs cricket'' in which each team has one innings with a maximum length of twenty ''overs''.}}

{{term|term= Two}}
{{defn|no=1|defn= a ''delivery'' from which the ''batter'' scored two ''runs''.}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= a ''call'' by a ''batter'' to their ''partner'', indicating that two ''runs'' should be attempted. May be used as a variant of ''yes'', or as a follow-up after ''push'', typically during the ''turn''.}}

{{glossary end}}

==U==
{{glossary}}
[[File:Cricket Umpire dismissal.jpg|thumb|right|An ''umpire'' signalling a ''dismissal'']]
{{term|term= Umpire |content= [[Umpire (cricket)|Umpire]] }}
{{defn|defn= An official who enforces the ''laws'' and adjudicates play. One umpire stands behind the ''wicket'' at the ''non-striker's end'', while a second (usually) stands at ''square leg'', with the positions alternating for each ''over''. The two on-field umpires use a system of arm ''signals'' to indicate decisions to the players and the ''scorer''.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Laws of Cricket 2017 Code |edition=3rd |date=2022 |publisher=[[Marylebone Cricket Club]] |at=Law 2 |chapter=The Umpires |url=https://www.lords.org/getmedia/81bd1d01-c7e7-42f6-ac70-80473a050c32/Laws-of-Cricket-2017-Code-3rd-Edition-2022_1.docx |access-date=23 January 2026}}</ref> Televised matches usually also have a ''third umpire'' to adjudicate on replays and the ''umpire decision review system''.}}

{{term|term= Umpire Decision Review System |content= [[Umpire Decision Review System]] (UDRS)}}
{{defn|defn= {{ghat|(or '''Decision Review System''', '''DRS''')}}Official system to challenge certain decisions made by an ''umpire''. The ''third umpire'' then reviews the decision using various technological aids, such as [[slow motion]] television replays, ''ball tracking'', a ''snickometer'' etc. A ''batter'' may challenge a decision of ''out'', and the ''captain'' of the ''fielding'' side may challenge a ''not out'' decision. Teams are limited in the number of unsuccessful reviews per ''inning''; if they have reached that limit they are permitted no further reviews. The umpires themselves can review ''run out'', ''stumped'', ''caught'' and ''no ball'' decisions, or whether a ''shot'' has scored a ''boundary''. Only available in televised games, because the necessary equipment is provided by the broadcaster.}}

{{term|Umpire's call}}
{{defn|Outcome of the ''Umpire Decision Review System'' if the ''third umpire'' finds the evidence inconclusive, or within the stated [[observational error|margin of error]]. The original ''umpire''{{'}}s decision stands, but the review does not count towards the team limit on unsuccessful reviews.}}

{{term|term= Uncapped}}
{{defn|defn= a player who has never played at the international level (see "cap (sense 2)".)}}

{{term|term= Underarm |content= [[Underarm bowling|Underarm]] }}
{{defn|defn= the action of bowling with the arm swinging from behind the body in a downswing arc and then releasing the ball on the up swing without bending the elbow. This type of bowling is now illegal in formal cricket, but commonly played in informal types of cricket. Compare with ''overarm''.}}

{{term|term= under-spin |content= Under-spin (also ''back-spin'')}}
{{defn|defn= backward rotation on the ball, causing it to decrease speed immediately after ''pitching''.}}

{{term|term= Unorthodox }}
{{defn|no=1|defn= a shot played not in the accepted "textbook" manner, often with a degree of improvisation. }}
{{defn|no=2|defn= a left arm ''spin'' bowler who spins the ball with their wrist in a similar manner to a right-arm ''leg-spin'' bowler. This imparts spin in the same direction as a right-handed ''off-spin'' bowler. See: [[Left-arm unorthodox spin]].}}

{{term|term= Unplayable delivery}}
{{defn|defn= a ball that is impossible for the batter to deal with; used to imply that the batter was out more through the skill of the bowler than through their own error.}}

{{term|term= Upper Cut}}
{{defn|defn= A typical shot played against a short ball or [[bouncer (cricket)|bouncer]]. Here the batter makes a cut above their head and the ball usually goes to the third-man area. First used in International cricket by [[Sachin Tendulkar]]}}

{{term|term= Uppish}}
{{defn|defn= A shot that gains a risky amount of height, opening up the possibility of the batter being caught.}}

{{glossary end}}

==V==
{{glossary}}

{{term|term= V}}
{{defn|defn= See ''Vee''.}}

{{term|term= Variation}}
{{defn|defn= Any ''delivery'' by the ''bowler'' which is not their ''stock ball''. Used to make the bowling less predictable, which may surprise or deceive the ''batter''.}}

{{term|term= Vee }}
{{defn|no=1|defn= an unmarked, loosely defined V-shaped area on the ground at which the batter stands at the apex. The two sides of the "V" go through the mid-off and mid-on regions, similar to the fair area of a [[baseball field]], or the area where fielders "on the drive" are placed. Most shots played into this region are straight-batted shots, which do not involve the risks associated with playing across the line.<ref name=cric/> }}
{{defn|no=2|defn= the V-shaped joint between the lower end of the handle and the ''blade'' of the ''bat'' (see also ''splice'').}}

{{term|term= Very fine leg}}
{{defn|see ''{{gli|long stop}}''}}

{{term|term= Village}}
{{defn| Adjective, roughly equivalent to '[[wikt:amateurish|amateurish]]', indicating that the standard of play or organisation is typical for ''village cricket''. [[Pejorative]] if applied to a professional.}}

{{term|term= Village cricket |content= [[Village cricket]] }}
{{defn| Amateur cricket, particularly in England & Wales, with players typically drawn from a single village or suburb. The level of organisation varies: sometimes games are part of an official league, sometimes only [[friendly (sport)|friendly]] matches. The standard of play is below that of ''club cricket'' and often includes beginners to the sport.}}

{{glossary end}}

==W==
[[File:Clarke playing cricket at Birmingham 2009 crop.jpg|thumb|''Batter'' [[Michael Clarke (cricketer)|Michael Clarke]] wearing typical ''whites'']]
{{glossary}}
{{term|term= Waft}}
{{defn|defn= A loose non-committal shot, usually played to a ball pitched short of length and well wide of the off stump.}}

{{term|term= Wag}}
{{defn|defn= when the ''tail'' (the ''lower order'' of the batting line-up) scores more runs than it is expected to, it is said to have wagged (as an extension of the [[tail|animal tail]] [[metaphor]])}}

{{term|term= Wagon wheel}}
{{defn|no=1| a graphic which divides the ''field'' into six sectors (looking like the spoked wheel of a [[wagon]]), indicating how many ''runs'' a ''batter'' has scored with ''shots'' into each sector.}}
{{defn|no=2| see ''{{gli|spider graph}}''}}

{{term|term= Wait}}
{{defn|defn= {{ghat|(or '''waiting''')}} a ''call'' by a ''batter'' to their ''partner'' which defers the decision for a few seconds, before being followed by a call of ''yes'' or ''no''. Used when it is unclear whether a ''fielder'' will ''stop'' the ''ball'' or if it will pass. Neither batter should begin a ''run'', but remain ready to do so (including ''backing up'') until the follow-up call is made.}}

{{term|term= Walk}}
{{defn|defn= of a batter, to walk off the pitch, knowing or believing that they are out, rather than waiting for an umpire to give them out (the umpire is required to intervene if they were not about to give an out decision).<ref>{{cite book |title=The Laws of Cricket 2017 Code |edition=3rd |date=2022 |publisher=[[Marylebone Cricket Club]] |at=Law 31.7 |chapter=Batter leaving the wicket under a misapprehension |url=https://www.lords.org/getmedia/81bd1d01-c7e7-42f6-ac70-80473a050c32/Laws-of-Cricket-2017-Code-3rd-Edition-2022_1.docx |access-date=23 January 2026}}</ref> Generally considered to be sportsmanlike behaviour, but rarer in international cricket than domestic cricket.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Walking in}}
{{defn|defn= fielders will, unless fielding close in, usually "walk in" a few paces just before the bowler bowls in order to be alert if ball is hit in their direction.}}

{{term|term= Walking wicket}}
{{defn|defn= a very poor batter, particularly ''tail-end'' batters, who is usually a specialist bowler.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://circleofcricket.com/category/social_scoop/55232/no-one-is-a-walking-wicket-r-ashwin-answers-why-teams-find-it-difficult-to-clean-up-the-tail|title="No one is a walking wicket," R Ashwin answers why teams find it difficult to clean up the tail|website=Circle of Cricket}}</ref> }}

{{term|term= Wash out}}
{{defn|defn= a cricket match, or a specific day of a cricket match, which is abandoned with either no play or very little play due to rain.}}

{{term|term= Wearing wicket}}
{{defn|defn= On a turf pitch, typically consisting of dry/dead grass on the top, the soil can be loosened because of the players, stepping on it during play, and rough, abrasive patches can form. This means that as the pitch wears, or becomes worn, balls that land in these rough areas will grip the surface more and turn more drastically, thereby becoming more helpful to [[spin bowling]]. Uneven bounce can also result.}}

[[File:White ball 2.JPG|thumb|right|A worn ''white ball'']]
{{term|term= White ball}}
{{defn|defn= A type of ''ball'' introduced during the 20th century to facilitate ''day/night matches'', being easier to see under [[floodlight]]s. Its construction is very similar to the ''red ball'', but the surface is bleached white, rather than dyed. White balls are used in all professional ''limited overs matches'', during which the players wear a brightly coloured [[uniform#sports|team kit]]. Compared to the ''red ball'', white balls wear more quickly, generally becoming too worn for use after about 30 ''overs'' (a 50-over innings uses two white balls, usually one from each end). The white ball also provides more ''swing'', but for fewer overs, than the red ball.}}

{{term|term= Whites |content= [[Cricket whites|Whites]]}}
{{defn|defn= predominantly white or cream coloured clothing worn by players during matches with a ''red ball''. Usually consists of [[long trousers]], a short- or long-sleeved [[polo shirt]], and optionally a knitted [[jumper (sweater)|jumper]] or [[sleeveless sweater]]. Professional ''limited overs'' matches with a ''white ball'' instead use coloured uniforms, known as ''pyjamas''.}}

[[File:Cricket Stumps en.svg|thumb|Diagram of a ''wicket'' composed of ''stumps'' and ''bails'' – ball shown for scale]]
{{term|term= Wicket |content= [[Wicket]] }}
{{defn|no=1|defn= a set of ''stumps'' and ''bails''; }}
{{defn|no=2|defn= the ''pitch''; or }}
{{defn|no=3|defn= the ''dismissal'' of a ''batter''.<ref name=cric/> Numerous phrases exist using this definition, such as "throwing away one's wicket", which means to get out too easily,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/was-determined-not-to-throw-away-my-wicket-rohit-sl-tour/20171214.htm|title=Was determined not to throw away my wicket: Rohit|website=Rediff}}</ref> or "valuing/putting a price on one's wicket", which is largely the opposite<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/rahul-dravid-s-retirement-youngsters-on-the-tips-they-ve-received-from-dravid-556948|title=He taught us to value our wicket|website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>}}

{{term|term= Wicket-keeper |content= [[Wicket-keeper]] {{anchor|wicket-keeping}} }}
{{defn|defn= the player on the fielding side who stands immediately behind the ''batting end'' ''wicket''. A specialist position, used throughout the game. The wicket-keeper is the only player in the fielding side allowed to wear gloves and external leg guards, under Law 40.<ref name=ecb/>}}

{{term|term= Wicket-keeper-batter |content= [[Wicket-keeper-batter]]}}
{{defn|defn= a ''wicket-keeper'' who is also a very good ''batter'', capable of opening the batting or making good scores in the ''top order''.}}

{{term|term= Wicket maiden}}
{{defn|defn= a ''[[maiden over]]'' in which the ''bowler'' also dismisses a ''batter''. A ''double wicket maiden'' if two wickets are taken, and so on.<ref name=ecb/>}}

{{term|term= Wicket-to-wicket |content= Wicket-to-wicket (or ''stump-to-stump'') }}
{{defn|defn= an imaginary line connecting the two ''wickets'', also a style of straight, un-varied bowling.}}

{{term|term=Wickets in hand}}
{{defn|defn= The number of ''wickets'' remaining in the ''innings'' for the batting side.<ref name=milking/> For example, a team which has lost four of its ten wickets is said to 'have six wickets in hand'.}}

{{term|term= Wide |content= [[Wide (cricket)|Wide]] }}
{{defn|defn= a ''delivery'' that passes illegally wide of the ''wicket'', scoring an ''extra'' for the batting side. A wide does not count as one of the six valid deliveries that must be made in each over – an extra ball must be bowled for each wide.<ref name=cric/><ref name=ecb/>}}

{{term|term= Wisden |content= [[Wisden]] }}
{{defn|defn= [[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack]], or simply [[Wisden]], colloquially the (Yellow) Bible of Cricket, is a cricket reference book published annually since 1864 in the UK. In 1998 an Australian and in 2012 an Indian edition was launched.}}

{{term|term=Women's cricket|content=[[Women's cricket]]}}
{{defn|defn=Cricket played between teams consisting solely of women. First recorded in 1745, it was administered separately from men's cricket until 2005. There are almost no differences in the rules.}}

{{term|term= Worm}}
{{defn|defn= a plot of either the cumulative runs scored, or the progressive run rate achieved by a team (the y-axis) against the over number (x-axis) in limited-overs cricket.}}

[[File:North London CC v Paddington CC at Crouch End, Haringey, London 40.jpg|thumb|right|A ''bowler'' delivering ''wrist spin'']]
{{term|term= Wrist spin |content= [[Wrist spin]] }}
{{defn|defn= a form of ''spin bowling'' in which the ''ball'' is made to rotate by the position and/or movement of the ''bowler''{{'}}s wrist (contrast with ''finger spin''). For a right-handed bowler this produces ''[[leg spin]]'', whereas the same technique by a left-handed bowler produces ''[[left arm unorthodox spin]]''. }}

{{term|term= Wrong foot}}
{{defn|defn= when the ''bowling foot'' is the ''front foot'' the delivery is said to be bowled off the ''wrong foot''. Such a bowler is said to bowl off the wrong foot.}}

{{term|term= Wrong footed}}
{{defn|defn= when the batter is initially moving either back or forward to a delivery and then has to suddenly change which foot they use (back or front), they are said to have been wrong-footed. Usually applies to spin bowling.}}

{{term|term= Wrong 'un}}
{{defn|defn= another name for a ''googly''; most common in Australia.<ref name=cric/><ref name=bbc/>}}

{{glossary end}}

==Y==
{{glossary}}

{{term|term= Yes}}
{{defn|defn= a ''call'' by a ''batter'' to their ''partner'', indicating both should attempt a ''run''. {{cf.}} ''no'' and ''wait''. Variants of the yes call include ''push'', ''two'' and ''three''.}}

{{term|term= Yips |content= [[Yips|(The) Yips]] }}
{{defn|defn= The yips are occasionally experienced by ''bowlers'' suffering from a loss of confidence. A psychological condition whereby the ''bowler'' is unable to sufficiently relax when delivering the ''[[cricket ball|ball]]'' – often holding the ball too long before release, losing flight, turn and accuracy in the process. Bowlers have been known to suffer from the yips for as little as a few overs, up to the course of an entire season or more.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{term|term= Yorker |content= [[Yorker]] }}
{{defn|defn= a (usually fast) ''delivery'' that is pitched very close to the ''batter''. The intent is for it to pitch exactly underneath their ''bat'' or on their toes, in the ''block hole''. A perfectly pitched fast yorker is very difficult for a batter to play; however a poorly delivered yorker can turn into a ''half-volley'' (too short) or a ''full toss'' (too full).<ref name=cric/>}}

{{glossary end}}

==Z==
{{glossary}}
{{term|term= Zooter |content=Zooter or Zoota {{anchor|Zoota}} }}
{{defn|defn= a variation of the [[Flipper (cricket)|flipper]] bowled by a ''leg-break'' bowler. Typically, 'Zoots' along the ground without much bounce. This ball is possibly a myth made up by [[Shane Warne]] to create confusion amongst opposition sides.<ref name=cric/>}}

{{glossary end}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{more footnotes needed|date=February 2020}}
{{commons|cricket}}
{{Portal|Cricket}}
'''Printed sources:'''
* {{cite book |first=Rob |last=Eastaway |author-link=Rob Eastaway |title=What is a Googly? |publisher=[[Robson Books]] |year=1992 |edition=first}}
* Booth, Lawrence ''Arm-ball to Zooter. A sideways look at the language of cricket'', pub. 2006, Penguin. {{ISBN|0-14-051581-X}}
* {{cite book |last=Moore |first=Dudley |year=1988 |title=The History of Kent County Cricket Club |publisher=Christopher Helm |location=London |isbn=978-07-47022-09-1}}
* Rundell, Michael ''The Wisden Dictionary of Cricket'', Third edition, A & C Black, London, 2006. {{ISBN|0-7136-7915-8}}
* Piesse, Ken ''the Extraordinary Book of Australian Cricket'', Penguin, Australia.

'''Websites:'''
* [http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/239756.html ''A glossary of cricket terms''] from [[CricInfo]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080528033119/http://static.ecb.co.uk/files/teacher-task-cards-glossary-of-cricket-terms-817.pdf ''Glossary of cricket terms''] from the [[England and Wales Cricket Board]]
* [https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/skills/6100344.stm Cricket Academy – Glossary] from [[BBC News]]
* [http://static.cricinfo.com/db/ABOUT_CRICKET/fielding-positions.pdf "fielding positions"] from CricInfo
{{compact ToC|top=yes|notesfirst=yes|refs=yes}}

{{Glossaries of sports}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Glossary of Cricket Terms}}
[[Category:Cricket]]
[[Category:Cricket-related lists|Terms]]
[[Category:Cricket terminology| ]]
[[Category:Glossaries of sports|Cricket]]
[[Category:Bharatpedia glossaries using description lists]]

God on the Balcony

2026-01-26T08:16:21Z

Agamx: Creating new post

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image =
| director = Biswajeet Bora
| writer = Biswajeet Bora
| producer = Noorul Sultan
| starring = Harish Khanna Pranami Bora Porinandhi Jima Sultana
| cinematography = Sitanshu Khamari
| editing = [[Biswajeet Bora]]
| music = Vishal Khatri
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2020|10|07|Kolkata|ref1=}}
| runtime = 89 minutes
| country = India
| language = Assamese
| budget = 10,000,000
}}
'''''God on the Balcony''''' (Balconit Bhogawan) is an [[Assamese film]] written and directed by [[Biswajeet Bora]] and produced by Maina Productions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=film detail – NYIFF – New York Indian Film Festival |url=https://www.nyiff.us/film-detail/ |access-date=2022-12-26 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=God On The Balcony Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/assamese/movie-details/god-on-the-balcony/movieshow/94621310.cms |access-date=2022-12-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Shilpa |date=2021-06-24 |title=Biswajeet Bora's 'God on The Balcony' to be screened at Stuttgart Film Festival |url=http://www.eastmojo.com/entertainment/2021/06/24/biswajeet-boras-god-on-the-balcony-to-be-screened-at-stuttgart-film-festival/ |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pune International Film Festival |url=https://www.piffindia.com/god-on-the-balcony.php |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=www.piffindia.com}}</ref>

== Plot summary ==
In a far-off Assamese village, the movie is set. Farmer Khagen, his wife Numali, and their daughter Kuwali are central figures in the story. Unfortunately, Numali perishes after being fatally crushed by wild elephants. In the hospital, where Khagen transports her, she passes away. The narrative details his arduous efforts to ride his bicycle, while an ambulance was unavailable, to transport his wife's body from the hospital back to their home. The two reporters he encounters on his journey into the narrow streets carrying the body and his young daughter become embroiled in an entirely different conflict as a result.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |title=In Assamese film 'God on the Balcony', a snapshot of death caused by governmental apathy |url=https://scroll.in/reel/993207/in-assamese-film-god-on-the-balcony-a-snapshot-of-death-caused-by-governmental-apathy |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Korkmaz |first=Joseph |date=2021-07-10 |title=God on the Balcony: A review by Lebanon-based critic Joseph Korkmaz |url=https://thenewsmill.com/2021/07/god-on-the-balcony-film-review-joseph-korkmaz/,%20https://thenewsmill.com/2021/07/god-on-the-balcony-film-review-joseph-korkmaz/ |access-date=2022-12-26 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=God on the Balcony |url=https://asianfilmfestival.barcelona/2021/film-item/god-on-the-balcony/ |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=Asian Film Festival Barcelona |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=God On The Balcony {{!}} Annual DC South Asian Film Festival 2021 |url=https://watch.eventive.org/dcsaff/play/61e300ded6f4cd00a91853ea |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=watch.eventive.org |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* [[Pranami Bora]] as Numali
* Suneet Bora as Pranav
* Binod Lal Das as MLA's Assistant
* [[Harish Khanna (actor)|Harish Khanna]] as Khagen
* Rajib Kro as Watchman
* Arun Hazarika as Minister
* Eva Mahanta as Jeena
* Porinandhi Jima Sultana as Kuwali

== Production ==
The movie is set in the [[Majuli district]] of [[Assam]], where the infrastructure is appalling.<ref name=":1" /> With a genuine, flesh-and-blood approach, Harish Khanna gives Khagen Das more depth as a character. The movie stands out for its lengthy silences and few speeches. This explains why Harish's performance was so flawless. The lighting and cinematography in Khagen's home, where Numali prepares meals using an indigenous bottle topped with a lit cotton wick, contrasts sharply with the brightly lit and garishly colored frames of the Ras Mela, which are accompanied by traditional folk theatre, music, and dances. The transition between different settings, eras, and moods is skillfully done without jerks at any point in the editing. The music in this songless film is nearly entirely minimalist, focusing on a single thematic musical stroke that imbues the entire journey the father and daughter take with a lyrical tone of loss and sadness.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

According to [[Biswajeet Bora|Bora]], the movie is based on a newspaper article on an identical incident that happened in [[Odisha]]. He said, "I kept the news inside my heart for a long time because it disturbed me." [[Biswajeet Bora|Bora]] compared [[Odisha]] to the rural [[Assam]] where he had grown up.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prime Video Releases a New Session of 'Maitri: Female First Collective' |url=https://scroll.in/bulletins/324/prime-video-releases-a-new-session-of-maitri-female-first-collective |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Result
!Recipient
!Ref
|-
|2020
|26th [[Kolkata International Film Festival]]
|Best Director
|{{Yes|Winner}}
|[[Biswajeet Bora]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of 2020 - Kolkata International Film Festival |url=https://kiff.in/archive/2020/winners |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=kiff.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=2021-01-16 |title=26th KIFF comes to an end |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/kolkata/26th-kiff-comes-end-1502946736.html |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=The Statesman |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Priyanka Dasgupta|date=16 Jan 2021 |title=Curtains down on 26th KIFF with awards {{!}} Kolkata News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/curtains-down-on-26th-kiff-with-awards/articleshow/80292413.cms |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|12th [[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]]
|Best Director
|{{No|Nominated}}
|[[Biswajeet Bora]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=Pratidin |title=Assamese Film 'God on The Balcony' Bags 3 Nominations at IFF of Melbourne |url=https://www.pratidintime.com/entertainment/assamese-film-god-on-the-balcony-bags-3-nominations-at-iff-of-melbourne |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=Pratidin Time |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=NE NOW |date=2021-08-06 |title=Assamese film 'God on the Balcony' bags three nominations at Indian Film Festival of Melbourne |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/assamese-film-god-on-the-balcony-bags-three-nominations-at-indian-film-festival-of-melbourne.html |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=NORTHEAST NOW |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Webdesk |first=Time8 |date=2021-08-06 |title='God on the Balcony' gets 3 nominations at 12th Indian Film Festival |url=https://www.time8.in/god-on-the-balcony-gets-3-nominations-at-12th-indian-film-festival-of-melbourne/ |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=TIME8 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=systems |first=optima |date=2021-08-06 |title=Assamese film 'God On The Balcony' bags 3 nominations at IFF of Melbourne. |url=https://www.explorevalley.in/assamese-film-god-on-the-balcony-bags-3-nominations-at-iff-of-melbourne |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=Explore Valley Media |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|13th [[Bengaluru International Film Festival]]
|Best Asian Film 2020
|{{Yes|Winner}}
|[[Biswajeet Bora]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-12 |title=Iran's "Absence", "Two Dogs" honored at Bengaluru Intl. Film Festival |url=https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/470965/Iran-s-Absence-Two-Dogs-honored-at-Bengaluru-Intl-Film |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=Tehran Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Awards :: Bengaluru International Film Festival - BIFFES |url=https://biffes.org/awards.php |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=biffes.org |archive-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226122857/https://biffes.org/awards.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Social thriller 'Pinki Elli' extends dream run as BIFFes comes to an end |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/top-karnataka-stories/social-thriller-pinki-elli-extends-dream-run-as-biffes-comes-to-an-end-1090193.html |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru International Film Festival - BIFFES |url=https://biffes.org/movie-details.php?mid=MTcy |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=biffes.org |language=en |archive-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226122900/https://biffes.org/movie-details.php?mid=MTcy |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|2021
|10th Washington DC South Asian Film Festival
|Best Actor Male Feature Film
|{{Yes|Winner}}
|[[Harish Khanna (actor)|Harish Khanna]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pilibhit, Rattai Jadai, Awakash win big at DCSAFF 2022 |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2022/feb/10/33206/pilibhit-rattai-jadai-awakash-win-big-at-dcsaff-2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211070907/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2022/feb/10/33206/pilibhit-rattai-jadai-awakash-win-big-at-dcsaff-2022 |url-status=live |archive-date=11 February 2022 |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-29 |title=‘God On The Balcony’ Bags Best Asian Film 2020 Award At BIFF '22 - The Hills Times |url=https://thehillstimes.in/featured/god-on-the-balcony-bags-best-asian-film-2020-award-at-biff-22 |access-date=2022-12-26 |language=en-US |archive-date=2 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602121007/https://thehillstimes.in/featured/god-on-the-balcony-bags-best-asian-film-2020-award-at-biff-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|}

== Reception ==

* There are some flaws in ''God on the Balcony''. In the initial section of the story, where linearity is unnecessarily compromised, the editing is confused. The production clearly demonstrates the paucity of resources. It was vital to include some breathtaking sequences, particularly the one where Numali gets hurt. The cell phone that is meant to be inoperable is still ringing even though the two journalists fell into the river, lost their cameras, and struggled to exit the water.<ref name=":0" />
* God on the Balcony, an Assamese movie that depicts government indifference, will be presented at international film festivals.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=NE NOW |date=2021-04-25 |title=Assamese film 'God on the Balcony' portraying government apathy to be screened in international film festivals |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/assamese-film-god-on-the-balcony-portraying-government-apathy-to-be-screened-in-international-film-festivals.html |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=NORTHEAST NOW |language=en-US}}</ref>
* The real-life tale of the impoverished Dana Majhi from [[Odisha]], who was forced to carry the body of his wife on his shoulders for over ten kilometers because the government did not care, served as the basis for [[Biswajeet Bora]]'s Assamese film ''God on the Balcony''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=Pratidin |title='God On The Balcony' Selected For Shanghai Film Festival |url=https://www.pratidintime.com/latest-assam-news-breaking-news-assam/god-on-the-balcony-selected-for-shanghai-film-festival |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=Pratidin Time |language=en}}</ref> The critically acclaimed picture was screened at the recently concluded [[Dhaka International Film Festival]] in January 2021 and earned [[Biswajeet Bora|Bora]] the Best Director Award in the Indian Language Films category at the [[26th Kolkata International Film Festival]]. This month, it will be shown as a part of the Indian Cinema Now segment of the [[International Film Festival of Kerala]], and later this year, in May, it will be shown at the Imagine India International Film Festival in Madrid, [[Spain]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

== References ==
{{reflist|}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt13599570}}

[[Category:2020s Assamese-language films]]
[[Category:2020 Indian films]]

Government Engineering College, Sheohar

2026-01-19T13:28:11Z

Agamx: Article updated with improved flow

{{Short description|Engineering college in Bihar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox university
| image = Government Engineering College, Sheohar Logo.jpeg
| established = {{start date and age|2019}}
| type = Public
| affiliation = [[Bihar Engineering University]]
| principal = Prof. (Dr.)Keshavendra Choudhary <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dst.bih.nic.in/ListOfOfficers.aspx|title=Department of Science & Technology :: List of Principal, Engineering College|website=dst.bih.nic.in|access-date=2020-02-08}}</ref>
| language = [[English language|English]] & [[Hindi]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.gecsheohar.ac.in/}}
}}
'''Government Engineering College, Sheohar''' is a government engineering college in [[Sheohar district]] of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.careers360.com/colleges/government-engineering-college-sheohar |title=Government Engineering College, Sheohar |website=www.careers360.com |language=en |access-date=2020-02-08}}</ref> It was established in the year 2019 under [[Department of Science and Technology, Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Science,Technology and Technical Education :: List of officers |url=https://state.bihar.gov.in/dst/SectionInformation.html?editForm&rowId=1380 |access-date=2020-02-08 |website=dst.bih.nic.in}}</ref> It is affiliated with [[Bihar Engineering University]] and approved by [[All India Council for Technical Education]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://akubihar.ac.in/Colleges/Engineering.aspx|title=List of Engineering Colleges under AKU|website=akubihar.ac.in|access-date=2020-02-08}}</ref>

== Admission ==
Admission in the college for four years [[Bachelor of Technology]] course is made through [[Bihar Combined Entrance Competitive Examination Board#UGEAC|UGEAC]] conducted by [[Bihar Combined Entrance Competitive Examination Board]]. To apply for [[Bihar Combined Entrance Competitive Examination Board#UGEAC|UGEAC]], appearing in [[JEE Main]] of that admission year is required along with other eligibility criteria.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bceceboard.bihar.gov.in/UGEACexIndex.php|title=Bihar Combined Entrance Competitive Examination Board (BCECEB).|website=bceceboard.bihar.gov.in|access-date=2020-02-08}}</ref>

== Departments ==

College have five branches in [[Bachelor of Technology]] course with an annual intake of 60 students in each branch.

# [[Civil Engineering]]
# [[Mechanical Engineering]]
# [[Electrical Engineering]]
# [[Electronics & Communication Engineering]]
# [[Computer Science and Engineering]](Data Science)
# Civil Engineering with Computer Application

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://bceceboard.bihar.gov.in/ BCECE Board website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124116/https://bceceboard.bihar.gov.in/ |date=9 February 2019 }}
* [[Bihar Engineering University|Bihar Engineering University website]]
* [https://state.bihar.gov.in/dst/CitizenHome.html DSTTE, Bihar website]

{{Aryabhatta Knowledge University}}
{{Engineering Colleges in Bihar}}

[[Category:Engineering colleges in Bihar]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Aryabhatta Knowledge University]]
[[Category:2019 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2019]]

Mohammed Abdul Qadeer

2026-01-04T20:15:37Z

Agamx: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Short description|Indian police constable and murderer}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=February 2020}}
{{Disputed|date=February 2020}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
'''Abdul Qadeer''' was a [[Indian Police Service|police]] [[Constable#India|constable]] from Hyderabad, Telangana, India,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/ACP-Sattiah-murder-case-Abdul-Qadeers-wife-sues-govt-for-illegal-detention/articleshow/19051699.cms |title=ACP Sattiah murder case: Abdul Qadeer's wife sues govt for 'illegal detention' |website=The Times of India |date=2013-03-19 |accessdate=2016-03-31}}</ref> who was given a life sentence after being convicted of killing another police officer ACP Sattaiah during the [[Babri Masjid demolition]] riots in 1992. As reported in ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' in 2017, "He had shot dead Assistant Commissioner of Police Sattaiah at Chhatrinaka police station of the old city from his service weapon, during the peak of communal riots, in which 200 people were killed. The incident took place on 8 December 1990. Two years later, a court had found Abdul Qadeer guilty of murder and sentenced him to life imprisonment."{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}

Many Muslim organisations appealed for his release on health grounds – one of his legs had been amputated during his imprisonment as a consequence of diabetes – but their pleas were initially rejected by various governments.{{Which|date=February 2020}} He was finally released from jail on parole on 30 March 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.siasat.com/news/ex-constable-abdul-qadeer-finally-released-939169/ |title=Ex-Constable Abdul Qadeer finally released |publisher=Siasat.com |date=2016-03-23 |accessdate=2016-03-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140727/nation-crime/article/acp-killer-cop-gets-one-month-parole |title=Police constable who killed ACP gets one-month parole |website=Deccan Chronicle |date= 27 July 2014|access-date=2016-03-31}}</ref> He died due to ill-health on 15 September 2017, and his funeral was prayed at [[Makkah Masjid, Hyderabad|Makkah Masjid]] of Hyderabad.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Qadeer, Mohammed Abdul}}
[[Category:20th-century births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian police officers]]
[[Category:People convicted of murder by India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Indian people convicted of murder]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of India]]
[[Category:People from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Ayodhya dispute]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian murderers]]

Moslehuddin Ahmed

2025-12-26T08:35:05Z

Agamx: put up new article

{{Short description|West Bengal politician}}
{{Other uses|Muslih ud-Din (disambiguation){{!}}Muslih ud-Din}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Moslehuddin Ahmed
| office = Member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1982
| term_end = 1987
| predecessor = [[Ahindra Sarkar]]
| successor = [[Minati Ghosh]]
| constituency = [[Gangarampur Assembly constituency|Gangarampur]]
| term_start1 = 1971
| term_end1 = 1977
| predecessor1 = Ahindra Sarkar
| successor1 = Ahindra Sarkar
| constituency1 = Gangarampur
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[West Dinajpur district|Dinajpur district]], [[Bengal Presidency]]
| death_place =
| death_date =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] [[Indian Congress (Socialist)]]
| alma_mater =
| relatives =
| education =
}}
'''Moslehuddin Ahmed''' was an Indian politician belonging to the [[Indian National Congress]]. He was a three-time MLA for [[Gangarampur Assembly constituency|Gangarampur]] at the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]].

==Career==
Ahmed successfully contested in the [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] where he ran as a [[Communist Party of India]] candidate for [[Gangarampur Assembly constituency]], defeating former MLA and Communist politician Ahindra Sarker.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/1971/gangarampur/|title=Gangarampur, 1971|website=Latestly|access-date=3 July 2023}}</ref> He contested in the [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] where he regained his seat after defeating Sarker once again.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/1972/gangarampur/|title=Gangarampur, 1972|website=Latestly|access-date=3 July 2023}}</ref> Ahmed lost to Sarker at the [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/1969/gangarampur/|title=Gangarampur, 1969|website=Latestly|access-date=3 July 2023}}</ref> Ahmed contested in the [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] where he ran as an [[Indian Congress (Socialist)]] candidate, defeating Marxist politician Arabinda Chakraborty.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/1982/gangarampur/|title=Gangarampur, 1982|website=Latestly|access-date=3 July 2023}}</ref> He returned to the Indian National Congress at the [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] but lost in this election.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/1982/gangarampur/|title=Gangarampur, 1982|website=Latestly|access-date=3 July 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmed, Moslehuddin}}
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1971–1972]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1972–1977]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1982–1987]]
[[Category:People from Dakshin Dinajpur district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Bengali Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian Congress (Socialist) politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{WestBengal-INC-politician-stub}}

Sapat

2025-12-21T16:02:39Z

Agamx: put up a article

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=December 2025}}
{{Notability|1=Companies|date=December 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}

[[File:Sapat Logo.png|thumb|Sapat Logo]]
'''Sapat Group''', also known as Sapat, is a diversified corporate conglomerate headquartered in [[Mumbai]], [[India]].

==History==
Sapat was established in the year 1897 by Mr. Ramashankar Haribhai Joshi. Its products include Tea, [[Over-the-counter drug|OTC drug]]s and [[personal care]] products. It started with Sapat Lotion, its first OTC product followed by a foray into the [[tea]] industry, resulting in the introduction of Sapat Chai, Sapat is ranked among the top 10 packaged tea companies in India.<ref>Top 10-packaged tea Companies in India {{cite web |title=Fnbnews|date = 13 January 2007|url=http://www.fnbnews.com/New-Launches/ChaiTime-for-Chai-Lovers-Worldwide}}</ref><ref>Top 10 Best Tea Brands in India 2016 {{cite web |title=Companies In India|url=http://companiesinindia.net/brands/tea.html}}</ref>

Sapat introduces Parivar Chai. The company made headlines in the marketing community through the use of the youth called CAs (communication agents), who played the role of brand ambassadors in their villages.<ref>Played the role of brand ambassadors {{cite web |title=Business Standard|date = 27 September 2005|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/management/tea-with-your-family-105092701022_1.html}}</ref> This made Sapat one of the fastest growing tea brands in India.

The Company decided to foray into real-estate and organized retail. Sapat fresh loose tea stores were opened up, by expanding the business through [[franchising]]. Sapat sets up to expand its tea brands with a new look to Parivar Chai and a significant expansion of distribution.{{citation needed|date=December 2025}}

Sapat launches ChaiTime, a range of Indian flavored teas in association with Chef [[Sanjeev Kapoor]].<ref name=business-standard>{{cite news|title=Launched Chai Time|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/sapat-open-to-tea-brand-buyouts-107011201092_1.html|work=business-standard|date=12 January 2007}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies established in 1897]]
[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Food and drink companies of India]]
[[Category:Food and drink companies established in 1897]]
[[Category:1897 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Conglomerate companies established in 1897]]

Lower Oshiwara metro station

2025-12-17T16:18:56Z

Agamx: put up a data...

{{Short description|Mumbai Metro's Yellow Line 2A metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Lower Oshiwara
| native_name = {{white|{{nobold|लोअर ओशिवरा}}}}
| style = Mumbai Metro
| style2 = Yellow
| image =
| image_upright = 1.3
| image_caption =
| address = Veera Desai Industrial Estate, Jogeshwari West, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400047
| coordinates = {{coord|19.1406979|N|72.8317139|E|region:IN|format=dms|display=inline, title}}
| owned = [[File:MMRDA logo cropped.svg|22px]] [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]]
| operator = {{rint|Mumbai|m}} Maha Mumbai Metro Operation Corporation Ltd.
| other = {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|6|xroute}} ''(Under-construction)''
| structure = [[Elevated]]
| line = {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|2A|croute}}
| platform = 2 [[side platforms]]
| depth =
| tracks =
| parking = No
| bicycle =
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|2023|January|19}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified =
| accessible =

| code = '''216'''
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjstn|system=Mumbai Metro|line=2A|right=Oshiwara|left=Andheri (West)}}
| route_map = {{MM Line 2}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Mumbai Metro|Line 2}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Lower Oshiwara''' is an elevated metro station on the North-South corridor of the [[Line 2 (Mumbai Metro)|Yellow Line 2A]] of [[Mumbai Metro]] in [[Mumbai]], India. This station is located in [[Jogeshwari|Jogeshwari West]], Mumbai. This station is owned by the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (MMRDA), and was inaugurated on 19 January 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai Metro: Line 2A, Line 7 launched, check routes, station details here |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-metro-line-2a-line-7-launches-check-routes-station-details-here-3018021 |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-19 |title=Mumbai Metro: These 2 lines to get operational today. Check route, other details |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/mumbai-metro-rail-lines-2a-7-to-get-operational-today-check-route-other-details-11674107578757.html |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-20 |title=Mumbai Metro's 2A & 7 Lines to Cover Andheri to Dahisar in Just 75 Minutes {{!}} Know Fare, Routes as Ops Begin Today |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/mumbai-metros-2a-7-lines-to-cover-andheri-to-dahisar-in-just-75-minutes-know-fare-routes-as-ops-begin-today-6877861.html |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
Trial runs on section 2A from [[Dahanukarwadi metro station|Dahanukarwadi]] to Dahisar East has started from 31 May 2021. Dahisar East commercial operations began on 3 April 2022 with the First phase of [[Line 2 (Mumbai Metro)|line 2A]].

== Station layout ==
{| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;vertical-align:top;border-top:solid 1px gray;" rowspan=4;|'''2nd Floor'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]] {{access icon}}}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 height=45|'''Platform 1'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=390| {{0|→}} towards {{ltl|Mumbai Metro|line 2A|Right}} {{small|([[Oshiwara metro station|Oshiwara]])}} →
|-
| height=45|'''Platform 2'''
| ← towards {{ltl|Mumbai Metro|line 2A|Left}} {{small|(terminus)}}
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]] {{access icon}}}}
|-
|style="vertical-align:top"|'''1st Floor'''
|style="vertical-align:top"|Mezzanine
|style="vertical-align:top"|Fare control, station agent, Metro QR ticket vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=50 |'''Ground'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=100 |Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=420 |Exit/Entrance
|}

=== Power and signaling system ===
Like all other stations and railways of [[Mumbai Metro|Mumbai metro]], Lower Oshiwara station also uses 25,000 volt AC power system by [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]] to operate the trains.

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Mumbai Metro navbox|line 2=yes}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2023]]
[[Category:Mumbai Metro stations]]

Punjabi Malaysians

2025-12-05T15:12:57Z

Agamx: started basic post w/ infobox!

{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Punjabi Malaysians
| image = Kids coloring activity organised by Gurdwara Sahib Jelapang.jpg
| caption = A group of local Punjabi kids in [[Ipoh]], [[Perak]]
| pop = 100,000 (2010)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/malaysian-punjabi-party-gets-first-woman-president-416922|title=Malaysian Punjabi party gets first woman president|website=ndtv.com|access-date=25 March 2024}}</ref>
| popplace = [[Peninsular Malaysia]]
| langs = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] {{·}}[[Malaysian Malay|Malay]]{{·}} [[Malaysian English|English]]{{·}} [[Malaysian Tamil|Tamil]]
| rels = [[Sikhism]]{{·}} [[Islam]]{{·}} [[Hinduism]]{{·}} [[Christianity]]
| related = [[Malaysian Indians]]{{·}} [[Pakistanis in Malaysia|Malaysian Pakistanis]]
| native_name = {{lang|pa|Panjābī Malā'iśiyā'ī}} 
| footnotes =
}}
{{Punjabis}}
'''Punjabi Malaysians''' are people of full or partial [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] descent who were born in or immigrated to [[Malaysia]]. Originating from the [[Punjab]] region of present-day [[India]] and [[Pakistan]], Punjabi immigration to Malaysia began in the 19th century from what was then [[British Raj|British India]] to [[British Malaya]].<ref name="Sandhu">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TeExjdWUmJYC&pg=PA161|title=Indian Communities in Southeast Asia|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|pages=161–162, 581|first1=
K. S.|last1=Sandhu|first2=A.|last2=Mani|date=2006|isbn=9789812304186}}</ref> The Punjabi Malaysian community today numbers over 100,000 – the majority of whom are [[Punjabi Sikhs|Sikhs]], although there are also sizeable [[Punjabi Muslims|Muslim]], [[Punjabi Hindus|Hindu]] and [[Punjabi Christians|Christian]] minorities.<ref name="MM">{{cite news|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2018/04/29/vaisakhi-festivities-showcase-sikh-communitys-vibrancy/1625376|title=Vaisakhi festivities showcase Sikh community's vibrancy|work=Malay Mail|date=29 April 2018|access-date=22 November 2023|first=Jordan|last=Barnes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528004634/https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2018/04/29/vaisakhi-festivities-showcase-sikh-communitys-vibrancy/1625376|archive-date=28 May 2023|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Sandhu"/><ref name="Meddegoda">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=21gkDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA74|title=Hindustani Traces in Malay Ghazal|first1=Gisa|last1=Jähnichen|first2=Chinthaka Prageeth|last2=Meddegoda|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|date=2016|isbn=9781443899987|pages=74–76}}</ref> They form the largest [[Punjabi diaspora]] group in [[Southeast Asia]], while within Malaysia, Punjabis are the fourth largest ethnicity of [[Malaysian Indians|Indian]] or South Asian descent after the [[Tamil Malaysians|Tamils]], [[Malaysian Malayalees|Malayalis]] and [[Malaysian Telugus|Telugus]].<ref name="Sandhu"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sikhnet.com/news/gurdwara-trail-malaysia-spiritual-experience|title=On the Gurdwara Trail in Malaysia: A Spiritual Experience|work=Sikh Net|date=20 January 2023|access-date=22 November 2023}}</ref>

==Demographics==
Punjabis were brought to Malaysia in the mid-19th century, when both the [[Indian subcontinent]] and Malaysia were under British colonial rule. The earliest Punjabi arrivals included political prisoners from British India, as well as those recruited by the British to serve in the paramilitary and police forces in both [[Peninsular Malaysia|Peninsular]] and [[East Malaysia]], owing to their characterisation as a [[martial race]]. They were primarily men and largely composed of Sikhs, who established the foundations of [[Sikhism in Malaysia]].<ref name="Bedi">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B65oAQAACAAJ|title=The Earliest Arrival of Sikhs in Malaya|first=Rajindar Singh|last=Bedi|year=2001|access-date=22 November 2023|archiveurl=https://www.penangstory.net.my/indian-content-paperrajindar.html|archive-date=22 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://asiasamachar.com/2017/06/10/sikh-migration-to-peninsular-malaysia-part-1/|title=Sikh migration to Peninsular Malaysia – Part 1|work=Asia Samachar|date=10 June 2017|access-date=22 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="Malhi"/> Upon the completion of their service, many of these Punjabis returned to the subcontinent. Amongst the men who remained, those who were Muslims married local women and integrated into [[Malaysian Malays|Malay]] society.<ref name="Sandhu"/> With the expansion of the community, the second wave of Punjabi settlers included farmers, merchants, tradespeople, hawkers and those in the transportation business.<ref name="Bedi"/>

In the [[Census in Malaysia|census]] of 1947, the Punjabi population in Malaysia numbered 30,592 – constituting by far the largest ethnicity from the northern part of the subcontinent settled in Malaysia.<ref name="Sandhu"/> During the 1990s, they numbered anywhere from 30,000 to 60,000 individuals.<ref name="Cohen">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgesurveyo00robi|url-access=registration|title=The Cambridge Survey of World Migration|first=Robin|last=Cohen|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1995|page=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgesurveyo00robi/page/70 70]|isbn=9780521444057}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of Malaysia |publisher=Scarecrow Press|first=Amarjit|last=Kaur|year=1993|isbn=9780810826298|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G226AAAAIAAJ}}</ref> Today, their population is considered to approach or be well in excess of 100,000.<ref name="Malhi">{{cite news|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/columns/598203|title=Outsized contributions of Malaysian Sikhs|work=Malaysiakini|date=7 November 2021|access-date=22 November 2023|first=Ranjit Singh|last=Malhi}}</ref><ref name="MM"/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L38_jNlkADAC&pg=PA252|title=The Sustainability of the Translation Field|page=252|first=Hasuria Che|last=Omar|publisher=ITBM|year=2009|isbn=9789834217969}}</ref> Punjabis are considered well-represented in multiple spheres of Malaysia's economy, in particular as professionals, in the academia and civil service, and in the mercantile and money-lending business.<ref name="Malhi"/><ref name="Sandhu"/> The [[Punjabi Party of Malaysia]] (PPM) was founded in 1986 and formally registered in 2003 to advance the political interests of the Malaysian Punjabi, and in particular, Sikh community.<ref>{{cite news|title=Parti Punjabi seeks members|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-82779503.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611075029/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-82779503.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 June 2014|work=[[New Straits Times]]|publisher=The New Straits Times Press (M) Berhad|date=5 October 2003|access-date=24 June 2008}}</ref>

The regions with the largest concentration of Malaysian Punjabis include the [[Klang Valley]], [[Perak]] and [[Penang]].<ref name="MM"/><ref name="Bedi"/>

==Notable people==
{{div col}}
* [[Mohinder Singh Amar]], field hockey player
* [[Melinder Bhullar]], model
* [[Jagjit Singh Chet]], field hockey player
* [[Gobind Singh Deo]], politician
* [[Jagdeep Singh Deo]], politician
* [[Satwant Singh Dhaliwal]], biologist
* [[Faezah Elai]], actress
* [[Avtar Singh Gill]], field hockey player
* [[Ranjit Singh Gurdit]], field hockey player
* [[Kiran Jassal]], model
* [[Anita Raj Kaur]], badminton player
* [[Sukhvinderjeet Singh Kulwant]], field hockey player
* [[Sarjit Singh Kyndan]], field hockey player
* [[Maninderjit Singh Magmar]], field hockey player
* [[K. S. Nijhar]], politician
* [[Aphthar Singh Piara]], field hockey player
* [[Nauraj Singh Randhawa]], athlete
* [[B. S. Rajhans]], film director
* [[Harinder Singh Sekhon]], sportsman
* [[Harnahal Singh Sewa]], field hockey player
* [[Kavita Sidhu]], model
* [[Nashatar Singh Sidhu]], javelin thrower
* [[Tara Singh Sindhu]], field hockey player
* [[Baljit Singh (field hockey, born 1986)|Baljit Singh (b. 1986)]], field hockey player
* [[Baljit Singh (field hockey, born 1987)|Baljit Singh (b. 1987)]], field hockey player
* [[Baljit Singh Jigiri Singh]], politician
* [[Gian Singh (field hockey)|Gian Singh]], field hockey player
* [[Jagdish Singh (badminton)|Jagdish Singh]], badminton player
* [[Kalwant Singh (drug trafficker)|Kalwant Singh]], drug trafficker
* [[Karamjit Singh]], rally driver
* [[Karpal Singh]], politician and lawyer
* [[Keshvinder Singh]], politician
* [[Lall Singh]], Test cricketer
* [[Manrick Singh]], cricketer
* [[Pavandeep Singh]], cricketer
* [[Ramkarpal Singh]], politician
* [[Sanjay Singh (squash player)|Sanjay Singh]], squash player
* [[Santokh Singh]], football player
* [[Savinder Singh]], field hockey player
* [[Shebby Singh]], football player
* [[Suresh Singh]], cricketer
* [[Virandeep Singh]], cricketer
* [[Sanjna Suri]], model
* [[Kuldip Singh Uijeer]], field hockey player
* [[Ghulam-Sarwar Yousof]], academic
{{div col end}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Malaysia|Punjab}}
* [[Malaysian Indians]]
* [[Pakistanis in Malaysia]]
* [[Sikhism in Malaysia]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Punjabi diaspora}}
{{Indians in Malaysia}}
{{Indian diaspora}}
{{Overseas Pakistani}}
{{Ethnic groups in Malaysia}}

[[Category:Punjabi diaspora in Malaysia|*]]
[[Category:Punjabi diaspora by country|Malaysia]]

Maya Neelakantan

2025-11-06T03:20:55Z

Agamx: put up new entry...

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| background = non_vocal_instrumentalist
| name = Maya Neelakantan
| image = Maya Neelakantan.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2013|05|04|df=y}}
| birth_place = Chennai, India
| genre = Carnatic, Heavy Metal, Rock, World fusion
| occupation = Musician
| instrument = Guitar
| years_active =
| label =
| website =
| associated_acts =
}}

'''Maya Neelakantan''' (born 4 May 2013<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=Kothari |first=Sonu M. |date=2024-07-09 |title=Rythms [''sic''] of a 'Rock goddess' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2024/Jul/09/rythms-of-a-rock-goddess |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Matt |first=Parker |date=2022-06-10 |title=Watch 9-year-old guitarist Maya Neelakantan tackle Tool's 16-minute epic, 7empest |url=https://www.guitarworld.com/news/9-year-old-covers-tool-7empest |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=Guitar World |language=en}}</ref>) is an Indian music [[Child prodigy|prodigy]] and guitarist from Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Playing [[heavy metal music]] since six years of age and also learning [[Carnatic music]] from nine years of age,<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |last=PTI |title=I want to create a genre of my own: Guitar prodigy Maya Neelakantan |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/i-want-to-create-a-genre-of-my-own-guitar-prodigy-maya-neelakantan-3099730 |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> she auditioned at the [[America's Got Talent season 19|''America's Got Talent'' season 19]] in April 2024.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Baruah |first=Akashdeep |date=2024-07-08 |title=Amul pays tribute to 'Rock Goddess' Maya Neelakantan - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/amul-tribute-rock-goddess-maya-neelakantan-americas-got-talent-papa-roach-last-resort-19439882.htm |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=2024-07-10 |title=I want to create a genre of my own: Guitar prodigy Maya Neelakantan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/i-want-to-create-a-genre-of-my-own-guitar-prodigy-maya-neelakantan/articleshow/111627721.cms |access-date=2024-07-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Her performance, an instrumental fusion of Carnatic intro and the heavy metal song "[[Last Resort (song)|Last Resort]]" by [[Papa Roach]], became a sensational hit.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Segarra |first=Edward |date=2024-06-26 |title=Simon Cowell raves over 10-year-old's heavy metal performance on 'America's Got Talent': Watch |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/tv/2024/06/26/americas-got-talent-simon-cowell-heavy-metal-audition-maya/74222159007/ |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Khurana |first=Suanshu |date=2024-07-04 |title=Meet 11-yr-old 'Rock goddess' who floored America's Got Talent |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/meet-11-yr-old-rock-goddess-maya-neelakantan-who-floored-americas-got-talent-9431547/ |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> For her guitar prowess, [[Simon Cowell]] called her the "rock goddess."<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |last=PA |first=Aneesa |date=2024-07-07 |title=11-year-old Tamil 'rock goddess' wows America with Carnatic guitar and a headbang |url=https://theprint.in/feature/11-year-old-tamil-rock-goddess-wows-america-with-carnatic-guitar-and-a-headbang/2164038/ |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-01 |title=For Anand Mahindra, This 10-Year-Old America's Got Talent Contestant Is 'Rock Goddess' |url=https://www.news18.com/viral/for-anand-mahindra-this-10-year-old-americas-got-talent-contestant-is-rock-goddess-8950399.html |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-01 |title=Who is Maya Neelakantan? 11-year-old Chennai-based 'rock goddess' stole the show at 'America's Got Talent' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/who-is-maya-neelakantan-11-year-old-chennai-based-rock-goddess-stole-the-show-at-americas-got-talent-3087554 |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Playing [[Metallica]]'s "[[Master of Puppets (song)|Master of Puppets]]" at the quarterfinals, she could not make it to the next round.<ref name=":20">{{Cite web |last=Cohn |first=Paulette |date=2024-08-28 |title=Find Out Who Went Home on 'America's Got Talent' Tonight |url=https://parade.com/tv/americas-got-talent-2024-results-live-shows-eliminations-tonight-night-3 |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Parade |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
Neelakantan was born in MRC Nagar, Raja Annamalai Puram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Baruah |first=Akashdeep |date=2024-07-06 |title=Maya Neelakantan: The making of a 11-year-old 'Rock Goddess' |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/maya-neelakantan-the-making-of-a-11-year-old-rock-goddess-19438935.htm |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref> Her father runs an [[IT company]], and her mother, Lorina, is an Australian entrepreneur. Her parents met in Australia where her father studied [[astrophysics]].<ref name=":10" /> Her father, though not a professional guitarist, had a passion for playing riffs from Metallica and [[Slayer]], from which she got her influence in rock music. At the age of six, she started learning to play guitar with the help of her father.<ref name=":1" /> The first song she learned was Metallica's "[[For Whom the Bell Tolls (Metallica song)|For Whom The Bell Tolls]]"''.<ref name=":13" />'' In 2022, she joined formal music lesson in an online tutorial of [[R. Prasanna|Prasanna Ramaswamy]] (mostly known as Guitar Prasanna), a fellow Tamil who is based in New York City.<ref name=":11">{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Latha |date=2024-07-02 |title=My dream is to create own music combining Carnatic music and Heavy Metal: Maya Neelakantan of America's Got Talent fame |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/my-dream-is-to-create-own-music-combining-carnatic-music-and-heavy-metal-maya-neelakantan-of-americas-got-talent-fame-101719914364441.html |access-date=2024-07-24 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Prasanna taught her Carnatic music.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Kriti |first=Kambiri |date=2024-07-03 |title=Maya Neelakantan: I'm representing all of India on America's Got Talent stage |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/htcity-delhi-junction/maya-neelakantan-i-m-representing-all-of-india-on-americas-got-talent-stage-101720012740942.html#:~:text=Guitarist%20Maya%20Neelakantan%2C%20who%20has,went%20viral%2C%20fame%20is%20incidental. |access-date=2024-07-23 |work=The Hindustan Times}}</ref> She debuted her public performance at an [[ashram]] in Kolathur, near her hometown in 2023, where she played Carnatic music.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":11" />

Neelakantan's father created a [[YouTube]] channel in his daughter's name. At age eight, he recorded some of her guitar playings and started posting on the channel. Her cover of "[[7empest]]", a song by the Grammy-winning American rock band [[Tool (band)|Tool]], in 2022 became a hit and was appreciated by [[Adam Jones (musician)|Adam Jones]], Tool's guitarist.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Shweta |first=Kukreti |date=2024-06-29 |title=Who is Maya Neelakantan? 10-yr-old Indian girl hailed as 'Rock Goddess' after stealing the show on America's Got Talent |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/us-news/who-is-maya-neelakantan-10-yr-old-indian-girl-hailed-as-rock-goddess-after-stealing-the-show-on-americas-got-talent-101719663980222.html |access-date=2024-07-24 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Jones immediately followed her on an Instagram account,<ref name=":1" /> and gifted her an electric guitar, a [[Gibson Les Paul Standard|Gibson Adam Jones Les Paul Standard]].<ref name=":18">{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Rajashree |date=2022-10-12 |title=Chennai's own guitar prodigy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/chennais-own-guitar-prodigy/article65991929.ece |access-date=2024-07-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":19">{{Cite web |last=Roche |first=Sam |date=2022-12-01 |title=Watch 9-year-old guitarist Maya Neelakantan play an awe-inspiring medley of 15 clean Tool riffs – on a guitar given to her by Adam Jones |url=https://www.guitarworld.com/news/maya-neelakantan-tool-15-riffs |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=Guitar World |language=en}}</ref>

Neelakantan completed her elementary education in a traditional school in Chennai.<ref name=":10" /> As of 2024, she continues her study in secondary education in Education World Wide, a US-based international online education platform. Being homeschooled through online system, playing guitar became a convenient hobby.<ref name=":1" />

== ''America's Got Talent'' ==

=== Audition ===
Neelakantan's audition at the ''America's Got Talent'' season 19 was broadcast on 25 June 2024 at Los Angeles.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Diksha |first=Puri |date=2024-06-29 |title=Anand Mahindra Spellbound By 10-Year-Old Indian Origin Guitarist's Talent |url=https://thedailyguardian.com/anand-mahindra-spellbound-by-10-year-old-indian-origin-guitarists-talent/ |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=The Daily Guardian |language=en}}</ref> (The actual audition was two months before, when she was still 10 years old<ref>{{Cite web |author=Staff Writer |date=2024-07-04 |title=Meet Maya Neelakantan, the 11-year-old Guitar Prodigy From Chennai Who Rocked 'America's Got Talent' Stage |url=https://americankahani.com/entertainment/meet-maya-neelakantan-the-11-year-old-guitar-prodigy-from-chennai-who-rocked-americas-got-talent-stage/ |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=American Kahani |language=en}}</ref>). Dressed in traditional [[Ghagra choli]] and a [[Bindi (decoration)|bindi]] on her forehead,<ref name=":5" /> in [[lehenga-style sari]], complete with traditional jewellery, she played a Carnatic devotional intro ([[Natabhairavi]]<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":10" />) which she blended into the heavy metal song "Last Resort" by Papa Roach.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Suksham |date=2024-06-29 |title=Meet Maya Neelakantan: The Indian teen who impressed Simon Cowell at America's Got Talent |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hollywood/meet-maya-neelakantan-the-indian-teen-at-americas-got-talent-agt-637211.html |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=India Times |language=en-IN}}</ref> She used the Gibson Les Paul, signed and presented to her by Jones.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Jax |date=2024-06-27 |title=You'll Never Guess What Song This 10-Year-Old Guitar Prodigy Covers |url=https://www.nbc.com/nbc-insider/agt-heavy-metal-girl-maya-neelakantan-papa-roach-cover |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=NBC |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> [[Gary Holt (musician)|Gary Holt]], guitarist of [[Exodus (band)|Exodus]] and [[Slayer]], who had become a fan joined her from Sacramento to support her audition.<ref name=":11" />

==== Reactions ====
All the AGT judges praised Neelakantan. [[Sofia Vergara]] called hers "the perfect audition." [[Heidi Klum]] commented her as "absolutely incredible" and "gutsy."<ref name=":2" /> Cowell remarked: "You were so shy, and you're 10, and then you turned into, like, this rock goddess."<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":6" /> [[Howie Mandel]] predicted the performance: "I think you just picked yourself up a viral moment."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ron |first=Dicker |date=2024-06-27 |title=10-Year-Old Headbanger Has Simon Cowell Saying 'Whoa!' In 'AGT' Audition |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/maya-neelakantan-agt-guitar-heavy-metal_n_667d7657e4b05521a7f0fc6e |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}</ref>

Pappa Roach quickly commented on Instagram: "Let’s gooo!! Absolutely killed it, Maya!" [[Gibson Brands|Gibson company]] wrote: "CONGRATULATIONS MAYA!! YOU ROCK." Holt commented: "She was EPIC!!"<ref name=":2" /> [[Anand Mahindra]], chairman of the [[Mahindra Group]], mentioned her on Twitter: "Yes, Simon, she's a Rock Goddess. From the land of Goddesses."<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |date=2024-07-04 |title=Meet 10-year-old Indian guitarist Maya Neelakantan who rocks America's Got Talent audition with Papa Roach's 'Last Resort' |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/10-year-old-indian-guitarist-maya-neelakantan-rocks-americas-got-talent-anand-mahindra-calls-her-rock-goddess/articleshow/111466576.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-07-24 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name=":12" /> He also stated that Neelakantan is invited to perform at the upcoming [[Mahindra Blues Festival]], an annual music festival held in Mumbai, India.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Sinha |first=Sahil |date=2024-06-29 |title=10-year-old Indian rockstar slays at America's Got Talent. Video is viral |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/maya-neelakantan-indian-girl-at-americas-got-talent-song-viral-video-2560161-2024-06-29 |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

In July 2024, an Indian dairy corporation, [[Amul]] honoured her by issuing a cartoon of her AGT performance with a caption: "#Amul Topical: Young Chennai guitarist Maya Neelakantan creates viral waves!"<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amul Hits :: Amul - The Taste of India |url=https://amul.com/m/amul-hits?s=2024 |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=amul.com}}</ref>

=== Quarterfinals ===
At the quarterfinals live show on 28 August, Neelakantan performed Metallica's "Master of Puppets" using [[Gibson Flying V]] metallic silver.<ref name=":21">{{Cite web |last=Adams |first=Gregory |date=2024-08-28 |title=See 11-year-old guitarist shred "Master of Puppets" on 'America's Got Talent' |url=https://www.revolvermag.com/music/see-11-year-old-guitarist-shred-master-of-puppets-on-americas-got-talent/ |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Revolver}}</ref> The song was with a permission from Metallica, for which Cowell commented: "I gotta say a big, big thank you to Metallica for giving you that song. That doesn't happen very often."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Childers |first=Chad |date=2024-08-28 |title=Metallica Allow 10-Year-Old to Face-Melt 'America's Got Talent' Audience With Classic Song |url=https://loudwire.com/maya-neelakantan-americas-got-talent-metallica-master-of-puppets/ |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Loudwire |language=en}}</ref> The guitar was a recent gift from Gibson company.<ref name=":21" /> She was eliminated at the competition for the semifinals.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swift |first=Andy |date=2024-08-29 |title=AGT Season 19 Results: Did Reid Wilson and More Make It to the Semifinals? |url=https://tvline.com/lists/agt-season-19-results-reid-wilson-quarterfinals-video/jelly-boy-the-clown-quarterfinals/ |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=TVLine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":20" />

== Supporters and influencers ==

=== Adam Jones ===
Tool's guitarist Jones noticed Neelakantan in 2022 from her cover of 7empest.<ref>{{Cite web |last=updated |first=Matt Owen last |date=2022-10-04 |title=Adam Jones gifts signature Gibson Les Paul to 9-year-old Maya Neelakantan for nailing 7empest cover |url=https://www.guitarworld.com/news/adam-jones-maya-neelakantan-guitar-gift |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=guitarworld |language=en}}</ref> Tool's songs with complex and elaborate arrangements are the kind favoured by Neelakantan.<ref name=":1" /> Jones was so impressed by the performance that he sent her a signed [[Gibson Les Paul|Gibson 1979 Les Paul]] (customized Gibson Adam Jones Les Paul).<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Schaffner |first=Lauryn|date=2022-10-04 |title=Adam Jones Gifts Guitar to Viral Tool Cover Kid, See Her Reaction |url=https://loudwire.com/adam-jones-gifts-guitar-viral-tool-cover-kid-see-reaction-video/ |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=Loudwire |language=en}}</ref> Neelakantan said of Jones: "He actually messaged me a while ago saying that he does have a gift for me, but I never expected it to be something like this," and embracing the present, "Thank you so much, Adam Jones. This is really the biggest moment of my life!"<ref name=":14" /> Jones became the first follower on Neelakantan's Instagram account.<ref name=":1" />

=== Gary Holt ===
Holt had been an admirer and supporter of Neelakantan. He went to Los Angeles from Sacramento to cheer her at the AGT audition.<ref name=":11" /> He posted: "Lisa Holt and I on our way to LA so see our friend Maya Neelakantan perform on America's Got Talent, so stoked for her! Can't wait to cheer her on!!!"<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last=Kennelty |first=Greg |date=2024-03-21 |title=EXODUS' GARY HOLT Cheered On Guitar Phenom MAYA NEELAKANTAN At Her America's Got Talent Audition |url=https://metalinjection.net/news/exodus-gary-holt-cheered-on-guitar-phenom-maya-neelakantan-at-her-americas-got-talent-audition |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=Metal Injection |language=en-US}}</ref> Neelakantan was deeply moved by the support and wrote: "I had an incredible day! Played on America's Got Talent and on stage for the first time ever! And met the guitar legend Gary Holt for the first time ever! What a day!"<ref name=":15" /> Holt later revealed that he served as Neelakantan's mentor for the audition.<ref>{{Cite web |last=wookubus |date=2024-06-26 |title=Watch 10-Year-Old Maya Neelakantan Cover Papa Roach & Shoutout Tool's Adam Jones & Exodus' Gary Holt On 'America's Got Talent' |url=https://www.theprp.com/2024/06/26/news/watch-10-year-old-maya-neelakantan-cover-papa-roach-shoutout-tools-adam-jones-exodus-gary-holt-on-americas-got-talent/ |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=Theprp.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

In March 2024, Holt gave Neelakantan a personally signed Holt Signature [[ESP Guitars|ESP]] guitar during their first meeting at his residence. Neelakantan posted on Twitter: Look What Happened Today! Gary Holt of Slayer/Exodus gifted me his signature guitar!!!"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-30 |title=Who is Maya Neelakantan? All about 11-year-old Chennai guitarist who stunned judges on 'America's Got Talent' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-globally/maya-neelakantan-americas-got-talent-11-year-old-chennai-guitarist-viral-video-9424309/ |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Music style and instrument ==

=== Carnatic music and heavy metal ===
Neelakantan’s first taste of music began at the age of two when her grandmother introduced her to Carnatic music.<ref name=":17" /> When she was learned [[Heavy metal music|metal music]] at age six, her grandmother still wanted her to go into [[Carnatic music]] on the guitar.<ref name=":13" /> At age nine, she came across Prasanna, another Chennaiite based in New York City.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":16" /> Prasanna had extensively worked with Indian music giant [[A. R. Rahman]] and pioneered the performance of Carnatic music on a string instrument. Neelakantan noted: "I felt I wanted to do something more. I was looking to see if I can play Carnatic on guitar when I stumbled upon guitar Prasanna.".<ref name=":17" /> "He is based out of the US and so I learnt to play Carnatic music on guitar from him online," she says.<ref name=":16" /> Her formal training with Prasanna is for just half an hour a week.<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":1" /> She wanted a fusion of metal and Carnatic music as her main music stream, saying,"When I listen to thrash metal, I become pumped and energetic. Carnatic music, on the other hand, gives me a spiritual and divine feeling. The atmosphere would immediately change the moment Carnatic music is playing. So I wanted to merge them both. I really loved how music takes you on a journey.<ref name=":17" /> Between Prasanna and rock legends, she says she eventually found her groove.<ref name=":16" />

=== Guitar ===
At age five, Neelakantan started playing toy guitar, which was replaced the next year by a real one.<ref name=":18" /> Jones's Gibson Les Paul became her favourite.<ref name=":2" /> In 2023, knowing of her ability and attachment to the guitar brand, Gibson enrolled her in the Gibson Generation Group Class of 2025. The programme is a two-year mentorship program for a new generation of musicians. As part of the program, Maya get to be endorsed by Gibson, collaborate with other Gibson artists, meet various management teams and luthiers from Gibson, VIP access to Gibson garage and able to try new Gibson products.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibson Generation Group (G3) |url=https://g3.gibson.com/ |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=g3.gibson.com}}</ref>

Maya is also close friends with the Gibson CEO/President Cesar Gueikian. On her visit to Nashville earlier in 2024, she was hosted at the Gibson Garage by Gueikian, where she got a chance to play some of the most iconic guitars made by them.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{America's Got Talent}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Carnatic instrumentalists]]
[[Category:Indian rock guitarists]]
[[Category:Child musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian guitarists]]
[[Category:People from Chennai]]
[[Category:America's Got Talent contestants]]
[[Category:2013 births]]

Ratibati

2025-08-10T05:05:08Z

Agamx: started the info w/ infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ratibati
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.654125|N|87.040049|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.38
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 4,508
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages*
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 713339
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0341
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Asansol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Asansol]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Jamuria (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jamuria]]
| website = {{URL|paschimbardhaman.co.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Ratibati''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Raniganj (community development block)|Raniganj]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Asansol Sadar subdivision]] of the [[Paschim Bardhaman district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=430| height=400| zoom=11
| coord={{coord|23|41|0|N|87|5|20|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the eastern portion of Asansol Sadar subdivision in Paschim Bardhaman district''' MC: Municipal Corporation, CT: census town, N: neighbourhood, R: rural centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|39|27|N|87|7|2|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Kunustara | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Kunustara]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|40|5|N|87|7|40|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Topsi| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Topsi]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|43|26|N|87|11|57|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Nimsa| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Nimsa]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|42|58|N|87|11|21|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Chinchuria| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Chinchuria]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|40|38|N|87|10|9|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Kenda| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Kenda]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|39|10|N|87|9|46|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Parasia| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Parasia]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|39|14|N|87|2|9|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Ratibati| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=Ratibati (CT)|shape-color7=black| label-size7=13|label-color7=black 
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|39|40|N|87|2|30|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Chapui| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Chapui]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|39|5|N|87|4|11|E}} | label-pos9=top|label9= Jemari |labela9=(Jaykaynagar)| numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Jemari (J.K. Nagar Township)]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|37|45|N|87|8|22|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Banshra| numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Banshra]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|38|5|N|87|3|51|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Belebathan| numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Belebathan]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|38|28|N|87|2|3|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Chelad| numbered12=CT| mark-title12=[[Chelad]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|37|29|N|87|4|32|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Murgathaul| numbered13=CT| mark-title13=[[Murgathaul]] (CT)
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|36|57|N|87|5|4|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Amkula| numbered14=CT| mark-title14=[[Amkula]] (CT)
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|35|53|N|87|8|30|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Baktarnagar| numbered15=CT| mark-title15=[[Baktarnagar]] (CT)
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|36|33|N|87|6|01|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16= Egara| numbered16=CT| mark-title16=[[Egara, Paschim Bardhaman|Egara]] (CT)
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|35|21|N|87|6|21|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17= Sahebganj| numbered17=CT| mark-title17=[[Sahebganj, Paschim Bardhaman|Sahebganj]] (CT)
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|35|10|N|87|7|7|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Raghunathchak| numbered18=CT| mark-title18=[[Raghunathchak]] (CT)
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|34|50|N|87|7|32|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Ballavpur| numbered19=CT| mark-title19=[[Ballavpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|46|48|N|87|4|48|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Churulia| numbered20=R| mark-title20=[[Churulia]] (R)|shape-color20=#C42222
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|41|37|N|87|8|39|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Bahadurpur| numbered21=R| mark-title21=[[Bahadurpur, Paschim Bardhaman]] (R)|shape-color21=#C42222
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|42|7|N|87|2|53|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22=ECL Sripur |labela22= Area Office| numbered22=0 | mark-title22=[[Sripur Area|ECL Sripur Area Office]] (A)| label-size22=12| shape-color22=#AA6666
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|40|53|N|87|4|45|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23=ECL Satgram |labela23= Area Office |numbered23=0| mark-title23=[[Satgram Area|ECL Satgram Area Office]] (A)| label-size23=12| shape-color23=#AA6666
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|38|50|N|87|7|18|E}} | label-pos24=right|label24=ECL Kunustoria|labela24= Area Office|numbered24=0 | mark-title24=[[Kunustoria Area|ECL Kunustoria Area Office]] (A)| label-size24=12| shape-color24=#AA6666
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|40|0|N|87|13|33|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25=ECL Kenda |labela25= Area Office |numbered25=0| mark-title25=[[Kenda Area|ECL Kenda Area Office]] (A)| label-size25=12| shape-color25=#AA6666
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|40|44|N|86|57|9|E}} | label-pos26=right|label-color26=#800000| label26=Asansol | numbered26=MC| mark-title26=[[Asansol]] (MC)|shape-color26=#800000
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|37|12|N|87|7|48|E}} | label-pos27=left|label27=Raniganj | numbered27=N| mark-title27= [[Raniganj]] (N)|shape-color27=#C42222
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|42|50|N|87|4|48|E}} | label-pos28=left|label28=Jamuria | numbered28=N| mark-title28= [[Jamuria]] (N)|shape-color28=#C42222
|mark-coord29={{coord|23.612489|87.032854}}| label29=Damodar River| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=28| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title29 =none
|mark-coord30={{coord|23.749367|87.157333}}| label30=Ajay River| label-color30 = #77A1CB| label-angle30=0| label-pos30=right| label-size30=10| mark-size30=0| mark-title30 =none}}

===Location===
Ratibati is located at {{coord|23.654125|N|87.040049|E|source:yahoomaps_region:IN-WB |format=dms}}.

The Asansol-Durgapur area is composed of undulating [[laterite]] soil. This area lies between the [[Damodar River]] and the [[Ajay River]]. The discovery of coal in the 18th century led to industrialisation of the area and most of the forests have been cleared.<ref>Chattopadhyay, Akkori, ''Bardhaman Jelar Itihas O Lok Sanskriti'' (History and Folk lore of Bardhaman District.), {{in lang|bn}}, Vol I, pp 14-15, Radical Impression. {{ISBN|81-85459-36-3}}</ref>

[[Pangachhiya]], [[Majiara]], [[Bhanowara]], [[Domohani]], [[Charanpur]] (OG), Ratibati and [[Chelad]] form a cluster of census towns and an outgrowth on the northern and eastern sides of [[Asansol]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf |title= Census of India 2011, West Bengal: District Census Handbook, Barddhaman |work = Map of Barabani CD Block, page 167 and Map of Raniganj CD Block, page 215| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 31 August 2018}}</ref>

===Urbanisation===
According to the 2011 census, 83.33% of the population of Asansol Sadar subdivision was urban and 16.67% was rural.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Burdwan |work = Table 2.2, 2.4(a) |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 4 September 2018 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref> In 2015, the municipal areas of [[Kulti]], [[Raniganj]] and [[Jamuria]] were included within the jurisdiction of [[Asansol Municipal Corporation]].<ref name=2015notification>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbdma.gov.in/circulars/249-135-ma_2015-2016.pdf | title = The Kolkata Gazette | work = Notification No. 335/MA/O/C-4/1M-36/2014 dated 3 June 2015 | publisher = Department of Municipal Affairs, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 4 September 2018 | archive-date = 12 March 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170312033552/https://www.wbdma.gov.in/circulars/249-135-ma_2015-2016.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> Asansol Sadar subdivision has 26 (+1 partly) [[Census Town]]s.(partly presented in the map alongside; all places marked on the map are linked in the full-screen map).

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Ratibati had a total population of 4,508 of which 2,348 (52%) were males and 2,160 (48%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 542. The total number of literate persons in Ratibati was 2,827 (71.28% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 18 February 2017 }}</ref>

*For language details see [[Raniganj (community development block)#Language and religion]]

{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Ratibati had a population of 4,370. Males constitute 55% of the population and females 45%. Ratibati has an average literacy rate of 56%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 67%, and female literacy is 44%. In Ratibati, 13% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Infrastructure==


According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Bardhaman'', Ratibati covered an area of 1.38 km2. Among the civic amenities, it had 4 km roads with covered drains, the protected water supply involved service reservoir, tap water from untreated sources. It had 359 domestic electric connections. Among the medical facilities, it had was 1 dispensary/ health centre. Among the educational facilities it had was 1 primary school, 3 middle schools, 2 secondary schools and 2 senior secondary schools.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf| title = District Census Handbook Barddhaman, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 1179-1210; Statement I: Status and Growth History, Page 1179; Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Page 1188; Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Page 1191; Statement IV: Medical Facilities, Page 1196; Statement V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, Page 1200; Statement VI: Industry and Banking, Page 1209 | publisher = Directorate of census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 14 May 2020}}</ref>

==Economy==
Ratibati is in the heart of the coal mining zone.<ref>Chattopadhyay, Akkori, p 666</ref> It is under Satgram area of Eastern Coalfields Ltd., a subsidiary of [[Coal India Limited]]. The post office is located at Kalipahari, nearby.

Collieries in the [[Satgram Area]] of [[Eastern Coalfields]] are: Kalidaspur, J.K.Nagar, Satgram, Ratibati, Chapui Khas, Mithapur, Nimcha, Jemehari, Pure Searsole, Tirath, Kuardih, Ardragram OCP and Seetaldasji OCP.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/66080/13/13_chapter%205.pdf |title = Coalmining impact on the Environment |work = Chapter V: Table 5.2 | publisher= shodganga.infibnet | access-date = 21 February 2017}}</ref>

==Education==
Ratibati Hindi High School is a Hindi-medium coeducational institution established in 2003. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class X. The school has 10 computers, a library with 70 books and a playground.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/barddhaman/19093007501/rati-bati-hindi-high-school.html | title = Ratibati Hindi High School| publisher = Schools.org.in|access-date = 20 May 2020}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Medical facilities (hospitals and dispensaries) in the Satgram Area of ECL are available at Satgram Area Hospital (PO Devchandnagar) (with 30 beds), Satgram Project (PO Devchandnagar), Mithapur (PO Jamuria), Satgram Incline (PO Jamuria), Jamehari (PO Searsole Rajbari), JK Nagar (PO Bidhanbag), Nimcha (PO Nimcha), Amkola (PO Nimcha), Kalidaspur Project (PO Bhara Kalibari, Mejia), Jora Morh Colony (PO Bhara Kalibari, Mejia), Ratibati (PO Ratibati), Kuardih (PO Kalipahari), Chapui Khas (PO Chapui), Tirat (PO Kalipahari).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://r.search.yahoo.com/_ylt=AwrxiDIKi8Be4hgAXS67HAx.;_ylu=X3oDMTByYmpmZjA4BGNvbG8Dc2czBHBvcwMzBHZ0aWQDBHNlYwNzcg--/RV=2/RE=1589705610/RO=10/RU=https%3a%2f%2fwww.coalindia.in%2fDesktopModules%2fDocumentList%2fdocuments%2fDetails_of_Medical_Facility_in_CIL_and_its_Subsidiaries_05032018.xlsx/RK=2/RS=G5Llg8vcadCbsl1BI.JMH0rETxA- | title = Details of medical facilities in CIL and its subsidiaries | work= ECL| publisher = CIL|access-date = 15 May 2020}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Paschim Bardhaman District}}

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Paschim Bardhaman district]]

Rameswarpur, Maheshtala

2025-08-02T01:05:11Z

Agamx: minor updated intro and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rameswarpur
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| imagesize = 300px
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_mapsize = 300
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.4583|N|88.2242|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| subdivision_type3 = CD block
| subdivision_name3 = [[Thakurpukur Maheshtala]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2.32
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 9
| population_total = 7200
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 700141
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91 33
| registration_plate = [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-19 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-22, [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-95 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-99
| blank1_name_sec1 = Lok Sabha constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Diamond Harbour (Lok Sabha constituency)|Diamond Harbour]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Vidhan Sabha constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Bishnupur, South 24 Parganas (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bishnupur (SC)]]
| website = {{URL|www.s24pgs.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Rameswarpur''' is a [[census town]] within the jurisdiction of the [[Maheshtala]] police station in the [[Thakurpukur Maheshtala]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the [[Alipore Sadar subdivision]] of the [[South 24 Parganas]] district in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=360| height=300| zoom=11
| coord={{coord|22|26|30|N|88|12|35|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the western part of Alipore Sadar subdivision (including Budge Budge I & II, Thakurpukur Maheshtala CD blocks) in South 24 Parganas district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly Bakrahat is in Bishnupur II CD block, but Lakshmibala Rural Hospital at Bakrahat serves Budge Budge II CD block and so it is included here.

|mark-coord1={{coord|22|27|15|N|88|8|2|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1=Pujali | numbered1=M| mark-title1= [[Pujali]] (M)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|28|0|N|88|10|25|E}} | label-pos2=top|label2=Budge Budge| numbered2=M| mark-title2= [[Budge Budge]] (M)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|28|8|N|88|11|59|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Uttar Raypur | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Uttar Raypur]] (CT)|shape-color3=#A40000
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|28|37|N|88|12|51|E}} | label-pos4=top|label4=Balarampur| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Balarampur, Budge Budge]] (CT)| shape-color4=#A40000
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|26|55|N|88|11|7|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Buita| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Buita]] (CT)| shape-color5=#A40000
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|27|37|N|88|10|27|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Benjanhari Acharial| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Benjanhari Acharial]] (CT)| shape-color6=#A40000
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|27|38|N|88|10|0|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7=Abhirampur| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Abhirampur]] (CT)| shape-color7=#A40000
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|27|20|N|88|10|22|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8=Nischintapur| numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Nischintapur, Budge Budge]] (CT)| shape-color8=#A40000
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|25|40|N|88|9|18|E}} | label-pos9=top|label9=Birlapur| numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Birlapur]] (CT)| shape-color9=#A40000
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|25|48|N|88|10|25|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10=Chak Kashipur| numbered10=CT| mark-title10= [[Chak Kashipur]] (CT)| shape-color10=#A40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|24|56|N|88|9|55|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11=Chak Alampur| numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Chak Alampur]] (CT)| shape-color11=#A40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|24|30|N|88|11|7|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12=Bowali| numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Bowali]] (CT)| shape-color12=#A40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|24|15|N|88|9|4|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13=Dakshin Raypur| numbered13=CT| mark-title13= [[Dakshin Raypur]] (CT)| shape-color13=#A40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|22|55|N|88|8|51|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14=Poali| numbered14=CT| mark-title14= [[Poali]] (CT)| shape-color14=#A40000
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|24|5|N|88|10|41|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Nodakhali| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Nodakhali]] (R)|shape-color15=#C42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|23|55|N|88|10|5|E}} | label-pos16=bottom|label16= Dongaria| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Dongaria]] (R)|shape-color16=#C42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|22|6|N|88|6|40|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Burul| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Burul]] (R)|shape-color17=#C42222
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|23|45|N|88|13|15|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Bakrahat| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Bakrahat]] (R)|shape-color18=#C42222
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|30|43|N|88|15|3|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Maheshtala| numbered19=M| mark-title19= [[Maheshtala]] (M)
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|28|55|N|88|15|55|E}} | label-pos20=top|label20=Chata Kalikapur| numbered20=CT| mark-title20= [[Chata Kalikapur]] (CT)|shape-color20=#A40000
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|27|15|N|88|13|55|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21=Rameswarpur| numbered21=CT| mark-title21= Rameswarpur, Maheshtala (CT) |shape-color21=black| label-size21=13|label-color21=black 
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|28|19|N|88|16|0|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22=Ganye|labela22= Gangadharpur| numbered22=CT| mark-title22= [[Ganye Gangadharpur]] (CT)| shape-color22=#A40000
|mark-coord23={{coord|22|27|35|N|88|15|40|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23=Asuti| numbered23=CT| mark-title23= [[Asuti]] (CT)| shape-color23=#A40000
|mark-coord24={{coord|22|26|52|N|88|17|25|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24=Hanspukuria| numbered24=CT| mark-title24= [[Hanspukuria]] (CT)| shape-color24=#A40000
|mark-coord25={{coord|22|25|1|N|88|15|47|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25=Samali| numbered25=CT| mark-title25= [[Samali]] (CT)| shape-color25=#A40000
|mark-coord26={{coord|22|29|50|N|88|13|17|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Nungi| numbered26=R| mark-title26= [[Nungi]] (R)|shape-color26=#C42222
|mark-coord27={{coord|22|30|47|N|88|12|47|E}} | label-pos27=left|label27= Batanagar| numbered27=R| mark-title27= [[Batanagar]] (R)|shape-color27=#C42222
|mark-coord28={{coord|22|22|0|N|88|6|5|E}} |label28=Hooghly | label-color28 = #77A1CB| label-angle28=-75| label-pos28=top| label-size28=10| mark-size28=0| mark-title28 =none
|mark-coord29={{coord|22|23|0|N|88|6|45|E}} |label29= River| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=-45| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title29 =none}}

===Area overview===
Alipore Sadar subdivision is the most urbanized part of the South 24 Parganas district. 59.85% of the population lives in the urban areas and 40.15% lives in the rural areas. In the northern portion of the subdivision (shown in the map alongside) there are 21 [[census town]]s. The entire district is situated in the [[Ganges Delta]] and the subdivision, on the east bank of the [[Hooghly River]], is an [[alluvium|alluvial]] stretch, with industrial development.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South Twety-four Parganas |work = Table 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal, District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, Series – 20, Part XII-A, Village and Town Directory |work= Page 13, Physiography| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Chapter 9: Sundarbans and the Remote Islanders, p 290-311 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 5 December 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

===Location===
Rameswarpur is located at {{coord|22.4583|N|88.2242|E|format=dms}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|9|m}}.

Rameswarpur, [[Chata Kalikapur]], [[Ganye Gangadharpur]] and [[Asuti]] form a cluster of census towns on the southern side of [[Maheshtala]], as per the map of the Thakurpukur Maheshtala CD block on page 153 of the District Census Handbook 2011 for the South 24 Parganas.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook South Twentyfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 153 – Map of Thakurpukur Maheshtala CD block | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 3 November 2019}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Rameswarpur had a total population of 7,200, of which 3,738 (52%) were males and 3,642 (48%) were females. There were 814 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The total number of literate people in Rameswarpur was 4,999 (78.28% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 5 November 2019}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook'' 2011, Rameswarpur covered an area of 2.3248 km2. [[Nangi railway station]] is 3 km away. Among the civic amenities it had 5 km of roads with both open and covered drains. The source of protected water supply was borewell tank and overhead tank. It had 950 domestic electric connections and 150 road lights. Among the medical facilities it had was a nursing home 3 km away. Among the educational facilities it had were 2 primary schools, 1 middle school, 1 secondary school and the nearest general degree college was at [[Maheshtala]] 5 km away. Among the social, recreational and cultural facilities, the nearest public library was at Chattan 3 km away. The nearest cinema theatre was at Maheshtala 3 km away. Three important commodities manufactured were: garments, dyeing and cotton spinning.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook South Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 999-1006 Statement I: Status and Growth History, Pages 1006-1010; Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Pages 1010-1015; Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Pages 1015-1019; Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 1019-1027 Statement V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, Pages 1027- 1029: Statement VI: Industry and Banking | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 9 November 2018}}</ref>

==Transport==
A short stretch of local roads link Rameswarpur to the Budge Budge Trunk Road.<ref name="google">Google maps</ref>

[[Nangi railway station]] is located nearby.<ref name="google"/>

==Healthcare==
Sarsuna Block Primary Health Centre, with 15 beds, at [[Sarsuna]], is the major government medical facility in the Thakurpukur Maheshtala CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Block Primary Health Centres | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =5 November 2019 | archive-date =16 August 2020 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200816074737/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

{{South 24 Parganas}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Kolkata Metropolitan Area]]

Hooghly Women's College

2025-07-09T06:22:11Z

Agamx: rework details additionally

{{Short description|Women College in West Bengal}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Hooghly Women's College
|image = Hooghly women's college.jpg
|caption = Building at Women's College
|established = {{start date and age|1949}}
|type = [[Public university|Public]]
|principal = Dr. Sumita Bajpai
|address = 1, Vivekananda Road, Pipulpati
|city = [[Chinsurah]]
|state = [[West Bengal]]
|country = [[India]]
|postcode = 712103
|coordinates = {{coord|22.9004|88.3972|type:edu_region:IN|display=title}}
|pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
|campus = Urban
|free_label = Recognition
|free = [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]], [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
|affiliations = [[University of Burdwan]]
|website = [https://hooghlywomenscollege.ac.in/ Hooghly Women's College]
|logo =
|logo_size = 150px
|logo_alt =
|footnotes =
|}}

''' Hooghly Women's College''', established in 1949, is a women's arts and sciences college located in the [[Hooghly district]] of [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. It offers undergraduate courses in arts, commerce and sciences. It is affiliated to [[University of Burdwan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Affiliated College of University of Burdwan | url=http://www.buruniv.ac.in/CollegeDetails.php?col_code=210}}</ref> Hooghly Women's College is the sixth academic institution in the district and is the first women's college of the district and also is the largest Women's College of [[Burdwan University]].

The college was affiliated to the [[Calcutta University]] up to 1962 and then to the [[University of Burdwan]] for the degree students in arts and sciences.

==History==
The initial effort to found a women's college in [[Hugli-Chinsura|Hoog]]. Some local educationists and [[social]] reformists made an active endeavor to set up Hooghly Women's College to cater education for women. [[Sri Nripendranath Dhar]], a renowned [[advocate]] and [[educationist]] was the [[:wikt:pioneer|pioneer]] in this field. Other figures, inspired by the some missionary zeal joined them. Hooghly Women's College thus started pulsating in the little concrete structure named Mission House” with only 17 students in [[Chinsurah]] Maidan in the banks of River Ganga in a day in the year 1943. Unfortunately if came to an abrupt halt as university recognition did not come in time.

After the [[Independence of India]], in 1948, the [[Government of West Bengal]] adopted policies and programs to spread women's education. Thus under the benevolent effort of Bengal Mission, a wing of [[Scotland Church]], classes of first year started on 1 August 1949, with only 41 students and four teachers in the tiny building of "Mission House". In February 1952, the [[Chief Minister]] [[Bidhan Chandra Roy]] inaugurated the new buildings. The first principal to grace the chair of Hooghly Women's College was [[Sri Kalipada Mitra]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://hooghlywomenscollege.org/About%20HWC.html| title=History| publisher=Hooghly Women's College.}}</ref>

==Departments==
===Science===

*[[Chemistry]]
*[[Physics]]
*[[Mathematics]]
*[[Microbiology]]

===Arts===
*[[Bengali (language)|Bengali]]
*[[English language|English]]
*[[Sanskrit]]
*[[History]]
*[[Geography]]
*[[Political Science]]
*[[Philosophy]]
*[[Economics]]

==Principals of the institution==
*Sri Kalipada Mitra
*Smt. Santisudha Ghosh, Founder Principal (1951–1970)
*Sm. Sandhyasashi Mukherjee (1970–1980)
*Sm. Anita De (1980–2000)
*Dr. Sumita Bajpai (Since 2000)

==Accreditation==
Recently, Hooghly Women's College has been awarded B++ grade by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC).<ref>{{cite web|title=Institutions Accredited / Re-accredited by NAAC with validity |url=http://www.naac.gov.in/sites/naac.gov.in/files/Institutions_Accredited_by_NAAC_with_validity.pdf |publisher=[[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] |accessdate=22 February 2012 |format=PDF |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512054040/http://www.naac.gov.in/sites/naac.gov.in/files/Institutions_Accredited_by_NAAC_with_validity.pdf |archivedate=12 May 2012 }}</ref> The college is also recognized by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC).<ref>[http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/browse_reco_colleges.php?st=West%20Bengal Colleges in WestBengal, University Grants Commission] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116042454/http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/browse_reco_colleges.php?st=West+Bengal |date=2011-11-16 }}</ref>

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[List of institutions of higher education in West Bengal]]
*[[Education in India]]
*[[Education in West Bengal]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://hooghlywomenscollege.ac.in/ Hooghly Women's College]

{{University of Burdwan}}

[[Category:Colleges affiliated to University of Burdwan]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1949]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Hooghly district]]
[[Category:Women's universities and colleges in West Bengal]]
[[Category:1949 establishments in West Bengal]]

{{WestBengal-university-stub}}

Padma Desai

2025-06-01T14:21:34Z

Agamx: minor added content to improve readability additionally and fixed typos after review

{{Short description|Indian-American development economist (1931–2023)}}
{{Use American English|date=May 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox academic
| name = Padma Desai
| image = Падма Десаи (23-06-2015) (cropped).png
| birth_date = {{birth date|1931|10|12}}
| birth_place = [[Surat]], [[Bombay Presidency]], British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2023|04|29|1931|10|12}}
| death_place =
| spouse = [[Jagdish Bhagwati]]
| known_for =
| discipline = [[Development economics]]
| workplaces = [[Columbia University]] (1992–2023)
| alma_mater = {{plainlist|
* [[University of Mumbai]] (BA, MA)
* [[Harvard University]] (PhD)
}}
| citizenship = {{flatlist|
* India
* United States
}}
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] (2009)
| influences = {{flatlist|
* [[Alexander Gerschenkron]]
* [[Robert Solow]]
}}
| children = 1
| caption = Desai in 2015
}}

'''Padma Desai''' (October 12, 1931 – April 29, 2023) was an Indian-American [[development economist]] who was the Gladys and Roland Harriman Professor of [[comparative economic systems]] and director of the Center for Transition Economies at [[Columbia University]]. Known for her scholarship on Soviet and Indian [[industrial policy]], she was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 2009.

==Early life==
Desai was born in [[Surat]], Bombay Presidency, British India, on October 12, 1931,<ref name=Desai2012>{{Cite book |last=Desai |first=Padma |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IQ7bAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA64|title=Breaking Out: An Indian Woman's American Journey |date=2012 |publisher=MIT Press|location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-262-01997-2 |language=en|chapter=4. Childhood and adolescence|pages=x, 64}}</ref> into a Gujarati [[Anavil Brahmin]] family. Her parents, Shanta and Kalidas, were literature professors who were educated at the University of Cambridge.<ref name=":0" /> She had three siblings.<ref name=":0" />

Desai completed her B.A. (Economics) in 1951 from the [[University of Mumbai]], followed by an M.A. (Economics) also from the same university in 1953. Thereafter, she completed her Ph.D. from [[Harvard]] in 1960.<ref name=cir>{{cite web |title=Curriculum Vitae of Padma Desai |url=http://www.columbia.edu/~pd5/Padma%20Desai%20CV%20February%202011.pdf |publisher=[[Columbia University]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125072202/http://www.columbia.edu/~pd5/Padma%20Desai%20CV%20February%202011.pdf |archive-date=January 25, 2012 }}</ref> At [[Harvard University]], she was influenced by economists [[Alexander Gerschenkron]] and [[Robert Solow]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=May 6, 2023 |title=Padma Desai, economist, 1931–2023 |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/f7da279a-28e6-455d-9036-69973921c113}}</ref> She was a fellow of the [[American Association of University Women]] while pursuing her Ph.D. at Harvard.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 5, 2023 |title=Padma Desai (1931–2023): Influential academic, a thinker ahead of her times |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/padma-desai-1931-2023-influential-academic-a-thinker-ahead-of-her-times-8592209/ |access-date=May 7, 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Desai started her career at the Department of Economics, Harvard (1957–1959), after which she was associate professor of economics at [[Delhi School of Economics]] at [[University of Delhi]], from 1959 to 1968.<ref name=cir/>

Desai's 1968 book ''India: Planning for Industrialization,'' which was co-written with her future husband and economist [[Jagdish Bhagwati]] was an influential critique of India's industrial planning system.<ref name=":0" /> The work influenced subsequent [[economic liberalisation in India]].<ref name=":0" /> The book spoke against the [[Licence Raj|licence regime]] and the [[Planned economy|command economic policies]] that were prevalent in India at the time.<ref name=":0"/>

Desai joined Columbia University as a professor of economics in 1980.<ref name=":0" /> In November 1992, she became Gladys and Roland Harriman Professor of Comparative Economic Systems at Columbia University and went on to become the director of the Center for Transition Economies at the university.<ref name=cir/><ref>{{cite web |title=Padma Desai |url=http://econ.columbia.edu/padma-desai |publisher=Department of Economics, [[Columbia University]] }}</ref>

Desai's research included studying the [[Soviet economic history|Soviet economy]], specifically studying the [[command economies]] and the misallocation of resources therein. She built on the studies of economists [[Alexander Gerschenkron]] and [[Robert Solow]], studying the decelerating growth rates in the Soviet economies, separating the contributions from technology led productivity gains and capital led growth. In her book ''Perestroika in Progress'' (1989) she studied the misallocation of resources in command economies and the resulting damages and losses across sectors.<ref name=":0"/> She continued to study the Russian economy after the [[Soviet dissolution]] and trained US policymakers and continued to speak on Russian economic policies.<ref name=":0"/> She was the [[U.S. Treasury]]'s advisor to the [[Ministry of Finance (Russia)|Russian Finance Ministry]] in the summer of 1995.<ref name=":3" />

Desai was president of the Association for Comparative Economic Studies in 2001.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Padma Desai |url=https://www.americanacademy.de/person/padma-desai/ |access-date=May 6, 2023 |website=American Academy |language=en-US}}</ref> She was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]], India's third highest civilian honor, by the [[Government of India]] in 2009.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Padma Awards Directory (1954–2009) |url=http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/LST-PDAWD.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510095705/http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/LST-PDAWD.pdf |archive-date=May 10, 2013 |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]}}</ref>

Desai published her memoir, ''Breaking Out: An Indian Woman's American Journey'' in 2012.<ref>{{cite news |title=Random truths in common things |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/books/article3384137.ece |publisher=[[Business Line]] |date=May 4, 2012 }}</ref> The book spoke about her journey from India to America, breaking out of an emotionally abusive marriage, and establishing herself as an economist studying many shacked economies.<ref name=":0"/>

==Personal life==
[[File:Jagdish Bhagwati and Padma Desai (Columbia University) (7204981944) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Padma Desai with husband [[Jagdish Bhagwati]] in 2012]]
Desai was married to [[Jagdish Bhagwati]], also an Indian-American economist and professor of economics and law at Columbia University; the couple had one daughter. She first befriended him in 1956.<ref name=":0" /> They were both faculty members at the Delhi School of Economics in the 1960s.<ref name=":0" /> The two attempted to get married but restrictive divorce laws in India prevented Desai from divorcing her first husband until 1969 when she converted to Christianity (religious conversion was grounds for divorce in India).<ref name=":0" /> Bhagwati and Desai married in Mexico.<ref name=":0" />

Desai died on April 29, 2023, at age 91.<ref>{{Cite web |title=In Memoriam: Padma Desai (1931–2023) |url=https://harriman.columbia.edu/in-memoriam-padma-desai-1931-2023/ |access-date=May 1, 2023 |website=The Harriman Institute |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 5, 2023 |title=Padma Desai (1931–2023): Influential academic, a thinker ahead of her times |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/padma-desai-1931-2023-influential-academic-a-thinker-ahead-of-her-times-8592209/ |access-date=May 5, 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* ''Breaking Out: An Indian Woman's American Journey''. Viking, 2012. {{ISBN|9780670085781}}.
* ''From Financial Crisis to Global Recovery''. HarperCollins, 2012. {{ISBN|9789350295823}}.
* ''Conversations on Russia: Reform from Yeltsin to Putin''. Oxford University Press, 2006. {{ISBN|9780195300611}}.
* ''Financial Crisis, Contagion, and Containment: From Asia to Argentina''. Princeton University Press, 2003. {{ISBN|9780691113920}}.
* ''Work Without Wages: Russia's Non-Payment Crisis'', with Todd Idson. MIT Press, 2001. {{ISBN|9780262041843}}.
* ''Going Global: Transition from Plan to Market in the World Economy'', Editor. MIT Press, 1997. {{ISBN|9780262041614}}.
* ''The Soviet Economy: Problems and Prospects''. Blackwell, 1990. {{ISBN|9780631171836}}
* ''Perestroika in Perspective: The Design and Dilemmas of Soviet Reform''. I B Tauris & Co, 1989. {{ISBN|9781850431411}}.
* ''Bokaro Steel Plant: A Study of Soviet Economic Assistance''. North-Holland, 1972. {{ISBN|9780720430653}}.
* ''India: Planning for Industrialization'' (with Jagdish Bhagwati). 1968. {{ISBN|9780192153340}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.columbia.edu/~pd5/ Padma Desai homepage] at [[Columbia University]]
* {{cite magazine |last=Divakaruni |first=Chitra Banerjee |date=June 23, 2012 |title=The Examined Life |url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main53.asp?filename=hub230612Examined.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029021151/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main53.asp?filename=hub230612Examined.asp |archive-date=October 29, 2012 |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Tehelka]] |volume=9 |issue=25}}
* [http://www.columbia.edu/~pd5/desai.pdf Celebrating Padma Desai] – [[Columbia University]] (PDF)

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Desai, Padma}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Delhi University]]
[[Category:American economists]]
[[Category:American memoirists]]
[[Category:American people of Gujarati descent]]
[[Category:American women economists]]
[[Category:American women memoirists]]
[[Category:Columbia University faculty]]
[[Category:Educators from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni]]
[[Category:Indian development economists]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Indian women economists]]
[[Category:People from Surat]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:Russian studies scholars]]
[[Category:Scientists from Gujarat]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Women educators from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Gujarat]]

Karishma Kaa Karishma

2025-04-20T01:32:46Z

Agamx:

{{Short description|Indian Hindi-language television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre = [[Science fiction sitcom]]
| developer = {{ubl|Abid Hussain|Aparna Ganesh}}
| writer = Raghuvir Shekhavat
| director = Swapna Waghmare Joshi
| creative_director = Vincent Franklin
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| theme_music_composer = Lalit Sen
| opentheme = "Karishma Kaa Karishma" by
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 65
| executive_producer = Sushma Kaul
| producer = Sunil Doshi
| editor = Sheldon D'souza
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = Approx. 24 minutes
| company = [[Alliance Media & Entertainment]]
| channel = [[StarPlus]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2003|1|24}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2004|4|16}}
}}

'''''Karishma Kaa Karishma''''' (English: ''The Miracle of Karishma'') is an Indian television series which is a [[remake]] of the 1980s American TV series ''[[Small Wonder (TV series)|Small Wonder]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030309/spectrum/tv.htm|title=Adorable robot girl of Karishma Kaa Karishma|work=TribuneIndia|date=9 March 2003}}</ref> The series premiered on [[StarPlus]] on 24 January 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/jan/jan120.htm|title=Karishma Kaa Karishma debuts on Star Plus Friday|work=Indiantelevision.com|date=22 January 2003}}</ref> It is produced by Sunil Doshi of Alliance Media & Entertainment, and starring [[Jhanak Shukla]] as the cyber kid Karishma.

==Plot==
The story revolves around a scientist, Vikram, who designs a very lifelike robot. His goal is to find out if the robot (Karishma) will become more human-like as time goes on. His wife, Sheetal, who is easily influenced by her neighbour Shraddha, suspects Vikram to be having an extramarital affair due to his late work hours. But Vikram reveals the AI robot Karishma to the family and explains he was working on making her, Sheetal accepts Karishma as a daughter. Rahul, Vikram and Sheetal's son, is constantly annoyed by his neighbor, Sweety, who has a crush on him. Vikram and his family are the only ones who know that Karishma is a robot. Their nosy neighbors Shraddha and Paresh interfere in their lives and try to figure out who Karishma really is. This is the premise for a lot of episodes. Every episode, Karishma saves the day by solving the family's problem.

==Cast==
*[[Jhanak Shukla]] as Karishma Vikram Malhotra (A robot)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030309/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref>
*[[Sanjeev Seth]] as Vikram Malhotra (Rahul and Karishma's father)
*[[Eva Grover]]/[[Tisca Chopra]] as Sheetal Vikram Malhotra (Rahul and Karishma's mother)
*Mayank Tandon as Rahul Vikram Malhotra
*[[Bhavana Balsavar]] as Shraddha Paresh Parekh
*[[Shweta Basu Prasad|Shweta Prasad]] as Sweety Paresh Parekh
*[[Jamnadas Majethia]] as Paresh Parekh
*Athit Naik as Pintu/ Prince
*[[Kurush Deboo]] as Lappu (The Coward Ghost)
*[[Hansika Motwani]] as Tina (Sweety's Cousin) Ep 18 (Also appeared as a Chinese Child Robot)
*[[Daisy Irani (actress)|Daisy Irani]] as Maasi Ji
*[[Aditya Kapadia]] as Rishta (Sweety's American Cousin)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{IMDb title|4910308}}
{{Children television series in India}}
{{SP Shows}}

[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]
[[Category:Indian television series based on American television series]]
[[Category:2003 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2004 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Robots in television]]
[[Category:Indian children's television series]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction television series]]
[[Category:Indian television sitcoms]]
[[Category:Androids in television]]
[[Category:Hindi language television sitcoms]]

Sagbara taluka

2025-01-08T00:56:30Z

Agamx: put up pg

{{cleanup rewrite|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sagbara
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Taluka
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Gujarat, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Narmada district|Narmada]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 393 050
| postal_code = 393050
| registration_plate =GJ22
| website = {{URL|gujaratindia.com}}
| footnotes =
}}

'Sagbara is a Town in Sagbara Taluka in Narmada District of Gujarat State, India. It is located 55 km towards South from District headquarters Rajpipla. It is a Taluka headquarter.<ref>{{cite web|title=My Taluka|url=http://narmadadp.gujarat.gov.in/narmada/english/sagbara-taluka.htm|publisher=[[Government of Gujarat]]|access-date=23 January 2013}}</ref>
Its location is at NH-753B (Old SH-13) Ankleshwar-Valia-Netrang-Dediapada-Sagbara up to State Border to Akkalkuva in Maharashtra

== Demographics ==
'''Religion'''

Hindu, Muslim, and also Christians.

'''Languages'''

Gujarati, Hindi, [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and most of people speaks regional language (Vasava-Adiwasi).
Mainly "Vasavi" language is spoken by the people with the surnames of Vasava, Valvi, Vasave, and Naik.

== Important places ==
'''Hospitals'''

*Prakruti Genaeral Hospital
*Jeevandeep (Mission) Dispensary
*Civil Hospital

'''Schools and Colleges'''

*J.K. High School (Sagbara-Songadh Road)
*St. Stephen's English Medium School (Selamba-Ghansera Road)
*Waymade English Medium School (Sagbara-Songadh Road)
*Navrachna High School and Higher Secondary School (Mission School) (NH-753B)
*Govt. Arts and Science College (Pankhalla Road).
*Adarsh Niwasi School (SH-88)
*Shri Arun Vidya Mandir

'''Temple and travel'''

Devmogra Mataji Tample (Yahamogi)
*Chandshah Vali Baba Dargah
*Hanuman Hill
*Panya Water Fall
*Chopadvav Dam

'''Trade Center'''

*Selamba

'''Banks'''

*Bank Of Baroda
*State Bank of India
*Bharcuh District Co-op Bank
*The Gujarat State Co-Op
*Agriculture and Rural Development Bank

==Transportation==
Sagbara is well connected with National Highway (NH-753B) and State Highway. It is connected with State Transport bus service with [[Ahmedabad]], [[Vadodara]], [[Surat]], [[Bhavnagar]], [[Rajkot]], [[Gandhinagar]], [[Ambaji]], [[Rajpipla]], [[Bharuch]], [[Valsad]], [[Navsari]], Bardoli, Jambusar, Mansa, Pawagadh, Halol, Bodeli, [[Kukarmunda]], Nizar, Sogadh, [[Vyara]], Olpad, Palanpur and also with [[Maharashtra]] state's cities including [[Aurangabad]], Dhuliya, [[Jalgaon]], [[Nandurbar]], [[Shirpur]], Shahada, [[Talode]], [[Akkalkuwa|Akkalkuva]], [[Yawal]], [[Chopda|Chopada]], [[Amalner]]. The private luxury buses and travels also available for Vadodara, Ahmedabad, Rajkot. Nearest railway station is [[Ankleshwar]] (95 km) and nearest airports are Surat (135 km) and Vadodara (145 km).

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Coord missing|Gujarat}}

[[Category:Narmada district]]
[[Category:Talukas of Gujarat]]

{{Narmada-geo-stub}}

Kodaikal

2024-10-21T03:05:02Z

Agamx: further improved lead per sources and added references

{{Short description|Locality in Mangalore city, Karnataka, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
'''Kodikal''' is a locality in [[Mangalore]] city, [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. Its pin-code is <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pincode of KODICAL 10TH CROSS ASHOKNAGAR MR MANGALORE DAKSHINA KANNADA KARNATAKA 575006 Pincode.net.in |url=https://pincode.net.in/kodical-10th-cross-ashoknagar-mr-mangalore-dakshina-kannada-karnataka-575006 |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=pincode.net.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Localities in Mangalore]]

{{Mangalore-geo-stub}}

Meenakshipuram, Nagercoil

2024-07-11T13:44:20Z

Agamx: put up new entry...

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Meenakshipuram, Nagercoil
|native_name =
|native_name_lang = ta
|other_name =
|settlement_type = [[Neighbourhood]]
|image_skyline =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
|nickname =
|image_map =
|map_alt =
|map_caption =
|pushpin_map = Tamil Nadu
|pushpin_label_position =
|pushpin_map_alt =
|pushpin_map_caption = Meenakshipuram, Nagercoil (Tamil Nadu)
|coordinates = {{coord|8|10|57.4|N|77|26|08.6|E|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type = [[Country]]
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[File: TamilNadu Logo.svg|23x16px|border|alt=Tamil Nadu]] [[Tamil Nadu]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
|subdivision_name2 =
|established_title = <! -- Established -->
|government_type =
|government_body =
|unit_pref = Metric
|area_footnotes =
|area_rank =
|area_total_km2 =
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 46
|elevation_ft =
|population_total =
|population_as_of =
|population_rank =
|population_density_km2 =
|demographics_type1 = [[Languages]]
|demographics1_title1 = [[Official]]
|demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[English language|English]]
|demographics1_title2 = Speech
|demographics1_info2 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[English language|English]]
|timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset1 = +5:30
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|postal_code = 629001
|area_code_type = [[Telephone]] Code
|area_code = +914652
|registration_plate = TN 74 yy xxxx
|blank1_name_sec1 = Neighbourhoods
|blank1_info_sec1 = [[Nagercoil]], [[Kottar]], [[Vadiveeswaram]], [[Vadasery]], [[Edalakudy]], [[Elankadai]] and [[Suchindram]]
|blank2_name_sec1 = Corporation
|blank2_info_sec1 = [[Nagercoil Municipal Corporation]]
|blank3_name_sec1 =
|blank3_info_sec1 =
|blank4_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha|LS]]
|blank4_info_sec1 = [[Kanniyakumari Lok Sabha constituency]]
|blank5_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha|VS]]
|blank5_info_sec1 = [[Nagercoil Assembly constituency]]
|blank6_name_sec1 = [[Member of Parliament|MP]]
|blank6_info_sec1 = [[Vijay Vasanth]]
|blank7_name_sec1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
|blank7_info_sec1 = [[M. R. Gandhi]]
|website =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Meenakshipuram''' is a neighbourhood of [[Nagercoil]],<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E4dkAAAAMAAJ&q=%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AF%2580%25E0%25AE%25A9%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%259F%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AF%2581%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AF%258D,+%25E0%25AE%25A8%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AF%258B%25E0%25AE%25B5%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25B2%25E0%25AF%258D |title=Jīvā oru palkalaikkal̲akam |date=2001 |publisher=Vijayā Patippakam |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kirunṣṇanātan̲ |first=Ta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nu7ZAAAAMAAJ&q=%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AF%2580%25E0%25AE%25A9%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%259F%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AF%2581%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AF%258D,+%25E0%25AE%25A8%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AF%258B%25E0%25AE%25B5%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25B2%25E0%25AF%258D |title=Ayyā Vaikuṇṭarin̲ vāl̲vum cintan̲aiyum |date=2000 |publisher=Tiṇai Veḷiyīṭṭakam |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cuBmAAAAMAAJ&q=%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AF%2580%25E0%25AE%25A9%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%259F%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AF%2581%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AF%258D,+%25E0%25AE%25A8%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AF%258B%25E0%25AE%25B5%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25B2%25E0%25AF%258D |title=Kālaccuvaṭu |date=2002 |publisher=Sundara Ramaswamy |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RY4qAAAAMAAJ&q=meenakshipuram%252C%2520nagercoil&pg=PA492 |title=Press in India |date=1867 |publisher=Office of the Registrar of Newspapers. |language=en}}</ref> in [[Kanniyakumari district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] state in the peninsular [[India]]. It is located at an altitude of 46 m above the mean sea level with the geographical coordinates of {{coord|8|10|57.4|N|77|26|08.6|E}} (i.e., 8.182611°N, 77.435708°E). [[Nagercoil]], [[Kottar]], [[Vadiveeswaram]], [[Vadasery]], [[Edalakudy]], [[Elankadai]] and [[Suchindram]] are some of the important neighbourhoods of Meenakshipuram. Historical [[Nagercoil Clock Tower|Clock Tower]] is built in Meenakshipuram. [[State Express Transport Corporation]] has a Bus depot in Meenakshipuram. There is a Bus Terminus viz., Anna Bus Stand which is situated on Cape road.

Meenakshipuram area falls under the [[Nagercoil Assembly constituency]]. The winner of the election held in the year 2021 as the member of its assembly constituency is [[M. R. Gandhi]]. Also, this area belongs to [[Kanniyakumari Lok Sabha constituency]]. [[Vijay Vasanth]] won the 2019 elections, as the member of its Lok Sabha constituency.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
* [https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Meenakshipuram,_Nagercoil&params=8_10_57.4_N_77_26_08.6_E_type:city_region:IN]

[[Category:Nagercoil]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Kanyakumari district]]

{{India-geo-stub}}

A. Ramachandran (Politician)

2024-01-29T18:40:23Z

Agamx:

#REDIRECT [[A. Ramachandran (politician)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from miscapitalisation}}
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Jakhan State

2023-08-13T14:08:47Z

Agamx: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Jakhan#History]]

{{Redirect category shell|1=
{{R with possibilities}}
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[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]

Bharatpedia:WikiProject Indian Premier League/IRC/July Log

2022-10-17T20:33:12Z

Agamx: put up pg

* [21:03] == Tito_ [0e601946@gateway/web/freenode/ip.**.**.**.**] has joined #wikipedia-en-ipl
* [21:03] <Vibhijain> 1wit
* [21:03] <Vibhijain> wait
* [21:03] <Guest17036> hi tito dutta
* [21:03] <Guest17036> :)
* [21:03] <Tito_> Hi Guest
* [21:03] <Vibhijain> now serious
* [21:03] <Vibhijain> while editing IPL articles
* [21:04] <Vibhijain> i have observed that they can be classified into 2 broead categories
* [21:04] <BPositive> Vibhijain: I think people are coming in. So may be we can wait for a while
* [21:04] <Vibhijain> first is cricket, secon is non cricket
* [21:04] <Vibhijain> kk
* [21:04] <TheSpecialUserYa> hi tito
* [21:05] <Tito_> I have slow net. I'll be on and off like the way I am doing for last one and a jalf hour, but I am here
* [21:05] <BPositive> Vibhijain: we'll wait for another couple of minutes for Dipankan. and then start
* [21:05] <Vibhijain> kk
* [21:05] <TheSpecialUserYa> i left him a msg
* [21:05] <Vibhijain> kk
* [21:05] == Dipankan001 [75c20df4@gateway/web/freenode/ip.***.***.**.***] has joined #wikipedia-en-ipl
* [21:05] <Vibhijain> ya, i saw
* [21:05] <Vibhijain> hey
* [21:05] <Dipankan001> Hello
* [21:05] <TheSpecialUserYa> the captian has arrived
* [21:05] <Vibhijain> mr corinator
* [21:05] <Vibhijain> ya
* [21:05] <Dipankan001> Just joined
* [21:05] <TheSpecialUserYa> welcom sir
* [21:05] <Guest17036> helo
* [21:05] <Dipankan001> Hello guys, just a bit late
* [21:05] <BPositive> Hello to all
* [21:05] == Vibhijain changed the topic of #wikipedia-en-ipl to: Informal IRC meetup of English Wikipedia's WikiProject Indian Premier League
* [21:05] <Guest17036> ontime...6 min late
* [21:05] <Guest17036> :P
* [21:06] <Vibhijain> so i am starting
* [21:06] <Tito_> Guest why don't you take name?
* [21:06] <Vibhijain> kk?
* [21:06] <TheSpecialUserYa> Guest17036??
* [21:06] <Dipankan001> WhatOk
* [21:06] <Tito_> Ya start
* [21:06] <Vibhijain> he is strike
* [21:06] <Vibhijain> kk
* [21:06] <TheSpecialUserYa> hes Strike Eagle prolly
* [21:06] <Vibhijain> while editing IPL articles
* [21:06] <Vibhijain> i have oberved that they can be clasfied into 2 broad categories
* [21:06] <Dipankan001> Thanks to all of you who attended this IRC Meetup!
* [21:06] <Vibhijain> 1. cricket
* [21:06] <Guest17036> I donno how to do it @Tito...dont mind
* [21:06] <Guest17036> :)
* [21:06] <Vibhijain> 2. non cricket
* [21:07] <Vibhijain> cricket includes
* [21:07] <Vibhijain> 1.tournament and teams
* [21:07] <Vibhijain> 2.players
* [21:07] <Vibhijain> 3.statsitics
* [21:07] <Tito_> Ya
* [21:07] <Vibhijain> non cricket includes controversies and owners
* [21:07] <Dipankan001> Did anyone notice the CSK GA?
* [21:07] <Vibhijain> so lets talk about statistics
* [21:08] <Tito_> Not cricket may also include entertainment throughout IPL
* [21:08] <Vibhijain> we have only 2 statistics lists
* [21:08] <TheSpecialUserYa> CSK is speedy fail
* [21:08] <Vibhijain> ya
* [21:08] <Vibhijain> list of IPL cnturies
* [21:08] <Dipankan001> IPL centuries and .....
* [21:08] <Vibhijain> and
* [21:08] <Vibhijain> ipl rcords and statistics
* [21:08] <Vibhijain> now
* [21:08] <Dipankan001> List of controversies?
* [21:08] <Vibhijain> listen carefully
* [21:08] <Vibhijain> thats not statistics
* [21:08] <TheSpecialUserYa> Kid is serious guys....
* [21:09] <TheSpecialUserYa> listen to him
* [21:09] <Vibhijain> i have a plan to create
* [21:09] <Vibhijain> wth
* [21:09] <TheSpecialUserYa> carry on..
* [21:09] <Vibhijain> list of delhi dareevil players
* [21:09] <Vibhijain> list of CSK players
* [21:09] <Vibhijain> etc.
* [21:09] <Vibhijain> but we have a challenge
* [21:09] <Dipankan001> If you don't mind Vibhijain, please go slow so that others can understand
* [21:09] <Vibhijain> kk
* [21:09] <Dipankan001> You're going fast
* [21:09] <Dipankan001> :-)
* [21:09] <TheSpecialUserYa> that is superb!!
* [21:09] <Dipankan001> I can't get u
* [21:10] <TheSpecialUserYa> like this
* [21:10] <TheSpecialUserYa> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_FC_Barcelona_players
*
* [21:10] <BPositive> and also, take your time and write everything together. good practice :)
* [21:10] <TheSpecialUserYa> we can create new articles for each tem at IPL
* [21:10] <Vibhijain> we need information that how much a player has scored or how much wickets he has taken while playing for a specific team
* [21:10] <Guest17036> good...but the number of players is comparatively ver low
* [21:10] <Vibhijain> see now
* [21:10] <Dipankan001> Harrias told to creat IPL teams season wise
* [21:11] <Tito_> Good idea
* [21:11] <Vibhijain> for example
* [21:11] <Vibhijain> if we r creating for DD
* [21:11] <Vibhijain> and we r adding gambhir
* [21:11] <Vibhijain> then we need his statistics for th first 3 years
* [21:11] <Vibhijain> fine till this?
* [21:11] <Dipankan001> Ya
* [21:11] <Tito_> Yes
* [21:11] <Vibhijain> kk
* [21:11] <TheSpecialUserYa> GAMBIR will be under the section "former players"
* [21:11] <Vibhijain> but the challeng is
* [21:11] <Vibhijain> no site provides such statistics
* [21:12] <Vibhijain> in cicinfo and cricket archieve
* [21:12] <Dipankan001> TheSpecialUserYa we can search in Google news using my script
* [21:12] <Vibhijain> they include IPL statistics under T20
* [21:12] <Vibhijain> which also includes other leagus like big bash
* [21:12] <Vibhijain> only on site provides IPL statistics
* [21:12] <Vibhijain> thats sify
* [21:12] <Tito_> In some cricketers biographical article there are section (example Anil Kumble in IPL) we cal link that as "See also" or "Main"
* [21:12] <Dipankan001> What about CLt20?
* [21:13] <Dipankan001> Thats great idea
* [21:13] <Vibhijain> but it oesn't tells how much he has scored playing for a spcific tea,
* [21:13] == Guest17036 [7c7b661f@gateway/web/freenode/ip.***.***.***.**] has quit [Quit: Page closed]
* [21:13] <Vibhijain> so the final point is
* [21:14] <Vibhijain> we need statistics for individuals playing for a specific team
* [21:14] <Vibhijain> to creat lists like "players of team ABC"
* [21:14] <Vibhijain> any solution to this???
* [21:14] <Tito_> Frankly, I can not understand anything! :-(
* [21:14] <TheSpecialUserYa> thats little tough
* [21:14] <Vibhijain> omg
* [21:14] <BPositive> I dont understand why an article like that is "required"
* [21:15] <Tito_> What's about question based or point based discussion?
* [21:15] <Vibhijain> kk
* [21:15] <Tito_> Ask a question or raise a point first
* [21:15] <Vibhijain> i am telling again
* [21:15] <TheSpecialUserYa> we have articles like this:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_FC_Barcelona_players
*
* [21:15] <Tito_> then discuss on it
* [21:15] <Dipankan001> Lets have a FAQ like for WP IPL
* [21:15] <Vibhijain> first of all see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Afghanistan_T20I_cricketers
*
* [21:15] <BPositive> if it is a national team, no doubt you can have "Indian team players"
* [21:16] <BPositive> which I think is already there
* [21:16] <Dipankan001> List of Indian T20I cricketers?
* [21:16] <Vibhijain> there is one
* [21:16] <BPositive> TheSpecialUserYa: Football and cricket cannot be compared dude
* [21:16] <Vibhijain> which is a FL
* [21:16] <Dipankan001> Tito_ are you getting it?
* [21:16] <Vibhijain> see
* [21:16] <Vibhijain> if also has statistics
* [21:16] <BPositive> again, its a national side
* [21:16] <Tito_> Yes
* [21:17] <Tito_> Carry on
* [21:17] <Vibhijain> Inn – Number of innings batted
* [21:17] <Vibhijain> NO – Number of innings not out
* [21:17] <Vibhijain> Runs – Runs scored in career
* [21:17] <Vibhijain> HS – Highest score
* [21:17] <Vibhijain> 100 – Centuries scored
* [21:17] <Vibhijain> 50 – Half-centuries scored
* [21:17] <Vibhijain> Avg – Runs scored per dismissal
* [21:17] <Vibhijain> * – Batsman remained not out
* [21:17] <Vibhijain> that much for batting
* [21:17] <Vibhijain> kk
* [21:17] <Vibhijain> now i want to create such lists for IPL teams
* [21:17] <Vibhijain> but then we need statistics
* [21:17] <Vibhijain> only sify provides IPL specific statistics
* [21:17] <Vibhijain> kk?
* [21:18] <Tito_> Good idea
* [21:18] <Tito_> Need a demo too
* [21:18] <Vibhijain> but the problem is
* [21:18] <Vibhijain> players changes their team many times
* [21:18] <Tito_> Right
* [21:18] <Dipankan001> Thats the problem
* [21:18] <Vibhijain> lets take parthiv patel for example
* [21:18] <Tito_> Or Dada
* [21:18] <Vibhijain> he has played for three teams
* [21:19] <Vibhijain> and all his statistics are together
* [21:19] <Tito_> We can find out some solution
* [21:19] <Vibhijain> we need statistics for individuals playing for an specific team
* [21:19] <TheSpecialUserYa> :/
* [21:20] <TheSpecialUserYa> it looks tough at this moment
* [21:20] <Tito_> It is not clear what are you trying to do–do we have these data already an not in article or we have not data too
* [21:20] <Tito_> ?
* [21:20] <BPositive> quite tough
* [21:20] <Vibhijain> hmm
* [21:20] <Vibhijain> ok
* [21:20] <Vibhijain> so lets leave this for now
* [21:21] <Vibhijain> now lets talki about non cricket articles
* [21:21] <Vibhijain> they r in a very bad state
* [21:21] <TheSpecialUserYa> tito...i sent you a personal message. Please respond there. I wont take much time
* [21:22] <Vibhijain> anyone interested in c reating articles about individual controversies??
* [21:22] <Tito_> what is c reating?
* [21:22] <Dipankan001> Controversies might/might not be notable
* [21:22] <Vibhijain> making new article
* [21:22] <Tito_> No, contros will be intersting Dipankan
* [21:22] <Dipankan001> So we have to be careful. @Tito_ thats a error
* [21:23] <Tito_> eg. Bhaiji clapped Sreeshath
* [21:23] <Vibhijain> they r notable
* [21:23] <Tito_> Yes
* [21:23] <Vibhijain> vry notable
* [21:23] <Vibhijain> yeah
* [21:23] <BPositive> yep
* [21:23] <Dipankan001> I am saying "notability"- others except Bajji Sreesanth
* [21:23] <Tito_> Bhaji slapped Sreesanth, drama with Ganguly's selction
* [21:23] <Vibhijain> or the el classico lalit modi
* [21:23] <Tito_> That rape accusation
* [21:23] <Vibhijain> yeah
* [21:23] <Tito_> Yes, Modi's incidence was classic
* [21:23] <Dipankan001> Wayne Parnell?
* [21:23] <Vibhijain> or the new sting operation
* [21:23] <BPositive> and recent spot fixing
* [21:24] <Vibhijain> ya
* [21:24] <Tito_> Exactly
* [21:24] <Dipankan001> By 5 cricketers, notable..... hmmm.....
* [21:24] <Vibhijain> anyone interested??
* [21:24] <TheSpecialUserYa> in what?
* [21:24] <Dipankan001> Ya, but I'll hunt for atleast 10 good reliable sources
* [21:24] <Vibhijain> u will get 100
* [21:25] <Vibhijain> becoz ye IPL hai boss
* [21:25] <Dipankan001> "good, reliable sources" not blogs, be sure. Although I'm confident I'll get it
* [21:25] <BPositive> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controversies_involving_the_Indian_Premier_League
*
* [21:25] <BPositive> we can expand this article too
* [21:25] <Vibhijain> ya
* [21:26] <BPositive> and take info from each of these sections along with the refs
* [21:26] <Vibhijain> ya
* [21:26] <BPositive> creating stubs, in this way won't be a big deal
* [21:26] <Vibhijain> kk
* [21:26] <Dipankan001> Stubs really dont count
* [21:26] <BPositive> later can be expanded
* [21:26] <Vibhijain> i will start from tomorrow
* [21:26] <Vibhijain> now
* [21:27] <Vibhijain> i am starting the hot topic
* [21:27] <Dipankan001> We should focus on B class right from the start
* [21:27] <Vibhijain> what about crationg articles like
* [21:27] <Vibhijain> chris gayle at IPL
* [21:27] <Vibhijain> sehwag at IPL
* [21:27] <Vibhijain> ??
* [21:27] <Dipankan001> NO
* [21:27] <Tito_> No
* [21:27] <BPositive> errr
* [21:27] <Dipankan001> It was discussed
* [21:27] <Vibhijain> dude
* [21:27] <Vibhijain> wait
* [21:27] <BPositive> bad idea
* [21:27] <Dipankan001> at WT:IPL where consensus said "no
* [21:28] <Tito_> They will ask to merge "Sehwag in IPL" with "Virnder Sehwag" I bet
* [21:28] <TheSpecialUserYa> agree
* [21:28] <BPositive> I second Tito_
* [21:28] <TheSpecialUserYa> i thirded
* [21:28] <Vibhijain> wait
* [21:28] <Vibhijain> i am getting thye link
* [21:28] <Dipankan001> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:IPL#A_proposal
*
* [21:28] <Dipankan001> See this
* [21:29] <Vibhijain>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_topics/Australian_cricket_team_in_England_in_1948
*
* [21:29] <Vibhijain> w have FAs about player at tours
* [21:30] <TheSpecialUserYa> "Chris Gayle at the IPL fails WP:N. The only notable things he's done is break a girls eyeball and hit 13 sixes."" What the hell was that :P
* [21:30] <Vibhijain> its a horribly great FP
* [21:30] <Vibhijain>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_topics/Australian_cricket_team_in_England_in_1948
*
* [21:30] <Vibhijain> see this guys
* [21:30] <Dipankan001> Thats a national cricket team
* [21:30] <Dipankan001> not individual player
* [21:30] <Vibhijain> the invicibles
* [21:30] <Vibhijain> just see again
* [21:30] <Vibhijain>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Miller_with_the_Australian_cricket_team_in_England_in_1948
*
* [21:30] <Vibhijain>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernie_Toshack_with_the_Australian_cricket_team_in_England_in_1948
*
* [21:31] <Vibhijain>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Bradman_with_the_Australian_cricket_team_in_England_in_1948
*
* [21:31] <BPositive> I think we need to distinguish between national teams and IPL.
* [21:31] <Dipankan001> Thats international cricket
* [21:31] <TheSpecialUserYa> that is particular for an Year
* [21:31] <TheSpecialUserYa> and for
* [21:31] <TheSpecialUserYa> a national team
* [21:31] <Vibhijain> but IPL is also vry famous
* [21:31] <TheSpecialUserYa> not for any league
* [21:31] <Vibhijain> its for a tour
* [21:31] <Vibhijain> not a year
* [21:31] <Dipankan001> It has much more notability because it's international not domestic
* [21:31] <BPositive> is there Adam Gilchrist at KFC Big Bash?
* [21:31] <Dipankan001> Na
* [21:31] <Vibhijain> nah
* [21:32] <Vibhijain> but ye IPL hai boss
* [21:32] <TheSpecialUserYa> most of the sources are from books
* [21:32] <Dipankan001> And so should these not be there
* [21:32] <Vibhijain> IPL is morer famous
* [21:32] <BPositive> same applies for IPL
* [21:32] <Vibhijain> that internation cricket
* [21:32] <Vibhijain> although its unfortunate
* [21:32] <Tito_> I have a question: are we doing anything with IPL coaches?
* [21:32] <BPositive> I see a biased Vibhijain over here :P
* [21:32] <TheSpecialUserYa> lol
* [21:32] <Dipankan001> Dont joke. It has got some notability, simply saying "Ye IPL hai boss" would not fetc h you any links
* [21:32] <BPositive> :D
* [21:33] <Dipankan001> BTW IPL coaches
* [21:33] <Dipankan001> IPL- coaches is a good idea
* [21:33] <Tito_> There have been lots of drama and lots of big names there too
* [21:33] <BPositive> yes
* [21:33] <Vibhijain> they r already there
* [21:33] <Vibhijain> y
* [21:33] <Vibhijain> ya
* [21:33] <TheSpecialUserYa> thats a great idea tito...
* [21:33] <TheSpecialUserYa> coaches look good
* [21:33] <TheSpecialUserYa> to improve
* [21:33] <Vibhijain> so thy r the next target
* [21:34] <Tito_> Also IPL Cheerleaders? (not joking)
* [21:34] <Vibhijain> wtf
* [21:34] <Vibhijain> that only applies to those
* [21:34] <TheSpecialUserYa> wat wtf?
* [21:34] <Vibhijain> KXIP ones
* [21:34] <Vibhijain> who wre in a controversy
* [21:35] <Tito_> We can make a list of controversies later, this chat is not the best place to make a list
* [21:35] <Vibhijain> ya
* [21:37] <Tito_> Yes.. please continue
* [21:37] <TheSpecialUserYa> lol: "Vibhi (14 year old) is saying that he is serious"
* [21:37] <Dipankan001> Come on, always becoming serious isn't a good idea, isn't it?
* [21:37] <Vibhijain> u r only 16
* [21:37] <Vibhijain> TSU
* [21:37] <TheSpecialUserYa> :P
* [21:37] <Dipankan001> Dont expose ages
* [21:37] <Dipankan001> Please personal things be personal
* [21:37] <TheSpecialUserYa> I m 16.8 techenically
* [21:37] <Vibhijain> chalo lave
* [21:37] <Vibhijain> any other ideas?
* [21:37] <Tito_> Hey Vibhi is only 14 years old?
* [21:37] <Dipankan001> Possibly Chennai Super Kings in 2009
* [21:37] <Dipankan001> DD in 2008
* [21:37] <TheSpecialUserYa> i was thinking the same
* [21:38] <Dipankan001> Harrias told at the CSK GA
* [21:38] <Vibhijain> ya
* [21:38] <Tito_> One third or one fourth of my age
* [21:38] <Vibhijain> hmm
* [21:38] <Vibhijain> yeah
* [21:38] <Vibhijain> if harrias says that
* [21:38] <Vibhijain> go for it
* [21:38] <BPositive> anything which is notable will always get a go ahead
* [21:38] <Dipankan001> Talk:Chennai Super Kings/GA 2
* [21:38] <Tito_> Ya
* [21:38] <Tito_> It was failed right?
* [21:39] <Vibhijain> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendezvous_Sports_World
*
* [21:39] <TheSpecialUserYa> 1 question off the track: till when will we have this meet up?
* [21:39] <Vibhijain> this can be a GA on day
* [21:39] <Vibhijain> no idea
* [21:39] <Dipankan001> Hey Tito if you dont mind please don't discuss about ages
* [21:39] <Vibhijain> oh man
* [21:39] <Vibhijain> i am also working onhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Vibhijain/2008_Indian_Premier_League_Final
*
* [21:39] <Dipankan001> Ya
* [21:40] <Vibhijain> bolo bhi
* [21:40] <Vibhijain> having articles about inals
* [21:40] <Vibhijain> is a great idea
* [21:40] <BPositive> yes
* [21:40] <BPositive> agree
* [21:40] <Vibhijain> i got it from harrias
* [21:40] <Vibhijain> harrias and assosiataffiliate r masters of cricket
* [21:41] <Vibhijain> ny other ideas?
* [21:41] <BPositive> Is there an article on "each and every player" of IPL?
* [21:42] <Vibhijain> no
* [21:42] <Vibhijain> many local guys r missing
* [21:42] <BPositive> or is it fine enough to create even if he has played just a couple of matches
* [21:42] <BPositive> just to ensure we have no red links in the main articles
* [21:43] <BPositive> ??
* [21:43] <Vibhijain> we can have policy over that
* [21:43] <BPositive> as in?
* [21:43] <Vibhijain> WP Cricket
* [21:44] <Vibhijain>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:CRICKET#Notability_criteria_guideline_for_article_inclusion
*
* [21:44] <Vibhijain> we can ask them to add IPL to their criteria
* [21:44] <Vibhijain> we need more coordination with WP Cricket
* [21:45] <BPositive> sorry guys, I'll have to leave right now. Will catch up with Vibhi later. Gn.
* [21:45] <Vibhijain> bye
* [21:45] <Vibhijain> take care
* [21:45] <TheSpecialUserYa> wait
* [21:45] == BPositive [01173252@gateway/web/freenode/ip.*.**.**.**] has quit [Quit: Page closed]
* [21:46] <TheSpecialUserYa> Vibhi,
* [21:46] <Dipankan001> GUYS
* [21:46] <Vibhijain> yeah
* [21:46] <Dipankan001> Wait
* [21:46] <Dipankan001> Important
* [21:46] == Dee03 [75c66243@gateway/web/freenode/ip.***.***.**.**] has joined #wikipedia-en-ipl
* [21:46] <TheSpecialUserYa> Dee03?
* [21:46] <Dee03> hey all
* [21:46] <Dipankan001> I and TSU were chating
* [21:46] <TheSpecialUserYa> welcome anyways
* [21:47] <Vibhijain> kk
* [21:47] <Vibhijain> Hi Dee!!!!!!1
* [21:47] <Dee03> hi
* [21:53] <Vibhijain> i think we r coming to an end
* [21:54] <Vibhijain> any other ideas?
* [21:54] <Vibhijain> so we can siscuss them
* [21:54] <Vibhijain> *discuss
* [21:54] <TheSpecialUserYa> ages?
* [21:54] <Dipankan001> OK, guys. What is the final point of this meetup?
* [21:54] <Dipankan001> Please TSU Stop
* [21:54] <Vibhijain> yash, stop this
* [21:54] <Dipankan001> Whats the final point of this meetup?
* [21:54] <Vibhijain> some new ideas
* [21:54] <Dipankan001> Vibhi, tell this
* [21:55] <Vibhijain> we will create articles about
* [21:55] <Vibhijain> 1, coaches
* [21:55] <Vibhijain> 2. notable local players
* [21:55] <Vibhijain> 3 team ABC at year 123
* [21:55] <Dipankan001> Bas, thats enough
* [21:55] <TheSpecialUserYa> 1.) Vibhi is extreme kid and I m intermide kid. 2.) Vyom is little in active....m I missing something? Oh yes, We will start working on improving article about coaches and other controvertial players and help vibhi create few lists
* [21:55] <Vibhijain> i think there r more
* [21:55] <TheSpecialUserYa> the final conclusion
* [21:56] <Vibhijain> and
* [21:56] <Vibhijain> controvresies
* [21:56] <Vibhijain> thats most important
* [21:56] <TheSpecialUserYa> yup
* [21:56] <Dipankan001> @Tito_ are u thre
* [21:56] <Tito_> Yes
* [21:56] <Tito_> Here
* [21:56] <Dee03> we have articles regarding most of these
* [21:56] <TheSpecialUserYa> tell me if something else is discussed here
* [21:57] <TheSpecialUserYa> I m leaving now :)
* [21:57] <Vibhijain> hmm
* [21:57] <TheSpecialUserYa> This was superb!
* [21:57] <Dee03> lol
* [21:57] <TheSpecialUserYa> thanks Vibhi for this idea
* [21:57] <TheSpecialUserYa> we'll host it again
* [21:58] <Dipankan001> Thanks guys
* [21:58] <Dipankan001> But before leving some fun
* [21:58] <Dee03> ...
* [21:58] <Dipankan001> So? The Tipping Point of todays discussion is.....
* [21:58] <TheSpecialUserYa> gn...sd tc guys. Hope that you all have a great time (PS; Personal apologies for the person whom I called Kid who isn't actually and I'll remember that I m 16)
* [21:58] <Dipankan001> Cheerleaders of Kolkata........
* [21:58] <Dipankan001> Come on, have some fun!
* [21:58] <Dipankan001> :P
* [21:58] <TheSpecialUserYa> they are the best!
* [21:59] <Dipankan001> Korbo Lorbo Jeetbo!
* [21:59] <Dee03> :)
* [21:59] <TheSpecialUserYa> I love watching them
* [21:59] <Dipankan001> I too
* [21:59] <Dipankan001> :P
* [21:59] <TheSpecialUserYa> Korbo Lorbo Jeetbo!!!
* [21:59] <Vibhijain> kk
* [21:59] <TheSpecialUserYa> he says that he is a professor
* [21:59] <Vibhijain> khelo front foot pe
* [21:59] <Dipankan001> Punjabi
* [21:59] <Vibhijain> who?
* [22:00] <TheSpecialUserYa> Dipkan, whats ur age?
* [22:00] <Dipankan001> Hey
* [22:00] <Vibhijain> i know
* [22:00] <Vibhijain> haha
* [22:00] <Dipankan001> Vibhi
* [22:00] <Vibhijain> kk
* [22:00] <Dipankan001> TSU Stop calling me Dipkan..... Call Dipankan001
* [22:00] <Vibhijain> OMG
* [22:01] <Dipankan001> Guys I'm leaving... MR Coordinator leaving!
* [22:01] <Dipankan001> All the best
* [22:01] <Dipankan001> Bye
* [22:01] <Vibhijain> u r the lead coorinator
* [22:01] <Vibhijain> bye
* [22:01] <Dipankan001> And Good Night!
* [22:01] <Vibhijain> take care
* [22:02] <Dee03> gn
* [22:02] == Dipankan001 [75c20df4@gateway/web/freenode/ip.***.***.**.***] has quit [Quit: Page closed]
* [22:02] <Vibhijain> *10
* [22:02] <Tito_> I'll also be leaving in next few mins
* [22:02] <Tito_> Good chat overall
* [22:02] <Dee03> me too
* [22:02] <Vibhijain> ya
* [22:04] == TheSpecialUserYa [653f21d1@gateway/web/freenode/ip.***.**.**.***] has quit [Ping timeout: 245 seconds]
* [22:05] <Vibhijain> so in case anyon of u wanna talk with me
* [22:05] <Vibhijain> i am also leaving
* [22:06] <Tito_> Me too leaving now!
* [22:06] <Tito_> Bye

List of Ranbir Kapoor awards and nominations

2022-10-09T21:08:22Z

Agamx: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[List of awards and nominations received by Ranbir Kapoor]]

Dil Ka Sathi Dil

2022-09-16T15:37:48Z

Agamx: redirect

#REDIRECT [[Madanolsavam]]