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Priyanka Bissa

2026-05-05T06:57:59Z

Aebeez: added new entry

{{short description|NSS President Awardee}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=November 2024}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=November 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Priyanka Bissa
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_upright =
| landscape = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| pronunciation =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Raipur]], [[Chhattisgarh]]
| other_names = Priyanka Bissa
| siglum =
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Social Entrepreneur and Research Scholar
| years_active =
| era =
| employer =
| organization =
| agent = 
| known_for = NSS President Awardee 2017-18
| home_town =
| awards = [[National Service Scheme]], [[Karmaveer Chakra Award]]
| website = 
}}

'''Priyanka Bissa''' is a [[social entrepreneur]] and received the [[National Service Scheme]] Award from former [[president of India]] [[Ram Nath Kovind]] for her contributions to [[Social services|social service]]<ref>{{cite web |title=PressReleasePage |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1585990 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Work Beyond Confines |url=https://www.ted.com/talks/priyanka_bissa_work_beyond_confines?subtitle=en |website=Ted| date=21 July 2020 }}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Priyanka Bissa, also known as "Chhattisgarh Ki Beti," is a youth leader and social entrepreneur from [[Raipur]], [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=मिलिए प्रियंका बिस्सा से {{!}} Priyanka Bissa teaches slum children and their parents {{!}} Raipur |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3dmOmYxO8I |work=ETV Bharat Hindi}}</ref> She is recognized for her work in youth empowerment and community development. Priyanka visited China as part of an Indian youth delegation to improve relations between India and China. 2019 She was invited by the [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]], [[Government of India]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian youth delegation visits China to boost friendship |url=http://www.china.org.cn/china/2019-07/05/content_74955341.htm |website=china.org}}</ref> She is an active member of the Nehru Yuva Kendra Sangathan (NYKS) under the [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|Ministry of young Affairs and Sports]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Youth Affairs |first=Sports |title=The role of an individual in peacebuilding and reconciliation {{!}} Priyanka Bissa {{!}} Y20 Consultation |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_KMiDHYGINg&t=63s |website=Youtube|date=6 March 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Three youths to represent Chhattisgarh in Youth Pravasi Bharatiya Diwas celebration 2023 | first=Partha Sarathi | last=Behera | date=6 January 2023 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/three-chhattisgarh-youths-invited-to-nyks-youth-pravasi-bharatiya-diwas-celebration/articleshow/96792175.cms |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=कत्थक एक्सपर्ट प्रियंका ने कहीं ये बात, पढ़कर जीवन में आ जाएगा बदलाव |url=https://www.patrika.com/raipur-news/priyanka-bissa-dancer-exclusive-interview-1-1988707 |website=Patrika|date=11 November 2017 }}</ref>

Bissa has achieved considerable progress in the [[National Service Scheme]] (NSS) and was prominently featured in the [[UPSC (India)|UPSC]] and PSC syllabuses. In 2020, she became the youngest person about whom a question was posed in the Civil Service Exam, a historic first in the NSS's 50-year existence.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2020 |title=Chhattisgarh : UPSC में छत्तीसगढ़ की बेटी को पढ़ रहे परीक्षार्थी, राष्ट्रपति से हो चुकी है सम्मानित |url=https://www.naidunia.com/chhattisgarh/raipur-chhattisgarh-daughter-studying-in-upsc-examination-president-has-been-honored-5339187 |website=naidunia}}</ref>

== Awards ==
*National Service Scheme President Awardee 2017-18 by President of India<ref>{{cite web |title=NSS President Awardee {{!}} National Service Scheme |url=https://presidentofindia.nic.in/writereaddata/Portal/PressRelease/1674/1_pr240919_1.pdf |website=Presidentofindia |language=en}}</ref>
*She received two national awards: India's First Mega Youth Parliament Winner 2018 by the [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]] and India's First Youth to provide a free blood card by the Ministry of Tourism and Religion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhattisgarh's Daughter |url=https://cginnovate.org/2020/08/chhattisgarhs-daughter-priyanka-bissa/ |website=cginnovate|date=5 August 2020 }}</ref>
*[[Karmaveer Chakra Award]] and Global Fellowship Award by the International Confederation of NGOs and the [[United Nations]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=NSS में बेस्ट वर्क के लिए प्रियंका बिस्सा को राष्ट्रपति करेंगे सम्मानित |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/chhattisgarh/raipur/news/chhattisgarh-news-priyanka-bisa-to-be-honored-by-president-for-best-work-in-nss-074004-5301240.html |work=bhaskar}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bissa, Priyanka}}
[[Category:People from Raipur]]
[[Category:Indian social entrepreneurs]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Muzaffarpur Assembly constituency

2026-05-02T11:06:06Z

Aebeez: adding entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Muzaffarpur
|type= SLA
|map_image = 94-Muzaffarpur constituency.svg
|map_caption =
|map_alt =
|region =
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]]
|division =
|loksabha_cons =
|constituency_no = 94
|established = 1957
| reservation = None
|abolished = 
|mla = Ranjan Kumar
|party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| electors = 316,880
}}
'''Muzaffarpur''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Muzaffarpur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]]. In [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], Muzaffarpur was one of the 36 seats to have VVPAT enabled electronic voting machines.<ref name="election1993">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/EC-move-to-allay-fears-about-errors-in-EVMs/articleshow/49199345.cms|title=EC move to allay fears about errors in EVMs}}</ref><ref name="election2015">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/Current/ImpIns_24092015.pdf|title=General Election to the State Legislative Assembly of Bihar, 2015- Use of EVMs with Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail System(VVPAT)-reg.}}</ref>

==Extent==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 94 Muzaffarpur Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Muzaffarpur]] municipal corporation and Bhagwanpur, Madhubani, Majhauli Khetal and Patahi [[gram panchayat]]s of Musahari [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]].<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Muzaffarpur Assembly constituency is part of No. 15 [[Muzaffarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=commission/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web|title=Muzaffarpur Election and Results 2020, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/muzaffarpur.html|access-date=|website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|[[Mahamaya Prasad Sinha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Devnandan Sahay
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|M. L. Gupta
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| rowspan="2" |Ramdev Sharma
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|[[Manjay Lal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Raghunath Pandey]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Bijendra Chaudhary]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Suresh Kumar Sharma (politician)|Suresh Kumar Sharma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|[[Bijendra Chaudhary]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|Ranjan Kumar
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Muzaffarpur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ranjan Kumar ]]
|votes = {{formatnum:100477}}
|percentage = 53.43
|change = +8.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Bijendra Chaudhary]]
|votes = {{formatnum:67820}}
|percentage = 36.06
|change = -12.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Dr. A.k. Das
|votes = {{formatnum:10173}}
|percentage = 5.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:606}}
|percentage = 0.32
|change = -0.41
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:32657}}
|percentage = 17.37
|change = +13.65
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:188071}}
|percentage = 59.35
|change = +6.64
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = BJP
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = NDA
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Muzaffarpur<ref name="election2020"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Bijendra Chaudhary]]
|votes = {{formatnum:81871}}
|percentage = 48.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Suresh Kumar Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:75545}}
|percentage = 44.44
|change = -10.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = The Plurals Party
|candidate = Pallavi Sinha
|votes = {{formatnum:3522}}
|percentage = 2.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Ravi Atal
|votes = {{formatnum:1552}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1245}}
|percentage = 0.73
|change = +0.27
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:6326}}
|percentage = 3.72
|change = -13.43
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:170011}}
|percentage = 52.71
|change = -5.48
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Muzaffarpur<ref name="election2015"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Suresh Kumar Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:95594}}
|percentage = 55.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Bijendra Chaudhary]]
|votes = {{formatnum:65855}}
|percentage = 37.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Sayed Majid Hussain
|votes = {{formatnum:1719}}
|percentage = 0.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:800}}
|percentage = 0.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:29739}}
|percentage = 17.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:173389}}
|percentage = 58.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Tirhut Division topics}}
{{coord|26.12|85.4|region:IN-BR|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Muzaffarpur district]]
[[Category:Muzaffarpur]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Bihar]]

Madhukar Pichad

2026-04-18T10:55:48Z

Aebeez: adding new post.

{{Short description|Indian politician (1941–2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox politician
| name = Madhukar Kashinath Pichad
| office = Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| native_name = {{nobold|मधुकर काशिनाथ पिचड}}
| native_name_lang = mr
| country = {{flag|India}}
| successor = [[Vaibhav Madhukar Pichad]]
| term_start = 1980
| term_end = 2014
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1941|6|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Akole]], [[Ahmednagar district]], [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay Province]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2024|12|6|1941|6|1|df=y}}
| death_place =
| citizenship =
| other_party =
* [[Indian National Congress]] (till 1999)
* [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (till 2019)
| partner =
| children = 3 (including [[Vaibhav Madhukar Pichad]])
| parents = Kashinath Bhikaji Pichad
| occupation = Politician
| nickname = Pichad Bhau
| constituency = [[Akole Assembly constituency|Akole]]
| predecessor = Yashwant S. Bhangare
| office1 = 15th [[List of Leader of the Opposition of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Leader of Opposition Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 25 March 1995
| term_end1 = 15 July 1999
| predecessor1 = [[Gopinath Munde]]
| successor1 = [[Narayan Rane]]
| image = Madhukar Pichad Akole.jpg
}}

'''Madhukar Kashinath Pichad''' (1 June 1941 – 6 December 2024) was an Indian politician, social worker and cabinet minister in [[Government of Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai News: Sharad Pawar Blames Eknath Shinde's Govt For Jalna Lathi Charge |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mumbai-news-sharad-pawar-blames-eknath-shindes-govt-for-jalna-lathi-charge |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-28 |title=Vaibhav Pichad confirms his entry in BJP |url=https://www.asianage.com/metros/mumbai/280719/vaibhav-pichad-confirms-his-entry-in-bjp.html |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=The Asian Age}}</ref> He served as the Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Akole Assembly constituency]] from 1980 to 2009. He was leader of opposition in the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly from March 1995 to July 1999.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandit |first=Vivek |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xObZAAAAMAAJ |title=Fearless Minds: Rights Based Approach to Organizing and Advocacy |date=2000 |publisher=National Centre for Advocacy Studies |pages=227 |language=en}}</ref>

Pichad was a member of [[Nationalist Congress Party]] since the inception of his political career but in 2019 he joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] along with his son [[Vaibhav Madhukar Pichad|Vaibhav Pichad]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2019 |title=NCP, Congress leaders including Sandeep Naik, Chitra Wagh, Vaibhav Pichad, Madhukar Pichad join BJP |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/ncp-congress-leaders-including-sandeep-naik-chitra-wagh-vaibhav-pichad-madhukar-pichad-join-bjp/articleshow/70461559.cms |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=Mumbai Mirror |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ahmednagar: Veteran BJP leader Madhukar Pichad, son Vaibhav lose in Agasthi sugar factory election |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/ahmednagar-veteran-bjp-leader-madhukar-pichad-son-vaibhav-lose-in-agasthi-sugar-factory-election |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> He served as the President of Nationalist Congress Party Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-28 |title=NCP MLA Vaibhav Pichad to join BJP |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/ncp-mla-vaibhav-pichad-to-join-bjp-pawar-says-not-worried-about-defections/story-zwQz6oD3ESpldhKiK1ilZN.html |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

He founded Amrutsagar Milk Co-operative Akole in 1961.<ref>{{Cite web |title='अमृतसागर' पिचड यांचाच |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/ahmednagar-news/vaibhav-pichad/articleshow/47333893.cms |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref> He was founding president of Agasti Sahakari Sugar Factory, the first cooperative sugar factory in India, founded in 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |title=साखर उताऱ्यात 'अगस्ती' प्रथम |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/ahmednagar-news/agasthi-sugar-mill-is-no-1/articleshow/56406999.cms |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>

== Life and career ==
Pichad was born on 1 June 1941 into a Tribal family of [[Koli people|Mahadeo Koli]] to Kashinath Pichad, a Teacher and Kamalbai Kashinath Pichad, a housewife at [[Rajur]], [[Ahmednagar district]], Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marathi |first=TV9 |date=2019-07-27 |title=आघाडीची सत्ता पुन्हा येणार नाही, जनतेसाठी भाजपात जातोय : वैभव पिचड |url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/politics/ncp-mla-vaibhav-pichad-and-his-father-madhukar-pichad-to-join-bjp-93862.html |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=TV9 Marathi |language=mr}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=ब्युरो |first=सरकारनामा |date=2017-06-01 |title=आजचे वाढदिवस, मधुकरराव पिचड,शिवाजीराव कर्डिले |url=https://sarkarnama.esakal.com/vishleshan/mla-birthaday-12266 |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=Politics News on Sarkarnama |language=mr}}</ref>

He completed B. A. LLB from [[Fergusson College|Ferguson College Pune]], where he entered into the Students politics.<ref name=":0" />

Pichad started his career on being elected as the Zila Parishad Member in 1972, and as the Chairman of Panchayat Samiti Akole Taluka in 1972, serving until 1980.

Pichad died on 6 December 2024, at the age of 83.<ref>{{cite news |title=भाजपचे ज्येष्ठ नेते, माजी मंत्री मधुकर पिचड यांचे निधन:वयाच्या 84 व्या वर्षी घेतला अखेरचा श्वास, सलग 7 वेळा राहिले आमदार |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/local/maharashtra/mumbai/news/madhukarrao-pichad-passed-away-bjp-leader-134077478.html |access-date=6 December 2024 |publisher=divyamarathi.bhaskar.com |date=6 December 2024}}</ref>

=== Positions held ===
*Elected as the Member of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly from [[Akole Assembly constituency]] in [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] as a candidate of [[Indian National Congress (I)]] and served till 1985.
*Elected as the Member of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly from Akole Assembly constituency for the second consecutive term in [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] as a candidate of [[Indian National Congress]] and served till 1990.
*Elected as the Member of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly from Akole Assembly constituency for the third consecutive term in [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] as a candidate of [[Indian National Congress]] and served till 1995.
*Nominated as the Cabinet Minister for [[Ministry of Tribal Development (Maharashtra)|Ministry of Tribal Development]] on 25 June 1991 and served till 3 November 1992 in the [[Sudhakarrao Naik ministry]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EZ9KAQAAIAAJ |title=Frontline |date=1992 |publisher=S. Rangarajan for Kasturi & Sons |pages=21 |language=en}}</ref>
*Nominated as the Cabinet Minister for Ministry of Tribal Development, [[Ministry of Dairy Development (Maharashtra)|Ministry of Dairy Development]], Ministry of Travel Development and Ministry of Animal, Husbandry and Fisheries on 6 March 1993 and served till 14 March 1995 in the [[Fourth Pawar ministry]].
*Elected as the Member of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly from Akole Assembly constituency for the fourth consecutive term in [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] as a candidate of [[Indian National Congress]] and served till 2000.
*Nominated as the Cabinet Minister for Ministry of Tribal Development for the third term on 27 October 1999 and served till 16 January 2003 in the [[First Deshmukh ministry]].
*Elected as the Member of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly from Akole Assembly constituency for the fifth consecutive term in [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] as a candidate of [[Nationalist Congress Party]] and served till 2004.
*Elected as the Member of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly from Akole Assembly constituency for the sixth consecutive term in [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] as a candidate of Nationalist Congress Party and served till 2009.
*Elected as the Member of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly from Akole Assembly constituency for the seventh consecutive term in [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] as a candidate of Nationalist Congress Party and served till 2014.
*Nominated as the Cabinet Minister for Ministry of Tribal Development, Ministry of Tribal Development, [[Ministry of Nomadic Tribes (Maharashtra)|Ministry of Nomadic Tribes]] and Other Backward Class Welfare on 11 June 2013 and served till 26 September 2014 in the [[Prithviraj Chavan ministry]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-06-11 |title=Madhukar Pichad, three new faces to be inducted into Maha cabinet |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/madhukar-pichad-three-new-faces-to-be-inducted-into-maha-cabinet/articleshow/20535476.cms |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pichad, Madhukar}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1980–1985]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1985–1990]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1990–1995]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1995–1999]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:People from Ahmednagar district]]

Sudhakar Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)

2026-04-12T13:40:28Z

Aebeez: new new bio added tags...

{{Short description|Indian politician (1958–2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sudhakar Singh
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1958|11|11|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2025|11|20|1958|11|11|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Lucknow]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| office1 =
| constituency1 = [[Ghosi, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Ghosi]]
| predecessor1 = [[Phagu Chauhan]]
| successor1 = [[Phagu Chauhan]]
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| occupation = Politician
| education = [[Master of Arts]]
| alma_mater = [[Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University|DDU Gorakhpur University]]
| term_start = 5 September 2023
| term_end = 20 November 2025
| term_start1 = 2012
| term_end1 = 2017
| office = Member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor = [[Dara Singh Chauhan]]
| constituency = [[Ghosi, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Ghosi]]
| term_start2 = 1996
| term_end2 = 2002
| predecessor2 = Rajendra Kumar
| successor2 = Kapildeo
| constituency2 = Nathupur
}}

'''Sudhakar Singh''' (11 November 1958 – 20 November 2025) was an Indian politician who was a member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] from the [[Ghosi, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Ghosi Assembly constituency]] of [[Mau district]].<ref name="upla">{{Cite web |url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/18409/18 |title=Members of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly |publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] |website=uplegisassembly.gov.in |access-date=4 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="mn">{{Cite web |url=https://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=4901 |title=Sudhakar Singh(Samajwadi Party(SP)):Constituency- GHOSI : BYE ELECTION ON 05-09-2023(MAU) |website=myneta.info |access-date=4 June 2024}}</ref> He was a member of the [[Samajwadi Party]].<ref name="upla"/><ref name="mn"/>

==Education==
Sudhakar Singh completed his [[Master of Arts]] in [[sociology]] at [[Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University]], [[Gorakhpur]], in 1983.<ref name="mn"/>

==Posts held==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Comments
|-
| 01 || 2023 || 2025 || Member, [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] || Died in 2025
|-
|}

==Death==
Singh died after a long illness in Lucknow, on 20 November 2025, at the age of 67.<ref>[https://www.indiatvnews.com/uttar-pradesh/sudhakar-singh-samajwadi-party-mla-from-ghosi-passes-away-at-67-up-news-akhilesh-yadav-other-sp-leaders-expresses-grief-2025-11-20-1018257 Sudhakar Singh, Samajwadi Party MLA from UP's Ghosi, passes away at 67]</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-20 |title=Samajwadi Party's Sudhakar Singh, MLA from Ghosi, dies at 67 after prolonged illness |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/samajwadi-partys-sudhakar-singh-mla-from-ghosi-dies-at-67-after-prolonged-illness/articleshow/125455770.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-11-20 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Sheenu |date=2025-11-20 |title=Sudhakar Singh, Samajwadi Party MLA from UP's Ghosi, passes away at 67 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/uttar-pradesh/sudhakar-singh-samajwadi-party-mla-from-ghosi-passes-away-at-67-up-news-akhilesh-yadav-other-sp-leaders-expresses-grief-2025-11-20-1018257 |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Sudhakar}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Mau]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]

{{UttarPradesh-SP-politician-stub}}

Chittoor revenue division

2026-04-12T01:59:09Z

Aebeez: Put Up First Data Basic Info

{{Short description|Revenue division in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{infobox settlement
| name = Chittoor revenue division
| settlement_type =[[revenue division]] in [[Chittoor district]]
| image_map = Chittoor District Revenue Divisions Map.png
| map_caption = Chittoor revenue division in Chittoor district
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chittoor District|Chittoor]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Chittoor]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +05:30
}}

'''Chittoor revenue division''' is an [[administrative division]] in the [[Chittoor district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is one of the 4 [[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh|revenue divisions]] in the district with 14 [[mandals]] under its administration and its headquarters at [[Chittoor]]. The division has 1 [[municipal corporation]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-04-03 |title=New AP Map: Check Out Biggest and Smallest Districts in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/andhrapradesh/heres-how-new-ap-map-looks-after-districts-reorganization-153041 |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en}}</ref>

== Administration ==
The details of the mandals and urban settlements in the division are:<ref name=":0" />

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!No.
![[Mandals]]
|-
|1
|[[Bangarupalyam|Bangarupalyam mandal]]
|-
|2
|[[Chittoor mandal|Chittoor Urban mandal]]
|-
|3
|[[Chittoor mandal|Chittoor Rural mandal]]
|-
|4
|[[Gudipala|Gudipala mandal]]
|-
|5
|[[Yadamari|Yadamarri mandal]]
|-
|6
|[[Gangadhara Nellore|Gangadharanellore mandal]]
|-
|7
|[[Puthalapattu|Puthalapattu mandal]]
|-
|8
|[[Penumuru|Penumur mandal]]
|-
|9
|[[Thavanampalle|Thavanampalle mandal]]
|-
|10
|[[Irala|Irala mandal]]
|-
|11
|[[Pulicherla mandal, Chittoor district|Pulicherla mandal]]
|-
|12
|[[Rompicherla, Chittoor district|Rompicherla mandal]]
|-
|13
|[[Srirangarajapuram|Srirangarajapuram mandal]]
|-
|14
|[[Vedurukuppam|Vedurukuppam mandal]]
|}

==History==
[[File:Revenue_divisions_map_of_Chittoor_district.png|alt=Chittor district|thumb|Chittor District Revenue Divisions before April 2022]]

== See also ==
*[[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[Chittoor district]]
*[[Kuppam Revenue Division]]
*[[Palamaner Revenue Division]]
*[[Nagari Revenue Division]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Chittoor district}}

{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Chittoor]]

[[Category:Revenue divisions in Chittoor district]]

Kishori Lal (UP politician)

2026-04-10T04:59:37Z

Aebeez: Added new stub nd citations - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2024}}
{{BLP one source|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kishori Lal
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[Amethi Lok Sabha constituency|Amethi]]
| term_start1 = 2024
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Smriti Irani]]
| successor1 =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
}}

'''Kishori Lal''' is an Indian [[politician]] and the elected candidate for [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Amethi Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="eci">{{Cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2437.htm |title=Election Commission of India |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=results.eci.gov.in |access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="eci"/>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Politics}}
*[[18th Lok Sabha]]
*[[Samajwadi Party]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lal, Kishori}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-SP-politician-stub}}

Salamabad Dachhna

2026-04-09T09:43:51Z

Aebeez:

{{Short description|Village in Jammu and Kashmir, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name =
| official_name = Salamabad Dachina
| native_name = Salamabad Dachina
| native_name_lang = ks
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = Union Territory
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Baramulla]]
| subdivision_type3 = Tehsil
| subdivision_name3 = [[Boniyar]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_ha = 797.2
| population_total = 3605
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = Kashmiri
| timezone1 = IST
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 193122
| registration_plate = JK05
| blank_name_sec1 = DIGIPIN
| blank_info_sec1 = CJP-6P3-PCFK
}}

'''Salamabad Dachina''' <ref>[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]: سلام آباد دَچھِن

[[Urdu]]: سلام آباد دچھنہ</ref> '''(/səˈlɑːmɑːbɑːd ˈdɑːtʃna/''' also spelled '''Dachhna''' or '''Dachina''' ) is a village in the [[Boniyar]] tehsil of [[Baramulla district]] in the northwestern Indian-administered union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It lies approximately 9.3 km from [[Boniyar]] and 26 km from the district headquarters, [[Baramulla]]. The nearest major town is [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir|Uri]], located 25 km away.<ref name="census1">{{Cite web |title=Salamabad Dachina - Census and Geography Data |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/ |access-date=26 May 2025}}</ref>
[[File:Crops of Salamabad Dachina.jpg|thumb|Crops in Salamabad Dachina village, Baramulla]]

== Geography ==
Salamabad Dachina covers an area of 797.2 hectares and is situated in a hilly region of northwestern Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name="village-details">{{Cite web |title=Census of India 2011 – Village Details |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/village-details/002559 |access-date=26 May 2025}}</ref> It is located about 14 km from the [[Lachipora Wildlife Sanctuary]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lachipora Wildlife Sanctuary |url=https://jkforest.gov.in |access-date=26 May 2025}}</ref> The village's postal code is 193122.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pin Code: SALAMABAD, BARAMULLA, JAMMU AND KASHMIR, India, Pincode.net.in |url=https://pincode.net.in/JAMMU_AND_KASHMIR/BARAMULLA/S/SALAMABAD |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=pincode.net.in}}</ref>

The village is divided into two local sectors or habitations: '''Salamabad A (Saran)''' and '''Salamabad B (Dachina/Proper)'''. Each sector contains one of the village’s two Jamia mosques; [https://www.google.com/maps/place/Masjid+shareef+Shahi+Hamdan+Salamabad+Dachina,+Unnamed+Road,+193123/@34.168626,74.1308823,15z/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0x38e0550c44adee35:0xc6516dce86f49d66!8m2!3d34.168626!4d74.1308823!16s%2Fg%2F11nsz43bdg Jamia Masjid Shahi Hamdan] is located in Salamabad A, while [https://www.google.com/maps/place/Jamia+Masjid+Salamabad+Dachina,+Unnamed+Road,+193123/@34.1653891,74.1316874,15z/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0x38e055b240d60193:0x4cee82432b21a029!8m2!3d34.1653891!4d74.1316874!16s%2Fg%2F11nmlcq_m_ Jamia Masjid Al-Tawheed Akbar] lies in Salamabad B.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Panchayat List – Boniyar Block |url=https://nregastrep.nic.in/ |access-date=17 November 2025 |website=MNREGA, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jamia Masjid Shahi Hamdan |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Masjid+shareef+Shahi+Hamdan+Salamabad+Dachina,+Unnamed+Road,+193123/@34.168626,74.1308823,15z/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0x38e0550c44adee35:0xc6516dce86f49d66!8m2!3d34.168626!4d74.1308823!16s%2Fg%2F11nsz43bdg |access-date=17 November 2025 |website=Google Maps}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jamia Masjid Al-Tawheed Akbar |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Jamia+Masjid+Salamabad+Dachhna,+Unnamed+Road,+193123/@34.1653891,74.1316874,15z/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0x38e055b240d60193:0x4cee82432b21a029!8m2!3d34.1653891!4d74.1316874!16s%2Fg%2F11nmlcq_m_ |access-date=17 November 2025 |website=Google Maps}}</ref>

Salamabad Dachina and its neighbour village Bijhama are known for adventurous destinations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bijhama emerging as new tourist destination |url=https://m.greaterkashmir.com/article/bijhama-in-uri-emerging-as-new-adventure-tourist-destination/279557/amp |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=www.google.com}}</ref>
== Demographics ==
According to the 2011 [[Census of India]], Salamabad Dachina has a population of 3,605, residing in 636 households. Of these, 1,882 are male and 1,723 are female, resulting in a sex ratio of 915 females per 1,000 males. Children aged 0–6 years number 827, or 22.9% of the total population.<ref name="census1" />

The overall literacy rate stands at 36.78%, with male literacy at 46.81% and female literacy at 25.83%. The village also has a Scheduled Tribe population of 474. Data for Scheduled Castes is not reported.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Salamabad Village Population Data |url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/jammu-kashmir/baramula/boniyar/salamabad.html |access-date=26 May 2025}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Demographic Summary (2011 Census)
! Category !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 3,605 || 1,882 || 1,723
|-
| Children (0–6 years) || 827 || 450 || 377
|-
| Scheduled Tribes || 474 || 253 || 221
|-
| Literates || 1,326 || 881 || 445
|-
| Illiterates || 2,279 || 1,001 || 1,278
|}

== Language and religion ==
The primary language spoken in the village is [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], followed by [[Pahari languages|Pahari]] and [[Gojri language|Gojri]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Languages in Jammu & Kashmir |url=https://censusindia.gov.in |access-date=26 May 2025}}</ref> It is a monoreligious [[Islam in India|Islamic]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Religion Data - Census of India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in |access-date=26 May 2025}}</ref> region.

== Governance ==
Salamabad Dachina is administered by a local [[Gram Panchayat]], and falls under the [[Uri Assembly constituency|Uri constituenc]]<nowiki/>y<ref>{{Citation |title=Uri Assembly constituency |date=2025-05-18 |work=Election commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/ConstituencywiseU089.htm |access-date=2025-06-17 |language=en}}</ref> for both the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly and Indian Parliament elections.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Panchayat Directory |url=https://www.panchayatdirectory.gov.in |access-date=26 May 2025}}</ref>

== Education ==
The village has several government and private schools offering education from primary to secondary levels:<ref>{{Cite web |title=School Directory – Salamabad Dachina |url=https://schools.org.in/baramulla/01111102001/gps-salamabad.html |access-date=26 May 2025}}</ref>

* [https://schools.org.in/baramula/01021001703/hs-salamabad.html High School Salamabad]<ref>{{Cite web |title=HS SALAMABAD - Salamabad District Baramula (Jammu And Kashmir) |url=https://schools.org.in/baramula/01021001703/hs-salamabad.html |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=schools.org.in}}</ref>
* [https://stackschools.com/schools/01020400410/al-noor-public-school Al Noor Public School (Private)]<ref>{{Cite web |title=AL NOOR PUBLIC SCHOOL - - Stack Schools |url=https://stackschools.com/schools/01020400410/al-noor-public-school |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=stackschools.com}}</ref>
* [https://schools.org.in/baramula/01020400405/ms-lagama.html Middle School Lagama]<ref>{{Cite web |title=MS LAGAMA - Salamabad Dachina District Baramula (Jammu And Kashmir) |url=https://schools.org.in/baramula/01020400405/ms-lagama.html |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=schools.org.in}}</ref>
* [https://schools.org.in/baramula/01020400409/ps-gojer-pathi.html Primary School Gojer Pathi]<ref>{{Cite web |title=PS GOJER PATHI - Salamabad Dachina District Baramula (Jammu And Kashmir) |url=https://schools.org.in/baramula/01020400409/ps-gojer-pathi.html |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=schools.org.in}}</ref>
* [https://schools.org.in/baramula/01020400406/bps-naik-mohalla.html Primary School Naik Mohalla]<ref>{{Cite web |title=BPS NAIK MOHALLA - Salamabad Dachina District Baramula (Jammu And Kashmir) |url=https://schools.org.in/baramula/01020400406/bps-naik-mohalla.html |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=schools.org.in}}</ref>
* [https://schools.org.in/baramula/01020400407/ps-daber-pathi.html Primary School Daber Pathi]<ref>{{Cite web |title=PS DABER PATHI - Salamabad Dachina District Baramula (Jammu And Kashmir) |url=https://schools.org.in/baramula/01020400407/ps-daber-pathi.html |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=schools.org.in}}</ref>
* [https://schools.org.in/baramula/01020400404/gms-saran.html Middle School Saran Salamabad ]
* Valley Public School Salamabad Dachina (Private)

*'''According to Census 2011'''

* Public bus services are available beyond 10 km
* Private vehicles operate within the village
* The nearest railway station is in [[Baramulla]], approximately 40 km away.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Railway Connectivity – Baramulla |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/baramulla-bamr/6870 |access-date=26 May 2025}}</ref>

== Nearby villages ==
Salamabad Dachina is surrounded by the following villages:

* Braripora
* Bijhama
* Sheerwanipora
* Bagnah Noorkhah
* Limber
* Kanchan

== In the media ==
In 2023, Salamabad Dachina appeared in regional news when residents protested against rampant [[gypsum]] mining activities in the area, citing environmental and health concerns.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uri residents hold protest over rampant gypsum mining |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/kashmir/uri-residents-hold-protest-over-rampant-gypsum-mining/ |website=Greater Kashmir |date=11 August 2024 |access-date=26 May 2025}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200">
File:Flora of Salamabad Dachna.jpg|Indigenous flora flourishing in Salamabad's temperate microclimate
File:A Pastoral shelter near a natural spring in Salamabad.jpg|A traditional pastoral hut beside a natural spring, reflecting rural architecture
File:Aerial view of Salamabad Dachna (2).jpg|Aerial perspective capturing the topography and clustered habitation
File:Aerial view of Salamabad Dachna.jpg|Bird’s-eye view of Salamabad Dachhna nestled in the northwestern Kashmir valley
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Baramulla district]]
* [[Boniyar]]
* [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir]]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Villages in Baramulla district]]

Impeachment of Warren Hastings

2026-04-08T05:43:15Z

Aebeez: Added the article w/ infobox - done

{{short description|1787–1795 charging of the Governor-General of Bengal}}
[[File:Warren Hastings by Johan Joseph Zoffany.jpg|thumb|Warren Hastings in 1783–1784]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
The '''impeachment of Warren Hastings''', the first [[Governor-General of India|governor-general of the Bengal Presidency]] in India, was attempted between 1787 and 1795 in the [[Parliament of Great Britain]]. [[Warren Hastings|Hastings]] was accused of misconduct during his time in [[Calcutta]], particularly relating to mismanagement and personal corruption. The [[Impeachment in the United Kingdom|impeachment]] prosecution was led by [[Edmund Burke]] and became a wider debate about the role of the [[East India Company]] and the [[Company rule in India|expanding empire]] in India. According to historian Mithi Mukherjee, the impeachment trial became the site of a debate between two radically opposed visions of empire—one represented by Hastings, based on ideas of absolute power and conquest in pursuit of the exclusive national interests of the colonizer, versus one represented by Burke, of sovereignty based on a recognition of the rights of the colonized.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Mithi |last=Mukherjee |title=Justice, War, and the Imperium: India and Britain in Edmund Burke's Prosecutorial Speeches in the Impeachment Trial of Warren Hastings |journal=Law and History Review |volume=23 |issue=3 |year=2005 |pages=589–630 |doi=10.1017/S0738248000000584 |s2cid=145641990 |url=http://125.22.40.134:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1922/1/Justice_War_and_the_Imperium_India_and_B.pdf |access-date=16 May 2020 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128161607/http://125.22.40.134:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1922/1/Justice_War_and_the_Imperium_India_and_B.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The trial did not sit continuously and the case dragged on for seven years. When the eventual verdict was given, Hastings was overwhelmingly [[acquitted]]. It has been described as "probably the [[British Isles]]' most famous, certainly the longest, political trial".<ref name="Turnbull-p207">{{harv|Patrick Turnbull|1975|p=207}}</ref>

==Background==
===Appointment===
Born in 1732, Warren Hastings spent much of his adult life in [[Company rule in India|India]] after first travelling out as a [[clerk]] of the [[East India Company]] in 1750. Hastings developed a reputation as an "Indian" who sought to use traditional Indian methods of governance to run British India rather than the policy of importing European-style law, government and culture favoured by many of his colleagues and representatives of other colonial powers in India. After working his way through the ranks of the Company he was appointed in 1773 as [[Governor-General of Bengal|governor general]], a new position that [[Regulating Act of 1773|had been created]] by the [[North Ministry|North government]] in order to improve the running of British India. The old structure of rule had come under strain as the company's holdings had expanded in recent decades from isolated [[trading post]]s to large swathes of territory and population.<ref>{{harv|Peter Whiteley|1996|pp=103–114}}</ref>

The powers of the governor general were balanced out by the establishment of a [[Council of Four (India)|Calcutta Council]] which had the authority to [[veto]] his decisions. Hastings spent much of his time in office marshalling his own supporters on the Council in an effort to avoid being outvoted.

===Disputes and war===
{{Main|Second Mysore War}}
[[File:James Lonsdale (1777-1839) - Sir Philip Francis - NPG 334 - National Portrait Gallery.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Hastings' initial accuser Sir [[Philip Francis (politician)|Philip Francis]]]]

Hastings soon ran into opposition on the council. His principal enemy was the Irish-born politician [[Philip Francis (politician)|Philip Francis]]. Francis developed a strong dislike of Hastings and was convinced that the Governor General's policies were self-serving and destructive. This was a belief shared with some other members of the Council whom he was able to influence. Francis and Hastings' personal rivalry continued for many years and led to a duel between them in 1780 in which Francis was wounded, but not killed.<ref>{{harv|Robert Harvey|1998|p=380}}</ref> Francis returned to Britain in 1781 and began raising questions about Hastings' conduct. He found support from many leading opposition Whigs.

In 1780 [[Hyder Ali]], the ruler of [[Mysore]], went to war with the company after British forces captured the French-controlled port of [[Mahé, India|Mahé]]. Taking advantage of Britain's involvement in the [[American War of Independence]] and the support of French forces Hyder went on the offensive and enjoyed success during the opening stages of the war, inflicting a serious defeat at the [[Battle of Pollilur]] and at one point threatening [[Madras]] itself with capture. The Commander in Chief [[Eyre Coote (East India Company officer)|Eyre Coote]] went south with reinforcements and defeated Hyder's army in a series of battles which helped to steady the position in the Carnatic. Hyder was unable to secure victory and the war ended in a [[stalemate]]. It was halted by the [[Treaty of Mangalore]] in 1784 which largely restored the [[status quo ante bellum]]. Even so, the British position in India had been severely threatened.

The war shook public confidence and raised questions about the supposed mismanagement by the company's agents in India. It proved to be a catalyst for the growing campaign in London against Hastings which gathered strength during the ensuing years.

===First attacks===
The company had already gone through scandals in the 1760s and 1770s and the wealthy [[nabob]]s who returned to Britain from India were widely unpopular. Against this backdrop the criticisms circulated by Francis and others provoked a general consensus that the [[India Act 1773]] ([[13 Geo. 3]]. c. 63) had not been sufficient to rein in the alleged excesses. The Indian question again became a contentious political issue.

The [[Fox–North Coalition]] fell from power after it attempted to bring in a radical East India Bill in 1783.<ref>{{harv|Peter Whiteley|1996|pp=217–218}}</ref> The following year the new government of [[William Pitt the Younger|William Pitt]] passed the [[India Act 1784]] which established a [[President of the Board of Control|Board of Control]] and which finally stabilised the governance of India.

Hastings was personally attacked by [[Charles James Fox]] during the presentation of his India Bill.<ref>{{harv|Patrick Turnbull|1975|p=193}}</ref> When Pitt introduced his bill he failed to mention Hastings at all, seen as expressing a lack of confidence, and made wide-ranging criticisms of the company.<ref>{{harv|Patrick Turnbull|1975|pp=194–195}}</ref> He suggested that recent wars in India had been ruinous and unnecessary. Hastings was particularly upset by this, as he was an admirer of Pitt.<ref>{{harv|Patrick Turnbull|1975|pp=196–198}}</ref> By now, Hastings wished to resign and return home unless the role of Governor General was given greater freedom to exercise power—which was unlikely to be granted him. He handed over to an Acting Governor General, [[Sir John Macpherson, 1st Baronet|John MacPherson]] until a permanent replacement was appointed.

===Return to Britain===
[[Image:Burke.jpg|180px|thumb|left|The MP [[Edmund Burke]] led the prosecution of Hastings.]]
Hastings sailed for home on 6 February and reached Britain in June 1785.<ref>{{harv|Patrick Turnbull|1975|pp=198–199}}</ref> During the voyage he wrote a defence of his conduct ''The State of Bengal'' and presented it to [[Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville|Henry Dundas]].<ref>{{harv|Sir Alfred Comyn Lyall|1889|p=180}}</ref> Hastings anticipated he would face attacks in Parliament and the press but expected them to be short-lived and to fall away once he was there in person to defend himself.<ref name="Turnbull-p201">{{harv|Patrick Turnbull|1975|p=201}}</ref> Initially this proved to be the case as he enjoyed an audience with King [[George III of Great Britain|George III]] and a unanimous vote of thanks by the directors of the East India Company.<ref>{{harv|Patrick Turnbull|1975|pp=201–202}}</ref> Hastings even hoped to be awarded an [[Irish peerage]].<ref>{{harv|Patrick Turnbull|1975|pp=202–203}}</ref> However, in Parliament [[Edmund Burke]] announced he "would at a future date make a motion respecting the conduct of a gentleman just returned from India".<ref name="Turnbull-p201" />

In early 1786 Burke began his first move by raising questions over Hastings' role in the [[First Anglo-Maratha War|Maratha War]]. The attacks on Hastings were largely made by opposition Whigs hoping to embarrass the government of [[William Pitt the Younger|William Pitt]]. Pitt and other government ministers such as Dundas defended Hastings and suggested that he had saved the British Empire in Asia.<ref>{{harv|Patrick Turnbull|1975|p=204}}</ref> Philip Francis made eleven specific charges against Hastings, and others later followed. They covered various subjects such as the [[Rohilla War]], execution of [[Nanda-Kumar]] and Hastings' treatment of the [[Narayan dynasty|Rajas of Benares]] [[Chait Singh]]. Pitt broadly defended Hastings, but declared his punishment of the Rajah had been excessive. In the wake of this an anti-Hastings motion was passed in the Commons 119–79.<ref>{{harv|Patrick Turnbull|1975|pp=204–205}}</ref>

Encouraged by Pitt's failure to adequately support Hastings, his opponents pressed on with their campaign. The situation quickly deteriorated for Hastings. It soon became clear that he was heading towards an [[Impeachment in the United Kingdom|impeachment]]. Hastings recruited [[Edward Law, 1st Baron Ellenborough]] to act in his defence.<ref name="Turnbull-p210">{{harv|Patrick Turnbull|1975|p=210}}</ref> On 21 May 1787 Hastings was arrested by the [[Serjeant-at-Arms of the British House of Commons|Serjeant-at-Arms]] and taken to the House of Lords to hear the charges against him.<ref>{{harv|Patrick Turnbull|1975|p=205}}</ref>

Hastings was to be prosecuted in the House of Lords by an Impeachment Committee. Impeachment was a relatively rare process of prosecuting those in high public office. Previous figures who had faced such trials included the [[George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham|Duke of Buckingham]], a [[royal favourite|favourite]] of [[James I of England|James I]], and the [[Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford|Earl of Strafford]], whose impeachment failed (but was followed up by a legislative [[bill of attainder]] that resulted in Strafford's execution).

==Impeachment==

[[File:The trial of Warren Hastings, 1788.jpg|thumb|400px|The trial of Warren Hastings, 1788]]

===Opening===

Hastings' trial began on 13 February 1788. It took place in [[Westminster Hall]], with members of the House of Commons seated to Hastings' right, the Lords to his left, and a large audience of spectators, including royalty, in the boxes and public galleries.<ref>{{harv|Garrard|Newell|2006|p=137}}</ref> The proceedings began with a lengthy address by [[Edmund Burke]], who took four days to cover all the charges against Hastings.<ref name=bartleby>[http://www.bartleby.com/268/6/3.html The World’s Famous Orations. Ireland (1775–1902). "III. At the Trial of Warren Hastings" Edmund Burke (1729–97)]</ref> While Burke took the
proceedings very seriously, [[Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay|Macaulay]] said that many spectators treated the trial as a [[social event]].<ref name=bartleby/> Hastings himself remarked that "for the first half hour, I looked up to the orator in a reverie of wonder, and during that time I felt myself the most culpable man on earth."<ref name=bartleby/>

Hastings was granted [[bail]] in spite of Burke's suggestion that he might flee the country with the wealth he had allegedly stolen from India.<ref name="Turnbull-p210" /> Further speeches were made over the coming weeks by other leading Whigs such as [[Richard Brinsley Sheridan]] and [[Charles James Fox]]. In total there were nineteen members of the Impeachment Committee.<ref name="Turnbull-p207" />

===Public opinion changes===
[[File:Lord Cornwallis.jpg|thumb|190px|''[[Portrait of Lord Cornwallis]]'' by [[Thomas Gainsborough]]. The testimony of [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Lord Cornwallis]], Hastings' successor as [[Governor General of India|Governor General]], was a major boost to his defence.]]
In spite of the early excitement about the trial public interest in it began to wane as it dragged on over months and years. Other major events dominated the news particularly once the [[French Revolution]] began in 1789. Sheridan now complained he was "heartily tired of the Hastings trial" despite being one of its instigators.<ref name="harv|Garrard|Newell2006|p=138">{{harv|Garrard|Newell2006|p=138}}</ref> As the trial progressed, public attitudes about Hastings also began to shift. Hastings had initially been overwhelmingly portrayed as guilty in the popular press, but doubts were increasingly raised. Increased support for Hastings may have been a result of declining perceptions of his accusers. In a cartoon [[James Gillray]] portrayed Hastings as the "Saviour of India" being assaulted by bandits resembling Burke and Fox.<ref>{{harv|Patrick Turnbull|1975|p=214}}</ref>

A major lift for the defence came with the testimony on 9 April 1794 of [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Lord Cornwallis]] who had recently returned from India, where he succeeded Hastings as Governor General. Cornwallis rejected the accusations that Hastings' actions had damaged Britain's reputation and observed that Hastings was universally popular with the inhabitants.<ref>{{harv|Patrick Turnbull|1975|p=212}}
</ref> When asked if he had "found any just cause to impeach the character of Mr Hastings?" he replied "never".<ref>{{harv|Wickwire|Wickwire1980|p=183}}</ref>

A further blow for the prosecution came with the evidence of William Larkins the former [[Accountant General]] of Bengal. They had rested their hopes on his revealing widespread corruption but he denied that Hastings had amassed any illicit money and made a defence of his conduct. Various other figures came forwards as character witnesses to support Hastings.<ref>{{harv|Patrick Turnbull|1975|pp=212–214}}</ref> Burke's reply to the defence lasted nine days from late May to mid-June 1794.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/speechesofrighth02burk archive.org: "The speeches of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke on the impeachment of Warren Hastings : to which is added a selection of Burke's epistolary correspondence" (1890 ed. G. Bell, London)]</ref>

===Verdict===
On 23 April 1795 the [[Lord Chancellor]] [[Lord Loughborough]] oversaw the delivery of the [[verdict]]. A third of the Lords who had attended the trial's opening had since died<ref name="harv|Garrard|Newell2006|p=138"/> and only twenty-nine of the others had sat through enough of the evidence to be permitted to pronounce judgment.<ref name="Turnbull-p215">{{harv|Patrick Turnbull|1975|p=215}}</ref> Loughborough asked each of the peers sixteen questions relating to individual charges. On most charges he was unanimously found [[Acquittal|not guilty]]. On three questions five or six peers gave [[guilt (law)|guilty]] verdicts, but Hastings was still comfortably cleared by [[majority vote]].<ref>{{harv|Patrick Turnbull|1975|pp=214–215}}</ref> This overwhelming verdict had been expected for some time and caused little surprise.

Burke, who had invested a large amount of time and energy into the prosecution, was frustrated by the ultimate failure of the impeachment. He had warned the Lords that it would be "to the perpetual infamy" of the House if they voted to acquit and remained convinced of Hastings' guilt until his death in 1797.<ref>{{harv|Patrick Turnbull|1975|p=}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
[[Image:Microcosm of London Plate 094 - Westminster Hall edited.jpg|200px|thumb|[[Westminster Hall]] where the trial took place]]
Hastings was financially ruined by the impeachment and was left with debts of £70,000.<ref name="Turnbull-p215" /> Unlike many other Indian officials he had not amassed a large fortune while in India and he had to fund his legal defence, which had cost an estimated £71,000, out of his own funds.<ref name="harv|Garrard|Newell2006|p=138"/> His defence lawyer was Richard Shaw(e) who built his mansion Casino House in [[Herne Hill]] at least in part from the proceeds, employing [[John Nash (architect)|John Nash]] and [[Humphry Repton]] as landscape designer (responsible for the water garden the remnants of which survived as Sunray Gardens in 2012).
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dulwichsociety.com/newsletters/62-summer-2009/429-casino-house
|title=Casino House |publisher = The Dulwich Society |access-date=2012-03-11}}</ref>

Meanwhile, Hastings appealed to the British government for financial assistance and was eventually compensated by the East India Company with a loan of £50,000 and a pension of £4,000 a year.

Although this did not solve all his financial worries, Hastings was ultimately able to fulfill his lifelong ambition of purchasing the family's traditional estate of [[Daylesford, Gloucestershire|Daylesford]] in [[Gloucestershire]] which had been lost in a previous generation. Hastings held no further public office, but was regarded as an expert on Indian matters and was asked to give evidence to parliament on the subject during the [[Napoleonic Wars]] in 1812. After he had finished giving his testimony, the members all stood up in an almost unprecedented act for anyone other than the royal family.<ref name="harv|Garrard|Newell2006|p=138"/>

Hastings' successors as Governor General, beginning with [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Lord Cornwallis]], were granted the much wider powers that Hastings had sought while in Calcutta. [[Pitt's India Act]] served to move much of the supervisory role for India away from the East India Company directors and officials in [[Leadenhall Street]] to a new political [[President of the Board of Control|Board of Control]] based in London.

The overwhelming failure to secure a conviction, and the stream of testimony that came out of India praising him, have led commentators to ask why Hastings, who appeared to many observers to have given dedicated service to the company and to have curbed its worst excesses, ended up being prosecuted in the first place.<ref name="harv|Garrard|Newell2006|p=138"/> A number of factors may have played a part, including [[partisan (political)|partisan]] politics, although Pitt joined the opposition in supporting the Impeachment.

There has been particular focus on the role played by Pitt—particularly his sudden withdrawal of outright support for Hastings in 1786 which galvanised the opposition into pursuing the case. It is possible that Pitt believed "he ran the very genuine risk of being accused by the opposition of shielding a notorious criminal from justice, for political reasons".<ref>{{harv|Patrick Turnbull|1975|p=206}}</ref> Henry Dundas was himself later [[Impeachment of Henry Dundas|impeached]] in 1806 and acquitted in what is currently the last impeachment trial in Britain.

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|first1=John |last1=Garrard|first2=James L. |last2=Newell|title=Scandals in Past and Contemporary Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nDksFA0DYVAC|year=2006|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-6551-4}}
* {{cite book|author=Robert Harvey|title=Clive: The Life and Death of a British Emperor|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WQV2QgAACAAJ|year=1998|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-0-312-26569-4}}
* {{cite book|author=Sir Alfred Comyn Lyall|title=Warren Hastings|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.91491|year=1889|publisher=Macmillan and Company}}
* Mukherjee, Mithi. "Justice, War, and the Imperium: India and Britain in Edmund Burke's Prosecutorial Speeches in the Impeachment Trial of Warren Hastings." ''Law and History Review'' 23.3 (2005): 589-630 [http://125.22.40.134:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1922/1/Justice_War_and_the_Imperium_India_and_B.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128161607/http://125.22.40.134:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1922/1/Justice_War_and_the_Imperium_India_and_B.pdf |date=28 January 2021 }}. Also see Mukherjee, ''[https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198062509.001.0001/acprof-9780198062509 India in the Shadows of Empire: A Legal and Political History]'' (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2010).
* Brian Smith. "Edmund Burke, the Warren Hastings trial, and the moral dimension of corruption." ''Polity'' 40.1 (2008): 70-94 [https://www.brianandrewsmith.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/2008-Polity-Burke-Hastings-and-Corruption.pdf online].
* {{cite book|author=Patrick Turnbull|title=Warren Hastings|url=https://archive.org/details/warrenhastings0000turn|url-access=registration|date=September 1975|publisher=New English Library|isbn=978-0-450-02588-4 }}
* {{cite book|author=Peter Whiteley|title=Lord North: The Prime Minister Who Lost America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCZLeb-4lfYC|year=1996|publisher=Continuum|isbn=978-1-85285-145-3}}
* {{cite book|first1=Franklin B. |last1=Wickwire|first2=Mary |last2=Wickwire|title=Cornwallis, the imperial years|url=https://archive.org/details/cornwallisimperi0000wick|url-access=registration|date=April 1980|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|isbn=978-0-8078-1387-4}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|author1=Warren Hastings|author2=Edmund Burke|title=Articles of Charge of High Crimes and Misdemeanors, Against Warren Hastings, Esq., Late Governor General of Bengal: Presented to the House of Commons, in the Months of April and May 1786|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2-0yAAAAIAAJ|year=1786|publisher=J. Debrett|location=London}}
*{{cite book|author=Warren Hastings|title=The History of the Trial of Warren Hastings, Esq. Late Governor-General of Bengal, Before the High Court of Parliament in Westminster-Hall: On an Impeachment by the Commons of Great-Britain, for High Crimes and Misdemeanors : Containing the Whole of the Proceedings and Debates in Both Houses of Parliament, Relating to that Celebrated Prosecution, from Feb. 7, 1786, Until His Acquittal, April 23, 1795|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XLg-AQAAMAAJ|year=1796|publisher=J. Debrett|location=London}}
*{{cite book|author=John Logan|title=A Review of the Principal Charges Against Warren Hastings Esquire, Late Governor General of Bengal..|url=https://archive.org/details/areviewprincipa00logagoog|year=1788|publisher=John Stockdale|location=London}}
*{{cite book|author=Warren Hastings|title=The answer of Warren Hastings to the Articles: Delivered at the bar of the house of Peers, on Nov. 28, 1787|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5tY9AAAAcAAJ|year=1788|publisher=John Murray|location=London}}
*{{cite book|author1=Joseph Gurney|author2=Warren Hastings|editor=E. A. Bond|title=Speeches of the managers and counsel in the trial of Warren Hastings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NplJAAAAMAAJ|volume=I|year=1859|publisher=Longman|location=London}}
*{{cite book|author1=Joseph Gurney|author2=Warren Hastings|editor=E. A. Bond|title=Speeches of the managers and counsel in the trial of Warren Hastings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JZpJAAAAMAAJ|volume=II|year=1860|publisher=Longman|location=London}}
*{{cite book|author1=Joseph Gurney|author2=Warren Hastings|editor=E. A. Bond|title=Speeches of the managers and counsel in the trial of Warren Hastings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xJpJAAAAMAAJ|volume=III|year=1860|publisher=Longman|location=London}}
*{{cite book|author1=Joseph Gurney|author2=Warren Hastings|editor=E. A. Bond|title=Speeches of the managers and counsel in the trial of Warren Hastings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S5tJAAAAMAAJ|volume=IV|year=1861|publisher=Longman|location=London}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hastings, Warren}}
[[Category:Impeachment trials|Hastings, Warren]]
[[Category:1788 in Great Britain|Impeachment Hastings, Warren]]
[[Category:1795 in Great Britain|Impeachment Hastings, Warren]]
[[Category:Impeachment in the United Kingdom|Hastings, Warren]]
[[Category:Trials in the Kingdom of Great Britain|Impeachment Hastings, Warren]]
[[Category:Parliament of Great Britain|Impeachment Hastings, Warren]]
[[Category:Edmund Burke|Impeachment Hastings, Warren]]
[[Category:British East India Company]]

Parama China kingdom

2026-04-06T18:55:08Z

Aebeez: added new info

{{Short description|Former kingdom north east of the Himalayas}}
{{One source|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
'''Parama Chinas''' were a kingdom to the north east of the [[Himalayas]]. The Parama Chinas were mentioned in [[Mahabharata]] along with another kingdom named [[China of Mahabharata|China]].

== See also ==
*[[Kingdoms of Ancient India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
*[[Mahabharata]] of [[Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa]], translated to English by Kisari Mohan Ganguli

{{coord missing|China}}

[[Category:Kingdoms in the Mahabharata]]

{{China-geo-stub}}

List of people from Howrah

2026-04-01T15:30:46Z

Aebeez: adding new pg.

{{short description|None}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}

'''[[Howrah]]''' or '''Haora''', is one of the largest cities in [[West Bengal]], India. This is a list of notable people who lived in or came from Howrah. A name can repeat in the following sections.

{{Dynamic list |date=March 2025}}

==Writers==
*[[Afsar Amed|Afsar Ahmed]] (1959–2018), poet and novelist
* [[Bharatchandra Ray]], known for his poetic work, [[Annadamangal]] or Annapurnamangal
* [[Mani Shankar Mukherjee]], well known for his book on Swami Vivekananda<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Lifetime-award-for-Shankar/articleshow/18215346.cms|title=Lifetime award for Shankar|newspaper=The Times of India|date=28 January 2013|accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>
*[[Purnendu Pattrea]], writer
* [[Muhammad Shahidullah]], writer<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.inuth.com/my-space/theatre/safdar-hashmi-the-new-word-the-wake-up-call-the-cult-of-defiance/|title=Safdar Hashmi: The new word, the wake up call, the cult of defiance|date=December 19, 2016}}</ref>
* [[Sandipan Chattopadhyay]], famous for his book ''Kritadas Kritadasi''
* [[Sankari Prasad Basu]], famous for his books on [[Swami Vivekananda]], ''Sahashya Vivekananda'' and ''Bandhu Vivekananda''
* [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]], Bengali novelist and short story writer
* [[Sasthipada Chattopadhyay]], Bengali novelist and short story writer, popularly known for his detective series [[Pandab Goenda]]
* [[Narayan Debnath]], Bengali comics artist and illustrator, whose popular works are [[Bantul the Great]], [[Nonte Phonte]] and [[Handa Bhonda|Handa Bhoda]]

==Educationists==
* [[Kanailal Bhattacharyya]], ex-minister of Ministry of Commerce and Industries, West Bengal
* [[Kedarnath Bhattacharya]], created first vernacular Bengali medium school of Howrah ''Santragachi Minor School''
* [[Mahendranath Roy|Babu Mahendranath Roy]] [[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]], founding father of [[Asutosh College]] in [[Calcutta]], was a member of the [[Senate]] of [[University of Calcutta]], founded an English medium [[high school]], ''Mahendranath Ray institution'', in Tajpur, near [[Amta]]
* [[Mahesh Chandra Nyayratna Bhattacharyya]], scholar of [[Sanskrit]], and the former principal of the Sanskrit College between 1876 and 1895
* [[Muhammad Shahidullah]], linguist, writer and philologist
* [[Sanghamitra Bandyopadhyay]], Computer Scientist, Director Indian Statistical Institute
* [[Suniti Kumar Chatterji]], Indian linguist, educationist, litterateur, Padma Bhushan award winner

==Doctors==
* [[Mahendralal Sarkar]], founder of the [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]]
* [[Jagannath Bhattacharya]], physicist

==People associated with films and television==
*[[Ariful Haque (actor)|Ariful Haque]] (born 1931), Bangladeshi actor and writer
* [[Anjana Basu]], television actress
* [[Ayaz Ahmed]], television actor
* [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]], film actor
* [[Bidita Bag]], television actress
* [[Bibhu Bhattacharya]], actor
* [[Hiran Chatterjee]], actor, producer, singer
* [[Kanan Devi]], the first star actress of Bengali cinema
* [[N. K. Salil]], screenwriter, film actor
* [[Purnendu Pattrea]], film director
* [[Raviranjan Maitra]], film actor, producer and editor
* [[Rudranil Ghosh]], film actor
* [[Sayani Datta]], actress
* [[Soumitra Chatterjee]], film actor
* [[Sisir Bhaduri]], film actor and director
* [[Sujan Mukhopadhyay]], film actor
* [[Suman Mukhopadhyay]], director and film-maker
* [[Tulsi Chakraborty]], actor
* [[N. K. Salil]], screenwriter and story writer

==Singers==
*[[Dhananjay Bhattacharya]], singer.
*[[Pannalal Bhattacharya]], singer
* [[Dilip Bagchi]], mass singer
* [[Juthika Roy]], awarded with Padma Shri
*[[Koushik Bhattacharjee]], classical vocalist
*[[Sagarika Mukherjee Da Costa]], singer, songwriter and actress
* [[Tarun Bhattacharya]], classical musician
* [[Pulak Bandyopadhyay]], musician

==Politicians==
*[[Mohammed Amin (politician)|Mohammed Amin]] (1928–2018), Marxist politician
*[[Azizul Haque (Naxalite activist)|Mir Azizul Haque]] (1942–2025), Naxalite activist
*[[Hannan Mollah]] (born 1946), Communist politician
*[[Sultan Ahmed (Indian politician)|Sultan Ahmed]] (1953–2017), politician
*[[Sajda Ahmed]] (born 1962), politician
*[[M. Ansaruddin]], five-time MLA
*[[Mohammed Elias]], two-time member of the Lok Sabha
*[[S. Abdur Rauf]], first Muslim MLA for Howrah
*[[Mohammed Idris]], politician
* [[Ashim Kumar Ghosh]], Governor of [[Haryana]], Former president of [[BJP, West Bengal]]<ref>
https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Jul/14/veteran-bjp-leader-from-west-bengal-prof-ashim-kumar-ghosh-appointed-as-new-governor-of-haryana
</ref>
* [[Ambica Banerjee]], Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Arup Roy]], cabinet minister of [[West Bengal]] since 2011 and also an MLA
* [[Kanailal Bhattacharyya]], ex-minister of Ministry of Commerce and Industries, West Bengal
* [[Mahendranath Roy]] [[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]], first elected chairperson of the [[Howrah Municipal Corporation]]
* [[Kedarnath Bhattacharya]], first elected vice-chairman of [[Howrah Municipal Corporation]]
* [[Hannan Mollah]], member of Lok Sabha of India from the 7th Lok Sabha to the 14th Lok Sabha
* [[Jagannath Bhattacharya]], politician
* [[Jatu Lahiri]], member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://myneta.info/westbengal2011/candidate.php?candidate_id=856&sa=U&ved=2ahUKEwiw87SmsufgAhUUUI8KHewaBTUQFjAKegQIBxAB&usg=AOvVaw21QFaUQVqbysgUcsz3wySR|title=Jatu Lahiri(All India Trinamool Congress(AITC)):Constituency- SHIBPUR(HOWRAH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|website=myneta.info}}</ref>
* [[Swapan Sadhan Bose]], politician
* [[Swadesh Chakraborty]], politician

==Business people==
* [[Alamohan Das]], industrialist

==Sports==
*[[Sk Faiaz|Sheikh Faiaz]] (born 1995), footballer
*[[Aloke Bhattacharjee]], cricketer and umpire
*[[Bikash Chowdhury (cricketer)|Bikash Chowdhury]], first-class cricketer
*[[Charanjit Singh (cricketer)|Charanjit Singh]], first-class cricketer
*[[Dibyendu Chakrabarty]], first-class cricketer
*[[Gitimoy Basu]], first-class cricketer
*[[Jolly Sarkar]], first-class cricketer
* [[Harold Denham]], English cricketer
* [[Laxmi Ratan Shukla]], first class cricketer
* [[Manoj Tiwary (cricketer)|Manoj Tiwary]], cricketer; played for the [[Kings XI Punjab]] and [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] in [[Indian Premier League]]
* [[Pritam Chakraborty (cricketer)|Pritam Chakraborty]], first-class cricketer, U-19 Indian Cricket Team
* [[Saurasish Lahiri]], cricketer; played in the international
* [[Sailen Manna]], footballer; played for the [[Mohun Bagan]] team and played in international competitions including the Asian Games and Olympics
*[[Soumik Chatterjee]], first-class cricketer
*[[Sanjib Sanyal]], first-class cricketer
* [[Shyama Shaw]], international cricketer, left-hand batsman, played test and one-day matches
*[[Sudip Chatterjee (footballer)|Sudip Chatterjee]], international football player

==Artists==
*[[Kalipada Ghoshal]], last successor of [[Abanindranath Tagore]]'s [[Indian Society of Oriental Art]] and Bengal school of art
* [[Rabin Mondal]], founding member of the Calcutta Painters

==Others==
*[[Azangachhi Shaheb]] (1828–1932), Sufi saint who founded the [[Haqqani Anjuman]]
*[[ARM Inamul Haque|A. R. Muhammad Inamul Haque]] (1921–1977), Bangladeshi engineer, veteran and social worker
*[[K. C. Paul]], conspiracy theorist, self-proclaimed scientist and astronomer
*[[Narayan Debnath]], comic artist
*[[Subhas Datta]], environment activist
*[[Subroto Mukherjee]], first air marshal of the [[Indian Air Force]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:People from Howrah| ]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian people by populated place|Howrah]]
[[Category:Lists of people from West Bengal|Howrah ]]

Puducherry (union territory)

2026-03-29T15:50:03Z

Aebeez: quick adjust structure for clarity additionally and added references

{{Short description|Union territory of India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian state or territory
| name = Puducherry
| image_skyline = {{photomontage
| photo1a = Pondicherry-Rock beach aerial view.jpg
| photo2a = Image pondicherry.jpg
| photo3b = Long exposure shot of Beach road near Pondicherry harbour.jpg
| spacing = 2
| position = centre
| size = 300
| border = 0
| color =
}}
| image_caption = Top to bottom: [[Promenade Beach]], Pondicherry harbour, Beach in Pondicherry
| type = Union Territory
| image_seal = Emblem of the Government of Puducherry.png
| motto = [[Satyameva Jayate]] ([[Sanskrit]]) "Truth alone triumphs"{{force singular}}
| anthem = [[Tamil Thai Valthu (Puducherry)|Tamil Thai Valthu]] ([[Tamil language|Tamil]])<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/Uniform-tune-sought-for-lsquoThamizh-Thaai-Vaazhthursquo/article14851832.ece|title=Uniform tune sought for 'Thamizh Thaai Vaazhthu'|newspaper=The Hindu |date=6 October 2007|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> "Prayer to Mother Tamil"
| image_map = IN-PY.svg
| coordinates = {{Coord|11.911|79.813|region:IN-PY|display=inline,title}}
| region = South India
| formation_date = 1 November 1954<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/7706/Agreement+on+De+Facto+Transfer+of+French+Establishments|title=Agreement on De Facto Transfer of French Establishments|date=21 October 1954|publisher=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India|access-date=5 August 2022}}</ref>
| formation_date4 = 1 July 1963<ref name="IAR1955">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JncPAQAAIAAJ|title=Indian Affairs Record (Vol. I and II)|publisher=Diwan Chand Indian Information Center|year=1955|page=20}}</ref>
| capital = Puducherry (city){{!}}Pondicherry
| largestcity = capital
| districts = [[List of districts of Puducherry|4]]
| Lt_governor = [[Kuniyil Kailashnathan]]
| Chief_Minister = [[N. Rangaswamy]]
| party = [[All India N.R. Congress|AINRC]]
| Chief_secretary = Sharat Chauhan
| judiciary = [[Madras High Court]]
| legislature_type = Unicameral
| assembly = [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]<ref>{{cite web|title=PUDUCHERRY LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY|url=http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/PONDICHERY.htm|access-date=26 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171103094411/http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/PONDICHERY.htm|archive-date=3 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
| assembly_seats = 33 seats
| rajya_sabha_seats = 1 seat
| lok_sabha_seats = 1 seat
| area_total_km2 = 483
| area_rank = 34th
| elevation_m =
| elevation_max_m = 67
| elevation_max_point = ''Unnamed point'' near Chalakara Village
| elevation_min_m = 0
| elevation_min_point = [[Bay of Bengal]] and [[Laccadive Sea]]
| population_total = 1,394,467
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = 29th
| population_urban = 68.33%
| population_rural = 31.67%
| population_density = 2,900
| 0fficial_Langs = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] • [[Malayalam]] • [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<ref name="1965act">{{cite web |title=The Pondicherry Official Languages Act, 1965 |url=http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/puducherry/1965/1965Pondicherry3.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503022028/http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/puducherry/1965/1965Pondicherry3.pdf |archive-date=3 May 2020 |publisher=Laws of India |url-status=usurped |access-date=10 June 2019}}</ref>
| additional_official = [[English language|English]]<ref name="1965act"/> • [[French language|French]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://law.py.gov.in/docs/Code1.pdf |title=Puducherry Code Volume-I |publisher=Law Department, [[Government of Puducherry]] |pages=107 |archive-date=15 March 2024 |access-date=16 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315060504/https://law.py.gov.in/docs/Code1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| GDP_total = {{INRConvert|0.39|t|lk=r}}
| GDP_year = 2023-24
| GDP_rank = 26th
| GDP_per_capita = {{INRConvert|302680|lk=r}}
| GDP_per_capita_rank = 10th
| HDI_year = 2022
| HDI = {{increase}} 0.741 (High)<ref>{{cite web |title=India: Subnational HDI |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/IND/ |website=Global Data Labs |access-date=8 June 2025}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 4th
| literacy = 92.7%<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/AnnualReport_PLFS2023-24L2.pdf |title=Annual Report, Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) (July 2023 – June 2024) |date=23 September 2024 |publisher=National Sample Survey Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India |pages=A-10 |chapter=Appendix-A: Detailed tables, Table (7): Literacy rate (in per cent) of persons of different age groups for each State/UT (persons, age-group (years): 7 & above, rural+urban (column 6))}}</ref>
| literacy_year = 2024
| literacy_rank = 9th
| sex_ratio = 1037[[female|♀️]]/1000 [[male|♂️]]<ref name="sexratio">{{Cite web|date=13 October 2020|title=Handbook of Statistics on Indian States 2020. Social and Demographic Indicators. Table 5: State-wise Sex Ratio. |url=https://m.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=19994|access-date=9 September 2021 |publisher=Reserve Bank of India}}</ref>
| sexratio_year = 2011
| iso_code = IN-PY
| registration_plate = PY 01 – PY 05
| website = py.gov.in
| footnotes = Territories of French India were completely transferred to the Republic of India de facto.
| mammal = [[Indian palm squirrel]]<ref name="symbols"/>
| bird = [[Koel]]<ref name="symbols"/>
| flower = [[Cannonball tree|Cannonball tree flower]]<ref name="symbols"/>
| tree = [[Bael fruit tree]]<ref name="symbols">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/21/stories/2007042103560200.htm |title=Tamil Nadu News : Puducherry comes out with list of State symbols |date=21 April 2007 |access-date=10 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104225327/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/21/stories/2007042103560200.htm |archive-date=4 January 2013 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}

'''Puducherry''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˌ|p|ʊ|d|ᵿ|ˈ|tʃ|ɛr|i}} {{respell|PUU|duu|CHERR|ee}}; [[Tamil language|Tamil]]: {{transliteration|ta|ISO|Putuccēri}} {{IPA|ta|pʊðʊˈtːɕeːɾi|}}.}} also known as '''Poudouchéry'''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://styandptg.py.gov.in/2025/JANUARY/ORDINARY/1/OG%2001%20Dated%2007-01-2025.pdf |title=La Gazette de L' État de Poudouchéry |work=styandptg.py.gov.in |date=7 January 2025 |access-date=6 January 2026 }}</ref> or '''Pondicherry''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˌ|p|ɒ|n|d|ᵻ|ˈ|tʃ|ɛr|i}} {{respell|PON|dih|CHERR|ee}}; Tamil: {{transliteration|ta|ISO|Pāṇṭiccēri}} {{IPA|ta|paːɳɖiˈtːɕeːɾi|}}.}} is a [[union territory]] of [[India]], consisting of four small geographically unconnected districts. It was formed out of four territories of former [[French India]], namely [[Puducherry district|Pondichéry]] (now Puducherry), [[Karaikal district|Karikal]] (Karaikal), [[Mahé district|Mahé]] and [[Yanaon]] (now [[Yanam district|Yanam]]), excluding [[Chandannagar]] (Chandernagore), and it is named after the largest district, Puducherry, which was also the capital of French India. Historically known as Pondicherry, the territory [[Renaming of cities in India|changed its official name]] to Puducherry on 1 October 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/15932/1/the_pondicherry_%28alteration_of_name%29_act%2C_2006.pdf |title=THE PONDICHERRY (ALTERATION OF NAME) ACT, 2006 |work=India Code |date=13 September 2006 |access-date=6 January 2026 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5365248.stm |title=South Asia | New name for old French territory |work=BBC News |date=20 September 2006 |access-date=10 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222055544/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5365248.stm |archive-date=22 February 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/22/stories/2006082207481000.htm |title=National : Bill to rename Pondicherry as Puducherry passed |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=22 August 2006 |access-date=10 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021123517/http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/22/stories/2006082207481000.htm |archive-date=21 October 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The Union Territory of Puducherry lies in the [[South India|southern part]] of the Indian Peninsula. The areas of [[Puducherry district]] and [[Karaikal district]] are bound by the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], while [[Yanam district]] and [[Mahé district]] are enclosed by the states of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Kerala]], respectively. Puducherry is the 29th most populous of the 36 states and union territories of India, and the third most densely populated union territory. It has a gross domestic product (GDP) of {{INRConvert|210|b}} and ranks [[List of Indian states by GDP|25th in India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=State Domestic Product and other aggregates, 2004–05 series |url=http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/State-wise%20SDP-27.02.2015.xls |publisher=Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation |access-date=18 June 2015|archive-date=23 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323115356/http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/State-wise%20SDP-27.02.2015.xls|date=27 February 2015}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The name ''Puducherry'' is a compound of the Tamil words {{lang|ta-Latn|putu}} ({{lang|ta|புது}}) and {{lang|ta-Latn|cēri}} ({{lang|ta|சேரி}}) meaning 'new settlement'; its old name ''Pondicherry'' is a [[gallicised]] version of {{lang|ta-Latn|Pāṇḍi-cēri}} ({{lang|ta|பாண்டிச்சேரி}}) meaning 'settlement of Pandis'.{{cn|date=March 2026}}

== History ==
{{Main|History of Puducherry}}
The earliest recorded history of the [[Puducherry (city)|municipality of Puducherry]] can be traced to the second century CE. The ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'' mentions a marketplace named ''Poduke or Poduka'' (ch 60). [[G. W. B. Huntingford]] suggested this might be a site about 2 miles from the modern Puducherry, which was possibly the location of [[Arikamedu]] (now part of [[Ariyankuppam]]). Huntingford noted that Roman pottery was found at Arikamedu in 1937. In addition, [[archeology|archaeological]] excavations between 1944 and 1949 showed that it was "a trading station to which goods of Roman manufacture were imported during the first half of the 1st century" Subsequent investigation by Vimala Begley from 1989 to 1992 modified this assessment, and now place the period of occupation from the third or second century BCE to the eighth century CE.<ref>
{{cite web |title=The Dating of Arikamedu and its Bearing on the Archaeology of Early Historical South India |author=Vimala Begley |url=http://utilisateurs.linguist.univ-paris-diderot.fr/~chevilla/FestSchrift/V_Beg_3x.pdf |access-date=1 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101100834/http://utilisateurs.linguist.univ-paris-diderot.fr/~chevilla/FestSchrift/V_Beg_3x.pdf |archive-date=1 January 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}
</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: Travel and Trade in the Indian Ocean by a Merchant of the First Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZoZwPQAACAAJ|date=2007|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|isbn=978-0-548-20943-1|page=119|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517054619/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZoZwPQAACAAJ|archive-date=17 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:French India 1815.gif|left|thumb|French Indian Colonies in 1815]]
In 1674, the municipality of Pondicherry (Pondichéry) became a colony in the [[French colonial empire]]. Together with [[Chandannagar|Chandernagor]] (already French since 1673), [[Mahé, Puducherry|Mahé]] (since 1721), [[Yanam]] ([[Yanaon]]) (since 1723), [[Karaikal]] (Karikal) (since 1739) and [[Masulipatam]] (1760), it formed the colony of [[French India]], under a single French governor in Pondicherry, although French rule over one or more of these enclaves was repeatedly interrupted by [[United Kingdom|British]] occupations. The territories of French India were completely transferred to the Republic of India ''[[de facto]]'' on 1 November 1954, and ''[[de jure]]'' on 16 August 1962, when French India ceased to exist, becoming the present Indian union territory of Pondicherry, combining four coastal enclaves. The fifth, [[Chandannagar]], merged with the state of [[West Bengal]] in 1954. Immediately after the ''de facto'' transfer, the area was renamed the 'State of Pondicherry' by the "French Establishments (Change of Name) Order, 1954" issued by the [[Ministry of External Affairs of India]].<ref name="CriminalJustice2005">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Axfuc5A8mxMC|title=Criminal Justice India Series: Pondicherry|section= D.Banerjea|volume=20|publisher=Allied Publishers|year=2005|isbn=978-8177648713}}</ref>{{rp|37}} The State of Pondicherry continued to be under the direct control of the [[Government of India]] under the aegis of the Ministry of External affairs until 31 August 1964. Meanwhile, with effect from 1 July 1963, the State of Pondicherry officially became the Union Territory of Pondicherry and after 31 August 1964 it came under the control of the Ministry of Home Affairs.<ref name="CriminalJustice2005"/>{{rp|37}}

Until 2016, the ''de jure transfer day'' (i.e. 16 August) was a public holiday with no official celebrations taking place.<ref name=newsminute>{{cite news |last=Mathew |first=Pheba |date=16 August 2016 |title=Liberated from France 55 years ago, Puducherry celebrated 'De Jure Day' for the first time ever |url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/liberated-france-55-years-ago-puducherry-celebrates-de-jure-day-first-time-ever-48445 |work= The News Minute |access-date=3 July 2022}}</ref><ref name=DejureTransferDay2021>{{cite web|date=16 August 2016 |title=68th De Facto Merger Day of Puducherry to Be Celebrated on November 1 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/68th-de-facto-merger-day-of-puducherry-to-be-celebrated-on-november-1-4387469.html|publisher= News18 |access-date=3 July 2022}}</ref> In 2016, [[List of lieutenant governors of Puducherry|Lt. Governor of Puducherry]], [[Kiran Bedi]], made it a holiday as "De Jure Transfer Day."

Since 2010, ''de facto transfer day'' (i.e. 1 November) has been celebrated as Liberation day throughout Puducherry.<ref>{{cite web|title=Puducherry to celebrate 'Formation Day' on Nov 1|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Puducherry-to-celebrate-lsquoFormation-Dayrsquo-on-Nov-1/article15798191.ece|work=The Hindu|date=1 November 2010|accessdate=9 August 2022}}</ref> In 2014, Liberation day was declared as a public Holiday. This initiative was taken shortly after the [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] government came to power in 2014 and newly appointed Lt. Governor [[A. K. Singh]] issued a notification regarding that decision of the central government.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/november-1-is-liberation-day/article6364429.ece|title=November 1 is Liberation Day|date=30 August 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Puducherry Map.svg|thumb|left|Map showing the districts of Puducherry]]
{{further|List of rivers of Puducherry}}
The Union Territory of Puducherry consists of [[List of districts of Puducherry|four small unconnected districts]]: [[Puducherry district]] ({{cvt|293|sqkm|sqmi|disp=or}}), [[Karaikal district]] ({{cvt|161|sqkm|sqmi|disp=or}}) and [[Yanam district]] ({{cvt|20|sqkm|sqmi|disp=or}}) on the [[Bay of Bengal]] and [[Mahé district]] ({{cvt|9|sqkm|sqmi|disp=or}}) on the [[Laccadive Sea]], covering a total area of {{cvt|483|sqkm|sqmi}}. Puducherry and Karaikal have the largest areas and population, and are both [[enclaves]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Yanam and Mahé are enclaves of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Kerala]], respectively. Its population, as per the [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]], is 1,394,467. Puducherry is the smallest union territory in terms of sea coastline with 30.6 km length.{{cn|date=March 2026}}

Some of Puducherry's regions are themselves amalgamations of non-contiguous enclaves, often called "pockets" in India. The Puducherry region is made of 11 such pockets, some of which are very small and entirely surrounded by the territory of Tamil Nadu. Mahé region is made up of three pockets. This unusual geography is a legacy of the [[Colonialism|colonial period]] with Puducherry retaining the borders of former [[French India]].{{cn|date=March 2026}}

All four regions of Puducherry are located in the coastal region. Five rivers in [[Puducherry district]], seven in [[Karaikal district]], two in [[Mahé district]] and one in [[Yanam district]] drain into the sea, but none originates within the territory.{{cn|date=March 2026}}

==Districts==
* [[Puducherry district|Pondicherry district]] is an enclave of [[Tamil Nadu]], also serves as the capital of Union Territory of Puducherry.
* [[Karaikal district]] is an enclave of [[Tamil Nadu]].
* [[Mahé district]] is an enclave of [[Kerala]].
* [[Yanam district]] is an enclave of [[Andhra Pradesh]].

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=2,46,354|13=1911|14=2,57,179|15=1921|16=2,44,156|17=1931|18=2,58,628|19=1941|20=2,85,011|21=1951|22=3,17,253|23=1961|24=3,69,079|25=1971|26=4,71,707|27=1981|28=6,04,471|29=1991|30=8,07,785|31=2001|32=9,74,345|33=2011|34=12,47,953|35=2021|36=16,91,969|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=right}}{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Puducherry
|label1 = [[Hinduism]]
|color1 = DarkOrange
|value1 = 87.3
|label2 = [[Christianity]]
|color2 = DodgerBlue
|value2 = 6.3
|label3 = [[Islam]]
|color3 = Green
|value3 = 6.1
|label4 = Others
|value4 = 0.4
|color4 = Grey
}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], [[Hinduism]] is the major religion, adhered to by 87.3% of the population. Other religions practiced in the territory include [[Christianity]] (6.3%) and [[Islam]] (6.1%).<ref>{{cite web|title=Population by religion community – 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2011|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Puducherry Hindu Muslim Population |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/state/34-puducherry.html |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Puducherry District Religion Data - Hindu/Muslim |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/district/482-puducherry.html |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Language in Puducherry
| label1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| color1 = DarkOrange
| value1 = 88.22
| label2 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| color2 = DodgerBlue
| value2 = 5.96
| label3 = [[Malayalam]]
| color3 = Green
| value3 = 3.84
| label4 = Others
| value4 = 1.98
| color4 = Grey
}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] is the major language spoken by 88.22% of the population. Other languages spoken in the territory include [[Telugu language|Telugu]] (5.96%) and [[Malayalam]] (3.84%).{{cn|date=March 2026}}

== Government and administration ==

{{main|Puducherry Legislative Assembly|Pondicherry Municipal Council}}

{{See also|List of lieutenant governors of Puducherry|List of chief ministers of Puducherry|List of districts of Puducherry}}

[[File:Puducherry Electoral Constituencies Map.svg|thumb|Puducherry Assembly seats]]

Puducherry is a [[union territory]] of India rather than a state, which implies that governance and administration fall directly under federal authority. It is one of three union territories (with the [[Delhi|National Capital Territory of Delhi]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]) entitled by a [[Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India|special constitutional amendment]] to an elected legislative assembly and cabinet of ministers, thereby conveying partial statehood.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lankabbc.com/blog/tag/pondicherry |title=Lanka BBC Info Know Puducherry: Government Name Pondicherry As Puducherry |website=lankabbc.com |date=29 June 2012 |access-date=24 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202235835/https://lankabbc.com/blog/tag/pondicherry/ |archive-date=2 February 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> There has been some interest by the territory's government in receiving full statehood, but budgetary issues remain a consideration. Also, [[Mahe district|Mahe]] and [[Yanam district|Yanam]] may oppose such a change of status.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2018/jul/26/will-pondys-attempt-to-get-statehood-succeed-1848833.html|title=Will Pondy's attempt to get statehood succeed?|website=The New Indian Express|date=26 July 2018 }}</ref>

The central government is represented by the [[List of lieutenant governors of Puducherry|Lieutenant Governor]], who resides at the [[Raj Niwas, Pondicherry|Raj Nivas]] (Le Palais du Gouverneur) at the Park, the former palace of the French governor. The central government is more directly involved in the territory's financial well-being unlike states, which have a central grant that they administer. Consequently, Puducherry has at various times, enjoyed lower taxes, especially in the [[indirect taxation|indirect]] category.{{cn|date=March 2026}}

=== Special administration status ===

According to the Treaty of Cession of 1956, the [[French India|four territories of former French India]] territorial administration are permitted to make laws with respect to specific matters. In many cases, such legislation may require ratification from the federal government or the assent of the [[President of India]].{{cn|date=March 2026}}

Article II of the Treaty states:
<blockquote>{{lang|fr|Ces établissements conserveront le bénéfice du statut administratif spécial en vigueur avant le 1er novembre 1954. Toute modification constitutionnelle à ce statut ne pourra intervenir, le cas échéant, qu'après consultation de la population.}} (The Establishments will keep the benefit of the special administrative status which was in force prior to 1 November 1954. Any constitutional changes in this status which may be made subsequently shall be made after ascertaining the wishes of the people).</blockquote>

=== Languages ===
{{main|Official languages of Puducherry}}

The most widely spoken first language is [[Tamil language|Tamil]], which is native to {{sigfig|88.237|3}}% of the population. There are also speakers of [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ({{sigfig|5.9585|2}}%), [[Malayalam]] ({{sigfig|3.8448|2}}%) and [[Urdu]] ({{sigfig|0.6913|1}}%). The official languages of Puducherry are [[French language|French]],<ref name="1963assemblyresolution">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SbHeDwAAQBAJ|title=The Legacy of French Rule in India (1674–1954): An investigation of a process of Creolization|author= Animesh Rai|publisher= Institut français de Pondichéry|year=2020|isbn=979-1036549892 }}</ref> [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] (in [[Yanam district|Yanam]]), [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] (in [[Mahe district|Mahe]]) and [[English language|English]]. An official mention in [[Rajya Sabha]] Parliamentary debates during 2006 confirms that Puducherry has all these five languages as official.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GwsNAQAAMAAJ |title=Parliamentary Debates: Official Report, Volume 208, Issues 18–19 |author=India. Parliament. Rajya Sabha |date=2006|page=263 |website=www.gstcouncil.gov.in |publisher=Council of States Secretariat |access-date=3 August 2022 |quote=}}</ref>
{{Pie chart
|caption=Distribution of languages in Union Territory of Puducherry (2011)<ref>{{Cite web | title=India - C-16: Population by mother tongue, Puducherry - 2011 | url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10218 | access-date=2025-04-07 | website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] |value1 = 88.22 |color1 = royalblue
|label2 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]|value2 = 5.96 |color2 = green
|label3 = [[Malayalam]] |value3 = 3.84 |color3 = deeppink
|label4 = Others |value4 = 1.98 |color4 = gold
}}

==== Continuation of French ====
Even after the de facto transfer of the French Indian settlements in November 1954, [[French language|French]] continued to remain as the [[official language]] according to Article XXVIII of the {{lang|fr|[[Treaty establishing De Jure Cession of French Establishments in India|Traité de Cession]]}} (Treaty of Cession) of 1956.{{cn|date=March 2026}}

Article XXVIII of the Treaty states:
<blockquote>{{lang|fr|Le français restera langue officielle des Établissements aussi longtemps que les répresentants élus de la population n'auront pas pris une décision différente.}} (The French language shall remain the official language of the Establishments so long as the elected representatives of the people shall not decide otherwise).</blockquote>

The [[Official languages of Puducherry#1963 Resolution by Representative Assembly|1963 Pondicherry representative assembly resolution]] also voted for continuance of French as official language and addition of other languages spoken in Puducherry such as Tamil, Telugu and Malayalam along with English and Hindi.<ref name=1963assemblyresolution/>{{rp|151–152}}

==== Inclusion of other languages ====
Considering the 1956 Treaty of cession and 1963 Assembly resolution, the 1963 Union Territories Act reconfirmed the 1963 resolution that French shall continue to be used as an official language unless the legislative assembly decides otherwise. The 1963 act allowed provision for inclusion of more official languages. Two years later, new official languages were recognised by The Pondicherry Official Language Act, 1965 which makes no mention of French (but also not officially denying it) implying the implicit continuation of its official language status. The same act stated that the Tamil language shall be the language to be used for all or any of the official purposes of the Union territory and the same official recognition is given for English. The same act also recognized officially Malayalam and Telugu in the Mahé and Yanam districts respectively.<ref name="1965act" />

The widespread [[anti-Hindi agitations]] in the mid-1960s in South India would have prompted for inclusion of all the languages suggested in the 1963 assembly resolution except Hindi in the list of official languages of Puducherry. While the Union Territory official gazette's name is in French ({{lang|fr|La Gazette de L'État de Poudouchéry}}), it is published exclusively in English.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gstcouncil.gov.in/sites/default/files/sgst-notification/PUD-(R)-(18)-9.pdf |title=La Gazette de L'État de Poudouchéry The Gazette of Puducherry |author= |date=25 January 2018 |website=www.gstcouncil.gov.in |publisher= |access-date=30 June 2022 |quote=}}</ref>

=== Judiciary ===
The jurisdiction of the [[Madras High Court]] has been extended to Pondicherry with effect from 6 November 1962.<ref>Pondicherry (Administration) Act of 1962</ref> The [[Chief Justice]] of the Madras High Court is the head of the judiciary of Puducherry. The present chief justice is [[Sanjay V. Gangapurwala|S. V. Gangapurwala]].<ref>{{cite news |date=22 May 2023 |title=Justice Munishwar Math Bhandari takes oath as acting Chief Justice of Madras High Court |language=en |work=DT Next |url=https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s35d6646aad9bcc0be55b2c82f69750387/uploads/2022/12/2022121132.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725060022/https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s35d6646aad9bcc0be55b2c82f69750387/uploads/2022/12/2022121132.pdf |archive-date=25 July 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-12 |title=Justice S V Gangapurwala appointed as Acting Chief Justice of Bombay High Court |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/justice-s-v-gangapurwala-acting-chief-justice-bombay-high-court-8319889/ |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Economy ==

The gross domestic product of Puducherry, at market prices estimated by the [[Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation]] with figures in millions of [[Indian rupee]]s grew from 1,840 to 258,190 million rupees from 1980 to 2014.{{cn|date=March 2026}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year || Gross domestic product{{Clarify|date=June 2019}}
|-
| 1980 || 1,840
|-
| 1985 || 3,420
|-
| 1990 || 6,030
|-
| 1995 || 13,200
|-
| 2000 || 37,810
|-
| 2010 || 130,920
|-
| 2014 || 258,190<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://statisticstimes.com/economy/economy-of-puducherry.php|title=Economy of Puducherry - StatisticsTimes.com|website=statisticstimes.com|access-date=3 August 2019|archive-date=15 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715221222/http://statisticstimes.com/economy/economy-of-puducherry.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.southasiaathudson.org/indian-states-1/2016/4/5/puducherry|title=Union Territory of Puducherry|website=South Asia Program at Hudson Institute|access-date=3 August 2019|archive-date=3 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803053937/http://www.southasiaathudson.org/indian-states-1/2016/4/5/puducherry|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[[List of Indian states by GDP]]</ref>{{Better source needed|date=June 2019}}
|}

===Fisheries===
The potential for [[fishery|fisheries]] is substantial in the Union Territory. The four regions of the Union Territory have a coastline of 45 km with {{var|675|km2}} of inshore waters, {{convert|1.347|ha}} of inland water and 800 ha of [[brackish water]]. 27 marine fishing villages and 23 inland fishing villages host a fishermen population of about 65,000 of which 13,000 are actively engaged in fishing. Tanks and ponds are also tapped for commercial fish rearing.{{cn|date=March 2026}}

===Tourism===
{{Main|Tourism in Puducherry}}

Puducherry is one of the most popular tourist spots in India for national and international tourists. Puducherry was the residence of [[Sri Aurobindo]] (1872–1950) and the [[Sri Aurobindo Ashram]] still operates from Puducherry. A unique experimental city [[Auroville]], the brainchild of [[Mirra Alfassa|the Mother]], whose inhabitants are drawn from all parts of the world is situated on the outskirts of the city. There are several temples, churches, monuments, parks, and mosques which attract tourists.{{cn|date=March 2026}}

<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
Puducherry Park Monument.JPG|[[Aayi Mandapam (monument)]]
File:Puducherry Coast.jpg|Puducherry Coast view
File:Mahe Boat House.jpg|Mahe riverside
File:A camel on the beach in Puducherry, Tamil Nadu, India.jpg|A camel on the beach in Puducherry, India
File:Karaikal Church.jpg|Karaikal church
File:Puducherry Immaculate Conception Cathedral retouched.jpg|[[Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Pondicherry|Immaculate Conception Cathedral]]
File:Karaikal main road.JPG|Downtown Karaikal
File:Microcarbo niger (Vieillot, 1817) (48917851913).jpg|[[Oussudu Bird Sanctuary]]
File:Karaikal-Grand Masjid.jpg|Karaikal Periyapalli
File:Karaikal Beach JEG2444.JPG|Karaikal Beach
</gallery>

==Transportation==

=== Rail ===
[[File:Puducherry train station.JPG|thumbnail|[[Pondicherry railway station|Puducherry railway station]]]]
Puducherry is connected by a railway branch line from the five-way junction at [[Viluppuram]] and [[Chennai]]. The railway line is a [[broad gauge]] line with 16 originating trains and 17 terminating trains.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/puducherry-pondicherry-pdy/1232|title=Pondicherry Station - 16 Train Departures SR/Southern Zone - Railway Enquiry|last=karthik|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=17 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817161727/https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/puducherry-pondicherry-pdy/1232|archive-date=17 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

Meanwhile [[Karaikal district|Karaikal]] and [[Mahé district|Mahe]] also well connected by railway lines. [[Peralam–Karaikal line|Several railway lines]] are also under construction in [[Karaikal district]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rajaram|first=R.|date=2021-02-05|title=Karaikal-Peralam railway line project gets an impetus|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/karaikal-peralam-railway-line-project-gets-an-impetus/article33761412.ece|access-date=2021-05-12|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The nearest major railway station to Yanam is [[Kakinada Town railway station|Kakinada]] (CCT) in Andhra Pradesh (33 KM).{{cn|date=March 2026}}

=== Air ===
Puducherry has an airport called [[Pondicherry Airport|Puducherry Airport]]. It has flight operations between Puducherry and Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Puducherry airport becomes AAI's first 100% solar-powered airport - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/puducherry/puducherry-airport-becomes-aais-first-100-solar-powered-airport/articleshow/78464506.cms|access-date=2021-05-12|website=The Times of India|date=3 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref> A new airport is proposed in Karaikal which is called as [[Karaikal Airport]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-03-04|title=Greenfield airport at Karaikal waiting to take wings|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/greenfield-airport-at-karaikal-waiting-to-take-wings/article30979514.ece|access-date=2021-05-12|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The nearest airport to Yanam is [[Rajahmundry Airport]] ([[IATA airport code|IATA]]: RJA, [[ICAO airport code|ICAO]]: VORY), 90 KM away.{{cn|date=March 2026}}

=== Sea ===
Puducherry U.T. has several ports namely Karaikal port, Puducherry port, Mahe port. Among them, the largest port is [[Karaikal Port]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=India's Largest Private Port to Handle large Vessels and Diverse Cargo Mix|url=https://karaikalport.com/|access-date=2021-05-12|website=karaikalport.com}}</ref>

=== Road ===
{{Main|Pondicherry District road network}}

{{further|Puducherry Road Transport Corporation}}
Puducherry has a network all-weather metalled roads connecting the territory. Puducherry has a road length of 2,552 km (road length per 4.87 km2), the highest in the country. [[Puducherry Road Transport Corporation|PRTC]] buses play a vital role in Puducherry U.T.{{cn|date=March 2026}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="4" | Road length comparison with Tamil Nadu and India as a whole
|-
! colspan="3" | Total road length (in Puducherry)
| 2,552 km
|-
! rowspan="2" | Road length per 1000 km2
! Puducherry
! Tamil Nadu
! India
|-
| 4,575
| 1,572
| 663
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Classification of roads
! Type of road
! Length (km)
|-
| align="left" | National highways || 64.450
|-
| align="left" | State highways || 49.304
|-
| align="left" | District and other roads {{blist|Puducherry– 173.384| [[Karaikal]]– 55.162| [[Mahé, India|Mahé]]– 19.622| [[Yanam]]– 26.460}} || '''274.628'''
|-
| align="left" | Rural roads {{blist|Puducherry–164.964| [[Karaikal]]– 83.470}} || '''248.434'''
|-
!Total length|| 636.816
|}

== Education ==
[[File:JIPMER admin block.jpg|thumb|[[Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research]]]]
{{main|List of educational institutions in Puducherry}}

According to the 2011 census, Puducherry had a literacy rate of 86.55.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf|title=Ranking of states and union territories by literacy rate: 2011|publisher=Government of India|access-date=2 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706191931/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf|archive-date=6 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Pondicherry University]] is a university centrally located in Puducherry.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pondicherry University |url=http://www.pondiuni.edu.in/about_uni.htm |publisher=Pondicherry University |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110425174938/http://www.pondiuni.edu.in/about_uni.htm |archive-date=25 April 2011 }}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
{{in popular culture|date=December 2020}}
* Puducherry was the setting for [[Yann Martel]]'s first third of his [[Booker Prize]]-winning novel ''[[Life of Pi]]'' (2001). A portion of the subsequent [[Life of Pi (film)|film adaptation]] was filmed there.<ref name=IMDBLifeofPi>{{cite web|title=Filming Locations|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0454876/locations|publisher=[[IMDb]]|access-date=3 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201104912/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0454876/locations|archive-date=1 December 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Lee Langley]]'s novel ''A House in Pondicherry'' (1996) was set there.
* Prince Pondicherry is an Indian character from [[Roald Dahl]]'s children's novel ''[[Charlie and the Chocolate Factory]]'' (1964). The prince orders [[Willy Wonka]] to build a palace of chocolate in [[India]]; the palace melts in the hot sun.

==Tourism==
{{Main|Tourism in Puducherry}}

Pondicherry is the capital city of The Union Territory of Puducherry and is one of the most popular tourist destinations in South India. A French colony until 1954, its old town retains a number of [[colonial architecture]] buildings, churches, statues, and systematic town planning, as well great influences from the local Tamil architecture. Due to its coastal situation, this town offers a vast array of watersport events and watersport based tourism such as boating, kayaking, etc.{{cn|date=March 2026}}

===Tourism in Karaikal===
'''Thirunallar Temple'''
{{main|Tirunallar Dharbaranyeswarar Temple}}

The Dharbaranyeswarar Temple, popularly known as Tirunallar Saniswaran Temple, is one of the [[Navagraha]] shrines of Tanjore. This Hindu temple dedicated to the deities Shiva and [[Shani]] (Saturn), is located in the Thirunallar commune of Karaikal district.

===Tourism in Mahe===
'''Mooppenkunnu (Hillock)'''
The Mooppenkunnu is a [[Hillock]]. It is a Heritage picnic spot situated in Mahé district. The hillock contains the historic Light House and is a famous sunset view point.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mahe.gov.in/tourist-place/tp-hillock/|title=Hillock (Mooppenkunnu) | Mahe | India}}</ref>

'''Walkway'''
[[File:Mahe Boat House.jpg|thumb| ]]
The walkway is located on the banks of [[Mahé River]] is one of the major tourist attraction of the district. The walkway surrounds around the landscape of the Mahé town.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mahe.gov.in/tourist-place/tp-walkway/|title=Walkway | Mahe | India}}</ref>

'''Azhimukham'''
Azhimukham is the estuary of [[Mahe River|Mahé River]] and the Arabian Sea. It consists of Tagore Park and a 2 km walkway along the bank of river from the estuary towards Mahé Bridge.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mahe.gov.in/tourist-place/tp-azhimukham/|title=Azhimukham | Mahe | India}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Geography|Asia|India}}
* [[Puducherry (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
* [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Chandannagar]]
* [[Compagnie des Indes (disambiguation)|Compagnie des Indes]]
* [[French colonial empire]]
* [[Municipal Administration in French India]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikivoyage|Pondicherry (union territory)}}
{{commons category|Puducherry (union territory)}}
{{wikiquote}}
* [https://www.py.gov.in/ Official website of the Government of the Union Territory of Puducherry]
* [http://mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/5302/Treaty+establishing+De+Jure+Cession+of+French+Establishments+in+India Treaty establishing De Jure Cession of French Establishments in India]
* [http://tourism.puducherry.gov.in/ Official website of Department of Tourism, Pondicherry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515172229/http://tourism.puducherry.gov.in/ |date=15 May 2017 }}
* [https://www.pondicherrymedia.com/ Official website of Pondicherry Media, Pondicherry]
* {{Wikivoyage inline}}
{{Puducherry}}
{{States and territories of India}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Puducherry| ]]
[[Category:Southwest India|.]]
[[Category:Union territories of India]]
[[Category:Countries and territories where English is an official language]]
[[Category:Countries and territories where French is an official language]]
[[Category:Countries and territories where Tamil is an official language]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1963]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in India]]
[[Category:States and union territories of India]]
[[Category:Subnational enclaves and exclaves in India]]

Papua New Guinea

2026-03-29T04:52:39Z

Aebeez: brief expanded details as per guidelines and fixed typos

{{Short description|Country in Oceania}}
{{About|the country in Oceania|the whole island|New Guinea|the Indonesian half of the island|Western New Guinea|the single by the Future Sound of London|Papua New Guinea (record)|other uses|Papua (disambiguation)|and|Guinea (disambiguation)|and|PNG (disambiguation)}}
{{Distinguish|Guinea|Equatorial Guinea}}
{{good article}}
{{pp-move-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Australian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Independent State of Papua New Guinea
| native_name = {{ubl|{{native name|tpi|Independen Stet bilong Papua Niugini}}|{{native name|ho|Gau Hedinarai ai Papua–Matamata Guinea}}}}
| common_name = Papua New Guinea
| image_flag = Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg
| alt_flag = A black triangle with the Southern Cross marked with five white stars next to a red triangle with a golden bird-of-paradise
| image_symbol = National emblem of Papua New Guinea.svg
| symbol_type = [[Emblem of Papua New Guinea|Emblem]]
| symbol_width = 130
| alt_symbol = A stylised bird-of-paradise standing on a spear and kundu drum
| national_motto = {{'}}[[Unity in diversity]]'<ref name="Reilly2004"/>{{rp|52}}
| national_anthem = "[[O Arise, All You Sons]]"<ref>{{cite web |date=6 February 2006 |title=Never more to rise |url=http://www.thenational.com.pg/020606/w5.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713212154/http://www.thenational.com.pg/020606/w5.htm |archive-date=13 July 2007 |access-date=19 January 2005 |work=The National}}</ref><ref name="cia" />{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:O Arise, All You Sons (instrumental).ogg]]}}
| image_map = PNG orthographic.svg
| map_caption = {{map caption |location_color= green}}
| alt_map = Papua New Guinea in green with Southeast Asia and other areas of Asia to its west and northwest, Australia to the south, and the large Pacific ocean to the east
| languages_type = Official languages
| languages = {{hlist |[[Papua New Guinean English|English]]|[[Hiri Motu]] |[[Papua New Guinean Sign Language|PNG Sign Language]]|[[Tok Pisin]]<ref name="cia" /><ref name="sign">{{cite news |date=21 May 2015 |title=Sign language becomes an official language in PNG |url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/274199/sign-language-becomes-an-official-language-in-png |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528060527/http://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/274199/sign-language-becomes-an-official-language-in-png |archive-date=28 May 2015 |access-date=28 May 2015 |publisher=[[Radio New Zealand]]}}</ref>}}
| languages2_type = '''Indigenous languages'''
| languages2_sub = yes
| languages2 = [[Languages of Papua New Guinea|839 languages]]<ref name="ethnologue"/>
| ethnic_groups =
| religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap;
|{{Tree list}}
*95.5% [[Christianity]] ([[State Religion|official]])<ref name="official">{{cite news |last=Waide |first=Scott |date=13 March 2025 |title=Papua New Guinea declares Christian identity in constitutional amendment |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/pacific/544665/papua-new-guinea-declares-christian-identity-in-constitutional-amendment |website=[[Radio New Zealand]]}}</ref>
**64.3% [[Protestantism]]
**26.0% [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]]
**5.2% other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]]
{{Tree list/end}}
|3.1% unspecified
|1.4% [[Religion in Papua New Guinea|other]]s or [[Irreligion|none]]
}}
| religion_year = 2011
| religion_ref = <ref name="2011 stat report">{{cite web |last1=Koloma |first1=Roko |last2=Kele |first2=Hajily |title=Papua New Guinea 2011 National Report-National Statistical Office |url=http://sdd.spc.int/en/resources/document-library?view=preview&format=raw&fileId=218 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812174041/http://sdd.spc.int/en/resources/document-library?view=preview&format=raw&fileId=218 |archive-date=12 August 2017 |access-date=2 September 2016 |website=sdd.spc.int}}</ref>
| demonym = [[Demographics of Papua New Guinea|Papua New Guinean]]
| capital = [[Port Moresby]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|09|28|44|S|147|08|58|E|type:city}}
| largest_city = [[Port Moresby]]
| government_type = Unitary parliamentary [[constitutional monarchy]]
| leader_title1 = [[Monarchy of Papua New Guinea|Monarch]]
| leader_name1 = [[Charles III]]
| leader_title2 = [[Governor-General of Papua New Guinea|Governor-General]]
| leader_name2 = [[Bob Dadae]]
| leader_title3 = [[Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name3 = [[James Marape]]
| legislature = [[National Parliament of Papua New Guinea|National Parliament]]
| sovereignty_type = Independence
| sovereignty_note = from [[Australia]]
| established_event1 = [[Papua and New Guinea Act 1949|Administrative union]]
| established_date1 = 1 July 1949
| established_event2 = [[Papua New Guinea Independence Act 1975|Independence]]
| established_date2 = 16 September 1975
| area_rank = 54th
| area_km2 = 462,840
| area_sq_mi = 178,703
| percent_water = 2.2
| population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 11,781,559<ref>{{cite web |title=Population | National Statistical Office | Papua New Guinea |url=https://www.nso.gov.pg/statistics/population/#118-118-top-p2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720004458/https://www.nso.gov.pg/statistics/population/#118-118-top-p2 |archive-date=20 July 2023 |access-date=20 July 2023}}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 2021
| population_estimate_rank = 93rd
| population_census = 10,185,363 <ref>{{Cite report |url=https://png.unfpa.org/en/publications/2024-national-population-census-final-figures |title=2024 National Population Census Final Figures |publisher=Government of Papua New Guinea |via=[[United Nations Population Fund|UNFPA]] in Papua New Guinea}}</ref>
| population_census_year = 2024
| population_density_km2 = 25.5
| population_density_sq_mi = 34.62
| population_density_rank =
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $41.810 billion<ref name="IMF202504">{{cite web |date=April 2025 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |access-date=24 June 2025 |publisher=International Monetary Fund}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_rank = 135th
| GDP_PPP_year = 2025
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $3,760<ref name="IMF202504"/>
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 162nd
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $32.840 billion<ref name="IMF202504"/>
| GDP_nominal_rank = 108th
| GDP_nominal_year = 2025
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $2,560<ref name="IMF202504"/>
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 142nd
| Gini_year = 2009
| Gini_change = 
| Gini = 41.9 
| Gini_ref = <ref name="gini">{{cite web |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=PG |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407160303/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI%3Flocations%3DPG |archive-date=7 April 2019 |access-date=23 February 2019 |website=data.worldbank.org |publisher=[[World Bank]]}}</ref>
| Gini_rank =
| HDI = 0.576 
| HDI_year = 2023
| HDI_change = increase 
| HDI_ref = <ref name="Conceição2025">{{cite book |last=Conceição |first=Pedro |title=Human Development Report 2025 |date=2025 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |isbn=9789211542639 |page=276 |issn=2412-3129}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 160th
| currency = [[Papua New Guinean kina|Kina]]
| currency_code = PGK
| time_zone = [[Time in Papua New Guinea|PNGST]]
| utc_offset = +10, +11
| time_zone_DST =
| utc_offset_DST =
| drives_on = left
| cctld = [[.pg]]
| calling_code = [[+675]]
}}
'''Papua New Guinea'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|æ|p|(|j|)|u|ə|...|ˈ|ɡ|ɪ|n|i|,_|ˈ|p|ɑː|-|audio=En-us-Papua New Guinea.ogg}}, {{Small|also}} {{IPAc-en|US|ˈ|p|ɑː|p|w|ə|-|,_|ˈ|p|ɑː|p|(|j|)|ə|-}}<ref>{{citation |last=Jones |first=Daniel |title=English Pronouncing Dictionary |year=2003 |editor1=Peter Roach |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-3-12-539683-8 |author-link=Daniel Jones (phonetician) |editor-first2=James |editor-last2=Hartmann |editor-first3=Jane |editor-last3=Setter |orig-year=1917}}</ref>}} (PNG), officially the '''Independent State of Papua New Guinea''',<ref>{{cite web |title=Constitution of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Papua_New_Guinea_2016.pdf?lang=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225145945/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Papua_New_Guinea_2016.pdf?lang=en |archive-date=25 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022}}</ref> is an [[island country]] in [[Oceania]] that comprises the eastern half of the island of [[New Guinea]] and offshore islands in [[Melanesia]], a region of the southwestern [[Pacific Ocean]] north of [[Australia]]. It has [[Indonesia–Papua New Guinea border|a land border with Indonesia]] to the west and [[maritime border]]s with Australia to the south and the [[Solomon Islands]] to the east. Its capital is [[Port Moresby]]. The country's {{convert|462840|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} includes a large mainland and hundreds of islands.

The territory of Papua New Guinea was split in the 1880s between [[German New Guinea]] in the north and the British [[Territory of Papua]] in the south, the latter of which was ceded to Australia in 1902. All of present-day Papua New Guinea came under Australian control following [[World War I]], although it remained two distinct territories. The nation was the site of fierce fighting during the [[New Guinea campaign]] of [[World War II]], following which [[Papua and New Guinea Act 1949|the two territories were united]] in 1949. Papua New Guinea became an independent [[Commonwealth realm]] in 1975. Representing the [[Monarchy of Papua New Guinea|King]] is a [[Governor-General of Papua New Guinea|Governor-General]]. Politics take place within a [[Westminster system]], with the government led by a [[Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea|prime minister]]. Members of the National Parliament, the unicameral legislative body of Papua New Guinea, also serve as [[Provinces of Papua New Guinea|provincial]] leaders.

The population is highly rural, with only 14% living in urban centres in 2023. The persistence of traditional communities and lifestyles are explicitly protected by the [[Law of Papua New Guinea#Constitution|Papua New Guinea Constitution]]. While official population estimates suggest the population is around 11.8 million, estimates using satellite data put the number closer to 17 million. The population is extremely diverse. There are [[languages of Papua New Guinea|840 known spoken languages]], making it the most linguistically diverse country in the world. Cultural practices are similarly diverse. Many cultural and linguistic groups are small, although English and [[Tok Pisin]] serve as common languages. This diversity has led to friction, especially in politics, and the government has struggled to combat [[violence against women]].

The country has a large Christian majority population, of several different denominations, and in March 2025 its constitution was amended to adopt Christianity as the official state religion.<ref name=official/>

The rural and diverse population is a result of highly mountainous [[geography]]. The land supports around 5% of all known species, and the export-driven economy is also dependent on natural resources. Papua New Guinea is a [[developing economy]] where nearly 40% of the population are [[Subsistence agriculture|subsistence farmers]] living relatively independently of the [[Monetary economics|cash economy]]. The country retains [[Australia–Papua New Guinea relations|close ties to Australia]], and has enhanced ties with both Asia and the Pacific.

==Etymology==
''Papua'' is derived from a local term of uncertain origin, that may have referred to at least part of the island now called [[New Guinea]]. In 1526 [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] explorer [[Jorge de Menezes]] named the island {{lang|pt|Ilhas dos Papuas}}.<ref name="tides">{{cite book |last1=Pickell |first1=David |last2=Müller |first2=Kal |name-list-style=amp |title=Between the Tides: A Fascinating Journey among the Kamoro of New Guinea |publisher=Tuttle Publishing |year=2002 |page=153 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WUtz2hjvPvMC&pg=PA153 |isbn=978-0-7946-0072-3 |access-date=18 October 2015 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407104414/https://books.google.com/books?id=WUtz2hjvPvMC&pg=PA153 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Madden2022">{{cite book |author=Duncan Madden |year=2022 |title=Found in Translation: The Unexpected Origins of Place Names |publisher=Hachette UK |isbn=9781529369939 |chapter=Papua New Guinea |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2rx-EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT228}}</ref> The word "Papua" has applied to various areas of New Guinea since then, with its inclusion in "Papua New Guinea" coming from its use for the Territory of Papua.<ref name="Rottman2001">{{cite book |author=Gordon L. Rottman |date=2001 |title=World War II Pacific Island Guide: A Geo-Military Study |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=9780313075582 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g7bOEAAAQBAJ}}</ref>{{rp|147}}<ref name="Bourke2009"/>{{rp|11}}

"New Guinea" ({{lang|es|Nueva Guinea}}) was the name coined by the [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] explorer [[Yñigo Ortiz de Retez]]. In 1545, he noted the resemblance of the people to those he had earlier seen along the [[Guinea (region)|Guinea]] coast of Africa. Guinea, in its turn, is etymologically derived from the [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] word ''[[wikt:Guiné|Guiné]]''. The name is one of several [[Toponymy|toponyms]] sharing similar [[Place name origins|etymologies]], which likely mean "of the burnt face" or similar, in reference to the [[dark skin]] of the inhabitants.<ref name="Madden2022"/> Its use in the country name comes from German New Guinea, later the [[Territory of New Guinea]], which was united with the territory of Papua.<ref name="Rottman2001"/>{{rp|147}}

== History ==
{{main|History of Papua New Guinea}}

===First settlement===
[[File:Female gable image, Sawos people, Papua New Guinea, Bishop Museum, 1989.400.358.JPG|thumb|alt=Wooden status of a woman sitting with her legs open|Female gable image, Sawos people, Oceanic art in the [[Bishop Museum]]]]
Archaeological evidence indicates that modern humans first arrived in what became [[Sahul|New Guinea and Australia]], as well as the [[Bismarck Archipelago]], around 42,000 to 45,000 years ago. [[Bougainville Island|Bougainville]] was settled by around 28,000 years ago, and the more distant [[Manus Island]] by around 20,000 years ago. These were part of the [[Early human migrations|earliest migrations of humans]] from Africa, and the resulting populations remained relatively isolated from the rest of the world throughout prehistory.<ref name="Bourke2009">{{cite book |author=R. Michael Bourke |editor1=R. Michael Bourke |editor2=Tracy Harwood |date=August 2009 |chapter=History of Agriculture in Papua New Guinea |title=Food and Agriculture in Papua New Guinea |publisher=ANU Press |doi=10.22459/FAPNG.08.2009 |doi-access=free |isbn=9781921536618 |url=https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/food-and-agriculture-papua-new-guinea}}</ref>{{rp|11}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=O'Connell |first1=James F. |last2=Allen |first2=Jim |chapter=Pre-LGM Sahul (Australia-New Guinea) and the archaeology of early modern humans |title=Rethinking the Human Revolution: New Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origin and Dispersal of Modern Humans |year=2007 |pages=395–410 |chapter-url=http://ereserve.library.utah.edu/Annual/ANTHR/3331/OConnell/pre.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2024 |access-date=14 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203092438/http://ereserve.library.utah.edu/Annual/ANTHR/3331/OConnell/pre.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Past sea level|Rising sea levels]] isolated New Guinea from Australia about 10,000 years ago, although [[Aboriginal Australians]] and [[Indigenous people of New Guinea|New Guineans]] had already diverged from each other from about 37,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite web | last=Klein | first=Christopher | title=DNA Study Finds Aboriginal Australians World's Oldest Civilization | website=History | date=23 September 2016 | url=https://www.history.com/news/dna-study-finds-aboriginal-australians-worlds-oldest-civilization | quote=Updated Aug 22, 2018 | access-date=16 July 2022 | archive-date=26 June 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626025610/https://www.history.com/news/dna-study-finds-aboriginal-australians-worlds-oldest-civilization | url-status=live }}</ref>

Agriculture was independently developed in the New Guinea highlands around 7000 BC, making it one of the few areas in the world [[Vavilov center|where people independently domesticated plants]].<ref>Diamond, J. (March 1997). ''Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies''. W.W. Norton & Company. {{ISBN|0-393-03891-2}}.</ref> Before the onset of full-scale agriculture, some plants had already been domesticated, including [[sago]], ''[[Canarium indicum]]'', and [[karuka]].<ref name="Bourke2009"/>{{rp|13}} Archaeological evidence shows that [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian-speaking]] peoples of the [[Lapita culture]] reached the Bismarck Archipelago by 3,300 years ago.<ref name="Summerhayes2019">{{cite journal |author=Glenn R. Summerhayes |year=2019 |title=Austronesian Expansions and the Role of Mainland New Guinea: A New Perspective |journal=Asian Perspectives |volume=58 |issue=2 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26792734 |pages=250–260|doi=10.1353/asi.2019.0015 |jstor=26792734 |hdl=10125/76784 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>{{rp|252}} It is unknown whether they also settled on the mainland at this time, but there is strong evidence of their presence in coastal areas from around 500 BC.<ref name="Summerhayes2019"/>{{rp|256}} These communities interacted with larger trade networks.<ref name="Gaffney2020">{{cite journal |author1=Dylan Gaffney |author2=Karen Greig |author3=Debbie Stoddart |author4=Monica Tromp |author5=Judith H. Field |author6=Sindy Luu |author7=Adelle C. F. Coster |author8=Tristan Russell |author9=Herman Mandui |author10=Glenn R. Summerhayes |year=2020 |title=Tropical Foodways and Exchange along the Coastal Margin of Northeastern New Guinea |journal=Journal of Field Archaeology |volume=45 |issue=6 |pages=498–511 |doi=10.1080/00934690.2020.1786285 }}</ref> It is likely through these trading networks that [[banana]] and [[sugarcane]] moved from New Guinea to other areas of the world.<ref name="Swadling2019">{{cite book |ref=Swadling |last=Swadling |first=Pamela |title=Plumes from Paradise |year=1996 |edition=2019 |publisher=Sydney University Press |isbn=978-1743-32-545-2 |url=https://open.sydneyuniversitypress.com.au/files/9781743325452.pdf}}</ref>{{rp|52–53}}

Trade became rarer around 300 AD, as demand for goods shifted to the [[Maluku Islands]] and [[Timor]]. After European interest in the region grew in the 16th century, Dutch influence grew over the [[Sultanate of Tidore]]. As Dutch authorities become more interested in New Guinea, they confirmed and extended the sultanate's claims over western New Guinea.<ref name="Swadling2019"/>{{rp|16–17}} Renewed trade began to spread to the eastern parts of New Guinea in the late 17th century, driven by demand for goods such as [[dammar gum]], [[sea cucumber]]s, [[pearl]]s, [[copra]], shells, and [[bird-of-paradise]] feathers.<ref name="Swadling2019"/>{{rp|18}}

On New Guinea, communities were economically linked through trading networks. Despite this, aside from some political alliances, each community functioned largely independently, relying on [[subsistence agriculture]].<ref name="May2004chapter4">{{cite book |author=R.J. May |date=May 2004 |title=State and Society in Papua New Guinea: The First Twenty-Five Years |publisher=ANU Press |isbn=9781920942052 |doi=10.22459/SSPNG.05.2004 |doi-access=free |url=https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/state-and-society-papua-new-guinea |chapter=4. Micronationalism in Papua New Guinea}}</ref>{{rp|51}} Goods were often traded along established chains, and some villagers would be familiar with and sometimes know the languages of the immediately neighbouring villages (although language by itself was not a marker of political allegiance). Some wider trading networks existed in maritime areas.<ref name="May2022chapter8">{{cite book |author=R.J. May |date=August 2022 |title=State and Society in Papua New Guinea, 2001–2021 |publisher=ANU Press |isbn=9781760465216 |doi=10.22459/SSPNG.2022 |doi-access=free |url=https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/series/pacific/state-society-papua-new-guinea-2001%E2%80%932021 |chapter=8. Harmonising linguistic diversity in Papua New Guinea}}</ref>{{rp|132–133}} While people did not move far along these routes, goods moved long distances through local exchanges, and cultural practices likely diffused along them.<ref name="Allen1983"/>{{rp|19–20}} Despite these links, the creation of larger political entities under European rule had no precedent, and in many cases brought together communities that historically had antagonistic relationships, or no relationship at all.<ref name="May2022chapter2">{{cite book |author=R.J. May |date=August 2022 |title=State and Society in Papua New Guinea, 2001–2021 |publisher=ANU Press |isbn=9781760465216 |doi=10.22459/SSPNG.2022 |doi-access=free |url=https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/series/pacific/state-society-papua-new-guinea-2001%E2%80%932021 |chapter=2. Political change in Papua New Guinea: Is it needed? Will it work?}}</ref>{{rp|11}}

===European influence===
It is likely that some ships from China and Southeast Asia visited the island at times, and that there was some contact with New Guinean communities.<ref name="Cornock2020">{{cite book |author=Oliver Cornock |date=2020 |title=The Report: Papua New Guinea 2020 |publisher=Oxford Business Group |isbn=9781912518562 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLFbEQAAQBAJ}}</ref>{{rp|10}} The Portuguese explorer [[António de Abreu]] was the first European to discover the island of New Guinea.<ref name="Rottman2001"/>{{rp|152}} [[Portuguese discoveries|Portuguese traders]] introduced the South American [[sweet potato]] to the [[Maluku Islands|Moluccas]]. From there, it likely spread into what is today Papua New Guinea sometime in the 17th or 18th century, initially from the southern coast. It soon spread inland to the highlands, and became a [[staple food]].<ref name="Swadling2019"/>{{rp|165, 282–283}} The introduction of the sweet potato, possibly alongside other agricultural changes, transformed traditional agriculture and societies. This likely led to the spread of the [[Big man (anthropology)|Big man]] social structure. Sweet potato largely supplanted the previous staple, [[taro]],<ref name="Denham2013">{{cite journal |author1=Tim Denham |year=2013 |title=Ancient and historic dispersals of sweet potato in Oceania |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=110 |issue=6 |pages=1982–1983 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1221569110 |doi-access=free |pmid=23355678 |pmc=3568348 |bibcode=2013PNAS..110.1982D }}</ref> and led to significant population growth in the highlands.<ref name="Roullier2013">{{cite journal |author1=C. Roullier |author2=R. Kambouo |author3=J. Paofa |author4=D. McKey |author5=V. Lebot |year=2013 |title=On the origin of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) genetic diversity in New Guinea, a secondary centre of diversity |journal=Heredity |volume=110 |issue=6 |pages=594–604 |doi=10.1038/hdy.2013.14 |pmid=23531982 |pmc=3656641 |bibcode=2013Hered.110..594R }}</ref>

[[File:New Guinea (1884-1919).png|thumb|left|alt=Flag map showing New Guinea divided between the Netherlands (west), Germany (northeast), and the United Kingdom (southeast)|New Guinea from 1884 to 1919. [[German colonial empire|Germany]] and [[British Empire|Britain]] controlled the eastern half of New Guinea.]]
By the 1800s, there was some trade with the [[Dutch East Indies]]. Beginning in the 1860s, people from New Guinea were effectively taken as slaves to [[Queensland]] and [[Fiji]] as part of the [[blackbirding]] trade. This was stopped in 1884.<ref name="RNZbriefhistory">{{cite web |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/collections/nff-png/about-png |title=Papua New Guinea – a brief history |publisher=Radio New Zealand |access-date=21 May 2025}}</ref> Most of those taken were from coastal Papua. Those who returned to New Guinea brought their experiences with Western culture with them, but the largest impact was the development of a [[Melanesian Pidgin]] that would eventually become the [[Tok Pisin]] language.<ref name="Lea2023">{{cite book |author=David Lea |date=24 April 2023 |title=Papua New Guinea in the Twenty-First Century: The Struggle for Development and Independence |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9781666917390 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cvu6EAAAQBAJ}}</ref>{{rp|9–10}}

Christianity was introduced to New Guinea on 15 September 1847 when a group of [[Society of Mary (Marists)|Marist missionaries]] went to [[Woodlark Island]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thenational.com.pg/lutheran-church-prepares-for-celebration/ |title=Lutheran church prepares for celebration |work=The National |date=12 April 2011 |access-date=28 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.licas.news/2021/03/10/history-of-evangelization-in-papua-new-guinea/ |title=History of evangelization in Papua New Guinea |work=LiCAS.news |date=10 March 2021 |access-date=28 April 2025}}</ref> Missions were the primary source of Western culture as well as religion.<ref name="Lea2023"/>{{rp|9}} The western half of the island was [[Dutch New Guinea|annexed by the Netherlands]] in 1848.<ref name="Swadling2019"/>{{rp|278}} The nearby [[Torres Strait Islands]] were annexed by Queensland in 1878,<ref name="Swadling2019"/>{{rp|280}} and Queensland attempted to annex some of New Guinea in 1883.<ref name="Rottman2001"/>{{rp|152}}<ref name="Gardner2024">{{cite journal |author1=Helen Gardner |author2=Jonathan Ritchie |author3=Brad Underhill |author4=Keimelo Gima |date=24 May 2024 |title=Wan Solwara: New Histories of Australia and Papua New Guinea |journal=Australian Historical Studies |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=223–232 |doi=10.1080/1031461X.2024.2335179 }}</ref>{{rp|227}} The eastern half of the island was divided between Germany in the north and the United Kingdom in the south in 1884.<ref name="May2004chapter15">{{cite book |author=R.J. May |date=May 2004 |title=State and Society in Papua New Guinea: The First Twenty-Five Years |publisher=ANU Press |isbn=9781920942052 |doi=10.22459/SSPNG.05.2004 |doi-access=free |url=https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/state-and-society-papua-new-guinea |chapter=15. From Promise to Crisis: A Political Economy of Papua New Guinea}}</ref>{{rp|302}} The [[German New Guinea Company]] had initially tried to develop plantations, but when this was not successful began to engage in barter trade.<ref name="Swadling2019"/>{{rp|219–221}} In the British area, gold was found near the [[Mambare River]] in 1895.<ref name="BBCTimeline">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-15593238 |title=Papua New Guinea profile – Timeline |work=BBC News |date=14 February 2018 |access-date=27 May 2025}}</ref>

[[File:Reading the proclamation of annexation, Mr Lawe's house, Port Moresby, New Guinea, November 1884 - photographer John Paine or Augustine E. Dyer (5708761723).jpg|thumb|alt=Sepia photo of a large crowd around a two-story building, with two raised flags in front of the building|[[British Empire|British]] [[annexation]] of southeast New Guinea in 1884]]
In 1888, the British protectorate was annexed by [[United Kingdom|Britain]]. In 1902, Papua was effectively transferred to the authority of the [[Federation of Australia|newly federated]] British [[dominion]] of [[Australia]]. With the passage of the [[Papua Act 1905]], the area was officially renamed the [[Territory of Papua]],<ref name="Gardner2024"/>{{rp|227}} and the Australian administration became formal in 1906,<ref name="BBCTimeline"/> with Papua becoming fully annexed as an Australian territory.<ref name="Gardner2024"/>{{rp|225}}

Under European rule, social relations amongst the New Guinean population changed. Tribal fighting decreased, while in new urban areas there was greater mixing as people moved to partake in the [[cash crop]] economy. The large inequality between colonial administrators and locals led to the emergence of what colonial governments called [[cargo cult]]s.<ref name="May2004chapter4"/>{{rp|52–53}} One of the most significant impacts was to changes in local travel. Colonial authorities outlawed tribal warfare, and it became normal to move for work, while roads increased the connectivity between inland areas.<ref name="Allen1983"/>{{rp|20–22}}

Colonial authorities generally worked with individual village representatives, although neither German nor British authorities developed an effective system of indirect rule.<ref name="May2004chapter9">{{cite book |author=R.J. May |date=May 2004 |title=State and Society in Papua New Guinea: The First Twenty-Five Years |publisher=ANU Press |isbn=9781920942052 |doi=10.22459/SSPNG.05.2004 |doi-access=free |url=https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/state-and-society-papua-new-guinea |chapter=9. (Re?)Discovering Chiefs: Traditional Authority and the Restructuring of Local Level Government in Papua New Guinea}}</ref>{{rp|209–210}} In German New Guinea [[Tok Pisin]] began to spread through local adoption, and was reluctantly used by German authorities.<ref name="May2022chapter8"/>{{rp|135–137}} In areas under British and then Australian governance, [[Hiri Motu]], a pidgin version of the [[Motu language]], became established as a ''de facto'' official language.<ref name="May2022chapter8"/>{{rp|137–139}}

Following the outbreak of [[World War I|World War I]] in 1914, Australian forces [[Australian occupation of German New Guinea|captured German New Guinea]] and occupied it throughout the war.<ref name="ABCTimeline"/> After the end of the war, the [[League of Nations]] authorised Australia to administer this area as a Class "C" [[League of Nations mandate]] territory from 9 May 1921, which became the [[Territory of New Guinea]].<ref name="Rottman2001"/>{{rp|152}}<ref name="Gardner2024"/>{{rp|228}}<ref name="BBCTimeline"/> The Territory of Papua and the new Mandate of New Guinea were administered separately.<ref name="Gardner2024"/>{{rp|228}} Gold was discovered in [[Bulolo]] in the 1920s, and prospectors searched other areas of the island. The [[New Guinea Highlands|highland valleys]] were explored by prospectors in the 1930s and were found to be inhabited by over a million people.<ref name="BBCTimeline"/>

===World War II and Australian rule===
[[File:Buna (AWM 014008).jpg|thumb|left|alt=A tank and some infantry walking through knee-high grass dotted with palm trees|Australian forces attack Japanese positions during the [[Battle of Buna–Gona]], 7 January 1943.]]
During [[World War II]], Japanese forces sought to capture Port Moresby, invading overland in mid-1942 and moving south in the [[Kokoda Track campaign]]. Australian forces carried out a number of [[rearguard]] actions as they withdrew almost to Port Moresby. In September an Australian counter-offensive began, and Japanese forces fought rearguard actions as they retreated north.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/E84663 |title=Kokoda Trail Campaign |publisher=Australian War Memorial |access-date=13 July 2025}}</ref> Australian forces were supported during this campaign through significant contributions from local soldiers and helpers.<ref name="RNZbriefhistory"/> While this campaign was ongoing, the Japanese launched the [[Battle of Milne Bay]], where their attack was repulsed by Australian and American forces. These events, along with the nearby [[Guadalcanal campaign]], marked a turning point in the [[Pacific War]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/kokoda-trail |title=Kokoda Trail |publisher=National Museum Australia |access-date=13 July 2025}}</ref> A [[Attrition warfare|war of attrition]] continued until 1944, when allied forces fully recaptured Papua and New Guinea.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://history.army.mil/Portals/143/Images/Publications/Publication%20By%20Title%20Images/C%20Img/campaigns-wwii/pdf/24.pdf |title=New Guinea 24 January 1943–31 December 1944 |author=Edward J. Drea |publisher=Center of Military History |date=2019 |access-date=13 July 2025 |page=37}}</ref> In total, the [[New Guinea campaign]] resulted in the deaths of approximately 216,000 Japanese, Australian, and U.S. servicemen on both the mainland and offshore islands.<ref>Fenton, Damien. {{cite web |url=http://ajrp.awm.gov.au/ajrp/remember.nsf/pages/NT000027A2 |title=How many died? (QnA) |access-date=9 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705115116/http://ajrp.awm.gov.au/ajrp/remember.nsf/pages/NT000027A2 |archive-date=5 July 2009 }}. Australian War Memorial.</ref>

During the war, the civil government of both territories was suspended and replaced by a joint military government.<ref name="Gardner2024"/>{{rp|228}} The Second World War punctured the myth of differences between locals and foreigners, and increased the exposure of the population to the wider world and modern social and economic ideas. It also led to significant population movements, beginning the establishment of a common identity shared by those in the two Australian-ruled territories.<ref name="May2004chapter4"/>{{rp|53}} Both Tok Pisin and Hiri Motu became more common to facilitate communication, and were used for radio broadcasts.<ref name="May2022chapter8"/>{{rp|139}} The war was the first time Tok Pisin became widely spread in Papua.<ref name="Rottman2001"/>{{rp|149, 152}} The joint governance of both territories that was established during the war was continued after the war ended.<ref name="May2022chapter8"/>{{rp|134}}<ref name="May2004chapter15"/>{{rp|302}}

In 1946, New Guinea was declared a [[United Nations trust territories|United Nations trust territory]] under Australian governance.<ref name="RNZbriefhistory"/> In 1949 Papuans became Australian citizens,<ref name="Gardner2024"/>{{rp|223}} and Australia [[Papua and New Guinea Act 1949|formally combined]] Papua and New Guinea into the [[Territory of Papua and New Guinea]].<ref name="RNZbriefhistory"/> The [[Legislative Council of Papua and New Guinea]] was created in November 1951.<ref name="BBCTimeline"/> Village councils were first created in both Papua and in New Guinea starting 1949, with the number steadily increasing over the years.<ref name="May2004chapter8">{{cite book |author=R.J. May |date=May 2004 |title=State and Society in Papua New Guinea: The First Twenty-Five Years |publisher=ANU Press |isbn=9781920942052 |doi=10.22459/SSPNG.05.2004 |doi-access=free |url=https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/state-and-society-papua-new-guinea |chapter=8. Decentralisation: Two Steps Forward, One Step Back}}</ref>{{rp|174–175}} These created alternative power structures, which while sometimes filled by traditional leaders, saw the beginning of a shift towards leaders with administrative or business experience.<ref name="May2004chapter9"/>{{rp|211}}

The political aims of Australian rule were uncertain, with independence and becoming an [[States and territories of Australia|Australian state]] both seen as possible futures.<ref name="May2004chapter15"/>{{rp|303–305}} The 1960s and 1970s saw significant social changes as more of the population began to participate in the formal economy, leading to the development of a more local bureaucracy. Alongside this, Australian administrators promoted a shared national identity.<ref name="May2004chapter4"/>{{rp|57}} English was introduced by Australian authorities as a potential unifying language, and many Papua New Guineans viewed it as a [[Prestige (sociolinguistics)|prestige language]].<ref name="May2022chapter8"/>{{rp|150}}

[[File:Biami people, near Nomad patrol post, 1964.jpg|thumb|alt=Australian officer casually dressed in only shorts holding a bow and other weapons while others look on|Australian [[Kiap|patrol officer]] in 1964]]
Aerial surveys in the 1950s found further inhabited valleys in the highlands.<ref name="BBCTimeline"/> The re-establishment of Australian administration following the war was followed by an expansion of that control, including over the previously mostly uncontrolled highland areas.<ref name="May2022chapter8"/>{{rp|134}}<ref name="May2004chapter15"/>{{rp|303}}<ref name="Dorney2016"/> Some tribes remained [[Uncontacted peoples|uncontacted]] by Westerners until the 1960s and 1970s.<ref name="Rottman2001"/>{{rp|149}} The administration of the highlands led to a large expansion of coffee cultivation in the region.<ref name="May2004chapter15"/>{{rp|303}} The [[1964 Papua New Guinean general election|1964 election]], and the subsequent [[1968 Papua New Guinean general election|1968 election]], took place alongside campaigns to introduce the political system.<ref name="May2004chapter5">{{cite book |author=R.J. May |date=May 2004 |title=State and Society in Papua New Guinea: The First Twenty-Five Years |publisher=ANU Press |isbn=9781920942052 |doi=10.22459/SSPNG.05.2004 |doi-access=free |url=https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/state-and-society-papua-new-guinea |chapter=5. The Political Education Programme}}</ref>{{rp|107}} The leadup to the 1968 election saw the formation of [[Pangu Pati]], the first political party.<ref name="May2004chapter15"/>{{rp|306}}

Mining exploration by [[Rio Tinto (corporation)|Rio Tinto]] in Bougainville began in 1964. In spite of resistance from some local landowners, the [[Bougainville Copper]] corporation was established and began to [[Panguna mine|operate a large mine]]. Resistance became interlinked with a desire for greater autonomy.<ref name="May2004chapter13">{{cite book |last1=May |first1=Ronald |title=State and society in Papua New Guinea: the first twenty-five years |date=2004 |publisher=ANU Press |isbn=9781863332040 |url=https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p66801/html/frames.php |access-date=30 April 2024 |chapter=13. The Bougainville Crisis |archive-date=30 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430075621/https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p66801/html/frames.php |url-status=live }}</ref> Bougainville was geographically close to the [[British Solomon Islands]], and its people are more culturally linked to those of the Solomon Islands than to others in the territory.<ref name="Phillips2015">{{cite news |url=https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/rearvision/bougainville-at-a-crossroads/6514544 |title=Bougainville at a crossroads: independence and the mine |author=Keri Phillips |work=ABC News |date=2 June 2015 |access-date=29 April 2024}}</ref> However, the mine was seen as crucial for diversifying the economic base of Papua New Guinea from agriculture alone.<ref name="May2004chapter15"/>{{rp|306}}

Australian Opposition Leader [[Gough Whitlam]] visited Papua New Guinea in 1969. Whitlam made self-rule in the territory an election issue, and called for self-governance as early as 1972.<ref name="Dorney2016">{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/20/australias-ignorance-about-papua-new-guinea-is-a-loss-for-both-nations | title=Australia's ignorance about Papua New Guinea is a loss for both nations | newspaper=[[The Guardian]] | date=19 February 2016 | last1=Dorney | first1=Sean |access-date=28 April 2025}}</ref> In March 1971 [[House of Assembly of Papua and New Guinea|the House of Assembly]] recommended that the territory seek self-governance in the next parliament, which was agreed to by Australia.<ref name="May2004chapter5"/>{{rp|110–111}} In June 1971, the flag and emblem were adopted.<ref name="Gardner2024"/>{{rp|229}} In July, the "and" was removed and the territory was renamed to simply "Papua New Guinea".<ref name="BBCTimeline"/>

[[File:Copper ore concentrator undergoing construction. Mill building. 2 c. 1971.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Large metal building in front of a mountain with large portions cut out|The [[Panguna mine]] on Bougainville Island in 1971]]
Following the time of Whitlam's first visit, political debate significantly intensified alongside significant social changes.<ref name="May2004chapter15"/>{{rp|306}} At the [[1972 Papua New Guinean general election]] in July, [[Michael Somare]] was elected as [[Chief Minister of Papua and New Guinea|Chief Minister]].<ref name="ABCTimeline"/><ref name="May2004chapter2">{{cite book |author=R.J. May |date=May 2004 |title=State and Society in Papua New Guinea: The First Twenty-Five Years |publisher=ANU Press |isbn=9781920942052 |doi=10.22459/SSPNG.05.2004 |doi-access=free |url=https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/state-and-society-papua-new-guinea |chapter=2. Port Moresby and the Bush: Papua New Guinea's First Post-Independence Decade}}</ref>{{rp|17}} Somare sought a better relationship with regional movements, which increased the number of local groups, but also decreased their salience and encouraged them to join the national political system.<ref name="May2004chapter4"/>{{rp|75–77}} In December, Whitlam was elected as Prime Minister at the [[1972 Australian federal election]]. The [[Whitlam government]] then instituted self-governance in late 1973.<ref name="Dorney2016"/> The [[Papua New Guinean kina|kina]] was introduced as a separate currency in April 1975.<ref name="May2004chapter17">{{cite book |author=R.J. May |date=May 2004 |title=State and Society in Papua New Guinea: The First Twenty-Five Years |publisher=ANU Press |isbn=9781920942052 |doi=10.22459/SSPNG.05.2004 |doi-access=free |url=https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/state-and-society-papua-new-guinea |chapter=17. Negget, Pike, Et Al.: The Role of the Reserve Bank of Australia in Papua New Guinea's Decolonisation}}</ref>{{rp|377}}

The push for independence was driven by internal policies of the Whitlam government, rather than responding to particular calls from Papua New Guinea.<ref name="Gardner2024"/>{{rp|224}} The concept of a "country" remained foreign to many in the territory, and there was no strong shared national identity.<ref name="Gardner2024"/>{{rp|229}} In the early 1970s there were fears that independence would allow for large tribes to dominate others, and create more risk of foreign land acquisition. The subsequent creation of a local consensus for independence was due to the actions of local political leaders.<ref name="RNZbriefhistory"/> On 1 September 1975, shortly before the scheduled date of Papua New Guinean independence, the government of Bougainville itself [[Republic of the North Solomons|declared independence]].<ref name="May2004chapter4"/>{{rp|72}}<ref name="Lea2023"/>{{rp|45}}<ref name="ABCTimeline"/> Payments to the province were suspended in response.<ref name="BBCTimeline"/> Other regional movements emerged prior to independence. The [[Papua Besena]] party sought to separate the territory of Papua from New Guinea, while the [[Highlands Liberation Front]] sought to prevent dominance of highland areas by the coast. Smaller groups advocated for the creation of new provinces.<ref name="May2004chapter4"/>{{rp|72–74}} Nonetheless, the [[Papua New Guinea Independence Act 1975]] passed in September 1975, setting 16 September 1975 as the date of independence.<ref name="Lea2023"/>{{rp|45}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.legislation.gov.au/C2004A01408/asmade/text |title=Papua New Guinea Independence Act 1975 |date=9 September 1975 |publisher=Federal Register of Legislation |access-date=19 July 2025}}</ref> Somare continued as the country's first Prime Minister.<ref name="ABCTimeline">{{cite news | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-09-16/timeline-of-papua-new-guinea-road-to-independence/6748374 | title=Timeline of key events: Papua New Guinea's road to independence | newspaper=ABC News | date=15 September 2015 | access-date=28 April 2025| archive-date=2 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302043429/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-09-16/timeline-of-papua-new-guinea-road-to-independence/6748374 | url-status=live }}</ref>

===Independence===
[[File:Michael Somare 1973.jpg|thumb|alt=Michael Somare sitting at a desk speaking with an out of focus microphone in front of the shot|[[Michael Somare]] in 1973 alongside [[Bill Morrison (politician)|Bill Morrison]], Minister for External Territories of the [[Whitlam government]]]]
Upon independence, most Australian officials, including agricultural, economic, educational, and medicinal staff, left the territory. Very little training had been provided to their successors.<ref name="Dorney2016"/> This led to a restructuring and a loss of efficiency, particularly in serving rural areas.<ref name="May2004chapter2"/>{{rp|18}} By the 1980s, the civil service, including the military, had become politicised, decreasing effectiveness and accountability.<ref name="May2022chapter2"/>{{rp|13}}

The voting system was changed to [[first past the post]], as an unsuccessful attempt to encourage the development of a [[two-party system]] with clearly defined political parties.<ref name="May2004chapter1">{{cite book |author=R.J. May |date=May 2004 |title=State and Society in Papua New Guinea: The First Twenty-Five Years |publisher=ANU Press |isbn=9781920942052 |doi=10.22459/SSPNG.05.2004 |doi-access=free |url=https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/state-and-society-papua-new-guinea |chapter=1. Introduction: Papua New Guinea at Twenty-Five}}</ref>{{rp|3}} National governments changed through constitutional means. Somare retained the prime ministership following the [[1977 Papua New Guinean general election|1977 election]], and was ousted through a vote of no confidence in 1980 and was replaced by [[Julius Chan]]. Somare became prime minister again following the [[1982 Papua New Guinean general election|1982 election]], but lost another vote of no confidence in 1985.<ref name="May2004chapter2"/>{{rp|18, 20}}

Although an August 1976 agreement with the national government resolved the initial declaration of independence,<ref name="Lea2023"/>{{rp|45}} the issue of Bougainville persisted past independence.<ref name="Phillips2015"/> A secessionist movement in 1975–76 on [[Bougainville Island]] resulted in a modification of the [[Constitution of Papua New Guinea]], with the [[Organic Law on Provincial Government]] legally devolving power to the 19 provinces.<ref name="May2004chapter8"/>{{rp|179}}<ref name="May2004chapter2"/>{{rp|26}} Following instances of provincial government mismanagement, Somare's proposal to reduce provincial government power brought further threats of secession from some of the country's [[Islands Region|island provinces]].<ref name="May2004chapter8"/>{{rp|189}}<ref name="May2004chapter2"/>{{rp|27}}<ref name="May2004chapter12">{{cite book |author=R.J. May |date=May 2004 |title=State and Society in Papua New Guinea: The First Twenty-Five Years |publisher=ANU Press |isbn=9781920942052 |doi=10.22459/SSPNG.05.2004 |doi-access=free |url=https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/state-and-society-papua-new-guinea |chapter=12. Challenging the State}}</ref>{{rp|257}}

While warfare significantly decreased under Australian governance, tribal fighting in the highland areas increased in the 1970s. These areas had been under outside control for less time, meaning former tribal conflict was still remembered and restarted upon independence. The first state of emergency there was declared in 1979, although it and similar interventions did not quell the violence. Unemployment and imbalanced gender ratios in cities meant tribal fighting morphed into the [[Raskol gangs|emergence of gangs]]. Gang violence led to a state of emergency in Port Moresby in 1984, which led to the intervention of the [[Papua New Guinea Defence Force]] (PNGDF). The effectiveness of this deployment led to further [[Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary|police]] and military interventions elsewhere. Both the police and military became more politicised, and less disciplined. Demand for private security increased as a response, and foreign investment was deterred.<ref name="May2004chapter2"/>{{rp|29, 32}}<ref name="May2004chapter1"/>{{rp|8–9}}<ref name="May2004chapter12"/>{{rp|260–261, 264, 270}}<ref name="May2004chapter10">{{cite book |author=R.J. May |date=May 2004 |title=State and Society in Papua New Guinea: The First Twenty-Five Years |publisher=ANU Press |isbn=9781920942052 |doi=10.22459/SSPNG.05.2004 |doi-access=free |url=https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/state-and-society-papua-new-guinea |chapter=10. The PNGDF in Troubled Times}}</ref>{{rp|239–241}} In 1995, provincial governments were reformed, becoming made up of relevant national MPs and a number of appointed members. Some of their responsibilities were devolved towards local governments, a factor that caused significant controversy due to an expected lack of capacity at this level. This lack of capacity has meant that national MPs gained significant powers at the local level.<ref name="May2004chapter8"/>{{rp|174}}<ref name="May2004chapter1"/>{{rp|11}}

[[File:AMBULA~1.jpg|thumb|alt=A burned ambulances and other damaged and destroyed vehicles|The town of [[Arawa, Bougainville|Arawa]] was destroyed during the [[Bougainville conflict]].]]
The employment needs of the Bougainville mine decreased after construction was completed, meaning younger individuals received little benefit from the presence of the mine. A renewed [[Bougainville conflict|uprising on Bougainville]] started in 1988, fighting against both the Bougainville government and the national government. After the mine closed in May 1989, the [[Bougainville Revolutionary Army]] (BRA) declared independence, and the national government pulled out in 1990 and blockaded the province, the conflict shifted into a complex internal civil war. National security forces re-entered the island at the end of 1990, and together with local allies slowly gained more control.<ref name="RNZbriefhistory"/><ref name="Phillips2015"/><ref name="May2004chapter12"/>{{rp|266–267}} An agreement between the government and some rebels was reached in October 1994, and in 1995 a transitional Bougainville government was established, although fighting continued with the BRA.<ref name="BBCTimeline"/> In 1997, the [[Sandline affair]] over the hiring of mercenaries to intervene in Bougainville brought down the national government. Following New Zealand-mediated peace talks, a ceasefire was reached in January 1998.<ref name="ABCTimeline"/><ref name="May2004chapter1"/>{{rp|12}}

The first decade of independence saw slow but steady economic growth. The [[Ok Tedi Mine]] opened in 1982. While Australian contribution to the budget dropped from 40% of government revenue in 1975 to 17% in 1988, improved taxation allowed for government expenditure to be maintained.<ref name="May2004chapter15"/>{{rp|312–313}} The closure of the Bougainville mine led to issues with government finances, however an expansion of exports of oil, minerals, and forestry products led to economic recovery in the early 1990s. This growth did not decrease inequality however, and government services declined.<ref name="May2004chapter12"/>{{rp|263–264}} Increasing government expense and resulting rising debt led to [[1994 Papua New Guinea financial crisis|significant economic trouble]]. The [[Papua New Guinean kina]] was devalued and put on a [[floating exchange rate]] in 1994, and the country obtained an emergency loan from the [[World Bank]] in 1995.<ref name="May2004chapter15"/>{{rp|313–314}}

In the [[1997 Papua New Guinean general election|1997 election]], only 4 candidates won overall majorities, with 95 (87%) of winners receiving less than 30% of the vote. After government changed mid-parliament in 1999, a Constitutional Development Commission was established to bring about political reform. The resulting [[Organic Law on the Integrity of Political Parties and Candidates]] created public funding for registered parties, incentivised the selection of female candidates, and instituted punishments for [[Party switching|party hopping]]. It also barred independent MPs from voting for the prime minister, or from joining coalitions before a prime minister is elected.<ref name="May2004chapter1"/>{{rp|3–7}} Another measure was to begin a shift from first past the post to a Limited Preferential Vote system (LPV), a version of the [[instant-runoff voting|alternative vote]].<ref name="May2022chapter2"/>{{rp|17}}<ref name="May2022chapter1">{{cite book |author=R.J. May |date=August 2022 |title=State and Society in Papua New Guinea, 2001–2021 |publisher=ANU Press |isbn=9781760465216 |doi=10.22459/SSPNG.2022 |doi-access=free |url=https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/series/pacific/state-society-papua-new-guinea-2001%E2%80%932021 |chapter=1. Introduction}}</ref>{{rp|2}}

The [[Bougainville Peace Agreement]] was signed in 2001, under which Bougainville would gain higher autonomy than other provinces, and an independence referendum would be held in the future.<ref name="BBCTimeline"/><ref name="ABCTimeline"/><ref name="Phillips2015"/> The [[2002 Papua New Guinean general election|2002 election]] saw an uptick in violence.<ref name="BBCTimeline"/> Australian police were brought to PNG to help train PNG police in 2004. While most left the next year after a Supreme Court ruling, this began a long-term Australian police presence in the country.<ref name="ABCTimeline"/> In 2009, Parliament approved the creation of two additional provinces: [[Hela Province]], consisting of part of the existing [[Southern Highlands Province]], and [[Jiwaka Province]], formed by dividing [[Western Highlands Province]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Kolo, Pearson |url=http://www.postcourier.com.pg/20090715/news05.htm |title=Jiwaka, Hela set to go! |publisher=Postcourier.com.pg |date=15 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616211904/http://www.postcourier.com.pg/20090715/news05.htm |archive-date=16 June 2011 |access-date=29 August 2009 }}</ref>

In 2011, there was a [[2011–2012 Papua New Guinean constitutional crisis|constitutional crisis]] between the parliament-elect Prime Minister, [[Peter O'Neill]] (voted into office by a large majority of MPs), and Somare, who was deemed by the supreme court to retain office. The parliament voted to delay the upcoming elections, however they did not have the constitutional authority to do this, and the [[Papua New Guinea Electoral Commission]] continued to prepare.<ref name="May2022chapter14">{{cite book |author=R.J. May |date=August 2022 |title=State and Society in Papua New Guinea, 2001–2021 |publisher=ANU Press |isbn=9781760465216 |doi=10.22459/SSPNG.2022 |doi-access=free |url=https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/series/pacific/state-society-papua-new-guinea-2001%E2%80%932021 |chapter=14. Papua New Guinea under the O’Neill government: Has there been a shift in political style?}}</ref>{{rp|207–211}} The [[2012 Papua New Guinean general election|2012 national elections]] went ahead as scheduled, and O'Neill was once again elected as prime minister by a majority of parliament. Somare joined O'Neill's government, charges against the court judges and others who supported Somare were dropped, and legislation asserting control of the judiciary and that affecting the office of the prime minister was repealed.<ref name="ABCTimeline"/><ref name="May2022chapter14"/>{{rp|207–211}}

[[Liquefied natural gas]] exports [[Natural gas in Papua New Guinea|began in 2014]], however falling prices as well as lower oil prices meant that government revenue was lower than expected. The debt-to-GDP ratio rose, and as of 2019, Papua New Guinea's HDI rating was the lowest in the Pacific.<ref name="May2022chapter1"/>{{rp|4}} In March 2015 the [[Bougainville Mining Act]] shifted control over mining from the national government to the Bougainville government. It also stated that minerals belonged to [[customary land]]owners rather than the state, giving landowners veto power over future extraction.<ref name="Phillips2015"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-03-07/bougainville-mining-law-a-world-first/4559170 |title=PNG's Bougainville to pass world first mining law |author=Jemima Garrett |work=ABC News |date=7 March 2013 |access-date=29 April 2025}}</ref>

The 2012–2017 O'Neill government was dogged by corruption scandals.<ref name="BBCTimeline"/> The [[2017 Papua New Guinean general election|2017 general election]] saw O'Neill return as prime minister, although initially with a smaller coalition. This election saw widespread voter intimidation in some regions, and delays in the reporting of seat results.<ref name="May2022chapter15">{{cite book |author=R.J. May |date=August 2022 |title=State and Society in Papua New Guinea, 2001–2021 |publisher=ANU Press |isbn=9781760465216 |doi=10.22459/SSPNG.2022 |doi-access=free |url=https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/series/pacific/state-society-papua-new-guinea-2001%E2%80%932021 |chapter=15. Politics in Papua New Guinea: From O’Neill to Marape}}</ref>{{rp|253–255}} Financial scandals, as well as criticism of the purchase of expensive cars for [[APEC Papua New Guinea 2018]] meeting, created pressure on O'Neill and led to defections from government.<ref name="May2022chapter15"/>{{rp|255–258}} In May 2019, O'Neill resigned as prime minister and was replaced by [[James Marape]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Lyons |first=Kate |date=30 May 2019 |title=Papua New Guinea MPs elect James Marape to be next prime minister |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/may/30/papua-new-guinea-james-marape-next-prime-minister |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530020035/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/may/30/papua-new-guinea-james-marape-next-prime-minister |archive-date=30 May 2019 |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

The government set 23 November 2019<ref>{{cite web |last=Gorethy |first=Kenneth |title=B'ville Referendum Dates Changed |url=https://postcourier.com.pg/bville-referendum-dates-changed/ |website=Papua New Guinea Post-Courier |date=5 August 2019 |access-date=23 September 2019 |archive-date=4 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804204815/https://postcourier.com.pg/bville-referendum-dates-changed/ |url-status=live }}</ref> as the voting date for [[2019 Bougainvillean independence referendum|a non-binding independence referendum]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Bougainville referendum not binding – PM |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/384471/bougainville-referendum-not-binding-pm |publisher=[[Radio New Zealand]] |date=11 March 2019 |access-date=23 September 2019 |archive-date=14 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314175341/https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/384471/bougainville-referendum-not-binding-pm |url-status=live }}</ref> in the [[Autonomous Region of Bougainville|Bougainville autonomous region]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Westbrook |first=Tom |title=Bougainville independence vote delayed to October |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-papua-bougainville-idUSKCN1QI3XI |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=1 March 2019 |access-date=2 March 2019 |archive-date=2 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302010212/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-papua-bougainville-idUSKCN1QI3XI |url-status=live }}</ref> Voters overwhelmingly voted for independence (98.31%).<ref>{{cite news |last=Lyons |first=Kate |title=Bougainville referendum: region votes overwhelmingly for independence from Papua New Guinea |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/11/bougainville-referendum-region-votes-overwhelmingly-for-independence-from-papua-new-guinea |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=11 December 2019 |access-date=12 December 2019 |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=11 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211163246/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/11/bougainville-referendum-region-votes-overwhelmingly-for-independence-from-papua-new-guinea |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bougainville referendum: PNG region votes overwhelmingly for independence |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-50739203 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=11 December 2019 |access-date=1 July 2022 |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212161357/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-50739203 |url-status=live }}</ref> Prime Minister James Marape's [[Pangu Pati|PANGU]] Party secured the most seats of any party in the [[2022 Papua New Guinean general election|2022 election]], enabling him to continue as PNG's Prime Minister.<ref>{{cite news |title=James Marape returned as PNG's prime minister after tense election |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-08-09/papua-new-guinea-election-results-james-marape-to-govern/101311978 |work=ABC News |date=9 August 2022 |language=en-AU |access-date=23 September 2022 |archive-date=23 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923204604/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-08-09/papua-new-guinea-election-results-james-marape-to-govern/101311978 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 11 June 2025, during an [[2025 United Nations Ocean Conference|UN conference]] in [[Nice]], [[France]], Papua New Guinea signed the [[High Seas Treaty]], signalling its commitment to protect marine life beyond its borders through territorial waters.

==Government and politics==
{{Main|Politics of Papua New Guinea}}

{{multiple image
| align =
| perrow =
| direction =
| total_width = 350
| header =
| footer =
| caption_align = right
| image1 = King Charles III (July 2023).jpg
| width1 =
| alt1 = King Charles III in a suit
| caption1 = The Head of State and [[Monarchy of Papua New Guinea|King of Papua New Guinea]]: '''[[Charles III]]''' since {{wrap|9 September 2022}}
| image2 = Sir Bob Dadae (cropped).jpg
| width2 =
| alt2 = Bob Dadae in a suit wearing a chain of office
| caption2 = The [[Governor-General of Papua New Guinea]]: '''[[Bob Dadae]]''' since {{wrap|28 February 2017}}
| image3 = James Marape, February 2020 (GPO035) (cropped).jpg
| width3 =
| alt3 = James Marape in a suit in front of a Solomon Islands flag, Tongan flag, and Tuvaluan flag
| caption3 = The [[Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea]]: '''[[James Marape]]''' since {{nowrap|30 May 2019}}
}}
Papua New Guinea is a [[Commonwealth realm]] with [[Charles III]] as [[Monarchy of Papua New Guinea|king]]. The monarch's representative is the [[governor-general of Papua New Guinea]], who is elected by the unicameral [[National Parliament of Papua New Guinea]].<ref name="Ivarature2016">{{cite web |url=https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/unravelling-parliamentary-instability.pdf |title=Unravelling Parliamentary Instability: Ministerial Durations in Papua New Guinea, 1972–2012 |author=Henry Ivarature |publisher=International IDEA |date=13 December 2016 |access-date=14 May 2025}}</ref>{{rp|9}} The National Parliament elects the [[prime minister of Papua New Guinea]], who is then appointed by the governor-general. The other ministers are appointed by the governor-general on the prime minister's advice and form the [[National Executive Council of Papua New Guinea]], which acts as the country's cabinet. The National Parliament sits for a maximum of five years.<ref name="Ivarature2016"/>{{rp|9}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.parliament.gov.pg/about/parliament |title=About Our Parliament |publisher=National Parliament of Papua New Guinea |access-date=14 May 2025}}</ref> It has 118 seats, with 96 representing [[Districts of Papua New Guinea|districts]], and 22 representing province-level electorates (20 [[Provinces of Papua New Guinea|provinces]], the [[National Capital District (Papua New Guinea)|National Capital District]], and the [[Autonomous Region of Bougainville]]) who serve as governors of those provinces.<ref name="Kabuni2022">{{cite web |url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/elections-looming-png-rushed-create-seven-new-districts |title=With elections looming, PNG rushed to create seven new districts |author=Michael Kabuni |publisher=The Interpreter |date=19 April 2022 |access-date=23 August 2025}}</ref>

Papua New Guinea has maintained continuous democratic elections and changes in government since independence.<ref name="May2022chapter2"/>{{rp|10}}<ref name="May2022chapter1"/>{{rp|1}} While seat results are often contested, the overall results of elections are accepted.<ref name="May2022chapter1"/>{{rp|7}} Elections in PNG attract numerous candidates.<ref name="May2022chapter2"/>{{rp|17}} Voting takes place through the Limited Preferential Vote system (LPV), a version of the [[instant-runoff voting|alternative vote]].<ref name="May2022chapter2"/>{{rp|17}}<ref name="May2022chapter1"/>{{rp|2}} Under this system, voters must give preference votes for at least three candidates.<ref name="May2022chapter7">{{cite book |author=R.J. May |date=August 2022 |title=State and Society in Papua New Guinea, 2001–2021 |publisher=ANU Press |isbn=9781760465216 |doi=10.22459/SSPNG.2022 |doi-access=free |url=https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/series/pacific/state-society-papua-new-guinea-2001%E2%80%932021 |chapter=7. Assessing the shift to limited preferential voting in the 2007 national election |page=118}}</ref>

While political parties exist, they are not ideologically differentiated. Instead they generally reflect the alliances made between their members, and have little relevance outside of elections. All governments since 1972 have been [[Coalition government|coalitions]]. When formed, such coalitions are unstable due to the potential for [[party switching|party hopping]],<ref name="May2004chapter1"/>{{rp|3}}<ref name="May2022chapter1"/>{{rp|7}} referred to as "yo-yo" politics. Almost all parties have formed coalitions with the others,<ref name="May2022chapter2"/>{{rp|13}} and some coalitions have consisted of up to 10 separate parties. Ministerial positions are valuable,<ref name="Ivarature2016"/>{{rp|9}} and constituents may often have little issue with their elected representatives switching parties to join the government, as it gives their district more representation.<ref name="May2022chapter5"/>{{rp|94}} Ministerial tenures are often short, averaging half the length of a parliament from 1972 to 2016.<ref name="Ivarature2016"/>{{rp|17}} The average time a minister spends at a particular portfolio is even shorter, at just 16 months.<ref name="Ivarature2016"/>{{rp|18}} Political parties can have MPs in government while others remain in opposition.<ref name="May2022chapter15"/>{{rp|255, 269}} Opposition MPs have been appointed to government.<ref name="May2022chapter15"/>{{rp|262}} For the first couple of decades of independence, there was at least one change of government within each parliamentary period.<ref name="May2004chapter1"/>{{rp|4}} In total, only two prime ministers have finished a full term from election to election.<ref name="May2022chapter1"/>{{rp|7}}<ref name="Kabuni2023"/> [[Motion of no confidence|Votes of no confidence]] are common, and while few are successful,<ref name="Ivarature2016"/>{{rp|12}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.abc.net.au/pacific/vote-of-no-confidence-png-politok/104338572 |title=Why does the Pacific have so many votes of no confidence? |author=Scott Waide |work=ABC News |date=11 September 2024 |access-date=14 May 2025}}</ref> multiple prime ministers have pre-emptively resigned to try and engineer reselection or adjourned parliament in order to avoid them.<ref name="May2004chapter1"/>{{rp|5}}<ref name="Ivarature2016"/>{{rp|20}}

[[File:PNG 2012 Election, Australian Civilian Corps (10713916263).jpg|thumb|alt=Man at a cardboard booth with pictures of political candidates attached to one wall|[[Elections in Papua New Guinea]] attract large numbers of candidates.]]
Changes in government mostly affected patronage and individual positions, rather than changing government priorities and programmes.<ref name="Ivarature2016"/>{{rp|6}} Due to this, despite the fractiousness of politics, policy is relatively stable.<ref name="May2022chapter4">{{cite book |author=R.J. May |date=August 2022 |title=State and Society in Papua New Guinea, 2001–2021 |publisher=ANU Press |isbn=9781760465216 |doi=10.22459/SSPNG.2022 |doi-access=free |url=https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/series/pacific/state-society-papua-new-guinea-2001%E2%80%932021 |chapter=4. Political parties in Papua New Guinea (to 2002)}}</ref>{{rp|62}} Many parties might run on similar platforms, weakening policy debate, as candidates campaign on local representation rather than political differences.<ref name="May2022chapter5"/>{{rp|95}} The support bases of political parties are usually personal or geographical. Even when nominally national parties emerge, they are often strong in specific regions.<ref name="May2022chapter2"/>{{rp|15}}<ref name="May2004chapter3"/>{{rp|45}} Most parties exist only for a short time, and are highly dependent on their leaders.<ref name="May2022chapter4"/>{{rp|64}} The lack of strong parties lasting between elections contributes to poor finances, meaning parties cannot really support candidates outside of personal funds from party leaders.<ref name="May2022chapter4"/>{{rp|60}} A weak parliament has also strengthened the executive, a process exacerbated by governments using procedural methods to control parliament.<ref name="May2022chapter14"/>{{rp|247}} An increasing reliance on judicial methods to combat the government has increased the risk of the judiciary being seen as politicised.<ref name="May2022chapter14"/>{{rp|247–248}}

The political culture is influenced by existing kinship and village ties, with communalism an important cultural factor given the many small and fragmented communities.<ref name="May2004chapter3">{{cite book |author=R.J. May |date=May 2004 |title=State and Society in Papua New Guinea: The First Twenty-Five Years |publisher=ANU Press |isbn=9781920942052 |doi=10.22459/SSPNG.05.2004 |doi-access=free |url=https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/state-and-society-papua-new-guinea |chapter=3. Political Style in Modern Melanesia}}</ref>{{rp|38–40}} Regional and local identities are strong, and traditional politics has integrated with the modern political system.<ref name="May2004chapter3"/>{{rp|46}} There is a broad [[Southern Region, Papua New Guinea|Papuan regional]] identity, and to some extent a highlands one, which can affect politics.<ref name="May2022chapter5">{{cite book |author=R.J. May |date=August 2022 |title=State and Society in Papua New Guinea, 2001–2021 |publisher=ANU Press |isbn=9781760465216 |doi=10.22459/SSPNG.2022 |doi-access=free |url=https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/series/pacific/state-society-papua-new-guinea-2001%E2%80%932021 |chapter=5. Political parties since 2002}}</ref>{{rp|93}} However, outside of Bougainville, regional politics are autonomist rather than separatist, with separatism often used as rhetoric rather than as an ultimate goal.<ref name="May2004chapter4"/>{{rp|71}} The importance of community ties to their land are reflected in the legal system, with 97% of the country designated as [[customary land]], held by communities. Many such effective titles remain unregistered and effectively informal.<ref name="Lea2023"/>{{rp|53–54}}

Voting often occurs along tribal lines,<ref name="Whiting2023">{{Cite web|title=Tribal fighting over PNG election leaves dozens dead and villages deserted|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-05-03/tribal-fighting-png-election-massacre-tole-730/102210514|author=Natalie Whiting|access-date=1 March 2023|website=ABC|language=en|archive-date=27 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227233731/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-05-03/tribal-fighting-png-election-massacre-tole-730/102210514|url-status=live}}</ref> an issue exacerbated by politicians who might be able to win off the small vote share provided by a unified tribe. Political intimidation and violence are common. Politicians have been prevented from campaigning where tribes support a rival candidate, and candidates are sometimes put up by opponents to split a different tribe's vote.<ref name="May2022chapter2"/>{{rp|14, 18}}<ref name="May2004chapter1"/>{{rp|5}} [[Block voting|Bloc voting]] is practiced by some communities, especially in the highlands.<ref name="May2022chapter5"/>{{rp|96}} Large numbers of independent candidates means that winners are often elected on very small pluralities, including winning less than 10% of votes. Such results raise concerns about the mandates provided by elections.<ref name="May2004chapter1"/>{{rp|4–5}}

[[File:A regional campaign before an election to encourage women into politics, Tuvuvur, PNG (10663041796).jpg|thumb|upright|alt=A group of women holding signs supporting gender equality with an erupting volcano in the background across a bay|Very few women are elected to the Papua New Guinean parliament.]]
In every election prior to at least 2004, the majority of incumbents lost their seats. This has created an incentive for newly elected politicians to seek as much personal advantage as possible within their term.<ref name="May2004chapter1"/>{{rp|4}} Each MP controls Rural Development Funds for their constituency, providing easy opportunities for corruption.<ref name="May2004chapter1"/>{{rp|10}} It also means many prioritise new expenditure, rather than delivering existing services.<ref name="Allen2009ch6">{{cite book |author=Bryant Allen |editor1=R. Michael Bourke |editor2=Tracy Harwood |date=August 2009 |title=Food and Agriculture in Papua New Guinea |publisher=ANU Press |doi=10.22459/FAPNG.08.2009 |doi-access=free |isbn=9781921536618 |url=https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/food-and-agriculture-papua-new-guinea |chapter=Agricultural Development, Policies and Governance}}</ref>{{rp|445}} The total amount of funding under the discretionary control of each MP is amongst the highest in the world.<ref name="Kabuni2023">{{cite news |url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/papua-new-guinea-reining-mp-slush-funds |title=Papua New Guinea: Reining in MP slush funds |author=Michael Kabuni |work=The Interpreter |date=20 February 2023 |access-date=13 May 2025}}</ref> This has generated significant cynicism, and reduced the perceived legitimacy of the national government.<ref name="May2004chapter15"/>{{rp|318}} The control of such funds may also contribute to commonality and severity of electoral violence.<ref name="Kabuni2023"/> Other challenges to elections include issues with administration, issues with [[electoral roll]]s, and [[vote buying]].<ref name="May2022chapter1"/>{{rp|7}}<ref name="NRI2010"/>{{rp|5}} The provision of constituency funds to MPs has been delayed by prime ministers to influence coalition-building.<ref name="Ivarature2016"/>{{rp|9}}

Corruption is [[Corruption in Papua New Guinea|a widespread issue]]. While notable instances have been identified amongst high-profile individuals, spreading [[petty corruption]] has likely had a greater effect of degrading government services. While some corruption is for personal gain, other corruption emerges from the social obligations of the [[wantok system]], with constituents expecting reciprocal benefits and loyalty from their elected officials and from others in their communities and kin networks.<ref name="May2022chapter9">{{cite book |author=R.J. May |date=August 2022 |title=State and Society in Papua New Guinea, 2001–2021 |publisher=ANU Press |isbn=9781760465216 |doi=10.22459/SSPNG.2022 |doi-access=free |url=https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/series/pacific/state-society-papua-new-guinea-2001%E2%80%932021 |chapter=9. Formulating a strategy for research on corruption in Papua New Guinea}}</ref>{{rp|155–156}} Politicians jailed for corruption have been re-elected, as their corrupt activities were seen as an expected part of benefiting their communities. This clash of individual community expectations and local acceptance of what might be called corruption with widespread disillusionment over national corruption is likely one reason that anti-corruption actions rarely match political rhetoric.<ref name="May2022chapter9"/>{{rp|157–158}} These cultural expectations also sometimes clash with the formal legal and political system which inherited Australian norms.<ref name="Lea2023"/>{{rp|41–42}} Resentment of elites and clear inequality also drive expectations of patronage.<ref name="Howes2022"/>{{rp|209}}

The control of constituency funds has also resulted in MPs being seen as individually responsible for the delivery of government services, especially as few other pathways for government services exist, compounding the cultural importance of expectations of rewards for voting for a winning candidate. This responsibility for services is thought to contribute to high levels of absenteeism in parliament, and thus means MPs are not able to effectively act as lawmakers within the [[Westminster system]] of government. Instability in parliament further hampers lawmaking, leaving laws out of date.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/server/api/core/bitstreams/bb7ace1c-9bf4-4f36-bf84-bb6b9dd9d4cf/content |title=The Need for Law Reform in Papua New Guinea: Part 1 |author1=Glen Mola Pumuye |author2=Jennivive Kuman |publisher=Australian National University |date=31 January 2022 |access-date=14 May 2025 |doi=10.25911/12M4-RD97}}</ref> Constituency boundaries are the same as administrative boundaries, strengthening the conceptual link between elections and service provisions. This also distorts politics, by making electoral boundaries unresponsive to changes in population.<ref name="NRI2010">{{cite web |url=https://pngnri.org/images/Publications/PNG_District__Provincial_profiles.pdf |title=Papua New Guinea District and Provincial Profiles |publisher=The National Research Institute |date=March 2010 |access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref>{{rp|3}} Rural communities have a much more difficult time accessing government services, with facilities such as banking sometimes being days of travel away.<ref name="Howes2022"/>{{rp|208}} In some rural areas, villages have little interaction with the state.<ref name="May2022chapter2"/>{{rp|21}}

Litigation has become common, increasing the cost of the judicial system.<ref name="May2022chapter14"/>{{rp|211–212}} Government infrastructure, including schools and airstrips, often lead to demands for compensation from local communities, impeding development and creating local tensions.<ref name="May2022chapter2"/>{{rp|14}}<ref name="May2004chapter15"/>{{rp|320–321}}<ref name="May2004chapter1"/>{{rp|10}} Media is generally free, but weak.<ref name="Howes2022"/>{{rp|231–237}}

=== Foreign relations ===
{{main|Foreign relations of Papua New Guinea}}

[[File:APEC Leaders Photo - Papua New Guinea 2018.jpg|thumb|alt=Leaders of APEC countries standing in two rows on a stage|APEC 2018 in Papua New Guinea|left]]
Papua New Guinea has sought to maintain good relations with its neighbours [[Australia]], [[Indonesia]], and the [[Solomon Islands]], while also building links to Asian countries to the north. Tensions sometimes emerge with Australia due to changes in aid, while regional conflicts have complicated relations with the Solomon Islands and Indonesia, due to the Bougainville conflict and the [[Papua conflict]] respectively. In 1986, Papua New Guinea became a founding member of the [[Melanesian Spearhead Group]] alongside the Solomon Islands and [[Vanuatu]], and the three signed a formal cooperation agreement in 1988. Cooperation treaties were signed with Indonesia in 1986 and Australia in 1987.<ref name="May2004chapter1"/>{{rp|14–15}}<ref name="May2004chapter12"/>{{rp|258–259}}

Papua New Guinea has recognised and supported Indonesia's control of neighbouring [[Western New Guinea]],<ref name="May2004chapter2"/>{{rp|33}} the focus of the [[Papua conflict]] where numerous human rights violations have reportedly been committed by the Indonesian security forces.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Doherty |first1=Ben |last2=Lamb |first2=Kate |title=West Papua independence petition is rebuffed at UN |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/30/west-papua-independence-petition-is-rebuffed-at-un |website=[[The Guardian]] |date=30 September 2017 |access-date=19 June 2018 |archive-date=30 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930131404/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/30/west-papua-independence-petition-is-rebuffed-at-un |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Gawler |first=Virginia |title=Report claims secret genocide in Indonesia |url=http://sydney.edu.au/news/84.html?newsstoryid=651 |publisher=University of Sydney |date=19 August 2005 |access-date=30 July 2019 |archive-date=2 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602194143/http://sydney.edu.au/news/84.html?newsstoryid=651 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=31 January 2013 |title=Goodbye Indonesia |work=[[Al Jazeera Arabic|Al-Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/peopleandpower/2013/01/201313018313632585.html |url-status=live |access-date=30 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730063457/https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/peopleandpower/2013/01/201313018313632585.html |archive-date=30 July 2019}}</ref> Residents of border communities may cross it for customary purposes.<ref name="May2004chapter2"/>{{rp|33}} Australia remains linked to Papua New Guinea through institutional and cultural ties, and has remained the most consistent provider of foreign aid, as well as providing peacekeeping and security assistance. There are growing ties to [[China]], mostly as a source of infrastructure investments.<ref name="Lea2023"/>{{rp|12–13}} The strategic position of the country, linking Southeast Asia to the Pacific, has increased geopolitical interest in the 21st century.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/the-rising-value-of-papua-new-guineas-strategic-geography/ |title=The rising value of Papua New Guinea's strategic geography |author=Euan Graham |publisher=Australian Strategic Policy Institute |date=1 August 2023 |access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref>

Papua New Guinea has been an observer state in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ([[ASEAN]]) since 1976,<ref name="Lea2023"/>{{rp|18}}<ref name="Weatherbee2019">{{cite book |author=Donald E. Weatherbee |date=2019 |title=ASEAN's Half Century: A Political History of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9781442272538 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xnOPDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA115 |pages=115–116}}</ref> followed later by special observer status in 1981.<ref name="Breslin2002">{{cite book |author=Shaun Breslin |date=2002 |title=New Regionalisms in the Global Political Economy |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=9780415277679 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AD5nln0nFXYC&pg=PA218 |page=218}}</ref> It has filed its application for full membership status.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bt.com.bn/news-asia/2015/08/05/papua-new-guinea-keen-join-asean|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307210721/http://www.bt.com.bn/news-asia/2015/08/05/papua-new-guinea-keen-join-asean|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 March 2016|title=Papua New Guinea keen to join ASEAN |website=The Brunei Times|date=7 March 2016}}</ref> Papua New Guinea is a member of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]],<ref name="May2004chapter12"/>{{rp|258–259}} the [[Commonwealth of Nations]],<ref name="Lea2023"/>{{rp|14}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1554175.stm|title=Profile: The Commonwealth|date=1 February 2012|via=news.bbc.co.uk|access-date=14 November 2018|archive-date=9 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309175345/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1554175.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Pacific Islands Forum]],<ref name="Lea2023"/>{{rp|15}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us – Forum Sec |url=https://www.forumsec.org/about-us/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229134224/https://www.forumsec.org/about-us/ |archive-date=29 December 2018 |access-date=14 November 2018}}</ref> [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation|APEC]], and the [[United Nations]].<ref name="Lea2023"/>{{rp|5}}

=== Crime and human rights ===
{{Main|Human rights in Papua New Guinea}}

{{See also|Sexual violence in Papua New Guinea|Ethnic violence in Papua New Guinea}}
[[File:Papua New Guinean children, men and women show their support for putting an end to violence against women during a White Ribbon Day march (21614943268).jpg|thumb|alt=Child holding the edges of a flag with a white ribbon symbol and text regarding the White Ribbon Day march within a larger parade|Papua New Guinean children, men and women show their support for putting an end to violence against women during a [[White Ribbon Campaign|White Ribbon Day]] march.]]
Papua New Guinea is considered to have one of the highest rates of [[violence against women]] in the world, with widespread [[domestic violence|domestic]] and [[sexual violence]] affecting women and children.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/05/papua-new-guinea-abuse-clinic|author=Davidson, Helen|date=5 July 2013|title=Médecins Sans Frontières opens Papua New Guinea clinic for abuse victims|publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited|access-date=12 February 2013|archive-date=14 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614071833/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/05/papua-new-guinea-abuse-clinic|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/19/papua-new-guinea-spiralling-violence|author=Davidson, Helen|date=19 July 2013|title=Papua New Guinea: a country suffering spiralling violence|publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited|access-date=17 January 2014|archive-date=14 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414010811/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/19/papua-new-guinea-spiralling-violence|url-status=live}}</ref> Nearly 60% of women and girls (aged 15–49) in Papua New Guinea have experienced some form of physical sexual violence in their lifetime.<ref>{{cite news |title=On a mission to cut Papua New Guinea's high levels of sexual violence |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/05/1117642 |work=UN News |date=7 May 2022}}</ref> Such violence imposes both personal and communal costs, and is likely a reason why female participation in politics is the lowest in the region, and deters parents from sending their daughters to school.<ref name="May2022chapter10">{{cite book |author=R.J. May |date=August 2022 |title=State and Society in Papua New Guinea, 2001–2021 |publisher=ANU Press |isbn=9781760465216 |doi=10.22459/SSPNG.2022 |doi-access=free |url=https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/series/pacific/state-society-papua-new-guinea-2001%E2%80%932021 |chapter=10. Papua New Guinea: Issues of external and internal security}}</ref>{{rp|167}} The 1971 Sorcery Act allowed for accusations of sorcery to act as a defence for murder until the act was repealed in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-22698668 |title=PNG repeals sorcery law and expands death penalty |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=29 May 2013 |access-date=30 April 2025 |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512145056/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-22698668 |url-status=live }}</ref> An estimated 50–150 alleged [[Witchcraft|witches]] are [[Witch-hunt|killed]] each year in Papua New Guinea.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/papua-new-guineas-sorcery-refugees-women-accused-of-witchcraft-flee-homes-to-escape-violence/ |title=Papua New Guinea's 'Sorcery Refugees': Women Accused of Witchcraft Flee Homes to Escape Violence |work=[[Vice News]] |last=Oakford |first=Samuel |date=6 January 2015 |access-date=13 July 2021 |archive-date=20 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320052432/https://news.vice.com/article/papua-new-guineas-sorcery-refugees-women-accused-of-witchcraft-flee-homes-to-escape-violence |url-status=live }}</ref> [[LGBT rights in Papua New Guinea|Homosexual acts]] are prohibited by law in Papua New Guinea.<ref>"{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/world/gay-rights/ |title=The state of gay rights around the world |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=14 June 2016 |access-date=13 July 2021 |archive-date=28 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128055714/https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/world/gay-rights/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

While [[Endemic warfare|tribal violence]] has long been a way of life in the highlands regions, an increase in firearms has led to greater loss of life. In the past, rival groups had been known to utilise axes, bush knives and traditional weapons, while respecting rules of engagement that prevented violence while hunting or at markets. These norms have been changing with a greater uptake of firearms.<ref name="Swanston2024">{{Cite web|title=Heavily armed highlands|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-03-01/png-weapons-aid-australia-united-states-used-in-tribal-fight/103505728|access-date=1 March 2023|website=ABC|language=en|archive-date=2 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302045824/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-03-01/png-weapons-aid-australia-united-states-used-in-tribal-fight/103505728|url-status=live}}</ref> The smuggling and theft of ammunition have also increased violence in these regions. The police forces and military find it difficult to maintain control.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-02-19/at-least-49-killed-in-massacre-in-png-highlands/103482982 |title=At least 49 killed in massacre in PNG highlands |author=Tim Swanston |work=ABC News |date=19 February 2024 |access-date=30 April 2025}}</ref> Violence between [[raskol gangs]] occurs in both urban and rural areas, and some gangs have become linked to politicians. Raskol violence has depressed economic activity in rural areas.<ref name="May2022chapter10"/>{{rp|167}}

The [[Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary]] is responsible for maintaining law and order. It has been challenged in this as more advanced weaponry exacerbates tribal conflicts, as well as being unable to prevent [[violence against women]].<ref name="May2022chapter1"/>{{rp|6}} These challenges are compounded by underfunding, which has contributed to low morale. Issues have been raised regarding human rights abuses and destruction of property as a result of police actions.<ref name="May2022chapter10"/>{{rp|168}} The constabulary has been troubled by infighting, political interference, and corruption.<ref name="May2022chapter1"/>{{rp|6}}<ref name="May2022chapter10"/>{{rp|168}}<ref name="Peake2014">{{cite journal |author1=Gordon Peake |author2=Sinclair Dinnen |date=2014 |title=Police Development in Papua New Guinea: The Need for Innovation |journal=Security Challenges |volume=10 |issue=2 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26467880 |page=43 |jstor=26467880 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Clifford|first1=William|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1496540|title=Law and Order in Papua New Guinea|last2=Morauta|first2=Louise|last3=Stuart|first3=Barry|date=September 1984|publisher=Institute of National Affairs|isbn=9980770023|location=Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea|author-link2=Louise Morauta|access-date=10 February 2021|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415210731/https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1496540|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Administrative divisions ===
While Papua New Guinea is a [[unitary state]], it is highly decentralised.<ref name="May2022chapter2"/>{{rp|11}} The country is divided between four [[Regions of Papua New Guinea|regions]], although these are not used as administrative divisions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pnghighcomm.org.uk/about/about-papua-new-guinea/index.html |title=About Papua New Guinea |publisher=Papua New Guinea High Commission London |access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref> The nation has 22 [[Provinces of Papua New Guinea|province]]-level divisions: twenty provinces, the [[Autonomous Region of Bougainville]] and the [[National Capital District (Papua New Guinea)|National Capital District]]. Each province is divided into [[Districts of Papua New Guinea|districts]] (89 in total), which in turn are divided into one or more [[Local-level governments of Papua New Guinea|Local-Level Government areas]] (LLGs). There are over 300 LLGs, which are divided between a small number of urban LLGs and rural LLGs, which have slightly different governance structures.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pppmonitor.adb.org/country/papua-new-guinea/local-government-ppp-landscape |title=Overview |publisher=Asian Development Bank |access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.commonwealthgovernance.org/countries/pacific/papua_new_guinea/local-government/ |title=Local Government of Papua New Guinea |publisher=Commonwealth Governance |access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref> The smallest province by size and population, [[Manus Province|Manus]], has just one coterminous district.<ref name="Dalsgaard2013">{{cite book |author=Steffen Dalsgaard |editor1=R.J. May |editor2=Ray Anere |editor3=Nicole Haley |editor4=Katherine Wheen |date=September 2013 |title=Election 2007: The Shift to Limited Preferential Voting in Papua New Guinea |publisher=ANU Press |series=State, Society and Governance in Melanesia |isbn=9781922144300 |doi=10.22459/E2007.09.2013 |doi-access=free |url=https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/election-2007 |chapter=27. Between Eagles and Flying Foxes: Elections for the Manus Provincial and Open Seats |chapter-url=https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p241561/pdf/ch27.pdf |page=478}}</ref> Provinces are the primary administrative divisions of the country, with provincial governments consisting of the national MPs elected from that province. Local governments function parallel to traditional tribal leadership.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.clgf.org.uk/default/assets/File/Country_profiles/Papua_New_Guinea.pdf |title=Papua New Guinea |publisher=Commonwealth Local Government Forum |date=2019 |access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref> They are very dissimilar in population: the most populous six make up half of the national population, while the smallest six make up 14%.<ref name="Allen2009ch1">{{cite book |author1=Bryant Allen |author2=R. Michael Bourke |date=August 2009 |chapter=People, Land and Environment |editor1=R. Michael Bourke |editor2=Tracy Harwood |title=Food and Agriculture in Papua New Guinea |publisher=ANU Press |isbn=9781921536618 |doi=10.22459/FAPNG.08.2009 |doi-access=free |url=https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/food-and-agriculture-papua-new-guinea}}</ref>{{rp|31}} Provinces can levy their own taxes, and have some control over education, health, and development.<ref name="Cornock2020"/>{{rp|15}} The province-level divisions are as follows:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:PG |title=PG |publisher=International Organization for Standardization |access-date=13 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.paclii.org/pg/legis/consol_act/olopb327/ |title=Organic Law on Provincial Boundaries |publisher=Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute |access-date=13 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/server/api/core/bitstreams/681eefdc-9b67-4c7c-9048-388e87f579a2/content |title=The Creation of Two New Provinces in Papua New Guinea — A Story of False Starts and Near Fatal Collisions |author1=Manasupe Zurenuoc |author2=Felicity Herbert |publisher=Australian National University|access-date=13 July 2025}}</ref>

{|
|
# [[Central Province (Papua New Guinea)|Central]]
# [[Chimbu Province|Chimbu]] (Simbu)
# [[Eastern Highlands Province|Eastern Highlands]]
# [[East New Britain Province|East New Britain]]
# [[East Sepik Province|East Sepik]]
# [[Enga Province|Enga]]
# [[Gulf Province|Gulf]]
# [[Madang Province|Madang]]
# [[Manus Province|Manus]]
# [[Milne Bay Province|Milne Bay]]
# [[Morobe Province|Morobe]]
|
<ol start=12>
<li>[[New Ireland Province|New Ireland]]</li>
<li>Northern ([[Oro Province]])</li>
<li>[[Autonomous Region of Bougainville|Bougainville (autonomous region)]]</li>
<li>[[Southern Highlands Province|Southern Highlands]]</li>
<li>[[Western Province (Papua New Guinea)|Western Province]] (Fly)</li>
<li>[[Western Highlands Province|Western Highlands]]</li>
<li>[[West New Britain Province|West New Britain]]</li>
<li>[[Sandaun Province|West Sepik (Sandaun)]]</li>
<li>[[National Capital District (Papua New Guinea)|National Capital District]] ([[Port Moresby]])</li>
<li>[[Hela Province|Hela]]</li>
<li>[[Jiwaka Province|Jiwaka]]</li>
</ol>
| style="width:315px; vertical-align:middle;"|
[[File:Papua new guinea provinces (numbers) 2012.png|thumb|upright=1.8|alt=Map with provinces numbered|Provinces of Papua New Guinea]]
|}

== Geography ==
{{main|Geography of Papua New Guinea}}

[[File:Papua New Guinea map.png|thumb|alt=Map showing the location of some cities and towns|Map of Papua New Guinea]]
Papua New Guinea extends over {{convert|462840|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}, including a large mainland and a number of islands. The country lies just south of the [[equator]],<ref name="SPREP2011">{{cite web |url=https://pacific-data.sprep.org/system/files/c17663c9-5495-4273-9227-106ce6c9cfab/PNG-CP_eng.pdf |title=Papua New Guinea |publisher=Secretariat of the [[Pacific Regional Environment Programme]] |date=2011 |access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref>{{rp|1}} and shares a land border with Indonesia, and maritime borders with Australia, the Solomon Islands, and the [[Federated States of Micronesia]].<ref name="May2004chapter12"/>{{rp|254}} The island of [[New Guinea]] lies at the east of the [[Malay Archipelago]].<ref name="Rottman2001"/>{{rp|147}} The country is separated from Australia's [[Cape York Peninsula]] by the shallow {{convert|152|km|mi|adj=on}} [[Torres Strait]]. To the west of this strait is the shallow [[Arafura Sea]], while to its east is the much deeper [[Coral Sea]].<ref name="Rottman2001"/>{{rp|147}}<ref name="Oshea2023"/>{{rp|26, 28}} The [[Gulf of Papua]] covers much of the southern coast,<ref name="Rottman2001"/>{{rp|148}} while the [[Solomon Sea]] lies east of the mainland.<ref name="Cornock2020"/>{{rp|11}}

The total coastline is longer than {{convert|10000|km|mi}},<ref name="Turak2021"/>{{rp|1}} and the country has an [[exclusive economic zone]] of {{convert|2396575|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/mpa/598 |title=Papua New Guinea |publisher=[[University of British Columbia]] |access-date=31 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.marineregions.org/eezdetails.php?mrgid=8324 |title=Papua New Guinea · MRGID 8324 |publisher=[[Flanders Marine Institute]] |access-date=31 May 2025}}</ref> The country covers [[Time in Papua New Guinea|two time zones]], with the [[Autonomous Region of Bougainville]] an hour ahead of the rest of the country.<ref name="Cornock2020"/>{{rp|11}}

The geological history of New Guinea is complex.<ref name="Oshea2023">{{cite book |author1=Mark O'Shea |author2=Simon Maddock |date=2023 |title=Islands and Snakes: Diversity and Conservation, Volume 2 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780197641521 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cVDcEAAAQBAJ |chapter=Serpents of Paradise |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cVDcEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA22}}</ref>{{rp|23}} It lies where the north-moving [[Indo-Australian plate]] meets the west-moving [[Pacific plate]]. This has caused its highly variable geography both on the mainland and on its islands. Tectonic movement is also the cause of the country's active volcanos and frequent earthquakes.<ref name="Allen1983">{{cite journal |author=Bryant Allen |date=1983 |title=Human geography of Papua New Guinea |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=3–23 |doi=10.1016/s0047-2484(83)80010-4 |bibcode=1983JHumE..12....3A }}</ref>{{rp|3}} The country is situated on the Pacific [[Ring of Fire]], with altogether 14 known active volcanos and 22 dormant ones.<ref name="Cornock2020"/>{{rp|12}} The area south of the mountainous spine is part of the Australian craton, with much of the land to the north being [[Accretion (geology)|accreted terrain]].<ref name="Allen1983"/>{{rp|3}}<ref name="Heads2002"/>{{rp|286}} Both the mainland and the main island groups of the [[Bismarck Archipelago]] and the [[Autonomous Region of Bougainville|Bougainville]] are dominated by large mountains.<ref name="SPREP2011"/>{{rp|1}} Altogether, mountains cover at least 72% of the country. Of the rest, 15% are plains and 11% [[swamp]]s.<ref name="Allen1983"/>{{rp|9}} There are four larger islands ([[Bougainville Island|Bougainville]], [[Manus Island|Manus]], [[New Britain]], and [[New Ireland (island)|New Ireland]]) and over 600 smaller ones; the smaller islands also often have steep slopes and small coastal areas.<ref name="CCDA2018">{{cite book |author=Climate Change and Development Authority |date=December 2018 |title=Papua New Guinea First Biennial Update Report to the United Nations Framework on Climate Change |publisher=Government of Papua New Guinea |isbn=978-9980-905-08-6 |url=https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/PNG_BUR1_re_submission_20190830.pdf}}</ref>{{rp|1}}<ref name="WBG2021">{{cite web |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/country-profiles/15871-WB_Papua%20New%20Guinea%20Country%20Profile-WEB.pdf |title=Climate Risk Country Profile Papua New Guinea |author1=Alex Chapman |author2=William Davies |author3=Ciaran Downey |author4=MacKenzie Dove |publisher=World Bank Group |date=2021 |access-date=15 July 2025 |page=2}}</ref>

[[File:Papua New Guinea (5986599443).jpg|thumb|alt=Low density trees emerging from grassland with mountains in the background with patchy forest cover|Papua New Guinea's highlands]]
The [[New Guinea Highlands]] lie within a spine of mountain ranges which run along the centre of the island from [[Milne Bay]] in the very southeast of Papua New Guinea through to the western end of Indonesian New Guinea. One of these mountains is [[Mount Wilhelm]], which at {{convert|4509|m|ft}} is the highest point in the country. Between these mountains are steep valleys, which have a variety of geological histories. The populous region referred to as the Highlands has shorter mountains than those to its northwest and southeast and includes some relatively flat areas between the mountains.<ref name="Allen1983"/>{{rp|4}}

North of the central mountain belt, a large depression is drained by [[Sepik]] River in the west, and the [[Ramu]] and [[Markham River]]s flow through a [[graben]] in the east. The depression continues into the waters east of the mainland, forming the [[New Britain Trench]]. The northwest coast hosts the [[Bewani Mountains]], [[Torricelli Range]], and [[Prince Alexander Mountains]], which the Sepik River separates from the [[Adelbert Range]] further east. East of this, the [[Huon Peninsula]] contains the [[Finisterre Range]] and the [[Saruwaged Range]]. Much of this northern coastline is made up of former seabed that has been raised, and the area remains tectonically active, prone to earthquakes and landslides.<ref name="Allen1983"/>{{rp|8}} West of the Sepik river the northern coastline is highly exposed to the ocean, with no outlying islands, a lack of fringing reefs, and [[Sissano Lagoon]] the only sheltered bay.<ref name="Summerhayes2019"/>{{rp|253}} The Sepik river however is [[Navigability|navigable]] for about half of its length.<ref name="Rottman2001"/>{{rp|148}}

The [[Sepik]]-[[Ramu]] river system extends across the north of the mainland, while the [[Fly River]] flows out the south. Both are surrounded by lowland plain and swamp areas.<ref name="SPREP2011"/>{{rp|1}} These form two of the nine [[drainage basin]]s of the mainland. The other two major basins surround the [[Purari River|Purari]] and [[Markham River]]s. Within this land lies over 5,000 lakes. Of these, only 22 exceed {{convert|1000|ha}}, the largest being [[Lake Murray (Papua New Guinea)|Lake Murray]] at {{convert|64700|ha}}.<ref name="SPREP2011"/>{{rp|4}}

[[File:Fly River.PNG|thumb|upright|alt=Cargo ship moving along a wide river with relatively flat forest stretching towards the horizon|The [[Fly River]] flows through the country's largest contiguous lowland area.]]
The only geologically stable part of the country is its southwestern lowlands, which form the largest contiguous lowland area<ref name="Allen1983"/>{{rp|3}} and has a number of [[floodplain]]s and swamps.<ref name="CCDA2018"/>{{rp|1}} The volcanic [[Mount Bosavi]] lies in the north of these plains, and the coastal areas can be slightly hilly, especially towards the mouth of the [[Fly River]]. Forming a barrier between this area and the highland interior are the tall Southern Fold Mountains. [[Lake Kutubu]] lies within this mountain range.<ref name="Allen1983"/>{{rp|4}} The Fly River, which originates in the central mountains, is navigable for the majority of its length.<ref name="Rottman2001"/>{{rp|148}}

The [[Papuan Peninsula]] (considered the island's "tail", and thus also known as the "Bird's Tail Peninsula")<ref name="Allen1983"/>{{rp|4}}<ref name="Oshea2023"/>{{rp|25}} in the east contains [[Mount Lamington]] volcano and the [[Hydrographers Range]] on its northern side. Further east, the area around [[Cape Nelson (Papua New Guinea)|Cape Nelson]] has more volcanoes, including [[Mount Victory (Papua New Guinea)|Mount Victory]] and [[Mount Trafalgar]].<ref name="Allen1983"/>{{rp|8}} In its centre runs the [[Owen Stanley Range]],<ref name="Rottman2001"/>{{rp|148}} It has a number of sheltered bays, including [[Milne Bay]], [[Goodenough Bay]], [[Collingwood Bay]], and the [[Huon Gulf]].<ref name="Rottman2001"/>{{rp|148}} The small islands off the southeast, including the [[D'Entrecasteaux Islands]], the [[Trobriand Islands]], [[Woodlark Island]], and the [[Louisiade Archipelago]] total just over {{convert|7000|km2|sqmi}}.<ref name="Rottman2001"/>{{rp|152–153}}

The major islands off the northeast of the mainland form along two arcs. One includes small islands near the mainland and the large island of [[New Britain]]. While New Britain is mostly not volcanic, volcanic activity along its north and especially in the [[Gazelle Peninsula]] around [[Rabaul]] has created fertile soil. The other island arc links [[Manus Island]], [[New Hanover Island|New Hanover]], [[New Ireland (island)|New Ireland]], and [[Bougainville Island|Bougainville]]. Bougainville hosts three large volcanoes.<ref name="Allen1983"/>{{rp|6, 8–9}} The area of these islands combined is around {{convert|68000|km2|sqmi}}.<ref name="Rottman2001"/>{{rp|153}}

The capital of [[Port Moresby]] lies on the southern coast. The city of [[Lae]] lies towards the east on the northern coast.<ref name="Rottman2001"/>{{rp|152}} Only around 2% of the country is regularly cultivated.<ref name="SPREP2011"/>{{rp|2}} The country is at risk of earthquakes, [[tsunami]]s, volcanic eruptions, floods, landslides, and droughts.<ref name="Cornock2020"/>{{rp|12}}<ref name="May2022chapter10"/>{{rp|169}} [[Climate change in Papua New Guinea|Climate change]] is leading to rising sea levels. It is expected that populations will soon be forced to move from some areas of Bougainville, such as the [[Carteret Islands]].<ref name="May2022chapter10"/>{{rp|169}}

[[File:Sun, Sea, Sand And Volcano.jpg|thumb|[[Tavurvur]] stratovolcano on [[New Britain]] in the [[Bismarck Archipelago]]]]
The country lies within the [[tropics]],<ref name="Allen1983"/>{{rp|9}} and more specifically within the [[Tropical Warm Pool]],<ref name="CCDA2018"/>{{rp|2}} an area of ocean where sea surface temperatures and temperatures down to {{convert|200|m|ft}} remain mostly above {{convert|28|C|F}} all year round.<ref name="DeDeckker2016">{{cite journal |author=Patrick De Deckker |date=29 June 2016 |title=The Indo-Pacific Warm Pool: critical to world oceanography and world climate |journal=Geoscience Letters |volume=3 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s40562-016-0054-3 |doi-access=free |pages=1–2 |article-number=20 |bibcode=2016GSL.....3...20D }}</ref> The overall climate is generally tropical, although it varies locally due to the highly variable geography.<ref name="SPREP2011"/>{{rp|1}} The average maximum temperature in coastal areas is around {{convert|32|C|F}}, while inland highlands average {{convert|26|C|F}} and very mountainous areas {{convert|18|C|F}}.<ref name="CCDA2018"/>{{rp|2}} The average minimum temperature in coastal areas is {{convert|23|C|F}}. In the highlands above {{convert|2100|m|ft}}, night frosts are common, while the daytime temperature rarely exceeds {{convert|22|C|F}}, regardless of the season.<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica Climate">{{cite web|title=Papua New Guinea – Climate|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Papua-New-Guinea|access-date=12 August 2020|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|archive-date=15 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815081541/https://www.britannica.com/place/Papua-New-Guinea|url-status=live}}</ref> Temperature roughly correlates with altitude.<ref name="Shearman2011"/>{{rp|13}}

The prevailing winds generally blow southeast from May to October, and northwest from December to March. This drives overall rain patterns, however the large mountains and rugged terrain create local weather conditions and wide variations in annual rainfall. The area around Port Moresby lies in a [[rain shadow]] and receives less than {{convert|1000|mm}} per year, while some highland areas receive over {{convert|8000|mm}}. Lowland humidity averages around 80%,<ref name="SPREP2011"/>{{rp|1}}<ref name="CCDA2018"/>{{rp|3}} and cloud cover is very common. In some areas rain is highly seasonal, with a dry spell from May to November, while in other areas it is more regular. The period when the highest rainfall occurs differs by location.<ref name="Allen1983"/>{{rp|10}} Various areas are affected by the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]], [[South Pacific convergence zone]], the [[El Niño–Southern Oscillation]], and [[monsoon]] seasons.<ref name="Cornock2020"/>{{rp|12}}<ref name="CCDA2018"/>{{rp|2}} [[Cyclone]]s occasionally affect the country during the December to March wet season.<ref name="CCDA2018"/>{{rp|2}} The climate in the Papuan Peninsula is relatively mild compared to coastal areas more to the west.<ref name="Rottman2001"/>{{rp|149}}

=== Biodiversity ===
{{See also|Fauna of New Guinea}}
[[File:Baby tree kangaroo on the chiefs wifes shoulder -Papua New Guinea-17Oct2008.jpg|thumb|alt=A tree-kangaroo about the size of a woman's head standing on her shoulder|A [[tree-kangaroo]] in Papua New Guinea]]
Papua New Guinea is a [[Megadiverse countries|megadiverse country]], containing approximately 5% of known living species,<ref name="Turak2021">{{cite journal |author1=Emre Turak |author2=Lyndon DeVantier |author3=Robert Szava-Kovats |author4=Jon Brodie |date=July 2021 |title=Impacts of coastal land use change in the wet tropics on nearshore coral reefs: Case studies from Papua New Guinea |journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin |volume=168 |article-number=112445 |doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112445 |pmid=33991988 |bibcode=2021MarPB.16812445T }}</ref>{{rp|1}} of which perhaps one third are [[Endemism|found nowhere else]].<ref name="CCDA2018"/>{{rp|2}} It hosts 4.5% of known mammal diversity, and perhaps 30,000 [[vascular plant]] species.<ref name="Cornock2020"/>{{rp|11}} The forests of New Guinea form the third-largest contiguous rainforest area in the world. This large extent of forest contains rich biodiversity and contributes to the stability of the global climate.<ref name="Shearman2011">{{cite journal |author1=Phil Shearman |author2=Jane Bryan |date=25 January 2011 |title=A bioregional analysis of the distribution of rainforest cover, deforestation and degradation in Papua New Guinea |journal=Austral Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |doi=10.1111/j.1442-9993.2010.02111.x |pages=9–24 |bibcode=2011AusEc..36....9S }}</ref>{{rp|9}} Vegetation can be broadly divided by altitude, into lowland, lower montane, upper montane, and alpine plant communities.<ref name="CCDA2018"/>{{rp|2}}<ref name="Shearman2011"/>{{rp|10}} These forests continue to provide food, natural resources, and other [[Ecosystem service|benefits derived from the environment]] to many communities.<ref name="Shearman2011"/>{{rp|9}} The complex geology and significant local variations in temperature, rainfall, and altitude mean the country has widely varying microclimates and numerous isolated habitats which host unique plant and animal communities.<ref name="Shearman2011"/>{{rp|10–11}} This local biodiversity can be sorted into broader classifications, such as those in coastal regions, mountainous areas, and different groups of islands.<ref name="Shearman2011"/>{{rp|12}}

A diverse variety of flora is found in the country, influenced by vegetation from Asia and Australia, and further varied by the country's rugged topography and distinct local climates. In areas heavily affected by human presence, ''[[Imperata]]'' and ''[[Themeda]]'' grasslands have formed.<ref name="Allen1983"/>{{rp|10}} [[Cane (grass)|Cane grasses]] also grow in cleared areas, ''[[Miscanthus]]'' species in the highlands and ''[[Saccharum]]'' species in the lowlands. Such grasses often grow where land is left to [[fallow]] for 10 to 15 years.<ref name="Allen1983"/>{{rp|10–14}} Around {{convert|4800|km2|sqmi}} of [[mangrove]]s stretch along the coast.<ref name="Turak2021"/>{{rp|1}} The country is part of the [[Malesia]] biogeographical area, with its plant species more similar to those of East Asia than Australasia, although there are exceptions, especially at higher altitudes.<ref name="Shearman2011"/>{{rp|10}} The Bougainville archipelago is biogeographically most closely related to the rest of the [[Solomon Islands (archipelago)|Solomon Islands archipelago]], distinct from the rest of the country.<ref name="Oshea2023"/>{{rp|23}}

[[File:Dendrobium atroviolaceum Rolfe, Gard. Chron., ser. 3, 7 512 (1890) (32818496397).jpg|thumb|alt=Yellow-green orchid with compact purple zigzag patterns leading toward the central column|The ''[[Dendrobium atroviolaceum]]'' orchid is [[Endemism|found only]] on some island groups within [[Milne Bay Province]].]]
Within the rainforest, there are over 2,000 known species of [[orchid]]s and around 2,000 species of ferns.<ref name="Shearman2011"/>{{rp|10}} The country is thought to have 150,000 species of insects, 813 birds, 314 [[freshwater fish]], 352 amphibians, 335 reptiles, and 298 terrestrial mammals.<ref name="CCDA2018"/>{{rp|2}} It is believed that there are many undocumented species of plants and animals,<ref>{{cite news |last=Gelineau |first=Kristen |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/spiders-and-frogs-identified-among-50-new-species-1654296.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/spiders-and-frogs-identified-among-50-new-species-1654296.html |archive-date=24 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Spiders and frogs identified among 50 new species |work=[[The Independent]] |date=26 March 2009 |access-date=26 March 2009}}</ref> with new species being regularly described.<ref name="Cornock2020"/>{{rp|11}} The western interior of the country is particularly poorly researched, although some groups such as birds-of-paradise and [[bowerbird]]s are likely well-known.<ref name="Heads2002">{{cite journal |author1=Michael Heads |date=11 March 2002 |title=Regional patterns of biodiversity in New Guinea animals |journal=Journal of Biogeography |volume=29 |issue=2 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2699.2002.00666.x |pages=285–294 |bibcode=2002JBiog..29..285H }}</ref>{{rp|286}} Some areas have particularly large numbers of species of certain types of animals. Insect and lizard diversity is high north of the central mountain spine. [[Marsupial]], snake, and freshwater fish diversity is highest in areas south of the mountain spine such as the Fly lowlands. Frog diversity is generally highest in mountainous areas on the mainland and Bougainville (an exception being the highly diverse Huon Peninsula).<ref name="Heads2002"/>{{rp|287–290}}

Many animals are part of the same [[taxon]]omic groups as species on Australia.<ref name="Strahan2007">{{cite book |author1=Ronald Strahan |author2=Pamela Conder |date=2007 |title=Dictionary of Australian and New Guinean Mammals |publisher=CSIRO Publishing |isbn=9780643100060 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LmJsAzEXRyEC}}</ref><ref name="Shea1987">{{cite book |author1=Glenn Shea |author2=Richard Shine |author3=Jeanette C. Covacevich |date=1987 |title=Fauna of Australia, Volume 2 |publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service |isbn=9780644324298 |chapter=35. Family Elapidate |chapter-url=https://redtox.org/sites/default/files/toxiblog/descargables/fauna-de-australia-serpientes-a_1.pdf |pages=34–35}}</ref> The large islands to the northeast have never been linked to New Guinea or another large landmass. As a consequence, they have their own flora and fauna;<ref name="Oshea2023"/>{{rp|26}} groups with many species on the mainland may have few or none on the islands, and well-known mainland groups such as birds-of-paradise, bowerbirds, and [[monotreme]]s are completely absent from these islands. The islands have their own significant endemic animals, such as fruit bats and some frog groups. The reason different animal groups are present or absent on different groups of islands is not well understood.<ref name="Heads2002"/>{{rp|290–291}} It is likely a product of geological history as well as dispersal.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Michael Heads |date=11 March 2002 |title=Birds of paradise, vicariance biogeography and terrane tectonics in New Guinea |journal=Journal of Biogeography |volume=29 |issue=2 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2699.2002.00667.x |pages=261–283 |bibcode=2002JBiog..29..261H }}</ref> Islands lying between the mainland Huon Peninsula and New Britain provide an avenue for some migration. The small islands to the southeast were possibly linked to the mainland in the past and have similar wildlife.<ref name="Oshea2023"/>{{rp|26}} Papua New Guinea is surrounded by at least {{convert|13840|km2|sqmi}} of [[coral reef]]s, although more may be unmapped. These reefs form part of the biodiverse [[Coral Triangle]].<ref name="Turak2021"/>{{rp|1}}

Nearly one-quarter of Papua New Guinea's rainforests were damaged or destroyed between 1972 and 2002, with around 15% being completely cleared.<ref name="Shearman2011"/>{{rp|9}}<ref>"[http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/06/02/2262808.htm Satellite images uncover rapid PNG deforestation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629000402/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/06/02/2262808.htm |date=29 June 2011 }}." ABC News. 2 June 2008.</ref> Up to a quarter of the forests are likely [[secondary forest]], covering areas cultivated in the past. In these areas, cultivation cycles may include a fallow period of as long as 50 years. Clearing has turned a very small amount of forest area into [[savanna]].<ref name="Allen1983"/>{{rp|14}}

== Economy ==
{{main|Economy of Papua New Guinea}}

[[File:Pacific Place Port Moresby November 2013.jpg|thumb|alt=Tall buildings and a construction crane|Port Moresby's central business district]]
Papua New Guinea is classified as a [[Developing country|developing economy]] by the [[International Monetary Fund]].<ref>[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2014&ey=2014&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=16&pr1.y=7&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C522%2C692%2C622%2C694%2C156%2C142%2C624%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=PPPPC&grp=0&a= World Economic Outlook Database, October 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095349/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2014&ey=2014&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=16&pr1.y=7&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C522%2C692%2C622%2C694%2C156%2C142%2C624%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=PPPPC&grp=0&a= |date=1 January 2016 }}, [http://www.imf.org/external/ns/cs.aspx?id=28 International Monetary Fund] {{Webarchive|url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20060214005019/http://www.imf.org/external/ns/cs.aspx?id=28 |date=14 February 2006 }}. Database updated on 6 October 2015. Accessed on 6 October 2015.</ref> The economy is largely dependent on [[natural resource]]s,<ref name="Howes2022">{{cite book |editor1=Stephen Howes |editor2=Lekshmi N. Pillai |date=2022 |title=Papua New Guinea: Government, Economy and Society |publisher=ANU Press |isbn=9781760465032 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=biFkEAAAQBAJ}}</ref>{{rp|127}} with capital investment concentrated in mining and oil, while most labour is employed in agriculture.<ref name="CCDA2018"/>{{rp|iv}} As of 2018, natural resource extraction made up 28% of overall GDP, with substantial contributors including [[Mining in Papua New Guinea|minerals]], oil, and [[natural gas in Papua New Guinea|natural gas]].<ref name="Howes2022"/>{{rp|128}} Measuring economic growth is difficult due to the resource-dependent economy distorting GDP. Other metrics such as [[Gross national income]] are hard to measure.<ref name="Howes2022"/>{{rp|127}} Even historical GDP estimates have changed dramatically.<ref name="Howes2022"/>{{rp|128}} As of 2019, PNG's real GDP growth rate was 3.8%, with an inflation rate of 4.3%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/PNG/WEO|title=Data|website=International Monetary Fund |access-date=26 December 2020|archive-date=13 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013212137/https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/PNG/WEO|url-status=live}}</ref> The national currency, the [[Papua New Guinean kina|Kina]], is regulated by the [[Bank of Papua New Guinea]], which has varied its approach to managing the [[exchange rate]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Path to Kina Convertibility: An Analysis of Papua New Guinea's Foreign Exchange Market |author1=Martin H. Davies |author2=Marcel Schröder |publisher=Asian Development Bank |date=June 2022 |url=https://www.adb.org/publications/analysis-png-foreign-exchange-market |doi=10.22617/WPS220228-2 |page=1}}</ref><ref name="Wangi2023">{{cite journal |author=Thomas Wangi |date=2023 |title=What Has Happened to the Kina Since the Recent Exchange Rate Reform? |journal=Spotlight |volume=18 |issue=5 |url=https://pngnri.org/images/Publications/Spotlight_Vol18_Iss5_What_has_happened_to_the_Kina_since_the_recent_exchange_rate_reform.pdf}}</ref> Formal employment is low. There is a minimum wage, but it has declined in real terms since independence.<ref name="Howes2022"/>{{rp|139–141}} In the late 2010s, around 40% of those employed in urban areas worked outside of agriculture, but only around 20% in rural areas.<ref name="Howes2022"/>{{rp|167}}

Timber and marine resources are also exported,<ref name="Howes2022"/>{{rp|133}} with the country being one of the few suppliers of [[tropical timber]],<ref name="Howes2022"/>{{rp|138}} Forestry is an important economic resource for Papua New Guinea, but the industry uses low and semi-intensive technological inputs. As a result, product ranges are limited to sawed timber, veneer, plywood, block board, moulding, poles and posts and wood chips. Only a few finished products are exported. Lack of automated machinery, coupled with inadequately trained local technical personnel, are some of the obstacles to introducing automated machinery and design.<ref name="UNESCO Science Report 2015">{{Cite book|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf|title=UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030|publisher=UNESCO|year=2015|isbn=978-92-3-100129-1|location=Paris|pages=693–731|access-date=17 March 2017|archive-date=30 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630025557/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|728}} Forestry is an avenue for corruption and many projects face legal uncertainty. Up to 70% of logging may be illegal.<ref name="Howes2022"/>{{rp|205}} Marine fisheries provide around 10% of global catch.<ref name="Cornock2020"/>{{rp|12–13}}

Agriculture in the country includes crops grown for domestic sale and international export, as well as for [[subsistence agriculture]].<ref name="Howes2022"/>{{rp|128}} Agricultural exports of commodities such as [[copra]], copra oil, [[Natural rubber|rubber]], [[tea]], [[cocoa bean|cocoa]], and [[coffee]] have not grown.<ref name="Howes2022"/>{{rp|135}} However, the conversion of forests to oil palm plantations to produce [[palm oil]] has become a significant and growing source of employment and income.<ref name="Turak2021"/>{{rp|2}}<ref name="Howes2022"/>{{rp|135}} Overall the country produces 1.6% of global palm oil, and 1% of global coffee. While not the largest sector of the economy, agriculture provides the most employment, at around 85% of all jobs.<ref name="Cornock2020"/>{{rp|12}}

Assessments of [[Poverty in Papua New Guinea|poverty]] have found that it is most common in rural areas.<ref name="Allen2009ch6"/>{{rp|487}} Nearly 40% of the population are subsistence farmers, living relatively independently of the cash economy.<ref>World Bank. 2010. World Development Indicators. Washington DC.</ref> As a result, farming is the most widespread economic activity. Most is carried out through simple rainfed [[surface irrigation]], with specific techniques varying by location.<ref name="SPREP2011"/>{{rp|5}} [[Taro]] is a historical crop, although the introduction of the now-staple [[sweet potato]] allowed for cultivation as high as {{convert|2700|m|ft}}. ''[[Metroxylon sagu]]'', from which [[sago]] is extracted, is also commonly cultivated.<ref name="Allen1983"/>{{rp|17–18}}

[[File:OkTediMine.jpg|thumb|alt=Large stepped mine cut into a mountainside|The [[Ok Tedi Mine]] in southwestern Papua New Guinea]]
Significant exported minerals include [[gold]], [[copper]], [[cobalt]], and [[nickel]]. [[Oil]] and [[liquefied natural gas]] (LNG) are also major export commodities.<ref name="Howes2022"/>{{rp|136}} Extractive resources make up 86% of all exports,<ref name="Cornock2020"/>{{rp|23}} and their high value has enabled the country to generally run current account surpluses.<ref name="Howes2022"/>{{rp|141}} The biggest mine is a private gold mine on [[Lihir Island]], which is followed by the state-run [[Ok Tedi Mine]], and then the [[Porgera Gold Mine]].<ref name="Cornock2020"/>{{rp|12}} LNG exports began in 2014, although the opening of new projects has been delayed due to disputes regarding revenue sharing.<ref name="Cornock2020"/>{{rp|10, 12}}

The country's terrain has made it difficult for the country to develop [[Transport in Papua New Guinea|transportation infrastructure]], resulting in air travel being the most efficient and reliable means of transportation. There are five highways, although only two go into the interior. Domestic shipping is limited.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Harriman |first1=Bethanie |title=Airlines grounded across Papua New Guinea due to fuel shortage |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/05/airlines-grounded-across-papua-new-guinea-due-to-fuel-shortage |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=5 January 2023 |access-date=15 February 2023 |archive-date=15 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215065753/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/05/airlines-grounded-across-papua-new-guinea-due-to-fuel-shortage |url-status=live }}</ref> There are 22 international ports, although not all are operational. The biggest is [[Lae Port]], which handles about half of all international cargo.<ref name="Allen2009ch6"/>{{rp|481}} Papua New Guinea has over 500 airstrips, most of which are unpaved.<ref name="cia">{{cite web |year=2012 |title=Papua New Guinea |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/papua-new-guinea/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412232302/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/papua-new-guinea |archive-date=12 April 2021 |access-date=5 October 2012 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |location=Langley, Virginia}}</ref> Many roads are poorly maintained, and some cannot be used during the wet season. Nonetheless, the majority of the population lives within {{convert|5|km|mi}} of a national road, and even more live near district or rural roads.<ref name="Allen2009ch6"/>{{rp|478}}

The [[Sirinumu Dam]] and [[Yonki Dam]] provide some hydropower.<ref name="SPREP2011"/>{{rp|4–5}} There is limited sewage treatment, even in the capital. Some is discharged directly into the ocean, leading to issues with pollution.<ref name="SPREP2011"/>{{rp|9}} [[Renewable energy]] sources represent two-thirds of the total electricity supply.<ref name="UNESCO Science Report 2015" />{{rp|726}}

Overall housing quality is low, with 15% of houses having a finished floor in the late 2010s.<ref name="Howes2022"/>{{rp|168}} In urban areas, 55% of houses were connected to electricity in 2016. Rural areas saw only 10% connection, although this is a significant increase from 3% in 1996. Over half of urban houses had access to piped water, while only 15% of rural houses did, although rural houses had more access to wells. The average number of people per room was 2.5.<ref name="Howes2022"/>{{rp|169–70}}

Over 97% of the country is designated as [[customary land]], held [[Aboriginal title|by communities]]. Many such effective titles remain unregistered and effectively informal.<ref name="Lea2023"/>{{rp|53–54}} Land registration efforts have had very limited success.<ref name="Lea2023"/>{{rp|54, 66}} The PNG legislature has enacted laws in which a type of tenure called "[[Aboriginal title|customary land title]]" is recognised, meaning that the traditional lands of the [[indigenous peoples]] have some legal basis for inalienable tenure. This customary land notionally covers most of the usable land in the country (some 97% of total land area);<ref>{{cite web |title=Customary Land Tenure in Papua New Guinea: Status and Prospects |author=Armitage, Lynne |publisher=Queensland University of Technology |url=https://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlcrest/api/core/bitstreams/afe3fa43-ba5b-4a1a-b48a-9503adab21e5/content |access-date=15 July 2005 }}</ref> [[alienated land]] is either held privately under state lease or is government land. Freehold title (also known as [[fee simple]]) can only be held by Papua New Guinean citizens.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mj.gov.tl/dntp/rel/DATA/LLP%20I/ARD%20Reports%20and%20studies/Compartive%20Study/Comparative%20study%20by%20HBW%20Inc.pdf |title=Facilitating Foreign Investment through Property Lease Options |author=HBW International Inc. |access-date=28 August 2007 |page=9 |date=10 September 2003 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070925201815/http://www.mj.gov.tl/dntp/rel/DATA/LLP%20I/ARD%20Reports%20and%20studies/Compartive%20Study/Comparative%20study%20by%20HBW%20Inc.pdf |archive-date=25 September 2007 }}</ref>{{rp|9–13}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pngnri.org/images/Publications/IP07_Chand_et_al_2014_Land_leases_9.pdf |title=Use of Land Leases as Collateral for Accessing Formal Sector Finance in Papua New Guinea |author1=Satish Chand |author2=Justin Ondopa |author3=Logea Nao |publisher=The National Research Institute |date=March 2014 |access-date=10 July 2025 |pages=4, 10}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of Papua New Guinea}}

[[File:Huli wigman.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Man with yellow face paint and a wig adorned with feathers and leaves|[[Huli people|Huli]] wigman from the [[Southern Highlands Province]]]]
Papua New Guinea is one of the most [[Homogeneity and heterogeneity|heterogeneous]] nations in the world.<ref name=fearon>{{cite journal|title=Ethnic and Cultural Diversity by Country|author=James Fearon|journal=Journal of Economic Growth|volume=8|issue=2|pages=195–222|year=2003|doi=10.1023/A:1024419522867|bibcode=2003JEcGr...8..195F |s2cid=152680631|url=http://telematica.politicas.unam.mx/biblioteca/archivos/040107017.pdf|access-date=15 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512112705/http://telematica.politicas.unam.mx/biblioteca/archivos/040107017.pdf|archive-date=12 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{rp|205}} In addition to having perhaps a quarter of the world's languages, ethnic identity within the country is further divided by factors such as geography, kinship ties, and external pressures.<ref name="Reilly2004">{{cite journal |author=Benjamin Reilly |year=2004 |title=Ethnicity, democracy and development in Papua New Guinea |journal=Pacific Economic Bulletin |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=46–54 |url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/server/api/core/bitstreams/307eaa9d-07f9-4cff-bd45-5ec40f5e1dea/content}}</ref>{{rp|47–48}} The [[United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs]] population estimate as of 2020 was 8.95 million inhabitants.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Total Population-Both Sexes (XLSX, 2.4 MB)|url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/|access-date=|website=[[United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs]]|archive-date=4 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604174948/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/|url-status=live}}</ref> Government estimates put the population at 11.8 million in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nso.gov.pg/statistics/population/ |title=Population |publisher=National Statistical Office |access-date=10 July 2025}}</ref> With the National Census deferred during 2020/2021, ostensibly on the grounds of the COVID-19 pandemic, an interim assessment was conducted using satellite imagery. In December 2022, a report by the UN, based upon a survey conducted with the [[University of Southampton]] using satellite imagery and ground-truthing, suggested a new population estimate of 17 million, nearly double the country's official estimate.<ref name=Lagan202212>{{Cite news |last=Lagan |first=Bernard |date=5 December 2022 |title=Papua New Guinea finds real population is almost double official estimates |newspaper=[[The Times]] |language=en |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/politics/article/papua-new-guinea-finds-real-population-is-almost-double-official-estimates-n86g6sdpm |access-date=6 December 2022 |issn=0140-0460 |archive-date=6 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206142910/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/papua-new-guinea-finds-real-population-is-almost-double-official-estimates-n86g6sdpm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Fildes |first1=Nic |title=Papua New Guinea's population size puzzles prime minister and experts |url=https://www.ft.com/content/5a1a8d10-d2cd-4467-b877-06146cdb48e1 |access-date=5 December 2022 |newspaper=Financial Times |date=5 December 2022 |archive-date=5 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205095257/https://www.ft.com/content/5a1a8d10-d2cd-4467-b877-06146cdb48e1 |url-status=live }}</ref> In July 2023 the UN officially revised its estimate to 11.8 million.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/fix-we-still-really-don-t-know-png |title=The Fix: We still really don't know PNG |author=Maholopa Laveil |publisher=The Interpreter |date=16 August 2023 |access-date=23 August 2025}}</ref> While decadal censuses have been carried out since 1961, the reliability of past censuses is unsure.<ref name="Howes2022"/>{{rp|126}} Nonetheless, the population is thought to have grown greatly since independence. Despite this growth, urbanisation has remained largely unchanged or only slightly increased.<ref name="Howes2022"/>{{rp|127}} As of 2015, about 0.3% of the population was international migrants.<ref>{{cite web |title=International migrant stock (% of population) – Papua New Guinea |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SM.POP.TOTL.ZS?locations=PG |website=worldbank.org |access-date=14 February 2023 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210193018/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SM.POP.TOTL.ZS?locations=PG |url-status=live }}</ref>

Papua New Guinea is one of the most rural countries, with only 14% of its population living in urban centres as of 2023.<ref>{{cite web|title=Urban population (% of total population) – Papua New Guinea|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS?locations=PG|access-date=3 June 2025|website=data.worldbank.org|archive-date=20 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720063720/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS?locations=PG|url-status=dead}}</ref> The biggest city is the capital [[Port Moresby]], with other larger settlements including [[Lae]], [[Mount Hagen]], [[Madang]], and [[Wewak]]. As of 2000, there were 40 urban areas with a population over 1,000.<ref name="Cornock2020"/>{{rp|11}}<ref name="Allen2009ch1"/>{{rp|31}} Most of its people live in [[Customary land|customary communities]].<ref name="University of Hawaii Press">{{cite book | last1= James | first1= Paul | author-link= Paul James (academic) | last2= Nadarajah | first2= Yaso | last3= Haive | first3= Karen | last4= Stead | first4= Victoria | title= Sustainable Communities, Sustainable Development: Other Paths for Papua New Guinea | url= https://www.academia.edu/3230875 | year= 2012 | publisher= University of Hawaii Press | location= Honolulu, HI | access-date= 15 December 2017 | archive-date= 9 August 2021 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210809030423/https://www.academia.edu/3230875 | url-status= live }}</ref> The most populated region is the Highlands, with 43% of the population. The [[Momase Region|northern mainland]] has 25%, the [[Southern Region, Papua New Guinea|southern region]] 18%, and the [[Islands Region]] 14%.<ref name="Cornock2020"/>{{rp|13}} Traditional small communities, usually under 300 people, often consist of a very small main village, surrounded by farms and gardens in which other dwellings are dispersed. These are lived in for some of the year, and villagers may have multiple homes. In communities which need to hunt or farm across wide areas, the main village may be as small as one or two buildings.<ref name="Allen1983"/>{{rp|18}} Up to two-thirds of the country might be classed as unoccupied.<ref name="Allen2009ch1"/>{{rp|47}} Outside of urban areas, the highest population densities are on small islands.<ref name="Allen2009ch1"/>{{rp|48}} An increase in urban populations has led to an average decrease in urban quality of life, even as the quality of life in rural areas has generally improved.<ref name="Howes2022"/>{{rp|177–181}} Despite the widespread population, over four-fifths live within eight hours of a government service centre.<ref name="Allen2009ch1"/>{{rp|117}}

The gender ratio in 2016 was 51% male and 49% female. The number of households headed by a male was 82.5%, or 17.5% were headed by females.<ref name="Howes2022"/>{{rp|177–178}} The median age of marriage is 20, while 18% of women are in [[Polygyny|polygynous]] relationships.<ref name="Howes2022"/>{{rp|179}} The population is young, with a median age under 22 in 2011, when 36% of the population was younger than 15.<ref name="Cornock2020"/>{{rp|13}} The [[dependency ratio]] in urban areas was 64% in the late 2010s, while it was 83% in rural areas.<ref name="Howes2022"/>{{rp|178}} As of 2016, the [[total fertility rate]] was 4.4.<ref name="Howes2022"/>{{rp|177}}

[[Health in Papua New Guinea|Health]] infrastructure overall is poorly developed. There is a [[HIV/AIDS in Papua New Guinea|high incidence of HIV/AIDS]], and there have been outbreaks of diseases such as [[cholera]] and [[tuberculosis]].<ref name="May2022chapter10"/>{{rp|169}} Vaccine coverage in 2016 was 35%, with 24% of children having no vaccines.<ref name="Howes2022"/>{{rp|175}} As of 2019, life expectancy in Papua New Guinea at birth was 63 years for men and 67 for women.<ref name="who.int">{{cite news |title=Papua New Guinea |url=https://www.who.int/countries/png/en/ |access-date=23 November 2018 |publisher=WHO |archive-date=18 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018032158/http://www.who.int/countries/png/en/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Government health expenditure in 2014 accounted for 9.5% of total government spending, with total health expenditure equating to 4.3% of GDP.<ref name="who.int"/> There were 0.61 doctors per 10,000 people in 2023.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/medical-doctors-(per-10-000-population) |title=Medical doctors (per 10 000 population) |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |access-date=10 July 2025}}</ref> The 2008 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Papua New Guinea was 250. This is compared with 270 in 2005 and 340 in 1990. The under-5 mortality rate, per 1,000 births is 69 and the neonatal mortality as a percentage of under-5s' mortality is 37. The number of midwives per 1,000 live births is 1, and the lifetime risk of death for pregnant women is 1 in 94.<ref name="SOWMY">{{cite web |url=http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/resources/docs/country_info/profile/en_PapuaNewGuinea_SoWMy_Profile.pdf |title=The State of the World's Midwifery – Papua New Guinea |publisher=United Nations Population Fund |access-date=2 August 2011 |archive-date=5 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005172548/http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/resources/docs/country_info/profile/en_PapuaNewGuinea_SoWMy_Profile.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> These national improvements in child mortality mostly reflect improvement in rural areas, with little change or slight worsening in some urban areas.<ref name="Howes2022"/>{{rp|174}}

In the late 2010s, the proportion of men without [[Education in Papua New Guinea|education]] was around 32%, while for the female population it was 40%.<ref name="Howes2022"/>{{rp|171}} The [[literacy]] rate was 63.4% in 2015.<ref name="DevetteChee2021">{{cite journal |author=Kilala Devette-Chee |date=June 2021 |title=Illiteracy: A Growing Concern in Papua New Guinea |journal=Spotlight |volume=14 |issue=7 |url=https://pngnri.org/images/Publications/Spotlight_Vol_14_Issue_7.pdf}}</ref> Much of the education in PNG is provided by church institutions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kirche-in-not.de/aktuelle-meldungen/2009/03-06-papua-neuguinea-weltgebetstag-frauen-2009 |title=Kichte-in-not.de |publisher=Kirche-in-not.de |date=6 March 2009 |access-date=27 June 2010 |archive-date=20 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120102657/http://www.kirche-in-not.de/aktuelle-meldungen/2009/03-06-papua-neuguinea-weltgebetstag-frauen-2009 |url-status=live |language=de}}</ref> Tuition fees were abolished in 2012, leading to an increase in educational attendance, but results were mixed and the fees were partially reintroduced in 2019.<ref name="Howes2022"/>{{rp|170, 208}} Papua New Guinea has four public universities and two private ones, as well as seven other tertiary institutions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.commonwealthofnations.org/sectors-papua_new_guinea/education/universities_and_colleges/ |title=Universities and Colleges in Papua New Guinea |publisher=Commonwealth Network |access-date=31 May 2025}}</ref>

=== Languages ===
{{main|Languages of Papua New Guinea}}

[[File:Languages Papua New Guinea.png|thumb|upright=1.35|alt=Map showing the patchwork of language families spread throughout the country|The language families of Papua New Guinea, according to Timothy Usher]]
[[File:TNG map.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|alt=Map showing language groups throughout both Papua New Guinea and Western New Guinea|The language families in Ross's conception of the [[Trans-New Guinea]] language family. The affiliation of some Eastern branches is not universally accepted.]]
There are around 840 known [[languages of Papua New Guinea]] (including English), making it the most linguistically diverse country in the world.<ref name="ethnologue">[http://www.ethnologue.com/country/PG Papua New Guinea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703201638/http://www.ethnologue.com/country/PG |date=3 July 2013 }}, Ethnologue</ref> Papua New Guinea has more languages than any other country,<ref name="Kik2021">{{cite journal |author1=Alfred Kik |author2=Martin Adamec |author3=Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald |author4=Vojtech Novotny |date=26 May 2021 |title=Language and ethnobiological skills decline precipitously in Papua New Guinea, the world's most linguistically diverse nation |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=118 |issue=22 |article-number=e2100096118 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2100096118 |pmid=34039709 |doi-access=free |pmc=8179190 |bibcode=2021PNAS..11800096K }}</ref> with over 820 indigenous languages, representing 12% of the world's total, but the majority are spoken by fewer than a thousand people, and an average of only 7,000 speakers per language. Papua New Guinea has the second highest density of languages among all nations on Earth, after [[Vanuatu]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pangeanic.com/knowledge_center/country-with-the-highest-level-of-language-diversity-papua-new-guinea/|title=The country with the highest level of language diversity: Papua New Guinea – Pangeanic Translations|last=Translations|first=Pangeanic|work=Pangeanic.com|access-date=15 March 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108142347/https://www.pangeanic.com/knowledge_center/country-with-the-highest-level-of-language-diversity-papua-new-guinea/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Fèlix Marti |url=http://data.rero.ch/01-R006502166/html |title=Words and worlds: world languages review |author2=Paul Ortega |author3=Itziar Idiazabal |author4=Andoni Barrenha |author5=Patxi Juaristi |author6=Carme Junyent |author7=Belen Uranga |author8=Estibaliz Amorrortu |date=2005 |publisher=Multilingual Matters |isbn=1853598275 |pages=76 |author-link6=Carme Junyent |access-date=18 March 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The most widely spoken indigenous language is [[Enga language|Enga]], with about 200,000 speakers, followed by [[Melpa language|Melpa]] and [[Huli language|Huli]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/645716/languages-on-papua-vanish-without-a-whisper |title=Languages on Papua vanish without a whisper |date=21 July 2011 |access-date=22 July 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111150003/http://www.dawn.com/2011/07/21/languages-on-papua-vanish-without-a-whisper.html |archive-date=11 January 2012}}. AFP via dawn.com (21 July 2011)</ref> However, even Enga is divided into different dialects.<ref name="May2022chapter8"/>{{rp|134}} Indigenous languages are classified into two large groups, [[Austronesian languages]] and [[Papuan languages|Papuan]], although "Papuan" is a group of convenience for local non-Austronesian languages, rather than defining any linguistic relationships.<ref name="Reesink2018">{{cite book |author1=Ger Reesink |author2=Michael Dunn |editor=Bill Palmer |date=2018 |title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |isbn=9783110295252 |url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110295252/html |chapter=Contact Phenomena in Austronesian and Papuan Languages |chapter-url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110295252-009/pdf?licenseType=restricted |doi=10.1515/9783110295252-009 |page=939}}</ref>

There are four languages in Papua New Guinea with popular cultural recognition as national languages: English, [[Tok Pisin]], [[Hiri Motu]], and, since 2015, sign language (in practice [[Papua New Guinean Sign Language]]).<ref name="May2022chapter8"/>{{rp|151}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.postcourier.com.pg/sign-language-is-the-fourth-national-language-in-png/ |title=Sign language is the fourth national language in PNG |work=Post-Courier |date=12 September 2019 |access-date=31 May 2025}}</ref> However, there is no specific legislation proclaiming official languages.<ref name="May2022chapter2"/>{{rp|21}} Language is only briefly mentioned in the constitution, which calls for "universal literacy in Pisin, Hiri Motu or English" as well as "tok ples" and "ita eda tano gado" (the terms for local languages in Tok Pisin and Hiri Motu respectively). It also mentions the ability to speak a local language as a requirement for citizenship by nationalisation, and that those arrested are required to be informed in a language they understand.<ref name="May2022chapter8"/>{{rp|143}}

English is the language of commerce and the education system, while the primary [[lingua franca]] of the country is Tok Pisin.<ref name="May2022chapter2"/>{{rp|21}} Parliamentary debates are usually conducted in a mixture of English and Tok Pisin.<ref name="May2022chapter8"/>{{rp|143}} The national judiciary uses English, while provincial and district courts usually use Tok Pisin or Hiri Motu. Village courts may use a local language. Most national newspapers use English, although one national weekly newspaper, ''[[Wantok Niuspepa|Wantok]]'', uses Tok Pisin. National radio and television use English and Tok Pisin, with a small amount of Hiri Motu. Provincial radio uses a mixture of these languages, in addition to local ones.<ref name="May2022chapter8"/>{{rp|147}} Over time, Tok Pisin has continued to spread as the most common language, displacing Hiri Motu,<ref name="May2022chapter8"/>{{rp|146}} including in the former Hiri Motu-dominated capital, Port Moresby.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thenational.com.pg/dont-many-people-speak-hiri-motu-days/ |title=Why don't so many people speak Hiri Motu these days? |author=Craig Alan Volker |work=[[The National (Papua New Guinea)|The National]] |date=6 October 2017 |access-date=31 May 2025}}</ref>

Most provinces do not have a dominant local language, although exceptions exist. [[Enga Province]] is dominated by Enga language speakers, but it adopted Tok Pisin as its official language in 1976. [[East New Britain Province]] is dominated by [[Tolai language|Tolai]] speakers, which has caused issues with minority speakers of the [[Baining languages]] or [[Sulka language|Sulka]].<ref name="May2022chapter8"/>{{rp|147–148}} However, language has generally not been a cause for conflict, with conflicts occurring between communities speaking the same language, and regional identities incorporating many linguistic communities.<ref name="May2022chapter8"/>{{rp|153}} English and Tok Pisin are generally seen as neutral languages, while local languages are considered culturally valuable and multilingualism is officially encouraged.<ref name="May2022chapter8"/>{{rp|154}}

The use of almost all local languages, as well as Hiri Motu, is declining,<ref name="May2022chapter8"/>{{rp|148}} with some local languages having under 100 speakers remaining.<ref name="May2022chapter8"/>{{rp|135}} The use of local languages has been encouraged by government, which after independence created a policy of teaching early literacy and numeracy in local languages. As of April 2000, 837 languages had educational support, with few problems reported from schools covering two local language communities. However, in 2013, education was shifted back towards English in an attempt to improve low English literacy rates.<ref name="May2022chapter8"/>{{rp|151–152}}

=== Religion ===
{{main|Religion in Papua New Guinea}}

[[File:Cathedral at Dogura, PNG (9605677926).jpg|thumb|alt=Two men with feather headdresses standing in front of an under-construction stone church|[[Ss Peter and Paul Cathedral, Dogura|Ss Peter and Paul Cathedral]] in [[Dogura, Papua New Guinea|Dogura]] was once the largest building in the country.]]
The 2011 census found that 95.6% of citizens identified themselves as [[Christianity|Christian]], 1.4% reported other beliefs, and 3.1% gave no answer. Virtually no respondent identified as being non-religious.<ref name="2011CensusReport">{{cite web |url=https://png-data.sprep.org/system/files/2011%20Census%20National%20Report.pdf  |title=Papua New Guinea 2011 National Report |publisher=[[National Statistical Office of Papua New Guinea|National Statistical Office]] |access-date=31 May 2025 |page=33}}</ref> [[Religious syncretism]] is common, with many citizens combining their Christian faith with some traditional indigenous religious practices. Many Christian denominations have a large presence in the country.<ref name="Cornock2020"/>{{rp|13}} The largest denomination is the [[Catholic Church]], followed by 26.0% of the population. The next largest is the [[Evangelical Lutheran Church of Papua New Guinea]] (18.4%), followed by the [[Seventh-day Adventist Church]] (12.9%), [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]] denominations (10.4%), the [[United Church in Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands]] (10.3%), "Other Christian" (9.7%), [[Evangelical Alliance]] (5.9%), the [[Anglican Church of Papua New Guinea]] (3.2%), the [[Baptist Union of Papua New Guinea]] (2.8%) and smaller groups.<ref name="2011CensusReport"/>

The government and judiciary have upheld the constitutional right to freedom of speech, thought, and belief.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2003/24317.htm |title=Papua New Guinea |work=International Religious Freedom Report 2003 |publisher=[[United States Department of State]] |access-date=22 May 2019 |archive-date=1 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901124132/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2003/24317.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> However, [[Christian fundamentalism]] and [[Christian Zionism]] have become more common, driven by the spread of American [[prosperity theology]] through visitors and [[televangelism]]. This has challenged the dominance of mainstream churches and reduced the expression of some aspects of pre-Christian culture.<ref name="May2022chapter11">{{cite book |author=R.J. May |date=August 2022 |title=State and Society in Papua New Guinea, 2001–2021 |publisher=ANU Press |isbn=9781760465216 |doi=10.22459/SSPNG.2022 |doi-access=free |url=https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/series/pacific/state-society-papua-new-guinea-2001%E2%80%932021 |chapter=11. The Zurenuoc affair: The politics of religious fundamentalism |pages=182–183}}</ref> A constitutional amendment in March 2025 recognised Papua New Guinea as a Christian country, with specific mention of "God, the Father; Jesus Christ, the Son; and Holy Spirit", and the [[Bible]] as a national symbol.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/pacific/544665/papua-new-guinea-declares-christian-identity-in-constitutional-amendment|title=Papua New Guinea declares Christian identity in constitutional amendment|publisher=RNZ|date=13 March 2025|first=Scott|last=Waide}}</ref>

== Culture ==
{{main|Culture of Papua New Guinea}}

[[File:Papua New Guinean.JPG|thumb|alt=Man with a large feather headdress holding an animal jawbone in his mouth|A resident of Boga-Boga, a village on the southeast coast of mainland Papua New Guinea|left]]
[[Melanesians|Melanesian]] culture developed without significant external influence due to the isolation of New Guinea. This culture places significant importance on relationships, both between people and between a person and aspects of the natural environment.<ref name="Lea2023"/>{{rp|21–22}} The importance of relationships is seen in the [[Kula ring]] trade, where items are traded to maintain relationships rather than for direct economic benefit.<ref name="Lea2023"/>{{rp|23}} Connections to and ownership of land are important, although these are generally at the community level rather than an individual one. Local in-group relations are a strong component of the [[wantok system]], and so treatment by individuals of those in their communities will often differ from the way they treat those of other communities.<ref name="Lea2023"/>{{rp|26}} The value of actions is often evaluated predominantly or exclusively by impact on one's local community.<ref name="Lea2023"/>{{rp|41}}

The culture of traditional Melanesian societies sees small communities led under a [[Big man (anthropology)|"big man"]]. These are often considered to be positions earned through merit and societies are thought to be relatively egalitarian, although at times hereditary influence does play a role, and there are varying social stratifications in addition to differences relating to age and gender. Broadly, highland societies were likely more individualistic than lowland societies.<ref name="May2004chapter9"/>{{rp|207–209}} As in the traditional big man system the position is expected to be demonstrated in part through the generous dispersion of excess wealth, cultural expectations lead to the use of modern political and economic positions for patronage. The dominance of this system constrains modern gender roles, with the vast majority of politicians and leaders continuing to be men.<ref name="Lea2023"/>{{rp|27–28}} The difference between men and women is the largest source of inequality in traditional communities.<ref name="Allen1983"/>{{rp|18–19}} Those who become "big men" may maintain some respect throughout life, although status can be lost if others can outperform them.<ref name="Allen1983"/>{{rp|19}}<ref name="Lea2023"/>{{rp|27–28}} Kinship may come from expressed ties as well as biological ones.<ref name="Allen1983"/>{{rp|19}} The importance of traditional communities can also clash with the concept of higher levels of authority.<ref name="Allen1983"/>{{rp|22}}

[[File:Thiafamous 4318b.JPG|thumb|left|alt=A group of people covered in white body paint with large white masks covering their entire head|[[Asaro Mudmen]]]]
The country remains greatly fragmented, with strong local identities and allegiances that often contrast with a weak [[national identity]].<ref name="May2022chapter2"/>{{rp|21–22}} One joint symbol of national identity is the [[bird-of-paradise]], which is present on the national flag and emblem. Feathers from these birds remain important in traditional ceremonies, and during [[Sing-sing (New Guinea)|sing-sing]] gatherings.<ref name="Swadling2019"/>{{rp|104}} The country possesses one [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]], the [[Kuk Swamp|Kuk Early Agricultural Site]], which was inscribed in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/887|title=Kuk Early Agricultural Site|first=UNESCO World Heritage|last=Centre|website=whc.unesco.org|access-date=23 May 2018|archive-date=24 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524003650/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/887|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Seashell]]s were historically valuable. In highland areas far from the coast, they were considered of greater worth than steel at the time of the first European contact.<ref name="Allen1983"/>{{rp|20}} Shells retain ceremonial value, and in parts of [[East New Britain Province]] shells still retain some function as [[Shell money|a form of currency]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/papua-new-guinea-tolai-tribe-shell-money/ |title=In Papua New Guinea, a Tribe Still Uses Shells as Money |author=Claudio Sieber |work=Vice |date=24 January 2025 |access-date=10 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/69305/shell-money |title=Shell money 1953–98 |publisher=Royal Collection Trust |access-date=10 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/aug/22/the-return-of-shell-money-png-revives-old-ways-after-covids-blow-to-economy |title=The return of shell money: PNG revives old ways after Covid's blow to economy |author=Kalolaine Fainu |work=The Guardian |date=21 August 2020 |access-date=10 July 2025}}</ref> The name for [[Papua New Guinean kina|the national currency]], "''kina''", comes from a kind of [[Pinctada maxima|gold-lipped pearl shell]].<ref name="Gascoigne2009">{{cite book |author=Ingrid Gascoigne |date=2009 |title=Papua New Guinea |edition=revised |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |isbn=9780761434160 |page=69 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZIlsyGca9DoC&pg=PA69}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bankpng.gov.pg/currency |title=Currency |publisher=Bank of Papua New Guinea |access-date=10 July 2025}}</ref>

Music varies between linguistic communities, although there are regional similarities. Music is a common method of passing on cultural knowledge, and plays an important role in rituals and customs. Widespread traditional musical instruments include the [[garamut]] (a kind of [[slit drum]]), the [[Kundu (drum)|kundu]] (a [[single-headed drum]]), bamboo flutes, and the [[susap]] (a mouth-operated [[lamellophone]]). Other local instruments have more restricted usage,<ref name="Coulter2019n548">{{cite book |author=Neil R. Coulter |editor=Janet Sturman |date=2019 |title=The SAGE International Encyclopedia of Music and Culture |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=9781506353371 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L0OKDwAAQBAJ |chapter=Papua New Guinea: History, Culture, and Geography of Music |chapter-url=https://sk.sagepub.com/ency/edvol/the-sage-international-encyclopedia-of-music-and-culture/chpt/papua-new-guinea-history-culture-geography-music |doi=10.4135/9781483317731.n548 |pages=1656–1658}}</ref> while introduced instruments such as guitars and ukuleles became widespread after the Second World War. Modern music has been heavily influenced by [[Christian music]], which has developed within multiple languages. The regional [[Bamboo band (ensemble)|bamboo band]] style spread in the 1970s, and local musical recording has been undertaken since before independence. The first music video was shown on television in 1990. One early band, [[Sanguma]], formed in 1977 at the [[National Arts School (Papua New Guinea)|National Arts School]] and toured internationally. Traditional musical performances are also known internationally, with well known examples including those of the [[Asaro Mudmen]] and the [[Huli people]].<ref name="Coulter2019n549">{{cite book |author=Neil R. Coulter |editor=Janet Sturman |date=2019 |title=The SAGE International Encyclopedia of Music and Culture |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=9781506353371 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L0OKDwAAQBAJ |chapter=Papua New Guinea: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice |chapter-url=https://sk.sagepub.com/ency/edvol/the-sage-international-encyclopedia-of-music-and-culture/chpt/papua-new-guinea-modern-contemporary-performance |doi=10.4135/9781483317731.n549 |pages=1658–1660}}</ref>

Sport is an [[Sport in Papua New Guinea|important part of Papua New Guinean culture]], providing an outlet for intergroup conflict while also able to provide a source of national unity.<ref name="Kanemasu2024">{{cite book |editor=Yoko Kanemasu |date=2024 |title=Towards a Pacific Island Sociology of Sport: Seeking New Horizons |series=Research in the Sociology of Sport |publisher=Emerald Group Publishing |isbn=9781837530861 |page=149 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vUwlEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA149}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://apnews.com/article/papua-new-guinea-australia-rugby-league-418d86011bf5473e40bd636c562a4a8c |title=Papua New Guinea is granted a National Rugby League team starting in 2028 |work=Associated Press |date=12 December 2024 |access-date=10 July 2025}}</ref> [[Rugby league in Papua New Guinea|Rugby league]] is extremely popular, serving as a unifying national sport.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hadfield |first=Dave |title=Island gods high in a dream world |work=[[The Independent]] |date=8 October 1995 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/island-gods-high-in-a-dream-world-1576603.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/island-gods-high-in-a-dream-world-1576603.html |archive-date=24 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=6 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-12-12/png-australia-deal-for-rugby-team/104712094 |title=In a contest of influence in Papua New Guinea, Australia triumphed over China through our shared love of footy |author=Marian Faa |work=ABC News |date=12 December 2024 |access-date=10 July 2025}}</ref> Support is passionate enough that people have died in violent clashes while supporting their team.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/world/three-dead-in-png-after-state-of-origin-violence-20090626-cywd.html |title=Three dead in PNG after State of Origin violence |work=Brisbane Times |date=26 June 2009 |access-date=27 June 2010 |archive-date=13 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513143005/http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/world/three-dead-in-png-after-state-of-origin-violence-20090626-cywd.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

A distinct body of [[Papua New Guinean literature]] emerged in the leadup to independence, with the first major publication being ''[[Ten Thousand Years in a Lifetime]]'', an autobiography by [[Albert Maori Kiki]] published in 1968.<ref name="May2004chapter18">{{cite book |author=R.J. May |date=May 2004 |title=State and Society in Papua New Guinea: The First Twenty-Five Years |publisher=ANU Press |isbn=9781920942052 |doi=10.22459/SSPNG.05.2004 |doi-access=free |url=https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/state-and-society-papua-new-guinea |chapter=18. Nationalism and Papua New Guinea Writing}}</ref>{{rp|379}} The government began to actively support literature in 1970, publishing works in multiple languages. Much of this early work was nationalistic and anti-colonial.<ref name="May2004chapter18"/>{{rp|381–384}} 1970 saw the beginning of some local newspapers, as well as the publication of the first Papua New Guinean novel: ''Crocodile'' by [[Vincent Eri]].<ref name="May2004chapter18"/>{{rp|84}}

Of [[List of newspapers in Papua New Guinea|national newspapers]], there are two national English language dailies, two English language weeklies, and one weekly Tok Pisin newspaper. There are some local television services, as well as both government-run and private radio stations.<ref name="Howes2022"/>{{rp|227–228}} There are three mobile carriers, although [[Digicel]] has a 92% market share due to its more extensive coverage of rural areas.<ref name="Howes2022"/>{{rp|240}} Around two-thirds of the population is thought to have some mobile access, if intermittent.<ref name="Howes2022"/>{{rp|241}}

== See also ==
{{stack|{{Portal|New Guinea|Countries}}}}
* [[Outline of Papua New Guinea]]
{{Clear}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
* Biskup, Peter, B. Jinks and H. Nelson. ''A Short History of New Guinea'' (1970)
* Connell, John. ''Papua New Guinea: The Struggle for Development'' (1997) [https://www.questia.com/read/109054904/papua-new-guinea-the-struggle-for-development online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708184025/https://www.questia.com/read/109054904/papua-new-guinea-the-struggle-for-development |date=8 July 2017 }}
* Dorney, Sean. ''Papua New Guinea: People, Politics and History since 1975'' (1990)
* Dorney, Sean. ''The Sandline Affair: Politics and Mercenaries and the Bougainville Crisis'' (1998)
* Dorney, Sean. ''The Embarrassed Colonialist'' (2016)
* Gash, Noel. ''A Pictorial History of New Guinea'' (1975)
* Golson, Jack. ''50,000 years of New Guinea history'' (1966)
* Griffin, James. ''Papua New Guinea: A political history'' (1979)
* {{Cite book | last1= James | first1= Paul | author-link= Paul James (academic) | last2= Nadarajah | first2= Yaso | last3= Haive | first3= Karen | last4= Stead | first4= Victoria | title= Sustainable Communities, Sustainable Development: Other Paths for Papua New Guinea | url= https://www.academia.edu/3230875 | year= 2012 | publisher= University of Hawaii Press | location= Honolulu | access-date= 15 December 2017 | archive-date= 9 August 2021 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210809030423/https://www.academia.edu/3230875 | url-status= live }}
* Institute of National Affairs. ''PNG at 40 Symposium: Learning from the Past and Engaging with the Future'' (2015)
* Knauft, Bruce M. ''South Coast New Guinea Cultures: History, Comparison, Dialectic'' (1993) [https://www.amazon.com/South-Coast-New-Guinea-Cultures/dp/0521418828/ excerpt and text search] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030144446/https://www.amazon.com/South-Coast-New-Guinea-Cultures/dp/0521418828 |date=30 October 2021 }}
* McCosker, Anne. ''Masked Eden: A History of the Australians in New Guinea'' (1998)
* Mckinnon, Rowan, et al. ''Papua New Guinea & Solomon Islands'' (Country Travel Guide) (2008) [https://www.amazon.com/Guinea-Solomon-Islands-Country-Travel/dp/1741045800/ excerpt and text search] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426043630/https://www.amazon.com/Guinea-Solomon-Islands-Country-Travel/dp/1741045800 |date=26 April 2020 }}
* Rynkiewich, Michael and Roland Seib eds. ''Politics in Papua New Guinea. Continuities, Changes and Challenges'' (2000)
* Waiko. John. ''Short History of Papua New Guinea'' (1993)
* Waiko, John Dademo. ''Papua New Guinea: A History of Our Times'' (2003)
* Zimmer-Tamakoshi, Laura. ''Modern Papua New Guinea'' (1998) [https://www.questia.com/read/120184994/modern-papua-new-guinea online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708183322/https://www.questia.com/read/120184994/modern-papua-new-guinea |date=8 July 2017 }}
{{Refend}}

=== Primary sources ===
{{Refbegin}}
* Jinks, Brian, ed. ''Readings in New Guinea history'' (1973)
* [[Tim Flannery]] ''[[Throwim Way Leg|Throwim' Way Leg: Tree-Kangaroos, Possums, and Penis Gourds]]'' (2000) memoir [https://www.amazon.com/Throwim-Way-Leg-Tree-Kangaroos-Possums/dp/0802136656 excerpt and text search] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313045817/http://www.amazon.com/Throwim-Way-Leg-Tree-Kangaroos-Possums/dp/0802136656 |date=13 March 2016 }}
* [[Bronislaw Malinowski|Malinowski, Bronislaw.]] ''Argonauts of the Western Pacific: An Account of Native Enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagoes of Melanesian New Guinea'' (2002) famous anthropological account of the Trobriand Islanders; based on fieldwork in the 1910s [https://www.questia.com/read/109062182/argonauts-of-the-western-pacific-an-account-of-native online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708181249/https://www.questia.com/read/109062182/argonauts-of-the-western-pacific-an-account-of-native |date=8 July 2017 }}
* Visser, Leontine, ed. ''Governing New Guinea: An Oral History of Papuan Administrators, 1950–1990'' (2012)
* Whitaker, J.L. et al. eds. ''Documents and readings in New Guinea history: Pre-history to 1889'' (1975)
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|d=Q691|voy=Papua New Guinea|collapsible=collapsed}}

===Government===
* [http://www.pm.gov.pg/ Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011090909/http://www.pm.gov.pg/ |date=11 October 2008 }}
* [http://www.parliament.gov.pg/ National Parliament of Papua New Guinea]
* [https://www.nefc.gov.pg/links/png-government.html National Economic & Fiscal Commission] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125051428/http://www.nefc.gov.pg/links/png-government.html |date=25 January 2022 }}

===General information===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20260118034600/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/papua-new-guinea/ Papua New Guinea]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080407224336/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/png.htm Papua New Guinea] at ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' (archived 7 April 2008)
* {{Wikiatlas}}
* {{OSM relation|307866}}

{{Papua New Guinea topics}}
{{Islands of Papua New Guinea}}
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[[Category:Papua New Guinea| ]]
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Turban

2026-03-28T16:23:32Z

Aebeez: cleaned up intro as per guidelines per standard format

{{Short description|Type of headwear}}
{{About||the millinery fashion|Draped turban|other uses}}
{{Redirect-distinguish|Double Patti|Double Patty}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
A '''turban''' (from {{langx|fa|دولبند}}‌, {{lang|fa-Latn|dolband}}; via {{langx|frm|turbant}}) is a type of [[headwear]] based on cloth winding. Featuring many variations, it is worn as customary headwear by people of various cultures.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Turbans.aspx|title=Turbans Facts, information, pictures {{!}} Encyclopedia.com articles about Turbans|website=encyclopedia.com|access-date=19 April 2016|archive-date=3 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403054847/http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Turbans.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> Communities with prominent turban-wearing traditions can be found in the [[Punjabis]], the [[Indian subcontinent]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kanti Ghosh |first=Sumit |date=2023-05-18 |title=Body, Dress, and Symbolic Capital: Multifaceted Presentation of PUGREE in Colonial Governance of British India |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14759756.2023.2208502 |journal=Textile |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=334–365 |doi=10.1080/14759756.2023.2208502 |s2cid=258804155 |archive-date=21 May 2023 |access-date=21 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521193415/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14759756.2023.2208502 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Southeast Asia]], the [[Middle East]], the [[Balkans]], the [[Caucasus]], [[Central Asia]], [[North Africa]], [[West Africa]], [[East Africa]], and amongst some [[Turkic peoples]] in [[Russia]].

{{Multiple image
| image1 = Traditional turban of Rajasthan.jpg
| caption1 = [[Rajasthan]]i style
| image2 = Bakarwal man in traditional attire.png
| caption2 = [[Gurjar|Gujjar]] style
| image3 = Sikh singh picture.jpg
| caption3 = [[Sikh]] style
| image4 = Mohammad Daud Miraki.jpg
| caption4 = [[Pashtun]] style
| direction =
| total_width = 300
| align = right
| perrow = 2
}}

A '''keski''' is a type of turban mainly worn by female Sikhs, with a long piece of cloth roughly half the length of a traditional "single turban", but not cut and sewn to make a double-width "Double Turban" (or '''Double Patti''').<ref>{{cite web |url=https://turbanandbeard.com/products/beige-turban |website=turbanandbeard.com |access-date=25 August 2019 |title=Oxford Beige Turban |archive-date=25 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825043027/https://turbanandbeard.com/products/beige-turban |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Wearing turbans is common among [[Sikh]] men ([[Dastar]]), and infrequently women.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sikhanswers.com/sikh-articles-of-faith-identity/sikh-women-turban-dastaar/|title=Do Sikh women have to wear a Turban (Dastaar) as well as men?|website=Sikh Answers|access-date=19 April 2016|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225222552/http://www.sikhanswers.com/sikh-articles-of-faith-identity/sikh-women-turban-dastaar/|url-status=dead}}</ref> They are also worn by [[Hinduism|Hindu]] monks. The headgear also serves as a religious observance, including among [[Shia Islam|Shia Muslims]], who regard turban-wearing as {{lang|ar-Latn|Sunnah mu'akkadah}} ('confirmed tradition').<ref name="Haddad">{{cite web|last=Haddad|first=Sh. G. F.|title=The turban tradition in Islam|url=http://www.livingislam.org/k/tti_e.html|website=Living Islam|access-date=5 August 2013|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225222558/http://www.livingislam.org/k/tti_e.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The turban is also the traditional headdress of [[Sufism|Sufi]] scholars. Muslim men might wear the turban ([[Ammama|Imama]]) during prayer. Additionally, turbans have often been worn by nobility, regardless of religious background.

Turbans come in a variety of styles, and the method of wrapping can vary. Some turbans are simple and functional, while others are elaborate and serve ceremonial or formal purposes. The way a turban is tied can indicate the wearer's social or marital status, religious affiliation, or regional identity. Aside from cultural and religious significance, turbans are also practical headwear. They provide protection from the sun, dust, and wind. In some regions with hot climates, turbans can help keep the head cool.

==History==
The earliest depiction of a turban can be found on a Mesopotamian sculpture dating back to 2350 BCE.<ref>''Ethnic Dress in the United States: A Cultural Encyclopedia'', page [https://books.google.com/books?id=tiEvBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA293&dq= 293], Annette Lynch, Mitchell D. Strauss, Rowman & Littlefield</ref><ref>''India: The Ancient Past: A History of the Indian Subcontinent from C. 7000 BCE to CE 1200'', page [https://books.google.com/books?id=WTaTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA58&dq= 58], Burjor Avari, Routledge</ref><ref name="Perseus-Tufts">{{cite web|title=P. Ovidius Naso, Metamorphoses, Book 11, line 146|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0028%3Abook%3D11%3Acard%3D146 |publisher=[[Perseus Digital Library]] |access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="GBooks-Norma">{{cite book|last1=Goldman|first1=Norma|author1-link=Norma Goldman |last2=Nyenhuis|first2=Jacob E.|title=Latin Via Ovid: A First Course|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fORWW12AoTAC&q=ovid+turban+midas&pg=PA158|publisher=Wayne State University Press|access-date=21 January 2017|language=en|date=1 January 1982|isbn=0814317324}}</ref> A style of turban called a ''phakeolis'' continued to be worn in that region by soldiers of the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] army in the period 400–600,<ref name="GBooks-D'Amato">{{cite book|last1=D'Amato|first1=Raffaele|title=Roman Military Clothing (3): AD 400–640 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q0J78geiNrYC&q=phakeolis+turban&pg=PA4|publisher=Bloomsbury USA|access-date=21 January 2017|language=en|date=10 August 2005|isbn=9781841768434}}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> as well as by Byzantine civilians as depicted in Greek frescoes from the 10th century in the province of [[Cappadocia]] in modern Turkey,<ref name="GBooks-Condra">{{cite book|last1=Condra|first1=Jill|title=The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Clothing Through World History: 1801 to the present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q6FI2czFz6MC&q=phakeolis+turban&pg=PA269 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|access-date=21 January 2017|language=en|date=1 January 2008|isbn=9780313336652}}</ref> where it was still worn by their [[Cappadocian Greeks|Greek-speaking descendants]] in the early 20th century. The [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]], [[Muhammad]], who lived 570–632, wore an [[Ammama|Imama]] turban. The style of turban he introduced was a cap with a cloth tied around it; this headwear is known as ''[[Ammama|Imama]]'' and was emulated by [[Muslim]] kings and scholars throughout history. Shia clerics today wear white turbans unless they are descendants of Muhammad or [[sayyid]], in which case they wear a black turban. Many Muslim men choose to wear green, because it represents paradise, especially among followers of [[Sufism]]. In parts of [[North Africa]], where blue is common, the shade of a turban can signify the tribe of the wearer.<ref>Hughes, Thomas Patrick. ''A Dictionary of Islam: Being a Cyclopedia of the Doctrines, Rites, Ceremonies and Customs Together with the Technical and Theological Terms of the Muhammadan Religion''. WH Allen & Company, 1895.</ref>

<gallery class="center" widths="200" heights="200">
File:Marble Portrait Bust of a Woman with a Scroll MET DP345057.jpg|Late fourth century [[Byzantine dress|Byzantine woman]], wearing a phakeolis.
File:Chora Church interior March 2008.JPG|14th century Byzantine, [[Theodore Metochites]], presenting a model of the renovated [[Chora Church]], while wearing a striped turban.
File:EmperorSuleiman.jpg|16th century, [[Suleiman the Magnificent|Suleiman I]], wearing the Ottoman imperial turban, known as ''kavuk''.([[:tr:kavuk|tr]])
File:Sultan Abdillahi Sultan Deria.jpg|Sultan [[Abdillahi Deria]], fourth Grand Sultan of the [[Somalis|Somali]] [[Isaaq Sultanate]], wearing a turban.
File:II Selim.jpg|16th century [[sultan of the Ottoman Empire]] [[Selim II]] wearing the Ottoman imperial turban, known as ''kavuk''
File:Humayun (left) with his father Babur (right), painted circa 1640 (Late Shah Jahan Album).jpg|16th century [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Babur]] and his heir [[Humayun]] wearing turbans (ca 1640).
File:Maharaj Ranjit Singh.jpg|[[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]], founder of the [[Sikh Empire]], wearing a decorated turban (1830).
File:Shivaji British Museum.jpg|Late 17th century [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha]] [[Chhatrapati|emperor]] [[Shivaji]] wearing a turban and its ornaments.
File:Sultan Mohamoud Ali Shire 2.jpg|[[Sultan]] [[Mohamoud Ali Shire]] of the [[Somalis|Somali]] [[Warsangali]] clan wearing a turban (1905).
File:Guercino Abramo ripudia Agar (cropped).jpg|[[Baroque]] depiction of [[Abraham]] wearing a turban, by [[Guercino]], oil on canvas (1657).
File:Pythagoras in the Roman Forum, Colosseum.jpg|[[Roman Republic|Roman]] copy of a [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] bust featuring [[Pythagoras of Samos]] wearing a turban (2nd–1st century BCE).
</gallery>

==National styles==

=== Asia ===
==== Afghanistan ====
[[File:Flickr - The U.S. Army - Turban presentation.jpg|thumb|[[Afghan people|Afghan]] Lungee presentation]]
Turbans are part of the national dress in [[Afghanistan]]. In the Uruzgan Province, male government employees are required to wear the [[Ammama|Imama]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Azadi |first=RFE/RL's Radio |title=Regional Taliban Officials Ban Beard Trimming, Impose Turbans For Male Employees |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/taliban-beard-trimming-turbans/31658539.html |access-date=2024-03-29 |work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty |language=en |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329065533/https://www.rferl.org/a/taliban-beard-trimming-turbans/31658539.html |url-status=live }}</ref> They are used more widely than elsewhere in the Muslim world, and are worn in a wide range of styles and colours. In the country's south-east, turbans are wrapped loosely and largely, whereas in [[Kabul]] the garment tends to be smaller and tighter. In traditional Afghan society, a related piece of extra cloth called a ''patu'' serves practical purposes, such as for wrapping oneself against the cold, to sit on, to tie up an animal or to carry water in the cap. Different ethnic groups in Afghanistan wear different lungees with different patterns, way of styling it, fabric, stripes, lengths and colouration. Males of all ethnic backgrounds generally avoid wearing bright-coloured turbans that draw attention to oneself and prefer wearing simple colors that are white, off white, gray, dark blue and black.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}

==== China ====
In [[China]] and its frontiers, turbans were worn, primarily by ethnic minorities with Turkic or Islamic cultural influence. Turbans were worn by the [[Han Chinese]] rebels in the [[Red Turban rebellion]].

<gallery>
File:The Subjects two uighur mullahs.jpg|[[Uyghurs]] in [[Xinjiang]] wearing turbans
File:T.V. Soong at Mosque in Xining Qinghai May 1934.png|[[T. V. Soong]] and [[Ma Bufang]] at the [[Xining]] [[Qinghai]] mosque
File:Inner Mongolia Art Troupe celebrating the National Day in Tian'anmen.jpg|[[Mongols]] wearing turbans in 1950
</gallery>

==== Indian subcontinent ====
{{Main|Pagri (turban)|l1 = Pagri}}

In India, the turban is referred to as a ''pagri'', meaning the [[headdress]] that is worn by men and is manually tied.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sikhs Must Wear Turbans to Maintain and Honor Their Hair |url=https://www.learnreligions.com/why-do-sikhs-wear-turbans-2993352 |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=Learn Religions |language=en |archive-date=23 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223151727/https://www.learnreligions.com/why-do-sikhs-wear-turbans-2993352 |url-status=live }}</ref> There are several styles, which are specific to the wearer's region or religion, and they vary in shape, size and colour. For example, the [[Mysore Peta]], the [[Pheta (turban)|Marathi pheta]], and the [[Puneri Pagadi]]. The pagri is a symbol of honour and respect everywhere it is worn. It is a common practice to honour important guests by offering them one to wear.{{fact|date=April 2025}}

Colours are often chosen to suit the occasion or circumstance: for example saffron, associated with [[Courage|valour]] or sacrifice (martyrdom), is worn during rallies; white, associated with [[peace]], is worn by elders; and pink, associated with spring, is worn during that season or for marriage ceremonies.{{fact|date=April 2025}}{{stack|[[File:Indian sikh soldiers in Italian campaign.jpg|thumb|Indian [[Sikh]] soldiers in [[Italian campaign (World War II)|Italian campaign]] with a [[Bren gun]].]]}}In World War II, some soldiers in the [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]] were required to wear a turban.<ref>{{cite web |title=From Mesopotamia to West London, a 4,000-year history of the turban |url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/turbans-tales-history/index.html |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=15 February 2019 |access-date=27 September 2020 |archive-date=6 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006161952/https://www.cnn.com/style/article/turbans-tales-history/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Free India Legion]] also wore turbans.

In the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]] a turban, known as ''pagri'' or ''safa'', is a traditional headwear that is an integral part of the state's cultural identity. It is typically made from cotton, silk, or a blend of fabrics and can vary in length. The safa (Parna) is usually around {{convert|1|to|4.5|m|sp=us}} long, while the pagri can be about {{convert|10|m|sp=us}}. Some of the most popular turbans in Rajasthan include Jodhpuri safa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Studio |first=Rajasthan |date=2021-01-15 |title=Facts about Rajasthani Pagri - The Unique Headgear of the State - |url=https://rajasthanstudio.com/facts-about-rajasthani-pagri-the-unique-headgear-of-the-state/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=Rajasthan Studio |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PM's Choice of Turban: The Jodhpuri Safa |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pms-choice-of-turban-the-jodhpuri-safa-649349 |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

In [[Bangladesh]], the turban is known as ''pagri'', or ''fagri'' in [[Chittagong Division|Chittagong]] and [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet]]. The most common colour worn is white, and generally it is the [[Sufi]]s that wear green turbans. It is also worn by elders in rural areas as a symbol of honour and respect.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ghosh |first=Sumit Kanti |date=2021 |title='পাগড়ি হঠাও': শরীর, পোশাক ও ব্রিটিশ ভারতের ঔপনিবেশিক পরিচালন |url=https://journals.juniv.edu/index.php/an/article/view/320 |journal=Nirvijnana Patrika, Jahangirnagar University |number=26 |pages=1–14 |via=Jahangirnagar University}}</ref>

The turban in Nepal is commonly worn in rural areas by males. The rural turban is called either a [[Pagri (turban)|Pagdi]] or [[Pheta]]. It is common among farmers. All types of coloured clothes were used for Pheta. Historically, Gorkhali nobleman used to wear white turban called '''Shirpau''' awarded by the [[King of Nepal]]. For example; ''[[Sardar]]'' [[Ram Krishna Kunwar]] was awarded with 22 pairs of headgear called '''Shirpau''' by the Gorkhali monarch ''[[Maharajadhiraj]]'' [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Hamal |first=Lakshman B. |year=1995 |title=Military history of Nepal |publisher=Sharda Pustak Mandir |page=125 |oclc=32779233}}</ref> It was common among aristocrats in other contemporary kingdoms. Rulers and vassal lords also adapted a crest to the white turban.{{fact|date=April 2025}}

<gallery class="center" widths="200" heights="200">
File:Paag-mithila6.jpg|Paag of Mithilalok
File:Rajput (Jodhpur) (8411728143).jpg|A man from India, wearing a [[Rajasthan]]i ''paggar'' style of turban
File:Tribe of Madhya Pradesh wearing Turban 01.jpg|A man from Madhya Pradesh wearing a turban
File:Prince Malik Ata.jpg|[[Malik Ata Muhammad Khan]], [[Nawab]] of [[Kot Fateh Khan]] in Pakistan, wearing a turban made from {{convert|6.4|m|yd|abbr=off}} of cloth
File:Bhakti Thapa.jpg|Nepalese ''[[Sardar]]'' [[Bhakti Thapa]], a Gorkhali nobleman wearing aristocratic white ''Shirpau'' turban
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-823-2704-10A, Soldaten der Legion "Freies Indien".jpg|Free India Legion soldiers wearing turbans.
</gallery>

=== Europe ===
==== United Kingdom ====
In the United Kingdom, turbans have been worn by men and women since the sixth century without ever becoming very common. Poet [[Alexander Pope]] is sometimes depicted wearing a turban, as were other notable men seen in contemporary paintings and illustrations. The common use of turbans on less formal occasions, among gentlemen at the time, reflects that their heads were closely cropped, or shaved, to allow the wearing of the elaborate wigs that were the fashion in Europe in the century from about 1650 to 1750, and when wigs were off, some kind of head cover was useful. Hence, the turban.{{fact|date=April 2025}}

Now that hats are infrequently worn, turbans too are relatively uncommon. They are worn primarily by women of West Indian descent, Karinas. Some women wear them to make a statement of individuality, such as the British [[social entrepreneur]] [[Camila Batmanghelidjh]], who usually wore a colourful matching turban and robe.{{fact|date=April 2025}}

<gallery class="center" widths="200" heights="200">
File:Turban MET 85.68 CP3.jpg|alt=A British turban from ca. 1820|The "à la turque" style of this British headdress from c. 1820, influenced and inspired by the popular interest in Eastern cultures, was popular in the 1820s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turban {{!}} British {{!}} The Met |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/157012 |website=The Met|date=1820 }}</ref>
File:2016 photo - IMG 4988 (37891924662).jpg|Camila Batmanghelidjh, charity founder.
File:Elizabeth Bibesco.jpg|Elizabeth Bibesco, actress.
File:Mrs. Richard Paul Jodrell by Sir Joshua Reynolds.jpeg|Vertue Jodrell.
File:Mary Wortley Montague.jpg|Mary Wortley Montagu, medical pioneer, writer, and poet.
File:How a British Woman Dresses in Wartime- Utility Clothing in Britain, 1943 D14780.jpg|World War 2 style.
</gallery>

==== Albania ====
{{stack|[[File:Rugova Man.jpg|thumb|225x225px|Albanian [[Rugova (region)|Rugova]] man in ''shall'' turban.]]}}
In Northern Albania and some regions of Kosovo, particularly among [[Albanian tribes|highlanders]], men traditionally wear a long, white turban-like cloth known as a ''shall'' or ''shalla''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-16 |title=The ensemble and traditional games of Rugova under the protection of the state |url=https://www.koha.net/en/kulture/ansambli-dhe-lojerat-tradicionale-te-rugoves-nen-mbrojtje-te-shtetit |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=KOHA.net |language=en}}</ref> It is over three meters long and is worn from age 7 onwards, then used as a burial shroud after death.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-11 |title=Veshjet tradicionale të Rugovës, detaje që s'i keni ditur... - POPULLI.MK |url=https://populli.mk/veshjet-tradicionale-te-rugoves-detaje-qe-si-keni-ditur/ |access-date=2025-03-18 |language=sq}}</ref> It is often worn over the ''[[qeleshe]]'' (plis), the traditional Albanian felt cap, to protect from the elements. The ''shall'' is most commonly worn in the [[Malësia]] regions and the [[Rugova (region)|Rugova]] highlands of Kosovo, though it is only seen in traditional folk attire and cultural ceremonies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vatovci |first=Isa |date=2020-09-15 |title=Tradita folklorike e Rugovës shpallet trashëgimi e mbrojtur nga shtetit |url=https://kallxo.com/lajm/tradita-folklorike-e-rugoves-shpallet-trashegimi-e-mbrojtur-nga-shtetit/ |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=Raporto Korrupsionin! KALLXO.com |language=en}}</ref>

==== Greece ====
In Greece, specifically the island of [[Crete]], the men traditionally wear a lightly knitted turban known as a ''sariki''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-16 |title=Sariki - headgear of the Cretan men with dense fringes like tears |url=https://www.meetcrete.com/sariki-cretan-headscarf/ |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=Meet Crete |language=en-GB |archive-date=6 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006171911/https://www.meetcrete.com/sariki-cretan-headscarf/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Moustakia Sarikia and Stivania; three very Cretan traditions |url=https://www.we-love-crete.com/moustakia-sarikia-and-stivania.html |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=www.we-love-crete.com |archive-date=1 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201165517/https://www.we-love-crete.com/moustakia-sarikia-and-stivania.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The headwrap's name is borrowed from ''sarık'', the [[Turkish language|Turkish]] word for turban. Today, it may be more commonly known as a ''kritiko mandili'' (Cretan kerchief). It is only found in the folklore Cretan dress and not amongst the population, with the exception of older men in remoter, mountainous villages.{{fact|date=April 2025}}

===Fiji===
{{main|I-sala}}

[[Fijians|iTaukei]] indigenous chiefs and priests were known to have worn [[Masi (Fiji)|''masi'']] (barkcloth) coverings around their head similar to a turban, called an ''i-sala''. However, most of the bulk and shape of the ''i-sala'' came from the bushy hair under the cloth.<ref name="Me2004">{{cite book|last=Me|first=Rondo B. B.|title=Fiji Masi: An Ancient Art in the New Millennium|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=itGBAAAAMAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Catherine Spicer and Rondo B.B. Me|location=Burleigh Heads|isbn=978-0-646-43762-0|page=40}}</ref><ref name="CochraneQuanchi2014">{{cite book|editor-last1=Cochrane|editor-first1=Susan|editor-last2=Quanchi|editor-first2=Max|title=Hunting the Collectors: Pacific Collections in Australian Museums, Art Galleries and Archives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lOqmBgAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-1-4438-7100-6|page=58}}</ref>

===Armenia===
[[File:Gagik I Bagratuni.jpg|thumb|upright|Statue of [[Gagik I of Armenia]] wearing a turban.]]
Though not common in daily apparel, turbans are sometimes worn by men ceremonially (often with beards), as a symbol of national identity during celebrations and festivals. However, before [[Armenia]] became a [[Armenian Apostolic Church|Christian]] nation, turbans were a common part of the daily apparel, just as in other Middle Eastern countries.{{fact|date=April 2025}}

===Other===
On the [[Swahili Coast]], turbans were frequently worn by the ruling [[Oman]]i [[List of Sultans of Zanzibar|Sultans of Zanzibar]] and their retinue.{{fact|date=April 2025}}

[[Tuareg people|Tuareg Berbers]], and some northern [[Berber people|Berbers]], [[Sahrawi people|Sahrawi]], [[Songhai people|Songhai]], [[Wodaabe]], [[Fula people|Fulani]], and [[Hausa people|Hausa]] peoples of [[North Africa|North]] and [[West Africa]] wear varieties of turbans. Tuareg Berbers often veil the face to block dust. This Tuareg-Berber turban is known as a [[tagelmust]], and is often blue. The Bedouin tribes in [[North Africa]] sometimes wear brown-beige, white or orange turbans. [[Colombia]]n politician [[Piedad Cordoba]] was known to wear turbans (or a similar headgear). Her use of turbans had made her so distinguishable to the point of having earned the nickname "the lady with the turban" in Colombian popular culture.{{fact|date=April 2025}}

[[Kurdish people]] wear a turban, which they call a ''jamadani''. It is worn in many different ways across [[Iraqi Kurdistan]] depending on the style of the locality; e.g. the [[Barzani Kurds]] are a tribe which wears the turban in a colour (red and white) and style which is typical of their clan. In most parts of [[Iraqi Kurdistan|South Kurdistan]] a black-white pattern is used for Jamadani. Mostly, Kurdish turbans consist of a length of striped cloth known as ''kolāḡī'' which is wound around a conical hat; the tassels that border the kolāḡī are allowed to hang down over the face. In modern times, many Kurds use black and white [[Ghutra]] and roll them into turbans.{{fact|date=April 2025}}

Turbans have also been a type of headwear worn by women in Western countries. The wearing of such turbans by women in Western societies is less common than it was earlier in the 20th century. They are usually sewn to a foundation, so that they can be donned or removed easily. Turbans are also sometimes donned to protect hair or as a headwrap for women following [[Chemotherapy|cancer treatments]] that cause hair loss.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alternative Wig Idea: Cover Hair Loss With a Cute Cap Instead |url=http://breastcancer.about.com/od/Free-Stuff-Cancer/p/Free-Caps-During-Cancer-Treatment.htm |access-date=19 April 2016 |website=About.com Health |archive-date=6 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906102209/http://breastcancer.about.com/od/Free-Stuff-Cancer/p/Free-Caps-During-Cancer-Treatment.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> They can also be tied together to form a rope in emergency rescue situations.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 October 2021 |title=Turbans used to rescue hiker above waterfall in Golden Ears park |work=Maple Ridge News |url=https://www.mapleridgenews.com/news/turbans-used-to-rescue-hiker-above-waterfall-in-golden-ears-park |access-date=14 October 2021 |archive-date=14 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014171245/https://www.mapleridgenews.com/news/turbans-used-to-rescue-hiker-above-waterfall-in-golden-ears-park/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In popular culture, turbans are also sometimes worn as a fashion statement. For example, American rapper [[Yeat]] wears turbans often while being photographed and filmed in public. He also has a song titled "Turban".{{fact|date=April 2025}}

==In religion==
===Sikhism===
{{Main|Dastar|}}
[[File:Akali Turban with quoits.JPG|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Khalsa|Akali]] turban cotton over a wicker frame, steel overlaid with gold. Lahore Mid-19th century, "A tall conical turban provided convenient transportation for a number of sharp steel [[chakram]]s – edged weapons hurled to lethal effect by the practised hand of the Akalis."]]

The [[Sikh]] turban, known mainly as the ''[[dastar]]'' but also the ''[[dumalla]]'', is used to show others that they represent the embodiment of Sikh teachings, the love of the Guru and dogma to do good deeds.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sidhu|first=Dawinder|title=Civil Rights in Wartime: The Post-9/11 Sikh Experience|year=2009|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=9781409496915|page=48}}</ref> The Gurus ensured that both men and women are able to wear a turban, which shows another action of equality. Other Purposes of the turban include protecting Sikhs' long unshorn hair and keeping it clean.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-06 |title=Underneath the Turban: Uncovering Sikh Identity and Resilience |url=https://www.sikhnet.com/news/underneath-turban-uncovering-sikh-identity-and-resilience |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=SikhNet |language=en}}</ref>

Sikhs do not cut their hair, as a religious observance. The turban protects the hair and keeps it clean. As Sikhs form 1.7% of India's population and 1.5% of Canada's population, their turbans help identify them. When he institutionalized the turban as a part of the Sikh identity, Guru Gobind Singh said, "My Sikh will be recognized among millions".

Turbans were formerly associated with the upper class, and many men in the cultural elite still wear turbans. This distinction between the turban-wearing upper class ([[Sardar]]s) and commoners promoted segregation and elitism. In order to eliminate the class system associated with turbans, Guru Gobind Singh declared each and every Sikh a Sardar.

Modern Sikh men mainly wear four kinds of turban: Vattan Wali Turban, Amritsar Shahi Turban, Barnala Shahi and Taksali Dumala. The more traditional Turban styles are the Darbara Singh Dummala, [[Dastar bunga|Dastar Bunga]] (the original turban of the Khalsa) and the Puratan Nok Pagg.

The most common turban colors worn by Sikhs are blue, white and black, although other colors are popular as well. Blue and yellow are particularly prestigious and tend to be worn on religious events such as [[Vaisakhi]]. Meanings of the turbans are that the white turban means a saintly person leading an exemplary life, and an off-shade color of white means someone is learning in the Sikh religion. The blue turban signifies a mind as broad as the sky with no place for prejudice. The black turban serves as a reminder of the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]] in 1919, and represents humility. The Basanti or yellow turbans are associated with the revolutionary movement, Sardar Bhagat Singh also wore a yellow turban for this reason. Royal blue is usually worn by those who are learned in the Sikh religion and are patriotic about their traditions and culture. The colour green signifies farmers. The orange turban means courage and wisdom.{{citation needed|date=November 2016}} The colour Gold symbolizes a sense of calm and healing that helps with anxiety and clearing the mind which significance derives from the Golden temple.
Akali Nihang Sikhs decorate their blue turbans or [[Dumalla]] by wearing small weapons known as shastars in them. The turban's color may reflect association with a particular group of Sikhs, although none of the popular turban colors are exclusive to any particular group. The preferred color of the Sikh wedding is pink. All shades of this color from magenta to baby pink is used by families for the joyful occasion. Some prefer red, maroon or orange turbans for the weddings, but pink is so far the most popular. Turban colors are generally a matter of personal choice in Sikhism, with many Sikh men choosing colors based on fashion or taste, sometimes to match clothes. There are traditions associated with some colours, for instance orange and black are often worn at political protest rallies whilst red and pink turbans are worn at weddings and other celebratory events.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://testa0.blogspot.ca/2013/06/the-orange-turban-and-their-importance.html|title=design: The Orange Turban And Their Importance|website=testa0.blogspot.ca|date=12 June 2013|access-date=4 March 2016|archive-date=7 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307080518/http://testa0.blogspot.ca/2013/06/the-orange-turban-and-their-importance.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sikhism.about.com/od/religioustolerance/a/Sikh_Turban.htm|title=Why Do Sikhs Wear Turbans?|website=About.com Religion & Spirituality|access-date=4 March 2016|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181152/http://sikhism.about.com/od/religioustolerance/a/Sikh_Turban.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sikhwomen.com/turban/Color.htm|title=Significance of color/colour of turban/pug/pag/dastaar/pagri/pagree in Sikhism|website=www.sikhwomen.com|access-date=4 March 2016|archive-date=11 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311164554/http://www.sikhwomen.com/turban/Color.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

<gallery class="center" widths="200" heights="200">
File:Rajvir Jawanda (Cropped).jpg|[[Rajvir Jawanda]], a singer and actor
File:Gen Bikram Singh.jpg|[[Bikram Singh (general, born 1952)|Bikram Singh]], former [[Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee]] of India
File:Fauja Singh.jpg|[[Fauja Singh]], a [[centenarian]] [[marathon]] runner
File:Diljit Dosanjh at Colors Golden Petal Awards.jpg|[[Diljit Dosanjh]], an actor, singer, television presenter and social media celebrity
File:Harjit Sajjan February 2016.jpg|[[Harjit Singh Sajjan]], [[Member of Parliament (Canada)|Member of Parliament]] and [[Minister of Emergency Preparedness]] of Canada
File:A Sikh Hooper Western 1860s.jpg|An Orthodox Sikh Nihang with a Dastar Bunga
File:OCdt. Sarabjot Anand, OCdt. Sarbjeet Nijher and OCdt. Saajandeep Sarai represent Royal Military College of Canada at Sikh Remembrance Day 2013.jpg|Cdt. Sarabjot Anand, OCdt. Sarbjeet Nijher and OCdt. Saajandeep Sarai represent Royal Military College of Canada at Sikh Remembrance Day 2013
File:Sikh woman.jpg|A Sikh Woman with a turban
File:Portrait Painting of Mewa Singh.jpg|Mewa Singh, the man who spearheaded the [[Ghadar Movement]]
File:Biggest Turban Ever.jpg|A Sikh with a darbara Singh dumala
File:Its relatives from sikh community weddings.png|A Sikh man and woman both with turbans
</gallery>

===Christianity===
[[File:USAFIS.JPG|thumb|right|upright|A Christian ''mukurinu'' (singular form of ''[[akurinu]]'') on the [[Swahili Coast]] wearing a turban]]

In [[Kenya]], the [[Akurinu]], a Christian denomination, wear turbans as religious headgear. The official name of the denomination is The Kenya Foundation of the Prophets Church, or else Holy Ghost Church. Both men and women wear white turbans; children wear tunics. Some Oriental Orthodox churches such as the [[Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Church]] and the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]] include turbans in the [[vestment]]s for the priest.

The origin of the word ''akurinu'' is not clear. It is said by some to come from the Kikuyu question '''Mukuri-ni''' which translates to 'who is the redeemer?'. Others say that it comes from the growling sounds made by early adherents to the sect when possessed by the spirit, an act described as ''gukurina''. In his book ''Facing Mt. Kenya'', [[Jomo Kenyatta]] states that the ''akurinu'' referred to themselves as Arooti(dreamers), people of God.

The ''akurinu'' identify Joseph Ng'ang'a as the founder of the sect. It was Ng'ang'a who ascended [[Mount Kenya]] (then known as Mount Kirinyaga) with the first four akurinu prophets - Joseph Kanini, Henry Maina, Philip Mukubwa, and Lilian Njeru. It was on this ascension that the ''akurinu'' say Njeru was instructed to remove all adornments she had worn, throw them into River Nyamindi, and cover her hair. They also claim to have been instructed by God to lift their hands in the air as they pray. These two practices form an integral part of ''akurinu'' religious beliefs today.

===Islam===
In [[Islamic]] cultures, some men wear a turban-style headdress in emulation of [[Muhammad|Prophet Muhammad]] who is believed to have worn a black or white turban.<ref name="NYT Rubin 15 October 2011">{{cite news|last=Rubin|first=Alyssa J.|title=Afghan Symbol of Identity Is Subject to Search|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/16/world/asia/afghans-are-rattled-by-rule-on-searching-turbans.html|access-date=16 October 2011|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=15 October 2011|archive-date=15 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015222908/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/16/world/asia/afghans-are-rattled-by-rule-on-searching-turbans.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Haddad"/><ref name="inter-islam">{{cite web|url=http://www.inter-islam.org/Actions/kurta.html|title=The turban, topee and kurta – in the light of Ahadith and the practice of our pious predecessors|author=Inter Islam|publisher=inter-islam.org|access-date=10 February 2014|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225222554/http://www.inter-islam.org/Actions/kurta.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="sunnah">{{cite web|url=http://sunnah.org/fiqh/islamic_dress.htm|title=Islamic Dress and Head-dress for men|publisher=sunnah.org|access-date=10 February 2014|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225222557/http://sunnah.org/fiqh/islamic_dress.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="seekersguidance">{{cite web|url=http://seekersguidance.org/ans-blog/2009/11/19/can-anyone-wear-a-turban-are-there-styles-specific-for-scholars/|title=SeekersGuidance – Can Anyone Wear a Turban? Are There Styles Specific for Scholars? – Answers|date=19 November 2009|publisher=seekersguidance.org|access-date=10 February 2014|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225222601/http://seekershub.org/ans-blog/2009/11/19/can-anyone-wear-a-turban-are-there-styles-specific-for-scholars/|url-status=live}}</ref> It is sometimes called an [[Ammama|Imama]]. The head wraps are worn in different ways and called by different names depending on the region and culture. Examples include ({{langx|ar|عمامة}} ''`emãmah'') in Arabic, and the Dastar ({{langx|fa|دستار}}) in Persian. The most preferred style is the elliptic cylindrical headwrap, with the tail hanging behind.

In [[Shi'a Islam]], a black head wrap around a small white cap is worn by descendants of Muhammad called [[Sayyid]]s, and white turbans by other well-educated persons and scholars. Sufi Muslims often wear a green head wrap around a small cap or the green head wrap alone. Members of the [[Dawat-e-Islami]] movement wear green turbans,<ref name=Gugler/> whereas members of [[Sunni Dawate Islami]] (which broke away from Dawat-e-Islami in 1992) wear white turbans.<ref name=Gugler>{{Cite journal|url=http://crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/142/|title=Parrots of Paradise - Symbols of the Super-Muslim: Sunnah, Sunnaization and Self-Fashioning in the Islamic Missionary Movements Tablighi Jama'at, Da'wat-e Islami and Sunni Da'wat-e Islami|first=Thomas K.|last=Gugler|date=22 April 2008|website=crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de|doi=10.11588/xarep.00000142|access-date=9 May 2020|archive-date=1 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201154221/http://crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/142/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In [[Sudan]], large white headdresses connote high social status.{{Citation needed|date=October 2011}} In India and Pakistan the cap is called a [[Taqiyah (cap)|topi]]. Women of Islam typically do not wear turbans, as it is typically considered part of a man's dress, while women do typically cover their hair as part of [[hijab]].

However, just as some Muslim women wear no headcovering, some modern Muslim women wear a turban style covering. Although it is still not as widely accepted by the more conservative Islamic communities.

<gallery class="center" widths="200" heights="200">
File:Statue of Averroes (Córdoba) - BAE09705.jpg|[[Averroes|Ibn Rushd (Averroes)]] [[Muslim]] [[polymath]] from Spain
File:Ralamb-40.jpg|In the [[Ottoman Empire]], [[Muhammad]]'s numerous descendants formed a kind of nobility with the privilege of wearing green turbans
File:Habib umar with imam zaid shakir.jpg|[[Habib Umar bin Hafiz]] (left) of [[Yemen]] wearing a white turban
</gallery>

===Judaism===
{{main|Priestly turban}}

The traditional Jewish turban is known as a [[Sudra (headdress)|sudra]]. When the Jewish High Priest served in the Tabernacle and the Temple in Jerusalem, he wore a head covering called ''mitznefet'' מִצְנֶפֶת. This word has been translated as ''mitre'' (KJV) or ''headdress''. It was most likely a turban, as the word comes from a root meaning 'to wrap'.

In the [[Hebrew Bible]], the turban worn by the High Priest was much larger than the head coverings of the priests and wound to make a broad, flat-topped shape resembling the blossom of a flower. The head covering of the priests was different, being wound to form a cone, called a ''migbahat''.

The priestly crown (Hebrew ''tzitz'' צִיץ "blossom", "flower") was attached to the turban by means of two sets of blue cords: one going over the top of the head and the other around the sides of the head at the level of the ears (Exodus 39:31).

According to the [[Talmud]], the wearing of the turban atoned for the sin of haughtiness on the part of the Children of Israel (B. Zevachim 88b).

The Jews who lived under Arab rule during the Middle Ages, notably in Islamic Spain, wore turbans and headwear not too different from their Muslim counterparts.

The [[Sephardic Jews|Sephardi]] [[Chief Rabbinate of Israel|Chief Rabbi of Israel]], also known as [[Rishon LeZion (title)|Rishon LeZion]] customarily wears a [[Priestly turban|turban]] (mitznefet).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ottoman Chief Rabbi's official dress |url=https://www.imj.org.il/en/collections/516306-0 |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007091332/https://www.imj.org.il/en/collections/516306-0 |url-status=live |publisher=[[Israel Museum]], Jerusalem |access-date=20 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rabbi Ya'akov Meir |url=https://www.imj.org.il/en/collections/667142-0 |publisher=[[Israel Museum]], Jerusalem |access-date=20 January 2025}}</ref>

Some married Jewish women wear [[Head covering for Jewish women#Mitpaḥat|mitpaḥats]] as an act of modesty.

=== Mandaeism ===
{{main|Burzinqa}}
[[Mandaean priest]]s wear white turbans called ''[[burzinqa]]''.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sikh-leader-forced-to-remove-turban-in-dubai/articleshow/47152934.cms?from=mdr | title=Sikh leader 'forced to remove turban' in Dubai | newspaper=The Times of India | date=4 May 2015 | archive-date=8 January 2024 | access-date=8 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108130247/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sikh-leader-forced-to-remove-turban-in-dubai/articleshow/47152934.cms?from=mdr | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Buckley 2002">{{cite book|last=Buckley|first=Jorunn Jacobsen|title=The Mandaeans: ancient texts and modern people|url=http://mandaeannetwork.com/Mandaean/books/english/2The_Mandaeans_Ancient_Texts_and_Modern_People_American_Academy_of_Religion_Books_Jorunn_Jacobsen_Buckley.pdf?bcsi_scan_955b0cd764557e80=0&bcsi_scan_filename=2The_Mandaeans_Ancient_Texts_and_Modern_People_American_Academy_of_Religion_Books_Jorunn_Jacobsen_Buckley.pdf|publisher=Oxford University Press|publication-place=New York|year=2002|isbn=0-19-515385-5|oclc=65198443|archive-date=11 October 2017|access-date=3 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011181602/http://mandaeannetwork.com/Mandaean/books/english/2The_Mandaeans_Ancient_Texts_and_Modern_People_American_Academy_of_Religion_Books_Jorunn_Jacobsen_Buckley.pdf?bcsi_scan_955b0cd764557e80=0&bcsi_scan_filename=2The_Mandaeans_Ancient_Texts_and_Modern_People_American_Academy_of_Religion_Books_Jorunn_Jacobsen_Buckley.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Hinduism ===
In Hinduism, many peoples wear it due to culture. It is called a [[Pheta]]. It is a cultural practice driven by the harsh summer months in India especially in the state of [[Rajasthan]]. Apart from turban; there are several other headgears and also different types of turbans used in different parts of India and people wear them when going out especially in villages.

===Rastafari===
Members of the [[Bobo Ashanti]] mansion of the [[Rastafari movement]] keep their hair and beards, mainly with their hair in [[dreadlocks]], and they have been wearing turbans over their dreadlocks, which are not to be removed publicly or even not at all, so as to protect and keep their dreadlocks clean. This is called a [[Rasta headwrap]]. Along with the turban, they have also been wearing robes since their founding in the 1950s,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20040711/ent/ent1.html |title=ROOTS RASTA RUNWAY |access-date=3 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211102956/http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20040711/ent/ent1.html |archive-date=11 December 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Since they are a relatively small population, it makes them more distinctive in appearance in [[Jamaica]] and elsewhere.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/rastafari/subdivisions/boboshanti.shtml|title=Rastafari: Bobo Shanti|access-date=15 January 2010|archive-date=5 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205095014/https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/rastafari/subdivisions/boboshanti.shtml|url-status=live |publisher=BBC Religions}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Pagri (turban)]]
* [[Pheta]]
* [[Mysore peta]]
* [[Puneri Pagadi]]
* [[Turban knocking]]
* [[Turban training centre]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons and category|Turban|Turbans}}
*[http://www.sikhcoalition.org/sikh-theology-why-sikhs-wear-a-turban Why Sikhs wear a turban]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20151019000636/http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/asia/s/sikh_fortress_turban.aspx Sikh Fortress Turban]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8kphlX9gcX0 Tutorial on how to make a Turban (Pagri)]
*[http://www.sikhnet.com/s/WhyTurbans Information on why Sikhs wear Turbans]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050619082341/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/news/lifestyles/links/turbans_27.html Understanding Turbans]
*[https://nitnemsahib.com/significance-of-turban-in-sikhism-turban-infographic/ Significance of Turban Infographic]
*[https://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/AHU8XHCDERZ3EQVF4QXT/full?target=10.1080/14759756.2023.2208502 Body, Dress, and Symbolic Capital: Multifaceted Presentation of PUGREE in Colonial Governance of British India]

{{Headgear}}
{{Folk costume}}
{{Sufism terminology}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Turbans| ]]
[[Category:Arabic clothing]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi clothing]]
[[Category:Clothing of the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Headgear]]
[[Category:History of Asian clothing]]
[[Category:Indian headgear]]
[[Category:Iranian clothing]]
[[Category:Islamic male clothing]]
[[Category:Middle Eastern clothing]]
[[Category:Religious headgear]]
[[Category:Sikh religious clothing]]
[[Category:Turkish clothing]]
[[Category:Uzbek clothing]]
[[Category:Yemeni clothing]]

Rehabilitation Council of India

2026-03-25T14:34:33Z

Aebeez: basic adjusted information for accuracy further and corrected details per sources

{{Short description|Regulator of programmes for the disabled}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{AI-generated|date=August 2025}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2009}}
}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Rehabilitation Council of India
| formation = {{start date and age|June 1993}}
| logo = Rehabilitation Council of India logo.png
| logo_size = 171
| abbreviation = RCI
| headquarters = New Delhi
| leader_title = Chairperson
| leader_name = Dr. Sharanjeet Kaur <ref>{{Cite web |title=Executive Committee {{!}} REHABILITATION COUNCIL OF INDIA, (A Statutory Body of Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment) Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities (Divyangjan) Government of India |url=https://rehabcouncil.nic.in/about-us/executive-committee |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=rehabcouncil.nic.in}}</ref>
| main_organ = Council
| affiliations = [[Department of Higher Education (India)|Department of Higher Education]], [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]]
| website = {{URL|https://rehabcouncil.nic.in/}}
}}

The '''Rehabilitation Council of India''' ('''RCI''') is the apex [[government body]], set up under an [[Act of Parliament]], to regulate training programmes and courses targeted at disabled, disadvantaged, and [[special education]] requirement communities. It is the only statutory council in [[India]] that is required to maintain the Central Rehabilitation Register which mainly documents details of all qualified professionals who operate and deliver training and educational programmes for the targeted communities. In the year 2000, the Rehabilitation Council of India (Amendment) Act, 2000, was introduced and notified consequently by the [[government of India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Thudalikunnil |first=Gopalan, Rejani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rmqtDwAAQBAJ&dq=Rehabilitation+Council+of+India+In+the+year+2000,+the+Rehabilitation+Council+of+India+(Amendment)+Act,+2000&pg=PA219 |title=Developmental Challenges and Societal Issues for Individuals With Intellectual Disabilities |date=2019-08-30 |publisher=IGI Global |isbn=978-1-7998-1224-1 |language=en}}</ref> The amendment brought definitions and discussions provided within the earlier Rehabilitation Council of India Act, 1992, under the ambit of a larger act, namely, Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act, 1995.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=K |first1=MANGAL, S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5cilDwAAQBAJ&dq=Rehabilitation+Council+of+India+In+the+year+2000,+the+Rehabilitation+Council+of+India+(Amendment)+Act,+2000&pg=PA269 |title=CREATING AN INCLUSIVE SCHOOL |last2=SHUBHRA |first2=MANGAL |date=2019-07-01 |publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-93-88028-17-2 |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
The Rehabilitation Council of India (RCI) was set up as a registered society in 1986. In September 1992 the RCI Act was enacted by Parliament and it became a Statutory Body on 22 June 1993.<ref name=":0" /> The Act was amended by Parliament in 2000 to make it more broad-based. The mandate given to RCI is to regulate and monitor services given to persons with disability, to standardise syllabi and to maintain a Central Rehabilitation Register of all qualified professionals and personnel working in the field of Rehabilitation and Special Education. The Act also prescribes punitive action against unqualified persons delivering services to persons with disability.

== Approved institutions ==
{{As of|2022|10|21}}, the list of approved institutions published by the council includes 887 institutions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2022 |title=List of Approved Institutions upto 21-10-2022 |url=https://rehabcouncil.nic.in/writereaddata/approved_inst.pdf |access-date=25 October 2022 |website=Rehabilitation Council of India}}</ref>

== Rehabilitation Services and Costs ==
The cost of rehabilitation services in India varies depending on the facility and the specific services. For those searching for rehabilitation services in India, it's crucial to understand the different types of care available. For instance:
*Economy Rooms (Only for males):
** One Month: ₹2,00,000
** Two Months: ₹3,60,000
** Three Months: ₹5,10,000
* Premium Economy Rooms (Only for males):
** One Month: ₹2,50,000
**Two Months: ₹4,50,000
**Three Months: ₹6,37,500
*Twin Sharing Rooms:
**One Month: ₹3,50,000
**Two Months: ₹6,30,000
**Three Months: ₹8,92,500
These fees not only cover the stay but also include medical supervision, counseling, and holistic therapies aimed at detoxification and long-term recovery.

===Facilities and Amenities===
Rehabilitation centers, notably the Best Luxury Rehabilitation, offer various amenities to create a supportive environment for recovery:

* '''Smoking Zones''': Designated areas for patients with smoking habits.
* '''Dietary Options''': Predominantly vegetarian meals, with the option to order non-vegetarian food at an additional cost.
* '''Technology Access''': Patients are allowed access to phones and laptops daily after 4:00 PM.
* '''Medical Requirements''': Patients undergo a series of medical tests before admission, including liver function tests, renal function tests, and thyroid function tests, ensuring personalised care.

===Conclusion===
The Rehabilitation Council of India, a key regulatory body, continues to play a pivotal role in ensuring that rehabilitation centers across the nation maintain the highest standards of care and education.

== Courses offered==
The Rehabilitation Council of India does not provide courses directly; it is a regulatory body that regulates many courses offered by organizations.

# Certificate courses
# Diploma courses
# PG Diploma courses
# Degree Courses
# Post-graduate degree courses/ master's level courses
# Short-term/ refresher courses under the Continuing Rehabilitation Education programme

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://rehabcouncil.nic.in/}}

{{Higher education in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Disability organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Special education in India]]
[[Category:1986 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1986]]

Constituent Assembly of India

2026-03-25T09:39:40Z

Aebeez:

{{short description|Unicameral assembly for making the Constitution of India}}
{{More citations needed| date= March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Constituent Assembly of India
| native_nalme =
| native_name_lang =
| transcription_name =
| legislature =
| coa_pic = Seal of the Constituent Assembly of India.svg
| coa_caption = Seal of the Constituent Assembly
| coa_res =
| coa_alt =
| logo_pic =
| logo_caption =
| logo_res =
| logo_alt =
| house_type = [[Unicameral]]
| body =
| term_limits =
| foundation = {{Start date|df=yes|1946|12|06}}
| disbanded = {{End date|df=yes|1950|01|25}}
| preceded_by = [[Imperial Legislative Council]]
| succeeded_by = [[Parliament of India|Provisional Parliament]]
(1950–1952) [[Constituent Assembly of Pakistan]] (1947)
| new_session =
| leader1_type = First President
| leader1 = [[Sachchidananda Sinha]]
| party1 =
| leader2_type = President (Permanent)
| leader2 = [[Dr. Rajendra Prasad]]
| leader3_type = Vice President
| leader3 = [[Harendra Coomar Mookerjee|H. C. Mookerjee]] [[V. T. Krishnamachari]]
| party3 =
| leader4_type = Constitutional Advisor
| leader4 = [[B. N. Rau]]
| leader5_type = Chairman of the Drafting Committee
| leader5 = [[B. R. Ambedkar]]
| seats = 389 (December 1946 – June 1947) 299 (August 1947 – January 1950)
| house1 =
| structure1 = [[File:Constituent Assembly of India 1946.svg|300px]]
| structure1_res =
| structure1_alt =
| political_groups1 = {{legend|#0066CC|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]: 208 seats}} {{legend|#CCCCCC|Others (inc. [[Communist Party of India|CPI]], [[Hindu Mahasabha|ABHM]], [[Justice Party (India)|JP]], [[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]], [[Independent politicians|Independent]] etc.): 15 seats}} {{legend|#FFCC66|[[Princely States]]: 93 seats}}
{{legend|#209700|[[All-India Muslim League|AIML]]: 73 seats (until August 1947)}}
| committees1 =
| joint_committees =
| voting_system1 = [[Single transferable vote]]
| last_election1 = [[1946 Indian Constituent Assembly election]]
| next_election1 = [[1951 Indian general election]]
| session_room = Indian Constituent Assembly.JPG
| session_res =
| session_alt = Time period:2 years, 11 months and 17 days. First day (6 December 1946) of the Constituent Assembly. From right: B. G. Kher and Sardar Vallabhai Patel; K. M. Munshi is seated behind Patel.
| meeting_place = [[Old Parliament House, New Delhi|Old Parliament House]], [[Raisina Hill]], [[New Delhi]]
| footnotes = |
}}

The '''Constituent Assembly of India''' was the legislature of the [[Dominion of India]] from its [[Independence Day (India)|independence in August 1947]] until [[Republic Day (India)|1950]], when India became a republic. Best known for its creation of the [[Constitution of India|Indian constitution]], its members were mostly elected from the [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|provinces of British India]]—with a third being nominated by [[princely state]]s.

First formed in [[1946 Cabinet Mission to India|December 1946]] as an advisory body aimed at drafting a constitution for a united and independent India eighteen months before the original June 1948 deadline for independence, it was given sovereign powers to legislate for the Dominion of India (excluding princely states that refused to accede to the Dominion) following [[Partition of India|partition]] and independence on 15 August 1947 and the abolition of the [[Imperial Legislative Council]] under the provisions of the [[Indian Independence Act 1947]].

Its members continued as part of the provisional unicameral [[Parliament of India]] from the adoption of the Indian constitution in 1950 until the [[1st Lok Sabha|first bicameral Parliament]] convened following [[1951–52 Indian general election|elections]] in May 1952.

==Description of the constituent assembly==
The Constituent Assembly of India, consisting of '''indirectly elected''' representatives, was established to draft a constitution for India (including the now-separate countries of Pakistan and Bangladesh). It existed for approximately three years, the first legislature (Dominion Legislature) of India after independence in 1947. The Assembly was not elected based on complete universal adult suffrage, and Muslims and [[Sikhs]] received special representation as minorities. The Muslim League boycotted the Assembly, although 28 of its members out of 73 ended up joining India's Constituent Assembly. A large part of the Constituent Assembly was drawn from the [[Indian National Congress]] Party (69%), and included a wide diversity of ideologies and opinions—from conservatives and progressives to Marxists, liberals, and Hindu revivalists. In his classic history of the Indian Constitution, the historian Granville Austin describes the Constituent Assembly as "India in microcosm."<ref>Granville Austin, ''The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation'', Oxford University Press, 1966, pp 8</ref> Austin shows that although the Constituent Assembly was a one-party body in an essentially one-party country, it was representative of India and the "Indian Constitution expresses the will of the many rather than the needs of the few."<ref>Granville Austin, ''The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation'', Oxford University Press, 1966, page 9</ref>

Further, as Achyut Chetan has shown in his book ''Founding Mothers of the Indian Republic'', the women members of the Constituent Assembly "formed a distinct group in that august body, spoke in a distinct feminist parlance, and shared a constitutional vision of justice to such an extent that they can collectively be called the ‘mothers’ of the Indian Constitution."<ref>Achyut Chetan, ''Founding Mothers of the Indian Republic: Gender Politics of the Framing of the Constitution'', Cambridge University Press, 2023, page 3</ref> Female members were initially Begum Aizaz Rasul, Begum Jahanara Shahnawaz, Begum Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah, Ammu Swaminathan, Dakshayani Velayaudhan, G. Durgabai, Sucheta Kripalani, Vijayalakshmi Pandit, Purnima Banerji, Kamala Chaudhri, Sarojini Naidu, Hansa Mehta, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, Leela Roy, and Malati Choudhury. Renuka Ray and Annie Mascarene were later elected as well, and by 1948 the assembly had 17 female members.<ref>Achyut Chetan, ''Founding Mothers of the Indian Republic: Gender Politics of the Framing of the Constitution'', Cambridge University Press, 2023, pages 42-43</ref>

The Assembly met for the first time in New Delhi on 9 December 1946, and its last session was held on 24 January 1950.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Laxmikanth |first=M. |title=Indian Polity : For civil services examinations |publisher=Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-07-015316-5 |publication-place=New Delhi |oclc=644364729}}</ref> The hope of the Assembly was expressed by Jawaharlal Nehru:

{{Blockquote|text=The first task of this Assembly is to free India through a new constitution, to feed the starving people, and to clothe the naked masses, and to give every Indian the fullest opportunity to develop himself according to his capacity. This is certainly a great task. Look at India today. We, are sitting here and there in despair in many places, and unrest in many cities. The atmosphere is surcharged with these quarrels and feuds which are called communal disturbances, and unfortunately we sometimes cannot avoid them. But at present the greatest and most important question in India is how to solve the problem of the poor and the starving. Wherever we turn, we are confronted with this problem. If we cannot solve this problem soon, all our constitutions will become useless and purposeless. Keeping this aspect in view, who could suggest to us to postpone and wait?|sign=[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]|source=[http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/vol2p3.htm Constituent Assembly Debates (Proceedings), Vol. II]}}

==Background and election==
The [[Indian national congress|Indian National Congress]] held its session at [[Lucknow]] in April 1936 presided by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. The official demand for a Constituent Assembly was raised and the [[Government of India Act 1935|Government of India Act, 1935]] was rejected as it was an imposition on the people of India. [[C. Rajagopalachari]] again voiced the demand for a Constituent Assembly on 15 November 1939 based on adult franchise, and was accepted by the British in August 1940.

On 8 August 1940, a statement was made by [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow|Viceroy Lord Linlithgow]] about the expansion of the [[Viceroy's Executive Council|Governor-General's Executive Council]] and the establishment of a War Advisory Council. This offer, known as the [[August Offer]], included giving full weight to minority opinions and allowing Indians to draft their own constitution. Under the [[Cabinet Mission Plan]] of 1946, [[1946 Indian Constituent Assembly election|elections were held]] for the first time for the Constituent Assembly. The Constitution of India was drafted by the Constituent Assembly, and it was implemented under the Cabinet Mission Plan on 16 May 1946. The members of the Constituent Assembly of India were elected by the Provincial Assemblies by a [[Single transferable vote|single, transferable-vote]] system of [[Proportional representation]]. The total membership of the Constituent Assembly was 389 of which 292 were representatives of the provinces, 93 represented the [[princely state]]s and 4 were from the chief commissioner provinces of [[Delhi]], [[Ajmer-Merwara]], [[Coorg]] and [[British Baluchistan]].

Unlike previous elections under [[British raj|British Raj]] where voting was restricted by property and educational qualifications, the elections of 1946, which would further elect representatives to the Assembly, saw the voting franchise extended to a much greater portion of the Indian adult population.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stern |first=Robert W. |title=Democracy and dictatorship in South Asia: dominant classes and political outcomes in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh |date=2001 |publisher=Praeger |isbn=978-0-275-97041-3 |location=Westport, Conn |page=37}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vanderbok |first1=William |last2=Sisson |first2=Richard |date=1988 |title=Parties and Electorates from Raj to Swaraj : An Historical Analysis of Electoral Behavior in Late Colonial and Early Independent India |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0145553200016084/type/journal_article |journal=Social Science History |language=en |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=121–142 |doi=10.1017/S0145553200016084 |issn=0145-5532 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Palshikar |first=Sanjay |date=2006 |title=The Promise of Democracy:'Democracy'in the Pre-independence India |url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=b4b926e40092805c1843fb06d6c6271419dc998f |journal=Project on State of Democracy in South Asia as Part of the Qualitative Assessment of Democracy Lokniti (Programme of Comparative Democracy). Delhi: Centre for the Study of Developing Societies |publisher=Citeseer}}</ref>

The elections for the 296 seats assigned to the British Indian provinces were completed by August 1946. [[Indian national congress|Indian National Congress]] won 208 seats (69%), and the Muslim League 73. After this election, the Muslim League refused to cooperate with the Congress and the political situation deteriorated. Hindu-Muslim riots began, and the Muslim League demanded a separate constituent assembly for Muslims in India. On 3 June 1947 [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten]], the last British [[Governor-General of India]], announced his intention to scrap the Cabinet Mission Plan; this culminated in the [[Indian Independence Act 1947]] and the separate nations of India and Pakistan. The Indian Independence Act was passed on 18 July 1947 and, although it was earlier declared that India would become independent in June 1948, this event led to independence on 15 August 1947. The Constituent Assembly met for the first time on 9 December 1946, reassembling on 14 August 1947 as a sovereign body and successor to the British parliament's authority in India.

As a result of the partition, under the Mountbatten plan, a separate [[Constituent Assembly of Pakistan]] was established on 3 June 1947. The representatives of the areas incorporated into Pakistan ceased to be members of the Constituent Assembly of India. New elections were held for the West Punjab and East Bengal (which became part of Pakistan, although East Bengal later [[Bangladesh Liberation War|seceded]] to become [[Bangladesh]]); the membership of the Constituent Assembly of India was 299 after the reorganization, and it met on 31 December 1947.
The constitution was drafted by 299 delegates from different castes, regions, religions, gender etc. These delegates sat over 114 days spread over 3 years (2 years 11 months and 18 days to be precise) and discussed what the constitution should contain and what laws should be included. The Drafting Committee of the Constitution was chaired by [[B. R. Ambedkar]].

==Constitution and elections==
{{See also|Constitution of India}}
At 11 AM on 9 December 1946, the Assembly began its first session, with 207 members attending. The Assembly approved the draft constitution on 26 November 1949. On 26 January 1950, the constitution took effect (commemorated as [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]]), and the Constituent Assembly became the Provisional Parliament of India (continuing until after the first elections under the new constitution in 1952). The members of the Constituent Assembly became the members of the Provisional Parliament from 1950 to 1952.

==Organisation==
[[File:Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Chairman, Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution with other members on Aug. 29, 1947.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Ambedkar and other members of the Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution on Aug. 29, 1947.]]
Rajendra Prasad was elected as the president and [[Harendra Coomar Mookerjee]], a Christian from Bengal and former vice-chancellor of [[Calcutta University]], was vice-president. Mookerjee, additionally to chairing the assembly's Minorities Committee, was appointed governor of West Bengal after India became a republic. Jurist [[B. N. Rau]] was appointed constitutional adviser to the assembly; Rau prepared the original draft of the constitution and was later appointed a judge in the [[Permanent Court of International Justice]] in [[The Hague]].

The assembly's work had five stages:
*Committees presented reports on issues.
*[[B. N. Rau]] prepared an initial draft based on the reports and his research into the constitutions of other nations.
*The drafting committee, chaired by [[B. R. Ambedkar]], presented a detailed draft constitution which was published for public discussion.
*The draft constitution was discussed, and amendments were proposed and enacted.
*The constitution was adopted, with a committee of experts led by the Congress Party (known as the Congress Assembly Party) played a pivotal role.<ref name="parliamentofindia.nic.in">{{cite web|url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/facts.htm |title=FIRST DAY IN THE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY |access-date=12 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511104514/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/facts.htm |archive-date=11 May 2011|website=parliamentofindia.nic.in}}</ref>

==Timeline of Formation of the Constitution of India==

*'''16 May 1946:''' The Cabinet Mission Plan lays down the composition and structure of the Constituent Assembly
*'''July 1946:''' Completion of elections to the Constituent Assembly; 296 members from British India (undivided) and 93 members from 20 independent Indian states elected.
*''' 11 July 1946:''' B N Rau appointed adviser to Constituent Assembly
*'''9 December 1946:''' Formation of the Constituent Assembly (demanding a separate state, the Muslim League boycotted the meeting)
*'''11 December 1946:''' President Appointed – ⁣[[Rajendra Prasad]], vice-chairman [[Harendra Coomar Mookerjee]] and constitutional legal adviser [[B. N. Rau]] (initially 389 members in total, which declined to 299 after [[Partition of India|partition]]. Out of 389, 292 were from government provinces, 4 from chief commissioner provinces and 93 from princely states)
*'''13 December 1946:''' An 'Objective Resolution' was presented by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], laying down the underlying principles of the constitution, which later became the [[Preamble to the Constitution of India|Preamble]] of the constitution.
*'''22 January 1947:''' Objective resolution unanimously adopted.
*'''27 February 1947:''' First meeting of the Sub-Committee on Fundamental Rights. This sub-committee has 12 members of which two are women – Hansa Mehta and Amrit Kaur.<ref>Achyut Chetan, Founding Mothers of the Indian Republic, Cambridge University Press, 2023, p. 289</ref>
*'''16 April 1947:''' Report of the Sub-Committee on Fundamental Rights submitted to the Advisory Committee
*'''16–19 April 1947:''' The Sub-Committee on Minorities examines the Report on Fundamental Rights and gives its recommendations
*'''21–22 April 1947:''' Vigorous debates in the Advisory Committee on the reports of the two sub-committees
*'''23 April 1947:''' The Advisory Committee submits its report; directive principles not yet finalized<ref>Achyut Chetan, Founding Mothers of the Indian Republic, Cambridge University Press, 2023, p 290</ref>
*'''22 July 1947:''' [[Flag of India|National flag]] adopted.
*'''15 August 1947:''' Achieved independence. India split into [[Dominion of India]] and [[Dominion of Pakistan]].
*'''29 August 1947:''' Drafting Committee appointed, with [[B. R. Ambedkar|Dr. B. R. Ambedkar]] as the chairman. Other 6 members of the committee were: [[Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi|K.M.Munshi]], [[Muhammed Saadulah]], [[Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer]], [[N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar|Gopala Swami Ayyangar]], [[N. Madhava Rao]] (He replaced B.L. Mitter who resigned due to ill health), [[T. T. Krishnamachari]] (He replaced D.P. Khaitan who died in 1948).
*'''16 July 1948:''' Along with [[Harendra Coomar Mookerjee]], [[V. T. Krishnamachari]] was also elected as the second vice-president of the Constituent Assembly.
*'''26 November 1949:''' 'Constitution of India' passed and adopted by the assembly.
*'''24 January 1950:''' Last meeting of the Constituent Assembly. 'The Constitution of India' (with 395 articles, 8 schedules, 22 parts) was signed and accepted by all.
*'''26 January 1950:''' The '[[Constitution of India]]' came into force after 2 years, 11 months, and 18 Days, at a total expenditure of ₹64 lakhs (6.4 million) to finish.

== {{anchor|Important Committees and their Chairman}}Committees of the Constituent Assembly ==
The Constituent Assembly appointed a total of 22 committees to deal with different tasks of constitution-making. Out of these, Eight were major committees and the others were minor committees.

'''Major Committees'''
# Union Power Committee – [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
# Union Constitution Committee – [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
# States Committee (Committee for negotiating with states) – ⁣[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
# Provincial Constitution Committee – [[Vallabhbhai Patel]]
# Drafting Committee – [[Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar]]
# Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights, Minorities and Tribal and Excluded Areas – [[Vallabhbhai Patel]]. This committee had the following subcommittees:
## Fundamental Rights Sub-Committee – [[J. B. Kripalani]]
## Minorities Sub-Committee – [[Harendra Coomar Mookerjee]],
## North-East Frontier Tribal Areas and Assam Excluded & Partially Excluded Areas Sub-Committee – [[Gopinath Bordoloi]]
## Excluded and Partially Excluded Areas (Apart from those in Assam) Sub-Committee – [[Thakkar Bapa|A V Thakkar]]
# Rules of Procedure Committee – [[Rajendra Prasad]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rao |first1=B. Shiva |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.278528 |title=The Framing Of India's Constitution Vol 1 |last2=Menon |first2=V.K.N. |last3=Kashyap |first3=S.C. |last4=Iyengar |first4=N.K.N. |publisher=Indian Institute of Public Administration |year=1966 |pages=422–424 |language=en}}</ref>
# Steering Committee – [[Rajendra Prasad]]
# Ad hoc Committee on the National Flag<ref>{{cite web | url=http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/constituent/facts.html#:~:text=Ad%20hoc%20Committee,Rajendra%20Prasad | title=Lok Sabha | access-date=3 November 2022 | archive-date=10 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710071310/http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/constituent/facts.html#:~:text=Ad%20hoc%20Committee,Rajendra%20Prasad | url-status=live }}</ref> – [[Rajendra Prasad]]
# Committee for the function of the Constitution Assembly – ⁣[[Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar|G V Mavlankar]]
# House Committee – ⁣[[Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya|B Pattabhi Sitaramayya]]
# Language Committee – ⁣[[Moturi Satyanarayana]]
# Order of Business Committee – ⁣[[K M Munshi]]

== Criticism ==
The constitution, has been in recent times, due political differences, criticised on the basis that the members of the Constituent Assembly were not completely chosen by [[universal suffrage]], but rather were elected by provincial assemblies. {{Citation needed|date=August 2021}} In his book ''The Constitution of India: Miracle, Surrender, Hope,'' Rajeev Dhavan tried to argue that the Indian people did not have much say in the making of the Constitution, which they had no choice but to accept.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Vanaik|first=Achin|date=1 May 2019|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/does-constitution-keep-promises|title=Does the Constitution deliver on its promises?|magazine=The Caravan|language=en|access-date=18 July 2019|archive-date=18 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718211243/https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/does-constitution-keep-promises|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Prominent members==
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Rajendra Prasad]], President of the Constituent Assembly
* [[Benegal Narsing Rau]], The Constitutional Advisor
* [[Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru]], Chairman of Union Powers committee, Chairman of Union Constitution Committee, Chairman of States Committee & Chairman of Special Committee to Examine the Draft Constitution (Constitution Assembly Committees), 1st Prime Minister of Independent India
* [[Vallabhbhai Patel]], Chairman of Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights, Minorities and Tribal and Excluded Areas(constitutional committee, The first Home Minister of India and the first Deputy Prime Minister of India
* [[Maulana Muhammad Syed Masoodi]]
* [[Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar]], Chairman of the Drafting Committee
* [[N. Madhava Rao|Sir N. Madhava Rao]], [[Diwan of Mysore|Dewan of Mysore]]
* [[Deep Narayan Singh]], Cabinet Minister of Bihar
* [[Gopinath Bordoloi]], 1st Chief Minister of Assam
* [[Syama Prasad Mookerjee]]
* [[Muhammad Saadulla]]
* [[P. Subbarayan]]
* [[Kailash Nath Katju]], 1st Governor of Odisha
* [[N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar]]
* [[Tiruvellore thattai Krishnamachari]]
* [[Rameshwar Prasad Sinha]]
* [[Durgabai Deshmukh]]
* [[K. M. Munshi]]
* [[M. Mohammed Ismael]], President of the Indian Union Muslim League
* [[K. B. Sahay|Krishna Ballabh Sahay]]
* [[Frank Anthony]], Anglo-Indian representative
* [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]], Vice President of India
* [[John Mathai]], Minister of Railways
* [[Pratap Singh Kairon]]
* [[K. Kamaraj]], Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu
* [[Chidambaram Subramaniam]]
* [[Jaipal Singh Munda]], Former Indian Hockey captain, and Tribal leader
* [[Hargovind Pant]]
* [[Kala Venkata Rao]], Freedom fighter, AICC general secretary, minister of Madras and later Andhra Pradesh
* [[Hifzur Rahman Seoharwi]], Islamic scholar and an activist of the Indian independence movement.
* [[Ranbir Singh Hooda]], Congress leader from Rohtak
{{div col end}}

=={{anchor|Members of the Indian Constituent Assembly}}Members (by province/state)==
{|class="wikitable"
! Province !! Members
|-
! [[Madras Presidency|Madras]]
| [[O. V. Alagesan]], [[Ammu Swaminathan]], [[M. Ananthasayanam Ayyangar]], [[Moturi Satyanarayana]], [[Dakshayani Velayudhan]], [[G. Durgabai]], [[Kala Venkatarao]], [[N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar]], [[D. Govinda Das]], [[Jerome D'Souza]], [[P. Kakkan]], [[T. M. Kaliannan]], [[K. Kamaraj]], [[V. C. Kesava Rao]], [[T. T. Krishnamachari]], [[Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer]], [[L. Krishnaswami Bharathi]], [[P. Kunhiraman]], [[Mosalikanti Thirumala Rao]], [[V. I. Munuswamy Pillai]], [[M. A. Muthiah Chettiar]], [[V. Nadimuthu Pillai]], [[S. Nagappa]], [[P. L. Narasimha Raju]], [[B. Pattabhi Sitaramayya]], [[C. Perumalswamy Reddy]], [[T. Prakasam]], [[S. H. Prater]], [[Raja Swetachalapati]], [[R. K. Shanmukham Chetty]], [[T. A. Ramalingam Chettiar]], [[Ramnath Goenka]], [[O. P. Ramaswamy Reddiyar]], [[N. G. Ranga]], [[Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy]], [[Sheik Galib Sahib]], [[K. Santhanam]], [[B. Shiva Rao]], [[Kallur Subba Rao]], [[U. Srinivas Mallya]], [[P. Subbarayan]], [[C. Subramaniam]], [[Vinnakota Jagannatha Gupta]], [[V. Subramaniam]], [[M. C. Veerabahu Pillai]], [[P. M. Velayudapan]], [[A. K. Menon]], [[T. J. M. Wilson]], [[M. Muhammad Ismail]], [[K. T. M. Ahmed Ibrahim]], [[Mahboob Ali Baig Sahib Bahadur]], [[B. Pocker Sahib Bahadur]], [[V. Ramaiah]], [[Ramakrishna Ranga Rao of Bobbili|Ramakrishna Ranga Rao]], [[V Kodandarama Reddy]],<ref>[https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/782468/1/publication_whoswho_eng_pp_1950.pdf Publication ''Who's Who 1950''. Parliament of India May 15, 1950 List Of Members Parliament Of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126142923/https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/782468/1/publication_whoswho_eng_pp_1950.pdf|date=26 November 2022}}</ref>[[P.Ranga Reddy]], [[D.Sanjeevaiyaa]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who's Who 1950 |url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/782468/1/publication_whoswho_eng_pp_1950.pdf |website=Parliament Digital Library}}</ref>
|-
![[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]]
|[[Balchandra Maheshwar Gupte]], [[Hansa Mehta]], [[Hari Vinayak Pataskar]], [[Joseph Alban D'Souza]], [[Kanayalal Nanabhai Desai]], [[Keshavrao Jedhe]], [[Khandubhai Kasanji Desai]], [[B. G. Kher]], [[Minoo Masani]], [[K.M. Munshi]], [[Narahar Vishnu Gadgil]], [[S. Nijalingappa]], [[S. K. Patil]], [[Ramchandra Manohar Nalavade]], [[R. R. Diwakar]], [[Shankarrao Deo]], [[G. V. Mavalankar]], [[Vallabhbhai Patel]], [[Abdul Kadar Mohammad Shaikh]], [[Abdul Kadir Abdul Aziz Khan]]
|-
! [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]]
| [[Mono Mohan Das]], [[Dr. B. R. Ambedkar]](Following partition, the seat was allocated to East Pakistan, and Dr. B. R. Ambedkar was elected from Bombay.),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eparlib.sansad.in/bitstream/123456789/762978/1/cad_09-12-1946.pdf |title=Constituent Assembly Debates, Volume I, 9-12-1946 to 23-12-1946, p. 25 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |year=1946 |access-date=2025-10-11 |format=PDF}}</ref>[[Arun Chandra Guha]], [[Lakshmi Kanta Maitra]], [[Mihir Lal Chattopadhyay]], [[Satish Chandra Samanta|Satis Chandra Samanta]], [[Suresh Chandra Majumdar]], [[Upendranath Barman]], [[Prabhu Dayal Himatsingka|Prabhudayal Himatsingka]], [[Basanta Kumar Das (Indian politician)|Basanta Kumar Das]], [[Renuka Ray]], [[Harendra Coomar Mookerjee|H. C. Mookerjee]], [[Surendra Mohan Ghose]], [[Syama Prasad Mookerjee]], [[Ari Bahadur Gurung]], [[R. E. Platel]], [[K. C. Neogy]], [[Raghib Ahsan]], [[Somnath Lahiri]], [[Jasimuddin Ahmad (politician)|Jasimuddin Ahmad]], [[Naziruddin Ahmad]], [[Abdul Hamid (politician, born 1886)|Abdul Hamid]], [[Abdul Halim Ghaznavi]]
|-
! [[United Provinces (1937–50)|United Provinces]]
| [[Maulana Hifzur Rahman Seoharwi]], [[Ajit Prasad Jain]], [[Rai Bahadur Raghubir Narain Singh]], [[Algu Rai Shastri]], [[Balkrishna Sharma]], [[Banshi Dhar Misra]], [[Bhagwan Din]], [[Damodar Swarup Seth]], [[Dayal Das Bhagat]], [[Dharam Prakash]], [[A. Dharam Dass]], [[Raghunath Vinayak Dhulekar|R. V. Dhulekar]], [[Feroz Gandhi]], [[Gopal Narain]], [[Krishna Chandra Sharma]], [[Govind Ballabh Pant]], [[Govind Malviya]], [[Har Govind Pant]], [[Harihar Nath Shastri]], [[Hriday Nath Kunzru]], [[Jaspat Roy Kapoor]], [[Jagannath Baksh Singh]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Jogendra Singh (politician)|Jogendra Singh]], [[Jugal Kishore (UP politician)|Jugal Kishore]], [[Jwala Prasad Srivastava]], [[B V Keskar|B. V. Keskar]], [[Kamla Chaudhry]], [[Kamalapati Tripathi]], [[J. B. Kripalani]], [[Mahavir Tyagi]], [[Khurshed Lal]], [[Masuriya Din]], [[Mohanlal Saksena]], [[Padampat Singhania]], [[Phool Singh]], [[Paragi Lal]], [[Purnima Banerjee]], [[Purushottam Das Tandon]], [[Hira Vallabha Tripathi]], [[Ram Chandra Gupta]], [[Shibban Lal Saxena]], [[Satish Chandra]], [[John Matthai]], [[Sucheta Kripalani]], [[Sunder Lall]], [[Venkatesh Narayan Tiwari]], [[Mohanlal Gautam]], [[Vishwambhar Dayal Tripathi]], [[Vishnu Sharan Dublish]], [[Begum Aizaz Rasul]], Hyder Hussain, [[Hasrat Mohani]], [[Abul Kalam Azad]], [[Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan]], [[Rafi Ahmad Kidwai]], [[Zahirul Hasnain Lari|Z H Lari]], [[Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman]]
|-
! [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]] (Now East Punjab)
|[[Bakshi Tek Chand]], [[Jairamdas Daulatram]], [[Thakur Das Bhargava]], [[Bikramlal Sondhi]], [[Yashwant Rai]], [[Ranbir Singh Hooda]], [[Lala Achint Ram]], [[Nand Lal]], [[Baldev Singh]], [[Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir]], [[Hukam Singh (Punjab politician)|Sardar Hukam Singh]], [[Sardar Bhopinder Singh Mann]], [[Sardar Rattan Singh Lohgarh]], [[Pratap Singh Kairon|Sardar Pratap Singh Kairon]], [[Chaudhry Suraj Mal]], [[Begum Aizaz Rasul]]
|-
! [[Bihar Province|Bihar]]
| [[Amiyo Kumar Ghosh]], [[Anugrah Narayan Sinha]], [[Banarsi Prasad Jhunjhunwala]], [[Bhagwat Prasad]], [[Boniface Lakra]], [[Brajeshwar Prasad]], [[Chandrika Ram]], [[K. T. Shah]], [[Devendra Nath Samanta]], [[Dip Narain Sinha]], [[Guptanath Singh]], [[Jadubans Sahay]], [[Jagat Narain Lal]], [[Jagjivan Ram]], [[Jaipal Singh Munda]], [[Kameshwar Singh]] of Darbhanga, [[Kamleshwari Prasad Yadav|Kamaleshwari Prasad Yadav]], [[Mahesh Prasad Sinha]], [[K B Sahay|Krishna Ballabh Sahay]], [[Raghunandan Prasad]], [[Rajendra Prasad]], [[Rameshwar Prasad Sinha]], [[Ramnarayan Singh]], [[Sachchidananda Sinha]], [[Sarangdhar Sinha]], [[Satyanarayan Sinha]], [[Binodanand Jha]], [[P. K. Sen]], [[Sri Krishna Sinha]], Sri [[Narayan Mahtha]], [[Shyam Nandan Prasad Mishra]], [[Hussain Imam]], [[Jafar Imam|Syed Jaffer Imam]], [[S. M. Latifur Rahman]], [[Mohammad Tahir (politician)|Mohd Tahir Hussain]], [[Tajamul Husain|Tajamul Hussain]], [[Choudhry Abid Hussain]], [[Hargovind Mishra]].
|-
! style="width: 140px;" |[[Central Provinces and Berar]]
| [[Ambica Charan Shukla]], [[Raghu Vira]], [[Rajkumari Amrit Kaur]], [[Bhagwantrao Mandloi]], [[Brijlal Biyani]], [[Thakur Cheedilal]], [[Seth Govind Das]], [[Hari Singh Gour]], [[Hari Vishnu Kamath]], [[Hemchandra Jagobaji Khandekar]], [[Ghanshyam Singh Gupta]], [[Laxman Shrawan Bhatkar]], [[Panjabrao Deshmukh]], [[Ravi Shankar Shukla]], [[R. K. Sidhva]], [[Dada Dharmadhikari]], [[Frank Anthony]], [[Kazi Syed Karimuddin]], [[Ganpatrao Dani]]
|-
! [[Assam Province|Assam]]
| [[Nibaran Chandra Laskar]], [[Dharanidhar Basumatari|Dharanidhar Basu-Matari]], [[Gopinath Bardoloi]], [[J. J. M. Nichols-Roy]], [[Kuladhar Chaliha]], [[Rohini Kumar Chaudhury]], [[Muhammad Saadulla]], [[Abdur Rouf (Assamese politician)|Abdur Rouf]]
|-
! [[Orissa Province|Orissa]]
| [[Bishwanath Das]], [[Krishna Chandra Gajapati Narayana Dev]], [[Harekrushna Mahatab]], [[Laxminarayan Sahu]], [[Lokenath Mishra|Lokanath Mishra]], [[Nandkishore Das]], [[Rajkrishna Bose]], [[Santanu Kumar Das]]
|-
![[Delhi]]
| [[Deshbandhu Gupta]]
|-
![[Ajmer-Merwara]]
| [[Mukut Bihari Lal Bhargava]]
|-
! [[Coorg Province|Coorg]]
| [[C. M. Poonacha]]
|-
![[Mysore State|Mysore]]
| [[K. Chengalaraya Reddy]], [[T. Siddalingayya]], [[H. R. Guruv Reddy]], [[S. V. Krishnamoorthy Rao]], [[Kengal Hanumanthaiah]], [[H. Siddhaveerappa]], [[T. Channiah]]
|-
![[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| [[Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah]], [[Moti Ram Baigra|Motiram Baigra]], [[Mirza Afzal Beg]], [[Maulana Mohammad Sayeed Masoodi]]
|-
![[Travancore-Cochin]]
| [[Pattom A. Thanu Pillai]], [[R. Sankar]], [[P. T. Chacko]], [[Panampilly Govinda Menon]], [[Annie Mascarene]], [[P. S. Nataraja Pillai]], [[K.A. Mohamed]], [[P.K.Lekshmanan]]
|-
! [[Madhya Bharat]]
| [[Vinayak Sitaram Sarwate]], [[Brijraj Narain]], [[Gopikrishna Vijayavargiya]], [[Ram Sahai]], [[Kusum Kant Jain]], [[Radhavallabh Vijayvargiya]], [[Sitaram Jajoo]]
|-
![[Saurashtra (state)|Saurashtra]]
| [[Balwantrai Mehta]], [[Jaisukhlal Hathi]], [[Amritlal Vithaldas Thakkar]], [[Chimanlal Chakubhai Shah]], [[Samaldas Gandhi]]
|-
! [[Rajputana]]
| [[V. T. Krishnamachari]], [[Hiralal Shastri]], [[Sardar Singhjhi of Khetri]], [[Jaswant Singhji]], [[Raj Bhadur]], [[Manikya Lal Varma]], [[Gokul Lal Asava]], [[Ramchandra Upadhyaya]], [[Balwant Singh Mehta]], [[Dalel Singh]], [[Jainarain Vyas]]
|-
![[Patiala and East Punjab States Union]]
|[[Ranjit Singh (politician)|Ranjit Singh]], [[Sochet Singh Aujla]], [[Bhagwant Roy]]
|-
!Bombay States
|[[Vinayakrao Balshankar Vaidya]], [[B.N. Munavalli]], [[Gokulbhai Bhatt]], [[Jivraj Narayan Mehta]], [[Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai]], [[Paranlal Thakurlal Munshi]], [[Balasaheb Hanumantrao Khardekar]], [[Ratnappa Kumbhar]]
|-
!Orissa States
|[[Lal Mohan Pati]], [[N. Madhava Rau]], [[Raj Kunwar]], [[Sarangadhar Das]], [[Yudhishthir Misra]]
|-
![[Central Provinces and Berar|Central Provinces States]]
|[[Ratanlal Kishorilal Malviya]], [[Kishori Mohan Tripathi]], [[Thakur Ramprasad Potai]]
|-
!United Provinces States
|[[Bashir Hussain Zaidi]], [[Krishna Singh (politician)|Krishna Singh]]
|-
!Madras States
|[[V. Ramaiah]]
|-
![[Vindhya Pradesh]]
| [[Awadhesh Pratap Singh]], [[Shambu Nath Shukla]], [[Ram Sahai Tiwary]], [[Manoolal Dwivedi]]
|-
! [[Cooch Behar State|Cooch Behar]]
| [[Himmat Singh K. Maheshwari]]
|-
! [[Tripura (princely state)|Tripura]] and [[Manipur (princely state)|Manipur]]
| [[Girija Shankar Guha]]
|-
! [[Bhopal State (1949–56)|Bhopal]]
| [[Lal Singh]]
|-
! [[Kutch State|Kutch]]
| [[Bhavanji Arjan Khimji]]
|-
! [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| [[Yashwant Singh Parmar]]
|}

===Members who later withdrew after partition===
{|class="wikitable"
! Province !! Members
|-
! [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] (Now East Bengal)
| [[Abdullah al Mahmood]], [[Maulana Mohammad Abdullah el Baqui]], [[Abdul Hamid]], [[Abdul Kasem Khan]], [[Mohammad Akram Khan]], [[Azizuddin Ahmad]], [[Muhammad Habibullah Bahar]], [[Prem Hari Barma]], [[Raj Kumar Chakraverty]], [[Sris Chandra Chattopadhyaya]], [[Abdul Matin Chaudhary]], [[Murtaza Raza Choudhry]], [[Hamidul Haq Chowdhury]], [[Akhay Kumar Das]], [[Dhirendra Nath Datta]], [[Bhupendra Kumar Datta]], Ebrahim Khan, [[Fazlul Huq]], [[Fazlur Rahman (politician)|Fazlur Rahman]], [[Ghayasuddin Pathan]], [[Begum Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah]], [[Liaquat Ali Khan]], [[Mafizuddin Ahmad]], [[Mahmud Hussain]], [[Jnanendra Chandra Majumdar]], [[A. M. Malik]], [[Birat Chandra Mandal]], [[Jogendra Nath Mandal]], Mohammed Ali, [[Khwaja Nazimuddin]], [[Nur Ahmed (politician, born 1890)|Nur Ahmed]], [[Nurul Amin]], [[Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi]], [[Dhananjoy Roy|Sri Dhananjoy, B.L. Roy]], [[Maudi Bhakesh Chanda]], [[Sirajul Islam Mia|B.L. Serajul Islam]], [[Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Osmani]], [[Shahabudin Khwaja]], [[H.S. Suhrawardy]], [[Harendra Kumar Sur]], [[Tamizuddin Khan]], [[Kawivi Kerwar Datta]], [[Ghulam Mohammed (Bengali politician)|Ghulam Mohammed]]
|-
! [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]] (Now West Punjab)
| [[Mumtaz Daultana]], [[Ganga Saran]], [[Zafarullah Khan]], [[Iftikhar Hussain Khan]], [[Mian Muhammad Iftikharuddin]], [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], [[Sheikh Karamat Ali]], [[Nazir Ahmad Khan]], [[Sardar Abdur Rab Nistar]], [[Feroz Khan Noon]], [[Omar Hayat Malik]], [[Shah Nawaz Begum Jahan Ara]], [[Sardar Shaukat Hyat Khan]],
|-
! style="width: 50px;"| [[North-West Frontier Province|Northwest Frontier]]
| [[Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan]], [[Sardar Bahadur Khan]], [[Sardar Asad Ullah Jan Khan]]
|-
! [[Sind Province (1936–55)|Sind]]
| [[Abdus Sattar Abdur Rahman]], Alhajj [[Muhammad Hashim Gazder]], [[M.A. Khuhro]]
|-
![[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)|Balochistan]]
| [[S. B. Nawab Mohammad Khan Jogezai]]
|}

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="160">
File:Jawaharal Nehru and other members taking pledge.jpg|Jawaharlal Nehru and other members taking pledge during the midnight session of the Constituent Assembly of India held on 14 and 15 August 1947.
File:Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Chairman, Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution with other members on Aug. 29, 1947.jpg|Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, chairman, with other members of the Drafting Committee of the Constituent Assembly of India, on 29 August 1947.
File:Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, chairman of the Drafting Committee, presenting the final draft of the Indian Constitution to Dr. Rajendra Prasad on 25 November, 1949.jpg|Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, chairman of the Drafting Committee, presenting the final draft of the Indian Constitution to Dr. Rajendra Prasad, President of constituent assembly on 25 November 1949.
File:A Constituent Assembly of India meeting in 1950.jpg|Constituent Assembly of India.
File:Jawaharlal Nehru addressing the constituent assembly in 1946.jpg|Jawaharlal Nehru addressing the constituent assembly in 1946.
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Austin, Granville. ''The Indian Constitution, Cornerstone of a Nation''. New Delhi: OUP India, 1999. {{ISBN|0-19-564959-1}}.
*Bipan Chandra, Mridula Mukherjee and Aditya Mukherjee. ''India Since Independence: Revised Edition''. New Delhi: Penguin Books India, 2008.
*[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/founding-mothers-of-the-indian-republic/401118B1A1771BA14CBECDB4C9455EA4 Chetan, Achyut.] ''Founding Mothers of the Indian Republic: Gender Politics of the Framing of the Constitution''. [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/founding-mothers-of-the-indian-republic/401118B1A1771BA14CBECDB4C9455EA4 Cambridge University Press, 2023]
*An Indian 10-episode TV series made by [[Rajya sabha]] TV called "SAMVIDHAN" described in detail how the Indian Constitution was made.

{{Legislatures of India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Constituent Assembly of India}}
[[Category:Constituent Assembly of India| ]]
[[Category:Constitutional history of India]]
[[Category:Central Legislative Assembly of India]]
[[Category:Political history of India]]

Academy of Sharia and Advanced Studies

2026-03-24T18:19:04Z

Aebeez:

{{Infobox school
| name = Academy of sharia and advanced studies (ASAS)
| address = Shakthan Nagar, near Heart Hospital
| city = Thrissur
| state = Kerala
| zipcode = 680001
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|10.512068297320406|76.2133535663957|display=it}}
| type = Higher Education
| religious_affiliation = Samastha Kerala Jem'iyyathul Ulema
| authority = Malik Bin Deenar Islamic Complex (MIC)
| principal = Muhammad Faizy Onampilly
| student_union = ASAS STUDENTS' FEDERATION (ASF)
| information =
| website = https://miconline.org/
}}
The '''Academy of Sharia and Advanced Studies''' (ASAS), run by Malik Bin Deenar Islamic Complex, located in [[Thrissur]], is the first Islamic institute to include [[Sanskrit]] in its syllabus.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhagavad Gita Part Of Sanskrit Syllabus Of Islamic Institute In Kerala |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bhagavad-gita-other-hindu-texts-part-of-sanskrit-syllabus-of-islamic-institute-in-kerala-3696675 |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Ronit Kumar |date=2022-11-14 |title=Breaking Stereotypes To Impart Knowledge! Islamic Institute In Kerala Teaches Sanskrit To Students |url=https://thelogicalindian.com/trending/islamic-institute-in-kerala-teaches-sanskrit-to-students-38638 |access-date=2023-02-19 |website=thelogicalindian.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Teaching Sanskrit,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-16 |title=Islamic study centre develops Sanskrit syllabus in Kerala |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/islamic-study-centre-develops-sanskrit-syllabus-in-kerala/articleshow/97016475.cms |access-date=2023-02-18 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gita, Sanskrit taught in this Kerala-based Islamic institute’s syllabus |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/good-news/2022/aug/27/gita-sanskrit-taught-in-this-kerala-based-islamic-institutes-syllabus-2491849.html |access-date=2023-02-19 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> also known as "Deva Bhasa," to its students with the help of [[Hindus|Hindu]] Scholars.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-13 |title=Islamic institute in Kerala sets example by teaching Sanskrit |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/thiruvananthapuram/islamic-institute-in-kerala-sets-example-by-teaching-sanskrit-8265618/ |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> As part of including Sanskrit, here important portions of the [[Bhagavad Gita]], [[Upanishads]], Mahabharata, and Ramayana are selectively taught.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-13 |title=Kerala: Islamic Institute Starts Sanskrit Course, Sets Example Amid Saffronisation Debate |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/kerala-islamic-institute-starts-sanskrit-course-sets-example-amid-saffronisation-debate-news-237024 |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=www.outlookindia.com/ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-17 |title=Islamic Institute in Kerala to teach Bhagvad Gita, Sanskrit Hindu texts as part of its syllabus |url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/islamic-institute-in-kerala-to-teach-bhagvad-gita-sanskrit-hindu-texts-as-part-of-its-syllabus-3512308.html |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=www.oneindia.com/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hindu texts, Sanskrit in Islamic school |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/hindu-texts-sanskrit-in-islamic-school/cid/1910315 |access-date=2023-02-19 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2022-11-13 |title=Islamic institution in Thrissur teaches students Sanskrit, Gita, Upanishads |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/featured/islamic-institution-in-thrissur-teaches-students-sanskrit-gita-upanishads/ |access-date=2023-02-19 |website=The South First |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Web Desk |date=2022-11-13 |title=Kerala Islamic institute teaches Sanskrit and Upanishads |url=https://english.madhyamam.com/india/kerala-islamic-institute-teaches-sanskrit-and-upanishads-1095918 |access-date=2023-02-19 |website=english.madhyamam.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-11-14 |title=Kerala’s Islamic institution teaches Sanskrit, Hindu scriptures |url=https://www.indianarrative.com/culture-news/keralas-islamic-institution-teaches-sanskrit-and-hindu-scriptures-to-students-71850.html |access-date=2023-02-19 |website=www.indianarrative.com |language=en}}</ref>

According to a statement made to the [[Press Trust of India]] (PTI) by Hafiz Aboobacker, the previous Sanskrit syllabus lacked detail.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala's Academy of Sharia and Advanced Studies teaches Hindu texts in Sanskrit to students |url=https://www.edexlive.com/news/2023/jan/16/keralas-academy-of-sharia-and-advanced-studies-teaches-hindu-texts-in-sanskrit-to-students-33359.html |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=Edex Live |language=en}}</ref> However, a new syllabus has been introduced, which covers an eight-year curriculum starting from the plus-two level and continuing through post-graduation. Aboobacker emphasized that the latest syllabus provides a more comprehensive framework for the study of Sanskrit.

The institution known as the "Academy of Sharia and Advanced Studies" is frequently referred to as "MIC ASAS" by the surrounding community. The MIC ASAS has been teaching its students selective portions of the Bhagavad Gita, Upanishads, Mahabharata, and Ramayana in Sanskrit for the last seven years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rahul |date=2023-01-16 |title=Bhagavad Gita Part Of Sanskrit Syllabus Of Islamic Institute In Kerala |url=https://www.thelocalreport.in/bhagavad-gita-part-of-sanskrit-syllabus-of-islamic-institute-in-kerala/ |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=Thelocalreport.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://miconline.org/}}

[[Category:Islamic universities and colleges in Kerala]]
[[Category:Sharia in India]]

TBS GB

2026-03-24T16:17:19Z

Aebeez: Updated

5xxabmzxh66xxnpqcmo52ja7aj356vc

Rimi Sen

2026-03-24T14:07:08Z

Aebeez: expanded formatting for clarity

{{Short description|Former Indian actress and producer (born 1981) }}
{{Family name hatnote|Sen|lang=Bengali}}
{{Distinguish|Reema Sen|Raima Sen}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rimi Sen
| image = Rimi Sen walks the ramp for Rocky S at the IBFW on day 2 in Goa (09) (cropped).jpg
| caption = Sen at the India Beach Fashion Week (Goa) in 2017
| birth_name = Subhamitra Sen
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1981|09|21}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names = Rimii
| known_for = ''[[Dhoom]]'', ''[[Hungama (2003 film)|Hungama]]'', ''[[Phir Hera Pheri]]'', ''[[Golmaal Fun Unlimited]]'', ''[[Deewane Huye Paagal]]''
| occupation = Film actress
| years_active = 1996–2011 2015–2016
| father =
| mother = Sanghamitra Sen
}}
'''Rimi Sen''' ({{IPA|bn|rimi ʃen}}; born '''Subhamitra Sen''' on 21 September 1981), also known professionally as '''Rimi''' or '''Rimii''', is a former actress and producer from India, who appeared in [[Bollywood|Hindi]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]], and [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]] films.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 April 2021 |title=Rimi Sen: 'I was furniture in Dhoom, Phir Hera Pheri, Hungama, Golmaal and other comedies' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/rimi-sen-comeback-furniture-role-dhoom-phir-hera-pheri-hungama-golmaal-comedies-me-too-bigg-boss-7256060/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409031657/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/rimi-sen-comeback-furniture-role-dhoom-phir-hera-pheri-hungama-golmaal-comedies-me-too-bigg-boss-7256060/ |archivedate=9 April 2021 |url-status=unfit}}</ref> She made her debut as a lead actress in 2002, in the Telugu film ''[[Nee Thodu Kavali]]''. In 2003, she made her Hindi film debut in the comedy film ''[[Hungama (2003 film)|Hungama]]'' for which she was nominated at the [[Filmfare Awards]] for [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]. Subsequently, she appeared in several successful films including ''[[Baghban (2003 film)|Baghban]]'' (2003), ''[[Dhoom]]'' (2004), ''[[Garam Masala (2005 film)|Garam Masala]]'' (2005), ''[[Kyon Ki]]'' (2005), ''[[Deewane Huye Paagal]]'' (2005), ''[[Phir Hera Pheri]]'' (2006) and ''[[Golmaal: Fun Unlimited]]'' (2006). She also participated in the reality television show ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series)|Bigg Boss]]'' in 2015. After quitting the entertainment industry, she works as a real estate agent in Dubai.<ref>{{Cite news |date=Jan 21, 2026 |title=''Dhoom'' Actor Rimi Sen Is Now A Real Estate Agent In Dubai |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/dhoom-actor-rimi-sen-is-now-a-real-estate-agent-in-dubai-she-had-botox-fillers-too-10796197 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260122055651/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/dhoom-actor-rimi-sen-is-now-a-real-estate-agent-in-dubai-she-had-botox-fillers-too-10796197 |archive-date=2026-01-22 |access-date=2026-01-22 |work=NDTV |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Sen was born as Subhamitra Sen<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vyavahare |first1=Renuka |title=Rimi Sen resurfaces as Subhamitra |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Rimi-Sen-resurfaces-as-Subhamitra/articleshow/46370022.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=15 July 2016 |date=26 February 2015 |archive-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528121301/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Rimi-Sen-resurfaces-as-Subhamitra/articleshow/46370022.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> into a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] [[Baidya]] family from [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]]. She graduated with a degree in commerce from the [[University of Calcutta]].<ref name="sh">{{cite web |url=http://ww.smashits.com/rimi-sen-acting-cannot-be-taught/interview-5176.html |title=Rimi Sen: Acting cannot be taught |publisher=smashits.com |access-date=16 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329104137/http://ww.smashits.com/rimi-sen-acting-cannot-be-taught/interview-5176.html |archive-date=29 March 2012 }}</ref>

==Career==

Since childhood, Sen dreamt of becoming an actress. She lived at Jyotish Roy Road, New Alipore, Kolkata with her mother. She did her schooling from Vidya Bharati New Alipore near Mint. After completing her studies, she persuaded her mother to accompany her to [[Mumbai]]. She later said that she wasn't encouraged by anyone in her family except by her grandfather. After doing the rounds, she got into ads including one [[Coca-Cola]] ad with [[Aamir Khan]].<ref name="sh"/>

Sen made her debut as a lead actress in the Telugu movie ''[[Nee Thodu Kavali]]''. Her debut Hindi film, Vijay Galani's ''[[Hungama (2003 film)|Hungama]]'' was released in 2003. It was a comedy film, in which she co-starred with [[Akshaye Khanna]], [[Aftab Shivdasani]] and [[Paresh Rawal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Good things are happening to me: Rimi Sen |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/aug/01rimi.htm |website=Rediff |language=en |access-date=7 May 2020 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407155003/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/aug/01rimi.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

She followed it with appearances in big-budget movies such as ''[[Dhoom]]'' (2004), ''[[Kyon Ki]]'' (2005), ''[[Garam Masala (2005 film)|Garam Masala]]'' (2005) and ''[[Golmaal: Fun Unlimited|Golmaal]]'' (2006). Sen also did a cameo in the 2006 film ''[[Dhoom 2]]'', and she followed it with ''[[Johnny Gaddaar]]'', alongside newcomer actor [[Neil Nitin Mukesh]]. In 2008, she appeared in ''[[De Taali]]'' and in 2009, ''[[Sankat City]]'' and ''Horn Ok Please''. All three of these films were box office disasters. After these films, her career declined.

She further appeared in the films ''[[Thank You (2011 film)|Thank You]]'' and ''[[Shagird (2011 film)|Shagird]]'' in 2011. Both failed to do well. In 2015, she participated in the reality show ''[[Bigg Boss]]''.

Sen has produced a film, ''[[Budhia Singh - Born to Run]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/rimi-sen-unveils-the-poster-of-her-maiden-production-budhia-singh/17355171 |title=Rimi Sen unveils the poster of her maiden production 'Budhia Singh' - Entertainment |publisher=Mid-day.com |date=21 June 2016 |access-date=26 September 2016}}</ref> She changed her screen name, Rimi, to her real name, Subhamitra Sen for her production venture.<ref name="pinkvilla.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/movie-stills/356616/rimi-sen-back-her-maiden-production-venture-budhia-singh |title=Rimi Sen is Back With her Maiden Production Venture Budhia Singh |publisher=Pinkvilla |date=17 June 2016 |access-date=26 September 2016 |archive-date=26 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926110736/http://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/movie-stills/356616/rimi-sen-back-her-maiden-production-venture-budhia-singh |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Reality TV===
Sen was a celebrity contestant in the [[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 9)|ninth season]] of the Indian version of the [[reality TV]] show ''[[Big Brother (TV series)|Big Brother]]'', ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series)|Bigg Boss]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Rimi-Sen-in-Bigg-Boss-9-Double-Trouble/photostory/49340426.cms |title=Rimi Sen in Bigg Boss 9 Double Trouble |date=13 October 2015 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> It aired in October 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/took-up-bigg-boss-to-reconnect-with-fans-dhoom-girl-rimi-sen/ |title=Took up 'Bigg Boss' to reconnect with fans: Dhoom girl Rimi Sen |date=12 October 2015 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=17 October 2015 |archive-date=16 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016035753/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/took-up-bigg-boss-to-reconnect-with-fans-dhoom-girl-rimi-sen/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Sen entered the house with [[Suyyash Rai]] as her partner for the show; however, her pairing was revised on Day 5, when [[Rochelle Rao]] was chosen as her new partner. She was evicted after staying in the house for 7.5 weeks.

In 2016, Sen participated in the dance celebrity reality show, ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa season 9|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 9]]'' as a wild card entrant but did not get selected.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abplive.in/television/this-is-why-tv-actor-arjun-bijlani-is-participating-in-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-387916|title=Bigg Boss 9 fame Rimi Sen confirmed to enter "Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 9" as wild card|date=19 December 2016|access-date=27 July 2016|archive-date=24 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224202434/https://www.abplive.in/television/this-is-why-tv-actor-arjun-bijlani-is-participating-in-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-387916|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|- style="background:#d1e4fd;"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
|2000||''[[Paromitar Ek Din]]'' || Niece of Paromita's first husband || [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || Bengali debut
|-
|2001||''Ide Naa Modati Prema Lekha''|| Anjali || rowspan="2" | [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || Telugu debut, credited as Rimi
|-
|2002||''[[Nee Thodu Kavali]]'' || Sindhu ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2003 || ''[[Hungama (2003 film)|Hungama]]'' || Anjali
|rowspan=2|[[Hindi]] ||
|-
|''[[Baghban (2003 film)|Baghban]]'' || Payal Malhotra ||
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2004 ||''[[Sajani (2004 film)|Sajani]]'' || Priya || Bengali ||
|-
| ''[[Dhoom]]'' || Sweety Dixit || Hindi || credited as Rimii
|-
| ''[[Swapner Din]]'' || Ameena || Bengali ||
|-
|rowspan="4"| 2005 || ''[[Andarivaadu]]'' || Swetha || Telugu ||
|-
|''[[Garam Masala (2005 film)|Garam Masala]]'' || Anjali || rowspan="14" | Hindi || rowspan="2" | credited as Rimii
|-
|''[[Kyon Ki]]'' || Maya Sahani
|-
| ''[[Deewane Huye Paagal]]'' || Tanya / Natasha Mulchandani ||
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2006 || ''[[Phir Hera Pheri]]'' || Anjali Patekar || credited as Rimi
|-
| ''[[Golmaal: Fun Unlimited]]'' || Niraali ||
|-
| ''[[Dhoom 2]]'' || Sweety Dixit || Special appearance
|-
|rowspan="2" | 2007 || ''[[Hattrick (film)|Hattrick]]'' || Kashmira || rowspan="2" | credited as Rimi
|-
| ''[[Johnny Gaddaar]]'' || Mini
|-
| 2008 || ''[[De Taali]]'' || Kartika Rai / Anjali Nahata ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2009 || ''[[Sankat City]]'' || Mona || credited as Rimi
|-
| ''[[Horn 'Ok' Pleassss]]'' || Ria / Sia (dual role) ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2011 || ''[[Thank You (2011 film)|Thank You]]'' || Shivani Chopra || rowspan="2" | credited as Rimi
|-
| ''[[Shagird (2011 film)|Shagird]]'' || Varsha Mathur
|-
||2016||''[[Budhia Singh – Born to Run]]'' || {{Em dash}}||Producer<ref name="pinkvilla.com" />
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 9|Bigg Boss 9]]''
| rowspan="2" | Contestant
| 13th place
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/took-up-bigg-boss-to-reconnect-with-fans-dhoom-girl-rimi-sen/|title=Took up 'Bigg Boss' to reconnect with fans: Dhoom girl Rimi Sen|accessdate=12 October 2015|work=The Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa season 9|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 9]]''
| Not selected
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abplive.in/television/this-is-why-tv-actor-arjun-bijlani-is-participating-in-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-387916|title=Bigg Boss 9 fame Rimi Sen confirmed to enter "Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 9" as wild card|date=19 December 2016|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref>
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of awards and nominations received by Sen
|-
! Year
! Film
! Award
! Category
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2004
| rowspan="6" |''[[Hungama (2003 film)|Hungama]]''
|[[Filmfare Awards]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/deep750/FilmfareAwards.pdf?attredirects=0|title=Filmfare Nominees and Winners|format=PDF|work=Filmfare|pages=116–119|access-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019034032/https://sites.google.com/site/deep750/FilmfareAwards.pdf?attredirects=0|archive-date=19 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Screen Awards]]
|[[Screen Award for Best Female Debut|Most Promising Newcomer – Female]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/special-feature-news-others-kkfvNSibdhesi.html|title=Special feature|website=[[Sify]]|date=14 January 2004|access-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107105851/http://www.sify.com/movies/special-feature-news-others-kkfvNSibdhesi.html|archive-date=7 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[Stardust Awards]]
|[[Stardust Award for Superstar of Tomorrow – Female|Superstar of Tomorrow – Female]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nominations for the year 2003|url=http://www.indiafm.com:80/awards/stardust/nominations.shtml|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040923211455/http://www.indiafm.com/awards/stardust/nominations.shtml|archive-date=23 September 2004|access-date=9 June 2021|url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
|[[IIFA Award for Star Debut of the Year – Female|Star Debut of the Year – Female]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.screendaily.com/kal-ho-naa-ho-leads-iifa-nominees/4018041.article|title=Kal Ho Naa Ho leads IIFA nominees|work=[[Screen International]]|last=Kay|first=Jeremy|date=2 February 2004|access-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107094231/https://www.screendaily.com/kal-ho-naa-ho-leads-iifa-nominees/4018041.article|archive-date=7 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Anandalok Puraskar|Anandalok Puraskar Awards]]
|Best Debut Actress
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Star-struck night on stage and floor |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1041108/asp/calcutta/story_3979680.asp |access-date=11 February 2022 |work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |date=8 November 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318084416/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1041108/asp/calcutta/story_3979680.asp |archive-date=18 March 2017}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|
[[Zee Cine Awards]]
|rowspan="2"|
[[Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
|{{nom}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zeecineawards.com/timeline/2004/winners/|title=Zee Cine Awards 2004 Winners|publisher=[[Zee Cine Awards]]|access-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107113722/http://www.zeecineawards.com/timeline/2004/winners/|archive-date=7 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Baghban (2003 film)|Baghban]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|2005
|''[[Dhoom]]''
|[[Stardust Awards]]
|
[[Stardust Award for Breakthrough Performance – Female|Best Breakthrough Performance – Female]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.stardustindia.com:80/stardust_awards2005.htm |title=Max Stardust awards nominations |work=[[Stardust (magazine)|Stardust]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050206001033/http://www.stardustindia.com/stardust_awards2005.htm |archive-date=6 February 2005 |access-date=30 August 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|2010
|''[[Sankat City]]''
|[[Screen Awards]]
|Best Ensemble Cast
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-nokia-16th-annual-star-screen-awards-2009/ |title=Nominations for Nokia 16th Annual Star Screen Awards 2009 |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=31 December 2009|access-date=16 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
| rowspan="2" |''[[Budhia Singh - Born to Run]]''
|[[63rd National Film Awards|National Film Awards]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Children's Film|Best Children's Film]]
|{{won}}
|rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite press release|title=63rd National Film Awards|url=http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/Winners_of_63rd_NFA_2015.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|date=28 March 2016|access-date=28 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
|[[WorldFest-Houston International Film Festival]]
|Best Film
|{{won}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{IMDb name}}
*{{Bollywood Hungama person|rimi-sen}}

{{Bigg Boss 9}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, Rimi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kolkata]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

14th Lok Sabha

2026-03-23T12:29:10Z

Aebeez:

{{Short description|Lower House members elected in 2004}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox legislative term
| name = 14th Lok Sabha
| image = New Delhi government block 03-2016 img3.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = [[Old Parliament House, New Delhi|Old Parliament House]], Sansad Marg, New Delhi, India
| body = [[Indian Parliament]]
| election = [[2004 Indian general election]]
| before = [[13th Lok Sabha]]
| after = [[15th Lok Sabha]]
|term=2 June 2004 - 18 May 2009|government=[[First Manmohan Singh ministry]]|chamber1_leader1_type=[[President of India|President]]|chamber1_leader1=[[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] [[Pratibha Patil]]|chamber1_leader2_type=[[Vice President of India|Vice President]]|chamber1_leader2=[[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]] [[Hamid Ansari]]|chamber2=[[Lok Sabha|House of the People]]|chamber2_image=File:Lok Sabha Zusammensetzung 2004.svg|chamber2_image_size=350px|membership2=545|chamber2_leader1_type=[[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Speaker of the House]]|chamber2_leader1=[[Somnath Chatterjee]]|chamber2_leader2_type=[[Leader of the House (Lok Sabha)|Leader of the House]]|chamber2_leader2=[[Pranab Mukherjee]]|chamber2_leader3_type=[[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]|chamber2_leader3=[[Manmohan Singh]]|chamber2_leader4_type=[[Leader of the Opposition (Lok Sabha)|Leader of the Opposition]]|chamber2_leader4= [[L. K. Advani]]|chamber1=Sovereign|control2=[[United Progressive Alliance]]}}

The '''14th [[Lok Sabha]]''' (2 June 2004 – 18 May 2009) was convened after the [[2004 Indian general election]], held in four phases during 20 April – 10 May 2004, which led to the formation of the [[first Manmohan Singh ministry]] (2004–2009). Indian National Congress-led United Progressive Alliance won 62 more seats than previous [[13th Lok Sabha]]. The [[Lok Sabha]] (House of the People) is the lower house in the [[Parliament of India]]. 8 sitting members from Rajya Sabha, the Upper House of Indian Parliament, were elected to 14th Lok Sabha after the [[2004 Indian general election]].<ref name="rs">{{cite web|title=RAJYA SABHA STATISTICAL INFORMATION (1952-2013)|url= http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/publication_electronic/rsstatis_inf52-03.pdf |publisher=Rajya Sabha Secretariat, New Delhi|access-date= 29 August 2017|page=12 |date=2014}}</ref>{{Politics of India}}The next [[15th Lok Sabha]] was convened after [[2009 Indian general election]].

{{image frame
|content={{#chart:14th-17th Lok Sabha referred bills.chart}}
|border=no
}}

==Bills==
During the tenure of the 14th Lok Sabha, 60% of bills were referred to Parliamentary committees for examination.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Importance of Parliamentary Committees |url=https://prsindia.org/theprsblog/importance-parliamentary-committees |access-date=29 November 2021 |work=PRS Legislative Research}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Only one bill in monsoon session sent to parliamentary committee |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/mJHsZeWro8S3X7c0aDRzhK/Only-one-bill-in-monsoon-session-sent-to-parliamentary-commi.html |access-date=29 November 2021 |work=mint |date=13 August 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

== Members ==

* '''Speaker:''' [[Somnath Chatterjee]], [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], [[Bolpur]], [[West Bengal]]
* '''Deputy Speaker:''' [[Charanjit Singh Atwal]], [[Shiromani Akali Dal]], [[Phillaur]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
* '''Leader of the House:''' [[Pranab Mukherjee]], [[Indian National Congress]], [[Jangipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jangipur]], [[West Bengal]] (PM Manmohan Singh was from Upper house)
* '''Leader of the Opposition:''' [[Lal Krishna Advani]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], [[Gandhinagar]], [[Gujarat]]
* '''Secretary General:''' [[P. D. T. Acharya]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/lokprelist.aspx?lsno=14 |title=Fourteenth Lok Sabha |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat, New Delhi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214329/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/lokprelist.aspx?lsno=14 |archive-date=3 March 2016 }}</ref>

== Expulsion of members for contempt of the House ==

On 12 December 2005, the [[STAR TV (Asia)|Star TV]] news channel telecast the [[sting operation]] [[Operation Duryodhana]], in which 11 Members of Parliament, 10 from Lok Sabha and 1 from [[Rajya Sabha]], were apparently caught on video receiving cash inducements in return for raising questions in the Parliament.<ref>
[http://www.cobrapost.com/documents/one.htm Operation Durhyodhana]
by [[Aniruddha Bahal]] of [[Cobrapost]], contains extensive details of each interaction.
{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423083408/http://www.cobrapost.com/documents/one.htm |date=23 April 2012 }}</ref> Following swift inquiries by the Ethics Committee of Rajya Sabha and a Special Committee of the Lok Sabha the members were found guilty<ref>
[http://164.100.24.208/ls/Inquiry/IReport.pdf Report of the Lok Sabha inquiry committee], on Parliament of India website (in PDF format)
</ref> and the motion for their expulsion was adopted in respective Houses.

On 23 December 2005, the following 10 members were ousted from the 14th Lok Sabha as per the adoption of the motion calling for their expulsion:

# [[Narendra Kushwaha]] ([[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]) – [[Mirzapur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
# [[Annasaheb M. K. Patil]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]) – [[Erandol]], [[Maharashtra]]
# [[Y. G. Mahajan]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]) – [[Jalgaon]], [[Maharashtra]]
# [[Manoj Kumar (Jharkhand politician)|Manoj Kumar]] ([[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]) – [[Palamau]], [[Jharkhand]]
# [[Suresh Chandel]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]) – [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]
# [[Raja Ram Pal]] ([[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]) – [[Bilhaur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
# [[Lal Chandra Kol]] ([[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]) – [[Robertsganj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
# [[Pradeep Gandhi]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]) – [[Rajnandgaon]], [[Chhattisgarh]]
# [[Chandra Pratap Singh]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]) – [[Sidhi]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
# [[Ramsevak Singh]] ([[Indian National Congress|Congress]]) – [[Gwalior]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]

== List of members by political party ==
{{see also|List of members of the 14th Lok Sabha}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!S.No.
!Party name
!Party flag
!Number of MPs
!Leader in Lok Sabha
|-
|1
|[[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|75px]]
|141
|[[Pranab Mukherjee]]
|-
|2
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|[[File:BJP Flag.svg|75px]]
|130
|[[L. K. Advani]]
|-
|3
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI(M))
|[[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|75px]]
|43
|[[Basudev Acharia]]
|-
|4
|[[Samajwadi Party]] (SP)
|
|36
|-
|5
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] (RJD)
|[[File:RJD Flag.svg|75px]]
|24
|-
|6
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP)
|[[File:Elephant Bahujan Samaj Party.svg|75px]]
|17
|-
|7
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK)
|[[File:Flag DMK.svg|75px]]
|16
|[[T.R. Baalu]]
|-
|8
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] (SS)
|
|12
|-
|9
|[[Biju Janata Dal]] (BJD)
|[[File:Biju Janata Dal.jpg|75px]]
|11
|-
|10
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP)
|[[File:NCP-flag.svg|75px]]
|11
|-
|11
|[[Communist Party of India]] (CPI)
|[[File:CPI-banner.svg|75px]]
|10
|[[P. K. Vasudevan Nair]] (till 12 July 2005)
[[Gurudas Dasgupta]] (afterwards)
|-
|12
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal]] (SAD)
|
|8
|-
|13
|Independent (Ind.)
|[[File:No flag.svg|75px]]
|6
|-
|14
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] (PMK)
|[[File:PMK.svg|75px]]
|6
|-
|15
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]] (JMM)
|
|5
|-
|16
|[[Telugu Desam Party]] (TDP)
|[[File:TDPFlag.PNG|75px]]
|5
|[[Kinjarapu Yerran Naidu]]
|-
|17
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] (BRS)
|[[File:Flag of Bharat Rashtra Samithi (India Nation Council).svg|75px]]
|5
|[[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]
|-
|18
|[[Lok Jan Shakti Party]] (LJSP)
|[[File:Lok Janshakti Party Flag.svg|75px]]
|4
|-
|19
|[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (MDMK)
|[[File:MDMK.svg|75px]]
|4
|-
|20
|[[All India Forward Bloc]] (AIFB)
|
|3
|-
|21
|[[Janata Dal (Secular)]] (JD(S))
|
|3
|-
|22
|[[Rashtriya Lok Dal]] (RLD)
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Hand Pump.png|centre|50px]]
|3
|-
|23
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)]] (RSP)
|[[File:RSP-flag.svg|75px]]
|3
|-
|24
|[[Asom Gana Parishad]] (AGP)
|
|2
|-
|25
|[[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]] (J&KNC)
|[[File:JKNC-flag.svg|75px]]
|2
|-
|26
|[[Kerala Congress]] (KEC)
|[[File:Kerala-Congress-flag.svg|75px]]
|2
|-
|27
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] (AIMIM)
|[[File:All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen logo.svg|75px]]

|1
| [[Asaduddin Owaisi]]
|-
|28
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]] (AITC)
|[[File:All India Trinamool Congress flag.svg|75px]]
|2
| [[Mamata Banerjee]]
|-
|29
|[[Bharatiya Navshakti Party]] (BNP)
|[[File:No flag.svg|75px]]
|1
|-
|31
|[[Jammu & Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party]] (J&KPDP)
|
|1
|-
|32
|[[Mizo National Front]] (MNF)
|
|1
|-
|33
|[[Indian Union Muslim League]] (IUML)
|[[File:Flag of the Indian Union Muslim League.svg|75px]]
|1
|-
|34
|[[Nagaland Peoples Front]] (NPF)
|[[File: Flag of the Naga People's Front.png|75px]]
|1
|-
|35
|[[National Loktantrik Party]] (NLP)
|[[File:No flag.svg|75px]]
|1
|-
|36
|[[Republican Party of India]] (A) (RPI(A))
|[[File:Flag of various Republican Parties of India.svg|75px]]
|1
|-
|37
|[[Sikkim Democratic Front]] (SDF)
|[[File:Sikkim-Democratic-Front-flag.svg|75px]]
|1
|}
<ref name="ls2">[http://164.100.24.209/newls/mpineachparty.aspx Lok Sabha Official Website] ''accessed'' 19 October 2007. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219120957/http://164.100.24.209/newls/mpineachparty.aspx |date=19 December 2007 }}</ref>

After a long time since the [[8th Lok Sabha]], a couple had been elected - [[Pappu Yadav]] ([[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]] MP from [[Madhepura Lok Sabha constituency|Madhepura]]) & his wife [[Ranjeet Ranjan]] ([[Lok Janshakti Party|LJSP]] MP from [[Saharsa Lok Sabha constituency|Saharsa]])

===Cabinet Ministers===
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
!style="width:17em"| Remarks
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions|Minister of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]] [[Department of Atomic Energy]] [[Department of Space]] [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]]
| minister1 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 22 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = {{small|Also in-charge of all other important portfolios and policy issues not allocated to any minister.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Shivraj Patil]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 30 November 2008
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[P. Chidambaram]]
| minister2_termstart = 30 November 2008
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]]
| minister1 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 24 October 2006
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[A. K. Antony]]
| minister2_termstart = 24 October 2006
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]]
| minister1 = [[P. Chidambaram]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 30 November 2008
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| minister2_termstart = 30 November 2008
| minister2_termend = 24 January 2009
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref = {{small|Prime Minister-in-charge; Additional charge.}}
| minister3 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| minister3_termstart = 24 January 2009
| minister3_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
| minister3_ref = {{small|Additional charge.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Natwar Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 7 November 2005
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 November 2005
| minister2_termend = 24 October 2006
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref = {{small|Prime Minister-in-charge; Additional charge.}}
| minister3 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| minister3_termstart = 24 October 2006
| minister3_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
| minister3_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Railways (India)|Minister of Railways]]
| minister1 = [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers]] [[Ministry of Steel|Minister of Steel]]
| minister1 = [[Ram Vilas Paswan]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Lok Janshakti Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Education (India)|Minister of Human Resource Development]]
| minister1 = [[Arjun Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Arjun Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Minister of Parliamentary Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 1 November 2005
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi]]
| minister2_termstart = 1 November 2005
| minister2_termend = 6 April 2008
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Vayalar Ravi]]
| minister3_termstart = 6 April 2008
| minister3_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
| minister3_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Urban Development (India)|Minister of Urban Development]]
| minister1 = [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 1 November 2005
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| minister2_termstart = 1 November 2005
| minister2_termend = 18 November 2005
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref = {{small|Prime Minister-in-charge; Additional charge.}}
| minister3 = [[S. Jaipal Reddy]]
| minister3_termstart = 18 November 2005
| minister3_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
| minister3_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|Minister of Road Transport and Highways]]
| minister1 = [[T. R. Baalu]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Minister of Information and Broadcasting]]
| minister1 = [[S. Jaipal Reddy]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 18 November 2005
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi]]
| minister2_termstart = 18 November 2005
| minister2_termend = 11 November 2008
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| minister3_termstart = 11 November 2008
| minister3_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
| minister3_ref = {{small|Prime Minister-in-charge; Additional charge.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Communications (India)|Minister of Communications and Information Technology]]
| minister1 = [[Dayanidhi Maran]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[A. Raja]]
| minister2_termstart = 15 May 2007
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister2_party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation|Minister of Water Resources]]
| minister1 = [[Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 18 November 2005
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Santosh Mohan Dev]]
| minister2_termstart = 18 November 2005
| minister2_termend = 29 January 2006
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister3 = [[Saifuddin Soz]]
| minister3_termstart = 29 January 2006
| minister3_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
| minister3_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Agriculture (India)|Minister of Agriculture]] [[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution|Ministry of Food and Civil Supplies, Consumer Affairs and Public Distribution]]
| minister1 = [[Sharad Pawar]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Nationalist Congress Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Minister of Rural Development]]
| minister1 = [[Raghuvansh Prasad Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj|Minister of Panchayati Raj]]
| minister1 = [[Mani Shankar Aiyar]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Minister of Labour and Employment]]
| minister1 = [[Sis Ram Ola]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 27 November 2004
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[K. Chandrashekhar Rao]]
| minister2_termstart = 27 November 2004
| minister2_termend = 24 August 2006
| minister2_party = [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| minister3_termstart = 24 August 2006
| minister3_termend = 24 October 2006
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
| minister3_ref = {{small|Prime Minister-in-charge. Additional charge.}}
| minister4 = [[Oscar Fernandes]]
| minister4_termstart = 24 October 2006
| minister4_termend = 3 March 2009
| minister4_party = Indian National Congress
| minister4_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister5 = [[G. K. Vasan]]
| minister5_termstart = 3 March 2009
| minister5_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister5_party = Indian National Congress
| minister5_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible. Additional charge.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises|Minister of Small Scale, Agro and Rural Industries]]
| minister1 = [[Mahavir Prasad]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = {{small|Merged as Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises|Minister of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]]
| minister1 = [[Mahavir Prasad]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Commerce and Industry]]
| minister1 = [[Kamal Nath]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Power (India)|Minister of Power]]
| minister1 = [[P. M. Sayeed]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 19 December 2005
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = {{small|Died in office.}}
| minister2 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| minister2_termstart = 19 November 2005
| minister2_termend = 29 January 2006
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref = {{small|Prime Minister-in-charge; Additional charge.}}
| minister3 = [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
| minister3_termstart = 29 January 2006
| minister3_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
| minister3_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Shipping (India)|Minister of Shipping]]
| minister1 = [[K. Chandrashekhar Rao]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 25 May 2004
| minister1_party = [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[T. R. Baalu]]
| minister2_termstart = 25 May 2004
| minister2_termend = 2 September 2004
| minister2_party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| minister2_ref = {{small|Merged with Ministry of Road Transport and Highways.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Coal|Minister of Coal]]
| minister1 = [[Shibu Soren]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 24 July 2004
| minister1_party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| minister2_termstart = 24 July 2004
| minister2_termend = 27 November 2004
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref = {{small|Prime Minister-in-charge; Additional charge.}}
| minister3 = [[Shibu Soren]]
| minister3_termstart = 27 November 2004
| minister3_termend = 2 March 2005
| minister3_party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
| minister3_ref =  
| minister4 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| minister4_termstart = 2 March 2005
| minister4_termend = 29 January 2006
| minister4_party = Indian National Congress
| minister4_ref = {{small|Prime Minister-in-charge; Additional charge.}}
| minister5 = [[Shibu Soren]]
| minister5_termstart = 29 January 2006
| minister5_termend = 29 November 2006
| minister5_party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
| minister5_ref =  
| minister6 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| minister6_termstart = 29 November 2006
| minister6_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister6_party = Indian National Congress
| minister6_ref = {{small|Prime Minister-in-charge; Additional charge.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas]]
| minister1 = [[Mani Shankar Aiyar]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 29 January 2006
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Murli Deora]]
| minister2_termstart = 29 January 2006
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Minister of Mines and Minerals]]
| minister1 = [[Shibu Soren]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 24 July 2004
| minister1_party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| minister2_termstart = 24 July 2004
| minister2_termend = 27 November 2004
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref = {{small|Prime Minister-in-charge; Additional charge. The Ministry of Mines and Minerals was renamed as Ministry of Mines.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Minister of Mines]]
| minister1 = [[Sis Ram Ola]]
| minister1_termstart = 27 November 2004
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises|Minister of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises]]
| minister1 = [[Santosh Mohan Dev]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 29 January 2006
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[Santosh Mohan Dev]]
| minister2_termstart = 29 January 2006
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Textiles (India)|Minister of Textiles]]
| minister1 = [[Shankersinh Vaghela]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs|Minister of Company Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Prem Chand Gupta]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 29 January 2006
| minister1_party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
| minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[Prem Chand Gupta]]
| minister2_termstart = 29 January 2006
| minister2_termend = 9 May 2007
| minister2_party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
| minister2_ref = {{small|Renamed as Ministry of Corporate Affairs.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs|Minister of Corporate Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Prem Chand Gupta]]
| minister1_termstart = 9 May 2007
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Minority Affairs (India)|Minister of Minority Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[A. R. Antulay]]
| minister1_termstart = 29 January 2006
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Tribal Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[P. R. Kyndiah]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region|Minister of Development of North Eastern Region]]
| minister1 = [[P. R. Kyndiah]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 24 October 2006
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Mani Shankar Aiyar]]
| minister2_termstart = 24 October 2006
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports]]
| minister1 = [[Sunil Dutt]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 25 May 2005
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = {{small|Died in office.}}
| minister2 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| minister2_termstart = 25 May 2005
| minister2_termend = 18 November 2005
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref = {{small|Prime Minister-in-charge; Additional charge.}}
| minister3 = [[Oscar Fernandes]]
| minister3_termstart = 18 November 2005
| minister3_termend = 29 January 2006
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
| minister3_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister4 = [[Mani Shankar Aiyar]]
| minister4_termstart = 29 January 2006
| minister4_termend = 6 April 2008
| minister4_party = Indian National Congress
| minister4_ref =  
| minister5 = [[M. S. Gill]]
| minister5_termstart = 6 April 2008
| minister5_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister5_party = Indian National Congress
| minister5_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Minister of Law and Justice]]
| minister1 = [[H. R. Bhardwaj]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment|Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment]]
| minister1 = [[Meira Kumar]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
}}

{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Minister of Environment and Forests]]
| minister1 = [[A. Raja]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 15 May 2007
| minister1_party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| minister2_termstart = 15 May 2007
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref = {{small|Prime Minister-in-charge; Additional charge.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Minister of Health and Family Welfare]]
| minister1 = [[Anbumani Ramadoss]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 29 March 2009
| minister1_party = Pattali Makkal Katchi
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Panabaka Lakshmi]]
| minister2_termstart = 29 March 2009
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs|Minister of State (Independent Charge) of Non-Resident Indian Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Jagdish Tytler]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 9 September 2004
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = {{small|MoS (I/C) was responsible. Renamed as Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs|Minister of Overseas Indian Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Jagdish Tytler]]
| minister1_termstart = 9 September 2004
| minister1_termend = 10 August 2005
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = {{small|MoS (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| minister2_termstart = 10 August 2005
| minister2_termend = 18 November 2005
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref = {{small|Prime Minister-in-charge; Additional charge.}}
| minister3 = [[Oscar Fernandes]]
| minister3_termstart = 18 November 2005
| minister3_termend = 29 January 2006
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
| minister3_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister4 = [[Vayalar Ravi]]
| minister4_termstart = 29 January 2006
| minister4_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister4_party = Indian National Congress
| minister4_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Minister of Culture]]
| minister1 = [[S. Jaipal Reddy]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 29 January 2006
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Ambika Soni]]
| minister2_termstart = 29 January 2006
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Minister of Tourism]]
| minister1 = [[Renuka Chowdhury]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 29 January 2006
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[Ambika Soni]]
| minister2_termstart = 29 January 2006
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Minister of Science and Technology]]
| minister1 = [[Kapil Sibal]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 29 January 2006
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[Kapil Sibal]]
| minister2_termstart = 29 January 2006
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Earth Sciences|Minister of Ocean Development]]
| minister1 = [[Kapil Sibal]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 29 January 2006
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[Kapil Sibal]]
| minister2_termstart = 29 January 2006
| minister2_termend = 12 July 2006
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref = {{small|Renamed as Ministry of Earth Sciences.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Earth Sciences|Minister of Earth Sciences]]
| minister1 = [[Kapil Sibal]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 July 2006
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister without portfolio]]
| minister1 = [[K. Chandrashekhar Rao]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 27 November 2004
| minister1_party = [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Natwar Singh]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 November 2005
| minister2_termend = 7 December 2005
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi]]
| minister3_termstart = 11 November 2008
| minister3_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
| minister3_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110703135842/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/members/lokarchive.aspx?lsno=14 14th Lok Sabha Members by Constituency] [[Lok Sabha]] website
* [http://loksabha.nic.in/ Lok Sabha website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150518094032/http://www.prsindia.org/parliamenttrack/parliament-updates/legislative-business-in-the-14th-lok-sabha-201/ Legislative Business in the 14th Lok Sabha – PRS Legislative Research]
{{Lok Sabha}}
{{Parliament of India}}

[[Category:14th Lok Sabha| ]]
[[Category:Terms of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:2004 establishments in India]]
[[Category:2009 disestablishments in India]]

Harshavardhan

2026-03-09T04:10:06Z

Aebeez: Added initial pg w/ infobox - done

'''Harshavardhan''' is an Indian masculine [[Indian name|given name]]. Notable people with the name include:

* [[Harsha|Harshavardhana]] (590–647), emperor of Kannauj from 606 to 647
* [[Harshavardhan Kulkarni]], Indian film director, screenwriter and producer
* [[Harshavardhan Neotia]] (born 1961), Indian businessman
* [[Harshvardhan Patil]] (born 1963), Indian politician
* [[Harshavardhan Rameshwar]], Indian composer, instrumentalist, music producer and singer
* [[Beeram Harshavardhan Reddy]] (born 1978), Indian politician

==See also==
* [[Harsha Vardhan]], Indian actor and screenwriter
* [[Harshvardhan Rane]] (born 1983), Indian actor
* {{srt}}

{{given name}}

[[Category:Indian masculine given names]]
[[Category:Masculine given names]]

Ghunghat (1960 film)

2026-03-04T04:00:45Z

Aebeez: page fix

{{about|the 1960 Indian film|other films of the same name|Ghunghat (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ghunghat
| image = Ghunghat 1960.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Ramanand Sagar]]
| producer = [[S. S. Vasan]]
| writer = {{based on|''[[Noukadubi]]''|[[Rabindranath Tagore]]}}
| narrator =
| starring = [[Bharat Bhushan]] [[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]] [[Bina Rai]] [[Asha Parekh]]
| music = [[Ravi (music director)|Ravi]] [[Shakeel Badayuni]] (lyrics)
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1960}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Ghunghat''''' is a 1960 [[Hindi]] [[drama movie]] directed by [[Ramanand Sagar]] and produced by [[S.S. Vasan]] from [[Gemini Studios]].

The film stars [[Bharat Bhushan]], [[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]], [[Bina Rai]], [[Asha Parekh]], [[Leela Chitnis]], [[Rajendranath]], [[Rehman (actor)|Rehman]] and [[Agha (actor)|Agha]]. It is an adaptation of [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s 1906 [[Bengali language|Bengali]] story ''[[Noukadubi]]'' (The Wreck). The film's music is by [[Ravi (music director)|Ravi]], while the songs were penned by [[Shakeel Badayuni]]. The film became a hit at the box office. Musically also, it was liked by the audience. "Laage Na Mora Jiya" and "Mori Chham Chham Baje Payaliya" sung by [[Lata Mangeshkar]] were hit songs from the film.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=166&catName=MTk2MA== |title=Ghunghat (1960 film)|website=BoxOfficeIndia website |access-date=6 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922021750/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=166&catName=MTk2MA%3D%3D |archive-date=22 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

At the [[8th Filmfare Awards]], Bina Rai won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]] for her performance in ''Ghunghat''.<ref name=TheHindu/><ref name=filmfare/>

==Cast==
* [[Bharat Bhushan]] as Dr. Gopal
* [[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]] as Ravi
* [[Bina Rai]] as Parvati / Jamna
* [[Asha Parekh]] as Laxmi
* [[Rehman (actor)|Rehman]] as Manohar
* [[Minoo Mumtaz]] as Saroj
* [[Agha (actor)|Agha]] as Ram Swaroop
* [[Leela Chitnis]] as Laxmi's Mother
* [[Kanhaiyalal (actor)|Kanhaiyalal]] as Saroj's Father
* [[Rajendra Nath|Rajendranath]] as Lali
* [[Helen (actress)|Helen]] as Dancer
* Pratima Devi as Gopal's Mother

==Songs==
{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Lage Na Mora Jiya"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Pat Rakho Girdhari"
| Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| "Mori Chham Chham Baje"
| Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| "Insan Ki Majbooriyan"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Yeh Zindagi Ka Mausam Aur Yeh Sama Suhana"
| Mohammed Rafi, [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Do Nain Mile, Do Phool Khile"
| [[Mahendra Kapoor]], Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Kya Kya Nazaray Dikhati Hai Ankhiyan"
| Mahendra Kapoor, Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Gori Ghunghat Mein"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Dil Na Kahin Lagana"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Ja Ri Sakhi Saj Dhajke"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
|}

==Awards and nominations==
The film created an upset at the [[8th Filmfare Awards]] when it won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]] for Rai instead of [[Madhubala]], who gave a critically acclaimed performance in ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]'' (1960). ''[[The Hindu]]'' severely criticized Filmfare for its selection.<ref name=TheHindu>{{Cite news|last=Kumar|first=Anuj|date=2010-01-06|title=Capturing Madhubala's pain|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/capturing-madhubalarsquos-pain/article16836222.ece1|access-date=2021-02-03|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]]{{mdash}}[[Bina Rai]]<ref name=filmfare>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards/winners |url-status=dead|title=Filmfare Award winners (scroll down to read under year 1961 for 1960 films)|website=Filmfare.com website |archive-date=2 July 2018|access-date=6 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702164245/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards/winners}}</ref>
* Nominated - [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]]{{mdash}}[[Agha (actor)|Agha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0146794|Ghunghat}}

{{Gemini Studios}}

[[Category:Films scored by Ravi]]
[[Category:1960 films]]
[[Category:1960 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Rabindranath Tagore]]
[[Category:Gemini Studios films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]

{{1960s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Mahaan Hutatma

2026-03-03T21:28:22Z

Aebeez: adding details.

{{short description|2018 Kannada short film by Sagar Puranik}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mahaan Hutatma
| image = Mahaan Hutatma poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical poster
| producer = Akshay Chandrashekhar (Akshay Entertainment)
| director = [[Sagar Puranik]]
| production_companies = Akshay Entertainment Banglore Puranik Productions
| screenplay = [[Sagar Puranik]] Akshara Bharadwaj Shravan
| starring = Akshay Chandrashekhar [[Sagar Puranik]] Adhvithi Shetty Srinath
| music = Ananth Kamath
| cinematography = Abhilash Kalathi
| editing = Mahesh S
| released = {{film date|2018}}
| country = [[India]]
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Mahaan Hutatma''''' is a 2018 [[Kannada-language]] short film directed by [[Sagar Puranik]] and produced by Akshay Chandrashekhar, under the banners of Akshay Entertainment in Associate with Puranik Productions. Starring Akshay Chandrashekhar, Sagar Puranik, Adhvithi Shetty<ref name="Shetty"/> and Srinath,<ref name="Bhagat"/><ref name="Balkani">{{cite web|url=https://balkaninews.com/news/mahan-hutatma-short-movie-premiour-show/|title=News Balkani News|access-date=August 24, 2019}}</ref><ref name="Short1">{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-your-bond-with-bengaluru/glorious-days-again-for-kannada-films-753674.html|title=Glorious days again for Kannada films|work=News Deccan Herald|access-date=August 1, 2019}}</ref><ref name="IT">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/national-film-awards-2019-live-updates-1579101-2019-08-09|title=National Film Awards 2019 LIVE Updates: Ayushmann, Vicky, Keerthy are Best Actors|work=News India Today|access-date=August 9, 2019}}</ref><ref name="MID">{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/66th-national-film-awards-andhadhun-wins-best-film-ayushmann-and-vicky-share-best-actor-award/21507178|title=66th National Film Awards: Andhadhun wins Best Film; Ayushmann and Vicky share Best Actor Award|work=News Mid-Day|access-date=August 9, 2019}}</ref><ref name="N24">{{cite web|url=https://news24online.com/news/national-film-awards-2019-announcement-live-andhadhun-bags-best-hindi-language-film-award-df706781|title=National Film Awards 2019 Highlights: Ayushmann Khurrana, Vicky Kaushal, Keerthy Suresh win big|work=News 24|access-date=August 9, 2019}}</ref><ref name="DH">{{cite web|url=https://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/news24+english-epaper-newstwen/national+film+awards+turtle+bags+best+rajasthani+film-newsid-129916668|title=National Film Awards: 'Turtle' bags best Rajasthani Film|work=News Dailyhunt|access-date=August 9, 2019}}</ref> It is the first Kannada-language short film to win [[National Film Award – Special Mention (non-feature film)|National Film Award – Special Mention for a non-feature film]].

The short film tells the story of [[Bhagat Singh]], an Indian revolutionary who was executed in 1931.<ref name="Bhagat">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/kannada-films-bag-12-awards/article28969322.ece|title=Kannada films bag 12 awards|work=News The Hindu|access-date=August 9, 2019}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* Akshay Chandrashekhar
* [[Sagar Puranik]]
* Adhvithi Shetty<ref name="Shetty">{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/may/16/radhika-pandit-is-my-inspiration-11624.html|title='Radhika Pandit is my inspiration'|work=News Cinema Express|access-date=May 16, 2019}}</ref><ref name="JJ">{{cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/66th-national-film-awards-2019-andhadhun-wins-best-hindi-film-ayushmann-khurrana-vicky-kaushal-best-actor-padman-1565346647-1|title=66th National film awards 2019 announced: Complete list of winners|work=News Jagranjosh|access-date=August 12, 2019}}</ref>
* [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]]
* Achintya Puranik
* Varun Srinivas
* Kuldeep
* Manoj
* Shashi Kumar
* Peter Grabinski
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|9592336}}

[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:2018 short films]]
[[Category:Indian short films]]
[[Category:2018 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2018 Kannada-language films]]

{{short-film-stub}}

Nakshatram (film)

2026-03-03T17:50:07Z

Aebeez: adding new info.

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nakshatram
| image = Nakshatram film poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Krishna Vamsi]]
| producer = K. Srinivasulu S. Venugopal Sajju
| writer = [[Krishna Vamsi]]
| starring = [[Sai Dharam Tej]] [[Sundeep Kishan]] [[Tanish]] [[Regina Cassandra]] [[Pragya Jaiswal]] [[Prakash Raj]]
| music = [[Bheems Ceciroleo]]
| cinematography = Srikanth Naroj
| editing = Siva Y. Prasad
| studio = Sri Chakra Media Butta Bomma Creations Win Win Win
Creations<ref name="film fl">{{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/nakshatram-first-look-regina-pragya-surprise-with-drastically-different-looks-3091914/ | title=Nakshatram first look: Regina, Pragya surprise with drastically different looks | work=The Indian Express | date=19 October 2016 | accessdate=30 October 2016 | last=Vamsi | first=Krishna | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030104242/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/nakshatram-first-look-regina-pragya-surprise-with-drastically-different-looks-3091914/ | archivedate=30 October 2016}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|8|4|ref1=<ref>[http://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/movies/nakshatram.html Nakshatram Telugu Movie, Wiki, Story, Review, Release Date, Trailers, Nakshatram 2017]. Filmibeat. Retrieved on 25 December 2017.</ref>}}
| runtime = 162 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Nakshatram''''' ({{langx|en|Star|italic=yes}}) is a 2017 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Police officer|cop]] [[action drama film|action-drama]] film which was written and directed by [[Krishna Vamsi]] in his 20th directorial film. Jointly produced by K. Srinivasulu, S. Venugopal and Sajju, it features [[Sundeep Kishan]], [[Tanish]], [[Regina Cassandra]], [[Pragya Jaiswal]], and [[Prakash Raj]] in the lead roles, while [[J. D. Chakravarthy]] and [[Sivaji Raja]] play supporting roles with [[Sai Dharam Tej]] in an extended special appearance.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/ram-charan-teja-launches-first-look-of-sundeeps-nakshatram-3072129/ | title=Ram Charan Teja launches first look of Sundeep's Nakshatram | work=The Indian Express | date=8 October 2016 | accessdate=30 October 2016 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030103807/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/ram-charan-teja-launches-first-look-of-sundeeps-nakshatram-3072129/ | archivedate=30 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/guess-who-is-playing-krishna-vamsis-villain-379609 | title='నక్షత్రం' విలన్ గా తనీష్? |trans-title=Tanish playing villain in 'Nakshatram'? | work=Sakshi | date=12 August 2016 | accessdate=30 October 2016 | language=Telugu | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030103513/http://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/guess-who-is-playing-krishna-vamsis-villain-379609 | archivedate=30 October 2016}}</ref> It was released on 4 August 2017 to negative reviews.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/280416/krishna-vamsi-launches-nakshatram.html | title=Krishna Vamsi launches Nakshatram | work=Deccan Chronicle | date=28 April 2016 | access-date=30 October 2016 | last=Kavirayani | first=Suresh | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030102842/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/280416/krishna-vamsi-launches-nakshatram.html | archive-date=30 October 2016}}</ref> It was dubbed in [[Hindi]] as ''Mass Masala''.

==Plot==
Rama Rao ([[Sundeep Kishan]]) is an aspiring police officer who was born into a police family - his great-grandfather, grandfather, and father have all served in the police department. To carry out the family legacy, he dreams of becoming an SI and serving society, so he strives hard to achieve his goal. However, he was unable to qualify for the job for various reasons. That is when he decides to perform the duties of a cop even without wearing the uniform.

Meanwhile, following a bomb blast that claimed many innocent lives, Parasuramaiah IPS ([[Prakash Raj]]), the honest police commissioner of Hyderabad, vows to rid the city of terrorist activities. He forms a crack team led by dynamic cop Alexander IPS ([[Sai Dharam Tej]]) for the purpose. Meanwhile, Rama Rao gets into a tiff with Rahul ([[Tanish]]), the wayward son of Parasuramaiah.

Due to the quarrel, Rama Rao, when going for his police exam interview, gets attacked by Rahul and ends up being late for the exam and thus not getting selected. A grieved Rama Rao wears a police uniform gifted by his lover Jamuna and starts police duty himself. During one such act, he stops a car filled with explosives, but the car accidentally explodes. Investigating this explosion through CCTV footage, Parasuramiah notices a police uniform with Alexander's name labeled and sends Kiran Reddy ([[Pragya Jaiswal]]) to bring Rama Rao to him. Rama Rao confesses in front of Parasuramaiah that he did police duty, but Parasuramaiah wants to know where Alexander is.

While coming back, Rama Rao questions Jamuna's father Sitharaman ([[Sivaji Raja]]), who was formerly a police constable and is now a heavy drunkard. Sitharam tells a flashback of how Alexander got killed by Rahul and his friends brutally by injecting heavy narcotic poison into him from all sides. They fit a time bomb on Alexander and release him in the center of the market, as narcotics Alexander falls on the woman and gets beaten and humiliated. Still, Alexander runs to the top floor of a building, explodes, and dies.

Rama Rao, hearing this flashback, decides to end Rahul's evil but finally gets attacked in the same way as Alexander and gets released to the middle of the function as a human bomb to a function attended by the home minister, with remote control on Rahul's mobile phone. Sitharam hits the phone away. Meanwhile, Rama Rao manages to enter the car of the minister who has a mobile signal jammer. Now, Parasuramaiah, surprised at this behavior, stands in doubt. Rahul tries to enter and wants to kill Rama Rao, but Kiran, although previously injured, shoots and kills Rahul.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Sai Dharam Tej]] as [[Assistant commissioner of police| A.C.P]] Alexander [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] (Extended cameo appearance)
*[[Sundeep Kishan]] as Rama Rao, later Sub-Inspector
*[[Tanish]] as Rahul, Parasuramaiah's son
*[[Pragya Jaiswal]] as Kiran Reddy [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
*[[Prakash Raj]] as [[Commissioner of Police|C.P]] Parasuramaiah's [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
*[[Sivaji Raja]], as Constable Sitharam; works under Parasuramaiah's personal security, Jamuna's father and Rama Rao's maternal uncle, Alexander And Kiran Reddy Assistant
*[[Regina Cassandra]] as Jamuna, a dance choreographer and cousin to Rama Rao and Sitaram's daughter
*[[J. D. Chakravarthy]] as [[Minister of Home Affairs|HM]] of Telangana Ramachandra Naidu, Parasuramaiah's best friend (Cameo appearance)
*[[Raghu Babu]] as Sub-Inspector Ramdas; Rama Rao's mentor
*[[Brahmaji]] as Gopaldas
*[[Sai Kiran]] as [[Police Constable]] and Rama Rao's father
*[[Thulasi Shivamani]] as Rama Rao's mother
*[[Viva Harsha]] as Dance Master
*Mukhtar Khan as Mukhtar, a hired arms dealer and a contract killer
*[[Duvvasi Mohan]] as Auto Driver
*[[Venu Yeldandi]]
*Maanas Nagulapalli as Rahul's friend
*[[Shriya Saran]] as an [[item number]] in the song "Time Ledu Guru"
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Bheems Ceciroleo]] and released by [[Aditya Music]].

{{Infobox album
| name = Nakshatram
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Bheems Ceciroleo]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = Jul 5, 2017
| recorded = 2017
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 19:09
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Bheems Ceciroleo]]
| prev_title = [[Angel (2017 film)|Angel]]
| prev_year = 2017
| next_title = [[PSV Garuda Vega]]
| next_year = 2017
}}

{{tracklist
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 19:09
| title1 = Laayire Laayire
| lyrics1 = [[Kasarla Shyam]]
| extra1 = [[Bheems Ceciroleo]], [[Kasarla Shyam]], Raghuram
| length1 = 3:29
| title2 = Pedaviki Nuvvante
| lyrics2 = [[Ananta Sriram]]
| extra2 = Nayana Nair, [[Anurag Kulkarni]]
| length2 = 3:11
| title3 = Hello Pillagada
| lyrics3 = [[Sri Mani]]
| extra3 = Aishwarya Dasari, [[Saisharan]]
| length3 = 3:09
| title4 = Ey Papa
| lyrics4 = Ananta Sriram
| extra4 = Bheems Ceciroleo
| length4 = 3:39
| title5 = Sudigalalley
| lyrics5 = Balaji
| extra5 = Hari Gowra
| length5 = 2:27
| title6 = Time Ledu Guru
| lyrics6 =[[Kasarla Shyam]]
| extra6 = [[Mohana Bhogaraju]]
| length6 = 3:14
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "After 166 minutes of watching one too many gun shots, hearing full-throated cries, high decibel dialogue deliveries and loud music, it felt good when it all ended".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nakshatram-is-an-agonisingly-loud-cop-drama/article19427351.ece | title=Nakshatram: All thunder, no rain | newspaper=The Hindu | date=4 August 2017 | last1=Dundoo | first1=Sangeetha Devi }}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "''Nakshatram'' is clearly Krishna Vamsi’s tribute to the ‘men in khaki’. Having said that, barring Rama Rao’s aspirations and characterisation, the drama evokes a sense of déjà vu".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/nakshatram/movie-review/59913432.cms | title=Nakshatram Movie Review | newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Pasupuleti Krishna Vamsi}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Krishna Vamsi]]
[[Category:2017 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:2017 action films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bheems Ceciroleo]]

Hosa Dinachari

2026-03-03T12:10:43Z

Aebeez: Added first pg needs work

{{Short description|2023 film directed by Vyshak Pushpalatha, Keerthi Shekar}}
{{Long plot|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hosa Dinachari
| image =
| alt = 
| caption =
| director = Vyshak Pushpalatha Keerthi Shekhar
| producer = Mrityunjay Shukla Alok Chaurasiya Gangadhar Salimath
| writer = Vyshak Pushpalatha Keerthi Shekhar
| starring = Babu Hirannaiah Aruna Balaraj Deepak Subramanya Sripriya Chethan Supreeth Gowda Mandara Battalahalli Varsha Susana Kurien
| music = Vyshak Varma
| cinematography = Rawkey
| editing = Ranjith Sethu
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|12|23}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Hosa Dinachari''''' (transl. A New Routine) is a 2022 Indian Kannada-language drama genre film directed by Vyshak Pushpalatha and Keerthi Shekhar, starring Babu Hirannaiah, Aruna [[Balaraj]], Mandara Battalahalli,Chethan.This movie which was initially set to release on 9 December,<ref name=CinemaExpress> {{Cite web|date=25 October 2022|title=Hosa Dinachari gets a release date|website=[[Cinema Express]] |url=https://m.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2022/oct/25/hosa-dinachari-gets-a-release-date-35949.amp}}</ref> was pushed to release on 23 December later by the movie team<ref name=TheIndianExpress> {{Cite web|date=19 December 2022|title=Release date of 'Hosa Dinachari' is fixed
|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/dec/19/release-date-of-hosa-dinachari-is-fixed-2529466.html}}</ref>

==Plot==
Hosa Dinachari is an absolute 'Feel Good' story, that revolves around three different families work on their dynamics to heal each other, while spending their most vulnerable times with complete strangers<ref name=ETimes> {{Cite web|date=25 December 2022|title=Hosa Dinachari Movie Review : A slice-of-life film set in COVID times|website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/hosa-dinachari/movie-review/96492943.cms/}}</ref>
Rajesh (Chethan Vicky), a 29-year-old cab driver, desperately looking
for a bride through all possible sources (Matrimony
websites, dating apps, brokers, etc.) is forced to be in
quarantine after he comes into contact with a covid
positive patient. His stay becomes exciting when an
exquisite NRI, Kiran (Varsha Kurien) shares room with him, thanks to
the blatant mistake of the authorities who assign the
quarantine rooms. Kiran, is granddaughter of
Veeranna (Babu Hirannaiah) and Gowri (Aruna Balraj), who are still deeply in love
despite their 50 years of married life. They suffer a
huge blow when Veeranna is hit by covid, and is
hospitalized considering his age factor.
He is treated by Dr. Bharath (Deepak Subramanya), who hasn’t been home
since the beginning of covid. Bharath’s wife, Nidhi ([[Sripriya]]) and
daughter, Aarna (Baby Manini) don’t want him to be
working amidst high risk for the usual reasons. Lone
Gowri takes help from her next-door live-in couple,
Apeksha (Mandara Battalahalli) and Sharan (Supreeth Gowda). Sharan, who’s madly in love with
Apeksha, hasn’t been able to impress her lately, since
his over-affection and more and more of his love, has
turned into a burden and boredom for her. He decides
to utilize the opportunity of spending the 21-day
lockdown with her, to win her back.

Rajesh has the usual infatuation for Kiran and tries his
best to impress her, which backfires him every time.
He starts realizing the financial and social gap
between them when Kiran opens up about her life
style abroad and about her plans of flying back to Singapore
after a few days. He drops his plan of impressing her,
starts to be himself and consoles her when she talks
about her fears (Of her grandparents not welcoming
her back since Kiran and her parents weren’t in touch
with them for 20 years) which helps to build a positive
impact of Rajesh’s character in Kiran’s mind. Veeranna
is reminded of his son by Chirag (Vivek Dev), a 24 YO patient in the
same ward, with the way that Chirag avoids his
parents.
Veeranna and Gowri start missing each other, since
this is the first time they both are
separated for these many days. Gowri, sees Kiran in
Apeksha and in her love shown to Gowri and helps
Apeksha to sort the differences that she and Sharan
are suffering. Aarna is stubborn and wants Bharath to
come home for her birthday, despite him trying to
convince that he can’t. Bharath decides to go home for
a day, after making sure he isn’t infected by the virus.

Things take turn with Chirag’s untimely death,
because of which Veeranna becomes restless. He’s
convinced that he can't win over the
virus and tries convincing Bharath that he has to go
back home and spend the rest of his days with his wife,
Gowri. Bharath lets him go back to his wife, after
taking a few promises from him (that he won’t go near
his wife and he won’t step outside of his house till he
gets better). Bharath is not able to do the same even
though his test result is negative, since he’s asked to
replace an ICU doctor, who’s tested positive recently.
Veeranna reaches his house and starts spending time
with his wife happily, but his health keeps deteriorating as he starts experiencing severe symptoms of covid.
Meanwhile Kiran asks a weird favor to Rajesh to sneak
her out of the quarantine cell, since she’s not able to
wait longer to meet her grandparents. Rajesh drops
her to her grandparents' house and bids goodbye to
Kiran. By the time she reaches her grandparents'
house, Veeranna would have lost his life and it is
revealed that Kiran’s story was running ahead of the
other two timelines and not parallel. The film ends
with an emotional block revealing the sufferings of all
the characters parallelly. Nidhi, finally understands
Bharath and starts supporting him, which boosts up
Bharath to save more and more patients.
Nidhi and Aarna wait for Bharath to return safe and
sound, while he works in hospital extensively. Apeksha
and Sharan, try to sort out differences between them,
giving each other second chances. Rajesh continues
his bridal search through his old sources and is back
to square one. Kiran feels her grandfather’s presence
in front of his grave for the last time, and prepares
herself to face her grandmother who’s sitting at a
distance. Kiran and Gowri lock looks.

==Cast==

* Babu Hirannaiah as Veeranna
* [[Aruna Balraj]] as Gowri
* Deepak Subramanya as Bharath
* Sripriya as Nidhi
* Chethan Vicky as Rajesh
* Mandara Battalahalli as Apeksha
* Supreeth Gowda as Sharan
* Varsha Susana Kurien as Kiran

==Soundtrack==

''Hosa Dinachari'' has four melodious tracks,<ref>{{cite web|title=Hosa Dinachari - JioSaavn|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/hosa-dinachari/QcKbItrCzms_}}</ref> 'Ninade Nenapu', 'Neene',<ref>{{cite web|title=Neene (From "Hosa Dinachari") - Single|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/neene-from-hosa-dinachari-single/1654954002|access-date=16 November 2022|publisher=AppleMusic}}</ref> 'Oh Manave' and 'Neeli Mugila', all composed by Vyshak Verma and released under the music label, [[Anand Audio]]. The soundtrack has voices lent by [[Vasuki Vaibhav]], Varun Ramachandra, Rakshana Sridhar, Anjana Balakrishnan and the composer Vyshak Verma himself.

==Reception==

Reviewing ''Hosa Dinachari'', Harish Basavarajaiah of [[The Times of India]] has given a rating of 3.5 out of 5 and calls it "A slice-of-life film" set during the COVID-19 times. Y Maheshwar Reddy from [[Bangalore Mirror]] rates this movie a 4 on 5, by calling it a 'Tribute to Corona Warriors'<ref name=BangaloreMirror> {{Cite web|date=25 December 2022|title=Hosa Dinachari Movie Review : A Tribute to COVID Warriors|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/hosa-dinachari-movie-review-a-tribute-to-covid-warriors/articleshow/96468471.cms}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt22753606}}

[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2023 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]

Darling (2024 film)

2026-03-03T09:14:45Z

Aebeez: Put Up A Stub From Scratch...

{{Short description|2024 Indian film by Aswin Raam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Darling
| image = Darling (2024 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Aswin Raam]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| writer = Aswin Raam
| producer = {{plain list|
*K. Niranjan Reddy
*Chaitanya Reddy}}
| starring = {{plain list|
* [[Priyadarshi Pulikonda]]
* [[Nabha Natesh]]
}}
| cinematography = Naresh Ramadurai
| editing = [[Pradeep E. Ragav]]
| music = [[Vivek Sagar]]
| studio = Primeshow Entertainment
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|07|19}}
| runtime = 161 minutes<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/darling-movie-review-an-overdrawn-disorderly-drama/article68421562.ece|title=Darling review |access-date=19 July 2024|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 July 2024 |last1=Dundoo |first1=Sangeetha Devi }}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Darling''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic comedy]] [[psychological drama]] film written and directed by [[Aswin Raam]] and produced by K. Niranjan Reddy through Primeshow Entertainment. The film features [[Priyadarshi Pulikonda]] and [[Nabha Natesh]] in lead roles, with music composed by [[Vivek Sagar]]. ''Darling'' was released on 19 July 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-06-24 |title=Priyadarshi-Nabha Natesh starrer Darling gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Jun/24/priyadarshi-nabha-natesh-starrer-darling-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625100737/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Jun/24/priyadarshi-nabha-natesh-starrer-darling-gets-a-release-date |url-status=live }}</ref>

The film received generally negative reviews from critics.

== Plot ==
Raghav's only ambition is to get married and take his wife on a honeymoon to [[Paris]]. Right from his childhood, he only lives with his dream. Now he works in a travel agency. His parents set a match with Nandini, a psychologist for marriage, but Raghav gets the shock of his life when the bride elopes with someone else.

Upset with this, Raghav tries to commit suicide. He is saved by Anandi. Impressed by her character, Raghav proposes marriage to her, and Anandi accepts his proposal. Things turn on their head when Raghav finds out that his wife has split personality disorder and troubles him at night. Then Raghav meets Nandini, who offers her help to solve his problem. In the counseling, she finds out that Anandi has 5 more personalities who called themselves as Aadi the protector to Anandi, Sri Sri a spiritual person who wants to attain [[moksha]], Papa, a child, Jhansi, a pseudo feminist and Maya, who has suicide tendencies.

Then, to save his marriage, Raghav decided to impress her personalities to leave Anandi for him. However, Raghav manages comically convinced Aadi, Sri Sri, Papa, Jhansi, and Maya. In this process, he realized the real purpose of marriage and why it gives sacred status.

Then suddenly Raghav meets a girl, which reveals that Anandi is actually Priya and the Anandi herself is a personality who has been left her home who felt her as a golden cage unable to face the loneliness Anandi became her Alter ego of her later, she left home unknown of her parents. Then, she reveals that she informed her parents about her whereabouts.

Meanwhile, Priya's parents come to Raghav's home when their reception preparations are going on and they take Priya with them. After looking at her parents, the confused Priya comes back to her older sense and goes back with them.

Later, the disappointed Raghav pays a visit to Priya, who is revealed to be an NRI in Paris, then after knowing facts, Priya apologizes for the things that happened, then Raghav encourages her to stand for herself for her problems and leaves her.

Then Priya, for the first time, successfully convinces her parents and asks them to leave her for her own good and if anything happens, she will take their help.Later, Priya meets Raghav and expresses her liking towards him and decides to travel with him in proper and to manage Raghav's parents as Anandi to them. The film ends with after 2 years, Raghav is now in his honeymoon at Paris, with Priya now fully recovered.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Priyadarshi Pulikonda]] as Raghava "Raghav", Priya's husband
* [[Nabha Natesh]] as Priya Rao, Raghava's wife, with [[Dissociative Identity Disorder|DID]] with the following personalities:
** Anandi
** Aadi
** Sri Sri
** Jhansi
** Papa
** Maaya
* [[Ananya Nagalla]] as Dr Nandini, Psychiatrist; and Raghav's former fiancée
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Raghav's office Manager
* [[Muralidhar Goud]] as Raghav's father
* Kalynee Raj as Raghav's mother
* Vishnu Oi as Chitti, Raghav's friend
* Krishna Teja as Solomon, Raghav's friend
* Moin as Ravi, Nandini's husband
* [[Raghu Babu]] as Murthy, Raghav's uncle
* [[Venu Yeldandi]] as Baba
* [[Suhas (Telugu actor)|Suhas]] as Rahul, a Tuition teacher (Cameo Appearance)
* Abhignya Vuthaluru, as Rahul's wife (Cameo Appearance)
* Sanjay Swarup as Prakash Rao, Priya's father
* Mona Bedre as Priya's mother
* Sunitha Manohar as Raghav's aunt
* Mullapudi Rajeshwari as Murthy's wife
* Jeevan Kumar as Auto driver
* Swapnika as Pavithra, Raghav's colleague
* Priyanka
* Shiva Reddy
* Sivaranjani
* [[Niharika Konidela]] as Priya's friend (Cameo appearance)
}}

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Darling
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Vivek Sagar
| released = 2024
| recorded = 2024
| language = Telugu
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer = Vivek Sagar
| prev_title = [[Sheeshmahal]]
| prev_year = 2024
| year = 2024
| next_title =
| next_year = 2024
}}
The film's [[soundtrack|soundtrack album]] and [[background score]] were composed by [[Vivek Sagar]].

{{Track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics =[[Kasarla Shyam]]
| all_music = [[Vivek Sagar]]
| title1 = Khalasay
| length1 = 3:43
| extra1 = Hanuman Ch, [[Ram Miriyala]]
| title2 = Raahi Re
| note2 = Additional vocals: Shruthika Samudhrala
| length2 = 4:08
| extra2 = [[Kapil Kapilan]]
| title3 = Sun Chaliya
| note3 = Additional vocals: Lakshmi Meghana, Sony Komanduri, Aishwarya Daruri
| length3 = 4:02
| extra3 = [[Anurag Kulkarni]]
| title4 = Bhaag Saale
| length4 = 4:23
| extra4 = [[Mangli]], Kandukoori Shankar Babu
}}

==Release and reception==
The film was released on 19 July 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sekhar |first=Vineela |date=2024-06-25 |title=Nabha Natesh Makes a Grand Comeback with 'Darling' After Three and a Half Years |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/nabha-natesh-makes-a-grand-comeback-with-darling-after-three-and-a-half-years-887150 |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en }}</ref>

[[Sakshi (media group)|''Sakshi Post'']] gave a rating of 2 out of 5 with a mixed review.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-19 |title=Review: Darling |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/movie-reviews/review-darling-315934 |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en |archive-date=19 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719145616/https://www.sakshipost.com/news/movie-reviews/review-darling-315934 |url-status=live }}</ref> Citing the film as "overdrawn, disorderly drama", Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "Priyadarshi and Nabha Natesh's efforts go in vain in this haphazardly written relationship drama that neither delivers laughs nor generates empathy for the characters".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2024-07-19 |title='Darling' movie review: This Priyadarshi, Nabha Natesh starrer is an overdrawn, disorderly drama |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/darling-movie-review-an-overdrawn-disorderly-drama/article68421562.ece |access-date=2024-07-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=19 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719145616/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/darling-movie-review-an-overdrawn-disorderly-drama/article68421562.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sashidhar Adivi of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave a rating of 1.5 out of 5 and opined that Nabha Natesh's performance, Ram's writing, Vivek Sagar's music and Naresh Ramadurai's cinematography effected the film negatively. He further stated "'Darling' tries to be a quirky comedy, but its incoherent plot and unlikeable characters make it hardly enjoyable".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-19 |title=Darling Telugu Movie Review (2024): A Damp Squib |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/telugu/darling-telugu-movie-review-2024-a-damp-squib-review-111854783 |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=19 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719145639/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/telugu/darling-telugu-movie-review-2024-a-damp-squib-review-111854783 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|32199626}}

[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2024 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vivek Sagar]]
[[Category:Films about dissociative identity disorder]]
[[Category:Films directed by Aswin Raam]]

Riyasat (film)

2026-03-02T10:03:40Z

Aebeez: improve layout additionally and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Riyasat
| image = Poster_of_Riyasat.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Ashok Tyagi
| producer = Vijay Sirohi Diwaker Singhal
| story = Vijay Sirohi
| starring = [[Rajesh Khanna]] Gauri Kulkarni [[Aryan Vaid]] Aryeman Ramsay [[Raza Murad]]
| music = Hriju Roy Syyed Ahmed
| cinematography = Akram Khan
| editing = [[Irfan Shaikh]]
| studio = Landcraft Vijay Sirohi Productions
| distributor = Manoj Nandwana of Jai Viratra Entertainment Limited
| released = {{Film date|2014|7|18|df=y|ref1=<ref>{{cite web|title=Rajesh Khanna's Last Film To Finally Release|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/first-look-rajesh-khannas-last-film-to-finally-release-157662.html|accessdate=27 June 2014|date=26 June 2014}}</ref>}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}
'''''Riyasat''''' ({{translation|Principality}}) is a 2014 Indian [[Hindi]]-language action film, starring [[Rajesh Khanna]], Gauri Kulkarni, [[Aryan Vaid]], Aryeman Ramsay and [[Raza Murad]]. It is Khanna's last film.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kaka on screen, one last time|date=13 April 2013 |url=http://www.punemirror.in/entertainment/bollywood/Kaka-on-screen-one-last-time/articleshow/31396232.cms|accessdate=27 June 2014}}</ref> The film was released on 18 July 2014, two years after his death.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rajesh Khanna's Last Film 'Riyasat' To Release On July 18|url=http://www.movietalkies.com/news/23382/rajesh-khanna%27s-last-film-%27riyasat%27-to-release-on-july-18|accessdate=27 June 2014|archive-date=29 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629001228/http://www.movietalkies.com/news/23382/rajesh-khanna%27s-last-film-%27riyasat%27-to-release-on-july-18|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Rajesh Khanna]] as Saheb
* Gauri Kulkarni
* [[Aryeman Ramsay]] as Vijay
* [[Raza Murad]] as Minister
* [[Aryan Vaid]] as Shakti
* [[Vishwajeet Pradhan]] as Sandeep Marva

==Plot==
''Riyasat'' is a story about Saheb who has established a kingdom. He is being considered the godfather for the people of city. Saheb become aware of some unsocial people entered into the city with no good intentions. There starts a war and Saheb protects his kingdom. But, this war ends up changing Saheb's life forever.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://businessofcinema.com/news/rajesh-khannas-riyasat-release-soon/156216 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140626185757/http://businessofcinema.com/news/rajesh-khannas-riyasat-release-soon/156216 |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 June 2014 |accessdate=26 June 2014 |title=Rajesh Khanna's Riyasat to Release Soon }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Saaja Hai
| extra1 = Mohammed Salamat, Shivani Nigam
| title2 = Raat Ke Baara
| extra2 = Reema Nathiniel
}}
==Production==
''Riyasat'' is directed by Ashok Tyagi and it is jointly produced by Vijay Sirohi and Diwaker Singhal under ''Vijay Sirohi Productions''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rajesh Khanna's last film to be released in December| website=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Rajesh-Khannas-last-film-to-be-released-in-December/articleshow/15052167.cms?referral=PM|accessdate=27 June 2014}}</ref> ''Riyasat'' has been shot in [[Mumbai]], [[Delhi]], [[Ghaziabad]] and [[Noida]].

==Reception==

===Critical response===
[[Times of India]] rated the film 1.5/5.<ref name="T"/> Renuka Vyavhare of TOI said that, "If you are planning to watch this film solely for Rajesh Khanna, don't". The film makes an unsuccessful attempt to make scene intense by playing loud music every time Rajesh Khanna appears on screen.<ref name="T">{{cite web|title=Riyasat|website=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-review/Riyasat/movie-review/38624098.cms|accessdate=20 July 2014}}</ref> Johnson Thomas of FreePressJournal said that the film is a [[desi]] wannabe of the Hollywood film [[The Godfather]] and, ''the narrative is hapless, very amateurishly executed''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Riyasat: Can't get worse than this|url=http://freepressjournal.in/riyasat-cant-get-worse-than-this/|accessdate=20 July 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726092827/http://freepressjournal.in/riyasat-cant-get-worse-than-this/|archivedate=26 July 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Jyothi Venkatesh of the website Starblockbuster.com reviewed the film as lacking novelty.<ref>{{cite web|title=Riyasat|url=http://starblockbuster.com/riyasat#sthash.qP4V9fOF.dpuf|accessdate=20 July 2014}}</ref> [[Rediff]] said that the Rajesh Khanna looks unwell in the movie and seems unable to deliver dialogues given to him. The website also speculate that the film was completed after Rajesh Khanna's death as there was found many repeated appearances of him and many dialogues of his shots delivered by some other person.<ref>{{cite web|title=Review: Riyasat is a pitiful tribute to Rajesh Khanna|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-riyasat-is-a-pitiful-tribute-to-rajesh-khanna/20140718.htm|accessdate=20 July 2014}}</ref>

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb film|2283894}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama film|744277}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]

Madhav Shrihari Aney

2026-03-02T00:20:11Z

Aebeez: basic enhance content for accuracy also and fixed typos per standard format

{{Multiple issues|
{{pov|date=February 2026}}
{{promotional tone|date=February 2026}}
}}
{{Short description|Indian politician (1880–1968)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = Loknayak Bapuji
| image = Madhav Shrihari Aney 2011 stamp of India.jpg
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Nagpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagpur]]
| term_start = 1962
| term_end = 1967
| predecessor = [[Anasuyabai Kale]]
| successor = Narendra R. Deoghare
| order1 = 2nd
| office1 = Governor of Bihar
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[Shri Krishna Sinha]]
| term_start1 = 12 January 1948
| term_end1 = 14 June 1952
| predecessor1 = [[Jairamdas Daulatram]]
| successor1 = [[R. R. Diwakar]]
| office2 = Member of the [[Viceroy's Executive Council]]
| term_start2 = 1941
| term_end2 = 1943
| governor-general2 = [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow]]
| monarch2 = [[George VI of the United Kingdom|George VI]]
| birth_date = 29 August 1880
| birth_place = [[Wani, Maharashtra|Wani]], [[Berar Province]], [[Hyderabad State]], [[British Raj|British India]] {{small|''(present-day [[Maharashtra]], [[India]])''}}
| death_date = 26 January 1968 (aged 87)
| death_place =
| death_cause = [[Myocardial Infarction]]
| alma_mater = [[Morris College]] (B.A., 1902)
[[Calcutta University]] (LL.B, 1907)
| spouse = {{marriage|Yamuna Bai|1898|1925|end=died}}
| children = 4
| occupation = Author, politician, freedom fighter
| known_for = Role in the [[Indian Independence movement]]
| party = [[Congress Nationalist Party]]
| otherparty = [[Indian National Congress]]
| awards = [[Padma Vibhushan]] (1968)
}}
'''Madhav Shrihari Aney''' (29 August 1880 – 26 January 1968),<ref name="sen">Sen S.N. (1997). ''History of the Freedom Movement in India (1857–1947)'' New Delhi: New Age. p. 354. {{ISBN|81-224-1049-9}}</ref> popularly referred to as '''Loknayak Bapuji Aney''' or '''Bapuji Aney''', was an ardent educationist, freedom fighter, statesman, a modern Sanskrit poet and a politician. He was also conferred with the title of "[[Honorary titles of Indian leaders|Loknayak Bapuji]]", which means "The People's Leader and Respected Father".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PJa3x6lrg7UC&pg=PA287|title=History of Educational Development in Vidarbha, 1882-1923 A.D.|author=S. Shabbir|publisher=Northern Book Centre|year=2005|page=287|isbn=9788172111878}}</ref> He was one of the founders of the [[Congress Nationalist Party]]. He was first among the eminent disciples of [[Lokmanya Tilak]] such as [[N. C. Kelkar|N C Kelkar]], [[Kakasaheb Khadilkar]], Gangadhar Deshpande, Dr [[B S Munje]], [[Moreshwar Vasudeo Abhyankar|Abhyankar]], T B Paranjpe and [[Vaman Malhar Joshi]], who walked in the footsteps of Tilak.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Illustrated Weekly of India, Volume 95|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AsU7R69gqDIC|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited, at the Times of India Press|year=1974|page=31}}</ref> Accepting the leadership of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] on the death of [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]]. Aney persuaded his colleagues to see the writing on the wall. At the same time he was not blind in his loyalty. He disapproved Congress throwing itself in [[Khilafat Movement]] and warned against excessive wooing of Muslims at the cost of national interests. He regarded unity at any price as elusive and dangerous. Since the best safeguard for the minority was the goodwill of the majority. He never permitted his critical faculties to be blurred by emotion. [[Mahatma Gandhi]] admiring his calm logic, confided in him and often sought his counsel. He was chosen to arbitrate the disputes between [[Subhash Chandra Bose]] and [[Jatindra Mohan Sengupta]]. He was never a breaker or a destroyer but was always a cementing factor believing in synthesis and not in segregation.{{Sfn|Rao|1991|page=88}}

==Biography==
===Early life and background===
Bapuji Aney was born on 20 August 1880 in a family of Sanskrit pandits at [[Wani, Maharashtra|Wani]] in [[Yavatmal district]] of [[Vidarbha]] in [[Maharashtra]]. His father Shrihari Aney was a learned pandit and mother Rakhma Bai Aney, a housewife. Bapuji Aney was second of their four sons.{{Sfn|Sinha|1996|p=119}}
He came from a [[Deshastha Brahmin]] family.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Myth of the Lokamanya: Tilak and Mass Politics in Maharashtra|url=https://archive.org/details/mythoflokamanya00rich|url-access=registration|author=Cashman, Richard I. |publisher=University of California Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/mythoflokamanya00rich/page/190 190]|year=1975|isbn=9780520024076}}</ref> It is said that his ancestors hailed from Telugu-speaking area Annamwar, originating in Telangana. It is believed that their surname may be "Annawar", the name of the village, which was later transmuted into "Aney" ({{IAST3|Aṇe}}). He was initiated into vedic studies early in life and soon ripened into profound Sanskrit scholar.
He completed his B.A. from [[Morris College]] in [[Nagpur]] in 1902 and was a teacher in Kashibai Private School, Amravati in 1907. After taking his law degree from [[Calcutta University]] in 1907, he joined the bar in 1910 at Yavatmal, where he built a lucrative practice. He used to attend courts for two weeks in a month and devout rest of the time to public work.{{Sfn|Rao|1991|page=89}} He wrote for the paper 'Harikishor' in 1910 and was prosecuted for writing against the British government and was punished with cancellation of his Sanad to practice law for 1 year. In 1911 he accompanied Bal Gangadhar Tilak when the latter campaigned in Vidarbha. Tilak was Aney's political guru, and Aney's politics was an application of Tilak's ideology.

===Political career and social life===
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2025}}
1918- Aney joined Home Rule League
1918- He founded Lokmat paper in Yavatmal, which was later acquired by Jawaharlal Darda in 1952
1921- He was elected President Vidarbha Pradesh Congress Committee, and joined the Civil Disobedience Movement. The British government cancelled his Sanad to practice law, which ended his legal practice. During the time he practiced, as he was frequently imprisoned, the lawyers from Yavatmal Bar to which he belonged would give him their briefs to argue, to enable him to earn his fees. So loved was he that his home in Yavatmal, which now houses The Loknayak Aney Mahila Mahavidyalaya, a women's college, was built from the contributions of the members of the Yavatmal bar.
On 1.1.1922- became President of the Varhad unit of Swatantra Party of Pandit Motilal Nehru and Chitranjan Das.
In 1923, Aney was elected to the Central Provinces Legislative Assembly
Also in 1923 he established the Vidarbha Shitya Sangh.
In 1924, Aney joined the Congress as Member, Congress Committee.
In 1928 he was elected President Maharashtra Sahitya Sangh at its Gwalior convention.
He established New English High School, Yeotmal (now Loknayak Bapuji Aney Vidyalaya, Yeotmal) in 1928.
During 1928-29 Aney was Secretary of the Nehru Committee. Nehru Committee Report of 10 August 1928 was a memorandum outlining a proposed new dominion status for the constitution for India. It was prepared by a committee of the All Parties Conference chaired by Motilal Nehru with his son Jawaharlal Nehru acting as secretary. There were nine other members in this committee. The final report was signed by Motilal Nehru, Ali Imam, Tej Bahadur Sapru, Madhav Shrihari Aney, Mangal Singh, Shuaib Qureshi, Subhas Chandra Bose, and G. R. Pradhan. Shuaib Qureshi disagreed with some of the recommendations.
On 28.4.1930, in expression of solidarity to Mahatma Gandhi's Salt Satyagraha, Aney resigned from the Legislative Assembly, and on 10.0.1930, took part in the Jungle Satyagraha at a forest outside Pusad (see below), where he was arrested with his associates. He was convicted for theft of forest product, and imprisoned for 6 months. After this incident, he was known as 'Loknayak'.
From 1930 to 1942 he took part in 'Bharat Chodo' (Quit India Movement).
He was made a Member, Congress working Committee in 1931.
In 1933 he became President of the Indian National Congress.
In 1938, Aney was appointed Vice Chancellor, Tilak Maharashtra Vidyappeeth.
In 1941 he was appointed as Member on the Viceroy's Council under Lord Linlithgow, and was incharge of Overseas Indians & Commonwealth relations Portfolio. Aney, Sir Homi Mody and N.R.Sarkar, Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar and others resigned from the Viceroy's Counsel in support of Mahatma's fast unto death in 1942.
From 1943 to 1947 Aney was India's High Commissioner to Sri Lanka.
In 1948, when the Constituent Assembly was convened to frame India's Constitution, the Princely States of Central India nominated Loknayak Aney as their representative on the Constituent Assembly.
In 1948, following Shri Jairamdas Daulatram who was governor from 15.8.1947 to 11.1.1948, Loknayak Aney became the Governor of Bihar. He was Governor from 12.1.1948 to 14.6.1952.He was so loved and respected, that one of the most important roads in Patna on which is The official residence of Bihar's Chief Minister is on the road named after Loknayak Aney. (The address is wrongly referred to as 1 Anne Marg instead of 1 Aney Marg). In 1952, while he was Governor, Loknayak Aney fell seriously ill from spinal Tuberculosis. He was completely bed-ridden and had to lie in a plaster cast for many months. He was moved from Patna to his brother-in-law's home Dr.Krishnaji Atmaram Nulkar's home in Sadashiv Peth, Pune. where Dr. Nulkar attended to Loknayak Aney's recovery which took over 4 years. Even in this bedridden condition, he performed the Vajapaya Yagna at Poona.
During the period of his illness, Fazal Ali Commission was appointed for the First Reorganisation of States. Although bed-ridden, in 1954 Aney submitted a Memorandum to the Commission called 'Memorandum for Statehood for Vidarbha' which set out in great detail the case for statehood for Vidarbha, pointing out to its historical, geographic, socio-political and economic claim for the status of a State in the Indian Union. The Fazal Ali Commission recommended creation of the State of Vidarbha which would largely be the same as the existing State of C.P, which by then was called Madhya Pradesh, with Nagpur as its capital. The recommendation was accepted by the Union Home ministry. However, when formation of states were announced on 1.11.1956, Vidarbha was not created. This led to a popular uprising for Vidarbha state, which was headed by Loknayak Aney and Brijlal Biyani, who formed the Nag Vidarbha Andolan Samiti.
After recovering from his prolonged illness, Loknayak Aney won the 1959 bye-election to Nagpur Parliamentary seat to the 2nd Lok Sabha on a Congress ticket. However, in the 1962 general election, he refused to contest on the Congress ticket and fought as a Nag Vidarbha Andolan Samiti candidate and won Nagpur Parliamentary seat with 1,31,740 votes defeating Shri Rikhabchand Sharma (Congress) with 84,870 votes. Pandit Nehru who had visited Nagpur to campaign for the Congress candidate Shri Sharma refused to speak against Loknayak Aney at the public meeting organised for the candidate.
From 1959 to 1966 Loknayak Aney sat as Member of the 3rd Loksabha. In 1967 he lost the Nagpur seat to N.R.Deoghare (Congress) with 1,29736, followed by A. Bhardhan (CPI) with 97,767 and Aney with 54,049 votes

===Forest Satyagraha===
The forest law was defied in [[Berar Division|Berar]] as in other parts of the country. [[Moreshwar Vasudeo Abhyankar]] and [[Waman Gopal Joshi|Wamanrao Joshi]] were arrested for their protests. On 10 July 1930, Bapuji Aney took over the leadership to inaugurate the "''[[Forest Satyagraha]]''". With the party of volunteers, he cut grass from the reserved forests at [[Pusad]] at [[Yavatmal]] and was arrested. He was charged with the offence of 'Theft' under Section 379 and was convicted. At the same time, other leaders of the Berar, such as [[Brijlal Biyani]], Gole, Patwardhan and Soman were also arrested. With this, the Satyagraha started spreading in all the parts of the state of C.P. & Berar. The Gond and other Adivasi tribals too participated in thousands in the Satyagraha.<ref>{{cite book|title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Yeotmal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KaJhAAAAIAAJ|publisher=Gazetteers Dept Director of Government Printing, Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State|year=1974|page=162}}</ref> Aney underwent six months imprisonment and thereafter he was known as "''Loknayak Aney''."

==Positions held==
===During British Raj===
In 1923, he was nominated to the [[Central Legislative Assembly]] as the representative of [[Berar Division]]. During 1941–1943, he was a member of the [[Viceroy's Executive Council]] responsible for Indians Overseas and Commonwealth Relations. He resigned in 1943, when the British Indian government refused to release [[Mahatma Gandhi]], while he was on fast. He was the High Commissioner to [[Ceylon]] from 1943 to July 1947. He joined the [[Constituent Assembly]] in 1947.<ref name="rao">{{cite book|last=Rajeswar Rao|first=P.|title=The Great Indian Patriots|publisher=Mittal Publications|location=New Delhi|year=1991|volume=I|pages=88–92|isbn=81-7099-280-X|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eTrs9MF9374C&pg=PA88}}</ref>

===After Independence of India===
After Indian independence, Dr. Aney was the [[List of Governors of Bihar|Governor of Bihar]] from 12 January 1948 to 14 June 1952.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gov.bih.nic.in/Governance/OldGovernors.htm|title=Previous Governors|publisher=Government of Bihar website|access-date=18 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204202214/http://gov.bih.nic.in/Governance/OldGovernors.htm|archive-date=4 February 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was also a member of the [[3rd Lok Sabha]] from 1962 to 1967, representing [[Nagpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagpur constituency]].

==Death==
He died on 26 January 1968 evening from a severe heart attack.<ref>{{cite book|title=Lokrajya, Volume 36|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8DkMpkEjobgC|publisher=Directorate-General of Information and Public Relations|year=1980|quote=A Page From Shri K. S. Kelkar's Diary 26TH JANUARY 1968 oknayak Bapuji Aney was honoured with the insignia of Padma Vibhushan. our hearty congratulations, the same evening we were shocked to learn that he was dead, following a heart attack.}}</ref>

==Awards==
*On 26 January 1968, the day he died, he was honoured with [[Padma Vibhushan]].
* In 1973, he was posthumously honoured with the [[Sahitya Akademi Award for Sanskrit]] for his '''''Shritilakayashornava''''' (1971), a [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] biography of [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]].

==Family==
Bapuji Aney married to Yamuna Bai in 1898 and had two sons and two daughters. Yamuna Bai died in 1925.{{Sfn|Sinha|1996|p=119}} His eldest son Dattatraya was District Judge, and retired as Secretary, Maharashtra Legislature. His youngest son Ganesh retired as Director Personnel, TISCO, Jamshedpur.His grandson Shreehari Aney was the former Advocate General of [[Maharashtra]].His second grandson [[Mahesh Aney]] is a cinematographer who received the President's Award for 'Swades' as best Cinematographer.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ex-AG Shrihari Aney sends letter in blood to PM demanding Vidarbha state|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ex-ag-shrihari-aney-sends-letter-in-blood-to-pm-demanding-vidarbha-state/articleshow/58467413.cms|publisher=Economic Times|access-date=2 May 2017}}</ref>

==Legacy==
[[1 Anne Marg|Aney Marg]], the street on which the chief minister of Bihar's residence is located, is named after him.<ref>{{cite web|author=Verma, Nalin |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101123/jsp/frontpage/story_13210233.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126131314/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101123/jsp/frontpage/story_13210233.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 November 2010 |title=The Telegraph – Calcutta (Kolkata) | Frontpage | The Anne that never was |publisher=Telegraphindia.com |date=23 November 2010 |access-date=30 November 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Writers: Akademi Laurels|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cno_AQAAIAAJ|first=Biswajit|last=Sinha|publisher=Eastern Book Linkers|year=1996|isbn = 9788186339312}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eTrs9MF9374C|title=The Great Indian Patriots, Volume 1|first=P. Rajeswar|last=Rao|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=1991|isbn=9788170992806}}
*{{cite book|title=Changing political leadership in an Indian province: the Central Provinces and Berar, 1919-1939|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y90BAAAAMAAJ|first=David E. U.|last=Baker|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1979|isbn = 9780195611359}}
*{{cite book|title=History of Educational Development in Vidarbha, 1882-1923 A.D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PJa3x6lrg7UC|first=S.|last=Shabbir|publisher=Northern Book Centre|year=2005|isbn = 9788172111878}}

==External links==

{{s-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{succession box|
before=[[Jairamdas Daulatram]]|
title=[[Governor of Bihar]]|
years= 12 January 1948 – 14 June 1952|
after= [[R. R. Diwakar]]
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Governor of Bihar}}
{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Award for Sanskrit}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aney, Madhav}}
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:Governors of Bihar]]
[[Category:1880 births]]
[[Category:India MPs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:1968 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Sanskrit]]
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of India]]
[[Category:Members of the Central Legislative Assembly of India]]
[[Category:People from Yavatmal district]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in public affairs]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Sahitya Sammelan]]
[[Category:Members of the Council of the Governor General of India]]

Kotulpur Sridhar Temple

2026-02-19T16:36:26Z

Aebeez:

{{Infobox religious building
| name = Kotulpur Sridhar temple
| image = Sridhar Temple Kotulpur Bankura.jpg
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| religious_affiliation = [[Hinduism]]
| coordinates = {{coord|23.0097401|N|87.5885288|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| tradition =
| sect =
| district = [[Bankura district|Bankura]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| region =
| deity = Sridhar Chandra Thakur
| rite =
| festival =
| organisational_status = 
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| governing_body =
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| bhattaraka =
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| locale = [[Kotulpur]]
| municipality =
| cercle =
| country = {{flag|India}}
| territory =
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| heritage_designation =
| architect =
| architecture_type = [[Bengal temple architecture]]
| architecture_style = [[Ratna Style|''Ratna'']] Style
| founded_by =
| creator =
| funded_by = Bhadra family
| general_contractor =
| established = 1833
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed = 1833 (1345 [[Bangabda|Baṅgābda]]){{sfn|Bandyopadhyay|1971|p=41}}
| capacity =
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}}
'''Kotulpur Sridhar temple''' is a [[Vishnu]] temple at Shiromanipur village in [[West Bengal]]. Hindu God Vishnu is worshiped as ''Sridhar'' ([[Shaligram]]) in this temple. It is located in Kotulpur police station of [[Bankura district|Bankura]] district. Built by the ''Bhadra'' family, known as traders and [[Zamindars of Bengal|zamindars]], the temple stands within the ''Bhadra'' palace. The temple is a great example of [[Ratna Style|''ratna'']] architecture, which was erected in the early 1830s.<ref name="Anandabazar-Patrika1">{{cite web |last1=Barat |first1=Biplab |title=কোতুলপুরের শ্রীধর জীউর মন্দির |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/editorial/a-special-article-about-the-pancharatna-temple-of-kotulpur-1.973945 |website=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |access-date=3 November 2023 |language=bn |script-title=bn:Kōtulapurēra śrīdhara jī'ura mandira |trans-title=Sridhar Jiu Temple of Kotulpur |date=1 April 2019}}</ref>

==History==
A man named Sadananda Bhadra settled in [[Kotulpur]] in the late seventeenth century. He established the [[Zamindars of Bengal|zamindari]] by purchasing the zamindari ownership of seventeen taluks near Kotulpur from [[Bardhaman Raj|Maharaja of Burdwan]] [[Uday Chand Mahtab]]. But, Bhadra was essentially a merchant, and traded in [[salt]], [[Thread (yarn)|thread]] and [[Mustard seed|mustard]]. Later, the Zamindar family built the [[Ratna Style|''Pancharatna'']] style "Sridhar Jiu Mandir", also built the ''Durgamondapa'', ''Nahabatkhana'', Girigovardhan Mondir, Rasamancha.<ref name="Anandabazar-Patrika1"/>

[[Ramakrishna|Sri Ramakrishna]] stayed at [[Kamarpukur]] for eight months from March 3 to October 10, 1880. According to the ''[[Sri Sri Ramakrishna Kathamrita]]'', Ramakrishna appeared at Bhadra Zamindar's house at this time.<ref name="Anandabazar-Patrika1"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Mahendranath |title=Sri Sri Ramakrishna Kathamrita |page=44 |edition=First |language=bn}}</ref>

==Architecture==
The temple is a good example of the [[Terracotta temples of West Bengal|terracotta temples of Bengal]]. One of the [[Ratna Style|''ratna style'']] of [[Bengal temple architecture]] is observed in it. The temple is surrounded by a rectangular ''[[plinth]]'', slightly higher than the temple courtyard, but lower than the floor of the temple. There is a threshold (staircase) with three steps between the temple courtyard and the ''plinth''.<ref name="Anandabazar-Patrika1"/>

The temple has five ''ratna''s (pinnacles) – four at the four corners of the roof and one in the middle – which classifies it as a [[Ratna Style#Pancha-ratna|''pancha-ratna'']]{{sfn|Bandyopadhyay|1971|p=41}} style temple. The ''ratna''s or pinnacles of this temple are similar to the [[Deula#Rekha Deula|''rekha deul'']]. The temple gradually tapers towards the sloping roof. Both the length and breadth of the temple are 15 ft. 9 in. and about 30 ft. in height.{{sfn|Bandyopadhyay|1971|p=41}}<ref name="Anandabazar-Patrika1"/>

==Artwork==
{{multiple image |perrow=3/3|total_width=380|caption_align=left|image_style=border:none;|background color=#F7E7CE
| align =right
| title =Panels above the arches of the temple facade
| image1 =Terracotta panels of Sridhar Temple at Kotulpur of Bankura district in West Bengal 05.jpg
| image2 =Terracotta panels of Sridhar Temple at Kotulpur of Bankura district in West Bengal 03.jpg
| image3 =Terracotta panels of Sridhar Temple at Kotulpur of Bankura district in West Bengal 04.jpg
| footer = '''Left''': The left panel depicts the battle between Rama and Ravana, '''Center''': Median panel depicting a chariot procession, '''Right''': The right panel is engraved with a ''Vastraharan'' scenario.
}}

[[Terracotta]] art work and decorations are observed in the temple. The terracotta plaque on the center of the facade is engraved with a scenario of ''[[Ratha Yatra]]'' (chariot procession). In front of the chariot, there is a crowd procession of dancing men and women in a row, and a figure of kneeling priest is carved on the chariot. The chariot procession shows [[Krishna]] and [[Balarama]] leaving for [[Mathura]] while the gopinis crying and lying down in front of the chariot to persuading Krishna to not leave for Mathura. The upper terracotta plaque contains figures of [[Rama]] and [[Sita]], flanked by [[Lakshmana]] holding an [[umbrella]] and [[Bharata (Mahabharata)|Bharata]] with chamar in hand, and [[Hanuman]] and [[Jambavan|Jambuban]] standing with joined hands. The scenario of battle between [[Rama]] and [[Ravana]] is engraved on the left side terracotta plaque.{{sfn|Bandyopadhyay|1971|p=41}} Right side terracotta plaque has ''Vastraharan'' scenario on the top, ''Gostholila'' on the middle, and figures of bird and flower are bottom. The ''Vastraharan'' scenario shows that [[Krishna]] is teaching to give up shame from the 8th side of the creature.{{sfn|Bandyopadhyay|1971|p=41}}<ref name="Anandabazar-Patrika1"/>
[[File:Terracotta panels of Sridhar Temple at Kotulpur of Bankura district in West Bengal 01.jpg|270px|thumb|left|The upper part of central terracotta plaque contains figures of [[Rama]] and [[Sita]] with foundation plaque.]]
At the two corners of the [[cornice]] at the top of the temple arch are carved scenes of boat journeys, reminding us that Bhadra, like [[Chand Sadagar]] at ''[[Manasamangal Kāvya]]'', used to boats on the river to trade in distant lands. There are 12 terracotta plaques on the left and 12 on the right and 19 in the middle of the facade of temple with [[Dashavatara]] and mythological stories engraved on them.<ref name="Anandabazar-Patrika1"/>

Social scenarios in the terracotta sculpture{{sfn|Bandyopadhyay|1971|p=41}} are tobacco consumption, spices in ''Hamandista'', worship of Shiva decorated in social episodes and drum player. Sculpture of ''Dasbhuja'' [[Durga]] in the middle plaque, but the sons and daughters are excluded. Besides, the scenarios of the dancing posture reminds the classical culture in the context of [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]]. The abundance of geometric and floral sculptures can be seen on terracotta plaques of the columns.

The plaques of this temple are found in the art of the [[two-dimensional]] human statue painted by [[Nandalal Bose]] and [[Jamini Roy]]. Also, similarities to the ''[[Pattachitra]]'' made by ''[[patua]]'' of Bharatpur, Shushunia.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book| last=Bandyopadhyay | first=Amiya kumar | title=বাঁকুড়া জেলার পুরাকীর্তি | publisher=[[Department of Public Works (West Bengal)|Public Works Department, Government of West Bengal]] |date=February 1971 |language=bn |script-title=bn:Bām̐kuṛā jēlāra purākīrti |trans-title=Antiquities of Bankura District}}
* {{Cite book| last = Dasgupta | first=R. K | title=Sri Sri Ramakrishna Kathamrita as a religious classic | publisher=Bulletin of the Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture |date=June 1986}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Sridhar Temple, Kotulpur}}

{{Hindu temples in West Bengal}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Bankura district]]

Chai Patel

2026-02-17T18:14:14Z

Aebeez: Put Up Some Post W/ Infobox

{{short description|British businessman}}

{{Multiple issues|
{{Tone|date=February 2026}}
{{POV|date=February 2026}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2014}}
'''Chaitanya Patel''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CBE|FRCP}} (born 14 September 1954) is a British doctor, businessman and philanthropist. Born in [[Uganda]] to [[India]]n parents, he obtained medical qualifications at the [[University of Southampton]] in 1979 and previously worked in the [[National Health Service]]. He currently is Chairman of Elysian Capital an independent, private equity firm specialising in investing in the UK lower mid-market in deals of between £10m and £100m, and Chairman of [[HC-One]], a nursing home management company.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} In August 2019, Chai announced his plans to retire from HC-One the following year.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-13|title=HC-One founder and chairman Dr Chai Patel to retire this year|url=https://www.homecareinsight.co.uk/hc-one-founder-and-chairman-dr-chai-patel-to-retire-this-year/|access-date=2020-07-28|website=Home Care Insight}} - {{Cite web|last=Viv|date=2019-08-13|title=Dr Chai Patel CBE, FRCP to retire as Chairman of HC-One|url=https://healthcarebusiness.co.uk/dr-chai-patel-cbe-frcp-to-retire-as-chairman-of-hc-one/|access-date=2020-07-28|website=Healthcare Business}} - {{Cite web|last=Rees|first=Kelsey|date=2019-08-12|title=Dr Chai Patel to retire as chairman of HC-One|url=https://www.laingbuissonnews.com/care-markets-content/inpost/dr-chai-patel-to-retire-as-chairman-of-hc-one/|access-date=2020-07-28|website=LaingBuisson News}}</ref>

==Career in business==
After working for some years at the Private Clients office of [[Lehman Brothers]] in London as part of a small team including Bruce Berkowitz, in 1988 he founded Court Cavendish, which was rapidly recognised as a high quality continuing care company. In 1996 he merged it with Takare to create Care First, the UK's largest continuing care company. He remained as Chief Executive until it was taken over by [[Bupa]] in 1997. In 1999 he acquired and became Chief Executive of [[Westminster Health Care]] plc, the largest publicly quoted healthcare services group in the UK, which acquired Priory Hospitals in 2000. After a management buyout of the Care Home division in 2002, Patel continued as Chief Executive of the [[Priory Group]], the UK's largest independent specialist mental health and education services group. On 5 March 2007 Patel and his management team resigned from Priory Healthcare.

In 2011, following the collapse of [[Southern Cross Healthcare (United Kingdom)|Southern Cross Healthcare]], he re-formed Court Cavendish as a consultancy and joined with the landlord company NHP (Nursing Home Properties) to form [[HC-One]], managing 249 of Southern Cross' former homes.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/pharmaceuticalsandchemicals/8672893/Dr-Chai-Patel-moves-from-Kate-Moss-to-Southern-Cross-care-homes.html Dr Chai Patel moves from Kate Moss to Southern Cross care homes], ''Daily Telegraph'', 30 July 2011</ref> Patel is on the Advisory Council of The Front Row Group of Companies. In January 2013, Patel became a trustee at the Bright Future Trust.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.themarque.com/profile/dr-chai-patel|title=Dr Chai Patel|publisher=The Marque|access-date=10 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414162235/https://www.themarque.com/profile/dr-chai-patel|archive-date=14 April 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Policy work and honours==
For many years he has been involved in healthcare policy issues, working on numerous government task forces and action groups. He has received an [[honorary degree|honorary doctorate]] from the [[Open University]]. He is a keen supporter of Labour's [[private finance initiative]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2002/sep/25/11 | title=Chai Patel, Westminster Health Care | work=The Guardian| date=2002-09-25 | location=London | first=David | last=Batty | access-date=28 April 2010}}</ref> and of private provision of NHS services. He was secretary to the [[Institute for Public Policy Research]], a progressive [[think tank]] with close links to the Labour Party. In 1999 he was appointed a CBE for his services to the development of social care policies. In 2018, he joined a panel hosted by [[Knight Frank]] to discuss the future of the health and social care sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drchaipatel.org/2018/11/07/dr-chai-patel-at-the-knight-frank-healthcare-and-property-dinner/ |title=Knight Frank Healthcare and Property Dinner|date=7 November 2018 }}</ref>

==Controversy==
===Westminster Health===
Patel resigned as a trustee of [[Help the Aged]] in 2002 "to save it embarrassment" after a damning report into a nursing home owned by [[Westminster Health Care]], which he headed.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2918553/Wealth-dogged-by-controversy.html | title= Wealth dogged by controversy | author=Harry Wallop | date=2005-07-06 | work=The Telegraph| location=London}}</ref>

===Lynde House===
In 2004, Patel was charged with serious professional misconduct and faced being "struck off" over complaints about poor care at Lynde House, one of his former care homes for the elderly.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2004/sep/02/NHS.longtermcare | title=Priory chief faces misconduct charge | author=David Batty | work=The Guardian| date=2005-09-02 | location=London}}</ref> In June 2005, the case was dropped by the [[General Medical Council]] due to insufficient evidence.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/4638735.stm | title=Priory boss cleared of misconduct | work=BBC News| date=2005-06-30}}</ref>

Patel had been the subject of a sustained campaign against him and had maintained from day one that the charges against him were never supported by admissible evidence. This was supported when the High Court judge Mr Justice Collins stayed the case again Patel pending the judicial review hearing. He called the original charges laid against Patel a "rotten indictment".<ref name=bmj>{{cite journal |pmc=558655| title=Doctor who ran nursing home is cleared of professional misconduct | publisher=British Medical Journal | date=2005-07-29 | pmid=16002853 | doi=10.1136/bmj.331.7508.70-i | volume=331 | issue=7508 | journal=BMJ | page=70| last1=Dyer | first1=Clare }}</ref>

On 15 June, with the consent of the group of residents' families, the High Court ordered that some of the charges should be struck out and that amendments intended to rectify deficiencies in other charges should be disallowed.<ref name=bmj/>

After the conclusion of the hearing, Patel said, "I am relieved that at last this terrible ordeal is over. My family and I have been through a great deal as a result of charges of serious professional misconduct which were never supported by any admissible evidence. I call today for the GMC to look at how it carries out its work".<ref name=bmj/>

In 2009, the NMC Professional Conduct Committee began its own investigation into whether the manager and deputy managers of Lynde House – Sarah Johnson and Lynette Maggs – were guilty of professional misconduct and negligence in relation to the earlier accusations of poor care at the residential home. In December 2011, the committee ruled that they were guilty of misconduct. While it decided not to take any formal sanctions such as registration penalties, in part due to the time elapsed since the original allegations were made, Johnson and Maggs were nevertheless left with a misconduct ruling against their names, and decided to appeal against the decision at the High Court by way of judicial review.

On 18 July 2013, at a judicial review, High Court judge [[George Leggatt|Mr Justice Leggatt]] concluded "a decade after this misconceived and mismanaged case was brought against the registrants, their names are clear", referring to the NMC case against the manager and deputy manager of Lynde House.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kingsleynapley.co.uk/news-and-events/legal-updates/case-update-johnson-and-maggs-v-nursing-and-midwifery-council-2013-ewhc-2140-admin|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131127142404/http://www.kingsleynapley.co.uk/news-and-events/legal-updates/case-update-johnson-and-maggs-v-nursing-and-midwifery-council-2013-ewhc-2140-admin|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-11-27|title=Case update: Johnson and Maggs v. Nursing and Midwifery Council|publisher=Kingsley Napley}}</ref> The judgment went on to criticise the NMC's handling of the procedure stating that it was a "case study for how a disciplinary case should not be conducted".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://publicregulatoryblog.ffw.com/2013/1-sarah-elizabeth-johnson-2-lynette-maggs-v-nursing-and-midwifery-council-2013-ewhc-2140-admin |title=(1) Sarah Elizabeth Johnson & (2) Lynette Maggs v Nursing and Midwifery Council [2013] EWHC 2140 (Admin) « Public Regulatory Blog |access-date=27 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202224544/http://publicregulatoryblog.ffw.com/2013/1-sarah-elizabeth-johnson-2-lynette-maggs-v-nursing-and-midwifery-council-2013-ewhc-2140-admin |archive-date=2 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Later in 2013, the Health Select Committee expressed its concerns over the length of time the NMC's disciplinary process takes. Patel cited the NMC's handling of Lynde House, in an article by ''[[The Guardian]]'' newspaper, commenting, "the NMC must act to ensure the decade of trauma that Maggs and Johnson endured never happens again. They were good people, doing a good job, who had their careers and lives needlessly and unjustly blighted".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2014/jan/28/performance-nursing-standards-regulator-dismay |title=Performance of nursing standards regulator causes dismay|work=The Guardian|date=28 January 2014 |accessdate=2020-03-28}}</ref>

===Cash for peerages===
{{Further|Cash for Honours}}
Patel is a donor to the British [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]], having given the party £100,000.<ref name="bbc">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/4798064.stm|title=Peer nominee in £1.5m Labour loan|work=[[BBC News]]|date=12 March 2006}}</ref> In March 2006, it was revealed that Patel, a Labour nominee for a [[life peerage]], had made a loan of £1.5m, at commercial rates, to the Labour Party in summer 2005. The [[House of Lords Appointments Commission]], which vets nominations for peerages, was reported to be against Patel's candidacy.<ref name="bbc"/> Patel said that he made the loan following a request, but never expected anything in return. The Labour Party defended the loan, asserting that no rules had been broken. Patel's name was submitted by [[Downing Street]] for a peerage two months after the loan.

The BBC quoted him as saying, "[I have] been angered by what [I see] as the leaking of [my] candidacy by the commission" and he has called for greater transparency. He also said that he would not have loaned the party the money if he had imagined that the financial support would create such criticism.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/4785050.stm|title=Priory boss 'anger' over peerage|work=[[BBC News]]|date=8 March 2006}}</ref> Further concerned that his reputation was being traduced, he made a strenuous plea for clarity in the handling of his candidacy on [[BBC2]]'s ''[[Newsnight]]'' on 10 March 2006 and in a letter to the HLAC stated that he was mystified and deeply distressed by the apparent rejection.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/4786332.stm|title=In full: Dr Chai Patel's letter|work=BBC News|date=8 March 2006}}</ref>

On 15 March 2006, it was revealed that [[Jack Dromey]], the [[Treasurer of the Labour Party]], had been unaware of the loans and called for an independent inquiry.

On 29 March 2006, Patel withdrew his name from the list of nominees for a peerage. He said that at no time did he have any expectation of a reward nor had he been offered anything in return, yet on [[BBC Radio 4]]'s ''[[Today (BBC Radio 4)|Today]]'' programme he expressed the view that he wanted to serve in the upper house as he felt that his life experience ensured that he could make a valuable contribution there.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/4858212.stm|title=Chai Patel withdraws name from peerage list |work=BBC News|date=29 March 2006}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091119045123/http://www.priorygroup.com/pg.asp?p=pubHome Priory Healthcare]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070929021122/http://64.91.236.194/~sayita/lynde/index.html Lynde House Relatives Support Group]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Chai}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Southampton]]
[[Category:British Hindus]]
[[Category:British people of Gujarati descent]]
[[Category:British people of Ugandan descent]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire]]
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Southern Naval Command

2026-02-06T09:44:46Z

Aebeez: small fix citations for consistency and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian Navy command}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = '''Southern Naval Command'''
| image = File:Southern Naval Command (India).png
| caption = Crest of the Southern Naval Command
| dates = 1977
|country= {{flag|India}}
|branch= {{navy|India}}
| type = [[Command (military formation)|Command]]
| role =
| size =
| command_structure =
| garrison = [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]]
| garrison_label = Headquarters
| nickname =
| patron =
| motto =
| colors =
| colors_label =
| march =
| mascot =
| equipment =
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| battles =
| anniversaries =
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| commander1 = [[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Sameer Saxena (admiral)|Sameer Saxena]], [[AVSM]], [[Nao Sena Medal|NM]]
| commander1_label = FOC-in-C
| commander2 = [[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] Prakash Gopalan
| commander2_label = Chief of Staff
| commander3 =
| commander3_label =
| notable_commanders = 
| identification_symbol =
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}}

The '''Southern Naval Command''' is one of the three, command-level formations of the [[Indian Navy]]. Southern Naval Command is the largest naval command in India and it has its headquarters in [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]] at [[INS Venduruthy]]. It is the Training Command of the Indian Navy.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Training Command |url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/sites/default/themes/indiannavy/images/pdf/the-training-command.pdf}}</ref>

The Command is commanded by a [[Three-star rank|Three Star]] Flag Officer of the rank of [[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] with the title Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Command (FOC-in-C). [[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Sameer Saxena (admiral)|Sameer Saxena]], [[AVSM]], [[Nao Sena Medal|NM]] is the current FOC-in-C SNC, who took over on 31 December 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=VICE ADMIRAL V SRINIVAS TAKES OVER AS THE FLAG OFFICER COMMANDING-IN-CHIEF, SOUTHERN NAVAL COMMAND, KOCHI |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1991948 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=31 December 2023}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Robin K. Dhowan visits Southern Naval Command, Kochi in 2015.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The CNS Adm R K Dhowan inspecting the guard of honour at the Southern Naval Command]]
[[File:Presentation_of_Naval_Colours_by_the_President.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Stamp released on the occasion of the presentation of [[President's Colour Award]] to Southern Naval Command in 1984 by President [[Zail Singh]].]]
After the [[independence of India|independence]] and the [[partition of India]] on 15 August 1947, the ships and personnel of the [[Royal Indian Navy]] were divided between the [[Dominion of India]] and the [[Dominion of Pakistan]]. The division of the ships was on the basis of two-thirds of the fleet to India, one third to Pakistan.<ref>Bhatia (1977), p. 28: "Consequent on the partition of the country on 15 August 1947, two thirds of the undivided fleet and associated assets came to India."</ref>

The shore establishments on the southern coast were headed by the Commodore Cochin (COMCHIN), a [[One-star rank|one star]] appointment. The COMCHIN directly reported into the [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]]. In 1967, the Goa Area was included under COMCHIN. On 1 March 1968, the Commodore Cochin (COMCHIN) was re-designated as Commodore Commanding Southern Naval Area (COMSOUTH).<ref>{{cite web|title=Reorganisation of Naval Commands|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1968-JAN-APR-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1968-03-02_089.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=2 March 1968|access-date=2 February 2020}}</ref> In August 1970, the appointment of COMSOUTH was upgraded to the [[two-star rank]] of [[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] and was re-designated Flag Officer Commanding Southern Naval Area (FOCSOUTH).<ref name="Kamath_command">{{cite web|title=Admiral Kamath to Command Southern Naval Area|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1970-JUNE-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1970-08-08_071.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=8 August 1970|access-date=3 February 2020}}</ref> This appointment was later upgraded, in October 1977, to the [[Three-star rank|three star]] rank of [[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] and re-designated Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Naval Command (FOC-in-C SNC).<ref name="upgraded_command">{{cite web|title=New Naval Command - Southern Naval Area Upgraded|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1977-AUG-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-PART-2/PDF/DEF-1977-10-26_145.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=26 October 1977|access-date=5 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hiranandani |first1=G M |title=Transition to eminence : the Indian Navy 1976-1990 |year=2005 |publisher=Published by Principal Director of Administration, Integrated Headquarters, Ministry of Defence (Navy) in association with Lancer Publishers |isbn=9788170622666}}</ref> On 1 July 1986, the Southern Naval Command was made the Training Command. All the training establishments were placed under the command as well as the responsibility of formulating and executing of training policy.<ref>{{cite book |title=Transition to eminence : the Indian Navy 1976-1990 |year=2005 |publisher=Published by Principal Director of Administration, Integrated Headquarters, Ministry of Defence (Navy) in association with Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-8170622666}}</ref>

==Area of responsibility==
The Southern Naval Command and is commanded by the Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief. The Southern Naval Command is the Training Command of Indian Navy and is responsible for the training of all its personnel, both officers as well as sailors, from basic to advance stages. It has subsidiary units from Jamnagar in Gujarat to Lonavala in Maharashtra, Goa and in Orissa but the majority of training units are in Kochi. The [[Indian Naval Academy]] is also placed under the Southern Naval Command.<ref>{{cite web |title=SNC Authorities & Units {{!}} Indian Navy |url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/node/1437 |website=www.indiannavy.nic.in}}</ref>

Kavaratti Islands is the home to [[INS Dweeprakshak]], the main naval base of the Southern Naval Command in the [[Lakshadweep]] islands.

==Capabilities==
The Southern Naval Command consists of a [[Flag Officer Sea Training (India)|Flag Officer Sea Training (FOST)]], the [[1st Training Squadron]] (1TS), training establishments and bases, and land forces and survey ships. It has a naval air station, and a ship repair yard.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/content/organisation-southern-naval-command-kochi |title=Organisation of Southern Naval Command, Kochi |work=Indian Navy}}</ref>

== Organisation ==
The Southern Naval Command is organised as follows:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/content/organisation |title=Organisation: Hierarchical Setup |work=Indian Navy |access-date=2016-10-17}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Post
!Current Holder
!References
|-
|Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Sameer Saxena (admiral)|Sameer Saxena]], [[AVSM]], [[Nao Sena Medal|NM]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=VICE ADMIRAL SAMEER SAXENA, AVSM, NM TAKES OVER AS THE FLAG OFFICER COMMANDING-IN-CHIEF, SOUTHERN NAVAL COMMAND |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2184727 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=31 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
|Chief of Staff
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] Upal Kundu
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Rear Admiral Upal Kundu assumes charge as Chief of Staff at Southern Naval Command |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/rear-admiral-upal-kundu-assumes-charge-as-chief-of-staff-at-southern-naval-command/article67724665.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=12 January 2024 |language=en-IN |date=9 January 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[Commandant of Indian Naval Academy]]
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Manish Chadha]], AVSM, VSM
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Naval Academy |url=https://x.com/IN_NavalAcademy/status/1951202462775574624 |website=x.com |access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
|[[Flag Officer Sea Training (India)|Flag Officer Sea Training]] (FOST)
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Srinivas Maddula]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Southern Naval Command |url=https://x.com/IN_HQSNC/status/1829896148662047024 |website=x.com |access-date=7 September 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[Naval War College, Goa#Commandants|Commandant Naval War College, Goa]]
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Arjun Dev Nair]], VSM
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Rear Admiral Arjun Dev Nair takes charge as commandant of Naval War College in Goa |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/rear-admiral-arjun-dev-nair-takes-charge-as-commandant-of-naval-war-college-in-goa-1503242889.html |website=thestatesman.com |date=22 November 2023 |access-date=26 November 2023}}</ref>
|-
|Admiral Superintendent Yards (ASY) - Kochi
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] Sanjay Sharma
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Rear Admiral Sanjay Sharma Took Over as Admiral Superintendent, Naval Ship Repair Yard (KOCHI) {{!}} Indian Navy |url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/rear-admiral-sanjay-sharma-took-over-admiral-superintendent-naval-ship-repair-yard-kochi |website=www.indiannavy.nic.in}}</ref>
|-
|Chief Staff Officer (Training)
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] Deepak Singhal
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Southern Naval Command |url=https://x.com/IN_HQSNC/status/1979390691836072002 |website=x.com |access-date=18 October 2025}}</ref>
|}

== Naval Bases ==
[[File:1 TS Ships Presenting Colour Guard at Port Victoria, Seychelles.JPG|thumb|right|300px|Ships of the 1st Training Squadron]]
Naval bases under Southern Naval Command are the following<ref>{{Cite web|title = Organisation of Southern Naval Command, Kochi |url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/content/organisation-southern-naval-command-kochi# |work=Indian Navy |access-date = 2015-12-29}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="text-align:left;" | Base
!City
! style="text-align:left;" | [[States and territories of India|State/Territory]]
!Role
|-
|[[INS Dweeprakshak]]
|Kavaratti
| rowspan="3" |Lakshwadweep
|Logistics and Maintenance support
|-
|INS Minicoy<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/southern-naval-command-chief-reviews-security-in-lakshadweep/articleshow/51363782.cms|title=Southern Naval command chief reviews security in Lakshadweep |newspaper=The Economic Times |access-date=2016-03-13}}</ref>
|Minicoy
|Forward Operating Base
|-
|INS Androth (''Under construction)''
|Androth
|Forward Operating Base and Radar station
|-
|[[INS Garuda]]
| rowspan="4" |Kochi
| rowspan="4" |Kerala
|Naval Air Station
|-
|[[INHS Sanjivani]]
|Naval Hospital
|-
|[[INS Venduruthy]]
|Logistics and Administrative support
|-
|[[INS Dronacharya]]
|Naval Weapons Training
|-
|INS Chilka
| rowspan="2" |Chilka
| rowspan="2" |Odisha
|Naval Training
|-
|INHS Nivarini
|Naval Hospital
|-
|INS Mandovi
|Panaji
|Goa
|Naval Training
|-
|INS Hamla
|Mumbai
| rowspan="3" |Maharashtra
|Combined Operations Training
|-
|[[INS Shivaji]]
| rowspan="2" |Lonavala
|Technical Training
|-
|INHS Kasturi
|Naval Hospital
|-
|[https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/insvalsura/ INS Valsura]
|Jamnagar
|Gujarat
|Electric Equipment Training
|-
|[[INS Rajali]]
|Arakkonam
| rowspan="2" |Tamil Nadu
|Naval Air Base
|-
|INS Agrani
|Coimbatore
|Leadership Training
|-
|INS Zamorin
|Ezhimala
|Kerala
|Logistics and Maintenance support to [[Indian Naval Academy]]
|-
|[[INS Satavahana]]
|Visakhapatnam
|Andhra Pradesh
|Submarine Warfare Training
|-
|}

== List of Commanders ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! scope="col" style="width: 20px;" | S.No
! scope="col" style="width: 500px;" | Name
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Assumed office
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Left office
! scope="col" style="width: 600px;" | Notes
! scope="col" style="width: 20px;" | References
|-
| colspan="6" |'''Commodore-in-Charge Cochin (COMCHIN)'''
|-
|1
|[[Commodore (India)|Commodore]] [[M. H. St. L. Nott]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|DSO|OBE}}}}
|August 1947
|March 1948
|Formerly [[Royal Indian Navy]]. Killed in an air accident at Corsica 27 March 1948.
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Death of Commodore Nott|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1948-JAN-JUNE-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1948-04-03_190.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=8 April 1948|access-date=31 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2
|[[Commodore (India)|Commodore]] Henry Bramhall Ellison
|March 1948
|July 1950
|Seconded from the [[Royal Navy]]
|<ref name="new_commodore_Cochin">{{cite web|title=A New Commodore For Cochin|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1950-JAN-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1950-07-13_213.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=13 July 1950|access-date=31 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
|3
|[[Commodore (India)|Commodore]] Eric G. McGregor {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|DSO}}}}
|July 1950
|November 1952
|Seconded from the [[Royal Navy]]
|<ref name="new_commodore_Cochin"/>
|-
|4
|[[Commodore (India)|Commodore]] A. D. H. Jay {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|DSO|DSC}}}}
|November 1952
|January 1954
|Seconded from the [[Royal Navy]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=New Commodore For Cochin Naval Base|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1952-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1952-11-19_291.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=19 November 1952|access-date=31 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
|5
|[[Commodore (India)|Commodore]] [[Bhaskar Sadashiv Soman]]
|January 1954
|October 1956
|Later Chief of the Naval Staff
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Commodore Soman to Take Over Bombay Command|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1956-JULY-DEC-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1956-10-15_166.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=15 October 1956|access-date=30 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
|6
|[[Commodore (India)|Commodore]] [[S. G. Karmarkar|Sadashiv Ganesh Karmarkar]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|MBE}}}}
|1 May 1957
|April 1960
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Navy Branch) |page=212 |date=31 August 1957 |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1957/O-2125-1957-0035-96401.pdf|publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Changes in Senior Naval Appointments|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1956-JULY-DEC-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1956-11-23_236.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=23 November 1956|access-date=30 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
|7
|[[Commodore (India)|Commodore]] Reginald Sherring David
|April 1960
|June 1962
|
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Senior Naval Officers to Meet|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1961-JAN-DEC-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1961-04-29_205.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=29 April 1961|access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|8
|[[Commodore (India)|Commodore]] [[G. S. Kapoor]]
|June 1962
|December 1965
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=KERALA GOVERNOR PRAISES ARMED FORCES |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1965-AUG-DECC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1965-12-03_415.pdf |website=archive.pib.gov.in |access-date=22 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
|9
|[[Commodore (India)|Commodore]] J. D. Mody
|December 1965
|January 1968
|
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Senior Naval Officers Meet|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1966-JAN-JUNE-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1966-05-10_232.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=10 May 1966|access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|10
|[[Commodore (India)|Commodore]] Inder Singh
|January 1968
|February 1968
|
|
|-
| colspan="6" |'''Commodore Commanding Southern Naval Area (COMSOUTH)'''
|-
|1
|[[Commodore (India)|Commodore]] Inder Singh
|March 1968
|November 1970
|
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Reorganisation of Naval Commands|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1968-JAN-APR-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1968-03-02_089.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=2 March 1968|access-date=2 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="6" |'''Flag Officer Commanding Southern Naval Area (FOCSOUTH)'''
|-
|1
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[V. A. Kamath]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM}}}}
|November 1970
|March 1973
|
|<ref name="Kamath_command"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Rear-Admiral V. A. Kamath|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1971-SEPT-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1971-12-07_188.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=7 December 1971|access-date=3 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Elenjikal Chandy Kuruvila]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
|March 1973
|October 1973
|
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Admiral Krishnan To Head Cochin Shipyard|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1973-JAN-MAY-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1973-03-02_108.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=2 March 1973|access-date=3 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|3
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[S. H. Sarma]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM}}}}
|October 1973
|January 1975
|
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Rear Admiral Sarma to Head Southern Naval Command|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1973-JUNE-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1973-09-30_111.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=30 September 1973|access-date=3 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|4
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Ronald Lynsdale Pereira]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM}}}}
|January 1975
|16 April 1976
|Later Chief of the Naval Staff.
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Admiral Pereira to Take Over Southern Naval Area|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1975-JAN-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1975-01-08_007.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=8 January 1975|access-date=4 February 2020}}</ref><ref name="Barboza_takes">{{cite web|title=Admiral Barboza to Take Over Southern Naval Area|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1976-JAN-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1976-04-15_097.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=15 April 1976|access-date=4 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|5
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[V. E. C. Barboza]] {{small|[[AVSM]][[Medal Bar|*]]}}
|16 April 1976
|26 October 1977
|
|<ref name="Barboza_takes">{{cite web|title=Admiral Barboza to Take Over Southern Naval Area|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1976-JAN-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1976-04-15_097.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=15 April 1976|access-date=4 February 2020}}</ref><ref name="upgraded_command"/>
|-
| colspan="6" |'''Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Naval Command (FOC-in-C SNC)'''
|-
|1
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] V. E. C. Barboza {{small|[[AVSM]][[Medal Bar|*]]}}
|26 October 1977
|3 March 1979
|
|<ref name="upgraded_command"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Defence Snippets|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1979-JAN-MAY-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-PART-I/PDF/DEF-1979-04-09_152.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=9 April 1979|access-date=5 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Oscar Stanley Dawson]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
|30 March 1979
|26 February 1982
|Later Chief of the Naval Staff.
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Vice Admiral OS Dawson PVSM AVSM, CNS Designate|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1982-JAN-JUNE-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1982-02-27_112.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=27 February 1982|access-date=26 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|3
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Radhakrishna Hariram Tahiliani]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM}}}}
|26 February 1982
|30 March 1983
|Later Chief of the Naval Staff.
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Admiral Tahiliani Takes Over Southern Naval Command|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1982-JAN-JUNE-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1982-02-24_104.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=24 February 1982|access-date=26 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|4
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] K. K. Nayyar {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM}}}}
|30 March 1983
|28 November 1984
|Later Vice-Chief of the Naval Staff.
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Admiral Nayyar Takes Over Southern Naval Command|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1983-JAN-JUNE-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1983-03-30_101.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=30 March 1983|access-date=26 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|5
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Gulab Mohanlal Hiranandani|G. M. Hiranandani]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|NM}}}}
|28 November 1984
|30 November 1987
|Later Vice-Chief of the Naval Staff
|<ref name="new_Vice_Chief_Navy"/>
|-
|6
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Laxminarayan Ramdas]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VrC|VSM}}}}
|30 November 1987
|25 February 1989
|Later Chief of the Naval Staff
|<ref name="new_Vice_Chief_Navy">{{cite web|title=New Vice Chief of Navy, Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Southern Naval Command and Deputy Chief of Navy Announced|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1987-JULY-DEC-DEFENCE-/PDF/DEF-1987-11-28_153.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=28 November 1987|access-date=29 February 2020}}</ref><ref name="new_VCNS_FOC"/>
|-
|7
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] R. P. Sawhney {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM}}}}
|25 February 1989
|30 September 1990
|
|<ref name="new_VCNS_FOC">{{cite web|title=New Vice Chief, FOC-in-C (East) and FOC-in-C (South) for Navy|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1989-JAN-JUNE-DEFENCE-I/PDF/DEF-1989-02-20_065.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=20 February 1989|access-date=29 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|8
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] Suren P. Govil {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
|1 October 1990
|30 December 1990
|
|<ref>{{cite web|title=New Commander-in-Chief for Southern Naval Command|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1990-JULY-DEC-DEFENCE-II/PDF/DEF-1990-10-01_099.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=1 October 1990|access-date=29 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Vice Admiral Govil Retires|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1992-JAN-DEC-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1992-10-30_256.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=30 October 1992|access-date=8 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|9
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[KASZ Raju]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|NM}}}}
|30 December 1990
|29 August 1992
|
|<ref>{{cite web|title=New Vice Chief, Flag Officer Commanders-in-Chief and Deputy Chief for Indian Navy|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1990-JULY-DEC-DEFENCE-II/PDF/DEF-1990-12-28_181.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=28 December 1990|access-date=29 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|10
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] S. K. Chand {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
|29 August 1992
|14 October 1993
|Later Vice-Chief of the Naval Staff
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Vice Admiral SK Chand Takes Over Southern Naval Command|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1992-JAN-DEC-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1992-08-29_193.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=29 August 1992|access-date=29 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Vice Admiral Chand is New Vice Chief of Naval Staff|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1993-JAN-DEC-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1993-10-14_256.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=14 October 1993|access-date=29 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|11
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] Inderjit Bedi {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
|17 October 1993
|30 April 1996
|
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Vice Admiral Inderjit Bedi is New FOC-in-C, Southern Naval Command|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1993-JAN-DEC-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1993-10-17_257.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=17 October 1993|access-date=29 February 2020}}</ref><ref name="New_Tandon">{{cite web|title=New Commander-in-Chief Southern Naval Command|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1996-JAN-JUNE-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1996-04-30_123.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=30 April 1996|access-date=27 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|12
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] A. R. Tandon {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM}}}}
|30 April 1996
|23 October 1996
|
|<ref name="New_Tandon"/>
|-
|13
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Madhvendra Singh]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|NM}}}}
|23 October 1996
|31 March 1998
|Later Chief of the Naval Staff
|<ref>{{cite web|title=VICE ADMIRAL MADHVENDRA SINGH, VSM,AVSM,ADC TO BE NEXT CHIEF OF NAVAL STAFF|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/releases98/lyr2001/roct2001/29102001/r2910200110.html|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=29 October 2001|access-date=13 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|14
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Sushil Kumar (admiral)|Sushil Kumar]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|UYSM|AVSM|NM}}}}
|31 March 1998
|30 December 1998
|Later Chief of the Naval Staff
|<ref name="top_appointments">{{cite web|title=Top Naval Appointments Announced by the Government|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1998-JAN-JUNE-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1998-02-26_056.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=26 February 1998|access-date=8 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|15
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[R. N. Ganesh]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|NM}}}}
|8 March 1999
|March 2001
|
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Vice Admiral De Silva Takes Over as New DG Coast Guard |url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1999-JAN-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1999-03-05_125.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=5 March 1999|access-date=1 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
|16
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] Harinder Singh {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
|March 2001
|May 2002
|
|<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Naval reshuffle on cards|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20001010/nation.htm#3|work=The Tribune - Chandigarh |date=9 October 2000 |access-date=1 March 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Vice-admiral Harinder Singh seeks premature retirement|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2002/mar/10navy.htm|work=Rediff.com |date=10 March 2002 |access-date=1 March 2020 }}</ref>
|-
|17
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] Madanjit Singh {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM}}}}
|31 May 2002
|1 October 2003
|
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Appointments of Flag Ranks in the Navy|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/releases98/lyr2003/rsep2003/21092003/r210920032.html|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=21 September 2003|access-date=13 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|18
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] Yashwant Prasad {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|NM}}}}
|15 October 2003
|1 August 2004
|
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Vice Admiral Yashwant Prasad, PVSM, AVSM, VSM|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/releases98/lyr2003/roct2003/15102003/r1510200314.html|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=15 October 2003|access-date=13 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|19
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] S. C. S. Bangara {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
|1 August 2004
|31 July 2006
|
|<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Vice Admiral JS Bedi to head S Naval Command |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/vice-admiral-js-bedi-to-head-s-naval-command/story-KSEeKN6gaOltkvywm9JjEL.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=28 July 2006 |access-date=10 February 2020 }}</ref>
|-
|20
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Jagjit Singh Bedi]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|UYSM|AVSM|VSM}}}}
|31 July 2006
|28 July 2007
|
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Appointment|url=http://sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2007/aug01-07/h16.htm|website=Sainik Samachar|date=August 2007|access-date=10 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|21
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] Sunil Kumar Damle {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|NM|VSM}}}}
|28 July 2007
|31 August 2009
|
|
|-
|22
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] K. N. Sushil {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|NM}}}}
|1 September 2009
|31 May 2012
|
|
|-
|23
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Satish Soni]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|NM}}}}
|31 May 2012
|2014
|Later served as FOC-in-C of the [[Eastern Naval Command]]
|
|-
|24
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Surinder Pal Singh Cheema]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|NM}}}}
|2014
|2015
|Later served as FOC-in-C of the [[Western Naval Command]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/content/vadm-sps-cheema-takes-over-foc-cwest-0|title=VAdm SPS Cheema takes over as FOC-in-C(West) {{!}} Indian Navy|website=indiannavy.nic.in|language=en|access-date=2017-10-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=117823|title=Vice Admiral Sunil Lanba takes over from Vice Admiral SPS Cheema as the Commander-in-Chief of Southern Naval Command|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2017-10-24}}</ref>
|-
|25
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Sunil Lanba]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM}}}}
|1 February 2016
|31 May 2016
|Later served as [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of Naval Staff]] and as [[Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=135947|title=Vice Admiral Sunil Lanba Takes Over Western Naval Command|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2017-10-24}}</ref>
|-
|26
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Girish Luthra]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|VSM}}}}
|1 June 2016
|29 May 2016
|Later served as FOC-in-C of the Western Naval Command
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/vice-admiral-girish-luthra-takes-over-western-naval-command|title=Vice Admiral Girish Luthra takes over Western Naval Command {{!}} Indian Navy|website=www.indiannavy.nic.in|language=en|access-date=2017-10-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=145783|title=Vice Admiral Girish Luthra Takes Over Western Naval Command|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2017-10-24}}</ref>
|-
|27
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[AR Karve]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
|29 May 2016
|30 July 2018
|
|<ref>{{cite tweet|user=indiannavy|number=1090817788447518720|date=2019-01-31|title=VAdm P Ajit Kumar PVSM, AVSM, VSM takes over as Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Western Naval Command, the premier Command of #IndianNavy in an impressive ceremony at Mumbai. Returns where he has commanded two frontline Destroyers + stealth frigate & was Chief Staff Offr (Ops)}}</ref>
|-
|28
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Anil Kumar Chawla]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|NM|VSM}}}}
|30 July 2018
|30 November 2021
|
|
|-
|29
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[M A Hampiholi]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|NM}}}}
|30 November 2021
|31 December 2023
|
|<ref name="snc-chief">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/new-chief-for-southern-naval-command/article37759027.ece|title=New chief for Southern Naval Command|newspaper=The Hindu |date=29 November 2021 |publisher=The Hindo|access-date=2021-11-29}}</ref>
|-
|30
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Vennam Srinivas]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|NM}}}}
|1 January 2024
|31 October 2025
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/vice-admiral-dinesh-tripathi-to-be-the-new-vice-chief-of-naval-staff-666300 | title=Vice Admiral Dinesh Tripathi to be the new Vice Chief of Naval Staff | date=5 December 2023 }}</ref>
|-
|31
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Sameer Saxena (admiral)|Sameer Saxena]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|NM}}}}
|1 November 2025
|Present
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=VICE ADMIRAL SAMEER SAXENA, AVSM, NM TAKES OVER AS THE FLAG OFFICER COMMANDING-IN-CHIEF, SOUTHERN NAVAL COMMAND |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2184727 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=31 October 2025}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[Western Naval Command]]
* [[Eastern Naval Command]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Military of India}}
{{Indian Navy}}

[[Category:Indian Navy]]
[[Category:Commands of the Indian Navy]]

The Bank of India (1828)

2026-02-01T00:56:06Z

Aebeez: new basic article nd citations...

{{Short description|Bank established in 1828}}
{{distinguish|Bank of India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox company
| name = The Bank of India (1828)
| logo =
| native_name =
| type = [[Private sector]]
| traded_as =
| industry = [[Banking]], [[insurance]], [[capital markets]] and allied industries
| genre = 
| fate = defunct in 1829
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = {{Start date|1828|04|01|df=yes}} as The Bank of India (1828)
| founder =
| defunct = {{End date|df=yes|1829|03|31}}
| location_city =
| locations = [[Bengal Presidency]]
| area_served = [[India]]
| key_people =
| products = [[Deposit (finance)|Deposits]], [[Personal banking|personal banking schemes]], C & I banking schemes, agri banking schemes, [[Small and medium enterprises|SME banking schemes]]
| production =
| services = Banking, trade finance
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| aum = 
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| footnotes =
| location_country = [[India]]
| homepage =
}}

The '''Bank of India''' was a bank founded in the year 1828 in [[Company rule in India|British India]] and was closed down one year later in 1829. It was the [[List of oldest banks in India|thirteenth oldest bank in India]].<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |title=Reserve Bank of India - Museum |url=https://rbi.org.in/scripts/ms_banks.aspx |website=rbi.org.in |access-date=20 October 2021 |archive-date=20 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020132511/https://rbi.org.in/scripts/ms_banks.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
=== Founding ===
Raj Kissen Dutt founded the bank in 1828.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R6NRMzvltFkC&dq=%22Bank+of+India%22+1828+calcutta&pg=PA70|title = A Comprehensive Guide of Early Paper Money of India (1770-1861 A.D.): (1770-1861 A.D.)|isbn = 9781469166285|author1 = Nilaish|date = 28 March 2012}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=December 2021|reason=This is a hidden Xlibris link, a vanity publisher}} It closed down in 1829.<ref name="auto1"/> The bank played a major role in the early economic history of [[East Bengal]] and [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.theindependentbd.com/home/printnews/143488|title=Banking in Bangladesh | Independent|website=m.theindependentbd.com|access-date=20 October 2021|archive-date=20 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020132514/https://m.theindependentbd.com/home/printnews/143488|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Fate ===
The bank issued its own currency notes in its one year of existence.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R6NRMzvltFkC&dq=%22The+Commercial+Bank%22+1819&pg=PA70|title=A Comprehensive Guide of Early Paper Money of India (1770-1861 A.D.): (1770-1861 A.D.)|isbn=9781469166285|author1=Nilaish|date=28 March 2012|access-date=19 January 2022|archive-date=23 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223090436/https://books.google.com/books?id=R6NRMzvltFkC&dq=%22The+Commercial+Bank%22+1819&pg=PA70#v=onepage&q=%22The%20Commercial%20Bank%22%201819&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=December 2021|reason=This is a hidden Xlibris link, a vanity publisher}}<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.livehistoryindia.com/story/forgotten-treasures/indias-first-currency-note/|title=India's First Currency Note|date=5 October 2018|access-date=20 October 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026224641/https://www.livehistoryindia.com/story/forgotten-treasures/indias-first-currency-note/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mintageworld.com/note/dynasty/32/|title=Early Bank Notes | Old Currency Bank Notes | Rare Bank Notes | Mintage World|website=www.mintageworld.com|access-date=20 October 2021|archive-date=20 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020132511/https://www.mintageworld.com/note/dynasty/32/|url-status=live}}</ref>
However, many of the currency notes issued by the bank were found to have been forged.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R6NRMzvltFkC&dq=%22Bank+of+India%22+1828+calcutta&pg=PA70|title = A Comprehensive Guide of Early Paper Money of India (1770-1861 A.D.): (1770-1861 A.D.)|isbn = 9781469166285|author1 = Nilaish|date = 28 March 2012}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=December 2021|reason=This is a hidden Xlibris link, a vanity publisher}}

The bank closed and was liquidated in 1829.<ref>{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AUwlf7LZgrUC&dq=raj+kissen+dutt&pg=PT52|title = An Indian for All Seasons: The Many Lives of R.C. Dutt|isbn = 9780143067894|last1 = Mukherjee|first1 = Meenakshi|year = 2009|access-date = 19 January 2022|archive-date = 23 February 2024|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240223091034/https://books.google.com/books?id=AUwlf7LZgrUC&dq=raj+kissen+dutt&pg=PT52#v=onepage&q=raj%20kissen%20dutt&f=false|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=R6NRMzvltFkC&dq=%22Bank+of+India%22+1828+calcutta&pg=PA70|title = A Comprehensive Guide of Early Paper Money of India (1770-1861 A.D.): (1770-1861 A.D.)|isbn = 9781469166285|author1 = Nilaish|date = 28 March 2012|access-date = 19 January 2022|archive-date = 23 February 2024|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240223091136/https://books.google.com/books?id=R6NRMzvltFkC&dq=%22Bank+of+India%22+1828+calcutta&pg=PA70#v=onepage&q=%22Bank%20of%20India%22%201828%20calcutta&f=false|url-status = live}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=December 2021|reason=This is a hidden Xlibris link, a vanity publisher}}

== Legacy ==
The bank is notable for being the [[List of oldest banks in India|thirteenth oldest bank in India]].<ref name="auto1"/> It is also notable for being one of the first institutions in India to issue its own paper banknotes or currency notes.<ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto"/> [[The Paper Currency Act, 1861]], abolished the right of private banks to issue their own currency notes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/commonman/English/Currency/Scripts/EarlyIssues.aspx|title=Reserve Bank of India|website=www.rbi.org.in|access-date=20 October 2021|archive-date=20 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020132511/https://www.rbi.org.in/commonman/English/Currency/Scripts/EarlyIssues.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rbi.org.in/scripts/pm_papermoney.aspx|title=Reserve Bank of India - Museum|website=rbi.org.in|access-date=20 October 2021|archive-date=20 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020132511/https://rbi.org.in/scripts/pm_papermoney.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Banks}}
*[[Indian banking]]
*[[List of banks in India]]
*[[List of oldest banks in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://rbi.org.in/scripts/ms_banks.aspx Oldest Banks in India]
* [https://www.mintageworld.com/note/dynasty/32/ Banking in India]

{{Banking in India}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:The Bank of India}}
[[Category:Defunct banks of India|India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Banks established in 1828]]

Shailendra dynasty

2026-01-26T02:05:44Z

Aebeez:

{{Short description|Dynasty in Java from about 750 to 850 CE}}

[[File:Sailendra King and Queen, Borobudur.jpg|thumb|360px|The bas relief of 8th century [[Borobudur]] depict a King sitting in
''Maharajalilasana'' ([[Lalitasana|king's posture or royal ease]]) pose, with his Queen and their subjects, the scene is based on Shailendran royal court.]]

{{History of Indonesia}}

The '''Shailendra dynasty''' ({{IAST3|Śailēndra}}, {{IPA|id|ʃaɪlenˈdraː}} derived from [[Sanskrit]] combined words ''Śaila'' and ''Indra'', meaning "King of the Mountain",<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cœdes|first1=G|others=translated by H.M. Wright|title=The making of South East Asia|date=1983|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=9780520050617|page=96|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qgrAFlAC4-QC|access-date=11 September 2015}}</ref> also spelled '''Sailendra''', '''Syailendra''' or '''Selendra''') was the name of a notable [[Indianized kingdom|Indianised]] dynasty that emerged in 8th-century [[Java]], whose reign signified a cultural renaissance in the region.<ref name="ISEAS-Zakharov">{{cite web|last=Zakharov|first=Anton O.|date=August 2012|title=The Śailendras Reconsidered|url=https://iseas.edu.sg/images/pdf/nscwps12.pdf|website=nsc.iseas.edu.sg|publisher=The Nalanda-Srivijaya Centre Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|location=Singapore|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101014301/http://nsc.iseas.edu.sg/documents/working_papers/nscwps012.pdf|archive-date=November 1, 2013|access-date=2013-10-30|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Shailendras were active promoters of [[Mahayana]] [[Buddhism]] and covered the [[Kedu Plain]] of [[Central Java]] with Buddhist [[Candi of Indonesia|monuments]], one of which is the colossal [[stupa]] of [[Borobudur]], now a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/592|access-date=2006-12-05|title=Borobudur Temple Compounds|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref><ref>"Patrons of Buddhism, the Śailēndras during the height of their power in central Java constructed impressive monuments and temple complexes, the best known of which is the Borobudur on the Kedu Plain" (quoted from Hall 1985: 109).</ref><ref name=eb>{{cite web|title=Shailendra dynasty|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/Shailendra-dynasty|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=11 September 2015}}</ref>

The Shailendras are considered to have been a [[thalassocracy]] and ruled vast swathes of maritime Southeast Asia; however, they also relied on agricultural pursuits, by way of intensive rice cultivation on the [[Kedu Plain]] of Central Java. The dynasty appeared to be the ruling family of the [[Mataram kingdom]] of Central Java, and for some period, the [[Srivijaya]] Kingdom in Sumatra.

The inscriptions created by Shailendras use three languages; [[Old Javanese]], [[Old Malay]], and [[Sanskrit]] — written either in the [[Kawi alphabet]], or pre-[[Nāgarī script]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ningsih |first=Widya Lestari |date=11 June 2021 |title=Prasasti Peninggalan Kerajaan Mataram Kuno |url=https://www.kompas.com/stori/read/2021/06/11/140000479/prasasti-peninggalan-kerajaan-mataram-kuno?page=all |work=[[Kompas.com]]}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=January 2026}} The use of Old Malay has sparked speculation of a Sumatran origin, or Srivijayan connection of this family. On the other hand, the use of Old Javanese suggests their firm political establishment on Java. The use of Sanskrit usually indicates the official nature, and/or religious significance, of the event described in any given inscription.<ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Peninggalan Kerajaan Mataram Kuno yang Menyimpan Sejarah |url=https://kumparan.com/sejarah-dan-sosial/10-peninggalan-kerajaan-mataram-kuno-yang-menyimpan-sejarah-21vQrkjCv9C |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=kumparan |language=id-ID}}</ref>

== Primary sources ==

The [[Sojomerto inscription]] (9th century CE) discovered in [[Batang Regency]], Central Java, mentioned the name ''Dapunta Selendra'' and ''Selendranamah''. The name 'Selendra' has been suggested as another spelling of Shailendra, meaning that Dapunta Selendra was the progenitor of Shailendra family in Central Java.<ref name="Boechari">{{cite journal |last=Boechari|author-link=Boechari|title=Preliminary report on the discovery of an Old Malay inscription at Sojomerto |journal =MISI|year=1966|volume=III|pages=241–251}}</ref> However, recent analysis suggested that this was not true: The inscription has diphthong ''ai'' in it, so it is unlikely that Selendra was another name for Shailendra, and the Sumatran origin of Sailendra dynasty was thus unproven.<ref name="ISEAS-Zakharov" />{{rp|24–25}}

The earliest dated inscription in Indonesia in which clearly mentioned the dynastic name of ''{{IAST|Śailēndra}}'' as ''{{IAST|Śailēndravamśatilaka}}'' appears is the [[Kalasan inscription]] (778) of central Java, which mention its ruler [[Panangkaran|Mahārāja dyāḥ Pañcapaṇa kariyāna Paṇaṃkaraṇa]] and commemorates the establishment of a Buddhist shrine, [[Candi of Indonesia|Candi]] [[Kalasan]], dedicated for the goddess [[Tara (Buddhism)|Tara]].<ref name="ISEAS-Zakharov"/><ref name="Hall1985:110">Hall (1985: 110)</ref>

The name also appears in several other inscriptions like the [[Kelurak inscription]] (782) and the [[Karangtengah inscription]] (824). Outside Indonesia, the name Shailendra is to be found in the [[Ligor inscription]] (775) on the Malay peninsula and [[Nalanda inscription]] (860) in India.<ref name="Hall1985:110"/> It is possible that it was [[Panangkaran|Paṇaṃkaraṇa]] that create the Chaiya, or [[Ligor inscription]] (775), and took control over Srivijayan realm in the Southern Thailand Malay Peninsula.<ref name="ISEAS-Zakharov"/>

==Possible origins==

Although the rise of the Shailendras occurred in [[Kedu Plain]] in the Javanese heartland, their origin has been the subject of discussion.<ref>{{cite journal| title=Why the Shailendras were not a Javanese dynasty |journal=Indonesia and the Malay World |author=Roy E. Jordaan |volume=34 |issue=98 |pages=3–22 |year=2006 |doi=10.1080/13639810600650711|s2cid=162972179 }}</ref> Apart from Java itself, an earlier homeland in [[Sumatra]], [[India]], or [[Funan]] ([[Cambodia]]) has been suggested. The latest studies apparently favour a native origin of the dynasty. Despite their connections with Srivijaya in Sumatra and Thai-Malay Peninsula, the Shailendras were more likely of Javanese origin.<ref name="ISEAS-Zakharov" />{{rp|27}}

===Java===
{{see also|Sanjaya dynasty}}
[[File:Royal elephant escorted by soldiers, Mataram (Medang) era Java, from the Borobudur temple.jpg|thumb|300px|Borobudur relief depicting a royal elephant escorted by soldiers, during Mataram (Medang) era Java.]]
One theory suggests that Shailendra was a native Javanese dynasty and the [[Sanjaya dynasty]] was actually a branch of the Shailendras since [[Sri Sanjaya]] and his offspring belong to the Shailendra family that were initially the [[Shaivism|Shaivist]] rulers of the [[Mataram kingdom]].<ref>(Poerbatjaraka, 1958: 254–264)</ref> The association of Shailendra with Mahayana Buddhism began after the conversion of Panaraban or Panangkaran to Buddhism. This theory is based on the ''[[Carita Parahyangan]]'', which tells of the ailing King Sanjaya ordering his son, Rakai Panaraban or Panangkaran, to convert to Buddhism because their faith in [[Shiva]] was feared by the people in favor of the pacifist Buddhist faith. The conversion of Panangkaran to Buddhism also corresponds to the [[Raja Sankhara inscription]], which tells of a king named Sankhara (identified as Panangkaran) converting to Buddhism because his Shaiva faith was feared by the people. Unfortunately, the Raja Sankhara inscription is now missing.

===Sumatra===
Other scholars hold that the expansion of Buddhist kingdom of [[Srivijaya]] was involved in the rise of the dynasty in Java.<ref>e.g. Munoz (2006: 139)</ref> Supporters of this connection emphasize the shared Mahayana patronage; the intermarriages and the Ligor inscription. Also the fact that some of Shailendra's inscriptions were written in [[old Malay]], which suggested Srivijaya or Sumatran connections. The name 'Selendra' was first mentioned in [[Sojomerto inscription]] as "Dapunta Selendra". Dapunta Selendra is suggested as the ancestor of Shailendras. The title Dapunta is similar to those of Srivijayan King [[Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa]], and the inscription — although discovered in Central Java north coast — was written in old Malay, which suggested the Sumatran origin or Srivijayan connection to this family. The Sojomerto inscription is often used as evidence that the Shailendra dynasty came from Sumatra because it assumes the word ''Selendra'' as the Malay designation for Shailendra and assumed that Dapunta Selendra was the predecessor of the dynasty. Recent studies show no such evidence: According to Damais, the Sojomerto inscription dates from early 9th century,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Degroot |first1=Véronique M. Y. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u2HzduME8OcC&dq=sojomerto+inscription&pg=PA84 |title=Candi, Space and Landscape. A study on the distribution, orientation and spatial organization of Central Javanese temple remains |date=2009 |publisher=Sidestone Press |isbn=978-90-8890-039-6 |location=Leiden, Netherlands |page=84 |access-date=7 November 2014}}</ref> placing it after the [[Kedukan Bukit inscription]] (683 AD). In addition, the name Selendra from the Sojomerto inscription does not seem to have anything to do with Shailendra: The inscription mentions the words ''hakairu'' and ''daiva'' which have the diphthong ai, so that diphthong should also be used in the name ''Dapunta Selendra''. In addition, this theory is obsolete because there is no data on the existence of the Shailendra dynasty in Sumatra earlier than the ninth century and Srivijaya was unable to conquer Java. What happened was the opposite — the Shailendra dynasty subdued Srivijaya and its area on the Malay peninsula.<ref name="ISEAS-Zakharov" />{{rp|22–27}}

===Odisha (Kalinga)===
According to the old theory of [[Ramesh Chandra Majumdar]] (1933), an Indian scholar, the Shailendra dynasty that established itself in the Indonesian archipelago originated from [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] (modern [[Odisha]]) in Eastern India.<ref>Majumdar, 1933: 121–141</ref> This opinion is also shared by [[Nilakanta Sastri]] and J. L. Moens. Moens (1937) further describes that the Shailendras originated in India and established themselves in [[Palembang]] before the arrival of Srivijaya's [[Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa]]. In 683, the Shailendras moved to Java because of the pressure exerted by Dapunta Hyang and his troops.<ref>Moens, 1937: 317–487</ref>

===Discounted proposal===
In 1934, the French scholar [[George Coedès|Coedes]] proposed a relation with the [[Kingdom of Funan|Funan]] kingdom in [[Cambodia]]. Coedes believed that the Funanese rulers used similar-sounding 'mountainlord' titles, but several Cambodia specialists have discounted this. They hold there is no historical evidence for such titles in the Funan period.<ref>(Jacques 1979; Vickery 2003–2004)</ref>

== Shailendras in Java ==
[[File:Borobudur-Nothwest-view.jpg|left|thumb|250px|[[Borobudur]], the largest Buddhist structure in the world]]

The Shailendra rulers maintained cordial relations, including marriage alliances with [[Srivijaya]] in [[Sumatra]]. For instance, [[Samaragrawira]] married Dewi Tara, a daughter of Srivijayan Maharaja [[Dharmasetu]]. The mutual alliance between the two kingdoms ensured that Srivijaya had no need to fear the emergence of a Javanese rival and that the Shailendra had access to the international market.

Karangtengah inscription dated 824 mentioned about king Samaratungga. His daughter named [[Pramodhawardhani]] has inaugurated a ''Jinalaya'', a sacred buddhist sanctuary. The inscription also mentioned a sacred Buddhist building called ''Venuvana'' to place the cremated ashes of King Indra. The [[Tri Tepusan inscription]] dated 842 mentioned about the ''sima'' (tax free) lands awarded by Śrī Kahulunan (Pramodhawardhani, daughter of Samaratungga) to ensure the funding and maintenance of a ''Kamūlān'' called ''Bhūmisambhāra''.<ref>{{cite book | author= Drs. R. Soekmono| title= ''Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2'', 2nd ed. | publisher = Penerbit Kanisius | orig-year= 1973 |year=1988 |edition=5th reprint | location =Yogyakarta| page =46 }}</ref> ''Kamūlān'' itself from the word ''mula'' which means 'the place of origin', a sacred building to honor the [[ancestors]]. These findings suggested that either the ancestors of the Shailendras were originated from Central Java, or as the sign that Shailendra have established their holds on Java. Casparis suggested that ''Bhūmi Sambhāra Bhudhāra'' which in [[Sanskrit]] means "The mountain of combined virtues of the ten stages of [[Boddhisattva]]hood", was the original name of Borobudur.<ref>{{cite web|last=Walubi|title=Borobudur : Candi Berbukit Kebajikan|url=http://www.walubi.or.id/waisak2004/Borobudur%20-%20Candi%20Berbukit%20Kebajikan.shtml|access-date=2009-12-10|archive-date=2013-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510142025/http://www.walubi.or.id/waisak2004/Borobudur%20-%20Candi%20Berbukit%20Kebajikan.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The received older version holds that the Shailendra dynasty existed next to the [[Sanjaya dynasty]] in Java. Much of the period was characterized by peaceful co-existence and cooperation but towards the middle of the 9th century relations had deteriorated. Around 852 the Sanjaya ruler Pikatan had defeated Balaputra, the offspring of the Shailendra monarch Samaratunga and princess Tara. This ended the Shailendra presence in Java and Balaputra retreated to the Srivijaya kingdom in Sumatra, where he became the paramount ruler.<ref>"De Casparis proposed that in 856 Balaputra was defeated by Pikatan, whereupon Balaputra retreated to Srivijaya, the country of his mother, to become the first Shailendra ruler of Srivijaya. Thus in the late 9th century Srivijaya was ruled by a Buddhist Shailendra ruler, while Java was ruled by Pikatan and his successors who patronized Siva" (cf. De Casparis, 1956; Hall, 1985: 111).</ref><ref name=Coedes/>{{rp|108}}

Earlier historians, such as N.J. Krom and Coedes, tend to equate [[Samaragrawira]] and [[Samaratungga]] as the same person.<ref name=Coedes/>{{rp|108}} However, later historians such as Slamet Muljana equate Samaratungga with Rakai Garung, mentioned in [[Mantyasih inscription]] as fifth monarch of [[Mataram kingdom]]. Which means Samaratungga was the successor of Samaragrawira, and [[Balaputradewa]] that is also Samaragrawira's son, is Samaratungga's younger brother and ruled in Suvarnadvipa (Sumatra), and he is not Samaratungga's son. This version holds Balaputra that reign in Sumatra challenged the Pikatan-Pramodhawardhani legitimation in Java, arguing that his niece and her husband has less rights to rule Java compared to his.

{{further|Javanese raids on Indochina#Javanese invasion of Chenla}}
In 851 an [[Arab]]ic merchant named Sulaiman recorded an event about Javanese Sailendras staging a surprise attack on the Khmers by approaching the capital from the river, after a sea crossing from Java. The young king of Khmer was later punished by the Maharaja, and subsequently the kingdom became a vassal of Sailendra dynasty.<ref name="Rooney-Angkor">{{Cite book|last=Rooney|first=Dawn|url=https://www.bookdepository.com/Angkor-Dawn-Rooney/978-9622178021|title=Angkor, Cambodia's Wondrous Khmer Temples|date=16 April 2011|website=www.bookdepository.com|publisher=Odyssey Publications|isbn=978-9622178021|location=Hong Kong|access-date=2019-01-21}}</ref>{{rp|35}} In 916 CE, Abu Zaid Hasan mentioned that a polity called [[Zabag (ancient territory)|Zabag]] invaded the Khmer kingdom, using 1000 "medium-sized" vessels, which resulted in a Zabag victory. The head of the Khmer king was then brought to Zabag.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Munoz |first=Paul Michel |title=Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and Malay Peninsula |publisher=Editions Didier Millet |year=2006 |location=Singapore}}</ref>{{rp|137–138}} Regardless of whether the story was true or not or just a legend, it may have a connection with the independence of Cambodia from Javanese suzerainty in 802 CE. Zabag might corresponds to Jawaka/Javaka, which may refer to Java or South Sumatra.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last1=Miksic |first1=John N. |title=Ancient Southeast Asia |last2=Goh |first2=Geok Yian |date=2017 |publisher=Routledge |location=London}}</ref>{{rp|269, 302}}

==Shailendras in Sumatra==

After 824, there are no more references to the Shailendra house in the Javanese epigraphic record. Around 860 the name re-appears in the [[Nalanda inscription]] in India. According to the text, the king Devapaladeva of Bengala ([[Pala Empire]]) had granted '[[Balaputra]], the king of Suvarna-dvipa' (Sumatra) the revenues of 5 villages to a Buddhist monastery near [[Bodh Gaya]]. Balaputra was styled a descendant from the Shailendra dynasty and grandson of the king of Java.<ref name=Coedes/>{{rp|108–109}}<ref>Hall (1985: 109)</ref>

From Sumatra, the Shailendras also maintained overseas relations with the [[Chola]] kingdom in Southern India, as shown by several south Indian inscriptions. An 11th-century inscription mentioned the grant of revenues to a local Buddhist sanctuary, built in 1005 by the king of the Srivijaya. In spite the relations were initially fairly cordial, hostilities had broken out in 1025.<ref>Hall (1985: 200)</ref> [[Rajendra Chola I]] the Emperor of the [[Chola dynasty]] conquered some territories of the Shailendra dynasty in the 11th century.<ref>Indian Civilization and Culture by Suhas Chatterjee p. 499</ref> The devastation caused by [[Chola invasion of Srivijaya]] in 1025, marked the end of Shailendra family as the ruling dynasty in Sumatra. The last king of Shailendra dynasty — the Maharaja [[Sangrama Vijayatunggavarman]] — was imprisoned and taken as hostage. Nevertheless, amity was re-established between the two states, before the end of the 11th century. In 1090 a new charter was granted to the old Buddhist sanctuary, it is the last known inscription with a reference to the Shailendras. With the absence of legitimate successor, Shailendra dynasty seems ceased to rule. Other family within Srivijaya mandala took over the throne, a new Maharaja named [[Sri Deva]] according to Chinese source establishing new dynasty to rule Srivijaya. He sent an embassy to the court of China in 1028 CE.

==Shailendras in Bali==
[[Sri Kesari Warmadewa]] was said to be a Buddhist king of the Shailendra dynasty who led a military expedition<ref>''Bali handbook with Lombok and the Eastern Isles'' by Liz Capaldi, Joshua Eliot p. 98 ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=-iPvaB380_8C&pg=PA98]''</ref> to establish a [[Mahayana]] Buddhist government in [[Bali]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=JlcL6HeY-uAC&pg=PA156 ''Bali & Lombok'' Lesley Reader, Lucy Ridout p.156]</ref> In 914, he left a record of his endeavour in the [[Belanjong pillar]] in [[Sanur (Bali)|Sanur]] in Bali. According to this inscription, the [[Warmadewa dynasty]] was probably the branch of Shailendras that ruled Bali.

== List of Shailendran rulers ==
Traditionally, the Shailendra period was viewed to span from the 8th to the 9th century, confined only in Central Java, from the era of Panangkaran to Samaratungga. However the recent interpretation suggests the longer period of Shailendra family might existed, from the early 9th century (edict of Sojomerto inscription) to early 11th century (the fall of Shailendran dynasty of Srivijaya under Chola invasion). For certain period, Shailendras ruled both Central Java and Sumatra. Their alliance and intermarriage with Srivijayan ruling family resulted with the merging of two royal houses, with Shailendran finally emerge as the ruling family of both Srivijaya and Mataram (Central Java).

Some historians tried to reconstruct the order and list of Shailendra rulers, although there is some disagreement on the list. Boechari tried to reconstruct the early stage of Shailendra based on Sojomerto inscription, while other historians such as Slamet Muljana and Poerbatjaraka tried to reconstruct the list of Shailendran king in middle and later period with their connections to [[Sri Sanjaya|Sanjaya]] and Srivijaya, based on inscriptions and [[Carita Parahyangan]] manuscript. However, there is some confusion occurred, because the Shailendra seems to rule many kingdoms; Kalingga, Mataram and later Srivijaya. As the result name of the same kings often overlapped and seem to rule these kingdoms simultaneously. The questionmark (?) signify doubt or speculation because of the scarcity of available valid sources.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:75%;"
|-
! style="width:70px;"|Date
! style="width:100px;"|King's or ruler's name
! style="width:100px;"|Capital
! style="width:200px;"|Stone inscription and source of historical account
! style="width:300px;"|Event
|-
|674—703
|[[Queen Shima|Shima]] (?)
|[[Kalingga]], somewhere between [[Pekalongan]] and [[Jepara]]
|[[Carita Parahyangan]], Chinese account on ''Hwi-ning'' visits to ''Ho-ling'' kingdom (664) and the reign of queen ''Hsi-mo'' (674)
| Ruling the kingdom of [[Kalingga]]
|-
|703—710
|Shalendra Sri Prakash (?)
|?
|[[Carita Parahyangan]]
|Son-in-law of Shima, ruling the kingdom of [[Galuh]]
|-
|710—717
|[[Sanna (king)|Sanna]]
|?
|[[Canggal inscription]] (732), [[Carita Parahyangan]]
|Sanna ruled Java, but after his death the kingdom fell to chaotic disunity by usurper or foreign invasion
|-
|717—760
|[[Sri Sanjaya|Sanjaya]]
|[[Mataram Kingdom|Mataram]], Central Java
|[[Canggal inscription]] (732), [[Carita Parahyangan]]
|Sanjaya, the nephew (or son?) of Sanna restore the order and ascend to throne, some early historian took this event as the establishment of new [[Sanjaya dynasty]], while other hold that this only the continuation of Shailendras
|-
|760—775
|[[Rakai Panangkaran]]
|[[Mataram Kingdom|Mataram]], Central Java
|[[Raja Sankhara inscription]], [[Kalasan inscription]] (778), [[Carita Parahyangan]]
|Rakai Panangkaran converted from Shaivism to Mahayana Buddhism, construction of [[Kalasan]] temple<ref name="Coedes">{{cite book |last=Coedès |first=George |title=The Indianized States of Southeast Asia |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |others=Translated by Susan Brown Cowing |year=1968 |isbn=978-0-8248-0368-1 |editor=Walter F. Vella |author-link=George Coedès}}</ref>{{rp|89}}
|-
|775—800
|[[Dharanindra]]
|[[Mataram Kingdom|Mataram]], Central Java
|[[Kelurak inscription]] (782), [[Ligor inscription]] (c. 782 or 787)<ref name=Coedes/>{{rp|91}}
|Also ruled [[Srivijaya]] in Sumatra, construction of [[Sewu|Manjusrigrha]] temple, started the construction of [[Borobudur]] (c. 770), Java ruled Ligor and Southern Cambodia (Chenla) (c. 790)
|-
|800—812
|[[Samaragrawira]]<ref name=Coedes/>{{rp|92–93}}
|[[Mataram Kingdom|Mataram]], Central Java
|[[Ligor inscription]] (c. 787)
|Also ruled [[Srivijaya]], lost Cambodia (802)
|-
|812—833
|[[Samaratungga]]
|[[Mataram Kingdom|Mataram]], Central Java
|[[Karangtengah inscription]] (824)<ref name=Coedes/>{{rp|92}}
|Also ruled [[Srivijaya]], completion of Borobudur (825)
|-
|833—856
|[[Pramodhawardhani]] co-reign with her husband [[Rakai Pikatan]]<ref name=Coedes/>{{rp|108}}
|[[Mataram Kingdom|Mataram]], Central Java
|[[Shivagrha inscription]] (856)
|Defeated and expelled [[Balaputra]] to Srivijaya (Sumatra). Construction of [[Prambanan]] and [[Plaosan]] temple. The successors of Pikatan, the series of [[Mataram Kingdom|Mataram]] kings from Lokapala (850—890) to [[Wawa of Mataram|Wawa]] (924—929) could be considered as the continuation of Shailendra lineage, although King [[Balitung]] (898—910) in [[Mantyasih inscription]] (907) sought ancestor only as far as Sanjaya, thus enforced the [[Sanjaya dynasty]] theory.
|-
|833—850
|[[Balaputradewa]]
|[[Srivijaya]], South Sumatra
|[[Shivagrha inscription]] (856), [[Nalanda inscription]] (860)
|Defeated by Pikatan-Pramodhawardhani, expelled from Central Java, took refuge in Sumatra and rule [[Srivijaya]], claim as the legitimate successor of Shailendra dynasty from Java<ref name=Coedes/>{{rp|108}}
|-
|c. 960
|[[Śri Udayadityavarman]]
|[[Srivijaya]], South Sumatra
|Embassies to China (960 and 962)
|Sending embassies, tribute and trade mission to China
|-
|c. 980
|Haji (Hia-Tche)
|[[Srivijaya]], South Sumatra
|Embassies to China (980–983)
|Sending embassies, tribute and trade mission to China
|-
|c. 988
|Sri [[Cudamani Warmadewa]]
|[[Srivijaya]], South Sumatra
|Embassies to China (988-992-1003), Tanjore Inscription or Leiden Inscription (1044)
|Sending embassies, tribute and trade mission to China, Javanese King [[Dharmawangsa]] invasion on Srivijaya, building of temple for Chinese Emperor, gift of village by Raja-raja I
|-
|c. 1008
|[[Sri Maravijayottungga]]
|[[Srivijaya]], South Sumatra
|Embassies to China (1008)
|Sending embassies, tribute and trade mission to China (1008)
|-
|c. 1017
|[[Sumatrabhumi]]
|[[Srivijaya]], South Sumatra
|Embassies to China (1017)
|Sending embassies, tribute and trade mission to China (1017)
|-
|c. 1025
|[[Sangrama Vijayatunggavarman]]
|[[Srivijaya]], South Sumatra
|Chola Inscription on the temple of Rajaraja, Tanjore
|[[Chola invasion of Srivijaya|Chola raid on Srivijaya]], the capital captured by [[Rajendra Chola]]
|}

==See also==
{{portal|Indonesia}}
* [[List of monarchs of Java]]
* [[Slendro]]
* [[Candi of Indonesia]]
* [[Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
* De Casparis, J.G. de (1956). ''Prasasti Indonesia II : Selected inscriptions from the 7th to the 9th centuries AD''. Bandung: Masu Baru, 1956
* {{cite book|author=Kenneth Perry Landon|author-link=Kenneth Perry Landon|title=Southeast Asia. Crossroad of Religions|year=1969 |publisher=University of Chicago Press| isbn=0-226-46840-2}}
* {{cite journal|author=Briggs, Lawrence Palmer| journal=The Far Eastern Quarterly| volume=9 |issue=3 |year=1951| pages=271–277 |title=[Review of] South East Asia. Crossroad of Religions by K.P. Landon}}
* {{cite journal|author=G. Coedes |title=On the origins of the Sailendras of Indonesia |journal=Journal of the Greater India Society |volume=I |year=1934 |pages=61–70}}
* {{cite book| author=K.R. Hall |title=Maritime Trade and State Development in Early South East Asia |location=Honolulu |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |year=1985 |isbn=0-8248-0959-9}}
* {{cite conference| author=Claude Jacques |title='Funan', 'Zhenla '. The Reality Concealed by These Chinese Views of IndoChina | editor=R.B. Smith and W. Watson |book-title=Early South East Asia. Essays in Archaeology, History and Historical Geography |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1979 |pages=371–389 |location=New York/Kuala Lumpur}}
* {{cite journal|author=M. Vickery| title=Funan reviewed: Deconstructing the Ancients |journal=Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient | volume=90 |pages=101–143 |date=2003–2004| doi=10.3406/befeo.2003.3609 | s2cid=192026203 }}
* {{cite book | author=Paul Michel Munoz | title=Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula | publisher=Editions Didier Millet | year=2006 | isbn=981-4155-67-5 }}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Sailendra}}
* [https://borobudurpark.com/ Borobudur website]

{{Precolonial states in Indonesia}}

[[Category:Shailendra dynasty| ]]
[[Category:Mataram kingdom]]
[[Category:History of Java]]
[[Category:Buddhist dynasties]]
[[Category:Hindu Buddhist states in Indonesia]]
[[Category:Central Java]]
[[Category:Borobudur]]
[[Category:Deified monarchs]]
[[Category:Indonesian families]]

Nava Brindavana

2026-01-03T20:15:28Z

Aebeez: adding article.

{{Short description|Hindu shrine in Karnataka, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2012}}
[[File:Nava Brindavana.jpg|300px|thumbnail|Top view of Brindavana's (tombs) of the nine famous Madhva saints {{mdash}} Nava Brindavan.]]

'''Nava Brindavana''' (also known as '''Navavrundhaavana'''); ([[Kannada]]:ನವ ಬೃಂದಾವನ), is located on an island in the [[Tungabhadra River]] at [[Anegundi]], near [[Hampi]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. The Brindavanas of nine [[Hindu]] [[Dvaita|Madhva]] saints present in Nava Brindavana belongs to [[Uttaradi Math]], [[Vyasaraja Math (Sosale)|Vyasaraja Math]], and [[Raghavendra Math]] . All these saints are descended from [[Padmanabha Tirtha]], direct disciple of Jagadguru [[Madhvacharya]].<ref>{{cite book|title=A Handbook of Karnataka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tHFuAAAAMAAJ|page=235|author=Suryanath U. Kamath|publisher=Government of Karnataka, Karnataka Gazetteer Department|year=1996|quote=The Navabrindavana or the 'brindavanas' of nine great seers of the sect is at Anegundi to the North of Hampi in an island amidst the Tungabhadra . Mulabagal in Kolar dt.}}</ref>

==List of Saints in Nava Brindavana==
The nine saints in Nava Brindavana are as follows:<ref>{{cite book|title=Religious Traditions at Vijayanagara, as Revealed Through Its Monuments|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zyluAAAAMAAJ|author=Anila Verghese|publisher=Manohar Publications|year=1995|page=113|isbn=9788173040863|quote=One of the foremost disciples of Madhvāchārya, Padmanābha Tīrtha, came to Anegondi, where he died in A.D. 1324 and was buried in Nava - brindāvana. Besides Padmanābha, the other Mādhva gurus whose samadhis are at Nava - brindāvana are Kavindra (d., A.D. 1399), Vāgisa (d., A.D. 1404), Vyāsarāya (d., A.D. 1539), Srinivasa and Rāmatirtha who followed Vyāsarāya as heads of his matha, Raghuvarya of the Uttarādi matha (d., A.D. 1557 and Sudhindra of the Raghavendra-swami matha (d., A.D. 1623). The ninth is Govinda, who did not hold any pontifical office but was a devoted disciple of Vyāsarāya.|access-date=2022-07-28|archive-date=2023-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327213624/https://books.google.com/books?id=zyluAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=294}}
# [[Padmanabha Tirtha]], {{small|direct disciple of Jagadguru Shri [[Madhvacharya]]}}
# [[Kavindra Tirtha]]
# Vagisha Tirtha
# [[Vyasatirtha]]
# Srinivasa Tirtha
# Ramatirtha
# [[Raghuvarya Tirtha]], {{small|Guru of Tirukouilur Shri [[Raghuttama Tirtha]]}}
# [[Sudhindra Tirtha]], {{small|Guru of Mantralaya Shri [[Raghavendra Tirtha]]}}
# Govinda Wodeyar

There are also shrines to Lord [[Ranganatha]] and Lord [[Hanuman]] inside the premises.

== History ==
Nava Brindavana is located in Angundi which was earlier part of [[Kishkindha]], a mythological kingdom ruled by [[Sugriva]]. In [[Ramayana]], when Raama and Lakshmana were in search of Seeta, Raama pointed out an island (called 'Navabrundhaavana' now) to Lakshmana and suggested to him to perform Namaskaara on the island, as it would be a sacred place in the future when nine powerful saints born on different occasions would come down to stay there to perform their holy meditation.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fs36CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA392|title=Animals in Stone: Indian Mammals Sculptured Through Time|author=Alexandra van der Geer|publisher=BRILL|date=31 October 2008|page=392|isbn=9789047443568|access-date=28 July 2022|archive-date=27 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327213621/https://books.google.com/books?id=fs36CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA392|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=World Archaeoprimatology: Interconnections of Humans and Nonhuman Primates in the Past|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uUp6EAAAQBAJ|author1=Bernardo Urbani|author2=Dionisios Youlatos|author3=Andrzej T. Antczak|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=18 August 2022|page=448|isbn=9781108487337|access-date=28 July 2022|archive-date=27 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327213636/https://books.google.com/books?id=uUp6EAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Overview of Nava Brindavana===
[[File:Avathaarathraya Hanuman Navabrindhavan.jpg|thumb|Powerful Avathaarathraya Hanuman at Navabrindhavan]]

Nava Brindavana is a small island in the Tungabhadra river near Hampi or Vijayanagar. This is one of the holiest spots for Madhwas as it contains the Brindavanas (the final resting place of nine Madhwa saints). The Brindavana of [[Vyasatirtha]] is at the centre while the Brindavanas of the other eight saints are in a rough circle. In order to maintain peace and politeness around the Jeevasamaadhi of the nine shrines, a yellow circle is painted on the ground in front of the shrines. The pilgrims are not allowed to cross this line to avoid disturbing the meditation of the holy saints. Along with the Brindavanas, there are also shrines dedicated to Lord [[Ranganatha]] (a form of Lord [[Vishnu]]) and [[Hanuman]] here. This idol of Hanuman installed here by Sri Vyasaraja is indeed unique. It depicts the three avatars - Hanuma, Bheema, and Madhva in one form. The face is like Hanuman, the arms and shoulders well-rounded and muscular with the Gadhayudha symbolise Bheema, the avatar of Hanuman in the next yuga and the manuscripts in his hand symbolise Madhvacharya.<ref>{{cite book|title=District Census Handbook, Series 14, Mysore: Raichur|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZYXAAAAMAAJ|page=163|publisher=Office of the Director of Census Operations, Mysore Government Press|year=1972|access-date=2022-07-28|archive-date=2022-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728084455/https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZYXAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

;Padmanabha Tirtha
{{Main|Padmanabha Tirtha}}
[[File:Padmanabha.png|thumb|right|Sri Padmanabha Tirtha Mahaswamiji Brindavana at Nava Brindavana.]]

Padmanabha Tirtha is the first saint to enter Brindavana at Nava Brindavana. Padmanabha Theertha was a direct disciple of the Madhvacharya, who ascended over the Dvaita throne after Madhvacharya. His original name was Shobana Bhatta. He was a well-known logician of his times and he lost a marathon debate to Madhvacharya after which he converted to Dvaitaism.{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=294}}

;
;Kavindra Tirtha
{{Main|Kavindra Tirtha}}

The second Brindavana here is that of Kavindra Tirtha. He is believed to be the brother of Rajendra Tirtha of Vyasaraja Matha. His original name was Vasudeva Shastri before entering sannyasa ashrama. The first bifurcation of the Padmanabha Tirtha paramapara or Peetha took place when [[Vidyadhiraja Tirtha]] handed over the reins to [[Kavindra Tirtha]]. Vidhyadhiraja Tirtha had appointed Rajendra Tirtha as his successor, but Vidhyadhiraja fell ill and he could not get in touch with Rajendra Tirtha as he was away on Sanchara (tour). Vidhyadhiraja then appointed [[Kavindra Tirtha]] as the successor and died. When Rajendra Tirtha came back he found what had happened and he travelled further south towards [[Mysore]] and founded Vyasaraja Matha. Kavindra Tirtha continued to reign in the Peetha of the already established Matha/Peetha by Shri Madhvacharya through Shri Padmanabha Tirtha which is known as Shri [[Raghavendra Swamy matha]] which comes in the same lineage as that of Shri Madhvacharya, Padmanabha tirtha, Jayatirtha, Kaveendra Tirtha & Vageesha Tirtha and so on. Kavindra Tirtha entered Brindavana in 1398. His Aradhana Thithi is Chaitra Shudha Navami (April–May).<ref>{{cite book|title=Religion in Vijayanagara Empire|url=https://archive.org/details/religioninvijaya0000saro|url-access=registration|author=Konduri Sarojini Devi|publisher=Sterling Publishers|year=1990|page=[https://archive.org/details/religioninvijaya0000saro/page/133 133]|quote=This selection of Kavindra as the successor of Vidyadhiraja, leaving Rajendra Tirtha resulted in the bifurcation of the Madhva Mathas, namely Vyasaraya Matha at Sosale headed by Rajendra Tirtha and Uttaradi Matha presided by Kavindra Tirtha.}}</ref>

;Vagisha Tirtha
Vagisha Tirtha{{efn|group=note|Not to be confused with the Vageesha Theertha of Sode Mutt who was the deeksha guru of Shree Vadhiraja, and revered respectfully by the latter in his Theertha Prabandha.}} was the successor of Kavindra Tirtha to Madhvacharya Peetha - [[Shri Raghavendra Swamy matha]]. His Poorvashrama name was Raghunathacharya. He was one of the greatest scholars of his time. He was the third saint to enter Brindavana at Nava Brindavana. He entered Brindavana sometime in 1406. His Aradhana Thithi is Chaitra Krishna Tritiya (April–May).

;Raghuvarya Tirtha
{{Main|Raghuvarya Tirtha}}
[[File:Sri Raghuvarya Tirtha Moola Brindavana, Nava Brindavana, Anegundi.jpg|thumb|right|Sri Raghuvarya Tirtha Mahaswamiji Brindavana at Nava Brindavana.]]

Shri Raghuvarya Teertha took over the responsibility of the Uttaradi Matha and ruled the pontificate throne with great spiritual eminence. It is said that once during the course of his polemical tour, he came to a village called Manipur near the bank of Bhimarathi river, which was besieged by a king. His Holiness wanted to leave the place and go to the other side of the river Bhimarathi. He carried the puja box on his shoulders and reached the bank of the river. At once, the river Bhimarathi halved and gave way to HH to reach the other side of the river. Swamiji crossed the river with his disciples safely and the river regained its original form. All the disciples were struck with wonder on observing HH's mystic power .

This incident can be compared to the river Yamuna which gave way to Vasudeva carrying his child Lord Shri Krishna to reach gokula. Shri Raghuvarya Teertha travelled all over the country on foot like his guru. When he was in the northern tour, one day Shri Moola Rama appeared in a dream of Swamiji and announced that the god Niruti was going to be born in the village called "Swarnavadi" and that child should be brought up at the Matha who would succeed Shri Raghuvarya Teertha in the
;
;
;Vyasa Tirtha
{{Main|Vyasatirtha}}
[[File:Vyasaraja_Navabrindhavan.jpg|right|thumb|Vyasaraja Theertha Shrine]]

A renowned scholar, [[Vyasatirtha|Vyasa Theertha]] or [[Vyasatirtha|Vyasa Raja]] was the Raja Guru of six [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar Emperors]], including [[Krishnadevaraya]]. He had a large number of disciples including [[Vadiraja Tirtha]]. He encouraged [[Purandara Dasa]] and [[Kanaka Dasa]] in penning Haridasa Sahitya. He was the Chancellor of the Vijayanagar University which had 11,000 students. He consecrated 732 idols of Hanuman in India. His guru was Brahamanya Theertha of Abbur, while his Vidya Guru was Sripadaraja of Mulabagal. His works are considered to be among the most significant in Madhwa literature. Some of his notable works include Nyayamrita, Tarkatandava, and Tatparya Chandrika. He entered Brindavana in 1539 when [[Achyuta Deva Raya]] was the Emperor of Vijayanagar.

;Srinivasa Tirtha
[[File:Navabrindhavan_Shrine.jpg|150px|right|thumb|Srinivasa Theertha]]

Srinivasa Tirtha succeeded Vyasa Tirtha to the Vyasaraja Matha. He was also the Rajaguru of Achyuta Deve Raya. He has written a book on Vyasatirtha. This book along with accounts of Portuguese travelers to Vijayanagar and a biography by Somanatha, a Smartha Brahmin during the period of Krishna Deve Raya, give us a lot of information about Vyasa Raja.
:
;

;Ramatirtha
Ramatirtha followed Srinivasa Theertha to the Peetha of Vyasaraja Matha. It was during the period of Ramatirtha that the first split of the Vyasaraja Matha took place. Both Lakshmikantha Tirtha and Sridhara Tirtha took Sanyasa from Rama Tirtha. Thus the Abbur Matha or Kundapur Matha and Sosale Matha came into existence. In Bangalore, the Abbur Matha has its premises in [[Hanumanthanagar, Bengaluru|Hanumanthnagar]] and the Sosale Matha at Gandhi Bazar.

;Sudhindra Tirtha
{{Main|Sudhindra Tirtha}}

Sudhindra Tirtha was the guru of Shri [[Raghavendra Tirtha|Raghavendra Swamy]]. He was also the “Shishya” given to Vijayeendra Theertha by Vyasa Raja himself. He was an unmatched scholar and he shared a close relationship with Vijayeendra Theertha. Some of the books written by him are: Sadukthi Rathnakara (Tarkathandava Vyakhya), Apastamba Shulbasootrapradepa, Commentary on second and 11th Skandas of Bhagavatha Literary Books, Subhadra Parinaya, Vyasarajabhyudaya, Amruthaharana, Dayalu Shathaka, Vairagyatharanga, Alankara Manjaree, Alankaranishaka and Sahitya Samrajya. He was the Rajaguru of Raghunatha Bhoopala of Tanjore. His Aradhana Thithi is Phalguna Krishna Dvithiya (Feb-March).

;Govinda Wodeyar
Govinda Wodeyar, who was an Advaiti pontiff converted to Dvaita faith after being defeated by Vyasatirtha in a debate. Govinda Wodeyar after taking Vaishnava diksha also served the dasa parampare with many krutees in the form of sulaadees with the ankita “muddukrishna”. He entered Brindavana 5 years prior to Vyasartirtha in Navavrundavana in 1534 AD on Phalguna Krishna panchami day.

== Vandalism Incident ==
Miscreants vandalized the Vyasaraja thirtha brindavana on 18 July 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/top-karnataka-stories/nava-brindavana-religious-site-vandalised-in-koppal-747900.html|access-date=21 July 2019|title=Nava Brindavana: Religious site vandalised in Koppal|date=18 July 2019|archive-date=18 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718184252/https://www.deccanherald.com/state/top-karnataka-stories/nava-brindavana-religious-site-vandalised-in-koppal-747900.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Quick reconstruction efforts were carried out by hundreds of volunteers of the madhva community and state of karnataka. Later, police arrested inter state thieves within 3 days who accepted their fault of vandalizing<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/over-1000-volunteers-reconstruct-saint-sri-vyasaraja-tirthas-vandalised-tomb-in-koppal/articleshow/70304815.cms|title=Over 1,000 volunteers reconstruct saint Sri Vyasaraja Tirtha's vandalised tomb in Koppal|date=July 20, 2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-07-21|archive-date=2019-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803161807/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/over-1000-volunteers-reconstruct-saint-sri-vyasaraja-tirthas-vandalised-tomb-in-koppal/articleshow/70304815.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Administration and Visit==
Nava Brindavana is on an island. There are no priests permanently stationed there. The priests stay at the [[Madhva]] [[Matha]]s at [[Anegundi]]. Every day, at 7 am, a boat from [[Anegundi]] ferries the priests to Nava Brindavana. The priests perform Abhisheka and return, before noon.

==Travel==
[[File:Anegundi Map Navabrindhavan.jpg|thumb|City of Anegundi Map]]
* Travel to Gangavati City which is located in Karnataka:
** Regular buses are available from Bangalore to [https://www.redbus.in/bus-tickets/bangalore-to-gangavathi.aspx Gangavati]
** Trains are available from Bengaluru and Chennai to reach [https://www.rome2rio.com/s/Chennai/Gangavathi Hospet] and it is easy to commute to Gangavati through bus or car
** Nearby Airport is [[Hubli Airport|Hubli]] and there are few flights from Bangalore to Hubli and it is flexible to commute to Gangavati/Anegundi using Cars or Bus services
* Reach Anegundi village from Gangavati in a 25-minute journey using auto, car or bus from Gangavati bus stand and walk towards the river shore (refer to the Anegundi Map location 19)
* Take a boat from Anegundi to reach Navabrindhavana
'''Routes:'''

Train route:

From Bengaluru to Hosapete:

Bengaluru - Hubballi Hampi express passes through Hosapete daily.

From Chennai to Hosapete by train :

Option 1:

Chennai to Guntakal (Mumbai trains are passing through this station) and Guntakal to Hosapete trains are available by daily.

Option 2:

Chennai to Renigunta (Minimum 4 trains are available daily) and Renigunta to Hosapete train (Haripriya Express) is available by Daily.

Bus route:

Bangalore -Tumkur – Sira -Chitradurga – (moved from NH-4 to NH-13) – Hospet – Anegundi. Distance: approximately 365 km

An Alternate route from Chennai is:

Chennai – Tirupati – Anantapur (all along NH205); Anantapur – Gooty (on NH7); Gooty – Bellary – Hospet (on NH63) – Anegundi

Direction to visit from Mantralaya to Navabrindhavana:

The direction of travel by road is as follows,

By KSRTC bus, you can travel to Raichur from Mantralayam( 1.5 hrs travel). From Raichur, board KSRTC bus to Ganagvathi (3 hrs travel). From there you can reach Anaegundhi (20 mins travel) by local bus.[[File:Navabrindhavan Boat.jpg|thumb|Boat waiting at Anegundi rivershore for pilgrims to travel towards Navabrindhavan Island in a 10 minutes boat journey]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book|title = A History of the Dvaita School of Vedānta and Its Literature, Vol 1. 3rd Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVtpFMPMulcC |first = B. N. Krishnamurti| last = Sharma|author-link=B. N. Krishnamurti Sharma|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (2008 Reprint) |isbn = 978-8120815759| year= 2000}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Samadhis]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures in Karnataka]]

Arundhati (1967 film)

2025-12-29T03:43:24Z

Aebeez: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{Short description|1967 film by Prafulla Sengupta}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
|name = Arundhati
|image = Arundhati (1967 film).jpg
|caption =Poster
|starring = [[Braja (actor)|Braja]] [[Minati Mishra]] [[Sarat Pujari]]
|director = [[Prafulla Sengupta]]
|producer = [[Dhiren Patnaik]]
|music = [[Shantanu Mohapatra|Shantanu Mahapatra]]
|cinematography = [[Bishu Chakravarty]]
|editing = [[Sukumar Sengupta]]
|studio = [[Kanakprabha Productions]]
|released = {{Film date|df=yes|1967}}
|country = [[India]]
|language = [[Odia language|Odia]]
}}

'''''Arundhati''''' is a 1967 [[India]]n [[Oriya film]] directed by [[Prafulla Sengupta]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cinema.theiapolis.com/movie-1OP6/arundhati/ |title=Arundhati (1967), a film by Prafulla Sengupta -Theiapolis |website=cinema.theiapolis.com |access-date=6 June 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120726101436/http://cinema.theiapolis.com/movie-1OP6/arundhati/ |archive-date=26 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
Arundhati and Manoj are lovers and part of an [[Odissi]] dance troupe. Manoj desperately loves Arundhati. One day, while the troupe is performing in front of a packed audience, one Biswajeet claims Arundhati to be his wife Madhumati. Actually Madhumati died in a train accident, but Biswajeet still believes that Madhumati is still alive. In suspicion, Manoj leaves Arundhati and disappears. Arundhati tries to convince Biswajeet that she is not Madhmati and she has a deep love interest with Manoj. Later Biswajeet finds Madhumati and Arundhati are twin sisters and Madhumati actually died in an accident. Biswajeet left the troupe to search for Manoj. Biswajeet finds Manoj in a small railway station and persuades Manoj to reunite with Arundhati.

==Cast==
* [[Sarat Pujari]] as Manoj
*[[Braja (actor)|Braja]] as Biswajeet
*[[Minati Mishra]] as Arundhati/Madhumati

== Music ==
The music of the film was composed by [[Shantunu Mahapatra]].
The tracks from the film include:
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Track
! Singer
! Lyricist

|-
| "Mayuri Go Tuma Aakashe Mun"
| [[Mohammad Rafi]]
| Jibanananda Pani
|-
| "Tumaku Parunita Bhuli"
| [[Mohammad Rafi]]
| Jibanananda Pani
|-
| "Ei Chhota Katha Tie Bhulana"
| [[Pranab Patnaik]], [[Usha Mangeshkar]]
| [[Gurukrushna Goswami]]
|-
| "Aaji Mun Shrabani Luhara Harini Jeun Rajani"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|[[Jibanananda Pani]]
|-
| "Abhimanini"|| ||
|-
| "Shyama Gale"|| ||
|-
|"Dekhiba Para"|| ||
|-
|}
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.odiamusic.com/Category/CategoryResult.php?first=3&second=Arundhati|title = Arundhati :: Odia Music Songs Collection}}</ref>

== Awards & Participation ==
*[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Oriya]](1967) - President's medal for best [[Odia language|Odia]] film [[Odia language|Odia]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm15thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=15NFA.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=20 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928071652/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm15thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=15NFA.pdf |archive-date=28 September 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="National Awards Winners 1967: Complete list of winners of National Awards 1967">{{cite news|last1=The Times of India|first1=Entertainment|title=National Awards Winners 1967: Complete list of winners of National Awards 1967|work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/national-awards-winners/1967/108|accessdate=11 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324034914/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/national-awards-winners/1967/108|archivedate=24 March 2020}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=317104|title="Arundhati"}}

[[Category:1967 Indian films]]
[[Category:1960s Odia-language films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

{{Odia-film-stub}}

Aalavattam

2025-12-16T18:59:20Z

Aebeez: minor cleanup formatting for consistency and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
[[File:Aalavattam.jpg|thumb|right|Aalavattam|300px]]
'''Aalavattam''' ({{langx|ml|ആലവട്ടം}}, from {{langx|sa|आलावर्ता}}) is a special decorative circular shield or fan that is held beneath both sides of respectable idols, deities or mythological characters during festivals and dances, especially in the state of [[Kerala]] in South India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nayyar |first=Sanjeev |title=Why we shouldn't ban elephants in Kerala temples |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/special/why-we-shouldnt-ban-elephants-in-kerala-temples/20160413.htm |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref> The object is peculiar to the state of Kerala in India and the name originates from Malayalam (ml).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Aalavattam |url=https://www.traditionalartandcrafts.com/latest-update/aalavattam-is-a-special-decorative-circular-shield/156}}</ref>

The shield is made of finely shaped and cut peacock feathers aligned in a circular fashion around a wooden or fiber plaque with traditionally dictated decorative patterns made of other natural objects such as sea shells etc.

Aalavattam is an essential element to be held atop the elephants during the [[pooram]]s of South India where caparisoned elephants are marched in an organized and controlled procession as part of the annual local temple festival. Each elephant will have two or three persons atop, one of whom is dedicated to hold a pair of alavattam. During special phases of the accompanying percussion orchestra ([[Panchavadyam]], [[Pandi Melam]] or [[Panchari melam|Panchari Melam]]), the person shall raise up on the back of elephant and hold the alavattams high up above his shoulders.

A typical use of aalavattam in staged art performance can be seen during special appearance scenes of certain protagonist characters in [[Kathakali]] dance.

== References ==
[[Category:Culture of Kerala]]
[[Category:Elephants in Indian culture]]
[[Category:Elephants in Hinduism]]
<references />{{Commons category}}

West Kallada

2025-12-15T07:20:20Z

Aebeez:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = West Kallada
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ml
| other_name = Padinjare Kallada
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = KSWTD Boat moving through Ashtamudi Lake in Kollam, March 2016.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = West Kallada has regular ferries to Kollam
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|9.0077577|N|76.6235876|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kollam district|Kollam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 18176
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 691500
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0476
| registration_plate = KL-61
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Kollam
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Mavelikkara
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Kunnathoor
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Tropic]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

''' West Kallada ''' is a village in [[Kollam district]] in the state of [[Kerala]], [[India]].<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx|title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=2008-12-10}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], West Kallada had a population of 18,176 with 8,693 males and 9,483 females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=West Kallada Village Population - Kunnathur - Kollam, Kerala |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/628381-west-kallada-kerala.html |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref name="censusindia" />

==Kallada Valiyapally==
{{main|Anthrayos of Kallada}}
St. Mary's Orthodox Syrian Church at West Kallada is one of the most important pilgrimage centres in the Malankara Church. The Church has a history dating from AD 9th century.

== Thiruvatta Temple ==
Thiruvatta Temple (Malayalam: തിരുവാറ്റ ശ്രീ മഹാദേവർ ക്ഷേത്രം ) is an ancient [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to [[Shiva]] at Westkallada

==Educational guidelines ==

*Govt. HSS, West Kallada.
*Government UPS, Valiyapadam
*Govt. L. P. School, Kothapuram.
*Govt. L. P. School, Kanatharkunnam.

==Hospitals==

*Govt Ayurvedic Hospital, West Kallada
*Govt Veterinary Hospital, West Kallada
*Primary Health Center, Aithottuva, West Kallada
*Primary Health Center, Koikkalbhagom, West Kallada

==Main cultural institutions==

*Sri Kumbalath Sankupilla Smaraka Grandhasala, Karali junction
*Abhiraj Grandhasala, Kanatharkunnam
*V.K.S. Grandhasala Aithottuva.
*Chintha Grandhasala Ulluruppu
*Nalandha Library, Thottathilkadav
*Navodaya Grandhasala, Kadapuzha
*E.M.S. Grandhasala, Valiayapadam west, Vilanthara.
*Gramam. Grandhasala, Valiayapadam, Vilanthara.
*C.K. Thankappan Smaraka Grandhasala, Aithottuva.
*P.K. Raghvan Smaraka Grandhasala, Aithottuva.
*Kadisseril Achyuthan Pilla Smaraka Grandhasala, Aithottuva
*Priyadarsini Grandhasala, Aithottuva
*T.P. Sadanandan Smaraka Grandhasala, Aithottuva.
*Mathrubhumi Study Circle ( Mathrubhumi Arts and sports club), Aithottuva.

==Government service centers==

*[[Akshaya project|Akshaya]]- E- Center
*St Antonys Building, Karali Junction
*Jana Seva Kendra, thengumthara junction, Aithottuva

* Common Service Centre Kadapuzha.

== Festivals ==
* [[Kallada Boat Race|Kallada Jalotsavam]] (കല്ലട ജലോത്സവം) - [[Vallam Kali]] (boat race) held on the [[Kallada River]]
Thaipooya kavadi at kodumthuruthil tempkle
*kanakkathara bhadrakali temple ulsavam
*kavadi, soolamkuth kodumthuruthil subrahmanya kshethram
*Thalayinakaav Temple ( Thrisoola pooja in every Saturday).
* Parambil umamaheswara Temple (uthram thirunaal mahotsav)
* Moolathara Nagakovil Temple ( Kumbha-thiruvathira mahotsav)

== Popular Games ==
* [[Kabaddi]]
* [[Twenty-eight (card game)|Gulan Perish]] ( [[Twenty-eight (card game)|Twenty-eight]] ([[card game]]) )
* [[Cricket]]
* [[Association football|Football]]
*Volleyball
* kilithattu kali(traditional willage game)

==References==
{{reflist}}
Dr.Deepu Haridas {BAMS} {ISM}

==External links==
*[http://panmana%20asramam.com Sri Kumbalath Sankupilla]

{{Kollam district}}

[[Category:Villages in Kollam district]]

{{Kollam-geo-stub}}

List of cricketers by number of international five-wicket hauls

2025-12-04T15:53:37Z

Aebeez: brief updated formatting based on references and added references

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
[[File:MuralitharanBust2004IMG.JPG|thumb|[[Muttiah Muralitharan]] has the highest number of five-wicket hauls in Test and international [[cricket]]<ref name=":1" />|alt=A smiling, dark-skinned man with short black hair and trimmed beard. Several people are in the background.]]
[[File:Waqar younis.jpg|thumb|[[Waqar Younis]] has the highest number of five-wicket hauls in ODI [[cricket]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283826.html|title=Records {{!}} One-Day Internationals {{!}} Bowling records {{!}} Most five-wickets-in-an-innings in a career {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|website=ESPNCricinfo|access-date=2019-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623003216/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283826.html|archive-date=23 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>|alt=Waqar Younis during Pakistan's 2010 tour of England when he was the Bowling coach of the Pakistan national cricket team]]
[[File:ANISA MOHAMMED (15704905815).jpg|thumb|[[Anisa Mohammed]] has the highest number of five-wicket hauls in Women's [[cricket]] - 8 across ODI and T20I formats|alt=Anisa Mohammed in November 2014]]
[[File:Shakib_fielding,_23_January,_2009,_Dhaka_SBNS.jpg|thumb|[[Shakib Al Hasan]] is [[List of cricketers with five-wicket hauls in all international formats|one of twelve cricketers who have taken at least a five-wicket haul in all three international formats]] and he is the only player in this list who has taken more than one five-wicket haul in all three international formats]]
In [[cricket]], a [[five-wicket haul]] – also known as a five-for or fifer<ref>{{cite book|last=Radha|first=Sailesh S.|title=Five Days in White Flannels: A Trivia Book on Test Cricket|publisher=AuthorHouse|year=2009|page=210|isbn=978-1-4389-2469-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x7pkSnHEwKMC&pg=PA210|access-date=21 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424011625/https://books.google.com/books?id=x7pkSnHEwKMC&pg=PA210|archive-date=24 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> – refers to a [[Bowler (cricket)|bowler]] taking five or more [[wicket]]s in a single [[Innings (cricket)|innings]]. This is regarded as a notable achievement.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pervez|first=M. A.|title=A Dictionary of Cricket|publisher=Orient Blackswan|year=2001|page=31|isbn=978-81-7370-184-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwYsHe-F-IUC&pg=PA31}}</ref> This list is a compilation of total five-wicket hauls taken by [[international cricket]]ers, split between different formats and presents a good view to compare the performance of bowlers in all 3 formats of the game that are played at an international level.

[[Test cricket]] is the longest form of the sport of cricket and is considered its highest standard<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/23494008|title=Test cricket: Does the oldest form of the game have a future?|last=Bond|first=David|date=29 July 2013|work=BBC|access-date=21 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221163916/http://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/23494008|archive-date=21 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/410365.html|title=Adam Gilchrist's Cowdrey Lecture, 2009|date=24 June 2009|work=ESPNCricInfo|access-date=21 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713061146/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/410365.html|archive-date=13 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> for both batsmen and bowlers. Today, Test matches are scheduled to be played across five consecutive days. Bowlers have no limit on the number of overs that they can bowl. Also, since each team can potentially play two innings, the bowlers of each team get the opportunity to bowl at the opposition twice. The first officially recognised Test match took place on 15–19 March 1877 and was played between [[History of Test cricket (to 1883)#The first Test tour: 1876/77|England and Australia]] at the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] (MCG).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17735/scorecard/62396/australia-vs-england-1st-test-england-tour-of-australia-1876-77|title=Full Scorecard of Australia vs England 1st Test 1877 - Score Report {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en|access-date=2019-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822050245/http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17735/scorecard/62396/australia-vs-england-1st-test-england-tour-of-australia-1876-77|archive-date=22 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[One Day International]] (ODI) cricket is a form of [[Limited overs cricket|limited overs]] cricket, played between two teams with international status, in which each team faces a fixed number of [[Over (cricket)|overs]], usually 50. Bowlers are allowed a maximum of 10 overs in ODI cricket. The first ODI was played on 5 January 1971 between [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] and [[England cricket team|England]] at the MCG.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17265/scorecard/64148/australia-vs-england-only-odi-england-marylebone-cricket-club-tour-of-australia-1970-71|title=Full Scorecard of Australia vs England Only ODI 1971 - Score Report {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en|access-date=2019-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122195719/http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17265/scorecard/64148/australia-vs-england-only-odi-england-marylebone-cricket-club-tour-of-australia-1970-71|archive-date=22 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) cricket is a form of limited overs cricket, played between two of the international members of the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC), in which each team faces twenty [[Over (cricket)|overs]]. Bowlers are allowed a maximum of 4 overs in T20I cricket. The first Twenty20 International match between two men's sides was played on 17 February 2005, involving Australia and [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/14897/scorecard/211048/new-zealand-vs-australia-only-t20i-australia-tour-of-new-zealand-2004-05|title=Full Scorecard of New Zealand vs Australia Only T20I 2005 - Score Report {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en|access-date=2019-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230184933/http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/14897/scorecard/211048/new-zealand-vs-australia-only-t20i-australia-tour-of-new-zealand-2004-05|archive-date=30 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

In December 2018 in the [[West Indian cricket team in Bangladesh in 2018–19#2nd T20I|2nd T20I against West Indies]], Shakib became the eighth cricketer to take at least one five wicket-haul in all three formats.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newsnation.in/sports-news/cricket-news/shakib-al-hasan-five-wicket-haul-world-record-bangladesh-vs-west-indies-mirpur-t20i-article-209507.html |title=Shakib Al Hasan enters elite list after five-wicket haul... |work=News Nation |access-date=20 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221134724/https://www.newsnation.in/sports-news/cricket-news/shakib-al-hasan-five-wicket-haul-world-record-bangladesh-vs-west-indies-mirpur-t20i-article-209507.html |archive-date=21 December 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==

Players from all teams that are [[List of International Cricket Council members#Full Members|full members]] of the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC), have five-wicket hauls in a Test.{{efn|The teams are [[Afghanistan national cricket team|Afghanistan]], [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]], [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]], [[England national cricket team|England]], [[India national cricket team|India]], [[Ireland national cricket team|Ireland]], [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]], [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]], [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]], [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]], [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]], and the [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe]].<ref name=martin>{{cite web|last=Williamson|first=Martin|title=A brief history ...|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci-icc/content/story/209608.html|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 November 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115231348/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci-icc/content/story/209608.html|archive-date=15 November 2013}}</ref>}}<ref name=country5for>{{cite web|title=Statsguru|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;groupby=team;orderby=wickets;template=results;type=bowling;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=21 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822114746/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;groupby=team;orderby=wickets;template=results;type=bowling;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets|archive-date=22 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

The first player to record a five-wicket haul in a Test innings was Australian [[Billy Midwinter]] in the second innings of the first Test cricket match ever played. The opponents were England. In the same match, two other players - [[Alfred Shaw]] of England and Australian [[Tom Kendall]] also recorded five-wicket hauls.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17735/scorecard/62396/australia-vs-england-1st-test-england-tour-of-australia-1876-77|title=1st Test, England tour of Australia at Melbourne, Mar 15-19 1877|access-date=21 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822050245/http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17735/scorecard/62396/australia-vs-england-1st-test-england-tour-of-australia-1876-77|archive-date=22 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Williamson|first=Martin|publisher=ESPNCricinfo|title=The birth of Test Cricket|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/75601.html|access-date=21 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112173726/http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/75601.html|archive-date=12 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Nasim-ul-Ghani]] is the youngest player to record five-wicket haul, at 16 years and 303 days.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=age;orderbyad=reverse;size=200;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings;wicketsmin2=5;wicketsval2=wickets|title=Bowling records {{!}} Test matches {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo|work=ESPNCricinfo|access-date=22 August 2018}}</ref> [[Bert Ironmonger]] is the oldest player to record five-wicket haul, capturing two five-wicket hauls in a match at 49 years and 311 days.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=age;size=200;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings;wicketsmin2=5;wicketsval2=wickets|title=Bowling records {{!}} Test matches {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo|work=ESPNCricinfo|access-date=22 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17580/scorecard/62602/australia-vs-south-africa-5th-test-south-africa-tour-of-australia-1931-32|title=5th Test, South Africa tour of Australia at Melbourne, Feb 12-15 1932 {{!}} Match Summary {{!}} ESPNCricinfo|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en|access-date=22 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822050226/http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17580/scorecard/62602/australia-vs-south-africa-5th-test-south-africa-tour-of-australia-1931-32|archive-date=22 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> three cricketers - [[Jim Laker]],<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.crickgeek.com/onthisday/jim-laker-becomes-the-first-bowler-to-pick-10-wickets-in-a-test-innings/|title=Jim Laker becomes the first bowler to pick 10 wickets in a Test innings - CrickGeek|website=www.crickgeek.com|language=en-US|access-date=22 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822051026/http://www.crickgeek.com/onthisday/jim-laker-becomes-the-first-bowler-to-pick-10-wickets-in-a-test-innings/|archive-date=22 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Anil Kumble]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/anil-kumble-and-10-wickets-18-years-down-the-line-4513023/|title=Anil Kumble and 10 wickets: 18 years down the line|date=8 February 2017|work=The Indian Express|access-date=22 August 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822050241/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/anil-kumble-and-10-wickets-18-years-down-the-line-4513023/|archive-date=22 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Ajaz Patel]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=New Zealand's Patel takes all 10 Indian wickets in an innings|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2021/12/4/new-zealands-ajaz-patel-takes-10-wickets-in-innings-versus-india|access-date=2022-02-12|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref> hold the distinction of taking all 10 wickets in the innings. In the same match where Jim Laker took all wickets in the innings, he captured 19 wickets in the match, the most wickets ever captured by a bowler in a Test match. By December 2018, 150 cricketers had taken [[List of cricketers who have taken five-wicket hauls on Test debut|five-wicket hauls on Test debut]] five-wicket haul on debut in a Test match.<ref name="overall">{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;debut_or_last=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;type=bowling;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets|title=Statistics/Statsguru/Test matches/Bowling records/Overall figures (by years)|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=29 July 2017}}</ref> Of these, nine cricketers have taken [[List of cricketers who have taken two five-wicket hauls on Test debut|two five-wicket hauls]] on their Test debut, including four from England, two from Australia and one each from [[India national cricket team|India]], [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] and the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]].

[[Dennis Lillee]] recorded the first five-wicket haul in ODI cricket, taking 5 wickets for 34 runs in 12 overs against [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] at [[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]] in 1975.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8039/scorecard/65037/australia-vs-pakistan-3rd-match-prudential-world-cup-1975|title=3rd Match, Prudential World Cup at Leeds, Jun 7 1975 {{!}} Match Summary {{!}} ESPNCricinfo|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en|access-date=22 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822050236/http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8039/scorecard/65037/australia-vs-pakistan-3rd-match-prudential-world-cup-1975|archive-date=22 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=start;size=200;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets|title=Bowling records {{!}} One-Day Internationals {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo|work=ESPNCricinfo|access-date=22 August 2018}}</ref> [[Chaminda Vaas]] has the best haul in ODIs, taking 8 wickets for 19 runs against [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe]] in 2001 in [[Colombo, Sri Lanka|Colombo]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8572/scorecard/66329/sri-lanka-vs-zimbabwe-1st-match-lg-abans-triangular-series-2001-02|title=1st Match, LG Abans Triangular Series at Colombo, Dec 8 2001 {{!}} Match Summary {{!}} ESPNCricinfo|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en|access-date=22 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822050051/http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8572/scorecard/66329/sri-lanka-vs-zimbabwe-1st-match-lg-abans-triangular-series-2001-02|archive-date=22 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Mujeeb Ur Rahman]] (16 years 325 days) and [[Sunil Dhaniram]]{{efn|playing for [[Canada national cricket team|Canada]]}} (39 years and 256 days) are the current record holders for youngest and oldest cricketers to record a five-wicket haul in ODI cricket.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=age;size=200;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets|title=Bowling records {{!}} One-Day Internationals {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo|work=ESPNCricinfo|access-date=22 August 2018}}</ref> By December 2018, 13 five-wicket hauls have been taken by players on their ODI debut.<ref name="5Debut">{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;debut_or_last=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;type=bowling;wicketsmax1=10;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets|title=Statistics / Statsguru / One-Day Internationals / Bowling records / Career debut / Wickets taken between 5 and 10 / Ordered by start date (ascending)|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=21 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919181541/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2%3Bdebut_or_last%3D1%3Bfilter%3Dadvanced%3Borderby%3Dstart%3Btemplate%3Dresults%3Btype%3Dbowling%3Bwicketsmax1%3D10%3Bwicketsmin1%3D5%3Bwicketsval1%3Dwickets|archive-date=19 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Umar Gul]] recorded the first five-wicket haul in T20Is, taking 5 wickets for 6 runs in 3 overs against New Zealand at [[The Oval]] in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8604/scorecard/356008/new-zealand-vs-pakistan-18th-match-group-f-icc-world-twenty20-2009|title=18th Match, Group F (D/N), ICC World Twenty20 at London, Jun 13 2009 {{!}} Match Summary {{!}} ESPNCricinfo|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en|access-date=22 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830055155/http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8604/scorecard/356008/new-zealand-vs-pakistan-18th-match-group-f-icc-world-twenty20-2009|archive-date=30 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Deepak Chahar]] has the best haul in T20I taking 6 wickets for 7 runs against Bangladesh at [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium|Nagpur]] in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8604/scorecard/533272/sri-lanka-vs-zimbabwe-1st-match-group-c-icc-world-twenty20-2012-13|title=1st Match, Group C (N), ICC World Twenty20 at Hambantota, Sep 18 2012 {{!}} Match Summary {{!}} ESPNCricinfo|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en|access-date=22 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822081113/http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8604/scorecard/533272/sri-lanka-vs-zimbabwe-1st-match-group-c-icc-world-twenty20-2012-13|archive-date=22 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Rashid Khan (cricketer)|Rashid Khan]] (18 years 171 days) and [[Imran Tahir]] (37 years 327 days) are the current record holders for youngest and oldest cricketers to record a five-wicket haul in T20I cricket.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=age;size=200;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets|title=Bowling records {{!}} Twenty20 Internationals {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo|work=ESPNCricinfo|access-date=22 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822081145/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=age;size=200;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets|archive-date=22 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Muttiah Muralitharan]] has the highest number of five-wicket hauls, with 77 across Test and ODI cricket. His haul of 67 five-wicket hauls is the highest in Test cricket. With 13 five-wicket hauls, [[Waqar Younis]] holds the highest number of five-wicket hauls in ODI cricket. Twelve players - [[Umar Gul]], [[Ajantha Mendis]], [[Lasith Malinga]], [[Tim Southee]], [[Imran Tahir]], [[Kuldeep Yadav]], [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]], [[Shakib Al Hasan]], [[Rashid Khan (cricketer)|Rashid Khan]], [[Jason Holder]], [[Lungi Ngidi]] and [[Alzarri Joseph]] have taken at least one five-wicket haul in every format.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricketcountry.com/news/bhuvneshwar-kumar-1st-indian-to-take-5-wicket-hauls-across-formats-687136|title=Bhuvneshwar Kumar 1st Indian to take 5-wicket-hauls across formats|date=18 February 2018 |publisher=CricketCountry|access-date=21 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822050213/http://www.cricketcountry.com/news/bhuvneshwar-kumar-1st-indian-to-take-5-wicket-hauls-across-formats-687136|archive-date=22 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=player;size=200;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets|title=Bowling records {{!}} Twenty20 Internationals {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo|work=ESPNCricinfo|access-date=22 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822081122/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=player;size=200;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets|archive-date=22 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

To date, 56 cricketers have taken 15 or more five-wicket hauls<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=11;filter=advanced;orderby=five_wickets;qualmin1=15;qualval1=innings_bowled;template=results;type=bowling;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets|title=Bowling records {{!}} Combined Test, ODI and T20I records {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo|work=ESPNCricinfo|access-date=22 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822184936/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=11;filter=advanced;orderby=five_wickets;qualmin1=15;qualval1=innings_bowled;template=results;type=bowling;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets|archive-date=22 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> and 30 of whom went on to take 20 or more five-wicket hauls.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=11;filter=advanced;orderby=five_wickets;qualmin1=20;qualval1=innings_bowled;template=results;type=bowling;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets|title=Bowling records {{!}} Combined Test, ODI and T20I records {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo|work=ESPNCricinfo|access-date=22 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822120250/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=11;filter=advanced;orderby=five_wickets;qualmin1=20;qualval1=innings_bowled;template=results;type=bowling;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets|archive-date=22 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Ten players have taken 30 or more five-wicket hauls in their international career across the three formats.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=11;filter=advanced;orderby=five_wickets;qualmin1=30;qualval1=innings_bowled;template=results;type=bowling;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets|title=Bowling records {{!}} Combined Test, ODI and T20I records {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo|work=ESPNCricinfo|access-date=22 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822051749/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=11;filter=advanced;orderby=five_wickets;qualmin1=30;qualval1=innings_bowled;template=results;type=bowling;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets|archive-date=22 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Key ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Key
|style="background:#ffb"|^
|style="text-align:left"|Inducted into the [[ICC Cricket Hall of Fame]]
|-
|style="background:#cfecec"|ǂ
|style="text-align:left"|Denotes player who is still active
|-
|N/A
|style="text-align:left"|Indicates player did not play in that format
|}

== Men's international cricket ==

Last updated: 4 December 2025
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+Most five-wicket hauls in men's cricket<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283825.html|title=Records {{!}} Combined Test, ODI and T20I records {{!}} Bowling records {{!}} Most five-wickets-in-an-innings in a career {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|website=[[ESPNCricinfo]]|access-date=18 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622131722/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283825.html|archive-date=22 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
! scope="col" | Rank
! scope="col" | Player
! scope="col" | Period
! scope="col" | Teams
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | [[Test cricket|Test]]
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | [[One Day International|ODI]]
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | [[Twenty20 International|T20I]]
! scope="col" | Total
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | [[Ten-wicket haul|10WH]]
|-
|1
! scope="row" style="background:#ffb"| {{sortname|Muttiah|Muralitharan}}^
|1992–2011
|align=left|{{cr|SRI}}/Asia/ICC
|67
|10
|0
|[[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Muttiah Muralitharan|77]]
|22
|-
|2
! scope="row" style="background:#ffb"| {{sortname|Richard|Hadlee}}^
|1973–1990
|align=left|{{cr|NZ}}
|36
|5
|{{n/a}}
|[[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Richard Hadlee|41]]
|9
|-
|3
! scope="row" style="background:#ffb" | {{sortname|Shane|Warne}}^
|1992–2007
|align=left|{{cr|AUS}}/ICC
|37
|1
|{{n/a}}
|[[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Shane Warne|38]]
|10
|-
|rowspan="2" |4
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ravichandran|Ashwin}}
|2010–2024
| align="left" |{{cr|IND}}
|37
|0
|0
|[[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Ravichandran Ashwin|37]]
|8
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#ffb" | {{sortname|Anil|Kumble}}^
|1990–2008
|align=left|{{cr|IND}}/Asia
|35
|2
|{{n/a}}
|[[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Anil Kumble|37]]
|8
|-
| 6
! scope="row" style="background:#ffb"| {{sortname|Glenn|McGrath}}^
|1993–2007
|align=left|{{cr|AUS}}/ICC
|29
|7
|0
|[[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Glenn McGrath|36]]
|3
|-
| rowspan="2" |7
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Rangana|Herath}}
|1999–2018
|align=left|{{cr|SRI}}
|34
|0
|1
|[[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Rangana Herath|35]]
|9
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#ffb"| {{sortname|Waqar|Younis}}^
|1989–2003
|align=left|{{cr|PAK}}
|22
|13
|{{n/a}}
|[[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Waqar Younis|35]]
|5
|-
|9
! scope="row" | {{sortname|James|Anderson|dab=cricketer}}
|2002–2024
|align=left|{{cr|ENG}}
|32
|2
|0
|[[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by James Anderson|34]]
|3
|-
|10
! scope="row" style="background:#ffb" | {{sortname|Wasim|Akram}}^
|1985–2002
| align="left" |{{cr|PAK}}
|25
|6
|{{n/a}}
|[[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Wasim Akram|31]]
|5
|-
|11
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dale|Steyn}}
|2004–2020
|align=left|{{cr|SA}}/Africa
|26
|3
|0
|[[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Dale Steyn|29]]
|5
|-
| rowspan="1" |12
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Harbhajan|Singh}}
|1998–2016
|align=left|{{cr|IND}}/Asia
|25
|3
|0
|[[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Harbhajan Singh|28]]
|5
|-
| rowspan="2" |13
! scope="row" style="background:#ffb"| {{sortname|Ian|Botham}}^
|1977–1992
|align=left|{{cr|ENG}}
|27
|0
|{{n/a}}
|[[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Ian Botham|27]]
|4
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#cfecec" | {{sortname|Mitchell|Starc}} ǂ
|2010–2025
|align=left|{{cr|AUS}}
|18
|9
|0
|[[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Mitchell Starc|27]]
|3
|-
|15
! scope="row" style="background:#ffb"| {{sortname|Curtly|Ambrose}}^
|1988–2000
|align=left|{{cr|WIN}}
|22
|4
|{{n/a}}
|[[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Curtly Ambrose|26]]
|3
|-
|16
! scope="row" | {{sortname||Shakib Al Hasan}}
|2006–2024
|align=left|{{cr|BAN}}
|19
|4
|2
|[[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Shakib Al Hasan|25]]
|2
|-
| rowspan="5" |17
! scope="row" style="background:#ffb"| {{sortname|Sydney|Barnes}}^
|1901–1914
|align=left|{{cr|ENG}}
|24
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|[[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Sydney Barnes|24]]
|7
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#ffb" | {{sortname|Dennis|Lillee}}^
|1971–1984
|align=left|{{cr|AUS}}
|23
|1
|{{n/a}}
|[[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Dennis Lillee|24]]
|7
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#ffb"| {{sortname|Imran|Khan}}^
|1971–1992
|align=left|{{cr|PAK}}
|23
|1
|{{n/a}}
|[[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Imran Khan|24]]
|6
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#ffb"| {{sortname|Kapil|Dev}}^
|1978–1994
|align=left|{{cr|IND}}
|23
|1
|{{n/a}}
|[[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Kapil Dev|24]]
|2
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#cfecec" | {{sortname|Nathan|Lyon}} ǂ
|2011–2025
|align=left|{{cr|AUS}}
|24
|0
|0
|[[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Nathan Lyon|24]]
|5
|-
| rowspan="1" |22
! scope="row" style="background:#ffb"| {{sortname|Courtney|Walsh}}^
|1984–2001
|align=left|{{cr|WIN}}
|22
|1
|{{n/a}}
|[[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Courtney Walsh|23]]
|3
|-
| rowspan="4" |23
! scope="row" style="background:#ffb"| {{sortname|Allan|Donald}}^
|1991–2003
|align=left|{{cr|SA}}
|20
|2
|{{n/a}}
|[[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Allan Donald|22]]
|3
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#ffb"| {{sortname|Malcolm|Marshall}}^
|1978–1992
|align=left|{{cr|WIN}}
|22
|0
|{{n/a}}
|[[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Malcolm Marshall|22]]
|4
|-
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Makhaya|Ntini}}
|1998–2011
|align=left|{{cr|SA}}/ICC
|18
|4
|0
|[[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Makhaya Ntini|22]]
|4
|-
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Daniel|Vettori}}
|1997–2015
|align=left|{{cr|NZ}}/ICC
|20
|2
|0
|[[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Daniel Vettori|22]]
|3
|-
| rowspan="3" |27
! scope="row" style="background:#ffb"| {{sortname|Clarrie|Grimmett}}^
|1925–1936
|align=left|{{cr|AUS}}
|21
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|[[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Clarrie Grimmett|21]]
|7
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#ffb"| {{sortname|Shaun|Pollock}}^
|1996–2008
|align=left|{{cr|SA}}/Africa/ICC
|16
|5
|0
|[[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Shaun Pollock|21]]
|1
|-
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Stuart|Broad}}
|2006–2023
|align=left|{{cr|ENG}}
|20
|1
|0
|[[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Stuart Broad|21]]
|3
|-
| 30
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tim|Southee}}
|2008–2024
|align=left|{{cr|NZ}}
|15
|3
|2
|20
|1
|-
| rowspan="3" |31
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Saqlain|Mushtaq}}
|1995–2004
|align=left|{{cr|PAK}}
|13
|6
|{{n/a}}
|[[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Saqlain Mushtaq|19]]
|3
|-
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Brett|Lee}}
|1999–2012
|align=left|{{cr|AUS}}
|10
|9
|0
|[[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Brett Lee|19]]
|0
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#cfecec" | {{sortname|Kagiso|Rabada}} ǂ
|2014–2025
|align=left|{{cr|SA}}
|17
|2
|0
|19
|4
|-
| rowspan="4" |34
! scope="row" style="background:#cfecec" | {{sortname|Jasprit|Bumrah}} ǂ
|2016–2025
|align=left|{{cr|IND}}
|16
|2
|0
|[[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Jasprit Bumrah|18]]
|0
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#ffb"| {{sortname|Lance|Gibbs}}^
|1958–1976
|align=left|{{cr|WIN}}
|18
|0
|{{n/a}}
|[[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Lance Gibbs|18]]
|2
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#cfecec"| {{sortname|Taijul|Islam}} ǂ
|2014–2025
|align=left|{{cr|BAN}}
|17
|1
|0
|18
|2
|-
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Graeme|Swann}}
|2008–2013
|align=left|{{cr|ENG}}
|17
|1
|0
|[[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Graeme Swann|18]]
|3
|-
| rowspan="5" |38
! scope="row" style="background:#ffb"| {{sortname|Fred|Trueman}}^
|1952–1965
|align=left|{{cr|ENG}}
|17
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|[[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Fred Trueman|17]]
|3
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#cfecec" | {{sortname|Ravindra|Jadeja}} ǂ
|2009–2025
|align=left|{{cr|IND}}
|15
|2
|0
|[[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Ravindra Jadeja|17]]
|3
|-
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Abdul|Qadir|dab=cricketer}}
|1977–1993
|align=left|{{cr|PAK}}
|15
|2
|{{n/a}}
|[[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Abdul Qadir|17]]
|5
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#ffb"| {{sortname|Derek|Underwood}}^
|1966–1982
|align=left|{{cr|ENG}}
|17
|0
|{{n/a}}
|[[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Derek Underwood|17]]
|6
|-
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Yasir|Shah}}
|2011–2022
|align=left|{{cr|PAK}}
|16
|1
|0
|17
|3
|-
| rowspan="9" |43
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Terry|Alderman}}
|1981–1991
|align=left|{{cr|AUS}}
|14
|2
|{{n/a}}
|[[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Terry Alderman|16]]
|1
|-
! scope="row" | {{sortname||B. S. Chandrasekhar}}
|1964–1979
|align=left|{{cr|IND}}
|16
|0
|{{n/a}}
|[[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by B. S. Chandrasekhar|16]]
|2
|-
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shoaib|Akhtar}}
|1998–2011
|align=left|{{cr|PAK}}/Asia/ICC
|12
|4
|0
|[[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Shoaib Akhtar|16]]
|2
|-
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Graham|McKenzie}}
|1961–1971
|align=left|{{cr|AUS}}
|16
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|[[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Graham McKenzie|16]]
|3
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#ffb"| {{sortname|Richie|Benaud}}^
|1952–1964
|align=left|{{cr|AUS}}
|16
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|[[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Richie Benaud|16]]
|1
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#ffb;"|{{sortname|Bob|Willis}}^
|1971–1984
|align=left|{{cr|ENG}}
|16
|0
|{{n/a}}
|[[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Bob Willis|16]]
|0
|-
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Trent|Boult}}
|2011–2024
|align=left|{{cr|NZ}}
|10
|6
|0
|16
|1
|-
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Chaminda|Vaas}}
|1994–2009
|align=left|{{cr|SRI}}/Asia
|12
|4
|0
|[[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Chaminda Vaas|16]]
|2
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#cfecec" | {{sortname|Josh|Hazlewood}} ǂ
|2010–2025
|align=left|{{cr|AUS}}
|13
|3
|0
|[[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Josh Hazlewood|16]]
|0
|-
| rowspan="5" |52
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Danish|Kaneria}}
|2000–2010
|align=left|{{cr|PAK}}
|15
|0
|{{n/a}}
|[[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Danish Kaneria|15]]
|2
|-
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mitchell|Johnson|dab=cricketer}}
|2007–2015
|align=left|{{cr|AUS}}
|12
|3
|0
|[[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Mitchell Johnson|15]]
|3
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#ffb;"| {{sortname|Alec|Bedser}}^
|1946–1955
|align=left|{{cr|ENG}}
|15
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|15
|5
|-
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Craig|McDermott}}
|1984–1996
|align=left|{{cr|AUS}}
|14
|1
|{{n/a}}
|15
|2
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#cfecec" | {{sortname|Pat|Cummins}} ǂ
|2011–2025
|align=left|{{cr|AUS}}
|14
|1
|0
|15
|2
|}

== Women's international cricket ==
The first player to record a five-wicket haul in a Test innings was [[England women's cricket team|England's]] [[Myrtle Maclagan]] in the first innings of the first Test match ever played. The opponents were Australia. In the same match, two other players - Australian [[Anne Palmer (cricketer)|Anne Palmer]] and England's [[Mary Spear]] also recorded five-wicket hauls.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17564/scorecard/67401/australia-women-vs-england-women-1st-test-england-women-tour-of-australia-1934-35|title=Full Scorecard of Australia Women vs England Women 1st Test 1934 - Score Report {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en|access-date=18 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214201259/http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17564/scorecard/67401/australia-women-vs-england-women-1st-test-england-women-tour-of-australia-1934-35|archive-date=14 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> As of December 2018, 13 cricketers have taken [[List of women's Test cricketers who have taken five wickets on debut|five-wicket hauls on Test debut]]. [[India women's national cricket team|India's]] [[Neetu David]] holds the distinction of taking the highest number of wickets in Test innings - 8 wickets against England at Jamshedpur in 1995.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/16245/scorecard/67499/india-women-vs-england-women-2nd-test-england-women-tour-of-india-1995-96|title=Full Scorecard of India Women vs England Women 2nd Test 1995 - Score Report {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en|access-date=18 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119122732/http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/16245/scorecard/67499/india-women-vs-england-women-2nd-test-england-women-tour-of-india-1995-96|archive-date=19 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Shubhangi Kulkarni]] and [[Mary Duggan]] have the joint highest five-wicket hauls in Test cricket, with 5 five-wicket hauls. [[Betty Wilson]] is the only woman cricketer with multiple 10 wicket hauls in a match.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.womenaustralia.info/exhib/sg/wilson.html|title=She's Game: Women Making Australian Sporting History - Betty Wilson|last=Melbourne|first=The University of|website=www.womenaustralia.info|language=en-gb|access-date=2019-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123010259/http://www.womenaustralia.info/exhib/sg/wilson.html|archive-date=23 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Tina Macpherson]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8584/scorecard/66864/australia-women-vs-young-england-women-2nd-match-womens-world-cup-1973|title=Full Scorecard of Australia Women vs Young England Women, Women's World Cup, 2nd Match - Score Report {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en|access-date=18 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829101410/http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8584/scorecard/66864/australia-women-vs-young-england-women-2nd-match-womens-world-cup-1973|archive-date=29 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Glenys Page]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8584/scorecard/66868/new-zealand-women-vs-trinidad-&-tobago-women-4th-match-womens-world-cup-1973|title=Full Scorecard of New Zealand Women vs Trinidad & Tobago Women, Women's World Cup, 4th Match - Score Report {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en|access-date=18 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518105138/http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8584/scorecard/66868/new-zealand-women-vs-trinidad-%26-tobago-women-4th-match-womens-world-cup-1973|archive-date=18 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> recorded the first five-wicket haul in [[Women's One Day International cricket]] (WODI) taking 5/14 and 6/20 against [[Young England women's cricket team|Young England]] and [[Trinidad and Tobago women's national cricket team|Trinidad and Tobago]] on 23 June 1973 - the first day of the inaugural [[1973 Women's Cricket World Cup|Women's Cricket World Cup]]. [[Sajjida Shah]] has the best haul in WODI cricket, taking 7 wickets for 4 runs against [[Japan women's national cricket team|Japan]] in 2003 in [[Amsterdam]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8590/scorecard/67342/japan-women-vs-pakistan-women-3rd-match-international-womens-cricket-council-trophy-2003|title=Full Scorecard of Japan Women vs Pakistan Women, International Women's Cricket Council Trophy, 3rd Match - Score Report {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en|access-date=18 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010174559/http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8590/scorecard/67342/japan-women-vs-pakistan-women-3rd-match-international-womens-cricket-council-trophy-2003|archive-date=10 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Macpherson and Page are two of only five players to take a five-wicket haul during their WODI debut, the others being India's [[Purnima Choudhary]], [[Laura Harper (cricketer)|Laura Harper]] of England and [[Felicity Leydon-Davis]] from New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=9;debut_or_last=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;size=100;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets|title=Bowling records {{!}} Women's One-Day Internationals {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|website=ESPNCricinfo|access-date=18 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029193617/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=9;debut_or_last=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;size=100;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets|archive-date=29 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

The first five-wicket haul in a Women's Twenty20 International (WT20I) match was taken by [[New Zealand women's national cricket team|New Zealand's]] [[Amy Satterthwaite]] against England on 16 August 2007.<ref name="Innings by innings">{{cite web|title=Five-wicket hauls in WT20I matches – Innings by innings|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=10;filter=advanced;orderby=start;size=100;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=15 July 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715061604/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=10;filter=advanced;orderby=start;size=100;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets|archive-date=15 July 2018}}</ref> Satterthwaite took six wickets for 17 runs,<ref>{{cite web|title=Satterthwaite haul stuns England|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/women/content/story/307208.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=16 August 2007|access-date=17 November 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221184503/http://www.espncricinfo.com/women/content/story/307208.html|archive-date=21 December 2016}}</ref> the first six-wicket haul in the international format.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Most five-wicket hauls in women's cricket<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283820.html|title=Records {{!}} Women's Test matches {{!}} Bowling records {{!}} Most five-wickets-in-an-innings in a career {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|website=ESPNCricinfo|access-date=18 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119123018/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283820.html|archive-date=19 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283819.html|title=Records {{!}} Women's One-Day Internationals {{!}} Bowling records {{!}} Most five-wickets-in-an-innings in a career {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|website=ESPNCricinfo|access-date=18 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119122138/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283819.html|archive-date=19 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283814.html|title=Records {{!}} Women's Twenty20 Internationals {{!}} Bowling records {{!}} Most four-wickets-in-an-innings in a career {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|website=ESPNCricinfo|access-date=18 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119122819/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283814.html|archive-date=19 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
! scope="col" | Rank
! scope="col" | Player
! scope="col" | Period
! scope="col" | Teams
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | [[Women's Test cricket|Test]]
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | [[Women's One Day International|ODI]]
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | [[Women's Twenty20 International|T20I]]
! scope="col" | Total
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | [[Ten-wicket haul|10WH]]
|-
|1
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Anisa|Mohammed}}
|2003–2022
|align=left|{{cr|WIN}}
|{{n/a}}
|6
|3
|9
|{{n/a}}
|-
|2
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Katherine|Brunt}}
|2004–2023
|align=left|{{cr|ENG}}
|3
|5
|0
|8
|0
|-
|3
! scope="row" style="background:#cfecec"| {{sortname|Suné|Luus}} ǂ
|2012–2025
|align=left|{{cr|SA}}
|0
|5
|2
|7
|{{n/a}}
|-
|rowspan="2" |4
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Cathryn|Fitzpatrick}}
|1991–2007
|align=left|{{cr|AUS}}
|2
|4
|0
|6
|0
|-
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jhulan|Goswami}}
|2002–2022
|align=left|{{cr|IND}}
|3
|2
|1
|6
|1
|-
|rowspan="6" |6
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mary|Duggan}}
|1949–1963
|align=left|{{cr|ENG}}
|5
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|5
|0
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#cfecec"| {{sortname|Sophie|Ecclestone}} ǂ
|2016–2025
|align=left|{{cr|ENG}}
|3
|2
|0
|5
|1
|-
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shubhangi|Kulkarni}}
|1976–1991
|align=left|{{cr|IND}}
|5
|0
|{{n/a}}
|5
|0
|-
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jackie|Lord}}
|1966–1979
|align=left|{{cr|NZ}}
|4
|1
|{{n/a}}
|5
|1
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#cfecec"| {{sortname|Ellyse|Perry}} ǂ
|2007–2025
|align=left|{{cr|AUS}}
|2
|3
|0
|5
|0
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#cfecec"| {{sortname|Deepti|Sharma}} ǂ
|2014–2025
|align=left|{{cr|IND}}
|1
|4
|0
|5
|0
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of cricketers with five-wicket hauls in all international formats]]
* [[List of cricketers who have taken five-wicket hauls on Test debut]]
* [[List of cricketers who have taken five-wicket hauls on One Day International debut]]
* [[List of cricketers who have taken five-wicket hauls on Women Test debut]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{International cricket five-wicket hauls}}
{{Cricket records}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cricketers by number of international five-wicket hauls}}
[[Category:Lists of international cricket five-wicket hauls]]
[[Category:Cricket records and statistics]]
[[Category:Lists of cricketers|Five-wicket hauls]]

Dhanaura Assembly constituency

2025-12-01T22:20:56Z

Aebeez: Put Up First Info W/ Refs

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dhanaura
| constituency_no = 39
| map_image = 39-Dhanaura.svg
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Amroha district|Amroha]]
| reservation = SC
| type= SLA
| mla = [[Rajeev Tarara]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|2017]]
| electors = 3,21,055 (2017)
}}
'''Dhanaura''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Dhanaura in the [[Amroha district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.

Dhanaura is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Amroha Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 39 amongst 403 constituencies.

Currently this seat belongs to [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Rajeev Tarara]] who won in last Assembly election of [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] by defeating [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate Jagram Singh by a margin of 38,229 votes.<ref name="Election Result">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/dhanaura.html|title=Assembly result 2017|website=Elections.in|access-date=30 November 2018}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!Scope=col|#
!scope=col|Term
!scope=col|Member of Legislative Assembly
!scope=col|Party
!scope=col|From
!scope=col|To
!scope=col|Days
!scope=col|Comment
|-
| 1|| [[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Vidhan Sabha]] ||[[Maikal Chandra]]||[[Samajwadi Party]]|| March 2012 ||March 2017 || 1,829||<ref name="Election Result"/>
|-
| 2|| [[Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2"|[[Rajeev Tarara]] || rowspan="2"|[[Bhartiya Janata Party]] ||March 2017 ||March 2022 ||{{age in days|2017|03|19}}||<ref name="Election Result"/>
|-
| 3|| [[Eighteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|18th Vidhan Sabha]] || March 2022 || Incumbent|| {{age in days|2022|03|10}}||
|-
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=2022 Assembly Elections: Dhanaura (SC)<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Rajeev Tarara]]
|votes = {{formatnum:103054}}
|percentage = 42.29
|change = -3.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Vivek Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:91629}}
|percentage = 37.6
|change = +8.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Harpal Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:43974}}
|percentage = 18.04
|change = -5.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1176}}
|percentage = 0.48
|change = -0.34
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:11425}}
|percentage = 4.69
|change = -12.29
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:243697}}
|percentage = 70.34
|change = +0.2
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=2017 Assembly Elections: Dhanaura (SC)<ref name="Election Result"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Rajeev Tarara]]
|votes = {{formatnum:102943}}
|percentage = 45.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Jagram Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:64714}}
|percentage = 28.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sanjeev Lal
|votes = {{formatnum:51952}}
|percentage = 23.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = Kapil Chandra
|votes = {{formatnum:3747}}
|percentage = 1.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1824}}
|percentage = 0.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:38229}}
|percentage = 16.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:225180}}
|percentage = 70.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{increase}}17.71
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===

{{Election box begin | title=2012 Assembly Elections: Dhanaura (SC)<ref name="election2012">{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3262-uttar-pradesh-2012/|title=Uttar Pradesh 2012 Results|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=2 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Maikal Chandra]]
|votes = 55,545
|percentage = 28.38
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Hem Singh
|votes = 47,916
|percentage = 24.48
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = Jagram Singh
|votes = 30,637
|percentage = 15.65
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Harpal Singh
|votes = 28,187
|percentage = 14.40
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = RMD
|candidate = Geeta Rani
|votes = 11,659
|percentage = 5.96
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Mahan Dal
|candidate = Urvashi
|votes = 8,530
|percentage = 4.36
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remaining 9 Candidates
|votes = 13,248
|percentage = 6.77
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 7,619
|percentage = 3.90
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,95,722
|percentage = 66.53
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150928065905/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/default.htm Official Site of Legislature in Uttar Pradesh]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120105024731/http://upgov.nic.in/upinfo/const_setup.html Uttar Pradesh Government website]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051225100003/http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/UttarPradesh/upassembly-w.htm UP Assembly]

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Amroha district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

Ayonika Paul

2025-11-25T07:54:51Z

Aebeez: content fix

{{short description|Indian sport shooter (born 1992)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
|name=Ayonika Paul
|image=
|birth_date={{Birth date and age|df=yes|1992|9|23}}
|birth_place=[[Mumbai]], India
|nationality=[[India]]n
|ethnicity=
|Religion=
|citizenship=
|other_names=
|height={{convert|163|cm|ftin|abbr=on}}
|weight=
|country=[[India]]
|sport=[[Shooting sports|Shooting]]
|event = [[10 metre air rifle]]
|coach=Thomas Farnik
| medaltemplates=
{{MedalSport| Women's [[Shooting sports|shooting]]}}
{{MedalCountry| {{IND}} }}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Shooting Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2012 Asian Shooting Championships|2012 Doha]]|10 m air rifle team}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver| [[2014 Commonwealth Games|2014 Glasgow]]|[[Shooting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 10 metre air rifle|10 m air rifle]]}}
| updated = 26 July 2014
}}

'''Ayonika Paul''' (born 23 September 1992) is an Indian [[Shooting sports|shooter]] who competes in the [[10 metre air rifle]] event. She won the silver medal in the [[2014 Commonwealth Games]] in [[Glasgow]].

Ayonika Paul was confirmed by the Selection Committee of NRAI to represent India at the Rio Olympics 2016, where she finished at 47th position in the qualification round out of 51 contestants.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rio Olympics 2016: Jitu Rai finishes 8th in 10m Air Pistol; Apurvi Chandela, Ayonika Paul out in qualifiers|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/rio-olympics-2016-jitu-rai-finishes-8th-in-10m-air-pistol-apurvi-chandela-ayonika-paul-out-in-qualifiers-2939890.html|accessdate=8 August 2016|publisher=First Post|date=7 August 2016}}</ref>

== Early life ==
She was born in September 1992 at [[Mumbai]], India and is the daughter of Ashim Paul, a Railway employee and Aparna Paul. She studied at Swami Vivekananda high school in Chembur, Mumbai. She graduated with a [[Bachelor of Engineering]] degree from [[Pillai's Institute of Information Technology Engineering, Media Studies & Research]] affiliated to [[University of Mumbai]], — and has completed a Master's in Electronics Engineering. Ayonika Paul was once an excellent swimmer but slowly her interest developed in the rifle shooting.<ref>{{cite web |title= Women's 10 metre air rifle Finals.|url= http://results.glasgow2014.com/event/shooting/shw101101/10m_air_rifle_womens_finals.html |archive-url= https://archive.today/20140728222947/http://results.glasgow2014.com/event/shooting/shw101101/10m_air_rifle_womens_finals.html |url-status= usurped |archive-date= 28 July 2014 |publisher= glasgow2014.com |date= 26 July 2014 |accessdate= 26 July 2014}}</ref> She had earlier won Bronze in ISSF World Cup 2014 in Slovenia.<ref>{{cite news|title=Apurvi Chandila wins gold, Ayonika Paul silver in 10m air rile|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/07/apurvi-chandila-wins-gold-ayonika-paul-silver-in-10m-air-rile/|accessdate=26 July 2014|agency=IANS|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|date=26 July 2014}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/ayonika-paul-now-aims-for-the-olympic-gold/article6275429.ece|title=Ayonika Paul now aims for the Olympic gold|last=Rashid|first=Omar|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-05-13|language=en}}</ref>

She holds a BE Electronics degree and is a member of the [[National Rifle Association of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.issf-sports.org/athletes/athlete.ashx?personissfid=SHINDW2309199201|title=ISSF - International Shooting Sport Federation - issf-sports.org|website=www.issf-sports.org|access-date=2017-05-13}}</ref>

== Early Training ==
She started out as a swimming champion in her early days, with her father as the coach. However her interest turned to shooting in 2006, when she saw Rajyavardhan Singh Rathod at the Athens Olympics in 2004, where he won the silver medal for India.

She got her first rifle, an imported Feinwerkvan for Rs 1.2 lakh which her father provided for through loans and thus started her journey in shooting.

Her weekly practice was done at Pune, which had better training facilities and she had to juggle through her studies and shooting practice to achieve her goals.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
2007- She won her first ever medal, double gold, at the international junior competition in Suhl, [[Germany]].<ref name=":0" />

2008- A gold medal at the International Junior Shooting Competition in [[Munich]] paved her way towards an international career and brought her into the limelight.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/know-indian-olympian-10-things-224300142.html|title=Know your Indian Olympian: 10 things to know about Ayonika Paul|access-date=2017-05-13|language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/shooting/know-your-indian-olympian-10-things-know-about-ayonika-paul|title=Ayonika Paul: 10 things to know about India's talented shooter headed for the Rio Olympics 2016|date=2016-07-05|access-date=2017-05-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/general-sports/interview-ayonika-paul-india|title=Interview with shooter Ayonika Paul, who is aiming to hit the bull's eye at the Commonwealth Games|date=2014-05-27|access-date=2017-05-13}}</ref>

2011- She won a bronze medal at the Asian Junior Championships in Kuwait and was ranked third.

2012- She won the bronze medal at the Asian Airgun Championships in 2015 in the 10m for Women's [[10 meter air rifle|10m Air Rifle.]]

2014- As well as clinching the silver medal at the [[Commonwealth Games]], held at [[Glasgow|Glasgow, Scotland]] she finished seventh in the women's 10-metre air rifle event at the [[2014 Asian Games]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/commonwealth-games-2014/commonwealth-games-2014-india-s-apurvi-chandela-wins-gold-ayonika-paul-gets-silver-in-10m-air-rifle-1515292|title=Commonwealth Games 2014: India's Apurvi Chandela Wins Gold, Ayonika Paul Gets Silver in 10m Air Rifle – NDTV Sports|last=NDTVSports.com|work=NDTVSports.com|access-date=2017-05-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/ayonika-paul-aims-to-win-a-medal-at-the-rio-olympics-in-2016/article6275680.ece|title=There is more to come: Ayonika|last=Viswanath|first=G.|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-05-13|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/commonwealth-games-2014/india-at-glasgow/Commonwealth-Games-Apurvi-Chandela-wins-gold-Ayonika-Paul-bags-silver-in-Womens-10m-Air-Rifle/articleshow/39060091.cms|title=Commonwealth Games: Apurvi Chandela wins gold, Ayonika Paul bags silver in Women's 10m Air Rifle - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-05-13}}</ref>

2015-She represents Maharashtra in the National Games and won the silver medal at the [[National Games of India|National Games]] held at Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiancrux.info/2014/12/national-games-2015-kerala-shooting-results-and-medal-winners-list.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122013715/http://www.indiancrux.info/2014/12/national-games-2015-kerala-shooting-results-and-medal-winners-list.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=22 January 2015|title=National Games 2015 Kerala Shooting Results and Medal Winners List|website=www.indiancrux.info|access-date=2017-05-13}}</ref>

2016- She won the silver medal at the Asia Olympic Qualifying Competition in [[New Delhi]] (IND) and thus became one of the qualifiers for shooting at the [[2016 Summer Olympics|Rio Olympics]], but had an early exit in the same. She was backed and supported by the NGO, [[Olympic Gold Quest]] for Rio.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/sports/rio-2016-olympics/ayonika-paul-women-10m-air-rifle-shooting-2948554/|title=Ayonika Paul Profile: 10m Air Rifle women's|date=2016-08-02|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-05-13|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/olympics2016/story/india-at-rio-olympics-2016-apurvi-chandela-jitu-rai-shooting/1/733747.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807170250/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/olympics2016/story/india-at-rio-olympics-2016-apurvi-chandela-jitu-rai-shooting/1/733747.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 August 2016|title=India at Rio Olympics, Highlights: Heartbreaking opening day for India|access-date=2017-05-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/Ayonika-Paul-gears-up-for-Rio-Olympics/article14404929.ece|title=Ayonika Paul gears up for Rio Olympics|last=PTI|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-05-13|language=en}}</ref>

2014-Bachelor in Electronics Engineering from [[Pillai's Institute of Information Technology Engineering, Media Studies & Research]], New Panvel.

2018- Masters in Electronics Engineering specialising in Image Processing from University of Mumbai. Having worked on Real Time Adaptive Target Tracking using computer vision, her manuscript was published in Journal of Electronic Design Engineering.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Paul|first=Ayonika|date=2018-08-22|title=Real Time Adaptive Tracking System Using Computer Vision|url=http://www.matjournals.in/index.php/JOEDE/article/view/2815|journal=Journal of Electronic Design Engineering|language=en|volume=4|issue=1,2}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
She is a recipient of the [[Maharashtra]] government's Shiv Chhatrapati award.<ref name=":0" />

==ISSF World Medal Tally==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- "
!No.
!Event
!Championship
!Year
!Place
!Medal
|-
|1
|[[10 metre air rifle|10m air rifle]]
|[[ISSF World Cup]]
|2014
|Maribor
|{{bronze03}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{ISSF}}
* {{Olympics.com}}
* {{Olympedia}}
* {{CGF profile}}
* {{2014 Commonwealth Games profile}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paul, Ayonika}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female sport shooters]]
[[Category:Olympic shooters for India]]
[[Category:Shooters at the 2016 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists in shooting]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games shooters for India]]
[[Category:Shooters at the 2014 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games shooters for India]]
[[Category:Shooters at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Sport shooters from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2014 Commonwealth Games]]

Hari Singh Dilbar

2025-11-24T20:12:27Z

Aebeez:

{{Short description|Indian Punjabi language writer and poet}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Notability|Bio|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Hari Singh Dilbar
| image = Hari Singh Dilbar, Punjabi language comedy poet.JPG
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Hari Singh Dilbar, at 19th Nabha Kavita Utsav (13-12-2015)
| pseudonym = Hari Singh Dilbar
| birth_name = Hari Singh
| birth_date = c. 1929
| birth_place = [[Layallpur]], [[British Punjab]] (present-day Faisalabad, Pakistan)
| death_date = 3 May 2017
| death_place = [[Sirsa]], [[Haryana]]
| occupation = Writer, Poet
| language = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| nationality = Indian
| period = 1943–2017
| genre = Poetry, [[Punjabi culture]]
}}

'''Hari Singh Dilbar''' (c. 1929 – 3 May 2017) was a well-known South Asian [[Punjabi language]] writer and poet.<ref name="ti">{{cite news|title=Reciting poems since 1943|author=Sushil Manav|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090825/harplus.htm|newspaper=The Tribune|publisher=tribuneindia.com|location=Chandigarh|date=24 August 2009|accessdate=29 February 2012|quote=Hari Singh Dilbar, an octogenarian Punjabi poet from Sirsa, is a well-known figure amongst the literary circles.}}</ref>

Born around 1929 in [[Layallpur]], [[British Punjab]] (present-day Faisalabad, Pakistan) Dilbar has been writing and reciting poems since 1943.<ref name="ti2">{{cite news|title=Kavi darbar stirs up emotions|author=Rubinder Gill|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20051120/punjab1.htm|newspaper = The Tribune|publisher=tribuneindia.com|location=Chandigarh|date=19 November 2005|accessdate=29 February 2012|quote=Hari Singh Dilbar's couplets won the hearts of the audience.}}</ref>

==Early life==
Dilbar was born as Hari Singh in 1929 in [[Layallpur]] (now Faisalabad), [[British Punjab]].<ref name=ti/> After [[Partition of India|partition]] they moved to [[Jalandhar]] and then shifted to [[Sirsa, Haryana|Sirsa]] (now in [[Haryana]] state). He did his schooling up to fifth standard. Dilbar worked in a sweetshop for many year and lived by selling snacks and samosas near the bus stand of Sirsa.<ref name="uniindia.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.uniindia.com/punjabi-poet-dilbar-passes-away/states/news/859711.html |title=Punjabi poet Dilbar passes away |access-date=2017-09-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820155839/http://www.uniindia.com/punjabi-poet-dilbar-passes-away/states/news/859711.html |archive-date=20 August 2017 }}</ref><ref>http://punjabitribuneonline.com/2017/05/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE-%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%88-%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B6-%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%86-%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82/ {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref>

==Career==
He started writing poetry in 1943.<ref name=ti/> A poet, he published many books on various subjects.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.a1webstores.com/dilbar-de-choke-chake/itemdetail/8178835401|title=Dilbar De Chauke Chhakke: Author: Hari Singh Dilbar; ISBN 81-7883-540-1/ISBN 978-81-7883-540-2|work=Buy book online|publisher=a1webstores.com|accessdate=29 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lahorepublishers.com/|title=Lahore Book Shop & Publishers|first=Web Key|last=eServices|website=Lahorepublishers.com|accessdate=1 September 2017|archive-date=10 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410172425/http://lahorepublishers.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> With a long journey of reciting [[satirical poem]]s at the Red Fort Delhi, he had recited his verses before Prime Minister [[Jawahar Lal Nehru]] to [[Narendra Modi]], whom he had regaled with his lively satires. He travelled a number of foreign countries ad recent visit was to Australia.

==Death==
On 3 May 2017, he died of serious attack of [[diabetics]] at his residence in [[Sirsa]] City.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-01-11|title=Punjabi satirist Hari Singh Dilbar battling with cancer, gets no help|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/punjabi-satirist-hari-singh-dilbar-battling-with-cancer-gets-no-help/story-C2elwTIeQe9gKBOts4feYO.html|access-date=2021-09-28|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> Writers and poets from the state expressed condolence of his demise.<ref name="uniindia.com"/>

==See also==
* [[Surjit Paatar]]
* [[Dev Tharike Wala]]
* [[Gurbhajan Gill]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hari Singh Dilbar}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language writers]]
[[Category:Punjabi Sikhs]]
[[Category:People from Faisalabad]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:1920s births]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing]]
[[Category:Poets from Haryana]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]

{{India-writer-stub}}

2013–14 Senior Women's T20 League

2025-11-16T07:41:08Z

Aebeez: adding a info - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2013–14 Senior Women's T20 League
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| fromdate = 2
| todate = 14 February 2014
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[Women's Twenty20|Twenty20]]
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]]
| host =
| champions = [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
| count = 5
| runner up = [[Hyderabad women's cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| participants = 26
| matches = 66
| attendance =
| player of the series =
| most runs = [[Latika Kumari]] (204)
| most wickets = [[Ekta Bisht]] (13)
| previous_year = 2012–13
| previous_tournament = 2012–13 Senior Women's T20 League
| next_year = 2014–15
| next_tournament = 2014–15 Senior Women's T20 League
}}

The '''2013–14 Senior Women's T20 League''' was the 6th edition of the women's [[Women's Twenty20|Twenty20]] [[cricket]] [[Senior Women's T20 League|competition]] in [[India]]. It took place in February 2014 with 26 teams divided into an Elite Group and a Plate Group. [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]] won the tournament, their fifth in a row, by topping the Elite Group Super League.<ref name="CA">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/20/Inter_State_Womens_Twenty20_Competition_2013-14.html |title=Inter State Women's Twenty20 Competition 2013/14 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=20 August 2021}}</ref>

==Competition format==
The 26 teams competing in the tournament were divided into the Elite Group and the Plate Group, with the 10 teams in the Elite Group further divided into Groups A and B and the 16 teams in the Plate Group into Groups A, B and C. The tournament operated on a [[Round-robin tournament|round-robin]] format, with each team playing every other team in their group once. The top two sides from each Elite Group progressed to the Elite Group Super League, which was a further round-robin group, with the winner of the group being crowned Champions. The bottom side from each Elite Group was relegated to the Plate Group for the following season. Meanwhile, the top two from each Plate Group progressed to a knockout stage, with the two teams that reached the final being promoted for the following season, as well as playing off for the Plate Group title. The [[Women's Twenty20|Twenty20]] format was used, with each of the two innings in a match spanning a maximum of 20 overs.

The groups worked on a points system with positions with the groups based on the '''total points'''. Points were awarded as follows:<ref name="CAtable">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/Tables/20/Inter_State_Womens_Twenty20_Competition_2013-14.html |title=Inter State Women's Twenty20 Competition 2013/14 Points Tables |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=20 August 2021}}</ref>

'''Win''': 4 points. 
'''[[Result (cricket)#Tie|Tie]]''': 2 points. 
'''Loss''': 0 points. 
'''No Result/Abandoned''': 2 points.

If points in the final table are equal, teams are separated by most wins, then head-to-head record, then [[Net Run Rate]].

==Elite Group==
===Elite Group A===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|P|Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr|[[Net run rate|NRR]]|Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]] '''(Q)'''
|4 ||4 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||'''146''|| +1.433
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Hyderabad women's cricket team|Hyderabad]] '''(Q)'''
|4 ||3 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||'''12'''|| +1.361
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Odisha women's cricket team|Odisha]]
|4 ||2 ||2 ||0 ||0 ||'''8'''|| –0.365
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]]
|4 ||1 ||3 ||0 ||0 ||'''4'''|| +0.252
|-style="background:#FFCCCC
|style="text-align:left" |[[Haryana women's cricket team|Haryana]] '''(R)'''
|4 ||0 ||4 ||0 ||0 ||'''0'''|| –2.784
|}

===Elite Group B===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|P|Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr|[[Net run rate|NRR]]|Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Gujarat women's cricket team|Gujarat]] '''(Q)'''
|4 ||3 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||'''12'''|| +0.426
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Punjab women's cricket team (India)|Punjab]] '''(Q)'''
|4 ||3 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||'''12'''|| +0.329
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
|4 ||3 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||'''12'''|| +0.295
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Kerala women's cricket team|Kerala]]
|4 ||1 ||3 ||0 ||0 ||'''4'''|| –0.074
|-style="background:#FFCCCC
|style="text-align:left" |[[Assam women's cricket team|Assam]] '''(R)'''
|4 ||0 ||4 ||0 ||0 ||'''0'''|| –1.002
|}

===Elite Group Super League===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|P|Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr|[[Net run rate|NRR]]|Net run rate}}
|-style="background:gold;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]] '''(C)'''
|3 ||3 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||'''12'''|| +0.538
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Hyderabad women's cricket team|Hyderabad]]
|3 ||2 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||'''8'''|| +0.587
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Punjab women's cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
|3 ||1 ||2 ||0 ||0 ||'''4'''|| +0.090
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Gujarat women's cricket team|Gujarat]]
|3 ||0 ||3 ||0 ||0 ||'''0'''|| –1.286
|}

:Source: CricketArchive<ref name="CAtable"/>

==Plate Group==
===Plate Group A===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|P|Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr|[[Net run rate|NRR]]|Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#dfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Goa women's cricket team|Goa]] '''(Q)'''
|5 ||5 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||'''20'''|| +0.672
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]] '''(Q)'''
|5 ||4 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||'''16'''|| +1.223
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Karnataka women's cricket team|Karnataka]]
|5 ||3 ||2 ||0 ||0 ||'''12'''|| +0.470
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Jharkhand women's cricket team|Jharkhand]]
|5 ||2 ||3 ||0 ||0 ||'''8'''|| –0.904
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Saurashtra women's cricket team|Saurashtra]]
|5 ||1 ||4 ||0 ||0 ||'''4'''|| –0.939
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Tripura women's cricket team|Tripura]]
|5 ||0 ||5 ||0 ||0 ||'''0'''|| –0.488
|}

===Plate Group B===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|P|Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr|[[Net run rate|NRR]]|Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]] '''(Q)'''
|4 ||4 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||'''16'''|| +0.435
|-style="background:#dfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Tamil Nadu women's cricket team|Tamil Nadu]] '''(Q)'''
|4 ||2 ||2 ||0 ||0 ||'''8'''|| +1.424
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Rajasthan women's cricket team|Rajasthan]]
|4 ||2 ||2 ||0 ||0 ||'''8'''|| +1.402
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Himachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
|4 ||2 ||2 ||0 ||0 ||'''8'''|| +1.393
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Jammu and Kashmir women's cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|4 ||0 ||4 ||0 ||0 ||'''0'''|| –4.660
|}

===Plate Group C===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|P|Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr|[[Net run rate|NRR]]|Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#dfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Andhra women's cricket team|Andhra]] '''(Q)'''
|4 ||3 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||'''12'''|| +1.390
|-style="background:#dfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]] '''(Q)'''
|4 ||3 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||'''12'''|| +1.077
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Uttar Pradesh women's cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
|4 ||3 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||'''12'''|| +0.551
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Baroda women's cricket team|Baroda]]
|4 ||1 ||3 ||0 ||0 ||'''4'''|| –1.051
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Vidarbha women's cricket team|Vidarbha]]
|4 ||0 ||4 ||0 ||0 ||'''0'''|| –2.606
|}

{{Color box|#cfc|border=darkgray}} Advanced to Plate Group Semi-finals 
{{Color box|#dfc|border=darkgray}} Advanced to Plate Group Quarter-finals

:Source: CricketArchive<ref name="CAtable"/>

===Knockout stage===
{{#invoke:Team bracket|main|rounds=3
| compact = y | byes=1 | seeds = y | RD1-omit = {{{RD1-omit|3/4}}}
| RD1 = Quarter-finals
| RD2 = Semi-finals
| RD3 = Final
| team-width = 130

| RD1-seed1 = C1
| RD1-team1 = '''[[Andhra women's cricket team|Andhra]]'''
| RD1-score1 = '''141/3'''
| RD1-seed2 = B2
| RD1-team2 = [[Tamil Nadu women's cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
| RD1-score2 = 102/6

| RD1-seed3 = A1
| RD1-team3 = [[Goa women's cricket team|Goa]]
| RD1-score3 = 61/8
| RD1-seed4 = C2
| RD1-team4 = '''[[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]]'''
| RD1-score4 = '''62/1'''

| RD2-seed1 = C1
| RD2-team1 = [[Andhra women's cricket team|Andhra]]
| RD2-score1 = 114/9
| RD2-seed2 = A2
| RD2-team2 = '''[[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]]'''
| RD2-score2 = '''115/3'''

| RD2-seed3 = C2
| RD2-team3 = [[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]]
| RD2-score3 = 94/9
| RD2-seed4 = B1
| RD2-team4 = '''[[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]]'''
| RD2-score4 = '''95/5'''

| RD3-seed1 = A2
| RD3-team1 = [[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]]
| RD3-score1 = 51
| RD3-seed2 = B1
| RD3-team2 = '''[[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]]'''
| RD3-score2 = '''55/3'''
}}

====Quarter-finals====
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 11 February 2014
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Andhra women's cricket team|Andhra]]
| team2 = [[Tamil Nadu women's cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
| score1 = 141/3 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sabbhineni Meghana]] 53[[not out|*]] (39)
| wickets1 = Lakhmi Nethra 2/25 (4 overs)
| score2 = 102/6 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Dayalan Hemalatha]] 22 (31)
| wickets2 = Challa Jhansi Lakshmi 2/15 (4 overs)
| result = Andhra won by 39 runs
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/580/580838.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Tata Digwadih Stadium]], [[Dhanbad]]
| umpires = [[Ranjeev Sharma]] and Rajesh Timaney
| motm =
| toss = Andhra won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 11 February 2014
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Goa women's cricket team|Goa]]
| team2 = [[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]]
| score1 = 61/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = Nikita Malik 17[[not out|*]] (25)
| wickets1 = Paramita Roy 2/9 (2 overs)
| score2 = 62/1 (11.3 overs)
| runs2 = Paramita Roy 28[[not out|*]] (33)
| wickets2 = Rupali Chavan 1/10 (2 overs)
| result = Bengal won by 9 wickets
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/580/580839.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Nehru Smarak Stadium]], [[Bhagalpur]]
| umpires = Ganesh Charhate and Nikhil Menon
| motm =
| toss = Goa won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----

====Semi-finals====
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 12 February 2014
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Andhra women's cricket team|Andhra]]
| team2 = [[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]]
| score1 = 114/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sabbhineni Meghana]] 51 (42)
| wickets1 = [[Soni Yadav]] 2/15 (3 overs)
| score2 = 115/3 (18 overs)
| runs2 = [[Latika Kumari]] 53[[not out|*]] (58)
| wickets2 = Dhana Lakshmi 1/3 (1 overs)
| result = Delhi won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/580/580845.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Tata Digwadih Stadium]], [[Dhanbad]]
| umpires = Nikhil Menon and Rajesh Timaney
| motm =
| toss = Andhra won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 12 February 2014
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]]
| score1 = 94/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Priyanka Roy]] 49 (48)
| wickets1 = [[Sarika Koli]] 3/24 (4 overs)
| score2 = 95/5 (18.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sulakshana Naik]] 32 (33)
| wickets2 = Paramita Roy 2/10 (4 overs)
| result = Mumbai won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/580/580844.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Nehru Smarak Stadium]], [[Bhagalpur]]
| umpires = Ganesh Charhate and [[Ranjeev Sharma]]
| motm =
| toss = Mumbai won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----

====Final====
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 14 February 2014
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]]
| score1 = 51 (17 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mandeep Kaur (cricketer)|Mandeep Kaur]] 9 (18)
| wickets1 = [[Humaira Kazi]] 5/8 (4 overs)
| score2 = 55/3 (13.1 overs)
| runs2 = Apoorva Kokil 18[[not out|*]] (19)
| wickets2 = Babita Negi 2/9 (4 overs)
| result = Mumbai won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/580/580846.html Scorecard]
| venue = Jharkhand State Cricket Association International Stadium, [[Ranchi]]
| umpires = Nikhil Menon and [[Ranjeev Sharma]]
| motm =
| toss = Mumbai won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Mumbai and Delhi are promoted to the Elite Group.
}}
----

==Statistics==
===Most runs===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!width=150| Player
!width=125| Team
!width=60 | Matches
!width=60 | Innings
!width=60 | Runs
!width=60 | Average
!width=60 | {{Tooltip|HS|Highest score}}
!width=60 | 100s
!width=60 | 50s
|-
|[[Latika Kumari]]
|[[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]]
|7
|7
|'''204'''
|40.80
|53[[not out|*]]
|0
|1
|-
|[[Rumeli Dhar]]
|[[Rajasthan women's cricket team|Rajasthan]]
|4
|4
|'''178'''
|59.33
|93[[not out|*]]
|0
|1
|-
|[[Sabbhineni Meghana]]
|[[Andhra women's cricket team|Andhra]]
|6
|6
|'''173'''
|57.66
|53[[not out|*]]
|0
|2
|-
|[[Mamatha Kanojia]]
|[[Hyderabad women's cricket team|Hyderabad]]
|7
|7
|'''171'''
|28.50
|73
|0
|1
|-
|[[Shikha Pandey]]
|[[Goa women's cricket team|Goa]]
|6
|6
|'''162'''
|32.40
|73
|0
|1
|-
|}
Source: CricketArchive<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/20/Inter_State_Womens_Twenty20_Competition_2013-14/Batting_by_Runs.html |title=Batting and Fielding in Inter State Women's Twenty20 Competition 2013/14 (Ordered by Runs) |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=20 August 2021}}</ref>

===Most wickets===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!width=150| Player
!width=125| Team
!width=60 | Overs
!width=60 | Wickets
!width=60 | Average
!width=60 | BBI
!width=60 | 5w
|-
|[[Ekta Bisht]]
|[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
|28.0
|'''13'''
|5.92
|4/7
|0
|-
|Salma Banu
|[[Goa women's cricket team|Goa]]
|23.0
|'''12'''
|9.83
|6/21
|1
|-
|Babita Negi
|[[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]]
|24.0
|'''11'''
|7.36
|3/14
|0
|-
|Vellore Mahesh Kavya
|[[Hyderabad women's cricket team|Hyderabad]]
|27.0
|'''11'''
|8.36
|3/6
|0
|-
|Rupali Chavan
|[[Goa women's cricket team|Goa]]
|22.0
|'''11'''
|8.45
|3/16
|0
|}
Source: CricketArchive<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/20/Inter_State_Womens_Twenty20_Competition_2013-14/Bowling_by_Wickets.html |title=Bowling in Inter State Women's Twenty20 Competition 2013/14 (Ordered by Wickets) |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=20 August 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Women's Inter State Cricket in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2013-14 Senior Women's T20 League}}
[[Category:Senior Women's T20 Trophy]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2013–14|Senior Women's T20 League]]
[[Category:2014 in Indian cricket|Senior Women's T20 League]]

Vinay Apte

2025-11-13T20:22:40Z

Aebeez:

{{Short description|Marathi actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Vinay Apte
| image_size =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1951|06|17}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay State]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2013|12|07|1951|06|17}}<ref name=DEAD/>
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| field = Actor, Director, Playwright, Producer, Television Presenter
| spouse = Vaijayanti Apte
}}

'''Vinay Apte''' (17 June 1951 – 7 December 2013) was an Indian film and television actor. He acted in several [[Marathi movies]] and television shows in his almost 40-year-old career. He has also acted in [[Bollywood|Hindi movies]] such as ''[[Chandni Bar]]'', ''[[Ek Chalis Ki Last Local]]'', ''[[It's Breaking News]]'', ''[[Satyagraha (film)|Satyagraha]]'' and ''[[Raajneeti|Rajneeti]]''.

Apart from acting he was associated with a production house. He died in [[Mumbai]] on 7 December 2013.<ref name=DEAD>{{Cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Actor-Vinay-Apte-succumbs-to-breathing-problems/articleshow/27050218.cms |title=Actor Vinay Apte succumbs to breathing problems |access-date=8 December 2013 |archive-date=8 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208175204/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Actor-Vinay-Apte-succumbs-to-breathing-problems/articleshow/27050218.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-indian-televison-and-film-actor-vinay-apte-no-more-fans-on-twitter-mourn-1931330 |title=Indian television and film actor Vinay Apte no more, fans on Twitter mourn |access-date=8 December 2013 |archive-date=9 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209193007/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-indian-televison-and-film-actor-vinay-apte-no-more-fans-on-twitter-mourn-1931330 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Apte began his acting career in 1974 in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] theatre and gradually began directing Marathi plays. His first play ''Mitrachi Goshta'' (Friend's Story) was written by well known Marathi playwright [[Vijay Tendulkar]]. ''[[Me Nathuram Godse Boltoy]]'', a play directed by Vinay Apte, had been the target of heavy political controversy. He appeared in several TV serials such as ''[[Lajja (TV series)|Lajja]]'' and ''[[Eka Lagnachi Dusri Goshta]]''. He also appeared in several [[Bollywood]] films like ''[[Dhamaal]]'', ''Aarakshan'', ''Gangajal'' and ''Rajneeti''. He was one of the leading actors in [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] cinema, dramas and serials.

==Filmography==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
*''[[Aakrosh (1980 film)|Aakrosh]]'' (1980)
*''[[Kalyug (1981 film)|Kalyug]]'' (1981) - Mhatre
*''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]'' (1982) - Hindu Youth in Calcutta street #2
*''Bombay War'' (1990)
*''In India Today'' (1991)
*''Nishpaap'' (1992) - Anna Khalbhor
*''Hach Sunbaicha Bahu'' (1992) - Malharrao Kolshe
*''Ladhaai'' (1999) - Dr. S.M Shinde
*''[[Chandni Bar]]'' (2001) - Inspector Gaikwad
*''[[Saathiya (film)|Saathiya]]'' (2002) - Senior inspector
*''Kyon?'' (2003) - DSP Manohar Shinde
*''[[Police Force: An Inside Story]]'' (2004) - Sawant
*''[[Khabardaar]]'' (2005)
*''[[Corporate (2006 film)|Corporate]]'' (2006) - State Finance Minister Gulabrao Ingle
*''Aai Shappath..!'' (2006) - Devki's father-in-law
*''Karz Kunkavache'' (2007)
*''Brinda'' (2007)
*''[[Ek Chalis Ki Last Local]]'' (2007) - Ponnappa
*''[[Dhamaal]]'' (2007) - Prabhakarana Sripalawardhana Atapattu Jayasuriya Laxmana Shivramakrishna Shivavenkata Rajashekhara Srinivasana Tiruchirappalli Yekyaparampeel Perumbudur Chinnaswami Mutthuswami Venugopal Iyer
*''[[It's Breaking News]]'' (2007) - DIG Dandekar
*''Vighnaharta Shri Siddhi Vinayak'' (2007)
*''[[Checkmate (2008 film)|Checkmate]]'' (2008) - Sampatrao Mahabal
*''Pranali: The Tradition'' (2008) - Keshav Prasad
*''[[Dashavatar (2008 film)|Dashavatar]]'' (2008) - Kansa
*''[[C Kkompany]]'' (2008) - Inspector Jawle
*''Foreignchi Patlin'' (2008) - Sarpanch Balwantrao Patil (Tatya)
*''Madhu Ithe Choughe Tithe'' (2008)
*''Agnihotra'' (2009, TV Series) - Sadanand Rao
*''Ek Da Kaay Zale Baiko Udali Bhurrr'' (2009)
*''Nishani Dava Angatha'' (2009)
*''[[Jogwa]]'' (2009) - Basappa
*''[[Veer (2010 film)|Veer]]'' (2010) - Nanku
*''[[Lalbaug Parel]]'' (2010) - Speedbreakers Father
*''City of Gold - Mumbai 1982: Ek Ankahee Kahani'' (2010) - Govind Rahate
*''[[Ranbhool]]'' (2010)
*''[[Raajneeti]]'' (2010) - Babulal
*''[[Sa Sasucha]]'' (2010) - Kartik's Father
*''[[Target (2010 film)|Target]]'' (2010) - Vishwasrao
*''[[Paradh]]'' (2010) - Prataprao
*''Mohaan Aawatey'' (2011) - Aamdar
*''[[Taryanche Bait]]'' (2011)
*''[[Aarakshan]]'' (2011) - Neta Bhishamber
*''Arjun'' (2011) - Jay Thackray
*''[[Hello Jai Hind!]]'' (2011)
*''[[Yedyanchi Jatra]]'' (2012)
*''Dhagedore'' (2012) - Advocate Bhalerao
*''Badam Rani Gulam Chor'' (2012) - Politician
*''[[Chakravyuh (2012 film)|Chakravyuh]]'' (2012) - Krishna Raj
*''Bokad'' (2012)
*''Mazha Mee'' (2013)
*''Dham Dhoom'' (2013)
*''Gulabi'' (2014) - Minister
*''[[Gour Hari Dastaan]]'' (2015) - MLA Olwe
*''[[Dhol Taashe]]'' (2015) - Deshmukh
*''Aawhan'' (2015) - Chief Minister
*''[[Shasan]]'' (2016) - Anand Rao
*''Dhondi'' (2017) - Patil
*''Total Dhamaal'' (2018) - Patil
{{div col end}}

==TV serials==
* ''[[Lajja (TV series)|Lajja]]''
* ''Manus''
* ''[[Avantika (TV series)|Avantika]]''
* ''Anamika''
* ''[[Agnihotra (TV series)|Agnihotra]]''
* ''[[Asmita (TV series)|Asmita]]''
* ''Parijaat''
* ''Bhagyalaxmi''
* ''Laxmanresha''
* ''Kya Baat Hai''
* ''Gharaounda''
* ''[[Ya Sukhanno Ya]]''
* ''Bolachi Kadhi''
* ''Raat Chanderi''
* ''Bhagyavidhata''
* ''Girid Interpol''
* ''Mungeri Ke Bhai Naurangi Laal'' (Hindi)
* ''[[Aabhalmaya]]''
* ''[[Eka Lagnachi Dusri Goshta]]''
* ''[[Durva (TV series)|Durva]]''
* ''[[Vahinisaheb]]''
* ''[[Adaalat (TV series)|Adaalat]]'' (2011-2012, TV Series) - Meghraj Rane (Hindi)
* ''[[Eka Lagnachi Dusri Goshta]]'' (2012, Marathi Serial) - Mahesh Desai
* ''[[Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon]]'' (2012, TV Series) as Shivdutt Marathe (Hindi)

==Plays==
* ''Mee Nathuram Godse Boltoy'' – Director
* ''Mitrachi Goshta''
* ''Just Another Rape'' – English
* ''Carry On Heaven'' – English
* ''Kamala'' – English
* ''Kabaddi Kabaddi''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=nm0032552}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Apte, Vinay}}
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

Presbyterian Mission High School, Diphu

2025-10-28T21:35:42Z

Aebeez: Created redirect page

#redirect[[Diphu#Educational institutions]]

Indo-Seychellois

2025-10-25T16:41:07Z

Aebeez: added section to improve readability

{{Short description|Inhabitants of Seychellois of Indian heritage}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Indo-Seychellois
| flag =
| image = File:Meghjee Kalyanji Building.jpg
| image_caption = Meghjee Building in Mahé, constructed by a local Indian Gujarati merchant's family in 1923
| population = 10,000
| popplace = [[Mahé, Seychelles|Mahé]] (mainly [[Victoria, Seychelles|Victoria]]).
| langs = [[Bihari languages]], [[English language|English]], [[Hindi-Urdu]], [[French language|French]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Kannada]], [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Seychellois Creole]]
| rels = [[Hinduism]], [[Islam]], [[Christianity]], [[Jainism]], Others
}}
__NOTOC__
'''Indo-Seychellois''' are inhabitants of [[Seychelles]] with Indian heritage.<ref>{{cite book|author=Angus Stevenson|title=Oxford Dictionary of English|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=anecAQAAQBAJ|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-957112-3|pages=891, 1632}}</ref> With about 10,000 Indo-Seychellois in a total Seychellois population of nearly 100,000, they constitute a minority ethnic group in Seychelles.<ref name=idnic/> According to National Bureau of Statistics Seychelles in 2022, Indian community in Seychelles representing 9.0% from Seychelles population, up from 4.4% in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-15 |title=Seychelles - Multicultural, Indian Ocean, Creole {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Seychelles/People |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Origins==
The first Indo-Seychellois were south Indians, who were brought as slaves along with Africans, by the fifteen French colonists in 1770.<ref name=pascal/> Later, as colonial plantations and road construction work started, a larger group was brought in not as slaves, but as [[indentured labourers]] (called ''[[coolies]]'').<ref name=pascal>{{cite web| last=Mahoune| first=Jean-Claude Pascal| title=Seychellois of Asian Origin| work=IIAS Newsletter Online| url=http://iias.nl/iiasn/20/regions/20ISA1.html| quote=After the abolition of slavery in 1835, the French landowners were clamouring for Indian ('[[coolies]]') labour to work on their plantations though they had many 'liberated Africans' in the 1860s. When the 'coolies' did come, they were to mostly set to work on road construction. Unlike [[Mauritius]] most of them left.| access-date=2008-03-26| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071123114404/http://www.iias.nl/iiasn/20/regions/20ISA1.html| archive-date=2007-11-23| url-status=dead}}</ref>

The colonial era arrival records of Indo-Seychellois were not well kept. Those available suggest ships brought Indians to work, and many returned to India when their work contract expired. For example, in February 1905, one British Indian ship's record states that 135 Indians arrived in the Seychelles mostly male adults (106), some females (42), and a few children (7).<ref name=pascal/> Those who stayed integrated within the Seychelles society.<ref name=pascal/>

==Demography==
[[File:Hindu Temple Victoria Seychelles Islands of Africa.jpg|thumb|A Tamil Hindu temple in Victoria, the capital of Seychelles]]
Indians represent a small minority, at just over 6% of the total population<ref name=idnic>{{citation|title=Report of the High Level Committee on the Indian Diaspora. Chapter 8: Other Countries of Africa |url=http://indiandiaspora.nic.in/diasporapdf/chapter8.pdf |page=94 |author=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |year=2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206063957/http://indiandiaspora.nic.in/diasporapdf/chapter8.pdf |archive-date=2012-02-06 }}</ref>

The majority of Indo-Seychellois are [[Hindu]]s (60%) from current-day [[Tamil Nadu]] and the [[Kutch district|Kutch]] region in the present state of [[Gujarat]]. Others are Indian [[Jains]], [[Muslim]]s, [[Christians]], and others. They speak Seychellois Creole, and [[Tamil language|Tamil]], Gujarati and Hindi. Typically they constitute the farming, manufacturing entrepreneurs, construction entrepreneurs, wholesalers and traders community in Seychelles.<ref name=pascal/><ref name="MastersCarillet2007">{{cite book|author1=Tom Masters|author2=Jean-Bernard Carillet|title=Mauritius, Reunion & Seychelles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x6dxoKuhDIIC&pg=PA43|year=2007|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74104-727-1|page=43}}</ref> They are mostly settled in the island of [[Mahe Island|Mahe]], some on [[Praslin]] and [[La Digue]], with cities such as [[Victoria, Seychelles|Victoria]] exhibiting higher concentrations of Indo-Seychellois.<ref name="MastersCarillet2007"/>

==Impact==
Many Indo-Seychellois have intermarried with non-Indian ethnic groups, and their children are usually classified as a part of the Creole majority. They have had a noticeable impact on the Seychelles, states the Ministry of External Affairs of the Government of India, "Overall, it is believed that more than 82% of the population of Seychelles has some Indian roots. Many local shops cater to the needs of the Diaspora by stocking Indian consumer items. The community has established a Hindu temple that is run by the ''Hindu Kovil Sangam''. There is also here an Indo-Seychelles Friendship Association and a Hindu Council of Seychelles".<ref>{{citation|title=Report of the High Level Committee on the Indian Diaspora. Chapter 8: Other Countries of Africa |url=http://indiandiaspora.nic.in/diasporapdf/chapter8.pdf |page=108 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206063957/http://indiandiaspora.nic.in/diasporapdf/chapter8.pdf |archive-date=2012-02-06 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Tamil Seychellois]]
* [[Hinduism in Seychelles]]
* [[Satya Naidu]]- first [[Hinduism in Seychelles|Hindu]] member of [[National Assembly (Seychelles)|Seychelles National Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thewire.in/article/external/seychelles-hindu-mp-indian-miltary-base-satya-naidu/amp|title=Interview: 'Not in Favour of Any Foreign Military Base': Seychelles' First Hindu MP Sathya Naidu|newspaper=The Wire|author=Devirupa Mitra|access-date=24 February 2021}}{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian diaspora}}
{{Ethnic groups in Seychelles}}

[[Category:Asian diaspora in Seychelles]]
[[Category:Tamil diaspora in Africa|Seychelles]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora by country|Seychelles]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora in Africa]]
[[Category:Seychellois people of Indian descent| ]]

Maddali Giridhar Rao

2025-10-17T00:24:33Z

Aebeez: adding bio.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Maddali Giridhar Rao
| office1 = Member of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Guntur West Assembly constituency|Guntur West]]
| term_start1 = May 2019
| term_end1 = June 2024
| predecessor1 = [[Modugula Venugopala Reddy]]
| successor1 = [[Galla Madhavi]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1976|3|21}}
| birth_place = [[Guntur]]
| party = [[YSR Congress Party]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| father = Maddali Subba Rao
| education = [[Bachelor of Commerce]]
| alma_mater = [[Acharya Nagarjuna University]]
}}
'''Maddali Giridhar Rao''' (born 21 March 1976) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is an MLA of [[YSR Congress Party]] from [[Guntur West Assembly constituency|Guntur West Assembly Constituency]] in [[Guntur district|Guntur district]]. He won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guntur West Constituency Election Results 2019: Guntur West Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/guntur-west |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Rao was born in R. Agraharam, Guntur to Maddali Subba Rao. He completed his B.Com. in 1995 in a college affiliated with [[Acharya Nagarjuna University]]. He runs his own business.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-13 |title=Maddali Giridhara Rao {{!}} MLA {{!}} TDP {{!}} Guntur West {{!}} Andhra Pradesh |url=https://theleaderspage.com/maddali-giridhara-rao/ |access-date=2024-05-16 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
Rao started his political career with [[Telugu Desam Party]] in 1983. In 2014, he contested from [[Guntur East Assembly constituency|Guntur East Constituency]] but lost to [[Mohammad Musthafa Shaik]] of [[YSR Congress Party]] by a margin of 3,151 votes. He contested again from Guntur West Constituency and won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]] defeating Chandragiri Yesuratnam by a margin of 4,289 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guntur West Assembly Election 2024: Guntur West Election Winning Candidates List, Election Date, Results, Vote Share New-IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/guntur-west-constituency-result-1094 |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

A few days after meeting YSRCP chief [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy|Jagan Mohan Reddy]], he wrote a letter to TDP president [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]] in January 2020, alleging a raw deal for him within the party.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-01-03 |title=Maddali accuses Naidu of showing caste bias in TDP |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/andhra-pradesh/2020/Jan/03/maddali-accuses-naidu-of-showing-caste-bias-in-tdp-2084466.html |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jonathan |first=P. Samuel |date=2020-01-02 |title=TDP MLA alleges raw deal in party |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/tdp-mla-alleges-raw-deal-in-party/article30461837.ece |access-date=2024-05-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He also made allegations against TDP and Naidu for favouring particular community members in the party. In September 2020, he is one among the four MLAs to declare support to YSRCP. But they did not join the party formally to avoid disqualification.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nichenametla, DHNS |first=Prasad |title=Fourth TDP MLA switches over to ruling YSRCP; party strength reduced to 19 MLAs |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/fourth-tdp-mla-switches-over-to-ruling-ysrcp-party-strength-reduced-to-19-mlas-889943.html |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> However, the respective parties later complained to the speaker of the Assembly.<ref name=":0" /> In February 2024, eight MLAs, four from TDP and four from YSRCP were disqualified by the Assembly Speaker as per the anti defection rules and Rao was one of them.<ref>{{Cite web | date=2024-02-28 |title=Speaker disqualifies 8 MLAs from Assembly |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/speaker-disqualifies-8-mlas-from-assembly-861361 |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Giridhar Rao, Maddali}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Politicians from Guntur district]]
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]

Sher-E-Punjab T20 Cup

2025-10-09T13:23:43Z

Aebeez: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[List of Twenty20 cricket competitions#India]]

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Javaid Riyaz

2025-07-29T13:00:13Z

Aebeez: Added basic data initial version - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Pattan Assembly constituency|Pattan]]
| term_start = 8 October 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Imran Raza Ansari]]
| party = [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
}}
'''Javaid Riyaz''' is an Indian politician from Jammu and Kashmir. He is a member of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Pattan Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]] party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Pattan, J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: JKNC's Javaid Riyaz wins Pattan with 27946 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/pattan-jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612879-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Pattan Election Result 2024 LIVE Update: Assembly Winner, Leading, MLA, Margin, Candidates |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/pattan-election-result-2024-live-update-9077398.html |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="A former cop, an ex-IAS officer give NC hope in two Kashmir seats">{{cite news |newspaper=The Indian Express |title=A former cop, an ex-IAS officer give NC hope in two Kashmir seats |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/former-cop-ex-ias-officer-nc-hope-two-kashmir-seats-9596365/ |access-date=17 October 2024 |date=30 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Riyaz, Javaid}}
[[Category:Jammu & Kashmir National Conference politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Baramulla district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{JammuKashmir-politician-stub}}

Mavelikara railway station

2025-05-31T12:44:09Z

Aebeez: adjust information further and updated info

{{Short description|Railway station in Kerala, India}}
{{About|the railway station|the town|Mavelikara}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Mavelikara
| type = [[Express train]] and [[Passenger train]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Railway Line.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Mavelikara railway station
| address = [[Mavelikkara]], [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]], [[Kerala]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|9.23919|76.54623|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| map_type = India#India Kerala
| elevation =
| line = [[Ernakulam–Kollam line (via Kottayam and Kayamkulam)|Ernakulam–Kottayam–Kollam line]]
| other = Bus [Mavelikara-Kattanam Bus]
| structure = At–grade
| platform = 3
| tracks = 5
| parking = Available
| opened = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1958}}
| closed =
| rebuilt = 2024 (Continuing)
| electrified = [[25 kV AC]] [[Utility frequency|50 Hz]]
| accessible = 
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = MVLK
| zone = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Thiruvananthapuram}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone]]
[[Thiruvananthapuram Division]]
| status = Functioning (Under Construction)
| former =
| zone = [[Indian Railways]]
| passengers = 2,186 per day<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1559554713747-ANNUAL%20EARNINGS.pdf |title=Annual originating passengers and earnings for the year 2018-19 - Thiruvananthapuram Division|publisher=Indian Railways |accessdate=10 June 2019}}</ref> Annual Passengers – 7,97,747 (2018–19)
| pass_year =
| classification = NSG-5
| pass_percent =
| annual passenger earnings =
| pass_system =
| map_locator =
| route_map = {{Ernakulam–Kottayam–Kayamkulam–Kollam line|inline=1}}
| map_state =
}}

'''Mavelikara railway station''' (station code: MVLK) is an NSG–5 category [[List of railway stations in India|Indian railway station]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram railway division]] of [[Southern Railway zone]].<ref name="sr_stn">{{cite web |title=SOUTHERN RAILWAY LIST OF STATIONS AS ON 01.04.2023 (CATEGORY- WISE) |url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |website=Portal of Indian Railways |publisher=Centre For Railway Information Systems |access-date=3 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323095403/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |archive-date=23 March 2024 |page=7 |date=1 April 2023}}</ref> It is a railway station in [[Alappuzha district]], [[Kerala]].

==History==
Mavelikara rail link came into existence in 1958 when [[Ernakulam]]–{{stnlnk|Kottayam}} metre-gauge railway line was extended to {{stnlnk|Kollam Junction}}. The railway line between [[Trivandrum Central]] and {{stnlnk|Ernakulam Junction}} via Kottayam was converted to broad gauge in 1976.

==Significance==
Mavelikara railway station is the nearest rail station to pilgrimage places like [[Pandalam]], [[Chettikulangara Devi Temple]] and [[Kandiyoor Sree Mahadeva Temple]].

== See also ==

*[[Ernakulam–Kollam line (via Kottayam and Kayamkulam)|Ernakulam–Kottayam–Kollam line]]
*{{stnlnk|Koyilandy}}
*{{stnlnk|Chengannur}}
*[[Kayamkulam Junction railway station|Kayamkulam]]
*{{stnlnk|Karunagappalli}}
*[[Thiruvananthapuram railway division]]
*{{stnlnk|Kottayam}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IndiaRailInfo|571}}
{{commons category}}
{{Railway stations in Kerala}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1904]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Alappuzha district]]

{{Kerala-railstation-stub}}

2025 India–Pakistan diplomatic crisis

2025-05-17T17:01:03Z

Aebeez: Adding initial stub added tags

#REDIRECT [[2025 India–Pakistan crisis]]

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Kamraj Kesari

2025-05-14T01:46:05Z

Aebeez: updated layout per standard format

{{short description|Indian cricketer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Kamraj Kesari
| image =
| caption =
| country = India
| fullname = Kamraj P. Kesari
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1922|10|24|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Nagpur, [[Central Provinces and Berar]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1985|3|26|1922|10|24|df=y}}
| death_place = Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm off-spin
| family =
| club1 =
| year1 =
| club2 =
| year2 =
| columns = 1
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| matches1 = 33
| runs1 = 1307
| bat avg1 = 25.13
| 100s/50s1 = 1/7
| top score1 = 142
| deliveries1 = 3584
| wickets1 = 58
| bowl avg1 = 24.43
| fivefor1 = 4
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 7/55
| catches/stumpings1= 17/–
| source = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/39/39455/39455.html CricketArchive
| date = 17 September 2017
}}
'''Kamraj Kesari''' (24 October 1922 – 26 March 1985) was an Indian [[cricketer]] who played 33 matches of [[first-class cricket]] for several teams in India from 1941 to 1959.

A middle-order batsman and right-arm off-spin bowler, Kesari took 7 for 55 and 2 for 41 for [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]] when they lost by three runs to [[Western India cricket team|Western India]] in the [[Ranji Trophy]] in 1945–46.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/17/17519.html | title = Western India v Gujarat 1945-46| publisher=CricketArchive| access-date = 17 September 2017}}</ref> He took 6 for 62 and scored 142, his only first-class century, for [[Central Provinces and Berar cricket team|Central Provinces and Berar]] in a drawn match against [[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]] in the 1948–49 Ranji Trophy.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1940S/1948-49/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/HOLKAR_CP-BERAR_RJI_03-06DEC1948.html |title = Holkar v Central Provinces and Berar 1948-49| publisher=ESPNcricinfo| access-date = 16 January 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cricinfo|id=30555}}
*{{cricketarchive|id=39455}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kesari, Kamraj}}
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:1985 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Nagpur]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh cricketers]]
[[Category:South Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:Vidarbha cricketers]]
[[Category:Central Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:Gujarat cricketers]]
[[Category:Baroda cricketers]]