Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Levista (coffee)

2026-05-06T13:04:19Z

Aeon: creating info

{{Short description|Indian brand of coffee}}
{{mfn|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox product
| title = Levista Coffee
| image = Levista(coffee)Logo.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| type = [[Coffee]]
| inventor =
| inception = {{start date and age|df=y|4|12|2017}}
| manufacturer = SLN Coffee
| available = Available
| current supplier = SLN Coffee
| models =
| website =
{{url|http://levista.in/|Levista}} 
{{url|https://www.slncoffee.com/|SLN Coffee}}
| notes =
}}
'''Levista''' is an Indian brand of [[coffee]] produced by SLN Coffee and sold in [[Karnataka]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Telangana]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and rest of [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/sln-coffe-rolls-out-levista-instant-coffee/article21261373.ece |title=SLN Coffee rolls out Levista instant coffee |date=2017-12-04 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=India |access-date=2020-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203101529/https://www.thehindu.com/business/sln-coffe-rolls-out-levista-instant-coffee/article21261373.ece |archive-date=2020-02-03 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==
Levista was launched on 4 December 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/sln-coffee-launches-levista-brand-eyes-rs-1100-crore-topline/articleshow/61915912.cms?from=mdr |title=SLN Coffee launches Levista brand; eyes Rs 1,100 Crore topline |date=2017-12-04 |website=The Economic Times |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |location=India |access-date=2020-02-03}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Coffee}}
* [[Instant coffee]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Further reading===
*[https://www.indiatoday.in/auto/latest-auto-news/story/jawa-yezdi-launches-single-origin-yezdi-coffee-on-world-coffee-day-2796149-2025-10-01 Jawa Yezdi launches single-origin 'Yezdi Coffee' on World Coffee Day]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20250819172721/https://www.thehindu.com/business/levista-coffee-aims-to-double-market-share/article33504404.ece Levista coffee aims to double market share]
*[https://moodiedavittreport.com/new-levista-coffee-vice-president-shriram-sanjeevi-targets-travel-retail-revenues/ New Levista Coffee Vice President Shriram Sanjeevi targets travel retail revenues]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20220701202631/https://www.comunicaffe.com/levista-aims-to-seize-a-5-market-share-in-the-instant-coffee-market-in-india/ Levista aims to seize a 5 market share in the instant coffee market in india]

==External links==
* [http://levista.in/ Official website]
* [https://www.slncoffee.com/ SLN website]

[[Category:Coffee brands]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]

{{India-company-stub}}

Kalliasseri Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T13:15:13Z

Aeon: made initial entry added tags

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kalliasseri
| type = SLA
| state = Kerala
| constituency_no = 7
| map_image = Mattul Kannur.jpg
| map_caption = [[Mattool]] in Kalliasseri Assembly constituency
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| electors = 1,84,923 (2021)
| mla = [[M. Vijin]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| alliance = {{legend2|#ED1C24|'''[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| district = [[Kannur district|Kannur]]
}}
'''Kalliasseri State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Kasaragod Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://kannur.nic.in/constituencies
|website = kannur.nic.in
|title = State Assembly Constituencies in Kannur district, Kerala
}}</ref> As of the [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026 assembly elections]], the current MLA is [[M. Vijin]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]].

==Local self-governed segments==
Kalliasseri Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kannur.html
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Kannur District
|access-date = 7 March 2021
|archive-date = 23 April 2021
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210423160037/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kannur.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
!width="30px" |Sl no.
!width="100px" |Name
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
|1
|[[Cherukunnu]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Kannur taluk|Kannur]]
|-
|2
|[[Kalliasseri]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Kannur taluk|Kannur]]
|-
|3
|[[Kannapuram]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Kannur taluk|Kannur]]
|-
|4
|[[Mattool]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Kannur taluk|Kannur]]
|-
|5
|[[Cheruthazham]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Payyanur Taluk|Payyanur]]
|-
|6
|[[Ezhome]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Payyanur Taluk|Payyanur]]
|-
|7
|[[Kadannappalli]]-[[Panapuzha]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Payyanur Taluk|Payyanur]]
|-
|8
|[[Kunhimangalam]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Payyanur Taluk|Payyanur]]
|-
|9
|[[Madayi]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Payyanur Taluk|Payyanur]]
|-
|10
|[[Pattuvam]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Taliparamba taluk|Taliparamba]]
|}

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Niyama Sabha
!Name
!colspan=2 |Party
!Tenure
|-
|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|13th
| rowspan="2" |[[T. V. Rajesh]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|2011-2016
|-
|[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|14th
|2016-2021
|-
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|15th
|M Vijin
|[[Incumbent]]
|}
{{notelist}}

== Election results ==

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kalliasseri}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = CPI(M)
|candidate = [[M. Vijin]]
|votes = 81428
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Rajeevan Kappachery
|votes = 62995
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = BJP
|candidate = A. V. Sanil Kumar
|votes = 13110
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 893
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 18433
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = CPI(M)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
There were 1,83,672 registered voters in the constituency for the 2021 election.
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kalliasseri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=M. Vijin |votes=88,252|percentage=60.62|change={{increase}}0.89|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Adv Brijesh Kumar|votes=43,859|percentage=30.13|change={{increase}}1.22|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Arun Kaithapram|votes=11,365|percentage=7.81|change={{decrease}}0.14|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Welfare Party of India|candidate=Faizal Madayi|votes=1,169|percentage=0.78|change={{increase}}0.02|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=666|percentage=0.46|change={{increase}}0.01|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Brijeshkumar M|votes=274|percentage=0.19|change=-|}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=44,393|percentage=30.51|change={{decrease}} 0.41}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,45,585|percentage=79.26|change={{decrease}} 0.93}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing={{increase}}0.89|}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
There were 1,77,121 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref> 
{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kalliasseri}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=T. V. Rajesh|votes=83,006|percentage=59.83|change={{increase}}1.21|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Amritha Ramakrishnan|votes=40,115|percentage=28.91|change={{decrease}} 5.73|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=K. P. Arun|votes=11,036|percentage=7.95|change={{increase}}3.55|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Sunil Koyilerian|votes=1,455|percentage=1.05|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=K. Subair|votes=1,435|percentage=1.03|change={{decrease}}0.80|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Welfare Party of India|candidate=Sainudeen Karivellur|votes=1,080|percentage=0.78|change=-}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=620|percentage=0.45|change=-}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=42,891|percentage=30.92|change={{increase}} 6.94}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,38,747|percentage=78.33|change={{decrease}} 1.00}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing={{increase}}1.21}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,57,384 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kalliasseri}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=T. V. Rajesh|votes=73,190|percentage=58.62|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=P. Indira|votes=43,244|percentage=34.64|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Sreenath Ravi Varma|votes=5,499|percentage=4.40|change=|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=A. P. Mahmood|votes=2,281|percentage=1.83|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=K. Gopalakrishnan|votes=640|percentage=0.51|change=-|}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=29,966|percentage=23.98|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,24,854|percentage=79.33|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Kalliasseri]]
* [[Kannur district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}

{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]
[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Kannur district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation

2026-05-05T09:31:03Z

Aeon: add section also as per guidelines

{{Short description|Local civic body in Bidhannagar, West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| coa_pic =
| coa_res = 200px
| coa_alt = Logo of the Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation
| coa_caption = [[Seal (emblem)|Seal]] of the Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation
| house_type = [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal Corporation]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|2015}}
| term_limits = 5 years
| disbanded =
| preceded_by =
| succeeded_by =
| leader1_type = Mayor
| leader1 = [[Krishna Chakraborty]]
| party1 = [[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
| election1 = 12 February 2022
| leader2_type = Deputy Mayor
| leader2 = Anita Mondal
| party2 = [[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
| election2 = 12 February 2022
| leader3_type = Chairperson
| leader3 = [[Sabyasachi Dutta]]
| party3 = [[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
| election3 = 12 February 2022
| seats =
| structure1 = India Bidhannagar, West Bengal Municipal Corporation 2022.svg
| structure1_res = 300px
| political_groups1 =
'''Government (39)'''
*{{legend|#20C646|[[Trinamool Congress|AITC]] (39)}}
'''Opposition (2)'''
*{{legend|#00BBFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (1)}}
*{{legend|#B2B2B2|[[Independent politician|IND]] (1)}}
| session_room = Poura Bhavan - Bidhannagar Municipality - FD 415A - Salt Lake City - Kolkata 2013-10-11 3305-3306.JPG
| session_res = 300px
| meeting_place = [[Headquarters]] of the Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting|First past the post]]
| last_election1 = [[2022 Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation Election|12 February 2022]]
| next_election1 = February 2027
| motto =
| website = {{URL|www.bmcwbgov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation''' is the [[Local self-government in India|local government]] responsible for the civic infrastructure and administration of [[Bidhannagar|Salt Lake]] and surrounding areas ([[Rajarhat]], [[Gopalpur, Kolkata|Gopalpur]], [[Kestopur]], [[Baguiati]], [[Kaikhali]], [[Teghoria]]) in [[Kolkata Metropolitan Area|Greater Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite news|title=North 24 Parganas district|url=https://www.wbtourismgov.in/destination/district/north_24_parganas#lb7|access-date=23 June 2019|archive-date=8 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608011413/https://www.wbtourismgov.in/destination/district/north_24_parganas#lb7|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation was headed by Administrator Pawan Kadyan, IAS till elections were held in October 2015 after delimitation into 41 wards (Ward No.s 1 to 26 from Rajarhat-Gopalpur Municipality, Ward No. 27 from Mahishbathan II Gram Panchayat and Ward No.s 28 to 44 from Bidhannagar Municipality).<ref name="bmc" /> This constituted its first Board of Councillors and Mayor-in-Council with Pawan Kadyan, IAS transitioning into the role of Municipal Commissioner.<ref>{{cite web |title= Kolkata Gazette Notification for Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation |url= https://www.wbdma.gov.in/circulars/249-135-ma_2015-2016.pdf |publisher= Department of Municipal Affairs, Government of West Bengal |access-date= 1 March 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170312033552/https://www.wbdma.gov.in/circulars/249-135-ma_2015-2016.pdf |archive-date= 12 March 2017 |url-status= dead }}</ref> BMC consists of 41 wards (grouped in 6 boroughs).<ref name="bmc" /> The Corporation is under administrative jurisdiction of [[Bidhannagar subdivision]] in the district of [[North 24 Parganas]] and police jurisdiction of [[Bidhannagar City Police]]. The current Municipal Commissioner is Sujay Sarkar, IAS, who has been in the post since 29 April 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title= New Commissioner|url=https://indiangrapevine.in/news/sujay-sarkar-designated-as-commissioner-bidhannagar-in-w-bengal-9670}}</ref>

==Geography==
This civic administrative body administers an area of {{convert|60.5|km2}} which is approximately 3.2% of the Total Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA).<ref name="bmc">{{cite web|title=bmcwbgov.in|url=http://www.bmcwbgov.in/index.php/about-us/about-bmc|access-date=23 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806101118/http://www.bmcwbgov.in/index.php/about-us/about-bmc|archive-date=6 August 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> The jurisdiction of BMC includes [[Bidhan Nagar|Salt Lake]] (a planned satellite town of [[Kolkata]] and previously under "Bidhannagar Municipality"), Mahishbathan II Gram Panchayat (which consisted of Tarulia, Mahisgote and Thakdari) and [[Rajarhat]] (previously under "Rajarhat-Gopalpur Municipality" which consisted of [[Kestopur]], Chandiberia, [[Baguiati]], Udayan Pally, Santosh Pally, Jagatpur, Ashwini Nagar, Narayantala, Raghunathpur, Arjunpur, [[Teghoria]], Jyangra, Helabottala, Noapara, Adarsha Pally, Pramodgarh, Jyoti Nagar, [[Hatiara]], [[Kaikhali]], Chinar Park, Atghara, Dasadrone, Salua, Bablatala, Narayanpur, Beraberi, Bidisha Pally, Sarada Pally, Ganti and part of [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|NSCBI Airport]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation about to be formed soon|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/writing-on-the-civic-body-wall/cid/1469106}}</ref>

Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation borders [[Madhyamgram|Madhyamgram Municipality]] in the north, [[Rajarhat (community development block)|Rajarhat block]] in the south, [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]] in the east and [[South Dum Dum]] in the west
==Administration==
Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation is divided into 41 wards. The 41 wards are arranged into 6 boroughs.<ref name="bmc"/> Each ward elects a councillor. The mayor is responsible for the overall functioning of the BMC and has a tenure of five years. At present, the [[All India Trinamool Congress]] holds the power in the BMC.
==Budget==
As of 2020, the budget of the [[city government]] is fund surplus with a budget of {{INRConvert|424.8|c}} while its total revenue stands at {{INRConvert|425|c}}. A lot of funds were allocated for disaster management and covid relief while an allocation of {{INRConvert|150|c}} was made for a road repairing scheme to have the transport infrastructure upgraded.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/bidhannagar-holds-online-budget-session/articleshow/76364390.cms|title = Bidhannagar holds online budget session | Kolkata News - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
==Demographics==
As per 2011 census, total population under Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation is 632,107. Total number of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] are 121,761 and 10,950 respectively. Among the 41 wards, Wards no 20 has the highest population with 20,981 residents while ward no 23 has the lowest population with 11,639 residents. Total number of households in BMC is 153,661.<ref name="bmc"/>

==List of mayors==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan = "2"|No.
! rowspan = "2"|Name
! colspan = "2"|Term
! rowspan = "2"|Ward
! colspan=2 rowspan = "2"|Party
|-
! Start
! End
|-
|1
|[[Sabyasachi Dutta]]
|2015
|2019
|Ward No. 31
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|2
|[[Krishna Chakraborty]]
|2019
|[[Incumbent]]
|Ward No. 29
|-
|}

==Current members==
Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation has a total of 41 members or councillors, who are directly elected after a term of 5 years. The council is led by the Mayor. The latest elections were held in [[2022 Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation election|12 February 2022]]. The current mayor of Bidhannagar is Krishna Chakraborty of the [[Trinamool Congress]]. The current deputy mayor is Anita Mondal of the [[Trinamool Congress]].

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!style="background-color:#20C646; color:white" colspan=5|Mayor: Krishna Chakraborty
|-
!style="background-color:#20C646; color:white" colspan=5|Deputy Mayor: Anita Mondal
|-
! Ward No.
! Name of Councillor
! colspan="2" | Party
! Remarks
|-
| 1 || Pinaki Nandi || {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=11}}
|
|-
| 2 || Rahima Bibi
|
|-
| 3 || Aratrika Bhattacharjee
|
|-
| 4 || Shahnawaz Ali Mondal
|
|-
| 5 || Nandini Banerjee
|
|-
| 6 || Samrat Barua
|
|-
| 7 || Debraj Chakraborty
|
|-
| 8 || Suparna Ghosh Paul
|
|-
| 9 || Samaresh Chakraborty
|
|-
| 10 || Pranay Kumar Ray
|
|-
| 11 || Anita Biswas
|
|-
| 12 || Momota Hossain Mondal || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 13 || Mohammad Sirajul Haque || {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|
|-
| 14 || Gita Sardar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
| 15 || Sujit Mondal || {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=27}}
|
|-
| 16 || Jayashri Bagui
|
|-
| 17 || Ashutosh Nandi
|
|-
| 18 || Indranath Bagui
|
|-
| 19 || Piyali Sarkar
|
|-
| 20 || Prosenjit Nag
|
|-
| 21 || Monoranjan Ghosh
|
|-
| 22 || Atindra Prasad Sana
|
|-
| 23 || Jhunku Mondal
|
|-
| 24 || Manish Mukherjee
|
|-
| 25 || Purnima Naskar
|
|-
| 26 || Susobhan Mondal
|
|-
| 27 || Binu Mondal
|
|-
| 28 || Prabir Sardar
|
|-
| 29 || Krishna Chakraborty
|
|-
| 30 || Anita Mondal
|
|-
| 31 || [[Sabyasachi Dutta]]
|
|-
| 32 || Kakali Saha
|
|-
| 33 || Banibrata Banerjee
|
|-
| 34 || Ranjan Podder
|
|-
| 35 || Jaydev Naskar
|
|-
| 36 || Chamili Naskar
|
|-
| 37 || Minu Das Chakraborty
|
|-
| 38 || Alo Dutta
|
|-
| 39 || Rajesh Chirimar
|
|-
| 40 || Tulsi Sinha Roy
|
|-
| 41 || Ratna Bhaumik
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.bmcwbgov.in/}}

[[Category:Politics of North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Municipal corporations in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Kolkata]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Bidhannagar]]

Teja Sajja

2026-05-04T14:18:59Z

Aeon: created a stub

{{Short description|Indian film actor}}
{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Teja Sajja
| image = Teja Sajja at IIFA Utsavam (cropped).jpg
| caption = Sajja at IIFA Utsavam
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1995|8|23|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/a-rising-star-in-indian-cinema-922728 | title=A Rising Star in Indian Cinema | date=19 November 2024 | access-date=21 November 2024 | archive-date=20 November 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241120033247/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/a-rising-star-in-indian-cinema-922728 | url-status=live }}</ref>
| birth_place = India
| education = [[Muffakham Jah College of Engineering and Technology]] , [[The Hyderabad Public School, Begumpet]]
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1998–2009 2019–present
}}

'''Teja Sajja''' (born 23 August 1995) is an Indian actor who works in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Teja Sajja wraps up shooting and commences dubbing for Prasanth Varma's Zombie Reddy - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/teja-sajja-wraps-up-shooting-and-commences-dubbing-for-prasanth-varmas-zombie-reddy/articleshow/79278262.cms |website=The Times of India |date=18 November 2020 |language=en |access-date=3 April 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128024132/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/teja-sajja-wraps-up-shooting-and-commences-dubbing-for-prasanth-varmas-zombie-reddy/articleshow/79278262.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> He began his career as a [[child actor]] in ''[[Choodalani Vundi]]'' (1998) leading up to ''[[Boss (2006 film)|Boss]] ''(2006). As an adult, Sajja had a supporting role in ''[[Oh! Baby (2019 film)|Oh! Baby]]'' (2019). He has since played the lead roles in films such as ''[[Zombie Reddy]]'' (2021), ''[[Hanu-Man]]'' (2024) and ''[[Mirai (2025 film)|Mirai]]'' (2025). ''Hanu-Man'' is among the [[List of Indian films of 2024|highest-grossing Indian films of 2024]] and [[List of highest-grossing Telugu films|ninth highest-grossing Telugu film worldwide]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-27 |title=HanuMan director Prasanth Varma says he 'wasted a lot of time' waiting for stars like Ram Charan, Allu Arjun and Jr NTR: 'Even if Tom Cruise comes to me…' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/hanuman-director-prasanth-varma-says-he-wasted-a-lot-of-time-waiting-for-stars-like-ram-charan-allu-arjun-and-jr-ntr-even-if-tom-cruise-comes-to-me-9130130/ |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127082117/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/hanuman-director-prasanth-varma-says-he-wasted-a-lot-of-time-waiting-for-stars-like-ram-charan-allu-arjun-and-jr-ntr-even-if-tom-cruise-comes-to-me-9130130/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He is a recipient of two [[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Awards]] and a [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Award]].

==Early life and career==
Teja was born on 23 August 1995 in a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] family.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shamanthula |first=Raju |date=2024-11-19 |title=A Rising Star in Indian Cinema |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/a-rising-star-in-indian-cinema-922728 |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en |archive-date=20 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241120033247/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/a-rising-star-in-indian-cinema-922728 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sajja made his debut at the age of two in ''[[Choodalani Vundi]]'' (1998) and acted in over 20 films alongside leading actors in Telugu cinema.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tollywood Child Artist Teja Sajja Biography, News, Photos, Videos |url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/telugu/child-artist/teja-sajja |website=nettv4u |language=en |access-date=3 April 2021 |archive-date=29 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729084653/https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/telugu/child-artist/teja-sajja |url-status=live }}</ref> These include ''[[Kalisundam Raa]]'' (2000), ''[[Yuvaraju (2000 film)|Yuvaraju]]'' (2000), ''[[Indra (2002 film)|Indra]]'' (2002),<ref>{{Cite news|title=Teja Sajja reveals a secret about Megastar Chiranjeevi's Indra - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/teja-sajja-reveals-a-secret-about-megastar-chiranjeevis-indra/articleshow/77149199.cms|access-date=2021-04-15|website=The Times of India|date=24 July 2020 |language=en|archive-date=10 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010163249/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/teja-sajja-reveals-a-secret-about-megastar-chiranjeevis-indra/articleshow/77149199.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Tagore (film)|Tagore]]'' (2003), ''[[Gangotri (2003 film)|Gangotri]]'' (2003), ''[[Vasantam]]'' (2003), ''[[Samba (2004 film)|Samba]]'' (2004), ''[[Chatrapathi (2005 film)|Chatrapathi]]'' (2005), ''[[Balu (film)|Balu]]'' (2005) with actors [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]], [[Prabhas]], [[Mahesh Babu]], [[Allu Arjun]], [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]] and [[Pawan Kalyan]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Teja Sajja reveals a secret about Megastar Chiranjeevi's Indra - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/teja-sajja-reveals-a-secret-about-megastar-chiranjeevis-indra/articleshow/77149199.cms |work=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=3 April 2021 |archive-date=10 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010163249/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/teja-sajja-reveals-a-secret-about-megastar-chiranjeevis-indra/articleshow/77149199.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Child artiste Teja Sajja turns lead actor |url=https://archive.telugucinema.com/news/child-artiste-teja-sajja-turns-lead-actor |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |language=en |date=25 June 2019 |access-date=3 April 2021 |archive-date=17 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117100950/https://archive.telugucinema.com/news/child-artiste-teja-sajja-turns-lead-actor |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Living the dream |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2021/feb/02/living-the-dream-2258225.html |website=The New Indian Express |date=2 February 2021 |access-date=3 April 2021 |archive-date=11 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211054728/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2021/feb/02/living-the-dream-2258225.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Former child artist and 'Oh Baby' actor Teja Sajja turns a male lead - Telugu News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/former-child-artist-and-oh-baby-actor-teja-sajja-turns-a-male-lead-telugu-news-268063 |website=IndiaGlitz.com |date=23 August 2020 |access-date=3 April 2021 |archive-date=23 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823165021/https://www.indiaglitz.com/former-child-artist-and-oh-baby-actor-teja-sajja-turns-a-male-lead-telugu-news-268063 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sajja then made a comeback and played a supporting role in ''[[Oh! Baby (2019 film)|Oh! Baby]]'' (2019).<ref>{{cite web |title=Oh! Baby' fame Teja Sajja turns hero in fantasy love flick |url=https://telanganatoday.com/oh-baby-fame-teja-sajja-turns-hero-in-fantasy-love-flick |website=Telangana Today}}</ref> His made debut in a lead role in ''[[Zombie Reddy]]'' (2021).<ref>{{cite news |title=Varun Tej heaps praise on Teja Sajja at 'Zombie Reddy' pre-release event - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/varun-tej-heaps-praise-on-teja-sajja-at-zombie-reddy-pre-release-event/articleshow/80667099.cms |website=The Times of India |date=3 February 2021 |language=en |access-date=3 April 2021 |archive-date=3 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203091535/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/varun-tej-heaps-praise-on-teja-sajja-at-zombie-reddy-pre-release-event/articleshow/80667099.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> It is the first [[zombie film]] in [[Telugu cinema]] and received positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{Citation|title=Zombie Reddy Movie Review: A desi zombie film complete with factions and lots of drama|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/zombie-reddy/movie-review/80704272.cms|access-date=2021-02-08|archive-date=29 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929030224/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/zombie-reddy/movie-review/80704272.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He also starred in [[Ishq (2021 film)|''Ishq: Not a Love Story'']] alongside [[Priya Prakash Varrier]] which got mixed reviews. He completed his first sci-fi romantic film named ''[[Adbhutham]]'' alongside [[Shivani Rajashekar]], which was released on [[Disney+ Hotstar]], the same year.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Vyas|date=2020-07-01|title=Shivani Rajashekar as Vennela|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/shivani-rajashekar-as-vennela-631102|access-date=2021-04-15|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=en|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415055024/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/shivani-rajashekar-as-vennela-631102|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ishq: Not A Love Story Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/ishq-not-a-love-story/movieshow/80215502.cms |website=Times of India |access-date=3 April 2021 |archive-date=17 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117101044/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/getdataofseason.cms?msid=106696902&type=link&parentseo=web-series/reviews/english/true-detective |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='Ishq: not a love story' review: A scathing indictment of moral policing |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2019/05/17/Ishq-not-a-love-story-review-A-scathing-indictment-of-moral-policing.html |website=The Week |language=en |access-date=3 April 2021 |archive-date=15 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615151521/https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2019/05/17/Ishq-not-a-love-story-review-A-scathing-indictment-of-moral-policing.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He next worked in the [[Prasanth Varma]]'s [[superhero film]] ''[[Hanu-Man]]'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Janani K.|date=June 25, 2021|title=Teja Sajja and Prasanth Varma's Hanu-Man goes on floors.|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/teja-sajja-and-prasanth-varma-s-hanu-man-goes-on-floors-see-pics-from-film-launch-1819231-2021-06-25|access-date=2021-06-25|magazine=[[India Today]]|language=en|archive-date=25 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625082558/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/teja-sajja-and-prasanth-varma-s-hanu-man-goes-on-floors-see-pics-from-film-launch-1819231-2021-06-25|url-status=live}}</ref>
He recently starred in another superhero film titled ''[[Mirai (2025 film)|Mirai]],'' which was released on 12 September 2025.

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role
!Notes
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Choodalani Vundi]]'' || Rama Krishna's son
|
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Rajakumarudu]]'' || Vengalla Rayudu
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2000 || ''[[Kalisundam Raa]]'' || Sandeep
|
|-
| ''[[Yuvaraju (2000 film)|Yuvaraju]] '' || Teja
|
|-
| [[Bachi (film)|''Bachi'']]|| Habibi
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2001 || ''[[Deevinchandi]]''|| Siva's son
|
|-
| ''[[Prema Sandadi]]''|| Siddu Sidhartha Roy
|
|-
| ''[[Akasa Veedhilo]]''|| Ram and Lakshman
|
|-
| 2002 || [[Indra (2002 film)|''Indra'']] || Young Indrasena Reddy
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2003 || [[Gangotri (2003 film)|''Gangotri'']] || Young Simhadri
|
|-
| ''[[Ottesi Cheputunna]]''|| Young Surya
|
|-
| ''[[Vasantam]] '' || rowspan="2"|Young Ashok
|rowspan="2"| Bilingual film; Shot in Telugu and [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]]
|-
| ''[[Priyamaana Thozhi]]''
|-
| [[Tagore (film)|''Tagore'']]||Tagore's adopted son
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2004 || [[Adavi Ramudu (2004 film)|''Adavi Ramudu'']] || Young Ramudu
|
|-
| [[Samba (2004 film)|''Samba'']]|| Chinna
|
|-
|''[[Leela Mahal Centre]]'' || Young Prabhu ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2005 || [[Balu (film)|''Balu'']] || Cherry
|
|-
| ''[[Naa Alludu]]''|| Young Chandram / Young Suryam
|Dual role
|-
| ''[[Andarivaadu]] '' || Govinda "Govindu" Raju Jr.
|
|-
| [[Chatrapathi (2005 film)|''Chatrapathi'']]|| Young Ashok
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2006
|[[Lakshmi (2006 film)|''Lakshmi'']]
|Young Lakshmi
|
|-
| ''[[Sri Ramadasu]]'' || Raghunathudu
|
|-
| ''[[Astram (film)|Astram]] '' || Teja
|
|-
| ''[[Boss (2006 film)|Boss]] '' || Young GK
|
|-
|2009
|''7 Days In Slow Motion''
|Ravi
|Debut as lead actor; [[English-language Indian films|English]] film
|-
|2019
|''[[Oh! Baby (2019 film)|Oh! Baby]]''
|Rama Krishna “Rocky”
|Debut as adult actor
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
|''[[Zombie Reddy]]''
|Marripalem "Mario" Obul Reddy
|Debut as lead adult actor
|-
|''[[Ishq (2021 film)|Ishq]]''
|Siddharth "Siddhu"
|
|-
|''[[Adbhutham]]''
|Surya
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Hanu-Man]]''
|Hanumanthu
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Mirai (2025 film)|Mirai]]''
|Vedha Prajapati
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-20 |title='Mirai': Glimpse of Manoj Manchu as Black Sword from Teja Sajja's film out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mirai-glimpse-of-manoj-manchu-as-black-sword-from-teja-sajjas-film-out/article68195710.ece |access-date=2024-05-27 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=27 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527132559/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mirai-glimpse-of-manoj-manchu-as-black-sword-from-teja-sajjas-film-out/article68195710.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Network
!Notes
|-
|2024
|[[3rd IIFA Utsavam]]
|Host
|[[Gemini TV]]
|Television special<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-07 |title=Rana Daggubati, Teja Sajja's joke on Mahesh Babu's Guntur Kaaram upsets fans |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rana-daggubati-teja-sajjas-joke-on-mahesh-babus-guntur-kaaram-leaves-fans-upset-2629530-2024-11-07 |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=7 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207064453/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rana-daggubati-teja-sajjas-joke-on-mahesh-babus-guntur-kaaram-leaves-fans-upset-2629530-2024-11-07 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Work
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Filmfare Awards South]]
| rowspan="2" |[[70th Filmfare Awards South|2026]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor – Telugu]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Hanu-Man]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for The 70th Filmfare Awards South With Kerala Tourism (Telugu) {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/nominations-for-the-70th-filmfare-awards-south-with-kerala-tourism-telugu-81365.html |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Critics Best Actor – Telugu]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2026 |title=Full List of Winners of The 70th Filmfare Awards South With Kerala Tourism (Telugu) |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/full-list-of-winners-of-the-70th-filmfare-awards-south-with-kerala-tourism-telugu-81912.html |access-date=23 February 2026 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |[[Sakshi Excellence Awards]]
|2022
|Jury Special Debutant Lead Actor of The Year
| rowspan="3" |''[[Zombie Reddy]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners - 2021 - Cinema Awards |url=https://www.sakshiexcellenceawards.com/index.php?page=Winners&pageid=9&subpageid=46&subsubpageid=99 |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=www.sakshiexcellenceawards.com |archive-date=11 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241111235043/https://www.sakshiexcellenceawards.com/index.php?page=Winners&pageid=9&subpageid=46&subsubpageid=99 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="4" scope="row" |[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |[[10th South Indian International Movie Awards|2022]]
|Most Promising Newcomer {{Ndash}} Male
|{{won}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-11 |title=SIIMA 2022 winner's list: Allu Arjun's Pushpa wins big in several categories |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/siima-2022-winner-s-list-allu-arjun-s-pushpa-wins-big-in-several-categories-1998924-2022-09-11 |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=7 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007215538/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/siima-2022-winner-s-list-allu-arjun-s-pushpa-wins-big-in-several-categories-1998924-2022-09-11 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-12 |title=10th South Indian International Movie Awards: Pushpa wins big, check full list of winners - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/10th-south-indian-international-movie-awards-pushpa-wins-big-check-full-list-of-winners-14701731.htm |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en |archive-date=6 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206105329/https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/10th-south-indian-international-movie-awards-pushpa-wins-big-check-full-list-of-winners-14701731.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Male Debut – Telugu|Best Male Debut – Telugu]]
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[13th South Indian International Movie Awards|2025]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor – Telugu]]
| rowspan="3" |''[[Hanu-Man]]''
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-06 |title=SIIMA 2025 Telugu, Kannada winners list: Allu Arjun, Rashmika Mandanna win big for Pushpa 2; Kamal Haasan, Amitabh Bachchan honoured for Kalki 2898 AD |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/siima-2025-telugu-kannada-winners-list-allu-arjun-rashmika-mandanna-pushpa-2-kalki-2898-ad-kamal-haasan-amitabh-bachchan-10233441/ |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Critics Best Actor – Telugu]]
|{{won}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio City Cine Awards Telugu]]
|2024
|Best Actor in a Leading Role
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shamanthula |first=Raju |date=2024-11-19 |title=A Rising Star in Indian Cinema |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/a-rising-star-in-indian-cinema-922728 |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en |archive-date=20 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241120033247/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/a-rising-star-in-indian-cinema-922728 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|1326000}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/@TejaSajjaOffl Teja Sajja on YouTube]
{{Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Telugu}}{{SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actor – Telugu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sajja, Teja}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male child actors]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]

Satish Kumar (Bihar politician)

2026-05-01T13:35:02Z

Aeon: created a bio

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1982)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
'''Satish Kumar''' (born 1982) is an Indian politician from [[Bihar]] who is an MLA from [[Makhdumpur Assembly constituency]] which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community in [[Jahanabad District]]. He won the [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-10 |title=Makhdumpur Bihar Election 2020 Final Results LIVE:RJD Candidate SATISH KUMAR wins from Makhdumpur, Bihar |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/makhdumpur-bihar-election-2020-results-live-vote-counting-begins-at-8-am-stay-tuned-for-updates-1385894 |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Kumar is from [[Barachatti]], Gaya district, Bihar. He is the son of Rajendra Kumar Das. He completed his L.L.B. in 2009 at Anugrah Memorial Law College, Gaya. Earlier, he passed B.A. in 2005 at S.P.Y. College and intermediate at R.P.S College, Patna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Satish Kumar(RJD):Constituency- MAKHDUMPUR (SC)(JAHANABAD) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Bihar2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=9894 |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Kumar won from Makhdumpur Assembly constituency representing Rashtriya Janata Dal in the 2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election. He polled 71,571 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Devendra Kumar of [[Hindustani Awam Morcha (Secular)]], by a margin of 22,565 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-10 |title=Makhadumapur Election Result 2020 Live Updates: Satish Kumar of RJD Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/makhadumapur-election-result-2020-live-updates-makhadumapur-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3061514.html |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Bihar election result 2020: Seat wise full list of winners">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/bihar-assembly-polls-2020/story/bihar-election-result-full-list-of-winners-1739762-2020-11-10|title=Bihar election result 2020: Seat wise full list of winners|last1=India Today|date=11 November 2020|accessdate=17 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317112503/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/bihar-assembly-polls-2020/story/bihar-election-result-full-list-of-winners-1739762-2020-11-10|archivedate=17 March 2023|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Satish, Kumar}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:People from Gaya district]]

{{RJD-politician-stub}}

Kerala Film Chamber of Commerce

2026-04-26T19:59:46Z

Aeon: made first article v1...

{{Short description|Film association in Kerala}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Kerala Film Chamber of Commerce
| formation = 1956
| headquarters = [[Kochi|Kochi, Kerala]], [[India]]
| region_served = [[India]]
| website = [https://keralafilmchamber.com/ keralafilmchamber.com]
}}
The '''Kerala Film Chamber of Commerce''' ('''KFCC''') is a trade association in [[India]] for the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam-language film industry]], representing film producers, distributors, and exhibitors headquartered in [[Kochi|Kochi, Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Film Industry Strike: Chamber to hold discussions with government soon |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/03/05/film-industry-strike-chamber-of-commerce-government-intervention.html |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Film Industry Strike: Chamber to hold discussions with government soon |language=en}}</ref> The organisation acts as a coordinating platform for trade issues, mediates disputes within the sector, and engages with government agencies on matters affecting the film industry.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-06 |title=Kerala Film Chamber to discuss token strike with Govt; June 1 shutdown remains |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kerala-film-chamber-to-hold-talks-with-govt-before-token-strike-june-1-shutdown-stays/articleshow/118748224.cms |access-date=2025-11-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== History ==
The organisation was established in 1956.

In 2022, KFCC introduced an Internal Complaints Committee (ICC) for the Malayalam film sector for entire Malayalam film industry to address workplace abuse.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-28 |title=Kerala: Film chamber forms ICC for Malayalam film industry |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/film-chamber-forms-icc-for-malayalam-film-industry/articleshow/92507650.cms |access-date=2025-11-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
{{Portal|India|Kerala|Film
}}

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
* {{official website|https://keralafilmchamber.com/}}

{{Kerala-stub}}
[[Category:Film organisations in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Kochi]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in India]]

Malkajgiri Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:30:24Z

Aeon: creating new stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}
{{About|an assembly constituency|other uses|Malkajgiri (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Malkajgiri
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (44-Malkajgiri highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Malkajgiri Assembly constituency within Telangana
| mla = [[Marri Rajasekhar Reddy]]
| party = [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
| latest_election_year = 2023
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = [[Medchal-Malkajgiri district]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Malkajgiri Lok Sabha constituency|Malkajgiri]]
| established = 2008
| electors = 4,46,678
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 44
}}
'''Malkajgiri Assembly constituency''' is a constituency of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is one of 14 constituencies in [[Ranga Reddy district]]. It is part of [[Malkajgiri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malkajgiri Lok Sabha constituency]]. It is also one of the 24 constituencies of [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation|GHMC]].

[[Marri Rajasekhar Reddy]] of [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] is currently representing the constituency.

==Neighbourhoods under this Constituency ==
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Neighbourhood
|-
| '''[[Malkajgiri]]'''
|-
| [[Safilguda]]
|-
| [[Moula Ali]]
|-
| [[Vinayak Nagar]]
|-
| [[Kakatiya Nagar]]
|-
| [[Anandbagh|East Anandbagh]]
|-
| [[Gowtham nagar]]
|-
| [[Neredmet]]
|-
| [[Sainikpuri]]
|-
| '''[[Alwal]]'''
|-
| [[Yapral]]
|-
| [[Macha Bollar]]
|}

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Duration
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
! colspan=4| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| 2009–14
| [[Akula Rajender]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! colspan=4| [[Telangana]]
|-
| 2014–2018
| [[C. Kanaka Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|-
| 2018–2023
| [[Mynampalli Hanmanth Rao]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|-
|2023-
| [[K C R | K C R ]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Malkajgiri]]<ref name="Telangana Assembly Election Results 2023: Malkajgiri">{{cite news |title=Telangana Assembly Election Results 2023: Malkajgiri |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S2944.htm |access-date=14 March 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250314132119/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S2944.htm |archive-date=14 March 2025}}</ref><ref name="Malkajgiri Constituency Election Results 2023">{{cite news |title=Malkajgiri Constituency Election Results 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/malkajgiri |access-date=14 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250314131944/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/malkajgiri |archive-date=14 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = [[Marri Rajasekhar Reddy]]
| votes = 1,25,049
| percentage = 47.12
| change = -8.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Mynampally Hanmanth Rao]]|votes=75,519|percentage=28.45|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Naraparaju Ramchander Rao|N. Ramchander Rao]]|votes=55,427|percentage=20.88|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=2608|percentage=0.98|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=88900|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=2,65,616|percentage=54.29|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = BRS
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Malkajgiri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = [[Mynampally Hanmanth Rao]]<ref>[http://www.indiavotes.com/ac/details/61/42766/266 Malkajgiri 2018 results]</ref>
| votes = 1,14,149
| percentage = 55.49
| change = +21.70
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Naraparaju Ramchander Rao|N. Ramchander Rao]]
| votes = 40,451
| percentage = 19.31
| change = −12.90
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Jana Samithi
| candidate = [[Dileep Kumar (politician)|Kapilavai Dileep Kumar]]
| votes = 34,219
| percentage = 16.33
| change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the Above]]
| votes = 3,391
| percentage = 1.62
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 73,698
| percentage = 35.80
| change = +34.60
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 2,09,499
| percentage = 53.19
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2014]]: Malkajgiri (Assembly constituency)}}<ref>[http://www.indiavotes.com/ac/details/61/34771/239 Malkajgiri 2014 Results]</ref>
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate =[[C. Kanaka Reddy]]
| votes = 77,132
| percentage = 33.42%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Naraparaju Ramchander Rao|N.Ramchander Rao]]
| votes = 74,364
| percentage = 32.22%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Nandhikanti Sridhar
| votes = 37,201
| percentage = 16.12%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = YSR Congress Party
| candidate = G Surya Narayana Reddy
| votes = 14,828
| percentage = 6.42%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Lok Satta Party
| candidate = Dilip Sankarreddy
| votes = 12,121
| percentage = 5.25%
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 2,768
| percentage = 1.2%
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 2,30,823
| percentage = 51.7%
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Andhra Pradesh Assembly Elections, 2009]]: Malkajgiri (Assembly constituency)}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/detail/7773/61/16|title = IndiaVotes | India's largest election database}}</ref>
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate =[[Akula Rajender]]
| votes = 56,628
| percentage = 29.51%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Praja Rajyam Party
| candidate = [[C. Kanaka Reddy]]
| votes = 47,434
| percentage = 24.72%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = Sharada Mahesh V
| votes = 47,326
| percentage = 24.66%
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 9,194
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Praja Rajyam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Malkajgiri]]
* [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}
{{coord|17.45|78.53}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Ranga Reddy district]]
[[Category:Politics of Telangana]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Russell's viper

2026-04-19T15:12:35Z

Aeon: starting details - done

{{short description|Species of venomous snake}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Russell's viper
| image = Daboia russelii A Chawla01.jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |title=''Daboia russelii'' |author1=Suraj, M. |author2=Narayanan, S. |author3=Srinivasulu, C. |author4=Mohapatra, P. |author5=Giri, V. |author6=Murthy, B.H.C. |author7=de Silva, A. |author8=Ukuwela, K. |author9=Kannishka, S. |date=2021 |article-number=e.T172710A1372376 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T172710A1372376.en |access-date=30 December 2024}}</ref>
| image_caption =
| genus = Daboia
| species = russelii
| authority = ([[George Shaw (biologist)|Shaw]] & [[Frederick Polydore Nodder|Nodder]], 1797)
| range_map = South East Asia location-Daboia-russelii.svg
| range_map_caption = ''Daboia russelii'' distribution
| synonyms =
* ''Coluber russelii'' Shaw & Nodder, 1797
* ''Coluber daboie'' [[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]] ''In'' [[Charles-Nicolas-Sigisbert Sonnini de Manoncourt|Sonnini]] & Latreille, 1801
* ''Coluber trinoculus'' [[Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider|Schneider]] ''In'' [[Johann Matthäus Bechstein|Bechstein]], 1802
* ''Vipera daboya'' [[François Marie Daudin|Daudin]], 1803
* ''Vipera elegans'' Daudin, 1803
* ''Coluber triseriatus'' [[Johann Hermann|Hermann]], 1804
* ''Vipera russelii'' — Gray, 1831
* ''Daboia elegans'' — Gray, 1842
* ''Daboia russelii'' — Gray, 1842
* ''Daboia pulchella'' Gray, 1842
* ''Echidna russellii'' [[Franz Steindachner|Steindachner]], 1869
}}
[[File:Daboia Russelli in a Sensing moment.jpg|thumb|Russell's viper (''Daboia russelli'') in a sensing moment]]

'''Russell's viper''' ('''''Daboia russelii''''') is a [[species]] of highly [[venomous snake]] in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Viperidae]]. The species is native to [[South Asia]]. It was [[Species description|described]] in 1797 by [[George Shaw (biologist)|George Shaw]] and [[Frederick Polydore Nodder]]. It is named after [[Patrick Russell (herpetologist)|Patrick Russell]]. Known for its extremely painful bite, it is considered one of the "[[Big Four (Indian snakes)|Big Four]]" venomous snake species in the region.

==Taxonomy==
''Coluber russelii'' was the name proposed by [[George Shaw (biologist)|George Shaw]] who [[species description|described the species]] in 1797 based on a specimen presented to the British Museum by [[Patrick Russell (herpetologist)|Patrick Russell]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shaw |first1=G. |title=The Russelian Snake |journal=The Naturalist's Miscellany |date=1797 |volume=8 |pages=291–293 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/59277510}}</ref> Russell described the species in 1796 and confirmed its highly venomous nature by experimenting on chickens and dogs. He added the native people called it ''katuka retula poda''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Russell |first1=P. |title=An account of Indian serpents, collected on the coast of Coromandel |date=1796 |volume=1 |publisher=W. Bulmer and Co. Shakespeare-Press |location=London |chapter=No. VII. Coluber |pages=10–11 |chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/56230343}}</ref>

Analysis of morphological and mitochondrial DNA data shows that the eastern subspecies of Russell's viper should be considered a separate species, ''[[Daboia siamensis]]''.<ref name=thorpe/>

A number of other subspecies may be encountered in literature.<ref name="Mal03">Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G (2003). ''True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers''. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company. 359 pp. {{ISBN|0-89464-877-2}}.</ref> including:
*''D. s. formosensis'' ([[:fr:Moichirō Maki|Maki]], 1931) occurs in Thailand and is considered a [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonym]] of ''D. siamensis''.
*''D. s. limitis'' ([[Robert Mertens|Mertens]], 1927) occurs in Indonesia and is considered a synonym of ''D. siamensis''.
*''D. r. pulchella'' ([[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1842) occurs in Sri Lanka and is considered a synonym of ''D. russelii''.
*''D. r. nordicus'' ([[Paules Edward Pieris Deraniyagala|Deraniyagala]], 1945) occurs in northern India and is considered a synonym of ''D. russelii''.

The correct spelling of the species, ''D. russelii'', has been, and still is, a matter of debate. Shaw and Nodder (1797), in their account of the species ''Coluber russelii'', named it after Patrick Russell, but apparently misspelled his name, using only one "L" instead of two. McDiarmid et al. (1999) are among those who favor the original misspelling, citing Article 32c (ii) of the [[International Code of Zoological Nomenclature]]. Others, such as Zhao and Adler (1993) favor ''russellii''.<ref name="McD99"/>

==Etymology==
The species is named after Patrick Russell.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Beolens, B. |author2=Watkins, M. |author3= Grayson, M. |year=2011 |title=The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles |place=Baltimore |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=978-1-4214-0135-5 |chapter=''Daboia russelii'' |pages=229–230}}</ref> The genus name is thought to be a [[Latinisation of names|latinisation]] of the [[Hindi]] word daboyā meaning "that lies hid", or "the lurker".<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1036901086 |title=Oxford English Dictionary |date=December 2024 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages= |chapter=Daboya, N., Etymology |quote=A borrowing from Hindi. Etymon: Hindi daboyā. Hindi daboyā that lies hid, the lurker, < dabnā to lurk.}}</ref>

English common names of the Russell's viper include chain viper,<ref name="SI">[http://www.siam-info.com/english/snakes_venomous.html Snakes of Thailand: Venomous snakes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330052514/http://www.siam-info.com/english/snakes_venomous.html |date=2016-03-30 }} at [http://www.siam-info.com/ Siam-Info] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506154401/http://www.siam-info.com/ |date=2016-05-06 }}. Retrieved 20 October 2006.</ref><ref name="WOP">. Retrieved 20 October 2006.</ref> Indian Russell's viper,<ref name="Som07">Somaweera A (2007). ''Checklist of the Snakes of Sri Lanka''. Peradeniya, Sri Lanka: Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya. [http://www.pdn.ac.lk/socs/zaup/reptiles/images/snake1/snakes_of_sri_lanka.pdf PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920202834/http://www.pdn.ac.lk/socs/zaup/reptiles/images/snake1/snakes_of_sri_lanka.pdf |date=2008-09-20 }} at [http://www.pdn.ac.lk/socs/zaup/reptiles/ Sri Lanka Reptile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090818111530/http://www.pdn.ac.lk/socs/zaup/reptiles/ |date=2009-08-18 }}. Retrieved 14 March 2007.</ref> seven pacer,<ref name="Bro73">[[species:John Haynes Brown|Brown JH]] (1973). ''Toxicology and Pharmacology of Venoms from Poisonous Snakes''. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas. 184 pp. LCCCN 73-229. {{ISBN|0-398-02808-7}}.</ref> chain snake, and scissors snake.<ref name="USN91">United States Navy (1991). ''Poisonous Snakes of the World''. New York: United States Government/Dover Publications Inc. 203 pp. {{ISBN|0-486-26629-X}}.</ref>

==Description==
[[File:File-Daboia russelii head A Chawla02.jpg|thumb|Head of Russell's viper]]
[[File:Russell's Viper Fangs (3972411624).jpg|thumb|Large fangs]]
[[File:Russells viper in pune zoo.jpg|thumbnail|Russell's viper in Pune Zoo]]
The head is flattened, triangular, and distinct from the neck. The snout is blunt, rounded, and raised. The nostrils are large, each in the middle of a large, single [[nasal scale]]. The lower edge of the nasal scale touches the [[nasorostral]] scale. The supranasal scale has a strong crescent shape and separates the nasal from the nasorostral scale anteriorly. The [[rostral scale]] is as broad as it is high.<ref name="Mal03"/>

The crown of the head is covered with irregular, strongly fragmented scales. The [[supraocular scales]] are narrow, single, and separated by six to nine scales across the head. The eyes are large, flecked with yellow or gold, and surrounded by 10–15 [[circumorbital scales]]. The snake has 10–12 [[supralabials]], the fourth and fifth of which are significantly larger. The eye is separated from the supralabials by three or four rows of [[suboculars]]. Of the two pairs of [[chin shields]], the front pair is notably enlarged. The two maxillary bones support at least two, and at the most five or six, pairs of fangs at a time: the first are active and the rest replacements.<ref name="Mal03"/> The fangs attain a length of {{cvt|16.5|mm}} in the average specimen.<ref name="Daniels">{{cite book |author=Daniel, J.C. |author-link=J. C. Daniel (naturalist) |date=2002 |title=The Book of Indian Reptiles and Amphibians |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, USA |isbn=0-19-566099-4 |chapter=Russell's viper |pages=148–151}}</ref>

The body is stout, the cross-section of which is rounded to circular. The [[dorsal scales]] are strongly [[keeled scales|keeled]]; only the lowest row is smooth. Mid-body, the dorsal scales number 27–33. The [[ventral scales]] number 153–180. The [[anal plate]] is not divided. The tail is short—about 14% of the total length—with the paired [[subcaudals]] numbering 41–68.<ref name="Mal03"/>

[[Dorsum (anatomy)|Dorsally]], the color pattern consists of a deep yellow, tan, or brown ground color, with three series of dark brown spots that run the length of the body. Each of these spots has a black ring around it, the outer border of which is intensified with a rim of white or yellow. The dorsal spots, which usually number 23–30, may grow together, while the side spots may break apart. The head has a pair of distinct dark patches, one on each temple, together with a pinkish, salmon, or brownish V or X marking that forms an apex towards the snout. Behind the eye is a dark streak, outlined in white, pink, or buff. The [[Anatomical terms of location|venter]] is white, whitish, yellowish, or pinkish, often with an irregular scattering of dark spots.<ref name="Mal03"/>

Russell's viper grows to a maximum body and tail length of {{cvt|166|cm}} and averages about {{cvt|120|cm}} in mainland Asia. On islands, it is slightly shorter on average.<ref name="Mal03"/> It is more slender than most vipers.<ref name="Sti74">{{cite book |author=Stidworthy, J. |date=1974 |title=Snakes of the World |edition=Revised |place=New York |publisher=Grosset & Dunlap Inc |isbn=0-448-11856-4}}</ref> The following dimensions for a "fair-sized adult specimen" were reported in 1937:<ref name="Dit37">{{cite book |author=Ditmars, R.L. |author-link=Raymond Ditmars |date=1937 |title=Reptiles of the World: The Crocodilians, Lizards, Snakes, Turtles and Tortoises of the Eastern and Western Hemispheres |place=New York |publisher=The MacMillan Company}}</ref>
*Total length {{cvt|4|ft|1|in|order=flip}}
*Length of tail {{cvt|17|in|order=flip}}
*Girth {{cvt|6|in|order=flip}}
*Width of head {{cvt|2|in|order=flip}}
*Length of head {{cvt|2|in|order=flip}}

==Distribution and habitat==
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| width = 220
| image1 =Daboia full.jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 =Russellsviper sal.jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 =Russell's viper from India
}}

Russell's viper is found in India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan. Populations from South-East Asia previously assigned to this species are now considered to be part of a different species, ''[[Daboia siamensis]]''.<ref name=thorpe>{{cite journal |vauthors=Thorpe RS, Pook CE, Malhotra A |title=Phylogeography of the Russell's viper (''Daboia russelii'') complex in relation to variation in the colour pattern and symptoms of envenoming |journal=Herpetological Journal |volume=17 |pages=209–18 |year=2007|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233567387}}</ref> The [[type locality (biology)|type locality]] is listed as "India". More specifically, this would be the [[Coromandel Coast]], by inference of Russell (1796).<ref name="McD99">[[:fr:Roy Wallace McDiarmid|McDiarmid RW]], [[Jonathan A. Campbell|Campbell JA]], Touré TA (1999). ''Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1''. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. {{ISBN|1-893777-00-6}} (series). {{ISBN|1-893777-01-4}} (volume).</ref>

Within its range, it can be common in some areas, but scarce in others.<ref name="Sti74"/> In India, it is abundant in [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], very common along the West Coast and its hills, and in southern India, especially in the state of [[Karnataka]] and north to [[Bengal]]. It is uncommon to rare in the [[Ganges]] valley, northern Bengal, and [[Assam]].

Russell's viper is not restricted to any particular habitat, but does tend to avoid dense forests. The snake is mostly found in open, grassy or bushy areas, but may also be found in [[second growth forest]]s (scrub jungles), on forested plantations and farmland. It is most common in plains, coastal lowlands, and hills of suitable habitat. Generally, it is not found at altitude, but has been reported as far up as 2300–3000 m (7,500–9,800 ft). Humid environments, such as [[marsh]]es, [[swamp]]s, and [[rain forest]]s, are avoided.<ref name="Mal03"/>

This species is often found in highly urbanized areas and settlements in the countryside, the attraction being the [[rodent]]s commensal with man.<ref name="Daniels"/>
As a result, those working outside in these areas are most at risk of being bitten. ''D. russelii'' does not associate as closely with human habitation as ''[[Naja]]'' and ''[[Bungarus]]'' species (cobras and kraits).<ref name="Mal03"/>

==Behaviour and ecology==
The Russell's viper is [[Terrestrial animal|terrestrial]] and active primarily as a [[nocturnal]] forager. However, during cool weather, it becomes more active during the day.<ref name=Mal03/>
Adults are reported to be slow and sluggish and usually do not attack unless provoked; they can strike at lightning speed. Juveniles are generally more nervous.<ref name=Mal03/>
When threatened, they form a series of S-loops, raise the first third of the body, and produce a hiss that is supposedly louder than that of any other snake. If provoked even more, they resort to striking and can exert so much force that large individuals can lift off the ground in the process.<ref name=Mal03/> This behaviour has often led to the misconception that the Russell's vipers "chase" and bite humans. They are strong and may react violently to being picked up.<ref name="Whi89">Whitaker Z (1989). ''Snakeman: The Story of a Naturalist''. Bombay: India Magazine Books. 184 pp. ASIN B0007BR65Y.</ref> The bite may be a snap, or they may hang on for many seconds.<ref name=Daniels/>

Although this genus does not have the heat-sensitive pit organs common to the [[Crotalinae]], it is one of a number of [[viperinae|viperines]] that are apparently able to react to thermal cues, further supporting the notion that they, too, possess a heat-sensitive organ.<ref name="Kro03">{{cite journal |author1=Krochmal, A.R. |author2=Bakken, G.S. |title=Thermoregulation is the pits: use of thermal radiation for retreat site selection by rattlesnakes |journal=Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=206 |issue=15 |pages=2539–2545 |date=August 2003 |pmid=12819261 |doi=10.1242/jeb.00471 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Krochmal, A.R. |author2=Bakken, G.S. |author3=LaDuc, T.J. |title=Heat in evolution's kitchen: evolutionary perspectives on the functions and origin of the facial pit of pitvipers (Viperidae: Crotalinae) |journal=Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=207 |issue=24 |pages=4231–4238 |year=2004 |pmid=15531644 |doi=10.1242/jeb.01278 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The identity of this sensor is not certain, but the nerve endings in the supranasal sac of these snakes resemble those found in other heat-sensitive organs.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=York, D.S. |author2=Silver, T.M. |author3=Smith, A.A. |title=Innervation of the supranasal sac of the puff adder |journal=The Anatomical Record |volume=251 |issue=2 |pages=221–225 |year=1998 |pmid=9624452 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-0185(199806)251:2<221::AID-AR10>3.0.CO;2-Q |doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Reproduction===
Russell's viper is [[Ovoviviparity|ovoviviparous]].<ref name="Sti74"/> Mating generally occurs early in the year, although pregnant females may be found at any time. The gestation period is more than six months. Young are produced from May to November, but mostly in June and July. It is a prolific breeder. Litters of 20–40 are common,<ref name="Mal03"/> although fewer offspring may occur, as few as one.<ref name="Daniels"/> The reported maximum is 75<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/russell-viper/articleshow/47254314.cms|title=Russell's Viper delivers 75 snakelets|website=Bangalore Mirror|access-date=2020-07-11|archive-date=2020-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711203733/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/russell-viper/articleshow/47254314.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> in a single litter. At birth, juveniles are {{cvt|215|–|260|mm}} in total length. The minimum total length for a gravid female is about {{cvt|100|cm}}. It seems that sexual maturity is achieved in 2–3 years. In one case, it took a specimen nearly 4.5 hours to give birth to 11 young.<ref name="Mal03"/>

===Prey===
[[File:Daboia head sal.jpg|thumb|Russell's viper hunting]]
Russell's viper feeds primarily on rodents, although it will also eat small reptiles, [[land crab]]s, [[scorpion]]s, and other [[arthropod]]s. Juveniles are [[crepuscular]], feeding on lizards and foraging actively. As they grow and become adults, they begin to specialize in rodents. Indeed, the presence of rodents and lizards is the main reason they are attracted to human habitation.<ref name="Mal03"/>
Juveniles are known to be [[cannibal]]istic.<ref name="Daniels"/>

===Mimicry===
[[File:Russellsboa2 sal.jpg|thumb|The rough-scaled sand boa ''[[Eryx conicus]]'' possibly mimics the appearance of Russell's viper]]
Some [[herpetologist]]s believe, because ''D. russelii'' is so successful as a species and has such a fearful reputation within its natural environment, another snake has come to mimic its appearance. Superficially, the rough-scaled sand boa ''[[Eryx conicus]]'' has a color pattern that often looks like that of ''D. russelii'', though it is completely harmless.<ref name="Mal03"/><ref name="Dit37"/>

==Venom==
Venom of this species is delivered by means of [[solenoglyphous]] dentition.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/06.1/17.pdf |title=Bite Patterns of Taiwan Venomous and Non-Venomous Snakes |last=Mao |first=Shou-Hsian |date=May 19, 1967 |website=zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw |access-date=December 23, 2021 |archive-date=December 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223063835/http://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/06.1/17.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The quantity of venom produced by individual specimens of ''D. russelii'' is considerable. Venom yields for adult specimens have been reported as 130–250 mg, 150–250 mg, and 21–268 mg. For 13 juveniles with an average total length of {{convert|79|cm|in|abbr=on}}, the venom yield ranged from 8 to 79 mg (mean 45 mg).<ref name="Mal03"/>

The {{LD50}} in mice, which is used as a possible indicator of snake venom toxicity, is: 0.133 mg/kg intravenous,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.venomdoc.com/LD50/ld50iv.html |title=LD50 - intravenous |access-date=2012-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716212844/http://www.venomdoc.com/LD50/ld50iv.html |archive-date=2011-07-16 }}</ref> 0.40 mg/kg intraperitoneal,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.venomdoc.com/LD50/ld50ip.html |title=LD50 - intraperitoneal |access-date=2012-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090718044937/http://www.venomdoc.com/LD50/ld50ip.html |archive-date=2009-07-18 }}</ref> about 0.75 mg/kg subcutaneous.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.venomdoc.com/LD50/ld50sc.html |title=LD50 - subcutaneous |access-date=2012-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050205125740/http://www.venomdoc.com/LD50/ld50sc.html |archive-date=2005-02-05 }}</ref> For most humans, a lethal dose is about 40–70 mg, well within the amount that can be delivered in one bite. In general, the toxicity depends on a combination of five different venom fractions, each of which is less toxic when tested separately. Venom toxicity and bite symptoms in humans vary within different populations and over time.<ref name="Mal03"/> In another study, Meier and Theakston reported that the lethality of venom of Russell viper varies with route of injection, as their results predicts the {{LD50}} of 0.4 mg/kg through intraperitoneal (I.P) route, 0.75 mg/kg/subcutaneous (S.C) route and 0.3 mg/kg through intravenous (I.V) route.<ref name="m&t">{{cite journal |last1=Meier |first1=J |last2=Theakston |first2=RD |title=Approximate LD50 determinations of snake venoms using eight to ten experimental animals. |journal=Toxicon |date=1986 |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=395–401 |doi=10.1016/0041-0101(86)90199-6 |pmid=3715904 }}</ref>

===Symptoms===
Envenomation symptoms begin with pain at the site of the bite, immediately followed by swelling of the affected extremity. Bleeding is a common symptom, especially from the gums and in the urine, and [[sputum]] may show signs of blood within 20 minutes after the bite. The blood pressure drops, and the heart rate falls. Blistering occurs at the site of the bite, developing along the affected limb in severe cases. Necrosis is usually superficial and limited to the muscles near the bite, but may be severe in extreme cases. Vomiting and facial swelling occur in about one-third of all cases.<ref name="Mal03"/> Kidney failure ([[renal failure]]) also occurs in approximately 25–30 percent of untreated bites. Severe [[disseminated intravascular coagulation]] also can occur in severe envenomations. Early medical treatment and early access to antivenom can prevent and drastically reduce the chance of developing the severe/potentially lethal complications.

Severe pain may last for 2–4 weeks. It may persist locally, depending on the level of tissue damage. Often, local swelling peaks within 48–72 hours, involving both the affected limb and the trunk. If swelling up to the trunk occurs within 1–2 hours, envenomation is likely to be massive. Discoloration may occur throughout the swollen area as red blood cells and plasma leak into muscle tissue.<ref name="USN91" /> Death from [[septicaemia]] or kidney, respiratory, or cardiac failure may ensue 1 to 14 days after the bite, or sometimes later.<ref name="Daniels"/>

A study in ''[[The Lancet]]'' showed that out of a sample of people who survived bites by ''D. russelii'', 29% suffered severe damage to their [[pituitary gland]]s, which later caused [[hypopituitarism]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/the-deadly-russell-viper-how-the-snakes-venom-affects-humans/|title=The deadly Russell Viper: How the snake's venom affects humans|date=May 4, 2015|access-date=November 29, 2020|archive-date=December 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213025930/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/the-deadly-russell-viper-how-the-snakes-venom-affects-humans/|url-status=live}}</ref> Other scientific studies support the hypothesis that ''D. russelii'' bites can cause hypopituitarism.<ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Tun-Pe
| last2 = Warrell | first2 = D. A.
| last3 = Tin-Nu-Swe
| last4 = Phillips | first4 = R. E.
| last5 = Moore | first5 = R. A.
| last6 = Myint-Lwin
| last7 = Burke | first7 = C. W.
| title = Acute and chronic pituitary failure resembling Sheehan's syndrome following bites by Russell's viper in Burma
| journal = The Lancet
| volume = 330
| issue = 8562
| pages = 763–767
| date = 3 October 1987
| pmid = 2888987 | doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(87)92500-1
| s2cid = 41839362 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Antonypillai | first1 = C. N. | last2 = Wass | first2 = J. A. H. | last3 = Warrell | first3 = D. A. | last4 = Rajaratnam | first4 = H. N. | title = Hypopituitarism following envenoming by Russell's Vipers (''Daboia siamensis'' and ''D. russelii'' ) resembling Sheehan's syndrome: First case report from Sri Lanka, a review of the literature and recommendations for endocrine management | doi = 10.1093/qjmed/hcq214 | journal = QJM | volume = 104 | issue = 2 | pages = 97–108 | year = 2010 | pmid = 21115460| doi-access = free }}</ref>

===Antivenom treatment===
In India, the [[Haffkine Institute]] prepares a [[snake antivenom|polyvalent]] [[antivenom]] that is used to treat bites from this species.<ref name="Daniels"/> In late 2016, a new antivenom had been developed by the Costa Rican [[Clodomiro Picado Research Institute|Clodomiro Picado Institute]] and clinical trials were started in Sri Lanka.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Trials to start for home-grown anti-venom |last=Rodrigo |first=Malaka |newspaper=The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka) |date=9 October 2016 |url=https://www.sundaytimes.lk/161009/news/trials-to-start-for-home-grown-anti-venom-211742.html |access-date=20 July 2021 |archive-date=20 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720130412/https://www.sundaytimes.lk/161009/news/trials-to-start-for-home-grown-anti-venom-211742.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Clinical use===
Because this venom is so effective at inducing [[thrombosis]], it has been incorporated into an ''[[in vitro]]'' diagnostic test for blood clotting that is widely used in hospital laboratories. This test is often referred to as [[dilute Russell's viper venom time]] (dRVVT). The coagulant in the venom directly activates [[factor X]], which turns [[prothrombin]] into [[thrombin]] in the presence of [[factor V]] and [[phospholipid]]. The venom is diluted to give a clotting time of 23 to 27 seconds and the phospholipid is reduced to make the test extremely sensitive to phospholipid. The dRVVT test is more sensitive than the [[aPTT]] test for the detection of [[lupus anticoagulant]] (an [[autoimmune disorder]]), because it is not influenced by deficiencies in clotting factors [[Factor VIII|VIII]], [[Factor IX|IX]] or [[Factor XI|XI]].<ref name="SL">[http://www.specialtylabs.com/books/display.asp?id=812 Antiphospholipid Syndrome] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061117122327/http://www.specialtylabs.com/books/display.asp?id=812 |date=2006-11-17 }} at [http://www.specialtylabs.com/ SpecialtyLaboratories] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402092410/http://www.specialtylabs.com/ |date=2019-04-02 }}. Retrieved 27 September 2006.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite journal |author=Hawgood BJ |title=The life and viper of Dr Patrick Russell MD FRS (1727–1805): physician and naturalist |journal=Toxicon |volume=32 |issue=11 |pages=1295–304 |date=November 1994 |pmid=7886689 |doi=10.1016/0041-0101(94)90402-2 }}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Adler K, Smith HM, Prince SH, David P, Chiszar D |author-link2=Hobart Muir Smith |title=Russell's viper: ''Daboia russelii'' not ''Daboia russellii'', due to Classical Latin rules |journal=Hamadryad |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=83–5 |year=2000}}
*[[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger GA]] (1890). ''The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Batrachia.'' London: Secretary of State for India in Council. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xviii + 541 pp. (''"Vipera russellii"'', pp. 420–421, Figure 123).
*Boulenger GA (1896). ''Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume III., Containing the...Viperidæ.'' London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiv + 727 pp. + Plates I.- XXV. (''"Vipera russellii"'', pp. 490–491).
*{{cite journal |author=Breidenbach CH |title=Thermal cues influence strikes in pitless vipers |journal=Journal of Herpetology |publisher=Society for the Study of Reptiles and Amphibians |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=448–50 |year=1990 |doi=10.2307/1565074 |jstor=1565074}}
*Cox M (1991). ''The Snakes of Thailand and Their Husbandry''. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company. 526 pp. {{ISBN|0-89464-437-8}}.
*Daniels JC (2002). ''Book of Indian Reptiles and Amphibians'' Mumbai: Bombay Natural History Society/Oxford University Press. viii + 238pp.
*[[:fr:Indraneil Das|Das I]] (2002). ''A Photographic Guide to Snakes and other Reptiles of India''. Sanibel Island, Florida: Ralph Curtis Books. 144 pp. {{ISBN|0-88359-056-5}}. (Russell's viper, ''"Daboia russelii"'', p. 60).
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Dimitrov GD, Kankonkar RC |title=Fractionation of ''Vipera russelli'' venom by gel filtration. I. Venom composition and relative fraction function |journal=Toxicon |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=213–21 |date=February 1968 |pmid=5640304 |doi=10.1016/0041-0101(68)90092-5}}
*{{cite journal|author1-link=Herndon Dowling |author=Dowling HG |title=The name of Russell's viper |journal=Amphibia-Reptilia |volume=14 |page=320 |year=1993 |doi=10.1163/156853893X00543 |issue=3}}
*Gharpurey K (1962). ''Snakes of India and Pakistan''. Bombay, India: Popular Prakishan. 79 pp.
*Groombridge B (1980). ''A phyletic analysis of viperine snakes''. Ph-D thesis. City of London: Polytechnic College. 250 pp.
*Groombridge B (1986). "Phyletic relationships among viperine snakes". '''''In'':''' ''Proceedings of the third European herpetological meeting; 1985 July 5–11; Charles University, Prague''. pp 11–17.
*Jena I, Sarangi A (1993). ''Snakes of Medical Importance and Snake-bite Treatment''. New Delhi: SB Nangia, Ashish Publishing House. 293 pp.
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Lenk P, Kalyabina S, Wink M, Joger U |author-link4=:de:Ulrich Joger |title=Evolutionary relationships among the true vipers (Reptilia: Viperidae) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=94–104 |date=April 2001 |pmid=11286494 |doi=10.1006/mpev.2001.0912}}
*Mahendra BC (1984). "Handbook of the snakes of India, Ceylon, Burma, Bangladesh and Pakistan". ''Annals of Zoology'' (Agra, India) '''22'''.
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Master RW, Rao SS |title=Identification of enzymes and toxins in venoms of Indian cobra and Russell's viper after starch gel electrophoresis |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=236 |pages=1986–90 |date=July 1961 |issue=7 |doi=10.1016/S0021-9258(18)64116-X |pmid=13767976|doi-access=free }}
*[[Sherman A. Minton|Minton SA Jr.]] (1974). ''Venom Diseases''. Springfield, Illinois: CC Thomas Publishing. 386 pp.
*Morris PA (1948). ''Boy's Book of Snakes: How to Recognize and Understand Them''. A volume of the Humanizing Science Series, edited by [[Jaques Cattell]]. New York: Ronald Press. viii + 185 pp. (Russell's viper, ''"Vipera russellii"'', pp. 156–157, 182).
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Naulleau G, van den Brule B |title=Captive reproduction of ''Vipera russelli'' |journal=Herpetological Review |publisher=Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles |volume=11 |pages=110–2 |year=1980}}
*{{cite journal |author=Obst FJ |title=''Zur Kenntnis der Schlangengattung'' Vipera |journal=Zoologische Abhandlungen |publisher=Staatliches Museums für Tierkunde in Dresden |volume=38 |pages=229–35 |year=1983}} (in German).
*Reid HA (1968). "Symptomatology, pathology, and treatment of land snake bite in India and southeast Asia". '''''In'':''' Bucherl W, Buckley E, Deulofeu V (editors). ''Venomous Animals and Their Venoms. Vol. 1''. New York: Academic Press. pp 611–42.
*[[George Shaw (biologist)|Shaw G]], [[Frederick Polydore Nodder|Nodder FP]] (1797). ''The Naturalist's Miscellany. Volume 9''. London: Nodder and Co. 65 pp. (''Coluber russelii'', new species, Plate 291).
*{{cite journal |author=Shortt |title=A short account of the viper ''Daboia elegans'' (''Vipera Russellii'') |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=384–5 |year=1863}}
*{{cite book |author=Silva A de|title=Colour Guide to the Snakes of Sri Lanka |publisher=R & A Books |location=Avon (Eng) |year=1990 |isbn=1-872688-00-4 }} 130 pp.
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Sitprija V, Benyajati C, Boonpucknavig V |title=Further observations of renal insufficiency in snakebite |journal=Nephron |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=396–403 |year=1974 |pmid=4610437 |doi=10.1159/000180416 }}
*[[Malcolm Arthur Smith|Smith MA]] (1943). ''The Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, Including the Whole of the Indo-Chinese Sub-region. Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol. III.—Serpentes.'' London: Secretary of State for India. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xii + 583 pp. (''"Vipera russelli"'', pp. 482–485).
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Thiagarajan P, Pengo V, Shapiro SS |title=The use of the dilute Russell viper venom time for the diagnosis of lupus anticoagulants |journal=Blood |volume=68 |issue=4 |pages=869–74 |date=October 1986 |doi=10.1182/blood.V68.4.869.869 |pmid=3092888|doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal |author=Maung-Maung-Thwin, Khin-Mee-Mee, Mi-Mi-Kyin, Thein-Than |title=Kinetics of envenomation with Russell's viper (''Vipera russelli'') venom and of antivenom use in mice |journal=Toxicon |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=373–8 |year=1988 |pmid=3406948 |doi=10.1016/0041-0101(88)90005-0 }}
*{{cite journal |author=Mg-Mg-Thwin, Thein-Than, U Hla-Pe |title=Relationship of administered dose to blood venom levels in mice following experimental envenomation by Russell's viper (''Vipera russelli'') venom |journal=Toxicon |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=43–52 |year=1985 |pmid=3922088 |doi=10.1016/0041-0101(85)90108-4 }}
*[[Michael Tweedie|Tweedie MWF]] (1983). ''The Snakes of Malaya''. Singapore: Singapore National Printers Ltd. 105 pp. ASIN B0007B41IO.
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Vit Z |title=The Russell's viper |journal=Prezgl. Zool. |volume=21 |pages=185–8 |year=1977}}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Wall F |author-link=Frank Wall (herpetologist) |title=The breeding of Russell's viper |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=16 |pages=292–312 |year=1906}}
*Wall F (1921). ''Ophidia Taprobanica or the Snakes of Ceylon.'' Colombo, Ceylon [Sri Lanka]: Colombo Museum. (H.R. Cottle, Government Printer). xxii + 581 pp. (''"Vipera russelli"'', pp. 504–529, Figures 91-92).
*[[Romulus Whitaker|Whitaker R]] (1978). ''Common Indian Snakes''. New Delhi (India): MacMillan. 85 pp.
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Wüster W|author-link=Wolfgang Wüster |title=Cobras and other herps in south-east Asia |journal=British Herpetological Society Bulletin |volume=39 |pages=19–24 |year=1992}}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Wüster W, Otsuka S, Malhotra A, Thorpe RS |title=Population Systematics of Russell's viper: A Multivariate Study |journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=97–113 |year=1992 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8312.1992.tb00658.x}}
*[[:fr:Er-mi Zhao|Zhao EM]], Adler K (1993). ''Herpetology of China''. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 522 pp. {{ISBN|0-916984-28-1}}.
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Wikispecies}}
{{Commons category|Daboia russelii}}
{{portal|Snakes}}
* {{NRDB species|genus=Daboia|species=russelii|date=5 September|year=2007}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070312151019/http://www.engin.umich.edu/~cre/web_mod/viper/introduction.htm Russell's viper] at [http://www.engin.umich.edu/ Michigan Engineering]. Accessed 5 September 2007.
* [http://www.survivaliq.com/survival/poisonous-snakes-and-lizards-russell-s-viper.htm Russell's viper] at [http://www.survivaliq.com/ SurvivalIQ]. Accessed 5 September 2007.
* [http://www.markoshea.tv/series3/series03-04a.html Mark O'Shea in Sri Lanka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419053620/http://www.markoshea.tv/series3/series03-04a.html |date=2018-04-19 }} at [http://www.markoshea.tv/ Mark O'Shea]. Accessed 5 September 2007.
* [http://www.formosanfattire.com/feature/snakes_in_taiwan/poisonous_snakes.htm Common Poisonous Snakes in Taiwan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213153928/http://www.formosanfattire.com/ |date=2010-02-13 }} at [http://www.formosanfattire.com/ Formosan Fat Tire]. Accessed 5 September 2007.
* {{YouTube|THEs0WFnzkE|Video of ''Daboia russelii''}}. Accessed 5 September 2007.
* {{YouTube|OUMdwrb9lGA|Video of ''Daboia russelii'' feeding}}. Accessed 5 September 2007.
* [http://www.toxinology.com/fusebox.cfm?fuseaction=main.snakes.display&id=SN0055 Toxicology].
{{good article}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q330548}}

[[Category:Daboia]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Snakes of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Cambodia]]
[[Category:Snakes of China]]
[[Category:Snakes of India]]
[[Category:Snakes of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Snakes of Malaysia]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Nepal]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Taiwan]]
[[Category:Snakes of Thailand]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1797]]
[[Category:Taxa named by George Shaw]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Frederick Polydore Nodder]]

Atul Pradhan

2026-04-18T22:45:13Z

Aeon: Created New Article

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Atul Pradhan
| image =
| alt = Atul Pradhan
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly]]
| constituency = [[Sardhana (Assembly constituency)|Sardhana]]
| term_start = March 2022
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Sangeet Singh Som]]
| successor =
| birth_date = 1983
| birth_place = Gadina Village [[Meerut]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| birth_name =
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
}}

'''Atul Pradhan''' is an Indian politician of the [[Samajwadi Party]]. He is a member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]], representing the [[Sardhana (Assembly constituency)]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Atul Pradhan in Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections 2022 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/uttar-pradesh/atul-pradhan-sardhana-candidate-s24a044c02/ |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Atul Pradhan (Samajwadi Party(SP)):Constituency- Sardhana (Meerut) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/Uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=168 |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Atul Pradhan :Constituency- Sardhana (Meerut) - Candidate information : |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/sardhana-uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1923073-2022-03-10-date=2022-03-10 |website=india today}}</ref>

== Education & background ==
According to nomination filing, Atul Pradhan has 38 criminal cases and 2.94 crores cash.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Atul Pradhan(Samajwadi Party(SP)):Constituency- SARDHANA(MEERUT) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=168 |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pradhan, Atul}}
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Meerut district]]

Khauf

2026-04-18T18:37:14Z

Aeon: made the article initial version...

{{Short description|2025 Indian television series}}
{{Confused|Khauff}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Khauf poster.jpg
| caption = Promotional release poster
| genre = [[Horror film|Horror]] [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| based_on =
| writer = Smita Singh
| director = {{ubl|[[Pankaj Kumar (cinematographer)|Pankaj Kumar]]|Surya Balakrishnan}}
| presenter =
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Monika Panwar
* [[Rajat Kapoor]]
* Abhishek Chauhan
* [[Geetanjali Kulkarni]]
* [[Shilpa Shukla]]
* [[Chum Darang]]
}}
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 
| num_episodes = 8
| list_episodes =
| producer = {{ubl|Sanjay Routray|Sarita Patil}}
| location =
| cinematography = [[Pankaj Kumar (cinematographer)|Pankaj Kumar]]
| editor =
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multiple-camera]]
| runtime = 43–50 minutes
| company = [[Matchbox Shots]]
| network = [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2025|04|18|df=yes}}
| last_aired =
| related =
}}

'''''Khauf''''' ({{Translation|Fear}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Horror film|horror]] [[thriller film|thriller]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Khauf |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/khauf-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdi5mzq4 |website=BBFC |access-date=6 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> television series written by Smita Singh and directed by [[Pankaj Kumar (cinematographer)|Pankaj Kumar]] and Surya Balakrishnan.<ref>{{cite web |title="Monika Panwar – A Perfect Fit for the Chilling Role in Khauf!", Says acclaimed cinematographer turned director, Pankaj Kumar |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/monika-panwar-a-perfect-fit-for-the-chilling-role-in-khauf-says-acclaimed-cinematographer-turned-director-pankaj-kumar-1872135 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en |date=10 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Khauf Promises a Gripping, Suspense-Filled Experience Like No Other! Writer and Creator Smita Singh Describes the Show as 'Raw and Real'. |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/khauf-promises-a-gripping-suspense-filled-experience-like-no-other-writer-and-creator-smita-singh-describes-the-show-as-raw-and-real-1873021 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en |date=15 April 2025}}</ref> Produced under [[Matchbox Shots]], starring Monika Panwar, [[Rajat Kapoor]], Abhishek Chauhan, [[Geetanjali Kulkarni]] and [[Shilpa Shukla]].<ref>{{cite web |title='Khauf': Prime Video announces release date of upcoming suspense horror series |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/khauf-prime-video-announces-release-date-of-upcoming-suspense-horror-series/article69426050.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en |date=8 April 2025}}</ref> The series premiered on [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 18 April 2025.<ref>{{cite web |last=Niyogi |first=Agnivo |title='Khauf' on Prime Video to 'Logout' on ZEE5: Films and shows hitting OTT this weekend |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/from-khauf-on-prime-video-to-logout-on-zee5-films-and-shows-hitting-ott-this-weekend-photogallery/cid/2094437 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|Telegraph India]] |language=en |date=16 April 2025}}</ref> The series is a partial and unofficial remake of the South Korean psychological horror series, [[Hell Is Other People (TV series)|''Strangers from Hell'']].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Halloween 2025 OTT Watchlist: Khauf To Chhorii 2, 6 Spooky Shows And Films To Not Miss On Prime Video |url=https://zeenews.india.com/photos/entertainment/halloween-2025-ott-watchlist-khauf-to-chhorii-2-6-spooky-shows-and-films-to-not-miss-on-prime-video-2978109 |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=Zee News |language=en |quote=The series is a partial and unofficial remake of the South Korean psychological horror series, Strangers from Hell.}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
{{multiple issues|section=yes|
{{AI-generated|date=May 2025|section=yes|certain=no}}
{{More plot|section=yes|date=October 2025}}
}}
The series begins with a woman named Anu returning to the hostel after her work shift and is seen walking a narrow and desert lane. While approaching the gate, a laser red light is cast upon her from the forest and she becomes agitated and starts screaming for the guard.
Madhu moving to Delhi from Gwalior. She has come to Delhi to be with her boyfriend, Arun and to get a fresh start after getting sexually assaulted at her college annual day by unknown masked men. Madhu sees Delhi as a chance to leave those memories behind. She is helped by her friend Bella and her boyfriend Nakul, whom she feels that the latter might be her assaulter. She feels uncomfortable to live in the flat in which her boyfriend shares with other male friends. It happens that Bella sends Madhu the location of the hostel, which Nakul found earlier and so on the day, she decides to visit the hostel with Arun. Pragati Working Women Hostel is a rundown government facility run by Warden, Gracie Dungdung where she is allotted the room 333. After much deliberation, she finally moves to the hostel and is met with extreme hostility by the other girls in the same wing, who never leave the hostel to go out. They warn her to not move to the hostel and leave while she can. She feels the presence of something supernatural and brushes it off while suspecting Nakul of being one of the men who assaulted her. Madhu starts to doubt her own sanity as strange things start occurring in the hostel room.

== Cast ==
* Monika Panwar as Madhu
* [[Rajat Kapoor]] as Hakim
* Abhishek Chauhan as Arun
* [[Geetanjali Kulkarni]] as Constable Ilu Mishra
* [[Shilpa Shukla]] as Dr. Shohini Varma
* [[Chum Darang]] as Svetlana
* Asheema Vadaan as Anu/Preeti
* Rashmi Zurail Mann as Nikki
* Priyanka Setia as Rima
* [[Riya Shukla]] as Komal
* [[Gagan Arora]] as Nakul
* [[Shalini Vatsa]] as Warden Gracie Dungdung
* Arista Mehta as Kiara
* Talib Mehdi as Inspector Inder Bhatia
* Satyam Sharma as Jeeva
* Delzad Hiwale as Babban

==Episodes==
{{episode table |overall= |title= |airdate= |prodcode= |episodes={{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| Title = Ladies Hostel
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|04|18|df=yes}}
| ProdCode = 108085
| ShortSummary =
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| Title = Stalker
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|04|18|df=yes}}
| ProdCode =
| ShortSummary =
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| Title = Venom
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|04|18|df=yes}}
| ProdCode =
| ShortSummary =
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| Title = Fever
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|04|18|df=yes}}
| ProdCode =
| ShortSummary =
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| Title = Possessed
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|04|18|df=yes}}
| ProdCode =
| ShortSummary =
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| Title = Trap
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|04|18|df=yes}}
| ProdCode =
| ShortSummary =
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| Title = Happy New Year
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|04|18|df=yes}}
| ProdCode =
| ShortSummary =
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 8
| Title = The Reverie
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|04|18|df=yes}}
| ProdCode =
| ShortSummary =
}}
}}

== Production ==
On 19 March 2024, the series was announced by [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref>{{cite web |title='Citadel: Honey Bunny' to 'Mirzapur 3', all titles in Prime Video's 2024 slate |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/citadel-honey-bunny-to-mirzapur-3-all-titles-in-prime-videos-2024-slate/article67969985.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en |date=19 March 2024}}</ref> The [[Post-production|post-production]] was completed in 2024.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Naman |title='Tumbbad,' 'Ship of Theseus' Cinematographer Pankaj Kumar Makes Feature Directorial Debut With Film Bazaar-Selected Tribal Epic 'Konyak' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/tumbbad-pankaj-kumar-konyak-film-bazaar-1236222249/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=25 November 2024}}</ref>

== Release ==
The teaser was released on 20 March 2024<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mall |first1=Saurabh |title=OTT Release Khauf: B. A. Pass फिल्म की हीरोइन ने किया कमबैक, इस वेब सीरीज में दिखेगा… |url=https://www.patrika.com/ott-news/ba-pass-film-heroine-shilpa-shukla-entered-through-khauf-web-series-8781508 |website=[[Rajasthan Patrika|Patrika News]] |language=hi |date=20 March 2024}}</ref> and the trailer was released on 11 April 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title='Khauf' trailer: Monika Panwar's search for freedom turns into a nightmare |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/trailer-of-prime-video-upcoming-horror-series-khauf-out/cid/2093600 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|Telegraph India]] |language=en |date=11 April 2025}}</ref>

The series was made available to stream on [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 18 April 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Original series Khauf releases on Prime Video on April 18 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/original-series-khauf-releases-on-prime-video-on-april-18/ |website=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]] |language=en |date=13 April 2025}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Abhimanyu Mathur writing for ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave the series 3 out of 5 stars and observed that "regardless of its faults, ''Khauf'' holds up well. It is an important show, and more importantly, a well-made one, which expertly introduces real-world issues in the world of horror, without sermonising or preaching, or compromising on the spooks and thrills."<ref>{{cite web |last=Mathur |first=Abhimanyu |title=Khauf review: Monika Panwar steals the show in slow-burn horror where patriarchy haunts, men are scarier than monsters |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/khauf-review-monika-panwar-steals-the-show-in-slow-burn-horror-where-patriarchy-haunts-men-are-scarier-than-monsters-101744983917596.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=18 April 2025}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] from ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the series 3/5 stars and said that "The series works best when its women, with all their pain and their messy back stories, are on screen, doing their thing."<ref>{{cite web |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |title=Khauf review: Psychological horror show digs deep, builds dread |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/khauf-review-psychological-horror-show-digs-deep-builds-dread-9951174/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |date=18 April 2025}}</ref>
Archika Khurana of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5 stars out of 5 and writes in her review that "For fans of psychological horror with a social conscience, Khauf offers plenty to think about — even if it doesn't always chill to the bone."<ref>{{cite web |last=Khurana |first=Archika |title=Khauf Season 1 Review : A psychological horror that doesn't quite haunt all the way |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/khauf/season-1/seasonreview/120247950.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 April 2025}}</ref>

Rahul Desai of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' praised the series and said "''Khauf'' is the kind of show that Indian streaming was always supposed to champion — it's ambitious, original, inventive, messy and an eerily layered reminder of how supernatural stories are rooted in the fear of natural living."<ref>{{cite web |last=Desai |first=Rahul |title='Khauf' Series Review: A Masterful Blend of Natural and Supernatural Horrorser1|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/streaming/khauf-series-review-a-masterful-blend-of-natural-and-supernatural-horror|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter India]] |date=18 April 2025}}</ref>
Udita Jhunjhunwala of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' said that "its incessant and bloody violence, the misogyny and denigration of women, and the sheer hopelessness it conveys, Khauf is unsettling and exhausting."<ref>{{cite web |last=Jhunjhunwala |first=Udita |title='Khauf' review: A relentlessly dark tale of human and demonic possession|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1081336/khauf-review-a-relentlessly-dark-tale-of-human-and-demonic-possession|website=[[Scroll.in]] |date=18 April 2025}}</ref>
Shubham Kulkarni of ''[[OTT Play]]'' gave 4 stars out of 5 and said that "What happens when a properly cooked script meets a bunch of supremely seasoned actors? Shows like Khauf are born and they teach how 'content' is done without an algorithm".<ref>{{cite web |last=Kulkarni |first=Shubham |title=Khauf Review: Patriarchy haunts more than a ghost in this meticulous horror drama |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/khauf-review-patriarchy-haunts-more-than-a-ghost-in-this-meticulous-horror-drama/739b4388be312n |website=[[OTT Play]] |date=18 April 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

Vinamra Mathur of ''[[Firstpost]]'' rated 3/5 stars and said "''Khauf'' isn't just a run of the mill horror drama. It flirts with the idea of what it feels and takes to be a woman in 2025, the perverted world filled with promiscuous men, and battling loneliness in an unknown city with strangers all around. The title has more meanings than one."<ref>{{cite web |last=Mathur |first=Vinamra |title='Khauf' web-series review: Rajat Kapoor and Monika Panwar's horror-thriller digs deeper and keeps you engaged|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/khauf-web-series-review-rajat-kapoor-and-monika-panwars-horror-thriller-digs-deeper-and-keeps-you-engaged-13880748.html|website=[[Firstpost]] |date=18 April 2025}}</ref>
Shreyas Pande of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated 3/5 stars and said that " In Khauf, there is an ambition to do better, the dread is real, the atmosphere thick—but just when it should have all come together, it fades into fog. What begins with a promise of chills ends with barely a shiver."<ref>{{cite web |last=Pande |first=Shreyas |title=Khauf Series Review: An inventive horror-drama which loses steam in the finale|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/review/2025/Apr/18/khauf-series-review-an-inventive-horror-drama-which-loses-steam-in-the-finale-2|website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=18 April 2025}}</ref>
Rishil Jogani of ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' also rated 3/5 stars and commented that "Khauf is a compelling addition to the horror-thriller genre, distinguished by its psychological depth and emotional resonance. While it falters slightly with pacing and occasional clichés, its strong performances, atmospheric dread, and focus on personal trauma make it a standout."<ref>{{cite web |last=Jogani |first=Rishil |title=Khauf Review: Monika Panwar and Rajat Kapoor led psychological horror-drama masterfully blends supernaturalism with personal fears|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/reviews/khauf-review-monika-panwar-and-rajat-kapoor-led-psychological-horror-drama-masterfully-blends-supernaturalism-with-personal-fears-1383098|website=[[Pinkvilla]] |date=18 April 2025}}</ref>

Troy Ribeiro of ''[[Free Press Journal]]'' writes that "''Khauf'' is a gripping horror series where haunted hostels, buried trauma and emotional scars collide—delivering a chilling exploration of fear, silence and survival through a richly atmospheric and psychologically intense narrative".<ref>{{cite web |last=Ribeiro |first=Troy|title=Khauf Review: Monika Panwar Anchors Khauf, A Haunting Tapestry Of Trauma, Terror And Ghosts That Never Leave|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/khauf-review-monika-panwar-anchors-khauf-a-haunting-tapestry-of-trauma-terror-and-ghosts-that-never-leave|website=[[Free Press Journal]] |date=18 April 2025}}</ref>
Shachi Chaturvedi of ''[[Mid Day]]'' said in her review that "''Khauf'' isn't just about a haunted room, it's about what haunts women every single day—the fear of existing. If a show like ''Khauf'' goes unnoticed, meaningful storytelling will be lost. With the weekend approaching, grab your popcorn, grab the tissues (you'll need them), and get ready for a show worth your time."<ref>{{cite web |last=Chaturvedi|first=Shachi|title=Khauf series review: A spine-chilling drama where men haunt more than ghosts|url=https://mid-day.com/entertainment/web-series/article/khauf-series-review-rajat-kapoor-chum-darang-monika-panwar-hits-where-it-hurts-23521797|website=[[Mid Day]] |date=18 April 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|31898201}}
* [https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Khauf/0JGL8Y3ISW13ENHIFNVJFSEWCG ''Khauf''] on [[Amazon Prime Video]]

{{Amazon Prime Video original series}}
{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2025 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Amazon Prime Video original programming]]
[[Category:2020s Indian television series]]
[[Category:Indian horror fiction television series]]

Rajabala Assembly constituency

2026-04-17T00:47:33Z

Aeon: starting entry - done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Meghalaya State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Rajabala
| mla = [[Mizanur Rahman Kazi]]
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Meghalaya]]
| district = [[West Garo Hills district|West Garo Hills]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tura]]
| established = 1978
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:35882}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14873-meghalayaexcluding-ac-23/ |title=Meghalaya General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=11 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|05}}
| type = SLA
| map_image = Rajabala Assembly constituency map.svg
| constituency_no = 47
}}

'''Rajabala''' is one of the 60 [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Meghalaya]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceomeghalaya.nic.in/gis-map/00-pc-map-meghalaya.pdf |title=Map of Meghalaya Parliamentary Constituencies |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |accessdate= 30 January 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[West Garo Hills district|West Garo Hills]] district.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || [[Mozibur Rahman]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || [[Khorsedur Rahman Khan]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1988]] || Miriam D. Shira || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || [[Sayeedullah Nongrum]]
|-
| [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || Kapin Ch. Boro || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || rowspan=2 | [[Sayeedullah Nongrum]]
|-
| [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || Ashahel D. Shira || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || [[Azad Zaman|Dr. Azad Zaman]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2021 elections in India#Meghalaya|2021 By-election]] || [[Abdus Saleh]] || {{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|-
| [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Mizanur Rahman Kazi|Dr. Mizanur Rahman Kazi]] || {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2023===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajabala<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]] |title=General Election to Vidhna Sabha Trends & Result MArch - 2023 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302144159/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mizanur Rahman Kazi|Dr. Mizanur Rahman Kazi]] |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=12,628 |percentage=38.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Abdus Saleh]] |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=12,618 |percentage=38.04% |change={{decrease}}1.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashahel D. Shira |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=6,870 |percentage=20.71% |change={{decrease}}3.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bakul Chandra Hajong |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=439 |percentage=1.32% |change={{increase}}0.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nijum Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=419 |percentage=1.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Carla R. Sangma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=193 |percentage=0.58% |change={{decrease}}32.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=158 |percentage=0.48% |change={{decrease}}0.11 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10 |percentage=0.03% |change= {{decrease}}6.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=33,167 |percentage=92.43% |change= {{increase}}2.57 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 35,882 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.10 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Trinamool Congress |loser=National People's Party (India) |swing= {{decrease}}1.93 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly By-election 2021===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 elections in India#Meghalaya|2021 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Rajabala<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/detailed-bye-election-results/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date = 1 January 2025 |title=Bye-Election Results - Election Commission of India |publisher=Election Commission Of India |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Abdus Saleh]] |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=11,823 |percentage=40.00% |change={{increase}}21.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hashina Yasmin Mondal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,897 |percentage=33.49% |change={{increase}}6.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashahel D. Shira |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=7,247 |percentage=24.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kingstone B. Marak |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=333 |percentage=1.13% |change={{decrease}}2.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Carla R. Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=255 |percentage=0.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=174 |percentage=0.59% |change={{decrease}}0.07 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,926 |percentage=6.52% |change= {{increase}}3.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=29,555 |percentage=90.46% |change= {{decrease}}3.84 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,890 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.96 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=National People's Party (India) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}13.05 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2018===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajabala<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]] |title=Form 20 - Polling Station Wise Result Sheet of General Election 2018 to the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208162439/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-date=8 February 2024 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Azad Zaman|Dr. Azad Zaman]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,420 |percentage=26.96% |change={{increase}}18.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashahel D. Shira |party=Independent politician |votes=6,482 |percentage=23.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdus Saleh |party=Independent politician |votes=5,891 |percentage=21.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mizanur Rahman Kazi|Dr. Mizanur Rahman Kazi]] |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=5,178 |percentage=18.81% |change={{increase}}16.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Zinbaward N. Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=1,115 |percentage=4.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sofior Rahman |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,102 |percentage=4.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=182 |percentage=0.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=938 |percentage=3.41% |change= {{decrease}}0.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=27,525 |percentage=93.70% |change= {{increase}}0.88 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,376 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.52 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}0.40 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2013===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajabala<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=Election Commission of India- State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021738/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashahel D. Shira |party=Independent politician |votes=6,572 |percentage=27.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Azad Zaman|Dr. Azad Zaman]] |party=Independent politician |votes=5,681 |percentage=23.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdus Saleh |party=Independent politician |votes=4,082 |percentage=16.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mizanur Rahman Kazi|Dr. Mizanur Rahman Kazi]] |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=2,806 |percentage=11.68% |change={{increase}}11.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sayeedullah Nongrum]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,993 |percentage=8.30% |change={{decrease}}29.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rahibul Islam Sarker |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=1,089 |percentage=4.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sofior Rahman |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=475 |percentage=1.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=891 |percentage=3.71% |change= {{decrease}}4.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,019 |percentage=92.82% |change= {{increase}}0.49 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,877 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.05 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}10.68 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2008===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajabala<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly, Mar 2008 - Valid Votes Secured |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2008-la.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021122/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2008-la.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sayeedullah Nongrum]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,970 |percentage=38.04% |change={{decrease}}2.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashahel D. Shira |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=6,308 |percentage=30.11% |change={{decrease}}9.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Kapin Ch Boro |party=Independent politician |votes=3,552 |percentage=16.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sisir Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=2,415 |percentage=11.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Samarendra A.Sangma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=343 |percentage=1.64% |change={{decrease}}12.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Milson Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=151 |percentage=0.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jahannara B.Kharbhih |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=121 |percentage=0.58% |change={{decrease}}0.37 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,662 |percentage=7.93% |change= {{increase}}6.70 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,949 |percentage=92.33% |change= {{increase}}13.56 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,690 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.86 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}2.96 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2003===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajabala<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly, Mar 2003 - Valid Votes Secured |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2003-la.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104020753/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2003-la.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sayeedullah Nongrum]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,125 |percentage=41.00% |change={{decrease}}0.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Clement Marak |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=6,911 |percentage=39.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Akhil Hajong |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,386 |percentage=13.73% |change={{increase}}10.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shyamal Kanti Daring |party=Independent politician |votes=789 |percentage=4.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jaffar Kharkongor |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=165 |percentage=0.95% |change={{decrease}}39.31 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=214 |percentage=1.23% |change= {{increase}}0.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,376 |percentage=78.77% |change= {{decrease}}1.72 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,059 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.13 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}0.06 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1998===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajabala<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144917/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kapin Ch. Boro |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,620 |percentage=41.06% |change={{increase}}18.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sayeedullah Nongrum]] |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=6,491 |percentage=40.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sisil Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=1,037 |percentage=6.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Clement Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=877 |percentage=5.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Utpol Areng |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=546 |percentage=3.39% |change={{decrease}}21.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lalthantluanga D Shira |party=Independent politician |votes=397 |percentage=2.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bijeta Daring |party=Independent politician |votes=154 |percentage=0.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=129 |percentage=0.80% |change= {{decrease}}15.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,122 |percentage=82.04% |change= {{decrease}}7.45 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,030 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.39 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}0.07 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1993===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajabala<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatReport_MG_93.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144200/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatReport_MG_93.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sayeedullah Nongrum]] |party=Independent politician |votes=6,225 |percentage=41.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Biren Hajong |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,831 |percentage=25.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subendra Marak |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,373 |percentage=22.29% |change={{increase}}2.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Miriam D. Shira |party=Independent politician |votes=1,394 |percentage=9.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sisil Marak |party=Hill People's Union |votes=310 |percentage=2.05% |change={{decrease}}16.21 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,394 |percentage=15.82% |change= {{increase}}9.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,133 |percentage=89.39% |change= {{increase}}2.60 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,209 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.57 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}13.91 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1988===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajabala<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1988 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%201988%20Meghlaya.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144042/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%201988%20Meghlaya.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Miriam D. Shira |party=Independent politician |votes=3,459 |percentage=27.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sibendra Narayan Koch |party=Independent politician |votes=2,646 |percentage=20.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lokhindor Hajong |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,577 |percentage=20.28% |change={{decrease}}10.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shubendra M. Marak |party=Hill People's Union |votes=2,320 |percentage=18.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhadreswar Hajong |party=Independent politician |votes=1,239 |percentage=9.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Monoranjan Roy Hajong |party=Independent politician |votes=296 |percentage=2.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bimon Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=68 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=813 |percentage=6.40% |change= {{increase}}0.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,707 |percentage=87.23% |change= {{increase}}0.78 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,891 |ref = |change= {{increase}}22.22 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}3.15 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1983===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajabala<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025204117/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2017|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Khorsedur Rahman Khan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,129 |percentage=30.37% |change={{decrease}}4.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mozibur Rahman]] |party=Independent politician |votes=2,568 |percentage=24.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shubendra M. Marak |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=1,912 |percentage=18.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sibendra Narayan Koch |party=Independent politician |votes=1,395 |percentage=13.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Monoranjan Hajong |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=906 |percentage=8.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kshirode Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=392 |percentage=3.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=561 |percentage=5.45% |change= {{increase}}5.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,302 |percentage=86.54% |change= {{increase}}4.23 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,184 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.53 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}4.70 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajabala<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Meghalaya78%20.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324143720/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Meghalaya78%20.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mozibur Rahman]] |party=Independent politician |votes=2,896 |percentage=35.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khursedur Khan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,877 |percentage=34.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sibendra Narayan Koch |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=1,938 |percentage=23.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Morison Daring |party=Independent politician |votes=545 |percentage=6.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19 |percentage=0.23% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,256 |percentage=82.28% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,279 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
* [[West Garo Hills district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya}}

{{coord|25.76|89.97|display=title}}

[[Category:West Garo Hills district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Politics of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1978]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Meghalaya]]

Bagma Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:49:20Z

Aeon: Created A Article

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Tripura state, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bagma
| state = [[Tripura]]
| district = [[Gomati district|Gomati]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tripura West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tripura West]]
| established = 1977
| reservation = ST
| type = SLA
| map_image = Bagma Assembly constituency map.svg
| constituency_no = 30
| mla = [[Ram Pada Jamatia]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:56768}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14875-tripura-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Tripura General Legislative Election 2023 - Tripura - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=20 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|5}}
}}
'''Bagma''' is one of the 60 [[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Tripura]] state in [[India]].<ref name="knowBLO">{{cite web |url=http://ermstripura.nic.in/officerlogin/outviews/viewBLO.aspx |title=Information of BLO |website=ermstripura.nic.in |accessdate=22 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128112151/http://ermstripura.nic.in/officerlogin/outviews/viewBLO.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

It is part of [[Gomati district|Gomati]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || rowspan=5 | Rati Mohan Jamaitia || {{Full party name with color|Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|-
| [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1988]]
|-
| [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
| [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
| [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || Gunapada Jamatia || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan=2 | Naresh Chandra Jamatia
|-
| [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || rowspan=2 | [[Ram Pada Jamatia]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Bagma<ref>{{cite news |date=2 March 2023 |title=Tripura Assembly election results 2023: Check full list of winners |language=en |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |access-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220141112/https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |archive-date=20 December 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ram Pada Jamatia]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=19,482 |percentage=38.74% |change={{decrease}}12.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Purna Chandra Jamatia |party=Tipra Motha Party |votes=17,399 |percentage=34.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naresh Chandra Jamatia |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=12,613 |percentage=25.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=793 |percentage=1.58% |change={{increase}}0.63 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,083 |percentage=4.14% |change= {{decrease}}1.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=50,287 |percentage=90.38% |change= {{decrease}}3.62 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 56,768 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.56 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}12.11 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Bagma<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2018 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228163855/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ram Pada Jamatia]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=24,074 |percentage=50.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naresh Chandra Jamatia |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=21,241 |percentage=44.87% |change={{decrease}}8.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jyotish Jamatia |party=Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra |votes=695 |percentage=1.47% |change={{decrease}}42.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=450 |percentage=0.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anantalal Jamatia |party=Indian National Congress |votes=399 |percentage=0.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,833 |percentage=5.98% |change= {{decrease}}3.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=47,344 |percentage=91.42% |change= {{decrease}}2.63 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 51,348 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.36 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}2.64 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2013 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Bagma<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2013 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228165655/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Naresh Chandra Jamatia |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=23,600 |percentage=53.49% |change={{increase}}1.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jyotish Jamatia |party=Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra |votes=19,525 |percentage=44.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subodh Jamatia |party=Indigenous People's Front of Tripura |votes=995 |percentage=2.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,075 |percentage=9.24% |change= {{increase}}2.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=44,120 |percentage=95.04% |change= {{increase}}1.78 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 46,526 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2008 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Bagma<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006160344/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Naresh Chandra Jamatia |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=14,979 |percentage=52.05% |change={{increase}}1.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rati Mohan Jamaitia |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,064 |percentage=45.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raj Kumar Jamatia |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=736 |percentage=2.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,915 |percentage=6.65% |change= {{increase}}6.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=28,779 |percentage=93.21% |change= {{increase}}12.55 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 30,930 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2003 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Bagma<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2003 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2003.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228165918/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2003.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Gunapada Jamatia |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=12,588 |percentage=50.15% |change={{increase}}3.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rati Mohan Jamaitia |party=Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra |votes=12,513 |percentage=49.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=75 |percentage=0.30% |change= {{decrease}}2.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,101 |percentage=80.52% |change= {{decrease}}0.19 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,185 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.72 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1998 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Bagma<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006160344/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rati Mohan Jamaitia |party=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |votes=10,940 |percentage=49.88% |change={{increase}}4.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gunapada Jamatia |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=10,333 |percentage=47.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raj Kumar Jamatia |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=456 |percentage=2.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Saral Pada Jamatia |party=Independent politician |votes=203 |percentage=0.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=607 |percentage=2.77% |change= {{decrease}}1.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,932 |percentage=82.97% |change= {{decrease}}2.43 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,184 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.19 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |loser=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |swing= {{increase}}4.23 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1993 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Bagma<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Tripura.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006065326/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Tripura.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rati Mohan Jamaitia |party=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |votes=9,899 |percentage=45.65% |change={{decrease}}10.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Saral Pada Jamatia |party=Independent politician |votes=9,056 |percentage=41.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kripa Sadhan Jamatia |party=Independent politician |votes=2,729 |percentage=12.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=843 |percentage=3.89% |change= {{decrease}}8.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,684 |percentage=84.33% |change= {{decrease}}2.43 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,091 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.67 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |loser=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1988 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Bagma<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1988 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201988.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006100546/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201988.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rati Mohan Jamaitia |party=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |votes=10,309 |percentage=55.74% |change={{decrease}}7.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gunapada Jamatia |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=8,046 |percentage=43.51% |change={{increase}}9.39 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,263 |percentage=12.24% |change= {{decrease}}16.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,494 |percentage=86.86% |change= {{increase}}5.44 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,621 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.29 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |loser=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1983 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Bagma<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport%20Tripura%201983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006044341/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport%20Tripura%201983.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rati Mohan Jamaitia |party=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |votes=10,157 |percentage=62.93% |change={{increase}}17.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gunapada Jamatia |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=5,506 |percentage=34.11% |change={{decrease}}7.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pabitra Mohan Laskar |party=Independent politician |votes=478 |percentage=2.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,651 |percentage=28.81% |change= {{increase}}25.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,141 |percentage=81.60% |change= {{increase}}2.13 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,151 |ref = |change= {{increase}}25.81 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |loser=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1977 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Bagma<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport%201977%20Tripura.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613130016/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport%201977%20Tripura.pdf|archive-date=13 June 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rati Mohan Jamaitia |party=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |votes=5,652 |percentage=45.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ganapada Jamatia |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=5,194 |percentage=41.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dewan Chandra Tripura |party=Janata Party |votes=959 |percentage=7.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamini Debbarma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=450 |percentage=3.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sashi Kumar Debbarma |party=Tripura Pradesh Congress Committee |votes=233 |percentage=1.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=458 |percentage=3.67% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,488 |percentage=79.66% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,017 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Gomati district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tripura}}

{{coord|23.6|91.41|display=title}}

[[Category:Gomati district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tripura]]
[[Category:Politics of Tripura]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Tripura]]

Siolim Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:29:46Z

Aeon: created new info

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Goa State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Siolim
| mla = [[Delilah Lobo]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| state = [[Goa]]
| district = [[North Goa district|North Goa]]
| loksabha_cons = [[North Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)|North Goa]]
| established = 1963
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:29661}}<ref name=results2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14168-goa-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 17 May 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|5}}
| type= SLA | constituency_no =6
| map_image = File:Siolim constitution.svg
}}
'''Siolim Assembly constituency''' is one of the 40 assembly constituencies of [[Goa]], a southern state of [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |pp=110–114 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> Siolim is also one of the 20 constituencies that comes under [[North Goa Lok Sabha constituency]]. It is part of [[North Goa district]].

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1963 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1963]]
|[[Pandurang Purushottam Shirodkar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1967 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Punaji Achrekar
|-
|[[1972 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|rowspan=3|Chandrakant Chodankar
|-
|[[1977 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
|[[1980 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Independent (politician)}}" |
| [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
|[[1984 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
|rowspan=2|Ashok Salgaonkar
|{{Full party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1989 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
|[[1994 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|Chandrakant Chodankar
|-
|[[1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|rowspan=4| [[Dayanand Mandrekar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|-
|[[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2007]]<ref name=results2007>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3855-goa-2007/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2007 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2012]]<ref name=results2012>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3856-goa-2012/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2012 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Vinoda Paliencar]]<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3862-goa-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2017 |access-date= 7 June 2021}}</ref>
|style="background-color: {{party color|Goa Forward Party}}" |
| [[Goa Forward Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Delilah Lobo]]{{efn|Elected to [[Indian National Congress]]. Switched to [[BJP]] in 2022}}
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

{{Notelist}}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2022===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Siolim<ref name=results2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14168-goa-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 17 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceogoa.nic.in/pdf/ELECTION/Voter%20Turnout%20GE-2022.pdf |title=General Elections 2022 to Goa Legislatie Assembly - AC wise Voter Turnout |access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Delilah Lobo]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,699 |percentage=38.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dayanand Mandrekar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,972 |percentage=31.96% |change={{decrease}}5.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gauresh Mandrekar |party=Revolutionary Goans Party |votes=3,188 |percentage=12.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Patrick Savio Almeida |party=Independent politician |votes=1,482 |percentage=5.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vishnu Naik |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=893 |percentage=3.58% |change={{decrease}}4.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dattaram Pednekar |party=Independent politician |votes=464 |percentage=1.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vinod Dattaram Palyekar |party=Independent politician |votes=409 |percentage=1.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=206 |percentage=0.83% |change={{decrease}}0.08 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,727 |percentage=6.92% |change= {{increase}}0.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,940 |percentage=84.09% |change= {{increase}}0.68 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,660 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.29 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Goa Forward Party |swing= {{decrease}}4.48 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2017===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Siolim<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Successful Candidates|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2017/Goa/01ListOfSuccessfulCandidates.xlsx|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|format=Xlsx|accessdate=22 April 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vinoda Paliencar]] |party=Goa Forward Party |votes=10,189 |percentage=43.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dayanand Mandrekar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,748 |percentage=37.23% |change={{decrease}}15.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vishnu Mhaddu Naik |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=1,854 |percentage=7.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Patrick Savio Almeida |party=Independent politician |votes=1,497 |percentage=6.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Paresh Raikar |party=Goa Suraksha Manch |votes=532 |percentage=2.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abhijit Dhargalkar |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=275 |percentage=1.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=212 |percentage=0.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,441 |percentage=6.13% |change= {{decrease}}3.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,496 |percentage=83.40% |change= {{increase}}1.17 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,171 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.94 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Goa Forward Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}9.39 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2012===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Siolim<ref>{{cite report|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012, to the Legislative Assembly of Goa|publisher=Election Commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3856-goa-2012/}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dayanand Mandrekar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,430 |percentage=52.76% |change={{increase}}11.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Uday Dattaram Paliemkar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,259 |percentage=42.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajan Savlo Ghate |party=Samajwadi Janata Party (ChandraShekhar) |votes=352 |percentage=1.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abhijit Dhargalkar |party=Jai Maha Bharath Party |votes=274 |percentage=1.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ratikant Shankar Korgaonkar |party=Independent politician |votes=254 |percentage=1.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,171 |percentage=10.02% |change= {{decrease}}1.09 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,665 |percentage=82.12% |change= {{increase}}12.03 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,344 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.61 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}11.69 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2007===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Siolim<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_GOA_after_IC.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007042153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_GOA_after_IC.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dayanand Mandrekar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,402 |percentage=41.07% |change={{increase}}0.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Paliemkar Uday |party=Independent politician |votes=5,400 |percentage=29.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Marques Milton |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=3,845 |percentage=21.33% |change={{increase}}3.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fernandes Dorothy |party=Save Goa Front |votes=903 |percentage=5.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dabolkar Kiran |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=223 |percentage=1.24% |change={{decrease}}1.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sawant Mukesh M. |party=Independent politician |votes=172 |percentage=0.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,002 |percentage=11.11% |change= {{increase}}0.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,025 |percentage=70.21% |change= {{decrease}}0.63 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,674 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.86 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}0.62 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2002===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Siolim<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_se2002_GA.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007072027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_se2002_GA.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dayanand Mandrekar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,152 |percentage=40.45% |change={{increase}}13.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fernandes Francis Gregorio |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,245 |percentage=29.66% |change={{increase}}7.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chodankar Chandrakant |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=3,235 |percentage=18.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Polle Pandharinath Vaman |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=527 |percentage=2.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jawaharlal Henriques |party=Independent politician |votes=387 |percentage=2.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Christopher Fonseca |party=Communist Party of India |votes=377 |percentage=2.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narvekar Sanjay Ganesh |party=Independent politician |votes=347 |percentage=1.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,907 |percentage=10.78% |change= {{increase}}5.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,682 |percentage=70.76% |change= {{increase}}3.76 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,961 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.93 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}13.33 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Siolim<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReportof%20Goa-99.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007115355/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReportof%20Goa-99.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dayanand Mandrekar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,455 |percentage=27.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Marques Milton Olympio |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,663 |percentage=22.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chodankar Chandrakant Uttam |party=Goa Rajiv Congress Party |votes=3,346 |percentage=20.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fernandes Francis Gregorio |party=Independent politician |votes=2,641 |percentage=16.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naik Salgaonkar Ashok Tukaram |party=Independent politician |votes=1,905 |percentage=11.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parsekar Vikas Madan |party=Shiv Sena |votes=336 |percentage=2.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=792 |percentage=4.82% |change= {{decrease}}7.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,427 |percentage=67.06% |change= {{decrease}}7.09 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,489 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.34 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= {{decrease}}16.86 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1994===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Siolim<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StaticialReportGOA94.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006094522/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StaticialReportGOA94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandrakant Chodankar |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=7,373 |percentage=43.98% |change={{increase}}0.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Salgaonkar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,327 |percentage=31.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fernandes Francis Gregorio |party=Independent politician |votes=2,984 |percentage=17.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Palyekar Keshav Shambhu |party=Independent politician |votes=512 |percentage=3.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naik Bhalchandra Ganesh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=199 |percentage=1.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,046 |percentage=12.20% |change= {{increase}}12.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,765 |percentage=73.17% |change= {{decrease}}1.27 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,603 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.47 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= {{increase}}0.01 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Siolim<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20Goa%201989.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006124346/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20Goa%201989.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Salgaonkar |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=6,438 |percentage=43.97% |change={{increase}}4.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandrakant Chodankar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,425 |percentage=43.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narquis Milten Olompia |party=Independent politician |votes=1,173 |percentage=8.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shirodkar Madhukar Raoji |party=Independent politician |votes=107 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13 |percentage=0.09% |change= {{decrease}}4.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,641 |percentage=73.44% |change= {{increase}}0.88 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,407 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}4.65 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= {{increase}}4.65 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Siolim<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144917/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Salgaonkar |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=5,967 |percentage=39.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandrakant Chodankar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,201 |percentage=34.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naik Gopi Dattaram |party=Independent politician |votes=2,188 |percentage=14.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kalangutkar Sham Pundolik |party=Independent politician |votes=407 |percentage=2.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhonsle Madhukar Ramnath |party=Independent politician |votes=329 |percentage=2.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Joshi Damodar Vaman |party=Independent politician |votes=288 |percentage=1.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D'Souza Francis Lawrence |party=Independent politician |votes=147 |percentage=1.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=766 |percentage=5.05% |change= {{decrease}}8.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,176 |percentage=72.43% |change= {{increase}}4.08 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,354 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.41 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}5.23 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Siolim<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114095835/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandrakant Chodankar |party=Independent politician |votes=5,841 |percentage=44.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Salgaukar Ladu Buthi |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=4,084 |percentage=31.15% |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mandrekar Ramkrishna Narsinv |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=1,044 |percentage=7.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gadekar Sadanand Mahadev |party=Independent politician |votes=712 |percentage=5.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fernandes Silvestre Loyola Epiganio N. |party=Janata Party (Secular) |votes=423 |percentage=3.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naik Kanoba Yeshwant |party=Janata Party |votes=267 |percentage=2.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Palyenkar Shambu Naguesh |party=Independent politician |votes=232 |percentage=1.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,757 |percentage=13.40% |change= {{decrease}}11.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,111 |percentage=67.75% |change= {{increase}}4.97 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,603 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.91 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= {{decrease}}7.36 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Siolim<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa, Daman and Diu |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114095835/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandrakant Chodankar |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=6,088 |percentage=51.91% |change={{increase}}1.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Punaji Achrekar |party=Janata Party |votes=3,211 |percentage=27.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Goltekar Ramesh Shabi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,255 |percentage=19.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,877 |percentage=24.53% |change= {{increase}}16.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,727 |percentage=64.54% |change= {{decrease}}11.21 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,903 |ref = |change= {{increase}}23.32 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= {{increase}}1.29 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Siolim<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa, Daman and Diu |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_GOA_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114075126/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_GOA_72.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandrakant Chodankar |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=5,638 |percentage=50.62% |change={{increase}}1.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Souzaw A. Tito Fermina |party=United Goans Party (Sequeira Group) |votes=4,789 |percentage=43.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gajanand Rayu Naik |party=Independent politician |votes=387 |percentage=3.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rocky Francis Leo Dias |party=Independent politician |votes=117 |percentage=1.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandrakant N. Parulekar |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=44 |percentage=0.40% |change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=849 |percentage=7.62% |change= {{increase}}1.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,137 |percentage=75.60% |change= {{increase}}1.31 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,518 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.61 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= {{increase}}1.64 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Siolim<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa, Daman and Diu |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statisticall%20Report%20Goa%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085800/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statisticall%20Report%20Goa%201967.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Punaji Achrekar |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=5,175 |percentage=48.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Zeferino |party=United Goans Party (Sequeira Group) |votes=4,556 |percentage=43.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. P. Purushottam |party=Independent politician |votes=354 |percentage=3.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. K. Narayan |party=Independent politician |votes=132 |percentage=1.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. A. Prabhu |party=Independent politician |votes=50 |percentage=0.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. F. Santan |party=Independent politician |votes=12 |percentage=0.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=619 |percentage=5.86% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,565 |percentage=73.36% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,012 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Goa Legislative Assembly]]
* [[North Goa district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Goa Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/71-goa/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Goa}}

{{coord|15.62|73.77|display=title}}

[[Category:North Goa district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Goa]]
[[Category:Politics of Goa]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1963]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in Goa, Daman and Diu]]

Jaynagar I

2026-04-15T11:28:06Z

Aeon: made basic details first draft

{{Short description|Community Development Block in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jaynagar I
| native_name =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Community development block|Community Development Block]]
| image_skyline =
| image_map = Joynagar-I in South 24 Parganas (West Bengal).svg
| mapsize = 300
| map_caption = Location of Jaynagar I community development block in South 24 Parganas district
| coordinates = {{coord|22.1751965|N|88.4200762|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Presidency division|Presidency]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[List of subdivisions of West Bengal|Subdivision]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Baruipur subdivision|Baruipur]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Baharu]]
| leader_title = [[Gram panchayat|Gram Panchayats]]
| leader_name = Baharu Kshetra, Bamangachhi, Chaltaberia, Dakshin Barasat, Dhosa Chandaneswar, Harinarayanpur, Jangalia, Khakurdaha, Narayanitala, Rajapur Korabeg, Sripur, Uttar Durgapur
| leader_title1 = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = [[Jaynagar Lok Sabha constituency|Jaynagar]], [[Jadavpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jadavpur]]
| leader_title2 = [[List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name2 = [[Jaynagar Assembly constituency|Jaynagar]], [[Baruipur Purba Assembly constituency|Baruipur Purba]]
| total_type = Total
| area_total_km2 = 131.01
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 263,151
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban = 46,322
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 73.17 per cent
| demographics1_title2 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| demographics1_info2 = 950 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Official
| demographics2_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics2_title2 = Additional official
| demographics2_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| website = {{URL|https://s24pgs.gov.in/}}
}}

'''Jaynagar I''' is a [[community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Baruipur subdivision]] of [[South 24 Parganas|South 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==History==
[[Dhosa, Jaynagar|Dhosa]] and [[Tilpi]] are important [[archaeological]] sites in the Jaynagar I CD block. Archaeological excavations at Dhosa and Tilpi, on the bank of the [[Piyali River]] indicate the existence of human habitation around 2,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook South Twentyfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = pp. 134–135: Places of Archaeological Importance | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 3 January 2020}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:South 24 Parganas Tehsil Map (en).svg|thumb]]
The Jaynagar I CD block is located at {{coord|22.1751965|N|88.4200762|E|format=dms}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|8|m}}.

The Jaynagar I CD block is bounded by the [[Baruipur (community development block)|Baruipur]] CD block in a part of the north, the [[Canning I]] CD block in parts of the north and east, the [[Kultali (community development block)|Kultali]] CD block in a part of the east, the [[Jaynagar II]] CD block in the south and the [[Magrahat II]] CD block in the west.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1917_PART_B_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: South 24 Parganas, Series 20, Part XII B | work= Map of South 24 Parganas with CD block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 11 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/south-24-parganas.html|title = South Twenty-four Parganas | work= CD block/ tehsil map|publisher= Maps of India | access-date = 11 October 2019}}</ref>

The [[South 24 Parganas district]] is divided into two distinct physiographic zones: the marine-riverine delta in the north and the marine delta zone in the south. As the sea receded southwards, in the sub-recent [[Period (geology)|geological period]], a large low-lying plain got exposed. Both [[Tide|tidal]] inflows and the rivers have been depositing sediments in this plain. The periodical collapse of both the natural [[levee]]s and man-made embankments speed up the process of filling up of the depressions containing [[brackish water]] wetlands. The marine delta in the south is formed of interlacing tidal channels. As non-saline water for irrigation is scarce, agriculture is [[monsoon]] dominated. Some parts of the wetlands are still preserved for raising fish.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Chapter 1 South 24 Parganas: An Overview, p 9-12 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 1 April 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

The Jaynagar I CD block has an area of {{cvt|131.01|km2}}. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 12 [[gram panchayat]]s, 129 gram sansads (village councils), 72 [[mouza]]s and 70 inhabited villages, as per the ''District Statistical Handbook'' for the South Twenty-four Parganas district. [[Jaynagar Majilpur#Police station|Jaynagar]] police station serves this CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South 24 Parganas | work = Table No. 2.1, 2.2 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 11 October 2019 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD block is at [[Baharu]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal, District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, Series – 20, Part XII-A, Village and Town Directory |work= p. 699 – Map of Jaynagar I CD block | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 21 October 2019}}</ref>

The [[Gram Panchayat]]s of Jaynagar I CD block/[[panchayat samiti]] are: Baharu Kshetra, Bamangachhi, Chaltaberia, Dakshin Barasat, Dhosa Chandaneswar, Harinarayanpur, Jangalia, Khakurdaha, Narayanitala, Rajapur Korabeg, Sripur and Uttar Durgapur.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://s24pgs.gov.in/s24p/page.php?nm=Blocks |title= Blocks and Gram Panchayats in South 24 Parganas| publisher = South 24 Parganas District Administration |access-date = 1 April 2016}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], the Jaynagar I CD block had a total population of 263,151, of which 216,829 were rural and 46,322 were urban. There were 134,966 (51%) males and 128,185 (49%) females. There were 36,293 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 102,645 (39.01%) and the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 80 (0.03%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 2 April 2016}}</ref>

According to the [[2001 Census of India]], the Jaynagar I CD block had a total population of 219,009, out of which 113,289 were males and 105,720 were females. The Jaynagar I CD block registered a population growth of 18.21 per cent during the 1991–2001 decade. Decadal growth for [[South 24 Parganas]] district was 20.89 per cent. Decadal growth in [[West Bengal]] was 17.84 per cent. The [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled Castes]] at 94,849 formed around one-half the population. The [[Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 1,204.<ref name=handbook>{{cite web | url =http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title =District Statistical Handbook – 2010–11 – South 24 Parganas | work =South 24 Parganas at a glance, Tables 2.2, 2.4 (b), 4.5 | publisher =Bureau of Applied Economics and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date =3 April 2016 | archive-date =21 January 2019 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_18.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2011-01-20 |work=Census of India 2001 – South 24 Parganas |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110719041523/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_18.htm |archive-date=19 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2011-01-20 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref>

[[Census Town]]s in the Jaynagar I CD block (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Raynagar]] (5,593), [[Kalikapur Barasat]] (6,104), [[Baharu]] (16,155), [[Uttarparanij]] (6,810), [[Alipur, Jaynagar|Alipur]] (5,937) and [[Uttar Durgapur]] (5,723).<ref name=census2011/>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in the Jaynagar I CD block (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Belechandi]] (2,594), [[Sarberia]] (3,154), [[Padmerhat]] (5,184), [[Tajpur Fatepur]] (6,156), [[Ramkrishnapur]] (4,421), [[Beladanga]] (4,754), [[Hogla, Jaynagar|Hogla]] (2,723), [[Harinarayanpur]] (4,025), [[Jangalia]] (6,366), [[Srikrishnanagar]] (5,064), [[Purba Gabberia]] (12,283), [[Tilpi]] (13,350), [[Charaghata]] (5,837), [[Rajpur Korabag]] (7,142), [[Bantra]] (12,508), [[Kamaria]] (26,575) and [[Gobindapur, Jaynagar|Gobindapur]] (4,890).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in the Jaynagar I CD block include (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Dhosa, Jaynagar|Dhosa]] (2,401), [[Chandaneshwar]] (3,377), [[Khakurdaha]] (3,541), [[Narayani Tala]] (2,839) and [[Sripur, Jaynagar|Sripur]] (2,668).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
According to the 2011 census, the total number of literate persons in the Jaynagar I CD block was 165,987 (73.17% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 93,228 (80.09% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 72,759 (65.87% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 14.22%.<ref name=census2011/>

According to the [[2011 Census of India]], literacy in the [[South 24 Parganas]] district was 77.51<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.census2011.co.in/district.php |title = District Census 2011 |publisher= Population Census 2011 | access-date = 24 January 2016}}</ref> Literacy in [[West Bengal]] was 77.08% in 2011.<ref name=literacy>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_progresstables.pdf | title= Provisional population tables and annexures| work= Census 2011:Table 2(3) Literates and Literacy rates by sex |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 9 February 2016}}</ref> Literacy in [[India]] in 2011 was 74.04%.<ref name=literacy/>

According to the [[2001 Census of India]], the Jaynagar I CD block had a total literacy of 65.77 per cent for the 6+ age group. While male literacy was 77.07 per cent female literacy was 53.57 per cent. The [[South 24 Parganas]] district had a total literacy of 69.45 per cent, male literacy being 79.19 per cent and female literacy being 59.01 per cent.<ref name=handbook/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of South 24 Parganas district|collapsible=y}}

===Language===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Jaynagar I CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 99.89 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 0.08 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 0.02 |color3 = green
|label4 = Others |value4 = 0.01 |color4 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 99.89% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 0.08% [[Hindi]] and 0.02% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Jaynagar I CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|53.65}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|45.86}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.49}}
}}

In the [[2011 Census of India]], Hindus numbered 140,544 and formed 53.65% of the population in the Jaynagar I CD block. Muslims numbered 123,307 and formed 45.86% of the population. Others numbered 1,300 and formed 0.49% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> In 2001, Hindus and Muslims made up 56.43% and 43.46% of the population respectively.

The proportion of Hindus in the South Twenty-four Parganas district has declined from 76.0% in 1961 to 63.2% in 2011. The proportion of Muslims in the South Twenty-four Parganas district has increased from 23.4% to 35.6% during the same period. Christians formed 0.8% in 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook South Twentfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = pp. 52–53: Religion| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 5 October 2018}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
According to the ''[[Human Development Report]]'' for the South 24 Parganas district, published in 2009, in the Jaynagar I CD block the percentage of households [[Below Poverty Line|below poverty line]] was 39.57%. The poverty rates were very high in the [[Sundarbans settlements]] with all the thirteen CD blocks registering poverty ratios above 30% and eight CD blocks had more than 40% of the population in the BPL category. The Sundarban region remains the most backward region in terms of quality of life. As per rural household survey in 2005, the proportion of households in South 24 Parganas with poverty rates below poverty line was 34.11%, way above the state and national poverty ratios.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= pp. 42–43, Chapter 3.8: Poverty Scenario in South 24 Parganas | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Jaynagar I CD block'''
|value1 = 8.60
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 25.07
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 9.50
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 56.82
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In the Jaynagar I CD block in 2011, among the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 7,677 and formed 8.60%, agricultural labourers numbered 22,378 and formed 25.07%, household industry workers numbered 8,482 and formed 9.50% and other workers numbered 50,711 and formed 56.82%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook South Twentyfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories of Economic Activity in Sub-district 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 24 September 2019}}</ref> Total workers numbered 89,248 and formed 33.92% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 173,903 and formed 66.08% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook South Twentyfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 30: Number and percentage of Main workers, Marginal workers and Non workers by Sex, in Sub-districts, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 24 September 2019}}</ref>

The ''District Human Development Report'' points out that in the CD blocks of the region situated in the close proximity of the Kolkata metropolis, overwhelming majority are involved in the non-agricultural sector for their livelihood. On the other hand, in the Sundarbans settlements, overwhelming majority are dependent on agriculture. In the intermediate region, there is again predominance of the non-agricultural sector. Though the region is not very close to Kolkata, many places are well connected and some industrial/ economic development has taken place.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= p. 69, Chapter 4.3: Occupational Diversification | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/ government/ institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook South Twentyfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, p. 31 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 28 December 2017}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 65 inhabited villages in the Jaynagar I CD block, as per the ''District Census Handbook, South Twenty-four Parganas, 2011''. 100% villages have power supply. 65 villages (100%) have drinking water supply. 17 villages (26.15%) have post offices. 57 villages (87.69%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 38 villages (58.46%) have pucca (paved) approach roads and 27 villages (41.54%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 2 villages (3.08%) have agricultural credit societies and 5 villages (7.60%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = p. 111, Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 26 September 2019}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
The South 24 Parganas had played a significant role in the [[Tebhaga movement]] launched by the [[Communist Party of India]] in 1946. Subsequently, ''[[Operation Barga]]'' was aimed at securing tenancy rights for the peasants. In the Jaynagar I CD block 735.35 acres of land was acquired and vested. Out of this 568.02 acres or 77.24% of the vested land was distributed. The total number of patta (document) holders was 957.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pp. 7–9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pp. 32–33 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 3 November 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

According to the ''District Human Development Report'', agriculture is an important source of livelihood in the South Twentyfour Parganas district. The amount of cultivable land per agricultural worker is only 0.41 hectare in the district. Moreover, the irrigation facilities have not been extended to a satisfactory scale. Agriculture mostly remains a mono-cropped activity.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= pp. 28–30, Chapter 3.2: Sectoral Composition of Output | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

According to the ''District Census Handbook'', the saline soil of the district is unfit for cultivation, but the non-salty lands are very fertile. While rice is the main food crop, jute is the main cash crop.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = p. 21: Agriculture | publisher = Directorate of Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 26 September 2019}}</ref>

In 2013–14, there were 91 fertiliser depots, 22 seed stores and 50 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in the Jaynagar I CD block.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South 24 Parganas | work = Table No. 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 27 September 2019 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2013–14, the Jaynagar I CD block produced 8,941 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop, from 4,613 hectares, 643 tonnes of Aus paddy (summer crop) from 249 hectares, 2,905 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 862 hectares, 613 tonnes of jute from 29 hectares and 3,510 tonnes of potatoes from 108 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Irrigation===
In the Jaynagar I CD block, in 2013–14, 14.17 hectares were irrigated by deep tube well.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Poor irrigation and high soil salinity results in the mono-cropping pattern of cultivation in a major portion of the South 24 Parganas district. As a result of its closeness to the Bay of Bengal, the river waters are mostly saline and are unsuitable for irrigation. Added to the rather gloomy irrigation scenario is the problem of frequent floods.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= p. 62, Chapter 4.3.1: Occupational Diversification, The District Level | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Pisciculture===
In the Jaynagar I CD block, in 2013–14, net area under effective pisciculture was 1,185 hectares, engaging 10,757 persons in the profession, and with an approximate annual production of 52,652 quintals.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Pisciculture is an important source of employment in the South 24 Parganas district. As of 2001, more than 4.5 lakh people were engaged in pisciculture. Out of this 2.57 lakhs were from the 13 blocks in the Sundarbans settlements.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= pp. 76, Chapter 4.5.2: Non-agriculture, (i) Pisciculture | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Banking===
In 2013–14, the Jaynagar I CD block had offices of 8 commercial banks and 2 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
The South 24 Parganas district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 22 September 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 22 September 2019}}</ref>

==Transport==
The Jaynagar I CD block has 2 ferry services and 2 originating/ terminating bus routes.<ref name=handbook2014/>

[[Hogla railway station|Hogla]], [[Dakshin Barasat railway station|Dakshin Barasat]], [[Baharu railway station|Baharu]] and [[Jaynagar Majilpur railway station|Jaynagar Majilpur]] are railway stations on the [[Sealdah South section]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-sealdah-namkhana-local-34792/14397/325/9534 | title = 34792 Sealdah-Namkhana Local | work = Time Table | publisher = India Rail Info | access-date = 22 April 2019}}</ref>

==Education==
In 2013–14, the Jaynagar I CD block had 107 primary schools with 16,933 students, 5 middle schools with 442 students, 9 high schools with 4,427 students and 14 higher secondary schools with 16,343 students. Jaynagar I CD block had 1 general degree college with 8,381 students and 460 institutions for special and non-formal education with 18,579 students.<ref name=handbook2014/>

See also – [[Education in India]]

According to the 2011 census, in Jaynagar I CD block, amongst the 65 inhabited villages, 5 villages did not have a school, 42 villages had two or more primary schools, 22 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 15 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, South 24 Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = pp. 931–932, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 2 October 2019}}</ref>

[[Dhruba Chand Halder College]] was established in 1965 at [[Dakshin Barasat]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://dchcollege.org/main/contactus.php | title = Dhruva Chand Halder College | publisher = DCHC | access-date = 29 October 2019}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Certain areas of the [[South 24 Parganas]] district have been identified where ground water is affected by [[Arsenic contamination of groundwater|Arsenic Contamination]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb4.htm | title = Groundwater Arsenic contamination in West Bengal-India (19 years study) | access-date = 2011-09-28 | work = Groundwater arsenic contamination status of North 24-Parganas district, one of the nine arsenic affected districts of West Bengal-India | publisher = SOES | archive-date = 27 September 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002957/http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb4.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> High levels of arsenic in ground water were found in twelve CD blocks of the district. Water samples collected from tubewells in the affected places contained arsenic above the normal level (10 micrograms per litre as specified by the [[World Health Organization]]). The affected CD blocks are [[Baruipur (community development block)|Baruipur]], [[Bhangar I]], [[Bhangar II]], [[Bishnupur I]], [[Bishnupur II]], [[Basanti (community development block)|Basanti]], [[Budge Budge II]], [[Canning I]], [[Canning II]], [[Sonarpur (community development block)|Sonarpur]], [[Magrahat II]] and Jaynagar I.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=23&id=183781&usrsess=1
|title=High arsenic levels in South
|access-date=2011-09-28
|publisher= The Statesman, 24 June 2007
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929091658/http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=23&id=183781&usrsess=1
|archive-date=2007-09-29
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

In 2014, the Jaynagar I CD block had 1 rural hospital, 2 primary health centres and 7 NGO/ private nursing homes with total 78 beds and 14 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 50 family welfare subcentres. 4,852 patients were treated indoor and 151,301 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

According to the 2011 census, in the Jaynagar I CD block, 1 village had a community health centre, 4 villages had primary health centres, 31 villages had primary health subcentres, 6 villages had maternity and child welfare centres, 2 villages had veterinary hospitals, 11 villages had medicine shops and out of the 65 inhabited villages 16 villages had no medical facilities.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = pp. 927–929, Appendix I: Summary showing total number of villages having Educational, Medical and other amenities – C.D.Block level | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 4 October 2019}}</ref>

Padmerhat Rural Hospital at [[Padmerhat]] with 30 beds is the major government medical facility in the Jaynagar I CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Momrejgarh (Goalberia) (PO [[Srikrishnanagar]]) (with 6 beds) and [[Purba Gabberia]] (with 6 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =1 November 2019 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Block Primary Health Centres | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =1 November 2019 | archive-date =16 August 2020 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200816074737/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 1 November 2019 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{South 24 Parganas}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Sundarbans CD Blocks}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Geography of Jaynagar Majilpur]]

Perianna

2026-04-14T11:40:38Z

Aeon: starting a article - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Perianna
| image = Periyanna poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[S. A. Chandrasekhar]]an
| writer = Suresh K. (dialogues)
| screenplay = S. A. Chandrasekharan
| story = Suresh K.
| producer = Jaya S. K. Subbiah
| starring = [[Suriya]] [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] Manasa
| cinematography = Selva. R
| editing = Saleem-Vasu
| music = [[Bharani (composer)|Bharani]]
| studio = Jaya Subhashree Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1999|04|14}}
| runtime = 148 minutes
| language = Tamil
| country = India
}}

'''''Perianna''''' (spelt onscreen as '''''Periannaha''''') is a 1999 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by [[S. A. Chandrasekhar]]an, starring [[Suriya]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] and Manasa with [[Vijayakanth]] in an extended cameo role as the title character. The soundtrack for this film was composed by debutant music director [[Bharani (composer)|Bharani]]. The film was released on 14 April 1999.

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=March 2024}}
Suriya kills the villains who murder his family and is sent to jail. During his time in jail, a well-respected minister celebrates his daughter's birthday in prison. His daughter is impressed by Suriya's talent in Violin percussion and convinces her father to grant her special permission to learn music from him. During this time, they fall in love with each other, and opposition grows from the girl's parents and the police department. Then, they elope. They come to a remote town where they witness the murder of a collector in the railway station during broad daylight, but no one seems to care. They then see that the man who murdered the collector is the chief of the village, Periyanna, so they try to oppose him. In their time at the village, they learn about his past and change their mind about him. He promises them to get them married. The movie then moves towards the climax as whether the village chief will be successful in getting those two lovers married or the girl's father will be successful in separating them by using the legal system against them.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Vijayakanth]] as Lingam (Periyanna) (Extended guest appearance)
*[[Suriya]] as Suriya
*[[Meena (actress)|Meena]] as Shenbagam
*Manasa as Ganga
*[[Devan (actor)|Devan]] as Varadharajan
*[[Anandaraj]]
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]
*[[Manivannan]]
*[[R. Sundarrajan]]
*[[Vinu Chakravarthy]]
*[[Ajay Rathnam]] as Collector
*[[O.A.K. Sundar]]
*[[Sachu]]
*[[Vaiyapuri]] as Prisoner
*[[S. S. Chandran]]
*[[Thalapathi Dinesh]]
*[[Ram Lakshman (stunt choreographers)|Ram Lakshman]]
*[[Rocky Rajesh]] as Henchman (special appearance)
}}

== Production ==
S. A. Chandrasekhar had initially planned to make the film with [[Vijayakanth]] and [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], but the project failed to materialise. The film re-emerged in 1998 with Vijay's busy schedules for his other films prompting Chandrasekhar to select [[Suriya]] to appear in a lead role alongside Vijayakanth.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anon |date=15 January 1999 |title=On the Sets |work=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/%28docid%29/195584B7152B4B4365256940004C8B27 |url-status=dead |access-date=13 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405020501/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/195584B7152B4B4365256940004C8B27 |archive-date=5 April 2012}}</ref> [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] was selected to play a leading role in the film. Chandrasekhar initially picked a model from Mumbai called Tanuja to be paired opposite Suriya, but later changed his mind.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 1999 |title=Sons and rivals |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/jan/25ss.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200607054813/https://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/jan/25ss.htm |archive-date=7 June 2020 |access-date=13 June 2023 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> The role was handed to Ganga, sister of actress [[Easwari Rao]], with the director changing her stage name to Manasa from Ganga as she was known in ''[[Kakkai Siraginilae|Kaakai Siraginilae]]''. Vijayakanth's long-time assistant, S. K. Subbiah, produced the film, with Vijayakanth keen to work on the venture in order to help benefit Subbiah.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 1999 |title=Tamil Cinema 1998-Year Highlights (Part-2) |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/highlights/01-01-99/yearhig2.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010112113500/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/highlights/01-01-99/yearhig2.htm |archive-date=12 January 2001 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=[[Dinakaran]]}}</ref>

The film was launched in late 1998 with Vijayakanth, Suriya, director Chandrasekhar and veteran producers [[A. L. Azhagappan]] and Ibrahim Rowther in attendance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Potti Tamil Movie News (A.R.R. News and more!) |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/News/99/February/pnews_20150.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609215317/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/News/99/February/pnews_20150.html |archive-date=9 June 2012 |access-date=3 January 2012 |website=Indolink}}</ref> Vijayakanth charged no remuneration for his work.<ref>{{Cite web |last=V |first=Sankaran |date=8 February 2024 |title=கேப்டன் விஜயகாந்த் சம்பளமே வாங்காமல் நடித்துக் கொடுத்த படங்கள்!.. அட இவ்வளவு இருக்கா?.. |url=https://cinereporters.com/captain-vijayakanth-acted-the-movies-without-salary/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214053830/https://cinereporters.com/captain-vijayakanth-acted-the-movies-without-salary/ |archive-date=14 February 2024 |access-date=14 February 2024 |website=CineReporters |language=ta}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
[[Bharani (composer)|Bharani]] who earlier wrote lyrics for Vijay's debut film ''[[Naalaya Theerpu]]'' (1992) was selected to compose the music thus making his debut.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2005 |title=Music Director Bharani |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/features/Interviews/Interview4/bharani/tamil-cinema-interview-bharani.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121206051928/http://www.behindwoods.com/features/Interviews/Interview4/bharani/tamil-cinema-interview-bharani.html |archive-date=6 December 2012 |access-date=18 May 2015 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> The soundtrack contains 7 songs and lyrics for the songs were written by Bharani, Vasan, Arivumathi and Pulamaipithan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 1999 |title=Periyanna (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/periyanna-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1525758523 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613130740/https://music.apple.com/us/album/periyanna-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1525758523 |archive-date=13 June 2023 |access-date=13 June 2023 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref> Vijay had sung three songs for Suriya in this film with "Naam Dum Adikkira" song was well received while another song "Nilave Nilave" was also successful.

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 31:59
| title1 = Nilave Nilave
| extra1 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| lyrics1 = Vasan
| length1 = 5:03
| title2 = Naan Dum Adikkira Styla Pathu
| extra2 = [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]
| lyrics2 = Bharani
| length2 = 4:21
| title3 = Juttadi Leela Sundara Mala
| extra3 = Vijay, [[Swarnalatha]]
| lyrics3 = Bharani
| length3 = 4:45
| title4 = Pollachi Mala Rottula
| extra4 = [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], Swarnalatha, [[S. N. Surendar]]
| lyrics4 = [[Pulamaipithan]]
| length4 = 5:47
| title5 = Rottula Oru Chinnaponnu
| extra5 = Vijay
| lyrics5 = Bharani
| length5 = 4:13
| title6 = Pacholay Keethukulla
| extra6 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K.S. Chithra]]
| lyrics6 = [[Arivumathi]]
| length6 = 4:35
| title7 = Nilave Nilave
| extra7 = S. N. Surendar
| lyrics7 = Vasan
| note7 = pathos
| length7 = 3:15
}}

== Release and reception ==
The film released on 14 April 1999,<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 December 2002 |title=நட்சத்திர படப் பட்டியல் |url=https://ibb.co/cTSgjhM |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202064212/https://ibb.co/cTSgjhM |archive-date=2 February 2024 |access-date=2 February 2024 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |pages=41–43 |language=Ta}}</ref> and was a box office failure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Happy Tamil New Year 2000 |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/2000/tnyspecial.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210005955/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/2000/tnyspecial.htm |archive-date=10 February 2012 |access-date=3 January 2012 |website=Indolink}}</ref> K. N. Vijiyan of ''[[New Straits Times]]'' called it "not a must-see movie".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. N. |date=24 April 1999 |title=Unlikely romantic flick |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WPxOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3BQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3958%2C3838664 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618073256/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WPxOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3BQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3958%2C3838664 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |access-date=13 June 2023 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=Arts 4 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> K. P. S. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote Chandrasekhar has shot a film in the collaboration of Vijayakanth and Suriya and is eager to score a century. He has given a catch to the fans with the usual, old story and ducked out.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=கே. பி. எஸ். |date=16 May 1999 |title=பெரியண்ணா |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1999-05-16/page/80/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230601081641/https://archive.org/details/kalki1999-05-16/page/80/mode/2up |archive-date=1 June 2023 |access-date=10 June 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=81 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> D. S. Ramanujam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "In building the story of K. Suresh, who had also written the dialogue, through his screenplay, the director leaves a few vacant areas".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=23 April 1999 |title=Film Reviews: Perianna / Monisha En Monalisa / Ethirum Puthirum |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/990423/09/09230222.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010222071639/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/990423/09/09230222.htm |archive-date=22 February 2001 |access-date=14 March 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |pages=26}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{S. A. Chandrasekhar}}

[[Category:1999 action drama films]]
[[Category:1999 Indian films]]
[[Category:1999 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. A. Chandrasekhar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bharani (composer)]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by S. A. Chandrasekhar]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Thomas Gibson-Carmichael, 1st Baron Carmichael

2026-04-12T15:27:42Z

Aeon: created a article

{{Short description|Scottish politician and colonial administrator (1859–1926)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name = The Lord Carmichael
| honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|GCSI|GCIE|KCMG|DL|FRSE}}
| image = Thomas_Gibson-Carmichael.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| order1 = [[Governor of Victoria]]
| term_start1 = 27 July 1908
| term_end1 = 19 May 1911
| monarch1 = [[Edward VII]] (1908–10) [[George V]] (1910–11)
| governor_general1 = [[Henry Northcote, 1st Baron Northcote]] (1908) [[William Ward, 2nd Earl of Dudley]] (1908–11)
| premier1 = [[Thomas Bent|Sir Thomas Bent]] (1908–09) [[John Murray (Victorian politician)|John Murray]] (1909–11)
| predecessor1 = [[Reginald Talbot|Sir Reginald Talbot]]
| successor1 = [[Sir John Fuller, 1st Baronet]]
| order2 = [[Governor of Madras]]
| term_start2 = 3 November 1911
| term_end2 = 30 March 1912
| predecessor2 = [[Arthur Lawley, 6th Baron Wenlock|Sir Arthur Lawley]]
| successor2 = [[Sir Murray Hammick]] (acting)
| governor_general2 = [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst]]
| order3 = [[List of governors of Bengal Presidency#Governors of Bengal (Restored, 1912–1947)|Governor of Bengal]]
| term_start3 = 1 April 1912
| term_end3 = 26 March 1917
| governor_general3 = [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst]] [[Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford]]
| monarch3 = [[George V]]
| predecessor3 = [[William Duke (colonial governor)|Sir William Duke]]
| successor3 = [[Lawrence Dundas, 2nd Marquess of Zetland|Marquess of Zetland]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1859|3|18}}
| birth_place = [[Edinburgh]], Scotland
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1926|1|16|1859|3|18}}
| death_place = 13 Portman Street, [[London]], England
| party = [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]]
| alma_mater = [[St John's College, Cambridge]]
| spouse = Mary Nugent
}}
'''Thomas David Gibson-Carmichael, 1st Baron Carmichael''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|GCSI|GCIE|KCMG|DL|FRSE}} (18 March 1859 – 16 January 1926), known as '''Sir Thomas Gibson-Carmichael, 11th Baronet''', between 1891 and 1912, was a Scottish [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] politician and colonial administrator. He was also a keen naturalist.

==Background and education==
Born near [[Edinburgh]], Scotland, Carmichael was the eldest son of Reverend Sir William Henry Gibson-Carmichael, 10th Baronet, and Eleanora Anne Anderson, daughter of David Anderson.<ref name="thepeerage.com">[http://www.thepeerage.com/p20596.htm thepeerage.com Thomas David Gibson-Carmichael, 1st and last Baron Carmichael]</ref>

He was educated at the Wixenford House school of [[Cowley Powles]], then near [[Eversley]]<ref name="royalsoced.org.uk">{{cite book |last1=Waterston |first1=C D |last2=Shearer |first2=A Macmillan |year=2006 |title=Royal Fellows of Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1783-2002: Biographical Index |volume=Part One |url=https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf |publisher=The Royal Society of Edinburgh |page=165 |isbn=0-902-198-84-X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124115814/http://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2013}}</ref> in [[Wixenford]]<ref name=":0">{{cite ODNB|first=Katherine|last=Prior|title=Carmichael, Thomas David Gibson, Baron Carmichael (1859–1926)|id=32295}}</ref> and [[St John's College, Cambridge]].<ref name="thepeerage.com"/><ref>{{acad|id=CRML877TD|name=Carmichael or Gibson-Carmichael, Thomas David [Gibson]}}</ref> He succeeded his father as 11th Baronet in 1891.

==Political career==
Carmichael was [[Private Secretary]] to [[Sir George Trevelyan, 2nd Baronet|George Trevelyan]] and [[John Ramsay, 13th Earl of Dalhousie|Lord Dalhousie]], when [[Secretary of State for Scotland|Secretaries for Scotland]].<ref name="thepeerage.com"/> He unsuccessfully contested for [[Peebles and Selkirk (UK Parliament constituency)|Peebles and Selkirk]] in 1892<ref>Whitaker's Almanack, 1893, page 143</ref> but was successfully returned as [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Midlothian (UK Parliament constituency) (1708–1918)|Midlothian]] in 1895,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=26651 |date=9 August 1895 |page=4487 }}</ref> succeeding [[William Ewart Gladstone]]. He continued to represent this constituency until the [[1900 United Kingdom general election|1900 general election]].<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080928062620/http://www.leighrayment.com/commons/Pcommons1.htm leighrayment.com House of Commons: Paddington to Platting]}}</ref> During this period, Carmichael leased [[Malleny House and Garden]].<ref name="MallenyGarden">{{HEScotland|num=GDL00272 |desc=Malleny |access-date=18 June 2022}}</ref> He developed gardens, as well as organised decorative ironwork to be added to the garden.<ref name="MallenyGarden"/>

==Colonial Governor==
[[File:Thomas Gibson Carmichael.jpg|thumb|right|Lord Carmichael as Governor of Victoria]]
[[File:Commemorative Plaque laid by Baron Carmichael, Governor of Bengal on 4th October 1912 in Dr Graham's Home in Kalimpong.jpg|thumb|right|Commemorative Plaque laid by Baron Carmichael, Governor of Bengal on 4 October 1912 in Dr Graham's Home in [[Kalimpong]]]]
Carmichael was appointed [[Governor of Victoria]] in 1908 and served from 27 July 1908 to 19 May 1911.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=28141 |date=29 May 1908 |page=3993 }}; "thepeerage.com"; {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080608023702/http://www.leighrayment.com/peers/peersC2.htm leighrayment.com Peerage: Carew to Castlereagh]}}</ref>

As governor, Carmichael permitted Victoria Premier [[Thomas Bent|Sir Thomas Bent]] who had lost a no-confidence vote on 3 December 1908 to dissolve the assembly and call for fresh elections. Thomas Bent, however, lost the elections and [[John Murray (Victorian politician)|John Murray]] succeeded him as premier. A Royal Commission investigation was started in 1909 to inquire into the financial misappropriations made by Bent.

In 1911 Carmichael was appointed [[governor of Madras]] and served from 3 November 1911 to 30 March 1912. From 1 April 1912 to 26 March 1917, he was appointed as the [[Governor of Bengal]]. He was also elected as the President of [[The Asiatic Society]] from 1913 to 1915.

==Honours==
He was appointed a [[Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George]] in 1908, a [[Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]] in 1911 and a [[Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]] in 1917.<ref name="thepeerage.com"/> In 1912 he was raised to the peerage as ''Baron Carmichael'', of Skirling in the County of Peebles.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=28579 |date=9 February 1912 |page=972 }}</ref> [[Ashutosh Mukherjee|Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee]] created a post [[Carmichael Professor of Ancient Indian History and Culture]], after his name. [[Carmichael College]] in [[Rangpur District|Rangpur]], Bangladesh is named after and was inaugurated by him in 1916.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Carmichael College Rangpur – Brief History (English)|url=https://ccr.gov.bd/brief-history-english|access-date=2020-09-09|language=en-US}}</ref>
[[File:Carmichael_College_Stone_Laid.jpg|thumb|[[Carmichael College|Carmichael College, Rangpur]] Stone Laid]]

==Other public appointments==
Carmichael was also Chairman of the [[Commissioners in Lunacy for Scotland]] from 1894 to 1897, a Trustee of the [[Board of Manufactures|Board of Manufactures in Scotland]] from 1900,<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=27165|page=1076| date=16 February 1900|}}</ref> a Trustee of the [[National Portrait Gallery (London)|National Portrait Gallery]] from 1904 to 1908 and of the [[National Gallery (London)|National Gallery]] from 1906 to 1908 and again from 1923 to 1926.<ref name=":0" /> Between 1920 and 1926 he served as [[Lord Lieutenant of Peeblesshire]].<ref name="rayment">{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080608023702/http://www.leighrayment.com/peers/peersC2.htm leighrayment.com Peerage: Carew to Castlereagh]}}</ref>

In 1891 he founded the Scottish Beekeepers Association.<ref name="royalsoced.org.uk"/>

==Freemasonry==
He was a freemason. He was initiated, passed and raised within eight days of 1895 in the Dramatic and Arts Lodge No. 757. He became Worshipful Master of the Lodge in 1902 and served for two years. He was also appointed Senior Grand Deacon of the Grand Lodge of Scotland. Seven years later he became [[Grand Master (Freemasonry)|Grand Master]] of the [[Grand Lodge of Scotland]]. When he was appointed Governor of Victoria, he resigned from Grand Master only to become almost immediately Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Victoria.

Served as Provincial Grand Master of Midlothian 1904–1909.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kenthenderson.com.au/m_papers03.html |title=Vice Regal Grand Master - Who and Why? |website=Kent Henderson |access-date=2012-10-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409023926/http://kenthenderson.com.au/m_papers03.html |archive-date=9 April 2013}}</ref>{{self-published inline|date=July 2020}}

==Personal life==
Lord Carmichael married the Hon. Mary Helen Elizabeth, daughter of Baron Albert Nugent, in 1886. They had no children. He died at 13 Portman Street, [[London]], in January 1926, aged 66, and was buried at [[Skirling]], Biggar, [[Lanarkshire]]. The barony became extinct on his death while he was succeeded in the baronetcy by his cousin, Henry Thomas Gibson-Craig.<ref name="thepeerage.com"/> He was a keen, amateur entomologist. During his career in India, he made a large collection of insects, mainly from the Darjeeling region, which he gave to the [[Indian Museum]] before leaving India. The damselfly species, ''Drepanosticta carmichaeli'' was named after him by [[Frank Fortescue Laidlaw|Laidlaw]] in 1915.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|title=Lord Carmichael of Skirling|author=Mary Helen Elizabeth (Nugent) Carmichael (baroness.)|publisher=Hodder and Stoughton|year=1929}}

==External links==
* {{Hansard-contribs | mr-thomas-gibson-carmichael | Thomas Gibson-Carmichael }}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Midlothian (UK Parliament constituency) (1708–1918)|Midlothian]]
| years = [[1895 United Kingdom general election|1895]]–[[1900 United Kingdom general election|1900]]
| after = [[Alexander Murray, 1st Baron Murray of Elibank|Master of Elibank]]
| before = [[William Ewart Gladstone]]
}}
{{s-gov}}
{{succession box|title=[[Governor of Victoria]]|before=[[Reginald Talbot|Sir Reginald Talbot]]|after=[[Sir John Fuller, 1st Baronet]]||years=1908–1911}}
{{succession box|title=[[Governor of Madras]]|before=[[Arthur Lawley, 6th Baron Wenlock|Sir Arthur Lawley]]|after=[[Sir Murray Hammick]] (acting)|years=1911–1912}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of Governors of Bengal|Governor of Bengal]]|before=[[William Duke (colonial governor)|Sir William Duke]]|after=[[Lawrence Dundas, 2nd Marquess of Zetland|Marquess of Zetland]]|years=1912–1917}}
{{s-hon}}
{{succession box | title=[[Lord Lieutenant of Peeblesshire]] | years=1920–1926 | before=[[Edward Tennant, 1st Baron Glenconner|Lord Glenconner]] | after= [[Michael Thorburn|Sir Michael Thorburn]]}}
{{s-npo|mason}}
{{succession box | title=[[List of Grand Masters of the Grand Lodge of Scotland|Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Scotland]] | before=[[Charles Maule Ramsay|Charles Ramsay]] | after=[[John Stewart-Murray, 8th Duke of Atholl|Marquess of Tullibardine]] | years=1907–1909}}
{{succession box | title=[[Grand Master of the United Grand Lodge of Victoria]] | before=[[George Edwin Emery|George Emery]] | after=[[Albert Thomas Holden|Albert Holden]] | years=1909–1912}}
{{s-reg|uk}}
{{s-new | creation }}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Baron Carmichael]]
| years = 1912–1926
}}
{{s-non | reason= Extinct }}
{{s-reg|sct-bt}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Gibson-Craig-Carmichael baronets|Baronet]] '''(of Keirhill)'''
| years = 1891–1926
| before = William Henry Gibson-Carmichael
| after = Henry Gibson-Craig-Carmichael
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Governors of Victoria}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Carmichael, Thomas Gibson-Carmichael, 1st Baron}}
[[Category:1859 births]]
[[Category:1926 deaths]]
[[Category:Nobility from Edinburgh]]
[[Category:People educated at Wixenford School]]
[[Category:Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Scottish constituencies|Gibson-Carmichael, Thomas]]
[[Category:Scottish Liberal Party MPs|Gibson-Carmichael, Thomas]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1895–1900|Gibson-Carmichael, Thomas]]
[[Category:UK MPs who were granted peerages]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Gibson baronets|111]]
[[Category:Governors of Victoria (Australia)]]
[[Category:British governors of Bengal]]
[[Category:Lord-lieutenants of Peeblesshire]]
[[Category:Australian Freemasons]]
[[Category:Masonic grand masters]]
[[Category:Presidents of The Asiatic Society]]
[[Category:Barons created by George V]]

Narendra Singh Kushwah

2026-04-11T10:20:57Z

Aeon: creating bio - done

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Narendra Singh Kushwah
| image =
| office = Member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|12th Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2003
| term_end = 2008
| constituency = [[Bhind (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhind]]
| office2 = Member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|14th Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 2013
| term_end2 = 2018
| constituency2 = [[Bhind (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhind]]
| office3 = Member of the [[16th Madhya Pradesh Assembly|16th Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start3 = 2023
| term_end3 =
| preceded =
| constituency3 = [[Bhind (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhind]]
| profession = Politician
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party|BJP]]
}}

'''Narendra Singh Kushwah''' is an Indian politician currently serving as a member of the [[16th Madhya Pradesh Assembly]], representing the [[Bhind Assembly constituency|Bhind constituency]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bhind, Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: Bhind में Narendra Singh Kushwah ने 14146 मतों सेहासिल की जीत |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/bhind-madhya-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1830145-2023-12-03 |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Narendra Singh Kushwah(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- BHIND(BHIND) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/MadhyaPradesh2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=251 |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
He previously served as an MLA from the Bhind Assembly constituency from 2003 to 2008 and then again from 2013 to 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Narendra Singh Kushwah (नरेंद्र सिंह कुशवाहा) Of जीते (madhya-pradesh) Constituency Election Results 2023 - NDTV MPCG |url=https://mpcg.ndtv.in/elections/madhya-pradesh/vidhan-sabha-election-candidates-list-2023/narendra-singh-kushwah-12010-1 |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=mpcg.ndtv.in}}</ref>

Following the [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], he was re-elected as an MLA from the Bhind Assembly constituency, defeating [[Chaudhary Rakesh Singh Chaturvedi]], the [[Indian National Congress]] candidate, by a margin of 14,146 votes.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/partywisewinresult-369S12.htm|title=Result 2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly elections}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kushwah, Narendra Singh}}
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2003–2008]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Bhind district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Madha Mohol Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:23:49Z

Aeon: creating new entry - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Madha Mohol
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1951 <ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=344-357}}</ref>
| abolished = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 55,237
| mla = Gund Tawaji Bajirao
| party = {{Party index link|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = None
}}
Madha Mohol Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. After the 1955 Delimitation act, it was split into [[Madha Assembly constituency|Madha]] and [[Sangola Assembly constituency|Sangola]] constituencies.
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Gund Tawaji Bajirao || {{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Madha Mohol <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Gund Tawaji Bajirao |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 17,413 |percentage = 58.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shende Ganpat Sakharam |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 8,419 |percentage = 28.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kakade Namdeo Mahadeo |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 3,975 |percentage = 13.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,994 |percentage = 30.17% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 29,807 |percentage = 53.96% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 29,807}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,237 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Daria-i-Noor (Dhaka)

2026-03-30T01:26:02Z

Aeon:

{{short description|Historic diamond of Dhaka Nawab Family}}
{{Infobox gem
| name = Daria-i-Noor
| image = Daria i Noor Dhaka 1906 zoomed color corrected.jpg
| caption = Daria-i-Noor, illustrated by Hamilton & Company, {{circa|1906}}
| carats = 26
| cut = Table cut
| owner = Disputed: Dhaka Nawab Estate under [[Government of Bangladesh]] or the [[Nawab of Dhaka|Nawab family of Dhaka]]
| mine = [[Kollur Mine]]
| value = 2025 equivalent (amount to Tk 1,320-1,848 crore if the average annual inflation rate is 4.5–5% over 117 years.) per 1908 estimation
| color = Nearly colorless
| type_of_stone = [[Diamond]]
| image2 = Daria i Noor Dhaka 1851.jpg
| caption2 = The Daria-i-Noor as shown at the 1851 [[Great Exhibition]], illustrated in ''The Crystal Palace and its Contents'' (1851), page 68
| country = [[Sultanate of Golconda]]
| original_owner = [[Nawabs of Dhaka]]
| gem_name=Daria-i-Noor
| location={{coord|23.726386055893688|90.42116302060542|format=dms|display=inline}} [[Sonali Bank]], [[Motijheel Thana|Motijheel]], Dhaka
}}
The '''Daria-i-Noor''' ({{Langx|fa|دریای نور|Daryā-i Nūr|size=90%}}, {{Langx|bn|দরিয়া-ই-নূর|Dōriẏa-i-Nur|size=90%}}, {{lit|Sea of Light' or 'Ocean of Light}}) is a 26-carat, table-cut clear [[diamond]] that is believed to be kept in the vault of [[Sonali Bank]] in [[Dhaka]], the capital of [[Bangladesh]]. Mined from the [[Kollur Mine|Kollur mines]] in [[South India]], the stone is the largest and most valuable [[diamond]] recorded in present-day Bangladesh and part of the heritage of the [[Nawab of Dhaka|Nawab family of Dhaka]]. Historically it has often been regarded as a sibling of the [[Koh-i-Noor]]. Given in the [[Middle Ages]] in imitation of [[Iran|Persia’s]] famed [[Darya-ye Noor]] diamond, the name of the diamond has contributed to historical confusion surrounding its identity.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=TBS Report |date=2025-09-12 |title=১১৭ বছর পর প্রকাশ্যে আসবে কোহিনূরের 'সহোদর' দেশের সবচেয়ে অমূল্য হীরা দরিয়া-ই-নূর! খোলা হবে ভল্ট |trans-title=After 117 years, Kohinoor's 'sister', the country's most precious diamond, Darya-e-Noor, is publicly revealed! Vault opened |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangla/bangladesh/news-details-388946 |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=The Business Standard |language=bn}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Moslem |first=Syed Rifat |date=2025-05-14 |title=ঢাকার নবাবদের 'দরিয়া-ই-নূর' হীরা কি সোনালী ব্যাংকের ভল্টে আছে |trans-title=Is the 'Daria-e-Noor' diamond of the Nawabs of Dhaka in the vault of Sonali Bank? |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/g8cjhf9gsl |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=Prothomalo |language=bn}}</ref>

== Etymology and namesakes ==
In [[classical Persian]], daryā (دریا) means "sea" or "large river" and nūr (نور) means "light". Together Daria-i-Noor (Persian: دریای نور) literally translates as "Sea of Light".<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Alamgir |first=Mohammad |author-link=Alamgir Muhammad Serajuddin |date=2015-01-07 |title=Daria-i-Noor |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Daria-i-Noor |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=Banglapedia |language=en}}</ref>

Historically, two of the world’s most famous and highly valued diamonds have been the [[Koh-i-Noor]] and the [[Darya-ye Noor|Darya-ye-Noor]]. In the [[Middle Ages]], these names served as symbols of royal wealth and authority. [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] and later Muslim rulers frequently gave prized diamonds in their possession names in imitation of those two to increase their perceived value and prestige. As a result, multiple distinct stones came to share the same names and frequently led to confusion in their histories. While the [[Koh-i-Noor]] is well known, during the period it was in [[Ranjit Singh]]'s possession, a separate 26-carat table-cut diamond long kept in Dhaka was also given the name Daria-i-Noor by him apparently to advertise ownership of two of the world’s most valuable diamonds. In total, four distinct diamonds are documented to have been called Daria-i-Noor at various times.<ref name=":0" />

=== Persian Darya-ye Noor ===
{{main|Darya-ye Noor}}

The largest and most historically famous of these is a 182-carat, table-cut pink diamond. It was seized from the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] by [[Nader Shah]] during his [[Nader Shah's invasion of India|1739 sack of Delhi]], later formed part of the [[Persian Monarch|Persian crown]] jewels, and is presently held in the vaults of the [[Central Bank of Iran]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran Chamber Society: Iranian National -Royal- Jewels |url=https://www.iranchamber.com/museum/royal_jewels/national_iranian_jewels07.php |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=www.iranchamber.com}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Bhatia |first=Shyam |author-link=Shyam Bhatia |date=2012-03-28 |title=Meet Daria-i-Noor, the Koh-i-Noor's little-known sibling |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120328/main8.htm |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=www.tribuneindia.com |publisher=The Tribune |place=Chandigarh}}</ref>

=== Other disputed "Daria-i-Noor" stones ===
Historical records also mention other stones marketed or offered under similar names:<ref name=":0" />

* In May 1922, an [[Emirate of Afghanistan|Afghan]] princess, Fatima, put a diamond called "Dara-gai-Noor" up for auction in [[New York City|New York]] and promoted it as the world's second largest diamond.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1922-05-10 |title=SULTANA'S DIAMOND BRINGS ONLY $5,500; Famous Dara-Gai-Noor Gem, Which Princess Valued at $300,000, Barely Squares Debts.APPRAISED AT ABOUT $7,000Government Exacted $1,400 Dutyand Owner Is Left but $136--She Disappears. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1922/05/10/archives/sultanas-diamond-brings-only-5500-famous-daragainoor-gem-which.html |access-date=2025-09-15 |work=New York Times |language=en}}</ref>
* In 1763 a table-cut diamond shown in [[Amsterdam]] was referred to as "Debiary-Noori" in ''De Hollandsche Mercurius'' monthly paper; some researchers believe this was actually the [[Shah Jahan Diamond]] marketed in [[Europe]] under the name "Daria-Noor".<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47U1AAAAMAAJ |title=De Maandelykse Nederlandische Mercurius |publisher=B. Mourik |year=1764 |language=nl |trans-title=The Monthly Dutch Mercurius}}</ref>

== Description ==
Daria-i-Noor is the largest and most valuable [[diamond]] in [[Bangladesh]].<ref name=":2" /> It is a first-class, 26-carat, table-cut almost colorless [[diamond]] of very high clarity, cut in a rectangular form with a flat table and a beveled girdle. The stone was mounted in a gold bajuband ([[Brassard|armlet]]) surrounded by ten oval diamonds of about 5 carats each, giving a total weight of approximately 76 carats.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

The diamond was set into an enameled [[gold]] mounting and was reported to have ten [[Pearl|pearls]] attached (11 according to [[John Spencer Login|John Login]]). The cutting and the style of setting are judged unsophisticated, but the gem’s size and clarity make it extremely valuable. Depictions of the stone appear in a hand-painted plate preserved at [[Ahsan Manzil]] and in the collection of gemologist [[John Sinkankas]] as well.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Arman |first=Arif |date=2025-09-10 |title=ঢাকার নবাবি ভল্টের অন্ধকারে ১১৭ বছর ধরে লুকানো দরিয়া-ই-নূর হীরা |trans-title=The Daria-i-Noor diamond, hidden in the darkness of Dhaka's Nawabi Vault for 117 years |url=https://inews.zoombangla.com/%E0%A6%A2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%95/ |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=Bangla news |language=bn}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Deb |first=Kushal |date=2025-09-12 |title=Kohinoor's long-lost sister Daria-i-noor diamond to reappear in Bangladesh in a 117-year-old vault |url=https://www.wionews.com/world/diamonds-daria-i-noor-bangladesh-vault-1757651980488 |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=Wion |language=en}}</ref>

=== Brassard ===
Original [[brassard]] that accompanied the Daria-i-Noor has no definitive surviving information. A near-identical armlet is preserved at the [[National Museum of Scotland]] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20250915072635/https://images.nms.ac.uk/production/Images/Discover/Decoding-a-Portrait-of-Maharaja-Duleep-Singh/arm-amulet-front-and-back-Maharaja-Duleep-Singh.jpg?w=1123&h=670&q=100&auto=format&fit=fill&fill=solid&fill-color=000000&dm=1721037258&s=42c786116ce88b9ffdc435d5656c75de Image]). In place of a diamond, the gem position there holds [[Quartz|crystal quartz]], the mount is pure [[silver]], and the back shows red, green and blue Jaipur enamel engraving on gold. The armlet retains a maroon-coloured [[silk]] suspension similar to the [[Koh-i-Noor|Koh-i-Noor’s]] mount. It was included in the 2014 exhibition of Maharaja [[Duleep Singh|Duleep Singh’s]] jewels.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2014-11-14 |title=Indian Encounters |url=https://www.nms.ac.uk/past-exhibitions/indian-encounters |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=National Museums Scotland |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-27 |title=Dariya-i-Noor: The myth and the mystery of the country's most precious diamond |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/dariya-i-noor-myth-and-mystery-countrys-most-precious-diamond-574930 |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref>

According to the museum, the [[Brassard|armlet]] entered its collection from the squadron commander of [[7th Bengal Cavalry]] Major-General Lindsey Carnegie’s holdings; Carnegie purchased it in 1898 from Prince [[Victor Duleep Singh|Victor Singh]], eldest son of Maharaja [[Duleep Singh]]. After Carnegie’s death in 1911 the armlet, together with other jewels from his collection, was donated to the museum.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" />

== History ==

=== Origin and pre-British ownership ===
[[File:Painting of Maharaja Sher Singh wearing the Koh-i-Noor diamond, by August Schoefft, ca.1841–42.jpg|thumb|225x225px|right|Painting of Maharaja [[Sher Singh]] by [[August Schoefft]] {{circa|1841–42}}. The Daria-i-Noor is depicted on his left upper arm]]
[[File:Detail of the Daria-i-Noor from a painting of Maharaja Sher Singh, by August Schoefft, ca.1841–42.jpg|left|thumb|188x188px|Daria-i-Noor Diamond of the left hand of [[Sher Singh]] by [[August Schoefft]], {{circa|1841–42}}]]
The Daria-i-Noor, like the [[Koh-i-Noor]], was mined from the [[Kollur Mine|Kollur Diamond mines]] in the [[Golconda diamonds|Golconda region]] of [[South India|southern India]], then under the [[Kakatiya dynasty]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> According to contemporary accounts, it is believed that it remained for a long period under the possession of the [[Marathi people|Maratha]] rulers. It was later purchased for approximately ₹130,000 rupees by the family of Nawab Siraj-ul-Mulk, [[List of prime ministers of Hyderabad State|prime minister]] of [[Hyderabad State]].<ref name=":2" />

The diamond subsequently came into the possession of Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]] in {{Circa|1840-60}}, the first [[maharaja]] of the [[Sikh Empire]] in [[Punjab]]. He used both the Koh-i-Noor and the Daria-i-Noor as [[Brassard|armlets]] (bajubands), mounted on enamelled gold. Ranjit Singh gave the diamond its name after the famous [[Iran|Persian]] stone [[Darya-ye Noor]].<ref name=":1" />

The earliest known depiction of the Daria-i-Noor was drawn in 1841 by the [[Hungarians|Hungarian]] artist [[August Schoefft]]. Between 1841 and 1843, during the brief reign of [[Ranjit Singh|Ranjit Singh’s]] son [[Sher Singh]], Schoefft spent a year in [[Lahore]] producing numerous images of the [[Sikh Empire]]. His portrait of [[Sher Singh]] shows the [[Koh-i-Noor]] armlet on the right arm and the Daria-i-Noor armlet on the left, along with the necklace set with [[Timur Ruby]].<ref name=":0" />

Because of confusion with the [[Persia|Persian]] [[Darya-e noor]], the diamond is sometimes erroneously described as having been in the possession of [[Nader Shah]] of Persia, although there is no substantive evidence for this claim.<ref name=":0" />

=== British possession ===
[[File:The crystal palace and its contents page 68.jpg|thumb|274x274px|The Daria-i-Noor and its exhibition at the London [[Great Exhibition]] (illustration from ''The Crystal Palace and Its Contents'', 1851)]]
In 1849 the [[East India Company]] consolidated control over [[Punjab]] and took possession of the treasures of the Lahore treasury from [[Ranjit Singh|Ranjit Singh's]] youngest son and last [[Minority reign|boy-king]] of Punjab, [[Duleep Singh]].<ref name=":2" /> Over the following three months, Dr. [[John Spencer Login]], a [[Scottish people|Scottish]] surgeon of the [[East India Company|Company’s]] army and later appointed guardian of Duleep Singh, catalogued each item of the [[Sikh Empire|Lahore Durbar]]’s [[toshakhana]] (royal [[treasury]]) and assessed their estimated values. According to his records at the time, the Daria-i-Noor weighed 10.8 tola (approximately 26 carats) and was valued at ₹63,000 rupee or £6,000 pound (equivalent to about £10 million pound today). He also noted that both the [[Koh-i-Noor]] and the Daria-i-Noor were mounted in [[Brassard|armlets]] flanked by an additional eleven [[Pearl|pearls]] and eleven [[Ruby|rubies]]. Login transferred the treasury, along with his inventory, to [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|Lord Dalhousie]], from which the [[Sikh Empire|Lahore Durbar]] jewels subsequently became known as the "[[Dalhousie Collection]]".<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" />

On behalf of the underage [[Duleep Singh]], under what has been described as a form of [[coercion]], [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|Dalhousie]] presented the Koh-i-Noor and the Daria-i-Noor to [[Queen Victoria]] as a [[tribute]]. According to [[George V]], while the Queen retained the Koh-i-Noor, she returned the Daria-i-Noor to the [[East India Company|Company]], as she did not favour it.<ref name=":0" />

==== Great Exhibition ====
At the [[Great Exhibition]] held in [[The Crystal Palace]] in [[London]]’s [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]] in 1851, the [[Koh-i-Noor]] was exhibited on behalf of [[Queen Victoria]] and the Daria-i-Noor on behalf of the [[East India Company]].<ref name=":2" /> The exhibition showcased significant cultural artefacts and new technologies from [[Crown colony|British colonies]] and other nations. [[Indian jewellery|Indian jewels]] and treasures formed a major part of this display. On 31 May 1851, [[The Illustrated London News]] published a special article describing these gems in detail.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1842 |title=The illustrated London news v.18 1851 Jan-Jun |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000520935 |journal=The Illustrated London News |volume=18 |pages=481 |issn=0019-2422}}</ref> Owing to the known existence of the original [[Iran|Persian]] [[Darya-ye Noor]], contemporary newspapers referred to the exhibited stone as the "so-called" Daria-i-Noor and criticised its cut. A depiction of the diamond was included in The Crystal Palace and Its Contents (1851), where it was described as the famous "Lahore Diamond".<ref>{{Cite web |year=1851 |title=The Crystal Palace and its contents.: An illustrated cyclopaedia of the great exhibition of 1851 |url=https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/weltausstellung1851/0073/image,info |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de |publisher=W. M. Clark |place=London}}</ref>

After the exhibition, the Koh-i-Noor remained with the [[British royal family]]. However, as the Daria-i-Noor did not fetch the anticipated price, it was sent back to [[British India|India]] to be auctioned. With the approval of the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]], Hamilton & Co. of [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] organised its sale in November 1852.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Zaman |first=Sumaila |date=2025-09-05 |title=What is Daria-i-Noor? Bangladesh's Yunus govt to search for world's most valuable diamonds... it belongs to... |url=https://www.india.com/news/world/what-is-daria-i-noor-bangladeshs-yunus-govt-to-search-for-worlds-most-valuable-diamonds-it-belongs-to-8055562/ |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=india.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Nawabi ownership ===
In November 1852, [[Khwaja Alimullah]], the founder of [[Dhaka nawab family]], purchased the Daria-i-Noor diamond at an auction organized by Hamilton & Co. in [[Kolkata]] for about ₹75,000 rupee. Subsequently, the Nawab family used the diamond as an [[armlet]] ornament and occasionally as a [[turban]] ornament. A family record describes it as a central jewel in a multi-stone mount of the family’s heraldic armlet.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2025-09-05 |title=কোহিনুরের বোন হীরা দরিয়া-ই-নূর কি তবে বাংলাদেশের ব্যাংক ভল্টে? |trans-title=Is the Kohinoor's sister diamond, Daria-i-Noor, in a bank vault in Bangladesh? |url=https://dailyinqilab.com/national/news/804321 |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=Daily Inquilab |language=bn}}</ref>

In 1887, [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy]] [[Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava|Lord Dufferin]] and [[Hariot Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, Marchioness of Dufferin and Ava|Lady Dufferin]] saw the diamond at the Nawab’s residence in [[Ballygunge]], [[Kolkata]]. Lady Dufferin noted in her book ''Our Viceregal Life in India'' that, owing to its flat shape, the diamond did not seem particularly attractive to them.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Blackwood of Dufferin and Ava |first=Harriot Georgina |url=http://archive.org/details/ourviceregallife01duffuoft |title=Our viceregal life in India; selections from my journal, 1884-1888 |date=1890 |publisher=J. Murray |location=London}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-03 |title=Is Dariya-i-Noor, Kohinoor's sister diamond, lying in a bank vault in Bangladesh? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/dariya-i-noor-diamond-history-bangladesh-bank-vault-13930598.html |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>

Between 1841 and 1901 an album of gemstones collected by the Nawab family was published under the name "[[:File:Dacca Collection - Jewellery Collection of Dhaka Nawab family.pdf|Dacca Collection]]" with the assistance of Hamilton & Co., in which the Daria-i-Noor was prominently featured.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ahsanullah |first1=Khwaja |author-link1=Khwaja Ahsanullah |url=http://archive.org/details/daccaCollection |title=Dacca Collection |last2=Hamilton & Co. |date=1901 |publisher=[[John Sinkankas]] |language=English}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

In 1908, Nawab [[Khwaja Salimullah]] pledged the Daria-i-Noor to the government as [[Collateral (finance)|collateral]] for a loan.<ref name=":2" />

=== As collateral ===
Around 1907, [[Khwaja Salimullah|Nawab Salimullah]] fell into severe financial difficulties due to heavy philanthropic public service and political activities costing nearly ₹3.7 million rupee. He [[Mortgage|mortgaged]] Nawab Estate lands and properties and borrowed ₹1.4 million rupee from a [[Marwari people|Marwari]] and a Hindu moneylender.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Moslem |first=Syed Rifat |date=2025-07-31 |title=দরিয়া-ই-নূর হীরাসহ ১০৯ রত্নের মালিক কারা |trans-title=Who owns 109 gems including the Daria-e-Noor diamond? |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/h0dp1x2fsi |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=Prothomalo |language=bn}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=2025-09-03 |title=The Bright Side: Bangladesh eyes end to dazzling Darya-e-Noor diamond mystery |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250903-bangladesh-eyes-end-to-treasure-trove-bank-vault-mystery |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> On 5 September 1907, at Salimullah’s request, the [[Court of Wards (India)|Court of Wards]] acting for the Government of [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]] formally declared him unfit to manage the [[Zamindar|zamindari]] and took over all Nawab Estate properties.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Land Reform Board |author-link=Land Reform Board |title=ঢাকা নওয়াব এস্টেটের মামলা-মোকদ্দমা সংক্রান্ত তথ্য |trans-title=Information regarding Dhaka Nawab Estate litigation |url=https://lrb.portal.gov.bd/site/page/4fe3a3d2-37f1-461d-a4b5-1b3b8c9c6cfa/0/undefined |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250914073338/https://lrb.portal.gov.bd/site/page/4fe3a3d2-37f1-461d-a4b5-1b3b8c9c6cfa/0/undefined |archive-date=2025-09-14 |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=lrb.portal.gov.bd |language=bn}}</ref>

To repay various debts, on 6 August 1908 [[Khwaja Salimullah|Salimullah]] obtained a ₹1.4 million rupee loan from the Court of Wards under the [[National Board of Revenue|Board of Revenue]] at 3 percent interest, repayable over 30 years. Under nine conditions, he mortgaged all his movable and immovable property, including the Daria-i-Noor, to the Court of Wards. At that time the diamond’s value was assessed at ₹500,000 rupee.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=2025-05-30 |title=ঢাকার নবাবদের হীরা 'দরিয়া–ই–নূর'-এর প্যাকেট যাচাই করবে সরকার, কী কী রত্নালংকার থাকার কথা |trans-title=Government to verify packets of 'Daria-e-Noor', the diamond of the Nawabs of Dhaka, what gems are supposed to be in it |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/61cpac818p |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=Prothomalo |language=bn}}</ref> In 1911 he sent the diamond to [[England]] for auction. However it was not sold as the highest bid was only £1,500 pounds.<ref name=":0" />

In January 1912, during the visit of King [[George V]] and [[List of British royal consorts|Queen]] [[Mary of Teck]] to [[British Raj|India]], the diamond was presented in front of them in [[Kolkata]]. King [[George V]] was already familiar with the stone. Thereafter it remained in the custody of trusted jewellers to the [[British royal family]] in [[Kolkata]] Hamilton & Co. until 1948.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

After [[Pakistan Movement|independence]] the Board of Revenue was abolished. In 1989 a new [[Land Reform Board]] was established by ordinance, which assumed responsibility for the Nawab Estate’s administration.<ref name=":1" /> Following the creation of [[Pakistan]] in 1947, the diamond was moved from Kolkata to the Dhaka branch of the [[Imperial Bank of India]]. It later passed to the [[State Bank of Pakistan]] and is now stored in the vault of [[Sonali Bank]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

Although most of the debts had been repaid by 1937, the some loans and interest incurred by the Nawab remain outstanding.<ref name=":9" />

== Recent history and current custody ==
The diamond is currently in custody of [[Dhaka Nawab Estate]] under Court of Wards under [[Land Reform Board]] under [[Ministry of Land]] of [[Government of Bangladesh]] as [[Collateral (finance)|collateral]] from [[Dhaka nawab family]] and in storage of [[Motijheel Thana|Motijheel]] branch of [[Sonali Bank]].<ref name=":1" />

Since the diamond was placed in a vault in 1908, debate has persisted over whether the stone was lost following the [[Partition of India]] (1947) and the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] (1971), or whether it has remained intact in storage.<ref name=":0" /> Although the Daria-i-Noor was reportedly inspected on eight occasions in 1954, 1956, 1970, 1974, 1975, 1983 and 1985, no detailed public reports have been preserved.<ref name=":1" /> In 1985 inspecting experts certified the stone as authentic; some accounts, however, state that only the box containing it was confirmed that year.<ref name=":0" />

On 3 May 2003 the [[Ministry of Land]] formed a committee to inspect mortgaged properties of the Nawab Estate. No records of the committee’s activities are preserved. According to files from the [[Land Reform Board]], the [[Minister of Land (Bangladesh)|Minister of Land]] [[Rezaul Karim Hira]], together with committee members, examined a sealed iron box wrapped in cloth in the office of the managing director of [[Sonali Bank]] on 21 June 2011. However the seal was not broken and the diamond and other valuables inside were not reviewed. On 23 March 2016, during a meeting of the [[Parliamentary committees of Bangladesh|parliamentary committee]] on the [[Ministry of Land]], frustration was expressed by the committee and a decision was taken under the leadership of Minister [[Shamsur Rahman Sherif]] to carry out an inspection, but the recommendation was never implemented.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=Ali Imam |first=Majumder |author-link=Ali Imam Majumder |date=2018-01-29 |title='দরিয়া-এ নূর' ও নবাব সলিমুল্লাহর দেনার দায় |trans-title='Daria-e-Noor' and Nawab Salimullah's debt liability |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/opinion/column/%E2%80%98%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%8F-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E2%80%99-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=Prothomalo |language=bn}}</ref>

In 2017 rumours circulated that the diamond had been lost.<ref name=":6" />

According to records of [[Land Reform Board]], the Dhaka Nawab Estate maintained a safe-deposit at [[Sadarghat]] branch of [[Sonali Bank]] containing a sealed packet marked “Daria-i-Noor.” For security reasons the packet was moved in July 2011 from that branch to the bank’s local office at [[Motijheel Thana|Motijheel]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-12 |title=নবাবদের 'দরিয়া-ই-নূর' হিরা কি সোনালী ব্যাংকের ভল্টে |trans-title=Is the Nawabs' 'Daria-e-Noor' diamond in the vault of Sonali Bank? |url=http://www.amarbanglabd.com/news/article/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87/11091 |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=www.amarbanglabd.com |language=bn}}</ref> It is now generally believed to be stored in a vault of [[Sonali Bank]]. Bank authorities state that the vault remains sealed and has not been officially opened.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":11" />

Former Director General of the [[Bangladesh National Museum]] [[Faizul Latif Chowdhury]] has stated that if no irregularities occurred during the various transfers, the diamond is still safely in the vault. Because of concerns within the [[Ministry of Land]] over the overall security of the treasury and potential liability in case of loss, the stone has not been brought to the museum for exhibition.<ref name=":0" />

In September 2025 [[Interim government of Muhammad Yunus|interim government of Bangladesh]] decided to formally open the sealed packets containing the [[Nawab of Dhaka|Nawab family's]] 109 pieces of jewellery, including the Daria-i-Noor. Prior to this, on 26 May 2025, the [[Ministry of Land]] had established an 11-member committee tasked with inventorying the gemstones and overseeing the preservation of the Dhaka Nawab Estate's tangible assets.<ref name=":12" /> The committee intended to submit a report regarding the preservation of the artifacts to [[Chief Adviser of Bangladesh|Chief Adviser]] [[Muhammad Yunus]] following the verification of the inventory.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":4" /> The vault containing the Daria-i-Noor was scheduled to be opened on 11 October. A six-member subcommittee conducted a procedural rehearsal at [[Sonali Bank]] on 5 October, and plans were made to broadcast the event live on [[Bangladesh Television]] (BTV) to ensure transparency. However, on 9 October, the [[Land Reform Board]] announced the indefinite suspension of the operation without citing a specific reason. [[Sheikh Abdur Rashid]], the [[Cabinet Secretary (Bangladesh)|Cabinet Secretary]] and chair of the verification committee, later stated that the postponement was due to the absence of several members who were outside Dhaka, adding that a new date would be determined at the committee's next meeting.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moslem |first=Sayed Rifat |date=2025-10-12 |title=মহড়াসহ সব প্রস্তুতি নেওয়া হলো, কিন্তু ‘দরিয়া–ই–নূর’ হীরার প্যাকেট খোলা হলো না |trans-title=All preparations were made, including rehearsals, but the packet of the 'Darya-i-Noor' diamond was not opened. |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/sgz260cmku |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=Prothomalo |language=bn}}</ref> As of December 2025, no further update is given.

At present the Daria-i-Noor is considered to be held in a vault at [[Sonali Bank|Sonali Bank’s]] [[Motijheel Thana|Motijheel]] branch.<ref name=":1" /> Although repeated attempts have been made to display the stone at the [[Bangladesh National Museum]], this has not yet been possible, and public calls for its exhibition have intensified.<ref name=":0" />

== Value and appraisal ==
According to records of the [[Land Reform Board]], in 1908 the value of these 109 pieces of jewellery was assessed at ₹1,009,835 rupee, of which the Daria-i-Noor alone was valued at ₹500,000 rupee. In the original court documents the diamond’s price is cited as ₹500,000 rupee in 1908; according to [[Agence France-Presse|AFP]] this could correspond to a present-day market value of roughly [[United States dollar|US]]$13 million or more and over ৳1.6 billion [[Bangladeshi taka]].<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" />

Other notable items listed include: a diamond star set with 96 pearls once owned by a [[List of French royal consorts|French empress]] [[Eugénie de Montijo]] (₹96,000); a carved-[[emerald]] and diamond [[armlet]] (₹50,000); the [[ruby]] and diamond-set women’s head ornament “Rose of Corsica” (₹48,000); a [[Fez (hat)|fez]] adorned with hanging [[Pearl|pearls]] and diamonds (₹34,000); a gold belt set with emeralds and diamonds (₹28,000); and a [[turban]] ornament of diamonds and emeralds (₹25,000). The inventory also mentioned [[Ring (jewellery)|rings]], [[Necklace|necklaces]], [[Bangle|bangles]], a diamond-studded [[sword]], assorted gemstones, and a miniature [[mandolin]] priced at only ₹5. Most of the items were crafted with either [[Diamond|diamonds]] or [[Emerald|emeralds]].<ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-04 |title=Descendent of prince eyes end to diamond mystery - Taipei Times |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2025/09/04/2003843221 |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=www.taipeitimes.com}}</ref>

== Ownership ==
In 1907 the [[Dhaka Nawab Estate]] was placed under the [[Court of Wards (India)|Court of Wards]], and in 1951 it was abolished under the [[East Bengal State Acquisition and Tenancy Act of 1950]] (zamindari abolition act). In 1989 a new [[Land Reform Board]] was established by ordinance, which assumed responsibility for Court of Wards with Nawab Estate’s administration.<ref name=":1" /> However, [[Ahsan Manzil]] and certain other properties remained outside state acquisition. Because intra-family claims were never fully settled, some properties are still under the supervision of the [[Land Reform Board]]. Owing to debts left by Nawab [[Khwaja Salimullah]], disputes over ownership of these properties persist.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" />

Although descendants of the [[Nawab of Dhaka|Nawab family]] claim ownership of the Daria-i-Noor and associated jewels, the government and the Court of Wards maintain that, in the absence of evidence of debt repayment, these assets are [[State ownership|state property]]. Consequently, the diamond’s actual ownership remains uncertain.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" />

== Historicity and legend ==
Very little scholarly research has been conducted on the Daria-i-Noor leaving the history of the stone unclear.<ref name=":0" />

Some regard the diamond as a "cursed jewel" comparable to the [[Koh-i-Noor]]. Folklore holds that the fall of Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]] of [[Punjab]] and later the financial decline of the [[Nawab of Dhaka|Dhaka Nawab family]] were linked to the stone’s curse. The diamond has thus been popularly associated with misfortune, including the collapse of the [[Sikh Empire]] and the bankruptcy of the [[Dhaka Nawab Estate|Nawabi estate]]. These beliefs, however, lack historical evidence and are considered part of oral tradition and superstition rather than documented fact.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==

* [[Gemstone]]
* [[Diamond]]
* [[Koh-i-Noor]]
* [[Darya-ye Noor]]
* [[Shah Jahan Diamond]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
*[https://lrb.gov.bd/ Website of Land Reform Board]
*[[commons:File:Dacca_Collection_-_Jewellery_Collection_of_Dhaka_Nawab_family.pdf|Dacca Collection - Jewellery Collection of Dhaka Nawab family]]
*[https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/weltausstellung1851/0073/image,info The crystal palace and its contents]

[[Category:Individual diamonds]]
[[Category:Golconda diamonds]]
[[Category:Dhaka Nawab family]]
[[Category:Sikh Empire]]

Anogi

2026-03-26T08:11:45Z

Aeon: Created Entry

{{Short description|Village in Sitapur, Uttar Pradesh, India}}{{More citations needed|date=September 2024}}{{Infobox settlement
| name = Anogi
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|27.32|N|80.66|E|display=inline,title}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Anogi,+Uttar+Pradesh+261403/ | title=Anogi · Uttar Pradesh 261403, India }}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sitapur district, Uttar Pradesh|Sitapur]]
| established_title = 
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| leader_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| leader_title = Block Pramukh
| leader_name = Praveen Singh
| leader_title1 = Sarpanch
| leader_name1 = Rana Pratap Singh
| area_total_ha = 435
| elevation_m = 435,520
| population_total = 3326
| population_as_of = 2011
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=6 March 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title3 = Local
| demographics1_info3 = [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/awa |title=Awadhi |website=[[Ethnologue]] |access-date=7 May 2019}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 261403
| area_code = 137274
| area_code_type = Village Code
| registration_plate = UP-34
}}
'''Anogi'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-14 |title=Area, pincode and population of Anogi village in Misrikh tehsil of Sitapur, Uttar Pradesh, India based on census of India 2011 |url=https://villageinindia.com/india/uttar-pradesh/sitapur/misrikh/anogi/ |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=Village in India}}</ref><ref name="Oudh Gazetteer">{{cite book |last1=Ferrar |first1=C.S. |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/gazettes/gazetteer-province-oudh-volume-ii-h-m |title=Gazetteer of the Province of Oudh, Volume 2 |date=1877 |publisher=Oudh Government Press |location=Lucknow |pages=398–99 |accessdate=12 August 2020}}</ref> is a village in [[Machhrehta]] block of Misrikh [[tehsil]] in Sitapur, Uttar Pradesh, India. It belongs to the [[Lucknow]] Division. It had a population of 3,326 as of 2011. It is a [[gram panchayat]].

== Government and politics ==
Kiran Bala Singh is the current village [[Sarpanch|Sarpanch (प्रधान)]] and Gaurav Mishra is the [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat Secretary (पंचायत सचिव)]]. Praveen Singh is the most prominent political figure of the village; as part of the [[Samajwadi Party]], he served as the [[Block pramukh|Block Head (ब्लॉक प्रमुख)]] of [[Machhrehta|Machhrehta Block]] from 2011 to 2016. In March 2024, he joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and continues to work along with [[Ashok Kumar Rawat|Ashok Rawat]], the current Parliament Member from [[Misrikh]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Panchayati Raj Department - Govt of Uttar Pradesh |url=http://panchayatiraj.up.nic.in/pblc_pg/Reports/PB2FormReport?ReportType=Filled&District=SITAPUR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117071956/http://panchayatiraj.up.nic.in/pblc_pg/Reports/PB2FormReport?ReportType=Filled&District=SITAPUR |archive-date=2022-11-17 |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=panchayatiraj.up.nic.in}}</ref>

== Geoography ==
is situated 18km away from sub-district headquarter Misrikh (tehsildar office) and 31km away from district headquarter Sitapur. As per 2009 stats, Anogi village is also a gram panchayat. It is 70 km from the state capital [[Lucknow]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anogi village in Misrikh taluka, Sitapur, Uttar Pradesh, India |url=https://vill.co.in/uttar-pradesh/sitapur/misrikh-154008030/anogi-008031372740/ |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=vill.co.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anogi Village {{!}} Map of Anogi Village in Misrikh Tehsil, Sitapur of Uttar Pradesh |url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/villages/uttar-pradesh/sitapur/misrikh/anogi.html |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=www.mapsofindia.com}}</ref>

DIVISIONS OF ANOGI VILLAGE

* Red - Main Village
* Yellow - Praveen's Residence
* Green - Lower Parts Of Village

[[File:Anogi Divisions.png|center|frameless|651x651px]]
{{Bar box
|title=Religion in Anogi (Census 2011){{cn|date=July 2025}}
|titlebar=#ddd
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|Hinduism|DarkOrange|87.52}}
{{bar percent|Islam|Green|12.25}}
{{bar percent|Others|Black|0.23}}}}

== Notable people ==
Parliament MP''':''' [[Ashok Kumar Rawat]] ([[Misrikh Lok Sabha constituency|Misrikh]])<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rawat |first=Ashok Kumar |date=2024 |title=18th Lok Sabha |url=https://www.bjp.org/lok-sabha-members |website=www.bjp.org/lok-sabha-members}}</ref>

[[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|Assembly MLA'''s''']]''':'''

* [[Ram Krishna Bhargava|Ramkrishna Bhargava]] ([[Misrikh Assembly constituency|Misrikh]])
* [[Manish Rawat]] ([[Sidhauli Assembly constituency|Sidhauli]])
* Praveen Singh (Former Block Head Machhrehta, Resident of this Village)
* Kiran Bala Singh (Village Head)
* Late Ram Prasad Singh (Vice Block Head of Machhrehta ''as mentioned in The Gazette of India - Government of Uttar Pradesh, 1962'')

== Demographics ==
According to the 2011 Census, the total population of Anogi is 3,326, comprising 1,760 males and 1,566 females. This results in an average sex ratio of 890 females for every 1,000 males.

Children aged 0–6 years in Anogi number 493, which constitutes 15% of the total. Among these children, 255 are male and 238 are female. The child sex ratio is 933 females for every 1,000 males, which is higher than the village's overall sex ratio.

The literacy rate in Anogi is 69.6%, significantly higher than the overall literacy rate of 50.9% in the [[Sitapur district]]. Male literacy in the village is 83.65%, while female literacy is 53.77%.

[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] (SC) make up 47.2% of Anogi's population, while no Scheduled Tribes (ST) are reported in the village.

[[Hinduism|Hindus]] are the largest religious group, with [[Muslims]] forming the second largest minority. The town also hosts significant populations of [[Christians]] and [[Sikhs]].

1,380 were involved in some type of work. 61.4% of workers describe their work as "Main Work," meaning permanent employment or the job provided livelihood for more than 6 months of the year. Meanwhile, 38.6% of workers described their work as "Marginal" work, meaning the job provided livelihood for less than 6 months of the year. Of the 1,380 workers engaged in "Main Work," 342 were landowners (called "cultivators" by the Census), while 216 were agricultural labourers.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sitapur |first=Census 2011 |date=2011 |title=Sitapur, Census 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1293 |access-date= |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery widths="200" heights="180">
File:Kamlapur Quila Rani Ki Bag.jpeg|Kamlapur Kasmanda Quila
File:Mahatma Gandhi Statue Sidhauli.jpeg|Mahatma Gandhi Statue Sidhauli
File:Kasmanda Kamlapur Quila Sidhauli.jpeg|Kasmanda Quila Kamlapur
File:Naimisharanya (Neemsar) 01.jpg|Naimisharanya (Neemsar)
File:Naimisharanya (Neemsar) 02.jpg|Naimisharanya (Neemsar)
File:Naimisharanya (Neemsar) 05.jpg|Naimisharanya (Neemsar)
File:Naimisharanya (Neemsar) 03.jpg|Naimisharanya (Neemsar)
File:Naimisharanya (Neemsar) 06.jpg|Naimisharanya (Neemsar)
File:PublicHealthCentreMachhrehta.jpg|Public Health Centre Machhrehta
File:MachhrehtaPoliceStation.jpg|Machhrehta Police Station
File:Praveen Farmhouse.jpg|Block Pramukh Residence
</gallery>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Sitapur district]]

Gaisilat

2026-03-25T12:06:25Z

Aeon: Starting initial info from scratch

{{coord|20|57|46|N|83|18|54|E|display=title}}
{{refimprove|date=April 2025}}

'''Gaisilat''' or '''Gaisilet''' is a block in [[Bargarh District]], Odisha, India. It has 19 Gram Panchayats.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2025 |title=Gaisilet Block - Bargarh |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/2759-gaisilet-bargarh-orissa.html |website=census2011.co.in |publisher=Census Organization of India |access-date=April 12, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2025-04-16 |title=Villagers of Odisha's Gaisilet stage protest over water crisis |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2025/Apr/16/villagers-of-odishas-gaisilet-stage-protest-over-water-crisis |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-15 |title=Villagers protest water crisis in Gaisilet |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/villagers-protest-water-crisis-in-gaisilet/articleshow/120319852.cms |access-date=2025-05-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-11 |title=Odisha's woman sarpanch attempts suicide after no-confidence motion in Bargarh district |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/odishas-woman-sarpanch-attempts-suicide-after-no-confidence-motion-in-bargarh-district/articleshow/115166702.cms |access-date=2025-05-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Panchayat Poll Violence: Gaisilet IIC In Bargarh Accused Of Thrashing Voter For 'No Fault' |url=https://odishatv.in/news/miscellaneous/panchayat-poll-violence-gaisilet-iic-in-bargarh-accused-of-thrashing-voter-for-no-fault--171089 |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=Panchayat Poll Violence: Gaisilet IIC In Bargarh Accused Of Thrashing Voter For ‘No Fault’ |language=en}}</ref>

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gaisilat
| subdivision_type3 = [[Districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bargarh District|Bargarh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[States of India|State]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name2 = [[Odisha]]
| subdivision_name = India
| population_total = 92932
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
}}

== List of villages ==

There are 84 villages in Gaisilet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Villages & Towns in Gaisilet Block of Bargarh, Orissa |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/2759-gaisilet-bargarh-orissa.html |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Bargarh-geo-stub}}
[[Category:Bargarh district]]

Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath

2026-03-24T15:43:56Z

Aeon: reworked section for accuracy

{{Short description|Visual art complex}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{primary sources |date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox organization
|formation = {{Start date and years ago|1960}}
|remarks =
|name = Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath
|abbreviation = CKP
| founder = S. S. Kukke, M. Arya Murthy, M.S. Nanjunda Rao
|location = [[Bangalore]], [[India]]
|website = [http://www.karnatakachitrakalaparishath.com/index.php#gallery Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath] [https://thecfa.art/ College of Fine Arts] 
[https://thebsva.art/about/ Bengaluru School of Visual Arts (Evening)]
}}
[[File:Citrakala Parishat.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Classrooms, Chitrakala Parishath's campus]]
'''Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath''' ({{langx|kn|ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಚಿತ್ರಕಲಾ ಪರಿಷತ್}}) is a visual art complex located in [[Bangalore]]. The complex has 18 galleries. 13 of these galleries carry a permanent collection of paintings, sculptures and folk art. The other galleries are rented out for exhibitions of works by artists of repute. The folk art collection showcases [[Mysore painting]]s and [[togalu gombeyaata|leather puppets]]. The Parishat runs the [[College of Fine Arts, Bengaluru|College of Fine Arts]], a visual arts college. Each January, the Parishath organizes ''Chitra Santhe'', a cultural event showcasing affordable art to the public. The motto of the event is "Art for All".

==History==
[[File:ChitrakalaParishatCampus.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Stone temple, Chitrakala Parishath's campus]]

The ''Parishath'' started off on a two-and-a-half acres of land leased by the Government of Karnataka, with initial donations from H. K. Kejriwal, an industrialist. [[Svetoslav Roerich]] donated several of his paintings and those of his father [[Nicholas Roerich]] to the ''Parishath''.<ref name="Chitrasanthe">{{Cite web |date=28 February 2022 |title=Chitra Santhe to be held in Bengaluru on 27 March |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/chitra-santhe-to-be-held-in-bengaluru-on-27-march-101646052566983.html |access-date=24 March 2026 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260324092733/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/chitra-santhe-to-be-held-in-bengaluru-on-27-march-101646052566983.html |archive-date=24 March 2026 }}</ref> In 1964, Nanjunda Rao's ''Chitrakala Vidyalaya'' was added to the ''Parishath''. In 1966, it obtained recognition as an art-centre by the state and national ''[[Lalit Kala Akademi]]''. The ''Parishath'' pioneered a survey of the Karnataka state's art treasures such as the famous [[Mysore painting]]s. In time, the ''Parishath'' added galleries and a graphic studio, making it into a full-fledged art complex. In 1995, Kejriwal donated his family's art collection, which was displayed in spacious galleries in the ''Parishath''. In 1998-99, a sculpture gallery was added to the ''Parishath'' complex. An open-air theatre to cater to the needs of the visual and performing artists is also present. In 2003, two more large galleries for international and folk art were inaugurated.

==''Chitra Santhe''==
Since 2004, ''Chitra Santhe'', the renowned art market festival is organized annually on the final Sunday of January, is Bangalore's annual art festival.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chitra Santhe |url=https://utsav.gov.in/view-event/chitra-santhe |access-date=24 March 2026 |website=utsav.gov.in |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210092910/https://utsav.gov.in/view-event/chitra-santhe |archive-date=10 February 2025}}</ref><ref name="Santhe2004">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/chitra-santhe-turns-15-this-year/article22347610.ece|title=Chitra Santhe turns 15 this year|newspaper=The Hindu|date=2 January 2018|via=thehindu.com|access-date=24 March 2026 |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507082248/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/chitra-santhe-turns-15-this-year/article22347610.ece |archive-date=7 May 2023}}</ref> During the festival, the entire stretch of road from Shivananda Circle to Windsor Manor Hotel is converted into an open art gallery. The exhibition and sale of artworks are open to visitors from 8 am to 8 pm.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2026 |title=Chitra Santhe to be held in Bengaluru on 27 March |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/state/siddaramaiah-inaugurates-23rd-edition-of-chitra-santhe-in-bengaluru-with-environment-as-theme-enn26010402894 |access-date=24 March 2026 |website=ETV Bharat |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260324150542/https://www.etvbharat.com/en/state/siddaramaiah-inaugurates-23rd-edition-of-chitra-santhe-in-bengaluru-with-environment-as-theme-enn26010402894 |archive-date=24 March 2026 }}</ref>

In 2025, around 1,500 artists from 20 [[States and union territories of India|states]] displayed and sold their works at the festival, that was estimated to have witnessed a footfall of 5 [[lakh]].<ref name="Santhe2025">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/chitra-santhe-2026-will-focus-on-environment/article70453675.ece|title=Chitra Santhe 2026 will focus on environment
|newspaper=The Hindu|date=30 December 2025|via=thehindu.com|access-date=24 March 2026 |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260324140712/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/chitra-santhe-2026-will-focus-on-environment/article70453675.ece|archive-date=24 March 2026}}</ref>

== Publications ==

The ''Parishath'' regularly publishes books on art and culture.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Results for 'kw:Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath' [WorldCat.org]|url=https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=kw:Karnataka+Chitrakala+Parishath&fq=&dblist=638&qt=sort&se=yr&sd=asc&qt=sort_yr_asc|access-date=2020-11-14|website=www.worldcat.org|language=en}}</ref> Notable among these are:

* Mysore chitramālā : traditional paintings<ref>{{Cite web|title=Formats and Editions of Mysore chitramālā : traditional paintings [WorldCat.org]|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/mysore-chitramala-traditional-paintings/oclc/966375634/editions?editionsView=true&referer=br|access-date=2020-11-14|website=www.worldcat.org|language=en}}</ref>
* Humanism in art<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Rerikh|first1=S. N|title=Humanism in art|last2=Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath|date=1991|publisher=Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath|location=Bangalore|language=English|oclc=62872640}}</ref>
* Gaṇapatīya rūpagaḷu<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Ramachandra Rao|first1=Saligrama Krishna|title=Gaṇapatīya rūpagaḷu|last2=Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath|date=1989|publisher=Karnāṭaka Citrakalā Parishattu|location=Beṅgalūru|language=English|oclc=863420889}}</ref> and Gaṇapati : 32 drawings from a 19th cent. scroll<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Ramachandra Rao|first1=Saligrama Krishna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SkwgAAAAIAAJ|title=Gaṇapati: 32 drawings from a 19th cent. scroll|last2=Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath|date=1989|publisher=Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath|location=Bangalore|language=English|oclc=614838944}}</ref>
* Y. Subramanya Raju centenary celebration : [catalogue of paintings on occasion of Sri Y. Subramanya Raju centenary celebration]<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Subramaṇya Rāju|first1=Vai|title=Y. Subramanya Raju centenary celebration: [catalogue of paintings on occasion of Sri Y. Subramanya Raju centenary celebration|last2=Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath|date=2008|publisher=Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath|location=Bangalore|language=English|oclc=436311882}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.karnatakachitrakalaparishath.com/ Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath]
* [http://collegeoffineartskcpbengaluru.com/ College of Fine Arts]

{{Bangalore topics}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|12.98918|77.58053|display=title}}

{{Karnataka topics}}

[[Category:Museums in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Art museums and galleries in Bengaluru]]

Arthur Zimmermann

2026-03-21T15:28:54Z

Aeon: quick adjust information per standard format and cleaned formatting for clarity

{{Short description|German diplomat (1864–1940)}}
{{distinguish|Arthur Zimmerman (disambiguation){{!}}Arthur Zimmerman}}
{{Refimprove|date=January 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Artur Zimmermann. Staatssekretär des Auswärtigen Amtes (cropped).png
| name = Arthur Zimmermann
| caption = Arthur Zimmermann's portrait.
| order = [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Germany)#State Secretaries for Foreign Affairs (Außenstaatssekretäre), 1871–1919|State Secretary for Foreign Affairs]]
| term_start = 22 November 1916
| term_end = 6 August 1917
| chancellor = [[Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg]] [[Georg Michaelis]]
| predecessor = [[Gottlieb von Jagow]]
| successor = [[Richard von Kühlmann]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1864|10|5|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Marggrabowa]] (now [[Olecko]]), [[East Prussia]], [[Kingdom of Prussia]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1940|6|6|1864|10|5|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Berlin]], [[Nazi Germany]]
| party =

| religion =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
}}

'''Arthur Zimmermann''' (5 October 1864 – 6 June 1940) was State Secretary for Foreign Affairs of the [[German Empire]] from 22 November 1916 until his resignation on 6 August 1917. His name is associated with the [[Zimmermann Telegram]] during [[World War I]]. He was also closely involved in plans to support [[Easter Rising|rebellions in Ireland]] [[Hindu–German Conspiracy|and in India]], and to assist the [[Bolsheviks]] to undermine [[Russian Empire|Tsarist Russia]].

==Career==
{{moresources|section|date=October 2016}}
He was born in [[Marggrabowa]], [[East Prussia]], then in the Kingdom of Prussia (present-day [[Olecko]], [[Mazury]], [[Poland]]). He studied law from 1884-87 in [[Königsberg]], East Prussia, and [[Leipzig]]. A period as a junior lawyer followed and later he received his doctorate of law. In 1893, he took up a career in diplomacy and entered the consular service in Berlin. He arrived in China in 1896 ([[Guangzhou|Canton]] in 1898), and rose to the rank of consul in 1900. While stationed in the Far East, he witnessed the [[Boxer Rebellion]] in China. As part of his transfer to the Foreign Office, he returned to Germany in 1902. A portion of this trip was via railroad across the Continental United States, a fact he would later use to inflate his supposed expertise on the nation.<ref>Tucker, Spencer C. (2014) World War I: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection, ABC-CLIO, pg. 1704</ref>

Later he was called to the Foreign Office, became Under Secretary of State in 1911, and on 24 November 1916, he accepted his confirmation as Secretary of State, succeeding [[Gottlieb von Jagow]] in this position. He had assumed a large share of his superior's negotiations with foreign envoys for several years prior to his appointment because of Jagow's reservation in office. He was the first non-aristocrat to serve as foreign secretary.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historical Documents - Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1918Supp02/persons |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=history.state.gov}}</ref>

===''Kronrat''===
As acting secretary Zimmermann took part in the so-called ''Kronrat'', the deliberations in 1914, with [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Kaiser Wilhelm II]] and Chancellor [[Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg]], in which the decision was taken to support [[Austria-Hungary]] after the [[assassination]] of [[Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria]] at [[Sarajevo]], which ultimately was to lead to the outbreak of war. He later disavowed the name ''Kronrat'' since it was the Kaiser's opinion that was decisive in the discussion, but with which Bethmann Hollweg and Zimmermann concurred.{{cn|date=January 2017}}

===Irish rebellion===
In late 1914, Zimmermann was visited by [[Roger Casement]], the Irish nationalist. A plan was laid to land 25,000 soldiers in the west of Ireland with 75,000 rifles. However, the German general staff did not agree. In April 1916, Casement returned to Ireland in a [[U-boat]] and was captured and executed. A German ship (the [[SS Libau|''Libau'']]) renamed the ''Aud'', flying Norwegian colours, shipped 20,000 rifles to the south Irish coast, but it failed to link up with the rebels and was scuttled. Planning on this support, the [[Irish Volunteers]] launched the [[Easter Rising]] in Dublin. Though the Rising failed, its political effect led on to the [[Irish War of Independence]] in 1919–22 and the formation of the [[Irish Free State]].

===Zimmermann telegram and resignation===
{{Main article|Zimmermann Telegram}}
{{moresources|section|date=October 2016}}
====Background====
Two and a half years into World War I, the United States had maintained a status of neutrality while the Allied armies had been fighting those of the [[Central Powers]] in the trenches of northern France and Belgium. Although President [[Woodrow Wilson]] had been re-elected – winning the election on the slogan, "He kept us out of war" – it became increasingly difficult to maintain that position.<ref>"Woodrow Wilson: Speech of Acceptance". Presidency.ucsb.edu, 2 September 1916; retrieved 11 September 2010.</ref>

After the [[Royal Navy]] had been engaged in a successful naval blockade against all German shipping for some time, the German Supreme High Command concluded that only a total submarine offensive would break the stranglehold. Although the decision was made on 9 January 1917, the Americans were not informed of the operation until 31 January.<ref>Schmidt, Donald E. (2005). The Folly of War: American foreign policy, 1898–2005. Algora Publishing. pg. 83; {{ISBN|0-87586-383-3}}.</ref>

The Germans abrogated their [[Sussex pledge]] (not to sink merchant ships without due warning and to save human lives wherever possible) and began an unrestricted [[U-boat]] campaign on 1 February 1917. Since it was obvious that US shipping would also come under attack in the course of this operation, it became just a matter of time before the USA was drawn into the conflict.{{cn|date=October 2016}}

Germany had been pursuing various interests in Mexico since the beginning of the 20th century. Although a latecomer in the area, with Spain, Britain, and France having established themselves there centuries earlier, the Kaiser's Germany attempted to secure a continuing presence. This entailed many different approaches to the Mexican Republic and its changing, often revolutionary, governments as well as assuring the United States (most of the time) of Germany's peaceful intentions. German diplomacy in the area depended on sympathetic relations with the Mexican government of the day. Among the options discussed during Arthur Zimmermann's period in office was a German offer to improve communications between the two nations and a suggestion that Mexico purchase German submarines for its navy. After [[Francisco Villa]]'s cross-border raids into [[New Mexico]] President Wilson sent a [[punitive expedition]] into Mexico to pursue the raiders.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Pershing report, October 1916, p. 4 (General Orders, No. 1)}}</ref>

This encouraged the Germans to believe (mistakenly) that this and other US concerns in the area would tie up US resources and military operations for some time to come, sufficiently to justify the overtures made by Arthur Zimmermann in his telegram to the [[Venustiano Carranza]] government.
His proposals included an agreement for a German alliance with Mexico, while Germany would still try to maintain a state of neutrality with the United States. If this policy were to fail, the note suggested, the Mexican government should make common cause with Germany, try to persuade the Japanese government to join the new alliance, and attack the US. Germany for its part would promise financial assistance and the restoration of its former territories of [[Texas]], [[New Mexico]] and [[Arizona]] to Mexico.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/657233/Arthur-Zimmermann|title=Arthur Zimmermann profile|website=Britannica.com|access-date=28 March 2016}}</ref>

====Effect====
{{moresources|section|date=October 2016}}
On 24 February, the telegram was finally delivered to the US ambassador in Britain, [[Walter Hines Page]], who two days later retransmitted it to President Wilson. On 1 March, the United States Government passed the text of the telegram to the press. At first, some sectors of the US papers, especially those of the [[William Randolph Hearst|Hearst]] press empire, questioned whether the telegram was a forgery made by British intelligence in an attempt to persuade the US government to enter the war on Britain's side. This opinion was reinforced by German and Mexican diplomats, as well as pro-German and pacifist opinion-formers in the United States. However, on 29 March 1917, Zimmermann gave a speech to the Reichstag confirming the text of the telegram and so put an end to all speculation as to its authenticity. By that time a number of US ships had been torpedoed with heavy loss of life.

On 2 April, President Wilson asked Congress to agree to declare war on Germany, citing, among other grievances, that Germany "means to stir up enemies against us at our very doors".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Wilson's_War_Message_to_Congress|title=Wilson's War Message to Congress - World War I Document Archive|website=Wwi.lib.byu.edu|access-date=28 March 2016}}</ref> On 6 April, Congress approved the resolution for war by a wide margin, with the Senate voting 82 to 6 in favor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/image/SJRes1_WWI_Germany.htm|title=Archived copy|access-date=18 March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121095842/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/image/SJRes1_WWI_Germany.htm|archive-date=21 January 2015}}</ref> The United States had entered World War I on the side of the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]].

====Zimmermann's speech====
On 29 March 1917, Zimmerman delivered a speech intended to explain his side of the situation. He began that he had not written a letter to Carranza but had given instructions to the German ambassador via a "route that had appeared to him to be a safe one".<ref name="firstworldwardotcom">{{cite web|url=http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/zimmermann_speech.htm|title=Primary Documents - Arthur Zimmermann on the Zimmermann Telegram|date=29 March 1917|publisher=First World War.com|access-date=28 March 2016}}</ref>

He also said that despite the submarine offensive, he had hoped that the USA would remain neutral. His instructions (to the Mexican government) were only to be carried out after the US declared war, and he believed his instructions to be "absolutely loyal as regards the US". In fact, he blamed President Wilson for breaking off relations with Germany "with extraordinary roughness" after the telegram was received, and that therefore the German ambassador "no longer had the opportunity to explain the German attitude, and that the US government had declined to negotiate".<ref name="firstworldwardotcom" />

====Mexico's reply====
Later, a general assigned by Carranza to assess the realities of a Mexican takeover of their former provinces came to the conclusion that it would not work. Taking over the three states would almost certainly cause future problems and possibly war with the US; Mexico would also be unable to accommodate a large Anglo population within its borders; and Germany would not be able to supply the arms needed in the hostilities that would surely arise. Carranza declined Zimmermann's proposals on 14 April.{{cn|date=January 2017}}

===Peace in the East===
{{unsourced|section|date=October 2016}}
In March 1917, with the imminent collapse of the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Russian front]], Zimmermann took steps to promote a peace with the Russians, a proposal that was of immense importance to Germany at the time. The foreign secretary set forth the following: regulations for frontline contacts with the opposite side; reciprocal withdrawal of the occupied areas; an amicable agreement about [[Poland]], [[Lithuania]], and [[Courland|Kurland]]; and a promise to aid Russia in its reconstruction and rehabilitation. Last but not least, [[Lenin]] and the émigré revolutionaries would be allowed to pass through Germany to Russia by train. These proposals once carried out, would free Germany's armies in the east and allow them to be concentrated in the west, a master-stroke that would reinforce the German western front vastly.{{fact|date=February 2025}}

===Fact-finding mission of Nuncio Pacelli===
{{unsourced|section|date=January 2017}}
At the end of June 1917, Zimmermann found the first real opportunity for paving the way to peace negotiations during his period of administration. At several meetings with the [[Apostolic Nuncio to Bavaria|Bavarian Nuncio]] Eugenio Pacelli (later to become [[Pope Pius XII]]) and Uditore Schioppa, who were on a fact-finding mission, Chancellor Bethmann Hollweg and Zimmermann outlined their plans. There would be no annexations of territories, no border adjustments with Russia, Poland was to remain an independent state, all occupied areas of France and Belgium were to be evacuated, and [[Alsace-Lorraine]] would be ceded to France. The only exception in return was to be the restitution of all former German colonies to Germany. None of these plans came to fruition because neither of the two German participants would be very much longer in office.

== Resignation and death ==
On 6 August 1917, Zimmermann resigned as foreign secretary and was succeeded by [[Richard von Kühlmann]]. One of the causes of his resignation was the Zimmermann Telegram. He died in Berlin in 1940 of pneumonia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://totallyhistory.com/arthur-zimmermann|title=Arthur Zimmermann" Germany State Secretary for Foreign Affairs, WWI|website=Totallyhistory.com|date=25 October 2013 |access-date=28 March 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Arthur Zimmermann}}
* {{wikisource author-inline|Arthur Zimmermann}}
*[http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/zimmermann_speech.htm The Zimmermann speech]
*[http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/zimmermann_terauchi.htm Japanese Prime Minister Count Terauchi on the Zimmermann Telegram]
* {{Cite EB1922|wstitle=Zimmermann, Arthur|volume = 32 |page= |short=1}}

{{Ghadar Conspiracy}}
{{GermanFMs}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zimmermann, Arthur}}
[[Category:1864 births]]
[[Category:1940 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Olecko]]
[[Category:People from the Province of Prussia]]
[[Category:Foreign secretaries of Germany]]

[[Category:German people of the Boxer Rebellion]]
[[Category:German people of World War I]]
[[Category:Hindu–German Conspiracy]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Medjidie, 1st class]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of Franz Joseph]]
[[Category:Grand Officers of the Order of the Star of Romania]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Crown (Romania)]]
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[[Category:Deaths from pneumonia in Germany]]

Dehradun

2026-03-20T22:59:01Z

Aeon: Revised and enhanced article content

{{short description|Winter capital of Uttarakhand, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dehradun
| official_name =
| native_name = {{nativename|hi|Dēhrādūn}}
| native_name_lang = iso 15919
| settlement_type = City
| other_name = Dehra Doon
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 280
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/2
| image1 = Dehradun view from maggi point.jpg
| caption1 = [[Doon Valley]]
| image2 = Robbers Cave, Dehradun.jpg
| caption2 = [[Robber's Cave, India|Robber's Caves]]
| image3= Hanuman Idol at Tapkeshwar Temple..jpg
| caption3 = [[Tapkeshwar Temple]]
| image4= Indian Military Academy, Dehradun, Uttrakhand, India.jpg
| caption4 = [[Indian Military Academy]]
| image5= War Memorial of Nepal.jpg
| caption5 = [[Khalanga War Memorial]]
| image6= The Doon School.jpg
| caption6 = [[The Doon School]]
| image7= Dehradun cricket stadium.jpg
| caption7 = [[Dehradun International Cricket Stadium|Dehradun stadium]]
| image8 = Forest research institute 3, Dehra dun.jpg
| caption8 = [[Forest Research Institute (India)|Forest Research Institute]]
}}
| image_caption =
| nickname = Doon
| pushpin_map = India Uttarakhand#India
| pushpin_relief = yes
| coordinates = {{coord|30.345|N|78.029|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Uttarakhand.svg}} [[Uttarakhand]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dehradun District|Dehradun]]
| established_title1 = Founded
| established_date1 = 1817
| established_title2 = Municipality
| established_date2 = 1867
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Dehradun Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name = [[Saurabh Thapliyal]]
| leader_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| leader_title2 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha MP]]
| leader_name2 = [[Mala Rajya Laxmi Shah]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
| leader_title3 = [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader_name3 = Manuj Goyal,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nagarnigamdehradun.com/whos.php |title=Nagar Nigam |access-date=30 October 2020 |archive-date=30 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030113517/https://nagarnigamdehradun.com/whos.php |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| leader_title4 = Zila Panchayat Chairman
| leader_name4 = Sukhvinder Kaur<ref>{{cite news |last=Baghel |first=Mrityunjay |date=14 August 2025 |title=देहरादून में कांग्रेस का मास्‍टरस्‍ट्रोक... सुखविंदर कौर बनी जिला पंचायत अध्‍यक्ष, किसान आंदोलन से है खास कनेक्शन |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttarakhand/dehradun-uk-panchayat-chunav-result-2025-sukhwinder-kaur-becomes-district-panchayat-president-farmers-movement-local18-9509720.html |work=News18 हिंदी |language=hi |access-date=11 January 2026}}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name='Dehradoon City'/><ref name="area"/>
| area_total_km2 = 196.48
| area_metro_km2 = 300
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 450
| population_total = 574,840<ref>https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/23-dehradun.html</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = [[List of cities in India by population|79th]]
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = 4100
| population_metro = 706,124<ref>https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/23-dehradun.html</ref>
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://uttarakhandtourism.gov.in/destination/dehradun/|title=Dehradun|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-date=2 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202152355/https://uttarakhandtourism.gov.in/destination/dehradun/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=16 January 2019|page=47|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title3 = Regional
| demographics1_info3 = {{bulleted list|[[Kauravi dialect|Khariboli]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Kauravi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SHNDAAAAYAAJ |website=books.google.co.in |access-date=24 December 2025 |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Languages of Uttarakhand|url=https://www.studyfry.com/languages-dialects-spoken-uttarakhand-bhasha|website=studyfry.com|access-date=27 December 2025|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Khariboli|url=https://www.ofuttarakhand.com/what-is-language-of-uttarakhand/|access-date=28 December 2025|language=en}}</ref> |[[Jaunsari language|Jaunsari]]<ref name="Ethno_Jns">{{cite web |title=Jaunsari |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/jns |website=Ethnologue |access-date=6 June 2022 |language=en }}</ref> |[[Garhwali language|Garhwali]]<ref name="Ethno_Gbm">{{cite web |title=Garhwali |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/gbm |website=Ethnologue |access-date=6 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref>}}
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 248001
| area_code = +91-135
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = UK-07
| blank6_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI (2016)]]
| blank6_info_sec1 = {{nowrap|{{increase}}}} 0.816 ({{color|#090|very high}})<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ssca.org.in/media/4_2016_HDI_t1hcMZm.pdf |title=HDI LIST |website=ssca.org.in |access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref>
| Demonym(s) =
| website = {{URL|https://dehradun.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Dehradun''' ({{Indic Transl|hi|Dēhrādūn|ˈd̪ɛɦɾaːd̪uːn}}), also known as '''Dehra Doon''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ɛər|ə|_|ˌ|d|uː|n}} {{respell|DAIR|ə DOON}}), is the winter capital<ref name=":6" /> and the [[List of cities in Uttarakhand by population|most populous]] city of the [[India]]n state of [[Uttarakhand]]. It is the administrative headquarters of the eponymous [[Dehradun district|district]] and is governed by the [[Dehradun Municipal Corporation]], with the [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] holding its winter sessions in the city as its winter capital.<ref name=":6">{{cite magazine |title=Gairsain declared summer capital of Uttarakhand |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/06/08/gairsain-declared-summer-capital-of-uttarakhand.html |magazine=The Week |date=8 June 2020 |access-date=12 March 2022}}</ref> Part of the [[Garhwal division]], and housing the headquarters of its Divisional Commissioner, Dehradun is one of the "[[National Capital Region (India)#Counter magnets|Counter Magnets]]" of the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]] (NCR) being developed as an alternative centre of growth to help ease the migration and population explosion in the [[Delhi]] metropolitan area and to establish a [[smart city]] in the [[Himalayas]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi to get 'counter magnet cities' - Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/delhi-to-get-counter-magnet-cities/673214/ |access-date=21 March 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=27 August 2010 |archive-date=6 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606042327/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/delhi-to-get-counter-magnet-cities/673214 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=SmartCity, Dehradun|url=http://smartcitydehradun.uk.gov.in/|access-date=21 March 2021|website=smartcitydehradun.uk.gov.in|archive-date=25 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325072022/http://smartcitydehradun.uk.gov.in/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Dehradun is located in the [[Doon Valley]] on the foothills of the [[Himalayas]] nestled between [[Song River (India)|Song River]], a tributary of [[Ganges]] on the east and the Asan River, a tributary of [[Yamuna]] on the west. The city is noted for its picturesque landscape and provides a gateway to the surrounding region.

Dehradun is a notable academic and research hub and is home to the [[Indian Military Academy]], [[Forest Research Institute (India)|Forest Research Institute]], [[Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy]], [[the Doon School]], [[Welham Boys' School]], [[Welham Girls' School]], [[Brightlands School]], [[Rashtriya Indian Military College]], [[Uttarakhand Ayurveda University]], [[Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology]] and the [[Indian Institute of Remote Sensing]]. It is the headquarters of the [[Survey of India|Surveyor-General of India]]. According to the combined survey based on health, infrastructure, economy, education, and crime, conducted by [[Dainik Jagran]] and [[KPMG]], Dehradun is one of India's safest cities.<ref>{{cite news |title=This Indian city is best to live in, but not safest; the safest city is Dehradun |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/this-indian-city-is-best-to-live-in-and-delhi-mumbai-bengaluru-are-not-even-in-top-10/1380503/ |access-date=19 June 2022 |work=Financial Express |date=14 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=देहरादून स्मार्ट सिटी को सुरक्षा की श्रेणी में अवार्ड |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/dehradun-city-smart-city-dehradun-won-prize-in-sefty-categeree-22557755.html |access-date=19 June 2022 |work=Dainik Jagran |date=20 March 2022 |language=hi}}</ref> Dehradun is also known for its [[Basmati]] rice and bakery products.

Dehradun has been an important centre for the [[Garhwal Kingdom|Garhwal kingdom]], which was first captured by [[Gorkha Kingdom|Gorkha rulers]], in January 1804, and then by the British. For its strategic value, in addition to the location of its principal service academy, the [[Indian Armed Forces]] maintain a considerable presence in Dehradun, at the [[Dehradun Cantonment|Garhi Cantonment]] and Naval Station. The [[Uttarakhand Police]] is the primary law enforcement agency in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Organization Setup |url=https://uttarakhandpolice.uk.gov.in/dpages/organization-setup2 |access-date=8 December 2022 |website=uttarakhandpolice.uk.gov.in}}</ref>

It is well connected and in proximity to Himalayan tourist destinations such as [[Shimla]], [[Mussoorie]], [[Dhanaulti]], [[Chakrata]], [[New Tehri]], [[Uttarkashi]], [[Harsil]], [[Chopta]]-[[Tungnath]], [[Auli, India|Auli]], and summer and winter hiking destinations like [[Dodital|the Valley of Flowers at Dodital]], [[Bugyals|Dayara Bugyal]], [[Kedarkantha]], [[Har Ki Dun|Har Ki Dun and Hemkunt Sahib]] for camping and Himalayan panoramic views. The [[Hindu]] holy cities of [[Haridwar]] and [[Rishikesh]], along with the Himalayan pilgrimage circuit of [[Chota Char Dham]], viz. [[Yamunotri]], [[Gangotri]], [[Kedarnath]] and [[Badrinath]], are also primarily accessed via Dehradun, the closest major city.

==Etymology==
Dehradun is made up of two words "dehra" + "dun." "dehra" is a Hindi word with the meaning of temple, whose etymology is: "dev" + "ghar", from [[Prakrit]] "devahara."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/mcgregor_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes|title = The Oxford Hindi-English dictionary|year = 1993}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/dasa-hindi_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE&searchhws=yes|title=Hindi sabdasagara}}</ref> "dūn" (or Hindi दून derives from the [[Sanskrit]] droṇī (or द्रोणि) and means "a tract of country lying at the foot of hills; a valley"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/mcgregor_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8&searchhws=yes|title = The Oxford Hindi-English dictionary|year = 1993}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/dasa-hindi_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|title = Hindi sabdasagara}}</ref>

The town was established when [[Ram Rai]], the son of the seventh [[Sikh]] Guru, [[Guru Har Rai]] built a ''gurudwara'' or temple in the area in the 17th century.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V11_218.gif|title = Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 11, page 212 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library}}</ref> Ram Rai was sent by his father as an emissary to the Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]] in [[Delhi]]. Aurangzeb objected to a verse in the Sikh scripture (''Asa ki Var'') that stated, "the clay from a Musalman (Muslim)'s grave is kneaded into potter's lump", considering it an insult to Islam. Ram Rai explained that the text was miscopied and modified it, substituting "Musalman" with "Beiman" (faithless, evil) which Aurangzeb approved.<ref name=eosramrai>[https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiiM-r/page/n477 Ram Rai], Encyclopedia of Sikhism, Editor in Chief: Harbans Singh, Punjab University</ref><ref name="McLeod2014p260"/> This led Guru Har Rai to bar his son from his presence, and name his younger son as his successor. Aurangzeb responded by granting Ram Rai a [[jagir]] (land grant) in Garhwal region ([[Uttarakhand]]). The town later came to be known as Dehradun, after ''Dehra'' referring to Ram Rai's shrine.<ref name="McLeod2014p260">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|pages=260–261|access-date=9 July 2021|archive-date=5 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305055342/https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Many followers of Ram Rai, called [[Ramraiyas]], settled with Ram Rai.<ref name=eosramrai/><ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/490354/Ram-Raiyas Rām Rāiyā] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101109003354/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/490354/Ram-Raiyas |date=9 November 2010 }}, Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> Another early name for the settlement was Dera Ram Rai.<ref name=":13a2">{{Cite book |author=Singh |first=Parkash |title=The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University |year=2011 |isbn=978-8173803499 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Harbans |edition=3rd |volume=III: M-R |location=Patiala |pages=239–240 |oclc=}}</ref> During the days of [[British Raj]], the official name of the town was '''Dehra'''.<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Dehra|volume=07|short=x}}</ref> In due time the word Dehra was linked to Dun, and thus the city was named Dehradun.

In the [[Skanda Purana]], Dun is mentioned as a part of the region called Kedarkhand, the abode of [[Shiva]]. According to Hindu mythology, in ancient India during the [[Mahabharata]] epic era, [[Dronacharya]], the great teacher of [[Kauravas]] and [[Pandavas]], lived here, hence the name of "Dronanagari" (lit. ''city of [[Drona]]'').<ref>[[History of Dehradun]]</ref><ref>Natural Resource Management By B. W. Pandey (ed. By) Page 226 {{ISBN|81-7099-986-3}} Mittal Publications, India Language English (31 March 2005)</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Dehradun|Timli state}}
[[File:Doon Valley, Dehradun, 1850s.jpg|thumb|left|Doon Valley, Dehradun, 1850s]]
The history of the city of [[Uttarakhand]], Dehradun (nicknamed "Doon Valley") is linked to the story of [[Ramayana]] and [[Mahabharata]]. It is believed that after the battle between [[Ravana]] and Rama, Rama and his brother [[Lakshmana]] visited this site. Also, known as 'Dronanagari' on the name of [[Dronacharya]], legendary Royal guru to the [[Kauravas]] and [[Pandavas]] in the epic Mahabharata, is believed to have been born and resided in Dehradun.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gov.ua.nic.in/schooleducation/DIET/diet_dehradun/district_profile.htm |title=A Brief History of Dehradun |publisher=District Institute of Education and Training, Dehradun |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070519221815/http://gov.ua.nic.in/schooleducation/DIET/diet_dehradun/district_profile.htm |archive-date=19 May 2007 }}</ref> Evidence such as ancient temples and idols have been found in the areas surrounding Dehradun which have been linked to the mythology of [[Ramayana]] and [[Mahabharata]]. These relics and ruins are believed to be around 2000 years old. Furthermore, the location, the local traditions and the literature reflect this region's links with the events of Mahabharata and Ramayana. Even after the battle of Mahabharata, the Pandavas had an influence on this region as the rulers of [[Hastinapura]] with the descendants of [[Subahu]] ruled the region as subsidiaries. Likewise, [[Rishikesh]] is mentioned in the pages of history when [[Vishnu]] answered the prayers of the saints, slaughtered the demons and handed the land to the saints. The adjoining place called [[Chakrata]] has its historical impression during the time of Mahabharata.

In the seventh century, this area was known as Sudhanagara and was described by the Chinese traveller [[Huen Tsang]]. Sudhanagara later came to be recognised as [[Kalsi]]. [[Edicts of Ashoka]] have been found in the region along the banks of the river [[Yamuna]] in Kalsi indicating the wealth and importance of the region in ancient India. In the neighbouring region of Haripur, ruins were discovered from the time of King Rasala which also reflect the region's prosperity. It was under control of Garhwal for many centuries.

Dehradun was invaded by [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] during his campaigns into India followed by [[Timur]] in 1368, Rohilla chief [[Najib ad-Dawlah]] in 1757 and [[Ghulam Kadir|Ghulam Qadir]] in 1785.

Fateh Shah, a Garhwal king, donated three villages in Dehradun to [[Sikhs|Sikh]] guru Ram Rai. Before the name of Dehradun was used, the place is shown on old maps as Gurudwara (a map by Webb, 1808) or Gurudwara (a map by Gerard, 1818). Gerard's map names the place as "Dehra or Gurudwara". Surrounding this original Sikh temple were many small villages that are now the names of parts of the modern city.
[[File:Guru Ram Rai Temple, Dehradun, 1858.jpg|thumb|[[Guru Ram Rai Darbar Sahib]] in 1858. The construction of the present building was completed in 1707.|left]]
Dehradun itself derives its name from the historical fact that [[Ram Rai]], the eldest son of the Seventh Sikh Guru [[Har Rai]], set up his "Dera" (camp) in "dun" (valley) in 1676. This 'Dera Dun' later on became Dehradun.

The Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] was highly impressed by the miraculous powers of charismatic Ram Rai. He asked the contemporary Maharaja of Garhwal, [[Fateh Shah]] to extend all possible help to Ram Rai. Initially, a Gurudwara (temple) was built in Dhamawala. The construction of the present building, [[Guru Ram Rai Darbar Sahib]], was completed in 1707. There are portraits of gods, goddesses, saints, sages and religious stories on the walls. There are pictures of flowers and leaves, animals and birds, trees, similar faces with pointed noses and big eyes on the arches which are the symbol of the colour scheme of [[Pahari art|Kangra-Guler art]] and [[Mughal art]]. High minarets and round pinnacles are the models of Muslim architecture. The huge pond in the front measuring {{convert|230 x 80|feet}} had dried up for want of water over the years. People had been dumping rubbish; it has been renovated and revived.

In 1804 battles of Khurbura at Dehradun fought between Garhwal king Pradyuman shah and Gorakhali forces led by General Amar Singh thapa in which king Pradyuman shah died and came under control of Gorakha. In 1806 the Nepalese Commander ''[[Kaji (Nepal)|Kaji]]'' [[Amar Singh Thapa]] under the central leadership of Prime Minister [[Mukhtiyar]] [[Bhimsen Thapa]] united many of the Indian territories that now fell under places such as [[Almora]], [[Pathankot]], [[Kumaon Kingdom|Kumaon]], [[Garhwal Kingdom|Garhwal]], [[Sirmur State|Sirmur]], [[Shimla]], [[Kangra district|Kangra]] and Dehradun.

[[File:Flag of the Princely State of Tehri Garhwal.svg|thumb|left|Princely flag of [[Garhwal Kingdom|Kingdom of Garhwal]]. Dehradun was part of the princely state of Garhwal before becoming part of British India after the [[Anglo-Nepalese War]] in 1816.]]On the western front Garhwal and parts of [[Himachal Pradesh]] up to [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and on the eastern front the state of [[Sikkim]] up to [[Darjeeling]] became parts of Nepal for a brief period until the British [[East India Company]] went to [[Anglo-Nepalese War|war]] from 1814 to 1816. The war ended with the signing of the [[Treaty of Sugauli]] where almost a third was ceded to [[East India Company|British East India company]]. The British got Dehradun in 1816 and colonised [[Landour]] and [[Mussoorie]] in 1827–1828.

[[File:Capt john.jpg|thumb|Capt John War memorial maintained by the army at Dehradun|left]]
[[Jawaharlal Nehru]], India's first prime minister, was quite fond of the city and often visited. He spent his last few days here before dying in Delhi in 1964.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2012/may/270512-How-Nehru-spent-his-last-four-days.htm|title=How Nehru spent his last four days|publisher=Mid-day.com|access-date=8 December 2014|archive-date=4 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604034646/http://www.mid-day.com/news/2012/may/270512-How-Nehru-spent-his-last-four-days.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Another leader from the independence movement, [[Rash Behari Bose]], who was one of the key organisers of the [[Ghadar conspiracy]] and, later, the [[Indian National Army]] was based in Dehradun in his early days before he was forced to move to Japan in 1915 to continue the freedom struggle.

Post-independence Dehradun (part of the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]]) was merged with three other princely states and made part of [[United Provinces (1937-1950)|United Provinces]] which was later renamed the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. In 2000, Uttarakhand state (Named Uttaranchal till 2008) was created from the northwestern districts of Uttar Pradesh under the [[Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000]]. Dehradun was made its interim capital.

===Afghan connection===
Dehradun's Afghan connection dated back to the [[First Anglo-Afghan War]], after which the [[Emir of Afghanistan|Afghan Emir]] [[Dost Mohammad Khan]] was exiled by the British to Dehradun.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/Tracing-Doons-Afghan-connect/articleshow/47835111.cms|title=Tracing Doon's Afghan connect|work=The Times of India|access-date=11 March 2018|archive-date=15 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615153526/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/Tracing-Doons-Afghan-connect/articleshow/47835111.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He stayed in [[Mussoorie]] for over 6 years. The Balahissar ward under the Mussoorie municipality has been named after the palace of Dost Mohammad. The famous Dehradooni [[Basmati]] was brought along by him from [[Kunar Province]] in Afghanistan and it continues to be counted as a delicacy of the valley.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Arvindar |title=Myths and Realities of Security & Public Affairs |date=January 2011 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-81-8430-112-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AJUkBQAAQBAJ&q=afghanistan+dehradun&pg=PA195 |access-date=31 August 2020 |language=en |archive-date=19 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819174047/https://books.google.com/books?id=AJUkBQAAQBAJ&q=afghanistan+dehradun&pg=PA195 |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to Dehradun historian and heritage activist Lokesh Ohri, "Dost Mohammad Khan was fond of pulao and missed it during his exile. He brought [[Basmati|Basmati rice]] to the Doon valley and is credited with improving its genetic variety. His grandson Yaqub Khan gave Basmati seeds to a Paltan Bazaar trader and asked him to cultivate them in Dehradun. Surprisingly, the Doon valley's weather suited the rice and it turned out even better than the variety in Afghanistan."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/grain-of-history-exiled-200-years-ago-afghan-royals-introduced-basmati-to-doon/articleshow/85443032.cms|title=Grain of history: Exiled 200 years ago, Afghan royals introduced basmati to Doon|work=The Times of India|access-date=11 December 2024|archive-date=23 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323190447/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/grain-of-history-exiled-200-years-ago-afghan-royals-introduced-basmati-to-doon/articleshow/85443032.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Forty years later, after the [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]], his grandson, [[Mohammad Yaqub Khan]], was sent to exile to India in 1879. Just like his grandfather, he chose Doon valley as his abode. Yakoob became the first Afghan to formally settle in Dehradun. The present Mangla Devi Inter College was once the Kabul Palace where Yakoob spent a few years of his life. The extended family and servants of the King were also relocated to Dehradun.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zikria |first1=B. A. |title=Malalai Joan of Arc of Afghanistan and the Victors of Maiwand: The Second Anglo-Afghan War 1878-1882 |date=17 February 2017 |publisher=Xlibris Corporation |isbn=978-1-5245-7783-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ZsuDgAAQBAJ&q=afghanistan+dehradun&pg=PT184 |language=en |access-date=15 October 2020 |archive-date=19 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819174100/https://books.google.com/books?id=9ZsuDgAAQBAJ&q=afghanistan+dehradun&pg=PT184 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Afghan royal family maintained a presence in Dehra Dun. It was the birthplace of the second to last [[King of Afghanistan]], [[Mohammed Nadir Shah]]. Two quaint palaces – the Kabul Palace in Dehradun<ref>{{cite news |date=19 March 2019 |title='Feels Like Home' – Afghanistan Fortify Dehradun Ties {{!}} Wisden Cricket |url=https://www.wisden.com/cricket-features/afghanistan-home-dehradun |access-date=24 March 2025 |work=Wisden}}</ref> and Bala Hissar Palace in Mussoorie – stand testimony to this connection with Afghanistan. They were built by these Afghan rulers in exile in India in the early part of the 20th Century and are palaces are a miniature replica of the palatial structures owned by the kings in Afghanistan. The Bala Hissar Palace has now been turned into Mussoorie's [[Wynberg Allen School]]. Doon-based heritage enthusiast Ghanshyam told the Times of India, "The police station at Karanpur used to be the royal guard room of Yakoob way back in 1879. The electrical office located at the Survey Chowk was the royal servants quarter."<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/>

Today the descendants of the former royalty, Yakub Khan and his grandson Sardar Azim Khan's family have integrated with the mainstream of Dehradun life.<ref name="tribuneindia.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090821/dplus.htm|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Dehradun Plus|work=The Tribune|access-date=31 August 2020|archive-date=20 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820230001/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090821/dplus.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The Doon connection was revived when Zahir Shah, the last king of Afghanistan while undergoing treatment in New Delhi during the last years of his life expressed a desire to meet his Doon cousins but the meeting could not take place as the family members were away.<ref name="tribuneindia.com"/> [[Ashraf Ghani]], former [[President of Afghanistan]] has mentioned that his grandmother grew up in Dehra Dun. "I speak of [[Rabindranath Tagore|Tagore]] because I was raised on Tagore by my grandmother who lived in Dehradun...," Dr Ghani said while talking about India's vision and the remarkable transformation.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/tagores-kabuliwala-has-given-us-a-brand-afghan-president-ashraf-ghani/|title=Tagore's 'Kabuliwala' has given us a brand: Afghan President Ashraf Ghani|date=28 April 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=15 January 2021|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108091855/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/tagores-kabuliwala-has-given-us-a-brand-afghan-president-ashraf-ghani/|url-status=live}}</ref> Dehradun is also being selected to be the second "home" ground of the [[Afghan cricket team]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=afghanistan: Dehradun likely to be Afghanistan's second home ground {{!}} Cricket News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/dehradun-likely-to-be-afghanistans-second-home-ground/articleshow/62554424.cms |access-date=15 January 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=18 January 2018 |language=en |archive-date=22 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122133807/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/dehradun-likely-to-be-afghanistans-second-home-ground/articleshow/62554424.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> and Afghan cricket fans recall this "centuries old link" with the town.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Shalini |title=Afghanistan cricket fans recall centuries-old Dehradun link in Bangladesh series |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/afghanistan-cricket-fans-recall-centuries-old-dehradun-link-in-bangladesh-series/story-TQcHufmEC0xHJkvH4rrNBL.html |access-date=31 August 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |date=7 June 2018 |language=en |archive-date=4 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904120835/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/afghanistan-cricket-fans-recall-centuries-old-dehradun-link-in-bangladesh-series/story-TQcHufmEC0xHJkvH4rrNBL.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Geography ==
The city of Dehradun mainly lies in [[Doon Valley]] and is at a varying height from {{cvt|410|m}} in [[Clement Town]] to above {{cvt|700|m}} at Malsi which is {{cvt|15|km}} from the city. However, the average elevation is {{cvt|450|m}} above sea level.<ref name="elevation">{{cite web |title=Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India |date=18 September 2020 |url=https://msd.unimelb.edu.au/sdg-cities/cities/dehradun-uttarakhand-india |publisher=The University of Melbourne |access-date=4 July 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183604/https://msd.unimelb.edu.au/sdg-cities/cities/dehradun-uttarakhand-india |url-status=live }}</ref> Malsi is the starting point of Lesser Himalayan Range that extends to Mussoorie and beyond. [[Jaunsar-Bawar]] hills in Dehradun district rises to {{cvt|3700|m}} above sea level. The hilly region of [[Mussoorie]] goes up to a height of {{cvt|1870–2017|m}} above sea level. Its geomorphological and meteorological characteristics make it prone to a number of natural hazards. Beside earthquakes, the region is frequently devastated by landslides, cloudbursts, flash-floods, cold waves and hailstorms.

The [[Doon valley]] contains the settlements including Raiwala, [[Rishikesh]], [[Doiwala]], Harrawala, Dehradun, [[Herbertpur]], [[Vikasnagar]], Sahaspur, Selaqui, Subhash Nagar and Clement Town. The district houses [[Rajaji National Park]] which is home to elephants, Benog Wildlife Sanctuary at Mussoorie & Asan Conservation Reserve ([[Asan Barrage]]). The Doon Valley has the [[Terai]] and [[Bhabar]] forests within it as well as the [[Shivalik hills]] and [[Lesser Himalaya|Lesser Himalayan Range]] containing hill stations such as Mussoorie and [[Chakrata]]. The district is bordered by the [[Himalayas]] in the north, Rajaji Range of the [[Sivalik Hills]] to the south, the river [[Ganges]] to the east, and the [[Yamuna]] river to the west. The city's internal hydrology is defined by the Rispana and Bindal, two seasonal rivers that traverse the urban core.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Action Plan for Rejuvenation of RIVER SUSWA Dehradun, Uttarakhand (River Stretch: Mothrawala to Raiwala) |url=https://ueppcb.uk.gov.in/files/3-Suswa_River-Action-Plan-July-2019[1].pdf |date=July 2019 |publisher=Uttarakhand River Rejuvenation Committee |pages=3 |language=English}}</ref> The Bindal is a tributary of the Rispana; their confluence occurs south of the city at Mothrowala, with the combined flow joining the Suswa River, which eventually drains into the Song River before merging with the Ganges.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Suswa River [Vibrant Streaks of Ganga under Namami Gange] |url=https://gyanganga.ai/admin//fileupload//Suswa_River_Brochure.pdf |publisher=Wildlife Institute of India; Ganga Aqualife Conservation Monitoring Centre; and Namami Gange |pages=2-3 |language=English}}</ref> Towns in the foothills of the mountain ranges include Sahastradhara, [[Lakhamandal]], Gautam Kund, [[Chandrabani]], [[Kalsi]] and [[Dakpathar]].

This district is divided into two major parts: the main city Dehradun surrounded by Shivalik and the Jaunsar-Bawar, which is in the foothills of Himalayas. In the north and northwest it borders on the district of [[Uttarkashi district|Uttarkashi]] and [[Tehri Garhwal district|Tehri Garhwal]], in the east and southeast by [[Pauri Garhwal district|Pauri Garhwal]] and [[Ganges]] river, in the west, it is bordered by [[Shimla district|Shimla]] and [[Sirmaur district|Sirmaur]] districts of [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Yamunanagar district|Yamunanagar]] district of [[Haryana]] and the [[Tons river|Tons]] and [[Yamuna]] rivers. To the south are [[Haridwar district|Haridwar]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]]'s [[Saharanpur district]]. It is between latitudes 30°01' N and 31°2'N and longitudes 77°34' E and 78°18'E.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://210.212.78.56/dehradun/English/altitude.html |title=Altitude |access-date=26 March 2011 |publisher=Dehradun |language=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602215923/http://210.212.78.56/dehradun/English/altitude.html |archive-date=2 June 2008 }}</ref> This district consists of six tehsils – Dehradun, Chakrata, Vikasnagar, Kalsi, Tiuni and Rishikesh – six community development blocks – Vis, Chakrata, Kalsi, Vikasnagar, Sahaspur, Rajpur and Doiwala – 17 towns and 764 villages. Out of these 746 villages are inhabited; 18 are uninhabited.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://dehradun.nic.in/glance.htm#TOWNS,%20VILLAGES%20AND%20AMENITIES |title= Important District Indicators |access-date=26 March 2011 |publisher=Dehradun |language=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721171449/http://dehradun.nic.in/glance.htm |archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref>

===Heritage canal network===
There was once an extensive canal network in the city, which irrigated many surrounding villages and produced a cooler microclimate in the region. The earliest canal, Rajpur canal, was laid in the 17th century but after Dehradun became the state capital in 2000, most of the heritage canals were covered or demolished to widen the city roads.<ref>{{Cite news|date=3 March 2020|first=Kautilya|last=Singh|title=How 'City of Canals' lost its tag|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/how-city-of-canals-lost-its-tag/articleshow/74446926.cms|access-date=13 November 2020|work=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=21 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821205200/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/how-city-of-canals-lost-its-tag/articleshow/74446926.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Within 15 years after becoming state capital, almost all of the canal system across Dehradun city has been demolished or covered. Outskirts of dehradun and around lacchiwala, Maldevta. etc still have a few canal systems uncoverd. Environmental groups have campaigned for the revival of the network, citing its benefit for the city's [[ecology]], aesthetics, microclimate and [[built environment]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/the-missing-canals-of-dun/articleshow/71150406.cms|title=The missing canals of Dun - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=24 July 2020|archive-date=22 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822025401/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/the-missing-canals-of-dun/articleshow/71150406.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Following the decline of this traditional water management system, the city's natural drainage increasingly relied on its river corridors. Historically serving as vital drainage and groundwater recharge systems, the Rispana and Bindal have faced severe ecological degradation due to rapid urban growth, encroachment, and the discharge of untreated sewage.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Garg |first=Vaibhav |last2=Anand |first2=Aishwarya |date=1 October 2022 |title=Impact of city expansion on hydrological regime of Rispana Watershed, Dehradun, India |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-022-10695-4 |journal=GeoJournal |language=en |volume=87 |issue=4 |pages=973–997 |doi=10.1007/s10708-022-10695-4 |issn=1572-9893|url-access=subscription }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chauniyal |first=D. D. |last2=Chauniya |first2=Savita |date=2024 |title=Causes and consequences of Environmental Pollution in Rispana River, Dehradun, India |url=https://hjssh.sharadpauri.org/papers/Dec2024/8_HJSSH_2024415_Chauniyal.pdf |journal=Himalayan Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities |language=en |volume=19 |issue=1 |doi=10.51220/hjssh.v19i1.8 |issn=0975-9891}}</ref> To address traffic congestion, the state government has proposed a ₹6,200 crore elevated road project spanning approximately 26 kilometres over these riverbeds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rispana-Bindal Elevated Road Project to Gain Speed {{!}} Public Works Department {{!}} India |url=https://pwd.uk.gov.in/rispana-bindal-elevated-road-project-to-gain-speed/ |access-date=23 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref> The project has faced opposition from environmental activists and geologists who cite concerns over seismic vulnerability in the Doon Valley, increased flood risks in low-lying areas, and the displacement of households settled along the riparian zones.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2025 |title=Dehradun residents write to Gadkari, oppose Rispana–Bindal elevated road |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/dehradun-residents-flag-seismic-flood-risks-in-letter-opposing-rispana-bindal-elevated-road-101766144808809.html |access-date=23 February 2026 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amid Rising Ecological Disasters, Questions Abound About Dehradun's Proposed Elevated Roads Project |url=https://thewire.in/environment/amid-rising-ecological-disasters-questions-abound-about-dehraduns-proposed-elevated-roads-project |access-date=23 February 2026 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
[[File:Snow Above the Dehradun Valley (14828890544).jpg|thumb|Distant view of Dehradun and the surrounding areas of the [[Doon Valley]] from snow-covered [[Landour]] in winter]]
The climate of Dehradun is [[humid subtropical]] (Cwa). The city is in Doon Valley and temperature variations due to difference in elevation are considerable.<ref name="Difference">{{cite web |title=Climate |url=https://dehradun.nic.in/climate/ |publisher=Government of Uttarakhand |access-date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=30 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030174400/https://dehradun.nic.in/climate/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the hilly regions, the summer is pleasant but in the urban areas, the heat can be intense and summer temperatures can reach up to {{cvt|40|°C}} for a few days as [[Loo (wind)|Loo]] blows over North India. Winter temperature is usually between {{cvt|6 and 20|°C}}, though the temperature in Dehradun can reach below freezing during severe cold snaps.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 January 2013 |url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=786301 |title=Cold Wave Claims 29 Lives in North India |website=Outlook india.com |access-date=8 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213155227/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=786301 |archive-date=13 December 2013}}</ref> The area receives an average annual rainfall of {{cvt|2073.3|mm}}. Most of the annual rainfall in the city is received during the months from June to September, July and August being rainiest. During the [[monsoon]] season, there is often heavy and protracted rainfall. Agriculture benefits from fertile alluvial soil, adequate drainage and plentiful rain.
{{Weather box
| location = Dehradun (1991–2020, extremes 1901–present)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 28.6
| Feb record high C = 31.2
| Mar record high C = 37.2
| Apr record high C = 40.8
| May record high C = 43.1
| Jun record high C = 43.9
| Jul record high C = 40.6
| Aug record high C = 37.2
| Sep record high C = 36.6
| Oct record high C = 36.1
| Nov record high C = 31.0
| Dec record high C = 28.7
| year record high C = 43.9
| Jan high C = 19.7
| Feb high C = 22.5
| Mar high C = 27.4
| Apr high C = 32.5
| May high C = 35.3
| Jun high C = 34.1
| Jul high C = 30.6
| Aug high C = 30.1
| Sep high C = 30.1
| Oct high C = 29.0
| Nov high C = 25.5
| Dec high C = 21.7
| year high C = 28.2
|Jan mean C = 12.7
|Feb mean C = 15.6
|Mar mean C = 20.1
|Apr mean C = 25.2
|May mean C = 28.4
|Jun mean C = 28.6
|Jul mean C = 26.9
|Aug mean C = 26.5
|Sep mean C = 25.5
|Oct mean C = 22.8
|Nov mean C = 18.4
|Dec mean C = 14.4
| Jan low C = 6.6
| Feb low C = 9.2
| Mar low C = 13.1
| Apr low C = 17.4
| May low C = 21.2
| Jun low C = 23.2
| Jul low C = 23.6
| Aug low C = 23.1
| Sep low C = 21.3
| Oct low C = 16.3
| Nov low C = 11.4
| Dec low C = 7.6
| year low C = 16.1
| Jan record low C = -1.1
| Feb record low C = -1.1
| Mar record low C = 2.2
| Apr record low C = 7.2
| May record low C = 11.4
| Jun record low C = 13.1
| Jul record low C = 12.8
| Aug record low C = 12.4
| Sep record low C = 12.8
| Oct record low C = 8.4
| Nov record low C = 2.8
| Dec record low C = 0.0
| year record low C = -1.1
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 43.5
| Feb rain mm = 57.9
| Mar rain mm = 45.8
| Apr rain mm = 32.9
| May rain mm = 51.4
| Jun rain mm = 231.1
| Jul rain mm = 621.6
| Aug rain mm = 714.9
| Sep rain mm = 305.9
| Oct rain mm = 38.3
| Nov rain mm = 5.2
| Dec rain mm = 13.0
| year rain mm = 2161.5
| Jan rain days = 2.8
| Feb rain days = 3.8
| Mar rain days = 3.2
| Apr rain days = 2.7
| May rain days = 3.8
| Jun rain days = 10.3
| Jul rain days = 20.5
| Aug rain days = 21.6
| Sep rain days = 12.0
| Oct rain days = 2.1
| Nov rain days = 0.4
| Dec rain days = 1.1
| year rain days = 84.1
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 66
| Feb humidity = 56
| Mar humidity = 45
| Apr humidity = 35
| May humidity = 37
| Jun humidity = 55
| Jul humidity = 79
| Aug humidity = 83
| Sep humidity = 77
| Oct humidity = 66
| Nov humidity = 68
| Dec humidity = 69
|year humidity = 62
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = 8 April 2024
}}</ref><ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Dehra Dun Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 233–234
| access-date = 15 February 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M25
| access-date = 15 February 2020}}</ref>
|source 2 = Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)<ref name=TCC1>
{{cite web
| url = https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=42111
| title = Normals Data: Dehradun – India Latitude: 30.32°N Longitude: 78.03°E Height: 683 (m)
| publisher = Japan Meteorological Agency
| access-date = 1 December 2022}}</ref>
}}Dehradun has been ranked 37th best “National Clean Air City” under (Category 2 3-10L Population cities) in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2024 |title=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |url=https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |website=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Dehradun (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Uttarakhand|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11395/download/14508/DDW05C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|82.53}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|11.75}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|3.50}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|dodgerblue|1.06}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism]]|pink|0.63}}
{{bar percent|Others (incl.unclassified and religion not stated)|black|0.54}}
}}

The [[demonym]] for residents of Dehradun are ''Doonites'' and ''Doonvasi.'' The [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] reported a population of 578,420 in Dehradun city;<ref name=Cities1Lakhandabove>{{cite web | url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | title=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Cities having population 1 lakh and above | publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India | access-date=26 March 2012 | archive-date=7 May 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507135928/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> male and female are 303,411 and 275,009 respectively. The sex ratio of the city is 906 per 1000 males.<ref name=Cities1Lakhandabove /> Natives of Uttarakhand form the majority of Dehradun's population most having migrated from the hills. The [[sex ratio]] of the city is 907 females per 1000 males and child sex ratio of 873 girls per 1000 boys, lower than the national average.<ref name=Cities1Lakhandabove /> The number of children of age under six in Dehradun city was 80,180 as per figure from Census India report on 2011. There are 50,600 boys and 28,580 are girls.<ref name=Cities1Lakhandabove /> Total numbers of slums in Dehradun city and its Out Growth numbers 32,861 in which population of 158,542 resides. This is around 27.58% of total population of Dehradun city & its outgrowth which is 574,840. Dehradun Tehsil of Dehradun district has total population of 988,007 as per the Census 2011.

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Dehradun Tehsil (2011)<ref name="census2011-C16">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Uttarakhand (Town)|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10231/download/13343/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-0500.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Hindi]] |value1 = 64.18 |color1 = orange
|label2 = [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]] |value2 = 17.58 |color2 = red
|label3 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] |value3 = 4.40 |color3 = pink
|label4 = [[Nepali language|Nepali]] |value4 = 3.96 |color4 = green
|label5 = [[Urdu language|Urdu]] |value5 = 3.73 |color5 = lightcoral
|label6 = [[Kumauni language|Kumaoni]] |value6 = 1.54 |color6 = gold
|other = y |other-label = Others |other-color = grey
}}[[Hindi]], the official state language, is the primary language in Dehradun. Native regional languages include [[Khariboli]] (dialect of [[Hindi]] or [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]),<ref>{{Cite web |last=ofukd |date=28 July 2023 |title=What is the Language of Uttarakhand? |url=https://www.ofuttarakhand.com/what-is-language-of-uttarakhand/ |access-date=20 January 2026 |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Jaunsari language|Jaunsari]], [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]] and [[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]].<ref name="Ethno_Gbm">{{cite web |title=Garhwali |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/gbm |website=Ethnologue |access-date=6 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ethno_Jns">{{cite web |title=Jaunsari |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/jns |website=Ethnologue |access-date=6 June 2022 |language=en }}</ref> Other major languages are [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=28 August 2018|archive-date=16 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716072837/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue - Town level |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0500.XLSX |website=census.gov.in |access-date=11 August 2020 |archive-date=3 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103111604/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0500.XLSX |url-status=live }}</ref>

Hindus form the majority of Dehradun's population; Muslims compose a large minority. According to provisional results of the 2011 national census, [[Hinduism]] is majority religion in Dehradun city with 82.53% followers. [[Islam]] is the second most practised religion in the city with approximately 11.75% following it. [[Sikhism]] by 3.5%, [[Christianity in India|Christianity]] is followed by 1.06%, [[Jainism in India|Jainism]] by 0.63%, and [[Buddhism in India|Buddhism]] by 0.29%. Around 0.01% stated 'Other Religion', approximately 0.24% stated 'No Particular Religion'.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Uttarakhand|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11395/download/14508/DDW05C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

Dehradun's literacy rate at 89.32% is the highest in the region. Male literacy is 92.65% and female literacy is 85.66%. The number of literates in Dehradun city is 463,791, of which 251,832 are males and 211,959 are females.<ref name=Cities1Lakhandabove />

==Government and politics==
As capital of the state of Uttarakhand, Dehradun houses important state government facilities such as the offices of the local governing agencies, the [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] (the home of the Uttarakhand state legislature), and [[Raj Bhavan, Dehradun|Raj Bhavan]] (the residence of the governor of Uttarakhand). Most government establishments and institutions are housed in the city.

Dehradun city falls in Garhwal division of Uttarakhand which is headed by the [[Divisional Commissioner (India)|divisional commissioner]] of Dehradun, who is an [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) officer of high seniority. The [[District collector (India)|district magistrate and collector]] of Dehradun<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chief Electoral Officer, Government Of Uttarakhand, India|url=https://ceo.uk.gov.in/pages/view/104/135-list-of-district-magistrates-collectors---deputy-commissioners|access-date=31 August 2020|website=ceo.uk.gov.in|archive-date=8 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808052453/https://ceo.uk.gov.in/pages/view/104/135-list-of-district-magistrates-collectors---deputy-commissioners|url-status=live}}</ref> report to the [[Divisional Commissioner (India)|divisional commissioner]] as well. The DM is assisted by a chief development officer; five additional district magistrates for finance/revenue, city, rural administration, land acquisition and civil supply.

The city is represented in two Lok Sabha constituencies, of [[Tehri Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tehri Garhwal]] by MP [[Mala Rajya Laxmi Shah]] from the [[BJP]], and Garhwal represented by BJP's [[Tirath Singh Rawat]], elected in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 May 2019|title=Uttarakhand Lok Sabha election results: Full list of winners|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/elections/uttarakhand-lok-sabha-election-result-2019-full-list-of-winners-mps/1581268/|access-date=30 October 2020|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|archive-date=2 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102143154/https://www.financialexpress.com/elections/uttarakhand-lok-sabha-election-result-2019-full-list-of-winners-mps/1581268/|url-status=live}}</ref> The city is also represented by four MLAs elected from four state assembly constituencies, as per the 2008 delimitation:<ref>{{Cite web|title=2008 Delimitation|url=http://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf|access-date=27 October 2020|archive-date=23 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023200316/https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414013302/http://ceo.uk.gov.in/files/oversease%20election/Gazette_Delimitation_eng.pdf|archive-date=14 April 2016}}</ref>

===Civic administration===
{{see also|Dehradun Municipal Corporation}}
[[File:Nagar Nigam Dehradun.jpg|thumb|The Municipality office of Dehradun City]]
Nagar Nigam Dehradun, also called [[Dehradun Municipal Corporation]], is the local government of the city. The corporation originated in 1998. Prior to December 2003, this body was known as Dehradun Municipal Council, and after revamping the municipality, the Dehradun Municipal Corporation came into existence under the Uttarakhand (The Uttar Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1959) (Amendment) Act, 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uttarakhand (The Uttar Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1959) (Amendment) Act, 2017|url=http://www.bareactslive.com/UTR/utr059.htm#0|access-date=30 October 2020|website=www.bareactslive.com|archive-date=2 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702022451/http://www.bareactslive.com/UTR/utr059.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

As of 2018, the municipality covers an area of {{cvt|196.48|sqkm}} and administers a population of 803,983.<ref name='Dehradoon City'>{{cite web|title=About Nagar Nigam Dehradun|url=https://nagarnigamdehradun.com/about-us.php|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-date=6 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106160857/https://nagarnigamdehradun.com/about-us.php|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="area">{{Cite web|title=Census of India - Uttarakhand - Town Amenities (Row 27, Column 24)|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0505_PART_A_DCHB_DEHRADUN.pdf|page=391|access-date=20 October 2020|website=Census of India|archive-date=17 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117163106/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0505_PART_A_DCHB_DEHRADUN.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Census India|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|access-date=30 October 2020|archive-date=23 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023003552/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, with the inclusion of 72 adjoining villages in the DMC limits, the number of wards increased from 60 to 100.<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 December 2017|title=Doon the biggest gainer as Uttarakhand fixes population criteria for corporator seats|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/doon-the-biggest-gainer-as-uttarakhand-fixes-population-criteria-for-corporator-seats/story-lXpxq3tgP6aDYyw8GnVZHL.html|access-date=30 October 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=19 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819174056/https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/doon-the-biggest-gainer-as-uttarakhand-fixes-population-criteria-for-corporator-seats/story-lXpxq3tgP6aDYyw8GnVZHL.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2020, the corporation consists of 100 wards and the elected head is the [[mayor]] who presides over a deputy mayor and 99 other [[councillor|corporators]] representing the wards.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nagrika - What is a City Government?|url=http://www.nagrika.org/nagrikalarticles/citygovernment|access-date=29 June 2020|website=Nagrika|date=26 May 2020 |language=en-US|archive-date=26 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626092326/http://www.nagrika.org/nagrikalarticles/citygovernment|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nagar Nigam|url=https://nagarnigamdehradun.com/ward-detail-parasiman.php|access-date=30 October 2020|website=nagarnigamdehradun.com|archive-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920131944/https://nagarnigamdehradun.com/ward-detail-parasiman.php|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[mayor]] is directly elected for a period of five years and as of January 2025 is Saurabh Thapliyal from BJP.<ref>{{cite news |title=Saurabh Thapliyal assumes charge as Mayor, lists better traffic management as priority |url=https://garhwalpost.in/saurabh-thapliyal-assumes-charge-as-mayor-lists-better-traffic-management-as-priority/ |work=Garhwal Post |date=12 February 2025 |access-date=1 March 2025}}</ref>

The [[municipal commissioner]] is the executive head of the local government institutions (the [[Municipal Corporation (India)|municipal corporation]]) in the division, in charge of infrastructure development in his division, and is also responsible for maintaining law and order in the division. As of 2020, the municipal commissioner is Vinay Shankar Pandey while the deputy municipal commissioner is Soniya Pant.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nagar Nigam|url=https://nagarnigamdehradun.com/whos.php|access-date=30 October 2020|website=nagarnigamdehradun.com|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030113517/https://nagarnigamdehradun.com/whos.php|url-status=live}}</ref> The corporation has the following departments: public works, property tax, health, street lights, project implementation unit, Information Technology and sanitation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nagar Nigam|url=https://nagarnigamdehradun.com/index.php|access-date=30 October 2020|website=nagarnigamdehradun.com|archive-date=29 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629115937/https://nagarnigamdehradun.com/index.php|url-status=live}}</ref> As per the ASICS report 2017, Dehradun municipality generates very few of its own revenues and relies primarily on grants from the state government.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Annual Survey of India's City-Systems - Evaluation of Dehradun's Urban Governance Systems|url=http://www.janaagraha.org/files/publications/dehradun-city-report.pdf|access-date=30 October 2020|archive-date=2 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102124310/http://www.janaagraha.org/files/publications/dehradun-city-report.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The municipality collects revenue from property taxes and parking fees.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pioneer|first=The|title=MCD to reopen for public from Monday|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/state-editions/mcd-to-reopen-for-public-from-monday.html|access-date=30 October 2020|website=The Pioneer|language=en|archive-date=2 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102143120/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/state-editions/mcd-to-reopen-for-public-from-monday.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pioneer|first=The|title=Authorities to be liable for mishaps on GDMC route for allowing parking on both sides|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/state-editions/---authorities-to-be-liable-for-mishaps-on-gdmc-route-for-allowing-parking-on-both-sides---.html|access-date=30 October 2020|website=The Pioneer|language=en|archive-date=2 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102195833/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/state-editions/---authorities-to-be-liable-for-mishaps-on-gdmc-route-for-allowing-parking-on-both-sides---.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pioneer|first=The|title=MCD has no record of the taxpayers in Doon|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/mcd-has-no-record-of-the-taxpayers-in-doon.html|access-date=30 October 2020|website=The Pioneer|language=en|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101171715/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/mcd-has-no-record-of-the-taxpayers-in-doon.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Other urban entities involved in civic services and city governance and management include [[Para-statals|parastatals]] like the [[Mussoorie Dehradun Development Authority]] (MDDA), Special Area Development Authority (SADA), Jal Sansthan, and Jal Nigam among others. These oversee the city's civic infrastructure which comes under [[List of cities in Uttarakhand by population#Urban Agglomeration|Dehradun Urban Agglomeration]] and covers a population of 714,223 according to the 2011 census.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Census India 2011 - UA Cities 1 Lakh and above|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|access-date=30 October 2020|archive-date=1 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301131224/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Municipal finance ===
According to financial data published on the CityFinance Portal of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs,<ref>{{cite web |title=Dehradun Municipal Corporation Finance |url=https://www.cityfinance.in/municipal-data/city/dehradun |publisher=CityFinance Portal, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs |access-date=17 March 2026}}</ref> the Dehradun Municipal Corporation reported total revenue receipts of ₹244 crore (US$29 million) and total expenditure of ₹219 crore (US$26 million) in 2022–23. Tax revenue accounted for about 23.4% of the total revenue, while the corporation received ₹156 crore in grants during the financial year.

=== Police administration ===
The headquarters of [[Uttarakhand Police]] are located in Dehradun.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Organisational Setup: Organisational Setup|url=https://uttarakhandpolice.uk.gov.in/pages/display/118-organisational-setup|access-date=30 October 2020|website=uttarakhandpolice.uk.gov.in|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101010120/https://uttarakhandpolice.uk.gov.in/pages/display/118-organisational-setup|url-status=live}}</ref> While the state is headed by the [[Director general of police]], the district is headed by Deputy inspector general of police (DIG) Garhwal.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who's Who: who's who|url=https://uttarakhandpolice.uk.gov.in/pages/display/173-whos-who|access-date=30 October 2020|website=uttarakhandpolice.uk.gov.in|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101015430/https://uttarakhandpolice.uk.gov.in/pages/display/173-whos-who|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Police Department {{!}} District Dehradun {{!}} India|url=https://dehradun.nic.in/police-department/|access-date=30 October 2020|language=en-US|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101003443/https://dehradun.nic.in/police-department/|url-status=live}}</ref> The city's nodal police officer is the [[Superintendent of police (India)|superintendent of police]] (SP City)<ref>{{Cite news|date=23 October 2020|first=Gaurav|last=Talwar|title=Dehrandun police arrest sharpshooter of notorious 'Jeeva gang' {{!}} Dehradun News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/doon-police-arrest-sharpshooter-of-notorious-jeeva-gang/articleshow/78814430.cms|access-date=30 October 2020|work=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024212748/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/doon-police-arrest-sharpshooter-of-notorious-jeeva-gang/articleshow/78814430.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> who reports to the [[Superintendent of police (India)|senior superintendent of police]] (SSP) who also holds the post of [[Deputy inspector general of police|DIG]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Post|first=Garhwal|title=Arun Joshi to stay as SSP, Dehradun, even after promotion {{!}} Garhwal Post|date=31 December 2019 |url=http://garhwalpost.in/arun-joshi-to-stay-as-ssp-dehradun-even-after-promotion/|access-date=30 October 2020|language=en-US|archive-date=6 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106123725/http://garhwalpost.in/arun-joshi-to-stay-as-ssp-dehradun-even-after-promotion/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Dehradun falls under the Lucknow zone of the Chief Bureau of Investigation (CBI), which is part of the central government.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Central Bureau of Investigation|url=http://www.cbi.gov.in/network.php#ddn|access-date=13 November 2020|website=www.cbi.gov.in|archive-date=26 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126230833/http://www.cbi.gov.in/network.php#ddn|url-status=live}}</ref> Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACB) Dehradun, has jurisdiction over 13 districts in Uttarakhand.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Central Bureau of Investigation|url=http://cbi.gov.in/rt_infoact/cpio_appnt.php|access-date=13 November 2020|website=cbi.gov.in|archive-date=19 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719093944/http://cbi.gov.in/rt_infoact/cpio_appnt.php|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":5" />

== Civic utilities ==

=== Water supply ===
Dehradun city receives potable water from two primary sources- surface water and groundwater to meet its supply needs.<ref name="potable">{{cite web|title=Understanding Water Flows in Dehradun|url=https://www.devalt.org/images/L2_ProjectPdfs/Understanding_Waterflows_In_Dehradun_HBF.pdf?Oid=211|access-date=7 June 2020|publisher=Development Alternatives|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607154549/https://www.devalt.org/images/L2_ProjectPdfs/Understanding_Waterflows_In_Dehradun_HBF.pdf?Oid=211|url-status=live}}</ref> The sources of water were mainly from Kaulu khet Spring, Maussifall, Bindal River, [[Bijapur canal]] and more than 100 tubewells.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=10 February 2015|first1=Shivani|last1=Azad|title=City's 165MLD waste has no treatment facilities {{!}} Dehradun News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/Citys-165MLD-waste-has-no-treatment-facilities/articleshow/46187782.cms|access-date=21 August 2020|work=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031160803/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/Citys-165MLD-waste-has-no-treatment-facilities/articleshow/46187782.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> It suffers from lack of sufficient ground water recharge and depleting ground water tables.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=21 August 2020|title=Understanding Water Flows in Dehradun|url=https://www.devalt.org/images/L2_ProjectPdfs/Understanding_Waterflows_In_Dehradun_HBF.pdf?Oid=211#:~:text=Currently%2C%20there%20are%204%20Sewage,installed%20capacity%20of%2029%20MLD.|access-date=7 June 2020|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607154549/https://www.devalt.org/images/L2_ProjectPdfs/Understanding_Waterflows_In_Dehradun_HBF.pdf?Oid=211#:~:text=Currently%2C%20there%20are%204%20Sewage,installed%20capacity%20of%2029%20MLD.|url-status=live}}</ref> The water supply of Dehradun is operated and maintained by Uttarakhand Jal Sansthan (UJS),<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=22 May 2017|title=Hoteliers seek govt help as sewage deadline ends|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/hoteliers-seek-govt-help-as-sewage-deadline-ends/story-aY5TDZ8FeZiquawXqX1XOP.html|access-date=21 August 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=6 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106112254/http://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/hoteliers-seek-govt-help-as-sewage-deadline-ends/story-aY5TDZ8FeZiquawXqX1XOP.html|url-status=live}}</ref> a state agency.

=== Solid waste management, sewerage ===
The sewage<ref name=":3" /> of Dehradun is operated and maintained by Uttarakhand Jal Sansthan (UJS) but is also selectively under the aegis of the Smart City project funded by the central government.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to Dehradun Smart City Limited, Dehradun|url=http://smartcitydehradun.uk.gov.in/sewerage-line-project|access-date=21 August 2020|website=smartcitydehradun.uk.gov.in|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804223647/http://smartcitydehradun.uk.gov.in/sewerage-line-project|url-status=live}}</ref> As per a report from 2015, only 25% of the city is covered by the existing sewage system.<ref name=":1" /> According to the Smart Cities Annexe 2, the sewerage covers 30% of the city, and has an efficiency of 10%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dehradun Smart City Proposal Annexure II |url=http://smartcities.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/Annexures_Dehradun.pdf |website=smartcities.gov.in |access-date=22 January 2021}}</ref>

The city of Dehradun generates {{convert|350|MT|kg ST}} of waste per day.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=NIUA - SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN URBAN INDIA|url=https://sbm.niua.org/sites/all/themes/bootstrap_sub_theme/word%20files/Report_for_Web.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021125101/https://sbm.niua.org/sites/all/themes/bootstrap_sub_theme/word%20files/Report_for_Web.pdf|archive-date=21 October 2020|access-date=21 October 2020|website=National Institute of Urban Affairs}}</ref> The landfill or dumping site has since shifted from the dumping ground on Sahastradhara<ref>{{Cite news|date=25 February 2020|first1=Mohammad|last1=Anab|title=DMC to clean up Sahastradhara dumping ground {{!}} Dehradun News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/dmc-to-clean-up-sahastradhara-dumping-ground/articleshow/74290080.cms|access-date=21 August 2020|work=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=19 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819174055/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/dmc-to-clean-up-sahastradhara-dumping-ground/articleshow/74290080.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=26 December 2017|title=Dehradun dump site may take long time to be shut scientifically: Expert|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/dehradun-dump-site-may-take-long-time-to-be-shut-scientifically-expert/story-MGj3na76ld1KHOiKEQLa7O.html|access-date=21 August 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=4 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104020556/http://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/dehradun-dump-site-may-take-long-time-to-be-shut-scientifically-expert/story-MGj3na76ld1KHOiKEQLa7O.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pioneer|first=The|title=Residents upset with old trenching ground|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/residents-upset-with-old-trenching-ground.html|access-date=21 August 2020|website=The Pioneer|language=en|archive-date=25 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125115659/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/residents-upset-with-old-trenching-ground.html|url-status=live}}</ref> road in 2017<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|title=Sanitation Park Nathuwawala, Dehradun: A Study of Solid Waste Management in Uttarakhand|url=http://cwejournal.org/vol15no1/sanitation-park-nathuwawala--dehradun--a-study-of-solid-waste-management-in-uttarakhand/|journal=Current World Environment|volume=15|issue=1|access-date=21 August 2020|archive-date=5 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505051656/http://cwejournal.org/vol15no1/sanitation-park-nathuwawala--dehradun--a-study-of-solid-waste-management-in-uttarakhand/|url-status=live}}</ref> to one centralised solid waste processing plant in Dehradun, Shishambara<ref>{{Cite news|date=28 July 2015|first1=Shivani|last1=Azad|title=State govt okays Sheeshambara as waste disposal site|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/State-govt-okays-Sheeshambara-as-waste-disposal-site/articleshow/48257289.cms|access-date=21 August 2020|work=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=19 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819174056/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/State-govt-okays-Sheeshambara-as-waste-disposal-site/articleshow/48257289.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> on the outskirts of the city which has the capacity of 600 MP per day.<ref name=":4" /> Only 69 of the 100 wards in the city are covered by this plant<ref name=":2" /> and only 3% of the wards in Dehradun have 100% segregation of waste at source.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 March 2018|title=Uttarakhand generates 1,406 tonne solid waste daily, but processing is zero|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/uttarakhand-generates-1-406-tonne-solid-waste-daily-but-processing-is-zero/story-47oR4P7WxHqjpVwYJvWIMJ.html|access-date=21 August 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804090229/https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/uttarakhand-generates-1-406-tonne-solid-waste-daily-but-processing-is-zero/story-47oR4P7WxHqjpVwYJvWIMJ.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Segregation of waste at source is lacking in the city, although the municipality spends around one crore per month on collection and transportation of solid waste.<ref name=":4" /> A decentralised pilot project was started in Nathuwala ward with the help of local residents and an NGO called Feedback Foundation and has since been declared a zero waste zone.<ref name=":2" />

Electricity in Dehradun is regulated through the Uttarakhand Power Corporation Limited (UPCL), while Fire services are handled by the Uttarakhand Fire and Emergency Services. State-owned [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited]], or BSNL, as well as private enterprises, among them [[Vodafone India|Vodafone]], [[Bharti Airtel]], [[Reliance Communications|Reliance]], [[Idea Cellular]], and [[Tata Teleservices]] are the leading telephone and cell phone service providers in the city.

===Public health===
The health sector in Dehradun (and Rishikesh) receives a large number of patients from the rest of Uttarakhand due to understaffed and ill equipped health centers in the hills. Most hill health centers have minimal or absent secondary health centers and at times [[Primary Health Centre (India)|Primary Health Centers]] are also understaffed and underequipped.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 July 2019 |title=Referral cases leading to huge patient influx at Doon Hospital |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/referral-cases-leading-to-huge-patient-influx-at-doon-hospital/articleshow/70401827.cms |access-date=8 October 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The healthcare facilities in Dehradun consist of private and public hospitals, formal and informal service providers as well as secondary and tertiary healthcare with single clinic doctors. In spite of having special status under the [[National Health Mission]], the city is facing a healthcare crisis due to the shortage of medical manpower in the state and financial constraints. Hospitals and medical centres in the Dehradun are plagued by non-functioning equipment in the operating theatre and the insufficient number of labour rooms.<ref name="crisis">{{cite news |last1=Shekhawat |first1=Rahul Singh |title=Uttarakhand healthcare crisis: Citizens face shortage of doctors, crumbling infrastructure as BJP's PPP model fails to deliver |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/uttarakhand-healthcare-crisis-citizens-face-shortage-of-doctors-crumbling-infrastructure-as-bjps-ppp-model-fails-to-deliver-6416151.html |access-date=6 June 2020 |work=Firstpost |agency=Network 18 |date=3 May 2019 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807210700/https://www.firstpost.com/india/uttarakhand-healthcare-crisis-citizens-face-shortage-of-doctors-crumbling-infrastructure-as-bjps-ppp-model-fails-to-deliver-6416151.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Hospitals in the city include the Doon Hospital, Max Super Speciality Hospital, Shri Mahant Indresh Hospital, Himalayan Hospital, Uttaranchal Ayurvedic Hospital, Combined Medical Institute (CMI) Hospital, Luthra Hospital, and Government Hospital Premnagar (managed by the state government).

==Education==
=== Schools ===
[[File:The Doon School.jpg|thumb|Main Building of [[The Doon School]]]]
Schools in Dehradun are classified as aided, unaided and Government schools. These schools are affiliated with [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]], [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] (ICSE) or [[CISCE]]; except for the government schools, which are run directly by the [[Uttarakhand Board of School Education]] and follow the syllabus prescribed by the [[Government of Uttarakhand|state government]]. The language of instruction in schools is either English or Hindi.

Uttarakhand Board of School Education is responsible for administering courses of instructions, textbooks, and to conduct examinations for secondary school students of the state. The board was set up in 2001 and is headquartered in [[Ramnagar, Nainital|Ramnagar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=उत्‍तराखण्‍ड विदयालयी शिक्षा परिषद रामनगर (नैनीताल) की पृष्‍ठभूमि |url=https://ubse.uk.gov.in/ |website=Home: Board Of School Education Uttarakhand, Government Of Uttarakhand, India |access-date=1 March 2025}}</ref>

Notable private educational institutions in Dehradun include [[The Asian School]], [[Cambrian Hall]], [[Colonel Brown Cambridge School]], [[Convent of Jesus and Mary]], [[The Doon School]], [[Ecole Globale International Girls' School]], [[Indian Army Public Schools]], [[Marshall School, Dehradun|Marshall School]], [[Rashtriya Indian Military College]], [[SelaQui International School]], [[St Joseph's Academy, Dehradun]], [[St. Thomas' College, Dehradun|St. Thomas' College]], [[Welham Boys' School]] and [[Welham Girls' School]]. Several Indian and international luminaries have attended these schools. In addition to these schools there are many other state board schools located in the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=St. Joseph Academy |url=https://stjosephacademy.in/ |website=St. Joseph Academy |access-date=7 March 2019 |archive-date=7 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307173855/https://stjosephacademy.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Since Dehradun has many central Government offices, there are as many as 12 [[Kendriya Vidyalayas]] also in the city.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.euttaranchal.com/schools/kendriya-vidyalayas-in-dehradun|title=Kendriya Vidyalayas in Dehradun - KVs in Dehradun - Kendriya Vidyalaya|website=euttaranchal.com|language=en-US|access-date=13 September 2018|date=19 March 2013|archive-date=13 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913150203/https://www.euttaranchal.com/schools/kendriya-vidyalayas-in-dehradun|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Higher education and research ===
[[File:Front View of F.R.I., Dehradun.jpg|alt=Forest Research Institute, Dehradun|thumb|Front view of [[Forest Research Institute (India)|Forest Research Institute]]]]
After completing their secondary education, students typically enrol in schools that have a higher secondary facility and are affiliated with the Directorate of higher education, the [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE]], or the [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]. The colleges are each affiliated with a university or institution based either in Uttarakhand or elsewhere in India. In recent times, Dehradun has evolved as a pivot location for higher education in India.

Premier research institutes based in Dehradun are [[Forest Research Institute (India)|Forest Research Institute]], [[DIT University|Dehradun Institute of Technology (DIT)]], [[Indian Institute of Remote Sensing]], [[Indian Institute of Petroleum]], [[Himgiri Zee University]], [[Navdanya (NGO)|Navdanya]], [[Wildlife Institute of India]], [[Instruments Research and Development Establishment]] and [[Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology]]. Universities located in Dehradun are [[Doon University]], [[Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Uttarakhand Medical Education University]], Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, [[Uttaranchal University]], [[ICFAI University, Dehradun|Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India University, Dehradun]], [[University of Petroleum and Energy Studies]], [[Swami Rama Himalayan University]], [[Graphic Era University]] and [[Uttarakhand Technical University]].

Uttarakhand Technical University has eight constituent institutes<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://uktech.ac.in/constituent-institutes/|title=Constituent Institutes|publisher=Uttarakhand Technical University|website=uktech.ac.in|date=16 June 2016 |language=en-US|access-date=18 January 2021|archive-date=26 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326004810/https://uktech.ac.in/constituent-institutes/|url-status=live}}</ref> and approximately 132 affiliated colleges<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://uktech.ac.in/affiliated-institutes/|title=Affiliated Institutes|publisher=Uttarakhand Technical University|website=uktech.ac.in|language=en-US|access-date=18 January 2021|archive-date=26 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326004824/https://uktech.ac.in/affiliated-institutes/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The campus of [[Forest Research Institute (India)|Forest Research Institute]] which was established in the year 1906 hosts the [[Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy]] (IGNFA), the staff college that trains officers selected for the Indian Forest Service (IFS). [[Wildlife Institute of India]] (WII) is an autonomous institution under the Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate change, Government of India which carries out wildlife research.

Dehradun has four medical colleges. [[Government Doon Medical College]] is the only government medical college located in the city. Private medical colleges include [[Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical & Health Sciences]] affiliated to [[Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Uttarakhand Medical Education University]] and Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences affiliated to [[Swami Rama Himalayan University]]. These three medical colleges caters to the population of Dehradun and nearby hilly areas.
National Institute for Empowerment of People with Visual Disabilities<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nivh.lima-city.de/|title=National Institute for Empowerment of People with Visual Disabilities|language=de|access-date=31 January 2018|archive-date=15 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115094744/http://www.nivh.lima-city.de/|url-status=live}}</ref> (NIEPVD) plays a key role in helping blind people. It is the first such institute in India and the first press for [[Braille]] script in the country<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rehabcouncil.nic.in/programmes/study_center.htm |title=Post Graduate Professional Certificate Course in Special Education Distance Education Programme (PGPC-SEDE) |access-date=26 March 2011 |publisher=Rehabilitation Council of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110223145807/http://rehabcouncil.nic.in/programmes/study_center.htm |archive-date=23 February 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> which provides education and service to the blind children. Dehradun houses organisations like the Latika Roy Foundation<ref>{{cite web|url=http://latikaroy.org/|title=Latika Roy Foundation|publisher=Latikaroy.org|access-date=8 December 2014|archive-date=10 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210160239/http://latikaroy.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> for people with disabilities to access education, employment, and full inclusion in the community. The ASK Foundation, an educational charity, is also located in Dehradun.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://askfound.org/|title=Home Tuition – Home|publisher=Askfound.org|access-date=8 December 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716114422/http://askfound.org/|archive-date=16 July 2014}}</ref>

Notable scholars who were born, worked or studied in Dehradun include former prime minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]], scientists [[Manju Bansal]] and [[Chandramukhi Basu]], writer [[William McKay Aitken]], poet [[Kanwal Ziai]], [[Germany|German]]-British [[botanist]] [[Dietrich Brandis]], footballer [[Anirudh Thapa]], and [[Dalit Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry|DICCI]] member [[Rajesh Saraiya]].

==Economy==
[[File:Central Braille Press, Dehradun (photo - Jim Ankan Deka).jpg|thumb|Central Braille Press, Dehradun – the first [[Braille]] press of India]]
The main source of economy in Dehradun is its [[Tourism in Uttarakhand|tourist places]]. The city's economy is enhanced by the presence of nearby national parks, mountain peaks and historical sites. Dehradun has a per capita income close to $2,993 (per 2020 figures). It has witnessed a strong economic growth in the last 20 years.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210916153914/https://www.dehradunbn.com/dehradun-economy/ Article title]}}</ref> Dehradun has experienced a commercial and information technology upswing, amplified by the establishment of software technology parks of India (STPI)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dehradun.stpi.in|title=STPI homepage|publisher=Dehradun.stpi.in|access-date=8 December 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227054508/http://www.dehradun.stpi.in/|archive-date=27 December 2014}}</ref> and SEZs ([[Special economic zones]]) throughout.

The largest profession in Dehradun is agriculture. Staple foods are rice and dal with raita, curd and salad. Dehradun is known for its lychees and for growing the world's finest basmati rice.<ref>{{Cite news|date=16 June 2020|first=Shivani|last=Azad|title=Bats descend on litchi orchards, give Doon residents sleepless nights|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/bats-descend-on-litchi-orchards-give-doon-residents-sleepless-nights/articleshow/76393430.cms|access-date=13 November 2020|work=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=8 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108205456/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/bats-descend-on-litchi-orchards-give-doon-residents-sleepless-nights/articleshow/76393430.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=3 February 2020|title=Vanishing landscape of 'smart city' Dehradun|url=https://india.mongabay.com/2020/02/vanishing-landscape-of-smart-city-dehradun/|access-date=13 November 2020|website=Mongabay-India|language=en-US|archive-date=21 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921044333/https://india.mongabay.com/2020/02/vanishing-landscape-of-smart-city-dehradun/|url-status=live}}</ref>

It hosts training institutions of national importance such as the [[Indian Military Academy]], [[Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy]] (IGNFA), Zoological Survey of India (ZSI). It is home to national foundations such as the Ordnance Factory Dehradun, [[Instruments Research and Development Establishment]] (IRDE), [[Defence Electronics Application Laboratory]] (DEAL) and other defence establishments. Other institutions include the [[Indian Institute of Petroleum]], National Institute for Visually Handicapped, Central Soil and Water Conservation Research & Training Institute, [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]] (Keshav Dev Malviya Institute of Petroleum Exploration, Institute of Drilling Technology), Uttarakhand Space Applications Centre, [[Survey of India]], [[Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology]], [[Forest Survey of India]] (FSI), [[Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education]] (ICFRE), [[Indian Institute of Remote Sensing]], [[Wildlife Institute of India]], [[Forest Research Institute (India)|Forest Research Institute]] (FRI), [[Army Cadet College]] and the [[Rashtriya Indian Military College]] (RIMC).<ref>{{cite web |title=Dehradun Map |url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/uttaranchal/dehradun.htm |website=MapsofIndia.com |access-date=30 January 2018 |archive-date=31 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131081101/https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/uttaranchal/dehradun.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Major defence production establishments include the Ordnance Factory Dehradun, the Opto Electronics Factory of the [[Ordnance Factories Board]], [[Defence Electronics Application Laboratory]] and [[Instruments Research and Development Establishment]] of the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] which manufactures products for the [[Indian Armed Forces]]. Many of these are located in the Raipur area. The Ordnance Factory estate is located in the middle of the mountains.

==Transport==
===Airway===
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}}

Dehradun is served by [[Dehradun Airport]], also known as '''Jolly Grant Airport''' {{Airport codes|DED|VIDN}}, which began its commercial operations in on 30 March 2008. It is located in Jauligrant, 25 km (16 mi) south of the city, 20 km (12 mi) from [[Rishikesh]] and 35 km (22 mi) from [[Haridwar]]. Commercial operations began on 30 March 2008, after the runway was extended to accommodate larger aircraft. A new terminal building was inaugurated in February 2009. The current passenger terminal was inaugurated in October 2021. . Over 1,325,931 passengers passed through the airport in 2021–22, making it the [[List of the busiest airports in India|33rd busiest airport]] in India. The airport is to be developed as an international airport, which has caused protests since it would require the felling of trees in the ecologically sensitive area of Thano.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Kautilya |title=Uttarakhand: Jolly Grant to be developed as international airport |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/jolly-grant-to-be-developed-as-intl-airport/articleshow/71746200.cms |access-date=31 August 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=25 October 2019 |language=en |archive-date=8 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208024709/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/jolly-grant-to-be-developed-as-intl-airport/articleshow/71746200.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=20 October 2020|title=Just Like Aarey, Thousands in Dehradun Unite For 'Chipko Movement' To Save Thano Forest|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/dehradun-people-unite-for-chipko-movement-to-save-thano-forest-525639.html|access-date=27 October 2020|work=IndiaTimes|language=en-IN|archive-date=23 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023235913/https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/dehradun-people-unite-for-chipko-movement-to-save-thano-forest-525639.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=19 October 2020|first=Shivani|last=Azad|title='Chipko Movement' revived as hundreds gather against felling 10k trees of premier elephant reserve for Doon airport expansion|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/chipko-movement-revived-as-hundreds-gather-against-felling-10k-trees-of-premier-elephant-reserve-for-doon-airport-expansion/articleshow/78736867.cms|access-date=27 October 2020|work=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=22 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022161728/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/chipko-movement-revived-as-hundreds-gather-against-felling-10k-trees-of-premier-elephant-reserve-for-doon-airport-expansion/articleshow/78736867.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

The airport is also known as the "''Air Gateway of Garhwal"'' and plays an important role in the [[Tourism in Uttarakhand|tourism of Uttarakhand]].{{cn|date=June 2025}}

There is also a helicopter service from Dehradun to [[Chinyalisaur]] a town in [[Uttarkashi district]] and [[Gauchar]].<ref>{{cite news |date=8 February 2020 |title=Uttarakhand: Helicopter service from Dehradun to Uttarkashi begins; here's how much it will cost |language=en |work=www.timesnownews.com |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/uttarakhand-helicopter-service-dehradun-to-uttarkashi-heli-service/551018 |url-status=live |access-date=31 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728092230/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/uttarakhand-helicopter-service-dehradun-to-uttarkashi-heli-service/551018 |archive-date=28 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Kautilya |date=1 February 2020 |title=Gauchar, Chinyalisaur to be air connected with Dehradun in February |language=en |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/gauchar-chinyalisaur-to-be-air-connected-with-doon-in-feb/articleshow/73814419.cms |url-status=live |access-date=31 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728092235/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/gauchar-chinyalisaur-to-be-air-connected-with-doon-in-feb/articleshow/73814419.cms |archive-date=28 July 2020}}</ref>

The nearest [[international airport]] is in [[New Delhi]]

===Railway===
[[Dehradun railway station]] is the city's largest train station. This railway station was constructed in year 1899 by the British and it is terminal station of the [[Northern Railway Zone]] in the state. The [[Indian Railway Stations Development Corporation]] (IRSDC) is working on the redevelopment of existing railway stations to turn them into world-class travel hubs.

===Roads===
Dehradun lies on the [[National Highway 7 (India)|National Highway 7]], [[National Highway 307 (India)|National Highway 307]] which connects it to states [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], and [[Uttar Pradesh]]. There are two sets of major roads in Dehradun city, one along NE-SW (Rajpur main road) and the other along with NW-SE (Raipur, Kaulagarh and Chakrata) directions and they, in turn, are connected to another minor road network. There is NH 7 road which connects [[Fazilka]] to [[Mana, Chamoli|Mana]] and on the same highway Shimla Bypass road is there too, which connects Dehradun to [[Shimla]] via [[Paonta Sahib|Poanta Sahib]] and [[Nahan]] directly. The road density is high in the central part of the city around the bus stand and railway station.

The [[Uttarakhand Transport Corporation]] (UTC), a [[public sector]] [[passenger]] [[road transport]] [[corporation]] is a major constituent of the transport system in Uttarakhand, operates intracity and intercity [[bus service]] from [[ISBT Dehradun]] to [[Delhi]] and neighbouring states like [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Punjab]], [[Haryana]] and [[Rajasthan]]. The buses for hill stations like [[Mussoorie]], [[Chamoli]], [[Auli, India|Auli]] and pilgrimage sites like [[Kedarnath]], [[Badrinath]], [[Rudraprayag]] are available from Dehradun Hill Bus Stand. There are also private transport operators operating approximately 3000 buses on non-nationalised routes along with a few interstate routes.

Other modes of travel for local inter-city transportation are public transportation buses, [[auto rickshaw]]s and [[cycle rickshaw]]s. The Blue city busses, Blue Vikrams (A three wheeled auto rikshaw) and white [[Tata Magic]] (a four-row Microvan) provide a reliable and affordable transport service. Insert 2022 the Government launched an electric bus service which now contains a fleet of 30 busses for inter-city transportation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brijmohan |date=8 December 2022 |title=Dehradun Electric Bus Service - Doon Electric Buses Timings Routes Schedule |url=https://www.euttaranchal.com/tourism/electric-buses-dehradun.php |access-date=8 October 2025 |website=www.euttaranchal.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Culture==
[[File:Tara statue Great Stupa Dehra Dun.jpg|thumb|Statue of Tara and Great Stupa Dehra Dun]]
Dehradun was home to freedom fighters whose names are engraved in gold on the Clock Tower. It was called "The city of grey hair and green hedges" because ex-Army officers and VIPs considered this place ideal for residence after retirement.<ref>{{cite web |title=देहरादून |trans-title=Dehradun |url=http://210.212.78.56/dehradun/Hindi/indexcity.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921100815/http://210.212.78.56/dehradun/Hindi/indexcity.html |archive-date=21 September 2008 |access-date=26 March 2011 |language=hi}}</ref>

After becoming the capital, there has been continuous growth in education, communication and transport. As the state capital, Dehradun is home to many government institutions.

City buses are identified with blue bars. There are auto rickshaw which are often used for transportation but blamed for pollution and noise. The evening buzz of Rajpur road is an attraction. The city centre is easily recognised by the [[Clock tower]] (Ghanta Ghar), a structure with four functioning clocks. The statue of San Dijen placed in Shanti Niketan contributes to the beauty of the city.{{fact|date=February 2024}} Dehradun has been home to artists and writers including [[Stephen Alter]], [[Nayantara Sahgal]], [[Allan Sealy]], [[Ruskin Bond]] and also to country singer [[Bobby Cash (singer)|Bobby Cash]].

There are fairs ([[mela]]s) throughout the year which is in trend with the hills of Uttarakhand where festivals were marked by the organisation of various melas. Notable fairs include Magh Mela, held on 14 January and Jhanda Mela in March, is celebrated as the birthday of Ram Rai, the eldest son of the seventh Guru of the Sikhs, Har Rai. A massive banner (''jhanda'') is raised during this fair to commemorate his arrival in the Doon Valley on this very day in 1733. The Jhanda Fair is observed on the fifth day of ''[[chaitra]]'', which also falls five days after [[Holi]]. It is held in Guru Ram Rai Darbar Sahib in Jhanda Bazaar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dehradun Jhanda Mela |url=https://gmvnonline.com/dehradun-jhanda-mela |work=gmvnonline.com |access-date=1 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bohra |first1=Nirmala |date=10 March 2023 |title=Jhanda Ji Mela Dehradun: 347 साल का गौरव है देहरादून का झंडा मेला, जहां ठंडी नहीं पड़ी चूल्हे की आंच - Jhanda Ji Mela Dehradun Jhanda Mela Dehradun history |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/dehradun-city-jhanda-ji-mela-dehradun-jhanda-mela-dehradun-history-23352062.html |work=Jagran |language=hi |access-date=2 March 2025}}</ref>

=== Tourism ===
Tourist destinations<ref>{{cite web|title=Dehradun Attractions – Things to do in Dehradun|url=http://dehradunlive.in/attractions/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217122553/http://dehradunlive.in/attractions/|archive-date=17 February 2015|access-date=17 February 2015|publisher=Dehradunlive.in}}</ref> include the Dehradun Zoo, Buddha Temple, Kalanga Monument, [[Chandrabani]], Himalayan Gallery cum Regional Science Centre Guchhupani, [[Forest Research Institute (India)|Forest Research Institute]], [[Uttara Museum of Contemporary Art]], Tapovan, Lakshman Siddha Peeth,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Laxman Siddha Temple Dehradun - How To Reach Laxman Siddh Temple|url=http://www.euttaranchal.com/tourism/laxman-siddh-temple.php|access-date=4 May 2016|website=euttaranchal.com|archive-date=31 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331115846/http://www.euttaranchal.com/tourism/laxman-siddh-temple.php|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tapkeshwar Temple]], Santala Devi Temple, [[Mindrolling Monastery]], Prakasheshwar Mahadev Temple,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shiv Mandir Kuthal Gate Mussoorie Road Dehradun - Prakasheswar Mahadev Temple Dehradun|url=http://www.euttaranchal.com/tourism/shiv-mandir.php|access-date=4 May 2016|website=euttaranchal.com|archive-date=23 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323201938/http://www.euttaranchal.com/tourism/shiv-mandir.php|url-status=live}}</ref> Sai Mandir,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sai Mandir Rajpur Road Dehradun - How To Reach Sai Darbar Temple|url=http://www.euttaranchal.com/tourism/sai-temple.php|access-date=4 May 2016|website=euttaranchal.com|archive-date=23 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323201421/http://www.euttaranchal.com/tourism/sai-temple.php|url-status=live}}</ref> Central [[Braille]] Press<ref>[http://www.withjim.in/2013/09/Central-Braille-Press-in-Dehradun.html Central Braille Press – the first braille printing press of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927203037/http://www.withjim.in/2013/09/Central-Braille-Press-in-Dehradun.html|date=27 September 2013}}, ''Withjim.in''</ref> and Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology.<ref>{{cite web|title=इनका आकर्षण है खास|trans-title=They have special charm|url=http://210.212.78.56/dehradun/Hindi/excursions.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602221336/http://210.212.78.56/dehradun/Hindi/excursions.html|archive-date=2 June 2008|access-date=26 March 2011|publisher=देहरादूनएक्सकर्शन्स [Dehradun Expresscans]|language=hi}}</ref>

The tourist destinations can be divided into four or five areas: nature, sports, sanctuary, museums and institutions. The nearby hill stations are well known for their natural environment,<ref>{{cite web|title=Namaste Dehradun-Natural Beauty of Dehradun – Namaste Dehradun|url=http://www.namastedehradun.com/natural-beauty-of-dehradun/|access-date=8 December 2014|publisher=Namastedehradun.com|archive-date=5 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205033944/http://www.namastedehradun.com/natural-beauty-of-dehradun|url-status=live}}</ref> temples for its faith dimensions, sanctuary for animal and bird lovers. Hill stations include [[Mussoorie]], [[Sahasradhara|Sahastradhara]], [[Chakrata]], and [[Dakpathar]]. Famous temples include Tapkeshwar, [[Lakhamandal]] and Santala Devi.

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Hanuman Idol at Tapkeshwar Temple..jpg|Hanuman Idol at Tapkeshwar Temple
File:An Indian monkey (bandar) in Malsi Deer Park (photo - Jim Ankan Deka).jpg|An Indian monkey in Malsi Deer Park
File:Robbers Cave, Dehradun.jpg|Robbers Cave, Dehradun
File:Front view of Buddha Temple Dehradun Uttarakhand.jpg|Front view of Buddha Temple Dehradun Uttarakhand
File:Santala Devi Temple Dehradun Uttarakhand.png|Santala Devi Temple Dehradun
</gallery>

=== Places of interest ===
There are a number of small towns and tourist sites in Dehradun District.

==== Kipling Trail ====
The [[Kipling Trail]] is the old walking route between Dehradun and [[Mussoorie]] that was named after English novelist [[Rudyard Kipling]], who is believed to have walked the trail in the 1880s. It begins at Shahanshahi Ashram in Rajpur village. The trail is being revived as nature, history and hiking enthusiasts are increasingly using the trail over driving up to the [[hill station]].

==== Khalanga War Memorial ====
{{main|Khalanga War Memorial}}

The Battle of Nalapani was the first battle of the Anglo-Nepalese War of 1814–1816, fought between the forces of the British East India Company and Nepal, then ruled by the House of Gorkha. The battle took place around the Nalapani fort, near Dehradun, which was placed under siege by the British between 31 October and 30 November 1814.

==== Maa Bala Sundari Mandir ====
There are various temples of Maa Bala Sundari Devi situated in India and this is one such temple. The main temple is in Trilokpur, Himachal Pradesh. This temple is situated approximately {{cvt|3|km|spell=in}} South-West Direction of [[Sudhowala]]. This great temple is situated inside a forest. [[Gaur Brahmin]] of [[Sudhowala]] are Pandits (Brahman) of this temple. It is dedicated to the Hindu goddess Maa Bala Sundari, also known as Bal Roop of Maa Vaishno Devi, a manifestation of the Hindu [[Devi|Mother Goddess]] [[Mahalakshmi]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9XC9bwMMPcwC&q=Bala+Sundari&pg=PA291|title=What Is Hinduism? - Maa Bala Sundari|publisher=HINDUISM TODAY Magazine|year=2007|isbn=9781934145272|access-date=15 October 2020|archive-date=19 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819174100/https://books.google.com/books?id=9XC9bwMMPcwC&q=Bala+Sundari&pg=PA291|url-status=live}}</ref> The words "maa" and "mata" are commonly used in India for "[[Mother#Synonyms and translations|mother]]", and thus are often used in connection with Maa Bala Sundari.

Various modes of transportation are available from Sudhowala, including ponies, electric vehicles and palkis operated by 2 or 4 persons. Many pilgrims visit from the northern Indian states to get the blessings of Mahamaya Bala Sundari. A trust is also run by Mandir Maa Bala Sundari Trust, Sudhowala.

==== Dehradun International Cricket Stadium ====
[[File:Dehradun cricket stadium.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Dehradun cricket stadium]]
[[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Dehradun]] is a multi-purpose stadium in the Raipur area of Dehradun, [[Uttarakhand]].<ref name="allindoon.com"/> It is the first international level stadium in the state.

==== Robber's Cave ====
[[Robber's Cave, India|Robber's Cave]] (locally known as Guchhupani), is a [[river cave]] formation in [[Himalaya]], located approximately {{cvt|8|km|spell=in}} from the centre of Dehradun City in [[Uttarakhand]] state of India. Believed to be the hideout of the Sultana Daaku and his band of dacoits. The cave formation has thus been named Robber's Cave.

The cave is about {{convert|600|m}} long, divided into two main parts. The cave has a highest fall of about {{convert|10|m}}. In the central part there is a fort wall structure which is now broken.<ref name="de">{{cite web|title=Robber's Cave (Guchhupani)|url=http://dehradun.nic.in/dehradun.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214011923/http://dehradun.nic.in/dehradun.htm|archive-date=14 December 2007|publisher=Dehradun}}</ref> It consists of an extremely narrow [[gorge]] formed in a [[Conglomerate (geology)|conglomerate]] [[limestone]] area on [[Doon Valley]]'s Dehra [[plateau]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Surendra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X4FsjWPEeM4C&q=Robbers+Cave+Dehradun&pg=PA27|title=Urbanization in Garhwal Himalaya: a geographical interpretation|publisher=M.D. Publications|year=1995|isbn=81-85880-69-7|page=27|access-date=15 October 2020|archive-date=19 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819174050/https://books.google.com/books?id=X4FsjWPEeM4C&q=Robbers+Cave+Dehradun&pg=PA27|url-status=live}}</ref>

It is a natural cave formation where rivers flows inside the cave. The place is a tourist site and is maintained by [[Uttarakhand]] State. Local bus services are available up to Anarwala village, from where it is a {{convert|1|km|adj=on}} trek.<ref name="de" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Robbers Cave|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/dehradun/robbers-cave.html|website=MapsofIndia.com|access-date=30 August 2017|archive-date=25 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725130755/http://www.mapsofindia.com/dehradun/robbers-cave.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Lachhiwala Picnic Spot ====
It is a popular tourist destination especially during summers. It is well known for its forests, man-made water pools and bird watching. It is now known as Nature Park.{{fact|date=February 2024}}

==== Tapkeshwar Temple ====
It is a temple of Pashupati Shiva. It is situated beside a forest on the bank of the Asan river and the main deity ([[Shivalinga]]) is housed in a natural cave. According to the holy epic [[Mahabharata]], Guru [[Drona]] is said to have resided in this cave for a period of time. The temple's natural cave is named Drona cave after him.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tapkeshwar Temple Dehradun - How to Reach Tapkeshwar Mahadev Mandir|url=https://www.euttaranchal.com/tourism/tapkeshwar.php|website=www.euttaranchal.com|access-date=28 February 2018|archive-date=1 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301044634/https://www.euttaranchal.com/tourism/tapkeshwar.php|url-status=live}}</ref> Water trickles down the ceiling of the cave and drops on the Shivalinga creating a magnificent image.

==== Dehradun Zoo ====
Formerly known as Malsi Deer Park, the main objectives of Dehradun Zoo are conservation of wild animals, developing an education centre and a rescue centre for wild animals. It is located on the foothills of Shivalik Range on the Mussoorie Road. It is about {{cvt|10|km|spell=in}} away from Dehradun and {{cvt|23|km}} from [[Mussoorie]].

==== Forest Research Institute ====
[[Forest Research Institute (India)|Forest Research Institute]] or 'FRI' is an institution in the field of forest research in India. It was founded as India's first forestry school in 1878 by [[Frederick Bailey (forester)|Lt Col Frederick Bailey]] [[FRSE]] [[FRSGS]] of the [[Royal Engineers]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The colonial origins of scientific forestry in Britain {{!}} |url=https://www.eh-resources.org/colonial-origins-scientific-forestry/ |website=www.eh-resources.org |access-date=8 February 2021 |archive-date=14 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214225052/https://www.eh-resources.org/colonial-origins-scientific-forestry/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The institute is one of the oldest and biggest forest-based training institutes in India. The institute is known for its research work and wonderful architecture that dates to British Raj. FRI is affiliated to the Forest Research Institute University and is approved by the University Grants Commission (UGC). The aim of the institution is to accomplish the needs of the Indo-Gangetic plains of Punjab, Haryana, Chandigarh, Delhi and western Uttar Pradesh, as well as the Uttarakhand Himalayas.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Joshi|first=Bhartendu|date=15 March 2018|title=FRI or Forest Research Institute|url=https://bugyalvalley.com/uttarakhand-tourism/dehradun/forest-research-institute/|website=Bugyal Valley|access-date=23 September 2018|archive-date=24 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924033439/https://bugyalvalley.com/uttarakhand-tourism/dehradun/forest-research-institute/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Uttara Museum of Contemporary Art ====
[[Uttara Museum of Contemporary Art]] is an art museum in Dehradun dedicating multi-dimensional artworks in the memory of the [[Kedarnath]] disaster, [[2013 North India floods]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakrabarty |first1=Arpita |title=Dehradun museum recalls the 2013 floods that wiped out chunks of Uttarakhand |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/dehradun-museum-recalls-the-2013-floods-that-wiped-out-chunks-of-uttarakhand/article25577352.ece |work=The Hindu |date=24 November 2018 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=नहीं रहे अंतरराष्ट्रीय चित्रकार सुरेंद्र पाल जोशी, जयपुर के अस्पताल में ली अंतिम सांस |url=https://www-amarujala-com.translate.goog/dehradun/international-painter-surendra-pal-joshi-passes-away?_x_tr_sl=hi&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=nui,sc |work=Amar Ujala |date=13 June 2018 |language=hi}}</ref>

The museum was founded in 2017 and is Uttarakhand's first art museum. It exhibits various aspects of the calamity and the folk culture of Uttarakhand through [[paintings]], [[sculptures]], and other artworks.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Oct 5 |first1=Yeshika Budhwar / TNN / Updated |title=India's first 'disaster museum' opens in Dehradun {{!}} Dehradun News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/indias-first-disaster-museum-opens-in-dehradun/articleshow/60944976.cms |work=The Times of India |date=5 October 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Jun 14 |first1=TNN / |title=Renowned artist Surendra Pal dead {{!}} Jaipur News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/renowned-artist-surendra-pal-dead/articleshow/64580655.cms |work=The Times of India |date=14 June 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=प्रख्यात चित्रकार सुरेंद्र पाल जोशी का निधन |url=https://www-livehindustan-com.translate.goog/uttarakhand/dehradun/story-renowned-painter-surendra-pal-joshi-passes-away-2011535.html?_x_tr_sl=hi&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=nui,sc |work=Hindustan |date=13 June 2018 |language=hindi}}</ref>

==== Regional Science Centre ====
Regional Science Centre (RSC) is located within the campus of Uttarakhand Council of Science and Technology (UCOST) at Vigyan Dham, Suddhowala on the outskirts of Dehradun. The Uttarakhand Regional Science Centre is developed by the National Council for Science Museum (NCSM) in collaboration with the UCOST. The Regional Science Centre is a common destination for school educational tours and hosts a science museum, planetarium, a 3D theatre, science gallery and scientific law based interactive exhibits.<ref>{{Cite web|last=UCOST|first=Uttarakhand|title=Regional Science Centre|url=http://www.ucost.in/blog/rsc/|access-date=8 January 2019|website=ucost.in/blog/rsc/|archive-date=9 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109062150/http://www.ucost.in/blog/rsc/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Lambi Dehar Mines ====
A deserted Limestone Mine supposed to be a haunted place is located in the Mussoorie Range of Dehradun District.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Satpathy|first=Kriti Saraswat|date=20 June 2016|title=Latest travel Articles & blogs|url=https://www.india.com/travel/articles/most-haunted-does-a-witch-roam-lambi-dehar-mines-in-uttarakhand-3233528/|access-date=14 July 2020|website=India News, Breaking News, Entertainment News {{!}} India.com|language=en|archive-date=14 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714143740/https://www.india.com/travel/articles/most-haunted-does-a-witch-roam-lambi-dehar-mines-in-uttarakhand-3233528/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Virasat ====
[[Virasat (festival)|Virasat]] is a cultural festival that celebrates all aspects of the country's cultural heritage.<ref name="APN"/> The festival was held for the first time in 1995 in Dehradun.<ref name="APN">{{cite news |title=Virasat Art and Heritage Festival 2022 be held in Dehradun between April 15 & 29 |url=https://www.apnnews.com/virasat-art-and-heritage-festival-2022-be-held-in-dehradun-between-april-15-29/ |access-date=22 April 2022 |work=APN News |date=16 April 2022}}</ref><ref name="AU2022">{{cite news |title=संस्कृति को सजोए हुए दौर के साथ शुरू हुआ विरासत महोत्सव |url=https://www.amarujala.com/dehradun/heritage-festival-begins-to-preserve-culture-city-news-drn409171678 |access-date=22 April 2022 |work=Amar Ujala |date=16 April 2022 |language=hi}}</ref> It is recognised as the Afro-Asia's biggest folk life and heritage festival.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Pankul Sharma|date=9 October 2022 |title=Dehradun: Afro-Asia's 'biggest heritage fest' Virasat to start today in Kaulagarh road {{!}} Dehradun News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/dehradun-afro-asias-biggest-heritage-fest-virasat-to-start-today-in-kaulagarh-road/articleshow/94732670.cms |access-date=12 November 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Organised by REACH (Rural Entrepreneurship for Art & Cultural Heritage), this week-long festival includes performances and workshops in Indian folk and classical arts, literature, crafts, theatre, cinema and yoga.<ref name="APN"/><ref name="AU2022"/>

Virasat 2008 expanded the festival into a nationwide event.<ref>{{cite news |title=Virasat 2008: a treat for music lovers |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/virasat-2008-a-treat-for-music-lovers/ |access-date=22 April 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=30 November 2008 |language=en}}</ref>

==Media==
Most of the media houses in Uttarakhand are based in Dehradun. Among Dehradun's widely circulated Hindi-language newspapers are ''[[Dainik Tribune]]'', ''Shah Times'', ''Uttarakhand Aaj'', ''[[Dainik Jagran]]'', ''Gorkha Sandesh'', ''[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]]'' ''Rashtriya Sahara'', ''Divya Himgiri'', and ''[[Amar Ujala]]''. ''The Dehradun Street'' and ''The Garhwal Post'' are two major English-language newspapers that are produced and published from the city. Other popular English-language newspapers published and sold in Dehradun include ''The Himachal Times'', ''[[Deccan Herald]]'', ''[[The Times of India]]'', and ''[[Hindustan Times]]''.

[[All India Radio]], the national state-owned radio broadcaster, has [[AM broadcasting|AM]] radio stations in the city. All India Radio also airs an [[FM broadcasting|FM radio]] station known as AIR North. Dehradun has five [[Frequency modulation|FM]] stations including, AIR Dehradun, Radio Dehradun (community radio station), [[Red FM 93.5]], Radio Zindagi, Hello Doon (NIVH) and Himagiri Ki Awaaz.<ref name="Radios">{{cite web |title=Dehradun radio stations |url=https://www.asiawaves.net/india/uttarakhand-radio.htm#dehradun-radio |publisher=ASIAWAVES: Radio and TV Broadcasting in South and South-East Asia |access-date=9 June 2020 |archive-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609184346/https://www.asiawaves.net/india/uttarakhand-radio.htm#dehradun-radio |url-status=live }}</ref> There is a [[Doordarshan]] Kendra in the city and provides state-owned free-to-air terrestrial channel [[DD Uttarakhand]]. A mix of Hindi, English, and other regional channels are accessible via [[Cable television|cable subscription]], [[direct-broadcast satellite]] service or [[IPTV|Internet-based television]]. [[Satellite television|Direct-to-Home]] (DTH) entertainment services in Dehradun include [[Videocon d2h]], [[DD Direct+]], [[Dish TV]], [[Reliance Digital TV]], [[Airtel digital TV]] and [[Tata Sky]].

==Sport==
The high mountains and rivers of Uttarakhand attract many tourists and adventure seekers. It is also a favourite destination for [[extreme sport|adventure sports]], such as [[paragliding]], [[sky diving]], [[rafting]] and [[bungee jumping]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribuneindia.com/2010/20101218/dplus.htm |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India : Latest news, India, Punjab, Chandigarh, Haryana, Himachal, Uttarakhand, J&K, sports, cricket |access-date=6 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524034007/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20101218/dplus.htm |archive-date=24 May 2013 }}</ref> The first indoor ice rink in India that meets the size requirements for [[ice hockey]], [[figure skating]], [[short track speed skating|short track]] and [[rink bandy]] was built in Dehradun.<ref name=IceRink>{{cite web |title=Nation's biggest ice-skating rink draws players from across country |author=Sandeep Rana |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20101218/dplus.htm#1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524034007/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20101218/dplus.htm#1 |archive-date=24 May 2013 }}</ref>

As in the rest of India, cricket is popular among city youth. [[Cricket Association of Uttarakhand]], which regulates cricket in Uttarakhand, is also based in the city. The multi-purpose [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Dehradun|Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], which has a capacity of 20,000 as of 2016, is the first international level stadium in the state.<ref name="allindoon.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.allindoon.com/showbusinesslist/showbusinessarticle/directory/active-life-dehradun/4930-rajiv-gandhi-international-cricket-stadium-dehradun-uttarakhand |title=4930-rajiv-gandhi-international-cricket-stadium-dehradun-uttarakhand |access-date=9 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213102/http://www.allindoon.com/showbusinesslist/showbusinessarticle/directory/active-life-dehradun/4930-rajiv-gandhi-international-cricket-stadium-dehradun-uttarakhand |archive-date=3 March 2016 }}</ref> It is home to the [[Uttarakhand cricket team]] and second home to the [[Afghanistan cricket team]].<ref name="ACT"/> A Mega Sports Complex is situated in the [[Raipur, Uttarakhand|Raipur]] area of Dehradun.

In sports tourism, the Doon Ice Rink at Maharana Pratap Sports Complex, Raipur is the first full-sized ice arena in India.<ref name="IceRink" /><ref>{{cite web|date=19 March 2010|title=First ice arena for India|url=http://www.iihf.com/home-of-hockey/news/news-singleview/article/first-ice-arena-for-india.html?cHash=6cb9abfb5a|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217225701/http://www.iihf.com/home-of-hockey/news/news-singleview/article/first-ice-arena-for-india.html?cHash=6cb9abfb5a|archive-date=17 December 2013}}</ref> It has hosted [[Ice skating in India|ice skating competitions]] and [[Ice hockey in India|ice hockey tournaments]], including the [[IIHF]] Challenge Cup of Asia.<ref>{{cite web|title=STATISTICS|url=http://www.iihf.com/channels1112/ccoa/statistics.html|access-date=8 December 2014|publisher=IIHF|archive-date=17 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617093303/http://www.iihf.com/channels1112/ccoa/statistics.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Since, the formation of the state in 2000, the state suffered a blow to its sports facilities as [[Uttar Pradesh]] had the entire infrastructure for sports. [[Uttarakhand]] had hosted very few matches of [[Ranji Trophy]]. Due to lack of infrastructure, players started moving to different states.{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}} In November 2012, [[List of Chief Ministers of Uttarakhand|Former Chief Minister of Uttarakhand]] [[Vijay Bahuguna]] laid the foundation of the stadium hoped that the stadium would bring Dehradun on the international cricket map.
On 16 December 2016, Chief Minister [[Harish Rawat]] inaugurated the stadium along with [[Rajeev Shukla]] (the [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] chairperson). The stadium has a seating capacity of 25,000 people, along with floodlights facility for conducting day-night matches. The stadium is built on a 23-acre site and was selected as the second home ground for the Afghanistan cricket team in India.<ref name="ACT">{{cite news |title=Cricket diplomacy: Doon to be Afghanistan team's new home |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cricket-diplomacy-doon-to-be-afghanistan-teams-new-home/articleshow/64580503.cms |access-date=5 February 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=14 June 2018 |language=en |archive-date=29 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429042446/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cricket-diplomacy-doon-to-be-afghanistan-teams-new-home/articleshow/64580503.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Acharya |first1=Shayan |title=Dehradun is Afghanistan's second home ground |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/dehradun-is-afghanistans-second-home-ground/article23320803.ece |access-date=5 February 2021 |work=Sportstar |date=22 March 2018 |language=en |archive-date=19 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819174102/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/dehradun-is-afghanistans-second-home-ground/article23320803.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{div col|colwidth=24em}}
* Doon School Ground
* RIMC Cricket Ground
* Abhimanyu Cricket Academy Ground
* MPSC Cricket Ground
* Rangers College Cricket Ground
* Survey of India Cricket Ground
* Doon Cricket Academy Ground
* Tanush Cricket Academy Ground
{{div col end}}

==Architecture==
After Dehradun was made the capital of Uttarakhand, there was a construction boom, especially in residential properties.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Banerji |first=Ranjona |date=9 August 2024 |title=Dehradun model of development is unsustainable, ecologically hazardous - Question of Cities |url=https://questionofcities.org/dehradun-model-of-development-is-unsustainable-ecologically-hazardous/ |access-date=24 December 2024 |website=questionofcities.org |language=en-US}}</ref> {{citation needed|date=June 2015}} Modern buildings have gradually supplanted older architectural styles including those related to the British colonial rule of India. Important older buildings still upstanding include the Clock Tower, [[Forest Research Institute (India)|Forest Research Institute]], CNI College, Morrison Memorial Church, Inamullah Building, Jama Masjid, Osho Meditation Centre, [[Indian Military Academy]] and Darbar Sahib.

==In popular culture==
* [[George Harrison]] of [[the Beatles]] wrote a song called "Dehra Dun" during the group's [[The Beatles in India|stay in Rishikesh]] in early 1968. The song remained unreleased until its appearance on the super deluxe edition of Harrison's album ''[[All Things Must Pass]]'' in 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saxena |first1=Shivani |date=10 March 2017 |title=Remembering the Beatles song on Dehradun which never got released |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/remembering-the-beatles-song-on-dehradun-which-never-got-released/articleshow/57581041.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=2 March 2025}}</ref>

==Notable people==
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2020}}
List of notable personalities from Dehradun:

{{Divcol}}


* [[Aniruddh Agarwal]] – actor
* [[Tom Alter]] – former TV and film actor
* [[Prerna Arora]]- Bollywood producer and director
* [[Saira Banu]] – former film actress in the 1960s
* [[Abhinav Bindra]] – Olympic gold medalist shooter
* [[Sonam Bisht]] – television actress
* [[Ruskin Bond]] - author
* [[Bobby Cash]] – country music artist
* [[Vikram Singh Chauhan]] – television actor
* [[Vir Das]] – film actor and stand-up comedian
* [[Aniruddh Dave]] – TV actor
* [[Deepak Dobriyal]] – TV actor
* [[Udita Goswami]] – former actress
* [[Vikas Gupta]] – producer, TV presenter, former [[Bigg Boss]] contestant
* [[Amardeep Jha]] – film actress
* [[Shivangi Joshi]] – TV actor
* [[Anshul Jubli]] – MMA fighter, [[Road to UFC Season 1]] winner
* [[Surendra Pal Joshi]]
* [[Raghav Juyal]] – dancer, television host
* [[Monisha Kaltenborn]] – businesswoman
* [[Sanjay Kaul]] – political activist
* [[Sadhana Naithani]] – folklorist and scholar
* [[Jubin Nautiyal]] – Indian singer
* [[Asha Negi]] – television actress
* [[Lokesh Ohri]] – anthropologist and heritage activist
* [[Hemant Pandey]] – film actor
* [[Nirmal Pandey]] – actor
* [[Sudhanshu Pandey]] – model
* [[Dehra Parker]] (1882–1963) – former MP of [[Parliament of Northern Ireland]]
* [[Nitin Sahrawat]] actor, environmentalist
* [[Deepa Sahi]] – actress
* [[Shraddha Sharma]] – singer
* [[Vandana Shiva]]- food sovereignty advocate, Indian scholar, ecofeminist
* [[Himani Shivpuri]] – Actress
* [[Archana Puran Singh]] – TV, film actress
* [[K. N. Singh]] – actor
* [[Rrahul Sudhir]] – TV actor
* [[Anirudh Thapa]] – football player
* [[Madhurima Tuli]] – actress
* [[Ali Abbas Zafar]] – film director

{{Divcolend}}

== See also ==
{{Commons category|Dehradun}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Dehradun Municipal Corporation]]
* [[List of cities in Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh by population]]
* [[Garhwal Division]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite EB9 |wstitle= Dehra Dún |volume= VII |page=32-33 |short=1}}
* {{Cite EB1911 |wstitle= Dehra Dun |volume= 7 |page=932 |short=1}}

{{Dehradun}}
{{State and Union Territory capitals of India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:Dehradun| ]]
[[Category:Dehradun district]]
[[Category:Places in the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Cities in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Smart cities in India]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 1670s]]
[[Category:1670s establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Dehradun district]]

Lakhimpur Medical College and Hospital

2026-03-18T12:07:08Z

Aeon: creating a info

{{Short description|Medical college in Assam}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Lakhimpur Medical College and Hospital
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes |2021|10|1}}
| type = [[Public universities|Public]] [[Medical school|medical school]]
| motto = सर्वे सन्तु निरामयाः
| motto_lang = [[Sanskrit]]
| mottoeng = ''May no one suffer from illness''
| logo =
| logo_size =
| image = Logo_of_Lakhimpur_Medical_College_and_Hospital.jpg
| caption =
| city =
| state = Chowkham, Saboti, [[North Lakhimpur]], [[Assam]]
| country = [[India]]
| dean =
| principal = Dr. Pranjal Tahbildar
| director =
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| undergrad = 100
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| campus = Sub Urban
| postcode = 787051
| coordinates = {{coord|27.2609246|94.1048037|display= inline, title}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 16
| pushpin_map =
| affiliation = [[Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences]] [[National Medical Commission]]
| language =
| free_label =
| free =
| free_label2 =
| free2 =
| colors = 
| athletics =
| sports =
| athletics_nickname = 
| sporting_affiliations =
| mascot = 
| sports_free_label =
| sports_free =
| sports_free_label2 =
| sports_free2 =
| website = {{URL|https://lakhimpur-mch.assam.gov.in/}}
| logo_alt =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Lakhimpur Medical College and Hospital''' is a medical college with attached hospital located in [[North Lakhimpur]], [[Assam]].<ref name="LMC" >{{Cite web|url=https://www.lmchassam.org/Home/About |title=About us|date=|website=Lakhimpur Medical College|language=en|access-date=2021-10-12}}</ref> It started functioning from 1 October 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/assam-lakhimpur-medical-college.html |title=Assam: Lakhimpur Medical College and Hospital starts functioning without security system |date=|website=Northeast Now|language=en|access-date=2021-10-12}}</ref> This is the 8th medical college of the state.<ref name="LMC" />
The college operates under the State Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Assam. It is recognised by [[National Medical Commission]] and affiliated with [[Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences]], [[Guwahati]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newslivetv.com/assam-lakhimpur-medical-college-gets-nmc-approval/ |title=ASSAM: LAKHIMPUR MEDICAL COLLEGE GETS NMC APPROVAL |date=|website=News Live|language=en|access-date=2021-10-12}}</ref> Currently the college has an intact capacity of 100 undergraduate students, from academic year 2021-22.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.careers360.com/assam-gets-approval-for-eighth-medical-college-in-lakhimpur |title=Assam gets approval for eighth medical college in Lakhimpur |date=|website=careers360|language=en|access-date=2021-10-12}}</ref>

Lakhimpur Medical College and Hospital offers an undergraduate course in medicine, namely Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS). The duration of the course is five and a half years, including one year of internship. The college has an annual intake of 100 students.<ref name="nmc">{{cite web|url=https://www.nmc.org.in/information-desk/college-and-course-search/|title=College and Course Search|publisher=National Medical Commission|accessdate=2024-11-24}}</ref>
[[File:Lakhimpur Medical College AA building.jpg|thumb|Lakhimpur Medical College Academic and Administrative building]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Affiliates of Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences]]
[[Category:Medical colleges in Assam]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Assam]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2021]]
[[Category:2021 establishments in Assam]]

{{India-hospital-stub}}
{{Assam-university-stub}}

2025 Nagpur violence

2026-03-17T15:07:40Z

Aeon:

{{Short description|Violence in Nagpur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
| date = 17 March 2025
| place = [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| coordinates = {{Coord|21|8|42.51|N|79|6|14|E|scale:1563|display=inline,title}}
| injuries = 30+
| fatalities = 1<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra/nagpur-violence-man-injured-in-march-17-violence-dies-in-hospital/article69361514.ece|title=Nagpur violence: Man injured in March 17 violence dies in hospital|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=22 March 2025|date=March 2025|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322160939/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra/nagpur-violence-man-injured-in-march-17-violence-dies-in-hospital/article69361514.ece|archive-date=22 March 2025}}</ref>
| arrests = 105+
}}

On 17 March 2025, [[communal violence]] erupted in [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]], India, following demands by right-wing Hindu organizations to remove the [[Tomb of Aurangzeb|tomb]] of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Aurangzeb]]. The unrest began after members of the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] and [[Bajrang Dal]] staged a protest, during which they burned an [[effigy]] of Aurangzeb and chanted slogans calling for the tomb's removal.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Riots over a dead Muslim ruler put Narendra Modi in a tight spot |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2025/03/27/riots-over-a-dead-muslim-ruler-put-narendra-modi-in-a-tight-spot |access-date=2025-03-28 |work=The Economist |issn=0013-0613 |archive-date=28 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328090151/https://www.economist.com/asia/2025/03/27/riots-over-a-dead-muslim-ruler-put-narendra-modi-in-a-tight-spot |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-03-18 |title=Aurangzeb: Curfew in Indian city after violence over Mughal emperor's tomb |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5yx9gwg4ppo |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=BBC |language=en-GB |archive-date=18 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318155116/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5yx9gwg4ppo |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-18 |title=Aurangzeb's tomb isn't in Delhi or Nagpur, but in little-known Khuldabad. Why? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/aurangzeb-tomb-why-in-khuldabad-mughal-empire-maharashtra-aurangabad-cm-devendra-fadnavis-chhaava-2695248-2025-03-18 |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Jadhav |first=Rajendra |date=18 March 2025 |title=India orders curfew after violence over tomb of 17th-century Muslim ruler |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-orders-curfew-after-violence-over-tomb-17th-century-muslim-ruler-2025-03-18/ |work=Reuters |archive-date=19 March 2025 |access-date=18 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319155709/https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-orders-curfew-after-violence-over-tomb-17th-century-muslim-ruler-2025-03-18/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The situation escalated after a ‘[[Chador|chadar]]’ with [[Quran]]ic inscriptions was allegedly burned during the demonstration.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last1=Chitnis |first1=Purva |last2=ThePrint |date=2025-03-18 |title=How VHP, Bajrang Dal protests over Aurangzeb's tomb spiralled into a night of mayhem in Nagpur |url=https://theprint.in/politics/how-vhp-bajrang-dal-protests-over-aurangzebs-tomb-spiralled-into-a-night-of-mayhem-in-nagpur/2553304/?amp |access-date=2025-03-20 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |quote=In Nagpur, however, the protest soon went awry. The agitators burnt a ‘chadar (holy cloth)‘ with inscriptions from the Quran, triggering the Muslim community. This ‘chadar’ burning snowballed into violent clashes in Ganeshpeth, Bhagalpur, and Hansapuri, among other parts of Nagpur.}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Majumder |first=Shinjinee |date=2025-03-26 |title=Nagpur violence: Video evidence disproves CM Fadnavis's claim that burnt effigy had no religious text |url=https://www.altnews.in/nagpur-violence-video-evidence-disproves-cm-fadnaviss-claim-that-burnt-effigy-had-no-religious-text/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Alt News |language=en-GB |archive-date=1 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250401074207/https://www.altnews.in/nagpur-violence-video-evidence-disproves-cm-fadnaviss-claim-that-burnt-effigy-had-no-religious-text/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The VHP, police and media reports characterized it as a rumour,<ref name=":7" /> which local Muslims denied.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2025-03-21 |title=Nagpur violence: Muslim leaders seek impartial probe, urge CM to meet representatives |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra/nagpur-violence-muslim-leaders-seek-impartial-probe-urge-cm-to-meet-representatives/article69356641.ece/ |access-date=2025-03-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=23 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250323170828/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra/nagpur-violence-muslim-leaders-seek-impartial-probe-urge-cm-to-meet-representatives/article69356641.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> This was followed by several members of Muslim groups marching near the Mahal area and allegedly throwing stones at the police. A local resident told [[Asian News International|ANI]] that the masked attackers carried sharp weapons and bottles.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |agency=PTI |date=2025-03-17 |title=Police clash with protesters in Nagpur amid rumours of burning of holy book; nine hurt, 15 arrested |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Mar/17/four-injured-as-police-clash-with-protesters-in-nagpur-amid-rumours-of-burning-of-holy-book |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=18 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318155655/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Mar/17/four-injured-as-police-clash-with-protesters-in-nagpur-amid-rumours-of-burning-of-holy-book |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=17 March 2025 |title=Police clash with protesters in Nagpur amid rumours of burning of holy book; four injured |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/police-clash-with-protesters-in-nagpur-amid-rumours-of-burning-of-holy-book-four-injured-101742227303250.html |work=Hindustan Times |archive-date=17 March 2025 |access-date=18 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250317172601/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/police-clash-with-protesters-in-nagpur-amid-rumours-of-burning-of-holy-book-four-injured-101742227303250.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Background ==
The violence occurred against the backdrop of rising political and social tensions surrounding [[Aurangzeb]]'s legacy. The Mughal emperor has remained a controversial figure in [[Indian history]], with some groups viewing him as a symbol of oppression and others defending his rule. Additionally, his Muslim status makes him even more unpopular among right-wing Hindu organizations. The debate intensified following the release of the [[Bollywood]] film ''[[Chhaava]]'', which portrayed the death of [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha]] ruler [[Sambhaji]], who was executed by Aurangzeb. The film's depiction of historical events reignited discussions about the Mughal emperor's actions, contributing to heightened tensions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-18 |title=Nagpur violence premeditated, 'Chhava' reignited people's emotions: Maharashtra CM Devendra Fadnavis |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/nagpur-violence-premeditated-chhava-reignited-peoples-emotions-fadnavis/articleshow/119167027.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-03-18 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=19 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319203234/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/nagpur-violence-premeditated-chhava-reignited-peoples-emotions-fadnavis/articleshow/119167027.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Suryawanshi |first=Sudhir |date=2025-03-18 |title=CM Fadnavis says Nagpur violence premeditated, 'Chhava' film fueled public anger |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Mar/18/cm-fadnavis-says-nagpur-violence-premeditated-chhava-film-fueled-public-anger |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=18 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318164108/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Mar/18/cm-fadnavis-says-nagpur-violence-premeditated-chhava-film-fueled-public-anger |url-status=live }}</ref> The movie has been criticized for its historical inaccuracies and a historian has also been allegedly threatened for pointing out those inaccuracies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chitnis |first=Purva |date=2025-02-26 |title=Historian's criticism of Chhava reignites Brahmin-Maratha row, says he was 'abused, threatened' |url=https://theprint.in/politics/historians-criticism-of-chhava-reignites-brahmin-maratha-row-says-he-was-abused-threatened/2512740/ |access-date=2025-03-20 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=26 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226150647/https://theprint.in/politics/historians-criticism-of-chhava-reignites-brahmin-maratha-row-says-he-was-abused-threatened/2512740/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the weeks leading up to the violence, organizations such as the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] (VHP) and [[Bajrang Dal]] intensified their campaign to have Aurangzeb's tomb in [[Aurangabad]] removed. These groups argued that the tomb glorified a ruler they claimed had oppressed [[Hindu]] communities. Political rhetoric further escalated when local politician [[Abu Azmi]] defended Aurangzeb's reign, fueling anger among right-wing Hindu organizations.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

== Protests ==
On 17 March 2025, members of right-wing Hindu organizations VHP and Bajrang Dal staged a protest near the Chhatrapati [[Shivaji]] Maharaj statue in Mahal area of Nagpur, where they burned an [[effigy]] of Aurangzeb and raised slogans calling for the removal of his tomb. During the agitation, The situation escalated after reports emerged that a ‘chadar’ with Quranic inscriptions had been burned during the demonstration.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sah |first=Abhinay Deshpande & Purnima |date=2025-03-21 |title=A riot in Nagpur over a long-dead emperor's tomb |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra/a-riot-in-nagpur-over-a-long-dead-emperors-tomb/article69359280.ece |access-date=2025-04-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=14 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414075036/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra/a-riot-in-nagpur-over-a-long-dead-emperors-tomb/article69359280.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The police and media characterized as rumors,<ref name=":4" /> which local Muslims denied.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":9" /> The news of the ‘chadar’ burning quickly spread, sparking protests and mobilizing groups on both sides.<ref name=":6" />

This led to violent clashes in the Chitnis Park, Hansapuri, and Mahal areas of Nagpur. A large mob of nearly 1,000 people gathered and threw stones and firebombs, injuring police and damaging multiple properties and homes. A clinic in Hansapuri was damaged, and multiple businesses were targeted amid the unrest.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pal |first=Indrani |date=2025-03-17 |title=Nagpur violence LIVE Updates: Police conducts route march in violence-hit areas; probing instigation angle |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra/violent-clash-in-nagpur-erupts-over-removal-of-aurangzebs-tomb-updates/article69341978.ece |access-date=2025-03-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=18 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318155116/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra/violent-clash-in-nagpur-erupts-over-removal-of-aurangzebs-tomb-updates/article69341978.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-03-18 |title=Over 50 arrested as curfew imposed in Nagpur after violence; Mayawati, Sena (UBT) slam Fadnavis government |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Mar/18/over-50-arrested-as-curfew-imposed-in-nagpur-after-violence-mayawati-sena-ubt-slam-fadnavis-government |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=18 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318155655/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Mar/18/over-50-arrested-as-curfew-imposed-in-nagpur-after-violence-mayawati-sena-ubt-slam-fadnavis-government |url-status=live }}</ref> Over 60 vehicles were vandalised and torched, including 36 cars, 22 two-wheelers, and a crane<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-21 |title=Over 60 vehicles vandalised, 84 detained in Nagpur violence: Sources |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/video/over-60-vehicles-vandalised-84-detained-in-nagpur-violence-sources-2696729-2025-03-21 |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=22 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322113409/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/video/over-60-vehicles-vandalised-84-detained-in-nagpur-violence-sources-2696729-2025-03-21 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Maharashtra Police]] have stated that no cloth bearing religious text was burned during the right-wing agitation and have issued notices to social media accounts to facilitate the immediate removal of content spreading such claims. According to a release by the Maharashtra Cyber Cell, the identified social media accounts promoting these rumors were allegedly intended to hurt the sentiments of a particular religious group, incite communal unrest, and further escalate the ongoing law and order situation in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-20 |title=Nagpur violence: Cops say no religious text burnt, crackdown on provocative posts |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nagpur-violence-police-maharashtra-cyber-cell-no-cloth-religious-text-burnt-online-objectionable-posts-identified-crackdown-2696139-2025-03-20 |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

However, according to [[Alt News]], a fact-checking organization, video evidence analyzed by them indicates that a chadar or cloth inscribed with Islamic religious text specifically the [[four Quls]] from the Quran was desecrated and burned alongside an image of Aurangzeb during demonstrations conducted by the Vishva Hindu Parishad and Bajrang Dal.<ref name=":10" />

== Response ==
A [[curfew]] was imposed in the affected areas, and a ban on large gatherings was enforced to prevent further escalation and 65 people including three minors were arrested.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Pradip |date=19 March 2025 |title=65 rioters arrested, curfew imposed in Nagpur |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/65-rioters-arrested-curfew-imposed-in-nagpur-101742323255647.html |access-date=19 March 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |archive-date=19 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319065335/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/65-rioters-arrested-curfew-imposed-in-nagpur-101742323255647.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=2025-03-18 |title=Curfew in parts of Nagpur after violence; Mayawati, Sena (UBT) hit out at Fadnavis govt |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra/curfew-in-parts-of-nagpur-after-violence/article69343241.ece |access-date=2025-03-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=18 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318160317/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra/curfew-in-parts-of-nagpur-after-violence/article69343241.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

Local Muslim residents accused the police of siding with VHP and Bajrang Dal members, who allegedly burned a Dargah chadar inscribed with Quranic verses during a protest demanding Aurangzeb's tomb demolition. Residents claimed the police ignored their complaint, leading to a protest at Nagpur's Mahal area.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2025-03-19 |title=Nagpur: Local Muslims allege arbitrary detention, police participation in violence |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Mar/19/nagpur-local-muslims-allege-arbitrary-detention-police-participation-in-violence |access-date=2025-03-20 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=20 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250320092702/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Mar/19/nagpur-local-muslims-allege-arbitrary-detention-police-participation-in-violence |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to the report, VHP and Bajrang Dal members later marched through Muslim-majority areas chanting provocative slogans, triggering clashes. Eyewitnesses accused the police of arriving late and detaining innocent Muslim residents during late-night raids. An FIR filed at the Ganesh Peth Police Station named 52 Muslim men, and six FIRs were registered against several individuals.<ref name=":5" />

On 18 March 2025, a key accused according to the local police in the matter, Fahim Shamim Khan a worker of the local Minorities Democratic Party (MDP), was arrested by the police. After the arrest of Khan MDP party leader Alim Patel said “Everyone in the country has the right to protest. The Constitution allows you to burn the effigy of Aurangzeb and we do not have a problem with that. But why desecrate holy verses? Fahim along with a delegation of our workers went there to request action against those involved in the desecration. We are shocked that the police have booked and arrested him instead of taking action against the perpetrators.”<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-20 |title=Nagpur violence: Dubbed 'mastermind' by police, Fahim Khan member of outfit that backs moderate Islam |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/nagpur-violence-mastermind-police-fahim-khan-member-moderate-islam-9895188/ |access-date=2025-03-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=20 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250320015958/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/nagpur-violence-mastermind-police-fahim-khan-member-moderate-islam-9895188/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-19 |title=Nagpur violence: 'Key accused' Fahim Khan arrested |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/nagpur-violence-mastermind-fahim-khan-arrested/articleshow/119201455.cms |access-date=2025-03-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=19 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319103835/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/nagpur-violence-mastermind-fahim-khan-arrested/articleshow/119201455.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Fahim Shamim Khan, the alleged key accused in the Nagpur violence, and five others were booked on charges of sedition and spreading misinformation on social media. Fahim was also charged with UAPA<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Nagpur Violence Key Accused Fahim Khan, 5 Others Charged With Sedition |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/nagpur-violence-key-accused-fahim-khan-5-others-charged-with-sedition-7971475 |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en |archive-date=20 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250320223932/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/nagpur-violence-key-accused-fahim-khan-5-others-charged-with-sedition-7971475 |url-status=live }}</ref> Police claim that Khan's inflammatory social media posts triggered the unrest.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-21 |title=Aurangzeb row: Did burqa seller Fahim Khan's viral video fuel Nagpur violence? Cops look for clues |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/aurangzeb-row-did-burqa-seller-fahim-khans-viral-video-fuel-nagpur-violence-cops-look-for-clues/articleshow/119285676.cms |access-date=2025-03-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=21 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321080303/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/aurangzeb-row-did-burqa-seller-fahim-khans-viral-video-fuel-nagpur-violence-cops-look-for-clues/articleshow/119285676.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Second alleged mastermind Syed Asim was also identified by the police.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/who-is-syed-asim-ali-nagpur-riots-accused-and-former-murder-case-suspect-19576735.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=21 March 2025 |archive-date=22 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322140719/https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/who-is-syed-asim-ali-nagpur-riots-accused-and-former-murder-case-suspect-19576735.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagpur Violence: Over 100 Arrested, New CCTV Video Shows Group Recced Area Before Clashes |url=https://www.news18.com/india/nagpur-clashes-more-than-100-arrested-nagpur-violence-new-cctv-video-people-recce-area-before-clashes-9269210.html |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=23 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250323080054/https://www.news18.com/india/nagpur-clashes-more-than-100-arrested-nagpur-violence-new-cctv-video-people-recce-area-before-clashes-9269210.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reactions ==
Speaking in the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Maharashtra Assembly]], [[Chief minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]] addressed the violence in Nagpur, stating, "In Nagpur, Vishwa Hindu Parishad and Bajrang Dal held protests. Rumours were spread that things containing religious content were burnt....It looks like a well-planned attack. No one has permission to take law and order into their hands." He further assured, "Attacks on police will not be tolerated, strict action will be taken."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-18 |title=Fadnavis calls Nagpur violence 'well-planned attack', Opposition blames government |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nagpur-violence-planned-conspiracy-or-government-failure-shinde-congress-spar-2695114-2025-03-18 |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=18 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318162731/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nagpur-violence-planned-conspiracy-or-government-failure-shinde-congress-spar-2695114-2025-03-18 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Fadnavis also said that no evidence of foreign involvement or any Bangladeshi link had surfaced so far. “However, a connection to Malegaon can be seen in the violence, as one of the accused is affiliated with a political party from Malegaon and was reportedly seen aiding the rioters,” he said, without naming Minority Democratic Party leader Fahim Shamim Khan, who has been arrested on charges of sedition.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Deshpande |first=Abhinay |date=2025-03-22 |title=Nagpur violence: Man injured in March 17 violence dies in hospital |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra/nagpur-violence-man-injured-in-march-17-violence-dies-in-hospital/article69361514.ece |access-date=2025-03-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=22 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322160939/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra/nagpur-violence-man-injured-in-march-17-violence-dies-in-hospital/article69361514.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Deputy Chief Minister]] [[Eknath Shinde]] also described the violence as a "planned conspiracy." He remarked, "Such kind of a brutal incident was never witnessed before. The protestors are protesting for the pride of Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj... Those who support Aurangzeb should read history and watch the movie '[[Chhaava|Chhava]]'... I believe that even the true patriotic Muslims will not support Aurangzeb."<ref>{{Cite web |title='Looks Like A Conspiracy': Eknath Shinde Reacts To Nagpur Clashes As Social Media Role Comes Under Lens |url=https://www.news18.com/india/nagpur-violence-eknath-shinde-alleges-conspiracy-nagpur-clashes-stone-pelting-aurangzeb-row-9265343.html |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=18 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318162731/https://www.news18.com/india/nagpur-violence-eknath-shinde-alleges-conspiracy-nagpur-clashes-stone-pelting-aurangzeb-row-9265343.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Maulana [[Shahabuddin Razvi]], wrote to Union home minister [[Amit Shah]], seeking a ban on the film '[[Chhaava|Chhava]]', alleging it was inciting communal tensions and was directly responsible for the Nagpur violence.<ref name=":8" />

[[Shiv Sena (UBT)]] chief [[Uddhav Thackeray]] criticized the [[Maharashtra government]], comprising the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], [[Eknath Shinde]]-led [[Shiv Sena]], and [[Ajit Pawar]]'s NCP. Referring to the violence, Thackeray stated, "I am not the Chief Minister, nor am I the Home Minister. Ask the Chief Minister (Devendra Fadnavis) who is behind this. Because the RSS headquarters is there (Nagpur). There is a double-engine government here (in Maharashtra). If the double-engine government has failed, then they should resign."<ref>{{Cite web |title="Someone Who Lived 300 Years Ago...": Uddhav Thackeray On Aurangzeb Grave Row |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aurangzeb-grave-nagpur-violence-uddhav-thackeray-someone-who-lived-300-years-ago-uddhav-thackeray-on-aurangzeb-grave-row-7952166 |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en |archive-date=18 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318162731/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aurangzeb-grave-nagpur-violence-uddhav-thackeray-someone-who-lived-300-years-ago-uddhav-thackeray-on-aurangzeb-grave-row-7952166 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Meanwhile, [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] leader [[Renuka Chowdhury]] submitted a suspension notice in the [[Rajya Sabha]], calling for a discussion on what she described as a "complete breakdown of communal harmony and law and order" in Nagpur. "That this house do suspend zero hour and relevant rules relating Question Hour and other scheduled business to deliberate on the complete breakdown of communal harmony and law and order in Nagpur, Maharashtra. In its 300 years of dynamic existence, Nagpur has never experienced riots," her notice read.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jeelani |first=Gulam |date=18 March 2025 |title=Nagpur violence reaches Parliament: 'CM Devendra Fadnavis failed in his Rajdharma,' says Congress MP |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/nagpur-violence-reaches-parliament-cm-devendra-fadnavis-has-failed-in-his-rajdharma-aurangzebs-tomb-v-11742272278420.html |work=Livemint |archive-date=18 March 2025 |access-date=18 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318162730/https://www.livemint.com/news/nagpur-violence-reaches-parliament-cm-devendra-fadnavis-has-failed-in-his-rajdharma-aurangzebs-tomb-v-11742272278420.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Shiv Sena (UBT)]] leader [[Priyanka Chaturvedi]] also targeted the [[Government of Maharashtra|Maharashtra government]], alleging that the state was being destabilized. "Instigating violence, creating instability in the state, keeping the citizens busy over past history while getting away with tough questions on the state’s financial doom, increased debt burden, growing joblessness and farmer suicides. Maharashtra is being strategically led towards making the state unattractive for investment. It is to help the neighbouring state to take advantage," she claimed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayawati, Priyanka Chaturvedi target Fadnavis government over Nagpur violence |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/maharashtra/mayawati-priyanka-chaturvedi-target-fadnavis-government-over-nagpur-violence-3450838 |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=18 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318162731/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/maharashtra/mayawati-priyanka-chaturvedi-target-fadnavis-government-over-nagpur-violence-3450838 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] also responded to the incident, stating that "No type of violence is good for society, and Aurangzeb is not relevant today."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-19 |title='No type of violence good for society': RSS on Nagpur riots, says 'Aurangzeb not relevant today' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/no-type-of-violence-good-for-society-rss-on-nagpur-riots-says-aurangzeb-not-relevant-today/articleshow/119202726.cms |access-date=2025-03-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=19 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319095538/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/no-type-of-violence-good-for-society-rss-on-nagpur-riots-says-aurangzeb-not-relevant-today/articleshow/119202726.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister [[Yogi Adityanath]] said that "no invader should be glorified. Doing so is laying the foundation of treason, which independent India cannot tolerate."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-21 |title=Honouring invaders an act of treason, not acceptable: Yogi Adityanath |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/honouring-invaders-an-act-of-treason-not-acceptable-yogi-adityanath-9897537/ |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=21 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321121039/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/honouring-invaders-an-act-of-treason-not-acceptable-yogi-adityanath-9897537/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
Over 30 people, including several police officers, sustained injuries during the violence.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":11" />

On 24 March 2025, The house of the alleged key accused was demolished allegedly in violation of the Supreme Court order on [[Bulldozer justice|''Bulldozer Justice'']].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Deshpande |first1=Abhinay |last2=Sah |first2=Purnima |date=2025-03-24 |title=Nagpur authorities raze homes of violence accused, HC halts further demolition |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/nagpur-authorities-raze-homes-of-violence-accused-hc-halts-further-demolition/article69369590.ece |access-date=2025-03-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=24 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250324163213/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/nagpur-authorities-raze-homes-of-violence-accused-hc-halts-further-demolition/article69369590.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Deshkar |first=Ankita |date=24 March 2025 |title=Nagpur violence: Bombay HC steps in to stay demolitions after civic body razes house of key accused Fahim Khan |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/nagpur-violence-accused-fahim-khan-illegal-construction-demolition-9902549/ |access-date=2 January 2026 |work=The Indian Express |archive-date=25 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250725105523/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/nagpur-violence-accused-fahim-khan-illegal-construction-demolition-9902549/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 15 April 2025, the Nagpur civic chief tendered an unconditional apology in court for demolishing the house of the alleged key accused. The civic chief stated that he was unaware of the measures the Supreme Court order put in place to curb bulldozer justice.<ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-16 |title=In HC, Nagpur civic chief apologises for bulldozing homes of riot accused |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/in-hc-nagpur-civic-chief-apologises-for-bulldozing-homes-of-riot-accused/articleshow/120324877.cms |access-date=2025-04-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=16 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250416055315/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/in-hc-nagpur-civic-chief-apologises-for-bulldozing-homes-of-riot-accused/articleshow/120324877.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 14 February 2026 The court asked Nagpur Municipal Corporation whether it would rebuild the house of Fahim Khan or pay compensation. The court adjourned the hearing to 4 March 2026.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Eshwar |date=2026-03-17 |title=Rebuild or Pay: A Year Since Nagpur Riots, How Bulldozer Action Collapsed in HC |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/one-year-of-nagpur-riots-bulldozer-action-accused-fahim-khan-bombay-high-court-case-compensation |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ganjapure |first=Vaibhav |date=2026-02-14 |title=Rebuild riot accused home: HC to NMC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/rebuild-riot-accused-home-hc-to-nmc/articleshow/128319931.cms |access-date=2026-02-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Alisha Khan the wife of Fahim Khan was elected as a corporator in Nagpur Municipal Corporation in January 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ahmed |first=Sarfaraz |date=2026-01-17 |title=First-timer Alisha Khan, wife of Mahal riots accused, wins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/first-timer-alisha-khan-wife-of-mahal-riots-accused-wins/articleshow/126593614.cms |access-date=2026-03-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":12" />

Eight members of right-wing Hindutva organization VHP, Bajrang Dal surrendered, Following their surrender, the police arrested them and produced them before the court, which granted them bail.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deshkar |first=Ankita |date=2025-03-19 |title=Nagpur violence: Eight VHP, Bajrang Dal workers surrender, granted bail |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/nagpur-violence-eight-vhp-bajrang-dal-workers-surrender-bail-9895124/ |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=21 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321061210/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/nagpur-violence-eight-vhp-bajrang-dal-workers-surrender-bail-9895124/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Amidst the demands from right-wing organizations that Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb's tomb at Khultabad in Maharashtra's Sambhajinagar district be removed, the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) has put up tin sheets on two sides of the 18th century structure, a circular fence will also be installed around the tomb.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-20 |title=ASI erects tin sheets around Aurangzeb's tomb amid calls to raze it |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra/asi-erects-tin-sheets-around-aurangzebs-tomb-amid-calls-to-raze-it/article69352798.ece |access-date=2025-03-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |agency=PTI |archive-date=22 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322132244/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra/asi-erects-tin-sheets-around-aurangzebs-tomb-amid-calls-to-raze-it/article69352798.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

During the investigation, the probe team determined a link towards [[Illegal immigration to India#Bangladeshi immigrants|illegal Bangladeshi immigrants]], as a few social media posts traced by the officials were found to be in Bengali language.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bose |first=Mrityunjay |date=21 March 2025 |title=Bangladeshi link emerge in Nagpur violence, mastermind from Malegaon |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/maharashtra/bangladeshi-link-emerge-in-nagpur-violence-mastermind-from-malegaon-3456953 |access-date=2 January 2026 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |archive-date=5 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250705113423/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/maharashtra/bangladeshi-link-emerge-in-nagpur-violence-mastermind-from-malegaon-3456953 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Hindutva]]
* [[Violence against Muslims in independent India]]
* [[Communal violence]]
* [[Religious violence in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2025 riots]]
[[Category:2020s political riots]]
[[Category:Violence in India]]
[[Category:March 2025 in India]]
[[Category:Controversies in India]]
[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in India]]
[[Category:Political riots in India]]
[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:History of Nagpur]]
[[Category:Religious riots in India]]

Simla Convention

2026-03-17T02:39:17Z

Aeon: minor cleanup page per standard format

{{Short description|Unratified treaty concerning the status of Tibet}}
{{About|the 1914 Tibetan-British-Chinese convention|the 1972 India-Pakistan peace treaty|Simla Agreement|the 1906 deputation of Indian Muslim leaders for greater political representation|Simla Deputation|the 1945 Indian self-government meeting|Simla Conference}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{bots|deny=Citation bot}}
{{Infobox treaty
|name=Simla Convention
|long_name=Convention Between Great Britain, China, and Tibet
|image=Simla Conference 1913.jpg
|caption=Tibetan, British and Chinese participants and plenipotentiaries to the Simla Treaty in 1914
|date_drafted=27 April 1914
|date_signed={{start date and age|3 July 1914}}
|location_signed=[[Simla]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British India]]
|date_expiry=23 May 1951 29 October 2008 (per [[United Kingdom]])
|Replaced_by=
|negotiators={{flagdeco|Tibet}} [[Paljor Dorje Shatra]] {{flagdeco|UK}} [[Henry McMahon]] {{flagicon image|Flag of China (1912–1928).svg}} {{ill|Ivan Chen|zh|陈贻范}}
|signatories=* {{flagdeco|Tibet}} [[Tibet (1912–1951)|Tibet]]
* {{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}
|language=
|languages=* [[Chinese language|Chinese]]
* [[Classical Tibetan|Tibetan]]
* [[English language|English]]
}}

The '''Simla Convention''' ([[Traditional Chinese characters|Traditional Chinese]]: 西姆拉條約; [[Simplified Chinese characters|Simplified Chinese]]: 西姆拉条约), officially the '''Convention Between Great Britain, China, and Tibet''',<ref name="Convention 1914">[http://www.tibetjustice.org/materials/treaties/treaties16.html "Convention Between Great Britain, China, and Tibet, Simla (1914)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200909125110/http://www.tibetjustice.org/materials/treaties/treaties16.html |date=9 September 2020 }}, [[Tibet Justice Center]]. Retrieved 20 March 2009</ref> was an ambiguous [[treaty]]<ref>{{harvnb|Hoffmann|1990|p=19}}: "McMahon's achievement seemed substantial at the time, but its meaning proved to be ambiguous at best."</ref> concerning the status of [[Tibet]] negotiated by representatives of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]], [[Tibet (1912–1951)|Tibet]] and [[Great Britain]] in [[Shimla|Simla]] and [[Delhi]] during 1913–1914, with the eventual signing of the Convention taking place in Simla.<ref name=Goldstein1997p34/>
The Simla Convention provided that Tibet would be divided into "Outer Tibet" and "Inner Tibet". Outer Tibet, which roughly corresponded to [[Ü-Tsang]] and western [[Kham]], would "remain in the hands of the Tibetan Government at Lhasa under Chinese [[suzerainty]]", but China would not interfere in its administration. "Inner Tibet", roughly equivalent to [[Amdo]] and eastern Kham, would be under the jurisdiction of the Chinese government. The convention with its annexes also defined the boundary between Tibet and [[China proper]] and that between Tibet and British India (with the latter coming to be known as the [[McMahon Line]]).<ref name="Convention 1914"/>{{efn|name="Sinha map"}}

A draft convention was initialled by all three parties on 27 April 1914, but China immediately repudiated it.<ref>
{{harvp|Banerji, Borders|2007|p=201}}: "... the draft treaty initiated by the three parties was subsequently revised, after consultations with Russia."</ref>{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|p=275}}
A slightly revised convention was signed again on 3 July 1914, but only by Britain and Tibet. The Chinese [[plenipotentiary]], Ivan Chen, declined to sign it.{{sfnp|Hoffmann|1990|p=19}}<ref>
{{harvp|Mehra|1972|p=299}}: "Ivan Chen, who had initialed the first earlier in April, kept his own counsel."
</ref> The British and Tibetan plenipotentiaries then signed a bilateral declaration that stated that the convention would be binding on themselves and that China would be denied any privileges under the convention until it signed it.<ref>
{{harvp|Hoffmann|1990|p=19}}: "The Simla Convention itself was initialed again by the British and Tibetan conference leaders in Delhi on 3 July 1914, and they signed a joint declaration pronouncing the convention binding upon themselves, even without Chinese agreement."
</ref><ref name=bilateral>
{{harvp|Mehra|1972|p=299}}: "A joint British-Tibetan declaration stipulating that its terms would apply to China only when the latter fell in line with its two other signatories was attached to the Convention."
</ref>

Without Chinese acceptance and also for its conflict with the [[Anglo-Russian Convention]], the Government of India regarded the signed bipartite treaty in 1915 as "for the present invalid".{{sfnp|Goldstein|1991|loc=p. 80: [Quoting Government of India] "since the Simla Convention has not been signed by the Chinese Government or accepted by the Russian Government and is therefore for the present invalid"}}{{sfnp|Gupta|1971|p=524}}{{efn|The Article 2 of the 1907 [[Anglo-Russian Convention]] read: "In conformity with the admitted principle of the suzerainty of China over Thibet, Great Britain and Russia engage not to enter into negotiations with Thibet except through the intermediary of the Chinese Government."{{sfnp|Goldstein|1997|p=26}}}} By 1921, the Anglo-Russian Convention was deemed to have lapsed, and the British felt free to deal with Tibet as an "autonomous State under the suzerainty of China", and, if necessary, "without further reference to China".{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|p=417}}{{sfnp|Goldstein|1991|pp=397–398}}

==Background==
Tibet was a self-governing [[protectorate]] under [[Tibet under Qing rule|Qing China]].<ref name=Petech1972>Petech, Luciano, ''China and Tibet in the Early XVIIIth Century'', Brill, 1972, p. 260, "(From 1661 to 1705), the Manchu emperors possess[ed] only that shadowy form of suzerainty, which they inherited from the Yuan and the Ming dynasties...The year 1710 saw the formal proclamation of the Chinese protectorate...After the Dsungar storm had blown over, from 1721-1723 the Tibetan government was supervised by the commandant of the Chinese garrison in Lhasa...In 1751 the organization of the protectorate took its final shape, which it maintained, except for some modifications in 1792, till its end in 1912. The ambans were given rights of control and supervision and since 1792 also a direct participation in the Tibetan government. "</ref>{{sfnp|Goldstein|1991|loc=p. 44: "there can be no question regarding the subordination of Tibet to Manchu-ruled China following...the first decades of the eighteenth century."}}
The later crises of the [[Qing dynasty|Qing Dynasty]], saw reduced Chinese influence,<ref name="Reuters Staff">{{Cite news |date=2008-04-21 |title=FACTBOX: Historical ties between China and Tibet |language=en |agency=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-tibet-history-idUKPEK26448820080421 |access-date=2021-09-01 |archive-date=1 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901230734/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-tibet-history-idUKPEK26448820080421 |url-status=live }}</ref> and increased [[British Empire|British]] and some [[Russian Empire|Russian]] influence as a result of the "[[Great Game]]", and other foreign influence.<ref name="Reuters Staff"/> Britain feared increased Russian influence in Tibet, due to contacts between the Russia-born Buryat [[Agvan Dorzhiev]] and the 13th Dalai Lama. Agvan Dorzhiev claimed that Russia was a powerful Buddhist country that would ally with Tibet against China or Britain.<ref name="Phanjoubam" /> In response, Britain sought to increase its own influence in Tibet as a buffer for British India.
British forces, led by [[Francis Younghusband]], [[British expedition to Tibet|militarily intervened in Tibet in 1904]] and made a treaty with the Tibetans, the 1904 [[Convention of Lhasa|Lhasa Convention]].<ref name="Phanjoubam" />
The British expedition showed the weakness of the Qing rule in Tibet, which caused the Qing to assert their influence once again. This and anti-foreign sentiment led to the [[Kham]]pas to revolt in the [[Batang uprising]], also called the 1905 Tibetan Rebellion. The Batang uprising was countered by Feng Quan, the assistant Qing amban in Kham, who died in the uprising. [[Zhao Erfeng]], who replaced Feng quelled the rebellion using brutal methods.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ho|first=Dahpon David|date=2008|title=The Men Who Would Not Be Amban and the One Who Would: Four Frontline Officials and Qing Tibet Policy, 1905-1911|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20062699|journal=Modern China|volume=34|issue=2|pages=210–246|doi=10.1177/0097700407312856|jstor=20062699|s2cid=143539645|issn=0097-7004|access-date=1 September 2021|archive-date=1 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901230733/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20062699|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

The British government sought Chinese acceptance of ''suzerainty'' over Tibet as part of the [[Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet|1906 Anglo-Chinese Convention on Tibet]], but was rebuffed by the Chinese envoy Tang Shaoyi, who insisted on China's ''sovereignty'' over Tibet.<ref name="Zhu 2020 1–28">{{Cite journal|last=Zhu|first=Yuan Yi|date=2020|title=Suzerainty, Semi-Sovereignty, and International Legal Hierarchies on China's Borderlands|journal=[[Asian Journal of International Law]]|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=10|issue=2|pages=293–320|doi=10.1017/S204425132000020X|s2cid=225302411}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=October 2020|reason=There is no mention of 1906 in the source}}<ref>Carrai, M.A., ''Sovereignty in China: A Genealogy of a Concept since 1840'', Cambridge University Press, 2019, p. 129</ref><ref>Mitchell, Ryan M., ''Recentering the World: China and the Transformation of International Law'', Cambridge University Press, 2023, p. 122, "At the uging of the diplomat Tang Shaoyi, a fluent English-speaker who had pointed out to the court that there was a vital, if subtle difference between ''suzerainty'' and ''sovereignty''"</ref> As the "Great Game" was waning with the [[Anglo-Russian Convention|Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907]], Britain and Russia who were forming an entente, acknowledged Chinese "[[suzerainty]]" over Tibet to avoid conflict over the region.<ref name="anglorussian1907">[http://www.tibetjustice.org/materials/treaties/treaties12.html Convention Between Great Britain and Russia (1907)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205032821/http://www.tibetjustice.org/materials/treaties/treaties12.html |date=5 February 2019 }} Article II, [http://www.tibetjustice.org/index.html Tibet Justice Center] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310103457/http://www.tibetjustice.org/index.html |date=10 March 2009 }}</ref><ref name="Phanjoubam" />

In 1910, Qing China sent a [[Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)|military expedition to Tibet]] and came close to re-conquering it before the Qing dynasty fell in the [[1911 Revolution]].<ref name="Phanjoubam">{{Cite book|last=Phanjoubam|first=Pradip|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OxStCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA149|title=The Northeast question : conflicts and frontiers|date=2016|isbn=978-1-317-34003-4|location=New Delhi|pages=146–152|oclc=944186170}}</ref>

After the fall of the Qing dynasty in China, the Tibet government at Lhasa [[Xinhai Lhasa turmoil|expelled]] all Chinese forces and unilaterally declared itself independent in 1913.<ref>Goldstein, Melvyn, ''On Modern Tibetan History: Moving Beyond Stereotypes'', "In 1913, after the collapse of the Qing Dynasty, the 13th Dalai Lama expelled all Manchu/Chinese officials and troops from Tibet and unilaterally declared that Tibet would be ruled without any outside interference.", in McKay, A.(ed.), ''Tibet and Her Neighbours: A History'', 2003, p. 217</ref><ref name="Goldstein30-1">{{harvp|Goldstein|1997|pp=30–31}}</ref><ref name="Dalai">
[http://www.tibetjustice.org/materials/tibet/tibet1.html "Proclamation Issued by His Holiness the Dalai Lama XIII (1913)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204230119/http://www.tibetjustice.org/materials/tibet/tibet1.html |date=4 February 2019 }}, [http://www.tibetjustice.org/index.html Tibet Justice Center] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310103457/http://www.tibetjustice.org/index.html |date=10 March 2009 }}. Retrieved 20 March 2009.
</ref> However, this was not accepted by the newly founded [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]].{{sfnp|Smith|1996|pp=182–183}}

==Conference==
[[File:Henry McMahon.jpeg|thumb|right|160px|[[Henry McMahon]], the British plenipotentiary]]
[[File:Paljor Dorje Shatra.jpg|thumb|right|160px|[[Lonchen Shatra]], the Tibetan plenipotentiary]]

In 1913, the British convoked a conference at the [[Viceregal Lodge, Simla|Viceregal Lodge]] in [[Shimla|Simla]], India to discuss the issue of Tibet's status.<ref name="maxwell">Maxwell 1970</ref> The conference was attended by representatives of Britain, the newly founded Republic of China, and the Tibetan government at Lhasa.<ref name="Convention 1914"/>

Britain was represented Sir [[Henry McMahon (diplomat)|Henry McMahon]], the Foreign Secretary of British India in Delhi. China was represented by Ivan Chen (I-fan Chen), who was the Commissioner for Trade and Foreign Affairs at Shanghai. He had previously been on the staff of the Chinese Mission in London, and served as the Taotai in the Burma–Yunan frontier.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|p=174}}{{sfnp|Mehra|1982|p=835}} Tibet was represented by [[Paljor Dorje Shatra]], commonly referred to as "Lonchen Shatra", who was a leading prime minister of Tibet. He was an observer during the talks for the 1893 trade regulations associated with the [[Convention of Calcutta]], had accompanied the Dalai Lama during his exile in British India, and had considerable experience in dealing with British India.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|pp=174–175}}

The British and Chinese representatives had telegraphic communications with their Home governments, while the Tibetan representative only had land communications. McMahon was assisted by two political officers: [[Charles Alfred Bell]], who negotiated with Shatra on the sidelines, and [[Archibald Rose]], who did the same with Ivan Chen.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|p=176}}

===Overview===
The Simla Conference, despite its name, was held in both Simla and Delhi. (Simla was a hill station, which served as the headquarters for the Indian government during the summer months. At other times, the headquarters moved back to Delhi.) The conference held eight formal sessions.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|p=175}}
* The first two sessions on 13 October and 18 November 1913 were held in Simla.
* The next three sessions on 12 January, 17 February and 11 March 1914 were held in Delhi.
* The last three sessions on 7 April, 27 April and 3 July 1914 were held in Simla again.
In between the formal sessions, Charles Bell and Archibald Rose negotiated with the participants bilaterally. There were also a few 'informal' tripartite sessions in addition to the formal ones.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|p=176}}

A draft Convention, along with a map showing the boundaries, was agreed and initialled by all three participants on 27 April. But the Chinese government repudiated it immediately. A slightly revised Convention, which took into account some Russian concerns, was signed on 3 July by Britain and Tibet, but not China. The conference left open the possibility of China joining the Convention in due course.

===Initial sessions===
[[File:1945 Simla Conference Frontiers from Tibetan Precis by Richardson in Himalayan Triangle.jpg|thumb|right|280px|Map 1: Frontier claims: The light blue line in the west and the dark brown line in the east were the Chinese and Tibetan claims respectively. The Red Line (boundary of Tibet) and Blue Line (boundary of Outer Tibet) were initialled in the Simla Conference. The dashed lines were McMahon's initial proposals. ([[Hugh Edward Richardson|Hugh Richardson]], 1945)]]
In the first session on 13 October, after the formalities of exchanging credentials, Lonchen Shatra presented an opening statement outlining the Tibetan position. The statement started by declaring, "Tibet and China have never been under each other and will never associate with each other in future. It is decided that Tibet is an independent state."{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|p=182}}{{efn|This reflected the Tibetan position that the relationship that existed between Tibet and China was not any form of subordination, but rather that of priest and patron. Several scholars, including Parshotam Mehra, acknowledge this without any reservation.<ref>
{{harvp|Mehra|1974|p=178}}: "The basic bond between the Ch'ing Emperor and the Dalai Lama, it may be recalled, was that of the Patron and the Priest, a sort of extension of the ''chela-guru'' idea which does not yield easily to a precise definition nor allows itself to be put into a strait-jacket."
</ref>}} Tibet repudiated all the previous conventions signed regarding itself without its own participation.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|p=182}} It declared the boundaries of Tibet, ranging from the [[Kuenlun|Kuenlun Range]] in the north, passing through the [[Altyn Tagh]] and [[Ho Shili]] ranges etc. and ending with the boundaries with [[Sichuan]] and [[Yunnan]].{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|p=182}} (See the brown line in Map 1.) It enumerated all the districts contained within these boundaries, demanded that the revenue collected from them by China should be returned to the Tibetans, and also claimed damages for the forcible exactions carried out on them.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|pp=182–183}}

On 30 October, Ivan Chen made Chinese 'counter-proposals'.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|p=183}} Beginning with a tendentious account of the relationship between the two countries, his statement claimed that the 'misunderstandings' that existed were solely due to the "conduct of His Holiness", who was said to be intractable and ignorant of the international situation.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|pp=183–184}} The statement declared that Tibet was 'an integral part' of China and that no attempt by Britain or Tibet to interrupt this 'territorial integrity' would be tolerated.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|p=184}} China vowed not to convert Tibet into a Chinese province and Britain should likewise undertake not to annex any part of it.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|p=184}} A Chinese Resident was to be stationed in Lhasa, and Tibet should be guided by China in its foreign and military affairs.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|p=184}} Tibet should grant amnesty to all the officials and non-officials who had been previously punished.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|p=184}} Chen also presented a map marking the boundary between China and Tibet which conformed to the then prevalent Chinese notions.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|p=184}} (See the light blue line in Map 1.)

At the second meeting, McMahon laid down that the first and most important question was the 'definition of the limits' of Tibet.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|p=185}} Then there would be other minor issues such as the Tibetan claims of compensation for losses and the Chinese demands for amnesty.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|p=185}} While Lonchen Shatra agreed to the procedure, Ivan Chen countered that deciding the political status of Tibet should be the first order of business. Chen also revealed that he had 'definite orders' from his government to give priority to the political questions. In response, McMahon ruled that he would discuss the frontier issue with Lonchen Shatra alone until Chen obtained authorisation from his government to join it.{{sfnp|Mehra|pp=185–186}} After five days, the Chinese government authorised Chen to join the discussion.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|p=186}}

===Frontier discussions===
[[File:Simla Convention - contending claims in Kham.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Map 2: Frontier proposals in [[Kham]]: Dark blue line – the boundary of 'Outer Tibet' proposed in the conference; Light blue line – the boundary proposed by China; Pink line (1915) and Dashed blue line (1919) were later Chinese proposals. ([[Hugh Edward Richardson|Hugh Richardson]], 1945)]]
[[File:Kangding-monasterio-nanwu-c01-f.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Nanwu Si monastery in [[Tachienlu]]]]
[[File:Bum La boundary pillar.png|thumb|right|260px|The boundary pillar near [[Batang, Sichuan|Batang]], photographed by [[Eric Teichman]] in 1922]]
Informal discussions took place throughout December 1913, assisted by Charles Bell and Archibald Rose. Chen admitted to Rose that the frontier question was 'exploded' upon him rather unexpectedly. But Rose replied that Chen had himself pushed it to the forefront.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|p=187}}

In the second informal meeting, Chen read out a statement, which started by arguing the Chinese position on the political status of Tibet. He maintained that China had been in effective occupation as far west as [[Gyamda|Giamda]]. The claim included the districts of [[Pomed]], [[Zayul]], [[Markam County|Markham]], [[Dêgê County|Derge]], Draya and Gyade, in addition to the 'generally' recognised claims to [[Qinghai|Kokonor]], [[Batang, Sichuan|Batang]] and [[Litang County|Litang]].{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|p=188}}{{efn|All the locations mentioned with the exception of Kokonor were in [[Kham]]. "Kokonor" appears to stand for some undefined part of [[Amdo]], perhaps even the whole of it.}}

The Lonchen replied that Tibet had always been 'an independent country'. At one stage a Chinese princess had been given in marriage to a Tibetan ruler and that, at another, a boundary pillar had been erected at Marugong (Kokonor–Kansu border). Even though China had given some titles to the officials in the eastern regions, the taxation and administration of the region had always been in Tibetan hands.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|p=188}}

Chen claimed that there was a boundary pillar erected 300 li west of Batang in 1727, marking Chinese occupation. Lonchen demanded documentary proof that such a pillar had been erected.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|p=188}} Chen was unable to produce any documentary proof other than second-hand reports.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|pp=189, 194}}

When his turn came, the Lonchen mentioned that three identical monoliths were erected a thousand years earlier in Lhasa, the Chinese capital and the frontier, recording a Chinese–Tibetan treaty. He produced copies of the inscription on the pillars and references to it in the 'History of Tibet' compiled by the 5th Dalai Lama.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|p=189}} The Lonchen had a mountain of evidence containing taxation and administration records for all the regions up to [[Tachienlu]] (Kangding). The Chinese had nothing comparable to offer.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|p=190}}

In the face of the conflicting claims, both the sides agreed to prepare written statements embodying the complete evidence available on the frontier.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|p=189}} These were presented on 12 January 1914, during the third session of the conference after it had moved to Delhi.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|p=189}} China's extended claims were based on [[Zhao Erfeng]]'s advances, which were quite recent (1906–1911). Chen justified them as 'effective occupation' recognised in international law.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|p=194}} Lonchen ridiculed the claim, by listing the atrocities committed by Zhao and querying how the raids of such a person could be deemed lawful.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|loc=p. 195: 'And yet, argued the Lonchen, instead of owning the truth, the Chinese "descend so low as to base their claims on his raids as conquests and call it incontrovertible proof of just claim, it is like trying to swallow a living person".'}}

In the course of these discussions, McMahon formed the idea of distinguishing between so-called 'Inner Tibet' and 'Outer Tibet'. The main motivation, according to scholar Parshotam Mehra, was the recognition that, while the Chinese had far-flung garrisons in the frontier territories, they had been unable to affect any material change in the Tibetan administration of the tribal states within them. So, some kind of shared presence in these territories would be necessary. These were to form the 'Inner Tibet'.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|p=192}} The 'Outer Tibet' was to be Lhasa's dominion, with only Chinese suzerainty over it.

===McMahon's proposals===
On 17 February 1914, in the fourth session of the conference, McMahon laid on the table his proposal for the identification of 'Inner Tibet' and 'Outer Tibet' regions, along with a map showing the boundaries of these regions.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|p=208}} (See the dashed red line and dashed blue line in Map 1.) He explained that the authentic records of both China and Tibet dating back to 822 CE had established Tibet's historical frontiers (the "red line" on the map). In the 18th century, under the [[Kangxi]] and [[Qianlong]] emperors, Chinese control was established on parts of Tibet, and a boundary pillar was erected near [[Batang, Sichuan|Batang]]. These developments developed a "well-defined line" (the "blue line") between the sphere of "periodic Chinese intervention" and the autonomous region of Tibet where Chinese dictation was "purely nominal". These two lines now defined two zones in Tibet, for which he used the terms 'Inner Tibet' and 'Outer Tibet'.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|p=208}}

The enunciation of the two zones marked on a map generated a strong reaction from both the Tibetan and Chinese plenipotentiaries. Lonchen argued strongly that Batang and Litang should be included in 'Outer Tibet' and adduced considerable official evidence. Ivan Chen claimed that China, under the [[Guangxu]] and [[Xuantong]] emperors, took the 'Inner Tibet' areas "back" and restored them to the Sichuan province. In the remaining areas of Tibet, he claimed that the Lhasa Amban had conducted direct administration. He claimed that his government could not recede from the claims he had made on 12 January.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|pp=209–210}} Frantic negotiations followed in Delhi and Beijing, and even in London. McMahon had a 'verbal statement' delivered to Chen via Archibald Rose, pointing out that, in 1904 China had no administration in either zone of Tibet, and citing Fu Sung-mu's authority as evidence.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|pp=210–211}} He also warned the Chinese plenipotentiary that China's "uncompromising position" and renewed fighting along the China–Tibet frontier was fast eroding his own ability to persuade the Tibetans to make any concessions at all.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|pp=211–217}}

At the fifth session on 11 March, McMahon tabled a draft of the convention, and introduced it with a variation of his "verbal statement". He appealed to both the Tibetan and Chinese representatives for "a broad and statesmanlike spirit of compromise" so that their labours could be brought to a speedy conclusion.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|pp=211–212}} China was not receptive. Chen maintained that it was premature to discuss a draft since the general principles (of 'Inner' and 'Outer' Tibet) had not been accepted by his government.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|p=212}} Meanwhile, China's amban-designate for Lhasa, sitting in [[Calcutta]],{{Efn|China had no presence in Tibet at the time of the conference, with Tibet having driven out all Chinese officials in 1911. The Chinese government nevertheless appointed an Amban (Imperial resident), who stationed himself in Calcutta, waiting for Tibetan acquiescence.}} was advising the Chinese government to keep up the military pressure on the frontier and that the British were in no position to intervene militarily.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|pp=212–213}}

The sixth session on 7 April went by with no apparent progress. On 27 March, Chen had been warned that, if he was unable to work towards a settlement based on the map, then McMahon would have to withdraw the map and make alternative proposals.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|p=215}}{{efn|These alternatives could perhaps lean towards the Tibetan position, viz., that Tibet should be recognised as an independent country.}} At 7 April meeting, Chen proposed a certain 'five-point proposal' communicated by Beijing, which made promises about how China would administer the territory it claimed, but without any change to the claim itself. The proposal found no favour with the other participants. At the end of the meeting, McMahon told Chen that he intended to call the next session on 14 April in order to withdraw the current draft. Chen begged for more time.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|pp=216–217}}

Eventually the seventh session was called on 22 April. In the interim, Chen had won some concessions. The border zone including the towns of Atuntse and Tachienlu had been conceded to China as was the lake of [[Kokonor Lake|Kokonor]]. (See Map 1.) Nevertheless, on 22 April, Chen had again presented five new 'demands', which found no favour with the other participants.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|pp=219–220, 238}} Lonchen also withheld consent as Derge and Nyarong were placed in Inner Tibet.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|p=239}} At this point, McMahon made a show of withdrawing the entire draft convention, which made the other participants rethink their position. Chen begged for time to consult his governrment.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|p=239}}

After an adjournment of five days, the conference reconvened on 27 April 1914 when the draft convention, along with the map, was initialled by all three participants. It was not a straightforward affair. The Chinese government's message to Chen said that the draft convention was acceptable except for the Article IX, which dealt with the boundary between 'Inner Tibet' and 'Outer Tibet'.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|p=240}} So he was not authorised to sign the convention and he left the meeting chamber. In his absence, McMahon and Lonchen Shatra appended their initials to the draft convention. After he learnt what transpired in the meeting, Chen agreed to initial the draft convention reluctantly, having received assurance that initialling it did not amount to final acceptance.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|pp=219–220, 240–241}}{{efn|We might surmise that initialling the draft convention amounted to recognising it as a valid record of the conference, while a full signature was needed for the final acceptance. As the Tibetan language did not have a system of initials, Lonchen Shatra put down his full signature in lieu of initials.}}

===April–June 1914===
During the period of April–June, prior to the final meeting, Britain held discussions with Russia on the draft convention. It was obliged to do so by the [[Anglo-Russian Convention]] of 1907, as the two Great Powers had agreed to leave Tibet as a neutral zone, free of their interference.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|loc=Chapter 21}}{{efn|Evidently the Anglo-Russian Convention was signed in a context where China had suzerainty over Tibet. With Tibet's declaration of independence in 1912, the situation had altered, and it was in the interest of both the powers to return the situation to ''status quo ante''.}}

China repudiated its plenipotentiary's act of initialling the draft convention calling it unauthorised. It also implied that Chen had been coerced to initial the convention, a charge rejected by Britain.{{efn|The records of the meeting do not indicate any coercion, but Chen might have been led to believe that if he did not initial the convention, Britain and Tibet would sign it among themselves.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|pp=261–262}}}} China also charged that Henry McMahon, the British plenipotentiary, was 'unfriendly' to China and had an 'uncompromising attitude'. It requested that negotiations be continued, with the venue shifted to London or Beijing. London backed its plenipotentiary, declaring that "every point" in China's favour had been conceded by him as long as it caused no injustice to Tibet.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|pp=263–264}} For the remainder of the period, China continued to lobby for further adjustments in the boundary through the British envoy in Beijing as well as the Chinese envoy in London. The demands were turned down by Britain.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|pp=264–272}}

In India, McMahon and Viceroy [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst|Hardinge]] believed that China was bluffing and the best way to call it would be to sign the convention with Tibet alone.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|pp=273, 275, 276}}
On 25 June, Britain sent a memorandum to China explaining all the concessions that were made to China during the negotiations and adding a new concession by restricting Tibet's northern boundary to the [[Kunlun Mountains]] instead of [[Altyn Tagh]]. It also indicated that the "patience of HMG [His Majesty's Government]" was exhausted, and, if China cannot agree to sign the convention by the end of the month, Britain was prepared to sign it separately with Tibet.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|p=283}} China's response delivered on 30 June said that no agreement was achieved on the territorial issue and that China would not recognise any convention signed by Britain and Tibet alone.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|pp=284–285}}

===Final meeting===
On 2 July, McMahon was authorised by the British government to call a final meeting to sign the convention, which was now slightly altered from the April version on procedural matters. McMahon mapped out his strategy. In the event of China not agreeing to sign, Britain and Tibet would sign the Convention along with the Trade Regulations and a bilateral declaration to the effect that the convention would be binding on the two parties. China could participate in the convention as soon as it consented to sign.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|pp=284–285}} The procedure was not explicitly authorised by London. In fact, the Foreign Office initiated an instruction to the effect a separate signature with Tibet could not be authorised by the British government, but it was received in Simla too late to affect the proceedings.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|pp=288–289}}

On 3 July, the conference was convened at 11:15 pm. The late hour was to allow time for Ivan Chen to receive his final instructions from Beijing. They were still not received. So, Chen stood by his earlier instructions and declined to sign. Lonchen Shatra was ready to sign and so McMahon's procedure was adopted after Chen left the meeting chamber. In the event, the convention was ''initialled'' rather than signed. The bilateral declaration was ''signed'' as were the maps. After Chen returned to the meeting chamber, McMahon informed him that he could still convene another meeting until 6 July if Chen were to be ready to sign.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|pp=289–290}}

Evidence indicates that Ivan Chen viewed the Convention in favourable terms, thought it best obtainable under the circumstances, and believed that his government would accept it in due course. It is also known that he made a brave effort to convince President [[Yuan Shikai]] to accept it after his return to China.<ref>
{{harvp|Mehra|1974|p=187}}: "Ivan Chen had 'confidentially' informed him [McMahon] that even in the event of his (Ivan Chen's) signature being withheld tomorrow a favourable change in the attitude of the Chinese Government is likely to be produced by the actual conclusion of an independent agreement between Great Britain and Tibet."
</ref><ref>
{{harvp|Mehra|1982}}: "It is significant that on the eve of his departure from Simla he [Chen] still sincerely believed that China would change its stance. More, it is now known that he made a brave effort, off his own bat, to influence Yuan Shih-kai accept the Simla convention."
</ref>

==Convention==
The boundary between Tibet and British India, later called the [[McMahon Line]], was also included in the map referred to in the treaty.{{sfnp|Sinha|1987|p=12}}
This boundary was negotiated between the British and Tibetan representatives separately, in the absence of the Chinese representative.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|loc=Chapter 19. "Negotiating the India–Tibet Boundary" (pp. 221–232)}}{{efn|name="Sinha map"|The map was finalised on 24/25 March 1914 by the British and Tibetan plenipotentiaries. Indian sources currently claim that, on being informed of the line, the Chinese plenipotentiary did not express any disagreement. {{harv|Sinha|1987|p=12}}}}

The border decided by them was incorporated in the Simla conference map, which showed the boundary of Tibet as a "red line" and the border between Outer and Inner Tibet as a "blue line". This map was provided as an annexe to the proposed agreement and was initialled by all three representatives on 27 April 1914.<ref>{{harvp|Calvin|1984}}: "The [McMahon] line was marked on a large-scale (eight miles to the inch) map. On a much smaller-scale map, which was used in the discussions of the Inner Tibet-Outer Tibet boundary, the McMahon-Tibetan boundary (which would become the McMahon Line) was shown as a sort of appendix to the boundary between Inner Tibet and China proper (see Map Six,below)."</ref>{{efn|name="Sinha"|
* {{harvp|Sinha|1966|p=37}}: "The two maps (27 April 1914 and 3 July 1914) illustrating the boundaries bear the full signature of the Tibetan Plenipotentiary; the first bears the full signature of the Chinese Plenipotentiary also; the second bears the full signatures along with seals of both Tibetan and British Plenipotentiaries. (V. Photographic reproductions of the two maps in ''Atlas of the North Frontier of India'', New Delhi: Ministry of External Affairs 1960)"
* {{harvp|Goldstein|1991|p=80}} quotes the India Office records IOR/L/PS/10/344.
* {{harvp|Gupta|1971}}: "The Indian Government opened bilateral negotiations with the Tibetans in Deli in February–March 1914 (the conferees having retreated from the Simla winter) with the object of securing Tibetan agreement to the proposed alignment."
}}

The [[s:Simla Accord (1914)#Schedule|Schedule appended to the Convention]] contained further notes. For example, it was to be understood that "Tibet forms part of Chinese territory" and after the Tibetans selected a Dalai Lama, the Chinese government was to be notified and the Chinese commissioner in Lhasa would "formally communicate to His Holiness the titles consistent with his dignity, which have been conferred by the Chinese Government"; that the Tibetan government appointed all officers for "Outer Tibet", and that "Outer Tibet" was not to be represented in the Chinese Parliament or any such assembly.<ref name="Convention 1914"/><ref name="Goldstein75">{{harvnb|Goldstein|1991|p=75}}.</ref>

On 3 July 1914, the British and Tibetan plenipotentiaries signed the Convention without a Chinese signature. They also signed an additional bilateral declaration with the claim that the convention would be binding on them and that China would be denied any privileges under the agreement until it signed it.{{efn|This effectively meant that Tibet's ''de facto'' independence would continue until China signed the Convention. Lhasa would also be within its rights to contest the Chinese control of the "Inner Tibet" regions.<ref>
{{harvp|Richardson|1984|p=114}}: "The advantages of which the Chinese were thus deprived do not appear to have been specifically catalogued but they must be interpreted as follows:
# The operation in the favour of China of the Anglo-Chinese Convention of 1906. [...]
# The recognition of Chinese suzerainty over Tibet by the Tibetan and British Governments.
# The right to appoint an Amban at Lhasa with a military escort of 300 men.
# The admission that Tibet forms part of China.
# The admission that China is not a foreign power for the purpose of the 1904 Anglo-Tibetan Convention.
# Any concern in the appointment of a Dalai Lama.
# Any limitation of the strength of British escorts in Tibet."
</ref>}}<ref name="Goldstein75"/><ref name=bilateral/>
Ivan Chen left the room briefly while the British and Tibetan representatives signed the documents, and he did not have knowledge of the proceedings. He believed that the Convention itself was signed (whereas it was only initialled) and McMahon left him to retain that impression.<ref>
{{harvnb|Mehra|1974|pp=289–292}}: "When the Lonchen and Sir Henry proceeded to conclude the agreement, Ivan Chen was present briefly. ... Later, however, he left the chamber. After the Convention had been signed, Chen returned to the Conference room."
</ref>
The British and Lonchen Shatra also signed a fresh set of trade Regulations to replace those of 1908.<ref name=TibHist136>McKay, Alex, ''The History of Tibet: The modern period: 1895–1959, the Encounter with modernity'', p. 136.</ref>

==Aftermath==
[[File:Simla Convention and ROC control in Kham.jpg|thumb|right|260px|China's control in Kham: The light blue line on the west represents the boundary in 1912–1917; China was pushed back to the brown line during 1918–1932. By 1945, it arrived at the dotted red line. The dark blue line is the Simla Convention boundary that China turned down.]]
[[File:Chamdo Mekong.png|thumb|right|260px|Landscape near Chamdo]]
The Simla Conference having ended with a bipartite treaty rather than a tripartite one, the door was left open for China to join the Convention whenever it deemed fit. The signed bipartite treaty continued to govern the relations between Tibet and the British Empire until the latter's departure from India in 1947.

[[World War I]] began soon after the Simla Conference ended, and the British government became preoccupied with the war arrangements. McMahon was posted as the British High Commissioner to Egypt and he soon departed India. In Tibet, the feeling was strong that the conference was a failure despite Tibet having had to give up territory, in particular in the 'Inner Tibet'.{{sfnp|Goldstein|1991|p=77}} There were also demands for direct negotiations between Tibet and China.{{sfnp|Goldstein|1991|p=77}} Citing these concerns, Tibet requested arms for fighting the Chinese who were still in possession of the border regions of 'Outer Tibet'. The British sold the Tibetans 5,000 guns and half a million rounds of ammunition.{{sfnp|Goldstein|1991|p=77}} The viceroy also told them that the reason for the failure of the conference was that Britain had tried to achieve for Tibet greater advantages than the Chinese were prepared to concede.{{sfnp|Goldstein|1991|p=80}} Further demands for arms and tax concessions were politely denied.{{sfnp|Goldstein|1991|pp=80–82}}

In 1917, conflict broke out between the Tibetans and Chinese in [[Kham]] near the area of [[Riwoche]]. The Tibetans made use of their new arms to strike back and, within a year, recaptured [[Chamdo]] and the areas east of Upper Yangtse River (Dri Chu), all of which China had refused to yield at the Simla Conference. The British intervened diplomatically and arranged a truce, setting the border along the Upper Yangtse River, along with the region of Derge going to Tibet.{{sfnp|Goldstein|1991|p=83}}

After the conflict, renewed efforts were made to bring China into the Simla Convention. In May 1919, the Chinese made a four-point proposal via the British envoy Jordan, suggesting changes in some of the articles of the convention, and adjusting the boundary to reflect the ground situation.<ref>
{{harvp|Mehra|1974|pp=333–334}}; {{harvp|Lamb|1989|pp=86–87}}
</ref> The British considered the Chinese proposals favourably and were ready to make counter-proposals.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|pp=334–337}} But a scheduled meeting of Jordan with the Chinese minister in August 1919 was abruptly cancelled saying that, due to a change in public opinion, the Chinese Cabinet had decided to postpone the negotiations.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|p=338}} There had been rumours in China about a "sell-away" on Tibet, and the British envoy was led to believe that fresh intrigues by the Japanese caused apprehensions of public agitations.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|p=338}}

In 1917, the [[Bolsheviks]] came to power in Russia and repudiated all the treaties of the Tsarist regime, including the [[Anglo-Russian Convention]], which would have precluded a bipartite Simla Convention between Britain and Tibet coming into force. By 1921, the British Foreign Office ruled that the Anglo-Russian Convention was no longer valid and therefore all its restrictions were removed from practice.{{sfnp|Mehra|1974|p=417}} Foreign Secretary Lord Curzon gave a memorandum to the Chinese envoy in August 1921 stating the British intention to recognise the status of Tibet as an "autonomous State under the suzerainty of China" and deal with it on that basis "without further reference to China".{{sfnp|Goldstein|1991|pp=397–398}}

In 1943, the British contemplated discarding the fiction of Chinese suzerainty and supporting Tibet's claim to independence, but decided against it, under the belief that it might precipitate a Chinese attack on Tibet. The British position of Chinese suzerainty over Tibet was reiterated.{{sfnp|Goldstein|1991|pp=398–402}}

===Publication issues===
The official treaty record, C.U. Aitchison's ''A Collection of Treaties'', was published with a note stating that no binding agreement had been reached at Simla.<ref name="Lin">{{citation |last=Lin |first=Hsiao-ting |author1-link=Lin Hsiao-ting |title=Boundary, sovereignty, and imagination: Reconsidering the frontier disputes between British India and Republican China, 1914–47 |journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |date=September 2004 |volume=32 |number=3 |pages=25–47 |doi=10.1080/0308653042000279650|s2cid=159560382 }}</ref>
Legal scholar M. C. van Praag states that the only mechanism for a 1914 treaty to become invalid is one of the parties repudiated it, and neither Tibet nor Britain did so.<ref>
{{citation |title=The Simla Agreements in International Law |first=M.C. van Walt |last=van Praag |journal=Tibet Policy Journal |publisher=The Tibet Policy Institute |number=1 |date=December 2014 |pages=26–55 |url=https://tibetpolicy.net/tibet-policy-journal-i/ |archive-date=2 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202124952/https://tibetpolicy.net/tibet-policy-journal-i/ |url-status=live }}: "Moreover, under the law in existence at the time, a treaty would only have been voidable if the treaty party damaged by it had demanded its invalidation and the other party had agreed to it, or if the matter was resolved by a recognized dispute resolution mechanism. Unhappiness with the outcome of negotiations or with the behaviour of negotiators did not affect the validity and enforceability of treaties. Neither the British nor the Tibetan government officially repudiated the actions of their plenipotentiaries in communications to the other treaty party, internal rumblings notwithstanding."
</ref>

==Commentaries==
Melvyn Goldstein, an American Tibetologist from [[Case Western Reserve University]], assessed that Simla did nothing to resolve the Tibet Question. He indicated that since the Republic of China did not agree to the Simla Convention, Tibet still had no legal status accepted by the Chinese government.<ref name=Goldstein1997p34>Goldstein, Melvyn, ''The Snow Lion and the Dragon: China, Tibet, and the Dalai Lama'', University of California Press, 1997, p. 34, "Simla did nothing to resolve the Tibet Question. Since China did not agree to the convention, Tibet still had no ''de jure'' status accepted by China. And the new Anglo-Tibetan note provided no guarantees that the British would militarily defend the rights specified in the Simla Convention if China sough to enforce its claim over Tibet by force.</ref>

==2008 British policy change==
Until 2008, the British Government's position remained the same that China held [[suzerainty]] over Tibet but not full sovereignty. It was the only state still to hold this view.<ref name=economist-2008-11-24>
{{citation |title=Britain's suzerain remedy |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=6 November 2008 |url=http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12570571 |archive-date=10 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210165838/http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12570571}}
</ref>
[[David Miliband]], the British Foreign Secretary, described the old position as an anachronism originating in the geopolitics of the early 20th century.{{sfnp|Lunn|2009|p=8}} Britain revised this view on 29 October 2008, when it recognised Chinese sovereignty over Tibet by issuing a statement on its website.{{efn|{{citation |first=David |last=Miliband |author-link=David Miliband |url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/newsroom/latest-news/?view=PressS&id=8299838 |title=Written Ministerial Statement on Tibet (29/10/2008) |website=British Foreign Office website |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202021442/http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/newsroom/latest-news/?view=PressS&id=8299838 |archive-date=2 December 2008}}: "Our ability to get our points across has sometimes been clouded by the position the UK took at the start of the 20th century on the status of Tibet, a position based on the geo-politics of the time. Our recognition of China's "special position" in Tibet developed from the outdated concept of suzerainty. Some have used this to cast doubt on the aims we are pursuing and to claim that we are denying Chinese sovereignty over a large part of its own territory. We have made clear to the Chinese Government, and publicly, that we do not support Tibetan independence. Like every other EU member state, and the United States, we regard Tibet as part of the People's Republic of China. Our interest is in long term stability, which can only be achieved through respect for human rights and greater autonomy for the Tibetans."}} ''[[The Economist]]'' stated that although the British Foreign Office's website does not use the word sovereignty, officials at the Foreign Office said "it means that, as far as Britain is concerned, 'Tibet is part of China. Full stop.'"<ref name=economist-2008-11-24/>

The British Government sees their new stances as an updating of their position, while some others have viewed it as a major shift in the British position.{{efn|name=Lunn-7|{{harvp|Lunn|2009|p=7}}: "However, in October 2008 there was what some have viewed as a major shift in the British position, although the Government sees it more as an updating of it. This involved abandoning the concept of 'Chinese suzerainty' on the grounds that it was unclear and out-dated."}} Tibetologist Robert Barnett thinks that the decision has wider implications. India's claim to a part of its north-east territories, for example, is largely based on the same agreements – notes exchanged during the Simla convention of 1914, which set the boundary between India and Tibet – that the British appear to have simply discarded.<ref name=barnettnyt>
{{citation |author=Robert Barnett |title=Did Britain Just Sell Tibet? |newspaper=The New York Times |date=24 November 2008 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/25/opinion/25barnett.html?hp |archive-date=28 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728211306/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/25/opinion/25barnett.html?hp}}
</ref> It has been speculated that Britain's shift was made in exchange for China making greater contributions to the [[International Monetary Fund]].<ref name=barnettnyt/><ref>
[http://www.spectator.co.uk/search/author/?searchString=James%20Forsyth Forsyth, James] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080901002136/http://www.spectator.co.uk/search/author/?searchString=James%20Forsyth |date=1 September 2008 }} (the web editor of ''[[The Spectator]]''). [http://www.spectator.co.uk/coffeehouse/3038881/have-brown-and-miliband-sold-out-tibet-for-chinese-cash.thtml Have Brown and Miliband sold out Tibet for Chinese cash?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203113429/http://www.spectator.co.uk/coffeehouse/3038881/have-brown-and-miliband-sold-out-tibet-for-chinese-cash.thtml |date=3 December 2008 }}, website of ''The Spectator'', 25 November 2008.
</ref><ref>
Editorial [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/telegraph-view/4969667/The-neglect-of-Tibet.html The neglect of Tibet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922122351/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/telegraph-view/4969667/The-neglect-of-Tibet.html |date=22 September 2018 }}, ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', 11 March 2009.
</ref>

==Maps==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="160px">
Image:Simla Accord Treaty 1914 Map2.jpg|Simla Accord treaty map, signed in 1914 (showing the boundary of Tibet and the boundary of Outer Tibet)
Image:1945 Simla Conference Frontiers from Tibetan Precis by Richardson in Himalayan Triangle.jpg|In addition to the two boundaries, this map by [[Hugh Edward Richardson|Hugh Richardson]] shows Henry McMahon's first proposals as dashed lines, and the Tibetan (brown) and Chinese (light blue) claims
</gallery>
<gallery widths="200px" heights="160px">
Image:McMahon Line Simla Accord Treaty 1914 Map1.jpg|McMahon Line western part
Image:McMahon Line Simla Accord Treaty 1914 Map2.jpg|McMahon Line eastern part
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Treaty of Kyakhta (1915)]]
* [[Western imperialism in Asia|Imperialism in Asia]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin|35em}}
* Aitchison, C.U. "[http://www.tibetjustice.org/materials/treaties/treaties16.html Convention Between Great Britain, China, and Tibet, Simla]", ''A Collection of Treaties, Engagements And Sanads'', Vol XIV, Calcutta 1929, pp. 21 & 38. (Official British colonial treaty record), on the website of the [https://web.archive.org/web/20090310103457/http://www.tibetjustice.org/index.html Tibet Justice Center]. Retrieved 2009-03-20
* {{citation |first=Arun Kumar |last=Banerji |chapter=Borders |editor=Jayanta Kumar Ray |title=Aspects of India's International Relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nyk6oA2nOlgC&pg=PA203 |year=2007 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-0834-7 |pages=173–256 |ref={{sfnref|Banerji, Borders|2007}}}}
* Calvin, James Barnard (Lieutenant Commander,U. S. Navy). ''The China – India Border War (1962)'', Marine Corps Command and Staff College, April 1984, republished as [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1984/CJB.htm The China-India Border War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111000325/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1984/CJB.htm |date=11 November 2011 }}, [http://www.globalsecurity.org globalsecurity.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151213041303/http://www.globalsecurity.org/ |date=13 December 2015 }}. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
* {{Citation |last=Goldstein |first=Melvyn C. |year=1991 |title=A History of Modern Tibet, 1913–1951: The demise of the Lamaist state |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-07590-0 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Upwq0I-wm7YC&pg=PA75 75], [https://books.google.com/books?id=Upwq0I-wm7YC&pg=PA307 307], [https://books.google.com/books?id=Upwq0I-wm7YC&pg=PA836 837]}}
* {{Citation |last=Goldstein |first=Melvyn C. |year=1997 |title=The Snow Lion and the Dragon: China, Tibet, and the Dalai Lama |publisher=University of California Press. |isbn=978-0-520-21951-9|pages=30–31}}
* {{citation |first=Karunakar |last=Gupta |title=The McMahon Line 1911-45: The British Legacy |journal=The China Quarterly |number=47 |date=July–September 1971 |volume=47 |pages=521–545 |doi=10.1017/S0305741000006214 |jstor=652324|s2cid=154538062 }}
* {{citation |last=Hoffmann |first=Steven A. |title=India and the China Crisis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BpSRwC5_EPUC |year=1990 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-06537-6}}
* {{citation |last=Lamb |first=Alastair |title=The McMahon Line: a Study in the Relations Between, India, China and Tibet, 1904 to 1914, Vol. 2: Hardinge, McMahon and the Simla Conference |year=1966 |publisher=Routledge & K. Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vak5AQAAIAAJ}}
* {{citation |last=Lunn |first=Jon |title=Tibet (SN/IA/5018) |publisher=International Affairs and Defence Section, British Parliamentary Briefing Paper |date=20 March 2009 |url=http://www.parliament.uk/commons/lib/research/briefings/snia-05018.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618172828/http://www.parliament.uk/commons/lib/research/briefings/snia-05018.pdf |archive-date=18 June 2009 }}
* {{citation |last=Marshall |first=Julie |title=Britain and Tibet 1765–1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2dV_AgAAQBAJ&pg=PR14 |year=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-32784-3 }}
* Maxwell, Neville. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20080822215146/http://www.centurychina.com/plaboard/uploads/1962war.htm India's China War]'' (1970) Jonathan Cape. {{ISBN|0-224-61887-3}}.
* {{citation |title=A Forgotten Chapter in the History of the Northeast Frontier: 1914-36 |first=Parshotam |last=Mehra |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=31 |number=2 |date=February 1972 |pages=299–308 |doi=10.2307/2052598 |jstor=2052598|s2cid=163657025 }}
* {{citation |last=Mehra |first=Parshotam |title=The McMahon Line and After: A Study of the Triangular Contest on India's North-eastern Frontier Between Britain, China and Tibet, 1904-47 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a4cnAQAAMAAJ |year=1974 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=9780333157374 }}
* {{citation |first=Parshotam |last=Mehra |title=India-China Border: A Review and Critique |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=17 |number=20 |date=15 May 1982 |pages=834–838 |jstor=4370923}}
* {{citation |last=Richardson |first=Hugh E. |title=Tibet and its History |edition=Second |publisher=Shambala |location=Boulder/London |date=1984 |isbn=9780877737896 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=45QizQEACAAJ }}
* {{citation |last=Shakya |first=Tsering |title=The Dragon in the Land of Snows: A History of Modern Tibet Since 1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dosnYnxzTD4C |year=1999 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-11814-9 }}
* {{citation |last=Shakya |first=Tsering |title=Dragon in the Land of Snows: The History of Modern Tibet since 1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WWjMMS7dHc0C |year=2012 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-1-4481-1429-0 }}
* {{citation |last=Sinha |first=Nirmal C. |title=Was the Simla Convention not signed? |url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/bot/pdf/bot_03_01_04.pdf |journal=Bulletin of Tibetology |volume=3 |number=1 |date=February 1966 |pages=33–38 |access-date=12 March 2021 |archive-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928180445/http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/bot/pdf/bot_03_01_04.pdf |url-status=live }}
* {{citation |last=Sinha |first=Nirmal C. |title=The Simla Convention of 1914: A Chinese Puzzle |journal=Bulletin of Tibetology |volume=23 |number=2 |pages=5–12 |date=July 1987 |orig-year=1974 |url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/bot/pdf/bot_1987_02_01.pdf |archive-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928180224/http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/bot/pdf/bot_1987_02_01.pdf |url-status=live }}
* {{citation |last=Smith |first=Warren W. |title=Tibetan Nation: A history of Tibetan nationalism and Sino-Tibetan relations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SbHtAAAAMAAJ |year=1996 |publisher=Westview Press |isbn=978-0-8133-3155-3 }}
** {{citation |last=Smith |first=Warren |title=Tibetan Nation: A history of Tibetan nationalism and Sino-Tibetan relations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OXmmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT212 |year=2019 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-00-061228-8 }}
* Staff, [http://www.tibetjustice.org/materials/treaties/treaties16.html "Convention Between Great Britain, China, and Tibet, Simla (1914)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200909125110/http://www.tibetjustice.org/materials/treaties/treaties16.html |date=9 September 2020 }}, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090310103457/http://www.tibetjustice.org/index.html Tibet Justice Center]. Retrieved 2009-03-20
* {{Cite journal |last=Zhu |first=Yuan Yi |date=2020 |title=Suzerainty, Semi-Sovereignty, and International Legal Hierarchies on China's Borderlands |journal=[[Asian Journal of International Law]] |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=293–320 |doi=10.1017/S204425132000020X |s2cid=225302411}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Wikisource|Simla Convention (1914)}}
* [http://www.tibetjustice.org/materials/treaties/treaties16.html "Convention Between Great Britain, China, and Tibet, Simla (1914)"], [http://www.tibetjustice.org/index.html Tibet Justice Center] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310103457/http://www.tibetjustice.org/index.html |date=10 March 2009 }}. Retrieved 20 March 2009

{{Tibet topics}}

[[Category:1913 in China]]
[[Category:1913 in India]]
[[Category:1913 in international relations]]
[[Category:1913 in the British Empire]]
[[Category:1910s in Tibet]]
[[Category:1913 in Asia]]
[[Category:1914 in China]]
[[Category:1914 in India]]
[[Category:1914 in international relations]]
[[Category:1914 in the British Empire]]
[[Category:1914 in Asia]]
[[Category:Boundary treaties]]
[[Category:China–India border]]
[[Category:China–Tibet relations]]
[[Category:China–United Kingdom relations]]
[[Category:Geography of Tibet]]
[[Category:History of the foreign relations of India]]
[[Category:History of Shimla]]
[[Category:Tibet–United Kingdom relations]]
[[Category:Treaties concluded in 1914]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to British India]]
[[Category:Treaties of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Republic of China (1912–1949)]]
[[Category:Treaties of the United Kingdom (1801–1922)]]
[[Category:Treaties of Tibet]]

Dhoop

2026-03-16T21:51:00Z

Aeon: rework lead per sources per standard format

{{about|the 2003 film|other uses|Dhoop (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dhoop
| image = dhoop.jpg
| director = Ashwini Chaudhary
| producer = Sanjay Reddy, Parth Arora, Saket Bahl, Karan Grover
| writer = Kumud Chaudhary [[Sanjay Chauhan (screenwriter)|Sanjay Chauhan]]
| starring = [[Om Puri]] [[Revathi]] [[Gul Panag]] [[Sanjay Suri]] [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]]
| music = [[Lalit Sen]]
| editing = [[Arvind Tyagi]]
| distributor = Dream Boat Entertainment Pvt Ltd and Fundamental Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2003|11|7}}
| runtime = 126 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Dhoop''''' ({{Abbr|transl.|Translation}} Sunshine; {{IPA|hi|ˈd̪ʱuːp}}) is a 2003 Indian [[drama film]] directed by [[Ashwini Chaudhary]], based on the [[Battle of Tiger Hill]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/nov/07dhoop.htm|title=Why you must watch Om Puri faint|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=18 October 2021|archive-date=18 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018021015/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/nov/07dhoop.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Actress [[Gul Panag]] made her Bollywood debut with this film.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 August 2021 |title=Friendship With Sanjay Suri Was One Of The Rays Of Dhoop, Gul Panag's Debut Film |work=[[NDTV]] |publisher= |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/gul-panag-relives-her-time-as-pihu-from-first-film-dhoop-in-a-heartfelt-note-2513071 |access-date=6 April 2022 |archive-date=22 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022013327/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/gul-panag-relives-her-time-as-pihu-from-first-film-dhoop-in-a-heartfelt-note-2513071 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The film stars [[Om Puri]] and [[Revathi]] and is loosely based on Captain [[Anuj Nayyar]], [[Maha Vir Chakra|MVC]] and his family.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/02/24/stories/2003022400590100.htm |title=The Hindu : Varied shades of 'Dhoop' and 'Dhund' |access-date=24 October 2021 |archive-date=6 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606131409/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/02/24/stories/2003022400590100.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>http://movies.indiatimes.com/Reviews/Bollywood/Dhoop/articleshow/275468.cms{{Dead link|date=October 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Entertainment News, Latest Entertainment News, Hollywood Bollywood News | Entertainment - Times of India]{{Dead link|date=November 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Plot==
The movie is based on the events surrounding the death of Honorable Capt [[Anuj Nayyar]], MVC of 17 [[Jat Regiment]] of the [[Indian Army]], who was martyred in operations against [[Pakistani]] Army soldiers, in the southwest sector of Tiger Hill on 5 July 1999 as part of the [[Kargil conflict]].
The story of the Kapoor family in the film depicts the real events that happened in the lives of the Nayyar family.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2009/jul/220709-Anuj-Nayyar-Operation-Vijay-matryr-Kargil-war-Prof-SK-Nayyar-Mahavir-Chakra-proud-father.htm |title='Did he die fighting?' |last=Dutta |first=Anshuman G |date=22 July 2009 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |access-date=23 April 2010 |archive-date=19 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119073632/http://www.mid-day.com/news/2009/jul/220709-Anuj-Nayyar-Operation-Vijay-matryr-Kargil-war-Prof-SK-Nayyar-Mahavir-Chakra-proud-father.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/martyrs-father-fights-corruption/25677-3.html|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120709164049/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/martyrs-father-fights-corruption/25677-3.html|archive-date=2012-07-09|url-status=dead|title=Martyr's father fights corruption - India News - IBNLive}}</ref>

Capt Rohit Kapoor is a young officer in the 17 Jat Regiment of the Indian Army.
His father Prof. Suresh Kumar Kapoor, is a professor of economics at the [[Delhi School of Economics]]. His mother Sarita Kapoor, is a librarian at the [[Delhi University Central Library]]. He is engaged to be married to Pihu Verma.

The storyline of the movie takes place between 1999 and 2002, beginning with the death of Captain Kapoor while successfully defeating insurgents and personnel of Pakisthani army and paramilitary to capture Pt 4875 on the western side of [[Tiger Hill, Kargil]].

The news is a huge shock to his family, and the first half of the film portrays their attempts to cope with their grief. They receive messages of condolence from various high government officials as they attempt to come to terms with their loss.

As compensation for the loss of their son, the government allots them a franchise for running a petrol pump. Mrs. Savita Kapoor is aghast at such an offer, and the family is not inclined to avail of this compensation. However, after a visit from Major Kaul, Capt. Kapoor's immediate senior in the Regiment, Prof. Kapoor and Pihu feel it might be a worthy site to commemorate the memory of Rohit and decide to take up the offer. Savita gets convinced by her husband, Prof. Kapoor.

However, as they attempt to make this dream a reality, they encounter massive corruption and red tape at various levels of [[Indian bureaucracy]]. They are threatened and humiliated by various government officials and hooligans. However, the family perseveres in the face of immense odds and continues to struggle. The latter half of the film narrates the story of their mission.

==Cast==
*[[Om Puri]] as Prof Suresh Kumar Kapoor, Rohit's father
*[[Revathi]] as Savita Kapoor, Rohit's mother
*[[Sanjay Suri]] as Captain Rohit Kapoor
*[[Gul Panag]] as Peehu Verma, fiancée of Rohit
*[[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]] as Inspector Ram Singh Mallik
*[[Virendra Saxena]] as Viru Bhai
*[[Murli Sharma]] as Col.Rathore
*[[Ganesh Yadav]] as Murli Pandey
*[[Gopi Desai]] as Rukma
*[[Gautam Saugat]] as Balbir
*[[Ashutosh Jha]] as Raman
*[[Niharika Kareer|Niharika]] as Nishi
*[[Ehsaan Khan]] as Akhil Verma, Peehu's father
*Paritosh Sand as Major Kaul
*[[Rohitash Gaud]] as L/Nk Nihar Singh
*[[Preeti Dayal]] as Naina Verma, Peehu's mother
*[[Neeraj Sood]] as Dobriyal, clerk
*[[Prasad Pandit]] as Mr Ghosh
*[[Rajesh Mishra]] as Pandu
*Jogi as Kalia Jr Engineer
*[[Shirish Handa]] as Manav
*Kuldeep Sharma as Manav's father
*[[Raj Kanojia]] as Auto driver
*[[Shagun Luthra]] as News reporter
*[[Sam Bharoucha]] as OSD
*[[Shakti Singh (actor)|Shakti Singh]] as Sameer Taman
*[[Richa Nayyar]] as Sharbati

==Reception==
The film was not successful at box office. However, it got critical acclaim.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=572|title=Dhoop - Movie - Box Office India|website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref><ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/dhoop-shades-of-brightness/articleshow/272511.cms|title=Dhoop: Shades of brightness - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=7 November 2003|access-date=18 October 2021|archive-date=18 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018020916/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/dhoop-shades-of-brightness/articleshow/272511.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Inspiration==
The film is an account of the inspiring struggle of Prof Nayyar and his family against entrenched [[systemic corruption]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-betrayal-part-ii/213116|title=The Betrayal, Part II | Outlook India Magazine|website=www.outlookindia.com|access-date=18 October 2021|archive-date=18 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018021016/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-betrayal-part-ii/213116|url-status=live}}</ref> His dream was finally realized with the setting up of the petrol pump named 'Kargil Heights', in the [[Vasundhara Enclave]] area of [[New Delhi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wikimapia.org/4522170/Kargil-Heights|title=Kargil Heights - Delhi|website=wikimapia.org|access-date=23 April 2010|archive-date=2 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100302082753/http://wikimapia.org/4522170/Kargil-Heights|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alokagarwal1.blogspot.com/2009/08/kargil-heights.html|title=Kargil Heights|access-date=23 April 2010|archive-date=8 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708022627/http://alokagarwal1.blogspot.com/2009/08/kargil-heights.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Prof Nayyar's struggles continued for several years, and the film serves to highlight the appalling treatment meted out to the families of courageous Indian soldiers who gave their lives in protecting the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kashmir-information.com/Heroes/anuj.html |title=Shaheed Captain Anuj Nayyar |access-date=23 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100407021112/http://www.kashmir-information.com/Heroes/anuj.html |archive-date=7 April 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Music==
{| class="wikitable"
! Song-title !! Singer(s)
|-
| "Benaam Sa Yeh Dil"
| [[Jagjit Singh]]
|-
| "Chehra Mere Yaar"
| [[Wadali Brothers]]
|-
| "Dhoop Ek Safar"
| [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
|-
| "Har Ek Ghar Mein"
| [[Jagjit Singh]]
|-
| "Subah Ke Dhoop Si"
| [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|-
| "Teri Aankhon Se Hi"
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|-
| "Teri Aankhon Se Hi"
| [[Jagjit Singh]]
|-
| "Ye Dhoop Ek Safar" (Female)
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|}

==Awards and nominations==

===Zee Cine Awards 2003===

====Nominated====
*Best Actress in a Supporting Role - [[Revathi]]
*Best Story - [[Kumud Chaudhary]]

===Screen Weekly Awards 2004===

====Nominated====
*Best Dialogue - Kumud Chaudhary, [[Sanjay Chauhan (screenwriter)|Sanjay Chauhan]]
*Best Story - Kumud Chaudhary
*Best Supporting Actress - [[Revathi]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0387164|Dhoop}}

[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:2003 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Kargil War]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]
[[Category:Films scored by Lalit Sen]]
[[Category:Indian Army in films]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of prime ministers of India]]
[[Category:Films set in Kargil]]
[[Category:Films about India–Pakistan wars and conflicts]]
[[Category:Kashmir conflict in films]]

Dharavi (1992 film)

2026-03-16T18:57:31Z

Aeon:

{{Short description|Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dharavi
| image = Dharavi poster.jpg
| caption = Movie poster
| writer = [[Sudhir Mishra]]
| starring = [[Shabana Azmi]] [[Om Puri]] [[Madhuri Dixit]] [[Anil Kapoor]]
| director = [[Sudhir Mishra]]
| producer = [[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC]] [[Doordarshan]]
| cinematography = Rajesh Joshi
| editing = [[Renu Saluja]]
| distributor =[[Doordarshan]]
| released = {{Film date|1992|04|09|India|df=y}}
| runtime = 113 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget = 
| music = [[Rajat Dholakia]]
}}
'''''Dharavi''''' ('''''City of Dreams''''') is a 1992 [[Bollywood|Hindi film]], written and directed by [[Sudhir Mishra]].

The film was a joint [[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC]]-[[Doordarshan]] production<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dharavi - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3926 |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> and went on to winning many awards in the following year, including the 1992 [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi]]. The film was also invited to the [[London Film Festival]], [[Mannheim]] International Film Festival, and [[Nantes Film Festival|Festival 3 Continents Nantes]] in 1992.<ref>[http://www.nfdcindia.com/view_film.php?film_id=67&show=all&categories_id=8 Dharavi at NFDC]</ref>

The film stars [[Shabana Azmi]] and [[Om Puri]] in lead roles, and is set amidst the backdrop of [[India]]'s largest slums, [[Dharavi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dharavi {{!}} Dharavi |url=https://indianfilmhistory.com/movie/dharavi |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=indianfilmhistory.com }}</ref>

==Plot==
Raj Karan Yadav ([[Om Puri]]) is a scrappy taxi driver who somehow scrapes a living in the big metropolis of [[Mumbai|Bombay]], driving a taxi every day. He lives in a one-room tenement with his wife ([[Shabana Azmi]]) in Dharavi, one of the world's largest slums. The film follows his fortunes as he tries to break out from the clutches of poverty, devising plans and investing all his money in a dubious schemes which eventually blow out on him, coming under the eye of unscrupulous politician and local goons, yet he still perseveres for his dreams.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dharavi (1991) Movie: Watch Full Movie Online on JioCinema |url=https://www.jiocinema.com/movies/dharavi?type=0&id=5f6e47a079bf11ec9bdf39ee3d782d47 |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=Jiocinema }}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Shabana Azmi]]
* [[Om Puri]] as Raj Karan Yadav
* [[Raghuvir Yadav]]
* [[Madhuri Dixit]]
* [[Anil Kapoor]]
* [[Virendra Saxena]]
* [[Akhilendra Mishra]]
* [[Shakti Singh (actor)|Shakti Singh]]

==Awards==
* 1992 [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi]]
* 1992 [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction]]: [[Rajat Dholakia]]
* 1992 [[National Film Award for Best Editing]]: [[Renu Saluja]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0104098|title=Dharavi}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110519185842/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/146175/Dharavi/overview Dharavi at NY Times]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071123120532/http://www.musicindiaonline.com/ar/i/movie_name/879/3/director/1307/ Sudhir Mishra comments on his films]

{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Hindi}}

[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:1992 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1992 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films whose editor won the Best Film Editing National Award]]
[[Category:Best Hindi Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sudhir Mishra]]
[[Category:National Film Development Corporation of India films]]
[[Category:Films set in slums]]

{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Irula Nritham

2026-03-16T17:08:21Z

Aeon: made the article v1

{{Short description|Traditional tribal dance of the Irula community}}
{{Infobox dance
|name=Irula Nritham
|image=
|alt=Irula Nritham
|caption=Irula Nritham performance
|native_name= ഇരുള നൃത്തം (Malayalam)
|etymology=
|genre= Tribal dance
|signature=
|instruments=kogal, perai, davil and other traditional tribal percussion instruments
|inventor=Irula community
|year=
|origin=[[Attappadi]]
}}

'''Irula Nritham''' (also known as '''Irular Nritham''') is a traditional tribal dance form performed by the [[Irula people|Irula community]] of southern India, particularly in the [[Attappadi taluk|Attappadi region]] of Palakkad district in Kerala.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala School Arts Fest: Irula Nritham strikes a chord at Thekkinkaadu Maidan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-school-arts-fest-irula-nritham-strikes-a-chord-at-thekkinkaadu-maidan/articleshow/126619598.cms |work=The Times of India |date=2026-01-18}}</ref>

== Overview ==
The dance is closely associated with the cultural traditions of the Irula tribe and is performed during important social and ritual occasions. It has historically been performed during life events such as marriages, harvest celebrations and funeral rites within the community, festivals and other communal gatherings.<ref>{{cite news |title=From 'Irular Nritham' to 'Mangalamkali': How is Kerala's tribal art making its debut at Kalolsavam? |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kalolsavam-2025-tribal-dance-forms-irular-nritham-mangalamkali-a7593949/ |work=Mathrubhumi |date=2025}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=Irula, Paliya dancers make a dream debut at Kerala school arts fest |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/irula-paliya-dancers-make-a-dream-debut-at-kerala-school-arts-fest/articleshow/117031270.cms |work=The Times of India |date=2025-01-07}}</ref>

The dance is performed during rituals of Malleeswara (Shiva).<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-10-15 |title=Kerala govt includes 5 tribal art forms in school arts festival |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/govt-includes-5-tribal-art-forms-in-school-arts-festival/article68757339.ece |access-date=2026-03-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Components ==
Traditional tribal attire is worn during the dance.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala School Arts Fest: Irula Nritham strikes a chord at Thekkinkaadu Maidan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-school-arts-fest-irula-nritham-strikes-a-chord-at-thekkinkaadu-maidan/articleshow/126619598.cms |work=The Times of India |date=2026-01-18}}</ref> Instruments used in the dance include ''kogal'' or ''kokal'' (wind instrument), ''perai'' or ''porey'' (earthern pot), and ''davil'' or ''jaala'', which provide the rhythmic accompaniment for the performance. Songs performed during Irula Nritham often incorporate a mixture of regional languages and dialects of Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil and Tulu.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2012-05-16 |title=Dancing to celebrate all seasons of life |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2011/Nov/25/dancing-to-celebrate-all-seasons-of-life-313789.html |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Modern recognition==
In recent years, Irula Nritham has gained wider recognition through its inclusion in the [[Kerala School Kalolsavam|Kerala State School Arts Festival]] (Kalolsavam) in 2024. The dance was introduced as part of new tribal art categories intended to promote indigenous cultural traditions among students.<ref>{{cite news |title=After maiden differently-abled school sports meet, Kerala introduces tribal dance at Kalolsavam |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kerala-school-arts-festival-to-have-tibal-dance-categories-for-first-time-1.10158098 |work=Mathrubhumi |date=2024-12-12}}</ref> Community organisations such as the Attappadi Community Theatre have also mentored several student teams performing Irula Nritham at the festival.<ref>{{cite news |title=Attappadi theatre mentors 8 teams in Irula Nritham at Kerala School Kalolsavam this year |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2026/01/18/attappadi-theatre-mentors-8-teams-irula-nirtham-school-kalolsavam.html |work=Onmanorama |date=2026-01-18}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Gadhika]]
* [[Pazhani Swami]], Irula Nritham performer

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Culture of Kerala}}
[[Category:Hindu rituals]]
[[Category:Ritual dances]]
[[Category:Dances of Kerala]]
[[Category:Kerala folklore]]
[[Category:Folk dances of Kerala]]

List of amendments of the Constitution of India

2026-03-12T02:21:43Z

Aeon: improved layout additionally and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Types of amendments}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Indian Constitution TOC}}

As of March 2026, there have been 106<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/amendments|title=Amendments {{!}} National Portal of India|website=india.gov.in|access-date=2019-03-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122212554/https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/amendments|archive-date=22 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Amendment of the Constitution of India|amendments of the Constitution of India]] since it was first enacted in 1950.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/coifiles/amendment.htm |title=The Constitution Amendment Acts |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080427052233/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/coifiles/amendment.htm |archive-date=27 April 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The Indian Constitution is one of the most amended national constitutions in the world.<ref name="Krishnamurthy2009">{{cite journal|url=http://www.yale.edu/yjil/files_PDFs/vol34/Krishnamurthy.pdf |page=219 |title=Colonial Cousins: Explaining India and Canada's Unwritten Constitutional Principles |last=Krishnamurthi |first=Vivek |date=2009 |volume=34 |issue=1 |journal=[[Yale Journal of International Law]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075730/http://www.yale.edu/yjil/files_PDFs/vol34/Krishnamurthy.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> The Constitution spells out governmental powers with so much detail that many matters addressed by statute in other democracies must be addressed via constitutional amendment in India. As a result, the Constitution is amended roughly twice a year.

There are three types of amendments to the [[Constitution of India]] of which the second and third types of amendments are governed by [[Amendment of the Constitution of India|Article 368]].

* The first type of amendment must be passed by a "[[Majority|simple majority]]" in each house of the [[Parliament of India]].
* The second type of amendment must be passed by a prescribed "[[Supermajority|special majority]]" of each house of Parliament; and
* The third type of amendment must be passed by a "special majority" in each house of Parliament and ratified by at least one half of the [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|State Legislatures]]. Examples of the third type of amendment include amendments No. 3, 6, 7, 8, 13, 14, 15, 16, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 30, 31, 32, 35, 36, 38, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 51, 54, 61, 62, 70, 73, 74, 75, 79, 84, 88, 95, 99, 101 and 104.<ref name="Nature and Scope">{{cite web|title=Constitution Amendment: Nature and Scope of the Amending Process, (page 10)|url=http://164.100.47.134/intranet/CAI/1.pdf|work=Lok Sabha Secretariat|access-date=1 December 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203013055/http://164.100.47.134/intranet/CAI/1.pdf|archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref>

__TOC__
{{clear}}

==List of amendments==
{{Expand section|date=May 2024}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No. || Amendments || Enforced since || Objectives || [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
![[President of India|President]]
|-
| [[First Amendment of the Constitution of India|1st]] ||15, 19, 85, 87, 174, 176, 341, 342, 372 and 376. Insert articles 31A and 31B. Insert schedule 9.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend1.htm |title=First Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422192347/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend1.htm |archive-date=22 April 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ||18 June 1951<ref name="AMENDMENT ACTS">{{cite web |url=https://legislative.gov.in/amendment-acts |title=AMENDMENT ACTS}}</ref>
|| Added special provision for the advancement of any socially and educationally<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://legislative.gov.in/constitution-first-amendment-act-1951|title = THE CONSTITUTION (FIRST AMENDMENT) ACT, 1951|Legislative Department | Ministry of Law and Justice | GoI}}</ref> backward classes or for the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] (SCs and STs). To fully secure the constitutional validity of [[Zamindar|zamindari]] abolition laws and to place reasonable restrictions on freedom of speech. A new constitutional device, called Schedule 9, introduced to protect against laws that are contrary to constitutionally guaranteed [[Fundamental rights in India|fundamental rights]]. These laws encroach upon property rights, freedom of speech and equality before law.
| rowspan="17"|[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| rowspan="12" |[[Rajendra Prasad]]
|-
| [[Second Amendment of the Constitution of India|2nd]] || Amend article 81(1)(b).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend2.htm |title=Second Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422192351/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend2.htm |archive-date=22 April 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 1 May 1953
|| Removed the upper limit of 750,000 people, allowing for a single member to represent a larger population in a parliamentary constituency by amending Article 81(1)(b).
|-
| [[Third Amendment of the Constitution of India|3rd]] || Amend schedule 7.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend3.htm |title=Third Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181136/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend3.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 22 February 1955
|| Re-enacted entry 33 of the [[Concurrent List]] in the Seventh Schedule with relation to include trade and commerce in, and the production, supply and distribution of four classes of essential commodities, viz., foodstuffs, including edible oil seeds and oils; cattle fodder, including oilcakes and other concentrates; raw cotton whether ginned or unginned, and cotton seeds; and raw jute.
|-
| [[Fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India|4th]] || Amend articles 31, 31A, and 305. Amend schedule 9.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend4.htm |title=Fourth Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621113611/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend4.htm |archive-date=21 June 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 27 April 1955
|| Primarily dealt with property rights and the state's power of acquisition. The amendment also included provisions to fix limits on the amount of agricultural land that an individual could own or occupy. Aimed to give the state full control over mineral and oil resources.
|-
| [[Fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India|5th]] || Amend article 3.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend5.htm |title=Fifth Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2013-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181302/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend5.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 24 December 1955
|| Empowered the President to prescribe a time limit for a [[State Legislature (India)|State Legislature]] to convey its views on proposed Central laws relating to the formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing [[States and union territories of India|States]]. Also permitted the President to extend the prescribed limit.
|-
| [[Sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India|6th]] || Amend articles 269 and 286. Amend schedule 7.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend6.htm |title=Sixth Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |date=1956-09-11 |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181352/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend6.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 11 September 1956
|| Amend the [[Union List]] and [[State List]] with respect to raising of taxes.
|-
| [[Seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India|7th]] || Amend articles 1, 3, 49, 80, 81, 82, 131, 153, 158, 168, 170, 171, 216, 217, 220, 222, 224, 230, 231 and 232. Insert articles 258A, 290A, 298, 350A, 350B, 371, 372A and 378A. Amend part 8. Amend schedules 1, 2, 4 and 7.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend7.htm |title=Seventh Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501011646/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend7.htm |archive-date=1 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 1 November 1956
|| Reorganisation of states on linguistic lines, abolition of Class A, B, C, D states and introduction of [[Union Territory|Union territories]].
|-
| [[Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India|8th]] || Amend article 334.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend8.htm |title=Eighth Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2013-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181534/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend8.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 5 January 1960
|| Extended the period of reservation of seats for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and [[Anglo-Indian]]s in the [[Lok Sabha]] and the State Legislative Assemblies till 1970.
|-
| [[Ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India|9th]] || Amend schedule 1.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend9.htm |title=Ninth Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080125225558/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend9.htm |archive-date=25 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 28 December 1960
|| Minor adjustments to territory of Indian Union consequent to agreement with Pakistan for settlement of disputes by demarcation of border villages, etc.
|-
| [[Tenth Amendment of the Constitution of India|10th]] || Amend article 240. Amend schedule 1.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend10.htm |title=Tenth Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121180953/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend10.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 11 August 1961
|| [[Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli|Incorporation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] as a Union Territory, consequent to acquisition from Portugal.
|-
| [[Eleventh Amendment of the Constitution of India|11th]] || Amend articles 66 and 71.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend11.htm |title=Eleventh Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121180958/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend11.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 19 December 1961
|| Election of [[Vice President of India|Vice President]] by Electoral College consisting of members of both Houses of Parliament, instead of election by a Joint Sitting of Parliament. Indemnify the President and Vice President Election procedure from challenge on grounds of existence of any vacancies in the electoral college.
|-
| [[Twelfth Amendment of the Constitution of India|12th]] || Amend article 240. Amend schedule 1.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend12.htm |title=Twelfth Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181003/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend12.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 20 December 1961
|| [[Annexation of Goa|Incorporation of Goa, Daman and Diu]] as a Union Territory, consequent to acquisition from Portugal.
|-
| [[Thirteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India|13th]] || Amend article 170. Insert new article 371A.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend13.htm |title=Thirteenth Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |date=1962-12-28 |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181009/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend13.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 1 December 1962
|| Special protection under Article 371A for newly create State of Nagaland.
| rowspan="9" |[[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]
|-
| [[Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India|14th]] || Amend articles 81 and 240. Insert article 239A. Amend schedules 1 and 4.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend14.htm |title=Fourteenth Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181013/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend14.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 28 December 1962
|| Incorporation of Pondicherry into the Union of India and creation of Legislative Assemblies for Himachal Pradesh, Tripura, Manipur and Goa.
|-
| [[Fifteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India|15th]] || Amend articles 124, 128, 217, 222, 224, 226, 297, 311 and 316. Insert article 224A. Amend schedule 7.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/amendments/constitution-india-fifteenth-amendment-act-1963 |title=Fifteenth Amendment |date=1963 |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512124027/https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/amendments/constitution-india-fifteenth-amendment-act-1963 |archive-date=12 May 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 5 October 1963
|| Raise retirement age of [[High Courts of India|High Court]] judges from 60 to 62 and other minor amendments for rationalising interpretation of rules regarding judges etc.
|-
| [[Sixteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India|16th]] || Amend articles 19, 84 and 173. Amend schedule 3.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend16.htm |title=Sixteenth Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181019/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend16.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 5 October 1963
|| Make it obligatory for seekers of public office to swear their allegiance to the Indian Republic and prescribe the various obligatory templates.
|-
| [[Seventeenth Amendment of the Constitution of India|17th]] || Amend article 31A. Amend schedule 9.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend17.htm |title=Seventeenth Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626201406/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend17.htm |archive-date=26 June 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 20 June 1964
|| To secure the constitutional validity of acquisition of Estates and place land acquisition laws in Schedule 9 of the constitution.
|-
| [[Eighteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India|18th]] || Amend article 3.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend18.htm |title=Eighteenth Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080428005951/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend18.htm |archive-date=28 April 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 27 August 1966
|| Technical Amendment to include Union Territories in Article 3 and hence permit reorganisation of Union Territories.
| rowspan="3"|[[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]
|-
| [[Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India|19th]] || Amend article 324.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend19.htm |title=Nineteenth Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181038/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend19.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 11 December 1966
|| Abolish Election Tribunals and enable trial of election petitions by regular High Courts.
|-
| [[Twentieth Amendment of the Constitution of India|20th]] || Insert article 233A.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend20.htm |title=Twentieth Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181048/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend20.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 22 December 1966
|| Indemnify & validate judgments, decrees, orders and sentences passed by judges and to validate the appointment, posting, promotion and transfer of judges barring a few who were not eligible for appointment under article 233. Amendment needed to overcome the effect of judgment invalidating appointments of certain judges in the state of Uttar Pradesh.
|-
| [[Twenty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India|21st]] || Amend schedule 8.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend21.htm |title=Twenty First Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621113115/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend21.htm |archive-date=21 June 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 10 April 1967
|| Include [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] as an [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India|official language]].
| rowspan="22"|[[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
| [[Twenty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India|22nd]] || Amend article 275. Insert articles 244A and 371B.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend22.htm |title=Twenty Second Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181100/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend22.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 25 September 1969
|| Provision to form Autonomous states within the State of Assam.
| rowspan="12" |[[V. V. Giri]]
|-
| [[Twenty-third Amendment of the Constitution of India|23rd]] || Amend articles 330, 332, 333 and 334.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend23.htm |title=Twenty Third Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |date=1970-01-23 |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181105/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend23.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 23 January 1970
|| Discontinued reservation of seats for the Scheduled Tribes in Nagaland, both in the Lok Sabha and the [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|State Legislative Assembly]] and stipulated that not more than one Anglo-Indian could be nominated by the [[Governor (India)|Governor]] to any State Legislative Assembly. Extend reservation for SCs and STs and Anglo-Indian members in the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies for another ten years, i.e. up to 1980.
|-
| [[Twenty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India|24th]] || Amend articles 13 and 368.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend24.htm |title=Twenty Fourth Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |date=1971-11-05 |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181110/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend24.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 5 November 1971
|| Article 13(4) added. Enable Parliament to dilute Fundamental Rights through amendments to the Constitution.
It was made compulsory for the President to give consent to the Constitution Amendment Bill.
|-
| [[Twenty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India|25th]] || Amend article 31. Insert article 31C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend25.htm |title=Twenty Fifth Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |date=1972-04-20 |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409005816/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend25.htm |archive-date=9 April 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 8 December 1971
|| Restrict property rights and compensation in case the state takes over private property.
However, the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] quashed a part of Article 31C (4) to the extent it took away the power of judicial review. This was done in the landmark case of ''[[Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala]]'' (1973) 4 SCC 225 which for the first time enunciated the [[Basic structure doctrine]].
|-
| [[Twenty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India|26th]] || Amend article 366. Insert article 363A. Remove articles 291 and 362.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend26.htm |title=Twenty Sixth Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |date=1971-12-28 |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206041333/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend26.htm |archive-date=6 December 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 28 December 1971
|| Abolition of [[Privy Purse in India|privy purse]] paid to former rulers of princely states which were incorporated into the Indian Republic.
|-
| [[Twenty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India|27th]] || Amend articles 239A and 240. Insert articles 239B and 371C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend27.htm |title=Twenty Seventh Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |date=1971-12-30 |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181121/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend27.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || (i) 30 December 1971 & (ii) 15 February 1972<ref name="AMENDMENT ACTS"/>
|| Reorganisation of Mizoram into a Union Territory with a legislature and council of ministers.
|-
| [[Twenty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India|28th]] || Insert article 312A. Remove article 314.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend28.htm |title=Twenty Eighth Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |date=1972-08-27 |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181125/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend28.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 29 August 1972
|| Rationalise Civil Service rules to make it uniform across those appointed prior to Independence and post Independence.
|-
| [[Twenty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India|29th]] || Amend schedule 9.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend29.htm |title=Twenty Ninth Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181131/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend29.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 9 June 1972
|| 'Kerala land reform acts' and amendments to these act placed under Schedule 9 of the constitution.
|-
| [[Thirtieth Amendment of the Constitution of India|30th]] || Amend article 133.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend30.htm |title=Thirtieth Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181141/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend30.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 9 June 1972
|| Change the basis for appeals in Supreme Court of India in case of Civil Suits from value criteria to one involving substantial question of law.
|-
| [[Thirty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India|31st]] || Amend articles 81, 330 and 332.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend31.htm |title=Thirty First Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181146/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend31.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 17 October 1973
|| Increase size of Parliament from 525 to 545 seats. Increased seats going to the new states formed in North East India and minor adjustment consequent to 1971 Delimitation exercise.
|-
| [[Thirty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India|32nd]] || Amend article 371. Insert articles [[Article 371 (D)|371D]] and 371E. Amend schedule 7.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend32.htm |title=Thirty Second Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181151/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend32.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 1 July 1974
|| Protection of regional rights in Telangana and Andhra regions of State of Andhra Pradesh.
Supreme Court in [https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/8854.pdf ''P. Sambamurthy v. State of Andhra Pradesh''] 1987 SCC (1) 362 held clause (3) and (5) along with its Proviso of Article 371D as unconstitutional and void. It was found to be violative of basic structure doctrine, against the concept of justice and the principle of the rule of law.<ref>{{Cite web |title=P. SAMBAMURTHY & ORS. ETC. ETC. vs STATE OF ANDHRA PRADESH & ANR. |url=https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/8854.pdf |website=[[Supreme Court of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Thirty-third Amendment of the Constitution of India|33rd]] || Amend articles 101 and 190.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend33.htm |title=Thirty Third Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181156/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend33.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 19 May 1974
|| Prescribes procedure for resignation by members of parliament and state legislatures and the procedure for verification and acceptance of resignation by house speaker.
|-
| [[Thirty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India|34th]] || Amend schedule 9.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend34.htm |title=Thirty Fourth Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181201/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend34.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 7 September 1974
|| Place land reform acts and amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of the constitution.
| rowspan="9" |[[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]]
|-
| [[Thirty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India|35th]] || Amend articles 80 and 81. Insert article 2A. Insert schedule 10.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend35.htm |title=Thirty Fifth Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181206/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend35.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 1 March 1975
||Terms and Conditions for the [[1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum|Incorporation of Sikkim]] into the Union of India.
|-
| [[Thirty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India|36th]] || Amend articles 80 and 81. Insert article 371F. Remove article 2A. Amend schedules 1 and 4. Remove schedule 10.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend36.htm |title=Thirty Sixth Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626201410/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend36.htm |archive-date=26 June 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 26 April 1975
|| Formation of Sikkim as a State within the Indian Union.
|-
| [[Thirty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India|37th]] || Amend articles 239A and 240.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend37.htm |title=Thirty Seventh Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181217/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend37.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 3 May 1975
|| Formation of Arunachal Pradesh legislative assembly.
|-
| [[Thirty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India|38th]] || Amend articles 123, 213, 239B, 352, 356, 359 and 360.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend38.htm |title=Thirty Eighth Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231214551/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend38.htm |archive-date=31 December 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 1 August 1975
|| Enhances the powers of President and Governors to pass ordinances.
|-
| [[Thirty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India|39th]] || Amend articles 71 and 329. Insert article 329A. Amend schedule 9.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend39.htm |title=Thirty Ninth Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181222/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend39.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 10 August 1975
|| Amendment designed to negate the judgement of [[Allahabad High Court|Allahabad HC]] in ''[[State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain]]'' 1975 SCR (3) 333 invalidating PM Indira Gandhi's election to parliament. Amendment placed restrictions on judicial scrutiny of post of Prime Minister.<ref>{{cite web |title=HOW THE CONGRESS HAD WRECKED CONSTITUTION |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/edit/how-the-congress-had-wrecked-constitution.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075617/http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/edit/how-the-congress-had-wrecked-constitution.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=2015-12-09 |publisher=dailypioneer.com}}</ref> Irrespective of electoral malpractice, no case can be filed against president, vice president, speaker of lok sabha and prime minister.
Later, clauses (4) and (5) of Article 329A were struck down by the Supreme Court in ''[https://api.sci.gov.in/judgment/judis/21398.pdf Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Raj Narain]'' 1976 (2) SCR 347, for being in violation of basic structure.
|-
| [[Fortieth Amendment of the Constitution of India|40th]] || Amend article 297. Amend schedule 9.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/amendments/constitution-india-fortieth-amendment-act-1976 |title=Fortieth Amendment |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512112413/https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/amendments/constitution-india-fortieth-amendment-act-1976 |archive-date=12 May 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> || 27 May 1976
|| Enable Parliament to make laws with respect to Exclusive Economic Zone and vest the mineral wealth with Union of India.
Place land reform & other acts and amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of the constitution.
|-
| [[Forty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India|41st]] || Amend article 316.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend41.htm |title=Forty First Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621113120/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend41.htm |archive-date=21 June 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 7 September 1976
|| Raise Retirement Age Limit of Chairmen and Members of Joint Public Service Commissions and State Public Service Commissions from sixty to sixty two. No case can be filed against prime minister, governor, president, even after they demit office (which was later struck down by supreme court)
|-
| [[Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India|42nd]] || Amend articles 31, 31C, 39, 55, 74, 77, 81, 82, 83, 100, 102, 103, 105, 118, 145, 150, 166, 170, 172, 189, 191, 192, 194, 208, 217, 225, 226, 227, 228, 311, 312, 330, 352, 353, 356, 357, 358, 359, 366, 368 and 371F. Insert articles 31D, 32A, 39A, 43A, 48A, 131A, 139A, 144A, 226A, 228A and 257A. Insert parts IVA and XIVA. Amend schedule 7.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend42.htm |title=Forty Second Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328040620/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend42.htm |archive-date=28 March 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 3 January, 1 February & 1 April 1977<ref name="AMENDMENT ACTS"/>
|| Amendment passed during internal emergency by Indira Gandhi. Provides for curtailment of fundamental rights, imposes [[Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India|fundamental duties]] and changes to the basic structure of the constitution by making India a "Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic".
However, the Supreme Court, in ''[[Minerva Mills v. Union of India]]'' 1980 SCC (3) 625, quashed the amendments to Articles 31C and 368 as it was in contravention with the basic structure of the Constitution.
|-
| [[Forty-third Amendment of the Constitution of India|43rd]] || Amend articles 145, 226, 228 and 366. Remove articles 31D, 32A, 131A, 144A, 226A and 228A.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend43.htm |title=Forty Third Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080427160830/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend43.htm |archive-date=27 April 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 13 April 1978
|| Amendment passed after revocation of internal emergency in the Country. Repeals some of the more 'Anti-Freedom' amendments enacted through Amendment Bill 42.
| rowspan="2"|[[Morarji Desai]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]
|-
| [[Forty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India|44th]] || Amend articles 19, 22, 30, 31A, 31C, 38, 71, 74, 77, 83, 103, 105, 123, 132, 133, 134, 139A, 150, 166, 172, 192, 194, 213, 217, 225, 226, 227, 239B, 329, 352, 356, 358, 359, 360 and 371F. Insert articles 134A and 361A. Remove articles 31, 257A and 329A. Amend part 12. Amend schedule 9.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend44.htm |title=Forty Fourth Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621114155/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend44.htm |archive-date=21 June 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 20 June, 1 August & 6 September 1979<ref name="AMENDMENT ACTS"/>
|| Amendment passed after revocation of internal emergency in the Country.
Article 19(1)(f) right to property was omitted.
Provides for human rights safeguards and mechanisms to prevent abuse of executive and legislative authority.
Annuls some Amendments enacted in Amendment Bill 42.
|-
| [[Forty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India|45th]] || Amend article 334.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend45.htm |title=Forty Fifth Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181237/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend45.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 25 January 1980
|| Extend reservation for SCs and STs and nomination of Anglo Indian members in Parliament and State Assemblies for another ten years i.e. up to 1990.
| rowspan="7"| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
| [[Forty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India|46th]] || Amend articles 269, 286 and 366. Amend schedule 7.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend46.htm |title=Forty Sixth Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181246/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend46.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 2 February 1983
|| Amendment to negate judicial pronouncements on scope and applicability on Sales Tax.
| rowspan="11" |[[Zail Singh]]
|-
| [[Forty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India|47th]] || Amend schedule 9.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend47.htm |title=Forty Seventh Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181247/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend47.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 26 August 1984
|| Place land reform acts and amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of the constitution.
|-
| [[Forty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India|48th]] || Amend article 356.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend48.htm |title=Forty Eighth Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181252/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend48.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 1 April 1985
|| Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to two years in the state of Punjab.
|-
| [[Forty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India|49th]] || Amend article 244. Amend schedules 5 and 6.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend49.htm |title=Forty Ninth Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181257/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend49.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 11 September 1984
|| Recognise Tripura as a tribal state and enable the creation of a [[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council]].
|-
| [[Fiftieth Amendment of the Constitution of India|50th]] || Amend article 33.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend50.htm |title=Fiftieth Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |date=1984-08-18 |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181307/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend50.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 11 September 1984
|| Technical Amendment to curtailment of Fundamental Rights as per Part III as prescribed in Article 33 to cover Security Personnel protecting property and communication infrastructure.
|-
| [[Fifty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India|51st]] || Amend articles 330 and 332.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend51.htm |title=Fifty First Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181312/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend51.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 16 June 1986
|| Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes in Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh in Loksabha, similarly for Meghalaya and Arunachal in their Legislative Assemblies.
|-
| [[Fifty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India|52nd]] || Amend articles 101, 102, 190 and 191. Insert schedule 10.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend52.htm |title=Fifty Nine Second Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217095542/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend52.htm |archive-date=17 December 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 1 March 1985
|| Anti Defection Law – Provide disqualification of members from parliament and assembly in case of defection from one party to other.
However, para 7 of the 10th Schedule was struck down by the Supreme Court in the case of ''[https://api.sci.gov.in/judgment/judis/12491.pdf Kihoto Hollohan v. Zachillhu]'' 1992 SCR (1) 686, for being in contravention with Article 368 of the Constitution.
| rowspan="10"|[[Rajiv Gandhi]]
|-
|-
| [[Fifty-third Amendment of the Constitution of India|53rd]] || Insert article 371G.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend53.htm |title=Fifty Third Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181317/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend53.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 20 February 1986
|| Special provision with respect to the State of Mizoram.
|-
| [[Fifty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India|54th]] || Amend articles 125 and 221. Amend schedule 2.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend54.htm |title=Fifty Fourth Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181322/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend54.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 1 April 1986
|| Increase the salary of [[Chief Justice of India]] & other Judges and to provide for determining future increases without the need for constitutional amendment.
|-
| [[Fifty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India|55th]] || Insert article 371H.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend55.htm |title=Fifty Fifth Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181327/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend55.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 20 February 1987
|| Special powers to Governor consequent to formation of state of Arunachal Pradesh.
|-
| [[Fifty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India|56th]] || Insert article 371I.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend56.htm |title=Fifty Sixth Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181332/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend56.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 30 May 1987
|| Transition provision to enable formation of state of Goa.
|-
| [[Fifty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India|57th]] || Amend article 332.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend57.htm |title=Fifty Seventh Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181337/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend57.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 21 September 1987
|| Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes in Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assemblies.
| rowspan="14" |[[R. Venkataraman]]
|-
| [[Fifty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India|58th]] || Insert article 394A. Amend part 22.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend58.htm |title=Fifty Eighth Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181342/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend58.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 9 December 1987
|| Provision to publish authentic Hindi translation of constitution as on date and provision to publish authentic Hindi translation of future amendments.
|-
| [[Fifty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India|59th]] || Amend article 356. Insert article 359A.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend59.htm |title=Fifty Ninth Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181348/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend59.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 30 March 1988
|| Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to three years in the state of Punjab, Articles 352 and Article 359A amended to permit imposing emergency in state of Punjab or in specific districts of the state of Punjab.
|-
| [[Sixtieth Amendment of the Constitution of India|60th]] || Amend article 276.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend60.htm |title=Sixtieth Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181357/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend60.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 20 December 1988
|| Profession Tax increased from a maximum of Rs. 250/- to a maximum of Rs. 2500/-.
|-
| [[Sixty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India|61st]] || Amend article 326.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend61.htm |title=Sixty First Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181402/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend61.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 28 March 1989
|| Reduce age for voting rights from 21 to 18.
|-
| [[Sixty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India|62nd]] || Amend article 334.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend62.htm |title=Sixty Second Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181408/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend62.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 25 January 1990
|| Extend reservation for SCs and STs and nomination of Anglo Indian members in Parliament and State Assemblies for another ten years i.e. up to 2000.
| rowspan="6"|[[V. P. Singh]]
|-
| [[Sixty-third Amendment of the Constitution of India|63rd]] || Amend article 356. Remove article 359A.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend63.htm |title=Sixty Third Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181413/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend63.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 6 January 1990
|| Emergency powers applicable to State of Punjab, accorded in Article 359A as per amendment 59 repealed.
|-
| [[Sixty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India|64th]] || Amend article 356.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend64.htm |title=Sixty Fourth Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181418/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend64.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 16 April 1990
|| Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to three years and six months in the state of Punjab.
|-
| [[Sixty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India|65th]] || Amend article 338.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend65.htm |title=Sixty Fifth Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181423/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend65.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 12 March 1992<ref name="AMENDMENT ACTS"/>
|| National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes formed and its statutory powers specified in The Constitution.
|-
| [[Sixty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India|66th]] || Amend schedule 9.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend66.htm |title=Sixty Sixth Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412112753/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend66.htm |archive-date=12 April 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 7 June 1990
|| Place land reform acts and amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of the constitution.
|-
| [[Sixty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India|67th]] || Amend article 356.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend67.htm |title=Sixty Seventh Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181428/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend67.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 4 October 1990
|| Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to four years in the state of Punjab.
|-
| [[Sixty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India|68th]] || Amend article 356.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend68.htm |title=Sixty Eighth Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181433/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend68.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 12 March 1991
|| Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to five years in the state of Punjab.
| rowspan="1"| [[Chandra Shekhar]]
|-
| [[Sixty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India|69th]] || Insert articles 239AA and 239AB.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend69.htm |title=Sixty Ninth Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821020032/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend69.htm |archive-date=21 August 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 1 February 1992<ref name="AMENDMENT ACTS"/>
|| To provide for a legislative assembly and council of ministers for [[National Capital Territory of Delhi]]. Delhi continues to be a Union Territory.
| rowspan="10"|[[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
|-
| [[Seventieth Amendment of the Constitution of India|70th]] || Amend articles 54 and 239AA.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend70.htm |title=Seventieth Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181449/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend70.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 21 December 1991
|| Include National Capital Territory of Delhi and Union Territory of Pondicherry in [[Electoral College (India)|Electoral College]] for presidential election.
|-
| [[Seventy-first Amendment of the Constitution of India|71st]] || Amend schedule 8.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend71.htm |title=Seventy First Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181454/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend71.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 31 August 1992
|| Include [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Meitei language|Manipuri]] and [[Nepali language|Nepali]] as official languages.
| rowspan="8" |[[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]
|-
| [[Seventy-second Amendment of the Constitution of India|72nd]] || Amend article 332.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend72.htm |title=Seventy Second Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181459/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend72.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 5 December 1992
|| Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes in Tripura State Legislative Assembly.
|-
| [[Seventy-third Amendment of the Constitution of India|73rd]] || Insert part 9. Insert schedule 11.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend73.htm |title=Seventy Third Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030505042750/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend73.htm |archive-date=5 May 2003 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 24 April 1993
|| Statutory provisions for Panchayati Raj as third level of administration in villages.
|-
| [[Seventy-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India|74th]] || Insert part 9A, insert schedule 12, amend article 280.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend74.htm |title=Seventy Fourth Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621113745/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend74.htm |archive-date=21 June 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 1 June 1993
|| Statutory provisions for Local Administrative bodies as third level of administration in urban areas such as towns and cities.
|-
| [[Seventy-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India|75th]] || Amend article 323B.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend75.htm |title=Seventy Fifth Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181509/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend75.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 15 May 1994
|| Provisions for setting up Rent Control Tribunals.
|-
| [[Seventy-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India|76th]] || Amend schedule 9.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend76.htm |title=Seventy Sixth Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181515/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend76.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 31 August 1994
|| Enable continuance of 69% [[Reservation in India|reservation]] in Tamil Nadu by including the relevant Tamil Nadu Act under 9th Schedule of the constitution.
|-
| [[Seventy-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India|77th]] || Amend article 16.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend77.htm |title=Seventy Seventh Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181519/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend77.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 17 June 1995
|| A technical amendment to protect reservation to SCs and STs Employees in promotions.
|-
| [[Seventy-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India|78th]] || Amend schedule 9.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend78.htm |title=Seventy Eighth Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181524/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend78.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 30 August 1995
|| Place land reform acts and amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of the constitution.
|-
| [[Seventy-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India|79th]] || Amend article 334.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend79.htm |title=Seventy Ninth Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |date=1999-10-21 |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181529/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend79.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 25 January 2000
|| Extend reservation for SCs and STs and nomination of Anglo Indian members in Parliament and State Assemblies for another ten years i.e. up to 2010.
| rowspan="14"|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| rowspan="7" |[[K. R. Narayanan]]
|-
| [[Eightieth Amendment of the Constitution of India|80th]] || Amend articles 269 and 270. Remove article 272.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend80.htm |title=Eightieth Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121164338/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend80.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 9 June 2000
||Implement Tenth Finance Commission recommendation to simplify the tax structures by pooling and sharing all taxes between states and the centre.
|-
| [[Eighty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India|81st]] || Amend article 16.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend81.htm |title=Eighty First Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |date=1997-08-29 |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080217021050/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend81.htm |archive-date=17 February 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 9 June 2000
|| Protect SCs and STs reservation in filling backlog of vacancies.
|-
| [[Eighty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India|82nd]] || Amend article 335.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend82.htm |title=Eighty Second Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181540/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend82.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 8 September 2000
|| Permit relaxation of qualifying marks and other criteria in reservation in promotion for SCs and STs candidates.
|-
| [[Eighty-third Amendment of the Constitution of India|83rd]] || Amend article 243M.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend83.htm |title=Eighty Third Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181546/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend83.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 8 September 2000
|| Exempt Arunachal Pradesh from reservation for Scheduled Castes in Panchayati Raj institutions.
|-
| [[Eighty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India|84th]] || Amend articles 55, 81, 82, 170, 330 and 332.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend84.htm |title=Eighty Fourth Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181551/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend84.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 21 February 2002
|| Extend the usage of 1971 national census population figures for statewise distribution of parliamentary seats.
|-
| [[Eighty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India|85th]] || Amend article 16.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend85.htm |title=Eighty Fifth Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |date=2002-01-04 |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181555/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend85.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 4 January 2002
|| A technical amendment to protect Consequential seniority in case of promotions of SCs and STs Employees.
|-
| [[Eighty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India|86th]] || Amend articles 45 and 51A. Insert article 21A.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend86.htm |title=Eighty Sixth Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |date=2002-12-12 |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111209092059/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend86.htm |archive-date=9 December 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 12 December 2002
|| Provides Right to Education until the age of fourteen.
| rowspan="9" |[[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
|-
| [[Eighty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India|87th]] || Amend articles 81, 82, 170 and 330.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend87.htm |title=Eighty Seventh Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913211803/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend87.htm |archive-date=13 September 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 22 June 2003
|| Extend the usage of 2001 national census population figures for statewise distribution of parliamentary seats.
|-
| [[Eighty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India|88th]] || Amend article 270. Insert article 268A. Amend schedule 7.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend88.htm |title=Eighty Eighth Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |date=2004-01-15 |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915093245/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend88.htm |archive-date=15 September 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 15 January 2004
|| To extend statutory cover for levy and utilisation of Service Tax.
|-
| [[Eighty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India|89th]] || Amend article 338. Insert article 338A.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend89.htm |title=Eighty Ninth Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |date=2003-09-28 |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915093253/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend89.htm |archive-date=15 September 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 28 September 2003
|| The National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes was bifurcated into The National Commission for Scheduled Castes and The National Commission for Scheduled Tribes.
|-
| [[Ninetieth Amendment of the Constitution of India|90th]] || Amend article 332.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend90.htm |title=Ninetieth Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |date=2004-09-28 |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421235120/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend90.htm |archive-date=21 April 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 28 September 2003
|| Reservation in Assam Assembly relating to Bodoland Territory Area.
|-
| [[Ninety-first Amendment of the Constitution of India|91st]] || Amend articles 75 and 164. Insert article 361B. Amend schedule 10.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend91.pdf |title=Ninety First Amendment (pdf) |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626223433/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend91.pdf |archive-date=26 June 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 1 January 2004
|| Restrict the size of council of ministers to 15% of legislative members & to strengthen Anti Defection laws.
|-
| [[Ninety-second Amendment of the Constitution of India|92nd]]
| Amend schedule 8.<ref>{{cite web|title=Texts of the Constitution Amendment Acts|url=http://164.100.47.134/intranet/CAI/A.pdf|work=Lok Sabha Secretariat|access-date=5 December 2013|pages=672–673|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203013036/http://164.100.47.134/intranet/CAI/A.pdf|archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref>
| 7 January 2004
| Include [[Bodo language|Bodo]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[Santali language|Santali]] and [[Maithali language|Maithili]] as official languages.
|-
| [[Ninety-third Amendment of the Constitution of India|93rd]]
| Amend article 15.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend93.htm |title=Ninety Third Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |date=2006-01-20 |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621112914/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend93.htm |archive-date=21 June 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| 20 January 2006
| To enable provision of reservation (27%) for [[Other Backward Class]](OBCs) in government as well as private educational institutions.
| rowspan="6"|[[Manmohan Singh]]
|-
| [[Ninety-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India|94th]]
| Amend article 164.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend94.pdf |title=Ninety Fourth Amendment (pdf) |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205233954/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend94.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| 12 June 2006
| To provide for a Minister of Tribal Welfare in newly created Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh States including Madhya Pradesh and Odisha.
|-
| [[Ninety-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India|95th]]
| Amend article 334.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend95.pdf |title=Ninety Fifth Amendment (pdf) |access-date=2011-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130230833/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend95.pdf |archive-date=30 January 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| 25 January 2010
| To extend reservation for SCs and STs and nomination of Anglo Indian members in Parliament and State Assemblies for another ten years i.e. up to 2020.
| rowspan="3" |[[Pratibha Patil]]
|-
| [[Ninety-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India|96th]]
| Amend schedule 8.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend96.pdf |title=Ninety Sixth Amendment (pdf) |access-date=2011-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130194222/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend96.pdf |archive-date=30 January 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| 23 September 2011
| Substituted "Odia" in the place of "Oriya".
|-
| [[Ninety-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India|97th]]
| Amend Art 19 and add Art 43B and Part IXB.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend97.pdf |title=Ninety Seventh Amendment (pdf) |access-date=2011-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522144037/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend97.pdf |archive-date=22 May 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| 12 January 2012
| Added the words "or co-operative societies" after the word "or unions" in Article 19(l)(c) and insertion of article 43B i.e., Promotion of Co-operative Societies and added Part-IXB i.e., The Co-operative Societies. In July 2021 Supreme Court Struck Part of the amendment as it was not ratified by the states.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sc-quashes-part-of-upa-era-constitutional-amendment-101626804819445.html|title=SC quashes part of UPA-era constitutional amendment|date=20 July 2021}}</ref>

The amendment objective is to encourage economic activities of cooperatives which in turn help progress of rural India. It is expected to not only ensure autonomous and democratic functioning of cooperatives, but also the accountability of the management to the members and other stakeholders.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=81715|title=Ninety Seventh Amendment (PIB)|access-date=28 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217045456/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=81715|archive-date=17 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ninety-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India|98th]]
| To insert Article 371J in the Constitution<ref name=98am />
| 1 January 2013
| To empower the Governor of Karnataka to take steps to develop the Hyderabad-Karnataka Region.<ref name=98am>{{cite web|url=http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/actc/Consti.98amend.PDF|title=Ninety Eighth Third Amendment|publisher=[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)]]|access-date=11 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224111610/http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/actc/Consti.98amend.PDF|archive-date=24 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| rowspan="4" |[[Pranab Mukherjee]]
|-
|style="background:#e6e6e6" | [[Ninety-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India|99th]]
|style="background:#e6e6e6" | Insertion of new articles 124A, 124B and 124C. Amendments to Articles 127, 128, 217, 222, 224A, 231.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Constitutions (Ninety-ninth Amendment) Bill, 2014|url=http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/constitution%20121st/121st%20(A)%20Bill%20as%20passed%20by%20LS.pdf|publisher=Govt, of India|access-date=15 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819083558/http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/constitution%20121st/121st%20(A)%20Bill%20as%20passed%20by%20LS.pdf|archive-date=19 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|style="background:#e6e6e6" | 13 April 2015<ref>{{cite web|title=Constitution (Ninety-ninth Amendment) Act, 2014|url=http://onelawstreet.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Gazette-Constitution-Ninety-ninth-Amendment-Act-2014.pdf|website=1, Law Street|access-date=23 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623095503/http://onelawstreet.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Gazette-Constitution-Ninety-ninth-Amendment-Act-2014.pdf|archive-date=23 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Struck down on 16 October 2015
|style="background:#e6e6e6" | Formation of a [[National Judicial Appointments Commission]]. 16 State assemblies out of 29 States including [[Goa]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Tripura]], [[Gujarat]] and [[Telangana]] ratified the Central Legislation, enabling the President of India to give assent to the bill.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/16-states-ratified-national-judicial-appointments-commission-bill-2014-1419859039-1|title=16 States ratified National Judicial Appointments Commission Bill, 2014|date=29 December 2014|website=Jagranjosh.com|access-date=2 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618131346/https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/16-states-ratified-national-judicial-appointments-commission-bill-2014-1419859039-1|archive-date=18 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The amendment was struck down by the Supreme Court on 16 October 2015.
| rowspan="8" |[[Narendra Modi]]
|-
| [[One Hundredth Amendment of the Constitution of India|100th]]
| Amendment of First Schedule to Constitution<ref>{{cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2015/164169.pdf|title=One Hundredth Amendment|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922005422/http://egazette.nic.in/writereaddata/2015/164169.pdf|archive-date=22 September 2015|url-status=live|access-date=2019-01-12}}</ref>
| 31 July 2015
| Exchange of certain [[India–Bangladesh enclaves|enclave territories]] with [[Bangladesh]] and conferment of citizenship rights to residents of enclaves consequent to signing of Land Boundary Agreement (LBA) Treaty between India and Bangladesh.
|-
| [[One Hundred and First Amendment of the Constitution of India|101st]]
| Add of articles 246A, 269A, 279A. Deletion of Article 268A.

Amend articles 248, 249, 250, 268, 269, 270, 271, 286, 366, 368, Sixth Schedule, Seventh Schedule.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2016/171639.pdf|title=One Hundred and First Amendment|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417143055/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2016/171639.pdf|archive-date=17 April 2018|url-status=live|access-date=2019-01-12}}</ref>
| 1 July 2017
| Introduced the [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|Goods and Services Tax]].
|-
|[[One Hundred and Second Amendment of the Constitution of India|102nd]]
|Add articles 338B, 342A, and add Clause 26C.
Modification of articles 338, 366.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2018/188471.pdf|title=One Hundred and Second Amendment|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113182339/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2018/188471.pdf|archive-date=13 January 2019|url-status=live|access-date=2019-01-12}}</ref>
|11 August 2018
|Constitutional status to [[National Commission for Backward Classes]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Ram Nath Kovind]]
|-
|[[One Hundred and Third Amendment of the Constitution of India|103rd]]
|Amend Article 15, add Clause [6],
Amend to Article 16, add Clause [6].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/195175.pdf|title=One Hundred and Third Amendment|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112200433/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/195175.pdf|archive-date=12 January 2019|url-status=live|access-date=2019-01-12}}</ref>
|12 January 2019
|A maximum of 10% Reservation for [[Economically Weaker Section]]s (EWSs) of citizens of classes other than the classes mentioned in clauses (4) and (5) of Article 15, i.e. Classes other than socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes. Inserted Clause [6] under Article 15 as well as Inserted Clause [6] under Article 16.
|-
|[[One Hundred and Fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India|104th]]
| Amend article 334.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/215637.pdf|title=One Hundred and Fourth Amendment|access-date=2019-12-12}}</ref>
| 25 January 2020
| To extend the reservation of seats for SCs and STs in the Lok Sabha and states assemblies for another 10 years i.e. up to 2030. Removed the [[Anglo-Indian reserved seats in the Lok Sabha|reserved seats for the Anglo-Indian community]] in the Lok Sabha and state assemblies by not extending it further.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/constitution-104th-amendment-act-to-come-into-force-151919|title=Anglo Indian Representation To Lok Sabha, State Assemblies Done Away; SC-ST Reservation Extended For 10 Years: Constitution (104th Amendment) Act To Come Into Force On 25th Jan|website=www.livelaw.in|date=23 January 2020|access-date=25 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
|[[One Hundred and Fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India|105th]]
|Amend Article 338B, 342A and 366.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Constitution (One Hundred and fifth amendment) Act 2021 |url=https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/CONSTITUTION%20%28ONE%20HUNDRED%20AND%20FIFTH%20AMENDMENT%29%20ACT%2C%202021_1.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Law and Justice |access-date=29 May 2022}}</ref>
|10 August 2021
|To restore the power of the state governments to identify Other Backward Classes (OBCs) that are socially and educationally backward. This amendment annulled the Supreme Court judgement of 11 May 2021, which had empowered only the Central government for such identification.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lok Sabha clears Bill restoring States' rights to specify OBC groups |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lok-sabha-clears-bill-restoring-right-of-states-to-specify-obc-groups/article61431520.ece |access-date=29 May 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=11 August 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|[[One Hundred and Sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India|106th]]
|Amend article 239AA.
Insert of articles 330A, 332A, 334A.
|28 September 2023<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-29 |title=Women's reservation Bill gets President's assent, becomes law |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/womens-reservation-bill-gets-presidents-assent-8962038/ |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|To reserve one-third of the seats in the [[Lok Sabha]] (330A), [[State legislative assemblies of India|state legislative assemblies]] (332A) and [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]] (239AA) for women for a period of 15 years after coming to effect (334A).
|[[Droupadi Murmu]]
|}

==See also==
* [[Constitution of India]]
* [[Lawmaking procedure in India]]
* [[List of acts of the Parliament of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://constitution-of-india.pykih.com/ Pykih Data Visualization of Constitutional Amendments]
* [http://abclive.in/103rd-constitutional-amendment/ Know The Genesis of 103rd Constitutional Amendment]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Constitution of India, Amendments}}
[[Category:Amendments of the Constitution of India| ]]
[[Category:India law-related lists]]

Aurangabad district, Maharashtra

2026-03-06T06:54:35Z

Aeon: Article enhanced with better details

{{pp-move}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Aurangabad district
| official_name = Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Maharashtra|District]]
| total_type = Total
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size=250
|photo1a=Kailasha temple at ellora.JPG {{!}} A side view of the Kailasha Temple at the Ellora Caves. The temple was carved from a single rock formation.
|photo2a=AJANTA CAVES - C.SHELARE (2).jpg {{!}} Ajanta Cave 19
|photo2b=Ajanta Caves 20180921 132619.jpg {{!}} Ajanta Cave 19 - right of the entrance
|photo3a=Bibi Ka Maqbara , Aurangabad.JPG {{!}} Rabia Daurani's tomb (Bibi-Ka-Maqbara)
|photo3b=Tomb Aurangzeb.jpg {{!}} Aurangazeb's tomb in Khuldabad
|photo4a=Daulatabad, Aurangabad - panoramio (289).jpg {{!}} Daulatabad Fort near Aurangabad
}}
| image_caption = From top, left to right: [[Kailasa Temple, Ellora|Kailasha temple]] at the [[Ellora Caves]]; facade of [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta Cave]] 19; Buddha carvings to the right of Cave 19's entrance; [[Bibi Ka Maqbara]]; [[Tomb of Aurangzeb|Tomb of Emperor Aurangzeb Alamgir]], [[Khuldabad]]; [[Daulatabad Fort]]
| mapframe = yes
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Maharashtra
| coordinates = {{Coord|19|53|19.63|N|75|20|36.37|E|region:IN|display=title}}
| coor_pinpoint = Aurangabad, Maharashtra
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_name2 = [[Aurangabad division|Aurangabad]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Aurangabad]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsil]]s
| parts_style = para
| p1 = {{Collapsible list|framestyle=border:none; padding:0;|title=List of tehsils|1=[[Aurangabad]]|2=[[Paithan]]|3=[[Vaijapur]]|4=[[Gangapur, Maharashtra|Gangapur]]|5=[[Khuldabad]]|6=[[Phulambri]]|7=[[Kannad]]|8=[[Sillod]]|9=[[Soegaon]]}}
| area_total_km2 = 10,100
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 3,701,282
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban = 37.53%
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 79.02%
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 924
| governing_body = Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar Zilla Parishad
| leader_title = Guardian Minister
| leader_name = [[Abdul Sattar (Maharashtra politician)|Abdul Sattar]] Additional charge ([[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]])
| leader_title1 = President Zilla Parishad
| leader_name1 = *President Meena Shelke
*Vice-President Lahanu Gaikwad
| leader_title2 = District collector
| leader_name2 = Deelip Swami (IAS)
| leader_title3 = CEO Zilla Parishad
| leader_name3 = Nilesh R. Gatne (IAS)
| leader_title4 = [[List of members of the 17th Lok Sabha|MPs]]
| leader_name4 = *[[Sandipanrao Bhumre]] ([[Aurangabad (Maharashtra Lok Sabha constituency)|Aurangabad]])
*[[Kalyan Kale]] ([[Jalna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalna]])
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate = MH-20 & MH-57
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]
| blank_info_sec1 = [[National Highway 211 (India)|NH-211]]
| website = {{URL|https://chhatrapatisambhajinagar.maharashtra.gov.in/}}
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Official Language]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Per capita income]](Aurangabad district)
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Indian rupee|INR]] 1,63,325(2019–20)<ref>{{cite web|last1=Records|first1=Official|title=Per capita income of district of Maharashtra 2019-20|url=https://mls.org.in/|website=economy Department, Government of Maharashtra, India|publisher=Maharashtra Vidhanmanda|access-date=29 June 2022|archive-date=8 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808123026/http://mls.org.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Nominal gross domestic product]](Aurangabad district)
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Indian rupee|INR]] 98,804 [[crores]] (2022–23)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Records |first1=Official |title=nominal gross district Domestic Product of Maharashtra 2019-20 |url=https://mls.org.in/ |website=economy Department, Government of Maharashtra, India|publisher=Maharashtra Vidhanmanda |access-date=29 June 2022 |archive-date=8 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808123026/http://mls.org.in/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}

'''Aurangabad district''' (Marathi pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[əu̯ɾəŋɡaːbaːd̪]]]),<ref>Urdu pronunciation:[[Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu|[ɔːɾəŋɡaːbaːd̪]]]</ref> officially known as '''Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar district''',<ref>{{Citation |title=District Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar |work=Government of Maharashtra {{!}} India |url=https://aurangabad.gov.in/en/ |access-date=29 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Malik |first=Faisal |date=16 September 2023 |title=Aurangabad formally renamed Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar, Osmanabad as Dharashiv|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/aurangabad-formally-renamed-chhatrapati-sambhajinagar-osmanabad-as-dharashiv-101694855493622.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=8 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009110219/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/aurangabad-formally-renamed-chhatrapati-sambhajinagar-osmanabad-as-dharashiv-101694855493622-amp.html |archive-date=9 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Gokhale |first1=Omkar |date=9 May 2024 |title=In relief to Maharashtra govt, Bombay HC dismisses pleas against renaming of Aurangabad, Osmanabad cities and districts |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/aurangabad-osmanabad-cities-districts-renaming-maharashtra-govt-bombay-hc-9315425/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=8 September 2024}}</ref> is one of the 36 [[Districts of Maharashtra|districts]] of the state of [[Maharashtra]] in western [[India]]. It borders the districts of [[Nashik District|Nashik]] to the west, [[Jalgaon District|Jalgaon]] to the north, [[Jalna District|Jalna]] to the east, and [[Ahmednagar District|Ahmednagar]] to the south. [[Aurangabad|The city of Aurangabad]] houses the district's administrative headquarters. The district has an area of 10,100&nbsp;km{{sup|2}}, of which 37.55% is urban and the rest is rural. Aurangabad District is a [[Tourism in Marathwada|major tourism region in Marathwada]], with attractions including the [[Ajanta Caves]] and [[Ellora Caves]].

==Geography==
Aurangabad District is located mainly in the [[Godavari River]] Basin and partly in the [[Tapti River]] Basin. The district is located between [[19th parallel north|19]] and [[20th parallel north|20 degrees north]] longitude and between [[74th meridian east|74]] and [[76th meridian east|76 degrees east]] latitude, covering an area of 10,100&nbsp;km{{sup|2}}.<ref name="About District">{{cite web |url=https://aurangabad.gov.in/about-district/ |title=About District |date=28 April 2020 |website=District Aurangabad |publisher=Government of Maharashtra |access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref>

===Geology===
====Geological formations====
Aurangabad District lies on the [[Deccan Plateau]] and is covered by the [[Deccan Traps]], which formed during the [[Late Cretaceous]] and [[Ypresian|Lower Eocene]] ages. Thin alluvial deposits lie above the Deccan Traps along the major rivers. The basaltic lava flows belonging to the Deccan Traps are the only major geological formation in the district. The lava flows are horizontal, with each flow featuring two distinct layers. The upper layer consists of vesicular and amygdule zeolitic [[basalt]], while the lower layer consists of massive basalt.<ref>K.R. Aher and S.M. Deshpande 'Assessment of Water Quality of the Maniyad Reservoir of Parala Village, district Aurangabad: Suitability for Multipurpose Usage Vol.1(3), pp 91–95, 2011, E-ISSN 2249-8109.</ref>

====Elevation and mountains====
The average height of southern portion of the district is between 600 and 670 metres. The district features four distinct mountains:<ref name="About District"/>
* Antur – 827 m
* Abbasgad – 671 m
* Satonda – 552 m
* Ajintha – 578 m

====Rivers====
The major rivers in Aurangabad District are the [[Godavari River|Godavari]], [[Purna River (tributary of Godavari)|Purna]], [[Shivana River|Shivana]], and Kham rivers.<ref name="About District"/>

The Narangi River rises on the southern slopes of the water divide south of the Maniyad River near the village of Naral. It flows past [[Vaijapur]], where it is joined by the Deo Nala River from Nasik District. The Narangi follows a long south-southwesterly course before its point of entry into the Godavari. It is joined by the Chor nala from the west and the Kurla nala from the east, continuing the trend of the Kurla River after the Kurla's confluence.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

===Climate===
The rainy season lasts from June through September and the average rainfall is 734&nbsp;mm. The temperature ranges from 14 to 40 degrees Celsius on average. The winter season is from October to February and the summer season is from March to May.

{{Weather box
|location = Aurangabad
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan high C = 29.7
|Feb high C = 32.5
|Mar high C = 36.1
|Apr high C = 39.0
|May high C = 39.9
|Jun high C = 34.9
|Jul high C = 30.3
|Aug high C = 29.1
|Sep high C = 30.4
|Oct high C = 32.6
|Nov high C = 30.9
|Dec high C = 29.3
|year high C = 32.9
|Jan low C = 14.2
|Feb low C = 16.3
|Mar low C = 20.2
|Apr low C = 23.7
|May low C = 24.6
|Jun low C = 23.0
|Jul low C = 21.8
|Aug low C = 21.1
|Sep low C = 20.9
|Oct low C = 19.7
|Nov low C = 16.4
|Dec low C = 14.0
|year low C = 19.7
|Jan precipitation mm = 2.2
|Feb precipitation mm = 2.9
|Mar precipitation mm = 5.1
|Apr precipitation mm = 6.3
|May precipitation mm = 25.5
|Jun precipitation mm = 131.4
|Jul precipitation mm = 167.0
|Aug precipitation mm = 165.0
|Sep precipitation mm = 135.3
|Oct precipitation mm = 52.6
|Nov precipitation mm = 29.3
|Dec precipitation mm = 8.4
|year precipitation mm = 731.0
|source=[http://www.imd.gov.in/section/climate/nasik2.htm IMD]
|date=February 2011}}

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=4,44,492|13=1911|14=5,33,331|15=1921|16=4,36,921|17=1931|18=5,79,857|19=1941|20=6,56,289|21=1951|22=7,14,894|23=1961|24=9,43,092|25=1971|26=12,41,195|27=1981|28=15,89,754|29=1991|30=22,18,615|31=2001|32=29,02,602|33=2011|34=37,01,282|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=center}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Aurangabad District has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 3,701,282 inhabitants and a population density of {{convert|365|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}. It is the 72nd most populous district in India out of [[List of districts in India|640]], and the [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] between 2001 and 2011 was 27.33%.<ref name=districtcensus>{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Aurangabad |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/778/download/2762/DH_2011_2719_PART_A_DCHB_AURANGABAD.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> The district has a [[sex ratio]] of 917 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 79.02%. 43.77% of the population live in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 14.57% and 3.87% of the population respectively.<ref name="districtcensus" />

=== Religions ===
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Aurangabad district (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Maharashtra|Hinduism]]|darkorange|68.77}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Maharashtra|Islam]]|green|21.25}}
{{bar percent|[[Marathi Buddhists|Buddhism]]|yellow|8.35}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Maharashtra|Jainism]]|pink|0.84}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Maharashtra|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.43}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.36}}
}}

According to the 2011 census, [[Hinduism]] is the most followed religion in the district and is practised by 69.77% of the population. Other popular religions include [[Marathi Muslims|Islam]] (21.25%), [[Buddhism]] (8.35%) and [[Jainism]] (0.84%). In rural areas, Hindus are nearly 80% of the population while Muslims are nearly 15% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Population by Religion - Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

=== Languages ===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages in Aurangabad district (2011)<ref name="Language"/>
|label1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value1 = 69.66 |color1 = red
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 14.51 |color2 = green
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 9.49 |color3 = orange
|label4 = [[Lambadi]] |value4 = 2.57 |color4 = khaki
|label5 = 'Other' Hindi |value5 = 1.06 |color5 = goldenrod
|label6 = Others |value6 = 2.71 |color6 = grey
}}
As of the [[2011 Census of India]], 69.66% of the population in the district speaks [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 14.51% [[Urdu]], 9.49% [[Hindi]] and 2.57% [[Lambadi]] as their first language. 1.06% of the population recorded their language as 'Others' under Hindi.<ref name="Language">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10212/download/13324/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Government and politics==
===Administrative divisions===
The district comprises nine [[tehsil]]s: [[Kannad]], [[Soyagaon]], [[Sillod]], [[Phulambri]], [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], [[Khuldabad]], [[Vaijapur]], [[Gangapur, Maharashtra|Gangapur]], and [[Paithan]]. The new proposal for tehsil is lasur and pishor.
The big towns were divide from gangapur tehsil and kannad tehsil

Nine [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies are located in this district: [[Sillod Assembly constituency|Sillod]], [[Kannad Assembly constituency|Kannad]], [[Phulambri Assembly constituency|Phulambri]], [[Aurangabad Central Assembly constituency|Aurangabad Central]], [[Aurangabad West Assembly constituency|Aurangabad West]], [[Aurangabad East Assembly constituency|Aurangabad East]], [[Paithan Assembly constituency|Paithan]], [[Gangapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Gangapur]], and [[Vaijapur Assembly constituency|Vaijapur]].

The Vidhan Sabha constituencies are grouped into two [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies: [[Aurangabad (Maharashtra Lok Sabha constituency)|Aurangabad]] and [[Jalna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalna]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225084439/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archive-date=25 February 2009}}</ref>

====Villages====


*[[Deulgaon Bazar]]
*[[Koli Bodkha]]

===Officers===

====Members of Parliament====
*[[Sandipanrao Bhumre]], [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena Shinde Group]] {{small|([[Aurangabad (Maharashtra Lok Sabha constituency)|Aurangabad]])}}
*[[Kalyan Kale]], [[Indian National Congress|INC]] {{small|([[Jalna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalna]])}}

====Guardian Minister====
{{Infobox Political post
| post = Guardian Minister Aurangabad
| insignia = Emblem_of_India.svg
| insigniasize = 50px
| insigniacaption = Emblem of India
| image =
| incumbent = [[Abdul Sattar (Maharashtra politician)|Abdul Sattar]] Additional Charge
| incumbentsince = 4 June 2024
| style = [[The Honourable]]
| imagesize =
| termlength = 5 years / No time limit
| appointer = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]
| residence = Aurangabad
| formation =
| succession =
| website = {{URL|http://aurangabad.gov.in/en/}}
}}

=====list of Guardian Minister =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! Term of office
|-
|[[Radhakrishna Vikhe Patil]]
|7 November 2009– 10 November 2010
|-
|[[Rajendra Darda]]
|11 November 2010– 26 September 2014
|-
| [[Ramdas Kadam]]
| 5 December 2014 - 8 November 2019
|-
| [[Subhash Desai]]
|9 January 2020 - 29 June 2022
|-
|[[Sandipanrao Bhumre]]
|24 September 2022- 4 June 2024
|-
|[[Abdul Sattar (Maharashtra politician)|Abdul Sattar]] ''Additional charge''
|4 June 2024- Incumbent
|-
|}

===District Magistrate/Collector===
{{Infobox Political post
| post = District Magistrate / Collector Aurangabad
| insignia = Emblem_of_India.svg
| insigniasize = 50px
| insigniacaption = Emblem of India
| image =
| incumbent = Deelip Swami (IAS)
| incumbentsince =
| imagesize =
| termlength = No time limit
| appointer = [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| residence = At Aurangabad District
| formation =
| succession =
| website = {{URL|http://aurangabad.gov.in/en/}}
}}

==Tourism==
{{See also|Tourism in Marathwada}}
There are many points of interest in Aurangabad District, including temples, villages, gardens, and sanctuaries.

===Indian rock-cut architecture===
{{Main|Indian rock-cut architecture}}

<gallery mode="packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;" heights="180" caption="Ajanta Caves, Aurangabad Caves and Ellora Caves">
File:AJANTA CAVES - C.SHELARE (2).jpg|The [[Ajanta Caves]] are 30 [[rock cut architecture|rock-cut]] Buddhist cave monuments built during rule of the Vakatakas.
File: Cave 26, Ajanta.jpg|Buddhist "Chaitya Griha" (prayer hall) with a seated Buddha in Cave 26 of the Ajanta Caves.
File:1 Hinayana style Aurangabad Buddhist Cave with stupa.jpg|[[Chaitya]] with [[stupa]], Cave 4, [[Aurangabad Caves]].
File: Aurangabad Caves, another view.JPG|Various sculptures next to an entrance at Aurangabad Caves.
File: Kailasa temple overview, Ellora.jpg|Central pillar near [[Kailasa temple, Ellora|Kailasa temple]] at Ellora Caves.
File:Ellora Caves, India, The Vishvakarma Buddhist Cave.jpg|Statue of the [[Buddha]] seated. Part of the Carpenter's cave (Buddhist Cave 10).
File:Kailasha temple at ellora.JPG|[[Kailasa temple, Ellora]], Aurangabad
File:Ajanta Cave 26 Dagoba with praying monks.jpg|Buddhist monks praying in front of the Dagoba of Chaitya in Cave 26 of the Ajanta Caves.
</gallery>

===Caves===
* The [[Ajanta Caves]] are situated {{convert|107|km|0|abbr=on}} from Aurangabad city. They comprise 30 rock-cut caves around a gorge and were built by the [[Satavahana Dynasty|Satavahana]], [[Vakataka Dynasty|Vakataka]] and [[Chalukya Dynasty|Chalukya]] dynasties between the 2nd and 5th centuries CE.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indian-heritage.org/painting/ajanta/ajanta2.html|title=Indian Heritage – Ajanta Cave paintings – Period of Excavation, Patronage, Re-discovery|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150228131023/http://www.indian-heritage.org/painting/ajanta/ajanta2.html|archive-date=28 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> They contain various works of ancient Indian art, including paintings which are among the rarest and finest surviving examples of their era.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_ajanta.asp|title=Archaeological Survey of India|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009054453/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_ajanta.asp|archive-date=9 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The Ajanta Caves are a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].
* The [[Ellora Caves]] are {{convert|29|km|0|abbr=on}} from Aurangabad city. They consist of 34 caves built between the 5th and 10th centuries CE under the patronage of the [[Rashtrakuta Dynasty]]. They represent the epitome of Indian rock cut architecture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_ellora.asp|title=Ellora Caves, Maharashtra – Archaeological Survey of India|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007002950/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_ellora.asp|archive-date=7 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Like the Ajanta Caves, the Ellora Caves are also a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
* The [[Aurangabad Caves]] are {{convert|5|km|0|abbr=on}} from Aurangabad city. Nestled amidst the hills are 12 Buddhist caves dating back to 3 A.D. Of particular interest are the [[Tantra|Tantric]] influences evident in the iconography and architectural design of the caves.

===Holy sites===
<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
Grishneshwar temple in Aurangabad district.jpg|View of [[Grishneshwar]] temple
Kachner.jpg|Idol of [[Parshvanatha]] at Kachner temple
</gallery>

* [[Grishneshwar|Grishneshwar Temple]] is one of the [[Jyotirlinga|12 Jyotirlinga]] shrines in India. It was built by [[Ahilyabai Holkar]] in the 18th century CE. The structure is a unique example of Bhoomija architecture with a Maratha style influence.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/destination/Aurangabad |title=Aurangabad |access-date=9 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225005334/http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/destination/aurangabad |archive-date=25 December 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* The 250 year old Kachner Jain Temple is dedicated to [[Parshvanatha]]. It contains an idol called Chintamani Parshvanath.
* [[Shuli bhanjan|Shuli Bhanjan]] is a hill near Aurangabad. It is believed that Saint Eknath Maharaj carried his Tapasya here.

====Hindu temples and shrines====
There are dozens of Hindu temples and shrines in the region.
{{div col}}
*Grishneshwar temple
*[[Kailasa Temple, Ellora|Kailash temple, Ellora caves, Verul]]
*Khadakeshwar temple.
*Vitthal Mandir, Pandharpur, A'bad.
*Renukamata mandir, Karnapura. Karnapura Temple.
*Sansthan Ganapati mandir.
*Siddhivinayak mandir.
*Pavan Ganesh mandir.
*Sai Tekadi (Hill).
*Hanuman Tekadi (Hill).
*Khandoba Mandir, Satara.
*[[Bhadra Maruti Temple, Khuldabad]].
*Sant Dnyaneshwar Mandir, Paithan.
*Eknath Maharaj Mandir, Paithan.
*Savata Maharaj Mandir, Vaijapur.
*Mahalakshmi Mandir, Vaijapur.
*Virbhadra Temple, Vaijapur.
*Sant Danshower Maharaj Sansthan.
*Mhasoba Maharaj Mandir, Sillod.
*Sindhi mandir, Sillod.
*Shree Chakradhar Swami Mandir, Gangapur.
*Panchavati Mahadev mandir, Gangapur.
*Ekmukhi Datt Mandir, Gangapur.
*Bhairavnath Mandir, Soegaon.
*Munjoba mandir, Soegaon.
*Mahamuni Agasti Maharaj Warkari Shikshan Sansthan, Soegaon.
*Ram mandir, Kannad.
*Bajarangbali mandir, Kannad.
*Jagrut Siddhivinayak temple, Kannad.{{div col end}}

===Gates and forts===
{{See also|Gates in Aurangabad}}
<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
Daulatabad fort21.jpeg|Front view of [[Daulatabad Fort]]
Bhadkal Gate.JPG|[[Bhadkal Gate]]
</gallery>

The city of Aurangabad is known for its 52 gates and has been called the "City of Gates". These gates were built during Mughal era.<ref>{{cite news |last=Banerjee |first=Rajiv |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/features/consumer-life/history-revisited-at-Aurangabad-the-city-of-gates/articleshow/4390611.cms |title=History revisited at Aurangabad the 'city of gates' |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=12 April 2009 |access-date=27 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324011557/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/features/consumer-life/history-revisited-at-aurangabad-the-city-of-gates/articleshow/4390611.cms |archive-date=24 March 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Daulatabad Fort]] (aka Devagiri Fort), located some {{convert|15|km|0|abbr=on}} north-west of Aurangabad, was built in the 12th century CE by the [[Yadava Dynasty]]. It was one of the most powerful forts during the medieval era. The fort was built on a {{convert|200|m|ft|adj=mid|-high}} conical hill and defended by moats, trenches, and three encircling walls with bastions. It also had two fixed massive canons which could be pivoted. The fort was never conquered by any military force.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_maha_daulatbadfort.asp|title=Daulatabad Fort – Ticketed Monument – Archaeological Survey of India|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429084025/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_maha_daulatbadfort.asp|archive-date=29 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Mughal architecture===
<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
BIBI KA MAQBARA (TOMB OF THE LADY) 2.jpg|[[Bibi Ka Maqbara]]
Tomb Aurangzeb.jpg|[[Tomb of Aurangzeb]]
</gallery>

* The [[Bibi Ka Maqbara]] is the burial mausoleum of Emperor [[Aurangzeb]]'s wife, [[Dilras Banu Begum]] (posthumously known as Rabia-ud-Daurani). The site is {{convert|3|km|0|abbr=on}} from Aurangabad city. It is an imitation of the [[Taj Mahal]] at Agra and is popularly known as the "Taj of the Deccan".<ref>{{cite news |last=P. |first=Bhaskar |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/139148/taj-deccan.html |title=The Taj of Deccan |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |access-date=27 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303152608/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/139148/taj-deccan.html |archive-date=3 March 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* The [[Tomb of Aurangzeb]] is located in the village of Khuldabad, {{convert|24|km|0|abbr=on}} to the north-west of Aurangabad city, in the south-eastern corner of the complex of the [[dargah]] of [[Zainuddin Shirazi|Sheikh Zainuddin]].<ref name="Location">{{cite web|title=Tomb of Aurangzeb|url=http://www.asiAurangabad.in/pdf/Tourist/Tomb_of_Aurangzeb-_Khulatabad.pdf|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India, Aurangabad|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923175254/http://www.asiaurangabad.in/pdf/Tourist/Tomb_of_Aurangzeb-_Khulatabad.pdf|archive-date=23 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Aurangzeb is considered to have been last great [[Mughal emperor]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.historyanswers.co.uk/kings-queens/indias-10-greatest-warrior-emperors-and-kings |title=India's 10 greatest warrior Emperors and Kings &#124; All About History |access-date=19 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720081346/https://www.historyanswers.co.uk/kings-queens/indias-10-greatest-warrior-emperors-and-kings/ |archive-date=20 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Other notable sites===
<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
Panchakki fountain, Aurangabad.jpg|[[Panchakki]] was designed to generate energy from water flowing down a mountain. It displays the scientific thought process that guided medieval Indian architecture.
Salim Ali Lake.jpg|[[Salim Ali Lake]]
Siddharth Garden and Zoo.jpg|Siddharth Garden near a bus stand in Aurangabad
</gallery>

*[[Panchakki]], which literally means "water mill", is a 17th-century water mill situated within the old city of Aurangabad. It is known for its underground channel, which carries water from hills over 8&nbsp;km away. The channel culminates in an artificial waterfall that powers the mill.
* [[Salim Ali Lake|Salim Ali Lake & Bird Sanctuary]] is located in the northern part of the city near Delhi Darwaza, opposite [[Himayat Bagh]]. During the Mughal period, it was known as Khiziri Talab. It was renamed after the great [[ornithologist]] and naturalist [[Salim Ali (ornithologist)|Salim Ali]]. It features a bird sanctuary and a garden maintained by the Aurangabad Municipal Corporation.
* Siddharth Garden and Zoo is situated near the central bus station in Aurangabad city. It is the only zoo in the [[Marathwada]] region. It is home to several species of animals, birds, flowers, and trees. The name "Siddhartha" is a reference to [[Gautama Buddha]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/aurangabad-marathwada-news/aurangabad/promise-trees-wild-animals/articleshow/67066484.cms |title=वृक्ष, वन्यप्राण्यांचे सवंर्धन करा |access-date=12 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112200548/https://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/aurangabad-marathwada-news/aurangabad/promise-trees-wild-animals/articleshow/67066484.cms |archive-date=12 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abpmajha.abplive.in/aurangabad/animal-museum-in-siddhartha-garden-of-aurangabad-will-be-closed-609661|title = औरंगाबादच्या सिद्धार्थ उद्यानातील प्राणी संग्रहालय बंद होणार !|date = December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.Aurangabaddirectory.com/siddharth-garden-zoo.html|title=Siddharth Garden Zoo|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106234432/http://www.aurangabaddirectory.com/siddharth-garden-zoo.html|archive-date=6 January 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* The [[Gautala Autramghat Sanctuary|Gautala Autramghat Wildlife Sanctuary]] is a protected area of Maharashtra state, India. It lies in the Satmala and Ajantha hill ranges of the Western Ghats, and administratively is in kannad taluka of Aurangabad District. The wildlife sanctuary was established in 1986 in an existing reserved forest area

==Transportation==

===Road===
* Mumbai – Aurangabad
* Hyderabad – Aurangabad
* Nagpur – Aurangabad
* Dhule – Aurangabad
* Pune – Aurangabad (approximately 4.5 hours journey time)
* Solapur – Aurangabad

===Rail===
The [[Manmad]]-[[Kachiguda Railway Station]] Broad gauge railway line emanates from the [[Mumbai]]-[[Bhusawal]]-[[Howrah]] trunk route at [[Manmad]] and is an important traffic artery in Aurangabad District. Routes include:
* Mumbai – Aurangabad
* Hyderabad – Nanded – Aurangabad
* Secunderabad – Bangalore – Parbhani – Aurangabad
* Delhi – Aurangabad – Delhi
* Nagpur – Aurangabad – Nagpur
* Mumbai-Aurangabad – Mumbai – Janshatabdi Express (daily service)
* Nandigram Express – via – Aurangabad to Mumbai (daily service)
* Devgiri Express – via – Aurangabad to Mumbai (daily service)
* Tapovan Express (AWB to NED)(Nanded) or (AWB to CSTM )(Mumbai)(daily service)
* Marathwada Express- (AWB to DAB)(Darmabad) or AWB To MMR(Manmad Jn) (daily service)
* Sachkhand Express- (AWB to NED)(Nanded) or (AWB to ASR) Amritsar JN (daily service)

[[Aurangabad Airport]] has flights to Delhi, Mumbai, Hyderabad-Tirupati, Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Udaipur, and Jaipur.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

== See also ==
* [[Tourism in Marathwada]]
* [[Aurangabad Industrial City]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{cite web|url=https://aurangabad.gov.in/|title=District Aurangabad – Government of Maharashtra|website=Aurangabad.gov.in|access-date=12 March 2019}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Aurangabad district
|North = [[Jalgaon district]]
|Northeast = [[Buldana district]]
|East = [[Jalna district]]
|Southeast = [[Beed district]]
|South =
|Southwest = [[Ahmadnagar district]]
|West = [[Nashik district]]
|Northwest =
}}
{{Marathwada}}
{{Aurangabad district, Maharashtra topics}}
{{Maharashtra}}
{{Godavari basin}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aurangabad District, Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Aurangabad district, Maharashtra| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Aurangabad division]]
[[Category:Marathwada]]

Lokkhi Kakima Superstar

2026-03-05T20:18:42Z

Aeon:

{{Short description|2022 Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Lokkhi Kakima Superstar.jpeg
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator = Tent Cinema
| based_on =
| developer = Tent Cinema
| writer = '''Dialogues''' {{Plain list|
* Ananya
* Ayan Sengupta
}}
| screenplay = Priyanka Sett
| story = {{Plain list|
* Susanta Das
* Sayantani Bhattacharya
}}
| director = Bijoy Majhi
| creative_director = {{Plain list|
* Susanta Das
* Sayantani Bhattacharya
}}
| starring = {{Plain list|
* [[Aparajita Auddy]]
* [[Debshankar Haldar]]
* Sharly Modak
* Souvik Banerjee
}}
| open_theme = ''Superstar superstar Lokkhi kakima superstar''
| end_theme =
| theme_music_composer = Upal Sengupta, Nilanjan
| composer =
| country = [[India]]
| language = Bengali
| executive_producer = Sanjukta Chakraborty & Tanushree Bhadra (Tent Cinema) Priyanka Sett & Suparno Saha (Zee Bangla)
| producer = Susanta Das
| editor = {{ubl|Amitabha Bagchi|Krishnendu}}
| cinematography = Sankalpa Dasgupta
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Tent Cinema
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 294
| list_episodes =
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|02|14|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2023|01|27|df=yes}}
| image_alt =
| network = [[Zee Bangla]]
}}

'''''Lokkhi Kakima Superstar''''' is a 2022 [[India]]n [[Bengali Language]] [[Drama]] television series broadcast on the Bengali General Entertainment Channel [[Zee Bangla]]. It stars [[Aparajita Auddy]] and [[Debshankar Haldar]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite news |title=Aparajita Adhya: স্বামী উদাসীন, একার আয়ে সংসার চালানো অপরাজিতাই আসল 'লক্ষ্মী' |url=https://tv9bangla.com/entertainment/television/aparajita-adhya-to-be-seen-in-a-new-bengali-serial-laxmi-kakima-superstar-499334.html |work=TV9 Bangla |date=22 January 2022 |language=bn}}</ref> It also stars Sharly Modak and Souvik Banerjee in parallel lead roles. It was premiered on 14 February 2022.<ref name="a"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Lokkhi Kakima Superstar: অপুর জায়গায় আসবে লক্ষ্মী কাকিমা! সম্প্রচারের সময় বদলে প্রাইম টাইমে জায়গা নতুন মেগার |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/lokkhi-kakima-superstar-replace-aparajita-apu-new-bengali-serial-starring-aparajita-adhya-debshankar-halder-telecast-prime-time-slot-soc-341914-2022-02-08|work=[[Aaj Tak]] Bangla|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chandra |first1=Jayita |title=ভালোবাসর দিনেই আত্মপ্রকাশ লক্ষ্মী কাকিমার, তবে সময় গেল বদলে |url=https://bangla.asianetnews.com/bengali-cinema/lokkhi-kakima-superstar-serial-gets-new-air-time-bjc-r6z0c1 |work=bangla.asianetnews.com |publisher=[[Asianet News]] |date=8 February 2021 |language=bn}}</ref>

==Plot==
Lokkhi (Bengali name for [[Lakshmi]]) is a vibrant middle-aged woman who runs a little shop, "Lokkhi Bhandar" to support her joint family. This business is her soul which gives her the joy and will to survive. Her trials and tribulations form the crux of the show.<ref>{{cite news |title='লক্ষ্মী কাকিমা'হয়ে ছোটপর্দায় ফিরছেন অপরাজিতা আঢ্য, সঙ্গী দেবশংকর হালদার |url=https://m.sangbadpratidin.in/article/entertainment/television/652029 |work=www.sangbadpratidin.in |publisher=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=23 January 2022|language=bn}}</ref>

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Aparajita Adhya]] as Lokkhi Das (née Roy): owner of 'Lokkhi Bhandar', Debabrata's wife; Debaditya, Debdulal and Riya's mother, Sonali and Hongshini's mother-in-law<ref name="a">{{cite news |title=Aparajita Adhya and Debshankar Halder starrer 'Lokkhi Kakima Superstar' to launch soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/aparajita-adhya-and-debshankar-halder-starrer-lokkhi-kakima-superstar-to-launch-soon/articleshow/89087778.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=24 January 2022 |language=en | access-date=5 July 2022}}</ref>
* [[Debshankar Halder]] as Debabrata Das aka Debu: Lokkhi's husband; Debaditya, Debdulal and Riya's father, Sonali and Hongshini's father-in-law<ref name="a"/>
* Souvik Banerjee as Debdulal Das aka Dulal/Hiraak: Lokkhi and Debabrata's son, Hongshini's husband<ref name="a"/>
* Sharly Modak as Hongshini Das (née Roychowdhury) aka Chini / Hansh: Lokkhi and Debabrata's daughter-in-law, Debdulal's wife<ref name="a"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-31|title=Bengali Serial: অপরাজিতার বৌমা হয়ে ফিরছেন শার্লি মোদক, চরিত্রের নাম কী জানেন?|url=https://tv9bangla.com/entertainment/television/sharly-modak-is-going-to-act-in-lakshmi-kakima-superstar-with-aparajita-adhya-504458.html|access-date=|website=TV9 Bangla|language=bn}}</ref>

===Recurring===
* Ananya Guha as Riya Das: Lokkhi and Debabrata's daughter, Debaditya and Debdulal's younger sister, Dipta's love interest
* Swarnodipto Ghosh as Debaditya Das aka Deba: Lokkhi and Debabrata's elder son, Sonali's husband.
* Arpita Mondal as Sonali Das aka Sona : Debaditya's wife, Lokkhi and Debabrata's elder daughter in law.
* Adhiraj Ganguly as Laltu Das : Subhabrata and Rina's son
* Debosmita Bonik as Tiya Das: Laltu's sister, Subhabrata and Rina's daughter
* Raktim Samanta as Biltu Das: Priyo and Tapasi's son
* Tapasya Dasgupta as Rina Das: Laltu and Keya's mother, Subhabrata's wife
* Sanjoy Basu as Subhabrata Das aka Subho: Laltu and Keya's father, Debabrata's brother, Rina's husband.
* Anirban Ghosh as Priyobrata Das aka Priyo: Tapasi's husband, Biltu's father, Debabrata's younger brother
* Sree Basu as Tapasi Das aka Rupasi: Priyo's wife, Biltu's mother.
* Ananya Sengupta / Nabanita Dutta as Ranjana Mukherjee aka "Binuni": Debabrata's one sided lover, a school teacher.
* [[Ratna Ghoshal]] as Parulbala Das: Debabrata, Subhabrata, Priyobrata's mother, Lokkhi's mother in law, Debaditya, Debdulal and Riya's grandmother<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-10|title=Lakshmi Kakima Super star is Coming: ভ্যালেন্টাইন ডে-তেই বাঙালির ঘরে আসছেন সুপারস্টার লক্ষ্মী কাকিমা|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bengali/west-bengal/sitara/tv-and-theater/new-serial-lakshmi-kakima-super-star-is-coming-on-14th-february/wb20220210115902929|access-date=|website=ETV Bharat News|language=bn}}</ref>
* [[Bharat Kaul]] as Somshankar Roychowdhury: Hongshini, Abhra and Dipta's father<ref>{{cite news |title='Chirodini Ami Je Tomar' fame Sharly Modak-Souvik Banerjee team up again - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/chirodini-ami-je-tomar-fame-sharly-modak-souvik-banerjee-team-up-again/articleshow/89315738.cms |work=The Times of India |date=3 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
* Rajiv Bose as Abhra Roychowdhury - Hongshini and Dipta's elder brother; Sonia's husband.
* [[Rimjhim Mitra]] as Sonia Roychowdhury: Abhra's wife
* Raunak Dey Bhoumik as Dipta Roychowdhury: Abhra and Hongshini's younger brother, Riya's love interest
* Koushik Bhattacharya as Biren: Tapasi's brother.
* Sandip Dey as Ardhendu: Lokkhi's rival.
* Indranil Mallick as Ronojoy aka Rono: Hongshini's ex-fiancé interest<ref>{{Cite news |title=Actor Indranil Mullick joins the cast of 'Lokkhi Kakima Superstar' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/actor-indranil-mullick-joins-the-cast-of-lokkhi-kakima-superstar/articleshow/90368104.cms |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=The Times of India |date=22 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
* Surajit Pramanik as Ratan: Lokkhi's worker.
* Avery Singha Roy as Kojagori Roy Chowdhury: Hongshini's late mother.
* Krishnakishore Mukherjee as Aloke Sanyal
* Chhanda Chatterjee as Madhubala: Debabrata, Subhabrata, Priyobrata's aunt
* Rumpa Das as Arna Roy
* Sarbari Mukherjee as Maya Golder
* Ranit Modak as Ronty
* Gora Dhar as Horipada Maity

==Crossover episodes==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="1" |Episodes
! colspan="1" |Air Date
! colspan="1" |Series
! colspan="1" |Plot
|-
| 1
| 10 July 2022
| [[Didi No. 1]]
| Lokkhi went to Didi No. 1 to win a pressure cooker as well as to become winner. The show is hosted by [[Rachana Banerjee]].<ref>{{Citation |title=আগামী ১০ই জুলাই রবিবার, Didi No. 1 - এ অংশগ্রহণ করতে আসছেন সকলের প্রিয় "লক্ষ্মী কাকিমা"!! |url=https://www.facebook.com/ZeeBanglaIndia/videos/lokkhi-kakima-didi-no-1-sunday-dhamaka-zee-bangla/799403887780686/ |language=en |access-date=2022-07-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-02 |title=দিদি নম্বর ১-এ কেঁদে ভাসাচ্ছেন লক্ষ্মী কাকিমা! 'এত্ত ন্যাকামি', জমিয়ে হল কটাক্ষ |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/lokkhi-kakima-superstar-shares-her-sad-story-with-didi-no-1-rachana-banerjee-31656747702680.html |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|}

==Reception==
=== TRP Ratings ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" | Week
! rowspan="2" | Year
! colspan="2" | [[Broadcast Audience Research Council|BARC]] viewership
! rowspan="2" | Ref.
|-
! [[Target Rating Point|TRP]]
! Rank
|-
|Week 7
|2022
|7.9
|7
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP তালিকা: সেরার মুকুট ফের হাতছাড়া 'মিঠাই'-এর! বড়সড় চমক টিআরপি তালিকায় |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-7-2022-mithai-jumps-one-place-to-become-number-2-gaatchora-remains-bengal-topper-31645684359314.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224090703/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-7-2022-mithai-jumps-one-place-to-become-number-2-gaatchora-remains-bengal-topper-31645684359314.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 February 2022 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] Bangla |date=24 February 2022 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 8
|2022
|8.2
|5
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: সেরা 'গাঁটছড়া', নম্বর কমল 'মিঠাই'-র! দারুণ ব্যাটিং করল 'লক্ষ্মী কাকিমা...' |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-8th-week-gantchhora-aalta-phoring-mithai-dhulokona-lokkhi-kakima-superstar-top-five-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-television-soc-349945-2022-03-03 |access-date=3 March 2022 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 9
|2022
|7.9
|7
|<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=TRP তালিকা: আরও কমল 'মিঠাই'-এর নম্বর, সেরার সেরা 'গাঁটছড়া', কামাল 'ধুলোকণা'র |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-9-2022-mithai-slips-to-number-4-gaatchora-holds-onto-no-1-position-dhulokona-made-it-to-the-top-2-31646896028972.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310072947/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-9-2022-mithai-slips-to-number-4-gaatchora-holds-onto-no-1-position-dhulokona-made-it-to-the-top-2-31646896028972.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 March 2022 |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 12
|2022
|7.9
|8
|<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-03-31 |title=TRP তালিকা: অপ্রতিরোধ্য 'গাঁটছড়া', গোধূলি আলাপ-কে শুরুতেই রিজেক্ট করল দর্শক! |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-gaatchora-tops-the-chart-again-godhuli-alap-fails-to-impress-audience-on-first-week-31648707066271.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401033806/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-gaatchora-tops-the-chart-again-godhuli-alap-fails-to-impress-audience-on-first-week-31648707066271.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 13
|2022
|7.2
|7
|<ref>{{cite web |title=TRP: ফের শীর্ষে 'মিঠাই', চমক 'অনুরাগের ছোঁয়া'-র! কত নম্বরে 'গাঁটছড়া'? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-13th-week-mithai-gantchhora-aalta-phoring-anurager-chhowa-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-361725-2022-04-07 |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 14
|2022
|7.0
|8
|<ref>{{cite web |title=TRP: নম্বর কমল 'মিঠাই', 'গাঁটছড়া'-র! চমক দিল 'গৌরী', কে কোন স্থানে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-14th-week-mithai-gantchhora-gouri-elo-anurager-chhowa-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-364047-2022-04-14 |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 15
|2022
|6.4
|5
|<ref>{{cite web |title=TRP: শীর্ষ স্থান হারাল 'মিঠাই'! চমক দিল 'ধুলোকণা', কত স্কোর 'গাঁটছড়া'-র? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-15th-week-gantchhora-dhulokona-mithai-aalta-phoring-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-366340-2022-04-21 |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 16
|2022
|6.9
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: বিরাট রদবদল! শীর্ষে নেই 'মিঠাই'-'গাঁটছড়া', দারুণ ব্যাটিং 'ধুলোকণা'-র |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-16th-week-dhulokona-mithai-gantchhora-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-368590-2022-04-28 |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 17
|2022
|6.8
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: এবারও শীর্ষে নেই 'মিঠাই! ছক্কা মারল 'গাঁটছড়া' না 'ধুলোকণা'? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-17th-week-dhulokona-gantchhora-mithai-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-371189-2022-05-06 |access-date=2022-05-06 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 18
|2022
|6.4
|6
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: শীর্ষ স্থানে নেই 'ধুলোকণা'! শুরুতেই বাজিমাত 'লালকুঠি'-র, সেরা 'মিঠাই না 'গাঁটছড়া'? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-18th-week-gantchhora-mithai-dhulokona-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-373245-2022-05-12 |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 19
|2022
|6.9
|5
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: চমক দিয়ে সেরা দশে রয়েছে ১৭ মেগা! শীর্ষ স্থান দখল করল কে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-19th-week-gantchhora-mithai-dhulokona-gouri-elo-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-375509-2022-05-19 |access-date=19 May 2022 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 20
|2022
|7.1
|6
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: অনেকটা নম্বর কমল 'ধুলোকণা'-র! জোর টক্কর দিয়ে সেরা 'মিঠাই' না 'গাঁটছড়া'?
|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-20th-week-gantchhora-mithai-dhulokona-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-377778-2022-05-26 |access-date=26 May 2022 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 21
|2022
|7.2
|6
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: নম্বর বেড়ে আরও হাড্ডাহাড্ডি লড়াই খড়ি- মিঠাইদের! কে সেরার সেরা? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-21st-week-gantchhora-mithai-dhulokona-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-week-soc-380015-2022-06-02 |access-date=2022-06-02 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 22
|2022
|6.9
|6
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: শীর্ষে 'মিঠাই'! চমক দিল 'মন ফাগুন', ব্যাপক রদবদল রেটিং চার্টে |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-22nd-week-mithai-mon-phagun-gantchhora-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-382247-2022-06-09 |access-date=2022-06-09 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 23
|2022
|6.2
|6
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: নম্বর কমল 'মিঠাই', 'গাঁটছড়া'-র! চমক দিয়ে দারুণ স্কোর করল 'গৌরী এলো'
|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-23rd-week-mithai-gantchhora-gouri-elo-dhulokona-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-384489-2022-06-16 |access-date=2022-06-16 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 24
|2022
|6.7
|4
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP:বিরাট চমক রেটিং চার্টে! শীর্ষে 'আলতা ফড়িং', কেমন স্কোর মিঠাই- খড়িদের?
|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-24th-week-mithai-aalta-phoring-gantchhora-gouri-elo-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-386799-2022-06-23 |access-date=2022-06-23 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 25
|2022
|7.3
|6
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: চমক দিয়ে শীর্ষে 'ধুলোকণা'! এক ঢাক্কায় অনেকটা নামল 'মিঠাই'
|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-25th-week-dhulokona-gantchhora-mithai-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-419360-2022-06-30 |access-date=2022-06-30 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 26
|2022
|7.5
|5
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: বিরাট নম্বর কমে অনেক পিছনে 'মিঠাই'! সেরার সেরা 'ধুলোকণা' |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-26th-week-dhulokona-gantchhora-aalta-phoring-gouri-elo-mithai-lokkhi-kakima-superstar-top-five-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-422003-2022-07-07
|access-date=2022-07-07 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 27
|2022
|7.7
|2
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: চমক 'লক্ষ্মী কাকিমা'-র! প্রথম দশে ১৫ মেগা... মিঠাই, খড়ি, ফুলঝুরিদের স্কোর কত? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-27th-week-dhulokona-lokkhi-kakima-superstar-gouri-elo-mithai-gantchhora-gouri-elo-aalta-phoring-top-four-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-424566-2022-07-14 |access-date=2022-07-14 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 28
|2022
|8.2
|1
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: 'মিঠাই', 'গাঁটছড়া'-কে পিছনে ফেলে শীর্ষে 'লক্ষ্মী কাকিমা...!' বিরাট পরিবর্তন রেটিং চার্টে |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-28th-week-lokkhi-kakima-superstar-dhulokona-aalta-phoring-mithai-top-four-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-427051-2022-07-21 |access-date=2022-07-21 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 29
|2022
|8.0
|2
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: লক্ষ্মীকে টেক্কা দিয়ে শীর্ষে 'মিঠাই'! বিরাট রদবদল রেটিং চার্টে
|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-29th-week-mithai-lokkhi-kakima-superstar-gantchhora-gouri-elo-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-429629-2022-07-28 |access-date=2022-07-28 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 30
|2022
|7.8
|2
|<ref>{{cite news |title= TRP: লক্ষ্মীকে পিছনে ফেলে পুরনো ফর্মে 'মিঠাই'! রেটিং চার্টে কোন মেগার স্কোর কত? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-30th-week-mithai-lokkhi-kakima-superstar-aalta-phoring-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-432128-2022-08-04 |access-date=2022-08-04 |work= Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 31
|2022
|7.7
|3
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: শীর্ষে 'মিঠাই', লক্ষ্মীকে পিছনে ফেলে এগিয়ে 'গাঁটছড়া'! রেটিং চার্টে প্রথম দশে ১৫ মেগা |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-31st-week-mithai-gantchhora-lokkhi-kakima-superstar-aalta-phoring-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-434599-2022-08-11 |access-date=2022-08-11 |work= Aaj Tak বাংলা|language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 32
|2022
|7.6
|5
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: ফের হাড্ডাহাড্ডি লড়াই 'মিঠাই'- 'গাঁটছড়া'র! সেরার সেরা কে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-32nd-week-mithai-gantchhora-gouri-elo-aalta-phoring-lokkhi-kakima-superstar-top-five-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-437459-2022-08-19 |access-date=19 August 2022 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 33
|2022
|7.1
|5
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: দারুণ স্কোর 'মিঠাই'-র! গৌরী, ফড়িংদের ঝুলিতে কত নম্বর? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-33rd-week-mithai-gouri-elo-aalta-phoring-gantchhora-top-four-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-439741-2022-08-25 |access-date=25 August 2022 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 34
|2022
|7.3
|5
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: হাড্ডাহাড্ডি লড়াই মিঠাই- গৌরীর! এই সপ্তাহে সেরার সেরা কে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-34th-week-mithai-gouri-elo-gantchhora-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-442767-2022-09-02 |access-date=2 September 2022 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 35
|2022
|6.8
|6
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: প্রথম তিনে নেই 'মিঠাই'! সেরার সেরা 'গাঁটছড়া' না 'গৌরী এলো'? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-35th-week-mithai-not-top-position-gantchhora-gouri-elo-aalta-phoring-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-444845-2022-09-08 |access-date=8 September 2022 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 36
|2022
|6.3
|7
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: বড় অঘটন রেটিং চার্টে! বিরাট নম্বর কমল 'মিঠাই'-র, প্রথম তিনে কারা? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-36th-week-mithai-not-top-4-gantchhora-aalta-phoring-dhulokona-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-447292-2022-09-15 |access-date=15 September 2022 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 37
|2022
|7.3
|4
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: আরও নামল 'মিঠাই'! 'গাঁটছড়া'-কে টেক্কা দিয়ে বেঙ্গল টপার কোন মেগা?
|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-37th-week-dhulokona-aalta-phoring-gantchhora-gouri-elo-top-three-mithai-score-poor-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-know-who-bengal-topper-week-soc-450007-2022-09-22 |access-date=22 September 2022|work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 38
|2022
|6.7
|6
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: শীর্ষে মিঠাই, খড়ি না ফুলঝুরি? চমকে দিয়ে প্রথম পাঁচে এই নতুন মেগা |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-38th-week-gantchhora-dhulokona-gouri-elo-aalta-phoring-jagadhhatri-top-5-mithai-scores-bad-again-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-452761-2022-09-29 |access-date=29 September 2022|work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 39
|2022
|6.4
|6
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: বিশাল রদবদল রেটিং চার্টে! চমক গৌরী -জগদ্ধাত্রীর, খড়ি- মিঠাইদের স্কোর কেমন? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-39th-week-gouri-elo-jagadhhatri-gantchhora-dhulokona-mithai-top-five-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-455701-2022-10-07 |access-date= 7 September 2022 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 40
|2022
|5.3
|10
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: একেবারে তলানিতে 'মিঠাই'! ব্যাপক স্কোর গৌরী -জগদ্ধাত্রীর, বাকিদের? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/tollywood-bengali-cinema/story/trp-list-2022-40th-week-gouri-elo-jagadhhatri-dhulokona-gantchhora-khelna-bari-top-five-mithai-performance-poor-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-458205-2022-10-13 |access-date= 13 September 2022 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 41
|2022
|6.3
|9
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: রেটিং চার্টে অবস্থা শোচনীয় 'মিঠাই'-র! জয়জয়কার গৌরী, খড়িদের |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-41st-week-mithai-gantchhora-scores-very-bad-gouri-elo-dhulokona-jagadhhatri-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-460909-2022-10-20 |access-date= 20 September 2022 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 42
|2022
|6.0
|11
|<ref>{{cite news |title= TRP: অনুরাগের ছোঁয়া সেরা তিনে, গাঁটছড়াকে টপকালো জগদ্ধাত্রী, ধুলোকণা হল কি টপার? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-bengali-serial-week-42-dhulokona-in-in-top-anurager-chhowa-makes-in-top-2-with-gouri-elo-gaatchora-slips-to-fifth-position-31667198086801.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106060223/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-bengali-serial-week-42-dhulokona-in-in-top-anurager-chhowa-makes-in-top-2-with-gouri-elo-gaatchora-slips-to-fifth-position-31667198086801.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 January 2023 |access-date=2022-10-31 |work=Hindusthan Times Bangla|language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 43
|2022
|5.8
|9
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: পরিবারে সুখবর এসেও তলানিতে ' মিঠাই! 'গাঁটছড়া', 'ধুলোকণা', বাকিরা কোন স্থানে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-43rd-week-mithai-scores-bad-inspite-new-twist-serial-what-score-gatchhora-dhulokona-gouri-elo-anurager-chhowa-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-466351-2022-11-03 |access-date= 3 November 2022 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 44
|2022
|5.9
|12
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: কোনও ভাবে প্রথম দশে টিকে আছে 'মিঠাই! দারুন স্কোর জগদ্ধাত্রী, ফুলঝুরিদের
|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-44th-week-dhulokona-jagadhhatri-anurager-chhowa-top-three-mithai-manages-stay-top-10-anyhow-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-trp-list-today-soc-468832-2022-11-10 |access-date= 10 November 2022 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 45
|2022
|6.0
|9
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: দারুন স্কোর 'জগদ্ধাত্রী', 'অনুরাগের ছোঁয়া'-র! তলানি থেকে অনেকটা উঠল 'মিঠাই' |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-45th-week-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-jagadhhatri-anurager-chhowa-dhulokona-top-three-mithai-scores-better-after-new-twist-gantchhora-gouri-elo-bad-performance-trp-soc-471590-2022-11-17 |access-date= 17 November 2022 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 46
|2022
|6.3
|8
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: মিঠি- শাক্যর নয়া ট্রাকে নম্বর বাড়ল 'মিঠাই'-র! শুরুতেই বাজিমাত করল 'নিম ফুলের মধু' |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-46th-week-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-mithai-scores-better-new-track-neem-phuler-modhu-scores-well-anurager-chhowa-jagadhhatri-aalta-phoring-top-three-soc-474437-2022-11-24 |access-date= 24 November 2022 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 47
|2022
|6.4
|8
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: জায়গা ধরে রাখল 'মিঠাই'! প্রথম দশে ১৪ মেগা, এবার বেঙ্গল টপার কে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-47th-week-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-jagadhhatri-anurager-chhowa-aalta-phoring-top-3-know-score-mithai-gouri-elo-dhulokona-gantchhora-and-others-top-bangla-serials-soc-477392-2022-12-01 |access-date= 1 December 2022 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 48
|2022
|6.7
|9
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: সেরার সেরা 'জগদ্ধাত্রী', চমক দিল 'নিম ফুলের মধু'! 'মিঠাই'-র স্কোর কত? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-48th-week-jagadhhatri-khelna-bari-anurager-chhowa-top-three-mithai-neem-phuler-modhu-scores-well-soc-480452-2022-12-08 |access-date= 7 December 2022 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 49
|2022
|6.2
|11
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: শুরুতেই ছক্কা হাঁকালো 'পঞ্চমী'! 'জগদ্ধাত্রী', 'অনুরাগের ছোঁয়া'-র মধ্যে বেঙ্গল টপার কে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-49th-week-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-jagadhhatri-panchomi-anurager-chhowa-top-three-see-score-mithai-gouri-elo-and-other-top-10-serials-soc-483808-2022-12-15 |access-date= 15 December 2022 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 50
|2022
|6.4
|9
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: হাড্ডাহাড্ডি টক্কর একাধিক ধারাবাহিকে! এই সপ্তাহে বেঙ্গল টপার কে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-50th-week-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-jagadhhatri-anurager-chhowa-gouri-elo-top-three-bangla-dharabahik-rating-soc-486989-2022-12-22 |access-date= 22 December 2022 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Zee Bangla}}

[[Category:Zee Bangla original programming]]
[[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series endings]]

Red Chillies (film)

2026-03-03T21:31:38Z

Aeon: clean up

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Red Chillies
| image = Red Chillies Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Shaji Kailas]]
| producer = M. Renjith
| writer = [[A. K. Sajan]]
| starring = [[Mohanlal]]
| music = [[M. Jayachandran]] Rajamani {{small|(Score)}}
| cinematography = [[Shaji Kumar]]
| editing = Samjith
| studio = Rajaputhra Visual Media
| distributor = Vaishaka Release
| released = {{Film date|2009|02|14|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Red Chillies''''' is a 2009 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[crime thriller film]] directed by [[Shaji Kailas]] and written by [[A. K. Sajan]], starring [[Mohanlal]] in the lead role. It was produced by M. Renjith under Rajaputhra Visual Media and distributed by Vaishaka Release. The film also stars [[Thilakan]], [[Biju Menon]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] and [[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]]. ''Red Chillies'' was released in India on 14 February 2009 on [[Valentine's Day]]. The film was a moderate success at the box office.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 2009 |title=Mohanlal's 'Red Chillies' to be remade in Tamil |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2009/sep/08/mohanlals-red-chillies-to-be-remade-in-tamil-84550.html |access-date=12 August 2019 |archive-date=12 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812153613/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2009/sep/08/mohanlals-red-chillies-to-be-remade-in-tamil-84550.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
As part of the [[disinvestment]] policy of the Union Cabinet, Hindustan Artillery Limited (H.A.L), a public sector undertaking which manufacturers pistols and rifles for the Indian Armed Forces starts to float their shares. O.M.R Group, an oil business conglomerate based in [[Singapore]] owned by O.M.R purchases 40% of the shares. Citing threat to national security, a mass and indefinite strike is organised by the labourers of H.A.L against the deal. The strike is led by veteran Communist leader Com.Mani Varghese who is greatly admired and has a huge following. Though labelled as a nemesis of innovative developmental projects, Com.Mani is aware about the interests, intentions and unscrupulous nature of corporate houses.

Another business group in [[Kochi]] led by Franco Alangadan in partnership with an unknown powerful individual plans strategies to thwart the deal by any means. On [[New Year's Eve]], Com. Mani instructs Com.Surendran to post a confidential letter and goes to the make shift strike shed in order to sleep with the aggrieved labourers. Things take a violent turn when radio jockeys of O.M.R F.M are suspected of murdering Ricky and a brutal hit and run on the labourers striking in front of the H.A.L company at midnight. Com.Mani and several other labourers are killed in the accident, where the investigation is handled by Vishal and [[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]] Stalin Mani, son of Com.Mani, who is at the verge of an emotional outburst. Stalin contends that O.M.R arranged for the killings and nabs the evading [[radio jockeys|RJ's]] from [[Tamil Nadu]].

Being a lawyer himself, O.M.R appears for the radio jockeys and proves their innocence at the court. The almost acquittal of the F.M Jockeys (Seeking a remand instead, to safeguard their lives from the still unknown adversary). Unbeknownst to the society, O.M.R is the son of a yesteryear renowned [[ISRO]] scientist, who committed suicide out of public humiliation when a false and grave charge of [[espionage]] was charged on him. Ramanathan is still haunted by those agonizing memories (including the suicide of both his sisters). After further developments and the interrogation of Franco, O.M.R realises that Stalin is actually the main conspirator. In spite of being DP officer, Stalin amassed wealth through illegal land deals and is revealed to be Franco's secret business partner.

Com.Mani was aware of his son's corrupt nature and had gathered incriminating evidences against him. Mani had confronted his son and informed him about the initiation of a vigilance investigation and his decision to notify his misdeeds to his close friend and [[Chief Minister of Kerala|CM]]. The letter handed over to Comrade Surendran contained a request by Com.Mani to the Chief Minister to dismiss Stalin from service and to take stern action against him. After the revelations, Stalin is disavowed by his mother and arrested by the cops.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Mohanlal]] as Oyyarath Magaranth Ramanathan / O.M.R
* [[Thilakan]] as Sakhavu Mani Varghese
* [[Biju Menon]] as [[Superintendent of Police#India|SP]] Stalin Mani Varghese [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as [[Deputy Inspector General of Police#India|Commissioner]] Vyasan [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]] as [[Colonel#India|Colonel]] Shone Raj / Headmaster
* [[Vijayakumar (Malayalam actor)|Vijayakumar]] as [[Inspector]] Louie Pothan
* [[Ganesh Kumar]] as [[Inspector]] Upendra Varma
* [[Jagatheesh]] as Surendran, Mani Varghese's assistant
* [[Sukumari]] as Mani Varghese's wife and Stalin's mother
* [[Biju Pappan]] as Satheeshan, O.M.R's assistant
* [[Maniyanpilla Raju]] as [[Sub Inspector|SI]] Palaniswamy
* [[Ranjini Jose]] as Anna Bella
* [[Dhanya Mary Varghese]] as Lamna Shankar
* [[Mrudula Murali]] as Varada Bhattadirippadu
* Saba Khan as Jennifer
* Julia George as Maglin
* Leena Maria Paul as Roya Kareena
* Neena as Sahasra
* Krishna Priya as Vega Nambiathiri
* Ruksha as Fabi Akthar
* Samjitha as Roopa Dev
* Reshmi Boban as Stalin's wife
* [[Hareesh Peradi]] as Franco Alangadan
* [[Biyon]] as Ricky
* [[Jagannatha Varma]] as Sasthri, O.M.R's mentor
* [[T. P. Madhavan]] as Iyengar
* [[Nedumudi Venu]] as O.M.R's Father (Photo Presence)
* [[Srividya]] as O.M.R's Mother (Photo Presence)
{{colend}}

== Production ==
The film introduced several newcomers in the cast.<ref>{{Cite news |last=The New Indian Express |date=7 January 2009 |title=Stars in the making |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/jan/07/stars-in-the-making-16271.html |access-date=18 October 2016 |archive-date=23 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823064449/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/jan/07/stars-in-the-making-16271.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Singer Renjini Jose debuted as an actress, beside singing two songs in the film with one featuring herself.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nayar |first=Parvathy |date=21 January 2009 |title=Mirch masala |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2009/jan/21/mirch-masala-19462.html |access-date=12 August 2019 |archive-date=12 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812153613/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2009/jan/21/mirch-masala-19462.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The film features two songs composed by [[M. Jayachandran]], with lyrics by [[Gireesh Puthenchery]]. The [[background score]] was composed by C. Rajamani.

{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics =
| title1 = Chendeloru Vandu
| extra1 = Reetha, Rasmi Vijayan, [[Sayanora Philip]], [[Renjini Jose]]
| length1 = 4:36
| title2 = Mazha Peyyanu
| extra2 = Reetha, [[Renjini Jose]]
| length2 = 4:56
}}

== Release ==
''Red Chillies'' was released in [[Kerala]] on 14 February 2009 on [[Valentine's Day]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moviebuzz |date=9 February 2009 |title=Mohanlal's Red Chillies on Valentine day! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/mohanlal-s-red-chillies-on-valentine-day-news-malayalam-kkfswCjdhjgsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812155118/https://www.sify.com/movies/mohanlal-s-red-chillies-on-valentine-day-news-malayalam-kkfswCjdhjgsi.html |archive-date=12 August 2019 |access-date=12 August 2019 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> It opened in 80 screens across Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moviebuzz |date=18 February 2009 |title=Valentine weekend- Kunchacko v/s Red Chillies |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/valentine-weekend-kunchacko-v-s-red-chillies-news-malayalam-kkfsvhhchggsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224093841/http://www.sify.com/movies/valentine-weekend-kunchacko-v-s-red-chillies-news-malayalam-kkfsvhhchggsi.html |archive-date=24 December 2015 |access-date=18 October 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' critic described the film as "stylish and slick".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nair |first=Unni R. |date=6 March 2009 |title=Red Chillies: Stylish and slick |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/red-chillies-stylish-and-slick/430284/ |access-date=12 August 2019 |archive-date=23 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823064448/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/red-chillies-stylish-and-slick/430284/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was a moderate success at the box office with highest opening at that time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2009 |title=Kerala Box Office (March 2009) |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14879144 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140618102659/https://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14879144&cid=14625530 |archive-date=18 June 2014 |access-date=12 August 2019 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|1399081}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2009 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Kerala Police]]
[[Category:Films about lawyers]]
[[Category:Films shot in Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Singapore]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Films about patricide]]
[[Category:Films directed by Shaji Kailas]]

Aatagadu

2026-03-03T19:00:38Z

Aeon: Created A Post

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aatagadu
| image = Aatagadu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[T. Rama Rao]]
| writer = Satyanand {{small|(dialogues)}}
| screenplay = M. D. Sundaram
| story = M. D. Sundaram
| producer = G. Rajendra Prasad
| starring = [[N. T. Rama Rao]] [[Sridevi]]
| cinematography = Kannappa
| editing = J. Krishna Swamy–Balu
| music = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| studio = Sri Venkateswara Movie Creations
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1980|4|24}}
| runtime = 131 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Aatagadu''''' ({{translation|Player}}) is a 1980 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action film]], produced by G. Rajendra Prasad and directed by [[T. Rama Rao]]. It stars [[N. T. Rama Rao]] and [[Sridevi]], with music composed by [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Palakodeti |date=11 May 1981 |title=ఆటగాడు |language=te |trans-title=Aatagadu |pages=17 |work=Sitara |publisher=[[Ramoji Group]] |url=https://indiancine.ma/document/ISR/0,0,3360,5040 |access-date=7 September 2021}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film begins with a famous pop singer, Gopi, at the Jolly Club and its proprietor, Jaganadham, doting him as his son. Once, he squabbles with a petty thief, Vijaya, which turns into love. Then he learns she has taken this path to cure her disabled brother. So, Gopi takes up her responsibility. Parallelly, three traitors, Sangeetha Rao, Gopal Rao,& Papa Rao, handle anti-social activities and dictate all the city clubs. Anyhow, Jaganadham denies them. Ergo, they blast the club where he dies. Accordingly, Gopi pledges to destroy the knaves. Following, Gopi introduces Vijaya to his mother, Parvati, who wants to knit them. However, Vijaya impedes it to seek vengeance against her parents' homicide ''Aggi Ramudu'' who is presently in prison. Hence, Vijaya coaxes Gopi to let him out with the belief that he knows the whereabouts of his drifter father. Following this, Vijaya attempts to slay him when Gopi breaks the bars. As a flabbergast, Parvati identifies ''Aggi Ramudu'' as her husband Ramaiah when he spins back. Ramaiah is a true blue to a millionaire, Dharma Rao, whose three partners con, none other than the treacherous, in a contract that Ramaiah catches. So, they slaughtered Dharma Rao, incriminated Ramaiah, and stole the heritage golden idol of Venkateswara. Eventually, Vijaya reveals herself as Dharma Rao's daughter, who misconstrued Ramaiah. At this point, enraged Gopi turns into ''Aggi Ramudu,'' in various disguises. At last, he ceases the baddies and protects the idol. Finally, the movie ends happily with the marriage of Gopi & Vijaya.

== Cast ==
*[[N. T. Rama Rao]] as Gopi
*[[Sridevi]] as Vijaya
*[[Rao Gopala Rao]] as Gopal Rao
*[[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] as Sangeeta Rao
*[[Allu Ramalingaiah]] as Papa Rao
*[[Jaggayya]] as Ramaiah / Aggi Ramudu
*[[M. Prabhakar Reddy|Prabhakar Reddy]] as Dharma Rao
*[[Padmanabham (actor)|Padmanabham]] as Kirai Kattula Rathaiah
*[[Nutan Prasad]] as Ragala Rangaiah
*[[Mikkilineni (actor)|Mikkilineni]] as Jagannatham
*[[Raavi Kondala Rao]] as Jailor Nageswara Rao
*[[Chalapathi Rao]] as Bhairava
*Jagga Rao as Thief
*[[Pushpalatha]] as Parvathi
*[[Jayamalini]] as an [[item number]]
*Attili Lakshmi as Lakshmi

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Aatagadu
| type = film
| artist = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1980
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 20:46
| label = SEA Records
| producer = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| prev_title = [[Challenge Ramudu]]
| prev_year = 1980
| next_title = Superman
| next_year = 1980
}}

Music composed by [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]. Lyrics were written by [[Veturi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Aatagadu (1980)-Song_Booklet |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/CJP/info |website=Indiancine.ma |access-date=7 September 2021}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S.No!!Song title !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Cheema Kuttindhaa"
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|4:20
|-
|2
|"Chilakamma Gootilo"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[P. Susheela]]
|2:45
|-
|3
|"Guddhuthaa Nee Yavva"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
|3:04
|-
|4
|"Jil Jil Jilebi"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P.Susheela
|4:28
|-
|5
|"Nee Choopu"
|Madhavpeddi Ramesh, [[S. P. Sailaja]]
|2:47
|-
|6
|"Eko Narayana"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P.Susheela
|3:22
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0186836}}

{{Tatineni Rama Rao}}

[[Category:1980 action films]]
[[Category:1980 films]]
[[Category:1980 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1980 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. Chakravarthy]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language action films]]

Shikari (2000 film)

2026-03-03T12:02:34Z

Aeon: correct article based on references and cleaned formatting per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shikari
| image = Shikari_(2000_film).jpg
| caption =
| director = [[N. Chandra]]
| producer = Kishan G. Kishnani
| writer = Kamlesh Pandey (dialogues)
| screenplay = Rajeev Kaul Praful Parikh
| story = N. Chandra
| starring = [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] [[Karishma Kapoor]] [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]
| music = [[Aadesh Shrivastava]]
| cinematography = W. B. Rao
| editing = Prashanth Khedekar Vinod Nayak
| distributor =
| studio = Kavita Pictures
| released = {{film date|df=y|2000|10|06}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Shikari''''' ({{Translation}} ''The [[Hunter]]'') is a 2000 Indian crime thriller film directed by [[N. Chandra]]. It stars [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]], [[Karishma Kapoor]] and [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], in pivotal roles. It was the second collaboration between the Govinda-Karishma-Tabu trio after ''[[Saajan Chale Sasural]]'' in 1996. It was the first time that Govinda had chosen an anti-hero role while Karishma Kapoor chose an action-packed role, during which Govinda was briefly typed in comic roles and Karishma for glamorous roles. Govinda also wore prosthetic makeup for the first time in his career. It was released on the eve of Dusshera. Upon release it was an average grosser at the box office, but later it gained cult following due to Govinda's work being mostly appreciated by critics.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/shikari-3/critic-review/shikari-3-movie-review/ | title=Shikari Review 1.5/5 | Shikari Movie Review | Shikari 2000 Public Review | Film Review | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] | date=10 June 2000 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/oct/06govin.htm|title=rediff.com, Movies: The Rediff Review: Shikari|website=www.rediff.com|accessdate=20 December 2023}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{Long plot|date=March 2021}}
Vijayendra is the richest business tycoon in Cape Town, South Africa. His sister Rajeshwari, wife Suman and his mother are his only relatives. Vijayendra 's marital life is in discord, since he has never had any relations with Suman. One day, Vijayendra gets a business rival, Mahendra Pratap Singhania. Mahendra is an Indian spice tycoon wanting to expand his business in South Africa.

Vijayendra is initially wary of Mahendra's expansion plans, but sees the latter's entry as a tool to expand his own business. Unknown to Vijayendra , Mahendra is actually a well disguised man named Om Srivastav. Om has a bigger agenda than becoming a tycoon. Mahendra and Vijayendra strike a deal, upon which Vijayendra is invited to a house in forest for celebration. Once there, Mahendra reveals his true face to Vijayendra , who is revealed to know Om.

Om kills Vijayendra and covers up his death. Later, he shows up at Vijayendra 's funeral, claiming that he and Vijayendra met in India, where they became friends. Rajeshwari suspects him from day one and finds his timing suspicious. Suman too is particularly unhappy on seeing Om. Suman reveals to her mother-in-law that she and Om were in love with each other, but her father got her married to Vijayendra , the son of her father's old friend.

Suman tells her that she had told Vijayendra about the relationship, after which he told her to go with Om. Instead, she stayed with Vijayendra , being overwhelmed by his compassion. However, Vijayendra thought that Suman was a gold-digger, explaining his attitude towards her. Meanwhile, a cat and mouse game starts between Om and Rajeshwari, in which she nearly exposes him. Om is able to save his skin once again, but Rajeshwari gets a feeling that Om is hurt by something.

Rajeshwari thinks that Om may not be a killer and she has inadvertently hurt the wrong man. She goes to apologize, but finds many pictures of her at his apartment. Rajeshwari thinks that Om was hurt because he was secretly in love with her. Rajeshwari asks for an apology and Om plays along. Suman becomes both jealous and uneasy of this new relationship. She and Rajeshwari finally get into a fight, where she almost slaps Rajeshwari.

Rajeshwari leaves her home in a huff and tells everything to Om, who shocks her by slapping her. An angered Om goes on to tell her everything, finally confessing his sin. Before Rajeshwari can do anything, he throws her in a dry well and escapes in his car. Suman tries to find Rajeshwari at Om's place. Om feigns ignorance and the duo start to search for her, with Om deliberately misleading Suman.

Rajeshwari screams for help, until Zafrani comes to that place. He rescues her and she darts back to locate Om. When she finally finds Om with Suman, she is fully convinced that her brother's murder was a pre-meditated by Om and Suman. Seeing his plans failing, Om overpowers the duo and ties them up. He confesses the crime before Suman, making Rajeshwari realize that Suman is in fact innocent.

Then Om reveals his motive. It is revealed that after learning about Om from Suman, Vijayendra had secretly come with his goons, assaulted Om, killed his father and raped his sisters, forcing them to commit suicide. Om readies himself to mow Rajeshwari and Suman down, but Zafrani arrives there with a police team. The women are rescued, but Om drives his car into the valley making them realize that Om was going to commit suicide to avoid police, now that his work was done. The women return home distraught.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] as Om Srivastav / Mahendra Pratap Singhania
*[[Karishma Kapoor]] as Rajeshwari Rawal
*[[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] as Suman
*[[Kiran Kumar]] as Arjun Singh
*[[Johnny Lever]] as Jafrani
*[[Shweta Menon]] as Sanya Jacobs
*[[Nirmal Pandey]] as Vijayendra Singh Rawal
*[[Sushma Seth]] as Rajeshwari's mother
*Rana Jung Bahadur as Inspector Rana
*Vishnu Sharma as Rajesh Srivastav
*[[Beena Banerjee]] as Beena
*[[Deep Dhillon]] as Inspector Baktawar
*[[Razak Khan]] as Anand Godbole
*[[Arun Bali]] as Vishal Chaudhry
*Ghanshyam Nayak as Mishraji
*[[Pramod Muthu]] as Roshan Mahanta
*Anil Nagrath as Roopchand
*Pushpa Verma as Sneha
*[[Mayuri Kango]] as Item Dancer
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Shikari
| type = [[Soundtrack album]]
| artist = [[Aadesh Shrivastava]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 15 July 2000
| recorded = 2000
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 49:18
| label = [[Saregama Music]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

Music was released on [[Saregama Music]], most popular song in album "Bahut Khoobsurat Ghazal" sang by [[Kumar Sanu]].
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
! Song !! Singer
|-
|1.
| "Bahut Khoobsurat Ghazal"
| [[Kumar Sanu]]
|-
|2.
| "Chunri Ude To Aankh Phadke"
| [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]], [[Jaspinder Narula]]
|-
|3.
| "Kudi Badi Hai Soni Soni"
| [[Sonu Nigam]]
|-
|4.
| "Shikari Ne Shikar Kiya"
| [[Anuradha Paudwal]], [[Udit Narayan]]
|-
|5.
| "Chalee Chalee Ri Gori"
| [[Vinod Rathod]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
|6.
| "Bheja Hai Ek Gulab"
| [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
|7.
| "Gora Pareshan Hai"
| [[Amit Kumar]], [[Poornima (singer)|Poornima]]
|-
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
* Nominated – [[Filmfare Best Villain Award]] - [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]]
* Nominated – [[Screen Awards|Star Screen Award]] for Best Actor in a Negative Role - Govinda

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0120117|Shikari}}

[[Category:2000 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Aadesh Shrivastava]]
[[Category:2000 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by N. Chandra]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2000 thriller films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language thriller films]]

List of office-holders in India

2026-03-03T01:18:22Z

Aeon: creating a data

{{Lead too short|date=February 2026}}

The '''List of office-holders in India''' is a list of heads of government of states which exercised control over India, including colonial governments, from the time of the Sultanate of Delhi through to today.

== List of rulers of Sultans of Delhi ==
{{Main|List of rulers of the Delhi Sultanate}}

{{Infobox former monarchy
|border = state
|royal_title =Sultan
|realm =[[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi]]
|coatofarms = File:Quarter Tanka during the period of Ibrahim Lodhi.jpg
|coatofarmssize = 200px
|coatofarmscaption = Coin of last Sultan
|style = [[Sultan]], [[Sultan of Sultans]], [[Shah]]
|first_monarch =[[Qutb ud-Din Aibak]]
|last_monarch =[[Ibrahim Lodi]]
|residence = * [[Lahore]] (1206–1210)
* [[Badayun]] (1210–1214)
* [[Delhi]] (1214–1327)
* [[Daulatabad Fort|Daulatabad]] (1327–1334)
* [[Delhi]] (1334–1506)
* [[Agra]] (1506–1526)
|appointer = Hereditary
|began =1206
|ended =1526
}}
'''Sultans of Delhi''' were the rulers of the Muslim empire based in [[Delhi]] that stretched over large parts of [[the subcontinent]] during the period of [[Medieval India]], for 320 years (1206–1526).<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/156530/Delhi-sultanate Delhi Sultanate], Encyclopædia Britannica</ref><ref>A. Schimmel, Islam in the Indian Subcontinent, Leiden, 1980</ref> Following the conquest of [[South Asia]] by the Ghurids, five unrelated heterogeneous dynasties ruled over the Delhi Sultanate sequentially: the [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Mamluk dynasty]] (1206–1290), the [[Khalji dynasty]] (1290–1320), the [[Tughlaq dynasty]] (1320–1414),<ref name="sen2">{{cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title = A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=68–102}}</ref> the [[Sayyid dynasty]] (1414–1451), and the [[Lodi dynasty]] (1451–1526). It covered large swaths of territory in modern-day [[India]], [[Pakistan]], and [[Bangladesh]].<ref>Chapman, Graham. "Religious vs. regional determinism: India, Pakistan and Bangladesh as inheritors of empire." Shared space: Divided space. Essays on conflict and territorial organization (1990): 106-134.</ref>

This list contains the rulers of [[Delhi Sultanate]] in chronological order.<ref>{{Cite web |title=سلاطین دہلی - وجود |url=https://www.wujood.com/87202/ |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=www.wujood.com |language=ur}}</ref>

=== Mamluk dynasty (1206–1290) ===
{{Further|Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)}}
{| class=wikitable width="100%"
! width="10%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|S/N
! width="15%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Name of ruler
! width="13%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Birth Date
! width="13%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Death Date
! width="26%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Beginning of reign
!End of reign
!Notes
|-
|1
|[[Qutbuddin Aibak]]
|1150
|14 November 1210
|25 June 1206
|14 November 1210
|
|-
|2
|[[Aram Shah]]
|''unknown''
|June 1211
|December 1210
|June 1211
|Son of Aibak
|-
|3
|[[Iltutmish]]
|''unknown''
|30 April 1236
|June 1211
|30 April 1236
|Son-in-law of Aibak
|-
|4
|[[Ruknuddin Firuz]] (Firuz I)
|''unknown''
|19 November 1236
|April/May 1236
|November 1236
|Son of Iltutmish
|-
|5
|[[Razia Sultan]]
|''unknown''
|15 October 1240
|November 1236
|20 April 1240
|Daughter of Iltutmish
|-
|6
|[[Muiz ud din Bahram]]
|9 July 1212
|15 May 1242
|May 1240
|15 May 1242
|Son of Iltutmish
|-
|7
|[[Ala-ud-Din Masud Shah]]
|''unknown''
|10 June 1246
|May 1242
|10 June 1246
|Son of Ruknuddin Firuz
|-
|8
|[[Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah, Sultan of Delhi|Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah]] (Mahmud I)
|1229 or 1230
|18 February 1266
|10 June 1246
|18 February 1266
|Grandson of Iltutmish
|-
|9
|[[Ghiyas ud din Balban]]
|1216
|1287
|February 1266
|1287
|Turkish noble in the court of Iltutmish
|-
|10
|[[Muiz ud din Qaiqabad]]
|1269
|1 February 1290
|1287
|1 February 1290
|Grandson of Balban
|-
|11
|[[Shamsuddin Kayumars]]
|1285/1287
|13 June 1290
|1 February 1290
|13 June 1290
|Son of Qaiqabad
|}

=== Khalji/Khilji dynasty (1290–1320) ===
{{Further|Khalji dynasty}}
{| class=wikitable width="100%"
! width="3%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|S/N
! width="20%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Name
! width="10%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Birth date
! width="15%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Death date
! width="13%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Beginning of reign
! width="13%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|End of reign
! width="26%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Notes
|-
|12
|[[Jalal-ud-din Khalji]] (Firuz II)
|1220
|19 July 1296
|13 June 1290
|19 July 1296
|
|-
| –
|Ruknuddin Ibrahim
|''unknown''
|after 1296
|July 1296
|November 1296
|Son of Jalal-ud-din Khalji. He ruled for a short time, not always indicating his names on the lists.
|-
|13
|[[Alauddin Khalji]]
|c. 1266
|4 January 1316
|November 1296
|4 January 1316
|Nephew of Jalal-ud-din Khalji
|-
|14
|[[Shihabuddin Omar]]
|1310 or 1311
|April 1316
|5 January 1316
|April 1316
|Son of Alauddin Khalji
|-
|15
|[[Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah]]
|1299
|9 July 1320
|14 April 1316
|1 May 1320
|Son of Alauddin Khalji
|}

=== Outside of the dynasties (1320) ===

{| class=wikitable width="100%"
! width="3%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|S/N
! width="20%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Name
! width="10%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Birth date
! width="15%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Death date
! width="13%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Beginning of reign
! width="13%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|End of reign
! width="26%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Notes
|-
|16
|[[Khusrau Khan]]
|''unknown''
|1320
|10 July 1320
|5 September 1320
|He ruled for a short time, not founding a dynasty.
|}

=== Tughluq dynasty (1320–1414) ===
{{Further|Tughluq dynasty}}
{| class=wikitable width="100%"
! width="3%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|S/N
! width="20%" |Name
! width="10%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Birth date
! width="15%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Death date
! width="13%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Beginning of reign
! width="13%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|End of reign
! width="26%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Notes
|-
|17
|[[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq]] (Tughluq I)
|''unknown''
|1 February 1325
|8 September 1320
|1 February 1325
|
|-
|18
|[[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] (Muhammad II)
|c. 1290
|20 March 1351
|1 February 1325
|20 March 1351
|Son of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq
|-
|19
|[[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]] (Firuz III)
|1309
|20 September 1388
|23 March 1351
|20 September 1388
|Son-in-law of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq
|-
|20
|[[Tughluq Khan]] (Tughluq II)
|''unknown''
|14 March 1389
|20 September 1388
|14 March 1389
|Grandson of Firuz Shah Tughlaq
|-
|21
|[[Abu Bakr Shah]]
|''unknown''
|after 1390
|15 March 1389
|August 1390
|Grandson of Firuz Shah Tughlaq
|-
|22
|[[Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III]] (Muhammad III)
|''unknown''
|20 January 1394
|31 August 1390
|20 January 1394
|Son of Firuz Shah Tughlaq
|-
|23
|[[Ala ud-din Sikandar Shah]]
|''unknown''
|8 March 1394
|22 January 1394
|8 March 1394
|Son of Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III
|-
|24
|[[Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq|Nasir-ud-din Mahmud Shah Tughluq]]
|''unknown''
|February 1413
|March 1394
|February 1413
|Son of Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III
|-
| –
|[[Nasir-ud-din Nusrat Shah Tughluq]]
|''unknown''
|1398 or 1399
|January 1395
|1398 or 1399
|Brother of Tughluq Khan. Mahmud Shah's anti-king, claimant to the throne, sub-ruler.
|}

=== Sayyid dynasty (1414–1451) ===
{{further|Sayyid dynasty}}
{| class=wikitable width="100%"
! width="3%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|S/N
! width="20%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Name
! width="10%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Birth date
! width="15%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Death date
! width="13%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Beginning of reign
! width="13%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|End of reign
! width="26%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Notes
|-
|25
|[[Khizr Khan]]
|''unknown''
|20 May 1421
|28 May 1414
|20 May 1421
|
|-
|26
|[[Mubarak Shah (Sayyid dynasty)|Mubarak Shah]]
|''unknown''
|19 February 1434
|21 May 1421
|19 February 1434
|Son of Khizr Khan
|-
|27
|[[Muhammad Shah (Sayyid dynasty)|Muhammad Shah]] (Muhammad IV)
|''unknown''
|January 1445
|February 1434
|January 1445
|Grandson of Khizr Khan
|-
|28
|[[Alam Shah]]
|''unknown''
|July 1478
|January 1445
|19 April 1451
|Son of Muhammad Shah
|}

=== Lodi dynasty (1451–1526) ===
{{Further|Lodi dynasty}}
{| class=wikitable width="100%"
! width="3%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|S/N
! width="20%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Name
! width="10%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Birth date
! width="15%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Death date
! width="13%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Beginning of reign
! width="13%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|End of reign
! width="26%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Notes
|-
|29
|[[Bahlul Lodi]]
|1420
|12 July 1489
|19 April 1451
|12 July 1489
|
|-
|30
|[[Sikandar Lodi]] (Sikandar II)
|17 July 1458
|21 November 1517
|17 July 1489
|21 November 1517
|Son of Bahlul Lodi
|-
|31
|[[Ibrahim Lodi]]
|1480
|21 April 1526
|November 1517
|21 April 1526
|Son of Sikandar Lodi
|}

=== Family trees ===
=== Mamluk dynasty (1206-1290) ===

{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=no|Mamluk dynasty}}

{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:90%}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Qutb ud-Din Aibak|Qutb ud-Din Aibak]]''' (1) r. 1206-1210|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Aram Shah]]''' (2) r. 1210-1211|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Iltutmish|Shams ud-Din Iltutmish]]''' (3) r. 1211-1236|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | |A03 | |A04 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Ruknuddin Firuz|Rukn ud-Din Firuz]]''' (4) r. 1236|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02='''[[Razia Sultana|Razia Sultana]]''' (5) r. 1236-1240|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700|
A03='''[[Muiz ud din Bahram|Muiz ud-Din Bahram]]''' (6) r. 1240-1242|boxstyle_A03=border-color:#FFD700|
A04='''[[Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah, Sultan of Delhi|Nasir ud-Din Mahmud]]''' (8) r. 1246-1266|boxstyle_A04=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | |A02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Ala-ud-Din Masud Shah|Ala ud-Din Masud]]''' (7) r. 1242-1246|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02='''[[Ghiyas ud din Balban|Ghiyath ud-Din Balban]]''' (9) r. 1266-1286|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01=[[Nasiruddin Bughra Khan|Nasir ud-Din Bughra Khan]]}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Muiz ud din Qaiqabad|Muiz ud-Din Qaiqabad]]''' (10) r. 1287-1290|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Shamsuddin Kayumars|Shams ud-Din Kayumars]]''' (11) r. 1290|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart/end}}

{{Chart bottom}}

=== Khalji/Khilji dynasty (1290-1320) ===

{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=no|Khalji dynasty}}

{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:90%}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01=Yughrush}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Jalal-ud-din Khalji|Jalal ud-Din Khalji]]''' (12) r. 1290-1296|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02=Shihab ud-Din Mas'ud}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Alauddin Khalji|Ala ud-Din Khalji]]''' (13) r. 1296-1316|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | |A03 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Shihabuddin Omar|Shihab ud-Din Omar]]''' (14) r. 1316|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02='''[[Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah|Qutb ud-Din Mubarak]]''' (15) r. 1316-1320|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700|
A03='''[[Khusrau Khan|Khusrau Khan]]''' (16) r. 1320|boxstyle_A03=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart/end}}

{{Chart bottom}}

=== Tughluq dynasty (1320-1413) ===

{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=no|Tughluq dynasty}}

{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:90%}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq|Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq I]]''' (17) r. 1320-1325|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02=Malik Rajab}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Muhammad bin Tughluq|Muhammad bin Tughluq]]''' (18) r. 1325-1351|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02='''[[Firuz Shah Tughlaq|Firuz Shah Tughlaq]]''' (19) r. 1351-1388|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | | | |A03 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01=Fateh Khan|
A02=Zafar Khan|
A03='''[[Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III|Nasir ud-Din Muhammad]]''' (22) r. 1390-1394|boxstyle_A03=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | |A03 | |A04 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Tughluq Khan|Ghiyath ud-Din Tughluq II]]''' (20) r. 1388-1389|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02='''[[Abu Bakr Shah|Abu Bakr Shah]]''' (21) r. 1389-1390|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700|
A03='''[[Ala ud-din Sikandar Shah|Ala ud-Din Sikandar]]''' (23) r. 1394|boxstyle_A03=border-color:#FFD700|
A04='''[[Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq|Nasir ud-Din Mahmud]]''' (24) r. 1394-1413|boxstyle_A04=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart/end}}

{{Chart bottom}}

=== Sayyid dynasty (1414-1451) ===

{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=no|Sayyid dynasty}}

{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:90%}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Khizr Khan]]''' (25) r. 1414-1421|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Mubarak Shah (Sayyid dynasty)|Mubarak Shah]]''' (26) r. 1421-1434|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02=Farid Khan}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Muhammad Shah (Sayyid dynasty)|Muhammad Shah]]''' (27) r. 1434-1445|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Alam Shah|Ala ud-Din Alam Shah]]''' (28) r. 1445-1451|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart/end}}

{{Chart bottom}}

=== Lodi dynasty (1451-1526) ===

{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=no|Lodi dynasty}}

{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:90%}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Bahlul Lodi|Bahlul Khan Lodi]]''' (29) r. 1451-1489|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Sikandar Lodi|Sikandar Khan Lodi]]''' (30) r. 1489-1517|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Ibrahim Lodi|Ibrahim Khan Lodi]]''' (31) r. 1517-1526|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart/end}}

{{Chart bottom}}

==List of Mughal Emperors==
Here are the claimants to the Mughal throne historians recognise as titular Mughal emperors.
# [[Shahryar Mirza]] (1627 - 1628)
# [[Dawar Bakhsh|Dawar Baksh]] (1627 - 1628)
#[[Muhammad Ibrahim (Mughal emperor)|Jahangir II]] (1719 - 1720)

{| style="width:100%;" class="wikitable"
! style="width:100%;"| Portrait
! style="width:100%;"| '''Titular Name'''
! style="width:100%;"| Birth Name
! style="width:100%;"| Birth
! style="width:100%;"| Reign
! style="width:100%;"| Death
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1 [[File:Babur of India.jpg|106x106px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Babur {{Uninastaliq|بابر}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Babur|Zahir Ud-Din Muhammad Ghazi]] {{Uninastaliq|ظہیر الدین محمد}}
| style="text-align:center;"|14 February 1483 [[Andijan, Uzbekistan]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 20 April 1526 – 26 December 1530

| style="text-align:center;"|26 December 1530 (aged 47) [[Agra, India]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2 [[File:Emperor Humayun.JPG|104x104px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Humayun {{Uninastaliq|ہمایوں}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Humayun|Nasir Ud-Din Baig Muhammad Khan]] {{Uninastaliq|ناصر الدین بیگ محمد خان}}
| style="text-align:center;"|6 March 1508 [[Kabul, Afghanistan]]
| style="text-align:center;"|26 December 1530  – 17 May 1540
22 February 1555 – 27 January 1556

| style="text-align:center;"|27 January 1556 (aged 47) [[Delhi]], India
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|3 [[File:Govardhan. Akbar With Lion and Calf ca. 1630, Metmuseum (cropped).jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Akbar {{Uninastaliq|اکبر}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Akbar|Abu'l Fath Jalal Ud-Din Muhammad]] {{Uninastaliq|ابوالفتح جلال الدین محمد}}
| style="text-align:center;"|15 October 1542 [[Umerkot|Umerkot, Pakistan]]
| style="text-align:center;"|11 February 1556 – 27 October 1605

| style="text-align:center;"|27 October 1605 (aged 63) [[Agra, India]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|4 [[File:Jahangircrop.jpeg|107x107px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Jahangir {{Uninastaliq|جہانگیر}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Jahangir|Nur Ud-Din Baig Muhammad khan Salim]] {{Uninastaliq|نورالدین بیگ محمد خان سلیم}}
| style="text-align:center;"|31 August 1569 [[Agra, India]]
| style="text-align:center;"|3 November 1605 – 28 October 1627
| style="text-align:center;"|28 October 1627 (aged 58) [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir, India]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|5 [[File:Shah Jahan op de pauwentroon.jpg|130x130px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Shah Jahan {{Uninastaliq|شاہ جہان}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Shah Jahan|Shahab Ud-Din Muhammad Khurram]] {{Uninastaliq|شہاب الدین محمد خرم}}
| style="text-align:center;"|5 January 1592 [[Lahore, Pakistan]]
| style="text-align:center;"|19 January 1628 – 31 July 1658
| style="text-align:center;"|22 January 1666 (aged 74) [[Agra, India]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|6 [[File:Aurangzeb.png|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"| '''Aurangzeb {{Uninastaliq|اورنگزیب }}'''
'''Alamgir {{Uninastaliq|عالمگیر}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Aurangzeb|Muhi Ud-Din Muhammad]] {{Uninastaliq|محی الدین محمد}}
| style="text-align:center;"|3 November 1618 [[Gujarat, India]]
| style="text-align:center;"|31 July 1658 – 3 March 1707
| style="text-align:center;"|3 March 1707 (aged 88) Ahmednagar, India
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|7 [[File:Azam shah (cropped).jpg|125x125px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Azam Shah {{Uninastaliq| اعظم شاہ}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Azam Shah|Qutb Ud-Din Muhammad]] {{Uninastaliq|قطب الدين محمد}}
| style="text-align:center;"|28 June 1653 [[Burhanpur]], [[India]]
| style="text-align:center;"|14 March 1707 – 20 June 1707

| style="text-align:center;"|20 June 1707 (aged 53) [[Agra]], [[India]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|8 [[File:Bahadur Shah I of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Bahadur Shah {{Uninastaliq|بہادر شاہ}}'''
'''Shah Alam {{Uninastaliq|شاہ عالم}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Bahadur Shah I|Abul-Nasr Sayyid Qutb-ud-din Mirza Muhammad Muazzam]] {{Uninastaliq|ابوالنصر سید قطب الدین مرزا محمد معظم}}
| style="text-align:center;"|14 October 1643 [[Burhanpur, India]]
| style="text-align:center;"|19 June 1707 – 27 February 1712
| style="text-align:center;"|27 February 1712 (aged 68) [[Lahore, Pakistan]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|9 [[File:Jahandar Shah of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Jahandar Shah {{Uninastaliq|جہاندار شاہ}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Jahandar Shah|Mu'izz-ud-Din Beg Muhammad Khan Bahādur]] {{Uninastaliq|معیز الدین بیگ محمد خان بہادر }}
| style="text-align:center;"|9 May 1661 Deccan, India
| style="text-align:center;"|27 February 1712 – 11 February 1713
| style="text-align:center;"|12 February 1713 (aged 51) [[Delhi]], India
|-bgcolor=#DAF2CE
| style="text-align:center;"|10[[File:Farooksiyar.png|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Farrukhsiyar {{Uninastaliq|فرخ سیر}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Farrukhsiyar|Abu'l Muzaffar Muīn-ud-Dīn Muhammad Shāh Farrukhsiyar Alim Akbar Sāni Wālā Shān Pādshāh-i-bahr-u-bar]] {{Uninastaliq|ابوالمظفر معین الدین محمد شاہ فرخ سیار علیم اکبر ثانی والا شان پادشاہ البحر البر}} Puppet King Under the [[Sayyid Brothers|Sayyids of Barha]]
| style="text-align:center;"|20 August 1685 [[Aurangabad, India]]
| style="text-align:center;"|11 January 1713 – 28 February 1719
| style="text-align:center;"|19 April 1719 (aged 33) [[Delhi]], India
|-bgcolor=#DAF2CE
| style="text-align:center;"|11[[File:Rafi ud-Darajat of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Rafi ud-Darajat {{Uninastaliq|رفیع الدرجات}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Rafi ud-Darajat|Abu'l Barakat Shams-ud-Din Muhammad Rafi ud-Darajat Padshah Ghazi Shahanshah-i-Bahr-u-Bar]] {{Uninastaliq|ابوالبرکات شمس الدین محمد رفیع الدراجات پادشاہ غازی شہنشاہ البحر البر}} Puppet King Under the [[Sayyid Brothers|Sayyids of Barha]]
| style="text-align:center;"|1 December 1699
| style="text-align:center;"|28 February 1719 – 6 June 1719
| style="text-align:center;"|6 June 1719 (aged 19) [[Agra, India]]
|- bgcolor=#DAF2CE
| style="text-align:center;"|12[[File:Shah Jahan II of India (2).jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Shah Jahan II {{Uninastaliq|شاہ جہان دوم}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Shah Jahan II|Rafi-ud-Din Muhammad Rafi-ud-Daulah]] {{Uninastaliq|رفیع الدین محمد رفیع الدولہ}} Puppet King Under the [[Sayyid Brothers|Sayyids of Barha]]
| style="text-align:center;"|5 January 1696
| style="text-align:center;"|6 June 1719 – 17 September 1719
| style="text-align:center;"|18 September 1719 (aged 23) [[Agra, India]]
|- bgcolor=#DAF2CE
| style="text-align:center;"|13[[File:A PORTRAIT OF THE MUGHAL EMPEROR MUHAMMAD SHAH (R. 1719-48).jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Muhammad Shah {{Uninastaliq|محمد شاہ}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Muhammad Shah|Nasir-ud-Din Muḥammad Shah Roshan Akhtar Bahadur Ghazi]] {{Uninastaliq|ناصر الدین محمد شاہ روشن اختر بہادر غازی}} Puppet King Under the [[Sayyid Brothers|Sayyids of Barha]]
| style="text-align:center;"|7 August 1702 [[Ghazni|Ghazni, Afghanistan]]
| style="text-align:center;"|27 September 1719 – 26 April 1748
| style="text-align:center;"|26 April 1748 (aged 45) [[Delhi]], India
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|14[[File:AhmadShah.png|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Ahmad Shah Bahadur {{Uninastaliq|احمد شاہ بہادر}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Ahmad Shah Bahadur|Abu-Nasir Mujahid ud-din Muhammad Ahmad Shah Bahadur Ghazi]] {{Uninastaliq|ابو ناصر مجاہد الدین محمد احمد شاہ بہادر غازی}}
| style="text-align:center;"|23 December 1725 [[Delhi]], India
| style="text-align:center;"|29 April 1748 – 2 June 1754
| style="text-align:center"|1 January 1775 (aged 49) [[Delhi]], India
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|15[[File:Alamgir II of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Alamgir II {{Uninastaliq|عالمگیر دوم}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Alamgir II|Aziz Ud-Din Muhammad]] {{Uninastaliq|عزیز اُلدین محمد}}
| style="text-align:center;"|6 June 1699 [[Burhanpur, India]]
| style="text-align:center;"|3 June 1754 – 29 November 1759
| style="text-align:center;"|29 November 1759 (aged 60) Kotla Fateh Shah, India
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|16[[File:Shah Jahan I of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Shah Jahan III {{Uninastaliq|شاہ جہان سوم}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Shah Jahan III|Muhi Ul-Millat]] {{Uninastaliq|محی اُلملت}}
| style="text-align:center;"|1711
| style="text-align:center;"|10 December 1759 – 10 October 1760
| style="text-align:center;"|1772 (aged 60–61)
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|17[[File:Equestrian Portrait of Shah Alam II, 18th century.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Shah Alam II {{Uninastaliq|شاہ عالم دوم}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Shah Alam II|Abdu'llah Jalal ud-din Abu'l Muzaffar Ham ud-din Muhammad 'Mirza Ali Gauhar]] {{Uninastaliq|عبدالله جلال الدین ابوالمظفر هم الدین محمد میرزا علی گوهر شاه علم دوم}}
| style="text-align:center;"|25 June 1728 [[Delhi]], India
| style="text-align:center;"|10 October 1760 – 31 July 1788
| style="text-align:center;"|19 November 1806 (aged 78) [[Delhi]], India
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|18[[File:Mughal_Emperor_Mahmud_Shah_Bahadur.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Shah Jahan IV {{Uninastaliq|جہان شاه چہارم}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Mahmud Shah Bahadur|Bidar Bakht Mahmud Shah Bahadur Jahan Shah]] {{Uninastaliq| بیدار بخت محمود شاه بهادر جہان شاہ }}
| style="text-align:center;"|1749 [[Delhi]], India
| style="text-align:center;"|31 July 1788 – 11 October 1788
| style="text-align:center;"|1790 (aged 40–41) [[Delhi]], India
|- bgcolor="#F5DEB3"
| style="text-align:center;"|19[[File:Equestrian Portrait of Shah Alam II, 18th century.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Shah Alam II {{Uninastaliq|شاہ عالم دوم}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Shah Alam II|Abdu'llah Jalal ud-din Abu'l Muzaffar Ham ud-din Muhammad 'Mirza Ali Gauhar]] {{Uninastaliq|عبدالله جلال الدین ابوالمظفر هم الدین محمد میرزا علی گوهر شاه علم دوم}} Puppet King under the [[Maratha Empire]]
| style="text-align:center;"|25 June 1728 [[Delhi]], India
| style="text-align:center;"|16 October 1788 – 19 November 1806
| style="text-align:center;"|19 November 1806 (aged 78) [[Delhi]], India
|- bgcolor="#F2D4CE"
| style="text-align:center;"|20[[File:Akbar Shah II of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Akbar Shah II {{Uninastaliq|اکبر شاہ دوم}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Akbar II|Sultan Ibn Sultan Sahib al-Mufazi Wali Ni'mat Haqiqi Khudavand Mujazi Abu Nasir Mu'in al-Din Muhammad Akbar Shah Pad-Shah Ghazi]] {{Uninastaliq|سلطان ابن سلطان صاحب المفاضی ولی نعمت حقی خداوند مجازی ابو ناصر معین الدین محمد اکبر شاہ پاد شاہ غازی}} Puppet King under the [[East India Company]]
| style="text-align:center;"|22 April 1760 [[Mukundpur|Mukundpur, India]]
| style="text-align:center;"|19 November 1806 – 28 September 1837
| style="text-align:center;"|28 September 1837 (aged 77) [[Delhi]], India
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|21[[File:Bahadur Shah II of Delhi.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Bahadur Shah II Zafar {{Uninastaliq|بہادر شاہ ظفر}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Bahadur Shah II|Abu Zafar Siraj Ud-Din Muhammad]] {{Uninastaliq|ابو ظفر سراج اُلدین محمد}}
| style="text-align:center;"|24 October 1775 [[Delhi]], India
| style="text-align:center;"|28 September 1837 – 21 September 1857
| style="text-align:center;"|7 November 1862 (aged 87) [[Rangoon, Myanmar]]
|}

==List of title-holders Emperor of India==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!Portrait
!Name
!Birth
!Reign
!Death
!Consort
![[Imperial Durbar]]
![[Royal House]]
|-
|[[File:Queen Victoria by Bassano.jpg|120px]]
|[[Queen Victoria|Victoria]]
|24 May 1819
|1 May 1876 – 22 January 1901
|22 January 1901
|''None''{{#tag:ref|Victoria's husband [[Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Prince Albert]] died on 14 December 1861.|group="Note"}}
|[[Delhi Durbar#Durbar of 1877|1 January 1877]] (''represented by [[Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton|Lord Lytton]]'')
|[[House of Hanover|Hanover]]
|-
|[[File:Eduard VII.jpg|120px]]
|{{Nowrap|[[Edward VII]]}}
|9 November 1841
|22 January 1901 – 6 May 1910
|6 May 1910
|[[File:Alexandra of Denmark02.jpg|70px]]
[[Alexandra of Denmark]]
|[[Delhi Durbar#Durbar of 1903|1 January 1903]] (''represented by [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon]]'')
|[[House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]
|-
|[[File:King George 1923 LCCN2014715558 (cropped).jpg|120px]]
|[[George V]]
|3 June 1865
|6 May 1910 – 20 January 1936
|20 January 1936
|[[File:Queenmaryformalportrait edit3.jpg|70px]]
[[Mary of Teck]]
|[[Delhi Durbar#Durbar of 1911|12 December 1911]]
|Saxe-Coburg and Gotha {{small|(1910–1917)}} <hr />[[House of Windsor|Windsor]] {{small|(1917–1936)}}
|-
|[[File:HRH The Prince of Wales No 4 (HS85-10-36416).jpg|120px]]
|{{Nowrap|[[Edward VIII]]}}
|23 June 1894
|20 January 1936 – 11 December 1936
|28 May 1972
|''None''
|''None''{{#tag:ref|[[Abdication of Edward VIII|Edward VIII abdicated]] after less than one year of reign.|group="Note"}}
|Windsor
|-
|[[File:King George VI LOC matpc.14736 A (cropped).jpg|120px]]
|[[George VI]]
|14 December 1895
|11 December 1936 – 15 August 1947
|6 February 1952
|[[File:Queen Elizabeth - NARA - 5730844.jpg|70px]]
[[Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon]]
|''None''{{#tag:ref|A durbar was deemed expensive and impractical due to [[Poverty in India#Poverty prevalence and estimates|poverty]] and demands for [[Indian independence movement|independence]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Vickers|first=Hugo|title=Elizabeth: The Queen Mother|publisher=Arrow Books/Random House|year=2006|page=175|isbn=978-0-09-947662-7}}</ref>|group="Note"}}
|Windsor
|}

==List of governors-general==
{{hatnote|Before 1773 the Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William (Bengal) was named as [[Governor of Bengal]], which was in existence from 1757 to 1772. For the list of Governors of Bengal see [[List of governors of Bengal]].}}

=== Fort William (Bengal) and India, 1600–1857 ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Governor-General {{Small|(Lifespan)}}
! colspan=2 | Term of office
! Notable events
! Appointed by
|-
! colspan=5 | Governors-General of the Presidency of Fort William (Bengal), 1773–1833
|-
| [[File:Warren Hastings.jpg|80px]] [[Warren Hastings ]] {{Small|(1732–1818)}}
| {{Small|20 October}} 1773<ref group=Note>Originally joined on 28 April 1772.</ref>
| {{Small|8 February}} 1785
| class=small |
* [[Regulating Act 1773]]
* '''[[First Rohilla War|First Rohilla War (1773–1774)]]'''
* [[Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William]] (1774) was established
* Formation of [[Supreme Council of Bengal]] (1774)
* '''[[First Anglo-Maratha War|First Anglo-Maratha War (1775–1782)]]'''
* Formed Amini Commission (1776)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amini Commission 1776 - Banglapedia |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Amini_Commission_1776 |access-date=21 March 2022 |website=en.banglapedia.org}}</ref>
* Founded [[Aliah University|Calcutta Madrasa]] (Aliah University) (1780)
* [[James Augustus Hicky]]'s [[Bengal Gazette]] (first Indian newspaper published (1780)
* '''[[Second Anglo-Mysore War|Second Anglo-Mysore war (1780–1784)]]'''
* [[The Asiatic Society|Asiatic Society of Bengal]] was established by [[William Jones (philologist)|Sir William Jones]] (1784)
* [[Pitt's India Act]] (1784)
* Creation of [[District magistrate|collector]] post
* The first Governor General to be prosecuted for impeachment. As a consequence of his involvement in [[First Rohilla War]]<ref>{{EB1911 |wstitle=Rohilla |volume=23 |page=461 |inline=1}}</ref>
* Experimentation on land settlements
* Ended providing pension to the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor [[Shah Alam II]]
* Abolished the Dual System in Bengal (which was introduced by [[Robert Clive]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Administrative Reforms of Robert clive |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-Clive/Clives-administrative-achievements |access-date=16 August 2020 |website=britannica.com}}</ref>
* Moved Treasury from [[Murshidabad]] to [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]
* Abolished ''[[Dastak (trade permit)|Dastak]]'' system (which was introduced by [[Robert Clive]])
* English translation of the ''[[Bhagavad Gita|Bhagwat Gita]]'' by [[Charles Wilkins]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qdoyw_6Y3cYC |title=Oriental Enlightenment: The Encounter Between Asian and Western Thought |last=Clarke |first=John James |date=1 January 1997 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=9780415133753 |language=en}}</ref>
! rowspan="10" style="font-weight:normal" | [[George III]]
|- style="background:#e6e6aa"
| [[File:Captain John Macpherson (1726 - 1792) by anonymous (circa 1772-1792).jpg|80px]] [[Sir John Macpherson, 1st Baronet]] {{Small|''(acting)'' (1745–1821)}}
| ''{{Small|8 February}} 1785''
| ''{{Small|12 September}} 1786''
|  
|-
| [[File:Lord Cornwallis.jpg|80px]] [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis| The Earl Cornwallis]]<ref group=Note>Earl Cornwallis from 1762; created Marquess Cornwallis (1792).</ref> {{Small|(1738–1805)}}
| {{Small|12 September}} 1786
| {{Small|28 October}} 1793
| class=small |
* Established lower courts and appellate courts
* '''[[Third Anglo-Mysore War|Third Anglo-Mysore war]] (1790–1792)'''
* [[Government Sanskrit College, Varanasi|Sanskrit Vidyalaya ''at'' Benaras]] ''(''now [[Varanasi]]) established by [[Jonathan Duncan (Governor of Bombay)|Johnathan Duncan]] (then [[Governor of Bombay]]) (1791)
* '''[[Permanent Settlement|Permanent Settlement in Bihar and Bengal (1793)]]'''
* Introduction of [[Cornwallis Code]] (1793)
* '''Introduction of [[Civil Services of India|Civil Services in India]]'''
|-
| [[File:JohnShore.jpg|80px]] [[John Shore, 1st Baron Teignmouth|John Shore]] {{Small|(1751–1834)}}
| {{Small|28 October}} 1793
| {{Small|18 March}} 1798
| class=small |
* Policy of [[Non-interventionism|Non-intervention]]
* [[Charter Act 1793]]
* [[Second Rohilla War|Second Rohilla War 1794]]
* [[Battle of Kharda]] between [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]] and [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] (1795)
|- style="background:#e6e6aa"
| [[File:Field Marshal Sir Alured Clarke.jpg|80px]] [[Lieutenant general|Lt. Gen]] [[Alured Clarke]] {{Small|''(acting)'' (1744–1832)}}
| ''{{Small|18 March}} 1798''
| ''{{Small|18 May}} 1798''
|  
|-
| [[File:Richard Wellesley 2.JPG|80px]] [[Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley]]<ref group=Note>Created Marquess Wellesley (1799).</ref> {{Small|(1760–1842)}}
| {{Small|18 May}} 1798
| {{Small|30 July}} 1805
| class=small |
* '''Introduction of [[Subsidiary alliance|Subsidiary Alliance]] (1798)'''
* [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War|Fourth Anglo Mysore War 1799]]
* Censorship Act, 1799
* Took over the administration of [[Tanjore]] (1799), [[Surat]] (1800) and [[Carnatica]] (1801)
* [[Fort William College|Fort William College at Calcutta]] (1800)
* The [[Treaty of Bassein (1802)|Subsidiary Treaty of Bassein]] (1802)<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Reddy |first1=Krishna |title=Indian History |date=2017 |publisher=McGraw Hill Education (India) Pvt. Ltd |isbn=9789352606627 |edition=2nd |location=Chennai |pages=C.53}}</ref> and [[Second Anglo-Maratha War|Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803–1805)]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reddy |first=Vinodh |date=28 October 2015 |title=Governors-General of India (1772–1857) |url=https://edugeneral.org/blog/history/governors-general-of-india/ |access-date=30 June 2020 |website=EduGeneral |language=en-US |archive-date=1 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701213920/https://edugeneral.org/blog/history/governors-general-of-india/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Raj Bhavan, Kolkata|Raj Bhavan]] at [[Calcutta]] was established (1803)
|-
| [[File:Lord Cornwallis.jpg|80px]] [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis]] {{Small|(1738–1805)}}
| {{Small|30 July}} 1805
| {{Small|5 October}} 1805
|  
|- style="background:#e6e6aa"
| [[File:Sir George Barlow, 1st Bt from NPG crop.jpg|80px]] [[Sir George Barlow, 1st Baronet|George Barlow, 1st Baronet]] {{Small|''(acting)'' (1762–1847)}}
| ''{{Small|10 October}} 1805''
| ''{{Small|31 July}} 1807''
|style="background:#e6e6aa; font-size:90%" |
* '''[[Vellore mutiny|Sepoy mutiny at Vellore (1806)]]''' (prelude to the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]])
* [[Bank of Calcutta]] (1806) established (later [[Imperial Bank of India]], now [[State Bank of India]])
|-
| [[File:Gilbert Eliot, 1st Earl of Minto by James Atkinson.jpg|80px]] [[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto|Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, Lord Minto]] {{Small|(1751–1814)}}
| {{Small|31 July}} 1807
| {{Small|4 October}} 1813
| class=small |
* '''[[Treaty of Amritsar (1809)]]''' with [[Ranjit Singh]]
* Treaty of Eternal Friendship (1809) with Talpur Rulers of Sindh
* '''[[Charter Act 1813]]'''
|-
| [[File:Francis, 1st Marquess of Hastings (Earl of Moira).jpg|80px]] [[Francis Rawdon-Hastings]]<ref group=Note>[[Earl of Moira]] prior to being created Marquess of Hastings in 1816.</ref> {{Small|(1754–1826)}}
| {{Small|4 October}} 1813
| {{Small|9 January}} 1823
| class=small |
* Ended the policy of [[John Shore, 1st Baron Teignmouth|Non-intervention]]
* '''[[Anglo-Nepalese War|Anglo-Nepalese War (1814–1816)]]''' ended with the signing of '''[[Treaty of Sugauli|Treaty of Sugauli (1816)]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaty of Sagauli {{!}} British-Nepalese history [1816] |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Sagauli |access-date=2020-05-27 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref>
* '''[[Third Anglo-Maratha War|Third Anglo-Maratha War (1816–1818)]]''' and the abolition of [[Peshwa]]ship
* [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Hindu College]] (now [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency University]]) at [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] (1817)
* The [[Pindari|Pindari War]] (1817–1818) (the complete destruction of the [[Pindari]]s)
* Subversion of Peshwa [[Baji Rao II]] and annexation of his territories to the [[Bombay Presidency]] (1818)
* Establishment of [[Ryotwari|Ryotwari System]] in [[Madras Presidency]] (1820) by the [[List of colonial governors and presidents of Madras Presidency#Governors (of British India)|governor]] [[Sir Thomas Munro, 1st Baronet|Thomas Munro, 1st Baronet]]
* Establishment of [[Mahalwari| Mahalwari System]] in Northern India by [[Holt Mackenzie]] (1822)
* Bengal Tenancy Act was passed (1822)
* General Committee of Public Instruction was formed (1823)
|- style="background:#e6e6aa"
| [[File:John Adam governor general of India.jpg|80px]] [[John Adam (administrator)|John Adam]] {{Small|''(acting)'' (1779–1825)}}
| ''{{Small|9 January}} 1823''
| ''{{Small|1 August}} 1823''
|style="background:#e6e6aa; font-size:90%" |
* Licensing Regulations
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal" | [[George IV]]
|-
| [[File:Sir Thomas Lawrence - Lord Amherst.jpg|80px]] [[William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst]]<ref group=Note>Created Earl Amherst in 1826.</ref> {{Small|(1773–1857)}}
| {{Small|1 August}} 1823
| {{Small|13 March}} 1828
| class=small |
* [[Barrackpore mutiny of 1824]]
* Establishment of [[The Sanskrit College and University|Sanskrit College at Calcutta]] (1824)
* [[First Anglo-Burmese War|First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–1826)]] (East India Company defeats [[Bagyidaw|Burmese King Bagyidaw]] and annexes [[Assam]], [[Manipur]], [[Arakan]] and [[Tenasserim Hills|Tenasserim]])
* [[Treaty of Yandabo]], 1826 (East India Company humiliates and extracts 1 million Pounds from the [[Bagyidaw|Burmese King Bagyidaw]])
|- style="background:#e6e6aa"
| [[File:William Butterworth Bayley, governor general of India.png|80px]] [[William Butterworth Bayley]] {{Small|''(acting)'' (1782–1860)}}
| ''{{Small|13 March}} 1828''
| ''{{Small|4 July}} 1828''
|  
|-
! colspan=5 | Governors-General of India, 1833–1858
|-
| [[File:Bentinck william.png|80px]] [[Lord William Bentinck]] {{Small|(1774–1839)}}
| {{Small|4 July}} 1828
| {{Small|20 March}} 1835
| class=small |
* First [[Governor-General of India|Governor General of India]]
* '''[[Bengal Sati Regulation, 1829]]'''
* Suppression of [[Thuggee]] (1829–1835)
* [[Kol uprising|Kol Rebellion (1831)]]
* Barasat Uprising (1831), led by [[Titumir]]
* Annexation of [[Mysore district|Mysore]] (1831), [[Coorg]] (1834), and central [[Cachar district|Cachar]] (1834)
* '''[[Charter Act 1833]]''' (administrative reforms as well as formalising the non-discrimination in employment of Indians by religion)
* [[English Education Act 1835]] and introduction of English as a medium of instruction. English was also introduced by the Bengal government in the [[Aliah University|Calcutta Madrasa]] in 1829
* [[Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata]] (1835)
* Abolition of the provincial courts of appeal and circuit set by Cornwallis, appointment of commissioners of revenue and circuit
* [[Mahalwari|Mahalwari System]] in Central India, Punjab and western Uttar Pradesh
* [[Brahmo Samaj|Brahmo samaj]] established by [[Ram Mohan Roy]]
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal" | [[William IV]]
|- style="background:#e6e6aa"
| [[File:Charles Theophilus Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe by George Chinnery.jpg|80px]] [[Charles Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe|Charles Metcalfe, Baronet]] {{Small|''(acting)'' (1785–1846)}}
| ''{{Small|20 March}} 1835''
| ''{{Small|4 March}} 1836''
|style="background:#e6e6aa; font-size:90%" |
* Repealed 1823 Licensing Regulations
* Known as Liberator of India Press
* Establishment of [[National Library of India|Calcutta Public Library (1836)]] (currently known as ''National Library of India'')
|-
| [[File:George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland.png|80px]] [[George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland]]<ref group=Note>Created Earl of Auckland in 1839.</ref> {{Small|(1784–1849)}}
| {{Small|4 March}} 1836
| {{Small|28 February}} 1842
| class=small |
* Tripartite Treaty (1838) between [[East India Company|British]], [[Shah Shujah Durrani|Shah Shuja]] and [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] against [[Dost Mohammad Khan (Emir of Afghanistan)|Dost Muhammad Khan]]
* First Bengali daily newspaper [[Sambad Prabhakar]] was published (1839)
* [[Tattwabodhini Sabha]] was formed by [[Debendranath Tagore]] (1839)
* [[First Anglo-Afghan War|First Anglo Afghan War (1840–1842)]] (Retreating [[British Army during the Victorian Era|British Army]] massacred by Afghan militias during the [[1842 retreat from Kabul]])<ref>{{Cite news |title=Lessons unlearned |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2013/01/26/lessons-unlearned |access-date=2023-07-16 |issn=0013-0613}}</ref>
* [[Bank of Bombay]] (1840) established (later [[Imperial Bank of India]], now [[State Bank of India]])
|-
| [[File:1stEarlOfEllenborough.jpg|80px]] [[Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough|Edward Law, Lord Ellenborough]] {{Small|(1790–1871)}}
| {{Small|28 February}} 1842
| {{Small|June}} 1844
| class=small |
* [[Gwalior campaign|Gwalior War (1843)]] (British defeat Marathas)
* [[Bank of Madras]] (1843) established (later [[Imperial Bank of India]], now [[State Bank of India]])
* Conquest and annexation of [[Sind Province]] (1843)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sind-British conflict |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Miani |website=Britanica.com |access-date=21 March 2022}}</ref>
* [[Indian Slavery Act, 1843]]
! rowspan="5" style="font-weight:normal" | [[Queen Victoria|Victoria]]
|- style="background:#e6e6aa"
| [[File:William Wilberforce Bird.jpg|80px]] [[William Wilberforce Bird (governor)|William Wilberforce Bird]] {{Small|''(acting)'' (1784–1857)}}
| ''{{Small|June}} 1844''
| ''{{Small|23 July}} 1844''
|  
|-
| [[File:Henryhardinge.jpg|80px]] [[Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge|Henry Hardinge]]<ref group=Note>Created Viscount Hardinge in 1846.</ref> {{Small|(1785–1856)}}
| {{Small|23 July}} 1844
| {{Small|12 January}} 1848
| class=small |
* The [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] (1845–1846) ([[British Empire]] defeats the [[Sikh Empire]] and confiscate major portion of its territory)
* [[Treaty of Lahore|Treaty of Lahore (1846)]] ([[East India Company|British]] confiscated [[Kashmir]] from the [[Sikh Empire|Sikhs]] and sold it to [[Dogra dynasty|Raja of Jammu]] for 75 lakh rupees)
* Treaty of Bhairowal (1846)
* Establishment of [[Roorkee Engineering College]] (1847)<ref name="IIT Roorkee">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iitr.ac.in/ |title=Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Index |first=IIT Roorkee |last=Information Management Group |website=www.iitr.ac.in}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Dalhousie.jpg|80px]] [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|James Broun-Ramsay, Earl of Dalhousie]]<ref group=Note>Created Marquess of Dalhousie 1849.</ref> {{Small|(1812–1860)}}
| {{Small|12 January}} 1848
| {{Small|28 February}} 1856
| class=small |
* '''[[Doctrine of lapse|Doctrine of Lapse (1848)]]'''
* [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] (1848–1849) (The British totally defeated the [[Sikh Empire]] and annexed [[Punjab region|Punjab]])
* [[Bethune College|Bethune Collegiate School (1849)]] (was also known as ''Calcutta Female School'') was established by [[John Elliot Drinkwater Bethune]]
* Religious Disabilities Act, 1850
* [[Telecommunications in India|First telegraph line was laid between Diamond Harbour to Calcutta (1851)]]
* [[Second Anglo-Burmese War|Second Anglo-Burmese War (1852)]] (The sole aim of Dalhousie was to humiliate and annex more of Burmese Territories. [[Second Anglo-Burmese War#Subsequent parody|Burma was attacked unprovoked]])
* Charter Act, 1853
* [[Rail transport in India|First Passenger train between Bombay and Thane (1853)]]
* '''[[Wood's despatch|Charles Wood Despatch (1854)]]'''
* Post Office Act, 1854
* Established Public Works Department (1854)
* [[Santhal rebellion|Santhal Rebellion (1855)]] (15,000 Santhals were killed by the British Army during the rebellion. Elephants were used to destroy Santhal Dwellings)
* Annexation of [[Oudh State|Oudh]] on the grounds of alleged internal misrule (1856)
* Establishment of summer capital at [[Shimla]]
* Banned female infanticide completely and human sacrifice in [[Odisha]] and [[Maharashtra]]
|-
| [[File:Lord Viscount Canning.jpg|80px]] [[Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning|Charles Canning, Viscount Canning]]<ref group=Note name="EC">Created Earl Canning 1859.</ref> {{Small|(1812–1862)}}
| {{Small|28 February}} 1856
| {{Small|31 October}} 1858
| class=small |
* '''[[Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856]]''' (drafted by [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|James Broun-Ramsay, Earl of Dalhousie]])
* '''[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]'''
* [[University of Calcutta]], [[University of Mumbai|University of Bombay]], and [[University of Madras]] were set up (1857)
|}

=== Governors-General and Viceroys of India, 1858–1947 ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Governor-General or Viceroy {{Small|(Lifespan)}}
! colspan=2 | Term of office
! Notable events
! [[Secretary of State for India]]
! Prime Minister
|-
! colspan=6 | Governors-General and Viceroys of India, 1858–1947
|-
| [[File:Lord Viscount Canning.jpg|80px]] [[Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning|Charles Canning, Viscount Canning]]<ref name="EC" group="Note"/> {{Small|(1812–1862)}}
| {{Small|1 November}} 1858
| {{Small|21 March}} 1862
| class=small |
* [[Queen Victoria]]'s Proclamation (1 November 1858) and '''[[Government of India Act 1858|The Government of India Act, 1858]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=India - Government of India Act of 1858 |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/India/Government-of-India-Act-of-1858 |website=www.britannica.com |access-date=22 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
* Formation of [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Imperial Civil Services]] (1858)
* [[Indigo revolt|Indigo Revolt in Bengal]] (1859–1860)
* [[White mutiny]] by the European troops (1859)
* Enactment of [[Indian Penal Code]] (1860)
* [[Indian High Courts Act 1861]]
* [[Indian Councils Act 1861|Indian Councils Act, 1861]]
* Indian Civil Service Act, 1861
* Police Act, 1861<ref>{{Cite web |title=Police Act. 1861 |url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/police_act_1861.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs |access-date=22 March 2022}}</ref>
* Establishment of [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (1861)
* [[Union budget of India|System of Budget]] was introduced
* Introduced Portfolio System which gave foundation for Cabinet System
|
* [[Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby|Lord Stanley]]
* [[Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax|Charles Wood]]
|
* [[Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby]]
* [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Viscount Palmerston]]
|-
| [[File:Elgin.png|80px]] [[James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin]] {{Small|(1811–1863)}}
| {{Small|21 March}} 1862
| {{Small|20 November}} 1863
| class=small |
* Establishment of [[Calcutta High Court]] ({{Small|2 July}}), [[Bombay High Court]] ({{Small|14 August}}) and [[Madras High Court]] ({{Small|15 August}}) (1862)
* Opened up [[Qing China]] and Japan to Western trade
* Compelled the Qing to sign the Convention of Peking, annexing the Kowloon Peninsula to the [[British Hong Kong|British crown colony of Hong Kong]]
| rowspan=3 | [[Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax|Charles Wood]]
| rowspan=3 | [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Viscount Palmerston]]
|- style="background:#e6e6aa"
| [[File:Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala - Project Gutenberg eText 16528.png|80px]] [[Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala|Robert Napier]] {{Small|''(acting)'' (1810–1890)}}
| ''{{Small|21 November}} 1863''
| ''{{Small|2 December}} 1863''
|  
|- style="background:#e6e6aa"
| [[File:William Denison 2.jpg|80px]] [[William Denison]] {{Small|''(acting)'' (1804–1871)}}
| ''{{Small|2 December}} 1863''
| ''{{Small|12 January}} 1864''
|  
|-
| [[File:SirJohnLawrence 16246.jpg|80px]] [[John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence|John Lawrence, Baronet]] {{Small|(1811–1879)}}
| {{Small|12 January}} 1864
| {{Small|12 January}} 1869
| class=small |
* [[Bhutan War|Bhutan War (1864–1865)]] (The [[British Empire|British]] defeated an undefended [[Bhutan]] and annexed [[Assam]] and [[Bengal]] [[Dooars|Duars]])
* Establishment of [[Shimla]] as India's summer capital (1864)
* Establishment of [[Allahabad High Court]] (1866)
* Famine Commission was constituted (1867) under Henry Campbell due to [[Orissa famine of 1866]]
* Tenancy Act was passed in Punjab and Oudh (1868)
|
* [[Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax|Charles Wood]]
* [[George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon|George Robinson, Earl de Grey]]
* [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury|Viscount Cranborne]]
* [[Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh|Stafford Northcote]]
* [[George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll]]
|
* [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Viscount Palmerston]]
* [[John Russell, 1st Earl Russell]]
* [[Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby]]
* [[Benjamin Disraeli]]
* [[William Ewart Gladstone]]
|-
| [[File:6th Earl of Mayo.jpg|80px]] [[Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo]] {{Small|(1822–1872)}}
| {{Small|12 January}} 1869
| {{Small|8 February}} 1872
| class=small |
* [[Keshub Chandra Sen]] establishes [[Indian Reform Association]] (1870)
* Started Financial decentralization (1870)<ref name="Lord Mayo"/>
* Enacted IPC amendment-Sedition Act 1870 to tackle Wahabi Movement
* Assassinated by [[Sher Ali Afridi]] (1872)<ref>{{Cite news |title=How Viceroy Lord Mayo's Assassination Led To Creation Of India's First Intelligence Bureau |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/opinion-how-viceroy-lord-mayos-assassination-led-to-creation-of-indias-first-intelligence-bureau/352084 |access-date=22 March 2022 |work=Outlook India |date=14 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
* Started the [[Census in British India|Census in India]] (1872)
* Established the Department of Agriculture and Commerce (1872)<ref name="Lord Mayo">{{Cite book |last1=Reddy |first1=Krishna |title=Indian History |date=2017 |publisher=McGraw Hill Education (India) Pvt. Ltd |location=Chennai |isbn=9789352606627 |pages=C.55 |edition=2nd}}</ref>
* Established Statistical Survey of India (1872)<ref name="Lord Mayo"/>
* Opening of [[Rajkumar College, Rajkot|Rajkumar college in Rajkot]] and [[Mayo College|Mayo College at Ajmer]] for political training of Indian Princes
| rowspan=3 | [[George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll]]
| rowspan=3 | [[William Ewart Gladstone]]
|- style="background:#e6e6aa"
| [[File:John Strachey (civil servant) (cropped).jpg|80px]] [[John Strachey (civil servant)|John Strachey]] {{Small|''(acting)'' (1823–1907)}}
| ''{{Small|9 February}} 1872''
| ''{{Small|23 February}} 1872''
|  
|- style="background:#e6e6aa"
| [[File:FrancisNapier10thLordNapier.jpg|80px]] [[Francis Napier, 10th Lord Napier]] {{Small|''(acting)'' (1819–1898)}}
| ''{{Small|24 February}} 1872''
| ''{{Small|3 May}} 1872''
|  
|-
| [[File:Arthur Stockdale Cope - Thomas George Baring, Earl of Northbrook.jpg|80px]] [[Thomas Baring, 1st Earl of Northbrook|Thomas Baring, Lord Northbrook]] {{Small|(1826–1904)}}
| {{Small|3 May}} 1872
| {{Small|12 April}} 1876
| class=small |
* He suppressed Kuka rebellion in Punjab led by Ram Singh (1872)
* [[Jyotirao Phule|Jyotiba Phule]] launches the [[Satyashodhak Samaj]] in [[Maharashtra]] (1873) against the [[Caste system in India|caste system]] and the [[Untouchability]] practice
* Trial of [[Gaekwad dynasty|Gaekwad]] of [[Baroda]] (1874)
* [[Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College]] founded by [[Sir Syed Ahmed Khan]] (1875)
* [[Prince of Wales]] [[Edward VII]] visited India (1875)
* '''[[Dramatic Performances Act|Dramatic Performances Act, 1876]]'''
* He resigned (1876), being asked by the British Prime Minister [[Benjamin Disraeli]] to make a treaty with the [[Emir of Afghanistan]] [[Sher Ali Khan]]
|
* [[George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll]]
* [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury]]
|
* [[William Ewart Gladstone]]
* [[Benjamin Disraeli]]
|-
| [[File:Robert Bulwer-Lytton by Nadar.jpg|80px]] [[Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton]] {{Small|(1831–1891)}}
| {{Small|12 April}} 1876
| {{Small|8 June}} 1880
| class=small |
* Royal Titles Act, 1876 by which [[Queen Victoria]] assumed the title of '[[Empress of India]]'
* '''[[Great Famine of 1876–1878]]''', a 'Famine Commission' was constituted under [[Richard Strachey]] (1878)
* [[Delhi Durbar|First Delhi Durbar]] (of three) (1877)
* '''[[Vernacular Press Act|Vernacular Press Act, 1878]]'''
* Arms Act, 1878<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arms Act, 1878 |url=http://www.myanmar-law-library.org/IMG/pdf/the_indian_arms_act.pdf |website=myanmar-law-library.org |access-date=22 March 2022}}</ref>
* [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]], (1878–1880)
* [[Treaty of Gandamak]] signed (1879)
* Decreased the maximum age of appearing in [[Indian Civil Services|civil services]] from 21 to 19
|
* [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury]]
* [[Gathorne Gathorne-Hardy, 1st Earl of Cranbrook|Gathorne Gathorne-Hardy, Viscount Cranbrook]]
* [[Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire|Marquess of Hartington]]
|
* [[Benjamin Disraeli]]
* [[William Ewart Gladstone]]
|-
| [[File:George Robinson 1st Marquess of Ripon.jpg|80px]] [[George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon]] {{Small|(1827–1909)}}
| {{Small|8 June}} 1880
| {{Small|13 December}} 1884
| class=small |
* First Factory Act (1881)
* [[Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881]]
* First complete [[Census of India prior to independence#1881 Census|Census in India]] (1881)
* Repeal of the [[Vernacular Press Act]] (1882)
* Establishment of [[Panjab University]] (1882)
* Government resolution on [[Local government in India|local self-government]] (1882)<ref>{{Cite news |title=Lord Ripon: Father of Local Self Government in India |url=https://thenationaltv.com/News/lord-ripon-father-of-local-self-government-in-india#:~:text=Lord%20Ripon%20was%20known%20as,for%20them%20in%20their%20locality. |access-date=22 March 2022 |work=thenationaltv.com}}</ref>
* Appointment of Education Commission under Sir [[William Wilson Hunter]] (1882)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hunter Commission - Banglapedia |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Hunter_Commission |website=en.banglapedia.org |access-date=22 March 2022}}</ref>
* '''[[Ilbert Bill|Ilbert Bill (1883)]]'''
* Passed [[Indian Famine Codes|Famine codes]] (1883)
* Increased the maximum age of appearing in [[Indian Civil Services|civil services]] from 18 to 21
|
* [[Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire|Marquess of Hartington]]
* [[John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley]]
|
* [[William Ewart Gladstone]]
|-
| [[File:Young Lord Dufferin.jpg|80px]] [[Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava|Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, Earl of Dufferin]] {{Small|(1826–1902)}}
| {{Small|13 December}} 1884
| {{Small|10 December}} 1888
| class=small |
* [[Indian National Congress|Formation of Indian National Congress]] (1885)
* [[Bengal Tenancy Act (1885)]]
* [[Third Anglo-Burmese War]] (1885)
* [[Burma]] was made a province of India, with [[Rangoon]] as its capital (1886)<ref>{{Cite news |title=A Short History of Burma |url=https://newint.org/features/2008/04/18/history#:~:text=The%20British%20made%20Burma%20a,resentment%20in%20many%20Burmese%20people. |access-date=22 March 2022 |work=New Internationalist |date=18 April 2008 |language=en}}</ref>
|
* [[John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley]]
* [[Lord Randolph Churchill]]
* [[John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley]]
* [[R. A. Cross, 1st Viscount Cross]]
|
* [[William Ewart Gladstone]]
* [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury]]
* [[William Ewart Gladstone]]
* [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury]]
|-
| [[File:Marquess of Lansdowne crop.jpg|80px]] [[Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne]] {{Small|(1845–1927)}}
| {{Small|10 December}} 1888
| {{Small|21 January}} 1894
| class=small |
* [[Age of Consent Act, 1891]] was passed to prohibit the marriages of girl child under the age of 12
* Second Factory Act 1891
* [[Indian Councils Act 1892]]
* Setting up the [[Durand Line|Durand Commission]] (1893) (India-Afghanistan)
|
* [[R. A. Cross, 1st Viscount Cross]]
* [[John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley]]
* [[Henry Fowler, 1st Viscount Wolverhampton|Henry Fowler]]
|
* [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury]]
* [[William Ewart Gladstone]]
* [[Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery]]
|-
| [[File:9thEarlOfElgin.jpg|80px]] [[Victor Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin]] {{Small|(1849–1917)}}
| {{Small|21 January}} 1894<ref>{{Cite web| last1=Malhotra | first1=Piarea Lal | title=The internal administration of lord Elgin in India, 1894 - 1898 | date=1966 | doi=10.25501/SOAS.00033561 | url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/33561/1/11010320.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211134449/https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/33561/1/11010320.pdf | archive-date=2020-12-11}}</ref>
| {{Small|6 January}} 1899
| class=small |
* Spread of [[Bombay plague epidemic|Bubonic plague in Bombay]] (1896)
* '''[[Indian famine of 1896–1897]]'''
* Establishment of the [[Ramakrishna Mission]] by [[Swami Vivekananda]] at [[Belur Math]] (1897)
* Assassination of two British officials ([[Walter Charles Rand]] and Ayerst) by the [[Chapekar brothers]] (1897)
|
* [[Henry Fowler, 1st Viscount Wolverhampton|Henry Fowler]]
* [[Lord George Hamilton]]
|
* [[Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery]]
* [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury]]
|-
| [[File:George Curzon2.jpg|80px]] [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston]]<ref group="Note">[[Oliver Russell, 2nd Baron Ampthill]] was acting Governor-General in 1904.</ref> {{Small|(1859–1925)}}
| {{Small|6 January}} 1899
| {{Small|18 November}} 1905
| class=small |
* [[Indian famine of 1899–1900]]
* Munda (Ulgulan) rebellion led by [[Birsa Munda]] (1899–1900)
* Department of Agriculture was constituted (1901)
* Creation of [[North-West Frontier Province]] (1901)
* Appointment of Police Commission under [[Andrew Henderson Leith Fraser|Andrew Frazer]] (1902)
* Appointment of [[Indian Universities Commission 1902|Raleigh University Commission (1902)]] (Indian Universities Act, 1904 was passed as per the recommendation of this commission)
* [[Delhi Durbar#Durbar of 1903|Second Delhi Durbar]] (of three) (1903)
* [[British expedition to Tibet|Younghusband expedition to Tibet]] under [[Francis Younghusband]] (1903–1904)
* [[Central Hindu Girls School|Benaras Hindu Girls School]] was established by [[Annie Besant]] (1904)
* Archaeological Department was established under [[Ancient Monuments Preservation Act 1904]]
* Official Secrets Act 1904 to curb free press
* [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute|Agricultural Research Institute]] at [[Samastipur|Pusa]] in [[Bihar]] was established (1905)
* '''[[Partition of Bengal (1905)]]'''
* [[Swadeshi Movement]] (1905–1911) against [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|Partition of Bengal]] by [[Lal Bal Pal]]-[[Sri Aurobindo|Aurbindo Ghosh]]
|
* [[Lord George Hamilton]]
* [[St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton|William St John Brodrick]]
|
* [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury]]
* [[Arthur Balfour]]
|-
! colspan=6 | [[File:Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (1837-1952).svg|30x30px]] Appointed by [[Edward VII]] {{Small|(1901–1910)}}
|-
| [[File:Earl Minto.jpg|80px]] [[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto]] {{Small|(1845–1914)}}
| {{Small|18 November}} 1905
| {{Small|23 November}} 1910
| class=small |
* Establishment of [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] by [[Aga Khan III]] and [[Khwaja Salimullah]] ([[Nawab of Dhaka]]) (1906)
* Foundation of [[Jugantar]] revolutionary group in Bengal (1906)
* Foundation stone of 'Victoria Memorial' laid (1906)
* Split in Congress (1907) (in Surat session)
* [[Satyendra Prasanna Sinha, 1st Baron Sinha|Satyendra Prasanna Sinha]] became first Indian member to be appointed in [[Viceroy's Executive Council]]
* Seditious meetings (prohibition) Act 1907 to curb the extremist movement
* [[Jamsetji Tata]] established [[Tata Steel|TISCO]] (1907)
* Newspapers Act 1908
* '''[[Morley–Minto reforms|Morley–Minto reforms (1909)]]'''
* [[Indian Press Act, 1910]]
|
* [[St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton|William St John Brodrick]]
* [[John Morley]]
* [[Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe|Robert Crewe-Milnes, Earl of Crewe]]
|
* [[Arthur Balfour]]
* [[Henry Campbell-Bannerman]]
* [[H. H. Asquith]]
|-
! colspan=6 | [[File:Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (1837-1952).svg|30x30px]] Appointed by [[George V]] {{Small|(1910–1936)}}
|-
| [[File:Charles Hardinge01 crop.jpg|80px]] [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst]] {{Small|(1858–1944)}}
| {{Small|23 November}} 1910
| {{Small|4 April}} 1916
| class=small |
* [[1911 Delhi Durbar Honours|Third]] [[Delhi Durbar]] (1911)
* Annulment of [[Partition of Bengal (1905)#Reunited Bengal (1911)|Partition of Bengal]] by [[King George V]] (1911)
* Transfer of capital from [[Calcutta]] to [[New Delhi]] (1911)
* Partition of Bengal to form Bihar and Orissa province (1912)
* '''[[World War I|World War I (1914–1918)]]'''
* [[Komagata Maru incident]] (1914)
* [[McMahon Line|McMahon border line]] was created between India and China (1914)
* [[Ghadar Mutiny]] (1915)
* [[Mahatma Gandhi]] came back to India from South Africa (1915)
* Foundation of [[Hindu Mahasabha]] by [[Madan Mohan Malviya]] (1915)
* Foundation of [[Banaras Hindu University]] (1916)
|
* [[Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe|Robert Crewe-Milnes, Earl of Crewe]]
* [[John Morley, 1st Viscount Morley of Blackburn]]
* [[Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe]]
* [[Austen Chamberlain]]
|
* [[H. H. Asquith]]
|-
| [[File:Chelmsford Governor.jpg|80px]] [[Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford]] {{Small|(1868–1933)}}
| {{Small|4 April}} 1916
| {{Small|2 April}} 1921
| class=small |
* Formation of [[Indian Home Rule movement]] by [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] and [[Annie Besant]] (1916)
* First Women's University ([[SNDT Women's University]]) at [[Pune]] was founded by [[Dhondo Keshav Karve]] (1916)
* [[Lucknow Pact]] (1916) (between [[Indian National Congress]] and [[All India Muslim League|Muslim League]])
* [[Champaran Satyagraha]] (1917), the first [[satyagraha]] movement led by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in [[British India]]
* August Declaration, 1917
* Saddler University Commission or Calcutta Commission (1917)
* [[Kheda Satyagraha of 1918]]
* [[Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms]] (1919)
* [[Government of India Act 1919]]
* [[Rowlatt Act]] (1919)
* '''[[Jallianwala Bagh massacre|Jallianwala Bagh massacre (1919)]]'''
* [[Khilafat Movement]] (1919–1920) (later merged with [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)|Non-cooperation movement]] in 1920)
* Foundation of [[Aligarh Muslim University]] (1920)
* '''[[Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)|Non-cooperation movement (1920–1922)]]'''
* [[Imperial Bank of India]] (now [[State Bank of India]] established in 1921)
|
* [[Austen Chamberlain]]
* [[Edwin Montagu]]
|
* [[H. H. Asquith]]
* [[David Lloyd George]]
|-
| [[File:Rufus Isaacs.jpg|80px]] [[Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading]] {{Small|(1860–1935)}}
| {{Small|2 April}} 1921
| {{Small|3 April}} 1926
| class=small |
* Annulment of Press Act of 1910 and [[Rowlatt Act]] of 1919
* [[Malabar rebellion]] (also known as ''Moplah Rebellion''), first Ethnic Rebellion (1921)
* [[Rabindranath Tagore]] founded [[Visva-Bharati University]] (1921)
* [[Chauri Chaura incident]] (1922) and withdrawal of [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)|Non-cooperation movement]] by [[Mahatma Gandhi]]
* Formation of [[Swaraj Party]] (1923)
* Appointment of Lee Commission (1923) on public services reforms<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lee Commission |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lee-Commission |website=www.britannica.com |access-date=23 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Railway budget of India|Railway budget]] was separated from [[Union budget of India|general budget]] since 1924 (this tradition continued till 2016)
* [[Kakori conspiracy|Kakori train robbery]] (1925)
* Foundation of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] by [[K. B. Hedgewar]] (1925)
* Foundation of the [[Communist Party of India]] in [[Kanpur]] (1925)
|
* [[Edwin Montagu]]
* [[William Peel, 1st Earl Peel|William Peel, Viscount Peel]]
* [[Sydney Olivier, 1st Baron Olivier]]
* [[F. E. Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead]]
|
* [[David Lloyd George]]
* [[Bonar Law]]
* [[Stanley Baldwin]]
* [[Ramsay MacDonald]]
* [[Stanley Baldwin]]
|-
| [[File:1st Earl of Halifax 1947.jpg|80px]] [[E. F. L. Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|E. F. L. Wood, Lord Irwin]] {{Small|(1881–1959)}}
| {{Small|3 April}} 1926
| {{Small|18 April}} 1931
| class=small |
* [[Simon Commission]] (1928)
* [[Nehru Report]] (1928)
* Death of [[Lala Lajpat Rai]] (1928)
* [[Fourteen Points of Jinnah]] (1929)
* '''[[Purna Swaraj|Purna Swaraj declaration (1929)]]'''
* [[Meerut Conspiracy Case]] (1929)
* Bombing in [[Central Legislative Assembly]] by [[Bhagat Singh]] and [[Batukeshwar Dutt]] (8 April 1929)
* "Deepavali Declaration" (31 October 1929, to grant India dominion status in due course)
* Appointment of "Hartog Committee" (1929) to survey the growth of education in [[British India]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2014 |title=Hartog Committee Report, 1929 |url=https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/law/acts/hartog-committee-report-1929/44829 |access-date=23 March 2022 |website=Your Article Library}}</ref>
* Launching of [[Civil disobedience]] movement with [[Salt March]] (1930)
* [[Dharasana Satyagraha]] (1930)
* First [[Round Table Conferences (India)|Round Table Conference]]s (1930)
* [[Allahabad Address]] by [[Sir Muhammad Iqbal]] (1930)
* [[Chittagong armoury raid]] (1930)
* [[Gandhi–Irwin Pact]] (1931)
* Execution of [[Bhagat Singh]], [[Shivaram Rajguru]], and [[Sukhdev Thapar]] (1931)
|
* [[F. E. Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead]]
* [[William Peel, 1st Earl Peel|William Peel, Viscount Peel]]
| rowspan=2 |
* [[Stanley Baldwin]]
* [[Ramsay MacDonald]]
|- style="background:#e6e6aa"
| [[File:Viscount Goschen.jpg|80px]] [[George Goschen, 2nd Viscount Goschen]] {{Small|''(acting)'' (1866–1952)}}
| ''{{Small|29 June}} 1929''
| ''{{Small|11 November}} 1929''
|  
|
* [[William Peel, 1st Earl Peel|William Peel, Viscount Peel]], [[William Wedgwood Benn]]
|-
| [[File:Freeman Freeman-Thomas by Henry Walter Barnett.jpg|80px]] [[Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon|Freeman Freeman-Thomas, Earl of Willingdon]] {{Small|(1866–1941)}}
| {{Small|18 April}} 1931
| {{Small|18 April}} 1936
| class=small |
* Second [[Round Table Conferences (India)#Second Round Table Conference (September 1931 – December 1931)|Round Table Conference]] (1931)
* Announcement of [[Communal Award]] by [[Ramsay MacDonald]] (1932)
* [[Poona Pact]] between [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and [[B. R. Ambedkar]] (1932)
* Third [[Round Table Conferences (India)#Third Round Table Conference (November – December 1932)|Round Table Conference]] (1932)
* [[Pakistan Declaration]] (1933)
* Foundation of [[Congress Socialist Party]] (1934)
* '''[[Reserve Bank of India]]''' established by passing [[Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934|The Reserve Bank of India Act 1934]]
* '''[[Government of India Act 1935]]'''
* Formation of [[All India Kisan Sabha]] (1936)
|
* [[William Wedgwood Benn, 1st Viscount Stansgate|William Wedgwood Benn]]
* [[Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood|Samuel Hoare]]
* [[Lawrence Dundas, 2nd Marquess of Zetland]]
|
* [[Ramsay MacDonald]]
* [[Stanley Baldwin]]
|-
! colspan=6 | [[File:Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (1837-1952).svg|30x30px]] Appointed by [[Edward VIII]] {{Small|(1936)}}
|-
| [[File:Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow.jpg|80px]] [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow]] {{Small|(1887–1952)}}
| {{Small|18 April}} 1936
| {{Small|1 October}} 1943
| class=small |
* [[1937 Indian provincial elections|Indian provincial elections]] (1937)
* [[India in World War II|Indian entry into World War II]] (1939)
* [[Day of Deliverance (India)|Day of Deliverance]] (1939)
* Formation of [[All India Forward Bloc]] (1939)
* [[Lahore Resolution]] (1940)
* [[August Offer]] (1940)
* [[Cripps Mission]] (1942)
* Formation of [[Indian Legion]] (1942)
* '''[[Quit India Movement|Quit India Movement (1942)]]'''
* Formation of '''[[Indian National Army]]''' (1942)
* [[Bengal famine of 1943|Bengal famine]] (1943)
|
* [[Lawrence Dundas, 2nd Marquess of Zetland]]
* [[Leo Amery]]
|
* [[Stanley Baldwin]]
* [[Neville Chamberlain]]
* [[Winston Churchill]]
|-
! colspan=6 | [[File:Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (1837-1952).svg|30x30px]] Appointed by [[George VI]] {{Small|(1936–1947) (as [[Emperor of India]])}}
|-
| [[File:Archibald Wavell2.jpg|80px]] [[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|Archibald Wavell, Viscount Wavell]] {{Small|(1883–1950)}}
| {{Small|1 October}} 1943
| {{Small|21 February}} 1947
| class=small |
* [[C. R. formula]] (1944)
* [[Simla Conference]] (1945)
* [[World War II]] ended (1945)
* [[Indian National Army trials#|Indian National Army (INA) trials]] (1945–1946)
* [[1946 Cabinet Mission to India|Cabinet Mission]] (1946)
* [[Direct Action Day]] (16 August 1946)
* [[Interim Government of India|Interim Government]] was formed (1946)
* [[Royal Indian Navy mutiny]] (1946)
|
* [[Leo Amery]]
* [[Frederick Pethick-Lawrence, 1st Baron Pethick-Lawrence]]
|
* [[Winston Churchill]]
* [[Clement Attlee]]
|-
| [[File:Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten, 1943. TR1230 (cropped).jpg|80px]] [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Louis Mountbatten, Viscount Mountbatten of Burma]] {{Small|(1900–1979)}}
| {{Small|21 February}} 1947
| {{Small|15 August}} 1947
| class=small |
* [[Indian Independence Act 1947]] (18 July 1947)
* [[Radcliffe Line|Radcliffe Commission]] was appointed under the chairmanship of [[Cyril Radcliffe, 1st Viscount Radcliffe|Cyril Radcliffe]] to demarcate the border line of [[Bengal Presidency]] and [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]]
|
* [[Frederick Pethick-Lawrence, 1st Baron Pethick-Lawrence]]
* [[William Hare, 5th Earl of Listowel]]
|
* [[Clement Attlee]]
|}

=== Governors-General of the [[Dominion of India]], 1947–1950 ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Governor-General {{Small|(Lifespan)}}
! colspan="2" | Term of office
! Notable events
! Prime Minister
|-
! colspan="5" | Governors-General of the [[Dominion of India]], 1947–1950
|-
! colspan="5" | [[File:Emblem of India (without motto).svg|30x30px]] Appointed by [[George VI]] {{Small|(1947–1950) (as [[List of heads of state of India#Monarch of India (1947–1950)|King of India]])}}
|-
| [[File:Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten, 1943. TR1230 (cropped).jpg|80px]] [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Louis Mountbatten, Viscount Mountbatten of Burma]]<ref group="Note">Created Earl Mountbatten of Burma on 28 October 1947.</ref> {{Small|(1900–1979)}}
| {{Small|15 August}} 1947
| {{Small|21 June}} 1948
|
* First Governor-General of the Union of India
| rowspan="2" |
* [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
|-
| [[File:Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari.jpg|80px]] [[C. Rajagopalachari|Chakravarti Rajagopalachari]] {{Small|(1878–1972)}}
| {{Small|21 June}} 1948
| {{Small|26 January}} 1950
|
* Last Governor-General of India, before the office was permanently abolished (1950)
* First and only Indian-born Governor-General of India
|}

==List of Presidents of India==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! #
! style="width:17em" |Name
! Portrait
! colspan="2" |Term of office
! style="width:8em" |Elected
!Political party
|-
!style="background:#00BFFF;" |  1
! [[Rajendra Prasad]] {{small|(1884–1963)}}
| [[File:Rajendra Prasad (Indian President), signed image for Walter Nash (NZ Prime Minister), 1958 (16017609534).jpg|60px]]
| {{nowrap|26 January}} 1950
| {{nowrap|13 May}} 1962
|[[1950 Indian presidential election|1950]] [[1952 Indian presidential election|1952]] [[1955 Indian presidential election|1955]] [[1957 Indian presidential election|1957]]
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
! 2
! [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan|Sir Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]] {{small|(1888–1975)}}
| [[File:Photograph of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan presented to First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy in 1962.jpg|60px]]
| {{nowrap|13 May}} 1962
| {{nowrap|13 May}} 1967
| [[1962 Indian presidential election|1962]] [[1965 Indian presidential election|1965]]
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! 3
! [[Zakir Husain (politician)|Zakir Husain]] {{small|(1897–1969)}}
| [[File:President Zakir Husain 1998 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| {{nowrap|13 May}} 1967
| {{nowrap|3 May}} 1969 {{small|(''died in office.'')}}
| [[1967 Indian presidential election|1967]]
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! 4
! [[V. V. Giri]] {{small|(1894–1980)}}
| [[File:10) V.V GIRI AUTOGRAPHED PENCIL SKETCH.jpg|60px]]
| {{nowrap|3 May }} 1969
| {{nowrap|20 July}} 1969
| [[1969 Indian presidential election|1969]]
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! 5
!'''[[Mohammad Hidayatullah]]''' {{small|(1905–1992)}}
| [[File:Justice M. Hidayatullah.jpg|60px]]
|{{nowrap|20 July}} 1969
|{{nowrap|24 August}} 1969
|[[1969 Indian presidential election|1969]]
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! (4)
! [[V. V. Giri]] {{small|(1894–1980)}}
| [[File:V.V.Giri.jpg|60px]]
| {{nowrap|24 August}} 1969
| {{nowrap|24 August}} 1973
| [[1969 Indian presidential election|1969]]
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
!–
![[Gopal Swarup Pathak]] (1896–1982)
|
|{{nowrap|24 August}} 1973
|{{nowrap|24 August}} 1973
|–
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
!(4)
![[V. V. Giri]]
{{small|(1894–1980)}}
|[[File:10) V.V GIRI AUTOGRAPHED PENCIL SKETCH.jpg|60px]]
|{{nowrap|24 August}} 1973
|{{nowrap|24 August}} 1974
|–
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
!style="background:#00BFFF;" |  6
! [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]] {{small|(1905–1977)}}
| [[File:Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed 1977 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
| {{nowrap|24 August}} 1974
| {{nowrap|11 February}} 1977 {{small|(''died in office.'')}}
| [[1974 Indian presidential election|1974]]
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!style="background:#00BFFF;" |  7
![[B. D. Jatti]] {{small|(1912–2002)}}
| [[File:B.D Jatti (enhanced).jpg|60px]]
|{{nowrap|11 February}} 1977
|{{nowrap|25 July}} 1977 
|—
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!style="background:#1F75FE;" |  8
![[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]] {{small|(1913–1996)}}
| [[File:NeelamSanjeevaReddy.jpg|60px]]
| {{nowrap|25 July}} 1977
| {{nowrap|25 July}} 1982
| [[1977 Indian presidential election|1977]]
| [[Janata Party]]
|-
!style="background:#00BFFF;" | 9
![[Zail Singh|Giani Zail Singh]] {{small|(1916–1994)}}
|[[File:Giani Zail Singh 1995 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
|{{nowrap|25 July}} 1982
|{{nowrap|25 July}} 1983
|[[1982 Indian presidential election|1982]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!style="background:#00BFFF;" |  (5)
!'''[[Mohammad Hidayatullah]]''' {{small|(1905–1992)}}
|[[File:Justice_M._Hidayatullah.jpg|60px]]
|{{nowrap|25 July}} 1983
|{{nowrap|25 July}} 1983
|—
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!style="background:#00BFFF;" |  (9)
![[Zail Singh|Giani Zail Singh]] {{small|(1916–1994)}}
|[[File:Giani Zail Singh 1995 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
|{{nowrap|25 July}} 1983
|{{nowrap|25 July}} 1984
|—
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!style="background:#00BFFF;" |  (5)
!'''[[Mohammad Hidayatullah]]''' {{small|(1905–1992)}}
|[[File:Justice_M._Hidayatullah.jpg|60px]]
|{{nowrap|25 July}} 1984
|{{nowrap|25 July}} 1984
|—
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|- br > Gandhi
!style="background:#00BFFF;" |  (9)
![[Zail Singh|Giani Zail Singh]] {{small|(1916–1994)}}
|[[File:Giani Zail Singh 1995 stamp of India.jpg|60px]]
|{{nowrap|25 July}} 1984
|{{nowrap|25 July}} 1987
| [[1984 Indian presidential election|1984]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!style="background:#00BFFF;" |  10
! [[R. Venkataraman]] {{small|(1910–2009)}}
| [[File:R Venkataraman.jpg|60px]]
| {{nowrap|25 July}} 1987
| {{nowrap|25 July}} 1992
| [[1987 Indian presidential election|1987]]
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!style="background:#00BFFF;" |  11
![[Shankar Dayal Sharma]] {{small|(1918–1999)}}
| [[File:Shankar Dayal Sharma 36.jpg|60px]]
| {{nowrap|25 July}} 1992
| {{nowrap|25 July}} 1997
| [[1992 Indian presidential election|1992]]
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!style="background:#00BFFF;" |  12
! [[K. R. Narayanan]] {{small|(1920–2005)}}
| [[File:K. R. Narayanan.jpg|60px]]
| {{nowrap|25 July}} 1997
| {{nowrap|25 July}} 2000
| [[1997 Indian presidential election|1997]]
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!style="background:#00BFFF;" | –
!'''[[Krishan Kant]]'''
(1927–2002)
|
|{{nowrap|25 July}} 2000
|{{nowrap|25 July}} 2000
|–
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!style="background:#00BFFF;" | (12)
![[K. R. Narayanan]]
{{small|(1920–2005)}}
|[[File:K. R. Narayanan.jpg|60px]]
|{{nowrap|25 July}} 2000
|{{nowrap|25 July}} 2002
|–
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
! 13
! [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] {{small|(1931–2015)}}
| [[File:A. P. J. Abdul Kalam in 2008.jpg|60px]]
| {{nowrap|25 July}} 2002
| {{nowrap|25 July}} 2003
| [[2002 Indian presidential election|2002]]
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
!–
!'''[[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]'''
(1923–2010)
|
|{{nowrap|25 July}} 2003
|{{nowrap|25 July}} 2003
|–
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
!(13)
![[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
{{small|(1931–2015)}}
|[[File:A. P. J. Abdul Kalam in 2008.jpg|60px]]
|{{nowrap|25 July}} 2003
|{{nowrap|25 July}} 2007
|–
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
!style="background:#00BFFF;" |  14
! [[Pratibha Patil]] {{small|(1934–)}}
| [[File:PratibhaIndia.jpg|60px]]
| {{nowrap|25 July}} 2007
| {{nowrap|25 July}} 2010
| [[2007 Indian presidential election|2007]]
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!style="background:#00BFFF;" | –
![[Mohammad Hamid Ansari]](1937–)
|
|25 July 2010
|25 July 2010
|–
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!style="background:#00BFFF;" | (14)
![[Pratibha Patil]]
{{small|(1934–)}}
|[[File:PratibhaIndia.jpg|60px]]
|25 July 2010
|25 July 2012
|–
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
! style="background:#00BFFF;" |  15
![[Pranab Mukherjee]] {{small|(1935–2020)}}
| [[File:Pranab Mukherjee Portrait.jpg|60px]]
| 25 July 2012
| 25 July 2016
| [[2012 Indian presidential election|2012]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!style="background:#00BFFF;" | –
![[Mohammad Hamid Ansari]](1937–)
|
|25 July 2016
|25 July 2016
|–
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!style="background:#00BFFF;" | (15)
![[Pranab Mukherjee]]
{{small|(1935–2020)}}
| [[File:Pranab Mukherjee Portrait.jpg|60px]]
|25 July 2016
|25 July 2017
|–
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
! style="background:#FF9933;" |  16
! [[Ram Nath Kovind]] {{small|(1945–)}}
| [[File:Ram Nath Kovind official portrait.jpg|60px]]
| 25 July 2017
| 25 July 2018
| [[2017 Indian presidential election|2017]]
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!style="background:#FF9933;" |  _
!'''[[Venkaiah Naidu|M. Venkaiah Naidu]]'''

(1949–)
|
|25 July 2018
|25 July 2018
|–
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!style="background:#FF9933;" |  (16)
![[Ram Nath Kovind]]
{{small|(1945–)}}
|[[File:Ram Nath Kovind official portrait.jpg|60px]]
|25 July 2018
|25 July 2022
|–
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
! style="background:#FF9933;" | 17
! [[Droupadi Murmu]] {{small|(1958-)}}
|[[File:Droupadi Murmu June 2022.jpg|60px]]
|25 July 2022
|11 August 2022
|[[2022 Indian presidential election|2022]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!style="background:#FF9933;" | –
!'''[[Jagdeep Dhankhar]]'''
(1951–)
|
|11 August 2022
|11 August 2022
|–
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
! style="background:#FF9933;" | 17
! [[Droupadi Murmu]] {{small|(1958-)}}
|[[File:Droupadi Murmu June 2022.jpg|60px]]
|11 August 2022
|12 September 2025
|–
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!style="background:#FF9933;" | —
![[C. P. Radhakrishnan]](1957-)
|
|12 September 2025
|12 September 2025
|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!style="background:#FF9933;" | 17
![[Droupadi Murmu]]
(1958–)
|[[File:Droupadi_Murmu_June_2022.jpg|79x79px]]
|12 September 2025
|Incumbent
|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|}

==List of vice presidents of India==

{{legend|{{party color|Independent politician}}| [[Independent politician|Independent candidate]] |border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}| [[Indian National Congress]] |border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] |border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|[[Janata Dal]] |border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

;Key
†-Died in office ⸸-Resigned 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! scope="col" |#
! scope="col" |Portrait
! scope="col" |Name
! colspan="3" scope="col" |Term of office<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Vice Presidents {{!}} Vice President of India {{!}} Government of India|url=https://vicepresidentofindia.nic.in/former-vice-Presidents|access-date=28 October 2021|website=vicepresidentofindia.nic.in}}</ref>
!Election
![[President of India|President]]
! colspan="2" scope="col" |Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |1
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Photograph of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan presented to First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy in 1962.jpg|97x97px|alt=Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]
| style="height: 45px;" |13 May 1952
|12 May 1957
| rowspan="2" |{{Ayd|13 May 1952|12 May 1962}}
|[[1952 Indian vice presidential election|1952]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Rajendra Prasad]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Independent politician|Independent]]
| rowspan="5" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}" |
|-
|13 May 1957
|12 May 1962
|[[1957 Indian vice presidential election|1957]]
|-
| style="height: 45px;" |2
|[[File:President Zakir Husain 1998 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|102x102px|alt=Zakir Hussain]]
|[[Zakir Husain (politician)|Zakir Husain]]
|13 May 1962
|12 May 1967
|{{Ayd|13 May 1962|12 May 1967}}
|[[1962 Indian vice presidential election|1962]]
|[[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]
|-
|3
|[[File:VV Giri 1974 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|103x103px|alt=V.V. Giri]]
|[[V. V. Giri]] ⸸
| style="height: 45px;" |13 May 1967
|3 May 1969
|{{Ayd|13 May 1967|3 May 1969}}
|[[1967 Indian vice presidential election|1967]]
|[[Zakir Husain (politician)|Zakir Hussain]]
|-
| 4
|
| [[Gopal Swarup Pathak]]
| style="height: 45px;" |31 August 1969
| |30 August 1974
| {{Ayd|31 August 1969|30 August 1974}}
| |[[1969 Indian vice presidential election|1969]]
|[[V. V. Giri]]
----
[[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]]
|-
| style="height: 45px;" |5
|[[File:B.D Jatti (enhanced).jpg|88x88px|alt=B.D. Jatti]]
| [[B. D. Jatti]]
| 31 August 1974
| 30 August 1979
| {{Ayd|31 August 1974|30 August 1979}}
| [[1974 Indian vice presidential election|1974]]
|[[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]]
----
[[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
| style="height: 45px;" |6
| [[File:Justice M. Hidayatullah.jpg|110x110px]]
| [[Mohammad Hidayatullah]]
| 31 August 1979
| 30 August 1984
| {{Ayd|31 August 1979|30 August 1984}}
| [[1979 Indian vice presidential election|1979]]
|[[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]
----
[[Zail Singh]]
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}" |
|- style="height: 45px;"
|7
|[[File:R Venkataraman (cropped).jpg|91x91px|alt=R Venkataraman]]
|[[Ramaswamy Venkataraman]] ⸸
| style="height: 45px;" |31 August 1984
|24 July 1987
|{{Ayd|31 August 1984|24 July 1987}}
|[[1984 Indian vice presidential election|1984]]
|[[Zail Singh]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="3" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|8
|[[File:Shankar Dayal Sharma 36.jpg|103x103px|alt=Shankar Dayal Sharma]]
|[[Shankar Dayal Sharma]] ⸸
| style="height: 45px;" |3 September 1987
|24 July 1992
|{{Ayd|3 September 1987|24 July 1992}}
|[[1987 Indian vice presidential election|1987]]
|[[Ramaswamy Venkataraman]]
|-
| style="height: 45px;" |9
|[[File:President Clinton with Indian president K. R. Narayanan (cropped).jpg|103x103px|alt=K.R. Narayanan]]
|[[K. R. Narayanan]] ⸸
|21 August 1992
|24 July 1997
|{{Ayd|21 August 1992|24 July 1997}}
|[[1992 Indian vice presidential election|1992]]
|[[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]
|-
| style="height: 45px;" |10
| [[File:ఉపరాష్ట్రపతి శ్రీ కృష్ణకాంత్ గారి నుండి (cropped).jpg|104x104px]]
| [[Krishan Kant]]†
| 21 August 1997
| 27 July 2002
| {{Ayd|21 August 1997|27 July 2002}}
| [[1997 Indian vice presidential election|1997]]
|[[K. R. Narayanan]]
----
[[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
| [[Janata Dal]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|-
| style="height: 45px;" |11
|[[File:Bhairon Singh Shekhawat (1).jpg|110x110px|alt=Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]
|[[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]] ⸸
|19 August 2002
|21 July 2007
|{{Ayd|19 August 2002|21 July 2007}}
|[[2002 Indian vice presidential election|2002]]
|[[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
| rowspan="2" |12
| rowspan="2" |[[File:The Vice President Shri M. Hamid Ansari in July 2016.jpg|100x100px|alt=Hamid Ansari]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Mohammad Hamid Ansari]]
| style="height: 45px;" |11 August 2007
|10 August 2012
| rowspan="2" |{{Ayd|11 August 2007|10 August 2017}}
|[[2007 Indian vice presidential election|2007]]
|[[Pratibha Patil]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="2" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
| 11 August 2012
| 10 August 2017
| [[2012 Indian vice presidential election|2012]]
| [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
----
[[Ram Nath Kovind]]
|-
| style="height: 45px;" |13
|[[File:Venkaiah Naidu official portrait.jpg|76x76px|alt=Venkaiah Naidu]]
|[[Venkaiah Naidu]]
|11 August 2017
|11 August 2022
|{{Ayd|11 August 2017|11 August 2022}}
|[[2017 Indian vice presidential election|2017]]
|[[Ram Nath Kovind]]
----
[[Droupadi Murmu]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
| style="height: 45px;" |14
|[[File:Shri JDhankhar.png|76x76px|alt=Jagdeep Dhankhar]]
|[[Jagdeep Dhankhar]]
|11 August 2022
|21 July 2025
|{{Ayd|11 August 2022|21 July 2025}}
|[[2022 Indian vice presidential election|2022]]
|[[Droupadi Murmu]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|15
|
|[[C. P. Radhakrishnan]]
|12 September 2025
|''Incumbent''
|22 days
|[[2025 Indian vice presidential election|2025]]
|[[Droupadi Murmu]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|}

== List of presidents of the Board of Control ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:Center"
|+ President of the Board of Control<ref>{{cite book |last=Venning |first=Timothy |date=2005 |title=Compendium of British Office Holders |location=Basingstoke, Hampshire |publisher=Palgrave MacMillan |pages=316–319 |isbn=1-4039-2045-1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/offices/president-of-the-board-of-control |title=President of the Board of Control |website=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]] |access-date=7 August 2017}}</ref>
! colspan=8 | {{Legend2|{{party color|Whigs (British political party)}}|[[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}{{nb5}}{{Legend2|{{party color|Tories (British political party)}}|[[Tories (British political party)|Tory]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}{{nb5}}{{Legend2|{{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}|[[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
|-
! colspan=2 | Portrait
! Name Honorifics and constituency
! colspan=2 | Term of office
! Party
! Ministry
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Whigs (British political party)}}" |
| [[File:Viscount Sydney by Gilbert Stuart.jpg|75px]]
| [[Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney]] before 1789 [[Viscount Sydney]] after 1789
| 4 September 1784
| 6 March 1790
| {{Party shading/Whigs}} | [[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]]
| rowspan=3 {{Party shading/Tories}} | [[First Pitt ministry|Pitt I]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Tories (British political party)}}" |
| [[Image:1st Baron Grenville-cropped.jpg|75px]]
| [[William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville]]
| 6 March 1790
| 22 June 1793
| {{Party shading/Tories}} | [[Tories (British political party)|Tory (Pittite)]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Tories (British political party)}}" |
| [[Image:Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville by Sir Thomas Lawrence.jpg|75px]]
| [[Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville]] MP for [[Edinburgh (UK Parliament constituency)|Edinburgh]]
| 22 June 1793
| 25 April 1801
| {{Party shading/Tories}} | [[Tories (British political party)|Tory]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Tories (British political party)}}" |
| [[Image:George Legge, Viscount Lewisham, later 3rd Earl of Dartmouth, 1778, by Batoni.jpg|75px]]
| [[George Legge, 3rd Earl of Dartmouth]]
| 25 April 1801
| 2 July 1802
| {{Party shading/Tories}} | [[Tories (British political party)|Tory]]
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Tories}} | [[Addington ministry|Addington]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Tories (British political party)}}; border:none" |{{zwj}}
| rowspan=2 | [[Image:Lord Castlereagh Marquess of Londonderry.jpg|75px]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh]] MP for [[Down (UK Parliament constituency)|Down]] before 1805 MP for [[Boroughbridge (UK Parliament constituency)|Boroughbridge]] after 1806
| rowspan=2 | 2 July 1802
| rowspan=2 | 11 February 1806
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Tories}} | [[Tories (British political party)|Tory]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Tories (British political party)}}; border:none" |
| {{Party shading/Tories}} | [[Second Pitt ministry|Pitt II]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Whigs (British political party)}}" |
| [[Image:Gilbert Eliot, 1st Earl of Minto by James Atkinson.jpg|75px]]
| [[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto]] 
| 11 February 1806
| 15 July 1806
| {{Party shading/Whigs}} | [[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]]
| rowspan=3 {{Party shading/Coalition (UK)}} | [[Ministry of All the Talents|All the Talents]] {{small|(''[[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]]{{ndash}}[[Tories (British political party)|Tory]]'')}}
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Whigs (British political party)}}" |
| [[Image:Thomas Grenville (1755-1846).jpg|75px]]
| [[Thomas Grenville]] MP for [[Buckingham (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckingham]]
| 15 July 1806
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | 30 September 1806
| {{Party shading/Whigs}} | [[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Whigs (British political party)}}" |
| [[Image:George Tierney by William Nutter, after Lemuel Francis Abbott.jpg|75px]]
| [[George Tierney]] MP for [[Athlone (UK Parliament constituency)|Athlone]]
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | 30 September 1806
| 6 April 1807
| {{Party shading/Whigs}} | [[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Tories (British political party)}}" |
| [[Image:Robert Saunders Dundas, 2nd Viscount Melville.jpg|75px]]
| [[Robert Dundas, 2nd Viscount Melville]] MP for [[Midlothian (UK Parliament constituency)|Midlothian]]
| 6 April 1807
| 11 July 1809
| {{Party shading/Tories}} | [[Tories (British political party)|Tory]]
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Tories}} | [[Second Portland ministry|Portland II]]
|-
| rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{party color|Tories (British political party)}}" |
| rowspan=2 | [[Image:Dudley Ryder, PA06355, frameless.jpg|75px]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Dudley Ryder, 1st Earl of Harrowby]]
| rowspan=2 | 11 July 1809
| rowspan=2 | November 1809
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Tories}} | [[Tories (British political party)|Tory]]
|-
| rowspan=3 {{Party shading/Tories}} | [[Perceval ministry|Perceval]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Tories (British political party)}}" |
| [[Image:Robert Saunders Dundas, 2nd Viscount Melville.jpg|75px]]
| [[Robert Dundas, 2nd Viscount Melville]] MP for [[Midlothian (UK Parliament constituency)|Midlothian]] before 1811 [[Viscount Melville]] after 1811
| November 1809
| 4 April 1812
| {{Party shading/Tories}} | [[Tories (British political party)|Tory]]
|-
| rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{party color|Tories (British political party)}}" |
| rowspan=2 | [[Image:4thEarlOfBuckinghamshire.jpg|75px]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Robert Hobart, 4th Earl of Buckinghamshire]]
| rowspan=2 | 4 April 1812
| rowspan=2 | 4 June 1816
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Tories}} | [[Tories (British political party)|Tory]]
|-
| rowspan=4 {{Party shading/Tories}} | [[Liverpool ministry|Liverpool]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Tories (British political party)}}" |
| [[Image:George Canning by Richard Evans - detail.jpg|75px]]
| [[George Canning]] MP for [[Liverpool (UK Parliament constituency)|Liverpool]]
| 4 June 1816
| June 1821
| {{Party shading/Tories}} | [[Tories (British political party)|Tory]]
|-
| {{Party shading/Coalition (UK)}} |
| [[Image:No image.svg|75px]]
| [[Charles Bathurst]] MP for [[Harwich (UK Parliament constituency)|Harwich]]
| June 1821
| 4 February 1822
|
|-
| rowspan=4 style="background-color: {{party color|Tories (British political party)}}" |
| rowspan=4 | [[Image:Charles Watkin Williams-Wynn.JPG|75px]]
| rowspan=4 | [[Charles Williams-Wynn (1775–1850)]] MP for [[Montgomeryshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Montgomeryshire]]
| rowspan=4 | 4 February 1822
| rowspan=4 | 4 February 1828
| rowspan=4 {{Party shading/Tories}} | [[Tories (British political party)|Tory]]
|-
| {{Party shading/Coalition (UK)}} | [[Canningite government, 1827–1828|Canning]] (''[[Canningite]]–[[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]]'')
|-
| {{Party shading/Coalition (UK)}} | [[Canningite government, 1827–1828|Goderich]] (''[[Canningite]]–[[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]]'')
|-
| rowspan=3 {{Party shading/Tories}} | [[Wellington{{ndash}}Peel ministry|Wellington{{ndash}}Peel]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Tories (British political party)}}" |
| [[Image:Robert Saunders Dundas, 2nd Viscount Melville.jpg|75px]]
| [[Robert Dundas, 2nd Viscount Melville]]
| 4 February 1828
| 17 September 1828
| {{Party shading/Tories}} | [[Tories (British political party)|Tory]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Tories (British political party)}}" |
| [[Image:1stEarlOfEllenborough.jpg|75px]]
| [[Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough]]
| 17 September 1828
| 1 December 1830
| {{Party shading/Tories}} | [[Tories (British political party)|Tory]]
|-
| rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{party color|Whigs (British political party)}}" |
| rowspan=2 | [[Image:Lord-glenelg.jpg|75px]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Charles Grant, 1st Baron Glenelg]] MP for [[Inverness-shire (UK Parliament constituency)|Inverness-shire]]
| rowspan=2 | 1 December 1830
| rowspan=2 | 18 September 1834
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Whigs}} | [[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]]
| {{Party shading/Whigs}} | [[Whig government, 1830–1834|Grey]]
|-
| {{Party shading/Whigs}} | [[Whig government, 1830–1834|Melbourne I]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |
| [[Image:1stEarlOfEllenborough.jpg|75px]]
| [[Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough]]
| 18 September 1834
| 23 April 1835
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[First Peel ministry|Peel I]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Whigs (British political party)}}" |
| [[Image:John Cam Hobhouse.jpg|75px]]
| [[John Hobhouse, 1st Baron Broughton]] MP for [[Nottingham (UK Parliament constituency)|Nottingham]]
| 23 April 1835
| 30 August 1841
| {{Party shading/Whigs}} | [[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]]
| {{Party shading/Whigs}} | [[Second Melbourne ministry|Melbourne II]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |
| [[Image:1stEarlOfEllenborough.jpg|75px]]
| [[Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough]]
| 4 September 1841
| 23 October 1841
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| rowspan=3 {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Second Peel ministry|Peel II]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |
| [[Image:Vesy fitz small.jpg|75px]]
| [[William Vesey-FitzGerald, 2nd Baron FitzGerald and Vesey]]
| 23 October 1841
| 17 May 1843
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |
| [[Image:Frederick John Robinson, 1st Earl of Ripon by Sir Thomas Lawrence.jpg|75px]]
| [[F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich]]
| 17 May 1843
| 30 June 1846
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Whigs (British political party)}}" |
| [[Image:John Cam Hobhouse.jpg|75px]]
| [[John Hobhouse, 1st Baron Broughton]] MP for [[Nottingham (UK Parliament constituency)|Nottingham]] before 1847 MP for [[Harwich (UK Parliament constituency)|Harwich]] after 1848 
| 8 July 1846
| 5 February 1852
| {{Party shading/Whigs}} | [[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]]
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Whigs}} | [[First Russell ministry|Russell]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Whigs (British political party)}}" |
| [[Image:11th Earl of Dalhousie.jpg|75px]]
| [[Fox Maule-Ramsay, 11th Earl of Dalhousie]] MP for [[Perth (UK Parliament constituency)|Perth]]
| 5 February 1852
| 21 February 1852
| {{Party shading/Whigs}} | [[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |
| [[Image:John Charles Herries.jpg|75px]]
| [[John Charles Herries]] MP for [[Stamford (UK Parliament constituency)|Stamford]]
| 28 February 1852
| 17 December 1852
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Who? Who? ministry|Who? Who?]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Whigs (British political party)}}" |
| [[Image:1stViscountHalifax.jpg|75px]]
| [[Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax]] MP for [[Halifax (UK Parliament constituency)|Halifax]]
| 30 December 1852
| 3 March 1855
| {{Party shading/Whigs}} | [[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]]
| {{Party shading/Coalition (UK)}} | [[Aberdeen ministry|Aberdeen]] (''[[Peelite]]–[[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]]'')
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Whigs (British political party)}}" |
| [[Image:Robert Vernon Smith.JPG|75px]]
| [[Robert Vernon, 1st Baron Lyveden|Robert Vernon]] MP for [[Northampton (UK Parliament constituency)|Northampton]]
| 3 March 1855
| 21 February 1858
| {{Party shading/Whigs}} | [[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]]
| {{Party shading/Whigs}} | [[First Palmerston ministry|Palmerston I]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |
| [[Image:1stEarlOfEllenborough.jpg|75px]]
| [[Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough]]
| 6 March 1858
| 5 June 1858
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Second Derby{{ndash}}Disraeli ministry|Derby{{ndash}}Disraeli II]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |
| [[Image:Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby 2.jpg|75px]]
| [[Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby]] MP for [[King's Lynn (UK Parliament constituency)|King's Lynn]]
| 5 June 1858
| 2 August 1858
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
|-
|}

[[Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby]] took up the new post of [[Secretary of State for India]] on 2 August 1858, upon the establishment of the [[British Raj]].

==Secretaries of state for India, 1858–1948==

{{hatnote|Before the establishment of the [[British Empire]] on 2 August 1858, [[Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby|Lord Stanley]] had served as [[President of the Board of Control]].}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan=2 | Portrait
! Name
! colspan=2 | Term of office
! Political party
! colspan=2 | Prime Minister
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |
| [[Image:Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby 2.jpg|75px]]
| [[Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby|'''Lord Stanley''']] MP for [[King's Lynn (UK Parliament constituency)|King's Lynn]]
| 2 August 1858
| 11 June 1859
| [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |
| [[Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby]]
|-
| rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal Party (UK)}}" |
| rowspan=2 | [[Image:1stViscountHalifax.jpg|75px]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax|Sir '''Charles Wood''']] MP for [[Halifax (UK Parliament constituency)|Halifax]] until 1865 MP for [[Ripon (UK Parliament constituency)|Ripon]] after 1865
| rowspan=2 | 18 June 1859
| rowspan=2 | 16 February 1866<ref>Resigned after being injured in a hunting accident.</ref>
| rowspan=2 | [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal Party (UK)}}" |
|   [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston]]  
|-
| rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal Party (UK)}}" |
| rowspan=2 | [[John Russell, 1st Earl Russell]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal Party (UK)}}" |
| [[Image:George Robinson 1st Marquess of Ripon.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon|George Robinson, 3rd Earl de Grey]]'''
| 16 February 1866
| 26 June 1866
| Liberal
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |
| [[Image:Robert cecil.jpg|75px]]
| [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury|'''Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, Viscount Cranborne''']] MP for [[Stamford (UK Parliament constituency)|Stamford]]
| 6 July 1866
| 8 March 1867
| Conservative
| rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |
| rowspan=2 |   Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby  
|-
| rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |
| rowspan=2 | [[Image:Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh.jpg|75px]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh|Sir '''Stafford Northcote''']] MP for [[North Devonshire (UK Parliament constituency)|North Devonshire]]
| rowspan=2 | 8 March 1867
| rowspan=2 | 1 December 1868
| rowspan=2 | Conservative
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |
|   [[Benjamin Disraeli]]  
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal Party (UK)}}" |
| [[Image:George Douglas Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll by George Frederic Watts.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll]]'''
| 9 December 1868
| 17 February 1874
| Liberal
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal Party (UK)}}" |
| [[William Ewart Gladstone]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |
| [[Image:Robert cecil.jpg|75px]]
| '''Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury'''
| 21 February 1874
| 2 April 1878
| Conservative
| rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |
| rowspan=2 | Benjamin Disraeli
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |
| [[Image:1st Earl of Cranbrook.jpg|75px]]
| [[Gathorne Gathorne-Hardy, 1st Earl of Cranbrook|'''Gathorne Gathorne-Hardy, 1st Viscount Cranbrook''']] 
| 2 April 1878
| 21 April 1880
| Conservative
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal Party (UK)}}" |
| [[Image:Picture of Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire.jpg|75px]]
| [[Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire|'''Spencer Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington''']] MP for [[North East Lancashire (UK Parliament constituency)|North East Lancashire]]
| 28 April 1880
| 16 December 1882
| Liberal
| rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal Party (UK)}}" |
| rowspan=2 | William Ewart Gladstone
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal Party (UK)}}" |
| [[Image:1st Earl of Kimberley 1897 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| '''[[John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley]]'''
| 16 December 1882
| 9 June 1885
| Liberal
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |
| [[Image:Randolph churchill.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Lord Randolph Churchill]]''' MP for [[Paddington South (UK Parliament constituency)|Paddington South]]
| 24 June 1885
| 28 January 1886
| Conservative
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |
| [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal Party (UK)}}" |
| [[Image:1st Earl of Kimberley 1897 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| '''John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley'''
| 6 February 1886
| 20 July 1886
| Liberal
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal Party (UK)}}" |
| William Ewart Gladstone
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |
| [[Image:Portrait of Richard Assheton Cross, 1st Viscount Cross.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[R. A. Cross, 1st Viscount Cross]]'''
| 3 August 1886
| 11 August 1892
| Conservative
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |
| Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal Party (UK)}}" |
| [[Image:1st Earl of Kimberley 1897 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| '''John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley'''
| 18 August 1892
| 10 March 1894
| Liberal
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal Party (UK)}}" |
| William Ewart Gladstone
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal Party (UK)}}" |
| [[Image:Henry Fowler.jpg|75px]]
| [[Henry Fowler, 1st Viscount Wolverhampton|'''Henry Fowler''']] MP for [[Wolverhampton East (UK Parliament constituency)|Wolverhampton East]]
| 10 March 1894
| 21 June 1895
| Liberal
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal Party (UK)}}" |
| [[Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery]]
|-
| rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |
| rowspan=2 | [[Image:Lord George Hamilton.JPG|75px]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Lord George Hamilton|Lord '''George Hamilton''']] MP for [[Ealing (UK Parliament constituency)|Ealing]]
| rowspan=2 | 4 July 1895
| rowspan=2 | 9 October 1903<ref name="Resigned">Resigned.</ref>
| rowspan=2 | Conservative
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |
|   Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury ([[Unionist Government 1895–1905|Unionist Coalition]])  
|-
| rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |
| rowspan=2 |   [[Arthur Balfour]] (Unionist Coalition)  
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Irish Unionist Alliance}}" |
| [[Image:St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton, circa 1910s.jpg|75px]]
| [[St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton|'''William St John Brodrick''']] MP for [[Guildford (UK Parliament constituency)|Guildford]]
| 9 October 1903
| 4 December 1905
| [[Irish Unionist Alliance|Irish Unionist]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal Party (UK)}}" |
| rowspan=2 | [[Image:John Morley, 1st Viscount Morley of Blackburn - Project Gutenberg eText 17976.jpg|75px]]
| rowspan=2 | '''[[John Morley]]''' MP for [[Montrose Burghs (UK Parliament constituency)|Montrose Burghs]] until 1908 Viscount Morley of Blackburn after 1908
| rowspan=2 | 10 December 1905
| rowspan=2 | 3 November 1910
| rowspan=2 | Liberal
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal Party (UK)}}" |
| Sir [[Henry Campbell-Bannerman]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal Party (UK)}}" |
| rowspan=4 style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal Party (UK)}}" |
| rowspan=4 | [[H. H. Asquith]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal Party (UK)}}" |
| [[Image:Portrait of Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe.jpg|75px]]
| [[Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe|'''Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Earl of Crewe''']]
| 3 November 1910
| 7 March 1911
| Liberal
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal Party (UK)}}" |
| [[Image:John Morley, 1st Viscount Morley of Blackburn - Project Gutenberg eText 17976.jpg|75px]]
| '''John Morley, 1st Viscount Morley of Blackburn'''
| 7 March 1911
| 25 May 1911
| Liberal
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal Party (UK)}}" |
| [[Image:Portrait of Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe.jpg|75px]]
| '''Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe'''
| 25 May 1911
| 25 May 1915
| Liberal
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |
| [[Image:Austen Chamberlain MP.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Austen Chamberlain]]''' MP for [[Birmingham West (UK Parliament constituency)|Birmingham West]]
| 25 May 1915
| 17 July 1917<ref name="Resigned"/>
| Conservative
| rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal Party (UK)}}" |
| rowspan=2 | H. H. Asquith ([[Asquith coalition ministry|Coalition]])
----
[[David Lloyd George]] ([[Lloyd George ministry|Coalition]])

|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal Party (UK)}}" |
| [[Image:Edwin Samuel Montagu.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Edwin Montagu]]''' MP for [[Chesterton (UK Parliament constituency)|Chesterton]] until 1918 MP for [[Cambridgeshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Cambridgeshire]] after 1918
| 17 July 1917
| 19 March 1922
| Liberal
|-
| rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |
| rowspan=2 | [[Image:William Peel.jpg|75px]]
| rowspan=2 | '''[[William Peel, 1st Earl Peel|William Peel, 2nd Viscount Peel]]'''
| rowspan=2 | 19 March 1922
| rowspan=2 | 22 January 1924
| rowspan=2 | Conservative
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |
| [[Bonar Law]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |
| [[Stanley Baldwin]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Labour Party (UK)}}" |
| [[File:Lord Olivier GGBain.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Sydney Olivier, 1st Baron Olivier]]'''
| 22 January 1924
| 3 November 1924
| [[Labour party (UK)|Labour]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Labour Party (UK)}}" |
| [[Ramsay MacDonald]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |
| [[Image:1stEarlOfBirkenhead.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[F. E. Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead]]'''
| 6 November 1924
| 18 October 1928
| Conservative
| rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |
| rowspan=2 | Stanley Baldwin
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |
| [[Image:William Peel.jpg|75px]]
| '''William Peel, 2nd Viscount Peel'''
| 18 October 1928
| 4 June 1929
| Conservative
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Labour Party (UK)}}" |
| [[Image:William Wedgewood-Benn.jpg|75px]]
| [[William Wedgwood Benn, 1st Viscount Stansgate|'''William Wedgwood Benn''']] MP for [[Aberdeen North (UK Parliament constituency)|Aberdeen North]]
| 7 June 1929
| 24 August 1931
| Labour
| style="background-color: {{party color|Labour Party (UK)}}" |
| Ramsay MacDonald
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |
| [[Image:Sir Samuel Hoare GGBain.jpg|75px]]
| [[Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood|Sir '''Samuel Hoare''']] MP for [[Chelsea (UK Parliament constituency)|Chelsea]]
| 25 August 1931
| 7 June 1935
| Conservative
| style="background-color: {{party color|National Labour Organisation}}" |
| Ramsay MacDonald ([[First National ministry|1st]] & [[Second National ministry|2nd National Min.]])
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |
| [[Image:Lord Zetland.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Lawrence Dundas, 2nd Marquess of Zetland]]'''
| 7 June 1935
| 28 May 1937
| Conservative
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |
| Stanley Baldwin ([[Third National ministry|3rd National Min.]])
|}

===Secretaries of state for India and Burma, 1937–1947===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan=2| Portrait
! Name
! colspan=2 | Term of office
! Political party
! colspan=2 | Prime Minister
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |
| [[Image:Lord Zetland.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Lawrence Dundas, 2nd Marquess of Zetland]]'''
| 28 May 1937
| 13 May 1940
| Conservative
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |
| [[Neville Chamberlain]] ([[Fourth National ministry|4th National Min.]]; [[Chamberlain war ministry|War Coalition]])
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |
| [[Image:Leopold Amery MP.png|75px]]
| '''[[Leo Amery]]''' MP for [[Birmingham Sparkbrook (UK Parliament constituency)|Birmingham Sparkbrook]]
| 13 May 1940
| 26 July 1945
| Conservative
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |
| [[Winston Churchill]] ([[Churchill war ministry|War Coalition]]; [[Churchill caretaker ministry|Caretaker Min.]])
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Labour Party (UK)}}" |
| [[File:British Political Personalities 1936-1945 HU59768.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Frederick Pethick-Lawrence, 1st Baron Pethick-Lawrence]]'''
| 3 August 1945
| 17 April 1947
| Labour
| rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{party color|Labour Party (UK)}}" |
| rowspan=2 | [[Clement Attlee]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Labour Party (UK)}}" |
|
| The Right Honourable '''[[William Hare, 5th Earl of Listowel]]''' 
| 17 April 1947
| 14 August 1947
| Labour
|}

===Secretaries of state for Burma, 1947–1948===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan=2 | Portrait
! Name
! colspan=2 | Term of office
! Political party
! colspan=2 | Prime Minister
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Labour Party (UK)}}" |
|
| The Right Honourable '''[[William Hare, 5th Earl of Listowel]]'''
| 14 August 1947
| 4 January 1948
| [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Labour Party (UK)}}" |
| [[Clement Attlee]]
|}

==Vakil-i-Mutlaq==
{{short description|Exalted office in Mughal administration}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Vakil
| body = the Mughal Empire
| insignia =
| insigniasize =
| insigniacaption =
| image = Portrait of Asaf Khan.jpg
| imagesize = 120px
| imagecaption = '''[[Abu'l-Hasan Asaf Khan]]'''
| style = [[Excellency|His Excellency]]
| residence = [[Red Fort|House of Rule]]
| appointer = [[Mughal Emperor|The Emperor]]
| appointer_qualified =
| precursor =
| formation = 21 April 1526
| first = [[Mir Khalifa]]
| last = [[Daulat Rao Sindhia]]
| abolished = 9 April 1818
| succession =
| salary =
| incumbent =
}}

The '''Vakil-i-Mutlaq''' ({{langx|fa|{{Nastaliq| وکیلِ مطلق}}}}), variously translated as the '''Lieutenant Plenipotentiary''',<ref>{{cite book|quote=All three areas were controlled by the East India Company as virtual Vakil-i-mutlaq (Lieutenant- Plenipotentiary) of the Mughal Emperor|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K_7OZcObDOQC|title=The Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy, 1783–1919| isbn=978-1-108-04013-6 | last1=Ward | first1=Adolphus William | last2=Gooch | first2=George Peabody | date=22 December 2011 | publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref> the '''Regent Plenipotentiary''',<ref>{{cite book|quote=The Emperor also honoured Mahadji Sindhia with the title of Vakil-i-Mutlaq or Regent Plenipotentiary, the highest post in the imperial government|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CndCAAAAYAAJ|title=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress: Parts 1–2|page= | last1=Congress | first1=Indian History | date=1966 }}</ref> the '''Vicegerent'''<ref>{{cite book|quote=The following year when Afrasiyab Khan was also killed, Shah Alam appointed Madhaji Sindia as Amiru-l Umara and gave him two patents. -one contained a firman appointing the Peshwa as Vakil-i mutlaq, i.e., vicegerent of the Mughul Empire, and another vested in Madhaji Sindia command of the army as Deputy of the Peshwa-as a guarantee for the pay of the troops; the provinces of Dehli and Agra were assigned to him but they were made subject to a primary charge of Rs. 65,000 as a monthly payment for the household and personal expenses of the Emperor.|first=Syed|last=Hussain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nUNprZiD3GsC|title=Bahadur Shah Zafar and the War of 1857 in Delhi|date=2006 |page=83|publisher=Aakar Books |isbn=978-81-87879-91-6 }}</ref> or the '''Imperial Regent''', was an important office in the [[Government of the Mughal Empire]], first in ministerial hierarchy and only next to [[Mughal Emperor]]. Vekil is an Arabic word which means "representative".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Malik|first=Dr Malti|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bMg-DAAAQBAJ&dq=vakil+of+mughal+administration&pg=PA209|title=History of India|date=1943|publisher=New Saraswati House India Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-81-7335-498-4|language=en}}</ref> The Vakil was considered as the Emperor's lieutenant in all matters connected with the realm and household. From the reign of [[Mughal Emperor|Emperor]] [[Babur]] to [[Shah Jahan|Emperor Shah Jahan]], the title of '''[[grand vizier]]''' was also given to the Vakil. But afterwards it remained only as dignitary post.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-10-21|title=Mughal Administration: Key Features & Structure|url=https://m.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/mughal-administration-key-features-structure-1445427511-1|access-date=2020-06-03|website=Jagranjosh.com}}</ref>

The degree of powers of the Vakil's office varied from era to era. However the Vakil required Emperor's approval in each and every decision. During the era of Babur and [[Humayun]], he had the powers of [[prime minister]] while early in the reign of [[Akbar]], [[Bairam Khan|Vakil Bairam Khan]] acted as regent and ruled on the behalf of Emperor. Bairam Khan had his own ''Vakil-i-Mutlaq'', who in this case was a general manager. This position was held by [[Pir Muhammad Khan Shirwani]] and when he was temporarily dismissed, given to Haji Muhammad Sistani.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924073036752/page/n269/mode/2up?view=theater|title=The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians p. 257–259|first1=Henry|last1=Elliot|first2=John|last2=Downson|date=1867|publisher=London: Trübner & Co.|via=Wayback Machine}}</ref> In 1564, Akbar revived the office of Vakil and didn't give him the responsibilities of finance department.<ref name="MI" /> In the reign of [[Jahangir]], the office of Imperial Diwan gained prominence and ultimately during Shah Jahan's regime, the title of grand vizier was transferred from Vakil's office to Imperial Diwan.<ref name="MI">{{Cite book|last=Mehta|first=Jl|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-TsMl0vSc0gC&dq=vakil+of+mughal+administration&pg=PA333|title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-81-207-1015-3|language=en}}</ref>

==List of prime ministers of India==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%" style="text-align:center;"
!N
! width="100px" | Portrait
! Name
! colspan="2" | Term of office
! Notable events
! Emperor
|-
|1
|
|'''[[Mir Khalifa|Amir Nizamuddin Khalifa]]'''
|1526
|1540
|[[First Battle of Panipat|1st Battle of panipat]]
[[Battle of Khanwa]]
|[[Babur]] (1526{{Snd}}1530)
& [[Humayun]] (1530{{Snd}}1540)
|-
|2
|
|'''[[Qaracha Khan]]'''
|1540
|1550
|He was a governor of [[Kandahar|qandhar]] and humayun appoint him as Grand-Vizier of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal State]].
|[[Humayun]] (1530{{Snd}}1556)
|-
|3
|
| '''[[Bairam Khan]]'''<ref name="UM">{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Gauri |title=Prime Ministers Under the Mughals 1526-1707 |date=2006 |publisher=Kanishka, New Delhi |isbn=8173918236}}</ref>
| 1550
| 1560
| style="font-size:90%;" |

| rowspan=6 style= "background:#EAECF0" |'''[[Akbar|Akbar-i-Azam]]''' {{Nastaliq|اکبر اعظم}} (1556–1605)
|-
|4
|
| '''[[Munim Khan]]'''
|1560
|1565
|
|-
|5
|
| '''[[Muzaffar Khan Turbati]]'''<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC&dq=no+vakil+appointed+from+1579&pg=PA136 |author= Satish Chandra |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II |date=2005 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |page= 136|isbn= 978-81-241-1066-9 }}</ref>
| 1575
| 1579
|No Vakil was appointed after his appointment to governorship in Bengal from 1579 until 1589
|-
|6
| [[File:ABU'L FAZL IBN MUBARAK (D. 1602 AD) AKBARNAMA.jpg|90px]]
| '''[[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak]]'''<ref>{{cite book |author= Alfred J. Andrea, James H. Overfield |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QJsx7eQ0rwAC&q=1579+abul+fazl+chief+advisor |page= 476 |title= The Human Record: To 1700 | date=1998 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin | isbn=978-0-395-87087-7 |quote= Abul Fazl(1551-1602), the emperor's chief advisor and confidant from 1579 until Abul Fazl's assassination at the instigation of Prince Salim, the future Emperor Jahangir(r. 1605-1627)}}</ref>
| 1579
| 1602
| style="font-size:90%;" |

|-
|7
|
| '''[[Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana|Khanzada Abdur Rahim]]'''<ref name="UM" />
| 1589
| 1595
| style="font-size:90%;" |

|-
|8
| [[File:Mirza Aziz Koka.png|80px]]
| '''[[Mirza Aziz Koka]]'''<ref name="UM" />
| 1595
| 1605
| style="font-size:90%;" |

|-
|9
|
| '''[[Sharifi Khan|Sharif Khan]]'''<ref name="UM" />
| 1605
| 1611
| style="font-size:90%;" |

| rowspan=3 style= "background:#EAECF0" |'''[[Jahangir]]''' {{Nastaliq|جہانگیر}} (1605–1627)
|-
|10
| [[File:A portrait of Mirza Ghiyas Beg aka 'I'timād-ud-Daulah', 18th century.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Mirza Ghias Beg]]'''<ref name="UM" />
| 1611
| 1622
| style="font-size:90%;" |

|-
|11
| [[File:Portrait of Asaf Khan.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Abu'l-Hasan Asaf Khan]]'''<ref name="UM" />
| 1622
| 1630
| style="font-size:90%;" |

|-
|12
|
| '''[[Afzal Khan Shirazi]]'''<ref name="UM" />
| 1630
| 1639
| style="font-size:90%;" |

| rowspan=4 style= "background:#EAECF0" |'''[[Shah Jahan]]''' {{Nastaliq|شاہ جہان}} (1628–1658)
|-
|13
|
| '''[[Islam Khan II|Islam Khan Mashadi]]'''<ref name="UM" />
| 1639
| 1640
| style="font-size:90%;" |

|-
|14
|
| '''[[Wazir Khan (Lahore)|Shaikh Ilam-ud-Din Ansari]]'''<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=n_BtAAAAMAAJ&q=Alim+-+ud+-+din+prime+shah+jahan |title= The Shah Jahan Nama of 'Inayat Khan: An Abridged History of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan|author= Abraham Richard Fuller| date=1990 |publisher= University of Michigan |page= 602|isbn= 978-0-19-562489-2}}</ref>
| 1640
| 1642
| style="font-size:90%;" |

|-
|15
| [[File:Sadullah Khan giving audience, c1655.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Saadullah Khan (Mughal Empire)|Sadullah Khan]]'''<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Wp0BAAAAMAAJ&q=saadullah+khan+1641 |title= The Shah Jahan Nama of 'Inayat Khan: An Abridged History of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, Compiled by His Royal Librarian : the Nineteenth-century Manuscript Translation of A.R. Fuller (British Library, Add. 30,777)|date= 1927 |author= Adolf Simon Waley |publisher= Constable }}</ref>
| 1642
| 1656
| style="font-size:90%;" |
* [[Taj Mahal]] completed

|-
|16
| [[File:Mir Jumla.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Mir Jumla II|Mir Jumla]]'''<ref name="The Institute">{{cite book |last1=Indian Institute of Public Administration |title=The Indian Journal of Public Administration: Quarterly Journal of the Indian Institute of Public Administration, Volume 22 |date=1976 |publisher=The Institute}}</ref>
| 1656
| 1657
| style="font-size:90%;" |
| rowspan=5 style= "background:#EAECF0" |'''[[Alamgir I]]''' {{Nastaliq|عالمگیر}} (1658–1707)

|-
|17
|
| '''[[Jafar Khan]]'''<ref name="Indian History Congress">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-RtAAAAMAAJ&q=fazil+khan+wazir+in+1657 |title= Indian History Congress - Proceedings: Volume 42 |date=1981 |publisher= Indian History Congress}}</ref>
| 1657
| 1658
| style="font-size:90%;" |

|-
|18
|
| '''[[Fazil Khan]]'''<ref name="Indian History Congress"/>
| 1658
| 1663
| style="font-size:90%;" |

|-
|(17)
|
| '''[[Jafar Khan]]'''<ref name="The Institute"/>
| 1663
| 1670 <ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=9-RtAAAAMAAJ&q=jafar+khan+wazir+of+aurangzeb |title= Indian History Congress Proceedings: Volume 42 |date= 1981 |publisher= Indian History Congress }}</ref>
| style="font-size:90%;" |

|-
|19
|
| '''[[Asad Khan (Mughal noble)|Asad Khan]]'''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Krieger-Krynicki |first1=Annie |title=Captive Princess: Zebunissa, Daughter of Emperor Aurangzeb |date=2005 |publisher=University of Michigan |isbn=0195798376}}</ref>
| 1675
| 1707
| style="font-size:90%;" |
* [[Mughal–Maratha Wars]]
*[[Anglo-Mughal War (1686–1690)|Anglo-Mughal War]]
|-
|20
|
| '''[[Mun'im Khan]]'''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kaicker |first1=Abhishek |title=The King and the People: Sovereignty and Popular Politics in Mughal Delhi |date=3 Feb 2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0190070687}}</ref>
| 1707
| 1711
| style="font-size:90%;" |

| rowspan=1 style= "background:#EAECF0" |'''[[Bahadur Shah I]]''' {{Nastaliq|بہادر شاہ}} (1707–1712)
|-
|21
|
| '''[[Hidayatullah Khan]]'''<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5oFjTys8MC&dq=hidayatullah+khan+wazir&pg=PA128 |title= Later Mughals |author= William Irvine |date= 1971 |page= 128 |publisher= Atlantic Publishers & Distri }}</ref>
| 1711
| 1713
| style="font-size:90%;" |

| rowspan=2 style= "background:#EAECF0" |'''[[Jahandar Shah]]''' {{Nastaliq|جہاندار شاہ}} (1712–1713)
|-
|22
|
| '''[[Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung]]'''<ref>[[John F. Richards]], ''[[The New Cambridge History of India]]: The Mughal Empire'' (New York: [[Cambridge University Press]], 1993), p. 262</ref>
| 1712
| 1713
| style="font-size:90%;" |

|-
|23
|
| '''[[Mir Rustam Ali Khan]]'''<ref name="UM" />
| 1710
| 1737
| style="font-size:90%;" |

| rowspan=2 style="background:#EAECF0" |'''[[Farrukhsiyar]]''' {{Nastaliq|فرخ سیر}} (1713–1719)
|-
|24
| [[File:Abdullah Khan Barha.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Sayyid Hassan Ali Khan Barha]]'''<ref name="Britannica Guide to India">{{cite book |last1=Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. |title=Britannica Guide to India |date=2009 |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. |isbn=978-1593398477}}</ref>
| 1713
| 1720
| style="font-size:90%;" |
* Mughal throne occupied by a series of puppet rulers under the Syed brothers.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=66E5AQAAIAAJ&q=mughal+throne+puppet+syed+brothers |title= Baji Rao I, the Great Peshwa |author= C. K. Srinivasan |date= 1962 |page= 22|publisher= Asia Publishing House }}</ref>

|-
|25
| [[File:Muḥammad Amín Xán.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Muhammad Amin Khan Turani]]'''<ref name="Britannica Guide to India"/>
| 1720
| 1721
| style="font-size:90%;" |

| rowspan="5" style="background:#EAECF0" |'''[[Muhammad Shah]]''' {{Nastaliq|محمد شاہ}} (1719–1748)
|-
|26
| [[File:Asaf Jah I of Hyderabad.jpg|80px]]
| [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I|'''Mir Qamar-ud-Din Khan Asaf Jah I''']]<ref name="Disha Publications">{{cite book |last1=Disha Experts |title=The History Compendium for IAS Prelims General Studies Paper 1 & State PSC Exams 3rd Edition |date=17 Dec 2018 |publisher=Disha Publications |isbn=978-9388373036}}</ref>
| 1721
| 1724
| style="font-size:90%;" |

|-
|27
| [[File:The vizier Qamar ud-Din circa 1735 Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris.jpg|80px]]
| [[Itimad-ad-Daula, Qamar-ud-Din Khan|'''Mir Fazil Qamar-ud-Din Khan''']]
| 1724
| 1731
| rowspan="3" style="font-size:90%;" |
*[[Battle of Delhi (1737)]]
*[[Battle of Bhopal]]
* [[Nader Shah's invasion of India|Nader Shah's invasion of Mughal Empire]]
*[[Battle of Karnal]]
*[[Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani|First invasion of Ahmad Shah Durrani]]
*[[Battle of Manupur (1748)]]
|-
|28
|[[File:Saadat_Ali_Khan_I.jpg|127x127px]]
|[[Saadat Ali Khan I]]
|1731
|19 March 1739
|-
|(27)
|[[File:The_vizier_Qamar_ud-Din_circa_1735_Bibliothèque_nationale_de_France,_Paris.jpg|128x128px]]
|[[Itimad-ad-Daula, Qamar-ud-Din Khan|'''Mir Fazil Qamar-ud-Din Khan''']]
|19 March 1739
|1748
|-
|29
| [[File:Safdarjung (1).jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Safdar Jang]]'''<ref name="Disha Publications"/>
| 1748
| 1753
| style="font-size:90%;" |
*[[Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani|Second invasion of Ahmad Shah Durrani]]
*[[Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani|Third invasion of Ahmad Shah Durrani]]
* [[Battle of Lahore (1752)]]
| rowspan="3" style="background:#EAECF0" |'''[[Ahmad Shah Bahadur]]''' {{Nastaliq|احمد شاہ بہادر}} (1748–1754)
|-
|30
|
| '''[[Intizam-ud-Daulah]]'''<ref name="Khwaja, Sehar 2018">Khwaja, Sehar. "Fosterage and Motherhood in the Mughal Harem: Intimate Relations and the Political System in Eighteenth-Century India." Social Scientist 46, no. 5-6 (2018): 39-60. Accessed August 7, 2020. doi:10.2307/26530803.</ref>
| 1753
| 1754
| style="font-size:90%;" |
|-
|31
|[[File:Safdarjung,_second_Nawab_of_Awadh,_Mughal_dynasty._India._early_18th_century.jpg|128x128px]]
|[[Safdarjung|Muhammad Muqim]]
|1 October 1754
|5 October 1754
|
|-
|32
| [[File:Ghází al-Dín Xán ʿImád al-Mulk.jpg|80px]]
| [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung III|'''Imad-ul-Mulk Feroze Jung''']]<ref name="Khwaja, Sehar 2018"/>
| 1754
| 1760
| style="font-size:90%;" |
*[[Black Hole of Calcutta]]
* [[Battle of Plassey]]
| rowspan="1" style="background:#EAECF0" |'''[[Alamgir II]]''' {{Nastaliq|عالمگیر دوم}} (1754–1759)
|-
|33
| [[File:अवध के नवाब शुजाउद्दौला.jpg|80px]]
|<nowiki> </nowiki>

[[Shuja-ud-Daula|Jalal-ud-din Haider Abul-Mansur Khan]]
| 1760

| 1775

| style="font-size:90%;" |
*[[Third Battle of Panipat]]
* [[Battle of Buxar]]
*[[Treaty of Allahabad]]
| rowspan="6" style="background:#EAECF0" |'''[[Shah Alam II]]''' {{Nastaliq|شاہ عالم دوم}} (1760–1806)
|-
|34
|
|'''''[[Mirza Jawan Bakht (born 1749)|Mirza Jawan Bakht]]'''''
|1760
|1775
|
|-
|35
| [[File:Asifportrait2 - Asuf ud Daula.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Asaf-ud-Daula]]'''
| 1775
|1784
| style="font-size:90%;" |
|-
|(34)
|
|'''''[[Mirza Jawan Bakht (born 1749)|Mirza Jawan Bakht]]'''''
|1784
|1784
|
|-
|(35)
|[[File:Asifportrait2_-_Asuf_ud_Daula.jpg|109x109px]]
|[[Asaf-ud-Daula]]
|1784
|1797
|
|-
|36
|[[File:WazirAliKhan.jpg|109x109px]]
|[[Wazir Ali Khan]]
|21 September 1797 
|21 January 1798
|
|}

===List of Prime Minister===
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
!N
! style="background-color:width="10%" |Portrait
! style="background-color width="15%" |Personal Name
! style="background-color: width="9%" |Reign
! style="background-color: width="9%" |Birth
! style="background-color: width="9%" |Death
|-
|(36)
| align="center" |[[File:WazirAliKhan.jpg|109x109px]]
| align="center" |[[Wazir Ali Khan]]{{Nastaliq|وزیر علی خان}}
| align="center" |21 September 1797 – 21 January 1798
| align="center" |1780
| align="center" |1817
|-
|37
| align="center" |[[File:Saadat_Ali_Khan_II.jpg|131x131px]]
| align="center" |[[Saadat Ali Khan II]]{{Nastaliq|سعادت علی خان}}
| align="center" |21 January 1798 – 11 July 1814
| align="center" |1752
| align="center" |1814
|-
|38
| align="center" |[[File:Ghazi-ud-Din_Haider_Robert_Home_1820.jpg|138x138px]]
| align="center" |[[Ghazi-ud-Din Haidar Shah]]{{Nastaliq|غازی الدیں حیدر شاہ}}
| align="center" |11 July 1814 – 19 October 1827
| align="center" |1769
| align="center" |1827
|-
|39
| align="center" |[[File:Nasir_ud_din_haidar.jpg|134x134px]]
| align="center" |[[Nasiruddin Haider|Nasir-ud-Din Haidar Shah]]{{Nastaliq|ناصر الدیں حیدر شاہ}}
| align="center" |19 October 1827 – 7 July 1837
| align="center" |1827
| align="center" |1837
|-
|40
| align="center" |[[File:MuhammadAliShah.jpg|109x109px]]
| align="center" |[[Muhammad Ali Shah]]{{Nastaliq|محمّد علی شاہ}}
| align="center" |7 July 1837 – 7 May 1842
| align="center" |1777
| align="center" |1842
|-
|42
| align="center" |[[File:AmjadAliShah.jpg|109x109px]]
| align="center" |[[Amjad Ali Shah]]{{Nastaliq|امجد علی شاہ}}
| align="center" |7 May 1842 – 13 February 1847
| align="center" |1801
| align="center" |1847
|-
|43
| align="center" |[[File:Vajid_Ali_Shah.jpg|123x123px]]
| align="center" |[[Wajid Ali Shah]]{{Nastaliq|واجد علی شاہ}}
| align="center" |13 February 1847 – 11 February 1856
| align="center" |1822
| align="center" |1 September 1887
|-
|44
| align="center" |[[File:Begum_hazrat_mahal.jpg|135x135px]]
| align="center" |[[Begum Hazrat Mahal|Begum hazrat Mahal]]{{Nastaliq|بیگم حضرت محل}}
| align="center" |11 February 1856 – 5 July1857
''Wife of Wajid Ali Shah and mother of Birjis Qadra'' (''in rebellion'')
| align="center" |1820
| align="center" |7 April 1879
|-
|45
| align="center" |[[File:Birjis_Qadra.jpg|102x102px]]
| align="center" |[[Birjis Qadr]]{{Nastaliq|بر جیس قدر}}
| align="center" |5 July 1857 – 3 March 1858
(''in rebellion'')
| align="center" |1845
| align="center" |14 August 1893
|}

=== List of Prime Minister ===
{| style="width:100%;" class="wikitable"
!N
! style="width:8%;"| Portrait
! style="width:18%;"| Birth Name
! style="width:20%;" | Reign
! style="width:9%;"| Birth
! style="width:13%;"| Death
! style="width:20%;"| Notes
|-
|46
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Bahadur Shah II of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Bahadur Shah II|Abu Zafar Siraj al-Din Muhammad]] 
| style="text-align:center;" |3 March 1858 – 7 November 1862
(19 years, 360 days)
| style="text-align:center;"|24 October 1775 [[Delhi]], India
| style="text-align:center;"|7 November 1862 (aged 87) [[Rangoon, Myanmar]]
| style="text-align:center;"|Last Mughal Emperor. Deposed by the British and was exiled to [[Myanmar|Burma]] after the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|rebellion of 1857]].
|}

=== List of prime ministers of India ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="col" |{{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Name {{small|(birth and death)}}
! colspan="2" scope="col" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Party
|-
!Took office
!Left office
|-
|47
|
|[[Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax|Charles Wood]]
|1862
|1862
| rowspan="23" |[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|48
|
|[[Jung Bahadur Rana]]
|1862
|1862
|-
|49
|
|[[Dost Mohammad Khan]]
|1862
|1862
|-
|50
|
|[[Jyotirao Phule]]
|1862
|1863
|-
|51
|
|[[James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin|James Bruce]]
|1863
|1863
|-
|52
|
|[[Dayananda Saraswati]]
|1863
|1863
|-
|53
|
|[[Ramakrishna]]
|1863
|1863
|-
|54
|
|[[Sher Ali Khan]]
|1863
|1863
|-
|55
|
|[[Takht Singh]]
|1863
|1863
|-
|56
|
|[[John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence|John Lawrence]]
|1863
|1863
|-
|57
|
|[[Debendranath Tagore]]
|1863
|1870
|-
|58
|
|[[Syed Ahmad Khan]]
|1870
|1875
|-
|59
|
|[[Mohsin-ul-Mulk]]
|1875
|1880
|-
|60
|
|[[Mir Turab Ali Khan, Salar Jung I]]
|1880
|1883
|-
|61
|
|[[Ranodip Singh Kunwar]]
|1883
|1883
|-
|62
|
|[[Mir Laiq Ali Khan, Salar Jung II]]
|1883
|1883
|-
|63
|
|[[Keshub Chandra Sen]]
|1883
|1883
|-
|64
|
|[[Herbert Spencer]]
|1884
|1885
|-
|65
|
|[[Bhikaiji Cama]]
|1885
|1885
|-
|66
|
|[[Abhayananda]]
|1885
|1885
|-
|67
|
|[[Jaswant Singh II]]
|1885
|1885
|-
|68
|
|[[John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley|John Wodehouse]]
|1885
|1885
|-
|69
|
|[[Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava|Frederick Hamilton]]
|1885
|1885
|-
|}

=== List of prime ministers of India ===
;Legend

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="72%"
|+
! scope="col" |{{abbr|No.|Number}}
! class="unsortable" |Portrait
! class="sortable" |Name
! scope="col" |Term of office
! scope="col" |Appointed by
!Party
|-
! scope="row" |70
|[[File:WCBonnerjee.jpg|alt=An image of Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee.|119x119px]]
|{{sortname|Womesh Chandra|Bonnerjee}}
|1885
|[[Bombay]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
! scope="row" |71
|[[File:Dadabhai_Naoroji.jpg|alt=An image of Dadabhai Naoroji.|111x111px]]
|{{sortname|Dadabhai|Naoroji}}
|1886
|[[Calcutta]]
|
|-
! scope="row" |72
|[[File:BadruddinTyabji.jpg|alt=An image of Badruddin Tyabji.|92x92px]]
|{{sortname|Badruddin|Tyabji}}
|1887
|[[Madras]]
|
|-
! scope="row" |73
|[[File:George_Yule.jpg|alt=An image of George Yule.|99x99px]]
|{{sortname|George|Yule|George Yule (businessman)}}
|1888
|Allahabad
|
|-
! scope="row" |74
|[[File:WilliamWedderburn.jpg|alt=An image of William Wedderburn.|106x106px]]
|{{sortname|William|Wedderburn}}
|1889
|Bombay
|
|-
! scope="row" |75
|[[File:Pherozeshah_Mehta_1996_stamp_of_India.jpg|alt=An image of Pherozesha Mehta.|111x111px]]
|{{sortname|Pherozeshah|Mehta}}
|1890
|Calcutta
|
|-
! scope="row" |76
|
|{{sortname|Panapakkam|Anandacharlu}}
|1891
|[[Nagpur]]
|
|-
! scope="row" |(70)
)
|[[File:WCBonnerjee.jpg|alt=An image of Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee.|119x119px]]
|{{sortname|Womesh Chandra|Bonnerjee|nolink=1}}
|1892
|Allahabad
|
|-
! scope="row" |(71)
|[[File:Dadabhai_Naoroji.jpg|alt=An image of Dadabhai Naoroji.|111x111px]]
|{{sortname|Dadabhai|Naoroji|nolink=1}}
|1893
|[[Lahore]]
|
|-
! scope="row" |77
|[[File:AlfredWebb.jpg|alt=An image of Alfred Webb.|104x104px]]
|{{sortname|Alfred|Webb}}
|1894
|Madras
|
|-
! scope="row" |78
|[[File:Surendranath_Banerjee.jpg|alt=An image of Surendranath Banerjee.|86x86px]]
|{{sortname|Surendranath|Banerjee}}
|1895
|[[Poona]]
|
|-
! scope="row" |79
|[[File:RMSayani.jpg|alt=An image of Rahimtulla M. Sayani.|104x104px]]
|{{sortname|Rahimtulla M.|Sayani}}
|1896
|Calcutta
|
|-
! scope="row" |80
|[[File:SirChetturSankaranNair.jpg|alt=An image of C Sankaran Nair.|100x100px]]
|{{sortname|C. Sankaran|Nair}}
|1897
|[[Amaravati]]
|
|-
! scope="row" |81
|[[File:AnandaMohanBose.JPG|alt=An image of Anandamohan Bose.|75x75px]]
|{{sortname|Anandamohan|Bose}}
|1898
|Madras
|
|-
! scope="row" |82
|[[File:Romesh_Chunder_Dutt.jpg|alt=An image of Romesh Chunder Dutt.|108x108px]]
|{{sortname|Romesh Chunder|Dutt}}
|1899
|[[Lucknow]]
|
|-
! scope="row" |83
|[[File:N._G._Chandavarkar_cyclopedia.png|alt=An image of N. G. Chandavarkar.|104x104px]]
|{{sortname|N. G.|Chandavarkar}}
|1900
|Lahore
|
|-
! scope="row" |84
|[[File:DinshawWacha.jpg|alt=An image of Dinshaw Edulji Wacha.|99x99px]]
|{{sortname|Dinshaw Edulji|Wacha}}
|1901
|Calcutta
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!85
|
|[[Swami Vivekananda]]
|1902
|
|
|-
! scope="row" |86
|[[File:Surendranath_Banerjee.jpg|alt=An image of Surendranath Banerjee.|86x86px]]
|{{sortname|Surendranath|Banerjee}}
|1902
|[[Ahmedabad]]
|
|-
! scope="row" |87
|
|{{sortname|Lalmohan|Ghosh}}
|1903
|Madras
|
|-
! scope="row" |88
|[[File:Henry_Cotton.jpg|alt=An image of Henry Cotton.|110x110px]]
|{{sortname|Henry John Stedman|Cotton|Henry Cotton (civil servant)}}
|1904
|Bombay
|
|-
! scope="row" |89
|[[File:Gopal_krishan_gokhale.jpg|alt=An image of Gopal Krishna Gokhale.|75x75px]]
|{{sortname|Gopal Krishna|Gokhale}}
|1905
|[[Banaras]]
|
|-
! scope="row" |90
|[[File:Dadabhai_Naoroji.jpg|alt=An image of Dadabhai Naoroji.|111x111px]]
|{{sortname|Dadabhai|Naoroji}}
|1906
|Calcutta
|
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |91
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Rash_Bihari_Ghosh.jpg|alt=An image of Rashbihari Ghosh.|111x111px]]
| rowspan="2" |{{sortname|Rashbihari|Ghosh}}
|1907
|[[Surat]]
|
|-
|1908
|Madras
|
|-
! scope="row" |92
|[[File:Madan_Mohan_Malaviya_1961_stamp_of_India.jpg|alt=An image of Madan Mohan Malaviya.|87x87px]]
|{{sortname|Madan Mohan|Malaviya}}
|1909
|Lahore
|
|-
! scope="row" |93
|[[File:WilliamWedderburn.jpg|alt=An image of William Wedderburn.|106x106px]]
|{{sortname|William|Wedderburn}}
|1910
|Allahabad
|
|-
! scope="row" |94
|
|{{sortname|Bishan Narayan|Dar}}
|1911
|Calcutta
|
|-
! scope="row" |95
|[[File:R_N_Mudholkar.jpg|alt=An image of Raghunath Narasinha Mudholkar.|115x115px]]
|{{sortname|Raghunath Narasinha|Mudholkar}}
|1912
|[[Bankipore]]
|
|-
! scope="row" |96
|
|{{sortname|Nawab Syed Muhammad|Bahadur}}
|1913
|[[Karachi]]
|
|-
! scope="row" |97
|[[File:Bhupendranath_Bose.jpg|96x96px]]
|{{sortname|Bhupendra Nath|Bose}}
|1914
|Madras
|
|-
! scope="row" |98
|[[File:Lord_Sina.jpg|alt=An image of Satyendra Prasanno Sinha.|97x97px]]
|{{sortname|Satyendra Prasanno|Sinha|Lord Satyendra Prasanna Sinha}}
|1915
|Bombay
|
|-
! scope="row" |99
|[[File:1916muzumdar.jpg|alt=An image of Ambica Charan Mazumdar.|100x100px]]
|{{sortname|Ambica Charan|Mazumdar}}
|1915
|Lucknow
|
|-
|}

=== List of prime ministers of India ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="col" |{{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Name {{small|(birth and death)}}
! colspan="2" scope="col" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Party
|-
!Took office
!Left office
|-
|100
|
|[[Raja Mahendra Pratap]]
(1 December 1886 – 29 April 1979)
|1915
|1919
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|101
|
|[[Abdul Hafiz Mohamed Barakatullah]]
(7 July 1854 – 20 September 1927)
|1919
|1919
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|102
|
|[[Hari Singh Gour]]
(26 November 1870 – 25 December 1949)
|1919
|1923
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|103
|
|[[Motilal Nehru]]
(6 May 1861 – 6 February 1931)
|1923
|1930
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|104
|
|'''[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'''
(1889 –1964)
|1930
|1932
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|–
|
|Hari Singh Gour
(26 November 1870 – 25 December 1949)
|1932
|1934
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|105
|
|[[Bhulabhai Desai]]
(13 October 1877 – 6 May 1946)
|1934
|1936
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|106
|
|[[Abul Kalam Azad]]
( 11 November 1888 – 22 February 1958)
|1936
|1943
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|107
|
|[[Mahatma Gandhi]]
(2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948)
|1 July 1943
|6 July 1943
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|108
|
|[[Vallabhbhai Patel]]
( 31 October 1875 – 15 December 1950)
|6 July 1943
|6 July 1943
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|119
|
|[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]
(25 December 1876 – 11 September 1948)
|6 July 1943
|6 July 1943
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|110
|
|[[Liaquat Ali Khan]]
(1 October 1895 – 16 October 1951)
|6 July 1943
|6 July 1943
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| rowspan="1" |'''111'''
| rowspan="1" |[[File:Subhas Chandra Bose NRB.jpg|75px]]
| rowspan="1" |'''[[Subhash Chandra Bose]]''' (1897- 1945)
| style="height: 45px;" |6 July 1943
|18 August 1945
| rowspan="1" |[[Indian National Army]]
|-
|112
|
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
(1889- 1964)
|18 August 1945
|15 August 1947
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| -
| colspan="5" |After Independence (below)
|-
| rowspan="4" |'''1'''
| rowspan="4" |[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru close-up (cropped).jpg|alt=Jawaharlal Nehru|75px]]
| rowspan="4" |'''[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]''' {{small|(1889–1964)}}
| style="height: 45px;" |15 August 1947
|15 April 1952
| rowspan="10" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|15 April 1952
|17 April 1957
|-
|17 April 1957
|2 April 1962
|-
| style="height: 45px;" |2 April 1962
|27 May 1964†
|-
| style="background-color:Wheat" | '''Acting'''
| style="background-color:Wheat" | [[File:Gulzarilal Nanda 1.jpg|75px]]
| style="background-color:Wheat" | '''[[Gulzarilal Nanda]]''' {{small|(1898–1998)}}
| style="background-color:Wheat" | 27 May 1964
| style="background-color:Wheat" | 9 June 1964
|-
| style="height: 45px;" |'''2'''
|[[File:Lal Bahadur Shastri (from stamp).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]''' {{small|(1904–1966)}}
|9 June 1964
|11 January 1966†
|- style="background-color:Wheat" | -
| –
|[[File:Gulzarilal Nanda 1.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Gulzarilal Nanda]]''' {{small|(1898–1998)}}
|11 January 1966
|24 January 1966
|-
| rowspan="3" style="height: 45px;" |'''3'''
| rowspan="3" |[[File:Indira Gandhi official portrait.png|111x111px]]
| rowspan="3" |'''[[Indira Gandhi]]''' {{small|(1917–1984)}}
|24 January 1966
|4 March 1967
|- style="height: 45px;"
|4 March 1967
|15 March 1971
|-
| style="height: 45px;" |15 March 1971
|24 March 1977
|-
|'''4'''
|[[File:Morarji Desai During his visit to the United States of America (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Morarji Desai]]''' {{small|(1896–1995)}}
| style="height: 45px;" |24 March 1977
|28 July 1979
| rowspan="2" |[[Janata Party]]
|-
|Acting
|
|'''[[Jagjivan Ram]]'''
(1908–1986)
|28 July 1979
|28 July 1979
|-
|5
|[[File:Prime minister Charan Singh.jpg|118x118px]]
|'''[[Charan Singh]]''' {{small|(1902–1987)}}
|28 July 1979
|8 January 1980{{ref label|RES|RES|RES}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Janata Party (Secular)]]
|-
|Acting
|
|'''[[Yashwantrao Chavan]]'''
(1913–1984)
|8 January 1980
|10 January 1980
|-
|6
|[[File:Prime_minister_Charan_Singh.jpg|118x118px]]
|'''[[Charan Singh]]'''
(1902–1987)
|10 January 1980
|14 January 1980
|-
| style="height: 45px;" |'''7'''
|[[File:Indira Gandhi official portrait.png|111x111px]]
|'''Indira Gandhi''' {{small|(1917–1984)}}
|14 January 1980{{ref label|§|§|§}}
|31 October 1984†
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
| rowspan="2" style="height: 45px;" |'''8'''
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |'''[[Rajiv Gandhi]]''' {{small|(1944–1991)}}
|31 October 1984
|31 December 1984
|-
| style="height: 45px;" |31 December 1984
|2 December 1989
|-
|'''9'''
|[[File:Visit of Vishwanath Pratap Sing, Indian Minister for Trade, to the CEC (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vishwanath Pratap Singh]]''' {{small|(1931–2008)}}
|2 December 1989
|{{nowrap|10 November 1990{{ref label|NC|NC|NC}}}}
|[[Janata Dal]] {{small|(''[[National Front (India)|National Front]]'')}}
|-
|Acting
|
|'''[[Devi Lal]]'''
(1915–2001)
|10 November 1990
|10 November 1990
| rowspan="2" |[[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)]]
|-
|'''10'''
|[[File:Chandra_Shekhar_Singh_2010_stamp_of_India.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Chandra Shekhar]]''' {{small|(1927–2007)}}
|{{nowrap|10 November 1990}}
|21 June 1991{{ref label|RES|RES|RES}}
|-
|'''11'''
|[[File:Visit_of_Narasimha_Rao,_Indian_Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs,_to_the_CEC_(cropped)(2).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]''' {{small|(1921–2004)}}
|21 June 1991
|16 May 1996
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|'''12'''
|[[File:Atal Bihari Vajpayee (crop 2).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]''' {{small|(1924–2018)}}
|16 May 1996
|1 June 1996{{ref label|RES|RES|RES}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|'''13'''
|[[File:H. D. Deve Gowda.jpg|101x101px]]
|'''[[H. D. Deve Gowda]]''' {{small|(born 1933)}}
|1 June 1996
|21 April 1997{{ref label|RES|RES|RES}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Janata Dal]] {{small|(''[[United Front (India)|United Front]]'')}}
|-
|'''14'''
|[[File:Inder Kumar Gujral 017.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Inder Kumar Gujral]]''' {{small|(1919–2012)}}
|21 April 1997
|19 March 1998{{ref label|RES|RES|RES}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''15'''
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Atal Bihari Vajpayee (crop 2).jpg|75px]]
| rowspan="2" |'''Atal Bihari Vajpayee''' {{small|(1924–2018)}}
|19 March 1998{{ref label|§|§|§}}
|{{nowrap|13 October 1999{{ref label|NC|NC|NC}}}}
| rowspan="4" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] {{small|(''[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]'')}}
|-
|13 October 1999
|22 May 2002
|-
|Acting
|
|'''[[L. K. Advani|Lal Krishna Advani]]'''
(1927–)
|22 May 2002
|22 May 2002
|-
|'''16'''
|[[File:Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee_(crop_2).jpg|85x85px]]
|'''Atal Bihari Vajpayee'''
{{small|(1924–2018)}}
|22 May 2002
|22 May 2004
|-
|Acting
|[[File:Sonia Gandhi 2014 (cropped).jpg|75px|alt=An image of Sonia Gandhi.]]
|[[Sonia Gandhi]](1946 –)
|22 May 2004
|22 May 2004
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]] {{small|(''[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]'')}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''17'''
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Official Portrait of the Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh.jpg|112x112px]]
| rowspan="2" |'''[[Manmohan Singh]]''' (1932- 2024)
|22 May 2004
|22 May 2009
|-
|22 May 2009
|26 May 2014
|-
| rowspan="2" |18
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Official Photograph of Prime Minister Narendra Modi Potrait.png|75px]]
| rowspan="2" |'''[[Narendra Modi]]''' {{small|(born 1950)}}
|26 May 2014
|30 May 2019
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] {{small|(''[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]'')}}
|-
|30 May 2019
9 Jun 2024
|''9 Jun 2024''
Incumbent
|}

==List of governors of Portuguese India==
The following is a list of rulers during the history of Portuguese India as a [[viceroyalty]] or governorship.<ref>List based on: [[Frederic Charles Danvers|Danvers, Frederick Charles]] (1988) ''The Portuguese in India: being a history of the rise and decline of their eastern empire''. Asian Educational Services; p. 487 (Appendix B); and Henry Morse Stephens (1892) ''Albuquerque'', Oxford: Clarendon Press, Vol. 4, p. 13</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! Title
! Name
! Took office
! Left office
! Notes
|-
| Viceroy (nom.) || D. [[Tristão da Cunha]] || – || – || First to be nominated viceroy, but was unable to assume office
|-
| Viceroy || D. [[Francisco de Almeida]] || 12 September 1505 || November 1509 || First governor and first viceroy of [[Portuguese India]], appointed by King [[Manuel I of Portugal]] (r.1495–1521), conquered [[Kilwa Sultanate|Kilwa]], erected forts in [[Fort Anjediva|Anjediva]], [[Cochin]], [[Kannur|Cannanore]], refused to cede office until after [[Battle of Diu]], died at [[Table Bay]], on return voyage, March 1510
|-
| Governor and Captain-General(*) || [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] || 4 November 1509 || September 1515 || Appointment disputed and delayed by predecessor, conquered [[Goa]], [[Malacca]], [[Muscat]] and [[Ormus|Hormuz]], died off Goa, December 1515
|-
| Governor || [[Lopo Soares de Albergaria]] || 8 September 1515 || September 1518 || Erected forts in [[Colombo]] (Ceylon) and [[Kollam]], returned to Portugal
|-
| Governor || [[Diogo Lopes de Sequeira]] || 8 September 1518 || January 1522 || Old explorer and former designated captain of [[Malacca]] (1509, aborted), erected forts in [[Chaul]], [[Maldives]] and [[Pasai|Pacem]], sent embassies to [[Ethiopia]], [[Pegu]] and [[China]], returned to Portugal
|-
| Governor || D. [[Duarte de Menezes]] || 22 January 1522 || September 1524 || Former captain of [[Tangier]], grandson (via [[Count of Tarouca|Tarouca]] line) of the famous [[Duarte de Menezes, 3rd Count of Viana|Duarte de Menezes (Count of Viana)]], dismissed and returned to Portugal
|-
| Viceroy || D. [[Vasco da Gama]] || 5 September 1524 || December 1524 || old discoverer of Indies route, now [[Count of Vidigueira]], second Viceroy, first appointee of new King [[John III of Portugal]] (r.1521–1557), died at Cochin, December 1524
|-
| Governor || D. [[Henrique de Menezes]] (''o Roxo'') || 17 January 1525 || February 1526 || succeeded in India by death of predecessor, died at Cannanore, February 1526
|-
| Governor || [[Lopo Vaz de Sampaio]] || February 1526 || November 1529 || succeeded in India by death of predecessor (third in line), refused to yield government to designated successor [[Pedro Mascarenhas]], captain of [[Portuguese Malacca|Malacca]]), arrested, returned to Portugal as prisoner
|-
| Governor || [[Nuno da Cunha]] || 18 November 1529 || September 1538 || son of [[Tristão da Cunha]], arrival delayed by shipwreck in [[Madagascar]], conquered northern province ([[Vasai|Bassein]], [[Bombay]], [[Diu, India|Diu]], [[Daman, Daman and Diu|Daman]]) died at sea on return to Portugal, March 1539
|-
| Viceroy || D. [[Garcia de Noronha]] || 14 September 1538 || April 1540 || Third Viceroy, nephew of [[Afonso de Albuquerque]], died in Cochin, April 1540
|-
| Governor || D. [[Estêvão da Gama (16th century)|Estêvão da Gama]] || 3 April 1540 || May 1542 || son of [[Vasco da Gama]], captain of [[Portuguese Malacca]] (f.1538), succeeded in India by death of predecessor, returned to Portugal
|-
| Governor || [[Martim Afonso de Sousa]] || 8 May 1542 || 1545 || donatary-[[Captaincy of São Vicente|captain of São Vicente]] (Brazil, f. 1534), returned to Portugal
|-
| Governor || D. [[João de Castro]] || 10 September 1545 || 1548 || Nephew of D. [[Garcia de Noronha]], promoted to Viceroy in early 1548
|-
| Viceroy || D. João de Castro || 1548 || June 1548 || Fourth viceroy. Died at Goa, June 1548
|-
| Governor || [[Garcia de Sá]] || 6 June 1548 || June 1549 || succeeded in India by death of predecessor, first governor married in India, acquired [[Bardez]] and [[Salcette]], died at Goa, June 1549
|-
| Governor || [[Jorge Cabral]] || 13 June 1549 || November 1550 || succeeded in India by death of predecessor, returned to Portugal
|-
| Viceroy || D. [[Afonso de Noronha]] || November 1550 || September 1554 || Fifth Viceroy (henceforth all Governors appointed in Lisbon will have rank of 'Viceroy'), former governor of [[List of governors of Portuguese Ceuta|Ceuta]], 1540–49, son of [[Fernando de Menezes, 2nd Marquis of Vila Real|Fernando de Menezes]] ([[Marquis of Vila Real]]), returned to Portugal
|-
| Viceroy || D. [[Pedro Mascarenhas]] || 23 September 1554 || June 1555 || old discoverer of Indian Ocean [[Mascarenes|islands]], former captain of [[Portuguese Malacca|Malacca]] (1525–26), died at Goa, June 1555
|-
| Governor || [[Francisco Barreto]] || 16 June 1555 || September 1558 || succeeded in India by death of predecessor, returned to Portugal. Later (1570) returned as governor of East Africa(**), led expedition to [[Monomatapa]] and died in [[Tete, Mozambique|Tete]].
|-
| Viceroy || D. [[Constantino de Braganza]] || 8 September 1558 || September 1561 || Son of [[Jaime I, Duke of Braganza|James]] ([[Duke of Braganza]]), first appointee of [[Catherine of Austria, Queen of Portugal|Catherine of Austria]], ([[regent]] of new King [[Sebastian of Portugal]]), returned to Portugal
|-
| Viceroy || D. [[Francisco Coutinho]] ([[Count of Redondo]]) || 7 September 1561 || 19 February 1564 || Died at Goa, February 1564
|-
| Governor || [[João de Mendonça]] || 19 February 1564 || September 1564 || former captain of Malacca, succeeded in India by death of predecessor, returned to Portugal
|-
| Viceroy || D. [[António de Noronha]] (''Antão'') || 3 September 1564 || September 1568 || former captain of Ceuta (1549), and Hormuz ({{Circa|1560}}) nephew of earlier India governor D. [[Afonso de Noronha]], died at sea on return to Portugal
|-
| Viceroy || D. [[Luís de Ataíde, 3rd Count of Atouguia|Luís de Ataíde]] || 10 September 1568 || September 1571 || future [[Count of Atouguia]] (f.1577), first appointee of King [[Sebastian of Portugal]] in his own right returned to Portugal
|-
| Viceroy(**) || D. [[António de Noronha o Catarraz|António de Noronha]] (''o Catarraz'') || 6 September 1571 || December 1573 || Not to be confused with earlier namesake, governor in Goa of a reduced India (**), co-equal with [[António Moniz Barreto]] (in [[Portuguese Malacca|Malacca]]) and [[Francisco Barreto]] (in [[Sofala]]), dismissed and returned to Portugal
|-
| Governor || [[António Moniz Barreto]] || 9 December 1573 || September 1576 || Governor of Malacca, succeeded in India after dismissal of predecessor, returned to Portugal
|-
| Governor || D. [[Diogo de Menezes]] || September 1576 || August 1578 || Son of Tangier captain João de Menezes ("o Craveiro") Succeeded in India after appointed viceroy, [[Rui Lourenço de Távora]], died en route (off [[Mozambique Island|Mozambique]]), returned to Portugal.
|-
| Viceroy || D. [[Luís de Ataíde, 3rd Count of Atouguia|Luís de Ataíde]] (''second time'') || 31 August 1578 || March 1581 || Second appointment, now [[Count of Atouguia]], already in India when news of the king's death at [[Battle of Alcácer Quibir|Alcazarquivir]] arrived, managed India through the early stages of [[Portuguese succession crisis of 1580|1580 succession crisis]], died in Goa, March 1581
|-
| Governor || [[Fernão Teles de Menezes]] || March 1581 || September 1581 || Succeeded in India by death of predecessor (as per prior instructions of the late [[Henry, King of Portugal|Cardinal-King Henry]]), considered the last governor of the [[House of Avis]], received news of ascension of [[Habsburg]] king [[Philip II of Spain|Philip I of Portugal]], administered oaths of loyalty of Portuguese India colonies to new monarchy, returned to Portugal.
|-
| Viceroy || [[Francisco de Mascarenhas]] || 1581 || 1584 || Donatary-captain in the [[Azores]] First appointee of [[Philip II of Spain|Philip I of Portugal]] (r.1581–1598), returned to Portugal.
|-
| Viceroy || D. [[Duarte de Menezes, 14th Viceroy of India|Duarte de Menezes]] || 1584 || 4 May 1588 || Former governor of Tangier (1474–78), Algarve (1580), grandson of earlier India governor [[Duarte de Menezes]], Died in Goa, May 1588.
|-
| Governor || D. [[Manuel de Sousa Coutinho]] || May 1588 || 1591 || Former governor of Ceylon, current governor of Malacca Succeeded in India by death of predecessor, Died in shipwreck while returning to Portugal.
|-
| Viceroy || [[Matias de Albuquerque, Viceroy of India|Matias de Albuquerque]] || 1591 || 1597 ||
|-
| Viceroy || D. [[Francisco da Gama]], conde da Vidigueira || 1597 || 1600 ||
|-
| Viceroy || [[Aires de Saldanha]] || 1600 || 1605 ||
|-
| Viceroy || [[Martim Afonso de Castro]] || 1605 || June 1607 || Died at Malacca in June 1607
|-
| Governor || Fr. [[Aleixo de Meneses]], Archbishop of Goa || June 1607 || 1609
|-
| Governor || [[André Furtado de Mendonça]] || colspan="2"|1609 ||
|-
| Viceroy || [[Rui Lourenço de Távora]] || 1609 || 1612 ||
|-
| Viceroy || D. [[Jerónimo de Azevedo]] || 1612 || 1617 ||
|-
| Viceroy || D. [[João Coutinho]] || 1617 || 1619 ||
|-
| Governor || [[Fernão de Albuquerque]] || 1619 || 1622 ||
|-
| Viceroy || D. Francisco da Gama (''second time'') || 1622 || 1628 ||
|-
| Viceroy || Fr. [[Luís de Brito e Meneses]], Bishop of Meliapore || 1628 || July 1629 || Died at Cochim in July 1629
|-
| Governing Council || 1. Nuno Álvares Botelho 2. D. Lourenço da Cunha 3. Gonçalo Pinto da Fonseca || colspan="2"|1629 ||
|-
| Viceroy || [[Miguel de Noronha, conde de Linhares]] || 1629 || 1635 ||
|-
| Viceroy || [[Pero da Silva|Pedro da Silva]] || 1635 || June 1639 || Died at Goa in June 1639
|-
| Governor || [[António Teles de Meneses]] || 1639 || 1640 ||
|-
| Viceroy || [[João da Silva Telo e Meneses, conde de Aveiras]] || 1640 || 1644 || Returned to Portugal
|-
| Viceroy || [[Filipe Mascarenhas]] || 1644 || 1651 ||
|-
| Viceroy || João da Silva Telo e Meneses, conde de Aveiras (''second time'') || colspan="2"|1651 || Died at Mozambique, en route to India
|-
| Governing Council || 1. Fr. Francisco dos Mártires (Archbp of Goa) 2. Francisco de Melo e Castro 3. António de Sousa Coutinho || 1651 || 1652 ||
|-
| Viceroy || [[Vasco Mascarenhas, 1st Count of Óbedos]] || 1652 || 1655 || Expelled in internal coup
|-
| Usurper || [[Brás de Castro]] || colspan="2" |1655 || Arrested by successor
|-
| Governor || [[Rodrigo Lobo da Silveira]], Count of Sarzedas || 23 Aug 1655 || 14 January 1656 || Died at Goa in January 1656
|-
| Governor || [[Manuel Mascarenhas Homem (viceroy)|Manuel Mascarenhas Homem]] || 14 January 1656 || 22 May 1656 ||
|-
| Governing Council || 1. [[Manuel Mascarenhas Homem (viceroy)|Manuel Mascarenhas Homem]] 2. Francisco de Melo e Castro 3. António de Sousa Coutinho || January 1656 || 1661 ||
|-
| Governing Council || 1. Luís de Mendonça Furtado e Albuquerque 2. [[Manuel Mascarenhas Homem (viceroy)|Manuel Mascarenhas Homem]] 3. D. Pedro de Lencastre || colspan="2"|1661 ||
|-
| Governing Council || 1. Luís de Mendonça Furtado e Albuquerque, 2. António de Melo e Castro 3. D. Pedro de Lencastre || 1661 || 1662 ||
|-
| Viceroy || [[António de Melo e Castro]] || 16 December 1662 || 1666 ||
|-
| Viceroy || [[João Nunes da Cunha]], Count of São Vicente || 1666 || November 1668 || Died at Goa in November 1668
|-
| Governing Council || 1. António de Melo e Castro, 2. Manuel Corte-Real de Sampaio 3. Luís de Miranda Henriques || November 1668 || 1671 ||
|-
| Viceroy || [[Luís de Mendonça Furtado e Albuquerque]] || 1671 || 1676 || Died off Lisbon on return voyage
|-
| Viceroy || D. [[Pedro de Almeida, Conde de Assumar]] || 1676 || 1678 || Died at Goa in 1678
|-
| Interim Governor || [[António Brandão]], Archbishop of Goa (sometime with António Pais de Sande) || 1678 || 1681 ||
|-
| Viceroy || [[Francisco de Távora, conde de Alvor]] || 1681 || 1686 ||
|-
| Governor || D. Rodrigo da Costa || 1686 || 1690 ||
|-
| Governor || D. [[Miguel de Almeida]] || 1690 || January 1691 || Died at Goa in January 1691
|-
| Governing Council || 1. Fernando Martins Mascarenhas Lencastre 2. Fr. Agostinho da Anunciação (Archbp of Goa) || January 1691 || 1692 ||
|-
| Viceroy || [[Pedro António de Meneses Noronha de Albuquerque]] || 1692 || 1697 || Returned to Portugal
|-
| Viceroy || [[António Luís Gonçalves da Câmara Coutinho]] || 1697 || 1701 ||
|-
| Governing Council || 1. Fr. Agostinho da Anunciação (Archp of Goa) 2. D. Vasco Lima Coutinho || 1701 || 1702 ||
|-
| Viceroy || [[Caetano de Melo e Castro]] || 1702 || 1707 ||
|-
| Viceroy || D. Rodrigo da Costa (''second time'', as Viceroy now) || 1707 || 1712 ||
|-
| Viceroy || [[Vasco Fernandes César de Meneses]], Count of Sabugosa || 1712 || 1717 || Returned to Portugal
|-
| Governor || Fr. [[Sebastião de Andrade Pessanha]], Archbishop of Goa || January 1717 || October 1717 ||
|-
| Viceroy || [[Luís Carlos Inácio Xavier de Meneses, 1st Marquis of Louriçal|Luís Carlos Inácio Xavier de Meneses, 5th Count of Ericeira]] || October 1717 || 1720 ||
|-
| Viceroy || [[Francisco José de Sampaio e Castro]] || 1720 || July 1723 || Died at Goa in July 1723
|-
| Interim Governor || [[Cristóvão de Melo]] || colspan="2" |July 1723 ||
|-
| Governing Council || 1. Cristóvão de Melo 2. Fr. Inácio de Santa Teresa (Archbp of Goa) 3. Cristóvão Luís de Andrade || 1723 || 1725 ||
|-
| Viceroy || [[João de Saldanha da Gama]] || 1725 || 1732 || Returned to Portugal
|-
| Governing Council || 1. Cristóvão de Melo 2. Fr. Inácio de Santa Teresa (Archbp of Goa) 3. Tomé Gomes Moreira || colspan="2"|1732 ||
|-
| Viceroy || [[Pedro Mascarenhas, 1st Count of Sandomil]] || 1732 || 1740 || Returned to Portugal
|-
| Viceroy || [[Luís Carlos Inácio Xavier de Meneses, 1st Marquis of Louriçal]] (''second time'') || 1740 || 1742 || Died at Goa in 1742
|-
| Governing Council || 1. Francisco de Vasconcelos 2. Lourenço de Noronha 3. Luís Caetano de Almeida || 1742 || 1744 ||
|-
| Viceroy || [[Pedro Miguel de Almeida Portugal e Vasconcelos]], Count of Assumar, marquis of Alorna || 1744 || 1750 ||
|-
| Viceroy || [[Francisco de Assis de Távora]], marquis of Távora || September 1750 || 1754 || Returned to Portugal, executed in 1759
|-
| Viceroy || [[Luís Mascarenhas]], Count of Alva || 1754 || June 1756 || Killed in action by the [[Maratha Army]] at Goa in June 1756
|-
| Governing Council || 1. António Taveira da Neiva Brum da Silveira (Archbp of Goa) 2. João de Mesquista Matos Teixeira 3. Filipe de Valadares || 1756 || 1757 ||
|-
| Viceroy || [[Manuel de Saldanha e Albuquerque]], Count of Ega || 1758 || 1765 || Returned to Portugal
|-
| Council || 1. António Taveira da Neiva Brum da Silveira (Archbp of Goa) 2. João Baptista Vaz Pereira 3. D. João José de Melo || 1765 || 1768 ||
|-
| Governor || [[João José de Melo]] || 1768 || 1771 || Promoted to Captain-General in 1771 (***)
|-
| Governor and Captain-General || [[João José de Melo]] || 1771 || January 1774 || Died at Goa in January 1774
|-
| Interim Governor || [[Filipe de Valadares Sotomaior]] || colspan="2" |1774 ||
|-
| Governor and Captain-General of India || [[José Pedro da Câmara|D. José Pedro da Câmara]] || 1774 || 1779 ||
|-
| Governor and Captain-General of India || [[Frederico Guilherme de Sousa Holstein|D. Frederico Guilherme de Sousa Holstein]] || 1779 || 1786 ||
|-
| Governor and Captain-General of India || [[Francisco da Cunha e Meneses]] || 1786 || 1794 ||
|-
| Governor and Captain-General of India || [[Francisco António da Veiga Cabral da Câmara|Francisco António da Veiga Cabral da Câmara, Viscount of Mirandela]] || 1794 || 1806 ||
|-
| Viceroy and Captain-General of India || [[Bernardo José Maria Lorena e Silveira|D. Bernardo José Maria da Silveira e Lorena, Count of Sarzedas]] || 1806 || 1816 ||
|-
| Viceroy and Captain-General of India || [[Diogo de Sousa, Count of Rio Pardo|D. Diogo de Sousa, Count of Rio Pardo]] || 1816 || 1821 ||
|-
| Provisional Junta of Government of the State of India || [[Manuel José Gomes Loureiro]], [[Manuel Godinho Mira]], [[Joaquim Manuel Correia da Silva e Gama]], [[Gonçalo de Magalhães Teixeira Pinto]] [[Manuel Duarte Leitão]] || colspan="2" |1821 ||
|-
| Provisional Junta of Government of the State of India || [[Manuel Maria Gonçalves Zarco da Câmara|D. Manuel da Câmara]], [[Frei de São Tomás de Aquino|D. Frei de São Tomás de Aquino]], [[António José de Melo Sotomaior Teles]], [[João Carlos Leal]] [[António José de Lima Leitão]] || 1821 || 1822 ||
|-
| Provisional Junta of Government of the State of India || [[Manuel Maria Gonçalves Zarco da Câmara|D. Manuel da Câmara]], [[Frei de São Tomás de Aquino|D. Frei de São Tomás de Aquino]], [[António José de Melo Sotomaior Teles]], [[João Carlos Leal]], [[Joaquim Mourão Garcez Palha]] || 1822 || 1823 ||
|-
| Viceroy and Captain-General of India || [[Manuel Maria Gonçalves Zarco da Câmara|D. Manuel da Câmara]] || 1823 || 1825 || Dissolved Junta and assumed de facto title of Governor of Portuguese India
|-
| Government Council of the State of India || [[Manuel de São Galdino|D. Frei Manuel de São Galdino]], [[Cândido José Mourão Garcez Palha]], [[António Ribeiro de Carvalho]] || 1825 || 1826 ||
|-
| Governor and Captain-General of India || [[Manuel Francisco Zacarias de Portugal e Castro|D. Manuel Francisco Zacarias de Portugal e Castro]] || 1826 || 1830 ||
|-
| Viceroy and Captain-General of India || [[Manuel Francisco Zacarias de Portugal e Castro|D. Manuel Francisco Zacarias de Portugal e Castro]] || 1826 || 1835 ||
|-
| Governor || [[Bernardo Peres da Silva]] || colspan="2"|1835 ||
|-
| Governor || [[Manuel Francisco Zacarias de Portugal e Castro|D. Manuel Francisco Zacarias de Portugal e Castro]] || colspan="2" |1835 ||
|-
| Governor || [[Joaquim Manuel Correia da Silva e Gama]] || colspan="2" |1835 ||
|-
| Government Council of the State of India || [[João Casimiro Pereira da Rocha de Vasconcelos]], [[Manuel José Ribeiro]], [[Frei Constantino de Santa Rita]], [[João Cabral de Estefique]], [[António Maria de Melo]], [[Joaquim António de Morais Carneiro]], [[António Mariano de Azevedo]], [[José António de Lemos]] || 1835 || 1837 || After 1836 confined to Goa
|-
| Governor || [[Bernardo Peres da Silva]] || 1836 || 1837 || Governor of Daman and Diu, provisional governor of Goa
|-
| Governor || [[Simão Infante de Lacerda de Sousa Tavares|Simão Infante de Lacerda de Sousa Tavares, Baron of Sabroso]] || 1837 || 1839 || (restored unity to Portuguese India)
|-
| Governor || [[José António Vieira da Fonseca]] || colspan="2" |1839 ||
|-
| Governor || [[Manuel José Mendes|Manuel José Mendes, Baron of Candal]] || 1839 || 1840 ||
|-
| Government Council of the State of India || [[José António Vieira da Fonseca]], [[José Câncio Freire de Lima]], [[António João de Ataíde]], [[Domingos José Mariano Luís]], [[José da Costa Campos]], [[Caetano de Sousa e Vasconcelos]] || colspan="2" |1840 ||
|-
| Interim Governor || [[José Joaquim Lopes Lima]] || 1840 || 1842 ||
|-
| Government Council of the State of India || [[António Ramalho de Sá]], [[António José de Melo Sotomaior Teles]], [[António João de Ataíde]], [[José da Costa Campos]] [[Caetano de Sousa e Vasconcelos]] || colspan="2" |1842 ||
|-
| Governor || [[Francisco Xavier da Silva Pereira|Francisco Xavier da Silva Pereira, Count of Antas]] || 1842 || 1843 ||
|-
| Governor || [[Joaquim Mourão Garcez Palha]] || 1843 || 1844 ||
|-
| Governor || [[José Ferreira Pestana]] || 1844 || 1851 ||
|-
| Governor || [[José Joaquim Januário Lapa|José Joaquim Januário Lapa, Viscount of Vila Nova de Ourém]] || 1851 || 1855 ||
|-
| Government Council of the State of India || [[Joaquim de Santa Rita Botelho|D. Frei Joaquim de Santa Rita Botelho, Arcebispo de Goa e Primaz das Índias]], [[Luís da Costa Campos]], [[Francisco Xavier Peres]], [[Bernardo Heitor da Silva e Lorena]], [[Vítor Anastácio Mourão Garcez Palha]] || colspan="2" |1855 ||
|-
| Governor || [[António César de Vasconcelos Correia|António César de Vasconcelos Correia, Count of Torres Novas]] || 1855 || 1864 ||
|-
| Governor || [[José Ferreira Pestana]] || 1864 || 1870 || 2nd term
|-
| Governor || [[Januário Correia de Almeida|Januário Correia de Almeida, Count of São Januário]] || 1870 || 1871 ||
|-
| Governor || [[Joaquim José Macedo e Couto]] || 1871 || 1875 ||
|-
| Governor || [[João Tavares de Almeida, governor of India|João Tavares de Almeida]] || 1875 || 1877 ||
|-
| Government Council of the State of India || [[Aires de Ornelas e Vasconcelos|D. Aires de Ornelas e Vasconcelos, Archbishop of Goa and Primate of the Indies]], [[João Caetano da Silva Campos]], [[Francisco Xavier Soares da Veiga]] [[Eduardo Augusto de Sá Nogueira Pinto Balsemão]] || colspan="2" |1877 ||
|-
| Governor || [[António Sérgio de Sousa]] || 1877 || 1878 ||
|-
| Government Council of the State of India || [[Aires de Ornelas e Vasconcelos|D. Aires de Ornelas e Vasconcelos, Archbishop of Goa and Primate of the Indies]], [[João Caetano da Silva Campos]], [[Francisco Xavier Soares da Veiga]] [[António Sérgio de Sousa Júnior]] || colspan="2" |1878 ||
|-
| Governor || [[Caetano Alexandre de Almeida e Albuquerque]] || 1878 || 1882 ||
|-
| Governor || [[Carlos Eugénio Correia da Silva|Carlos Eugénio Correia da Silva, Viscount of Paço d'Arcos]] || 1882 || 1886 ||
|-
| Government Council of the State of India || [[António Sebastião Valente|D. António Sebastião Valente, Archbishop of Goa and Patriarch of the East Indies]], [[José de Sá Coutinho]], [[José Inácio de Brito]] [[José Maria Teixeira Guimarães]] || colspan="2" |1886 ||
|-
| Governor || [[Francisco Joaquim Ferreira do Amaral]] || colspan="2"|1886 ||
|-
| Government Council of the State of India || [[António Sebastião Valente|D. António Sebastião Valente, Archbishop of Goa and Patriarch of the East Indies]], [[José de Sá Coutinho]], [[José Inácio de Brito]] [[José Maria Teixeira Guimarães]] || colspan="2" |1886 ||
|-
| Governor || [[Augusto César Cardoso de Carvalho]] || 1886 || 1889 ||
|-
| Interim Governor || [[Joaquim Augusto Mouzinho de Albuquerque]] || colspan="2"|1889 ||
|-
| Government Council of the State of India || [[António Sebastião Valente|D. António Sebastião Valente, Archbishop of Goa and Patriarch of the East Indies]], [[Joaquim Borges de Azevedo Enes]], [[José Inácio de Brito]], [[Joaquim Augusto Mouzinho de Albuquerque]] || colspan="2" |1889 ||
|-
| Governor || [[Vasco Guedes de Carvalho e Meneses]] || 1889 || 1891 ||
|-
| Governor || [[Francisco Maria da Cunha]] || colspan="2"|1891 ||
|-
| Interim Governor || [[João Manuel Correia Taborda]] || 1891 || 1892 || 1st term
|-
| Government Council of the State of India || [[António Sebastião Valente|D. António Sebastião Valente, Archbishop of Goa and Patriarch of the East Indies]], [[Luís Fisher Berquó Falcão]], [[Raimundo Maria Correia Mendes]], [[João Manuel Correia Taborda]] || colspan="2" |1892 ||
|-
| Governor || [[Francisco Teixeira da Silva]] || 1892 || 1893 ||
|-
| Government Council of the State of India || [[Luís Poças Falcão]], [[Raimundo Maria Correia Mendes]], [[João Manuel Correia Taborda]] || colspan="2" |1893 ||
|-
| Governor || [[Rafael Jácome de Andrade]] || 1893 || 1894 || 1st term
|-
|Interim Governor || [[João Manuel Correia Taborda]] || colspan="2" |1894 || 2nd term
|-
| Government Council of the State of India || [[António Sebastião Valente|D. António Sebastião Valente, Archbishop of Goa and Patriarch of the East Indies]], [[Francisco António Ochoa]], [[Luís Carneiro de Sousa e Faro]], [[João Manuel Correia Taborda]] || colspan="2" |1894 ||
|-
| Governor || [[Elesbão José de Bettencourt Lapa|Elesbão José de Bettencourt Lapa, Viscount of Vila Nova de Ourém]] || 1894 || 1895 ||
|-
| Governor || [[Rafael Jácome de Andrade]] || 1895 || 1896 || 2nd term
|-
| Viceroy || [[Afonso, Prince Royal of Portugal|Prince D. Afonso Henriques de Bragança, Duke of Porto]] || colspan="2"|1896 ||
|-
| Interim Governor || [[João António de Brissac das Neves Ferreira]] || 1896 || 1897 ||
|-
| Interim Governor || [[João Manuel Correia Taborda]] || colspan="2" |1897 || 3rd term
|-
| Government Council of the State of India || [[António Sebastião Valente|D. António Sebastião Valente, Archbishop of Goa and Patriarch of the East Indies]], [[Francisco António Ochoa]], [[João de Melo Sampaio]], [[João Manuel Correia Taborda]] || colspan="2" |1897 ||
|-
| Government Council of the State of India || [[António Sebastião Valente|D. António Sebastião Valente, Archbishop of Goa and Patriarch of the East Indies]], [[Abel Augusto Correia do Pinto]], [[João de Melo Sampaio]], [[João Manuel Correia Taborda]] || colspan="2" |1897 ||
|-
| Governor || [[Joaquim José Machado]] || 1897 || 1900 ||
|-
| Governor || [[Eduardo Augusto Rodrigues Galhardo]] || 1900 || 1905 ||
|-
| Government Council of the State of India || [[António Sebastião Valente|D. António Sebastião Valente, Archbishop of Goa and Patriarch of the East Indies]], [[Alfredo Mendonça David]], [[José Emílio Santana da Cunha Castel-Branco]], [[Francisco Maria Peixoto Vieira]] || colspan="2" |1905 ||
|-
| Governor || [[Arnaldo de Novais Guedes Rebelo]] || 1905 || 1907 ||
|-
| Government Council of the State of India || [[Bernardo Nunes Garcia]], [[César Augusto Rancon]], [[Francisco Maria Peixoto Vieira]] || colspan="2" |1907 ||
|-
| Governor || [[José Maria de Sousa Horta e Costa]] || 1907 || 1910 ||
|-
| Governor-General || [[Francisco Manuel Couceiro da Costa]] || 1910 || 1917 ||
|-
| Interim Governor-General || [[Francisco Maria Peixoto Vieira]] || colspan="2" |1917 || 1st term
|-
| Government Council of the State of India || [[Francisco Peixoto de Oliveira e Silva]], [[Francisco Wolfgango da Silva]], [[Francisco Maria Peixoto Vieira]] || colspan="2" |1917 ||
|-
| Governor-General || [[José de Freitas Ribeiro]] || 1917 || 1919 ||
|-
| Interim Governor-General || [[Augusto de Paiva Bobela da Mota]] || 1919 || 1920 ||
|-
| Governador-General || [[Jaime Alberto de Castro Morais]] || 1920 || 1925 ||
|-
| Interim Governor-General || [[Francisco Maria Peixoto Vieira]] || colspan="2" |1925 || 2nd term
|-
| Governor-General || [[Mariano Martins]] || 1925 || 1926 ||
|-
| Interim Governor-General || [[Tito Augusto de Morais]] || colspan="2" |1926 ||
|-
| Interim Governor-General || [[Acúrcio Mendes da Rocha Dinis]] || 1926 || 1927 ||
|-
| Governor-General || [[Pedro Francisco Massano de Amorim]] || 1927 || 1929 ||
|-
| Interim Governor-General || [[Acúrcio Mendes da Rocha Dinis]] || colspan="2"|1929 ||
|-
| Governor-General || [[Alfredo Pedro de Almeida]] || 1929 || 1930 ||
|-
| Governor-General || [[João Carlos Craveiro Lopes]] || 1930 || 1936 ||
|-
| Interim Governor-General || [[Francisco Craveiro Lopes]] || 1936 || 1938 ||
|-
| Governor-General || [[José Ricardo Pereira Cabral]] || 1938 || 1945 ||
|-
| Interim Governor-General || [[Paulo Bénard Guedes]] || 1945 || 1946 ||
|-
| Governor-General || [[José Ferreira Bossa]] || 1946 || 1947 ||
|-
| Interim Governor-General || [[José Alves Ferreira]] || 1947 || 1948 ||
|-
| Governor-General || [[Fernando de Quintanilha e Mendonça Dias]] || 1948 || 1952 ||
|-
| Governor-General || [[Paulo Bénard Guedes]] || 1952 || 1958 ||
|-
| Governor-General || [[Manuel António Vassalo e Silva]] || 1958 || 1961 ||
|}

(*) – In 1508, King Manuel I of Portugal devised a plan to partition the Portuguese empire in Asia into three separate governments or "high captaincies" – (1) ''[[Captain-Major]] of the seas of Ethiopia, Arabia and Persia'', centered at [[Socotra]], was to cover the East African and Arabian-Persian coasts, from [[Sofala]] to [[Diu, India|Diu]]; (2) ''Captain-Major of the seas of India'', centered at [[Cochin]], was to cover the Indian coast from [[Diu, India|Diu]] down to [[Cape Comorin]]. [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] was Captain-General of the latter. [[Jorge de Aguiar]] was made Captain-General of the former. A third high captaincy, covering Asia east of Cape Comorin (yet to be explored) was assigned to [[Diogo Lopes de Sequeira]], who was assigned that year to discover [[Malacca]]. The triarchy experiment failed – Aguiar drowned en route, while Sequeira quit the region in 1509, after his debacle at [[Malacca]], leaving Albuquerque sole governor of the whole unpartitioned complex.

(**) – Around 1570, King Sebastian of Portugal tried to partition the Portuguese State of India into three separate governments (much like Manuel's plan of 1508) – a western state based around [[Sofala]] (covering the East African coast from [[Cape Correntes]] to [[Cape Guardafui]]), a central state ruled from [[Goa]] (covering the area between the Red Sea and Ceylon, encompassing India, reserved for the "Viceroy") and an eastern state ruled from [[Portuguese Malacca|Malacca]] (covering Southeast Asia, from Pegu to China). D. António de Noronha was appointed to Goa, António Moniz Barreto to Malacca, and Francisco Barreto (the former India governor) to Sofala.

(***) – Title of ''Viceroy of Indies'' extinguished by royal letter in 1771, replaced by ''Capitão-Geral'' (Captain-General) of the Indies.

==List of chief governing officers==


=== Commissioners ===
* [[François Caron]], 1668–1672
* François Baron, 1672–1681
* [[François Martin (Pondicherry)|François Martin]], 1681 – November 1693
* ''Dutch occupation'', September 1693 – September 1699 — '''[[Treaty of Ryswick]]''' (1697)

=== Governors ===
In the days of the French East India Company, the title of the top official was most of the time Governor of Pondicherry and General Commander of the French settlements in the East Indies ({{langx|fr|Gouverneur de Pondichéry et commandant général des établissements français aux Indes orientales}}). After 1816, it was Governor of French establishments in India ({{langx|fr|Gouverneur des établissements français de l'Inde'}}).[[File:Quai Duplex at Strand Road Chandernagor.jpg|thumb|376x376px|Quai Dupleix at Strand Road [[Chandannagar|Chandernagor]]]][[File:Chandernagor Government Place and Covent.jpg|thumb|379x379px|[[Chandannagar|Chandernagore]] Government House and Convent]]
* [[François Martin (Pondicherry)|François Martin]], September 1699 – 31 December 1706
* [[Pierre Dulivier]] (Acting), January 1707 – July 1708
* [[Guillaume André d'Hébert]], 1708–1712
* [[Pierre Dulivier]], 1713–1715
* [[Guillaume André d'Hébert]], 1715–1718
* [[Pierre André Prévost de La Prévostière]], August 1718 – 11 October 1721
* [[Pierre Christoph Le Noir]] (Acting), 1721–1723
* [[Joseph Beauvollier de Courchant]], 1723–1726
* [[Pierre Christoph Le Noir]], 1727–1734
* [[Pierre Benoît Dumas]], 1735–1741
* [[Joseph François Dupleix]], 14 January 1742 – 15 October 1754
* [[Charles Godeheu]], Le commissaire (Acting), 15 October 1754 – 1754
* [[Georges Duval de Leyrit]], 1756–1758
* [[Thomas Arthur, comte de Lally]], 1758 – January 1761
* First British occupation, January 15, 1761 – June 25, 1765 — [[Treaty of Paris (1763)]]
* [[Jean Law de Lauriston]], 1765–1766
* [[Antoine Boyellau]] (Acting), 1766–1767
* [[Jean Law de Lauriston]], 1767 – January 1777[[File:Chandernagor Government House.jpg|thumb|376x376px|[[Chandannagar|Chandernagor]] ''Government House'']]
* Second British occupation, 1778 – 1783 – [[Peace of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris (1783)]]
* [[Guillaume de Bellecombe]], January 1777 – 1778
* [[Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau]], 1783–1785
* [[François de Souillac]], 1785
* [[David Charpentier de Cossigny]], October 1785 – 1787
* [[Thomas Conway]], October 1787 – 1789
* [[Camille Charles Leclerc, Chevalier de Fresne]], 1789–1792
* [[Dominique Prosper de Chermont]], November 1792 – 1793
* L. [[Leroux de Touffreville]], 1793
* Third British occupation, 23 August 1793 – 18 June 1802 — [[Treaty of Amiens]] (1802)
* [[Charles Mathieu Isidore Decaen]], 18 June 1802 – August 1803
* [[Louis Binot]], 1803
* Fourth British occupation, August 1803 – 26 September 1816 — [[Treaty of Paris (1814)]]
* [[Comte Dupuy]], 26 September 1816 – October 1825
* [[Joseph Cordier]], Marie Emmanuel (Acting), October 1825 – 19 June 1826
* [[Eugène Desbassayns de Richemont]], 1826 – 2 August 1828
* [[Joseph Cordier]], Marie Emmanuel (Acting), 2 August 1828 – 11 April 1829
* [[Auguste Jacques Nicolas Peureux de Mélay]], 11 April 1829 – 3 May 1835
* [[Hubert Jean Victor, Marquis de Saint-Simon]], 3 May 1835 – April 1840
* [[Paul de Nourquer du Camper]], April 1840 – 1844
* [[Louis Pujol]], 1844–1849
* [[Hyacinthe Marie de Lalande de Calan]], 1849–1850
* [[Philippe Achille Bédier]], 1851–1852
* [[Raymond de Saint-Maur]], August 1852 – April 1857
* [[Alexandre Durand d'Ubraye]], April 1857 – January 1863
* [[Napoléon Joseph Louis Bontemps]], January 1863 – June 1871
* [[Antoine-Léonce Michaux]], June 1871 – November 1871
* [[Pierre Aristide Faron]], November 1871 – 1875
* [[Adolph Joseph Antoine Trillard]], 1875–1878
* [[Léonce Laugier]], February 1879 – April 1881
* [[Théodore Drouhet]], 1881 – October 1884
* [[Étienne Richaud]], October 1884 – 1886
* [[Édouard Manès]], 1886–1888
* [[Georges Jules Piquet]], 1888–1889
* [[Louis Hippolyte Marie Nouet]], 1889–1891
* [[Léon Émile Clément-Thomas]], 1891–1896
* [[Louis Jean Girod]], 1896 – February 1898
* [[François Pierre Rodier]], February 1898 – 11 January 1902
* [[Louis Pelletan]] (Acting), 11 January 1902
* [[Victor Louis Marie Lanrezac]], 1902–1904
* [[Philema Lemaire]], August 1904 – April 1905
* [[Joseph Pascal François]], April 1905 – October 1906
* [[Gabriel Louis Angoulvant]], October 1906 – 3 December 1907
* [[Adrien Jules Jean Bonhoure]], 1908–1909
* [[Ernest Fernand Lévecque]], 1909 – 9 July 1910
* [[Alfred Albert Martineau]], 9 July 1910 – July 1911
* [[Pierre Louis Alfred Duprat]], July 1911 – November 1913
* [[Alfred Albert Martineau]], November 1913 – 29 June 1918
* [[Pierre Étienne Clayssen]] (Acting), 29 June 1918 – 21 February 1919
* [[Louis Martial Innocent Gerbinis]], 21 February 1919 – 11 February 1926
* [[Henri Léo Eugène Lagroua]] (Acting), 11 February 1926 – 5 August 1926
* [[Pierre Jean Henri Didelot]], 1926–1928
* [[Robert Paul Marie de Guise]], 1928–1931
* [[Adrien Juvanon]], 1931–1934
* [[Léon Solomiac]], August 1934 – 1936
* [[Horace Valentin Crocicchia]], 1936–1938
* [[Louis Bonvin]], 26 September 1938 – 1945
* [[Nicolas Ernest Marie Maurice Jeandin]], 1945–1946
* [[Charles François Marie Baron]], 20 March 1946 – 20 August 1947

French India became an [[Overseas territory (France)|Overseas territory]] ({{langx|fr|territoire d'outre-mer}}) of France in 1946.

=== Commissioners ===
* [[Charles François Marie Baron]], 20 August 1947 – May 1949
* [[Charles Chambon]], May 1949 – 31 July 1950
* [[André Ménard]], 31 July 1950 – October 1954
* [[Georges Escargueil]], October 1954 – 1 November 1954

French India ''[[de facto]]'' transferred to the [[India|Republic of India]] in 1954.

=== High Commissioners ===
{{See also|List of lieutenant governors of Puducherry}}
{{further|List of consuls general of India in the French India}}
The first High Commissioner, Kewal Singh was appointed immediately after the ''Kizhoor referendum'' on 21 October 1954 as per Foreign Jurisdiction Act, 1947.<ref name="RL" />{{rp|964}} The Chief Commissioner had the powers of the former French commissioner, but was under the direct control of the Union Government.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7We3DQAAQBAJ|title=The Statesman's Year-Book 1963: The One-Volume ENCYCLOPAEDIA of all nations|work=S. Steinberg|publisher=MACMILLAN&Co.LTD, London|year=1963|isbn=9780230270893}}</ref>{{rp|198}}

The list of Chief Commissioners is given below<ref name="RL">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DFqbAAAAMAAJ|title=Cabinet Responsibility to Legislature|work= G. C. Malhotra|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat|year=2004|isbn=9788120004009}}</ref>{{rp|977}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! {{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! Name
! class=unsortable | Took office
! class=unsortable | Left office
|-
| 1 || {{Sortname|Kewal |Singh}}
| 21 October 1954 || 16 November 1956
|-
| 2 || {{Sortname|M.K.|Kripalani}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0mAQAAIAAJ|title=Civil Affairs|volume=5|publisher=Monthly Journal of Local Govt. and Public Administration in India|year=1958}}</ref>{{rp|103}}
| 17 November 1956||27 August 1958
|-
| 3 || {{Sortname|Lal Ram Saran|Singh}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7We3DQAAQBAJ|title=The Statesman's Year-Book 1960: The One-Volume ENCYCLOPAEDIA of all nations|work=S. Steinberg|publisher=MACMILLAN&Co.LTD, London|year=1960|isbn=9780230270893}}</ref>{{rp|197}}
| 30 August 1958||8 February 1961
|-
| 4 || {{Sortname|Sisir Kumar|Dutta}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6NbMDQAAQBAJ|title=The Statesman's Year-Book 1963: The One-Volume ENCYCLOPAEDIA of all nations|work=S. Steinberg|publisher=MACMILLAN&Co.LTD, London|pages=474–475|year=1963|isbn=9780230270923}}</ref>
| 2 May 1961||1 August 1963
|-
| 5 || {{Sortname|K.J.|Somasundaram}}
| 2 August 1963||13 October 1963
|}

==East India Company==
'''East India Company''' is a general term, referring to a number of European trading companies established in the early modern era to establish trade relations with and subsequently political control over the Indian subcontinent, the Indonesian archipelago and the neighbouring lands in Southeast Asia. They would include:

* [[British East India Company]] (1600–1874)
* [[Dutch East India Company]] (1602–1799)
* [[Danish East India Company]] (1616–1650), re-established 1670–1729
* [[Portuguese East India Company]] (1628–1633)
* [[Genoese East India Company]] (1649–1650)
* [[Louis XIV's East India Company|French East India Company]] (1664–1769), re-established 1785–1794
* [[Swedish East India Company]] (1731–1813)
* [[Austrian East India Company]] (1776–1781)

==British East India Company==
* [[British East India Company]] (1600–1874)

===Early governors===
* 1600–1601: Sir [[Thomas Smythe]] (first governor)
* 1601–1602: [[John Watts (merchant)|Sir John Watts]]
* 1602–1603: Sir [[John Harte (mayor)|John Hart]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1558-1603/member/hart-sir-john-1604#footnote2_ed031o8|title=HART, Sir John (d.1604), of St. Swithin's, London and Scampton, Lincs. |website=History of parliament}}</ref>
* 1603–1606: Sir [[Thomas Smythe]] (re-elected)
* 1606–1607: Sir [[William Romney]]
* 1607–1621: Sir [[Thomas Smythe]] (re-elected)
* 1621–1624: Sir [[William Holliday (merchant)|William Halliday]]
* 1624–1638: [[Maurice Abbot|Sir Maurice (Morris) Abbot]]
* 1638–1641: Sir [[Christopher Clitherow]]<ref>{{cite book|title=The Emergence of International Business, 1200–1800: The English East India Company|page=Appendix}}</ref>

== Evolution of flags ==

===Indian polities===
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! style="width:100px;" |Flag!! style="width:100px;" |Duration!! style="width:250px;" |Use!! style="min-width:250px" |Description
|-
| [[File:Delhi Sultanate Flag.svg|border|150px]] || 1320–1413 || Flag of the [[Tughlaq dynasty]] of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] according to the [[Catalan Atlas]], but there is no evidence this was actually used by the Delhi Sultanate. || A gray flag with a black strip left of center.
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate.svg|border|150px]] || 1490–1636 || Flag of the [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]]{{Citation needed |date=April 2024}} || A dark green triangular swallowtailed field.
|-
| [[File:Qutbshahi Flag.svg|border|150px]] || 1518–1687 || Flag of the [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Golconda Sultanate]]{{Citation needed |date=April 2024}} || A turquoise field.
|-
| [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|border|150px]] || 1526–1858 || Flag of the [[Mughal Empire]] ([[Alam (flag)|''Alam'']]) || A flag that was primarily [[moss green]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=A panorama in 12 folds showing the procession of the Emperor Bahadur Shah to celebrate the feast of the 'Id. f. 59v-A |url=https://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/addorimss/a/zoomify55414.html |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=[[British Library]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220142858/https://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/addorimss/a/zoomify55414.html|archive-date=20 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|border|150px]] || 1674–1818 || Flag of the [[Maratha Empire]] (''[[Bhagwa Dhwaj]]''){{Citation needed |date=April 2024}} || A [[Saffron (color)|saffron]] colored [[Swallowtail (flag)|swallowtail]] flag.
|-
| [[File:Kattar Dhal Talwar.png|border|150px]] || 1716–1799 || Flag of The [[Misl|Sikh Confederacy]]{{Citation needed |date=April 2024}} || Flag of the Nihang Khalsa Fauj showing weapons like [[Katar (dagger)]], [[Dhal Shield]] and [[Kirpan]]. The standard goes from 'bottom to top' signifying that the armies of the tenth guru are always victorious.
|-
| [[File:Sikh Empire flag.svg|border|150px]] || 1799–1849 || Flag of the [[Sikh Empire]] ''([[Nishan Sahib]])''{{Citation needed |date=April 2024}} || A triangular flag that was saffron with a green border.
|}

=== Colonial India ===
{{See also|Colonial India}}

====British rule in India====
{{See also|British Raj|Company rule in India}}
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
! style="width:100px;" |Flag!! style="width:100px;" |Duration!! style="width:250px;" |Use!! style="min-width:250px" |Description
|-
| [[File:British Raj Red Ensign.svg|border|150px]] || 1880–1947 || [[Star of India (flag)|Civil Ensign of India]] used to represent [[British Raj|India]] internationally. || A [[Red Ensign]] with the Union Jack at the canton, defaced with the [[Star of India (flag)#Emblem|Star of India emblem]] displayed in the fly.
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Governor-General of India (1885–1947).svg|border|150px]] || 1885–1947 || Flag of the [[Viceroy and Governor-General of India]] || The [[Union Jack]] defaced with the insignia of the [[Order of the Star of India]] beneath the [[Tudor Crown]].
|-
| [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|border|150px]] || 1858–1947 || The official [[state flag]] of the [[British Empire]] used in India|| The [[Flag of the United Kingdom]].
|-
| [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|border|150px]] || 1801–1858 || [[Flag of the East India Company]]|| A striped banner with the [[Union Jack]] in the canton.
|-
| [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg|border|150px]] || 1707–1801 || Flag of the East India Company || A striped banner with the [[Union Jack]] of [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] in the canton.
|-
| [[File:British East India Company flag.svg|border|150px]] || 1600–1707 || Flag of the [[East India Company]] || A striped banner with [[Saint George's Cross]] in the canton.
|}

===== Princely states =====
{{main|Flags of Indian princely states}}

==== French India ====
{{see also|French India}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:110px;" |Flag !! style="width:100px;" |Date !! style="width:250px;" |Use !! style="width:250px;" |Description
|-
| [[File:Pavillon_royal_de_la_France.svg|border|150px]] || 1667–1791 || Flag of the [[Kingdom of France]] || Flag of the Kingdom of France.
|-
| [[File:Flag_of_France_(1790-1794).svg|border|150px]] || 1791–1794 || 1791–1792: Flag of the [[Kingdom of France (1791–92)|Kingdom of France]] 1792–1794: Flag of the [[French First Republic]] || The flag of [[France]].
|-
| [[File:Drapeau_Royaume_de_France_1815-1830.jpg|border|150px]] || 1814–1815 1815–1830 || Flag of the [[Kingdom of France]] under the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Bourbon Restoration]] || Flag of the Kingdom of France.
|-
| [[File:Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1958).svg|border|150px]] || 1794–1804, 1830–1940, 1944–1954 || 1794–1804: Flag of the [[French First Republic]] 1804–1814, 1815: Flag of the [[First French Empire]] 1830–1848; Flag of the [[July Monarchy|Kingdom of France]] 1848–1852: Flag of the [[French Second Republic]] 1852–1870: Flag of the [[Second French Empire]] 1870–1940: Flag of the [[French Third Republic]] and [[French colonial empire|French Empire]] 1944–1946: Flag of the [[Provisional Government of the Fourth French Republic]] 1946–1954: Flag of the [[French Fourth Republic]] and [[French Union]] || The flag of [[France]].
|-
| [[File:Flag_of_Free_France_(1940-1944).svg|border|150px]] || 1940–1944 || Flag of French India under [[Free France]] || Flag of [[Free France]] with the [[Cross of Lorraine]]
|}

==== Portuguese India ====
{{see also|Portuguese India}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:110px;" |Flag !! style="width:100px;" |Date !! style="width:250px;" |Use !! style="width:250px;" |Description
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal (1485–mid-16th century).svg|border|center|100px]] || 1497–1521|| Flag of the [[Kingdom of Portugal]]. ||
|-
| [[File:Flag Portugal (1578).svg|border|150px]] || 1578–1616||Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal. ||
|-
| [[File:Flag Portugal (1616).svg|border|150px]] || 1616–1640||Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal.||
|-
| [[File:Flag Portugal (1640).svg|border|150px]] || 1640–1667|| Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal. ||
|-
| [[File:Bandeira nos Galeões da Índia.png|border|150px]] || 17th and 18th centuries || Portuguese Indian Naval Ensign.||
|-
| [[File:Flag Portugal (1667).svg|border|150px]] || 1667–1706||Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal. ||
|-
| [[File:Bandeira Comércio da Índia.png|border|150px]] || 18th century|| Portuguese Indian Merchant Ensign
|-
| [[File:Flag Portugal (1707).svg|border|150px]] || 1706–1750 ||Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal. ||
|-
| [[File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil,_and_the_Algarves_(1815-1825).svg|border|150px]] || 1816–1826 || Flag of the [[United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves]]. ||
|-
| [[File:Flag Portugal (1707).svg|border|150px]] || 1826–1830||Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal. ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of Portugal (1830–1910).svg|border|150px]] || 1830–1910|| Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal. || Vertical bicolour blue-white. Proportion of the fields: 1:1.
|-
| [[File:Flag of Portugal.svg|border|150px]] || 1910–1961 (''de facto'') 1910–1974 (''de jure'') || Flag of the [[Portuguese Republic]]. The final [[state flag]] of [[Portuguese India]]. || Used from the [[5 October 1910 revolution|implantation of the Portuguese Republic]] in 1910. Officially used until 1974, as Portugal only then recognised the [[Annexation of Portuguese India]].
|-
| [[File:Flag of Portuguese India (proposal).svg|border|150px]] || 1967 (proposed) || Proposed official flag for Portuguese India in 1967. || Proposal by F. P. de Almeida Langhans. Never actually used.
|-
| [[File:Flag of Portuguese Colony Governor General.svg|frameless|150px]]
|1935–1961
|Distinctive Flag of a Portuguese Overseas Governor-General (used by the Governor-General of Portuguese India)
|
|}

==== Dutch India ====
{{see also|Dutch India}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:110px;" |Flag !! style="width:100px;" |Date !! style="width:250px;" |Use !! style="width:250px;" |Description
|-
| [[File:Prinsenvlag.svg|border|150px]] || 1605–1795 || [[Prince's Flag|The Prince's Flag]] ||
|-
| [[File:Statenvlag.svg|border|150px]] || 1652–1795 || [[Statenvlag|States Flag]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Batavian Republic.svg|border|150px]] || 1795–1806 || [[Flag of the Batavian Republic]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|border|150px]] || 1813–1825 || Flag of [[Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands]] and the [[United Kingdom of the Netherlands]] ||
|}

=== Danish India ===
{{see also|Danish India}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:110px;" |Flag !! style="width:100px;" |Date !! style="width:250px;" |Use !! style="width:250px;" |Description
|-
| [[File:Flag_of_Denmark.svg|border|150px]] || 1620–1869 || The flag of [[Denmark]] ([[Denmark-Norway]] until 1814) ||
|}

=== Swedish India ===
{{see also|Swedish East India Company}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:110px;" |Flag !! style="width:100px;" |Date !! style="width:250px;" |Use !! style="width:250px;" |Description
|-
| [[File:Naval Ensign of Sweden.svg|border|150px]] || 1731–1813 || The flag of [[Sweden]] ||
|}

==== Austrian India ====
{{see also|Austrian colonization of the Nicobar Islands}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:110px;" |Flag !! style="width:100px;" |Date !! style="width:250px;" |Use !! style="width:250px;" |Description
|-
| [[File:Flag of Austria.svg|border|150px]] || 1778–1785 || The flag of [[Archduchy of Austria]] ||
|}

=== Indian independence movement ===
{{see also|Indian independence movement}}

== Flags used in the Indian independence movement ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:110px;" |Flag !! style="width:100px;" |Date !! style="width:250px;" |Use !! style="width:250px;" |Description
|-
| [[File:Flag of India 1906 (Calcutta Flag).svg|border|150px]] || 1906 || [[Calcutta flag]] || Three horizontal bands of equal width with the top being orange, the centre yellow, and the bottom green. It had eight half-opened lotus flowers on the top stripe, and a picture of the sun and a crescent moon on the bottom stripe. {{script|Deva|वन्दे मातरम्}} ({{IAST|''[[Vande Mātaram]]''}}) was inscribed in the centre in [[Devanagari]]. The [[partition of Bengal (1905)]] resulted in the introduction of a new Indian flag that sought to unite the multitude of castes and races within the country. The ''Vande Mataram'' flag, part of the [[Swadeshi movement]] against the British, comprised Indian religious symbols represented in western heraldic fashion. The tricolour flag included eight white lotuses on the upper green band representing the eight provinces, a sun and a crescent on the bottom red band, and the ''Vande Mataram'' slogan in Hindi on the central yellow band. The flag was launched in [[Calcutta]] bereft of any ceremony and the launch was only briefly covered by newspapers. The flag was not covered in contemporary governmental or political reports either, but was used at the annual session of the [[Indian National Congress - Freedom Era|Indian National Congress]]. A slightly modified version was subsequently used by [[Madam Bhikaji Cama]] at the Second Socialist International Meeting in [[Stuttgart]]. Despite the multiple uses of the flag, it failed to generate enthusiasm amongst Indian nationalists.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Virmani|first=Arundhati | title=National Symbols under Colonial Domination: The Nationalization of the Indian Flag, March–August 1923| jstor=651278 | date=August 1999| journal=Past & Present |issue=164 | pages=175–176 | doi=10.1093/past/164.1.169}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Flag of India 1907 (Nationalists Flag).svg|border|150px]] || rowspan="2" |1907 || rowspan="2" |Early [[Indian nationalist]] flags {{#tag:ref|Around the same time, another proposal for the flag was initiated by [[Sister Nivedita]], a Hindu reformist and disciple of [[Swami Vivekananda]]. The flag consisted of a thunderbolt in the centre and a hundred and eight oil lamps for the border, with the ''[[Vande Mataram]]'' caption split around the thunderbolt. It was also presented at the Indian National Congress meeting in 1906.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roy |first=Srirupa |title=A Symbol of Freedom: The Indian Flag and the Transformations of Nationalism, 1906– |journal=Journal of Asian Studies |volume=65 |date=August 2006 |oclc=37893507 |issn=0021-9118 |issue=3 |pages=498–499}}</ref> Soon, many other proposals were initiated, but none of them gained attention from the nationalist movement.|group="Note"}} ||
|-
| [[File:1907-India-flag.svg|border|150px]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of India 1917.svg|150px]] || 1917 || Flag of the [[Indian Home Rule Movement|Home Rule Movement]]{{#tag:ref|In 1916, [[Suraiya Tayyabji]] submitted thirty new designs, in the form of a booklet funded by members of the [[High Court of Madras]]. These many proposals and recommendations did little more than keep the flag movement alive. The same year, [[Annie Besant]] and [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] adopted a new flag as part of the Home Rule Movement. The flag included the Union Jack in the upper left corner, a star and crescent in the upper right, and seven stars displayed diagonally from the lower right, on a background of five red and four green alternating bands. The flag resulted in the first governmental initiative against any nationalistic flag, as a magistrate in [[Coimbatore]] banned its use. The ban was followed by a public debate on the function and importance of a national flag.<ref>{{Harvnb|Virmani|1999|pp=176–177}}</ref>|group="Note"}} || Five red and four green horizontal stripes On the upper left quadrant was the Union Jack, which signified the [[Dominion]] status that the movement sought to achieve. A crescent and a star, both in white, are set in top fly. Seven white stars are arranged as in the [[Saptarishi]] constellation (the constellation [[Ursa Major]]), which is sacred to [[Hindu]]s.
|-
| [[File:1931 Flag of India.svg|border|150px]] || 1931–1947 || The [[Swaraj]] Flag, officially adopted by the Indian National Congress in 1931. In the years 1943–1945 it was the official flag of the '''[[Azad Hind]]''' [[Imperial Japan]]ese [[puppet government]] for India and the [[Indian National Army]] ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of Azad Hind.svg|border|150px]] || 1942–1945 || Flag of the [[Indian Legion]] of the [[Waffen-SS]] of [[Nazi Germany]]|| Three horizontal strips of saffron, white, and green, with a springing [[tiger]] in the centre.
|}

=== Proposed flags ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:110px;" |Flag!! style="width:100px;" |Date!! style="width:250px;" |Use!! style="width:250px;" |Description
|-
|[[File:1902 British Empire flag proposal (in India).svg|border|150x150px]]
|1902
|Design reported in the Daily Express to have been proposed as part of a series of [[British Empire flag|Empire flags]] that would replace the Union Jack in representing individual territories of the British Empire<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 February 1902 |title=A British Empire Flag |pages=3 |work=The New York Times |agency=The London Express |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1902/02/09/archives/a-british-empire-flag-a-design-is-preparing-for-a-new-ensign-to.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=20 August 2023 |via=The New York Times Archives}}</ref>
|The [[Saint George's Cross|Cross of Saint George]] and the crown in the canton would have been present on all Empire flags to represent the English. In the top right would have been the emblem of the territory flying the flag, and in this case, the Star of India. A large sun in the centre symbolizes "[[the empire on which the sun never sets]]."
|-
| [[File:Proposed flag of India (1904).svg|border|150px]] || Proposed in 1904, used in April 1910|| Flag proposed in an issue of an Anglo-Indian weekly.<ref name="FP">{{cite web |url=https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/in!.html |title=Indian Flag Proposals |author=Dipesh Navsaria |date=July 27, 1996 |work=Flags of the World |access-date=March 14, 2020}}</ref> || Dark blue, green and light blue triband with a purple band at the hoist depicting the [[Orion constellation]]. A thin red border surrounds the whole flag.
|-
| [[File:Gandhi's Original Flag of India Proposal.svg|border|150px]] || 1921 || [[Mahatma Gandhi|Mahatma Gandhi's]] Original Proposal ||
|-
| [[File:1921 India flag.svg|border|150px]] || 1921 || [[Gandhi]]'s flag, introduced at the [[Indian National Congress]] meeting in 1921 ||
|-
| [[File:Flag of Portuguese India (1932 proposal).svg|border|150px]] || 1932 || Proposed flag for [[Portuguese India]], designed by Afonso de Ornelas. ||
|-
| [[File:Mountbatten Proposed Flag of India.svg|border|150px]] || 1947 || [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Louis Mountbatten]]'s proposed flag for India.<ref name="FP" /> || The Swaraj flag with a small [[Union Flag]] in the canton.
|-
| [[File:Flag of Portuguese India (1965 proposal).svg|border|150px]] || 1965 || Proposed official flag for Portuguese India in 1965. The proposal came after the [[Annexation of Goa|annexation]] of the territories in 1961 and was part of a series of similar flags for the [[Portuguese Empire|other colonies]]. || Proposal by F. P. de Almeida Langhans. Never actually used.
|}

=== Dominion of India ===
{{see also|Dominion of India}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:110px;" |Flag !! style="width:100px;" |Date !! style="width:250px;" |Use !! style="width:250px;" |Description
|-
| [[File:Flag of India.svg|border|150px]] || 1947–1950 || Flag of the [[Dominion of India]] || A horizontal [[tricolour (flag)|tricolour]] of saffron at the top, white in the middle, and green at the bottom. In the centre is a navy blue wheel with twenty-four spokes, known as the [[Ashoka Chakra]].
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Governor-General of India (1947-1950).svg|border|150px]] || 1947–1950 || Flag of the [[governor-general of India]] || Dark blue field emblazoned with the royal crest (a [[Tudor Crown]] surmounted by the lion of England, itself wearing the crown), beneath which was the word 'India' in gold [[majuscules]]. Similar to flags used by other Governors-General of Commonwealth realms.
|-
| [[File:Flag of India.svg|border|150px]] || 1947–present || [[Flag of India|National flag of India]] || A horizontal [[tricolour (flag)|tricolour]] of saffron at the top, white in the middle, and green at the bottom. In the centre is a navy blue wheel with twenty-four spokes, known as the [[Ashoka Chakra]].
|}

==List of European colonies in Asia==
Dutch, British, Spanish, Portuguese colonies and Russian territories in Asia:
British colonies in [[East Asia]], [[South Asia]], and [[Southeast Asia]]:

===British Empire===
* {{Flagicon|British Empire}}
* {{Flagicon|British Burma}} [[British Burma]] (1824–1948, merged with [[British Raj|India]] by the British from 1886 to 1937)
* {{Flagicon|British Ceylon}} [[British Ceylon]] (1815–1948, now [[Sri Lanka]])
* {{Flagicon|British India}} [[Colonial India]] (includes the territory of present-day [[India]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]])

===British India===
:* (British protectorate)
:{{Flagicon|British India}} [[British India]] (1613–1947)
::{{Flagicon|East India Company}} [[Company rule in India|British East India Company]] (1757–1858)
::{{Flagicon|British Raj}} [[British Raj]] (1858–1947)
* {{Flagicon|Bhutan}} [[Bhutan]] (1865–1947) (British protectorate)
* {{Flagicon|Nepal}} [[Nepal]] (1816–1923) (British protectorate)

===Danish India===
:{{Flagicon|Danish India}} [[Danish India]] (1696–1869)

===Sweden===
:{{Flagicon|Sweden}} [[Swedish East India Company#The first octroi (1731–1746)|Swedish Parangipettai]] (1733)

=== French colonies in South and Southeast Asia ===
* {{Flagicon|French India}} [[French India]] (1769–1954)

===Dutch India===
* {{Flagicon|Dutch India}} [[Dutch India]] (1605–1825)
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Dutch East India Company.svg}} [[Dutch Bengal]]
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Dutch East India Company.svg}} [[Dutch Ceylon]] (1656–1796)

===Portuguese===
*{{Flagicon|Portuguese Empire}}
* {{Flagicon|Portuguese Ceylon}} [[Portuguese Ceylon]] (1505–1658)
* {{Flagicon|Portuguese India}} [[Portuguese India]] (1510–1961)

===Russian Empire===
* {{Flagicon|Russian Empire}} [[Outer Manchuria]] – ceded to [[Russian Empire]] through [[Treaty of Aigun]] (1858) and [[Treaty of Peking]] (1860)

===Spanish Empire===
:{{Flagicon|Spanish Empire}} [[Spanish Philippines]] (1565–1898, 3rd longest European occupation in Asia, 333 years),

==India's protectorates==
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Bhutan.svg}} [[Kingdom of Bhutan|Bhutan]] (1947–1971).
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Sikkim (1914-1962).svg}} [[Kingdom of Sikkim]] (1950–1975), later [[1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum|acceded]] to India as [[Sikkim|State of Sikkim]].{{sfnp|Hoffmann, Protectorates|1987|pp=336–339}}

==Indian provisional government==
{{short description|Indian provisional government in Japanese-occupied Singapore during World War II}}
{{about|the organisation formed during World War II in Singapore|the Provisional Government formed by Raja Mahendra Pratap during World War I|Provisional Government of India|the military unit raised during World War II in Nazi Germany|Indian Legion|the body created in 1946|Interim Government of India}}

== Provisional Government to Indian independence ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="98%"
! scope="col" |No.
! scope="col" width="25%" |Name
(birth–death)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Photograph
! scope="col" |Elected
! scope="col" |Took office
! scope="col" |Left office
! scope="col" |Vice President
! colspan="2" scope="col" class="unsortable" |Party
|-
! colspan="9" |Provisional Government of India
|-
!1
|[[Mahendra Pratap]]
|
|—
|1915
|1919
|[[Abdul Hafiz Mohamed Barakatullah]]
|
|
|-
!2
|[[Abdul Hafiz Mohamed Barakatullah]]
|
|—
|1919
|1919
|[[Mahendra Pratap]]
|
|
|}

===Subhas Chandra Bose Provisional Government to Indian independence ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="98%"
! scope="col" |No.
! scope="col" width="25%" |Name
(birth–death)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Photograph
! scope="col" |Elected
! scope="col" |Took office
! scope="col" |Left office
! scope="col" |Vice President
! colspan="2" scope="col" class="unsortable" |Party
|-
! colspan="9" |Provisional Government of India
|-
!1
|[[Subhas Chandra Bose]]
|
|—
|1941
|1945
|[[Mohan Singh]] and [[Iwaichi Fujiwara]] founders of the [[First Indian National Army]]
|
|
|}

===President of the Executive Council===
[[Interim Government of India]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! {{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! Portrait
! style="width:17em" |Name
! colspan="2" |Term of office
! style="width:8em" |Political party
|-
! 1
|
| '''[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'''
[[List of prime ministers of India|Vice-President of the Executive Council]] 
[[Minister of External Affairs (India)|External Affairs & Commonwealth Relations]] 
| 1945
| 15 August 1947
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|}

==List of Party Congresses Communist Party of India (Marxist)==
{{Primary sources|section|date=April 2025}}
{{sort under}}
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|- style="background:#CCCC;"
!Congress
!Date
!Location
!Elected Secretary
!{{abbr|Ref.|References.}}
|-
!24th
|2 – 6 April 2025
|[[Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
|[[M. A. Baby]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajasekaran |first=Ilangovan |date=7 April 2025 |title=CPI(M) elects M.A. Baby as its new general secretary at the 24th Party Congress |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/cpim-new-general-secretary-mariam-baby-elected-madurai-2025/article69423314.ece/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250407173935/https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/cpim-new-general-secretary-mariam-baby-elected-madurai-2025/article69423314.ece/amp/ |archive-date=7 April 2025 |website=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]}}</ref>
|-
!23rd
|6 – 10 April 2022
|[[Kannur]], [[Kerala]]
|[[Sitaram Yechury]]
|<ref name="MI" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2022 |title=Yechury elected general secretary for 3rd term; 1st Dalit in CPM's politburo |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/yechury-elected-general-secretary-for-3rd-term-1st-dalit-in-cpms-politburo/articleshow/90768328.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
!22rd
|18 – 22 April 2018
|[[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]
|[[Sitaram Yechury]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2018 |title=Full list: CPI(M) newly elected central committee and politburo members |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/full-list-cpim-newly-elected-central-committee-and-politburo-members-sitaram-yechury-5147330/ |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422144704/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/full-list-cpim-newly-elected-central-committee-and-politburo-members-sitaram-yechury-5147330/ |archive-date=22 April 2018 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
|-
!21st
|April 2015
|[[Visakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|[[Sitaram Yechury]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2015 |title=Sitaram Yechury elected as new CPM chief |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/sitaram-yechury-to-be-new-cpm-chief-115041900364_1.html |website=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref>
|-
!20th
|April 2012
|[[Calicut]], [[Kerala]]
|[[Prakash Karat]]
|{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}
|-
!19th
|29 March – 3 April 2008
|[[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
|[[Prakash Karat]]
|<ref name="7 to 19" />
|-
!18th
|6 – 11 April 2005
|[[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]]
|[[Prakash Karat]]
|<ref name="7 to 19" /><ref name="The Times of India">{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/prakash-karat-takes-over-cpim-reins/articleshow/1074337.cms | title=Prakash Karat takes over CPI(M) reins | work=The Times of India | date=11 April 2005 }}</ref>
|-
!17th
|19 – 24 March 2002
|[[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]]
|[[Harkishan Singh Surjeet]]
|<ref name="7 to 19" />
|-
!16th
|5 – 11 October 1998
|[[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]]
|[[Harkishan Singh Surjeet]]
|<ref name="7 to 19" />
|-
!15th
|3 – 8 April 1995
|[[Chandigarh]], [[Punjab]]
|[[Harkishan Singh Surjeet]]
|<ref name="7 to 19" />
|-
!14th
|3 – 9 January 1992
|[[Madras]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
|[[Harkishan Singh Surjeet]]
|<ref name="7 to 19" />
|-
!13th
|27 December 1988 - 1 January 1989
|[[Trivandrum]], [[Kerala]]
|[[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]]
|<ref name="7 to 19" />
|-
!12th
|25 – 29 December 1985
|[[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]]
|[[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]]
|<ref name="7 to 19" />
|-
!11th
|26 – 31 January 1982
|[[Vijayawada]], [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]]
|[[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]]
|<ref name="7 to 19" />
|-
!10th
|2 – 8 April 1978
|[[Jalandar]], [[Punjab]]
|[[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]]
|<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nossiter |first=Thomas Johnson |title=Communism in Kerala: A Study in Political Adaptation |publisher=C. Hurst for the Royal Institute of International Affairs |year=1982 |isbn=9780905838403}}</ref><ref name="7 to 19" />
|-
!9th
|27 June – 2 July 1972
|[[Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
|[[Puchalapalli Sundarayya]]
|<ref name="7 to 19">{{cite web | url=https://cpim.org/members-pb-7th-19th-congress/ | title=Members of PB – 7th to 19th Congress|website = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] }}</ref>
|-
!8th
|23 – 29 December 1968
|[[Cochin]], [[Kerala]]
|[[Puchalapalli Sundarayya]]
|<ref name="7 to 19" />
|-
!7th
|31 October – 7 November 1964
|[[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]]
|[[Puchalapalli Sundarayya]]
|<ref name="7 to 19" />
|}

==Communist Party of India==
===Leadership===
The 24th Party Congress of Communist Party of India was held from 14 to 18 October 2022 in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh.

===General Secretary===
* [[D. Raja]]

====National Secretariat====
#[[D. Raja]]
#[[Amarjeet Kaur]]
#K. Narayana
#Bhalchandra Kango
#Pallab Sen Gupta
#[[Binoy Viswam]]
#[[Syed Azeez Pasha]]
#[[Nagendra Nath Ojha]]
#Rama Krushna Panda
#[[Annie Raja]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2024/Jul/14/annie-raja-elected-to-cpi-national-secretariat-2 | title=Annie Raja elected to CPI national secretariat | date=14 July 2024 | access-date=17 July 2024 | archive-date=17 July 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717154947/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2024/Jul/14/annie-raja-elected-to-cpi-national-secretariat-2 | url-status=live }}</ref>
#Girish Chandra Sharma<ref>{{cite web | url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/mobile/news.php?id=1343625&u=national-executive-meeting-begins-annie-raja-in-cpi-national-secretariat-1343625 | title=National executive meeting begins; Annie Raja in CPI national secretariat }}</ref>

==List of general secretaries and chairmen of the CPI==
Article XXXII of the party constitution says:

<blockquote>"The tenure of the General Secretary and Deputy General Secretary, if any, and State Secretaries is limited to two consecutive terms—a term being of not less than two years. In exceptional cases, the unit concerned may decide by three-fourth majority through secret ballot to allow two more terms. In case such a motion is adopted that comrade also can contest in the election along with other candidates. As regards the tenure of the office-bearers at district and lower levels, the state councils will frame rules where
necessary."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4927-communist-party-of-india/|title=Communist Party of India|date=5 September 2018|access-date=19 April 2021|archive-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419165305/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4927-communist-party-of-india/|url-status=live}}</ref></blockquote>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ General secretaries and chairmen<ref name="20th Party Congress, Hyderabad">{{cite news|title=20th Party Congress, Hyderabad|url=http://www.newageweekly.in/2012/03/20th-party-congress-hyderabad.html|access-date=7 September 2020|website=newageweekly.in|language=en|archive-date=19 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919085848/http://www.newageweekly.in/2012/03/20th-party-congress-hyderabad.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Sudhakar Reddy steps into Bardhan's shoes as CPI general secretary|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sudhakar-reddy-steps-into-bardhans-shoes-as-cpi-general-secretary/article3266136.ece|website=thehindu.com|language=en|access-date=1 May 2021|archive-date=1 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501080515/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sudhakar-reddy-steps-into-bardhans-shoes-as-cpi-general-secretary/article3266136.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Sudhakar Reddy is CPI general secretary again|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sudhakar-reddy-is-cpi-general-secretary-again/article7046445.ece|website=thehindu.com|language=en|access-date=1 May 2021|archive-date=1 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501080048/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sudhakar-reddy-is-cpi-general-secretary-again/article7046445.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= Sudhakar Reddy unanimously re-elected CPI general secretary|url= https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/sudhakar-reddy-unanimously-re-elected-cpi-general-secretary-118042900492_1.html|website= business-standard.com|language= en|access-date= 1 May 2021|archive-date= 1 May 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210501080048/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/sudhakar-reddy-unanimously-re-elected-cpi-general-secretary-118042900492_1.html|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=D. Raja takes over as CPI general secretary |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/d-raja-takes-over-as-cpi-general-secretary/article28626860.ece |work=The Hindu |date=21 July 2019 |language=en-IN |access-date=1 May 2021 |archive-date=8 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108170430/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/d-raja-takes-over-as-cpi-general-secretary/article28626860.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

! Number !! Photo !! Name !! Tenure
|-
! 1st
| ||[[Sachchidanand Vishnu Ghate]] || 1925–1933
|-
! 2nd
|[[File:Gangadhar Adhikary.jpg|75px]]||[[Gangadhar Adhikari]] || 1933–1935
|-
! 3rd
|[[File:PC Joshi 1937.jpg|75px]]||[[Puran Chand Joshi]] || 1936–1948
|-
! 4th
|[[File:B.T.Ranadive.jpg|75px]]||[[B. T. Ranadive]] || 1948–1950
|-
! 5th
| ||[[Chandra Rajeswara Rao]] || 1950–1951
|-
! 6th
| ||[[Ajoy Ghosh]] || 1951–1962
|-
!Chairman
| [[File:S.A. Dange.jpg|75px]] ||[[Shripad Amrit Dange]] || 1962–1981
|-
! 7th
| [[File:E. M. S. Namboodiripad.jpg|75px]] ||[[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]] || 1962–1964
|-
! (-)
| ||[[Chandra Rajeswara Rao]] || 1964–1990
|-
! 8th
| ||[[Indrajit Gupta]] || 1990–1996
|-
! 9th
| [[File:Bardan.JPG|75px]] ||[[Ardhendu Bhushan Bardhan]] || 1996–2012
|-
! 10th
| [[File:SUDAKAR REDDY DSC 0686.JPG|75px]] ||[[Suravaram Sudhakar Reddy]] || 2012–2019
|-
! 11th
| [[File:D.Raja M.P.JPG|75px]] ||[[D. Raja]] || 2019–''Incumbent''
|}

==Communist Party of India (Maoist)==
*[[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]]

== List of Sarsanghchalak ==
* {{legend|wheat|Acting|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No.
! Name
! Portrait
! Term
!Period
! Ref.
|- align=center
| 1
| '''[[K. B. Hedgewar]]'''
| [[File:Dr. Hedgevar.jpg|120x120px]]
| 27 September 1925 – 1930
|5 Years
|<ref>{{cite book |last1=Puniyani |first1=Ram |title=Religion, Power and Violence: Expression of Politics in Contemporary Times |isbn=0761933387 |page=125 |date=2005-07-21 }}</ref>
|- align=center
| style="background-color:Wheat"|-
| style="background-color:Wheat"|'''[[Laxman Vasudev Paranjape]]'''
| style="background-color:Wheat"|
| style="background-color:Wheat"|1930–1931
|1 Year
| <ref>{{cite web |last1=Mohta |first1=Tanmay |title=Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) |url=http://rashtriyaswayamsevaksangh-tanmaya.blogspot.com/2011/02/rashtriya-swayamsevak-sangh-rss.html |website=Blog |date=8 February 2011 |access-date=18 August 2018 |archive-date=25 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825143226/http://rashtriyaswayamsevaksangh-tanmaya.blogspot.com/2011/02/rashtriya-swayamsevak-sangh-rss.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|- align=center
| (1)
| '''[[K. B. Hedgewar]]'''
| [[File:Dr. Hedgevar.jpg|120x120px]]
| 1931–21 June 1940
| 9 years
|
|- align=center
| 2
| '''[[M. S. Golwalkar]]'''
| [[File:Golwalkar.jpg|126x126px]]
| 21 June 1940 – 5 June 1973
| {{Ayd|1940|6|21|1973|6|5}}
| <ref>{{cite book |last1=Jaffrelot |first1=Christophe |title=The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |page=39 }}</ref>
|- align=center
| 3
| '''[[Madhukar Dattatraya Deoras]]'''
| [[File:Balasaheb deoras.jpg|105x105px]]
| 5 June 1973–March 1994
|21 Years
| <ref>{{cite book |last1=Banerjee |first1=Sumanta |title=Shrinking space: minority rights in South Asia |publisher=South Asia Forum for Human Rights, 1999 |page=171}}</ref>
|- align=center
| 4
| '''[[Rajendra Singh (RSS)|Rajendra Singh]]'''
|
| March 1994–10 March 2000
| 6 years
|<ref>{{cite book |last1=Islam |first1=Shamsul |title=Religious Dimensions of Indian Nationalism: A Study of RSS |date=2006 |publisher=Anamika Pub & Distributors |isbn=9788174952363 |page=36 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iaQjbO8SN48C&q=Rajendra+Singh+%28RSS%29+Sarsanghchalaks&pg=PA36 |access-date=18 August 2018}}</ref>
|- align=center
| 5
| '''[[K. S. Sudarshan]]'''
|
| 10 March 2000 – 21 March 2009
| {{Ayd|2000|3|10|2009|3|21}}
|<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jaffrelot |first1=Christophe |title=Religion, Caste, and Politics in India |date=2010 |publisher=Primus Books |isbn=9789380607047 |page=205 }}</ref>
|- align=center
| 6
| '''[[Mohan Bhagwat]]'''
| [[File:Dr. mohan rao Bhagwat1.jpg|96x96px]]
| 21 March 2009–''Incumbent''
| {{ayd|2009|3|21}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=RSS chief Mohan Bhagwat urges youth to follow path shown by leaders |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/rss-chief-mohan-bhagwat-urges-youth-to-follow-path-shown-by-leaders/268544 |website=Times Now |date=13 August 2018 |access-date=18 August 2018 |archive-date=13 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813045415/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/rss-chief-mohan-bhagwat-urges-youth-to-follow-path-shown-by-leaders/268544 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[President of India]]
* [[Vice President of India]]
* [[List of presidents of India]]
* [[List of vice presidents of India]]
{{columns-list|
* [[Britons in India]]
*[[East India Company (disambiguation)]]
* [[British rule in Burma]]
* [[British North America]]
* [[Colonial India]]
** [[Danish India]]
** [[Dutch India]]
** [[French India]]
** [[Flags of British India]]
** [[Flags of India]]
** [[Portuguese India]]
* [[Historiography of the British Empire]]
* [[Lists of princely states of India|Indian princely states annexed by the British]]
* [[Maratha Empire]]
* [[Mughal Empire]]
* [[Salute state]]
* [[Sikh Empire]]
}}
* [[Communist Ghadar Party of India]]
*[[Ghadar Movement]]
* [[Ghadar Mutiny]]
* [[Hindu–German Conspiracy]]

== Footnotes ==
* {{note label|†|†|†}} Assassinated or died in office
* {{note label|§|§|§}} Returned to office after a previous non-consecutive term
* {{note label|RES|RES|RES}} Resigned
* {{note label|NC|NC|NC}} Resigned following a [[no-confidence motion]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

==External links==
* [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India.htm World Statesmen – India]
* [http://rulers.org/ruli.html#india Rulers.org – India]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of people by time in office|Indian prime ministers by time in office]]
[[Category:Lists of political office-holders in India|Prime Ministers]]

Wakoklon Heelel Thilel Salai Amailon Pukok

2026-03-01T01:32:10Z

Aeon: created new stub

{{Short description|One of the oldest puyas}}
{{Meitei scriptures}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}

The '''Wakoklon Heelel Thilen Salai Amailon Pukok Puya''', shortly known as the '''Wakoklon''', is one of the oldest scriptures ([[Puya (Meitei texts)|puyas]]) in [[Sanamahism]], the [[Sanamahism|Meetei religion]] of [[Ancient Kangleipak]] ([[Ancient Kangleipak|Antique Manipur]]). It is verified that it was written in 1398 BC (3400 years ago) by the National Archives, New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://paochelsalaitaret.net/puya/puyaproof.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=15 October 2020 |archive-date=31 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831014724/http://paochelsalaitaret.net/puya/puyaproof.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The text is considered by the people and the [[Government of Manipur]] as the source of the [[Meitei script|Kanglei Eeyek (Meetei script)]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Noni |first1=Arambam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OzjbCgAAQBAJ&dq=Wakoklon+Thilel+Salai+Amailon+Pukok+Puya+Govern-+ment+source+Kanglei+Eeyek+%28Kanglei+script%29&pg=PA235 |title=Colonialism and Resistance: Society and State in Manipur |last2=Sanatomba |first2=Kangujam |date=2015-10-16 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-27066-9 |language=en}}</ref> The Wakoklon recommends only 18 letters to be used in the [[Meitei script|Meetei writing system]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CIMMAQAAMAAJ&q=wakoklon |title=Borderlines |date=2004 |publisher=Binalakshmi Nepram |language=en}}</ref> One of the most important lines written in the text is "Konsen Tuleisengpa Sana Ee Mahi".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Devi |first=Nunglekpam Premi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1xBdDwAAQBAJ&dq=Wakoklon+Helel+Thilel+Salai+Ama-ilon+Pukok+Puya+Konsen+Tuleisengpa+Sana+Ee+Mahi&pg=PT40 |title=Short Essays on Women and Society: Manipuri Women through the Century |date=2018-05-25 |publisher=FSP Media Publications |language=en}}</ref> The text also mentions about the ancestral rituals to please the deities.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Session |first=North East India History Association |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nm9DAAAAYAAJ&q=Wakoklon+Thilel+Salai+Amailon+Pukok+Pyya |title=Proceedings of North East India History Association |date=1983 |publisher=The Association |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Other websites ==

* [https://books.google.com/books?id=9t47AAAAIAAJ&q=wakoklon+thilel+amailon+pukok+puya The North Eastern Geographer, Volume 12 books.google.co.in]
* [http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Discovery_of_Kangleipak.Concepts_of_some_important_words_used_in_Puya_Wakoklon_Heelel_Thilel_Salai_Ama-ilon_Pukok Concepts of some important words used in Puya Wakoklon Heelel Thilel Salai Ama-ilon Pukok www.e-pao.net]
* [http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Discovery_of_Kangleipak.The_Puya_Wakoklon_Heelel_Thilel_Salai_Ama-ilon_Pukok_And_Modern_Science The Puya – Wakoklon Heelel Thilel Salai Ama-ilon Pukok And Modern Science www.e-pao.net]
* [http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Discovery_of_Kangleipak.The_Puya_Wakoklon_Heelel_Thilel_Salai_Ama-ilon_Pukok_And_Modern_Science_Part_2 The Puya – Wakoklon Heelel Thilel Salai Ama-ilon Pukok And Modern Science :: Part 2 www.e-pao.net]
* [http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Arts_and_Culture.Extra-terrestrial_Connection_of_the_Meeteis_Part_2 Extra-terrestrial Connection of the Meeteis: Part 2 A Study of Wakoklon Heelel Thilel Salai Amailon Pukok Puya www.e-pao.net]
* [http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Arts_and_Culture.Extra-terrestrial_Connection_of_the_Meeteis_Part_3 Extra-terrestrial Connection of the Meeteis: Part 3 A Study of Wakoklon Heelel Thilel Salai Amailon Pukok Puya www.e-pao.net]
[[Category:Sanamahism]]
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]
[[Category:Puyas (Meitei texts)]]
{{Puyas}}

Ashwini Aanandita

2026-02-28T02:47:03Z

Aeon: Created A Info

{{Short description|Indian actress and model}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ashwini Aanandita
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1996|7|25|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore, Karnataka]], India
| othername = Ashwini S
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Model (person)|Model]]|[[Actress]]|[[Dance]]r}}
| years_active = 2013 – present
| known for =
| alma_mater = Dreamzone School Of Creative Studies, [[Banaswadi]]
| notable_works = [[Namma Veetu Ponnu]] [[Thangamagal (TV series)|Thangamagal]]
}}

'''Ashwini Aanandita''' (born 25 July 1996) is a model, South Indian television actress and dancer who predominantly appears in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Kannada]] television shows. She got her major breakthrough in the reality show ''Halli Hyda Pyateg Banda Season 2'' aired on [[Star Suvarna]] as she became the finalist.<ref name="Pyateg">{{cite web|author=|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/television-actress-ashwini-aanandita-to-play-the-lead-in-thangamagal/articleshow/106535704.cms|title=Television actress Ashwini Aanandita to play the lead in 'Thangamagal'|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 January 2024|language=en}}</ref> She is best known as Meenakshi Karthik in ''[[Namma Veetu Ponnu]]'' and as Hasini in ''[[Thangamagal (TV series)|Thangamagal]]'' both being telecast in [[Star Vijay]].<ref name="thangamagal">{{cite web|author=|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/yuvan-mayilsamy-and-ashwini-aanandita-to-play-the-leads-in-thangamagal/articleshow/106698414.cms|title=Yuvan Mayilsamy and Ashwini Aanandita to play the leads in 'Thangamagal'|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 January 2024|language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Ashwini was born on 25 July 1996 in [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]. Her mother tongue is [[Kannada]]. She did her schooling in Vagdevi Vilas School, Bangalore and later completed her graduation in Dreamzone School Of Creative Studies, [[Banaswadi]], Bangalore.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/tv-actress/ashwini-aanandita|title=Ashwini Aanandita - Overview, Serials & Shows}}</ref>

==Career==
In 2013, Ashwini started her career as a model and in 2014 she was featured in the reality show ''Pyate Hudgir Halli Life Season 3''<ref name="hudgir">{{cite web|url=
https://news.indiantvinfo.com/pyate-hudgir-halli-life-season-3-contestants/#google_vignette|title=Pyate Hudgir Halli Life Season 3 Contestants Details|access-date=29 August 2024}}</ref> aired on [[Star Suvarna]] and again the next year in 2015 she participated in ''Halli Hyda Pyateg Banda Season 2'' where she received attention as she became one of the finalists.<ref name="Pyateg" />

In 2021, she participated in ''[[Dance Jodi Dance|Dance Jodi Dance Season 1]]'' a dance competition reality television show broadcast on [[Zee Tamil]] along with a celebrity partner Mathan Pandian.<ref name="Pyateg" /> The same year she appeared as a female protagonist named Meenakshi Karthik, in the soap-opera ''[[Namma Veetu Ponnu]]'' broadcast in [[Star Vijay]], and her role in the drama was highly praised. ''Namma Veetu Ponnu'' was last aired on 25 March 2023<ref>{{cite news |title=TV show Namma Veetu Ponnu to go off-air soon|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tv-show-namma-veetu-ponnu-to-go-off-air-soon/articleshow/98851979.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=21 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref> and after that she made a cameo appearance in ''[[Kaatrukkenna Veli (TV series)|Kaatrukkenna Veli]]'' as Shivani, the male lead character's one-sided lover.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tamil-tv-show-kaatrukkenna-veli-to-go-off-air-soon/articleshow/103626328.cms|title=Tamil TV show 'Kaatrukkenna Veli' to go off-air soon|date=13 September 2023|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

In 2024, she again was cast as the lead female protagonist in the soap opera ''[[Thangamagal (TV series)|Thangamagal]]'' in [[Star Vijay]] for the role of Hasini, a quintessential "daddy's girl" is forced to take the role of a household maid in the village.<ref name="thangamagal" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=WebDesk |title=மறைந்த நடிகர் மயில்சாமி மகனுக்கு ஜோடி: இந்த நடிகை யார்னு தெரியுதா? வைரல் க்ளிக்ஸ்! |url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil-serial-actress-ashwini-aanandita-recent-photos-viral-on-social-media-4794309 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=tamil.indianexpress.com |language=ta}}</ref> She was also seen in the [[streaming television]] series ''[[Uppu Puli Kaaram]]'', an official remake of the [[South Korea]]n series ''[[My Father Is Strange]]''.<ref name="uppu">{{Cite web|date=21 May 2024|title=Uppu Puli Kaaram OTT release date: Here's when to stream the Tamil family entertainer on Disney+ Hotstar|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/uppu-puli-kaaram-disney-hotstars-family-entertainer-series-gets-release-date/d05bd33e68669|website=www.ottplay.com}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Reality shows===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Language
! Channel
!Notes
! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|2014
|''Pyate Hudgir Halli Life Season 3''
|rowspan="9"|Contestant
|rowspan="2"|[[Kannada]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Star Suvarna]]
|
|<ref name="hudgir" />
|-
|2015
|''Halli Hyda Pyateg Banda Season 2''
|3rd runner-up
|<ref name="Pyateg" />
|-
|2015
|''Athirshta Lakshmi''
| rowspan="11" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Zee Tamil]]
|
|{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}
|-
|2016-2017
|''[[Dance Jodi Dance|Dance Jodi Dance Season 1]]''
|along with Celebrity partner Madhan Pandian
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2022
|''[[Oo Solriya Oo Oohm Solriya]]''
| rowspan="9" |[[Star Vijay]]
|Episode 16
|
|-
|''Villathi Villain Naanga Vera Maari''
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2023
|''[[Anda Ka Kasam]]''
|Episode 23
|
|-
|''[[Start Music season 4]]''
|Episode 20
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2024
|''[[Start Music season 5]]''
|Episode 2; to promote ''[[Uppu Puli Kaaram]]''
|-
|''[[Cooku with Comali season 5]]''
|Guest
|Episode 18; to promote ''[[Uppu Puli Kaaram]]''
|
|-
|''Pandigai Palagaram Are U Ready''
|Guest
|
|
|-
|''Tik Tik Tik''
|Contestant
|
|
|-
|''Company''
|Contestant
|
|
|}

===Television serials===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Language
! Channel
! Note
! class="unsortable"|{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|2021–2023
|''[[Namma Veetu Ponnu]]''
|Meenakshi Karthik
|rowspan="4" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|rowspan="4" |[[Star Vijay]]
|
|<ref name="Pyateg" />
|-
|rowspan="2"|2023
|''[[Bharathi Kannamma (2019 TV series)|Bharathi Kannamma]]''
|Herself
|Cameo appearance
|
|-
|''[[Kaatrukkenna Veli (TV series)|Kaatrukkenna Veli]]''
|Shivani
|Special appearance
|
|-
|2024–2025
|''[[Thangamagal (TV series)|Thangamagal]]''
|Hasini alias Anjali
|
|<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=https://cineulagam.com/article/late-actor-mayilsamy-son-serial-debut-1703925585|title=பட வாய்ப்பு கிடைக்கவில்லை, விஜய் டிவி சீரியலில் நடிக்க வந்துள்ள மயில்சாமி மகன்- எந்த தொடர் பாருங்க |website=cineulagam.com|date=3 January 2024|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=|url=https://cineulagam.com/article/serial-actress-ashwini-aanandita-instagram-photos-1704513731#google_vignette|title=தங்கமகள் சீரியல் நடிகை அஷ்வினியின் அழகிய புகைப்படங்கள் |website=cineulagam.com|date=7 January 2024|language=ta}}</ref>
|}

===Other works===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year !! Title !! Role !! Platform !! Language !! Note !! {{refh|Ref.}}
|-
|2022
|''Ponmagal Vandaal - Cover Version''
|Lead Dancer
|rowspan="2"|[[YouTube]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|Released by Star Music
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hQwfSBaw5yY|date=31 December 2022|title=Ponmagal Vandaal - Cover Version Video Song | Ashwini | AR Rahman | Jaffer sadiq | Star Music Spot|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''Vaadi Vaadi''
|Lead cast
|Music Video co-starring Arun Karthi
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zO_e4jUscec|date=14 February 2023|title=VAADI VAADI - 1 MinMusic | Arun Karthi | Ashwini Aanandita | John Peter | Jayamoorthy | Viswa|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Uppu Puli Kaaram]]''
|Keerthi
|[[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|Web-series
|<ref name="uppu" />
|-
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=November 2024}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ Awards and nominations received by Ashwini Aanandita
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Work
!Result
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
|2023
|[[Vijay Television Awards|8th Annual Vijay Television Awards]]
|Best Daughter-in-law
|''[[Namma Veetu Ponnu]]''
| {{Nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Vijay Television Awards 2024: Winners List - National Film Awards |url=https://www.nationalfilmawards.in/award/vijay-television-awards-2024-winners-list.html |access-date=2025-08-23 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Indian television actresses]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm14620784}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aanandita, Ashwini}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Kendriya Vidyalaya, Military Station, Hisar

2026-02-21T05:15:24Z

Aeon: minor changes

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Kendriya Vidyalaya, Military Station, Hisar
| colours =
| location = [[Hisar Military Station]], [[Haryana]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|29|09|N|75|42|E|display=inline,title}}
| specialist =
| schooltype = Public funded
| motto =
| founded =
| founder =
| head =
| gender = Co-educational
| lower_age = 3
| upper_age = 18
| principal = Mr. Satyaveer singh
| chair =
| enrollment =
| faculty =
| district = [[Hisar district|Hisar]]
| affiliation =
| website = {{URL|www.kvhisarcantt.org/}}
}}

'''Kendriya Vidyalaya, Hisar''' is a govt school located in [[Hisar Military Station]] at [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]] in the Indian state of [[Haryana]].<ref name=IP1>{{Cite web |url=http://hisar.dopost.in/in.jsp?128/Kendriya-Vidyalaya-Military-Station-Hisar |title=KV Hsr School |access-date=11 May 2016 |archive-date=10 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610001115/http://hisar.dopost.in/in.jsp?128/Kendriya-Vidyalaya-Military-Station-Hisar |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Details==
The school has 38 classrooms, 10 labs, 1 library and other facilities.<ref name=jat2>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kvhisarcantt.org/english-facilities |title=KV details |access-date=11 May 2016 |archive-date=4 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604054010/http://www.kvhisarcantt.org/english-facilities |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Academics==
The schools offer classes till and also classes 1st10+2.<ref name=IP3>[hwww.kvhisarcantt.org/ KV Hisar]</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Universities and Colleges in Hisar]]
* [[List of schools in Hisar]]
* [[List of institutions of higher education in Haryana]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|www.kvhisarcantt.org/}}

{{Hisar, India topics}}
{{Haryana}}

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Haryana]]
[[Category:Kendriya Vidyalayas]]
[[Category:Boys' schools in India]]
[[Category:Hisar district]]

{{Haryana-school-stub}}

Tata Memorial Centre

2026-02-14T02:13:23Z

Aeon: general corrected section to improve readability and corrected details

{{short description|Hospital in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{ad|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name = Tata Memorial Hospital
| org_group = 
| image =
| image_alt = 
| caption = 
| pushpin_map =
| logo =
| logo_size = 178px
| location =
| region = [[Mumbai]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|19.004861|72.843235}}
| healthcare = 
| funding = Government of India
| type = Specialist
| speciality = {{hlist | [[Oncology]] | [[Teaching hospital]]}}
| standards = 
| emergency = 
| affiliation = [[Homi Bhabha National Institute]]
| patron = 
| network = 
| beds =
| founded = {{start date and age|28 February 1941}}
| closed = 
| website = [http://tmc.gov.in/ tmc.gov.in]
| other_links = 
}}
The '''Tata Memorial Center''' ('''TMC''') is an autonomous institution under the administrative control of [[Department of Atomic Energy (India)|Department of Atomic Energy]], Government of India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuclear India {{!}} Department of Atomic Energy |url=http://www.dae.gov.in/node/114 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428092550/https://dae.gov.in/node/114 |archive-date=28 April 2021 |access-date=2021-01-18 |website=www.dae.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tata Memorial Centre - About Us |url=http://www.actrec.gov.in/about.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222074644/http://www.actrec.gov.in/about.htm |archive-date=22 February 2020 |access-date=2021-01-18 |website=www.actrec.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rs 4369.17 Grant released to various Cancer Hospitals in Financial Year 2014–15 |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=121284 |website=pib.nic.in}}</ref> The TMC umbrella includes at least 10 cancer institutes across India, the largest and the central hub of which is the Tata Memorial Hospital (TMH) in [[Parel]], [[Mumbai]], is India's oldest and largest cancer institute.

It has spearheaded the Evidence-based Medicine (EBM) movement in oncology in India, and prioritizes Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) management through disease-specific groups, to ensure quality patient care.{{cn|date=May 2025}}

There are many firsts to the TMC name. These include India's first linear accelerator for radiation therapy in 1978, bone marrow transplant in 1983, tissue bank in 1988, PET/CT in 2004, and the first proton therapy unit in a government setup (and second overall) in 2023. It has spearheaded the CAR-T cell trial which has led to the approval indigenous CAR-T cell therapy in India. Importantly, with a mission centered on comprehensive compassionate cancer care for all, approximately 60% of patients receive free or highly subsidized treatments.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tmc.gov.in/index.php/en/list-of-center | title=List of Centers }}</ref> It is an autonomous institution under the administrative control of [[Department of Atomic Energy (India)|Department of Atomic Energy]], Government of India. Its current Director is Dr. [[Sudeep Gupta]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-30 |title=TMC head of 15 years retires with many cancer successes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/tata-memorial-centres-director-retires-after-15-years-of-cancer-successes/articleshow/105607010.cms |access-date=2024-10-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==History and current scope==
[[File:Tata Memorial Centre 1991 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|left|A 1991 stamp dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the Tata Memorial Centre]]
The Tata Memorial Hospital was initially commissioned by the [[Sir Dorabji Tata Trust]] on 28 February 1941 for the advancement of learning and research, disaster relief and other philanthropic activities ‘without any distinction of place, nationality or creed’. The death of Dorabji's wife Meherbai due to leukemia spurred him to create a center dedicated to researching the disease.<ref>[https://tmc.gov.in/index.php/aboutus/history-2 History]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. tmc.gov.in</ref> In 1952, the Indian Cancer Research Centre was established as a research institute for basic research—later called the Cancer Research Institute (CRI). The Ministry of Health took over the Tata Memorial Hospital in 1957. Administrative control of both TMH and CRI was then transferred to the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) in 1962, and these two arms merged to form the ‘Tata Memorial Center' (TMC) in 1966, with a mandate for service, education and research in cancer.

The Advanced Center for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC) at Kharghar was inaugurated in 2002, and houses the CRI and the Clinical Research Center (CRC) (inaugurated in 2005), a state-of-the-art research hospital. It houses the Bone Marrow Transplant unit and the Proton Therapy Centre, amongst others, and has now expanded to a fully fledged clinical hospital.

TMC has expanded its outreach across the country with nodal centers established at multiple places across the country, following the ‘hub and spoke’ model. These together register about 120,000 new cancer patients every year. Currently (2024), TMC comprises the following centres:

* Tata Memorial Hospital, Parel, Mumbai
* ACTREC, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai
* Centre for Cancer Epidemiology (CCE), Kharghar, Navi Mumbai
* Homi Bhabha Cancer Hospital and Research Centre (HBCH&RC), Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh
* Homi Bhabha Cancer Hospital (HBCH), Sangrur, Punjab
* Homi Bhabha Cancer Hospital and Research Centre (HBCH&RC), Mullanpur, Punjab
* Dr. Bhubaneswar Borooah Cancer Institute (BBCI), Guwahati, Assam
* Homi Bhabha Cancer Hospital (HBCH), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh
* Mahamana Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya Cancer Centre (MPMMCC), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh
* Homi Bhabha Cancer Hospital & Research Centre (HBCH & RC), Muzaffarpur, Bihar

==Patient care==
TMC focuses on evidence-based cancer management. The patients have the option to choose between different payment classes - the 'general' and 'private' category, with the same set of doctors and the same infrastructure treating both. Extremely poor patients are treated at nominal cost ('NC' category). This cross-subsidization model has proven to be impactful, with over million patient footfalls and about 60,000 admissions happening annually from diverse regions. TMC focuses on multidisciplinary team (MDT) management by dedicated disease management groups for various cancers, with every new patient discussed in a tumor board consisting of surgical, medical and radiation oncologists, radiologists, pathologists and other relevant members of the team together as a group, to ensure that everyone is on the same page. TMC is equipped with facilities, including robotic surgery, proton therapy, 24-hour chemotherapy units, the latest diagnostic modalities (including 24-hour CT and MRI scanners), interventional and minimally-invasive treatment techniques, [[Bone Marrow Transplant]], and CAR-T cell therapy''.'' It also provides tele-consultation and second opinion services for patients. Its ethos and focus on patient care is best captured by the fact that cancer management continued even during the Covid lockdown period, during which almost 500 cancer patients were operated successfully.

Apart from cancer treatment, TMC also focuses on cancer prevention, screening and early detection. It has conducted large randomized controlled trials focusing on the efficacy of simple low cost and effective technologies for early detection of breast and cervical cancers among women. These include demonstrating the effectiveness of cervical cancer screening with visual inspection with acetic acid, and of breast cancer screening with clinical breast examination. This has led to development of pragmatic evidence-based guidelines that have strengthened national cancer control policies in India and have been adopted by other low and middle income countries (LMICs).

==National Cancer Grid (NCG)==
The National Cancer Grid is a network of major cancer centers, research institutes, patient groups and charitable institutions across India with the mandate of establishing uniform standards of patient care for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer, providing specialized training and education in oncology and facilitating collaborative basic, translational and clinical research in cancer.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NCG - Tata Medical Center|url=https://tmc.gov.in/ncg/|language=en-US}}</ref>

There are over 300 NCG centres across India and other countries.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NCG - List of Centers|url=https://tmc.gov.in/ncg/index.php/list-of-centers|language=en-US}}</ref> The resource-stratified NCG guidelines for cancer care are linked with Ayushman Bharat reimbursement. Other NCG initiatives include pooled procurement of oncology drugs with a median 82% saving compared to maximum retail price,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pramesh |first1=C S |last2=Sengar |first2=Manju |last3=Patankar |first3=Sumedha |last4=Chinnaswamy |first4=Girish |last5=Gupta |first5=Sudeep |last6=Vijayakumar |first6=M |last7=Sood |first7=Sanjeev |last8=Sathe |first8=Anil |last9=Radhakrishnan |first9=Venkatraman |last10=Ganesan |first10=Prasanth |last11=Mohan Mallavarapu |first11=Krishna |last12=Badwe |first12=Rajendra |date=2023-09-01 |title=A National Cancer Grid pooled procurement initiative, India |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |language=en |volume=101 |issue=9 |pages=587–594 |doi=10.2471/BLT.23.289714 |pmid=37638358 |issn=0042-9686 |pmc=10452934 }}</ref> virtual tumor boards, quality improvement initiatives, and the Koita Centre for Digital Oncology (KCDO).<ref>{{Cite web|title=India's National Cancer Grid sets up Digital Cancer Centre|date=29 August 2022 |url=https://www.healthcareitnews.com/news/asia/indias-national-cancer-grid-sets-digital-cancer-centre}}</ref>

==Education==
The Tata Memorial Centre is a recognized training centre for cancer education and research by national and international organisations such as [[WHO]], [[IAEA]] and [[Union for International Cancer Control|UICC]].{{citation needed|date=June 2018}} Tata Memorial Hospital is a post-graduate teaching centre and is affiliated to the Homi Bhabha National University. Every year about 80 post-graduate students register with the centre for doing their Master's or [[Doctorate]] courses. There are about 400 students undergoing training every year in medical and non-medical fields in long and short term courses.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home {{!}} Advanced Centre for Treatment Research & Education in Cancer|url=https://actrec.gov.in/home|access-date=2020-10-13|website=actrec.gov.in}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Regional Cancer Centres]]
* [[Tata Medical Center]]
* [[Homi Bhabha Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Muzaffarpur]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Energy Ministries and Departments of India}}
{{Tata Group}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Hospitals in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Cancer hospitals]]
[[Category:Tata institutions]]
[[Category:Medical research institutes in India]]
[[Category:Regional Cancer Centres in India]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Homi Bhabha National Institute]]
[[Category:1941 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 1941]]

Ravi Sharma (Maoist politician)

2026-02-10T16:05:59Z

Aeon:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}

'''Ravi Sharma''' is an Indian [[Maoism|Maoist]] politician and Central Committee member of the [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]]

==Education==
Sharma hails from [[Mahbubnagar district]] of Indian state of [[Telangana]]. He is a postgraduate in Agriculture and earlier worked as a scientist with the [[Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agriculture University]] in [[Bihar]]. He was pursuing Ph.D from the [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] in [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Top-Maoist-leader-nabbed-in-Jharkhand/article16886977.ece|title=Top Maoist leader nabbed in Jharkhand|last=Banerjee|first=Shoumojit|date=16 October 2009|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=23 August 2019}}</ref>

==Political career==
Since 1999 Sharma and his wife B. Anuradha alias Rajitha<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/maoist-couple-remanded-to-two-days-police-custody/story-akRykonL9dJWg1lwcupTdM.html|title=Maoist couple remanded to two days police custody|date=17 October 2009|agency=PTI|newspaper=Hindustan Times|access-date=23 August 2019}}</ref> led the Maoist movement in Bihar and [[Jharkhand]]. He was one of the head of party's military group and in charge of the Bihar-Jharkhand Special Area Committee of the party.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8310043.stm|title=Top Indian Maoist couple arrested|website=bbc.co.uk|date=16 October 2009 |access-date=1 April 2019}}</ref> He looked after recruitment cell as well as training of party cadre as a member of the Sub-Committee of Political Education, a Maoist ideological wing. Sharma's wife Anuradha, came from [[West Godavari district|West Godavari]], left her job of Nationalised Bank in [[Hyderabad]] in 1988 and joined [[CPI (Maoist)]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/maoist-missus-in-montessori-miss-avatar-andhra-s-infamous-woman-rebel-passes-her-prison-term-teaching-18-tots/cid/381692|title=Maoist missus in Montessori miss avatar|website=telegraphindia.com|access-date=1 April 2019}}</ref> She went to Bihar in 2007 and became head of ''Nari Mukti Sangha'', the women's wing of the party.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.rediff.com/report/2009/oct/14/the-maoist-who-escaped-was-a-scientist.htm|title=Bihar: The Maoist who escaped was a scientist|access-date=1 April 2019}}</ref> According to the police the couple were responsible for [[Naxalite|Naxal]] violence in Bihar and Jharkhand.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Top-Naxal-couple-arrested/articleshow/5129504.cms|title=Top 'Naxal couple' arrested|newspaper=The Times of India|date=16 October 2009 |access-date=1 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/couple-behind-spurt-in-naxal-violence-arrested-403181|title=Couple behind spurt in Naxal violence arrested|access-date=1 April 2019}}</ref> Sharma is known inside the party as Arjun alias Mahesh alias Ashok. On 10 October 2009, Sharma along with his wife were arrested under [[Ichak]] police station from [[Hazaribag Wildlife Sanctuary|Hazaribagh Wildlife Sanctuary]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/naxal-rahul-whos-ravi-sharma-past-arrestssp-on-naxal-arrest-326706.html|title=Jharkhand Police arrest two top Naxal leaders|date=15 October 2009 |access-date=1 April 2019}}</ref> The Couple were sent to Jai Prakash Narayan Central Jail near [[Hazaribagh]].<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Ravi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Anti-revisionists]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Maoist) politicians]]
[[Category:Indian guerrillas]]
[[Category:Indian Marxists]]
[[Category:Naxalites]]
[[Category:People from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Mahbubnagar district]]

Pediatrics

2026-02-07T21:13:39Z

Aeon: corrected references for clarity as per guidelines

{{Short description|Branch of medicine caring for children}}
{{About|the branch of medicine|the journal|Pediatrics (journal)|the branch of dentistry|Pedodontics}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use American English|date=March 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox medical specialty
| title = Pediatrics
| subdivisions = Pediatric cardiology, neonatology, critical care, pediatric oncology, hospital medicine, primary care, others (see below)
| image = [[File:Newborn Examination 1967.jpg|250px]]
| caption = A pediatrician examines a [[neonate]].
| focus = [[Infants]], [[children]], [[adolescents]], and [[Youth|young adults]]
| diseases = [[Congenital disease]]s, [[infectious disease]]s, [[childhood cancer]], [[mental disorder]]s
| tests = [https://www.who.int/childgrowth/en/ World Health Organization Child Growth Standards]
| specialist = '''Pediatrician'''
| glossary = [[Glossary of medicine]]
}}
'''Pediatrics''' ([[American English]]), also spelled '''paediatrics''' ([[British English]]), also known as '''underage medicine''', is the branch of [[medicine]] that involves the medical care of [[infant]]s, [[child]]ren, [[Adolescence|adolescents]], and young adults. Within the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], pediatrics covers patients until the age of 18, except in [[India]] where the pediatric age is 12.<ref>{{cite web|title=Paediatrics|url=https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/commissioning-medicines-children-specialised-services.pdf|access-date=2 July 2020|website=nhs.uk|archive-date=13 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713031519/https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/commissioning-medicines-children-specialised-services.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=doctor.ndtv.com |title=What is the paediatric age in India? |url=https://doctor.ndtv.com/faq/what-is-the-paediatric-age-in-india-9617 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718042012/https://doctor.ndtv.com/faq/what-is-the-paediatric-age-in-india-9617 |archive-date=2025-07-18 |access-date=2025-10-21 |work=Doctor.ndtv.com}}</ref> The [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] recommends people seek pediatric care through the age of 21, but some pediatric subspecialists continue to care for adults up to 26, depending on insurance coverage for young adults who reside with parents.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Choosing a Pediatrician for Your New Baby (for Parents) - Nemours KidsHealth|url=https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/find-ped.html?ref=search|access-date=2020-07-13|website=kidshealth.org|archive-date=14 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714010130/https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/find-ped.html?ref=search|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=May 1988 |title=Age limits of pediatrics |url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/81/5/736 |journal=Pediatrics |volume=81 |issue=5 |page=736 |doi=10.1542/peds.81.5.736 |pmid=3357740 |s2cid=245164191 |access-date=18 April 2017 |archive-date=19 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419003118/http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/81/5/736 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Worldwide age limits of pediatrics have been trending upward year after year.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sawyer|first1=Susan M.|last2=McNeil|first2=Robyn|last3=Francis|first3=Kate L.|last4=Matskarofski|first4=Juliet Z.|last5=Patton|first5=George C.|last6=Bhutta|first6=Zulfiqar A.|last7=Esangbedo|first7=Dorothy O.|last8=Klein|first8=Jonathan D.|date=2019-11-01|title=The age of paediatrics|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanchi/article/PIIS2352-4642(19)30266-4/abstract|journal=The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health|language=en|volume=3|issue=11|pages=822–830|doi=10.1016/S2352-4642(19)30266-4|issn=2352-4642|pmid=31542355|s2cid=202732818|url-access=subscription}}</ref> A [[physician|medical doctor]] who specializes in this area is known as a '''pediatrician''', or '''paediatrician'''. The word ''pediatrics'' and its [[cognates]] mean "healer of children", derived from the two [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] words: {{lang|grc|[[wikt:παῖς|παῖς]]}} (''pais'' "child") and {{lang|grc|[[wikt:ἰατρός|ἰατρός]]}} (''iatros'' "doctor, healer"). Pediatricians work in clinics, research centers, universities, general [[hospital]]s and [[children's hospital]]s, including those who practice pediatric subspecialties (e.g. [[neonatology]] requires resources available in a [[neonatal intensive care unit|NICU]]).

==History==
[[File:Great Ormond Street Hospital.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Part of [[Great Ormond Street Hospital]] in [[London]], [[United Kingdom]], which was the first pediatric hospital in the English-speaking world.]]

The earliest mentions of child-specific medical problems appear in the ''[[Hippocratic Corpus]]'', published in the fifth century B.C., and the famous ''Sacred Disease''. These publications discussed topics such as childhood epilepsy and premature births. From the first to fourth centuries A.D., Greek philosophers and physicians [[Celsus]], [[Soranus of Ephesus]], [[Aretaeus of Cappadocia|Aretaeus]], [[Galen]], and [[Oribasius]], also discussed specific illnesses affecting children in their works, such as rashes, epilepsy, and meningitis.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Duffin|first=Jacalyn|title=History of Medicine, Second Edition: A Scandalously Short Introduction|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2010}}</ref> Already [[Hippocrates]], [[Aristotle]], [[Celsus]], [[Soranus of Ephesus|Soranus]], and [[Galen]]<ref name="ColónColón1999">{{Cite book |last1=Colón |first1=A. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i8NsAAAAMAAJ |title=Nurturing children: a history of pediatrics |last2=Colón |first2=P. A. |date=January 1999 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-313-31080-5 |access-date=20 October 2012}}</ref> understood the differences in growing and maturing organisms that necessitated different treatment: ''{{Lang|la|Ex toto non sic pueri ut viri curari debent}}'' ("In general, boys should not be treated in the same way as men").<ref>Celsus, ''De Medicina'', Book 3, Chapter 7, § 1.</ref> Some of the oldest traces of pediatrics can be discovered in [[Ancient India]] where children's doctors were called ''kumara bhrtya''.<ref name="ColónColón1999" />

Even though some pediatric works existed during this time, they were scarce and rarely published due to a lack of knowledge in pediatric medicine. ''[[Sushruta Samhita]]'', an [[ayurveda|ayurvedic]] text composed during the sixth century BCE, contains information about pediatrics.<ref>{{Cite book |last=John G. Raffensperger |title=Children's Surgery: A Worldwide History |publisher=McFarland |page=21}}</ref> Another ayurvedic text from this period is ''[[Kashyapa Samhita]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=David Levinson |title=Encyclopedia of modern Asia |last2=Karen Christensen |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |volume=4 |page=116}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Desai, A.B. |title=Textbook Of Paediatrics |publisher=Orient blackswan |page=1}}</ref> A second century AD manuscript by the Greek physician and gynecologist [[Soranus of Ephesus]] dealt with neonatal pediatrics.<ref>{{cite journal | pmc=2528358 | year=1995 | last1=Dunn | first1=P. M. | title=Soranus of Ephesus (Circa AD 98-138) and perinatal care in Roman times | journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition | volume=73 | issue=1 | pages=F51–F52 | doi=10.1136/fn.73.1.f51 | pmid=7552600 }}</ref> Byzantine physicians [[Oribasius]], [[Aëtius of Amida]], [[Alexander Trallianus]], and [[Paulus Aegineta]] contributed to the field.<ref name="ColónColón1999" /> The Byzantines also built ''brephotrophia'' ([[Day care|crêche]]s).<ref name="ColónColón1999" /> [[Islamic Golden Age]] writers served as a bridge for Greco-Roman and Byzantine medicine and added ideas of their own, especially [[Haly Abbas]], [[Yahya ibn Sarafyun|Yahya Serapion]], [[Abulcasis]], [[Avicenna]], and [[Averroes]]. The Persian philosopher and physician [[Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi|al-Razi]] (865–925), sometimes called the father of pediatrics, published a monograph on pediatrics titled ''Diseases in Children''.<ref name="Elgood">{{Cite book |last=Elgood |first=Cyril |title=A Medical History of Persia and The Eastern Caliphate |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge |isbn=978-1-108-01588-2 |edition=1st |location=London |pages=202–203 |quote=By writing a monograph on 'Diseases in Children' he may also be looked upon as the father of paediatrics.}}</ref><ref>U.S. National Library of Medicine, "Islamic Culture and the Medical Arts, Al-Razi, the Clinician" [https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/islamic_medical/islamic_06.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105081202/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/islamic_medical/islamic_06.html|date=5 January 2018}}</ref> Also among the first books about pediatrics was ''Libellus [Opusculum] de aegritudinibus et remediis infantium'' 1472 ("Little Book on Children's Diseases and Treatment"), by the Italian pediatrician Paolo Bagellardo.<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=dhB2qVWw9SoC&pg=PA1 Achar S Textbook Of Pediatrics (Third Edition)]''. A. B. Desai (ed.) (1989). p.1. {{ISBN|81-250-0440-8}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> In sequence came [[Bartholomäus Metlinger]]'s ''Ein Regiment der Jungerkinder'' 1473, [[Cornelius Roelans]] (1450–1525) no title Buchlein, or Latin compendium, 1483, and [[Heinrich von Louffenburg]] (1391–1460) ''Versehung des Leibs'' written in 1429 (published 1491), together forming the ''Pediatric Incunabula'', four great medical treatises on children's physiology and pathology.<ref name="ColónColón1999" />

While more information about childhood diseases became available, there was little evidence that children received the same kind of medical care that adults did.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|last1=Stern|first1=Alexandra Minna|url=https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/monographs/dn39x232m|title=Formative Years: Children's Health in the United States, 1880-2000|last2=Markel|first2=Howard|date=2002|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0-472-02503-9|pages=23–24|language=en|doi=10.3998/mpub.17065|access-date=30 November 2021|archive-date=30 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130164350/https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/monographs/dn39x232m|url-status=live}}</ref> It was during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that medical experts started offering specialized care for children.<ref name=":4" /> The Swedish physician [[Nils Rosén von Rosenstein]] (1706–1773) is considered the founder of modern pediatrics as a [[medical specialty]],<ref name="Oxford">{{Cite book |last1=Lock |first1=Stephen |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordillustrate00step |title=The Oxford illustrated companion to medicine |last2=John M. Last |last3=George Dunea |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press US |isbn=978-0-19-262950-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordillustrate00step/page/173 173] |quote=Rosen von Rosenstein. |access-date=9 July 2010 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Roberts |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xSpRK2R94igC&q=%22Nils+Von+Rosenstein%22&pg=PA215 |title=The Age of Liberty: Sweden 1719–1772 |date=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52707-1 |page=216 |access-date=9 July 2010}}</ref> while his work ''The diseases of children, and their remedies'' (1764) is considered "the first modern textbook on the subject".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Classics of Child Care |url=http://www.rcpe.ac.uk/library/exhibitions/child-care/ |last=Dallas |first=John |publisher=Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727192812/http://www.rcpe.ac.uk/library/exhibitions/child-care/ |archive-date=27 July 2011 |access-date=9 July 2010}}</ref> However, it was not until the nineteenth century that medical professionals acknowledged pediatrics as a separate field of medicine. The first pediatric-specific publications appeared between the 1790s and the 1920s.<ref name=":03">{{Cite book|last=Duffin|first=Jacalyn|url=|title=History of Medicine, Second Edition: A Scandalously Short Introduction|date=May 29, 2010|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=|oclc=}}</ref>

===Etymology===
The term pediatrics was first introduced in English in 1859 by [[Abraham Jacobi]]. In 1860, he became "the first dedicated professor of pediatrics in the world."<ref name=":13">{{Cite book|last1=Stern|first1=Alexandra Minna|url=https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/monographs/dn39x232m|title=Formative Years: Children's Health in the United States, 1880-2000|last2=Markel|first2=Howard|date=2002|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0-472-02503-9|pages=23–24|language=en|doi=10.3998/mpub.17065|access-date=30 November 2021|archive-date=30 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130164350/https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/monographs/dn39x232m|url-status=live}}</ref> Jacobi is known as the ''father of American pediatrics'' because of his many contributions to the field.<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=d1YRx5d6_K8C&pg=PA4 Broadribb's Introductory Pediatric Nursing]''. Nancy T. Hatfield (2007). p.4. {{ISBN|0-7817-7706-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jacobi Medical Center - General Information |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/hhc/jacobi/html/second_level/geninfo.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060418235455/http://www.nyc.gov/html/hhc/jacobi/html/second_level/geninfo.html |archive-date=2006-04-18 |access-date=2006-04-06}}</ref> He received his medical training in [[Germany]] and later practiced in New York City.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kutzsche |first=Stefan |date=2021-04-08 |title=Abraham Jacobi (1830–1919) and his transition from political to medical activist |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/apa.15887 |journal=Acta Paediatrica |language=en |volume=110 |issue=8 |pages=2303–2305 |doi=10.1111/apa.15887 |issn=0803-5253 |pmid=33963612 |s2cid=233998658 |access-date=7 May 2023 |archive-date=7 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507191051/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/apa.15887 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The first generally accepted pediatric hospital is the ''Hôpital des Enfants Malades'' ({{langx|fr|Hospital for Sick Children}}), which opened in Paris in June 1802 on the site of a previous orphanage.<ref name="Ballbriga">{{Cite book |last=Ballbriga |first=Angel |title=History of Paediatrics 1850–1950 |date=1991 |publisher=Raven Press |isbn=0-88167-695-0 |editor-last=Nichols |editor-first=Burford L. |series=Nestlé Nutrition Workshop Series |volume=22 |location=New York |pages=6–8 |chapter=One century of pediatrics in Europe (section: development of pediatric hospitals in Europe) |display-editors=etal}}</ref> From its beginning, this famous hospital accepted patients up to the age of fifteen years,<ref name="Paris19">{{Citation/make link|http://www.aphp.fr/site/histoire/1901_hopitaux_pediatriques.htm|official history site (in French) of nineteenth century pediatric hospitals in Paris}}</ref> and it continues to this day as the pediatric division of the [[Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital]], created in 1920 by merging with the nearby ''Necker Hospital'', founded in 1778.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hopital-necker.aphp.fr/introducing-necker-enfants-malades-hospital|website=Hôpital des Necker-Enfants Malades|title=Introducing the Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital|date=25 September 2015 }}</ref>

In other European countries, the [[Charité]] (a hospital founded in 1710) in [[Berlin]] established a separate Pediatric Pavilion in 1830, followed by similar institutions at [[Saint Petersburg]] in 1834, and at [[Vienna]] and [[Breslau]] (now [[Wrocław]]), both in 1837. In 1852 Britain's first pediatric hospital, [[Great Ormond Street Hospital|the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street]] was founded by [[Charles West (physician)|Charles West]].<ref name="Ballbriga" /> The first Children's hospital in Scotland opened in 1860 in [[Edinburgh]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Young |first=D.G. |date=August 1999 |title=The Mason Brown Lecture: Scots and paediatric surgery |url=http://www.rcsed.ac.uk/RCSEDBackIssues/journal/vol44_4/4440019.htm |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons Edinburgh |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=211–5 |pmid=10453141 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714221631/http://www.rcsed.ac.uk/RCSEDBackIssues/journal/vol44_4/4440019.htm |archive-date=2014-07-14}}</ref> In the US, the first similar institutions were the [[Children's Hospital of Philadelphia]], which opened in 1855, and then [[Boston Children's Hospital]] (1869).<ref name="Pearson">{{Cite book |last=Pearson |first=Howard A. |title=History of Paediatrics 1850–1950 |date=1991 |publisher=Raven Press |isbn=0-88167-695-0 |editor-last=Nichols |editor-first=Burford L. |series=Nestlé Nutrition Workshop Series |volume=22 |location=New York |pages=55–63 |chapter=Pediatrics in the United States |display-editors=etal}}</ref> Subspecialties in pediatrics were created at the Harriet Lane Home at [[Johns Hopkins Hospital|Johns Hopkins]] by [[Edwards A. Park (doctor)|Edwards A. Park]].<ref>{{Cite journal |year=1969 |title=Commentaries: Edwards A Park |journal=Pediatrics |publisher=American Academy of Pediatrics |volume=44 |issue=6 |pages=897–901 |doi=10.1542/peds.44.6.897 |pmid=4903838|s2cid=43298798 }}</ref>

==Differences between adult and pediatric medicine==
The body size differences are paralleled by maturation changes. The smaller body of an [[infant]] or [[neonate]] is substantially different physiologically from that of an adult. Congenital defects, genetic variance, and developmental issues are of greater concern to pediatricians than they often are to adult physicians. A common adage is that children are not simply "little adults". The clinician must take into account the immature physiology of the infant or child when considering symptoms, prescribing medications, and diagnosing illnesses.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=O'Hara |first=Kate |date=2016 |title=Paediatric pharmacokinetics and drug doses |journal=Australian Prescriber |volume=39 |issue=6 |pages=208–210 |doi=10.18773/austprescr.2016.071 |issn=0312-8008 |pmc=5155058 |pmid=27990048}}</ref>

Pediatric physiology directly impacts the [[Pharmacokinetics|pharmacokinetic]] properties of drugs that enter the body. The [[Absorption (pharmacology)|absorption]], [[Distribution (pharmacology)|distribution]], [[Drug metabolism|metabolism]], and [[Drug elimination|elimination]] of medications differ between developing children and grown adults.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Despite completed studies and reviews, continual research is needed to better understand how these factors should affect the decisions of healthcare providers when prescribing and administering medications to the pediatric population.<ref name=":0" />

=== Absorption ===
Many drug absorption differences between pediatric and adult populations revolve around the stomach. Neonates and young infants have increased stomach [[pH]] due to decreased [[Gastric acid|acid]] secretion, thereby creating a more basic environment for drugs that are taken by mouth.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Wagner |first1=Jonathan |last2=Abdel-Rahman |first2=Susan M. |date=2013 |title=Pediatric pharmacokinetics |journal=Pediatrics in Review |volume=34 |issue=6 |pages=258–269 |doi=10.1542/pir.34-6-258 |issn=1526-3347 |pmid=23729775}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Acid is essential to degrading certain oral drugs before systemic absorption. Therefore, the absorption of these drugs in children is greater than in adults due to decreased breakdown and increased preservation in a less acidic [[gastric]] space.<ref name=":1" />

Children also have an extended rate of gastric emptying, which slows the rate of drug absorption.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

Drug absorption also depends on specific [[enzyme]]s that come in contact with the oral drug as it travels through the body. The Supply of these enzymes increases as children continue to develop their gastrointestinal tract.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Pediatric patients have underdeveloped [[protein]]s, which leads to decreased metabolism and increased serum concentrations of specific drugs. However, [[prodrug]]s experience the opposite effect because enzymes are necessary to allow their active form to enter systemic circulation.<ref name=":1" />

=== Distribution ===
The percentage of [[total body water]] and [[Extracellular fluid|extracellular fluid volume]] both decrease as children grow and develop with time. Pediatric patients thus have a larger [[volume of distribution]] than adults, which directly affects the dosing of [[Hydrophile|hydrophilic]] drugs such as [[Β-lactam antibiotic|beta-lactam antibiotics]] like ampicillin.<ref name=":1" /> Thus, these drugs are administered at greater weight-based doses or with adjusted dosing intervals in children to account for this key difference in body composition.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

Infants and neonates also have fewer plasma proteins. Thus, highly protein-bound drugs have fewer opportunities for protein binding, leading to increased distribution.<ref name=":0" />

=== Metabolism ===
Drug metabolism primarily occurs via enzymes in the liver and can vary according to which specific enzymes are affected in a specific stage of development.<ref name=":1" /> Phase I and Phase II enzymes have different rates of maturation and development, depending on their specific mechanism of action (i.e. [[oxidation]], [[hydrolysis]], [[acetylation]], [[methylation]], etc.). Enzyme capacity, [[Clearance (pharmacology)|clearance]], and [[half-life]] are all factors that contribute to metabolism differences between children and adults.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Batchelor |first1=Hannah Katharine |last2=Marriott |first2=John Francis |date=2015 |title=Paediatric pharmacokinetics: key considerations |journal=British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=395–404 |doi=10.1111/bcp.12267 |issn=1365-2125 |pmc=4345950 |pmid=25855821}}</ref> Drug metabolism can even differ within the pediatric population, separating neonates and infants from young children.<ref name=":0" />

=== Elimination ===
Drug elimination is primarily facilitated via the liver and kidneys.<ref name=":1" /> In infants and young children, the larger relative size of their kidneys leads to increased [[renal]] clearance of medications that are eliminated through urine.<ref name=":2" /> In [[Preterm birth|preterm]] neonates and infants, their kidneys are slower to mature and thus are unable to clear as much drug as fully developed kidneys. This can cause unwanted drug build-up, which is why it is important to consider lower doses and greater dosing intervals for this population.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Diseases that negatively affect kidney function can also have the same effect and thus warrant similar considerations.<ref name=":1" />

== Pediatric autonomy in healthcare ==
A major difference between the practice of pediatric and adult medicine is that children, in most [[jurisdiction]]s and with certain exceptions, cannot make decisions for themselves. The issues of [[guardianship]], privacy, legal responsibility, and informed consent must always be considered in every pediatric procedure. Pediatricians often have to treat the parents and sometimes, the family, rather than just the child. Adolescents are in their own legal class, having rights to their own health care decisions in certain circumstances. The concept of legal consent combined with the non-legal consent (assent) of the child when considering treatment options, especially in the face of conditions with poor prognosis or complicated and painful procedures/surgeries, means the pediatrician must take into account the desires of many people, in addition to those of the patient.{{cn|date=August 2024}}

=== History of pediatric autonomy ===
The term autonomy is traceable to ethical theory and law, where it states that autonomous individuals can make decisions based on their own logic.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Katz|first1=Aviva L.|last2=Webb|first2=Sally A.|last3=COMMITTEE ON BIOETHICS|last4=Macauley|first4=Robert C.|last5=Mercurio|first5=Mark R.|last6=Moon|first6=Margaret R.|last7=Okun|first7=Alexander L.|last8=Opel|first8=Douglas J.|last9=Statter|first9=Mindy B.|date=2016-08-01|title=Informed Consent in Decision-Making in Pediatric Practice|journal=Pediatrics|volume=138|issue=2|pages=e20161485|doi=10.1542/peds.2016-1485|pmid=27456510|s2cid=7951515|issn=0031-4005|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hippocrates was the first to use the term in a medical setting. He created a code of ethics for doctors called the ''[[Hippocratic Oath]]'' that highlighted the importance of putting patients' interests first, making autonomy for patients a top priority in health care.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book|date=2020|editor-last=Mazur|editor-first=Kate A.|editor2-last=Berg|editor2-first=Stacey L.|title=Ethical Issues in Pediatric Hematology/Oncology|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22684-8|language=en-gb|pages=13–21|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-22684-8|isbn=978-3-030-22683-1|s2cid=208302429}}</ref>

In ancient times, society did not view pediatric medicine as essential or scientific.<ref name=":14">{{Cite book|last1=Stern|first1=Alexandra Minna|url=https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/monographs/dn39x232m|title=Formative Years: Children's Health in the United States, 1880-2000|last2=Markel|first2=Howard|date=2002|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0-472-02503-9|pages=23–24|language=en|doi=10.3998/mpub.17065|access-date=30 November 2021|archive-date=30 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130164350/https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/monographs/dn39x232m|url-status=live}}</ref> Experts considered professional medicine unsuitable for treating children. Children also had no rights. Fathers regarded their children as property, so their children's health decisions were entrusted to them.<ref name=":4" /> As a result, mothers, midwives, "wise women", and general practitioners treated the children instead of doctors.<ref name=":14" /> Since mothers could not rely on professional medicine to take care of their children, they developed their own methods, such as using alkaline soda ash to remove the vernix at birth and treating teething pain with opium or wine. The absence of proper pediatric care, rights, and laws in health care to prioritize children's health led to many of their deaths. Ancient Greeks and Romans sometimes even killed healthy female babies and infants with deformities since they had no adequate medical treatment and no laws prohibiting infanticide.<ref name=":4" />

In the twentieth century, medical experts began to put more emphasis on children's rights. In 1989, in the United Nations Rights of the Child Convention, medical experts developed the Best Interest Standard of Child to prioritize children's rights and best interests. This event marked the onset of pediatric autonomy. In 1995, the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] (AAP) finally acknowledged the Best Interest Standard of a Child as an ethical principle for pediatric decision-making, and it is still being used today.<ref name=":22" />

=== Parental authority and current medical issues ===
The majority of the time, parents have the authority to decide what happens to their child. Philosopher John Locke argued that it is the responsibility of parents to raise their children and that God gave them this authority. In modern society, Jeffrey Blustein, modern philosopher and author of the book ''Parents and Children: The Ethics of Family'', argues that parental authority is granted because the child requires parents to satisfy their needs. He believes that parental autonomy is more about parents providing good care for their children and treating them with respect than parents having rights.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Friedman|first=Lainie Ross|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/756393117|title=Children, families, and health care decision making|date=2004|publisher=Clarendon Press|isbn=0-19-925154-1|oclc=756393117}}</ref> The researcher Kyriakos Martakis, MD, MSc, explains that research shows parental influence negatively affects children's ability to form autonomy. However, involving children in the decision-making process allows children to develop their cognitive skills and create their own opinions and, thus, decisions about their health. Parental authority affects the degree of autonomy the child patient has. As a result, in Argentina, the new National Civil and Commercial Code has enacted various changes to the healthcare system to encourage children and adolescents to develop autonomy. It has become more crucial to let children take accountability for their own health decisions.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Martakis|first1=K.|last2=Schröder-Bäck|first2=P.|last3=Brand|first3=H.|date=2018-06-01|title=Developing child autonomy in pediatric healthcare: towards an ethical model|journal=Archivos Argentinos de Pediatria|volume=116|issue=3|pages=e401–e408|doi=10.5546/aap.2018.eng.e401|pmid=29756714|s2cid=46889502|issn=0325-0075|doi-access=free}}</ref>

In most cases, the pediatrician, parent, and child work as a team to make the best possible medical decision. The pediatrician has the right to intervene for the child's welfare and seek advice from an ethics committee. However, in recent studies, authors have denied that complete autonomy is present in pediatric healthcare. The same moral standards should apply to children as they do to adults. In support of this idea is the concept of paternalism, which negates autonomy when it is in the patient's interests. This concept aims to keep the child's best interests in mind regarding autonomy. Pediatricians can interact with patients and help them make decisions that will benefit them, thus enhancing their autonomy. However, radical theories that question a child's moral worth continue to be debated today.<ref name=":3" /> Authors often question whether the treatment and equality of a child and an adult should be the same. Author [[Tamar Schapiro]] notes that children need nurturing and cannot exercise the same level of authority as adults.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schapiro|first=Tamar|date=1999-07-01|title=What Is a Child?|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/233943|journal=Ethics|volume=109|issue=4|pages=715–738|doi=10.1086/233943|s2cid=170129444|issn=0014-1704|access-date=30 November 2021|archive-date=30 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130162622/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/233943|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Hence, the discussion on whether children are capable of making important health decisions continues today.

=== Modern advancements ===
According to the Subcommittee of Clinical Ethics of the Argentinean Pediatric Society (SAP), children can understand moral feelings at all ages and can make reasonable decisions based on those feelings. Therefore, children and teens are deemed capable of making their own health decisions when they reach the age of 13. Recently, studies made on the decision-making of children have challenged that age to be 12.<ref name=":3" />

Technology has made several modern advancements that contribute to the future development of child autonomy, for example, unsolicited findings (U.F.s) of pediatric exome sequencing. They are findings based on pediatric exome sequencing that explain in greater detail the intellectual disability of a child and predict to what extent it will affect the child in the future. Genetic and intellectual disorders in children make them incapable of making moral decisions, so people look down upon this kind of testing because the child's future autonomy is at risk. It is still in question whether parents should request these types of testing for their children. Medical experts argue that it could endanger the autonomous rights the child will possess in the future. However, the parents contend that [[genetic testing]] would benefit the welfare of their children since it would allow them to make better health care decisions.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dondorp|first1=W.|last2=Bolt|first2=I.|last3=Tibben|first3=A.|last4=De Wert|first4=G.|last5=Van Summeren|first5=M.|date=2021-09-01|title='We Should View Him as an Individual': The Role of the Child's Future Autonomy in Shared Decision-Making About Unsolicited Findings in Pediatric Exome Sequencing|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10728-020-00425-7|journal=Health Care Analysis|language=en|volume=29|issue=3|pages=249–261|doi=10.1007/s10728-020-00425-7|pmid=33389383|s2cid=230112761|issn=1573-3394}}</ref> Exome sequencing for children and the decision to grant parents the right to request them is a medically ethical issue that many still debate today.

== Education requirements ==
{{Globalize section|United States|date=September 2019}}
=== Canada===
To become a pediatrician in Canada, a candidate must complete a ''[[Doctor of Medicine]]'' (MD) or ''Medicinæ Doctorem et Chirurgiæ Magistrum'' (MDCM)<ref>{{Cite web |title=MDCM Program — Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences |url=https://www.mcgill.ca/medadmissions/programs/mdcm |url-status=live |access-date=8 November 2025 |website=[[McGill University]] |language=en-CA}}</ref> degree from an accredited Canadian medical school, or hold an equivalent foreign qualification such as the ''[[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery]]'' (MBBS) recognized by either the [[Canadian Medical Association]] or the [[Collège des médecins du Québec]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2020 |title=Standards for Accreditation for Residency Programs in Pediatrics |url=https://www.royalcollege.ca/content/dam/documents/ibd/pediatrics/pediatrics2-sa-e.pdf/ |access-date=8 November 2025 |website=[[Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Postgraduate Medical Education {{!}} Pediatrics |url=https://www.ualberta.ca/en/pediatrics/pediatric-education-programs/postgraduate-medical-education/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250714033501/https://www.ualberta.ca/en/pediatrics/pediatric-education-programs/postgraduate-medical-education/index.html |archive-date=2025-07-14 |access-date=8 November 2025 |website=[[University of Alberta]] |language=en}}</ref>

Following medical school, physicians must complete a four-year residency program in pediatrics accredited by the [[Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada]], conducted in either [[English language|English]] or [[French language|French]], depending on the [[Provinces and territories of Canada|province]]. Upon successful completion of residency, candidates are eligible for certification as pediatricians. Physicians may further pursue subspecialty training in fields such as Pediatric cardiology, [[Neonatology]], or other pediatric subspecialties willingly.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Residency program — Department of Pediatrics |url=https://pediatrics.med.ubc.ca/education/residency-program/ |url-status=live |access-date=8 November 2025 |website=[[University of British Columbia]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Subspecialty Training Requirements in Pediatric Cardiology |url=https://www.royalcollege.ca/content/dam/documents/ibd/cardiology/cardiology-pediatric-str-e.html/ |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=[[Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada]]}}</ref>
=== India ===
To become a pediatrician in India, a student must clear the [[NEET (UG)]] examination, the most competitive examination in India after Class 12 to enrol into the ''[[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery]]'' (MBBS) program in [[National Medical Commission]] (NMC) [[List of medical colleges in India|approved medical colleges]]. The MBBS is a 5.5-year program consisting of 4.5 years of academic coursework and one year of compulsory rotary internship.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Internship & Residency Experience for MBBS Students in India |url=https://www.selectyouruniversity.com/blog/internship-residency-experience-for-mbbs-students-in-india |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=www.selectyouruniversity.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MBBS: Course, Full Form, Duration, Admission 2025, Fees, Subjects, Eligibility, Salary & Career Scope |url=https://www.shiksha.com/mbbs-chp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250919231600/https://www.shiksha.com/mbbs-chp |archive-date=2025-09-19 |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=www.shiksha.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chauhan |first=Pratibha |date=2025-03-25 |title=The Importance of Internships in Medical Education |url=https://future-mbbs.com/mbbs-internship/ |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=futureMBBS |language=en-in}}</ref>

After completing MBBS and licensing, the physicians must undertake a postgraduate residency program leading to either ''[[Doctor of Medicine]]'' (MD) or ''[[Diplomate of National Board]]'' (DNB) degree through the [[NEET (PG)]] examination for state medical colleges or INI CET examination for [[Institutes of National Importance#Medical Research Institutes|<nowiki>''Institutes of National Importance''</nowiki> medical institutions]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Priya |date=2025-11-06 |title=NBEMS Opens NEET SS 2025 Registration; Apply Now at natboard.edu.in |url=https://www.rajpgneet2024.org/neet-ss-registration/ |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=Rajasthan NEET PG Counselling |language=en-US}}</ref> The postgraduate training-cum-residency extends for three years. Afterwards, upon completion of MD or DNB, the pediatricians can further super-specialize in various other sub-specialities on the basis of the NEET SS or INI SS examinations similarly.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Revant |first=Dr |date=2025-08-02 |title=PG Entrance Exams in India Beyond NEET |url=https://www.ocacademy.in/blogs/pg-entrance-exams-india-beyond-neet/ |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=Healthcare Blogs |language=en-GB}}</ref>
===United States===
Aspiring medical students will need 4 years of undergraduate courses at a college or university, which will get them a BS, BA or other bachelor's degree. After completing college, future pediatricians will need to attend 4 years of medical school (MD/DO/MBBS) and later do 3 more years of residency training, the first year of which is called "internship." After completing the 3 years of residency, physicians are eligible to become certified in pediatrics by passing a rigorous test that deals with medical conditions related to young children.{{cn|date=August 2024}}

In high school, future pediatricians are required to take basic science classes such as biology, chemistry, physics, algebra, geometry, and calculus. It is also advisable to learn a foreign language (preferably Spanish in the United States) and be involved in high school organizations and extracurricular activities. After high school, college students simply need to fulfill the basic science course requirements that most medical schools recommend and will need to prepare to take the MCAT (Medical College Admission Test) in their junior or early senior year in college. Once attending medical school, student courses will focus on basic medical sciences like human anatomy, physiology, chemistry, etc., for the first three years, the second year of which is when medical students start to get hands-on experience with actual patients.<ref>{{Cite news |title=What Education Is Required to Be a Pediatrician? |language=en |url=http://learn.org/articles/What_Education_Is_Required_to_Be_a_Pediatrician.html |access-date=2017-06-14 |archive-date=7 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607205626/http://learn.org/articles/What_Education_Is_Required_to_Be_a_Pediatrician.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Training of pediatricians==
{{Infobox occupation
| name= Pediatrics
| image= [[File:Rod of Asclepius2.svg|60px]]
| caption=
| official_names=
* Pediatrician
* Paediatrician

| type= [[Specialty (medicine)|Specialty]]
| activity_sector= [[Medicine]]
| competencies=
| formation=
* [[Doctor of Medicine]]
* [[Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine]]
* [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery]] (MBBS/MBChB)
| employment_field= [[Hospital]]s, [[Clinic]]s
| related_occupation=
}}

The training of pediatricians varies considerably across the world. Depending on jurisdiction and university, a medical degree course may be either undergraduate-entry or graduate-entry. The former commonly takes five or six years and has been usual in the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]]. Entrants to graduate-entry courses (as in the US), usually lasting four or five years, have previously completed a three- or four-year university degree, commonly but by no means always in sciences. Medical graduates hold a degree specific to the country and university in and from which they graduated. This degree qualifies that medical practitioner to become licensed or registered under the laws of that particular country, and sometimes of several countries, subject to requirements for "[[medical intern|internship]]" or "conditional registration".

Pediatricians must undertake further training in their chosen field. This may take from four to eleven or more years depending on jurisdiction and the degree of specialization.

In the United States, a medical school graduate wishing to specialize in pediatrics must undergo a three-year residency composed of outpatient, inpatient, and critical care rotations. Subspecialties within pediatrics require further training in the form of 3-year fellowships. Subspecialties include critical care, gastroenterology, neurology, infectious disease, hematology/oncology, rheumatology, pulmonology, child abuse, emergency medicine, endocrinology, neonatology, and others.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CoPS |url=http://www.pedsubs.org/subDes/index.cfm |website=www.pedsubs.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130918013152/http://www.pedsubs.org/SubDes/index.cfm |archive-date=2013-09-18 |access-date=2015-08-14}}</ref>

In most jurisdictions, entry-level degrees are common to all branches of the medical profession, but in some jurisdictions, specialization in pediatrics may begin before completion of this degree. In some jurisdictions, pediatric training is begun immediately following the completion of entry-level training. In other jurisdictions, junior medical doctors must undertake generalist (unstreamed) training for a number of years before commencing pediatric (or any other) [[Specialty (medicine)|specialization]]. Specialist training is often largely under the control of '''pediatric organizations''' (see below) rather than universities and depends on the jurisdiction.

==Subspecialties==
Subspecialties of pediatrics include:

(''not an exhaustive list'')
* [[Addiction medicine]] (multidisciplinary)
* [[Adolescent medicine]]
* [[child abuse|Child abuse pediatrics]]
* [[Medical genetics#Clinical genetics|Clinical genetics]]
* Clinical informatics
* Developmental-behavioral pediatrics
* [[Headache|Headache medicine]]
* [[Hospital medicine]]
* [[Medical toxicology]]
* [[medical genetics#Metabolic/biochemical genetics|Metabolic medicine]]
* [[Neonatology]]/Perinatology
* [[Pain|Pain medicine]] (multidisciplinary)
* [[Palliative care]] (multidisciplinary)
* [[immunology|Pediatric allergy and immunology]]
* [[cardiology|Pediatric cardiology]]
** Pediatric cardiac critical care
* [[Intensive care medicine|Pediatric critical care]]
** Neurocritical care
** Pediatric cardiac critical care
* [[Pediatric emergency medicine]]
* [[Pediatric endocrinology]]
* [[Pediatric gastroenterology]]
** [[hepatology|Transplant hepatology]]
* [[hematology|Pediatric hematology]]
* [[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Pediatric infectious disease]]
* [[nephrology|Pediatric nephrology]]
* [[Childhood cancer|Pediatric oncology]]
** Pediatric neuro-oncology
* [[pulmonology|Pediatric pulmonology]]
* [[Primary care]]
* [[rheumatology|Pediatric rheumatology]]
* [[Sleep medicine]] (multidisciplinary)
* Social pediatrics
* [[Sports medicine]]

==Other specialties that care for children==

(''not an exhaustive list'')
* [[neurology|Child neurology]]
** [[Addiction medicine]] (multidisciplinary)
** Brain injury medicine (multidisciplinary)
** Clinical neurophysiology
** [[Epilepsy]]
** [[Headache|Headache medicine]]
** Neurocritical care
** Neuroimmunology
** Neuromuscular medicine
** [[Pain|Pain medicine]] (multidisciplinary)
** [[Palliative care]] (multidisciplinary)
** Pediatric neuro-oncology
** [[Sleep medicine]] (multidisciplinary)
* [[Child and adolescent psychiatry]], subspecialty of [[psychiatry]]
* Neurodevelopmental disabilities
* Pediatric anesthesiology, subspecialty of [[anesthesiology]]
* Pediatric audiology, subspecialty of [[audiology]]
* [[Pediatric dentistry]], subspecialty of [[dentistry]]
* Pediatric dermatology, subspecialty of [[dermatology]]
* [[Pediatric gynecology]], subspecialty of [[obstetrics and gynaecology]]
* Pediatric neurosurgery, subspecialty of [[neurosurgery]]
* [[Pediatric ophthalmology]], subspecialty of [[ophthalmology]]
* Pediatric orthopedic surgery, subspecialty of [[orthopedic surgery]]
* Pediatric otolaryngology, subspecialty of [[otorhinolaryngology|otolaryngology]]
* [[Pediatric plastic surgery]], subspecialty of [[plastic surgery]]
* Pediatric radiology, subspecialty of [[radiology]]
* Pediatric rehabilitation medicine, subspecialty of [[physical medicine and rehabilitation]]
* Pediatric speech-language pathology, subspecialty of [[speech–language pathology]]
* [[Pediatric surgery]], subspecialty of [[general surgery]]
* [[Pediatric urology]], subspecialty of [[urology]]

==See also==
* [[American Board of Pediatrics]]
* [[American Osteopathic Board of Pediatrics]]
* [[Center on Media and Child Health]] (CMCH)
* [[Indian Academy of Pediatrics]]
* [[:Category:Pediatric organizations|List of pediatric organizations]]
* [[:Category:Pediatrics journals|List of pediatrics journals]]
* [[Pediatric Oncall]]
* [[Pain in babies]]
* [[Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health]]
* [[Pediatric environmental health]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* [https://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/ ''BMC Pediatrics''] - open access
* [http://clp.sagepub.com ''Clinical Pediatrics'']
* [https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/developmental-review ''Developmental Review''] - partial open access
* [https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics ''JAMA Pediatrics'']
* [https://www.jpeds.com/ ''The Journal of Pediatrics''] - partial open access

==External links==
{{Commons category|Pediatrics}}
{{Wikibooks|Pediatrics}}
{{Wiktionary|paediatrics|pediatrics}}
* [https://curlie.org/en/Health/Medicine/Medical_Specialties/Pediatrics/ Pediatrics Directory at Curlie]
* [https://openmd.com/directory/pediatric Pediatric Health Directory at OpenMD]

{{Medicine |state=collapsed }}
{{Infants and their care}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Pediatrics| ]]
[[Category:Childhood]]

List of programmes broadcast by Cartoon Network (India)

2026-02-05T04:34:16Z

Aeon: page edit

{{Short description|None}}
{{About|the programmes broadcast by Cartoon Network in India|the channel itself|Cartoon Network (India)|the HD channel|Cartoon Network HD+}}
{{Pp-semi-indef}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}

This is a list of [[television programs]] currently and formerly broadcast by [[Cartoon Network (India)|Cartoon Network]] in [[India]]. The network was launched on 1 May 1995 and airs mainly [[animated]] programmings.

[[File:Cartoon Network extended logo 2010.svg|thumb|right|300px|A variation of Cartoon Network's current logo, which resembles the network's original logo, used since 2010.]]

== Current programming ==
* ''[[Bandbudh Aur Budbak|Banbudh Aur Budbak]]''<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ep8O1VEwr1Y |title=Bandbudh Aur Budbak😍{{!}} Pranks Ke Maharathi! {{!}} Cartoon for Kids {{!}} 12th May {{!}} Promo {{!}} @cnindia |date=2025-05-05 |last=Cartoon Network India |access-date=2025-06-15 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
* ''[[Ben 10]]''
** ''[[Ben 10 (2005 TV series)|Ben 10 (2005)]]''<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Ben 10 Classic {{!}} Monday - Friday 10.30 AM & 7 PM {{!}} Redraw Your World {{!}} Cartoon Network | date=8 April 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ODa3Uw3HF-4 |access-date=2023-07-10 |publisher=Cartoon Network India |via=[[YouTube]] |archive-date=3 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903065226/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ODa3Uw3HF-4 |url-status=live }}</ref>
** ''[[Ben 10: Alien Force]]''<ref name="youtube.com">{{Cite AV media |title=Ben 10 Alien Force {{!}} Redraw Your World {{!}} Monday - Friday 10.30 AM & 7 PM {{!}} Cartoon Network | date=18 April 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AkPyHAbmjb4 |access-date=2023-07-10 |publisher=Cartoon Network India |via=[[YouTube]] |archive-date=10 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710121936/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AkPyHAbmjb4&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
** ''[[Ben 10: Ultimate Alien]]''<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite AV media |title=Ben 10 Ultimate Alien {{!}} Redraw Your World {{!}} Monday - Friday 10.30 AM & 7 PM {{!}} Cartoon Network | date=26 April 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ybCEffeqtPE |access-date=2023-06-26 |publisher=Cartoon Network India |via=[[YouTube]] |archive-date=7 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507161610/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ybCEffeqtPE&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x9xAVouPu3c |title=Ben 10 - Ultimate Alien {{!}} Ben 10 Cartoons {{!}} Monday-Friday at 9:30AM & 6PM {{!}} Only on Cartoon Network |date=2024-04-22 |last=Cartoon Network India |access-date=2024-06-23 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
** ''[[Ben 10: Omniverse]]''<ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite AV media |title=Ben10 Omniverse {{!}} Monday - Friday 10.30 AM & 7 PM {{!}} Cartoon Network | date=16 March 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TUiMBfn7T-c |access-date=2023-06-26 |publisher=Cartoon Network India |via=[[YouTube]] |archive-date=7 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507161608/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TUiMBfn7T-c |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''[[Bionic Max]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marketing |first=Passionate in |date=2024-12-06 |title=Warner Bros. Discovery Kids Entertainment Channels Cartoon Network, POGO and Discovery Kids Bring December Full of Fun |url=https://www.passionateinmarketing.com/warner-bros-discovery-kids-entertainment-channels-cartoon-network-pogo-and-discovery-kids-bring-december-full-of-fun/ |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=Passionate In Marketing |language=en-US}}</ref>
* ''[[Courage the Cowardly Dog]]''<ref>{{Cite AV media|title=Courage The Cowardly Dog {{!}} Redraw Your World {{!}} Monday to Friday at 11:00 PM {{!}} Cartoon Network| date=17 July 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zdhW1lpSzeM|access-date=2022-07-18|publisher=Cartoon Network India|via=[[YouTube]]|archive-date=18 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718143807/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zdhW1lpSzeM|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="summer">{{Cite web |title=Cartoon Network gears up for summer vacations; launches new brand campaign 'Redraw Your World' |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/brandwagon/cartoon-network-gears-up-for-summer-vacations-launches-new-brand-campaign-redraw-your-world/2475746/ |access-date=2022-04-02 |website=Financialexpress |date=30 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408221418/https://www.financialexpress.com/brandwagon/cartoon-network-gears-up-for-summer-vacations-launches-new-brand-campaign-redraw-your-world/2475746/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''[[Digimon Adventure (2020 TV series)|Digimon Adventure]]<ref name=":72">{{cite web |last1=Gautam |first1=Sunder |date=7 May 2022 |title=Cartoon Network brings 'Dragon Ball Super' and 'Digimon Adventure' to India |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/cartoon-network-brings-dragon-ball-super-and-digimon-adventure-to-india/article65391252.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710110604/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/cartoon-network-brings-dragon-ball-super-and-digimon-adventure-to-india/article65391252.ece |archive-date=10 July 2022 |access-date=10 July 2022 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>''
* [[Dragon Ball (TV series)|''Dragon Ball'']]<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qXi-SiYGAiE |title=Dekheye Goku ki Kahani Cartoon Network India ki Zubani! 👊 {{!}} Watch Dragon Ball 25th August Onwards |date=2024-08-12 |last=Cartoon Network India |access-date=2024-08-20 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
* ''[[Dragon Ball Super (TV series)|Dragon Ball Super]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Cartoon Network India Airs Dragon Ball Super Anime on May 22 |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-05-09/cartoon-network-india-airs-dragon-ball-super-anime-on-may-22/.185482 |website=Anime News Network |access-date=10 July 2022 |language=en |archive-date=10 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710115622/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-05-09/cartoon-network-india-airs-dragon-ball-super-anime-on-may-22/.185482 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Cartoon Network to Telecast Dragon Ball Super in Three Regional Languages From May 22 |url=https://in.ign.com/dragon-ball-super/172093/news/cartoon-network-to-telecast-dragon-ball-super-in-three-regional-languages-from-may-22 |website=IGN India |language=en-in |date=11 May 2022 |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522060045/https://in.ign.com/dragon-ball-super/172093/news/cartoon-network-to-telecast-dragon-ball-super-in-three-regional-languages-from-may-22 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''[[Dragon Ball Z]]''<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Dragon Ball Z {{!}} Promo - New Episode {{!}} Every Sat - Sun {{!}} Cartoon Network India | date=9 August 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PghdxZcSiCM |access-date=2023-09-01 |publisher=Cartoon Network India |via=[[YouTube]] |archive-date=1 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901045007/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PghdxZcSiCM&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Promo {{!}} Dragon Ball Z Broly: The Legendary Super Saiyan {{!}} 11th June {{!}} 11:30 AM {{!}} Cartoon Network | date=31 May 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ospDy7hHU2M |access-date=2023-09-01 |publisher=Cartoon Network India |via=[[YouTube]] |archive-date=27 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627224704/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ospDy7hHU2M |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''[[Dragon Ball Z Kai]]''<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=Dragon Ball Z Kai to air in India from April 16 in multiple languages |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/dragon-ball-z-cartoon-network-2360224-2023-04-14 |website=India Today |date=14 April 2023 |access-date=16 April 2023 |language=en |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415200953/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/television/soaps/story/dragon-ball-z-cartoon-network-2360224-2023-04-14 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iV9YcvnvF-Q |title=Get Ready To Be Blown Away {{!}} Dragon Ball Z Kai: The Final Chapters {{!}} Cartoon Network {{!}} JioTV |language=en |access-date=2024-04-16 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
* ''[[Grizzy & the Lemmings]]''<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wii-94CiFTY |title=Laughter Premier League {{!}} Teen Titans Go {{!}} Grizzy and Lemmings {{!}} Only on Cartoon Network |date=2024-05-19 |last=Cartoon Network India |access-date=2024-06-23 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Grizzy & The Lemmings {{!}} Disco Promo {{!}} Every Sat - Sun 1 PM {{!}} CN | date=26 December 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=clEUs9ZXAYA |access-date=2022-05-07 |publisher=Cartoon Network India |via=[[YouTube]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507163219/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=clEUs9ZXAYA |url-status=live |language=en |archive-date=7 May 2022}}</ref>
* [[Larva (TV series)|''Larva'']]<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z88seGlUXa0 |title=Oi Oi Oi Red Larva {{!}} Slimy Adventure ke liye Taiyaar ho jao {{!}} Watch Larva Cartoon Network India pe |date=2024-07-21 |last=Cartoon Network India |access-date=2024-07-23 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
* ''[[Lamput]]''<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Lamput {{!}} Scientist {{!}} Saturday - Sunday 8.30 AM {{!}} Redraw Your World {{!}} Cartoon Network | date=3 April 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hZOw_cEWfnU |access-date=2023-09-01 |publisher=Cartoon Network India |via=[[YouTube]] |archive-date=1 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901045006/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hZOw_cEWfnU&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''[[My Hero Academia (TV series)|My Hero Academia]]''<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Can an ordinary boy transform into a Superhero? {{!}} My Hero Academia Coming Soon on Cartoon Network | date=21 August 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S0EYw1ExUrE |access-date=2023-08-23 |publisher=Cartoon Network India |via=[[YouTube]] |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823102312/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S0EYw1ExUrE |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first=Rayan |last=Sayyed |date=2022-10-18 |title=Cartoon Network: How it Popularised Anime in India and Plans to Remain the Major Anime Destination for Fans |url=https://in.ign.com/anime/175577/interview/cartoon-network-how-it-popularised-anime-in-india-and-plans-to-remain-the-major-anime-destination-fo |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=[[IGN India]] |language=en-in |archive-date=19 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819133435/https://in.ign.com/anime/175577/interview/cartoon-network-how-it-popularised-anime-in-india-and-plans-to-remain-the-major-anime-destination-fo |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Enter the Realm of Quirks! {{!}} My Hero Academia starts 10th September onwards on Cartoon Network | date=24 August 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oskUwvfXTQg |access-date=2023-08-26 |publisher=Cartoon Network India |via=[[YouTube]] |archive-date=26 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826013715/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oskUwvfXTQg |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''[[One Piece (1999 TV series)|One Piece]]''<ref name="Acquisitions" /><ref name="english.jagran.com">{{Cite web |date=2024-05-03 |title=One Piece On Cartoon Network India: Know Premiere Date, Schedule, Languages And Other Details About Japanese Anime TV Series |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/one-piece-on-cartoon-network-india-know-premiere-date-schedule-languages-and-other-details-about-japanese-anime-tv-series-10158254 |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Rayan Sayyed |date=2024-04-24 |title=One Piece on Cartoon Network India: Full Schedule, Hindi Voice Cast, and More Details |url=https://in.ign.com/one-piece/205616/feature/one-piece-on-cartoon-network-india-full-schedule-hindi-voice-cast-and-more-details |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=IGN India |language=en-in}}</ref>
* ''[[Scooby-Doo]]''<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=Cartoon Network India |title=Get ready to solve mysteries with Scooby-Doo! Starting 10th June, Mon-Fri, 9:30 pm only on Cartoon Network. |url=https://www.instagram.com/cartoonnetworkindia/reel/C79EPfRsqS1/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |via=www.instagram.com}}</ref>
* [[Teen Titans (TV series)|''Teen Titans'']]<ref name=":4" />
* ''[[Teen Titans Go!]]''<ref name=":5">{{Cite AV media |title=Teen Titans Go! {{!}} Redraw Your World {{!}} Monday - Friday 1.15 PM {{!}} Cartoon Network | date=3 April 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KhTREIFjCy4 |publisher=Cartoon Network India |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=2022-04-04 |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404074751/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KhTREIFjCy4&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''[[The Tom and Jerry Show (2014 TV series)|The Tom and Jerry Show]]''<ref name="ReferenceC">{{Cite AV media |title=Tom and Jerry's Birthday Bash {{!}} Party time {{!}} 10th Feb, 9.30 am - 11.30 am {{!}} Cartoon Network | date=7 February 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ewFaxcKB5q0 |access-date=2023-09-01 |publisher=Cartoon Network India |via=[[YouTube]] |archive-date=15 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315142441/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ewFaxcKB5q0 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Former programming ==
=== Animated series ===
* ''[[2 Stupid Dogs]]''<ref name="auto10">{{cite web |url=http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com:80/asp/tv/schedule.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030422180527/http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/asp/tv/schedule.asp |archive-date=22 April 2003 |title=Cartoon Network - TV |access-date=2019-07-13 }}</ref>
* ''[[The 13 Ghosts of Scooby-Doo]]''<ref name="auto17">{{cite web |title=Cartoon Network creates new programming block to woo adults - Exchange4media |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/kids-news/cartoon-network-creates-new-programming-block-to-woo-adults-26762.html |website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media}}</ref>
* ''50/50 Heroes''<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=50/50 Heroes {{!}}{{!}} New Show {{!}}{{!}} Promo {{!}}{{!}} 24 July 5 pm {{!}}{{!}} Cartoon Network India | date=July 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fn8noc7aryA |access-date=2023-07-21 |publisher=Cartoon Network India |via=[[YouTube]] |archive-date=21 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721115348/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fn8noc7aryA |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''[[The Addams Family (1992 TV series)|The Addams Family]]''<ref name="auto3" />
* ''The Adventures of Chhota Birbal''<ref>{{cite web |date=5 July 2004 |title=The Tube Gets to Tenali |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-tube-gets-to-tenali/224368 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812231444/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-tube-gets-to-tenali/224368 |archive-date=12 August 2019 |access-date=10 June 2017}}</ref>
* ''[[The Adventures of Tenali Raman]]''<ref>{{cite web |date=19 June 2003 |title=The Hindu Business Line: 'Cartoon network focus on India-centric image-building' |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2003/06/19/stories/2003061900590600.htm |access-date=17 August 2013 |publisher=Thehindubusinessline.in}}</ref>
* ''[[The Adventures of Tintin (TV series)|The Adventures of Tintin]]''<ref name="auto15" />
* ''[[Adventure Time]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/Cg1RKHuqtOk/?igshid=YmMyMTA2M2Y=|title=Adventure Time, starting from 8th August, Mon-Fri at 11:30 AM|access-date=2022-08-05|publisher=Cartoon Network India|via=[[Instagram]]|archive-date=22 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822165403/https://www.instagram.com/p/Cg1RKHuqtOk/?igshid=YmMyMTA2M2Y=|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''Akbar and Birbal''<ref name="Indian">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1060218/asp/weekend/story_5841936.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060622161437/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060218/asp/weekend/story_5841936.asp|archive-date=22 June 2006|title=No child's play|date=18 February 2006|access-date=10 June 2017}}</ref>
* ''[[The All New Popeye Hour]]''<ref name=":8">{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020707/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=19 March 2020|archive-date=24 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024035001/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020707/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Alvin and the Chipmunks (1983 TV series)|Alvin and the Chipmunks]]''<ref name=":8" />
* ''[[Amar Chitra Katha]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/kids-news/amar-chitra-katha-tales-to-come-alive-on-cartoon-network-and-pogo-35531.html|title=Amar Chitra Katha tales to come alive on Cartoon Network and Pogo|website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media|access-date=19 July 2019|archive-date=19 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719010443/https://www.exchange4media.com/kids-news/amar-chitra-katha-tales-to-come-alive-on-cartoon-network-and-pogo-35531.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[The Amazing World of Gumball]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Play The Amazing World of Gumball games {{!}} Free online The Amazing World of Gumball games {{!}} Cartoon Network |url=https://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/show/gumball/games |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=www.cartoonnetworkindia.com |language=en-IN}}</ref>
* ''[[Andy Pandy]]''<ref name="archive.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/asp/tv/schedule.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060718054328/http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/asp/tv/schedule.asp|archive-date=2006-07-18|title=Cartoon Network - TV|date=18 July 2006}}</ref>
* ''[[Angelina Ballerina (TV series)|Angelina Ballerina]]''<ref name="auto7">{{cite web |url=http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com:80/asp/tv/schedule.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051123225947/http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/asp/tv/schedule.asp |archive-date=23 November 2005 |title=Cartoon Network - TV |access-date=2019-07-13 }}</ref>
* ''[[Angelo Rules]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/show/angelo-rules |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170530124918/http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/show/angelo-rules |archive-date=2017-05-30 |title=Angelo Rules |access-date=2019-07-18}}</ref>
* ''[[Angry Birds Toons]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k13/mar/mar135.php|title=Cartoon Network acquires TV rights for Angry Birds series|date=15 March 2013|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=4 May 2019|archive-date=6 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506063703/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k13/mar/mar135.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Pound Puppies (2010 TV series)|Animal Control]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/show/animal-control |title=Animal Control | Free online games and video | Cartoon Network |publisher=Cartoonnetworkindia.com |date=2010-07-12 |access-date=2019-07-18 |archive-date=20 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920122133/http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/show/animal-control |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''[[Animalia (TV series)|Animalia]]''<ref name="auto4" />
* ''[[Anpanman]]''<ref>{{cite web |date=18 August 2012 |title=Anpanman | Free Videos and Online Games | Cartoon Network India |url=http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/minisite/Anpanman/index.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818032059/http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/minisite/Anpanman/index.php |archive-date=18 August 2012}}</ref>
* ''[[Apple & Onion]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Messin' Round {{!}} Play Apple & Onion Games Online |url=https://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/games/apple-and-onion-messin-round |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=www.cartoonnetworkindia.com |language=en-IN |archive-date=29 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829111506/https://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/games/apple-and-onion-messin-round |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''[[Aqua Teen Hunger Force]]''<ref name="auto15">{{cite web |date=20 November 2001 |title=Cartoon Network gets aggressive; pits toons against saas bahus |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k1/nov/nov55.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320081428/https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k1/nov/nov55.htm |archive-date=20 March 2020 |access-date=17 July 2019 |website=Indian Television Dot Com}}</ref>
* ''[[Archie's Weird Mysteries]]''<ref name="Three">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/apr/apr116.htm|title=Cartoon Network gears up with three new shows|date=15 April 2004|access-date=21 June 2017|archive-date=13 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413084619/https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/apr/apr116.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Astro Boy (1980 TV series)|Astro Boy]]''{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}
* ''[[The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/minisite/avengers/index.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615015923/http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/minisite/avengers/index.php |archive-date=2013-06-15 |title=The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes | Free Videos and Online Games | Cartoon Network India |access-date=2019-07-18}}</ref>
* ''[[Baby Looney Tunes]]''<ref name="indiantelevision.com1" />
* ''[[The Backyardigans]]''<ref name="Back">{{cite web|url=http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/asp/tv/schedule.asp|title=Cartoon Network Archive|date=12 February 2005|access-date=19 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050212091013/http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/asp/tv/schedule.asp|archive-date=12 February 2005|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* ''[[Bakugan Battle Brawlers]]''<ref name="auto14">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/broadcasting/tv-channels/kids/cartoon-network-to-unveil-bakugan-battle-brawlers-from-15|title=Cartoon Network to unveil Bakugan: Battle Brawlers from 15 September|date=11 September 2008|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=17 July 2019|archive-date=23 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123153840/https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/broadcasting/tv-channels/kids/cartoon-network-to-unveil-bakugan-battle-brawlers-from-15|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Bakugan Battle Brawlers: New Vestroia]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/minisite/bakugan2/index.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818032059/http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/minisite/bakugan2/index.php|archive-date=18 August 2012|title=Bakugan Battle Brawlers: New Vestroia | Free Videos and Online Games | Cartoon Network India|date=18 August 2012}}</ref>
* ''[[Bandbudh Aur Budbak]]''<ref>{{cite web |date=9 April 2020 |title=Cartoon Network to air animated show, 'Bandbudh aur Budbak' from 18 April |url=http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/latest-news/cartoon-network-to-air-animated-show-bandbudh-aur-budbak-from-18-april |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411014755/http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/latest-news/cartoon-network-to-air-animated-show-bandbudh-aur-budbak-from-18-april |archive-date=11 April 2020 |access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref>
* ''[[Batman: The Animated Series]]''<ref name="auto4" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |last3= |first3= |date=2023-09-06 |title=Cartoon Network to Air Batman: The Animated Series in India |url=https://in.ign.com/batman-the-animated-series-1/193478/news/cartoon-network-to-air-batman-the-animated-series-in-india |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=IGN India |language=en-in}}</ref>
* ''[[Batman Beyond]]''<ref name="indiantelevision.com2">{{cite web |date=28 August 2001 |title=Cartoon Network launches programming franchise Toonami on 8 September |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k1/aug/aug56.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614081551/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k1/aug/aug56.htm |archive-date=14 June 2019 |access-date=9 June 2019 |website=Indian Television Dot Com}}</ref>
* ''[[Batman: The Brave and the Bold]]''<ref name="indiantelevision1">{{cite web |date=2009-10-10 |title=CN, Pogo lay out festive goodies for kids |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/broadcasting/tv-channels/kids/cn-pogo-lay-out-festive-goodies-for-kids |access-date=2019-07-18 |publisher=Indiantelevision.com}}</ref>
* ''[[Batwheels]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=- YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-6MuXm52OBk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829105959/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-6MuXm52OBk |archive-date=29 August 2023 |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
* ''[[Battle B-Daman]]''<ref name="auto14" />
* ''[[Be Cool, Scooby-Doo!]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scooby Doo Games, Videos & Downloads Online! - Cartoon Network |url=https://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/show/scooby-doo |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=www.cartoonnetworkindia.com |language=en-IN}}</ref>
* ''[[Beast Machines: Transformers]]''<ref name="auto6">{{cite web |title=Cartoon Network - TV |url=http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/asp/tv/schedule.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021215101927/http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/asp/tv/schedule.asp |archive-date=2002-12-15 |access-date=2019-07-13}}</ref>
* ''Beat Monsters''<ref>{{cite web |date=2010-07-12 |title=Beat Monsters | Free online games and videos | Cartoon Network |url=https://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/show/beat-monsters |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822165408/https://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/show/beat-monsters |archive-date=22 August 2023 |access-date=2019-07-18 |publisher=Cartoonnetworkindia.com}}</ref>
* [[Ben 10 (2005 TV series)|''Ben 10'' (2005)]]<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Ben 10 Classic {{!}} Monday - Friday 10.30 AM & 7 PM {{!}} Redraw Your World {{!}} Cartoon Network | date=8 April 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ODa3Uw3HF-4 |access-date=2023-07-10 |publisher=Cartoon Network India |via=[[YouTube]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710121934/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ODa3Uw3HF-4&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live |language=en |archive-date=10 July 2023}}</ref>
* [[Ben 10 (2016 TV series)|''Ben 10'' (2016)]]<ref name="auto24">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zH4AS3wGKdk |title=Ben 10 Classic, Monday - Friday, 8.30 AM and 7 PM, Cartoon Network |date=30 January 2022 |type=[[YouTube]] |language=hi |publisher=Cartoon Network India}}</ref>
* ''[[Ben 10: Alien Force]]''<ref name="youtube.com" />
* ''[[Ben 10: Omniverse]]''<ref name="ReferenceB" />
* ''[[Ben 10: Ultimate Alien]]''<ref name="ReferenceA" />
* ''[[Beware the Batman]]''<ref name="indiantelevision.com2" />
* ''[[Beyblade (manga)|Beyblade]]''<ref name="chitti">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/apr/apr232.htm|title=Summer sizzlers on Cartoon network and Pogo|date=19 April 2005|access-date=24 June 2017|archive-date=13 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013002124/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/apr/apr232.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Beyblade: Metal Fusion]]''
* ''[[Birdman and the Galaxy Trio]]''<ref name="auto15" />
* ''[[Blue Dragon (anime)|Blue Dragon]]''<ref name=":9" />
* ''[[Bob the Builder]]''<ref name="Tiny">{{cite web |date=20 January 2003 |title=Cartoon network brings Noddy to india on Tiny TV brand |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/jan/jan108.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904171350/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/jan/jan108.htm |archive-date=4 September 2017 |access-date=25 June 2017}}</ref>
* ''[[Bob the Builder#Project: Build It|Bob the Builder: Project: Build It]]''<ref name="indiantelevision.com1" />
* ''[[Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo]]''<ref name="Acquisitions" />
* ''[[Boo! (TV series)|Boo!]]''<ref name="auto2">{{cite web |date=12 February 2005 |title=Cartoon Network - TV |url=http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/asp/tv/schedule.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050212091013/http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/asp/tv/schedule.asp |archive-date=12 February 2005}}</ref>
* ''[[The Brak Show]]''<ref name="auto15" />
* ''[[The Bugs Bunny Show]]''
* ''[[Camp Lazlo]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k6/feb/feb112.htm|title=Cartoon Network to premiere 'Camp Lazlo' on 12 February|date=9 February 2006|access-date=23 June 2017|archive-date=13 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413014406/https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k6/feb/feb112.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Capeta]]''<ref>{{cite web |date=7 July 2008 |title=Cartoon Network to launch Capeta on 14 July |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/broadcasting/tv-channels/kids/cartoon-network-to-launch-capeta-on-14-july |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206091157/http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/broadcasting/tv-channels/kids/cartoon-network-to-launch-capeta-on-14-july |archive-date=6 December 2016 |access-date=18 July 2019 |website=Indian Television Dot Com}}</ref>
* ''[[Captain Planet and the Planeteers]]''<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/asp/tv/schedule.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050626165202/http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/asp/tv/schedule.asp|archive-date=2005-06-26|title=Cartoon Network - TV|date=26 June 2005}}</ref>
* ''[[List of Cardcaptor Sakura episodes|Cardcaptor Sakura]]''<ref name="indiantelevision.com2" />
* ''[[Chowder (TV series)|Chowder]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/minisite/chowder/index.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013233716/http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/minisite/chowder/index.php|archive-date=13 October 2012|title=Chowder | Free Videos and Online Games | Cartoon Network India|date=13 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/24448_cartoon-network-tells-the-story-of-chowder-this-monsoon|title=Cartoon Network tells the story of Chowder this monsoon|website=afaqs!|date=10 July 2009 |access-date=30 January 2021|archive-date=5 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205013126/https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/24448_cartoon-network-tells-the-story-of-chowder-this-monsoon|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Clarence (American TV series)|Clarence]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Clarence videos online {{!}} Clarence {{!}} Cartoon Network |url=https://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/show/clarence/videos |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=www.cartoonnetworkindia.com |language=en-IN |archive-date=29 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829105959/https://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/show/clarence/videos |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''[[Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs (TV series)|Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/show/cloudy-with-a-chance-of-meatballs |title=Cloudy With a Chance of Meatballs |publisher=Cartoonnetworkindia.com |date=2010-07-12 |access-date=2019-07-18 |archive-date=7 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207154557/https://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/show/cloudy-with-a-chance-of-meatballs |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''[[Code Lyoko]]''<ref name="Acquisitions">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/apr/apr138.htm|title=Cartoon Network gears up for 2005 with new acquisitions|date=12 April 2005|access-date=18 July 2017|archive-date=3 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803170017/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/apr/apr138.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Codename: Kids Next Door]]''<ref name="auto4" />
* ''[[Courage the Cowardly Dog]]''<ref name="auto2" /><ref name=":10">{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000409/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=19 March 2020|archive-date=27 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927133615/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000409/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Cow and Chicken]]''<ref name="auto7" />
* ''[[Craig of the Creek]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/take-to-the-pitch-for-a-summer-of-football-with-cartoon-network-s-toon-cup-190610|title=Take to the pitch for a summer of football with Cartoon Network's "Toon Cup"|date=10 June 2019|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=25 January 2022|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125043140/https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/take-to-the-pitch-for-a-summer-of-football-with-cartoon-network-s-toon-cup-190610|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Crime Time]]''<ref name="Anubhab">{{Cite web |last=Anubhab |date=2022-10-20 |title=Top 20 Old Cartoon Network shows you must have watched |url=https://www.airtel.in/blog/dth/top-20-old-cartoon-network-shows-you-must-have-watched/ |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=Airtel |language=en-US |archive-date=29 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829105958/https://www.airtel.in/blog/dth/top-20-old-cartoon-network-shows-you-must-have-watched/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''Dabangg''<ref>{{cite web|last=Jha|first=Lata|date=2021-05-30|title=Cartoon Network to premiere animated 'Dabangg' version on 31 May|url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/cartoon-network-to-premiere-animated-dabangg-version-on-31-may-11622353641646.html|access-date=2021-06-07|website=mint|language=en|archive-date=30 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130085618/https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/cartoon-network-to-premiere-animated-dabangg-version-on-31-may-11622353641646.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[DC Super Hero Girls (TV series)|DC Super Hero Girls]]''<ref name="Anubhab" />
* ''[[DC Super Hero Girls: Super Hero High]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=DC Super Hero Girls |url=https://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/show/dc-super-hero-girls |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117223501/https://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/show/dc-super-hero-girls |archive-date=2021-01-17 |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=cartoonnetworkindia.com}}</ref>
* ''[[Dexter's Laboratory]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/headlines/y2k2/nov/nov18.htm|title=Rock 'n' roll with Cartoon Network's 'Toon Yatra'|date=30 November 2002|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=25 January 2022|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125041634/https://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/headlines/y2k2/nov/nov18.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Digimon anime|Digimon]]''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/oct/oct58.htm | title=Cartoon Network to telecast 'Digimon Adventures' | date=5 October 2004 | access-date=8 April 2020 | archive-date=9 April 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409012707/https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/oct/oct58.htm | url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''[[Digimon Adventure (2020 TV series)|Digimon Adventure]]''<ref name=":72"/>
* ''[[Dragon Ball]]''<ref name="auto7" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-12 |title=Dragon Ball and My Hero Academia Are Anime Cornerstones for Cartoon Network India |url=https://in.ign.com/my-hero-academia/193822/interview/dragon-ball-and-my-hero-academia-are-anime-cornerstones-for-cartoon-network-india |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=IGN India |language=en-in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qXi-SiYGAiE |title=Dekheye Goku ki Kahani Cartoon Network India ki Zubani! 👊 {{!}} Watch Dragon Ball 25th August Onwards |date=2024-08-12 |last=Cartoon Network India |access-date=2024-08-20 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
* ''[[Dragon Ball GT]]''<ref name="Acquisitions" />
* ''[[Dragon Ball Kai]]''<ref name=":2" />
* ''[[Dragon Ball Super]]''<ref name=":0" />
* ''[[Dragon Ball Z]]''<ref name="indiantelevision.com2" /><ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Dragon Ball Z on Cartoon Network India |url=https://in.ign.com/dragon-ball-z-coolers-revenge/182837/news/dragon-ball-z-coolers-revenge-anime-film-to-air-on-cartoon-network |access-date=16 April 2023 |website=IGN |language=en |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422011127/https://in.ign.com/dragon-ball-z-coolers-revenge/182837/news/dragon-ball-z-coolers-revenge-anime-film-to-air-on-cartoon-network |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''[[Dragon Tales]]''<ref name="Spin">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/nov/nov242.htm|title=Cartoon Network to spin 'Dragon Tales' next year|date=26 November 2004|access-date=3 July 2017|archive-date=7 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907033409/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/nov/nov242.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[DreamWorks Dragons]]''<ref name="auto11">{{cite web|url=https://www.adgully.com/it-s-raining-new-shows-movies-and-mega-contests-this-monsoon-on-cn-58202.html|title=New shows listings|website=Adgully.com|date=2 July 2014 |access-date=15 July 2019|archive-date=15 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715115225/https://www.adgully.com/it-s-raining-new-shows-movies-and-mega-contests-this-monsoon-on-cn-58202.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Duck Dodgers (TV series)|Duck Dodgers]]''<ref name="auto22">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com:80/asp/tv/schedule.asp|title=India TV|date=7 August 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040807004314/http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com:80/asp/tv/schedule.asp|archive-date=7 August 2004}}</ref>
*''[[Duel Masters]]''<ref name="auto7" />
* ''[[Ed, Edd n Eddy]]''<ref name="auto3">{{cite web |title=Cartoon Network - TV |url=http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/asp/tv/schedule.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050212091013/http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/asp/tv/schedule.asp |archive-date=2005-02-12 |access-date=2019-07-13}}</ref>
* ''[[Ekans – Snakes Awake]]''<ref>{{cite web|date=2021-06-22|title=Cartoon Network is all set to entertain kids with new sci-fi superhero series 'Ekans - Ek se Badhkar Snake'|url=https://www.animationxpress.com/animation/cartoon-network-is-all-set-to-entertain-kids-with-new-sci-fi-superhero-series-ekans-ek-se-badhkar-snake/|access-date=2021-06-27|website=AnimationXpress|language=en-US|archive-date=17 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517143501/https://www.animationxpress.com/animation/cartoon-network-is-all-set-to-entertain-kids-with-new-sci-fi-superhero-series-ekans-ek-se-badhkar-snake/|url-status=live}}</ref>'
* ''[[Exchange Student Zero]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/show/exchange-student-zero |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508004004/http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/show/exchange-student-zero |archive-date=2017-05-08 |title=Exchange Student Zero | Free online games and video | Cartoon Network |access-date=2019-07-18}}</ref>
* ''[[Fantastic Max]]''<ref name="auto19">{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99aug15/sunday/filmtv.htm|title=Tribuneindia... Film and tv|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=19 March 2020|archive-date=7 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207114438/https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99aug15/sunday/filmtv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Firehouse Tales]]''<ref name="archive.org" />
* ''[[Fish Police (TV series)|Fish Police]]''<ref name="indiantelevision2">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/headlines/y2k2/mar/mar1.htm |title=Cartoon Network mixes brand promotion with festival of colours | Indian Television Dot Com |publisher=Indiantelevision.com |date=2002-03-06 |access-date=2019-07-18 |archive-date=6 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906174750/http://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/headlines/y2k2/mar/mar1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''[[The Flintstones]]''<ref name="auto2" />
* ''[[The Flintstone Comedy Show]]''<ref name="auto18">{{cite web|url=http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/asp/tv/schedule.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021215101927/http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/asp/tv/schedule.asp|archive-date=15 December 2002|title=Cartoon Network - TV|date=15 December 2002}}</ref>
* ''[[The Flintstone Funnies]]''<ref name="auto16">{{cite web |url=http://cartoonnetworkindia.com/asp/tv/schedule.asp |title=Cartoon Network - TV |access-date=4 October 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031004050626/http://cartoonnetworkindia.com/asp/tv/schedule.asp |archive-date=4 October 2003 }}</ref>
* ''[[The Flintstone Kids]]''<ref name="auto16" />
* ''[[Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends]]''<ref name="auto4" />
* ''[[Franklin (TV series)|Franklin]]''<ref name="indiantelevision.com1" />
* ''[[Fred Flintstone and Friends]]''<ref name="auto16" />
* ''Fukrey Boyzzz''<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Promo {{!}} New Show - Fukrey Boyzzz {{!}} New Cartoon {{!}} Cartoon Network India | date=11 July 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j86n4FtE3f8 |access-date=2023-08-29 |publisher=Cartoon Network India |via=[[YouTube]] |archive-date=29 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829105958/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j86n4FtE3f8 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (1983 TV series)|''G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero'' (1983)]]<ref name="auto10" />
* [[G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (1989 TV series)|''G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero'' (1989)]]<ref name="indiantelevision3">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k1/mar/mar23.htm |title=Cartoon Network to go 24 hours from 1 July | Indian Television Dot Com |publisher=Indiantelevision.com |date=2001-03-20 |access-date=2019-07-18 |archive-date=11 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811221738/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k1/mar/mar23.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''[[Galtar and the Golden Lance]]''<ref name="auto15" />
* ''[[Garfield and Friends]]''<ref name="auto15" />
* ''[[Generator Rex]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/minisite/generator_rex/index.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005233439/http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/minisite/generator_rex/index.php |archive-date=2012-10-05 |title=Generator Rex | Free Videos and Online Games | Cartoon Network India |access-date=2019-07-18}}</ref>
* ''[[Gon (manga)|Gon]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/minisite/gon/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202093313/http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/minisite/gon/|archive-date=2 December 2014|title=GON | Free Videos and Online Games | Cartoon Network India|date=2 December 2014}}</ref>
* ''[[Green Lantern: The Animated Series]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/minisite/green-lantern/index.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214081807/http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/minisite/green-lantern/index.php |archive-date=2014-02-14 |title=Green Lantern: The Animated Series | Free Videos and Online Games | Cartoon Network India |access-date=2019-07-18}}</ref>
* ''[[The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/cartoon-network-turns-20-celebrates-with-new-shows-contest-150504|title=Cartoon Network turns 20; celebrates with new shows, contest|date=4 May 2015|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=25 January 2022|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125041641/https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/cartoon-network-turns-20-celebrates-with-new-shows-contest-150504|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=765020294584594&vanity=CartoonNetwork.India</ref> and '''Haddi Mera Buddy''' (My friend Grim)<ref>https://www.instagram.com/p/CdD7K2wqHS9/?igsh=MWtobGY4Nm83aDdjMg==</ref>
* ''[[Grim & Evil]]''<ref name="auto21">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com:80/asp/tv/schedule.asp|title=India TV|date=11 April 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040411014111/http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com:80/asp/tv/schedule.asp|archive-date=11 April 2004}}</ref>
*''[[Hagemaru]]{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}''
* ''[[Harry and His Bucket Full of Dinosaurs]]''<ref name="archive.org" />
* ''[[Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law]]''<ref name="auto15" />
* ''[[He-Man and the Masters of the Universe (2002 TV series)|He-Man and the Masters of the Universe]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/sep/sep50.htm|title=Cartoon Networks gets He-Man on board|date=4 September 2003|access-date=21 June 2017|archive-date=20 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920132929/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/sep/sep50.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Heidi, Girl of the Alps|Heidi]]''
* ''[[The Herculoids]]''<ref name="auto15" />
*''[[Hero: 108]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/minisite/hero108/index.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013233115/http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/minisite/hero108/index.php |archive-date=2012-10-13 |title=Hero 108 | Free Videos and Online Games | Cartoon Network India |access-date=2019-07-18}}</ref>
* ''[[Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi]]''
* ''[[Hikari Sentai Maskman]]''
* ''[[Home Movies (TV series)|Home Movies]]''<ref name="auto15" />
* ''[[Hong Kong Phooey]]''<ref name="auto3" />
* ''[[Horrid Henry (TV series)|Horrid Henry]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/broadcasting/tv-channels/kids/cartoon-network-to-air-horrid-henry-from-9-april|title=Cartoon Network to air Horrid Henry from 9 April|date=6 April 2012|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=15 July 2019|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101151753/https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/broadcasting/tv-channels/kids/cartoon-network-to-air-horrid-henry-from-9-april|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Hot Wheels: AcceleRacers]]''<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com:80/asp/tv/schedule.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060525012522/http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/asp/tv/schedule.asp|archive-date=25 May 2006|title=Cartoon Network - TV|date=25 May 2006|access-date=1 January 2018}}</ref>
* ''[[Hot Wheels Battle Force 5]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/minisite/hot_wheels_battle_force5/index.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013234339/http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/minisite/hot_wheels_battle_force5/index.php |archive-date=2012-10-13 |title=Hot Wheels Battle Force 5 | Free Videos and Online Games | Cartoon Network India |access-date=2019-07-18}}</ref>
* ''[[I Am Weasel]]''<ref name="auto3" />
* ''[[Inazuma Eleven]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/minisite/inazuma_eleven/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929233307/http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/minisite/inazuma_eleven/|archive-date=29 September 2012|title=Inazuma Eleven | Free Videos and Online Games | Cartoon Network India|date=29 September 2012}}</ref>
* ''[[Iron Man: Armored Adventures]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/minisite/ironman/index.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005053218/http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/minisite/ironman/index.php |archive-date=2012-10-05 |title=Iron Man | Free Videos and Online Games | Cartoon Network India |access-date=2019-07-18}}</ref>
* ''[[Jackie Chan Adventures]]''<ref name="indiantelevision.com3">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k2/may/may126.htm|title=Cartoon Network aiming to cement leadership position in India with Jackie Chan|date=31 May 2002|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=18 June 2019|archive-date=18 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618011447/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k2/may/may126.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020616/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=19 March 2020|archive-date=27 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927132431/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020616/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Jellystone!]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Jellystone videos online {{!}} Jellystone {{!}} Cartoon Network |url=https://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/show/jellystone/videos |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=www.cartoonnetworkindia.com |language=en-IN}}</ref>
* ''[[The Jetsons]]''<ref name="auto6" />
* ''[[Johnny Bravo]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cartoonnetworkindia.com:80/asp/tv/schedule.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031216215416/http://cartoonnetworkindia.com/asp/tv/schedule.asp|archive-date=16 December 2003|title=Cartoon Network - TV|date=16 December 2003|access-date=28 July 2019}}</ref>
* ''[[Johnny Test]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Play Johnny Test games {{!}} Free online Johnny Test games {{!}} Cartoon Network |url=https://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/show/johnny-test/games |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=www.cartoonnetworkindia.com |language=en-IN |archive-date=29 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829105958/https://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/show/johnny-test/games |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''[[Jonny Quest (TV series)|Jonny Quest]]''<ref name="auto15" />
* ''[[Josie and the Pussycats (TV series)|Josie and the Pussycats]]''<ref name="auto3" />
* ''[[Jumanji (TV series)|Jumanji]]''<ref name="Three" />
* ''[[Jungle Tales (TV series)|Jungle Tales]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/june/june224.htm|title=Cartoon Network acquires "Jungle Tales"|date=28 June 2004|access-date=23 June 2017|archive-date=13 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413151831/https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/june/june224.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Justice League (TV series)|Justice League]]''<ref name="indiantelevision.com3" />
* ''[[Justice League Action]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch and Play Justice League Action Games |url=https://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/games/justice-league-action-nuclear-rescue |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=www.cartoonnetworkindia.com |language=en-IN |archive-date=29 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829111503/https://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/games/justice-league-action-nuclear-rescue |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''[[Justice League Unlimited]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/minisite/justice_league/index.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013051020/http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/minisite/justice_league/index.php |archive-date=2012-10-13 |title=Justice League Unlimited | Free Videos and Online Games | Cartoon Network India |access-date=2019-07-18}}</ref>
* ''[[Kaiketsu Zorori]]''<ref name="indiantelevision1" />
* ''[[Kiba (TV series)|Kiba]]''<ref name=":10" />
* ''[[Kid Krrish (film series)|Kid Krrish]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-09-18 |title=Kid Krrish set to appear on CN in October |url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/38723_kid-krrish-set-to-appear-on-cn-in-october |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=afaqs!}}</ref>
* ''[[Kipper (TV series)|Kipper the Dog]]''<ref name="Tiny" />
* ''[[Kiteretsu Daihyakka|Kiteretsu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cartoon Network - Watching Kiteretsu is the best way to be nostalgic and keep #ThrowbackThursday going! {{!}} Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/CartoonNetwork.India/photos/a.174237375919745/1688638991146235/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903065216/https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FCartoonNetwork.India%2Fphotos%2Fa.174237375919745%2F1688638991146235%2F |archive-date=3 September 2023 |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=www.facebook.com |language=en}}</ref>
* ''[[The Koala Brothers]]''<ref name="Spin" />
* [[Krish, Trish and Baltiboy]]
* ''[[Krypto the Superdog (TV series)|Krypto the Superdog]]''<ref name="indiantelevision.com1" />
* ''[[Lamput]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cartoonbrew.com/tv/cartoon-network-looks-india-lamput-series-150192.html|title=Cartoon Network Looks To India For 'Lamput' Series|date=13 April 2017 |access-date=13 April 2017|archive-date=15 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415144559/http://www.cartoonbrew.com/tv/cartoon-network-looks-india-lamput-series-150192.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[The Land Before Time (TV series)|The Land Before Time]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/advertising-news/cartoon-network-and-pogo-line-up-superheroes-old-and-new-this-summer-30420.html|title=Cartoon Network and Pogo line up superheroes – old and new – this summer|website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media|access-date=15 July 2019|archive-date=15 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715122706/https://www.exchange4media.com/advertising-news/cartoon-network-and-pogo-line-up-superheroes-old-and-new-this-summer-30420.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Larva (TV series)|Larva]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/CartoonNetwork.India/posts/the-early-bird-catches-the-early-wormoh-that-sounds-dangerous-for-yellowlarva/1867920749884724/ |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=www.facebook.com |archive-date=29 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829105958/https://www.facebook.com/CartoonNetwork.India/posts/the-early-bird-catches-the-early-wormoh-that-sounds-dangerous-for-yellowlarva/1867920749884724/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''[[League of Super Evil]]''<ref>{{cite web |date=13 October 2012 |title=League Of Super Evil | Free Videos and Online Games | Cartoon Network India |url=http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/minisite/lose/index.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013233740/http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/minisite/lose/index.php |archive-date=13 October 2012}}</ref>
* ''[[Legends of Chima]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/minisite/lego-chima/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804221038/http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/minisite/lego-chima/ |archive-date=2014-08-04 |title=Lego Chima | Free Videos and Online Games | Cartoon Network India |access-date=2019-07-18}}</ref>
* ''[[The Legend of Snow White]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tube/y2k2/dec/dectube28.htm|title="Snow White" to debut on Cartoon Network|date=27 December 2002|access-date=21 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021003749/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tube/y2k2/dec/dectube28.htm|archive-date=21 October 2017}}</ref>
* ''[[Lego Ninjago: Masters of Spinjitzu]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/show/ninjago|title=Ninjago: Masters of Spinjitzu | Free online games and video | Cartoon Network|website=www.cartoonnetworkindia.com|access-date=18 July 2019|archive-date=28 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028052310/http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/show/ninjago|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[The Life and Times of Juniper Lee]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/sep/sep96.htm|title=Cartoon Network to premiere 'The Life & Times of Juniper Lee' on 11 September|date=9 September 2005|access-date=23 June 2017|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203940/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/sep/sep96.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Looney Tunes]]''<ref name=":11">{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99oct24/sunday/filmtv.htm|title=Tribuneindia... Film and tv|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=19 March 2020|archive-date=22 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822165403/https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99oct24/sunday/filmtv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Looney Tunes Cartoons]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tweety's Pipe Pranks {{!}} Looney Tunes Cartoons {{!}} Cartoon Network |url=https://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/games/looney-tunes-cartoons-tweetys-pipe-pranks |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829105958/https://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/games/looney-tunes-cartoons-tweetys-pipe-pranks |archive-date=29 August 2023 |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=www.cartoonnetworkindia.com |language=en-IN}}</ref>
*''[[The Looney Tunes Show]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/minisite/looney_tunes/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130711180103/http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/minisite/looney_tunes/|archive-date=11 July 2013|title=The Looney Tunes Show | Free Videos and Online Games | Cartoon Network India|date=11 July 2013}}</ref>
*''[[Maca & Roni]]''<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Maca & Roni {{!}} Saturday - Sunday 3.30 PM {{!}} Cartoon Network | date=12 December 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8UQQDhtAagI |access-date=2022-05-07 |publisher=Cartoon Network India |via=[[YouTube]] |archive-date=7 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507163503/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8UQQDhtAagI |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''[[Mad (TV series)|Mad: The Animated Series]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mad (Cartoon Network): India daily TV audience insights for smarter content decisions - Parrot Analytics |url=https://tv.parrotanalytics.com/IN/mad-cartoon-network |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=tv.parrotanalytics.com |language=en |archive-date=29 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829105958/https://tv.parrotanalytics.com/IN/mad-cartoon-network |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''[[Make Way for Noddy]]''<ref name="Tiny" />
*''[[Mao Mao: Heroes of Pure Heart]]''
*''[[The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/minisite/flapjack/index.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013233814/http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/minisite/flapjack/index.php|archive-date=13 October 2012|title=The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack | Free Videos and Online Games | Cartoon Network India|date=13 October 2012}}</ref>
*''[[The Mask: Animated Series]]''<ref name="auto2" />
*''[[Matt Hatter Chronicles]]''<ref name="Matt">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/summer-programme-with-matt-hatters-chronicles-140521|title=Summer programme with "Matt Hatter Chronicles"|date=21 May 2014|access-date=29 June 2017|archive-date=6 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606021832/http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/summer-programme-with-matt-hatters-chronicles-140521|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Max Steel (2000 TV series)|''Max Steel'' (2000)]]<ref name="auto6" />
*[[Max Steel (2013 TV series)|''Max Steel'' (2013)]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/show/max-steel|title=Max Steel | Free online games and video | Cartoon Network|website=www.cartoonnetworkindia.com|access-date=18 July 2019|archive-date=6 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206214638/https://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/show/max-steel|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Mechamato]]''<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=New show {{!}} Mechamato {{!}} 15th Jan, Sunday 12.30 PM & 6.30 PM {{!}} Cartoon Network | date=5 January 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=imlCn03V9PY |access-date=2023-08-29 |publisher=Cartoon Network India |via=[[YouTube]] |archive-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528125209/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=imlCn03V9PY&feature=youtu.be |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''[[Megas XLR]]''<ref name="auto7" />
*''[[Men in Black: The Series]]''<ref name="Crackers">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/oct/oct2.htm|title=Cartoon Network lights firecrackers|date=1 October 2003|access-date=21 June 2017|archive-date=22 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022133118/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/oct/oct2.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Mighty Magiswords]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/show/mighty-magiswords|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602231452/http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/show/mighty-magiswords|archive-date=2 June 2017|title=Mighty Magiswords|date=2 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/latest-news/this-may-mighty-magiswords-and-roll-no-21s-movie-to-air-on-cartoon-network|title=This May, 'Mighty Magiswords' debuts and Roll No. 21's movie to air on Cartoon Network India|date=5 May 2017|access-date=12 April 2020|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412081921/http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/latest-news/this-may-mighty-magiswords-and-roll-no-21s-movie-to-air-on-cartoon-network|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Mike, Lu & Og]]''<ref name="auto5">{{cite web |url=http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com:80/asp/tv/schedule.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060204143654/http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/asp/tv/schedule.asp |archive-date=4 February 2006 |title=Cartoon Network - TV |access-date=2019-07-13 }}</ref>
*''[[Miss Spider's Sunny Patch Friends]]''<ref name="auto7" />
* ''[[Mix Master]]''
*''[[Mixels]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mixels.asia/|title=Mixels Asia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827184659/http://www.mixels.asia/|archive-date=27 August 2014|date=27 August 2014}}</ref>
* ''[[Mobile Suit Gundam]]''
*''[[Moby Dick and Mighty Mightor]]''<ref name="auto15" />
*''[[The Moxy Show]]''
*''[[Mr. Bean: The Animated Series]]''
*''[[Mr. Magoo (TV series)|Mr. Magoo]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zahed |first=Ramin |date=2017-11-27 |title=Xilam's 'Mr. Magoo' Finds New Fans in Asia |url=https://beta.animationmagazine.net/2017/11/mr-magoo-arrives-in-asia/ |access-date=2024-01-04 |language=en-US}}</ref>
*''[[¡Mucha Lucha!]]''<ref name="auto9">{{cite web |url=http://cartoonnetworkindia.com:80/asp/tv/schedule.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031004050626/http://cartoonnetworkindia.com/asp/tv/schedule.asp |archive-date=4 October 2003 |title=Cartoon Network - TV |access-date=2019-07-13 }}</ref>
*''[[The Mummy: The Animated Series]]''<ref name="auto9" />
*''[[My Gym Partner's a Monkey]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/minisite/my_gympartner/index.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121217212316/http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/minisite/my_gympartner/index.php|archive-date=17 December 2012|title=Samsher Sikander Chuddie Buddie | Free Videos and Online Games | Cartoon Network India|date=17 December 2012}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite AV media|title=New Show {{!}} Samsher Sikander Chuddie Buddie {{!}} Starts 20th Feb - Mon - Fri 1.30 PM {{!}} Cartoon Network| date=10 February 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S9xidsFEvfI|access-date=2023-02-11|publisher=Cartoon Network India|via=[[YouTube]]|archive-date=12 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212075519/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S9xidsFEvfI|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[My Hero Academia]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |last3= |first3= |last4= |last5= |first5= |date=2023-08-25 |title=Cartoon Network India Reveals My Hero Academia Release Date |url=https://in.ign.com/my-hero-academia/192827/news/cartoon-network-india-reveals-my-hero-academia-release-date |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=IGN India |language=en-in}}</ref>
*''[[My Knight and Me]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/show/my-knight-and-me|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508072040/http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/show/my-knight-and-me|archive-date=8 May 2017|title=My Knight And Me|date=8 May 2017}}</ref>
* ''[[Naruto]]''<ref name="Acquisitions" />
* ''[[Nate Is Late]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/CartoonNetwork.India/posts/2-more-days-for-nate-is-latewe-are-bustling-with-excitementwhat-about-youcartoon/4315126495164125/ |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=www.facebook.com |archive-date=29 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829105958/https://www.facebook.com/CartoonNetwork.India/posts/2-more-days-for-nate-is-latewe-are-bustling-with-excitementwhat-about-youcartoon/4315126495164125/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''[[The New Adventures of Captain Planet]]''<ref name="auto3" />
*''[[The New Adventures of Hanuman]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-06-06 |title=New adventures of Hanuman only on POGO |url=https://www.afaqs.com/media-briefs/49900_new-adventures-of-hanuman-only-on-pogo |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=afaqs!}}</ref>'
*''[[The New Adventures of Jonny Quest]]''<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=6 Cartoon Network shows from the 1990s for a dose of nostalgia |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/6-cartoon-network-shows-from-the-1990s-for-a-dose-of-nostalgia/cid/1893019 |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
*''[[The New Adventures of Speed Racer]]''<ref name="auto15" />
*''[[The New Batman Adventures]]''<ref name="indiantelevision.com2" />
*''[[The New Fred and Barney Show]]''
*''[[The New Scooby and Scrappy-Doo Show]]''<ref name="auto5" />
*''[[The New Scooby-Doo Movies]]''<ref name="auto5" />
* ''[[Ninja Robots]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010128/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=19 March 2020|archive-date=17 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117003724/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010128/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''Obocchama Kun''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pogo.tv/tvschedule|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328143409/http://www.pogo.tv/tvschedule|archive-date=28 March 2014|title=TV Schedule – POGO! The best place for kids!|date=28 March 2014}}</ref>
*''[[Oggy and the Cockroaches]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cartoon Network: Oggy and the Cockroaches {{!}} You're gonna need a bigger slipper or rolled up paper! {{!}} By Cartoon Network - Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/CartoonNetwork.India/videos/cartoon-network-oggy-and-the-cockroaches/1651372311664358/ |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=www.facebook.com |language=en |archive-date=29 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829105956/https://www.facebook.com/CartoonNetwork.India/videos/cartoon-network-oggy-and-the-cockroaches/1651372311664358/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''[[OK K.O.! Let's Be Heroes]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adgully.com/leap-into-the-future-and-befriend-the-greatest-superheroes-at-cn-80684.html|title=Leap into the future and befriend the greatest superheroes at CN|website=www.adgully.com|date=27 September 2018 |access-date=15 July 2019|archive-date=15 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715115223/https://www.adgully.com/leap-into-the-future-and-befriend-the-greatest-superheroes-at-cn-80684.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[One Piece]]''<ref name="english.jagran.com"/>
*''[[Oswald (TV series)|Oswald]]''<ref name="Tiny" />
*''[[Over the Garden Wall]]''
*''[[Ozzy & Drix]]''<ref name="auto2" />
*''[[The Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm Show]]''
*''[[The Perils of Penelope Pitstop]]''<ref name="Back" />
*''[[Pet Alien]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/july/july257.htm|title=Cartoon network to air "Pet Alien"|date=25 July 2005|access-date=29 August 2017|archive-date=25 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125004026/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/july/july257.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Pingu]]''<ref name="Tiny" />
*''[[Pinky and the Brain]]''
*''[[Pinky, Elmyra & the Brain]]''
*''[[The Plucky Duck Show]]''
* ''[[Pokémon (TV series)|Pokémon]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030525/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=19 March 2020|archive-date=20 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320081423/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030525/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Popeye and Son]]''<ref name="auto17" />
*''[[Popeye the Sailor (TV series)|Popeye the Sailor]]''<ref name="indiantelevision2" />
*''[[The Popeye Show]]''<ref name="auto17" />
*''[[The Porky Pig Show]]''<ref name=":11" />
*''[[Postman Pat]]''
* [[The Powerpuff Girls|''The Powerpuff Girls'' (1998)]]<ref name="auto" />
* [[The Powerpuff Girls (2016 TV series)|''The Powerpuff Girls'' (2016)]]
* ''[[Powerpuff Girls Z]]''<ref>{{cite web |date=13 October 2012 |title=PowerPuff Girls Z | Free Videos and Online Games | Cartoon Network India |url=http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/minisite/ppgz/index.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013233228/http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/minisite/ppgz/index.php |archive-date=13 October 2012}}</ref>
* ''[[A Pup Named Scooby-Doo]]''<ref name="auto4">{{cite web|url=http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/asp/tv/schedule.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050527223318/http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/asp/tv/schedule.asp|archive-date=2005-05-27|title=Cartoon Network - TV|date=27 May 2005}}</ref>
*''[[The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest]]''<ref name=":12" />
*''[[Regular Show]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Regular Show {{!}} Free online games and videos {{!}} Cartoon Network |url=https://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/show/regular-show |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=www.cartoonnetworkindia.com |language=en-IN}}</ref>
*''[[Richie Rich (1980 TV series)|Richie Rich]]''<ref name="indiantelevision.com1" />
*''[[Ricochet Rabbit & Droop-a-Long]]''<ref name="auto6" />
*''[[The Road Runner Show]]''<ref name="auto16" />
*''[[Robotboy]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com:80/asp/tv/schedule.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060718054328/http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/asp/tv/schedule.asp|archive-date=18 July 2006|title=Cartoon Network - TV|date=18 July 2006|access-date=1 January 2018}}</ref>
* ''[[Roll No 21]]''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/Krishna-in-a-new-avatar/article15717064.ece|title=Krishna in a new avatar|newspaper=The Hindu |date=26 November 2010|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=1 January 2021|archive-date=8 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208115640/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/Krishna-in-a-new-avatar/article15717064.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Rubbadubbers]]''<ref name="auto22" />
*''Running Man''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/show/running-man|title=Running Man | Free online games and videos | Cartoon Network|website=www.cartoonnetworkindia.com|access-date=18 July 2019|archive-date=12 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812231442/https://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/show/running-man|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Sabrina: The Animated Series]]''<ref name="Back" />
*''[[Samurai Jack]]''<ref name="auto" />
* ''[[Scooby-Doo and Guess Who?]]''<ref name="scooby"/>
*''[[Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/minisite/scooby_doo_mystery_inc/index.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013233038/http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/minisite/scooby_doo_mystery_inc/index.php|archive-date=13 October 2012|title=Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated | Free Videos and Online Games | Cartoon Network India|date=13 October 2012}}</ref>
*[[Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo (1979 TV series)|''Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo'' (1979)]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98oct04/nation.htm#5|title=tribuneindia... Nation|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=19 March 2020|archive-date=27 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927123308/https://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98oct04/nation.htm#5|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo (1980 TV series)|''Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo'' (1980)]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010513/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=19 March 2020|archive-date=3 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903065212/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010513/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[The Scooby-Doo Show]]''<ref name="auto19" />
*''[[Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!]]''<ref name="scooby">{{Cite web |title=Scooby Doo Games, Videos & Downloads Online! - Cartoon Network |url=https://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/show/scooby-doo |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=www.cartoonnetworkme.com |language=en-AE}}</ref>
*''[[Sealab 2021]]''<ref name="auto15" />
*''[[Secret Mountain Fort Awesome]]''
*''[[The Secret Saturdays]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/minisite/the_secret_saturdays/index.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013233523/http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/minisite/the_secret_saturdays/index.php|archive-date=13 October 2012|title=The Secret Saturdays | Free Videos and Online Games | Cartoon Network India|date=13 October 2012}}</ref>
*''[[Shaggy & Scooby-Doo Get a Clue!]]''
*''[[Shazzan]]''<ref name="auto15" />
*''[[Sheep in the Big City]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010304/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=19 March 2020|archive-date=3 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903065213/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010304/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Sitting Ducks (TV series)|Sitting Ducks]]''<ref name="Crackers" />
*''[[Skunk Fu!]]''
*''[[The Smurfs (1981 TV series)|The Smurfs]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010114/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=19 March 2020|archive-date=3 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903065239/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010114/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Sonic Boom (TV series)|Sonic Boom]]''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/cartoon-network-turns-20-celebrates-with-new-shows-contest-150504|title=Cartoon Network turns 20; celebrates with new shows, contest|date=4 May 2015|access-date=22 July 2017|archive-date=5 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505080255/http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/cartoon-network-turns-20-celebrates-with-new-shows-contest-150504|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Space Ghost (TV series)|Space Ghost]]''<ref name="auto15" />
*''[[Space Ghost Coast to Coast]]''<ref name="auto15" />
*''[[The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)|The Spectacular Spider-Man]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/marketing/mam/smith-jones-adds-tadka-to-its-noodles-variant-launches-new-campaign|title=Smith & Jones adds 'Tadka' to its noodles variant; launches new campaign|date=31 October 2009|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=18 June 2019|archive-date=18 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618011435/http://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/marketing/mam/smith-jones-adds-tadka-to-its-noodles-variant-launches-new-campaign|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Spider-Man: The New Animated Series]]''<ref name="Crackers" />
*''[[Star Wars: Clone Wars (2003 TV series)|Star Wars: Clone Wars]]''<ref name="auto21" />
*''[[Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008 TV series)|Star Wars: The Clone Wars]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/minisite/swtcw3/index.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013233323/http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/minisite/swtcw3/index.php|archive-date=13 October 2012|title=Star Wars: The Clone Wars Season 3 | Free Videos and Online Games | Cartoon Network India|date=13 October 2012}}</ref>
*''[[Static Shock]]''<ref name="auto" />
*''[[Steven Universe]]''<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |title=Steven Universe {{!}} Watch free videos and play Steven Universe Games {{!}} Cartoon Network |url=https://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/show/steven-universe |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=www.cartoonnetworkindia.com |language=en-IN}}</ref>
*''[[Steven Universe Future]]''<ref name=":13" />
*''[[Strawberry Shortcake (2003 TV series)|Strawberry Shortcake]]''<ref name="auto1" />
*''[[Stuart Little: The Animated Series]]''<ref name="Crackers" />
*''[[Summer Camp Island]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Summer Camp Island: Sneak Peak Season 1 |url=https://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/videos/summer-camp-island-sneak-peak-season-1 |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=www.cartoonnetworkindia.com |language=en-IN}} {{deadlink|date=September 2024}}</ref>
*''[[Super Bheem]]''
*''[[Super Friends]]''<ref name="auto15" />
*''[[The Super Hero Squad Show]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/minisite/super_hero_squad/index.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005053411/http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/minisite/super_hero_squad/index.php|archive-date=5 October 2012|title=Super Hero Squad | Free Videos and Online Games | Cartoon Network India|date=5 October 2012}}</ref>
* ''[[Super Shiro]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-04 |title=Cartoon Network India Airs Super Shiro Anime on February 22 |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2021-02-04/cartoon-network-india-airs-super-shiro-anime-on-february-22/.169149 |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=Anime News Network |language=en}}</ref>
*''[[Superman: The Animated Series]]''<ref name="auto8">{{cite web|url=http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com:80/asp/tv/schedule.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615123039/http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/asp/tv/schedule.asp|archive-date=15 June 2006|title=Cartoon Network - TV|date=15 June 2006|access-date=1 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010826/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=19 March 2020|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607031759/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010826/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Supernoobs]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/show/supernoobs|title=Supernoobs|website=www.cartoonnetworkindia.com|access-date=18 July 2019|archive-date=14 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014000230/http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/show/supernoobs|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[SWAT Kats: The Radical Squadron]]''<ref name="auto7" />
*''[[The Sylvester & Tweety Mysteries]]''<ref name="auto5" />
*''[[Sym-Bionic Titan]]''
*''[[Taffy (TV series)|Taffy]]''<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Taffy {{!}} New Show {{!}} Starts 24 January, Monday 5.30 PM {{!}} Cartoon Network | date=13 January 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JX_jUx_68es |access-date=2022-05-07 |publisher=Cartoon Network India |via=[[YouTube]] |archive-date=7 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507163022/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JX_jUx_68es |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''[[Taz-Mania]]''
*''[[TDPI]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/show/total-drama-pahkitew-island|title=Total Drama All Stars | Free online games and video | Cartoon Network|website=www.cartoonnetworkindia.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220223341/http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/show/total-drama-pahkitew-island|archive-date=20 February 2016}}</ref>
*''[[Teen Titans (TV series)|Teen Titans]]''<ref name=":4">{{Cite AV media |title=Teen Titans {{!}} Redraw Your World {{!}} Monday - Friday 1.15 PM {{!}} Cartoon Network | date=3 April 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KhTREIFjCy4 |access-date=2022-04-04 |publisher=Cartoon Network India |via=[[YouTube]] |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404074751/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KhTREIFjCy4&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''[[Teen Titans Go!]]''<ref name=":5" />
*''[[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2003 TV series)|Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles]]''<ref name="auto8" />
*''[[Thomas & Friends]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com:80/asp/tv/schedule.asp|title=India TV|date=13 February 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040213045102/http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com:80/asp/tv/schedule.asp|archive-date=13 February 2004}}</ref>
*[[ThunderCats (1985 TV series)|''ThunderCats'' (1985)]]<ref name="auto18" />
*[[ThunderCats (2011 TV series)|''ThunderCats'' (2011)]]
*''[[ThunderCats Roar]]''
*''[[Tik Tak Tail]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-24 |title=POGO makes summer special with Tik Tak Tail |url=https://www.adgully.com/pogo-makes-summer-special-with-tik-tak-tail-77591.html |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=www.adgully.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
*''[[Time Squad]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k1/mar/mar23.htm|title=Cartoon Network to go 24 hours from 1 July|date=20 March 2001|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=18 July 2019|archive-date=11 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811221738/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k1/mar/mar23.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Tiny Toon Adventures]]''
*''[[Tom and Jerry]]''<ref name="auto17" />
*''Tom and Jerry'' (2023)<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-10-10 |title='Tom and Jerry' Singapore miniseries to premiere globally on 21 October |url=https://indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/%27tom-and-jerry%27-singapore-miniseries-to-premiere-globally-on-21-october-231010 |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=indiantelevision.com |language=en}}</ref>
*''[[The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show]]''<ref name="auto17" />
*''[[Tom & Jerry Kids]]''<ref name="auto7" />
*''[[Tom and Jerry in New York]]''<ref name=":6">{{Cite AV media|title=Tom & Jerry in New York {{!}} New Series {{!}} Starts 18 March Friday, 5.15 PM {{!}} Cartoon Network | date=16 March 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QOaF_XwRIIs |access-date=2022-05-07 |publisher=Cartoon Network India |via=[[YouTube]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507162452/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QOaF_XwRIIs |url-status=live |language=en |archive-date=7 May 2022}}</ref>
*[[The Tom and Jerry Show (1975 TV series)|''The Tom and Jerry Show'' (1975)]]<ref name="auto2" />
*[[The Tom and Jerry Show (2014 TV series)|''The Tom and Jerry Show'' (2014)]]<ref name=":6" />
*''[[Tom and Jerry Tales]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=How the iconic Cartoon Network duo Tom and Jerry has managed to stay relevant 82 years after it was first aired |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/advertising/media/article/how-the-iconic-cartoon-network-duo-tom-and-jerry-has-managed-to-stay-relevant-82-years-after-it-was-first-aired/articleshow/89457244.cms |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=Business Insider}}</ref>
*''[[Top Cat]]''<ref name="auto2" />
*''[[Transformers: Animated]]''
* ''[[Transformers: Armada]]''<ref name="Three" />
* ''[[Transformers: Cybertron]]''<ref name="indiantelevision.com1" />
* ''[[Transformers: Cyberverse]]''
* ''[[Transformers: Energon]]''<ref name="auto5" />
* ''[[Transformers: Prime]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Transformers Prime videos online {{!}} Transformers Prime {{!}} Cartoon Network |url=https://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/show/transformers-prime/videos |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=www.cartoonnetworkindia.com |language=en-IN}}</ref>
* ''[[Transformers: Robots in Disguise (2015 TV series)|Transformers: Robots in Disguise]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/show/transformers-robots-in-disguise|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505023248/http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/show/transformers-robots-in-disguise|archive-date=5 May 2017|title=Transformers Robots In Disguise | Free online games and video | Cartoon Network|date=5 May 2017}}</ref>
* ''[[Trouble Chocolate]]''<ref name="indiantelevision3" />
* ''[[Ultimate Muscle]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070930/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=19 March 2020|archive-date=7 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207185647/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070930/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Uncle Grandpa]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Uncle Grandpa videos online {{!}} Uncle Grandpa {{!}} Cartoon Network |url=https://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/show/uncle-grandpa/videos |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=www.cartoonnetworkindia.com |language=en-IN}}</ref>
*''[[Unikitty!]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adgully.com/it-s-a-toon-tastic-festive-time-with-cartoon-network-this-september-80271.html|title=It's a toon-tastic festive time with Cartoon Network this September!|website=www.adgully.com|date=7 September 2018 |access-date=15 July 2019|archive-date=15 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715115221/https://www.adgully.com/it-s-a-toon-tastic-festive-time-with-cartoon-network-this-september-80271.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Victor and Valentino]]''
*''[[We Baby Bears]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-01-18 |title=Warner Bros. Discovery reveals Kids' lineup for Republic Day 2024 |url=https://indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/warner-bros.-discovery-reveals-kids%27-lineup-for-republic-day-2024-240118 |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=indiantelevision.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Warner Bros. Discovery unveils its exciting Republic Day line-up - |url=https://www.animationxpress.com/latest-news/warner-bros-discovery-unveils-its-exciting-republic-day-line-up/ |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=www.animationxpress.com}}</ref>
* ''[[We Bare Bears]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Missing the bears a little too much?They're back with a whole lot of style, giggles, and heart-warming moments for you! Watch We Bare Bears from Monday to Friday at 11:30 AM, only on Cartoon Network |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/ChmvJUMKAJN/?igshid=YmMyMTA2M2Y= |access-date=2022-08-23 |via=[[Instagram]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903070411/https://www.instagram.com/p/ChmvJUMKAJN/?igshid=YmMyMTA2M2Y= |url-status=live |archive-date=3 September 2023}}</ref><ref name="summer" />
*''[[What a Cartoon!]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} Free online games and video {{!}} Cartoon Network |url=https://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/ |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=www.cartoonnetworkindia.com |language=en-IN}}</ref>
*''[[What's New, Scooby-Doo?]]''<ref name="auto5" />
*''[[Whatever Happened to... Robot Jones?]]''<ref name="auto21" />
*''[[Wolverine and the X-Men (TV series)|Wolverine and the X-Men]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/minisite/wolverine_n_xmen/index.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006101326/http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/minisite/wolverine_n_xmen/index.php|archive-date=6 October 2012|title=Wolverine and the X-Men | Free Videos and Online Games | Cartoon Network India|date=6 October 2012}}</ref>
*''[[Wow! Wow! Wubbzy!]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kidscreen.com/2007/06/19/wubbzy-20070619/|title=Wubbzy! goes global|access-date=17 April 2020|archive-date=7 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207094928/https://kidscreen.com/2007/06/19/wubbzy-20070619/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Xiaolin Chronicles]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/festivities-begin-on-cartoon-network-from-september-160906|title=Festivities begin on Cartoon Network from September|date=6 September 2016|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=4 May 2019|archive-date=8 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508153116/http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/festivities-begin-on-cartoon-network-from-september-160906|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Xiaolin Showdown]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/minisite/xiaolin_showdown/index.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013233436/http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/minisite/xiaolin_showdown/index.php|archive-date=13 October 2012|title=Xiaolin Showdown | Free Videos and Online Games | Cartoon Network India|date=13 October 2012}}</ref>
*''[[X-Men: Evolution]]''<ref name="indiantelevision.com3" />
* ''[[Yo-kai Watch]]''<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Yo-Kai Watch {{!}} New Show {{!}} Starts 16th May Monday 11.15 AM & 6.15 PM {{!}} Pogo | date=11 May 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y7FtjZkXdiA |publisher=Pogo |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=2022-05-11 |archive-date=9 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109162225/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=y7FtjZkXdiA |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''[[The Yogi Bear Show]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-04-15 |title=Look who was in town! |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Look-who-was-in-town/article14684439.ece |access-date=2023-09-01 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=3 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903065747/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Look-who-was-in-town/article14684439.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''[[Yogi's Treasure Hunt]]''{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}
*''[[Young Justice (TV series)|Young Justice]]''<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Promo {{!}} New Show - Young Justice {{!}} New Cartoon {{!}} Mon-Fri {{!}} 7:30 PM {{!}} Cartoon Network India | date=17 May 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XDKjMPV3Ly4 |access-date=2023-09-01 |publisher=Cartoon Network India |via=[[YouTube]] }}</ref>
* ''[[Zatch Bell!]]''<ref name="Acquisitions" />

=== Live-action/mixed ===
* ''[[Cambala Investigation Agency]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/broadcasting/tv-channels/kids/pogo-to-air-new-season-of-cia-mad|title=Pogo to air new season of CIA|date=27 May 2008|access-date=18 June 2018}}</ref>
* ''[[Chouseishin Gransazer]]''<ref name="indiantelevision.com1">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k6/nov/nov24.htm|title=Cartoon Network to air 'The Legend of Buddha' & 'Pandavas: The Five Warriors' in Tamil in November|date=2 November 2006|website=Indian Television Dot Com}}</ref>
* ''[[Galli Galli Sim Sim]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k6/aug/aug86.htm|title=Galli Galli Sim Sim' to launch on 15 August on Cartoon Network|date=8 August 2006|access-date=22 July 2017}}</ref>
* ''[[Genseishin Justirisers]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k7/feb/feb288.htm|title=Cartoon Network to launch "Justirisers"|date=21 February 2007|access-date=29 June 2017}}</ref>
* ''[[Chousei Kantai Sazer-X|Sazer X]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/kids-news/shaan-sings-title-track-of-cartoon-networks-action-series-sazer-x-26705.html|title=Shaan sings title track of Cartoon Network's action series 'Sazer X' - Exchange4media|website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media}}</ref>
* ''[[Skatoony]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/kids-news/cartoon-network-and-pogo-plan-bonanza-for-kids-with-new-programme-line-up-28202.html|title=Cartoon Network and Pogo plan bonanza for kids with new programme line-up|website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media}}</ref>
* ''[[Teletubbies]]''<ref name=Crackers/>

== Films ==
* ''Arnab aur Jadui Locket''<ref name="auto20">{{cite web|url=https://www.animationxpress.com/animation/cartoon-networks-thanda-dimaag-contest-for-kids-to-tackle-exam-fever/|title=Cartoon Network's 'Thanda Dimaag' contest for kids to tackle exam fever|website=AnimationXpress|date=5 March 2014|access-date=26 August 2021|archive-date=3 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903071032/https://www.animationxpress.com/animation/cartoon-networks-thanda-dimaag-contest-for-kids-to-tackle-exam-fever/|url-status=live}}</ref> (2014)
* ''Bhootraja Aur Ronnie 2''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/cartoon-network-gets-ready-for-exam-season-140304?page=12 |title=Cartoon Network gets ready for exam season | Page 13 | Indian Television Dot Com |publisher=Indiantelevision.com |date=2014-03-04 |access-date=2021-08-26 |archive-date=3 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903070940/https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/cartoon-network-gets-ready-for-exam-season-140304?page=12 |url-status=live }}</ref> (2014)
* ''[[Chakra: The Invincible]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Kid Krrish]]'' (2013)
* ''Kid Krrish: Mission Bhutan''<ref name="Monsoon 2014 New Content">{{cite web|title=Monsoon 2014 New Content|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/news-broadcasting/cartoon-network-brings-pokemon-latest-season-and-kid-krrish-movie-sequelthis-monsoon-140630|work=indiantelevision.com|date=30 June 2014|access-date=23 June 2017|archive-date=10 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210011714/http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/news-broadcasting/cartoon-network-brings-pokemon-latest-season-and-kid-krrish-movie-sequelthis-monsoon-140630|url-status=live}}</ref> (2014)
* ''Kid Krrish: Mystery in Mongolia'' (2014)
* ''Kid Krrish: Shakalaka Africa''<ref name="auto12">{{cite web|url=https://www.adgully.com/beat-the-heat-this-summer-with-brand-new-shows-on-cartoon-network-61282.html|title=Beat the heat this summer with brand new shows on Cartoon Network|website=www.adgully.com|date=24 April 2015 |access-date=15 July 2019|archive-date=15 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715115222/https://www.adgully.com/beat-the-heat-this-summer-with-brand-new-shows-on-cartoon-network-61282.html|url-status=live}}</ref> (2015)
*''Krishna: The Birth''<ref name="auto13">{{cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/kids-news/cartoon-network-showcases-series-of-krishna-movies-for-janmashtami-27526.html|title=Cartoon Network showcases series of Krishna movies for Janmashtami - Exchange4media|website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media|access-date=15 July 2019|archive-date=6 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206150604/https://www.exchange4media.com/kids-news/cartoon-network-showcases-series-of-krishna-movies-for-janmashtami-27526.html|url-status=live}}</ref> (2006)
* ''Krishna in Vrindavan''<ref name="auto13"/> (2007)
* ''Krishna: Kansa Vadha''<ref name="auto13"/> (2007)
* ''Krishna: Maakhan Chor''<ref name="auto13"/> (2007)
* ''My Name Is Raj''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-business/cartoon-network-premieres-%E2%80%98my-name-is-raj%E2%80%99-this-sunday-113101909270_1.html|title=Cartoon Network premieres 'My Name is Raj' this Sunday|website=www.indiainfoline.com|access-date=3 September 2023|archive-date=3 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903070945/https://www.indiainfoline.com/top-share-market-news|url-status=live}}</ref> (2011)
* ''My Name Is Raj 2''<ref>{{cite web |author=Adgully Bureau |url=https://www.adgully.com/gear-up-for-summer-holidays-with-cartoon-network-and-pogo-style-fun-964.html |title=Gear up for Summer Holidays with Cartoon Network and POGO style fun |publisher=Adgully.com |date=2012-04-12 |access-date=2021-08-26 |archive-date=3 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903071452/https://www.adgully.com/gear-up-for-summer-holidays-with-cartoon-network-and-pogo-style-fun-964.html |url-status=live }}</ref> (2012)
* ''My Name Is Raj 3: Attack of Demons''<ref name=":9">{{cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/cartoon-network-beefs-up-2013-content-line-up-with-new-shows-49399.html|title=Cartoon Network beefs up 2013 content line-up with new shows - Exchange4media|website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media|access-date=15 July 2019|archive-date=15 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715123710/https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/cartoon-network-beefs-up-2013-content-line-up-with-new-shows-49399.html|url-status=live}}</ref> (2013)
* ''My Name Is Raj 4: Vizukama Ki Takaar''<ref name="auto20"/> (2014)
* ''My Name is Raj 5: Return of Zohak'' (2015){{citation needed|date=June 2024}}
* ''Vikram Betal''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/june/june181.htm|title=Cartoon Network to premiere "Vikram Betal"|date=15 June 2005|access-date=23 June 2017|archive-date=2 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202222730/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/june/june181.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> (2005)
* ''Tripura - The Three Cities of Maya''<ref>{{cite web |author=Adgully Bureau |url=https://www.adgully.com/tripura-the-three-cities-of-maya-wins-the-best-animated-film-at-ficci-baf-awards-2011-46227.html |title='Tripura-The three cities of Maya' wins the best animated film at FICCI BAF AWARDS 2011 |publisher=Adgully.com |date= |access-date=2021-08-26 |archive-date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403122130/https://www.adgully.com/tripura-the-three-cities-of-maya-wins-the-best-animated-film-at-ficci-baf-awards-2011-46227.html |url-status=live }}</ref> (2011)

== Specials ==
* ''Mangal Pandey Special''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/broadcasting/tv-channels/kids/cartoon-network-pogo-rising-with-aamir-khan|title=Cartoon Network & Pogo 'rising' with Aamir Khan|date=5 August 2005|website=Indian Television Dot Com}}</ref> (2005)
* ''[[Johnny Goes to Bollywood (2009 Hindi episode)|Johnny Goes to Bollywood]]'' (2009)
*''Kris Aur Sharukhan Khan Ki Dilwale Bollywood Class''<ref name=Dilwale>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/cartoon-network-pogo-go-filmy-with-shah-rukh-khan-s-dilwale-151210|title=Cartoon Network & Pogo go filmy with Shah Rukh Khan's 'Dilwale'|date=10 December 2015|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=6 September 2021|archive-date=3 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903071452/https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/cartoon-network-pogo-go-filmy-with-shah-rukh-khan-s-dilwale-151210|url-status=live}}</ref> (2015)
*''Oggy Ki Birthday Party''<ref name=Dilwale/> (2015)
*''Dragon Ball Z Blockbuster''<ref>{{Citation |title=New Movie - Promo {{!}} Dragon Ball Z Super Android 13 {{!}} Sunday {{!}} 7th May {{!}} 12:15 PM on Cartoon Network | date=2 May 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oa9HBMWcOyQ |access-date=2023-08-29 |language=en}}</ref> (2023)

== Programming blocks ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="col" | Title !! scope="col" | Year(s) aired !! class="unsortable" | Note(s)
|-
| scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | ''Night Shift''<ref name="auto15"/>
| 2001–2002
|
|-
| scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | ''[[Cartoon Network (India)#Toonami|Toonami]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/43443_Turner-to-launch-Toonami-in-India|title=Turner to launch Toonami in India|website=www.afaqs.com|date=26 February 2015 |language=en|access-date=2018-05-16|archive-date=3 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903071459/https://www.afaqs.com/news/marketing/43443_Turner-to-launch-Toonami-in-India|url-status=live}}</ref>
|2001–2010
| Got separate channel in 2015
|-
| scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | ''Acme Hour''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/hyderabad-times/Popeye-and-Olive-make-their-debut-appearance/articleshow/1148152559.cms|title=Popeye and Olive make their debut appearance - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=6 October 2001 }}</ref>
|2001–2002
|
|-
| scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | ''[[Tiny TV]]''<ref name=Tiny/>
|2003–2004
| Shifted to [[Pogo (TV channel)|Pogo]] in 2004
|-
| scope="row" style="text-align:left;"|''Half Ticket Express''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tube/y2k5/mar/martube17.htm|title=Cartoon Network presents 'Half Ticket Express'|date=22 March 2005|website=Indian Television Dot Com}}</ref>
|rowspan="2"|2005–2007
|
|-
| scope="row" style="text-align:left;" |''Thoda Meow Thoda Bow''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/nov/nov115.htm|title=Fanfare galore lined up for kids this Children's Day|date=11 November 2005|website=Indian Television Dot Com}}</ref>
|
|-
| scope="row" style="text-align:left;" |''[[Boomerang (TV network)|Boomerang]]''<ref name="auto17"/>
|2007
|
|-
| scope="row" style="text-align:left;" |''Cartoon Network Popcorn''<ref name="auto17"/>
|2009
|
|-
| scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | ''Happy Birthday Cartoon Network''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/cartoon-network-turns-20-celebrates-with-new-shows-contest-150504|title=Cartoon Network turns 20; celebrates with new shows, contest|date=4 May 2015|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=5 May 2015|archive-date=5 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505080255/http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/cartoon-network-turns-20-celebrates-with-new-shows-contest-150504|url-status=live}}</ref>
|2015
|
|-
| scope="row" style="text-align:left;"| ''Morning Laughter Club''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CgBhpBdJP09/?igshid=YmMyMTA2M2Y=|title=Jump out of bed and prepare yourself for a morning full of hahaha-asanas! {{!}} Laugh your hearts out with the Morning Laughter Club {{!}} Mon-Fri, 07:00 AM, only on Cartoon Network|date=15 July 2022|access-date =15 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Morning Laughter Club {{!}} Redraw Your World {{!}} Monday – Friday at 07:00 AM {{!}} Cartoon Network| date=19 July 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l0Hm_R7Tc94|language=en|access-date=2022-07-19|archive-date=19 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719130609/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l0Hm_R7Tc94&feature=youtu.be|url-status=live}}</ref>
|2022
|
|-
| scope="row" style="text-align:left;"| ''Superhero Summer''<ref>{{Citation |title=Promo {{!}} Superhero Summer {{!}} Every Day {{!}} Cartoon Network India | date=21 June 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_o9DBvO_aac |access-date=2023-09-04 |language=en}}</ref>
|2023
|
|-
| scope="row" style="text-align:left;"| ''Big Block Anime''<ref>{{Citation |title=Big Block Anime {{!}} Every Sunday from 1:30pm onwards {{!}} Only on Cartoon Network | date=19 January 2024 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zV4axzH4NuM |access-date=2024-01-21 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Heroes are meant to do heroic things!🔥💪🏻 Go on an anime-watching spree with your favourite heroes every Sunday at 1:30 PM with "Big Block Anime", only... {{!}} By Cartoon Network {{!}} Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/CartoonNetwork.India/videos/heroes-are-meant-to-do-heroic-thingsgo-on-an-anime-watching-spree-with-your-favo/1844137262723177/ |access-date=2024-01-21 |language=en}}</ref>
|2024
|
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[List of programmes broadcast by Discovery Kids (India)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.cartoonnetworkindia.com/ Cartoon Network India official website]

{{Turner Broadcasting System}}
{{programs}}
{{Cartoon Network}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cartoon Network India Programmes, List Of}}
[[Category:Lists of television series by network]]
[[Category:Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian television series]]
[[Category:Cartoon Network-related lists]]

Venkata Padmanabhan

2026-01-29T18:12:10Z

Aeon: created data

{{Short description|Indian computer scientist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Venkata Padmanabhan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist|[[Computer network|Networking]]|[[Mobile computing]]}}
| workplaces = {{ublist|[[Microsoft]]|[[Microsoft India]]}}
| alma_mater = {{ublist|[[IIT Delhi]]|[[University of California, Berkeley]]}}
| doctoral_advisor = {{ublist|[[Randy Katz]]|Domenico Ferrari}}
| known_for = Research in networked and mobile systems
| awards = {{ublist|2016 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]]}}
}}
'''Venkata Narayana Padmanabhan''' is a computer scientist and the Managing Director at [[Microsoft India|Microsoft Research India]].<ref name="Govt announces recipients of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar award">{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/govt-announces-recipients-of-shanti-swarup-bhatnagar-award-116092601024_1.html|title=Govt announces recipients of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar award|date=26 September 2016|newspaper=Business Standard|author=Press Trust of India|access-date=3 December 2019}}</ref> He is known for his research in networked and mobile systems. He is an elected fellow of the [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]],<ref name="INAE fellows">{{cite web|url=https://www.inae.in/storage/2018/12/10.-Oct-1-2016.pdf|title=2016 INAE Fellows|volume=VII|issue=10|date=1 October 2016|publisher=Indian National Academy of Engineers}}</ref> [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]]<ref name="IEEE Fellows 2012">{{cite web|url=https://www.comsoc.org/membership/ieee-fellows/ieee-fellows-2012|title=IEEE Fellows 2012|publisher=Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers|access-date=3 December 2019}}</ref> and the [[Association for Computing Machinery]].<ref name="ACM Fellows">{{cite web|url=http://awards.acm.org/award_winners/padmanabhan_4354973.cfm|title=ACM Fellows|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|access-date=3 December 2019}}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Engineering Sciences in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=517|title=View Bhatnagar Awardees|publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize|access-date=3 December 2019}}</ref>

==Biography==
[[File:IIT Delhi.JPG|thumb|235px|left|IIT Delhi]]
Padmanabhan did his graduate studies in computer Science and Engineering at the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi]] and after earning a BTech in 1993, he pursued his higher studies at [[University of California, Berkeley]] from where he secured a master's degree (MS) under the guidance of Domenico Ferrari in 1995 and a PhD, advised by [[Randy Katz]] in 1998.<ref name="On Microsoft Research">{{cite web|url=https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/people/padmanab/|title=On Microsoft Research|publisher=Microsoft|access-date=3 December 2019}}</ref> With Katz, he worked on Web Data Transport and his thesis, ''Addressing the Challenges of Web Data Transport''.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Thesis 1|year=1998 |publisher=Pennsylvania State University|citeseerx=10.1.1.47.1082}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=87305|title=Thesis 2|publisher=North Dakota State University|access-date=3 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Venkata Narayana Padmanabhan|title=Addressing the Challenges of Web Data Transport|year=1998|publisher=University of California, Berkeley}}</ref> Starting his career at [https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/lab/microsoft-research-redmond/ Microsoft Research Redmond], USA, he served there for over 8 years before returning to India and founding the [https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/group/mobility-networks-and-systems/ Mobility, Networks and Systems group] at [https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/lab/microsoft-research-india/ Microsoft Research India] in 2007. He was appointed Deputy Managing Director in 2018 and took over as the Managing Director in 2024. He has also been an Adjunct Professor in the [https://eecs.iisc.ac.in/ EECS Division] at the [[Indian Institute of Science]] since 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Division of EECS, IISc Bangalore |url=https://eecs.iisc.ac.in/people/venkata-narayana-padmanabhan/ |access-date=2025-08-11 |language=en}}</ref>

Padmanabhan has done extensive research on [[Indoor positioning systems]], smartphone-based sensing, and mobile communication and his work has resulted in the development of technologies which is being used by Microsoft in their products.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=517|title=Brief Profile of the Awardee|publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize|access-date=3 December 2019}}</ref> He has documented his researches by way of several articles;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/people/padmanab/#publications|title=Publications|publisher=Microsoft|access-date=3 December 2019}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Articles'' section}} He has been involved with the organization of ACM SIGCOMM conferences and served as the general co-chair of the 2010 edition in New Delhi and as the program co-chair of the 2012 edition.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1851182&picked=prox|title=Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2010 Conference|publisher=ACM|access-date=3 December 2019}}</ref> He has served on the editorial boards of journals such as ''ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review'', ''[[IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking]]'', and ''[[IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing]]''.<ref name="On Microsoft Research"/> and chaired the Award Committee for ACM SIGMOBILE Test-of-Time Paper Award in 2017 <ref name="Award Committee">{{cite web|url=https://beta.sigmobile.org/articles/acm-sigmobile-test-of-time-paper-award-2017|title=Award Committee|publisher=ACM SIGMOBILE Test-of-Time Paper Award 2017|access-date=3 December 2019}}</ref> and the ACM SIGCOMM Test-of-Time Paper Award in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=acm sigcomm - ACM SIGCOMM Test of Time Paper Award |url=https://www.sigcomm.org/awards/acm-sigcomm-test-of-time-paper-award |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=www.sigcomm.org |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Awards and honors==
The [[Association for Computing Machinery]] elected Padmanabhan as a [[List of distinguished members of the Association for Computing Machinery|Distinguished Scientist]] in 2009 and as a [[ACM Fellow|Fellow]] in 2016.<ref name="ACM Fellows"/> He was elected a Fellow of [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]]<ref name="IEEE Fellows 2012"/> in 2012 and of the [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]] in 2014.<ref name="INAE fellows"/> The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Engineering_SCIENCES.htm|title=Engineering Sciences|publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|access-date=21 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211647/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Engineering_SCIENCES.htm|archive-date=23 September 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The following year, Padmanabhan became a laureate of the [[Asian Scientist 100]] by the ''[[Asian Scientist]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asianscientist.com/as100/ |title=The Asian Scientist 100 |author=  |date= |website= |publisher= [[Asian Scientist]] |access-date= 13 March 2025 |quote= |language= }}</ref> He has also received test-of-time paper awards from ACM SIGMOBILE in 2016 and 2019,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Test-of-Time Paper {{!}} SIGMOBILE |url=https://www.sigmobile.org/grav/awards/test-of-time-paper |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=www.sigmobile.org}}</ref> ACM SenSys in 2019,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Test of Time Award - SenSys |url=https://sensys.acm.org/tot/ |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=sensys.acm.org}}</ref> and ACM SIGMM in 2020 (Honourable Mention for 2002).<ref>{{Cite web |title=SIGMM Test of Time Paper Award {{!}} ACM SIGMM - the Special Interest Group on Multimedia |url=https://sigmm.org/Awards/testoftime |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=sigmm.org |language=en}}</ref> He was also among those recognized with the SIGCOMM Networking Systems Award 2020 for being among the "leading source code committers to ns-2".<ref>{{Cite web |title=acm sigcomm - SIGCOMM Networking Systems Award |url=https://www.sigcomm.org/awards/sigcomm-networking-systems-award |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=www.sigcomm.org |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Selected bibliography==
===Books===
*{{cite book|author=Venkata Narayana Padmanabhan|title=Addressing the Challenges of Web Data Transport|year=1998|publisher=University of California, Berkeley}}

===Articles===
*{{Cite journal|author=Paramvir Bahl, Venkata N. Padmanabhan, Anand Balachandran|title=Enhancements to the RADAR User Location and Tracking System|journal=Microsoft Research|year=2000}}
*{{cite journal|author=Venkata N. Padmanabhan, Lakshminarayanan Subramanian|journal=ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review |title=An investigation of geographic mapping techniques for internet hosts|year=2001|volume=31|issue=4|pages=173–185|doi=10.1145/964723.383073}}
*{{cite journal|author=Ashwin R. Bharambe, Cormac Herley, Venkata N. Padmanabhan|title=Analyzing and Improving BitTorrent Performance|journal=Microsoft Research|year=2005}}
*{{cite journal|author=Kamal Jain, Jitendra Padhye, Venkata N. Padmanabhan, [[Lili Qiu]]|title=Impact of interference on multi-hop wireless network performance|journal=Wireless Networks|year=2005|volume=11|issue=4|pages=471–487 |doi=10.1007/s11276-005-1769-9|citeseerx=10.1.1.137.3991|s2cid=45623430}}
*{{cite book|author=Prashanth Mohan, Venkata N. Padmanabhan, Ramachandran Ramjee|title=Proceedings of the 6th ACM conference on Embedded network sensor systems |chapter=Nericell |year=2008|pages=323–336|doi=10.1145/1460412.1460444|hdl=11323/7458 |isbn=9781595939906|s2cid=15670816}}

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Nericell]]
*[[BitTorrent]]
*[[Mesh networking]]
*[[Location-based service]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Engineering}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{GoogleScholar|ae1ve-EAAAAJ}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/572639/four-city-bag-bhatnagar-awards.html|title=Four from city bag Bhatnagar awards|date=27 September 2016|work=Deccan Herald}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite web|url=http://ir.nuk.edu.tw:8080/bitstream/310360000Q/12528/2/Analyzing+and+Improving+BitTorrent+Performance.pdf|title=Analyzing and Improving BitTorrent Performance|author=Ashwin R. Bharambe, Venkata N. Padmanabhan|year=2005|publisher=Microsoft|work=Microsoft Research Technical Report}}

{{Authority control}}
{{SSBPST recipients in Engineering Science}}
{{Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Laureates of Karnataka}}
{{Microsoft Research}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Padmanabhan, Venkata}}
[[Category:1970s births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Engineering Science]]
[[Category:IIT Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni]]
[[Category:Microsoft Research people]]
[[Category:Indian electronics engineers]]
[[Category:Indian computer scientists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the IEEE]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Academy of Engineering]]
[[Category:Scientists from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Engineers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Neelkanth Tekam

2026-01-26T01:37:55Z

Aeon: creating a info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}

'''Neelkanth Tekam''' (born 1968)<ref name=":0" /> is an Indian politician from [[Chhattisgarh]]. He is an MLA from [[Keshkal Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Tribes community, in [[Kondagaon district|Kondagaon District]]. He won the [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neelkanth Tekam, BJP Election Results LIVE: Latest Updates On Neelkanth Tekam, Assembly Election Constituency Seat |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/chhattisgarh/assembly-election-candidates-list-2023/neelkanth-tekam-50082-1 |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Keshkal (ST) Assembly Election Results 2023: Keshkal (ST) Election Candidates List, Chunav Results, Vote Share News in Hindi {{!}} केशकाल (एसटी) विधानसभा चुनाव परिणाम 2023 - AajTak |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/chhattisgarh/keshkal-st-assembly-result-26082 |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Tekam is from [[Keskal|Keshkal]], Kondagaon District, Chhattisgarh. He is the son of Jeevaram Tekam. He completed his M.A. in 1989 at Pandit Ravisankhar Shukla University.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neelkanth Tekam(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- KESHKAL (ST)(KONDAGAON) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Chhattisgarh2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=66 |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> He was an Indian Administrative Service officer. He resigned and joined BJP before the elections.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-10-09 |title=Meet 2 ex-IAS officers named in BJP's list for Chhattisgarh polls |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/chhattisgarh-assembly-polls-2023/story/ias-officers-op-chaudhary-neelkanth-tekam-bjp-list-candidates-chhattisgarh-polls-2446592-2023-10-09 |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Tekam won from Keshkal Assembly constituency representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the 2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election. He polled 77,438 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Sant Ram Netam of [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 5,560 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neelkanth Tekam, BJP Candidate from Keshkal Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/chhattisgarh/neelkanth-tekam-s26aed2008a082e2023c003/ |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Keshkal Election Result 2023 Live: Bjp Candidate Neelkanth Tekam Wins From Keshkal |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/keshkal-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-bjp-congress-jcc-chhattisgarh-assembly-election-results-news-1647418 |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tekam, Neelkanth}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Kondagaon district]]

Deolali transit camp

2026-01-01T14:10:28Z

Aeon: Starting the bio w/ sources

{{Short description|British Army transit camp in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox military installation
| name = Deolali transit camp
| nearest_town = [[Deolali]], [[Maharashtra]]
| country = India
| image =
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| type = Transit camp, army depot
| coordinates = {{Coord|19|53|28|N|73|49|27|E|display=inline,title}}
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| ownership = India
| operator = Indian Army
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| built = 1861
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'''Deolali transit camp''' was a British Army [[Military camp|transit camp]] in [[Maharashtra]], India. Established in 1861, the camp remained in use throughout the time of the [[British Raj]]. It served to house soldiers newly arrived in the country and those awaiting ships to take them to Britain. It also housed a military prison and served as a [[Prisoner-of-war camp|prisoner of war camp]] during the [[World War I|First]] and [[World War II|Second World Wars]]. Conditions in the camp were said to be poor especially for those stationed there for long periods and the term "[[wikt:doolally|doolally]]" became associated with mental illness. The camp was transferred to the [[Indian Army#History|Indian Army]] following the [[independence of India]].

== Transit camp ==
The camp was located near [[Deolali]], [[Maharashtra]], around {{convert|100|mi}} north-east of [[Mumbai]].<ref name=pow/> The camp is situated near a prominent conical hill and the Bahula Fort.<ref name=jacob/> The British camp was established in 1861 as the Deolali [[Cantonment]] and was soon used as a transit camp, particularly for soldiers awaiting return to Britain.<ref name=pow/><ref name=mad/> It was also used for training and acclimatisation for soldiers newly arrived in British India. New drafts would stay at the camp for up to several weeks carrying out route marches and close order drill to get used to the hotter climate.<ref name=mad/> The camp is described as one of India's [[hill station]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rao |first1=S. Mohan |title=Reflections |date=2018 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=9781642496291 |page=15 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=71lQDwAAQBAJ |accessdate=20 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

The camp was connected to the port at Mumbai by means of a railway, which was used for troop transport.<ref name=mad/> During the [[First World War]] it was used as a hospital for prisoners of war held in other camps in India, including Turks taken prisoner on the [[Mesopotamian campaign]] and German soldiers.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ariotti |first1=Kate |last2=Bennett |first2=James E. |title=Australians and the First World War: Local-Global Connections and Contexts |date=2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9783319515205 |page=71 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t_wwDwAAQBAJ |accessdate=20 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Garga |first1=B. D. |title=Art Of Cinema |date=2005 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=9788184754315 |page=75 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ITAnAgAAQBAJ |accessdate=20 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref> The camp had a military prison that was used for soldiers of the British Army and, during the [[Second World War]], for captured Indian nationalists who had served in the Japanese-founded [[Indian National Army]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Indian Review |date=1981 |page=51 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rie2AAAAIAAJ |accessdate=20 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref> During the Second World War the camp also boasted cinemas, swimming pools, amusement parks and restaurants for the troops.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Spectator |date=1965 |publisher=F.C. Westley |page=475 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uGIHAQAAIAAJ |accessdate=20 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

The complex was transferred to the Indian Army after Indian Independence in 1947 and was used as an artillery school and depot for at least 10 artillery and service corps units. It also hosted an army records office and an aerial observation squadron.<ref>{{cite book |title=Sainik Samachar: The Pictorial Weekly of the Armed Forces |date=1991 |publisher=Director of Public Relations, Ministry of Defence |pages=5–6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OHnfAAAAMAAJ |accessdate=20 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref> During the period leading up to independence the camp was known as the "Homeward Bound Trooping Depot" and was used to return large numbers of British troops and their families back home as British forces withdrew from the country.<ref name=jacob>{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=Lt Gen J. F. R. |title=An Odyssey in War and Peace |date=2012 |publisher=Roli Books Private Limited |isbn=9788174369338 |page=30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=99BbBAAAQBAJ |accessdate=20 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

The camp is the setting for the 1970s BBC comedy series ''[[It Ain't Half Hot Mum]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=It Ain't Half Hot Mum |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/itainthalfhotmum/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120719044545/http://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/itainthalfhotmum/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 July 2012 |website=BBC |accessdate=20 January 2019 |language=en-gb}}</ref>

== Doolally ==
The soldiers' name for the camp, "Doolally", became a slang term associated with mental illness.<ref name=pow/><ref name=mad/> The term is a contraction of the original form "Doolally tap", where the latter part is derived from "tapa" ("fever" in [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] and "heat" or "torment" in [[Sanskrit]]).<ref name=mad/> The whole phrase is perhaps best translated as "[[Malaria#War|camp fever]]".<ref name=mad/> The term was in use from the late 19th century and the contracted form was dominant by the [[First World War]].<ref name=mad>{{Cite journal | pages = 94–95 | year = 2006 | pmid = 17175772| url = https://jramc.bmj.com/content/152/2/94 | issue = 2 | volume = 152 | title = The madness at Deolali | journal = Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps | last1 = Martin | first1 = N. | doi=10.1136/jramc-152-02-05| s2cid = 5449940 | url-access = subscription }}</ref>

It was said that soldiers at the camp, who often had a long wait for a [[troop ship]] back home, broke down from the heat of the long Indian summers. The ships only sailed between November and March so some men had to wait at the camp for months.<ref name=pow>{{Cite journal | issue = 2 | volume = 21 | pages = 163–183 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20695409 | journal = 20th Century British History | title = British prisoners-of-war: from resilience to psychological vulnerability: reality or perception | last1 = Jones | doi = 10.1093/tcbh/hwp056 | last2 = Wessely | first1 = E. | first2 = S.| url = https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/british-prisonersofwar-from-resilience-to-psychological-vulnerability-reality-or-perception(014b5c8e-d5c1-4c85-a2c7-340791f2a499).html }}</ref> Having been disarmed and allocated only light duties there was little to occupy the men. The camp was often full by the end of summer with soldiers awaiting troop ships; new arrivals in this period often had to sleep on the floor owing to a lack of beds and suffered from sand flea bites. Men were allowed to spend time in the nearby city of [[Nasik]] which offered numerous gin bars and brothels; as such [[venereal disease]] was common. Malaria, which can affect the brain, was also common in the Deolali area and remained a major issue for the British Army right through the [[Second World War]] despite the development of [[antimalarials|anti-malarial drugs]]. Suicides in the camp were not uncommon. Despite its reputation the Deolali area actually has a milder climate than nearby Mumbai or Pune, though it was known to be incredibly dusty in the period leading up to the monsoon.<ref name=mad/>

The camp had a sanatorium (military hospital) but, despite its reputation, there was never a dedicated psychiatric hospital there. Cases of mental illness were instead confined to the military prison or sent to dedicated hospitals elsewhere in the country.<ref name=mad/>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deolali Transit Camp}}
[[Category:Military of British India]]
[[Category:Installations of the British Army]]
[[Category:Military psychiatry]]
[[Category:Military installations established in 1861]]

Gegeneophis madhavai

2025-12-18T04:15:28Z

Aeon: Starting a stub needs work

{{Short description|Species of amphibian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| status = DD
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Gopalakrishna Bhatta, David Gower |date=2006 |title=''Gegeneophis madhavai'' |volume=2006 |article-number=e.T61921A12573135 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T61921A12573135.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Gegeneophis
| species = madhavai
| authority = [[Gopalakrishna Bhatta|Bhatta]] & [[R. Srinivasa|Srinivasa]], 2004
}}

'''''Gegeneophis madhavai''''', the '''Mudur caecilian''', is a species of [[caecilian]] found in [[India]]. It is only known from its [[Type locality (biology)|type locality]] Mudur village, [[Kundapura Taluk]] in [[Udupi district]] in [[Karnataka]].<ref name=frost>{{cite web |url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/?action=names&taxon=Gegeneophis+madhavai |title=''Gegeneophis madhavai'' Bhatta and Srinivasa, 2004 |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2013 |work=Amphibian Species of the World 5.6, an Online Reference |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |access-date=4 July 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q786203}}

[[Category:Gegeneophis|madhavai]]
[[Category:Endemic amphibians of India]]
[[Category:Fauna of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Amphibians described in 2004]]

{{Caecilian-stub}}

Phalodi Solar Power Plant

2025-11-21T16:50:37Z

Aeon: update lead after review per standard format

{{Short description|Photovoltaic power plant in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
'''Phalodi Solar Power Plant''' is a 50 megawatt photo-voltaic power plant in [[Phalodi]] city of [[Rajasthan]] state in India. The plant was built and commissioned by [[Welspun Energy]] under the [[Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission]] to promote ecologically [[sustainable growth]].<ref>{{cite web|author=PTI |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/welspun-energy-commissions-largest-solar-project/articleshow/18927492.cms |title=Welspun Energy commissions largest solar project | newspaper=The Economic Times |date=12 March 2013 |accessdate=9 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=PTI |url=http://www.livemint.com/Industry/jiRSWT4ad8Ip9QsliLO1CO/Welspun-Energy-commissions-Asias-largest-solar-project.html |title=Welspun Energy commissions Asia's largest solar project |publisher=Livemint |date=2013-03-12 |accessdate=2016-07-24}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{SPIN}}

[[Category:Solar power in India]]
[[Category:Renewable energy in India]]
[[Category:Energy in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Jodhpur district]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 2013]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Rajasthan]]

{{India-powerstation-stub}}

HAL HUL-26 Pushpak

2025-11-16T18:05:42Z

Aeon: made first article initial version...

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox aircraft
| name = HUL-26 Pushpak
| logo =
| logo_size =
| image = File:HUL-26 Pushpak at HAL Museum 7858.JPG
| alt =
| caption = HUL-26 Pushpak displayed at HAL Museum
| long_caption =
| other_names =
| aircraft_type = Two-seat cabin [[monoplane]]
| aim =
| outcome =
| related =
| national_origin =
| manufacturer = [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]
| design_group =
| designer =
| builder =
| issuer =
| status =
| owners =
| primary_user = Aero clubs
| more_users = Private pilot owners
| service =
| major_applications =
| proposals =
| prototypes =
| number_built = 160+
| construction_number =
| civil_registration =
| military_serial =
| radio_code =
| requirement =
| aircraft_carried =
| flights =
| total_hours =
| total_distance =
| construction_date =
| introduction =
| retired =
| first_flight = 1958
| initiated =
| in_service =
| last_flight =
| expected =
| developed_from = [[Aeronca Chief]]
| variants =
| developed_into = [[HAL HAOP-27 Krishak]]
| preservation =
| fate =
| predecessors =
| successors =
| concluded =
}}

The '''Hindustan HUL-26 ''Pushpak''''' ({{Lit|[[Vimana|Flower]]}})<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rekhtadictionary.com/meaning-of-pushpak | title=Meaning of pushpak in English }}</ref> was a 1950s [[India]]n two-seat cabin monoplane designed and built by [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]], based on the [[Aeronca Chief]].<ref name="Orbis">{{Harvnb |Orbis|1985 | p=2172}}</ref>

==Construction and operation==
The Pushpak was a high-wing braced monoplane with a fixed [[Conventional landing gear|tailwheel]] [[landing gear]].<ref name="Orbis" /> The fuselage was built from [[Tube-and-fabric construction|metal tubing]], the wing aluminum ribs on a wooden [[spar (aviation)|spar]], all covered in [[Aircraft fabric covering|fabric]].<ref name="Orbis" /> The ''Pushpak'' first flew on 28 September 1958 and was powered by a 90 hp (67 kW) Continental flat-four engine.<ref name="Orbis" />

Around 160 aircraft were produced for Indian flying clubs for use as basic trainers.<ref name="Orbis" /> Two examples were gifted to Malaysia and were later sold to private pilot owners in the United Kingdom. These examples remained in active operation in 2013.<ref name="Partington">{{Harvnb |Partington|2013| p=603}}</ref>

==Operators==
[[File:Hindusthan HUL-26 Pushpak G-AVPO Chester 29.06.85 edited-3.jpg|thumb|right|Airworthy Hindustan Pushpak privately owned in the United Kingdom]]
===Former===
;{{IND}}
;{{MYS}}
;{{UK}}
;{{LKA}}

==Specifications (HUL-26) ==
{{Aircraft specs
|ref=''Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1965–66''<ref name="jawa65 p80">{{Harvnb|Taylor|1965|p=80}}</ref>
|prime units?=met

|genhide=

|crew=2
|capacity=
|length m=6.40
|length ft=
|length in=
|span m=10.97
|span ft=
|span in=
|height m=2.77
|height ft=
|height in=
|wing area sqm=16.2
|wing area sqft=
|empty weight kg=395
|empty weight lb=
|gross weight kg=
|gross weight lb=
|max takeoff weight kg=613
|fuel capacity={{convert|56|L|impgal USgal|abbr=on}}

|eng1 number=1
|eng1 name=[[Continental C90]]-8F
|eng1 type=air-cooled [[flat-four]]
|eng1 kw=
|eng1 hp=90
|eng1 shp=

|prop blade number=
|prop name=
|prop dia m=
|prop dia ft=
|prop dia in=


|perfhide=

|max speed kmh=144
|max speed mph=
|max speed kts=

|cruise speed kmh=112
|cruise speed mph=
|cruise speed kts=
|range km=400
|range miles=
|range nmi=
|endurance=3 hr
|ceiling m=4270
|ceiling ft=14000
|climb rate ms=
|climb rate ftmin=500
|more performance=

|avionics=
}}

==See also==
{{aircontent

|see also=
|related=
* [[Aeronca Chief]]
|similar aircraft=
|lists=
}}

==References==
{{Commons category|HUL-26 Pushpak}}
===Notes===
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=John W. R.|author-link=John W. R. Taylor|title=Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1965–66|year=1965|publisher=Sampson Low, Marston & Co., Ltd.|location=London}}
* {{cite book |title=The [[Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft]] (Part Work 1982-1985) |publisher=Orbis Publishing |ref={{harvid|Orbis|1985}} |page=2172}}
*{{cite book|last=Partington|first=David|title=Civil Aircraft Registers of United Kingdom, Ireland & IOM 2013|year=2013|publisher=Air-Britain (Historians) Limited|location=Tonbridge, Kent|isbn=978-0-85130-453-3}}

{{Aeronca Chief family}}
{{HAL aircraft}}

[[Category:HAL aircraft|Pushpak]]
[[Category:1950s Indian civil utility aircraft]]
[[Category:Single-engined tractor aircraft]]
[[Category:High-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1958]]
[[Category:Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear]]
[[Category:Single-engined piston aircraft]]