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Reji Cheriyan

2026-05-08T03:12:22Z

Advsalahuddinahmed: Adding The Info W/ Sources

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Reji Cheriyan
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the Kerala Legislative Assembly
| term_start = May 2026
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Kuttanad (State Assembly constituency)|Kuttanad]]
| predecessor = [[Thomas K. Thomas]]
| successor =
| birth_name = Reji Cheriyan
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1968}}
| birth_place = [[Alappuzha district]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Kerala Congress]]
| father = Cheriyan Philipose
| occupation = Politician, Businessman
}}

'''Reji Cheriyan''' (born 1968) is an Indian politician representing the [[Kuttanad (State Assembly constituency)|Kuttanad]] constituency in the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]. He was elected in May 2026, defeating the incumbent representative in a closely contested election.<ref name="MyNeta">{{cite web |title=Reji Cheriyan(Kerala Congress):Constituency- KUTTANAD(ALAPPUZHA) - Affidavit Information |url=https://www.myneta.info/Kerala2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=156 |publisher=Association for Democratic Reforms |access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Reji Cheriyan has been an active participant in the political landscape of [[Alappuzha district]]. In the [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]], he was nominated by the [[Kerala Congress]] to contest from Kuttanad. His campaign focused on agricultural welfare, particularly the challenges faced by paddy farmers in the region, and water management infrastructure.{{cn|date=May 2026}}

In the final tally, Cheriyan secured a victory by a margin of 8,422 votes over his nearest rival, Thomas K. Thomas of the NCP-SP.<ref name="ECI_Kuttanad">{{cite web |title=Election Commission of India Results: Kuttanad Constituency 2026 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/candidateswise-S11106.htm |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=6 May 2026}}</ref>

== Election results ==
=== 2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:130px" | Party
! scope="col" style="width:220px" | Candidate
! scope="col" style="width:80px" | Votes
! scope="col" style="width:50px" | %
! scope="col" style="width:50px" | ±%
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Kerala Congress}}" |
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" | '''[[Kerala Congress]]'''
| style="text-align:left" | '''Reji Cheriyan'''
| '''62,415'''
| '''46.12'''
| '''+10.45'''
|-
| style="background-color: #006600" |
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)|NCP-SP]]
| style="text-align:left" | Thomas K. Thomas
| 53,993
| 39.90
| -5.72
|-
| style="background-color: #f7df10" |
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[BDJS]]
| style="text-align:left" | Santhosh Shanthiram
| 14,821
| 10.95
| -2.10
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:left" | Margin of victory
! 8,422
! 6.22
!
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:left" | Total valid votes
! 1,35,329
!
!
|-
| colspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Kerala Congress}}; text-align:left" | '''[[Kerala Congress]] gain''' from [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
| '''[[Swing (politics)|Swing]]'''
| +8.08
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cheriyan, Reji}}
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2026–2031]]
[[Category:Kerala Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1968 births]]

Ranjit Singh Dhadrianwale

2026-05-07T11:19:14Z

Advsalahuddinahmed: Adding The Bio Needs Work

{{short description|Indian Sikh preacher}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}

{{Notability|date=June 2025}}{{Infobox theologian
|name = Ranjit Singh Dhadrianwale
|image = File:Bhai Ranjit Singh Ji Dhadrianwale (cropped).jpg
|alt =
|caption =
|birth_name = Ranjit Singh
|birth_date = {{birth-date and age|07 Jul 1984}}<ref name="SPS">{{cite web |title=Gurdwara Parmeshar Dwar Sahib Patiala {{!}} DhadrianWale pages |url=https://www.parmeshardwar.in/dhadrianwale-bhai-ranjit-singh-about |website=www.parmeshardwar.in |access-date=30 December 2020}}</ref>{{better source needed|reason=Source is associated with the individual. Needs WP:Independent third party source|date=December 2020}}
|birth_place = Dhadrian, [[Sangrur district|Sangrur]], [[Punjab, India]]<ref name="SPS"/>{{better source needed|reason=Source is associated with the individual. Needs WP:Independent third party source|date=December 2020}}
|occupation = {{hlist|Religious preacher|
Public speaker}}
|language = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
|nationality =
|period =
|tradition_movement = Sikhi
|main_interest =
|notable_ideas =
|notable_works =
|influenced =
|religion=Sikhism}}

'''Ranjit Singh Dhandrian Wale''' (born 7 July 1984) is a preacher of [[Sikhism]].
== Philosophy ==
Dhadrianwale urges people to practice the teachings of [[Sikh gurus]] in daily life, instead of just performing rituals. He urges common Sikh people to read and understand the [[Gurbani]] themselves. People must be [[Satya|honest]], [[Kirat Karo|hardworking]] and should follow their responsibilities with passion. He teaches people to live a practical and truthful life. He refuses to believe in heaven or hell and claims that all our [[Karma|Karmas]] are paid-for at mental, emotional and spiritual levels in this life. He also opposes ritualistic animal slaughter practices that are prevalent in some sects.

According to him, the faith in God is not limited to any deity, personality or holy place. He emphasizes that the whole universe is the embodiment of God ([[Ik Onkar]]) itself including the humans. He strongly criticizes exploitation of the environment, "We must take care of nature as it takes care of us"<ref>{{Citation|last=Emm Pee|title=We all are in Nature {{!}} Bhai Ranjit Singh Khalsa Dhadrianwale|date=27 April 2019|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2l7UIneORN0|access-date=31 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Bhai Ranjit Singh Khalsa Dhadrianwale|title=**LETS MAKE THE EARTH INTO HEAVEN**…Sikhi is about giving others life, not taking lives{{!}}Dhadrianwale|date=29 May 2018|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-m5qVVxFN7w|access-date=31 May 2019}}</ref> The law of nature is one thing he strongly believes in. Nature is bound by laws, and if we follow them, the desired results are bound to come.<ref>{{Citation|last=Emm Pee|title=Law of Nature {{!}} Bhai Ranjit Singh Khalsa Dhadrianwale|date=17 April 2019|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q_O9iYt7TKI|access-date=31 May 2019}}</ref>

In recent years, he shifted to a different perspective understanding the ideas in [[Guru Granth Sahib]]. There has been some ongoing controversy among some Sikh scholars and Sikh groups over this. In 2016, a conflict started with [[Jathedar]] [[Harnam Singh Khalsa|Harnam Singh]] of [[Damdami Taksal]]. The basis of this was ideological disagreement.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=23 February 2019|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/what-s-at-the-heart-of-dhumma-dhadrianwale-rift/story-SDulChV9O7XNEAWsutgRpJ.html|title=What's at the heart of Dhumma-Dhadrianwale rift?|date=25 May 2018|language=en|website=www.hindustantimes.com}}</ref> On the evening of 17 May 2016, while Ranjit Singh was travelling to attend a Diwan (congregation) in [[Ludhiana district]], more than two dozen armed men attacked him. His aide Bhupinder Singh Khasi Kalan was shot dead, but Ranjit Singh survived.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=23 February 2019|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/sikh-preacher-ranjit-singh-dhadrianwala-attacked-near-ludhiana/story-VYqDQNnJFE4e33lTXYNSNL.html|title=One dead in attack on Sikh preacher Dhadrianwale|date=17 May 2016|language=en|website=www.hindustantimes.com}}</ref> Dhadrianwale continued to receive death threats from various groups.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/dhadrianwale-alleges-fresh-threats-from-taksal/articleshow/64295717.cms|title=Ranjit Singh Dhadrianwale alleges fresh threats from Damdami Taksal - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=24 May 2018|access-date=23 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/damdami-taksal-threatens-to-eliminate-dhadrianwale/594549.html|title=Damdami Taksal threatens to eliminate Dhadrianwale|work=Tribune India}}</ref> The [[Chief Minister of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister of Punjab]] [[Amarinder Singh]] intervened and asked them to stop giving such threats.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/capt-warns-damdami-taksal-over-alleged-threats-to-dhadrianwale.html|title=Capt warns Damdami Taksal over alleged threats to Dhadrianwale|work=The Pioneer|language=en|access-date=31 May 2019}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
In February 2020, activists from Sikh groups including [[Damdami Taksal]] disrupted his sermons alleging Dhadrianwale of distortion of [[Sikh history]] and opposition of core Sikh principles like [[Naam Japo|''Naam Japna'']] (meditation with recitation of God's Name); waking up at ''[[Amrit Velā]]'' (early morning) and belief in heaven and hell. Dhadrianwale preaches that these principles should be as per the judgement of an individual.<ref>{{cite news |date=5 February 2020 |title=In Dhadrianwale-Sikh bodies tussle, it's reason vs ritual |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/in-dhadrianwale-sikh-bodies-tussle-it-s-reason-vs-ritual/story-OOt2jHdaJ8wzAaooNLF0aK.html |access-date=13 September 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

In March 2020 a group of protestors warned Dhadriawnale to face unpleasant response if he addresses any congregation in Punjab. Singh then decided not to hold gatherings to avoid any serious problem to ''sangat'' (congregation).<ref name="dhadrianwale">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Harjeet |date=14 November 2019 |title=Dhadrianwale cancelled congregation to avoid any deadly resistance from rivals |url=https://www.parmeshardwar.in/dhadrian-wale-news/dhadrianwale-stopped-congregation-to-avoid-any-deadly-conflict |access-date=14 August 2020 |work=ParmesharDwar News |language=en}}</ref>{{better source needed|reason=Needs reliable WP:Independent source, like news articles, etc|date=November 2020}}

In August 2020, the [[Akal Takht]] directed the Sikh community to boycott Dhadrian Wale till he seeks clemency for his alleged objectionable remarks against 'Sikh principles', the [[Jathedar of the Akal Takht|Jathedar of Akal Takht]] and distortion of Sikh history.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 August 2020 |title=Takht calls for social boycott of preacher Dhadrianwale |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/takht-calls-for-social-boycott-of-preacher-dhadrianwale/story-1y8hX57IFvT9rLdlXgPWyH.html |access-date=12 September 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name="TOI">{{cite news |last1=Rana |first1=Yudhvir |date=19 December 2019 |title=Ranjit Singh Dhadrianwale may invite Akal Takht's ire for possible no-show {{!}} Amritsar News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amritsar/dhadrianwale-may-invite-akal-takhts-ire-for-possible-no-show/articleshow/72883114.cms |access-date=12 September 2020 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Dhadrian Wale was previously asked to participate in a meeting with a five-member committee constituted by Akal Takht Jathedar [[Giani Harpreet Singh|Harpreet Singh]] at [[Gurdwara Dukh Nivaran Sahib]], [[Patiala]] in December 2019, but he declined the invitation.<ref name="TOI" />

=== Akal Takht lifts ban ===
On May 21, 2025, the Akal Takht—the highest temporal authority in Sikhism—officially lifted the five-year ban on Sikh preacher Ranjit Singh Dhadrianwale, restoring his right to lead religious congregations. This decision followed Dhadrianwale's formal appearance before the five Sikh high priests, where he submitted an apology and pledged to adhere to Sikh principles and the Akal Takht-approved code of conduct.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-22 |title=Sikh high priests in Amritsar lift ban on Dhadrianwale’s preaching after he expresses regret over controversial remarks |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/sikh-high-priests-in-amritsar-lift-ban-on-dhadrianwales-preaching-after-he-expresses-regret-over-controversial-remarks/articleshow/121324362.cms |access-date=2025-05-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Takht pardons Dhadrianwale, told to abide by Sikh principles |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/takht-pardons-dhadrianwale-told-to-abide-by-sikh-principles/ |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

The ban, initially imposed in August 2020, stemmed from allegations that Dhadrianwale had misinterpreted Gurbani and made statements considered disrespectful to Sikh traditions. At that time, the Akal Takht had urged the Sikh community to distance themselves from his teachings until he sought clemency.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-21 |title=Akal Takht Sahib removes ban on Sikh preacher Ranjit Dhadrianwale after he apologises for ‘misinterpreting Gurbani’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/akal-takht-sahib-ban-sikh-ranjit-dhadrianwale-apology-gurbani-10019454/ |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In his recent appearance, Dhadrianwale acknowledged past mistakes and expressed a desire to work within the mainstream of the Khalsa Panth, preaching Sikhism under the guidance of the Akal Takht. The high priests accepted his apology, allowing him to resume his preaching activities, provided he strictly adheres to the Sikh Rehat Maryada and maintains the sanctity of Gurmat.

=== Rape and murder allegations ===
On 7 December 2024, The [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]] has filed a case against Dhadrianwale regarding the alleged rape and murder of a woman in [[Patiala]] in 2012. The FIR, registered under Sections 302 (murder), 376 (rape), and 506 (criminal intimidation) of the [[Indian Penal Code]], was filed at the Passiana Police station following a complaint from the victim's brother.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2024-12-11 |title=Sikh preacher Dhadrianwale booked for rape, murder: Punjab Police tells High Court |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/punjab/sikh-preacher-dhadrianwale-booked-for-rape-murder-punjab-police-tells-high-court/article68972263.ece |access-date=2024-12-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The victim was found unconscious outside the gurdwara on 22 April 2012, and later died at a hospital without being able to provide a statement. Initially, her family did not suspect foul play, and a [[Autopsy|postmortem]] indicated death by poisoning from [[Aluminium phosphate|aluminum phosphate]] [[insecticide]]. However, the victim's brother has since alleged police inaction and [[intimidation]].<ref name=":0" />

== Gurdwara Parmeshar Dwar Sahib ==
[[File:Gurdwara Parmeshar Dwar Sahib - 1.jpg|thumb|Gurdwara Parmeshar Dwar Sahib]]
The building of Gurudwara Parmeshar Dwar Sahib, completed in 2010, is situated on the Sangrur-Patiala Road Shekhupur, Punjab.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gurdwara Parmeshar Dwar Sahib Patiala {{!}} Dhadrian Wale |url=https://www.parmeshardwar.in/ |access-date=9 October 2020 |website=www.parmeshardwar.in |language=en-US}}</ref> The gurudwara complex also includes ''Kalgidhar Sangat Niwas and a'' massive ''diwan hall'' with the seating capacity of over 50,000. Here, monthly Guru Maneyo Granth Chetna Samagam (holy congregation) is organized on First Saturday of every month. Sikh devotees (Sangat) gather in huge numbers and Amrit Sanchar is also held on same day. The programs are uploaded and broadcast live on TV, website,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parmeshar TV {{!}} Official Website of Bhai Ranjit Singh Khalsa Dhadrianwale |url=http://parmeshar.tv/ |access-date=11 August 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref> YouTube<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emm Pee - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCswIOlMY2_DT05glwBsxZyg |access-date=9 October 2020 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> and a dedicated app.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhadrianwale - Apps on Google Play |url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.gurbanitv&hl=en_US |access-date=11 August 2020 |website=play.google.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://gaana.com/artist/bhai-ranjit-singh-khalsa-dhadrianwale Gaana]
* [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.BaaniNet.ParmesharTV Official Android App]
* [https://apps.apple.com/in/app/parmeshar-dwar/id963585210 Official iOS App]
* [https://www.parmeshardwar.in Gurdwara ParmesharDwar Sahib] &

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhadrian Wale, Ranjit Singh}}
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sikh missionaries]]
[[Category:Punjabi Sikhs]]
[[Category:People from Sangrur district]]

Marudhamalai (film)

2026-05-05T13:55:44Z

Advsalahuddinahmed:

{{about|the film|the temple|Marudhamalai (temple)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Maruthamalai Poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Suraj (director)|Suraj]]
| writer = Suraj
| producer = [[V. Ravichandran (film producer)|V. Ravichandran]]
| starring = [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] [[Meera Chopra]]
| cinematography = [[U. K. Senthil Kumar]] [[Vaidy S.]]
| editing = Manoj
| music = [[D. Imman]]
| studio = [[V. Ravichandran (film producer)|Aascar Film Pvt. Ltd]]
| released = {{Film date|2007|09|07|df=yes}}
| runtime = 165 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Marudhamalai''''' is a 2007 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action comedy film]] directed by [[Suraj (director)|Suraj]] and produced by [[V. Ravichandran (film producer)|V. Ravichandran]]. The film stars [[Arjun Sarja]] and [[Meera Chopra]] (credited as Nila) and [[Vadivelu]] in the lead roles, while [[Vadivelu]], [[Lal (actor)|Lal]], [[Raghuvaran]] and [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] play supporting roles.

''Marudhamalai'' was released on 7 September 2007, and became a commercial success at the box office. Vadivelu won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Comedian]] for his work in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 July 2017 |title=TN Govt. announces Tamil Film Awards for six years |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tn-govt-announces-tamil-film-awards-for-six-years/article19273078.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615081711/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tn-govt-announces-tamil-film-awards-for-six-years/article19273078.ece |archive-date=15 June 2018 |access-date=14 July 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Marudhamalai ([[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]]), goes to work as a [[constable]] in the town of [[Nachiapuram]] after passing his police training by getting a merit selection. Here he meets 'Encounter' Ekambaram ([[Vadivelu]]), his senior officer. He is asked to do all sorts of petty work for him, and one day, Marudhamalai loses a convict on the way to the court due to Ekambaram's soft heart. He then has to clean the floors of the inspector's house, and there he falls in love with Divya ([[Meera Chopra|Meera]]). Then, later in the market, after Ekambaram is humiliated by a beggar, Marudhamalai sees Maasilamani alias Maasi ([[Lal (actor)|Lal]]), the 'boss' of the city, killing a person who stood for a candidate in the elections. That constituency has not had an MLA for the last 16 years due to Maasi. Maasi's caste people have been 70% majority in that Nachiyarpuram MLA constituency, but the government named the constituency as a Reserved Constituency 16 years ago. Since then, Maasi either postpones the MLA election by murdering a candidate or making sure that his house servant from a lower caste is elected as MLA and then resigning immediately to cause a vacancy of the office. Since Maasi has his caste's support and heavy income, the government has kept ignoring him.

Then the chief election commissioner Suryanarayanan IAS ([[Raghuvaran]]) comes to the town. He meets and challenges Maasi to stop him from holding by-elections in that area. Then, during the election day, despite a lot of security, Maasi's men, with the help of a man who acts as a guard, comes and drives away from the people who came for voting and are about to kill the commissioner, when Marudhamalai's father ([[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]) slaps Maasi for creating violence. At that time, Marudhamalai comes, beats up Maasi's men, and humiliates Maasi in front of all the people by handcuffing him with his [[dhoti]]. Maasi is then arrested and sentenced for 15 days imprisonment without bail.

For his bravery, Marudhamalai is promoted to the inspector of the station. With 12 days remaining in Maasi's imprisonment, Marudhamalai seals off his illegal sources of income and arrests Maasi's henchmen for choking his empire. To exact revenge, Maasi's brother kills Marudhamalai's father by car-bomb. Later, he kills Maasi's two brothers using various unofficial methods, and Maasi vows to kill him the day he is released. Later, as Maasi is released, Marudhamalai gets an order to kill him. He fights the men single-handedly and kills Maasi, proving his bravery. Marudhamalai is further promoted as [[Deputy superintendent of police|DSP]].

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] as [[Inspector]] Marudhamalai (formerly constable), later [[Deputy superintendent of police|DSP]]
*[[Meera Chopra]] as Divya (voice dubbed by [[Savitha Reddy]])
*[[Vadivelu]] as Encounter Ekambaram
*[[Lal (actor)|Lal]] as Maasilamani (Maasi)
*[[Raghuvaran]] as Suryanarayanan [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]], Election commissioner
*[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Marudhamalai's father
*[[Kalairani]] as Marudhamalai's mother
*[[Kadhal Dhandapani]] as Puli
*[[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]] as CI and Divya's father
*[[M. N. Rajam]] as Divya's grandmother
*[[Santhana Bharathi]] as DGP
*[[Shanmugarajan]] as Shanmugarajan, Maasi brother
*[[Bose Venkat]] as Pasupathi, Maasi's brother
*[[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]] as Inspector
*[[Madhan Bob]] as Doctor
*[[Singamuthu]] as Vegetable Seller
*[[Bonda Mani]] as Beggar
*[[Mahanadi Shankar]] as Pickpocket
*[[Krishnamoorthy (actor)|Krishnamoorthy]] as Maatturavi
*[[Crane Manohar]] as Thief
*V. M. Subburaj as Saarapaambu
*Preeti Bhutani (credited as Sharan Preeth) as Marudhamalai's friend
*[[Priyanka]] as Bride
*[[Mumaith Khan]] as Jalaja (Special appearance)
*[[Rangammal]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[D. Imman]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marudhamalai |url=https://gaana.com/album/marudhamalai-tamil |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918193747/https://gaana.com/album/marudhamalai-tamil |archive-date=18 September 2018 |access-date=18 September 2018 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref> It marks the playback singing debut of Anitha Karthikeyan.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kadhir |first=Preetha |date=2015-09-12 |title=Winning the numbers game |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/anitha-tells-about-her-experience-of-singing-for-sridevi-in-puli/article7645720.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204191037/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/anitha-tells-about-her-experience-of-singing-for-sridevi-in-puli/article7645720.ece |archive-date=4 December 2024 |access-date=2025-02-07 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 25:36
| title1 = Hey Yenmama
| extra1 = [[Megha (singer)|Megha]], [[Suchitra (singer)|Suchitra]], [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| length1 = 04:18
| lyrics1 = [[Pa. Vijay]]
| title2 = Marudhamalai
| extra2 = [[D. Imman]], [[Anitha Karthikeyan]]
| length2 = 04:37
| lyrics2 = Thabu Shankar
| title3 = Marudhamalai II
| extra3 = [[Madhu Balakrishnan]], Anitha Karthikeyan
| length3 = 04:31
| lyrics3 = Thabu Shankar
| title4 = Oonjaliley Oru Angeley
| extra4 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Dr. G .K. Lavanya
| length4 = 04:36
| lyrics4 = Thabu Shankar
| title5 = The Khakhee Story
| extra5 = Vasu, Naveen, Karthikeyan
| length5 = 03:18
| lyrics5 = Thabu Shankar
| title6 = Yenna Velay
| extra6 = [[D. Imman]], [[Jyotsna Radhakrishnan|Jyotsna]]
| length6 = 04:16
| lyrics6 = Pa. Vijay
}}

== Critical reception ==
''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "It is a mass movie laced with all essential ingredients that will work big time at the box-office."<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2007 |title=Marudhamalai |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/marudhamalai-review-tamil-pclwvdifbcgba.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918230741/http://www.sify.com/movies/marudhamalai-review-tamil-pclwvdifbcgba.html |archive-date=18 September 2018 |access-date=18 September 2018 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Pavithra Srinivasan of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' called the film "yet another potboiler about an upright young police constable single-handedly wiping out goondas and rowdies, armed with a bare minimum of weaponry and lethal fists."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=7 September 2007 |title=Marudhamalai: Saved by Arjun |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/sep/07ssmaru.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421181450/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/sep/07ssmaru.htm |archive-date=21 April 2016 |access-date=18 September 2018 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Suraaj's scoring points include comedy and dialogue. Having said that, the film is only a cheerful version of the recent ''[[Kireedam (2007 film)|Kireedam]]''. Like [[Ajith Kumar|Ajit]] in the latter, Arjun joins the police force because his dad wants him to, and both the fathers are in the police department themselves. The similarities between ''Kireedam'' and ''Marudhamalai'' don't end here".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=14 September 2007 |title=Funny side up —Marudhamalai |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/funny-side-up-marudhamalai/article3023763.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630145459/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/funny-side-up-marudhamalai/article3023763.ece |archive-date=30 June 2023 |access-date=24 December 2016 |website=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref> Jaanu of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote the director who puts comedy in the first half and lifts the film, relied on action in second half and went bad. As a result, ''Marudhamalai'' hangs in the middle.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=ஜானு |date=30 September 2007 |title=மருதமலை |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2007-09-30/page/n79/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240518133953/https://archive.org/details/kalki2007-09-30/page/n79/mode/2up |archive-date=18 May 2024 |access-date=18 May 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=78 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote "The film is a repeated scenario, with its fast pace being its saving grace".<ref>{{cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=19 September 2007 |title=Maruthamalai |url=http://chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/Sept2007/09maruthamalai.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011074356/http://chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/Sept2007/09maruthamalai.asp |archive-date=11 October 2007 |access-date=18 August 2024 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{Suraj (director)}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2007 Indian films]]
[[Category:2000s masala films]]
[[Category:2000s police films]]
[[Category:2007 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2007 action comedy films]]
[[Category:2007 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Suraj (director)]]
[[Category:Films scored by D. Imman]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

1947 Pakistani Constituent Assembly election

2026-04-30T01:39:45Z

Advsalahuddinahmed: made a info

{{Short description|1947 indirect election in British India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox Election
| election_name = 1947 Pakistan Constituent Assembly election
| country = Pakistan
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| turnout =
| previous_election = 1946 Indian Constituent Assembly election
| previous_year = 1946
| outgoing_members =
| next_election = 1955 Pakistani Constituent Assembly election
| next_year = 1955
| elected_members = List of members of the 1st Constituent Assembly of Pakistan
| election_date = {{Start date|1947|07}}
| seats_for_election = 69 seats in the [[Constituent Assembly of Pakistan]]
| registered = 425
| majority_seats = 35
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Jinnah1945c.jpg|bSize=70|cWidth=70|cHeight=100|oLeft=|oTop=0}}
| leader1 = [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]
| leader_since1 = 1937
| party1 = All-India Muslim League
| leaders_seat1 =
| last_election1 = 73
| seats1 = '''59'''
| popular_vote1 =
| percentage1 =
| seat_change1 = {{decrease}} 14
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Kiran Shankar Roy.jpg|bSize=75|cWidth=70|cHeight=100|oLeft=|oTop=0}}
| leader2 = [[Kiran Shankar Roy]]
| leader_since2 = 1947
| colour2 =
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| leaders_seat2 =
| seats2 = 9
| last_election2 = 208
| popular_vote2 =
| percentage2 =
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 199
| title = Head of the [[Interim Government of India|Interim Government of British India]]
| posttitle = [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]]
| before_election = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election = [[Liaquat Ali Khan]]
| after_party = All-India Muslim League
}}
Before the [[independence of Pakistan]] in 1947, members of the first term of the [[Constituent Assembly of Pakistan]] were elected through an [[indirect election]] held after June by the votes of the members of the legislative assemblies of [[Assam Province|Assam]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], and [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]]. Representatives from [[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)|Baluchistan]], the [[North-West Frontier Province|North-West Frontier]], and [[Sind Province (1936–1955)|Sind]] were taken directly through the earlier [[1946 Indian Constituent Assembly election|1946 Constituent Assembly elections]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Second Constituent Assembly of Pakistan: Politics for Dissolution of Former Assembly and Electoral Regulations for New Assembly|page=49–57|year=2020|volume=3|issue=3|issn=27066525|doi=10.36902/sjesr-vol3-iss3-2020(49-57)|first1=Rizwan Ullah|last1=Kokab|first2=Ali Shan|last2=Shah|first3=Tariq|last3=Aziz|journal=Sir Syed Journal of Education & Social Research|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Background==
{{See also|Pakistan Movement}}
In 1946, after the [[1946 Indian provincial elections|provincial elections]] were held in [[British India]], the [[British government]] sent a [[1946 Cabinet Mission to India|Cabinet Mission]] to the colony. The mission proposed the formation of an Indian confederacy, where autonomous states would have the authority to frame their own constitutions in unitary groups. Following the [[1946 Indian Constituent Assembly election|Constituent Assembly election]] later that year, the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] was formed. [[Indian National Congress]], the largest member party, initially accepted the mission's proposal but later the party's leader [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] rejected it.<ref name=b>{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Pakistan}}</ref> As a result, the Muslim nationalist [[All-India Muslim League]] boycotted the assembly sessions,<ref>M. Lakshmikanth, ''Indian Polity for Civil Services Examinations'', 3rd ed., (New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited, 2011), p. 2.3</ref> and its leader [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] refused to participate in the assembly.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141168|title=THE MUSLIM LEAGUE AND THE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY OF INDIA|first=Sangam|last=Lal|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|year=1981|volume=42|page=495|publisher=[[Indian History Congress]]}}</ref> On 3 June 1947, the then British prime minister [[Clement Attlee]] announced the plan for the transfer of power and proposed the formation of [[Constituent Assembly of Pakistan|a separate Constituent Assembly]] for the [[Dominion of Pakistan|proposed state for Indian Muslims]]. He also declared that members of the proposed assembly would be elected by the votes of provincial legislative assembly members.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1947/jun/03/india-transfer-of-power|title=INDIA (TRANSFER OF POWER)|date=3 June 1947|publisher=[[Parliament of the United Kingdom]]}}</ref>

==Planning==
After the vote by members of the [[Bengal Legislative Assembly (1937—1947)|Bengal Legislative Assembly]] on 20 June in favor of the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|partition of Bengal]], the following day it was announced that the date for submitting nominations for the Constituent Assembly elections in the [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal region]] would be 30 June, and the election would be held in 5 July.<ref>{{cite news|title=ELECTION TO CONSAMBLIES Provisional Dates For Divided Bengal|page=1|date=22 June 1947|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Meanwhile, in 23 June, after the members of [[Punjab Legislative Council (British India)|Punjab Legislative Assembly]] voted in favor of the partition of Punjab, elections were announced to be held around July in the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab region]].<ref>{{cite news|title=PUNJAB TO BE PARTITIONED Eastern Section Votes Division By 50 To 22 WESTERN AREA DECIDES TO JOIN NEW CONSAMBLY|page=1|date=24 June 1947|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> In 22 July, it was announced that the legislative seats of [[Assam Province]] had been divided into Group A and Group B for the elections. From Group B's 29 seats, 3 members (including 2 Muslims) would be elected to the new Constituent Assembly by a vote among the members.<ref>{{cite news|title=গণ-পরিষদে আসামের প্রতিনিধি এ-গুরুপ হইতে ৮ ও বি-গুরুপ হইতে ৩জনঃ প্রেসনোটের ঘোষণা|trans-title=Assam's Representation in the Constituent Assembly: 8 from Group A and 3 from Group B, says press note|lang=bn|page=5|date=24 July 1947|newspaper=[[Jugantar Patrika]]}}</ref> In 30 July, candidates from Assam submitted their nomination papers, and it was announced that the election for the province would be held on 2 August 1947 at the legislative building in [[Shillong]], the provincial capital.<ref>{{cite news|title=PAKISTAN CONSEMBLY Nominations For League And Hindu Seats Filed|page=5|date=1 August 1947|newspaper=[[Amrita Bazar Patrika]]}}</ref>

==Results==
{{See also|List of members of the 1st Constituent Assembly of Pakistan}}
On 26 July, the names of 66 elected members from [[East Bengal]], [[West Punjab]], [[Sind Province (1936–55)|Sindh]], [[North-West Frontier Province]], and [[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)|Baluchistan]] were announced. Among those elected, 48 were Muslims and 2 were Sikhs. From East Bengal, 41 members were elected; from West Punjab, 17; from Sindh, 4; from the North-West Frontier Province, 3; and from Baluchistan, 1 member. Separate elections were not held for Sindh, the North-West Frontier Province, and Baluchistan; instead, members elected earlier to the Indian Constituent Assembly were directly taken as representatives.<ref>{{cite news|title=CONSEMBLY OF PAKISTAN Names Of Representatives Announced|page=10|date=27 July 1947|newspaper=[[Amrita Bazar Patrika]]}}</ref> Out of the total elected members, 59 belonged to the All-India Muslim League.<ref>{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Constituent Assembly of Pakistan}}</ref>
{{Election results
|image=[[File:Pakistan Constituent Assembly 1947.svg]]
|party1=[[All-India Muslim League]]|votes1=|seats1=59
|party2=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes2=|seats2=9
|party13=Independents|color13=#DCDCDC|votes13=|seats13=1
|total_seats=69
|electorate=425
|source=
}}

==Aftermath==
On 28 July 1947, general secretary [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] convened a meeting of the All-India Muslim League members at the legislative building in Karachi for the Constituent Assembly.<ref>{{cite news|title=PAKISTAN CONSEMBLY League Members To Meet On August 9|page=5|date=30 July 1947|newspaper=[[Amrita Bazar Patrika]]}}</ref> In 9 August, [[Kiran Shankar Roy]] and [[Bhim Sen Sachar]] were selected as the parliamentary leader and parliamentary deputy leader respectively of the Indian National Congress, the opposition party in the new Constituent Assembly.<ref>{{cite news|title=CONGRESS PARTY IN PAKISTAN CONSEMBLY|page=5|date=10 August 1947|newspaper=[[Amrita Bazar Patrika]]}}</ref> In 10 August, Muhammad Ali Jinnah was elected president of the Constituent Assembly.<ref>{{cite news|title=রবিবার পাকিস্থান রাষ্ট্র গঠন পরিষদের প্রথম অধিবেশন|trans-title=First Session of Pakistan State Constituent Assembly on Sunday|lang=bn|page=1|date=11 August 1947|newspaper=[[Jugantar Patrika]]}}</ref> On 14 August 1947, Pakistan gained independence from [[British Empire]].<ref name=b/> On the following day, under the leadership of Liaquat Ali Khan, the [[Liaquat Ali Khan government|first federal cabinet of Pakistan]] was formed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2013 |title=Transfer of power and Jinnah |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/783530/transfer-of-power-and-jinnah |newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Pakistani elections}}

[[Category:1947 elections in Asia]]
[[Category:Constituent Assembly elections in Asia]]
[[Category:Indirect elections in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Elections in British India]]
[[Category:Constituent Assembly of Pakistan]]
[[Category:History of the All-India Muslim League]]

Al Ameen (newspaper)

2026-04-28T16:58:36Z

Advsalahuddinahmed: made a article

{{short description|Indian Malayalam-language newspaper}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Al Ameen
| logo =
| logo_alt =
| image = Al_Ameen_Newspaper.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| image_alt = Front page of ''Al Ameen'', 1937
| type =
| format =
| owner =
| founders = [[Mohammed Abdur Rahiman]]
| publisher =
| president =
| generalmanager =
| chiefeditor =
| editor =
| dirinteractive =
| metroeditor =
| metrochief =
| staff =
| founded = {{Start date and age|1924|10|12}}
| ceased_publication = 1939
| political =
| language = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
| headquarters = [[Calicut]]
| publishing_country = [[British India]]
| circulation =
| circulation_date =
| circulation_ref =
| readership =
| sister newspapers =
| ISSN =
| eISSN =
| oclc =
| website =
}}

'''''Al Ameen''''' was a [[Malayalam language]] newspaper founded in 1924 by [[Mohammed Abdur Rahiman]] in [[Calicut]], [[India]].<ref name="geni.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.geni.com/people/Mohd-Abdurehman-Sahib-kunhumohd-Karukapadath/6000000000411760233|title=Mohd.Abdurehman Sahib(kunhumohd.) Karukapadath|publisher=geni.com}}</ref><ref name="keralamediaacademy">{{Cite web|url=https://keralamediaacademy.org/history-of-media/|title=History of Media in Kerala|publisher=kerala media academy|access-date=2019-12-29|archive-date=2019-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224001724/https://keralamediaacademy.org/history-of-media/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Calicut University">{{cite book|title=History of Mass Media |url=http://www.universityofcalicut.info/cuonline/exnotif/ex4235.pdf |publisher=[[University of Calicut]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019033306/http://www.universityofcalicut.info/cuonline/exnotif/ex4235.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2016 |accessdate=11 February 2023 |pages=12–13}}</ref><ref name="twocircles">{{Cite web|url=http://twocircles.net/2009nov23/patriotism_was_part_faith_muhammed_abdurahman_sahib_union_minister_mullappalli_ramachandra|title=Patriotism was part of faith for Muhammed Abdurahman Sahib: Union Minister Mullappalli Ramachandran|publisher=two circles}}</ref> It continued its publication until 1939 when it was banned by the Madras government for campaigning in support of India's non-cooperation in World War II.<ref>{{cite book |author=Stella Joseph |title=Print and Public Sphere in Malabar |publisher=University of Calicut }}</ref>

== History ==
[[Mohammed Abdur Rahiman]] registered Al-Ameen Company in [[Calicut]] in 1923.<ref>{{cite book |author=Stella Joseph |title=Print and Public Sphere in Malabar |publisher=University of Calicut}}</ref> The first issue of ''Al Ameen'' newspaper came out on 12 October 1924, on Prophet [[Muhammad]]'s birthday.<ref>Khadar Pannikkottur (16 November 1997). "Al-Ameen, Swathanthrya Samarathinte Padavaal". ''[[Madhyamam]]''.</ref> The first issue was published with a message from [[Vallathol Narayana Menon]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Vallathol and Kerala literary history |url=https://www.thehindu.com/search/?q=Vallathol%20Narayana%20Menon |work=The Hindu}}</ref> The newspaper was started to support the [[Indian independence movement]] and [[Khilafat Movement]], and allegedly to reform Malabar's Muslim community.<ref name="Calicut University"/> Abdur Rahiman's statement in ''[[Mathrubhumi]]'' about ''Al Ameen'' reads: "In ''Al-Ameen'', along with the local news and telegraphic messages, there will be various articles borrowed from English, Arabic, Urdu and Tamil newspapers in India and abroad. It will be very helpful to know about the news related to [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Khilafat Movement]]. The opinions published by [[Mohammad Ali Jauhar]] in ''[[The Comrade]]'' will be carried in ''Al-Ameen'' also.<ref>{{Cite thesis |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/13232 |chapter-url= https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/13232/11/11_chapter%205.pdf |chapter=Horizons become wider |title= Print and public sphere in Malabar: a study of early newspapers (1847-1930) |author=Stella Joseph |publisher=[[University of Calicut]]}}</ref>

Initially published as a tri-weekly, ''Al Ameen'' became a daily in 1930. <ref>{{cite book |author=Stella Joseph |title=Print and Public Sphere in Malabar}}</ref> In the period of activities of the Indian freedom struggle, ''Al Ameen'' crticized the British rule.<ref name="cafedissensusblog">{{Cite web|url=https://cafedissensusblog.com/2016/03/14/tolerant-protest-of-kerala-muslims-against-blasphemy/|title=Tolerant protest of Kerala Muslims against blasphemy|publisher=cafe dissensus}}</ref><ref name="mathrubhumi-1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/features/literature/independence-1.2157046|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815205652/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/features/literature/independence-1.2157046|url-status=dead|archive-date=2017-08-15|title=കൊടുങ്കാറ്റുപോലെ വന്നു, കൊടുങ്കാറ്റുപോലെ പോയി|publisher=Mathrubhumi}}</ref> The Madras government confiscated the ''Al Ameen''{{'s}} press in August 1930. ''Al Ameen'' resumed publication in November 1930, but soon became a tri-weekly due to financial issues. In March 1939, it started publishing as a daily again. It continued publication as a daily until September 1939 when it was banned by the Madras government for campaigning in support of India's non-cooperation in World War II.<ref name="Calicut University"/>

== Legacy ==
''Al Ameen'' is considered to have contributed to the development of political journalism in Kerala. It is cited in studies of the regional press and its role in the Indian independence movement.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kerala Media History |url=https://keralamediaacademy.org/}}</ref>

The newspaper is also associated with the legacy of its founder, [[Mohammed Abdur Rahiman]], a nationalist leader and journalist in Kerala.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mohammed Abdur Rahiman remembered |url=https://www.thehindu.com/search/?q=Abdur%20Rahiman |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20191228234550/https://samagra.kite.kerala.gov.in/uploads/ebook/Class_XI/Journalism/Journalism.pdf Higher Secondary Course on Journalism]

{{Malayalam journalism}}

[[Category:Malayalam-language newspapers]]
[[Category:Defunct newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Defunct Malayalam-language newspapers]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1924]]
[[Category:Banned newspapers]]

{{India-newspaper-stub}}

Kunwar

2026-04-26T19:34:58Z

Advsalahuddinahmed:

[[File:Ram Krishna Kunwar.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Sardar]]'' [[Ram Krishna Kunwar]], prominent male ancestor of [[Ranas of Nepal]]]]

'''Kunwar''' (also spelt '''Kanwar''', '''Kuar''' or '''Kaur''') for [[Rajput]] is an Indian Royal title denoting a [[prince]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dict.hinkhoj.com/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B0-meaning-in-english.words|title=Meaning of कुवँर in English|website=HinKhoj Dictionary|access-date=2016-11-19}}</ref> It is derived from the Sanskrit word [[Yuvaraja|Rajkumar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hanks |first=Patrick |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2016 |isbn=9780199677764 |pages=1435}}</ref>
It was traditionally associated with the feudal [[Rajput]]s such as the son of a [[Rana (title)|Rana]], [[Babu (title)|Babu]] and [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]]. The title is used in royal [[Muslim Rajput]] families also.<ref>{{cite web|title=Glossary|url=http://www.indianrajputs.com/glossary.php|website=Indian Rajputs|accessdate=23 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7iOsNUZ2MXgC&dq=a+thakur%27s+son+is+known+as+a+kunwar&pg=PA484|title=The Golden Book of India: A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled Or Decorated of the Indian Empire|last=Lethbridge|first=Sir Roper|publisher=Aakar Books|year=1893|isbn=9788187879541|location=|pages=|language=en|quote="The Thakur has two sons, Kunwar Takhtsinghji and Kunwar Jawansinghji"}}</ref>

The following are notable uses of the name Kunwar (also spelled as Konwar in Assam).


==In India==


* [[Kunwar Amar]], Indian dancer and actor
* [[Ashraf Ali Khan (politician, born 1898)|Kunwar Mohammad Ashraf Ali Khan]] (1898-1975) Nawab of Sadabad and politician from Muslim Rajput family
* [[Gomdhar Konwar]], a prince of the [[Ahom Dynasty|Ahom]] royal family of Assam, known for having led one of the first revolts against the British in India. Konwar was declared the last [[Ahom dynasty|King of Assam]].
* [[Devanand Konwar]] (1934-2020), Senior congressman from [[Assam]], former Governor of the [[India|Indian]] states of [[Tripura]], [[Bihar]] and [[West Bengal]]
* [[Kushal Konwar]] (1905-1943), [[Indian people|Indian]] freedom fighter from [[Assam]] descended from [[Ahom dynasty|Ahom Royal Family]]. He was hanged in 1942 during the [[Quit India Movement]].
* [[Anita Kunwar]], Indian actor
* [[Lal Kunwar]], Empress of Mughal Empire
* [[Kunwar Narayan]] (1927-2017), Indian poet
* [[Kunwar Jitin Prasad]] (born 1973), Indian politician
* [[Babu Kunwar Singh]] (1777-1858; also known as Babu Konwar Singh and Kuer Singh), leader during the Indian Rebellion of 1857
* [[Kunwar Singh (cricketer)|Kunwar Singh]] (1878-1959), first Indian Governor of Bombay, Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir (during Maharaja Hari Singh's rule) and also Dewan of Jodhpur
* [[Bhim Singh (politician)|Kunwar Bhim Singh]] (born 1941), Indian politician, activist, lawyer and author
* [[Kunwar Digvijay Singh]] (1922-1978), popularly known as "Babu", Indian field hockey player
* [[Kunwar Manvendra Singh]] (born 1950), Indian politician
* [[Kunwar Natwar Singh]] (born 1931), Indian politician
* [[Nau Nihal Singh|Kunwar Nau Nihal Singh]] (1821-1840), ruler of the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent
* [[Pranav Singh|Kunwar Pranav Singh]] (born 1966), Indian politician
* [[Kunwar Rewati Raman Singh]] (born 1943), Indian politician
* [[Kunwar Sarvraj Singh]] (born 1952), Indian politician
* [[Kunwar Sarvesh Kumar Singh]] (born 1952), Indian businessman and politician
* [[Kunwar Vikram Singh]] (born 1970), Indian royal

== In Nepal==


* [[Baburam Kunwar]] (born 1960), first governor of [[Gandaki Province]]
* [[Bal Narsingh Kunwar]] (1783-1841), Nepalese military officer and courtier
* [[Balbhadra Kunwar]] (1789-1823), Nepalese military commander
* [[Bam Bahadur Kunwar]] (1818-1857), [[List of Prime Ministers of Nepal|Ninth Prime Minister of Nepal]]
* [[Chandrabir Kunwar]] (died 1814), Nepalese governor and military commander
* [[Kabita Kunwar]] (born 2003), Nepalese cricketer
* [[Ram Krishna Kunwar]] (died 1771), Nepalese warlord during rule of King [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]]
* [[Ramjee Kunwar]] (born 1956), Trade Union Activist and politician
* [[Ranajit Kunwar]] (1753-c.1815), Nepalese military commander and governor
* [[Ranodip Singh Kunwar]] (1825-1885), [[List of Prime Ministers of Nepal|Tenth Prime Minister of Nepal]] and Fifth Brother of Jung Bahadur
* [[Uttam Kunwar]] (1938–1982), Nepalese journalist and writer
* [[Dhir Shamsher Kunwar Rana]] (1828-1884), [[Commander-in-chief of the Nepalese Army]], youngest brother of Jung Bahadur
* [[Jung Bahadur Kunwar Rana]] (1817-1877), [[List of Prime Ministers of Nepal|Eighth Prime Minister of Nepal]] and Founder of [[Rana dynasty]] in Nepal
* [[Kunwar Indrajit Singh]] (1906-1982), 20th Prime Minister of Nepal. Royalty of [[Doti]] Region. Born as Indradhwoj Shahi later adopted title of Kunwar

==In Pakistan==


* [[Kunwar Ali Roshan]], Pakistani filmmaker
* [[Kunwar Khalid Yunus]] (born 1964), Pakistani politician

== See also ==
* [[Kunwar family]], Nepalese dynasty of nobles of [[Gorkha Kingdom]]
* [[Kunwar family of Gorkha]], a political [[Chhetri]] family of Nepal
* [[Veer Kunwar Singh University]], a university in India

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{surname}}

[[Category:Nepali-language surnames]]
[[Category:Khas surnames]]

Manju Naik Gaonkar

2026-04-23T06:37:08Z

Advsalahuddinahmed: Created A Entry Basic Info

{{Short description|Indian politician (1931–2001)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Manju Naik Gaonkar
| image = Manju Naik Gaonkar.jpg
| image_size = 150px
| caption = Official portrait in 1967
| birth_name = Manju Balkrishna Naik Gaonkar
| birth_date = {{birth date|1931|9|9|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2001|2|15|1931|9|9|df=y}}
| death_place = Canacona, Goa, India
| birth_place = [[Canacona|Kanakona]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| party = [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]] (1967–1972)
| alma_mater = {{plainlist|
* Rani Parvati Devi College of Arts & Commerce, [[Belgaum]]
* [[Karnataka University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]])}}
| spouse = Kamala Gaonkar
| office1 = [[Goa Legislative Assembly|Member of Goa Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Canacona Assembly constituency|Canacona]]
| term_start1 = March 1967
| term_end1 = 1972
| predecessor1 = [[Ganba Desai]]
| successor1 = Ganba Desai
| office2 = Deputy Speaker of [[Goa Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 18 April 1967
| term_end2 = 25 March 1971
| predecessor2 = [[Mamdali Jiwani]]
| successor2 = [[Shaba Desai]]
| committees = {{plainlist|
* Business Advisory
* Rules
* Privileges
* Public Accounts
* Library}}
}}

'''Manju Balkrishna Naik Gaonkar''' (9 September 1931 – 15 February 2001) was an Indian politician from [[Goa]]. He was a former member of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Canacona Assembly constituency]] from 1967 to 1972. He also served as the [[Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Deputy speaker]] in the Goa Legislative Assembly from 1967 to 1971.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Goa Legislative Assembly |url=https://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/member_detail.php?mem_id=174 |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=Goa Legislative Assembly}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Goa Legislative Assembly {{!}} Former Deputy Speakers |url=https://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/former-deputy-speakers.php |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=Goa Legislative Assembly}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-02-15 |author= |title=Former Goa speaker cremated |work=Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/former-goa-speaker-cremated/articleshow/21252374.cms |access-date=2022-11-21 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Early and personal life==
Manju Balkrishna Naik Gaonkar was born at Kanacona, Goa (now [[Canacona]]). He completed his [[Bachelor of Arts]] from [[Karnataka University]], he was also an alumnus of Rani Parvati Devi College of Arts & Commerce, [[Belgaum]]. Gaonkar was also a [[polyglot]] and spoke [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], English and [[Hindi language|Hindi]]. He was married to Kamala Gaonkar and resided at Nagarcem, Canacona, Goa.<ref name=":0" />

==Positions held==
* Member of the Business Advisory Committee, 1967
* Member of the Rules Committee, 1967
* Chairman of the Privileges Committee, 1967
* Chairman of Public Accounts Committee, 1971–72
* Member of Rules Committee, 1971–72
* Member of Library Committee, 1971–72

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gaonkar Naik, Manju}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2001 deaths]]
[[Category:Goa, Daman and Diu MLAs 1967–1972]]
[[Category:Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from South Goa district]]

Aparesh Kumar Singh

2026-04-20T15:47:48Z

Advsalahuddinahmed: made a bio

{{short description|7th Chief Justice of Telangana High Court}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Aparesh Kumar Singh
| image = Justice Aparesh Kumar Singh.png
| image_size = 225
| office = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Telangana High Court|7th Chief Justice]] of [[Telangana High Court]]
| nominator = [[B. R. Gavai]]
| appointer = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| term_start = 19 July 2025
| term_end =
| predecessor = {{ubl|[[Alok Aradhe]]|[[Sujoy Paul]] ''(acting)''|[[P. Sam Koshy]] ''(acting)''}}
| office1 = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Tripura High Court|8th Chief Justice]] of [[Tripura High Court]]
| term_start1 = 17 April 2023
| term_end1 = 18 July 2025
| nominator1 = [[D. Y. Chandrachud]]
| appointer1 = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| predecessor1 = {{ubl|[[Jaswant Singh (judge)|Jaswant Singh]]|[[T. Amarnath Goud|T. A. Goud]] ''(acting)''}}
| successor1 = {{ubl|[[M. S. Ramachandra Rao (judge)|M. S. R. Rao]]|[[T. Amarnath Goud|T. A. Goud]] ''(acting)''}}
| office2 = [[Judge]] of [[Jharkhand High Court]]
| term_start2 = 24 January 2012
| term_end2 = 16 April 2023
| nominator2 = [[S. H. Kapadia]]
| appointer2 = [[Pratibha Patil]]
| status3 = Acting Chief Justice
| term_start3 = 20 December 2022
| term_end3 = 19 February 2023
| predecessor3 = [[Ravi Ranjan]]
| successor3 = [[Sanjaya Kumar Mishra]]
| appointer3 = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1965|7|7|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| honorific_prefix = Hon’ble Chief Justice
| alma_mater = [[University of Delhi]]
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts|B. A.]] (Hons.), [[L.L.B]]
| relations = {{ubl|[[B. P. Sinha]] (maternal great grandfather)|[[Shiva Kirti Singh|S. K. Singh]] and [[B. P. Singh (judge)|B. P. Singh]] (maternal uncle)}}

}}

'''Aparesh Kumar Singh''' (born 7 July 1965) is an Indian judge who is currently serving as Chief Justice of [[Telangana High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=High Court for the State of Telangana |url=https://tshc.gov.in/processMenuTypes?id=6 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251018074055/https://tshc.gov.in/processMenuTypes?id=6 |archive-date=2025-10-18 |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=tshc.gov.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Telangana Judiciary: Aparesh Kumar Singh Sworn In as High Court Chief Justice |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/telangana/aparesh-kumar-singh-sworn-in-as-telangana-high-court-chief-justice-3638279 |access-date=2025-07-19 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> He also served as the [[Chief Justice]] of [[Tripura High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to High Court of Tripura |url=https://thc.nic.in/CJ_AKSingh.html |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=thc.nic.in}}</ref> He was former judge of the [[Jharkhand High Court]] where he also served as [[Acting (law)|Acting]] [[Chief Justice]].<ref name="Supreme Court News, Latest India Legal News, Supreme Court Updates, High Courts Updates, Judgments, Law Firms News, Law School News, Latest Legal News 2022">{{cite web | title=Centre Notifies Appointment Of Justice Aparesh Kumar Singh As Acting Chief Justice Of Jharkhand High Court | website=Supreme Court News, Latest India Legal News, Supreme Court Updates, High Courts Updates, Judgments, Law Firms News, Law School News, Latest Legal News | date=2022-12-16 | url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/justice-aparesh-kumar-singh-jharkhand-high-court-216937 | access-date=2022-12-26}}</ref>

== Early life ==
He passed his B.A (Hons.) and [[LL.B]] from [[Delhi University]] and enrolled as advocate in 1990 before starting practise in [[Patna High Court]] from 1990 to 2000. In 2001 he started practising in [[Jharkhand High Court]] and continued till his elevation as additional judge in same high court on 24 January 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=High Court of Jharkhand, India |url=https://jharkhandhighcourt.nic.in/judges_summary.php?jpi=NDc= |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=jharkhandhighcourt.nic.in}}</ref> He was made permanent judge on 16 January 2014.

He belongs to family of judges. 6th Chief Justice of India [[Bhuvaneshwar Prasad Sinha|B. P. Sinha]] was his maternal great grandfather as Singh's mother was the maternal grand daughter of former CJI Sinha and sister of former supreme court judge [[Shiva Kirti Singh]] and cousin of [[B. P. Singh (judge)|B. P. Singh]] also a Supreme court judge.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mandhani |first=Apoorva |date=2025-04-04 |title=Legal pedigree not just entrenched in SC. 1 in 3 HC judges related to judges, ex-judges or lawyers |url=https://theprint.in/judiciary/legal-pedigree-not-just-entrenched-in-sc-1-in-3-hc-judges-related-to-judges-ex-judges-or-lawyers/2575798/ |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sucheta |date=2024-02-02 |title=Know Thy Judge {{!}} Justice Aparesh Kumar Singh, the 8th Chief Justice of Tripura High Court |url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2024/02/02/know-thy-judge-justice-aparesh-kumar-singh-chief-justice-tripura-hc-legal-news/ |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=SCC Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
After becoming judge in [[Jharkhand High Court]] he was appointed as executive chairman of Jharkhand State Legal Services Authority and also served as acting chief justice from 20 December 2022 to 19 February 2023 due to retirement of the then chief justice [[Ravi Ranjan]] till appointment of [[Sanjaya Kumar Mishra]] as permanent chief justice.<ref name="ANI News 2022">{{cite web | title=Centre appoints Aparesh Kumar Singh as acting Chief Justice of Jharkhand HC | website=ANI News | date=2022-12-16 | url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/centre-appoints-aparesh-kumar-singh-as-acting-chief-justice-of-jharkhand-hc20221216232635/ | access-date=2022-12-26}}</ref>

In February 2023, Supreme court collegium<ref>{{Cite web |title=Justice Aparesh Kumar Singh recommended to be Chief Justice of Tripura High Court |url=https://www.thelawadvice.com/news/justice-aparesh-kumar-singh-recommended-to-be-chief-justice-of-tripura-high-court |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=www.thelawadvice.com |language=en}}</ref> recommended him to be appointed as chief justice of [[Tripura High Court]] and he was appointed<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-11 |title=AK Singh appointed as chief justice of Tripura high court |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/aparesh-kumar-singh-appointed-as-chief-justice-of-tripura-high-court-by-president-replacing-t-amarnath-goud-singh-previously-served-as-acting-chief-justice-101681205134506.html |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> as such and took oath on 17 April 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-17 |title=Hon’ble Justice Aparesh Kumar Singh Takes Oath As Chief Justice Of Tripura High Court. - TRIPURA STAR NEWS |url=https://www.tripurastarnews.com/honble-justice-aparesh-kumar-singh-takes-oath-as-chief-justice-of-tripura-high-court/ |access-date=2026-04-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> Supreme Court Collegium recommended the transfer of Justice Aparesh Kumar Singh to the [[Telangana High Court]] in the same capacity during a Collegium meeting held on May 26, 2025<ref name="Telangana High Court to Get New CJ">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Telangana High Court to Get New CJ |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/supreme-court-collegium-recommends-aparesh-kumar-singh-as-telangana-high-court-chief-justice-1881772 |access-date=28 May 2025 |work= |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=28 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528144310/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/supreme-court-collegium-recommends-aparesh-kumar-singh-as-telangana-high-court-chief-justice-1881772 |archive-date=28 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref> and he was appointed as chief justice of Telangana High Court in July 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-19 |title=Justice Aparesh Kumar Singh sworn in as Chief Justice of Telangana High Court |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/justice-aparesh-kumar-singh-sworn-in-as-chief-justice-of-telangana-high-court/article69830816.ece |access-date=2025-07-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Aparesh Kumar}}
[[Category:Indian judges]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Femina Miss India Delhi

2026-04-19T22:26:49Z

Advsalahuddinahmed: Started first details basic info...

{{Short description|Beauty pageant}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Femina Miss India Delhi
| formation = [[Femina Miss India Delhi 2013|2013]]
| founder = [[Femina Miss India|Femina Miss India Organization]]
| type = [[Beauty pageant]]
| founding_location = [[New Delhi]]
| headquarters = [[Mumbai]]
| location = [[India]]
| membership = [[Femina Miss India]]
| num_members_year = 2013–present
| affiliations = [[The Times Group]]
| owner = [[Vineet Jain]]
| language = [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| parent_organisation = [[Femina Miss India|Femina Miss India Organization]]
| website = {{URL|feminamissindia.indiatimes.com}}
}}

'''Femina Miss India Delhi''' is a [[beauty pageant]] in [[India]] whose winners compete nationally in the [[Femina Miss India]] pageant. The reigning Femina Miss India Delhi is '''Sifti Singh.''' She represented [[Delhi]] at [[Femina Miss India 2024]].

==Titleholders==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%; text-align:center"
|-
! Year !!width=250| Femina Miss India Delhi
|-
|[[Femina Miss India 2024|2024]]
|Sifti Singh
|-
|[[Femina Miss India 2023|2023]]
|Shreya Poonja
|-
|[[Femina Miss India 2022|2022]]
|Prakshi Goyal
|-
|[[Femina Miss India 2020|2020]]
|Supriya Dahiya
|-
|[[Femina Miss India 2019|2019]]
|Mansi Sehgal<ref name="ie1">{{Cite web|date=2021-03-01|title=Miss India Delhi 2019 Mansi Sehgal joins AAP|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/miss-india-delhi-2019-mansi-sehgal-joins-aap-7209449/|access-date=2021-03-01|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Femina Miss India 2018|2018]]
|[[Gayatri Bhardwaj|Gayatri Bharadwaj]]
|-
|[[Femina Miss India 2017|2017]]
|Maira Chowdhury
|-
|[[Femina Miss India 2016|2016]]
|[[Priyadarshini Chatterjee]]
|-
|[[Femina Miss India 2015|2015]]
|Apeksha Porwal
|-
|[[Femina Miss India|2014]]
|[[Koyal Rana]]
|-
|[[Femina Miss India Delhi 2013|2013]]
|[[Anukriti Gusain]]
|}

==Runners up==
After 2016, runner up status was not awarded. The top three finalists are short listed during the Delhi audition, and they compete for the Femina Miss India Delhi title at North Zonals, since 2017. The winner represents the National Capital Region, [[Delhi]] at the [[Femina Miss India]] finals.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%; text-align:center"
|-
!Year!!width=200|1st runner up !!width=200|2nd runner up
|-
|[[Femina Miss India 2016|2016]]
|Natasha Singh
|Rinki Ghildiyal
|-
|[[Femina Miss India 2015|2015]]
|[[Aditi Arya]]
|Rushali Rai
|-
|[[Femina Miss India 2014|2014]]
|Shashi Bangari
|Malti Chahar
|-
|[[Femina Miss India 2013|2013]]
|Vijaya Sharma
|[[Srishti Rana]]
|}

== Representatives at International Pageants ==
The following is a list of Miss Delhi Winners at International Beauty Pageants (Since 2013) by [[Femina Miss India]]/[[Miss Diva]] Organization:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; line-height:20px; font-size:85%; width:100%;"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Year
! rowspan="2" | Delegate
! rowspan="2" | State
! rowspan="2" | International Pageant
! colspan="2" | Placement & Performance
|-
! | Placements
! | {{nowrap|Special award(s)}}
|- style="background-color:gold;"
|rowspan=2| '''2013'''
| '''[[Srishti Rana]]'''
| '''[[Haryana]]'''
|'''[[Miss Asia Pacific World|Miss Asia Pacific World 2013]]'''
| '''Winner'''
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 3 Special Awards
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* '''Best National Costume'''
* '''Miss Personality'''
* '''Miss Talent'''}}
|- style="background:#FFFACD;"
| Vijaya Sharma
| [[New Delhi]]
| [[Miss Supranational 2013]]
| Top 20
|
|- style="background:#FFFACD;"
|rowspan=2| '''2014'''
| [[Koyal Rana]]
| [[New Delhi]]
| [[Miss World 2014]]
| Top 11
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 9 Special Awards
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Miss World - Asia
* Winner – Beauty With a Purpose
* Winner – [[Miss World 2014|World Fashion Designer Dress]]
* Dances of the World Performer
* Top 5 – [[Miss World Beach Beauty]]
* Top 5 – [[Miss World 2014|Multimedia Award]]
* Top 10 – [[Miss World 2014|The People's Choice]]
* Top 20 – [[Miss World Top Model]]
* Top 32 – [[Miss World Sport]]}}
|-style="background-color:#FFFF33;"
| [[Anukriti Gusain]]
| [[Uttarakhand]]
|[[Miss Asia Pacific World|Miss Asia Pacific World 2014]]
| 4th Runner-up
|
|-style="background:#FADADD;"
| '''2015'''
| [[Aditi Arya]]
| [[New Delhi]]
|[[Miss World 2015]]
| Unplaced
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 6 Special Awards
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Top 5 – [[Miss World 2015|Multimedia Award]]
* Top 5 – [[Miss World 2015|People's Choice Award]]
* Top 10 – [[Miss World 2015|World Fashion Designer Dress]]
* Top 25 – [[Beauty with a Purpose]]
* Top 30 – [[Miss World Talent]]
* Top 30 – [[Miss World Top Model]]}}
|-style="background:#FFFACD;"
| '''2016'''
| [[Priyadarshini Chatterjee]]
| [[Assam]]
| [[Miss World 2016]]
| Top 20
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 2 Special Awards
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* Top 5 – [[Beauty with a Purpose]]
* Top 21 – [[Miss World Talent]]}}
|-style="background:#FFFACD;"
| '''2018'''
| [[Gayatri Bhardwaj]]
| [[New Delhi]]
|[[Miss United Continents |Miss United Continents 2018]]
| Top 10
| style="background:;" | {{collapsible list|
| title = 1 Special Award
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size: 90%
|
* 1st Runner-up – Best National Costume}}
|}

==Performance at Femina Miss India==
Color keys
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{{plainlist|
* {{Color box|gold|border=darkgray}} Declared winner
* {{Color box|#FFFF66|border=darkgray}} Ended as runner-up
* {{Color box|#FFFACD|border=darkgray}} Ended as finalist or semifinalist
* {{Color box|white|border=darkgray}} Unplaced
}}
{{col-end}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%; text-align:center"
|-
! Year
! width=150|Delegate
! width=150|Hometown
! width=250|Placement at [[Femina Miss India]]
! width=250|Special awards at Femina Miss India
|-
|style="background:#FFFACD |[[Femina Miss India 2024|2024]]
|style="background:#FFFACD |Sifti Singh
|style="background:#FFFACD |[[New Delhi]]
|style="background:#FFFACD|{{centre|Top 7}}
|style="background:#FFFACD|'''Miss India North''' Miss Lifestyle Miss Talent-Top 5 Miss Beautiful Eyes-Top 5
|-
|style="background: #FFFF66 |[[Femina Miss India 2023|2023]]
|style="background: #FFFF66|Shreya Poonja
|style='background: #FFFF66 |[[New Delhi]]
|style="background: #FFFF66|{{centre|1st runner up}}
|style='background: #FFFF66|Miss Body Beautiful
|-
|[[Femina Miss India 2022|2022]]
|Prakshi Goyal
|[[New Delhi]]
|{{center|Unplaced}}
|
|-
|style="background:#FFFACD |[[Femina Miss India 2020|2020]]
|style="background:#FFFACD |Supriya Dahiya
|style="background:#FFFACD |[[Gurgaon]]
|style="background:#FFFACD|{{center|Top 15}}
|style="background:#FFFACD |
|-
|style="background:white;"|[[Femina Miss India 2019|2019]]<ref name="ie1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/celebrity/story/miss-india-2019-winner-is-suman-rao-from-rajasthan-1549591-2019-06-16|website=India Today|title=Miss India 2019 winner is Suman Rao from Rajasthan|date=16 June 2019}}</ref>
|style="background:white;"|Mansi Sehgal
|style="background:white;"|[[New Delhi]]
|style="background:white;"|{{center|Unplaced}}
|style="background:white;"|
|-
| style="background:#FFFF66;"|
[[Femina Miss India 2018|2018]]
|style="background:#FFFF66;"|[[Gayatri Bhardwaj|Gayatri Bharadwaj]]
| style="background:#FFFF66;"|[[New Delhi]]
| style="background:#FFFF66;"|{{center|Top 5}}
| style="background:#FFFF66;"|
{{center|Miss Glamorous Look}}
{{center|Miss Popular}}
{{center|Miss Spectacular Eyes}}
|-
| style="background:#FFFACD;"|
[[Femina Miss India 2017|2017]]
| style="background:#FFFACD;"|
Maira Chowdhury
| style="background:#FFFACD;"|
[[New Delhi]]
| style="background:#FFFACD;"|{{center|Top 15 }}
| style="background:#FFFACD;"|
|-
| style="background:gold;"|
[[Femina Miss India 2016|2016]]
| style="background:gold;"|
[[Priyadarshini Chatterjee]]
| style="background:gold;"|
[[Guwahati]]
| style="background:gold;"|
{{center|[[Femina Miss India 2016|Femina Miss India World 2016]]}}
| style="background:gold;"|
{{center|Miss Rampwalk}}
|-
|[[Femina Miss India 2015|2015]]
|Apeksha Porwal
|[[Mumbai]]
|{{center|Unplaced}}
|{{center|Miss Selfie}}
|-
| style="background:gold;"|
[[Femina Miss India 2014|2014]]
| style="background:gold;"|
[[Koyal Rana]]
| style="background:gold;"|
[[New Delhi]]
| style="background:gold;"|
{{center|[[Femina Miss India 2014|Femina Miss India World 2014]]}}
| style="background:gold;"|
{{center|Beauty with a Purpose}}
{{center|Miss Healthy Skin}}
|-
| style="background:#FFFF66;"|
[[Femina Miss India 2013|2013]]
|style="background:#FFFF66;"|
[[Anukriti Gusain]]
|style="background:#FFFF66;"|
[[Lansdowne (town)|Lansdowne]]
| style="background:#FFFF66;"|
{{center|Top 5}}
| style="background:#FFFF66;"|
{{center|Miss Photogenic}}
{{center|Miss Beautiful Smile}}
|}

==Femina Miss India Delhi 1st runner up==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%; text-align:center"
|-
! Year
! width=150|Delegate
! width=150|Hometown
! width=250|Placement at [[Femina Miss India]]
! width=250|Special awards at Femina Miss India
|-FFFACD
|style="background:#FFFACD;"|[[Femina Miss India 2016|2016]]
|style="background:#FFFACD;"|Natasha Singh Chauhan
|style="background:#FFFACD;"|[[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]]
|style="background:#FFFACD;"|
{{center|Top 10}}
|style="background:#FFFACD;"|
|-
|style="background:gold;"|
[[Femina Miss India 2015|2015]]
|style="background:gold;"|
[[Aditi Arya]]
|style="background:gold;"|
[[New Delhi]]
|style="background:gold;"|
{{center|[[Femina Miss India 2015|Femina Miss India World 2015]]}}
|style="background:gold;"|
{{center|Miss Beautiful Hair}}
{{center|Miss Sudoku}}
|-
| [[Femina Miss India 2014|2014]]
| Shashi Bhangari
| [[New Delhi]]
| {{center| ''Did not compete''}}
|
|-
| style="background:#FFFACD;"|[[Femina Miss India Delhi 2013|2013]]
| style="background:#FFFACD;"|Vijaya Sharma
| style="background:#FFFACD;"|[[New Delhi]]
| style="background:#FFFACD;"|{{center| Top 10}}
| style="background:#FFFACD;"|
|}

==Femina Miss India Delhi 2nd runner up==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%; text-align:center"
|-
! Year
! width=150|Delegate
! width=150|Hometown
! width=250|Placement at [[Femina Miss India]]
! width=250|Special awards at Femina Miss India
|-
|[[Femina Miss India 2016|2016]]
|Rinki Ghildiyal
|[[Dehradun]]
|{{center|''Did not compete''}}
|
|-
|style="background:#FFFACD;"|[[Femina Miss India 2015|2015]]
|style="background:#FFFACD;"|Rushali Rai
|style="background:#FFFACD;"|[[New Delhi]]
|style="background:#FFFACD;"|{{center|Top 10}}
|style="background:#FFFACD;"|
|-
|[[Femina Miss India 2014|2014]]
|Malti Chahar
|[[Agra]]
|{{center|Unplaced}}
|{{center|Miss Sudoku}}
|-
| style="background:#FFFACD;"|[[Femina Miss India 2013|2013]]
|style="background:#FFFACD;"|[[Srishti Rana]]
|style="background:#FFFACD;"|[[Faridabad]]
| style="background:#FFFACD;"| {{center|Top 5}}
| style="background:#FFFACD;"|{{center|Miss Fashion Icon}}
|}

==Delegates' notes==
* [[Anukriti Gusain]], [[Femina Miss India Delhi 2013]], later represented India at [[Miss Asia Pacific World 2014]] (May edition) and was crowned 4th runner up. She participated in [[Femina Miss India 2017]] and won [[Femina Miss India 2017|Miss Grand India 2017]] title. She represented India in Miss Grand International 2017 and was one of the top 20 semifinalists.
* [[Femina Miss India 2013|Vijaya Sharma]], [[Femina Miss India Delhi 2013]] 1st runner up and [[Femina Miss India 2013|Femina Miss India Supranational 2013]], also won [[Elite Model Look India|Elite Model Look India 2014]].
* [[Srishti Rana]], [[Femina Miss India Delhi 2013]] 2nd runner up, also competed in the [[Miss Diva - 2013|Miss Diva 2013]] pageant and was crowned [[Miss Diva - 2013|Miss Diva Asia Pacific World 2013]]. That same year, she represented India at [[Miss Asia Pacific World 2013]] and was crowned the winner. She was the second Indian and Asian woman to win the crown.
* [[Koyal Rana]], Femina Miss India Delhi 2014, was Scooty Miss Teen Diva 2008, Miss Teen India 2008 and Fact Miss Universal Teen 2009.
* [[Miss Diva - 2017|Apeksha Porwal]], [[Femina Miss India 2015|Femina Miss India Delhi 2015]], was Scooty Miss Teen Diva 2009. She later participated in [[Miss Diva - 2017]] and was second runner up.
* Prakshi Goyal, Femina Miss India Delhi 2022, later competed in [[Miss Universe India 2024]] and made into the top 20.

==Photographs of some notable winners==
<gallery>
Image:Foundation day of our NGO.jpg|[[Anukriti Gusain]] [[Femina Miss India Delhi 2013]], [[Miss Asia Pacific World 2014]] - 4th runner up and [[Miss Grand India | Miss Grand India 2017]]
Image:Koyal Rana poses for Exhibit Magazine.jpg|[[Koyal Rana]] [[Femina Miss India 2014]] and [[Miss World 2014 | Miss World 2014-Asia]]
Image:Aditi Arya at Femina Miss India 2016 event.jpg|[[Aditi Arya]] [[Femina Miss India 2015]]
Image:Gayatri-Bhardwaj-snapped-attending-the-YOLO-Foundation-Initiative (cropped).jpg|[[Gayatri Bhardwaj]] [[Femina Miss India 2018 | Femina Miss India United Continents 2018 ]]
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Femina Miss India}}

[[Category:Femina Miss India]]
[[Category:Female models from Delhi]]
[[Category:Beauty pageants in India]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Women in Delhi]]

Balasubramanian Gopal

2026-04-19T21:22:14Z

Advsalahuddinahmed: made new stub

{{Short description|Indian biologist (born 1970)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Balasubramanian Gopal
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1970|8|31}}
| birth_place = India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Molecular biophysics]] | [[Structural biology]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Indian Institute of Science]] | [[Torrent Pharmaceuticals]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur]] | [[Indian Institute of Science]] | [[National Institute for Medical Research]] }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on [[molecular biophysics]]
| awards = {{ublist | 2010 [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]] | 2015 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] }}
}}
'''Balasubramanian Gopal''' (born 1970) is an Indian structural biologist, molecular biophysicist and a professor at the Molecular Biophysics Unit of the [[Indian Institute of Science]].<ref name="11 selected for Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar award">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/11-selected-for-shanti-swarup-bhatnagar-award/article7692862.ece | title=11 selected for Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar award | newspaper=The Hindu | date=27 September 2015 | access-date=3 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=139 | title=Brief Profile of the Awardee | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=5 October 2016}}</ref> He is known for his studies on cell wall synthesis in [[Staphylococcus aureus]] and is an elected fellow of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]],<ref name="NASI fellows">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=G |title=NASI fellows |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |date=2016 |access-date=4 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021102942/http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=G |archive-date=21 October 2014 }}</ref> [[Indian National Science Academy]]<ref name="Indian fellow">{{cite web | url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=P16-1717 | title=Indian fellow | publisher=Indian National Science Academy | date=2016 | access-date=2 November 2016 | archive-date=4 November 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104005727/http://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=P16-1717 }}</ref> and the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]].<ref name="Fellow Profile">{{cite web | url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Gopal,_Prof._Balasubramanian | title=Fellow Profile | publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences | date=2016 | access-date=2 November 2016}}</ref> He received the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]] of the [[Department of Biotechnology]] in 2010.<ref name="Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development">{{cite web | url=http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf | title=Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development | publisher=Department of Biotechnology | date=2016 | access-date=17 October 2016 | archive-date=4 March 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304191331/http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf }}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 2015, for his contributions to biological sciences.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=5 October 2016}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Balasubramnian Gopal, born on 31 August 1970, completed his master's degree at [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur]] and started his career as a biochemist by joining [[Torrent Pharmaceuticals]] at their [[Ahmedabad]] station.<ref name="Biotech in Bangalore">{{cite journal | title=Biotech in Bangalore | author=Gene Russo | journal=Nature | date=April 2008 | volume=452 |issue = 7187| pages=660–61 | doi=10.1038/nj7187-660a| pmid=18389533 }}</ref> Later, he took a break from his job and joined the [[Indian Institute of Science]] (IISc) from where he secured a PhD. Moving to the UK, he did his post-doctoral studies in [[crystallography]] at the [[National Institute for Medical Research]]. Returning to India, he joined the Molecular Biophysics Unit of IISc as a member of ''Lab 301''<ref name="Members">{{cite web | url=http://mbu.iisc.ac.in/~bggrp/index_files/Page1207.htm | title=Members | publisher=MBU - Indian Institute of Science | date=2016 | access-date=3 November 2016}}</ref> where he and his colleagues are engaged in researches on ''structural and mechanistic aspects of membrane-associated proteins involved in inter-cell communication, transcriptional regulation and mediate antimicrobial resistance.''<ref name="Lab 301">{{cite web | url=http://mbu.iisc.ac.in/~bggrp/ | title=Lab 301 | publisher=MBU - Indian Institute of Science | date=2016 | access-date=3 November 2016}}</ref>

Gopal is known to have done considerable research in molecular biophysics<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999 | access-date=5 October 2016 | page=34 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043957/http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> and has contributed to widening our understanding of the cell wall synthesis in [[Staphylococcus aureus]], a common [[gram-positive]] bacterium found in human respiratory tract and skin.<ref name="Seminar series">{{cite web | url=http://www.rcb.res.in/upload/2014/Dr.Gopal_Aug4th_seminar_LCDTV.pdf | title=Seminar series | publisher=Regional Centre for Biotechnology | date=2016 | access-date=3 November 2016}}</ref> He has published his research findings as articles in peer-reviewed journals{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} and [[Google Scholar]], an online article repository has listed 77 of them.<ref name="Gopal on Google Scholar">{{cite web | url=https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=EsBdbbkAAAAJ | title=Gopal on Google Scholar | publisher=Google Scholar | date=2016 | access-date=3 November 2016}}</ref> He has delivered keynote addresses at several seminars including the ''Graduate Students' Meet 2007''<ref name="Graduate Students' Meet 2007">{{cite web | url=http://graduatestudentsmeet.weebly.com/-hall-of-fame.html | title=Graduate Students' Meet 2007 | publisher=Graduate Students' Meet | date=2016 | access-date=3 November 2016}}</ref> and the 2nd ''International Conference on Structural and Functional Genomics'' organised by [[Sastra university, Tanjore]] in August 2016.<ref name="International Conference on Structural and Functional Genomics">{{cite web | url=http://sastra.edu/icsafg2016/sp.html | title=International Conference on Structural and Functional Genomics | publisher=Sastra University | date=2016 | access-date=3 November 2016}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
The [[Department of Biotechnology]] awarded him the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]] in 2010.<ref name="Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development" /> The [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] elected him as its fellow in 2013,<ref name="Fellow Profile" /> the same year as he was elected as a fellow by the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]].<ref name="NASI fellows" /> He was awarded the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, by the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] in 2015.<ref name="Prof. Balasubramanian Gopal wins coveted Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award 2015">{{cite web | url=http://alumni.iisc.ernet.in/news/10648 | title=Prof. Balasubramanian Gopal wins coveted Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award 2015 | publisher=IISc Alumni Association | date=30 September 2015 | access-date=3 November 2016}}</ref> The elected fellowship of the [[Indian National Science Academy]] reached him in 2016.<ref name="Indian fellow" />

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{cite journal | title=Structural and biochemical bases for the redox sensitivity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis RslA |author1=Krishan Gopal Thakur |author2=T Praveena |author3=B Gopal | journal=Journal of Molecular Biology | date=April 2010 | volume=397 | issue=5 | pages=1199–1208 | doi=10.1016/j.jmb.2010.02.026 | pmid=20184899 | pmc=2877774}}
* {{cite journal | title=Molecular basis for the role of Staphylococcus aureus penicillin binding protein 4 in antimicrobial resistance |author1=Vikas Navratna |author2=Savitha Nadig |author3=Varun Sood |author4=K Prasad |author5=Gayathri Arakere |author6=B Gopal | journal=Journal of Bacteriology | date=January 2010 | volume=192 | issue=1 | pages=134–144 | doi=10.1128/JB.00822-09 | pmid=19854906 | pmc=2798245}}
* {{cite journal | title=Structure-based phylogeny as a diagnostic for functional characterization of proteins with a cupin fold |author1=Garima Agarwal |author2=Malligarjunan Rajavel |author3=Balasubramanian Gopal |author4=Narayanaswamy Srinivasan | journal=PLOS ONE | date=May 2009 | volume=4 | issue=5 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0005736 |pmid=19478949 |pmc=2684688 | article-number=e5736|bibcode=2009PLoSO...4.5736A |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal | title=Structural and functional characterization of Staphylococcus aureus dihydrodipicolinate synthase |author1=Tavarekere S Girish |author2=Eshita Sharma |author3=B Gopal | journal=FEBS Letters | date=August 2008 | volume=582 | issue=19 | pages=2923–2930 | doi=10.1016/j.febslet.2008.07.035 | pmid=18671976|s2cid=26217430 | doi-access= }}
* {{cite journal | title=The crystal structure of a quercetin 2, 3-dioxygenase from Bacillus subtilis suggests modulation of enzyme activity by a change in the metal ion at the active site (s) |author1=B Gopal |author2=Lalima L Madan |author3=Stephen F Betz |author4-link=Anthony Kossiakoff |author4=Anthony A Kossiakoff | journal=Biochemistry | date=January 2005 | volume=44 | issue=1 | pages=193–201 | doi=10.1021/bi0484421 | pmid=15628860}}
* {{cite journal | title=Crystal structure of the transcription elongation/anti-termination factor NusA from Mycobacterium tuberculosis at 1.7 Å resolution |author1=B Gopal |author2=Lesley F Haire |author3=Steven J Gamblin |author4=Eleanor J Dodson |author5=Andrew N Lane |author6=KG Papavinasasundaram |author7=M Jo Colston |author8=Guy Dodson | journal=Journal of Molecular Biology | date=December 2001 | volume=314 | issue=5 | pages=1087–1095 | doi=10.1006/jmbi.2000.5144 | pmid=11743725}}
* {{cite journal | title=Thermodynamics of metal ion binding and denaturation of a calcium binding protein from Entamoeba histolytica |author1=B Gopal |author2=CP Swaminathan |author3=Sudha Bhattacharya |author4=Alok Bhattacharya |author5=MRN Murthy |author6=A Surolia | journal=Biochemistry | date=September 1997 | volume=36 | issue=36 | pages=10910–10916 | doi=10.1021/bi9702546|pmid=9283081 }}

== See also ==
* [[Staphylococcus aureus]]
{{Portal|India|Biology}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite journal | title=Structural and Biochemical Bases for the Redox Sensitivity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis RslA | journal= Journal of Molecular Biology| date=2016 | doi=10.1016/j.jmb.2010.02.026 | pmid=20184899 | pmc=2877774 | volume=397 | issue=5 | pages=1199–208 |vauthors=Thakur KG, Praveena T, Gopal B}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Biological Science}}
{{Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Laureates of Karnataka}}
{{N-BIOS Laureates 2010–2019}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gopal, Balasubramanian}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Biological Science]]
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian molecular biologists]]
[[Category:Structural biologists]]
[[Category:Molecular biophysics]]
[[Category:IIT Kanpur alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Science alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Scientists from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:N-BIOS Prize recipients]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]

Hebbal Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:27:19Z

Advsalahuddinahmed: Added A Data...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Karnataka legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Hebbal
|state = [[Karnataka]]
|type= SLA
| constituency_no = 158
| map_image = 158-Hebbal constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|district = [[Bangalore Urban district|Bangalore Urban]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
|established = 2008
|electors = {{formatnum:288971}} (2023)<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
| reservation = None
|mla = [[Byrathi Suresh]]
|party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Y. A. Narayanaswamy]]
}}

'''Hebbal Assembly constituency''' is one of the assembly segments of [[Karnataka]] state. It is a part of [[Bangalore Urban district]] and comes under [[Bangalore North Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || [[Katta Subramanya Naidu]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || R. Jagadeesh Kumar
|-
| [[2016 elections in India#Karnataka|2016 By-election]] || [[Y. A. Narayanaswamy]]
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || rowspan="2" | [[Byrathi Suresh]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hebbal }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Byrathi Suresh]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 91,838 |percentage = 57.71% |change = {{increase}}6.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jagdeesha Katta. K. S |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 61,084 |percentage = 38.39% |change = {{increase}}2.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,639 |percentage = 1.03% |change = {{increase}}0.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Syed Mohid Altaf |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,604 |percentage = 1.01% |change = {{decrease}}8.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. S. Manjunath Naidu |party = Aam Aadmi Party |votes = 1,026 |percentage = 0.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 30,754 |percentage = 19.33% |change = {{increase}}4.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 159,176 |percentage = 55.08% |change = {{decrease}}0.21 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 159,132}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 288,971 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.92 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}6.95 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hebbal }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Byrathi Suresh]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 74,453 |percentage = 50.76% |change = {{increase}}12.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Y. A. Narayanaswamy]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 53,313 |percentage = 36.34% |change = {{decrease}}19.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hanumanthe Gowda |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 14,092 |percentage = 9.61% |change = {{increase}}6.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,450 |percentage = 0.99% |change = {{increase}}0.44 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,140 |percentage = 14.41% |change = {{decrease}}3.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 146,690 |percentage = 55.29% |change = {{increase}}10.99 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 146,690}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 265,312 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.49 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}5.27 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 2016 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2016 elections in India#Karnataka|2016 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Hebbal <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/detailed-bye-election-results/ |title=Bye-Election Results - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Y. A. Narayanaswamy]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 60,367 |percentage = 56.03% |change = {{increase}}18.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. K. Abdul Rahman Shartef |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 41,218 |percentage = 38.26% |change = {{increase}}5.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ismail Sharieff Nana |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 3,666 |percentage = 3.40% |change = {{decrease}}21.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 596 |percentage = 0.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,149 |percentage = 17.77% |change = {{increase}}12.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 108,337 |percentage = 44.30% |change = {{decrease}}10.59 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 107,741}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 244,549 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.18 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}18.06 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hebbal <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = R. Jagadeesh Kumar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 38,162 |percentage = 37.97% |change = {{decrease}}10.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. K. Abdul Rahman Shartef |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 33,026 |percentage = 32.86% |change = {{decrease}}10.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abdul Azeem |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 25,073 |percentage = 24.95% |change = {{increase}}20.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sridhar Pabbisetty |party = Lok Satta Party |votes = 6,271 |percentage = 6.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Munikrishna |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 5,816 |percentage = 5.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Fakruddin. S |party = Social Democratic Party of India |votes = 1,473 |percentage = 1.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shabeer Pasha |party = Independent politician |votes = 721 |percentage = 0.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Harish |party = Independent politician |votes = 721 |percentage = 0.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,136 |percentage = 5.11% |change = {{decrease}}0.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 115,542 |percentage = 54.89% |change = {{increase}}10.01 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 100,501}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 210,497 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}1.16 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}10.92 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hebbal <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Katta Subramanya Naidu]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 46,715 |percentage = 48.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. M. Revanna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 41,763 |percentage = 43.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Lokesh Gowda |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 4,149 |percentage = 4.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. M. Yousuf |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 596 |percentage = 0.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,952 |percentage = 5.18% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 95,573 |percentage = 44.88% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 95,548}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 212,960 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* https://www.deccanchronicle.com/current-affairs/270116/hebbal-bypoll-congress-old-guard-turns-tide-for-sharief.html
* http://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/karnataka/election-results.html

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|13.04|77.60|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Bengaluru Urban district]]
[[Category:Politics of Bengaluru]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

His Story of Itihaas

2026-04-17T05:30:45Z

Advsalahuddinahmed: Added New Post...

{{Short description|2025 Hindi language film by Manpreet Singh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = His Story of Itihaas
| director = Manpreet Singh Dhami
| writer = Manpreet Singh Dhami
| based_on = ''Brainwashed Republic: India's Controlled Systemic Deracination''
| producer = Manpreet Singh Dhami
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Subodh Bhave]]
* [[Yogendra Tikku]]
* [[Ankur Vikal]]
* Sachin K Jaryal
* Vasanti Sundaram
}}
| cinematography = Vinod Patil
| editing = B. Mahanteshwar
| music = Advait Sawant
| studio = Panchkarma Productions
| released = {{Film date|2025|05|30|df=y}}
| runtime = 144 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
}}

'''His Story of Itihaas''' is a 2025 Indian [[Hindi cinema|Hindi-language drama film]] written, directed, and produced by Manpreet Singh Dhami under Panchkarma Productions. Based on the book ''Brainwashed Republic: India's Controlled Systemic Deracination'', the film predominantly employs [[Hindutva pseudohistory|Hindutva pseudohistorical narratives]] and [[identity politics]]. It features [[Subodh Bhave]] in the lead role, alongside [[Yogendra Tikku]], and [[Ankur Vikal]]. The film was released theatrically across India on 30 May 2025.

== Plot ==
The film is based on a physics teacher, named Namit Bharadwaj, from [[Chandigarh]] who challenges perceived distorted historical narratives taught in Indian schools. Motivated by a desire to uncover the truth, Bharadwaj uses the [[Right to Information Act, 2005|Right to Information Act]] to question long-held accounts presented in history textbooks. The story follows his battle to correct perceived historical falsehoods and biases and his fight against what is perceived to be an indifferent system.

== Cast ==
* [[Subodh Bhave]] as Namit Bharadwaj<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2025-05-16 |title=Subodh Bhave on 'His Story of Itihaas': Every Role Begins at Zero |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/subodh-bhave-on-his-story-of-itihaas-every-role-begins-at-zero/articleshow/121205172.cms |access-date= |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[Yogendra Tikku]] as Kamal Subramanian<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Tina |date=2025-05-27 |title=Over 60 actors rejected the lead role in this film. It's about the 'lies' in school textbooks |url=https://theprint.in/entertainment/60-actors-rejected-lead-role-film-about-lies-school-textbooks/2638912/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250910134000/https://theprint.in/entertainment/60-actors-rejected-lead-role-film-about-lies-school-textbooks/2638912/ |archive-date=10 September 2025 |website=[[ThePrint]]}}</ref>
* [[Ankur Vikal]] as Ishaan Kabir<ref name=":1" />
* Sachin K Jaryal as [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] Ashish<ref name=":1" />
* Vasanti Sundaram as Chhaya Mukherjee<ref name=":1" />

== Production and release ==
The movie is based on the book ''Brainwashed Republic: India's Controlled Systemic Deracination''. Manpreet Singh Dhami served as the writer, director, and producer of the film, under the banner of Panchkarma Productions. Prior to Bhave's acceptance of the lead character, the role had been rejected by over 60 actors.<ref name=":1" />

His Story of Itihaas was officially released in movie theatres across India on 30 May 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-30 |title=Subodh Bhave starrer 'His Story of Itihaas' set to release on THIS date |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/subodh-bhave-starrer-his-story-of-itihaas-set-to-release-on-this-date-13884485.html |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>

== Pseudohistorical premises and ideological bias ==
{{Further information|Hindutva pseudohistory}}
The film primarily plays on [[Hindutva pseudohistory|Hindutva pseudohistorical narratives]] and [[identity politics]]. It attributes a wide range of significant developments, from scientific discoveries to the origins of various popular food items, all to a glorified vision of India's pre-Mughal and pre-British past. In an interview, Dhami said, "I went to Europe for the first time 13 years ago, and I felt inferior. I later realised my civilisational greatness."<ref name=":1" />

The many [[Historical negationism|historical falsehoods]] presented as factual information in the film include the depiction of ''[[Sati (practice)|Sati]]'', a historical Hindu practice involving the [[Death by burning|immolation]] of widows on their husbands’ funeral pyres, as a solely voluntary act, rather than one carried out under force or social pressure. The film also propagates the erroneous claim that the [[Caste system in India|Indian caste system]] was a construct introduced by British colonial rulers. Additionally, it suggests, without credible historical evidence, that [[Gurukula|Hindu ''gurukulas'']] once enrolled a greater number of ''[[Shudra]]'' students than ''[[Brahmin]]s''. Another claim made is that religious conversions from [[Hinduism]] to other faiths during the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal era]] were motivated by the imposition of taxes on non-Muslims, rather than as a way to escape the [[Caste system in India|caste system]]. Furthermore, the characters of Chhaya Mukherjee and Ishaan Kabir, portrayed as liberal historians, are depicted as manipulative and conniving.<ref name=":1" />

== See also ==
* [[Propaganda film]]
* [[Hindutva pseudohistory]]
* [[Historical negationism]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|title=|id=tt36491337}}

[[Category:2025 drama films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Political controversies in film]]
[[Category:Indian propaganda films]]

List of East Bengal FC captains

2026-04-16T09:11:47Z

Advsalahuddinahmed: Created Initial Info Added Tags.

{{Short description|none}}
{{Main|East Bengal FC}}
{{about|list of captains|all-time records|List of East Bengal Club records and statistics}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
[[East Bengal FC]] is an Indian [[association football]] club based in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], which competes in the top tier of [[Football in India|Indian football]]. The club was formed in August 1920 when the Jorabagan Club's vice-president, Suresh Chandra Chaudhuri, resigned. He did so after the club sent out their starting eleven with the notable exclusion of defender Sailesh Bose, who was dropped from the squad for undisclosed reasons when they were about to face [[Mohun Bagan]] in the Coochbehar Cup semi-final on 28 July 1920. He, along with Raja Manmatha Nath Chaudhuri, Ramesh Chandra Sen and Aurobinda Ghosh, formed East Bengal on 1 August 1920. East Bengal started playing in the [[Calcutta Football League]], 2nd division, in 1921. In 1925, they qualified for the first division for the first time and since then they have won many Indian football titles.<ref name="RiseofEastBengal">{{cite web|title=The Rise of East Bengal Club|url=http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/legacy.php|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818124203/http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/legacy.php|archive-date=18 August 2012|access-date=10 August 2012|work=East Bengal Football Club}}</ref>

East Bengal joined the [[National Football League (India)|National Football League]] (NFL) at its inception in 1996<ref name="NFL9697">{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india97.html|title=India 1996/97|work=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=2 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611104712/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india97.html#nfl1|archive-date=11 June 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=trophylist>{{cite web|url=http://eastbengalclub.co.in/trophyroom.html|title=East Bengal Club - The Official Site of East Bengal Club|website=eastbengalclub.co.in|access-date=26 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114010717/http://eastbengalclub.co.in/trophyroom.html|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> and is the only club to have played every season to date, including those after the rebranded [[I-League]] succeeded the NFL in 2007. East Bengal won the National Football League in [[2000–01 National Football League (India)|2000–01]], [[2002–03 National Football League (India)|2002–03]] and [[2003–04 National Football League (India)|2003–04]] and were runners up seven times, the most by any Indian football club. Among other trophies, East Bengal has won the [[Calcutta Football League]] 39 times, the [[IFA Shield]] 28 times, the [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]] eight times and the [[Durand Cup]] 16 times.<ref name=trophylist/>

There have been ninety-six different captains officially announced by the club. This chronological list comprises the East Bengal captains since their foundation in 1920. Every captain's entry includes the season in which the player was officially declared as the captain of the team by the club and his nationality.<ref name="eastbengalfootballclub">{{cite web|url=https://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/team_archives.php|title=Team Archives {{pipe}} Official Website of Quess East Bengal FC|website=eastbengalfootballclub.com|accessdate=2019-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212070519/https://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/team_archives.php|archive-date=2019-02-12|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

== List of East Bengal captains ==

The list of captains for East Bengal:<ref name="kolkatafootball">{{cite web|url=https://www.kolkatafootball.com/capeb.htm|website=kolkatafootball.com|title=Kolkatafootball.com :East Bengal League History: Indian Football Capital's News|access-date=2019-02-11|archive-date=12 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011211/https://www.kolkatafootball.com/capeb.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="worldfootball">{{cite web|url=https://www.worldfootball.net/teams/east-bengal-fc/20/|title=East Bengal FC » Historical squads|website=worldfootball.net|access-date=2019-02-11|archive-date=12 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011647/https://www.worldfootball.net/teams/east-bengal-fc/20/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="eastbengalclub">{{cite web|url=http://eastbengalclub.co.in/teamarchives.html|title=East Bengal Club - The Official Site of East Bengal Club|website=eastbengalclub.co.in|access-date=2019-02-11|archive-date=8 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108213722/http://eastbengalclub.co.in/teamarchives.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%; width:100%; text-align:left"
|-
|Colspan="3"|{{align|center|'''East Bengal Football Club Captains'''}}
|-
!width="10%"|Season
!width="10%"|Nationality
!width="20%"|Name
|-
|1920–21
|rowspan="3";align="left"|{{flagicon|British India}} India||rowspan="3";align="left"| Ramesh Chandra "Nosa" Sen
|-
|1921–22
|-
|1922–23
|-
|1923–24
|align="left"|{{flagicon|British India}} India|| Manindra Dutta Ray
|-
|1924–25
|align="left"|{{flagicon|British India}} India|| Hemanga Basu
|-
|1925–26
|align="left"|{{flagicon|British India}} India|| Mona Dutta
|-
|1926–27
|align="left"|{{flagicon|British India}} India|| Noni Gossain
|-
|1927–28
|align="left"|{{flagicon|British India}} India|| Surjo Chakraborty
|-
|1928–29
|align="left"|{{flagicon|British India}} India|| Moni Das
|-
|1929–30
|rowspan="3";align="left"|{{flagicon|British India}} India||rowspan="3";align="left"| Mona Moulik
|-
|1930–31
|-
|1931–32
|-
|1932–33
|rowspan="2";align="left"|{{flagicon|British India}} India||rowspan="2";align="left"| Moni Talukdar
|-
|1933–34
|-
|1934–35
|align="left"|{{flagicon|British India}} India|| Kamal Ganguly
|-
|1935–36
|rowspan="2";align="left"|{{flagicon|British India}} India||rowspan="2";align="left"| Dulal Guha Thakurta
|-
|1936–37
|-
|1937–38
|align="left"|{{flagicon|British India}} India|| P Majumdar
|-
|1938–39
|rowspan="3";align="left"|{{flagicon|British India}} India||rowspan="3";align="left"| Promodh Dasgupta
|-
|1939–40
|-
|1940–41
|-
|1941–42
|align="left"|{{flagicon|British India}} India|| Ajit Nandi
|-
|1942–43
|align="left"|{{flagicon|British India}} India|| A.C. Somana
|-
|1943–44
|align="left"|{{flagicon|British India}} India|| Rakhal Majumdar
|-
|1944–45
|align="left"|{{flagicon|British India}} India|| Sunil Ghosh
|-
|1945–46
|align="left"|{{flagicon|British India}} India|| Poritosh Chakraborty
|-
|1946–47
|align="left"|{{flagicon|British India}} India|| Mandipalli Appa Rao
|-
|1947–48
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| Nogen Ray
|-
|1948–49
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| Dhirendranath Chandra
|-
|1949–50
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| [[S. M. Kaiser|Syed M. Kaiser]]
|-
|1950–51
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| [[P. B. A. Saleh]]
|-
|1951–52
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| [[Byomkesh Bose]]
|-
|1952–53
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| [[Pansanttom Venkatesh]]
|-
|1953–54
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| [[K. P. Dhanraj]]
|-
|1954–55
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| [[Ahmed Khan (footballer)|Ahmed Khan]]
|-
|1955–56
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| G. R. Gokul
|-
|1956–57
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| Dr. S Dasgupta
|-
|1957–58
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| Dr. Prakashananda Kumar
|-
|1958–59
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| Sudhir Kumar Karmakar
|-
|1959–60
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| Bir Bahadur Gurung
|-
|1960–61
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| [[Ram Bahadur Chettri|Ram Bahadur]]
|-
|1961–62
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| [[Tulsidas Balaram]]
|-
|1962–63
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| Chitto Chanda
|-
|1963–64
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| Balu
|-
|1964–65
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| Abani Basu
|-
|1965–66
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| [[Sukumar Samajpati]]
|-
|1966–67
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| Chandan Bannerjee
|-
|1967–68
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| [[Prasanta Sinha]]
|-
|1968–69
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| [[Parimal Dey]]
|-
|1969–70
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| [[Peter Thangaraj]]
|-
|1970–71
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| Shanto Mitra
|-
|1971–72
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| Sunil Bhattacharya
|-
|1972–73
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| [[Sudhir Karmakar]]
|-
|1973–74
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| Swapan Sengupta
|-
|1974–75
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| Samaresh Choudhury
|-
|1975–76
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| Ashoklal Bannerjee
|-
|1976–77
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| [[Gautam Sarkar]]
|-
|1977–78
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| Shyamal Ghosh
|-
|1978–79
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| [[Surajit Sengupta]]
|-
|1979–80
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| [[Prasanta Banerjee]]
|-
|1980–81
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| Satyajit Mitra
|-
|1981–82
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| [[Monoranjan Bhattacharya]]
|-
|1982–83
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| Victor Amalraj
|-
|1983–84
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| [[Mihir Bose (footballer)|Mihir Bose]]
|-
|1984–85
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| [[Bhaskar Ganguly]]
|-
|1985–86
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| Balai Mukherjee
|-
|1986–87
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| [[Tarun Dey]]
|-
|1987–88
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| Aloke Saha
|-
|1988–89
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| [[Bikash Panji]]
|-
|1989–90
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| [[Krishanu Dey]]
|-
|1990–91
|align="left"|{{flagicon|NGR}} Nigeria|| [[Chima Okorie]]
|-
|1991–92
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| [[Bikash Panji]]
|-
|1992–93
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| Kuljit Singh
|-
|1993–94
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| [[Ilyas Pasha]]
|-
|1994–95
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| Swarup Das
|-
|1995–96
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| [[Tushar Rakshit]]
|-
|1996–97
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| Sumit Mukherjee
|-
|1997–98
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| [[Dulal Biswas]]
|-
|1998–99
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| Amitava Chanda
|-
|1999–00
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| [[Carlton Chapman]]
|-
|2000–01
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| [[Bijen Singh]]
|-
|2001–02
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| Falguni Dutta
|-
|2002–03
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| [[Anit Ghosh]]
|-
|2003–04
|align="left"|{{flagicon|GHA}} Ghana|| [[Suley Musah]]
|-
|2004–05
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| [[Sangram Mukherjee]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|2005–06
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| [[Dipankar Roy]]
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| [[Bhaichung Bhutia]]
|-
|2006–07
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| [[Alvito D'Cunha]]
|-
|2007–08
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| Chandan Das
|-
|2008–09
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| [[Muttah Suresh]]
|-
|2009–10
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| [[Syed Rahim Nabi]]
|-
|2010–11
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| [[Saumik Dey]]
|-
|2011–12
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| [[Abhra Mondal]]
|-
|2012–13
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| [[Sanju Pradhan]]
|-
|2013–14
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| [[Mehtab Hossain]]
|-
|2014–15
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| [[Harmanjot Khabra]]
|-
|2015–16
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| [[Gurwinder Singh]]
|-
|rowspan=2|2016–17
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| [[Robert Lalthlamuana]]
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| [[Lalrindika Ralte]]
|-
|2017–18
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| [[Arnab Mondal]]
|-
|[[2018–19 East Bengal F.C. season|2018–19]]
| rowspan="2" align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} India|| rowspan="2" | [[Lalrindika Ralte]]
|-
|[[2019–20 East Bengal F.C. season|2019–20]]
|-
|[[2020–21 SC East Bengal season|2020–21]]
|align="left"|{{flagicon|SCO}} Scotland|| [[Danny Fox]]<ref>{{cite tweet|author=[[SC East Bengal]]|user=sc_eastbengal|date=26 November 2020|number=1331835226952065027|url=https://twitter.com/sc_eastbengal/status/1331835226952065027|title="This is a big responsibility and I am ready for it. The Gaffer has shown his trust in me and I will not let him down."|access-date=26 November 2020}}</ref>
|-
|[[2021–22 SC East Bengal season|2021–22]]
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| [[Arindam Bhattacharya (footballer)|Arindam Bhattacharya]]<ref>{{cite web|first=SC East Bengal|last=Media|date=13 November 2021|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/arindam-to-lead-sc-east-bengal-this-season-mrcela-named-vice-captain|title=Arindam to Lead SC East Bengal This Season, Mrcela Named Vice-Captain|work=SC East Bengal|access-date=13 November 2021|archive-date=13 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113153023/https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/arindam-to-lead-sc-east-bengal-this-season-mrcela-named-vice-captain|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=5|[[2022–23 East Bengal FC season|2022–23]]
|align="left"|{{flagicon|ESP}} Spain|| [[Iván Garrido (footballer, born 1990)|Iván González]]<ref name=captain202223>{{cite tweet|user=eastbengal_fc|author=East Bengal FC|date=6 October 2022|number=1577935864742973441|title=𝗖𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗔𝗜𝗡𝗦, 𝗢𝗛 𝗠𝗬 𝗖𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗔𝗜𝗡𝗦! Cleiton Silva, Souvik Chakrabarti, Sumeet Passi, Kamaljit Singh and Ivan Gonzalez are #AmagoCaptains for #HeroISL 2022-23!|url=https://twitter.com/eastbengal_fc/status/1577935864742973441|access-date=6 October 2022}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| [[Kamaljit Singh]]<ref name=captain202223/>
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| [[Souvik Chakrabarti]]<ref name=captain202223/>
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| [[Sumeet Passi]]<ref name=captain202223/>
|-
| rowspan="3" align="left" |{{flagicon|BRA}} Brazil|| [[Cleiton Silva]]<ref name=captain202223/>
|-
|rowspan=1|[[2023–24 East Bengal FC season|2023–24]]|| rowspan="2" ;align="left" | [[Cleiton Silva]]<ref name=cleiton2024>{{cite web|first=Sattyik|last=Sarkar|date=27 June 2024|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-east-bengal-announce-cleiton-silva-naorem-mahesh-club-captain-vice-captain-upcoming-season|title=East Bengal announce Cleiton Silva, Naorem Mahesh as club captain and vice-captain for upcoming season|work=Sportskeeda|accessdate=28 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=1|[[2024–25 East Bengal FC season|2024–25]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[2025–26 East Bengal FC season|2025–26]]
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India|| [[Naorem Mahesh Singh]]<ref name=barpuja2025>{{cite web|first=Subhasish|last=Ghosh|date=15 April 2025|url=https://kolkata24x7.in/sports-news/east-bengal-club-celebrates-poila-baisakh-with-traditional-bar-puja-and-super-cup-preparations/|title=সুপার কাপ প্রস্তুতির আগে পয়লা বৈশাখে বারপুজোয় মাতল ইস্টবেঙ্গল|trans-title=East Bengal celebrates Bar Puja on Poyala Baishakh ahead of Super Cup preparations|language=bn|work=Kolkata 24x7|accessdate=17 July 2025}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} India||[[Mohammad Rakip]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20181122001230/http://eastbengalclub.co.in/ Official website]

{{East Bengal F.C.}}
{{Football in India}}
{{Kolkata topics}}
{{West Bengal Sports}}

[[Category:East Bengal Club-related lists|Captains]]

Pabitra Saunta

2026-04-11T12:43:41Z

Advsalahuddinahmed: Adding The Entry Initial Version

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pabitra Saunta
| office = Member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = June 2024
| predecessor = Prabhu Jani
| constituency = [[Laxmipur Assembly constituency|Laxmipur]]
| birth_date =
| parents =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| occupation = Politician
| alma_mater =
}}
'''Pabitra Saunta''' is an Indian politician from [[Odisha]] and a member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Laxmipur Assembly constituency|Laxmipur]]. He is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Congress candidate Pabitra Saunta wins in Lakshmipur, Odisha |url=https://orissadiary.com/congress-candidate-pabitra-saunta-wins-in-lakshmipur-odisha/ |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=Odisha Diary |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Assembly Constituency 141 – Lakshmipur (Odisha) |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S18141.htm|website=Election Commission of India|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saunta, Pabitra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:People from Koraput]]
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{{Odisha-INC-politician-stub}}

Bishnupur (West Bengal)

2026-04-09T16:44:35Z

Advsalahuddinahmed: Started initial post added tags...

{{Short description|City and municipality in West Bengal, India}}
{{For|other towns of same name|Bishnupur (disambiguation){{!}}Bishnupur}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bishnupur
| native_name = বিষ্ণুপুর
| other_name = The City of Temples
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 250
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2
| image1= Bishnupur town.webp
| caption1 = Bishnupur Town

|image2 = RadhaShyam.jpg
|caption2= [[Radha Shyam Temple]]

|image3= Jor Bangla Temple Arnab Dutta 2011.JPG
|caption3= [[Jor Bangla Temple]]

|image4= Rasmancha, Bishnupur, Bankura.jpg
|caption4= [[Rasmancha]]

|image5= Dalmadal Arnab Dutta 2011.JPG
|caption5=Dalmadal Canon

|image6= Maharaj Bir Hambir Setu Bishnupur.jpg
|caption6= Maharaj Bir Hambir Flyover

|image7= Bishnupur Toron.jpg
|caption7= Bishnupur Gate

|image8= Bishnupur station station board.jpg
|caption8= [[Bishnupur Railway Station]]
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_seal =
| seal_size = 125px
| seal_alt = Seal
| nickname = City of Temples
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.075|N|87.317|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bankura district|Bankura]]
| established_title = Foundation of Bishnupur
| established_date = est. 997 A.D.
| founder = [[Jagat Malla]]
| named_for = [[God Vishnu]]
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipality]]
| governing_body = [[Bishnupur Municipality]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name='Bishnupur City'>{{cite web|title=Bishnupur City|url=http://bishnupurmunicipality.com/pwd.php|access-date=25 November 2020|archive-date=18 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118221056/http://bishnupurmunicipality.com/pwd.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 22
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 70
| population_total = 75000
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name='Bishnupur City'/>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym = Bishnupurbashi, Bishnupurians
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 722122
| registration_plate = WB-88
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bishnupur]]
| website = {{URL|https://bishnupurmunicipality.com/}},
{{URL|https://bankura.gov.in/tourist-place/bishnupur/}}
| area_code = +91 3244
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Bishnupur, Bankura Assembly constituency|Bishnupur]]
}}

'''Bishnupur''' ({{IPAc-en|b|ɪ|ʃ|n|ʊ|ˌ|p|ʊər}}; {{IPA|bn|biʃnupur|lang}}; alternatively spelled as '''Vishnupur''') is a city and a [[Municipal governance in India|municipality]] in [[Bankura district]], West Bengal, India. It has [[terracotta]] temples built by the [[Mallabhum|Malla rulers]], historic [[Radha Krishna]] temples built during 1600–1800 CE and the [[Baluchari Sari|Baluchari sarees]]. In 1997 the [[temples of Bishnupur]] were placed on the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site|World Heritage Site's]] [[List of World Heritage Sites in India|Tentative list]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Temples at Bishnupur, West Bengal |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1087/ |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
{{main|Mallabhum kingdom}}
Bishnupur was ruled under the Gupta period by local [[Hindu king]]s who paid tribute to [[Samudra Gupta]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Chandra |first=Manoranjan |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.265671 |title=Mallabhum Bishnupur |date=2002}}</ref> Following a long period of obscurity, where the land oscillated between being a minor independent principality and a vassal state. The land is also called Mallabhum after the Malla rulers of this place. The Malla rulers were [[Vaishnav]]ites and built the famous terracotta temples during the 17th and 18th centuries at this place. The legends of [[Bipodtarini Devi]] are associated with the Malla Kings of Bishnupur.<ref name=pl>{{cite book|last=Östör|first=Ákos |title=Play of the Gods: Locality, Ideology, Structure, And Time in the Festivals of a Bengali Town |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ASi04hC0BQC&q=Bipadtarini&pg=PA43|date=2004|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=81-8028-013-6|page=43}}</ref>

For almost a thousand years it was the capital of the Malla kings of [[Mallabhum]], of which [[Bankura]] was a part, till their power waned during the times when the [[Mughal Empire]] weakened under the last monarchs of the dynasty.

The patronage of Malla king [[Veer Hambir]] and his successors Raja [[Raghunath Singha Dev]] and [[Bir Singha Dev]] made Bishnupur one of the principal centres of culture in Bengal. Most of the terracotta temples, for which the town is known, were built during this period.

Mrinmoyee temple of kings is treated as a valuable historic place.

[[File:Boat on Lalbandh Bishnupur.jpg|thumb|Recreational boat on Lalbandh, Bishnupur]]
[[File:Lalbandh under tree.jpg|thumb|Lalbandh in a summer evening]]

Royal patronage also gave rise to [[Bishnupur Gharana]] (school) of [[Hindustani classical music]] in late 18th-century<ref name="DasguptaBiswas2009">{{cite book|author1=Samira Dasgupta|author2=Rabiranjan Biswas|author3=Gautam Kumar Mallik|title=Heritage Tourism: An Anthropological Journey to Bishnupur|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_0_o9Qj1LOEC&pg=PA110|access-date=19 July 2013|year=2009|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-8324-294-3|pages=110–}}</ref> and the Bishnupur school of painting.

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=360| height=370| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|7|30|N|87|30|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places in Bishnupur district in WestBengal''' M: Municipal town, And District Town CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, T: ancient/ temple centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|10|25|N|87|23|15|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Bhara| numbered1=R| mark-title1= [[Bhara]] (R)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle| shape-color1=#C42222|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|1|12|N|87|30|55|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Chatra| numbered2=R| mark-title2= [[Chatra, Bishnupur]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|9|0|N|87|37|55|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Indas| numbered3=R| mark-title3= [[Indas]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|3|10|N|87|26|48|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Joypur| numbered4=R| mark-title4= [[Joypur, Bishnupur]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|55|22|N|87|36|36|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Jayrambati| numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Jayrambati]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|12|16|N|87|31|50|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Patrasayer| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Patrasayer]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|10|10|N|87|19|25|E}} | label-pos7=top|label7=Radhanagar| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Radhanagar, Bishnupur]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|9|15|N|87|16|45|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8=Ajodhya| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Ajodhya, Bankura]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|0|15|N|87|40|21|E}} | label-pos9=bottom|label9=Laugram| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Laugram]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|6|40|N|87|18|51|E}} | label-pos10=bottom|label10=Joykrishnapur| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Joykrishnapur]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|3|50|N|87|19|12|E}}| label-pos11=right |label11=Bishnupur| numbered11=M| mark-title11 =Bishnupur District Westbengal|shape-color11=black| label-size11=13|label-color11=black 
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|17|30|N|87|25|12|E}}| label-pos12=left |label12=Sonamukhi| numbered12=M| mark-title12 =[[Sonamukhi]] (M)| shape-color12=#800000
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|1|10|N|87|35|37|E}}| label-pos13=right |label13=Kotulpur| numbered13=CT| mark-title13 =[[Kotulpur]] (CT)| shape-color13=#A40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|8|14|N|87|17|57|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14=Dharapat| numbered14=T| mark-title14= [[Dharapat]] (T) |shape-color14=#AA6666
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|7|25|N|87|21|18|E}} | label-pos15=bottom|label15=Dihar| numbered15=T| mark-title15= [[Dihar]] (T) |shape-color15=#AA6666
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|6|14|N|87|43|20|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16=Akui| numbered16=T| mark-title16= [[Akui]] (T) |shape-color16=#AA6666
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|57|48|N|87|29|51|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17=Baital| numbered17=T| mark-title17= [[Baital, Bishnupur]] (T) |shape-color17=#AA6666
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|9|50|N|87|33|6|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18=Balsi|labela18= Purbapara| numbered18=T| mark-title18= [[Balsi Purbapara]] (T) |shape-color18=#AA6666
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|3|10|N|87|16|20|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19=Dwadashbari| numbered19=T| mark-title19= [[Dwadashbari]] (T) |shape-color19=#AA6666
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|2|15|N|87|27|42|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20=Gokulnagar| numbered20=T| mark-title20= [[Gokulnagar, Bishnupur]] (T) |shape-color20=#AA6666
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|7|36|N|87|23|0|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21=Gumut| numbered21=T| mark-title21= [[Gumut, Bishnupur]] (T) |shape-color21=#AA6666
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|16|28|N|87|31|26|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22=Hadal Narayanpur| numbered22=T| mark-title22= [[Hadal Narayanpur]] (T) |shape-color22=#AA6666
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|0|41|N|87|29|30|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23=Maynapur| numbered23=T| mark-title23= [[Maynapur]] (T) |shape-color23=#AA6666
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|10|36|N|87|34|18|E}} | label-pos24=right|label24=Patit Dommahal| numbered24=T| mark-title24= [[Patit Dommahal]] (T) |shape-color24=#AA6666
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|19|29|N|87|24|58|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25=Madanmohanpur| numbered25=T| mark-title25= [[Madanmohanpur]] (T) |shape-color25=#AA6666
|mark-coord26={{coord|23.2888|87.5548}}| label26=Damodar River| label-color26 = #77A1CB| label-angle26=50| label-pos26=top| label-size26=10| mark-size26=0| mark-title26 =none
|mark-coord27={{coord|23.0968|87.4558}}| label27=Dwarakeswar| label-color27 = #77A1CB| label-angle27=-10| label-pos27=top| label-size27=10| mark-size27=0| mark-title27 =none
|mark-coord28={{coord|23.0982|87.5086}}| label28= River| label-color28 = #77A1CB| label-angle28=25| label-pos28=top| label-size28=10| mark-size28=0| mark-title28 =none}}

Bishnupur is located at {{Coord|23.08|N|87.32|E|format=dms}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/28/Bishnupur2.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Bishnupur, India|website=Falling Rain |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> It has an average elevation of 59 metres (194 feet).

This area has fertile, low -lying [[Alluvium|alluvial]] plains.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Bankura |work = pages 13-17 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations West Bengal | access-date = 23 April 2020}}</ref> It is a predominantly rural area with 90.06% of the population living in rural areas and only 8.94% living in the urban areas.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Hanbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura |work = Table 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 April 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It was a part of the core area of [[Mallabhum]].<ref>O'Malley, L.S.S., ICS, ''Bankura'', ''Bengal District Gazetteers'', pp. 21–46, 1995 reprint, first published 1908, Government of West Bengal</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India census,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Bishnupur had a population of 61,943. Males constitute 50% of the population and females 50%. Bishnupur has an average literacy rate of 69%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 77% and female literacy of 61%. 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}}

{{multiple image
| align = right
| total_width = 550
| image1 = Jor Bangla Temple Arnab Dutta 2011.JPG
| alt1 =
| caption1 = [[Jor Bangla Temple]] of 16 century in Bankura
| image2 = Stone chariot of Bishnupur.jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Stone chariot of Bankura
| image3 = Terracotta work on Jor Bangla temple, Bishnupur 3.JPG
| alt3 =
| caption3 = Terracotta relief in temple of Bankura
| image4 = Terracotta_work_on_Shyamrai_Temple_Bishnupur_8.JPG
| alt4 =
| caption4 = Terracotta motif|
}}

==Civic administration==
===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of Bishnupur CD block are located at Bishnupur.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Bankura | work= Map of Bankura with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 20 November 2016 }}</ref>

===Police station===
Bishnupur police station has jurisdiction over Bishnupur municipality and [[Bishnupur, Bankura (community development block)|Bishnupur]] CD Block. The area covered is 365.73 km2 with a population of 138,786.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 15 May 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://bankurapolice.org/bishnupur/ |title = Bishnupur PS | publisher= Bankura District Police | access-date = 14 October 2016}}</ref>

==Language==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2020}}
Bishnupur is a region where [[Bengali language|Bengali]] has gained importance. Bengali is the primary dialect and main language of this region. More than 90% of the people of Bishnupur are Bengali.{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}}

==Education==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2020}}
There are a number of well-known schools and colleges in Bishnupur. For higher education, there is a college named [[Ramananda College]] under [[Bankura University]]. There is also a music college named [[Ramsharan College of Music]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}} The names of the schools are:
* Bishnupur Heritage School-CBSE
* [[Bishnupur High School (Bankura)]]
* Bishnupur Mahakuma Madhyamik Vidyalaya
* Bishnupur Krittibas Mukherjee High School.
* Sibdas Central Girls' High School.
* Bishnupur Parimal Debi Girls' High School.
* Kusumbani Jamundas Khemka High School.
* Bishnupur Mission High School.
* Nikhil Banga Sikshan Mahavidyalaya, Govt. B.Ed and B.P.Ed College
* Bishnupur Public School-High, a co-educational, English-medium (recognised by West Bengal Board of Secondary Education as a Listed English School Under School Education Department Govt. of West Bengal)
* Bishnupur Public Primary Teachers' Training Institute, A D.El.Ed. College (recognised by N.C.T.E. & Affiliated to West Bengal Board of Primary Education)
* Bishnupur Public Institute of Education, A D.El.Ed. College (recognised by N.C.T.E. & Affiliated to West Bengal Board of Primary Education)
* Bishnupur Public-Private I.T.I., An Industrial Training Institute (Affiliated to DGE&T / N.C.V.T. Govt. of India, New Delhi & Accredited by Quality Council of India and Approved by Directorate of Industrial Training Govt. of West Bengal)
* Bishnupur Public Institute of Engineering, A Polytechnic College (approved by A.I.C.T.E. and affiliated with W.B.S.C.T. & V.E. & S.D)

===Post-compulsory===
[[K.G. Engineering Institute]](KGEI) is a government polytechnic college; there are also [[Mallabhum Institute of Technology]](MIT) is a private b.tech college affiliated to [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology|MAKAUT]] University and two private polytechnic colleges named Mallabhum Institute of Polytechnic (MIP).{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}}

==Healthcare==
Bishnupur has a 250-bedded District hospital and One Superspeciality Hospital with ICU Dep. at Rasikganja .<ref>{{cite web| url = http://bankura.gov.in/Health/Health_Infra_180213.htm |title = Status of Health and FW Services in Bankura District | publisher= Chief Medical Officer of Health, Bankura | access-date = 11 December 2016}}</ref> There are two private hospitals providing services 24×7 and there are many private nursing homes.

==Culture==
{{More citations needed section|date=August 2020}}
The Bishnupur Mela is held every year from 23rd to 27 December. Previously was held in Raj Darbar. Later on is held at [[Bishnupur High School (Bankura)|Bishnupur High School]] Ground and [[K.G. Engineering Institute|K.G. Engineering institute]] ground.

[[File:Bishnupur Mela jadubhatta Mancha.jpg|thumb|Bishnupur Mela jadubhatta Mancha]]

In 2018, the Bishnupur Mela was temporarily shifted partly to the temple complex of Bishnupur. It was an innovative idea to keep Bishnupur [[Terracotta]] Temples at the backdrop of the main stage. Later on the Bishnupur fair shifted back to the previous place. The Bishnupur Mela was inaugurated with the Gharana Music sung by some renowned persons from Bishnupur Gharana.

[[File:Baluchori Saree DSC 0090.jpg|left|thumb|Baluchari saree]]

In the year 2018, a fashion show with [[Baluchari sari|Baluchari]] Saree is introduced to promote Baluchari Saree at an international platform. Besides artisans got a huge income by selling crafts from the stalls of Mela. A recent addition is Bishnupur Utsab, held after the Mela. It is a classical music and dance festival in recognition of the '[[Bishnupur Gharana]]' in music.<ref>{{cite web|title=westbengaltourism|url=http://www.westbengaltourism.gov.in/web/guest/festival-bishnupur|website=westbengaltourism.gov.in|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909104717/http://www.westbengaltourism.gov.in/web/guest/festival-bishnupur|archive-date=9 September 2015}}</ref> It was stopped after 2012 but It started again on and from 2/2/2018 at [[Rasmancha, Bishnupur|Rashmancha]].

===Temples and other places===
{{Main|Temples of Bishnupur}}

[[File:Garh Darwaja (Small Gateway of Bishnupur),Bankura,West Bengal,India.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Garh Darwaja (Small Gateway of Bishnupur), Bankura, West Bengal, India]]
[[File:Rasmancha, Bishnupur,Bankura,West Bengal,India.jpg|thumb|upright|left|The inner part of Rasmancha, Bishnupur, Bankura, West Bengal, India]]
[[File:RasChakra.jpg|thumb|The ''Raschakra'' of the Syamaraya temple or Pancharatna Temple, established in 1643.]]
[[File:CYMERA 20161210 114237.jpg|thumb|Hawa mahal]]

There are many such temples that stand testimony to the exquisite craftsmanship of the artisans of the region. The temples were crafted from the local [[laterite]] and brick. The temples are covered with terracotta tiles depicting scenes from the epic [[Mahabharata]]. The temples are located in Bishnupur and across many other small villages in the Bankura district.
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Rasmancha, Bishnupur|Rasmancha]] (oldest brick temple with an elongated pyramidal tower Surrounded by hut-shaped turrets)
* Pancha Ratna Temple of Shyam Rai
* Jorebangla Temple of Keshta Rai
* [[Radha Madhab Temple]]
* Madanmohan Temple
* [[Dalmadal Cannon|Dalmadal Kaman]]
* Lalgarh
* Lalbandh
* Acharya Jogesh Chandra Pura Kirti Bhavan(museum)<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=June 20, 2015 |first=Rakhi |last=Chakrabarty |title=Relic Hunter |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/relic-hunter/articleshow/47740930.cms |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
*Bangiya Sahitya Parishad - Bishnupur Branch<ref name=":2"/>
* Gumgarh
* Pathar Darwaja (main gateway of Bishnupur)
* Garh Darwaja (small gateway of Bishnupur)
* Stone Chariot
* Nutan Mahal
* Bishnupur hawa mahal
* Memorial of Shrinibas Acharya
* Gour-Nitai Temple (Tejpal)
* KeshabRai Temple (Patpur)
{{Div col end}}

=== Music ===
A school of music, called the [[Bishnupur Gharana]], was established here in 1370 A.D and flourished under the patronage of the Malla kings. The school hit its peak in the 16th and 17th centuries. This style of music is rooted in the [[Dhrupad]] style and is still being kept alive in local academies of music. [[Pakhwaj]], [[Sitar]], [[Esraj]] comprise the main instruments. Bengali Ragpradhan is one of the Classical items of this gharana.

===Notable persons===
Charan Kobi Baidyanath is a poet and social activist from Bishnupur in the Bankura district of West Bengal. The Charan Kabi Baidyanath Mela is held annually in Bishnupur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://truthofbengal.com/west-bengal-news/charan-kavi-baidyanath-mela-begins/|title=মন্দিরনগরীতে কবি-স্মৃতিতে শুরু চারণ কবি বৈদ্যনাথ মেলা|date=4 March 2024}}</ref>

[[Maniklal Sinha]] (1916–1994) was an [[archaeologist]], [[writer]],<ref>http://14.139.116.20:8080/jspui/handle/10603/365775</ref> founder of [[Acharya Jogesh Chandra Pura Kirti Bhavan]] (museum)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.trawell.in/west-bengal/bishnupur/bishnupur-museum|title=Bishnupur Museum, Bishnupur - Timings, Entry Fee, History & Artifacts|website=Trawell.in}}</ref> and [[Bangiya Sahitya Parishad- Bishnupur]] branch.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/relic-hunter/articleshow/47740930.cms|title=Relic Hunter|work=The Times of India |date=20 June 2015|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

Artist [[Amitava Pal]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.villagesquare.in/handcrafted-baluchari-sarees-see-festive-resurgence/|title=Handcrafted Baluchari sarees see festive resurgence|first=Gurvinder|last=Singh|date=27 September 2019|website=Village Square}}</ref> of Bishnupur currently working on the revival<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bengali/west-bengal/state/bankura/amitabh-pal-weaves-baluchari-saree-for-save-six-handicrafts-of-bankura/wb20210911212103024|title=Baluchari saree : লুপ্তপ্রায় হস্তশিল্পকে বাঁচাতে বালুচরী শাড়িতে 'কারুকলা' শিল্পী অমিতাভর|date=11 September 2021|website=ETV Bharat News}}</ref> of old style Baluchari Saree and has been recognized by the Reliance foundation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/C6rHPk6SUfY/|title=JIO World Centre reel|website=Instagram}}</ref>

===Products===
Terracotta is characteristic of Bishnupur. Apart from the temples, terracotta pottery, artefacts and even jewelry made in this very traditional material are famous. The most famous of the terracotta products are the handmade jars, and disks and the more famous of them are the terracotta horses, elephants, Ganesha, and Nataraj. But nowadays skilled artists and potters are not present and also they make different products like faces, men, wall hangings and also the mini-sized [[Bir Hambir#Dal Madal Kaman .28Cannon.29|Dal Madal Kaman (cannon)]]. The potters here derive their inspiration from the glorious history of kings, soldiers, and wars.

Bishnupur is famous for [[Baluchari Sari]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sareesofbengal.com/index.php/collections/baluchari.html|title=Baluchari Silk Sarees|first=Sarees|last=Baluchari|website=sareesofbengal.com|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=2 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202190245/https://sareesofbengal.com/index.php/collections/baluchari.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Woven on [[Jacquard machine|Jacquard]] punch-card looms, these sarees often have mythological scenes woven into the border and pallu.
Baluchari sarees are woven using richly dyed silk with intricate motifs depicting Indian mythology and folk tales woven onto its large pallu. The motifs are taken mainly from the epics of Ramayana and Mahabharata though a mild change has been brought in to cater to modern tastes.

[[File:Baluchari_saree_of_Bishnupur_DSC06029.jpg|thumb]]

[[File:Das Avatar taash Bishnupur.webp|thumb|Das Avatar taash Bishnupur]]

The [[Dashabatar Cards|Dashavatar Tash]] are a kind of playing cards that depict the ten avatars of the Hindu god Vishnu. They are traditionally round and are hand-painted on a backing made of layers of fabric glued together.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Tarun Tapas |title=Lost Game: Dashabatar Taas of Bishnupur |journal=Chitrolekha: Journal on Art and Design |date=March 2013 |url=https://chitrolekha.com/lost-game-dashabatar-taas-of-bishnupur/ |access-date=16 August 2024}}</ref> They are made only by members of the Foujdar family of Bishnupur.

Brass and bell-metal craft is still practiced in Bishnupur. Previously a unique alloy called 'bharan' was also used in Bishnupur, but it is no longer used.<ref>{{cite web |last1=McGill |first1=Chelsea |title=Notes from the Field: Lost Arts of Bishnupur |url=https://immersivetrails.com/blogs/66a8860c54122700157db160 |website=Immersive Trails |access-date=16 August 2024}}</ref>

[[File:Bishnupur traditional lantern.webp|thumb|Bishnupur traditional lantern]]

Lanterns made of recycled materials are another local craft.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Gurvinder |title=Lanterns of Bishnupur fading into darkness |url=https://www.villagesquare.in/lanterns-of-bishnupur-fading-into-darkness/ |website=Village Square |date=20 January 2023 |access-date=16 August 2024}}</ref>

====Terracotta horses====
[[File:Bishnupur Terracotta Horse 2.JPG|left|thumb|Bishnupur Terracotta horse]]

[[Bankura horse]]s are [[terracotta]] horses that are used for religious purposes<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Singha |first=Maniklal |url=https://www.bucl.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=27582&query_desc=su:%22Customs%22 |title=Paschim rarh tatha Bankura sanskriti |date=1977 |publisher=Chittaranjan Dasgupta |location=Bisnupur |archive-date=9 April 2023 |access-date=25 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409073416/https://www.bucl.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=27582&query_desc=su:%22Customs%22 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and also as decorative items. This art originated in the [[Bankura district]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dasgupta |first=Chittaranjan |title=Collection of Essays on Terracotta Temples of Bishnupur |year=2015 |isbn=9789385663109 |pages=1–160 |language=Bengali}}</ref> These horses are known for their symmetrical shape and rounded curves. The Bankura or [[Panchmura]] horse gained popularity among art lovers since it was depicted in paintings by [[M. F. Husain]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oneindia.com/2008/05/09/famous-bankura-horse-bengal-history-1210331100.html|title=Famous Bankura horse of West Bengal may become history|website=oneindia.com|date=9 May 2008 |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> [[Bishnupur Motichoor Laddu]] has received Geographical Indicator Tag (GI Tag) in the year of 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=সংবাদদাতা |first=নিজস্ব |title=Matichur Laddu: রসগোল্লার দেখানো পথেই মতিচুরের জিআই স্বীকৃতির দাবি জানাল প্রাচীন মল্ল রাজধানী বিষ্ণুপুর |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/purulia-birbhum-bankura/matichur-laddu-should-get-gi-recognition-demand-in-bishnupur-dgtld/cid/1313721 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006015822/https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/purulia-birbhum-bankura/matichur-laddu-should-get-gi-recognition-demand-in-bishnupur-dgtld/cid/1313721 |archive-date=2024-10-06 |access-date=2025-05-09 |language=bn}}</ref>

===Festivals and fairs===
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2020}}

[[File:Bishnupur Mela Nagordola (Ferris wheel).jpg|thumb|Bishnupur Mela Nagordola (Ferris wheel)]]

There is a snake festival in August, Ultorath and the Bishnupur fair in December. Also, [[durga puja]] and [[kali puja]] or [[diwali]] is celebrated with pomp here. The Rajbari Durga Puja (also popular as Mrinmoyee Maa er pujo) was started on 994 AD, which makes it the oldest Durga Puja in the entire Bengal region including today's Bangladesh, Odisha and Tripura.<ref name=":1" />

==Municipality==
{{Main|Bishnupur Municipality}}

During the period 1990–2010, the 175-year-old [[Bishnupur Municipality]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chairman – Bishnupur Municipality |url=https://bishnupurmunicipality.com/chairman/ |access-date=2022-08-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> was controlled by INC. From 2010 it is controlled by TMC. Present Municipality chairman is Mr. Gautam Goswami.

== Image gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Jor Mandir Complex.jpg|Jor Mandir Complex, Bishnupur
File:Chinnamasta Temple in Bishnupur.jpg|Chinnamasta Temple, Bishnupur
File:Dalmadal Kaman.jpg|Dalmadal Kaman, Bishnupur
File:Jor Mandir 4 Arnab Dutta 2011.JPG|Jor Mandir ({{circa|1726}})
File:Radhamadhab Temple (general view) Arnab Dutta 2011.JPG|Radhamadhab Temple ({{circa|1737}})
File:Kalachand Temple Arnab Dutta 2011.JPG|Kalachand Temple ({{circa|1656}})
File:Jor Bangla Temple Arnab Dutta 2011.JPG|Jor-Bangla Temple or Keshta Roy Temple ({{circa|1655}})
File:Jor Mandir 8 Arnab Dutta 2011.JPG|Jor Mandir complex ({{circa|1726}})
File:Madan Mohan Temple Arnab Dutta 2011.JPG|Madan Mohan Temple ({{circa|1694}})
File:Radha-Gobinda Temple Arnab Dutta 2011.JPG|Radha-Gobinda Temple ({{circa|1729}})
File:Shyam Ray Temple Arnab Dutta 2011.JPG|Shyam Ray Temple ({{circa|1643}})
File:Bishnpur fort gate.jpg|Bishnpur fort gate
File:'Panchchura' temple, Bishnupur.jpg|Panchchura temple
File:The gate Of 'Rashmancha', Bishnupur.jpg|The gate of Rashmancha
File:Stone chariot of Bishnupur.jpg|Stone chariot of Bishnupur
File:15TH CENTURY HISTORICAL LALBANDH Bishnupur West Bengal 36.jpg|HISTORICAL LALBANDH Bishnupur West Bengal
File:Bishnupur town.webp|Bishnupur skyline
File:An encampment at Bishnupur in Bengal, 1823.jpg|Bishnupur 1823, the capital of [[Mallabhum]], drawing by [[Charles D'Oyly]]
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage|Bishnupur (West Bengal)}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20180307042029/http://bishnupur.org.in/ Official Website of Bishnupur Panchayat Samity]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100912153926/http://sdobishnupur.in/ Official Website of Bishnupur]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091116072332/http://www.sdobishnupur.gov.in/ Official Website of SDO Bishnupur]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080329030344/http://www.wb.nic.in/westbg/vishnupur.html Bishnupur page in Government of India website]
* [http://www.bishnupurhighschool.weebly.com Official Website of Bishnupur High School]
{{Bankura District}}
{{Craft centres in West Bengal}}
{{Temple towns in West Bengal}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Bankura topics}}

{{West Bengal}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Bankura district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bankura district]]
[[Category:Cities in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Bishnupur, Bankura]]

Kanimozhi (film)

2026-04-03T10:03:03Z

Advsalahuddinahmed: Added New Pg...

{{More plot|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Kanimozhi film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Sripathy Rangasamy
| writer = Sripathy Rangasamy
| producer = {{plainlist|
*[[T. Siva]]
*[[Sona Heiden]]
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Jai (actor)|Jai]]
*[[Shazahn Padamsee]]
*[[Vijay Vasanth]]
}}

| cinematography = P. Chidamparam
| editing = {{plainlist|
*[[Praveen K. L.]]
*[[N. B. Srikanth]]
}}
| music = [[Satish Chakravarthy]]
| studio = Amma Creations Uniq Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2010|11|26}}
| runtime = 115 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{INR}}30 million<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=21 July 2010 |title=I completed Kanimozhi in 46 days: Sona |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-21/news-interviews/28296913_1_kanimozhi-kollywood-three-films |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103200814/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-21/news-interviews/28296913_1_kanimozhi-kollywood-three-films |archive-date=3 November 2012 |access-date=21 July 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>
| gross =
}}
'''''Kanimozhi''''' ({{Translation|Sweet language}})<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 May 2011 |title=Daddy's girl, interrupted |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/7-days/daddy-s-girl-interrupted/cid/388660 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250909083701/https://www.telegraphindia.com/7-days/daddy-s-girl-interrupted/cid/388660 |archive-date=9 September 2025 |access-date=9 September 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |language=en}}</ref> is a 2010 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic musical film]] directed and written by Sripathi Rangasamy and jointly produced by [[T. Siva]] and [[Sona Heiden]]. It stars [[Jai (actor)|Jai]], [[Shazahn Padamsee]], and [[Vijay Vasanth]] in the lead roles. The film features music composed by [[Satish Chakravarthy]], cinematography by Chidamparam and editing done by duo [[Praveen K. L.]] and [[N. B. Srikanth]].

''Kanimozhi'' was launched in March 2010 and shot in 46 days, being completed in August 2010. The film was delayed by three months and released on 26 November 2010, to mixed reviews from critics.

== Plot ==
{{Expand section|September 2025|date=September 2025}}
Rajesh has a habit of writing his daily life in a diary, while interpreting negative incidents in his life into happy incidents. He comes across a pretty girl named Anu, who he is smitten by but cannot muster the courage to tell her his feelings. Meanwhile, Koushik also takes a liking to Anu and uses a different method to convey his feelings. Who Anu falls for forms the crux of the story.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Jai (actor)|Jai]] as Rajesh
* [[Shazahn Padamsee]] as Anu
* [[Vijay Vasanth]] as Koushik
* [[Michael Thangadurai]] as Michael
* Ranga as Hari
* Ashwin Raja as Deepak
* Ajay as Dilip
* [[Lakshmi Ramakrishnan]] as Koushik's mother
* [[G. Gnanasambandam]] as Kaushik's father
* Srilatha as Rajesh's mother
* Rail Ravi as Rajesh's father
* Gayathri as Michael's mother
* Boys Rajan as HOD
* Ravi Venkatraman as Photography Lecturer
* Sai Prakash as Young Rajesh
* Sai Subash as Young Hari
* [[Swati Reddy]] in a guest appearance
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
After the success of [[T. Siva]]'s production ''[[Saroja (2008 film)|Saroja]]'' (2008), the director [[Venkat Prabhu]], recommended his assistant Sripathy Rangasamy to Siva for a potential collaboration.<ref name="livesound" /> [[Sona Heiden]] co-produced the film under Unique Productions, making her debut in film production.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2010 |title=Kanimozhi will touch your heart: Sona |url=http://sify.com/movies/kanimozhi-will-touch-your-heart-sona-news-tamil-klwkdXfigaa.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125052530/http://sify.com/movies/kanimozhi-will-touch-your-heart-sona-news-tamil-klwkdXfigaa.html |archive-date=25 November 2010 |access-date=22 November 2010 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> Sripathy had written the story in college and built the screenplay around a story based on philosophy.<ref name="livesound">{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=23 July 2010 |title=A promising start |url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2010/07/23/stories/2010072350140600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925062924/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2010/07/23/stories/2010072350140600.htm |archive-date=25 September 2011 |access-date=23 July 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Siva titled the film ''Kanimozhi'', after getting permission from the politician of the [[Kanimozhi|same name]].<ref name=":0" /> [[Sakthi Saravanan]]'s associate P. Chidamparam was selected to make his debut as cinematographer with ''Kanimozhi''. Music composer [[Satish Chakravarthy]] was signed for the project ten minutes into a meeting with the makers of the film.<ref name="livesound" /> [[Praveen K. L.]] and [[N. B. Srikanth]] edited the film.<ref name="redkan" />

=== Casting ===
After working in two films where Sripathy had been an assistant director, [[Jai (actor)|Jai]] was signed on as the lead actor. The director suggested that he had wanted an actor who "looked 21" and felt Jai was "the best bet".<ref name="livesound" /> [[Shazahn Padamsee]] was signed on as the lead actress and made her debut in Tamil films.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=I'm keeping my fingers crossed: Shazahn |url=http://sify.com/movies/i-m-keeping-my-fingers-crossed-shazahn-news-tamil-klzjv9cbbef.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128033105/http://sify.com/movies/i-m-keeping-my-fingers-crossed-shazahn-news-tamil-klzjv9cbbef.html |archive-date=28 November 2010 |access-date=25 November 2010 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> Padamsee was approached after Sripathy was sent images of her portfolio by a model-coordinator from [[Mumbai]]. She agreed to do the film after consent from her father, theatre personality [[Alyque Padamsee]].<ref name="livesound" /> [[Vijay Vasanth]], Jai's co-star in ''[[Chennai 600028]]'' (2007), reunited with him for this project.<ref name=":1" /> [[Michael Thangadurai]], in his film debut, was cast as one of Jai's friends after Siva saw him at an event celebrating the 100th day of ''Saroja''<nowiki/>'s release.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lakshmi |first=V |date=6 December 2010 |title=I always wanted to act: Michael |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-06/news-interviews/28252924_1_reality-show-kanimozhi-act |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104034855/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-06/news-interviews/28252924_1_reality-show-kanimozhi-act |archive-date=4 November 2012 |access-date=5 December 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
The film was launched in a ceremony in Chennai in late March 2010 organised by the producers. [[Satish Chakravarthy]] performed songs from the film at the event, while noted actor [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] compered.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 March 2010 |title=Kollywood celebs at 'Kanimozhi' launch |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-26/regional/28118420_1_kollywood-celebs-kanimozhi-new-film |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103201010/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-26/regional/28118420_1_kollywood-celebs-kanimozhi-new-film |archive-date=3 November 2012 |access-date=26 March 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Following the launch, the film started the first schedule in April and completed the shoot within 46 days, shorter than the average Tamil film takes.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Rinku |date=1 August 2010 |title=Fresh Pairing |url=http://www.hindu.com/rp/2010/08/01/stories/2010080150160400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100807204744/http://www.hindu.com/rp/2010/08/01/stories/2010080150160400.htm |archive-date=7 August 2010 |access-date=1 August 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Furthermore, unlike other most other Indian films, ''Kanimozhi'' was shot with live sound, while a special silent camera was also used. The sound was mixed at [[Yashraj Films|Yashraj Studios]] in Mumbai and audiographed by Anandar Chandrahasan. The cast had spoken their lines on the set, with only Padamsee's voice being dubbed since she is not a native Tamil speaker.<ref name="livesound" /><ref name="muzhum" />

The song "Muzhumadhi" was dubbed as the "underwater song" and was completed entirely through the use of graphics, while final mixing for many scenes were record at the Sterling Sound studio, United States.<ref name="muzhum">{{Cite web |date=1 November 2010 |title=Kanimozhi has many firsts to its credit |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloids/%E2%80%98kanimozhi-has-many-firsts-its-credit%E2%80%99-430 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110103524/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloids/%E2%80%98kanimozhi-has-many-firsts-its-credit%E2%80%99-430 |archive-date=10 November 2010 |access-date=1 November 2010 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> In June, the work progressed with Padamsee and Jai filming scenes at [[AVM Studios]] in [[Vadapalani]], [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2010 |title=I want to carry on my family legacy: Shazahn |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/i-want-carry-my-family-legacy-shazahn-775 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623012945/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/i-want-carry-my-family-legacy-shazahn-775 |archive-date=23 June 2010 |access-date=20 June 2010 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> The song recorded at the studio ended the filming portions of the project, which was wrapped up on 18 June 2010.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lakshmi, V. |date=16 June 2010 |title=Jai, Shahzahn will sizzle Kanimozhi! |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-06-16/news-interviews/28281387_1_kanimozhi-shahzahn-directorial-debut |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103201015/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-06-16/news-interviews/28281387_1_kanimozhi-shahzahn-directorial-debut |archive-date=3 November 2012 |access-date=16 June 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Despite being a love story, the lead pair had only shot together for two weeks, although they have since stated that they bonded during the filming, helping the on-screen chemistry of the characters.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2010 |title=Jai pairs Shazahn Padamsee for 'Kanimozhi' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2010/Nov/25/jai-pairs-shazahn-padamsee-for-kanimozhi-205566.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251231213208/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2010/Nov/25/jai-pairs-shazahn-padamsee-for-kanimozhi-205566.html |archive-date=31 December 2025 |access-date=6 April 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sangeetha, P. |date=25 November 2010 |title=Jai, Shahzahn launguage woe |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-25/news-interviews/28221007_1_alai-jai-film |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104013748/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-25/news-interviews/28221007_1_alai-jai-film |archive-date=4 November 2012 |access-date=25 November 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Post-production works began in July 2010, preparing for a release in August. However, the film was delayed and works finished in September 2010.<ref name="animation">{{Cite news |last=Sangeetha, P. |date=4 September 2010 |title=Sripathy's 'animated' debut! |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-04/news-interviews/28271954_1_kanimozhi-trailer-tamil-film |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103201004/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-04/news-interviews/28271954_1_kanimozhi-trailer-tamil-film |archive-date=3 November 2012 |access-date=4 September 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Main|Kanimozhi (soundtrack)}}
The soundtrack to ''Kanimozhi'' was composed by [[Satish Chakravarthy]], for whom it became his first theatrical release, as his previous album ''[[Leelai]]'' was delayed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2011 |title=Satish: On the right note |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-20/news-and-interviews/28370585_1_trailer-song-album |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918111552/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-20/news-and-interviews/28370585_1_trailer-song-album |archive-date=18 September 2012 |access-date=27 April 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> The audio was released on 18 August 2010.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=20 August 2010 |title=Kanimozhi absent at 'Kanimozhi's audio launch |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2010/Jul/24/kanimozhi-absent-at-kanimozhis-audio-launch-172398.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250810030405/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2010/Jul/24/kanimozhi-absent-at-kanimozhis-audio-launch-172398.html |archive-date=10 August 2025 |access-date=29 March 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=13 September 2010 |title=Impressive at various levels |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article574165.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021043839/http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article574165.ece |archive-date=21 October 2012 |access-date=15 September 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Marketing and release ==
''Kanimozhi'' was initially planned for release on 6 August 2010, but got delayed by almost three months because of the impending release of the higher profile ''[[Enthiran]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 November 2010 |title=Kanimozhi is not a fantasy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kanimozhi-is-not-a-fantasy/articleshow/6930208.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102012418/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kanimozhi-is-not-a-fantasy/articleshow/6930208.cms |archive-date=2 January 2026 |access-date=28 October 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> An animated trailer, the first of its kind in Indian cinema, featuring Jai and Padamsee was screened at the audio launch event and released online in early September 2010.<ref name="animation" /> A final press meet, two weeks before release, was held on 13 November 2010 with most of the cast in attendance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2010 |title=Kanimozhi- Press meet held |url=http://sify.com/movies/kanimozhi-press-meet-held-news-tamil-klntXwcdfeg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101115151813/http://sify.com/movies/kanimozhi-press-meet-held-news-tamil-klntXwcdfeg.html |archive-date=15 November 2010 |access-date=13 November 2010 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref>

The producers held a premiere for ''Kanimozhi'' on 25 November 2010 in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 November 2010 |title=A star-studded premiere of Kanimozhi |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-27/regional/28213902_1_star-studded-premiere-kanimozhi-vijay-vasanth |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104013910/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-27/regional/28213902_1_star-studded-premiere-kanimozhi-vijay-vasanth |archive-date=4 November 2012 |access-date=27 November 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2010 |title=Kanimozhi Premiere Show – Photo Gallery |url=http://www.cinefundas.com/2010/11/26/kanimozhi-movie-premiere-show-photo-gallery |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201011704/http://www.cinefundas.com/2010/11/26/kanimozhi-movie-premiere-show-photo-gallery |archive-date=1 December 2010 |access-date=26 November 2010 |website=Cinefundas.com |language=en}}</ref> Padamsee, whose [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Orange (2010 film)|Orange]]'' released on the same day, was unable to attend the premiere as she was suffering from [[malaria]].<ref>{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=Kanimozhi actress, Shazahn Padamsee, down with Malaria |url=http://www.newsofap.com/newsofap-29366-35-kanimozhi-actress-shazahn-padamsee-down-with-malaria.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126200633/http://newsofap.com/newsofap-29366-35-kanimozhi-actress-shazahn-padamsee-down-with-malaria.html |archive-date=26 November 2010 |access-date=26 November 2010 |website=News of AP |language=en}}</ref> ''Kanimozhi'' had a wide released the following day.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kanimozhi to release big on Nov 26 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/Kanimozhi-to-release-big-on-Nov-26-imagegallery-kollywood-klwpSzhcgae.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122001010/http://www.sify.com/movies/Kanimozhi-to-release-big-on-Nov-26-imagegallery-kollywood-klwpSzhcgae.html |archive-date=22 January 2014 |access-date=8 July 2025 |work=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
Upon release, ''Kanimozhi'' received mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2012 |title=Who's that girl: Shazahn Padamsee |url=https://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/whos-that-girl-shazahn-padamsee-12907 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406073226/https://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/whos-that-girl-shazahn-padamsee-12907 |archive-date=6 April 2025 |access-date=6 April 2025 |website=[[NDTV]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' labelled the film as "OK" and that for "the intentions alone, the makers of Kanimozhi deserve a thumbs-up". Jai's role was appreciated and described as "endearingly likeable", while Padamsee "looked pretty and was photographed well" but "could have invested more energy and expression to her character". The critic added that Swati's scene in the climax "scores", and that music by Sathish Chakravarthy "are just about ok but come as speed breakers". The critic cites that "most scenes lack the energy that was required to elevate this film into a different level" and the final result is a "promising but sadly tiresome film" but that it will make you "leave the theatre with a smile on your face".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanimozhi |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14959141&ctid=5&cid=2429 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129021907/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14959141&ctid=5&cid=2429 |archive-date=29 November 2010 |access-date=26 November 2010 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> Pavithra Srinivasan of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' praised the film's intentions but criticised the final product.<ref name="redkan">{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=27 November 2010 |title=Kanimozhi doesn't make sense |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-kanimozhi/20101129.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202094857/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-kanimozhi/20101129.htm |archive-date=2 December 2010 |access-date=29 November 2010 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref> Karthik Subramanian of ''[[The Hindu]]'' said the film is "a real test of your patience" but revealed it was a "genuine attempt at creating realistic cinema that also entertains", praising the story and the screenplay. He however concluded that the script was limited, and the actors' performances were therefore limited.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Subramanian |first=Karthik |date=27 November 2010 |title=Kanimozhi – Dull dose of realism |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article917541.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130050038/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article917541.ece |archive-date=30 November 2010 |access-date=27 November 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' praised the performances of Jai and Michael but not Padamsee, adding, "as the movie progresses, the narration becomes very bland and the story moves at a slow pace. Monotony and boredom tend to set in towards the interval" and felt the title ''Kanimozhi'' had no relevance to the plot.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2010 |title=Kanimozhi |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2010/Nov/30/kanimozhi-207107.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250329113900/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2010/Nov/30/kanimozhi-207107.html |archive-date=29 March 2025 |access-date=28 October 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Telugu version ==
In January 2012, it was revealed that the film was being dubbed in Telugu by producer Jakkula Nageshwara Rao. This led to Sona Heiden alleging that T. Siva had committed acts of fraud and forgery by trying to dub and sell the rights of ''Kanimozhi'' to others and thus requested the [[Tamil Film Producers Council]] to take action. She claimed that she entered into an agreement with Siva, proprietor of Amma Creations, on 28 January 2010, for purchasing the entire rights to ''Kanimozhi'' and thus secured 50% for any subsequent dubbed versions. Heiden said that Siva had entered into an agreement with third parties for dubbing the film in Telugu, alleging that he forged her signature and sold the rights.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2012 |title=Actor alleges fraud by producer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/actor-alleges-fraud-by-producer/articleshow/11418238.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260313080344/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/actor-alleges-fraud-by-producer/articleshow/11418238.cms |archive-date=13 March 2026 |access-date=13 March 2026 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Nonetheless, work proceeded on the Telugu version and it was titled ''Love Journey'' to capitalise on the success of ''Journey'', the Telugu dubbed version of Jai's ''[[Engaeyum Eppothum]]'' (2011).<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2012 |title=Jai stars in Love Journey |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jai-stars-in-love-journey/articleshow/11602425.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260313080338/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jai-stars-in-love-journey/articleshow/11602425.cms |archive-date=13 March 2026 |access-date=13 March 2026 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> In March 2012, the [[Madras High Court]] issued a stay order against the release of ''Love Journey'' as per Heiden's complaint.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lakshmi |first=V |date=17 March 2012 |title=No Kanimozhi for AP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/no-kanimozhi-for-ap/articleshow/12303550.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260313080354/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/no-kanimozhi-for-ap/articleshow/12303550.cms |archive-date=13 March 2026 |access-date=13 March 2026 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010 musical films]]
[[Category:2010 romance films]]
[[Category:2010 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2010s romantic musical films]]
[[Category:Films produced by T. Siva]]
[[Category:Films scored by Satish Chakravarthy]]
[[Category:Films shot in Madurai]]
[[Category:Indian romantic musical films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic musical films]]

Baneswar Shiva Temple

2026-04-02T04:52:29Z

Advsalahuddinahmed: made a place

{{Short description|Hindu temple in West Bengal, India}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Baneswar Shiva Temple
| native_name = বাণেশ্বর মন্দির ''bāṇeśśor mondir''
| religious_affiliation = [[Hinduism]]
| image = Baneshwar Shiva Temple at Cooch Behar District in West Bengal 05.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Baneswar Temple
| map_type = India West Bengal # India
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|26.399063|N|89.497535|E|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Baneswar]]
| state = West Bengal
| country = India
| elevation_m =
| year_completed =
| architecture_type =
| festivals = [[Maha Shivaratri]]
| deity =
}}

'''Baneswar Shiva temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to [[Shiva]] located at [[Baneswar]] in the [[Cooch Behar II]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Cooch Behar Sadar subdivision]] of the [[Cooch Behar district]] in [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. Here, Shiva is worshipped in the form of Baneswar.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dey |first1=Subhagata |title=কোচবিহারের বানেশ্বর শিব মন্দিরে পুজো দিলেই, খুঁজে পেতে পারেন মানসিক শান্তি |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/cooch-behar/baneshwar-shiva-temple-in-cooh-behar-lcn-sdg-820437.html |access-date=2 April 2026 |work=[[News18]] |date=7 June 2022 |language=bn}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=320| height=370| zoom=11
| coord={{coord|26|20|30|N|89|27|30|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places in the Cooch Behar Sadar subdivision in Cooch Behar district''' CT: census town, M: municipal town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|26|20|37|N|89|28|26|E}}| label-pos1=left|label1= Baisguri | numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Baisguri]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000 |shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|26|23|30|N|89|29|45|E}}| label-pos2=left|label2=Baneswar| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Baneswar]] (CT)|shape-color2=black| label-size2=13|label-color2=black 
|mark-coord3={{coord|26|20|10|N|89|28|44|E}}| label-pos3=right|label3=Chakchaka| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Chakchaka]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|26|16|50|N|89|28|18|E}}| label-pos4=left|label4=Dhaliabari| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Dhaliabari]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|26|18|49|N|89|27|50|E}}| label-pos5=left|label5=Guriahati| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Guriahati]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|26|21|36|N|89|27|36|E}}| label-pos6=right|label6=Khagrabari| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Khagrabari]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|26|18|55|N|89|28|15|E}}| label-pos7=right|label7=Kharimala Khagrabari| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Kharimala Khagrabari]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|26|20|0|N|89|25|55|E}}| label-pos8=left|label8=Takagachh| numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Takagachh]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|26|19|40|N|89|27|3|E}}| label-pos9=right|label9=Cooch Behar| numbered9=M| mark-title9= [[Cooch Behar]] (M) | shape-color9=#800000
|mark-coord10={{coord|26|14|37|N|89|29|10|E}}| label-pos10=right|label10=Dewanhat| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Dewanhat]] (R) | shape-color10= #C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|26|17|8|N|89|28|12|E}}| label-pos11=right|label11=Ghughumari| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Ghughumari]] (R)| shape-color11= #C42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|26|26|15|N|89|22|30|E}}| label-pos12=right|label12=Kalarayerkuthi| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Kalarayerkuthi]] (R)| shape-color12= #C42222
|mark-coord13={{coord|26|24|32|N|89|22|56|E}}| label-pos13=right|label13=Pundibari| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Pundibari]] (R) | shape-color13= #C42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|26|17|40|N|89|27|20|E}}| label-pos14=left|label14=Gudam Maharaniganj| numbered14=H| mark-title14= [[Gudam Maharaniganj]] (H) |shape-color14=#AA6666
|mark-coord15={{coord|26|19|37|N|89|26|18|E}}| label-pos15=left|label15=Cooch Behar Palace| numbered15=H| mark-title15= [[Cooch Behar Palace]] (H) |shape-color15=#AA6666
|mark-coord16={{coord|26|21|48|N|89|22|41|E}}| label-pos16=right|label16= Madhupur Satra| numbered16=H| mark-title16= [[Madhupur Satra]] (H) |shape-color16=#AA6666
|mark-coord17={{coord|26|22|7|N|89|22|4|E}}| label-pos17=top|label17= Haripur| numbered17=H| mark-title17= [[Haripur, Cooch Behar]] (H) |shape-color17=#AA6666
|mark-coord18={{coord|26|22|11|N|89|29|59|E}}| label-pos18=right|label18= Baikunthapur| numbered18=H| mark-title18= [[Baikunthapur]] (H) |shape-color18=#AA6666
|mark-coord19={{coord|26|23|12|N|89|30|45|E}}| label-pos19=right|label19= Sidheswari| numbered19=H| mark-title19= [[Sidheswari]] (H) |shape-color19=#AA6666
|mark-coord23={{coord|26|18|0|N|89|29|0|E}}|label23= Mara| label-color23 = #77A1CB| label-angle23=-24| label-pos23=top| label-size23=10| mark-size23=0| mark-title23=none
|mark-coord24={{coord|26|17|40|N|89|30|30|E}}|label24= Torsha River| label-color24 = #77A1CB| label-angle24=34| label-pos24=top| label-size24=10| mark-size24=0| mark-title24=none}}

===Location===
Baneswar Shiva temple is located at {{coord|26.399063|N|89.497535|E|display=inline}}.

It is about {{convert|10|km}} from [[Cooch Behar]] and is located near Baneswar railway station on the [[Alipurduar-Bamanhat branch line]]. It is {{convert|1.6|km}} from New Baneswar railway station on the [[New Jalpaiguri–New Bongaigaon section]] of the [[Barauni–Guwahati line]].<ref name="temple">Koch Bihar Jelar Purakirti (in Bengali), Data compilation and writing by Dr. Shyamachand Mukhopadhayay, published by the Department of Archaeology, Government of West Bengal, Second edition 1974, Pages 52-56.</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-alipurduar-bamanhat-passenger-55465/21260/449/7550| title = 55765 =>55465 Alipurduar – Bamunhat Passenger | work= Time Table| publisher = Indiarailinfo |accessdate = 31 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-rangiya-new-jalpaiguri-passenger-55714/7767/1374/444| title = Rangiya New Jalpaiguri Express | work= Time Table| publisher = IndiaRailInfo |accessdate = 10 August 2020}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==The temple==
The beginning of Baneswar Shiva temple is mired in mythology. According to popular belief the legendary [[Banasura|Raja Banasura]], an ardent devotee of [[Shiva]] had made the latter agree to come down to earth. When Shiva was following Raja Banasura, the latter suddenly stopped at Baneswar (earlier name Gordasandara), which was a breach of agreement. Shiva instantly disappeared and later established a [[Lingam|Shiva-linga]] on the banks of the Bangti River. Many believe that the place was named after the Raja. However, there is no mention of the temple in the legend.<ref name="temple"/>

According to some, the temple was built by Raja Jalpeswar, who built the Jalpesh temple. He is believed to have ruled in the second or third century and is mentioned in ‘Jalpesh Mahatya’. Some others think that [[Nilambar of Kamata|Raja Nilambar]] of the [[Khen dynasty]] had built it. Yet others think that [[Nara Narayan|Maharaja Nara Narayan]] of the [[Koch dynasty]] established it and Maharaja Pran Narayan of the [[Cooch Behar State]] subsequently revamped it.<ref name="temple"/>

The present structure is [[Bengal temple architecture|squarish with a dome]] and a slightly curved cornish. It has two entrances -one on the west and the other in the east. The temple has a [[Lingam|Shiva linga]] and a ‘Gouripat’ in the [[garbhagriha]], {{convert|3.1|m}} below the plinth level. The temple was slightly tilted on the east during an earth-quake in 1897. It has a height of {{convert|10.9|m}} and the base measures {{convert|9.6|m}} square. The walls are {{convert|2.5|m}} thick. There are some decorated narrow strips on the walls. It has a raised platform in the front. There is a bull made of cement on the right. On the northern side there is a tin shed housing idols of Shiva and ‘ardhanariswar’. There are some other idols also, including a [[Kali]] idol in another shed.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dey |first1=Subhagata |title=এই মন্দিরে মানত করলেই ঘটে রোগমুক্তি, ৪৬০ বছরের‌ প্রাচীন বানেশ্বর শিব মন্দিরের ঐতিহ্যের ইতিহাস |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/south-bengal/460-years-old-baneshwar-shiva-temple-is-located-in-howrah-know-the-history-and-significance-l18-sdg-1019109.html |access-date=2 April 2026 |work=[[News18]] |date=16 March 2023 |language=bn}}</ref>

There is a big pond nearby 'Shiv pukur' which is a habitat of many [[Black softshell turtle]], a [[critically endangered]] species of turtle. The turtles are locally known as 'Mohan' and are sacred.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rare turtle found dead in temple pond at Baneswar in Cooch Behar |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/rare-turtle-found-dead-in-temple-pond-at-baneswar-in-cooch-behar/cid/1982207 |access-date=2 April 2026 |work=The Telegraph |date=24 November 2023}}</ref>

A week-long fair is held during Shiva Chaturdashi. This temple is under the Cooch Behar Debuttor Sangstha.<ref name="temple"/><ref name="admin">{{cite web | url = http://coochbehar.nic.in/htmfiles/tour_all.html#arch_monuments| title = Tourist attractions | work= Baneswar Siva temple| publisher = Cooch Behar district administration |accessdate = 11 August 2020}}</ref>

Baneswar Shiva temple is a [[List of State Protected Monuments in West Bengal|state protected monument]].<ref name="ASI MNI">[http://asi.nic.in/asi_protected_monu_list.asp List of State Protected Monuments as reported by the Archaeological Survey of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523134605/http://asi.nic.in/asi_protected_monu_list.asp |date=2013-05-23 }}.</ref>

==Baneswar Shiva temple picture gallery==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px">
File:Baneshwar Shiva Temple at Cooch Behar District in West Bengal 12.jpg
File:Baneshwar Shiva Temple at Cooch Behar District in West Bengal 16.jpg
File:Baneshwar Shiva Temple at Cooch Behar District in West Bengal 17.jpg
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Cooch Behar topics}}
{{Hindu temples in West Bengal}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Cooch Behar district]]

{{CoochBehar-geo-stub}}

Department of Energy (Telangana)

2026-03-28T23:56:12Z

Advsalahuddinahmed: Started new entry and citations...

{{Short description|None}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Minister of Energy
| body =
| native_name = {{transliteration|te|Indhana Śākha Mantrī}}
| flag =
| flagsize =
| flagalt =
| flagborder =
| flagcaption =
| image = Portrait of Telangana Deputy CM Bhatti Vikramarka Mallu (4 July 2024).png
| imagesize =
| alt =
| imagecaption =
| incumbent = [[Mallu Bhatti Vikramarka]]
| acting =
| incumbentsince = 7 December 2023
| department = Department of Energy
| style =
| type =
| status =
| abbreviation = E
| member_of = State Cabinet
| reports_to = [[List of governors of Telangana|Governor of Telangana]] [[List of chief ministers of Telangana|Chief Minister of Telangana]] [[Telangana Legislature]]
| residence =
| seat =
| nominator =
| appointer = [[List of governors of Telangana|Governor of Telangana]]
| appointer_qualified = on the advice of the [[List of chief ministers of Telangana|Chief Minister of Telangana]]
| termlength =
| termlength_qualified =
| constituting_instrument =
| precursor =
| inaugural = [[C. Laxma Reddy|Charlakola Laxma Reddy]]
| formation = 2 June 2014
| first =
| last =
| abolished =
| superseded_by =
| succession =
| unofficial_names =
| deputy =
| salary =
| website = {{URL|https://tgceig.cgg.gov.in/login.do}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Department of Energy''' is a cabinet level ministerial post in the [[Government of Telangana]]. First held on 16 December 2014, this ministry has one of the important portfolios in the cabinet in the state. The incumbent Minister for the Department of Energy for the state of Telangana is [[Mallu Bhatti Vikramarka]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telangana State Portal Council of Ministers (Present) |url=https://www.telangana.gov.in/government/council-of-ministers |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=www.telangana.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-12-16 |title=Six ministers inducted into Telangana Cabinet |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/Six-new-ministers-inducted-into-AP-Cabinet/article60094153.ece |access-date=2023-03-24 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-02-16 |title=66 days with 1 minister, Telangana CM KCR to expand cabinet on February 19 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/66-days-with-1-minister-telangana-cm-kcr-to-expand-cabinet-on-february-19/articleshow/68018145.cms |access-date=2023-03-24 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== List of ministers ==
{| class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.4em; text-align:center"
! rowspan=2 |#
! rowspan=2 colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan=2 style="width:16em" | Minister {{small|(Lifespan) Constituency}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan=2 style="width:5em" |Election {{small|(Term)}}
! rowspan=2 style="width:8em" |Party
! rowspan=2 style="width:8em" |Ministry
! rowspan=2 style="width:10em" |Chief Minister
!rowspan=2 |Ref.
|-
!Term start
!Term end
!Duration
|-
!1
|rowspan=3 bgcolor="{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}"|
|[[File:155A9996.jpg|97x97px]]
|'''[[C. Laxma Reddy|Charlakola Laxma Reddy]]''' {{small|(born 1962) MLA for [[Jadcherla Assembly constituency|Jadcherla]]}}
|16 December 2014
|25 June 2015
|'''{{ayd|16 December 2014|25 June 2015}}'''
|rowspan=2 |[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]] {{small|(1st)}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
| rowspan=2 bgcolor="#FFA1F4"| '''[[First K. Chandrashekar Rao ministry|Rao I]]'''
| rowspan="3" |[[K. Chandrashekar Rao|Kalvakuntla Chandrashekhar Rao]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-12-16 |title=Six ministers inducted into Telangana Cabinet |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/Six-new-ministers-inducted-into-AP-Cabinet/article60094153.ece |access-date=2023-03-24 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
!rowspan=2 |2
|rowspan=2 |[[File:Jagadish reddy Guntakandla.jpg|97x97px]]
|rowspan=2 |'''[[Guntakandla Jagadish Reddy]]''' {{small|(born 1965) MLA for [[Suryapet Assembly constituency|Suryapet]]}}
|25 June 2015
|6 September 2018
|'''{{ayd|25 June 2015|6 September 2018}}'''
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-01-26 |title=Rajaiah gets marching orders; Kadiam made Telangana deputy CM |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/rajaiah-gets-marching-orders-kadiam-made-telangana-deputy-cm/articleshow/46016029.cms |access-date=2023-03-24 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|- style="text-align: center;"
|19 February 2019
|3 December 2023
|'''{{ayd|19 February 2019|3 December 2023}}'''
|[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]] {{small|[[2nd Telangana Assembly|(2nd)]]}}
|bgcolor="#FFA1F4"| '''[[Second K. Chandrashekar Rao ministry|Rao II]]'''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-19 |title=Telangana Cabinet Expansion: KCR Inducts 10 Ministers |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/telangana-politics/2019/02/19/telangana-cabinet-expansion-kcr-inducts-10-ministers |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!3
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Portrait of Telangana Deputy CM Bhatti Vikramarka Mallu (4 July 2024).png|97x97px]]
|'''[[Mallu Bhatti Vikramarka]]''' {{small|(born 1961) MLA for [[Madhira Assembly constituency|Madhira]]}}
|7 December 2023
|''Incumbent''
|'''{{ayd|7 December 2023|}}'''
|[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]] {{small|[[3rd Telangana Assembly|(3rd)]]}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[Revanth Reddy ministry|Reddy]]'''
|[[Revanth Reddy|Anumula Revanth Reddy]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-07 |title=Meet Mallu Bhatti Vikramarka, the Deputy Chief Minister and the No 2 in Telangana govt |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/meet-mallu-bhatti-vikramarka-the-deputy-chief-minister-and-the-no-2-in-telangana-govt/articleshow/105814901.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-02-22 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Government of Telangana]]
[[Category:Government departements of Telangana]]

Hands Up (2000 film)

2026-03-27T03:52:37Z

Advsalahuddinahmed: Added A Stub...

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hands Up
| image = Hands Up film poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Siva Nageswara Rao]]
| screenplay = Siva Nageswara Rao
| story = [[Jayasudha]]
| producer = [[Nitin Kapoor]]
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogue by
| data1 = [[Janardhana Maharshi]]
}}
| narrator =
| starring = Jayasudha [[Bramhanandam]] [[Nagendra Babu]]
| music = [[Sashi Preetam]]
| cinematography = K. Poorna
| editing = Gautham Raju
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2000|02|10|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| budget =
}}
'''''Hands Up''''' is a 2000 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action film|action]] [[comedy film]] directed by [[Siva Nageswara Rao]] from a story written by [[Jayasudha]]. It stars [[Jayasudha]], [[Bramhanandam|Brahmanandam]] and [[Nagendra Babu]] with [[Chiranjeevi]] in a guest appearance. The film was produced by Jayasudha's husband [[Nitin Kapoor]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2000 |title=Hands Up Review |url=http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/handsup.htm |access-date=2024-11-29 |website=Andhra Today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011223235725/http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/handsup.htm |archive-date=23 December 2001 }}</ref>

== Plot ==
A series of bomb blasts wreak havoc in [[Hyderabad]], prompting the appointment of Saraswathi (Jayasudha), a [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] officer, to lead the investigation. This decision is met with resistance from the local CBI officer (Giri Babu), who seeks to derail the inquiry. To hinder her progress, he assigns her two incompetent assistants, Muddu Krishna (Nagendra Babu) and Jagan (Brahmanandam), both of whom are former CBI staff dismissed for their inefficiency. Their foolishness further complicates the investigation.

Muddu Krishna stumbles upon a suitcase containing crucial evidence about the bomb blasts and the involvement of the gang led by Ramakoti (Kota Srinivasa Rao). The suitcase also reveals a dispute between Ramakoti and Tugluq (Sonu Sood) over a share of the money from the blasts. As Saraswathi closes in on Ramakoti, he is killed by Tugluq. Despite this setback, Saraswathi continues her pursuit of the gang, and to mislead them, she announces that Ramakoti is alive and has turned [[Turn state's evidence|approver]]. A press conference is arranged, where a lookalike of Ramakoti (using his corpse) is brought to court to testify.

As Tugluq attempts to eliminate Ramakoti during the court proceedings, he escapes once again. In a subsequent chase through a shopping arcade, Tugluq threatens to shoot a random shopper (Chiranjeevi). The plot culminates with a shocking revelation: the shopper is Saraswathi's husband, causing Jagan and Muddu Krishna to realize the true identity of the man they had been pursuing.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Jayasudha]] as CBI officer Saraswati
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Jagan
* [[Nagendra Babu]] as Muddu Krishna
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Ramakoti
* [[Sonu Sood]] as Tuglaq
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Translator
* [[Rallapalli (actor)|Rallapalli]]
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]]
* [[Giri Babu]]
* [[Y. Vijaya]]
* [[L. B. Sriram]] as V.I.P. Indian Traveling Goods worker
* [[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]]
* [[Varun Tej|Master Varun]]
; Cameo appearances
* [[Chiranjeevi]] as Saraswati's husband
* [[Nagma]] as an [[item number]]
* [[Deepti Bhatnagar]]
* Shraddha
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]]
* [[Raghava Lawrence]] in a special appearance in the song "Jaana Jaana"
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music for the film was composed by [[Sashi Preetam]].<ref name=":1" />{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ayyayyo
| extra1 = Chakri
| title2 = Jaana Jaana
| extra2 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]], [[Sowmya Raoh]]
| title3 = Killare Killa
| extra3 = Anupama, [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
| title4 = Lahiri Lahiri
| extra4 = [[K. S. Chithra]], Sowmya Raoh
| title5 = Lovvera
| extra5 = Rajesh Krishnan, Sowmya Raoh
| title6 = Mastu
| extra6 =
| title7 = Tragedy
| extra7 = Sasi Preetam, Chakri
| title8 = CBI
| extra8 =
}}

== Reception ==
Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' rated the film {{fraction|2|3|4}} out of 5 and wrote, "The USP of this film is comedy. As the story is simple, this film would have worked well if it is taken an hour to narrate. By adding five songs to the wafer-thin story and dragging the story in the second half, the director made this film a little insipid".<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-hands.html|title=Just Released (10th February 2000) - Handsup|date=10 February 2000|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=5 March 2024}}</ref>

Griddaluru Gopalrao of ''[[Zamin Ryot]]'' wrote, "Director Siva Nageswara Rao has used crime investigations, funeral processions, tea parties and conferences in the story to create humour. The film is full of humour and is full of fun (the audience's hearts are full of laughter".<ref>{{cite web |last=Gopalrao |first=Griddaluru |date=25 February 2000 |title=నవ్వుల హరివిల్లు హ్యాండ్సప్ [Rainbow of laughter: Hands Up] |url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/2000/Feb/25-Feb-2000.pdf |accessdate=5 March 2024 |website=[[Zamin Ryot]] |page=9,11 |language=te}}</ref>

''Andhra Today'' reviewed the film as an unsuccessful attempt to blend a serious theme with humour, disappointing the audience due to its weak storyline and ineffective humour, despite a notable guest appearance by Chiranjeevi and Kota Srinivasa Rao's performance as a corpse.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|1575559}}

{{Siva Nageswara Rao}}

[[Category:2000 films]]
[[Category:2000 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Siva Nageswara Rao]]
[[Category:2000 action comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]

{{2000s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Qazigund, Kakapora

2026-03-26T12:24:56Z

Advsalahuddinahmed:

{{About|the village in the [[Pulwama district]]|the town in the [[Anantnag district]]|Qazigund}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Qazigund
| native_name = Qaezgund
| native_name_lang = Kashmiri
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = Jammu and Kashmir
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = Pulwama
| subdivision_type3 = Tehsil
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kakapora]]
| government_type = Panchayat
| governing_body = Village Panchayat
| coordinates = {{coord|33.95702|N|74.90614|E|display=inline,title}}
| elevation_m = 1589
| population_density_km2 =
| timezone1 = Kolkata
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 192304
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| population_total = 875
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_blank1_title = Sex ratio
| population_blank1 = 923 [[female|♀]]/1000 [[male|♂]]
| population_blank2_title = Total Households
| population_blank2 = 141
| registration_plate = JK 13-XXXX
| pushpin_map = Jammu and Kashmir
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Qazigund
}}

'''Qazigund''' ({{IPA|ur|qɑːziː ɡʊnɖ}}, {{IPA|ks|qəːzʲ ɡonɖ}}), also spelled as '''Kazigund''' or '''Quazigund''', is a village located in the [[Pulwama district]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rural Development Department Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://jkpanchayat.jk.gov.in/panchayatdataview.php?panchayat=Larew&block=Kakapora |access-date=24 May 2024 |archive-date=24 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524171153/https://jkpanchayat.jk.gov.in/panchayatdataview.php?panchayat=Larew&block=Kakapora |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220509161029/https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/population-finder]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Village (गाव): Qazigund |url=https://localbodydata.com/village-Qazigund-936371 |access-date=24 May 2024 |website=localbodydata.com |archive-date=24 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524171715/https://localbodydata.com/village-Qazigund-936371 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2022 |title=Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India |url=https://data.gov.in/ |access-date=25 May 2024 |website=data.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Qazigund a small village located in the plains of the valley of Kashmir. It has an elevation of 1589 meters.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Pulwama district]]

Sucharita Tyagi

2026-03-22T11:32:15Z

Advsalahuddinahmed: started info!

{{Short description|Indian film critic (born 1988)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|1=Biographies|date=January 2024}}
{{COI|date=January 2024}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sucharita Tyagi
| image = Sucharita Tyagi.jpg
| caption = Tyagi in 2019
| birthname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1988|7|20}}
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| education = [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]]
| occupation = {{Hlist | Film critic | video content creator}}
| spouse =
| website =
}}

'''Sucharita Tyagi''' is an Indian [[film critic]] and former [[radio jockey]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Haridas |first=Keerthana |date=2023-08-14 |title=FII Interviews: Sucharita Tyagi Talks About Her Journey From RJ To Film Critic, Women-Oriented Films And Censorship |url=https://feminisminindia.com/?p=159765 |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=Feminism in India |language=en-GB}}</ref> Born and brought up in [[New Delhi]], India, she moved to [[Mumbai]], transitioned into [[web content]] in 2015, and records weekly review videos for ''Film Companion''.

==Early life==
Sucharita Tyagi was born in [[New Delhi]], [[India]].<ref name="childhood">{{cite web|url=https://theinterviewportal.com/2018/01/24/radio-jockey-interview-2/|title=Interview, Sucharita Tyagi|website= Gradatory.in|via=Interview Portal|date=24 January 2018|access-date=17 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="dtu">{{cite web|url=http://dtutimes.dtu.ac.in/blog/interview-sucharita-tyagi-274|title=Interview, Sucharita Tyagi|publisher=[[Delhi Technological University]]|website=DTU Times|date=|access-date=17 April 2020}}</ref> She attended [[Modern School (New Delhi)|Modern School, Barakhamba Road]] and graduated with a major in [[science]].<ref name="childhood"/><ref name="dtu"/>

==Career==
===Radio jockey (2007–14)===

After graduating with a degree in [[Communications Studies]] and [[Journalism]] from the [[Indraprastha University]], Tyagi began working as a voice over artist in New Delhi.<ref name="childhood"/> At 19, she successfully auditioned for a job as a [[radio jockey]] at a Delhi-based FM channel.<ref name="dh">{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/feminist-voice-in-a-male-world-818263.html|title=Feminist voice in a male world|last=Kurain|first=Anila|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=22 March 2020|access-date=17 April 2020}}</ref> She worked at the Delhi stations of such channels as [[Red FM (India)|Red FM]] and [[Big FM (Indian radio station)|Big FM]], before moving to [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]] in 2010 to pursue post graduate education and further her career as a radio station host.<ref name="sg">{{cite web|url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/artbeat/bollywood-killed-the-radio-star-long-live-the-radio-star|title=Bollywood killed the radio star: long live the radio star|last=Sood|first=Akhil|website=[[Sunday Guardian]]|date=31 January 2015|access-date=17 April 2020}}</ref>

{{quote box|bgcolor=#CCDDFF|width=28em|quote=I studied medicine till high school [but] shifted my talents to [[Communications Studies|communications studies]] for a [[Bachelor’s Degree]], and that is when I fell in love with [[broadcast media]]. I [...] started Radio two years after that, in 2007. Since then, it’s been a tumultuous way forward. I’ve worked with some of the top most Radio brands in India, and have loved every bit of it. - Tyagi, on choosing a career as kn [[radio]].<ref name="childhood"/>}}

Tyagi enrolled in a [[filmmaking]] course at the [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]] and simultaneously began working as programme host for the Mumbai-based FM station [[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio City]].<ref name="childhood"/><ref name="sg"/> She hosted the programme ''Freedom Live'', which was aimed at promoting Indian [[Indie music|independent music]].<ref name="sg"/> The show was noted for its emphasis on lesser known artists and music.<ref name="sg"/><ref name="bp">{{cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/episode/3XLvhdkk4LTt3gHm6hPzMy?si=_pEv29-7RlyeN1iqn77JmQ|title=A Conversation with Sucharita Tyagi of Film Companion and Radio City|website=The Bollywood Project|date=12 October 2016|access-date=17 April 2020|via=[[Spotify]]}}</ref>

She received attention for a starting a fundraiser to help Nikita Shukla{{emdash}}a visually impaired law student; the story was picked up by several [[media outlets]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/a-heartwarming-tale-on-how-an-rj-got-mumbai-to-fund-a-blind-girl-education/-education-with-help-of-rj-suchitra-tyagi-4659016/|title=A Heart-Warming Tale Of How An RJ Got Mumbai To Fund A Blind Girl's Education|last=Naithani|first=Guara|website=Scoopwhoop|date=17 May 2017|access-date=18 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/social-media-blind-girl-gets-help-rj-strangers-mumbai-977447-2017-05-16|title=Win for humanity: Strangers come forward to help blind girl who chose education over family|website=[[India Today]]|date=17 May 2017|access-date=18 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/india-positive-blind-girl-abandoned-by-parents-helped-by-rj-and-strangers/articleshow/58701615.cms|title=India Positive: Blind girl abandoned by parents, helped by RJ and strangers|website=Economic Times|date=17 May 2017|access-date=18 April 2020}}</ref> The campaign was widely shared and received attention from films actors and politicians based in Mumbai.<ref name="shukla">{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/people-of-mumbai-come-together-to-help-a-blind-law-student-who-chose-family-over-education-with-help-of-rj-suchitra-tyagi-4659016/|title=Inspiring! This RJ and Mumbaikars helped to raise money for a visually impaired law student|website=[[The Indian Express]]|date=16 May 2017|access-date=18 April 2020}}</ref>

===YouTube (2015–present)===
Tyagi continued to work with Radio City until 2017, hosting ''Mumbai Masala''; she interviewed various [[Bollywood]] and regional artists, then joined film review website ''Film Companion''.<ref name="bp"/>

{{quote box|bgcolor=#CCDDFF|align=left|width=27em|quote=When I mailed the first ever review to production, in the subject I wrote, "Not a Movie Review", and so we decided to call it that! [In my reviews], I simply say what a movie makes me feel, because that is how cinema should be appreciated." - Tyagi, on the title of her series and her style of writing [[film reviews]].<ref name="sl">{{cite web|url=http://www.school-live.com/How-not-to-review-a-movie!.aspx|title=How not to review a movie!|website=School Live|access-date=18 April 2020}}</ref> }}

Tyagi's first review video was released on ''Film Companion''{{'}}s YouTube channel in September 2015 under the title of "Not a Movie Review".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=N5PEKiYlh8s|title=Welcome Back Not a Film Review, Sucharita Tyagi, Film Companion|website=Film Companion|via=[[YouTube]]|date=4 September 2015|access-date=17 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="tcp">{{cite web|url=https://www.thecherrypicks.com/critics/sucharita-tyagi/|title=Sucharita Tyagi|website=The Cherry Picks|access-date=18 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="vox">{{cite web |last=Vadlapati |first=Rajashekar |date=14 September 2019 |title=VoxTalks With Sucharita Tyagi : 'You Become A Film Critic, Because You Love Movies' |url=https://www.voxspace.in/2019/09/14/voxtalks-with-sucharita-tyagi/ |access-date=18 April 2020 |website=Vox Space}}</ref>

Tyagi was appointed a member of the Film Critics Guild, one of India's first film critics association<ref name="tcp"/> as she continued to record weekly reviews for the "Not a Movie Review" series.<ref name="ks">{{cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=C-lRyevxevA|title=Kabir Singh Not a Movie Review, Shahid Kapoor, Kiara Advani, Film Companion|website=Film Companion|via=[[YouTube]]|date=21 June 2019|access-date=18 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="dh"/><ref name="bbc">{{cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Fzko06I2-2E&feature=youtu.be|title=Do Reviews Matter? Rajeev Masand, Sucharita Tyagi, Ankur Pathak, Podcast, Bollywood Uncovered|website=[[BBC]]|via=[[YouTube]]|date=1 June 2020|access-date=3 June 2021}}</ref> Some reviews received good amount of criticism, and sparked controversies and debates among artists and critics.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rangan |first1=Bharadwaj |title=Kabir Singh, Article 15 Review {{!}} Spoilers {{!}} Let's Talk Movies |website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JgGGMulsWqw&ab_channel=FilmCompanion |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Devarakonda |first1=Vijay |last2=Bajpayee |first2=Manoj |last3=Padukone |first3=Deepika |last4=Khurrana |first4=Ayushman |title=The Best Performances Of The Decade Decoded {{!}} Film Companion |website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yzXS2Nj7GVQ&ab_channel=FilmCompanion |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Vanga |first1=Sandeep Reddy |title=Sandeep Vanga Reddy on his films, processes and beliefs {{!}} Film Companion |website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MIRLo6kpuHI&t=1s&ab_channel=FilmCompanion |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Vanga |first1=Sandeep Reddy |title=Sandeep Reddy Vanga BASHES & TROLLS Film Critics & Their Negative Reviews {{!}} Kabir Singh |website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D3jDk3Yrx1s&ab_channel=BollywoodHungama |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bajpayee |first1=Manoj |title=Why Manoj Bajpayee supports Kabir Singh! {{!}} Sit With Hitlist |website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_NSEQU5ebTQ&ab_channel=middayindia |language=en}}</ref>

Tyagi made her film acting debut with a supporting role in the 2019 short film ''Lutf'', co-starring [[Mona Singh]] and [[Vinay Pathak]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/mona-singh-vinay-pathaks-lutf-to-focus-on-mental-health/1636123|title=Mona Singh, Vinay Pathak's ''Lutf'' to focus on mental health|website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|publisher=|access-date=18 April 2020|date=8 October 2019}}</ref> A select few of episodes of "Not a Movie Review" were later compiled and released as a [[web series]] on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] under the same title in March 2020.<ref name="hotstar">{{cite web|url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/not-a-movie-review/s-1980|title=Not A Movie Review with Sucharita Tyagi|publisher=[[Disney+ Hotstar]]|access-date=18 April 2020|date=12 March 2020}}</ref> Later that year, Tyagi played herself in [[Vikramaditya Motwane]]'s black comedy, ''[[AK vs AK]]''; also starring [[Anurag Kashyap]] and [[Anil Kapoor]] as fictionalised versions of themselves, the production utilises a [[film-within-a-film]] narrative. ''AK vs AK'' was released on Netflix on 20 December to positive response from critics.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/ak_vs_ak|title= AK vs AK|access-date=4 June 2021|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref>

In 2020, Tyagi launched her own clothing line in partnership with online retailer KadakMerch<ref name="merch">{{cite web|url=https://kadakmerch.com/collections/su4ita|title=Sucharita Tyagi|publisher=KadakMerch|access-date=4 June 2021}}</ref> and started her own YouTube channel, posting weekly film reviews under the title "Ghar Se Movie Review".<ref name="yt">{{cite web|url=https://youtube.com/channel/UCUKMwyc8Rz8Blh8E2y8caXg|title=Sucharita Tyagi|publisher=Sucharita Tyagi|via=[[YouTube]]|access-date=19 April 2020}}</ref> She also writes for other online media portals and publications.<ref name="tcp"/><ref name="verve">{{cite web|url=https://www.vervemagazine.in/fashion-and-beauty/spunky-film-critic-sucharita-tyagi-models-the-seasons-standout-styles|title=Style, Trends| website=Verve|last=Banerjee|first=Rushmika|date=30 September 2019 |access-date=18 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="twc">{{cite web|url=https://weather.com/en-IN/india/bios/news/2019-01-28-sucharita-tyagi|title=Sucharita Tyagi|website=The Weather Channel|date=28 January 2019|access-date=18 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/video/news/india-debates/cancel-culture-began-as-hyperbole-with-no-real-life-impact-film-critic-sucharita-tyagi-564381#vod-related|title=Cancel Culture Began As Hyperbole, With No Real Life Impact: Film Critic Sucharita Tyagi|website=NDTV|date=24 October 2020|access-date=4 June 2021}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+Film
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Role
!scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|2020
!scope="row"|''[[AK vs AK]]''
| Herself
|
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+Television
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Role
!scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|2020
!scope="row"|''Not a Movie Review''
| Herself
| [[Web series]]; 63 episodes
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.rottentomatoes.com/critic/sucharita-tyagi/movies Sucharita Tyagi on Rotten Tomatoes]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tyagi, Sucharita}}
[[Category:Indian film critics]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women film critics]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:1988 births]]

Archeparchy of Tellicherry

2026-03-21T16:49:19Z

Advsalahuddinahmed: made details

{{Short description|Eastern Catholic archeparchy in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox diocese
|jurisdiction = Archeparchy
|name = Tellicherry
|local ={{Script/Mdnh|ܐܪܟܝܕܝܘܩܝܐ ܕܬܲܠܲܣܲܪܝ}} {{Script/Mdnh|തലശ്ശേരി അതിരൂപത}}
|image =Thalassery diocese.png
|caption =

|country = India
| territory =
| episcopal conference =
| ecclesiastical region =
| province = 
| residence =
| metropolitan =
| archdeaconries =
| deaneries =
| subdivisions =
| headquarters =
| coordinates = 

|denomination = [[Catholic Church]]
|sui_iuris_church = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]
|rite = [[East Syriac Rite]]
|cathedral = St Joseph's Cathedral in [[Palissery]], [[Thalassery]]
|cocathedral =
|established = {{start date and age|31 December 1953}}
|patron = [[Saint Joseph]]<ref name="gcatholic.diocese.tell0.info"/>

|parishes = 254<ref name="gcatholic.diocese.tell0.info"/>
|area_km2 = 4,958
| area_footnotes = <ref name="gcatholic.diocese.tell0.info"/>
|population = 3,814,247
|population_as_of = 2020<ref name="gcatholic.diocese.tell0.info"/>
|catholics = 274,460<ref name="gcatholic.diocese.tell0.info"/>
|catholics_percent= {{percentage|274,460|3,814,247|1|%=}}
| priests = 475 (304 diocesan, 171 religious)<ref name="gcatholic.diocese.tell0.info">{{Cite web |url=https://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/tell0.htm |title=Metropolitan Archdiocese of Tellicherry, India (Syro-Malabar Rite) Info |date=1 March 2023 |access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref>

|pope = {{incumbent pope}}
|bishop = [[Joseph Pamplany]]
|bishop_title = Archeparch
|coadjutor =
|major_archbishop = [[Raphael Thattil]]
|auxiliary_bishops=
|emeritus_bishops = {{Ubl
| [[George Njaralakatt]]
| [[George Valiamattam]]
}}

| map =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =

|website = {{URL|archdioceseoftellicherry.org}}
| footnotes = <ref name="gcatholic.diocese.tell0.info"/><ref name="catholic-hierarchy.dtesm"/>
}}

The '''Archeparchy of Tellicherry''' (also anglicized as the '''Archdiocese of Thalassery''') is a [[Syro-Malabar Church]] ecclesiastical jurisdiction or arch[[eparchy]] of the [[Catholic Church]] in India. The boundaries of the Thalassery [[ecclesiastical province]] were extended to include [[Mangalore]], [[chikamagalur|Chickmangalore]], [[Mysore]], [[Shimoga]] and [[Ootty]] as there were settlers in the neighbouring States. The diocese covers an area of 18,000 km2 and a [[Catholic]] population of 273,826. Since 2022, [[Joseph Pamplany]] is the Metropolitan Archbishop.<ref name="catholic-hierarchy.dtesm">{{Cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Catholic-Hierarchy.org]] |url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dtesm.html |title=Tellicherry (Syro-Malabar Archeparchy) |date=17 March 2023 |access-date=19 March 2023 |publisher=David M. Cheney}}</ref>

The [[ecclesiastical province]] came into existence on 31 December 1953 through the [[papal bull]] ''Ad Christi Ecclesiam Regendam'' issued by [[Pope Pius XII]]. The boundaries of the new diocese were the same as those of the [[Latin Church]] Diocese of Calicut. Later, as Syro-Malabar Catholics migrated even to the states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, the boundaries were extended to the present Latin Diocese of Mangalore, Chickmangalur, Mysore, Shimoga, and Ootacamund by a decree of the Holy See on April 29, 1955.

== Malabar Migration ==
The history of the [[Malabar Migration]] and that of the ecclesiastical province of Thalassery are closely connected. The Thalassery diocese took up the struggle of the settlers, who were mostly Syriac Rite Catholics not accustomed to [[Roman Rite]] ceremonies. Petitions were sent to the [[Holy See]] by the bishops of the settlers, who had migrated to the British Malabar since 1930, requesting for a diocese of their own. [[Eugène-Gabriel-Gervais-Laurent Tisserant|Cardinal Tisserant]], the [[Congregation for the Oriental Churches|Prefect of the Oriental Congregation]] came to Malabar and personally saw the pitiable situation of the settlers. With the help of locals and priests, they started to make changes in the region.

==Ordinaries==
'''Bishops and Archbishops'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background: #efefef;" | Ordinary
! style="background: #ffdead;" | Designation
! style="background: #ffdead;" | Year of appointment
! style="background: #ffdead;" | Last year of service
|-
| [[Sebastian Valloppilly]]
| align="center" | Bishop
| align="center" | 1956
| align="center" | 1989
|-
| [[George Valiamattam]]
| align="center" | Archbishop
| align="center" | 1989
| align="center" | 2014
|-
| [[George Njaralakatt]]
| align="center" | Archbishop
| align="center" | 2014
| align="center" | 2022
|-
| [[Joseph Pamplany]]
| align="center" | Archbishop
| align="center" | 2022
| align="center" | ''present''
|}
'''Auxiliary Bishops'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background: #efefef;" | Ordinary
! style="background: #ffdead;" | Designation
! style="background: #ffdead;" | Year of appointment
! style="background: #ffdead;" | Last year of service
|-
| [[Joseph Pamplany]]
| align="center" | Auxiliary Bishop
| align="center" | 2017
| align="center" | 2022
|}

==Suffagran eparchies==
:* ''Source: GCatholic''<ref name="gcatholic.diocese.tell0">{{Cite web |url=https://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/tell0.htm |title=Metropolitan Archdiocese of Tellicherry, India (Syro-Malabar Rite) |date=1 March 2023 |access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref>
* [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Belthangady|Eparchy of Belthangady]]
* [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Bhadravathi|Eparchy of Bhadravathi]]
* [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Mandya|Eparchy of Mandya]]
* [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Mananthavady|Eparchy of Mananthavady]]
* [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Thamarassery|Eparchy of Thamarassery]]

== Churches under Archdiocese of Thalassery ==
The '''Archdiocese of Thalassery''' is home to 203 parishes divided under 19 foranes (proto-presbyteries). The Archdiocese contains several historic and spiritually significant churches, many of which are known as the "first migration churches of Malabar." These parishes served as the spiritual and social backbone for the early [[Syro-Malabar Church|Syro-Malabar]] migrants who settled in the northern high ranges of Kerala during the mid-20th century.

==See also==
* {{annotated link|Sacred Heart Schools, Angadikadavu}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.archdioceseoftellicherry.org Archdiocese of Thalassery website]
* [http://www.syromalabar.com/dioceses/thalassery/ Archdiocese of Thalassery -- Information & Photographs]
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.thesyromalabarchurch.org/thalassery.htm |title=Archdiocese of Thalassery |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061015144324/http://www.thesyromalabarchurch.org/thalassery.htm |archive-date=15 October 2006 |ref=none}}
* [http://vjec.ac.in Vimal Jyothi Engineering College, Chemperi]
* [https://vjim.ac.in Vimal Jyothi Institute of Management and Research, Chemperi]
* [https://adtjcs.com/archdioceseoftellicherry/administration/curia/archeparchial_curia Archeparchial curia {{!}} Archdiocese of Tellichery]
* [https://adtjcs.com/archdioceseoftellicherry/archeparchy/history History {{!}} Archdiocese of Tellichery]

{{Syro-Malabar Catholic Church Hierarchy}}
{{Christianity in Kerala}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Eastern Catholic dioceses in India|Thalassery]]
[[Category:Thalassery]]
[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholic dioceses|Thalassery]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1953]]
[[Category:Dioceses in Kerala]]
[[Category:Churches in Kannur district]]
[[Category:Eastern Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Kerala-stub}}
{{SyroMalabar-diocese-stub}}

Ram Chander Sihag

2026-03-08T05:26:48Z

Advsalahuddinahmed: Adding Basic Post Basic Info

{{Short description|Indian scientist (born 1952)}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Prof. (Dr.) Ram Chander Sihag
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 5 January 1952
| birth_place = Siwani Bolan (District Hisar, Haryana)
| field = Apiculture, Pollination Ecology
| work_institution = Haryana Agricultural University
| alma_mater = Haryana Agricultural University
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2024)
}}

'''Ram Chander Sihag''' (born 5 January 1952) is an Indian scientist recognized for his research in Apiculture and Pollination Ecology. He received the [[Padma Shri]] in 2024 for his contributions to Science and Engineering.<ref name="PadmaDashboard">{{cite web |url=https://dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Award=Padma%20Shri&Year=2024-2024&Place=Haryana |title=Padma Awards Dashboard – 2024 Haryana Awardees |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs |access-date=12 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="PadmaCitation">{{cite web |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Document/pdf/CitationsForTickets/2024/2024111.pdf |title=Padma Awards 2024 Citation: Ram Chander Sihag |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs |access-date=12 April 2025}}</ref>

== Education ==
Sihag completed his postgraduate and doctoral studies in Zoology, with a specialization in Apiculture, at [[Haryana Agricultural University]], [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]].<ref name="DainikBhaskar">{{cite news |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/haryana/hisar/news/dr-ram-chandra-sihag-honored-132575571.html |title=डॉ. राम चंद्र सिहाग को पद्मश्री से नवाजा गया |publisher=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi |date=27 January 2024 |access-date=12 April 2025}}</ref>

== Career ==
Sihag's professional career was primarily based at [[Haryana Agricultural University]], where he conducted research on honeybee management and crop pollination. His work focused on adapting beekeeping practices to the agro-climatic conditions of India. He retired from the university in 2012 and has since continued independent research and extension activities related to beekeeping.

== Research ==
Sihag's research has explored the interactions between insect pollinators and crop productivity, with a focus on [[Apis mellifera]] and native bee species. His publications address topics such as honeybee behavior and pollinator conservation. His work has been indexed in academic databases.<ref name="GoogleScholar">{{cite web |url=https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=6mRVq1kAAAAJ&hl=en |title=Ram Chander Sihag – Google Scholar profile |access-date=12 April 2025}}</ref> His research has specifically addressed aspects of Apis mellifera adaptation to arid conditions, which is significant to beekeeping practices in areas of India with such climates.

== Recognition ==
Sihag's work has been acknowledged in national and regional media, particularly in relation to his receipt of the Padma Shri award.<ref name="ZeeNews">{{cite news |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/delhi-ncr-haryana/padma-award-2024-haryana-winners-list-gurvinder-singh-dr-hariom-mahaveer-singh-guddu-ramchandra-sihag/2080443 |title=Padma Award 2024: Haryana Winners List |publisher=Zee News Hindi |date=26 January 2024 |language=hi |access-date=12 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="Tribune">{{cite news |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/keeper-of-bees-584952/ |title=Keeper of Bees |work=The Tribune |date=29 January 2024 |access-date=12 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="TOI">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/padma-shri-awards-2022-social-worker-to-singer/articleshow/107196129.cms |title=Padma Shri Awards: From social worker to singer |work=The Times of India |date=27 January 2024 |access-date=12 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="IndiaNewsCalling">{{cite web |url=https://www.indianewscalling.com/news/149575-.aspx |title=Dr. Ram Chander Sihag conferred with Padma Shri for pioneering work in Apiculture |publisher=India News Calling |date=28 January 2024 |access-date=12 April 2025}}</ref>

== Awards ==
* '''Padma Shri''' (2024) – Awarded by the Government of India for his contributions to science and engineering.<ref name="PadmaDashboard" /><ref name="PadmaCitation" />

== See also ==
* [[Beekeeping in India]]
* [[Pollination ecology]]
* [[Apis mellifera]]
* [[List of Padma Shri award recipients (2020–2029)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/ Padma Awards – Official Site]
* [https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=6mRVq1kAAAAJ Google Scholar Profile – Ram Chander Sihag]

[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian entomologists]]
[[Category:Beekeepers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University]]
[[Category:Scientists from Haryana]]
[[Category:Indian ecologists]]

Escape from Taliban

2026-03-03T11:47:33Z

Advsalahuddinahmed: added content as per guidelines and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Escape from Taliban
| image = Escape From Taliban 2004 DVD cover.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = Ujjwal Chatterjee
| producer = [[Ashok Khemka]] Vijay Nopany
| writer = [[Sushmita Banerjee]] (book ''A Kabuliwala's Bengali Wife'') Ujjwal Chatterjee (screenplay) Shubhrajyoti (dialogue)
| narrator =
| starring = [[Manisha Koirala]] [[Nawab Shah (actor)|Nawab Shah]]
| music = '''Songs:''' Babul Bose '''Score:''' [[Vanraj Bhatia]]
| cinematography = Vivek Banerjee
| editing = Ujjal Nandi
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2003|02|14|df=y}}
| runtime = 166 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi [[Urdu]] English
| budget = {{INR}} 3.50 crore<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=556|title=Escape from Taliban – Movie|publisher=Box Office India}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}} 1.44 crore<ref name="auto"/>
}}

'''''Escape from Taliban''''' is a 2003 Indian film directed by Ujjwal Chatterjee. The film is based on the story ''A Kabuliwala's Bengali Wife'' by [[Sushmita Banerjee]], who fled Afghanistan in 1995 after six years of living there with her [[Afghan people|Afghan]] husband.<ref>{{cite news|title=Afghan militants target, kill female author, police say|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/09/05/world/asia/afghanistan-indian-author-killed/index.html|publisher=CNN|date=5 September 2013|author=Chandrika Narayan|author2=Masoud Popalzai|access-date=5 September 2013|archive-date=5 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905220252/http://www.cnn.com/2013/09/05/world/asia/afghanistan-indian-author-killed/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Banerjee, whose book inspired this movie, was shot dead by suspected [[Taliban]] militants in Afghanistan in September 2013,<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Author Sushmita Banerjee killed by Taliban in Afghanistan|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/09/indian-author-sushmita-banerjee-killed-by-taliban-in-afghanistan/|accessdate=5 September 2013|archive-date=7 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907101406/http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/09/indian-author-sushmita-banerjee-killed-by-taliban-in-afghanistan/|url-status=live}}</ref> because they believed she was "an Indian spy".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-09-14 |title=‘We Killed Sushmita Banerjee’ |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/we-killed-sushmita-banerjee-says-renegade-taliban-militia/ |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=The Daily Beast |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story is based on the life of Sushmita Bannerjee, a [[Bengali Hindus|Bengali Hindu]] woman who was married to an [[Afghan people|Afghan]] businessman in 1989. She moved to Afghanistan in the same year and fled back to India in 1995 to escape the [[Taliban]], who issued a death sentence for her because she refused to abide by their rule on converting to [[Islam]].<ref name="guard">Jeevan Vasagar. "[https://www.theguardian.com/india/story/0,12559,898302,00.html Direct from Bollywood: Taliban the musical] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817222850/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/feb/19/india.afghanistan|date=17 August 2021}}." ''The Guardian''. 19 February 2003.</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Manisha Koirala]] as [[Sushmita Banerjee]] / Sayed Kamal
*[[Nawab Shah (actor)|Nawab Shah]] as Jaanbaaz
* Vineeta Malik as Abu
* [[Prithvi Zutshi]] as Dranai Chacha
* [[Alyy Khan]] as Abdul Malik
* [[Yusuf Hussain]] as Colonel Banerjee

==Production==

The film was shot in [[Jaisalmer]], Hyderabad, Mumbai and [[Ladakh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coventry and Warwickshire Films – Escape from Taliban |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/coventry/films/reviews/a_f/escape-from-taliban.shtml |access-date=2023-01-10 |publisher=BBC}}</ref>

== Music ==
Lyrics were penned by [[Mehboob]].

{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Ae Jaan-E-Jaan"
| [[Udit Narayan]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
|-
| "Titli Si Ud Chali"
| [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
| "Jeete Hain Yahan"
| [[Kumar Sanu]]
|-
| "Jeete Hain Yahan" (Arabic)
| Chorus
|-
| "Kahan Se Aate Hain"
| [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|-
| "Rimil Baba"
| [[Sadhana Sargam]], [[Babul Supriyo]], [[Sonu Nigam]]
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0312664|Escape from Taliban}}

[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:2003 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2000s Urdu-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Babul Bose]]
[[Category:Films set in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Documentary films about women in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Works about the Taliban]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Indian biographical drama films]]
[[Category:Indian historical drama films]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian films]]
[[Category:War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) films]]

{{2000s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Mammen Chandy

2026-02-24T08:37:14Z

Advsalahuddinahmed: improved section also and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian hematologist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''Mammen Chandy''' (born 30 August 1949)<ref name="asco">{{cite web |last1=Piana |first1=Ronald |title=Mammen Chandy, MD, FRACP, FRACPA: A Pioneer in India's Bone Marrow Transplantation Services |url=https://ascopost.com/issues/december-10-2021/mammen-chandy-md-fracp-fracpa-a-pioneer-in-india-s-bone-marrow-transplantation-services/ |website=The ASCO Post |access-date=23 June 2023}}</ref> is a former director of Tata Medical Center, [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{citation |title=Dr Mammen Chandy– Clinical Hematologist |url=http://www.web.tmckolkata.com/dr_details.php?pid=7&dr_id=22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002053128/http://www.web.tmckolkata.com/dr_details.php?pid=7&dr_id=22|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 October 2018}} </ref><nowiki> </nowiki> Chandy, an alumnus of [[Christian Medical College Vellore|Christian Medical College, Vellore]], was involved in establishing the first bone marrow transplantation program in India at Christian Medical College, Vellore in 1986. In January 2019, Chandy was awarded the Padma Shri for his contribution to the field of medicine.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://medicaldialogues.in/padma-honours-for-doctors-14-doctors-conferred-padma-shri-one-padma-bhushan/|title=Padma Honours for Doctors: 14 Doctors conferred Padma Shri, One Padma Bhushan|date=26 January 2019|work=Medical Dialogues|access-date=26 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Two-CMC-alumni-receive-honour-from-President/article14468400.ece|title=Two CMC alumni receive honour from President of India|work=The Hindu }}</ref> 

==Biography==
Chandy graduated from [[Christian Medical College]], Vellore in 1972 with a [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]]. He then joined the MD Medicine postgraduate programme in 1975.<ref name="asco" /> In 1979, Dr. Chandy was hired as a faculty member at his [[alma mater]]. He became Head of the Department of Hematology from 1987 to 2007, before retiring in 2009. {{Citation needed|date = June 2023}}

He did his fellowship in [[Hematology]] and [[Pathology]] at [[Westmead Center]], Sydney, Australia<ref name="asco"/> and obtained his FRACP and FRCPA in 1985.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}} After his fellowship, he rejoined the Department of Medicine at Christian Medical College and founded its clinical hematology unit. The unit was inaugurated as a separate unit in 1986.<ref name="asco" />

==Notable medical work==
In [[Christian Medical College Vellore]], Chandy was the first to do a bone marrow transplant on a patient with [[thalassemia]] in 1986.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2024-08-29 |title=History Today in Medicine - Prof. Dr. Mammen Chandy |url=https://cmeindia.in/history-today-in-medicine-prof-dr-mammen-chandy/ |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=CME INDIA |language=en-US}}</ref>

His team developed HLA laboratory, an assay for measuring Busufan levels by using the HPLC method, as well as establishing Diagnostic Molecular Biology tests for blood disorders.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Tata Group}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandy, Mammen}}
[[Category:Indian haematologists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]

{{India-med-bio-stub}}

Jai Veer Hanuman

2026-02-22T21:47:56Z

Advsalahuddinahmed: Added A Entry

{{short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| genre = [[Indian History]]
| creator =
| developer =
| writer =
| story =
| screenplay =
| director = C. S. Rao
| creative_director =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| theme_music_composer = [[Ravindra Jain]]
| open_theme =
| composer =
| end_theme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 40
| list_episodes =
| producer = G. A. Sheshagiri Rao
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 40–50 minutes
| company =
| network = [[Sony]]
| channel =
| released =
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|1995||}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=y|1996||}}
}}
'''''Jai Veer Hanuman''''' ({{Translation|''Glory to Brave lord [[Hanuman]]''}}) was an Indian series, that aired on [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]] in 1995. It was among the first TV series to be telecast on Sony. It was produced by Padmalya Telefilms Limited.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Padmalaya Telefilms Limited|newspaper=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/company/padmalaya-tele-20956/information/company-history}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|author=AMIT AGARWAL |date=May 31, 1996 |title=Bajrangbali's worshippers to have two Hanumans on TV|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19960615-bajrangbalis-worshippers-to-have-two-hanumans-on-tv-833227-1996-05-31|access-date=2022-02-09|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref> It starred [[Arun Govil]] as [[Rama|Ram]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arun Govil in Jai Veer Hanuman|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/apr/04ram.htm}}</ref> and [[Vindu Dara Singh|Vindu Singh]] as Hanuman.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vindu Singh as Hanuman|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=10 April 2020|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/first-father-became-face-hanuman-arun-govil-not-first-choice-rama-vindu-dara-singh/}}</ref>

== Premise ==
The story depicts the journey of Lord Hanuman from his birth to helping [[Lava (Ramayana)|Luv]] and [[Kusha (Ramayana)|Kush]].

== Cast ==
*[[Arun Govil]] as Ram
*[[Vindu Dara Singh|Vindu Singh]] as Hanuman
*[[Udaya Bhanu (actress)|Udaya Bhanu]] as Sita
* Bhavani Shankar as Lakshman
*[[Dara Singh]] as Kesari
*[[Goga Kapoor]] as Ravana

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]
[[Category:Television shows based on poems]]
[[Category:1995 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:1996 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:1990s Indian television series]]
[[Category:Television series based on the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Television series about Hanuman]]

Eastern Ghats

2026-02-14T14:55:07Z

Advsalahuddinahmed: Enhanced and reorganized content

{{Short description|Mountain range along the eastern coast of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Eastern Ghats
| photo = Andhra Pradesh - Landscapes from Andhra Pradesh, views from Indias South Central Railway (83).JPG
| photo_caption = Eastern Ghats at the [[Sri Venkateswara National Park]] near [[Talakona]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| country = India
| subdivision1_type = Regions
| subdivision1 = [[Eastern India|Eastern]] and [[Southern India]]
| subdivision2_type = States
| subdivision2 = {{hlist|[[Odisha]]|[[Andhra Pradesh]]|[[Tamil Nadu]]|[[Karnataka]]|[[Telangana]]}}

| geology = {{hlist|[[Charnockite]]|[[Granite]]|[[Khondalite]]|[[Metamorphic ]]|[[Quartzite]]}}
| orogeny =
| biome = [[Tropical forests]] and [[Wetlands]]

| area_km2 = 75000
| length_km = 1750
| length_orientation = N–S
| width_km = 100-200
| width_orientation = E–W
| highest = [[Arma Konda]]
| coordinates = {{coord|18|13|41|N|82|43|23|E|type:mountain|display=inline,title}}
| highest_location = Andhra Pradesh
| elevation_m = 1680
| elevation_ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=SOI Sheet Number 65J/12|url=https://onlinemaps.surveyofindia.gov.in|work=Survery of India|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="Arma">{{cite web|url=http://peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=52152|title=Arma Konda, India|work=Peak Bagger|access-date=1 June 2017|archive-date=15 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715233023/https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=52152|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

The '''Eastern Ghats''' is a mountain range that stretches {{cvt|1,750|km}} along the [[East Coast of India|eastern coast]] of the [[Indian peninsula]]. Covering an area of {{cvt|75,000|km2}}, it traverses the [[states and union territories of India|states]] of [[Odisha]], [[Telangana]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], and [[Tamil Nadu]]. The range forms a discontinuous chain of mountains along the eastern edge of the [[Deccan Plateau]], stretching from north of the [[Mahanadi River]] in Odisha to [[Vaigai River]] in Tamil Nadu at the southern end of the peninsula. The Eastern Ghats meet the [[Western Ghats]] at the [[Nilgiris]]. The average elevation is around {{cvt|600|m}} and [[Arma Konda]] is the highest peak in the mountains at {{cvt|1680|m}}.

Geological evidence indicates that the mountains were formed during the [[archeozoic]] era and became part of the [[Indian subcontinent]] post the break-up of the supercontinent of [[Rodinia]] and the formation of [[Gondwana]]. The mountains were formed through further [[metamorphism]] during the mid-[[Proterozoic]] era. The northern section of the range has an elevation ranging from {{cvt|900-1400|m}} and lies mostly in Odisha. The middle section stretches up to the [[Penna River]] and consists of two parallel ranges with an average elevation of {{cvt|520|m}}. At the southern end, the range is made up of several smaller hills.

The Eastern Ghats form a part of one of the major [[Drainage basin|watersheds]] of India, consisting of many perennial river systems such as the [[Godavari]], [[Krishna River|Krishna]], Mahanadi and [[Kaveri]]. Because of the higher elevation of the Deccan Plateau on the west, most rivers originate from the Western Ghats and flow eastwards to cut across the range to the [[Bay of Bengal]]. As the mountains are discontinuous and have a lower elevation, they have a considerably lesser influence than the Western Ghats on the weather patterns in India. However, [[orography]] studies indicate that the range does play a role in bringing rainfall to the eastern coastal areas.

The weather is normally dry and humid with seasonal rainfall. There are nine different forest types found in the region including [[evergreen forests|evergreen]], [[deciduous]] and [[Thorns, spines, and prickles|thorn]] forests. The Eastern Ghats region contains a large number of different species of flora and fauna, some of which are endemic to this region.

== Etymology ==
The name Eastern Ghats derives from the word [[ghat]] and the cardinal direction in which it is located with respect to the Indian mainland. ''Ghat'', a term used in the Indian subcontinent, depending on the context, could either refer to a [[Geography of India#Coastal plains and ghats|range of stepped hills]] such as the Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats, or a series of steps leading down to a body of water or [[wharf]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Sunithi L. Narayan|author2=Revathy Nagaswami|title=Discover Sublime India|publisher=[[University of Michigan]]|year=1992|page=5}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/ghat|title=Ghat definition|access-date=30 January 2019|work=[[Cambridge dictionary]]|archive-date=30 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130053346/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/ghat|url-status=live}}</ref> As per linguist [[Thomas Burrow]], the word ''Ghat'' was derived from similar words used in various [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] languages such as ''kattu'' (mountain side, ridge, or dam) in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], ''katte'' (dam), ''gatta'' (mountain), and ''gatte'' (bank or shore) in [[Kannada]], and ''katta'' (dam), and ''gattu'' (shore or embankment) in [[Telugu language|Telugu]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Jaini|first=Padmanabh S.|title=Jainism and Early Buddhism|year=2003|publisher=Jain Publishing Company|pages=528|isbn=978-0-8958-1956-7}}</ref>

== Geology ==
[[File:Khondalite suite of rocks (Eastern Ghats) at Tenneti park beach.JPG|thumb|[[Khondalite]] is one of the major rock types found in the Eastern Ghats.]]

The Eastern Ghats are an ancient [[orogenic]] belt which started forming during the collision of crustal rocks during the [[archeozoic]] era. Geologic evidence indicates that these became part of the Indian subcontinent following the break-up of the super-continent of Rodinia and the creation of Gondwana. The mountains were formed over millions of years through [[metamorphism]], and [[erosion]] and are significantly older than the Western Ghats.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lakesofindia.com/2022/08/27/the-eastern-ghats-of-india-in-depth/#:~:text=Eastern%20Ghats%2C%20an%20ancient%20orogenic,older%20than%20the%20Western%20Ghats|title=Eastern Ghats: an ancient orogenic, older than the Western Ghats|work=Lakes of India|access-date=27 August 2022}}</ref><ref name="PA">{{cite web|url=https://peakvisor.com/range/eastern-ghats.html|title=Eastern Ghats|work=Peakvisor|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> The rock layers were largely formed during the mid-proterozoic era by the accumulation of [[silt]], [[carbonates]] and [[basalt]] which later became [[khondalite]] and [[calcium silicate]] rocks. The major rock types found are [[charnockite]], [[granite]], khondalite, [[metamorphic]], and [[quartzite]].<ref name="PA"/><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://virtualexplorer.com.au/system/files/papers/00254/assets/proterozoic-eastern-ghats-belt.pdf|title=Proterozoic Eastern Ghats Belt, India – a witness of multiple orogenies and its lineage with ancient supercontinents|author1=Subrata Karmakar|author2=Sankar Bose|author3=Kaushik Das|author4=Somnath Dasgupta|journal=Journal of the Virtual Explorer|issn=1441-8142|volume=32|year=2009|access-date=7 November 2024|archive-date=14 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414202540/https://virtualexplorer.com.au/system/files/papers/00254/assets/proterozoic-eastern-ghats-belt.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the [[mesoproterozoic]] era, the range was compacted and re-aligned north-east. The structure includes multiple [[Thrust fault|thrusts]] and [[strike-slip fault]]s along its range.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sriramadas |first1=A. |date=November 1967 |title=Geology of Eastern Ghats in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2FBF03052185.pdf#page-1 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section B |volume=66 |issue=5 |pages=200–205 |doi=10.1007/BF03052185 |s2cid=126925893}}</ref> The [[Eparchaean Unconformity]] of the [[Tirumala Hills]] is a major [[unconformity|discontinuity]] of [[stratigraphy|stratigraphic]] significance that represents an extensive period of erosion and [[Deposition (geology)|non-deposition]], which is evident from the steep natural slopes, and ravines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/pls/portal/url/page/GSI_STATIC/GSI_STAT_GEO_TOURISM_MONUMENTS|title=Eparchaean Unconformity, Tirumala Ghat section|access-date=20 September 2009| publisher=[[Geological Survey of India]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130419091251/http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/pls/portal/url/page/GSI_STATIC/GSI_STAT_GEO_TOURISM_MONUMENTS|archive-date=19 April 2013| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Geological Monuments of India: Eparchaean Unconformity (Tirupati Tirupati Road)|pages=5–8|publisher=[[Geological Survey of India]]| year=2001}}</ref> Along the western edge, [[sedimentary rocks]] were deposited due to [[volcanic]] activity, which and later formed [[schist]] belts. The region consists of [[bauxite]], [[iron ore]] and [[limestone]] reserves. The major soil types found are [[red soil|red]], [[chernozem|black]], [[laterite soil|laterite]], and [[alluvial soil|alluvial]].<ref name="PA"/>

== Geography ==
[[File:Indiahills.png|thumb|Mountain ranges of India, showing the Eastern Ghats]]

The Eastern Ghats extend from north of the [[Mahanadi River]] and run approximately {{cvt|1750|km}} to the [[Vaigai River|Vaigai basin]] in the south of Indian peninsula.<ref name="BSI">{{cite report|url=https://bsi.gov.in/uploads/userfiles/file/ENVIS/PAMPLETS/Pamplet_Endemic%20Flowering%20Plants%20of%20Eastern%20Ghats,%20India.pdf|title=Endemic Flowering Plants of Eastern Ghats|page=2|publisher=[[Botanical Survey of India]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> It covers an area of {{cvt|160,000|km2}}, traversing across the [[States and union territories of India|Indian states]] of [[Odisha]] (25%), [[Telangana]] (5%), [[Andhra Pradesh]] (40%), [[Karnataka]] (5%), and [[Tamil Nadu]] (25%).<ref name="Eco">{{cite web|url=https://india.mongabay.com/2020/02/climate-change-land-use-change-may-enhance-plant-species-loss-in-the-eastern-ghats/|title=Climate change, land-use change may enhance plant species loss in the Eastern Ghats|date=26 February 2020|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[Mongabay]]|archive-date=26 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526142755/https://india.mongabay.com/2020/02/climate-change-land-use-change-may-enhance-plant-species-loss-in-the-eastern-ghats/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="EG">{{cite report|url=http://cgrindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Eastern-Ghats-Environment-Outlook-compressed.pdf|title=Eastern Ghats environmental outlook|publisher=Greens Alliance for Conservation of Eastern Ghats|date=March 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=12 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812064012/http://cgrindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Eastern-Ghats-Environment-Outlook-compressed.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|page=24}}

=== Topography ===
The Eastern Ghats form a discontinuous chain of mountains with an average elevation of {{cvt|600|m}} and run parallel to the [[East Coast of India|eastern coast of India]] along the Bay of Bengal.<ref name="PA"/><ref name="Brit">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ghats#ref233982|title=Ghats|encyclopedia=[[Britannica]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> The [[Eastern coastal plains]] are the {{cvt|100-130|km}} wide region between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=42501|title=Physiography of Water|date=9 September 2008|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Population of India|publisher=Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations|year=1982|page=2}}</ref> The average width of the mountains range from {{cvt|100-200|km}} with the mountains wider in the north and narrower in the south.<ref name="BSI"/><ref name="EG"/>{{rp|page=24}} [[Arma Konda]] is the highest peak in the mountains at {{cvt|1680|m}}.<ref name="Brit"/><ref name="Herb">{{cite web|url=https://indiaflora-ces.iisc.ac.in/EasternGhats/easternghats.php|title=Eastern Ghats|work=[[Indian Institute of Science]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=15 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915200014/https://indiaflora-ces.iisc.ac.in/EasternGhats/easternghats.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

The range can be roughly divided into three separate sections. The northern section of the range lies majorly in Odisha and stretches from the Similipal hills in the north to the Andhra Pradesh border. It has an elevation ranging from {{cvt|900-1400|m}} with the highest peak at [[Deomali (mountain)|Deomali]] (1672 m).<ref name="Herb"/><ref name="EG"/>{{rp|page=24}} The central section lies in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh and stretches up to the [[Penna River]]. It consists of two parallel ranges with an average elevation of {{cvt|520|m}} and is separated by a {{cvt|160|km}} wide gorge through which the rivers [[Godavari]] and [[Krishna River|Krishna]] flow. The hills continue as [[Javadi Hills|Javadi]] and [[Shevaroy Hills]], south of [[Chennai]] and meet with the Western Ghats at [[Nilgiris]]. The [[Biligiriranga Hills|Biligiriranga]] and [[Malai Mahadeshwara Hills]] in Karnataka extend to Talamalai in Tamil Nadu, and is separated from the Western Ghats meet by the [[Moyar River]] valley.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://cgrindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Eastern-Ghats-Environment-Outlook-compressed.pdf|title=Eastern Ghats Environment Outlook|date=March 2024|access-date=1 June 2025|work=CGRI|page=24}}</ref> At the southern end, the Eastern Ghats is made up of several smaller hills such as the [[Sirumalai]].<ref name="Brit"/><ref name="Herb"/><ref name="EG"/>{{rp|page=24}}

{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable defaultleft collapsible" style="font-size: 85%"
|+Hill ranges of Eastern Ghats<ref name="EG"/>{{rp|page=25}}
|-
!Section
!State
!Range
!District
|-
|rowspan="7"|North
|rowspan="7"|[[Odisha]]
|[[Similipal]]
|[[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]]
|-
|[[Garhjat Hills|Garhjat]]
|[[Bargarh district|Bargarh]], [[Jharsuguda district|Jharsuguda]], [[Kendujhar district|Kendujhar]], [[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]], [[Subarnapur district|Subarnapur]], [[Sundergarh district|Sundergarh]]
|-
|[[Gandhamardan Hills|Gandhamardan]]
|[[Balangir district|Balangir]], [[Bargarh district|Bargarh]], [[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]]
|-
|[[Kandhamal]]
|[[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]], [[Phulbani district|Phulbani]]
|-
|[[Niyamgiri]]
|[[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]], [[Rayagada district|Rayagada]]
|-
|[[Deomali (mountain)|Deomali]]
|[[Koraput district|Koraput]]
|-
|[[Mahendragiri (Odisha)|Mahendragiri]]
|[[Gajapati district|Gajapati]]
|-
|rowspan="11"|Central
|rowspan="11"|{{nowrap|[[Andhra Pradesh]]}} [[Telangana]]
|-
|[[Palakonda]], Antikonda, Burrakonda, [[Pathapatnam]], [[Mandasa]], [[Sompeta]]
|[[Parvathipuram Manyam district|Parvathipuram]], [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]]
|-
|[[Salur]], Peddakonda, Duggeru, Gurupam, Kalikonda, Sunkarimetta, Madgole&ndash;[[Ananthagiri Hills|Anantagiri]], [[Chintapalli, Alluri Sitharama Raju district|Chintapalli]]&ndash;Sapparla&ndash;[[Gudem kotha veedhi|Gudem]]&ndash;Marripakala
|[[Alluri Sitharama Raju district|Alluri]], [[Parvathipuram Manyam district|Parvathipuram]], [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]], [[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]]
|-
|Gurthedu, [[Addateegala]], [[Rampachodavaram]], Maredumili, Bison Hills
|[[Alluri Sitharama Raju district|Alluri]], [[East Godavari district|East Godavari]]
|-
|[[Polavaram, Eluru district|Polavaram]], [[Papikonda National Park|Papikonda]]
|[[Alluri Sitharama Raju district|Alluri]], [[Eluru district|Eluru]], [[West Godavari district|West Godavari]]
|-
|[[Kondapalli]]
|[[Krishna district|Krishna]]
|-
|[[Kondaveedu Fort|Kondaveedu]]
|[[Palnadu district|Palnadu]]
|-
|[[Nallamala Hills|Nallamala]]
|[[Guntur district|Guntur]], [[Kurnool district|Kurnool]], [[Nagarkurnool district|Nagarkurnool]], [[Nalgonda district|Nalgonda]], [[Prakasam district|Prakasam]], [[Wanaparthy district|Wanaparthy]]
|-
|Yerramala, [[Palakonda]]
|[[Kadapa district|Kadapa]]
|-
|Veligonda
|[[Nellore district|Nellore]]
|-
|[[Seshachalam Hills|Seshachalam]], [[Sri Lankamalleswara Wildlife Sanctuary|Lankamala]], [[Nagari, Andhra Pradesh|Nagari]], Kambakkam
|[[Chittoor district|Chittoor]], [[Kadapa district|Kadapa]], [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]
|-
|rowspan="9"|South
|rowspan="9"|{{nowrap|[[Karnataka]]}} [[Tamil Nadu]]
|[[Biligiriranga Hills|Biligiriranga]]
|[[Chamarajanagar district|Chamarajanagar]]
|-
|Kambakkam
|[[Vellore district|Vellore]]
|-
|[[Javadi Hills|Javadi]]
|[[Tirupathur district|Tirupathur]], [[Tiruvannamalai district|Tiruvannamalai]], [[Vellore district|Vellore]]
|-
|[[Gingee]]
|[[Viluppuram district|Viluppuram]]
|-
|[[Servarayan Hills|Servarayan]], [[Kalrayan Hills|Kalrayan]]
|[[Salem district|Salem]]
|-
|[[Kolli Hills|Kollimalai]], [[Bodhamalai]], Nainamalai
|[[Namakkal district|Namakkal]]
|-
|[[Chitteri Hills|Chitteri]]
|[[Dharmapuri district|Dharmapuri]]
|-
|[[Melagiri]]
|[[Dharmapuri district|Dharmapuri]], [[Krishnagiri district|Krishnagiri]]
|-
|[[Pachaimalai Hills|Pachaimalai]]
|[[Tiruchirappalli district|Tiruchirappalli]]
|}

=== Hydrology ===
[[File:Early_morning_in_Godavari_02.jpg|thumb|[[Godavari]] is the largest river in the region and cuts through the range.]]

The Eastern Ghats form one of the major [[Drainage basin|watersheds]] of India with major river systems such as [[Godavari]], [[Kaveri]], [[Krishna River|Krishna]] and [[Mahanadi]] cutting across the range.<ref name="PA"/><ref name="Herb"/><ref>{{cite book|title=The Indian Rivers: Scientific and Socio-economic Aspects|author= Dhruv Sen Singh|year=2017|isbn=978-9-8110-2984-4|publisher=[[Springer Science]]|page=309}}</ref> Most rivers flow eastwards towards the Bay of Bengal owing to the steeper gradient moving from east to west.<ref>{{cite book|title=Western Ghats - From Ecology To Economics|author1=Shanavas P H|author2=Sumesh A K|author3=Haris P M|year=2016|isbn=978-9-3852-4758-3|publisher=Educreation Publishing|pages=27–29}}</ref> The Eastern Ghats are the source for many small and medium rivers of the east coastal plains.<ref>{{cite book |author1=T. Pullaiah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pSXidQZupHYC&pg=PR3 |title=Flora of Eastern Ghats : hill range of South East India. |author2=D. Muralidhara Rao |publisher=Regency Publications |year=2002 |isbn=978-81-87498-49-0 |page=3}}</ref>

{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable defaultleft collapsible" style="font-size: 85%"
|+ Minor rivers of the Eastern Ghats<ref name="EG"/>{{rp|page=36}}
|-
![[Riparian zone|Riparian state]]
!Rivers
|-
|[[Odisha]]
|[[Baitarani]], [[Brahmani River|Brahmani]], [[Budhabalanga]], [[Nagavali River|Nagavali]], [[Rushikulya]], [[Sabari River|Sabari]], [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]], [[Vamsadhara River|Vamsadhara]]
|-
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|[[Champavathi River|Champavathi]], [[Chitravathi River|Chitravathi]], [[Gosthani River|Gosthani]], [[Gundlakamma River|Gundlakamma]], [[Kundu River|Kundu]], [[Penna River|Penna]], [[Sarada River|Sarada]], [[Sileru River|Sileru]], [[Swarnamukhi]], [[Tammileru]]
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|[[Amaravathi River|Amaravathi]], [[Palar]], [[Ponnaiyar River|Ponnaiyar]], [[Swetha River|Swetha]], [[Thamirabarani River|Thamirabharani]], [[Varaha River|Varaha]], [[Vaigai]], [[Vellar River|Vellar]]
|}

The streams and rivers give rise to numerous waterfalls in the region. The region also consists of many [[wetlands]] and large coastal [[lagoons]] such as the [[Chilika Lake|Chilika]], [[Kolleru lake|Kolleru]] and [[Pulicat Lake|Pulicat]] lakes.<ref name="EG"/>{{rp|page=36}} The rivers have been dammed for [[hydroelectric]] and [[irrigation]] purposes, with major reservoirs spread across the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/resources/statistics/stat233.htm|title=Indian Dams by River and State|work=Rain water harvesting|access-date=19 March 2007|archive-date=19 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070319061137/http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/resources/statistics/stat233.htm|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=R.L.|last1=Samani|first2=A.P.|last2=Ayhad|title=Silting Problems in Hydropower Plants|editor=S. P. Kaushish|editor2=B. S. K. Naidu|publisher=Central Board of Irrigation and Power|location=Bangkok|year=2002|chapter=Siltation of Reservoirs-Koyna Hydroelectric Project-A Case Study|isbn=978-90-5809-238-0}}</ref>

== Climate ==
[[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_IND_present.svg|thumb|Climatic zones in India]]

As the mountains are discontinuous and have a lower elevation, they have a considerably lesser influence than the Western Ghats on the [[weather in India|weather patterns in India]]. However, [[orography]] studies indicate that the range does play a role in rainfall patterns along the coast. The range blocks winds at the low level which brings rainfall to the eastern coastal plains.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/146/4/mwr-d-16-0473.1.xml|title=Role of Eastern Ghats Orography and Cold Pool in an Extreme Rainfall Event over Chennai on 1 December 2015|author=Jayesh Phadtare|date=1 April 2018|pages=943–965|journal=Monthly Weather Report|publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]|access-date=7 November 2024|archive-date=18 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418203905/https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/146/4/mwr-d-16-0473.1.xml|url-status=live}}</ref> The Eastern Ghats region has a [[tropical climate]] and receives rainfall from the [[monsoon]]. It is hot in the summers with temperatures reaching {{cvt|44|°C}} during summer with [[humidity]] levels of 65–75%. The northern region receives {{cvt|120-150|cm}} of rainfall and the lower regions receive {{cvt|60-110|cm}} of rain. The temperature is lowest in the winter month of January with an average of {{cvt|20-25|°C}}. The higher hill ranges are generally wetter and cooler with the lower parts remaining semi-arid and dry. The coastal regions experience [[tropical cyclones]] during the monsoon season.<ref name="Herb"/><ref name="EG"/>{{rp|page=28}}

== Bio-diversity ==
=== Flora ===
[[File:Cauvery_Wildlife_Sanctuary_9.JPG|thumb|[[South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests|Dry deciduous]] forests are common across the region.]]

There are nine forest types in the Eastern Ghats region, namely [[evergreen forests|tropical evergreen]], [[Odisha semi-evergreen forests|semi-evergreen]], [[Eastern Highlands moist deciduous forests|moist deciduous]], [[riverine forest|riverine]], [[South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests|southern dry deciduous]], [[Northern dry deciduous forests|northern dry deciduous]], [[grasslands|dry savannah]], [[Deccan thorn scrub forests|thorn scrub]], and [[East Deccan dry evergreen forests|dry evergreen forests]].<ref name="BSI"/> The vegetation varies considerably with altitude with scrubs and dry forests at lower altitudes and deciduous, semi-evergreen forests, and evergreen forests at higher altitudes.<ref name="Herb"/> Tropical evergreen forests occur in small patches in [[Shevroy]] in Tamil Nadu and in north Andhra Pradesh. Semi-evergreen forests are found in the northern section and southern fringes. Moist deciduous forests occur in Odisha and [[Nallamala]] in Andhra Pradesh&ndash;Telangana. Dry deciduous, dry savannah and scrub forests occur across the range. Dry evergreen forests are limited to south Andhra Pradesh, and north Tamil Nadu.<ref name="EG"/>{{rp|page=44}}

The region is home to more than 4500 species of [[angiosperms]], which account for 13% of the flowering plant species in India.<ref name="Herb"/><ref name="PA"/> About 166 species of flowering plants are [[endemic]] to the Eastern Ghats and more than ten new species have been discovered in the region since the early 2010s.<ref name="BSI"/> About 184 species of [[ferns]], and 190 species of [[orchids]] have been recorded in the region.<ref name="EG"/>{{rp|page=43}} Commercially viable tree species include [[Indian rosewood]], [[teak]], [[mahogany]], and [[red sandalwood]].<ref name="EG"/>{{rp|page=44}}<ref name="PA"/>

=== Fauna ===
[[File:Slender_Loris.jpg|thumb|The [[grey slender loris]] is limited to [[South India]] and parts of [[Sri Lanka]].]]

{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable defaultcenter col1left collapsible" style="font-size: 85%"
|+Bio-diversity of Eastern Ghats<ref name="EG"/>{{rp|page=42}}
|-
!Group
!Species in Eastern Ghats
!Species in India
|-
|[[Mammals]]
|100
|250
|-
|[[Birds]]
|425
|1224
|-
|[[Reptiles]]
|99
|197
|-
|[[Amphibians]]
|100
|408
|-
|[[Fishes]]
|155
|2546
|}

Mammals found in the region include the [[Bengal tiger]], [[leopard]], [[sloth bear]], [[Indian wild dog]], [[golden jackal]], [[Indian fox]], and other cat species such as [[jungle cat]], [[fishing cat]], and [[leopard cat]]. Large herbivores include [[Indian elephant]], [[blackbuck]], [[sambar deer]], [[spotted deer]], [[barking deer]], [[Indian gazelle]], [[four-horned antelope]], [[Indian bison]], [[wild boar]], [[Indian crested porcupine]], [[mouse deer]], and [[nilgai]]. Other smaller mammals include [[grey slender loris]], [[Indian hare]], [[Indian hedgehog]], [[Indian mongoose]], [[mole rat]], [[smooth coated otter]], [[Indian pangolin]], [[palm civet]], [[Indian giant flying squirrel]], and [[Madras treeshrew]].<ref name="EG"/>{{rp|page=43}} [[Bonnet macaque]], [[rhesus macaque]], and [[Hanuman langur]] are the major [[primates]]. The region is also home to more than 15 species of [[bats]].<ref name="EG"/>{{rp|page=44}}

[[File:JC_PJ.jpg|thumb|The [[Jerdon's courser]] was thought to be [[extinct in the wild]] before it was re-discovered in the range in 1986.]]

Bird surveys have found about 425 species belonging to 57 families in the region. Four species of [[hornbills]] are found in the region and are considered [[keystone species]].<ref name="EG"/>{{rp|page=50}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/for-joy-of-birdwatching/article7433993.ece|title=For joy of birdwatching|last=Ganguly|first=Nivedita|date=17 July 2015|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 June 2020|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414042628/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/for-joy-of-birdwatching/article7433993.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Jerdon's courser]] was thought to be [[extinct in the wild]] before it was re-discovered in the range in 1986. More than 50% of the wild population of the [[critically endangered]] [[Indian bustard]] is found in the region.<ref name="EG"/>{{rp|page=53}} Common and widespread species include the [[red-vented bulbul]], [[white-browed bulbul]], [[red-whiskered bulbul]], [[common iora]], and [[purple-rumped sunbird]]. Five species of birds that are endemic to the Western Ghats region have been sighted in the fringes of the Eastern Ghats. These include [[grey-headed bulbul]], [[Nilgiri wood pigeon]], [[Malabar parakeet]], [[crimson-backed sunbird]], and [[rufous babbler]]. Other species of avifauna include [[laughing dove]], [[Indian nightjar]], [[jungle owlet]], [[red avadavat]], [[Malayan night heron]], [[striated heron]], [[white-naped woodpecker]], [[savanna nightjar]], [[brown hawk-owl]], [[Nilgiri flowerpecker]], [[spot-bellied eagle-owl]], [[blue-eared kingfisher]], [[green imperial pigeon]], [[oriental dwarf kingfisher]], [[Indian swiftlet]], and [[white-browed fantail]]. [[Raptor (bird)|Raptors]] included [[white-eyed buzzard]], [[grey-headed fish eagle]], [[lesser fish eagle]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/article/view/2763/4132|title=A reassessment of the avian species diversity in the Eastern Ghats of Tamil Nadu, after the Vernay Survey|author1=J. Patrick David|author2=R.J. Ranjit Daniels|author3=Vinoth Balasubramanian|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|date=6 August 2017|volume=9|issue=8|access-date=7 November 2024|archive-date=6 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240906123109/https://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/article/view/2763/4132|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Nocturnal birds in the Eastern Ghats of Tamil Nadu|url=https://indianbirds.in/pdfs/IB_11_2_DavidVinoth_EasternGhats.pdf|author1=J. Patrick David|author2=B. Vinoth|year=2016|journal=Indian Birds|volume=11|issue=2|pages=39–41}}</ref> Two species of [[critically endangered]] [[vultures]] &ndash; [[Indian vulture]] and [[red-headed vulture]] have been reported in the region.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/endangered-vultures-sighted-in-raichur/article3832861.ece|title=Endangered vultures sighted in Raichur|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=29 August 2012|access-date=28 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/critically-endangered-vulture-found-in-adilabad-district/article4784430.ece|title=Critically endangered vulture found in Adilabad district|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=5 June 2013|access-date=28 July 2013|archive-date=13 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130713024126/http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/critically-endangered-vulture-found-in-adilabad-district/article4784430.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

There are about 99 [[reptile]] species found in the region. These include [[Bengal monitor|Indian monitor lizard]], and endemic species such as [[Hemiphyllodactylus aurantiacus|Yercaud slender gecko]], [[Barkudia melanosticta|burrowing limbless skink]], [[Sepsophis punctatus|spotted Eastern Ghats skink]], and [[Barkudia insularis|Madras spotted skink]]. The [[Indian golden gecko]], and [[Jeypore ground gecko]] were rediscovered in 1986 and 2010 respectively.<ref name="EG"/>{{rp|page=49}}<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|pages=1109–1103|volume=2|issue=8|date=26 July 2010|title=Three little known reptile species from the Araku Valley, Eastern Ghats with notes on their distribution|author1=Basundhara Chettri|author2=S. Bhupathy|doi=10.11609/JoTT.o2329.1109-13|url=http://threatenedtaxa.org/ZooPrintJournal/2010/July/o236026vii101109-1113.pdf|access-date=19 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101102130/http://threatenedtaxa.org/ZooPrintJournal/2010/July/o236026vii101109-1113.pdf|archive-date=1 November 2012}}</ref> Other reptiles include [[Gekkonidae|geckos]], [[Scincidae|skinks]], [[Lacertidae|lacertas]], [[Agamidae|iguanas]], [[Chameleonidae|chameleons]], and [[Varanidae|monitors]]. [[Snakes]] include [[Typhlopidae|blind snakes]], [[Uropeltidae|shield-tailed snakes]], [[Erycidae|sand boas]], [[Elapidae|cobras]], [[vipers]], [[kraits]], [[coral snakes]], and [[Pythonidae|python]]. There are about 100 species of [[amphibians]] found in the region including [[toads]], [[pond frogs]], [[cricket frogs]], [[bull frogs]], [[Indian burrowing frog|burrowing frogs]], [[balloon frogs]], [[Microhyla|small-mouthed frogs]], [[tree frogs]], and [[golden-backed frogs]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.ajcb.in/journals/full_papers_july_2018/AJCB-Vol7-No1-Ganesh%20et%20al.pdf|title=Herpetofauna of Southern Eastern Ghats, India – II From Western Ghats to Coromandel Coast|author=S.R.Ganesh|date=30 June 2018|journal=Asian Journal of Conservation Biology|volume=7|issue=1|pages=28–45|issn=2278-7666|access-date=7 November 2024|archive-date=29 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629072538/http://ajcb.in/journals/full_papers_july_2018/AJCB-Vol7-No1-Ganesh%20et%20al.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> There are also about 155 species of [[freshwater fish]] from 28 families found across the waters in the region. [[Insects]] include nearly 150 species of [[butterflies]] and nine species of [[tarantulas]] amongst others.<ref name="EG"/>{{rp|page=51}}

=== Threats and conservation ===
A 2017 study indicated that the Eastern Ghats region has lost about {{cvt|32200|km2}} forest cover between 1920 and 2015. Forests which occupied 43.5% of the land area reduced by nearly 16 percent.<ref name="EG"/>{{rp|page=119}} An estimated 7.92 percent of the forest area converted for agriculture and 3.80 percent to grasslands from 1920 to 2015. As of 2018, only 3.53 percent of the total area was declared as [[List of Protected areas in India|protected areas]].<ref name="Eco"/> The major threats included [[illegal logging]], [[mining]], [[grazing]], [[agriculture]], [[forest fires]] and [[tourism]], [[poaching]], and illegal tapping of forest resources which have resulted in [[deforestation]] and fragmentation of forests.<ref name="BSI"/><ref name="Eco"/> Various [[natural disasters]] such as heavy rainfalls, extreme temperature, environmental changes, competition due to [[invasive species]] have been threats to the biodiversity in the region. The absence of [[pollinators]] have also had an effect on the natural regeneration of vegetation.<ref name="BSI"/>

[[File:Red_sandalwood_logs_at_kapiltirtham0.jpg|thumb|left|Seized illegally felled [[red sandalwood|red sanders]] logs in Andhra Pradesh.]]

Till 1980, logging was a major contributor for the loss of forest cover with decrease in tree species such as [[teak]], [[Sal (tree)|sal]], [[red sandalwood|red sanders]], and sandalwood. Though laws in 1988 curtailed illegal logging, wood is still quarried by people for making [[charcoal]], [[firewood]], and construction.<ref name="EG"/>{{rp|page=91}} Forest produce is a source of income for people living in the fringes of the ranges. Over harvesting of forest produce for [[fodder]], [[traditional medicine]], and domestic uses along with unscientific extraction methods and burning of forests have been threats.<ref name="EG"/>{{rp|page=92}} The introduction of alien species either by deliberate or non deliberate means have resulted in competition to native species.<ref name="EG"/>{{rp|page=93}} The construction of large [[dams]] across rivers in the region have submerged more than {{cvt|2300|km2}} of forest cover.<ref name="EG"/>{{rp|page=94}}

[[File:Banki, Odisha, India - panoramio (1).jpg|thumb|An abandoned mine in Odisha.]]

The Eastern Ghats region is rich in [[minerals]] and [[semi-precious stones]]. Illegal mining, poor mining processes, over exploitation, and unsafe disposal of debris have resulted in issues bio-degeneration of the areas.<ref name="EG"/>{{rp|page=98–99}} Eight of the 29 forest fire prone districts are located in the region and, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh recorded the most forest fires in 2014. With more than 90% of these fires caused by humans, this has resulted in loss of forest cover.<ref name="EG"/>{{rp|page=101}} Practices such as [[shifting cultivation]], [[plantations]], and illegal encroachments are the major agricultural contributors to deforestation.<ref name="EG"/>{{rp|page=103, 107}} Increased [[urbanisation]], and expansion of cities, construction of roads and railways, and tourism have led to encroachments into forest lands, and threats to bio-diversity in the region.<ref name="EG"/>{{rp|page=112, 114}}

The [[Government of India]] had enacted various policies over the years to address the environmental concerns, access to forest resources, and protection of wildlife.<ref name="EG"/>{{rp|page=140}} Three [[List of national parks in India|national parks]], two [[biosphere reserves]], and 22 [[List of wildlife sanctuaries in India|wildlife sanctuaries]] are present in the Eastern Ghats region. The protected areas include five [[List of tiger reserves in India|tiger reserves]] under the [[Project Tiger]], and an elephant reserve under the [[Project Elephant]] protection plans. About 13 eco-sensitive zones have been declared, which are jointly managed with the local communities.<ref name="EG"/>{{rp|page=144–146}}

[[File:Coringa_Wildlife_Sanctuary_1.jpg|thumb|Birds at the [[Godavari River]] estuary at the [[Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary]]]]
[[File:Blackbucks_Sparring.jpg|thumb|[[Blackbuck]]s at the [[Rollapadu Wildlife Sanctuary]]]]
[[File:Steep_cliffs_are_a_common_sight_in_Sunabeda_wildlife_Sanctuary.jpg|thumb|[[Sunabeda Wildlife Sanctuary]]]]

{|class="wikitable sortable collapsible defaultleft" style="font-size: 85%"
|+ Protected areas<ref name="EG"/>{{rp|page=143}}<ref>{{cite report|url=https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-04/9%20Compendium%20Book_2021_Low%20%281%29%20%282%29.pdf|title=National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries in India|work=[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]], [[Government of India]]|date=November 2021|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
!State
!Protected area
!Declared
!Area (km2)
!District
|-
| rowspan="8"|[[Odisha]]
| [[Ushakothi Wildlife Sanctuary|Badrama Wildlife Sanctuary]]
| 1962
| 304.03
| [[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]]
|-
| [[Hadgarh Wildlife Sanctuary]]
| 1978
| 191.06
| [[Keonjhar district|Keonjhar]], [[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]]
|-
| [[Karlapat Wildlife Sanctuary]]
| 1992
| 147.66
| [[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]]
|-
| [[Khalasuni Wildlife Sanctuary]]
| 1982
| 116
| [[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]]
|-
| [[Lakhari Valley Wildlife Sanctuary]]
| 1985
| 185.87
| [[Gajapati district|Gajapati]]
|-
| [[Nalbana Bird Sanctuary]]
| 1987
| 15.53
| [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]], [[Khurda district|Khurda]], [[Puri district|Puri]]
|-
| [[Simlipal National Park]]
| 1979
| 1354.3
| [[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]]
|-
| [[Sunabeda Wildlife Sanctuary]]
| 1988
| 500
| [[Nuapada district|Nuapada]]
|-
| rowspan="11"|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
| [[Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary]]
| 1978
| 235.7
| [[East Godavari district|East Godavari]]
|-
| [[Gundla Brahmeswaram Wildlife Sanctuary]]
| 1990
| 1194
| [[Kurnool district|Kurnool]], [[Prakasam district|Prakasam]]
|-
| [[Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary]]
| 2002
| 70
| [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]]
|-
| [[Koundinya Wildlife Sanctuary]]
| 1990
| 356.7
| [[Chittoor district|Chittoor]]
|-
| [[Krishna Wildlife Sanctuary]]
| 1989
| 194.81
| [[Guntur district|Guntur]], [[Krishna district|Krishna]]
|-
| [[Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve]]
| 1978
| 3568.09
| [[Alluri Sitarama Raju district|Alluri]], [[Eluru district|Eluru]]
|-
| [[Papikonda National Park]]
| 1974
| 1012.86
| [[Nandyal district|Nandyal]], [[Palnadu district|Palnadu]], [[Prakasam district|Prakasam]]
|-
| [[Rollapadu Wildlife Sanctuary]]
| 1988
| 6.14
| [[Nandyal district|Nandyal]]
|-
| [[Sri Lankamalleswara Wildlife Sanctuary]]
| 1988
| 464.42
| [[Kadapa district|Kadapa]]
|-
| [[Sri Penusila Narasimha Wildlife Sanctuary]]
| 1997
| 1030.85
| [[Nellore district|Nellore]]
|-
| [[Sri Venkateswara National Park]]
| 1985
| 153.32
| [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[Telangana]]
| [[Kinnerasani Wildlife Sanctuary]]
| 1977
| 656
| [[Khammam district|Khammam]]
|-
| [[Amrabad|Amrabad Tiger Reserve]]
| 1983
| 2611.4
| [[Nagarkurnool district|Nagarkurnool]], [[Nalgonda district|Nalgonda]]
|-
| [[Karnataka]]
| [[Biligiriranga Hills|Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary]]
| 1987
| 539.52
| [[Chamarajanagar district|Chamarajanagar]]
|-
| rowspan="3"|[[Tamil Nadu]]
| [[Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary]]
| 1936
| 0.3
| [[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]]
|-
| [[Cauvery North Wildlife Sanctuary]]
| 2014
| 504.34
| [[Dharmapuri district|Dharmapuri]], [[Krishnagiri district|Krishnagiri]]
|-
| [[Cauvery South Wildlife Sanctuary]]
| 2022<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/tamil-nadu-notifies-cauvery-south-wildlife-sanctuary-as-states-17th-wildlife-sanctuary-8257478/|title=Tamil Nadu notifies Cauvery South Wildlife Sanctuary as state's 17th wildlife sanctuary|date=10 November 2022|access-date=24 August 2023|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|archive-date=25 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825114511/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/tamil-nadu-notifies-cauvery-south-wildlife-sanctuary-as-states-17th-wildlife-sanctuary-8257478/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 686.4
| [[Dharmapuri district|Dharmapuri]], [[Krishnagiri district|Krishnagiri]]
|}

== See also ==
{{commons category|Eastern Ghats}}
* [[Ghat Roads]]
* [[Western Ghats]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Eastern Ghats}}
{{GeoSouthAsia}}

[[Category:Eastern Ghats| ]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges of India]]
[[Category:Landforms of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Landforms of Odisha]]
[[Category:Landforms of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Landforms of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Landforms of Telangana]]
[[Category:Physiographic provinces]]

Udaipur City–New Jalpaiguri Weekly Express

2026-01-21T00:29:26Z

Advsalahuddinahmed:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2017}}
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| name = Udaipur City – New Jalpaiguri Weekly Express
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| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale = [[Rajasthan]], [[Haryana]], Delhi, [[Uttar Pradesh]], Bihar & [[West Bengal]]
| first =
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| operator = [[North Western Railway zone|North Western Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Udaipur City}} (UDZ)
| stops = 22
| end = {{stnlnk|New Jalpaiguri Junction}} (NJP)
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| journeytime = 42h 15m
| frequency = Weekly {{efn|Runs one day in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering E-catering
| observation = Large windows
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| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
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| speed = {{convert|51|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts
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| map_state =
}}
The 19601 / 19602 '''Udaipur City–New Jalpaiguri Weekly Express''' is an [[Superfast Express trains in India|express train]] belonging to [[North Western Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Udaipur City}} railway station, [[Udaipur]], [[Rajasthan]] and {{stnlnk|New Jalpaiguri Junction}}, [[Siliguri]], [[West Bengal]] in India. It operates with 19601/19602 train numbers on a weekly basis.<ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/jat-new-cooch-behar-protest-northeast-frontier-railway-cancels-various-trains/ "Jat, New Cooch Behar protest: Northeast Frontier Railway cancels various trains"], ''Indian Express'' - [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Trains-provided-extra-coaches-to-cater-to-extra-rush-of-rail-passengers/articleshow/49632221.cms "Trains provided extra coaches to cater to extra rush of rail passengers"], ''Times of India''</ref>

== Service==
*The 19601/Udaipur City–New Jalpaiguri Weekly Express has an average speed of 51 km/h and covers 2,238 km in 42h 15m.
*The 19602/New Jalpaiguri–Udaipur City Weekly Express has an average speed of 51 km/h and covers 2,238 km in 43h 40m.

== Route and halts ==
The important halts of the train are:
* '''{{stnlnk|Udaipur City}}'''
* {{stnlnk|Rana Pratap Nagar}}
* {{stnlnk|Chittaurgarh Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Ajmer Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Jaipur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Alwar Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Rewari Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Gurgaon}}
* {{stnlnk|Delhi Cantonment}}
* {{stnlnk|Delhi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Moradabad Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Bareilly Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Lucknow Charbagh}}
* {{stnlnk|Gorakhpur Junction}}
* Deoria Sadar
* {{stnlnk|Siwan Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Chhapra Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Hajipur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Muzaffarpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Samastipur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Khagaria Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Katihar Junction}}
* '''{{stnlnk|New Jalpaiguri Junction}}'''

This train will start stopping at Bareilly Junction from March 2019 onwards.

==Coach composition==
The train has standard ICF rakes with a maximum speed of 110 km/h. The train consists of 22 coaches:
now the train is running with LHB rakes from both sides.
* 2 AC II tier
* 4 AC III tier
* 8 sleeper coaches
* 6 general unreserved
* 2 seating cum luggage rake

== Traction==
Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Ghaziabad|Ghaziabad]] based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from Udaipur to New Jalpaiguri and vice versa.

== Direction reversal==
The train reverses its direction once, at {{stnlnk|Chittaurgarh Junction}}

== See also ==
* [[Shalimar–Udaipur City Weekly Express]]
* [[Ananya Express]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== External links ==
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/14209 19601/Udaipur City–New Jalpaiguri Weekly Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/14197 19602/New Jalpaiguri–Udaipur City Weekly Express] India Rail Info

{{Railways in Eastern India}}
{{Railways in Western India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Udaipur City-New Jalpaiguri Weekly Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Siliguri]]
[[Category:Transport in Jalpaiguri]]
[[Category:Transport in Udaipur]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Haryana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Vasant Ke Hatyare

2026-01-19T09:25:18Z

Advsalahuddinahmed: started a data

{{short description|Book by Hrishikesh Sulabh}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2014}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Vasant ke Hatyare वसंत के हत्यारे
| translator = Not yet translated
| image = Vasant ke Hatyare Front.jpg
| caption = First edition
| author = [[Hrishikesh Sulabh]]
| illustrator = Rajkamal Studio
| cover_artist = Rajkamal Prakashan Studio
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| series =
| subject =
| genre = [[Short Story Collection]]
| publisher = [[Rajkamal Prakashan]]
| release_date = 2009
| english_release_date =
| media_type =
| pages = 128
| isbn = 978-81-267-1786-6
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}
'''''Vasant ke Hatyare''''' (Hindi: वसंत के हत्यारे) is a [[short story collection]] by [[Hrishikesh Sulabh]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vasant Ke Hatyare {{!}} ISBNdb |url=https://isbndb.com/book/978-81-267-1786-6 |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=isbndb.com}}</ref> comprising 9 stories in Hindi written over 10 years from 2003 to 2009. It has won the author the 16th [[Indu Sharma International Katha Samman]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Hrishikesh Sulabh |url=https://nalandaliteraturefestival.com/hrishikesh-sulabh/}}</ref> given by [[Katha UK]].

==Publisher's Note (translated from Hindi) ==

As per [[Rajkamal Prakashan]],<ref>{{Cite web
| url = https://rajkamalprakashan.com/vasant-ke-hatyare.html
| title = Vasant Ke Hatyare
| author = Sulabh, Hrishikesh
| publisher = Rajkamal Prakashan
| language = hi
| access-date = 25 November 2025
}}</ref> the stories in [[Hrishikesh Sulabh]]’s collection, ‘Vasant Ke Hatyare’ (The Assassins of Spring), present the development of the realist fiction tradition in Hindi literature. These stories not only express the tradition, philosophy of life, contemporary realities, and concerns of Indian society but also portray its distortions and inconsistencies. The artistic effort to traverse the inner, inaccessible paths of human existence and nature, and to highlight the premonitions and signs of the future, gives these stories a distinct identity. Amidst the deeper layers of reality, numerous such instances spontaneously emerge, expanding the poignancy of our lives. The echoes of a stored past extend the sensitivity here, and transcending the temporality of this very past, reality creates the vastness of life.

[[Hrishikesh Sulabh]]’s stories, at the level of language and craft, develop a new technique for the communication of new emotional sensibilities. In the process of etching new shades of meaning, the craft of these stories sometimes immerses the reader in the depth of an 'alap' (a slow, melodic introductory section in Indian classical music), and sometimes effortlessly connects them to the poignancy of the folk rhythm. These stories, which mold the throbbing pulse of life into narrative episodes and expand life’s sensitivity, forge an intimate and intense relationship with the readers.

The narrative world of [[Hrishikesh Sulabh]] contains the hustle and bustle of the crowd alongside solitude. There is a journey through scorching sunlight alongside the soft images of dreams. There is the tremor of sweaty palms, but also the magnificence of hands waving with confidence. These stories, which acquire their ultimate meaning through emotions and sensibilities, depict how the sapling of life sprouts even amidst cruelty and deceit, underscoring the peak of human sensitivity and the intensity of the will to live.



===Editions in print===
*India – {{ISBN|978-81-267-1786-6}}
Work under progress

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hindi-language literature]]
[[Category:Indian short story collections]]
[[Category:2009 short story collections]]

N. K. Naik

2026-01-01T21:05:15Z

Advsalahuddinahmed: updated structure additionally and cleaned formatting for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian aerospace engineer (born 1944)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Dr.Niranjan Krishna Naik
| image = Nkanaikprofile.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1944}}
| birth_place = Agragone, [[Ankola, Uttara Kannada, Karnataka]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = Polymer Matrix Composites, Textile Composites, Ballistic Impact
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[IIT Bombay]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[IIT Bombay]]}}
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on Polymer Matrix Composites, Textile Composites and Ballistic Impact
| awards = {{plainlist|
* 1992-93 IE(I) research award
* 2006 IITB: H H Mathur excellence in research award
* 2008 AeSI excellence in education award
* 2013 LALA excellence in teaching award
}}
}}

'''Niranjan Krishna Naik''' (born 1944) is an Indian aerospace engineer and Professor Emeritus<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.iitb.ac.in/newacadhome/sscforms/Emeritus.jsp|title=Professor Emeritus}}</ref> at [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://iitb.ac.in/|title=IIT Bombay}}</ref> He is known for his research work on thermomechanical behavior of textile composites and ballistic impact, low velocity impact, fatigue and fracture of composites. His special interest is also on science and technology of aircraft production. Major awards and recognitions conferred to him are: Fellowship of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] (2004);<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ircc.iitb.ac.in/IRCC-Webpage/rnd/FellowshipAwards.jsp?AwardName=FellowNASAllahabad|title=The National Academy of Sciences, India (Allahabad), Fellowships at IIT Bombay}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ircc.iitb.ac.in/IRCC-Webpage/PDF/update/archives/Issue1_2005/awards.html|title=Awards – IRCC - IIT Bombay - NASI, INAE Fellowship}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202017.pdf|title=NASI Fellowship}}</ref> Fellowship of the [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]] (2005);<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ircc.iitb.ac.in/IRCC-Webpage/rnd/FellowshipAwards.jsp?AwardName=FellowINAEDelhi|title=Indian National Academy of Engineering, New Delhi, Fellowships at IIT Bombay}}</ref> Professor H. H. Mathur Award for "Excellence in Research in Applied Sciences 2006"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ircc.iitb.ac.in/IRCC-Webpage/PDF/update/Issue1_2007/awards.html|title=Prof. H. H. Mathur Award for Excellence in Research in Applied Sciences}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ircc.iitb.ac.in/IRCC-Webpage/rnd/ResearchAwardsDetails.jsp?AwardType=NationalInstituteIITB&AwardName=Prof.H.H.MathurAward|title=Prof. H. H. Mathur Excellence Award in Applied Sciences, IIT Bombay}}</ref> by IIT Bombay; "Excellence in Aerospace Education Award 2008"<ref name=":10" /> by the Aeronautical Society of India; Aerospace Engineering Division Gold Medal of the Institution of Engineers (India)<ref name=":10" /> for the year 1992-93 for his research on polymer matrix composites and "Shri Hotchand M. Lala and Shrimati Jamuna H. Lala Excellence in Teaching Award, 2013"<ref name=":10" /> by IIT Bombay.
== Biography ==
Naik was born in Agragone, [[Ankola]] [[Uttara Kannada]]. With 42 years of experience as a faculty in Aerospace Engineering Department,<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aero.iitb.ac.in/home/|title=Department of Aerospace Engineering|website=www.aero.iitb.ac.in|language=en|access-date=2018-05-18}}</ref> he has made major contributions to teaching, research and development at [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay|IIT Bombay]].<ref name=":3" /> Currently, he is Professor Emeritus.<ref name=":2" /> He is B. E. in Mechanical Engineering from Engineering College, Gulbarga and M.Tech. and Ph.D. from IIT Bombay.
The discipline "Polymer Matrix Composites" was evolving and attracting the attention of engineers and scientists about 4 decades ago. That was the time when Naik actively involved in composites research at IIT Bombay. His main fields of research are: 2D / 3D textile composites; ballistic impact / low velocity impact and fatigue and fracture of composites; high strain rate behavior of materials and hybrid composites.

For multi-directional and out-of-plane loading cases, textile composites are widely used as high performance structural materials. Considering the importance of this subject, many investigations are being carried out to understand the behavior of textile composites under different loading conditions during the last four decades. Naik is one of the researchers on this subject and contributed significantly to the textile composites research.

He has presented analytical methods to the scientific community for elastic and thermal analysis of different 2D / 3D textile composites. He has also presented analytical methods for the failure analysis under different loading conditions. His other major contributions are the development of new and efficient methods for the analysis of composite structures under low velocity impact, ballistic impact and fatigue loading.
[[File:Aeroiitb.png|left|thumb|Aerospace Engineering Department, IIT Bombay]]
His research papers have been published in many archival journals.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aero.iitb.ac.in/~nknaik/list_publications.html|title=Research Publications}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=WXxQT8EAAAAJ&hl=en|title=Google Scholar Citations}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Niranjan_Naik|title=ResearchGate}}</ref> He has written a book on "Woven Fabric Composites"<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqqDQgAACAAJ|title=Woven Fabric Composites Book|date=1993-11-27|isbn=9780877629900|last1=Naik|first1=Niranjan K.|publisher=Taylor & Francis }}</ref> published by Technomic, USA. He has also contributed chapters to the books published by Blackie Academic and Professional, London; Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York and Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge, U.K.

Naik's research publications are well cited in literature. It is evident from [[Web of Science]] and Scopus. He has completed several sponsored and industrial projects<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aero.iitb.ac.in/~nknaik/research_projects.html|title=Research Projects}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/boards/ardb/structures_panel_projects_8.htm|title=ARDB Projects}}</ref> of national importance. He has interacted with several national and international organizations. In recognition of his contributions, many research and education awards<ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zinnov.com/pdfFiles/1385547457orv_TopFaculty_Tier1EngineeringInst_UIP_14Sep2013.pdf|title=Top Research Faculty in Tier-1 Engineering Institutions in India}}</ref> have been conferred upon him.

Naik was on the editorial board of The Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design, published by Professional Engineering Publishing Limited, London for six years. Indian patent with invention title "Strength Enhancing Insert Assemblies"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aero.iitb.ac.in/~nknaik/docs/5aUS_8640428_B2_4Feb2014.pdf|title=US Patent}}</ref> is granted to him. Application number is 496/MUM/2004. Patent number is 211354. United States Patent with invention title "Strength Enhancing Insert Assemblies" is also granted to him. Patent number is US 8,640,428 B2. Inventors: N. K. Naik and Nageswara Rao Ganji.
[[File:Slide9hvil.jpg|thumb|High Velocity Impact Laboratory, IIT Bombay]]
Aircraft Production<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aero.iitb.ac.in/~nknaik/aircraft_manu_sci_tech.html|title=Aircraft Production Laboratory}}</ref> and High Velocity Impact<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aero.iitb.ac.in/~nknaik/high_velocity_imp_lab.html|title=High Velocity Impact Test Laboratory}}</ref> laboratories at Aerospace Engineering Department are outcome of efforts of Naik.

Naik was Head of Aerospace Engineering Department during January 2002 – December 2004. He has provided services to Advisory Boards of many International Conferences. He has also provided services towards referring many journal publications. He is a fellow / member of many professional societies. Naik was on the Board of [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hal-india.co.in/Common/Uploads/Finance/Annual-Report-2012-13-English.pdf|title=HAL Annual Report 2012-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aero.iitb.ac.in/~nknaik/docs/HAL_Directors_2011-12/|title=HAL Directors}}</ref> as an Independent Director during November 2009 – November 2012.

Naik was one of the key persons in National Center for Aerospace Innovation and Research (NCAIR)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ncair.in/|title=NCAIR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ncair.in/about/keypeople|title=NCAIR Key People}}</ref> and participated in setting up objectives and goals of NCAIR.

Naik was born in Agragon (Agragone), Ankola Taluka, Uttara Kannada District, Karnataka State in 1944. His early education was at Primary School, Agragone; Anandashram High School, Bankikodla and Dr. A. V. Baliga College, Kumta.

== Awards, fellowships and honors ==

* Aerospace Engineering Division Gold Medal of the Institution of Engineers (India) for 1992-93<ref name=":10" />
* Fellow of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] 2004<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":8" />
* Fellow of the [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://inae.in|title=INAE}}</ref> 2005<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":9" />
* Professor H. H. Mathur award for Excellence in Research in Applied Sciences 2006 (Indian Institute of Technology Bombay)
* Excellence in Aerospace Education Award 2008 (The Aeronautical Society of India)
* Shri Hotchand M. Lala and Shrimati Jamuna H. Lala Excellence in Teaching Award, 2013 (Indian Institute of Technology Bombay)

'''Professional Society Affiliations:''' Fellow of the [[Aeronautical Society of India]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aerosocietyindia.in|title=Aeronautical Society of India}}</ref> (F-596); Fellow of the [[Institution of Engineers (India)]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ieindia.org/webui/iei-home.aspx|title=Institution of Engineers (India)}}</ref> Aerospace Engineering Division (F/100972/5); Life Member of the Indian Society of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (L/241); Life Member of the Indian Society of Mechanical Engineers (L 150/468)

'''On the Editorial Board:''' The Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design, Published by Professional Engineering Publishing Limited, London, 2009 – 2014; Guest Editor for a special issue on High Velocity Impact Behavior of Composites, Volume 47, Issue 7, October 2012

'''India – Japan Bi-national Seminars'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jsps.go.jp/english/e-asia/data/fy_2004/04.pdf|title=India-Japan Bi-National Seminars 1998-2005}}</ref>''':''' India-Japan Bi-national Seminars on Manufacturing Science of Advanced Composite Materials; The seminar was sponsored by Japan Society for Promotion of Sciences (JSPS) and Department of Science and Technology (DST), India; Indian Team Leader and Seminar Organizer: 2001 – 2005; Indian Team Delegate: 1998 – 2000

'''ResearchGate''':<ref name=":5" /> Score is higher than 97.5% of [[ResearchGate]] members, [[RG Score]] 44.56

'''Google Scholar''':<ref name=":4" /> h-index 40, i10-index 87

== Selected bibliography and books authored ==

* Hiremath Chandrashekhar P., K. Senthilnathan, N. K. Naik, Anirban Guha and Asim Tewari. 2018. Microstructural damage based modeling of thermal conductivity of cyclically loaded CFRP, Composites Science and Technology, 154: 37–44, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2017.11.011
* Muthukumar M., J. Prasath, S. Sathish, G. Ravikumar, Y. M. Desai and N. K. Naik. 2017. 3D layer-to-layer orthogonal interlock woven composites under monotonic loading: Multiscale modeling, Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 36 (17): 1263–1285,[http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0731684417706555 DOI 10.1177/0731684417706555]
* Pandya Kedar S., Ch. V. Sesha Kumar, N. S. Nair, P. S. Patil and N. K. Naik. 2015. Analytical and experimental studies on ballistic impact behavior of 2D woven fabric composites, International Journal of Damage Mechanics, 24:471-511. [http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1056789514531440?journalCode=ijda DOI: 10.1177/1056789514531440]
* Pandya Kedar S. and N. K. Naik. 2015. Analytical and experimental studies on ballistic impact behavior of carbon nanotube dispersed resin, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 76: 49–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2014.09.003
* Naik, N.K., Kedar S. Pandya, Jayaram R. Pothnis and Tamrat Abishu Gelu. 2014. Revisiting Kolsky bar data evaluation method, Composite Structures, 111: 446–452. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2014.01.030
* Naik, N.K, M. Sirisha and A. Inani. 2014. Permeability characterization of polymer matrix composites by RTM / VARTM, Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 65: 22–40. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paerosci.2013.09.002
* Naik, N.K., Santosh Kumar, D. Ratnaveer, M. Joshi and K. Akella. 2013. An energy-based model for ballistic impact analysis of ceramic-composite armors, International Journal of Damage Mechanics, 22 (2):145–187, [http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1056789511435346?journalCode=ijda DOI: 10.1177/1056789511435346]
* Jayaprakash, K., Y.M. Desai and N.K. Naik. 2013. Fatigue behavior of [0n/90n]s composite cantilever beam under tip impulse loading, Composite Structures, 99: 255–263, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2012.12.009
* Satapathy, M.R., B.G. Vinayak, K. Jayaprakash and N.K. Naik. 2013. Fatigue behavior of laminated composites with a circular hole under in-plane multiaxial loading, Materials and Design, 51: 347–356, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.04.040
* Naik, N.K. 2012. Guest Editorial: Special issue on high velocity impact behavior of composites, Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design, 47 (7): 395, [http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0309324712461887 DOI: 10.1177/0309324712461887]
* Naik, N.K., R. Goel and M.D. Kulkarni. 2008. Stress wave attenuation in ceramic plates, Journal of Applied Physics, 103 (10), art. no. 103504, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2921971
* Naik, N.K., Y. Chandrasekher and S. Meduri. 2000. Damage in woven fabric composites subjected to low velocity impact, Composites Science and Technology, 60:731-744.
* Naik, N.K. and V.K. Ganesh. 1996. Failure behavior of plain weave fabric laminates under on-axis uniaxial tensile loading: II - analytical predictions, Journal of Composite Materials, 30:1779-1822, https://doi.org/10.1177/002199839603001603
* Naik, N.K. and P.S. Shembekar. 1992. Elastic behavior of woven fabric composites: I - lamina analysis, Journal of Composite Materials, 26:2196-2225, https://doi.org/10.1177/002199839202601502

=== Research publications ===
Source:<ref name=":6" />

'''BOOKS AUTHORED:''' Naik, N.K. 1994. Woven Fabric Composites,<ref name=":7" /> Technomic Publishing Company, Inc., Lancaster, PA, USA. Now, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA.

'''Chapters contributed to books:'''

1. Naik, N.K. 1996. Chapter title: Numerical Modelling of Woven Fabric Composite Materials, Chapter 13, pp 400–438, Book title: Numerical Analysis and Modelling of Composite Materials, Edited by: J.W. Bull, Publisher: Blackie Academic and Professional, London.

2. Naik, N.K. 1997. Chapter title: Mechanics of Woven Fabric Composites, Chapter 6, pp 249–307, Book title: Composites Engineering Handbook, Edited by: P.K. Mallick, Publisher: Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.

3. Naik, N.K. 2003. Chapter title: Woven-Fibre Thermoset Composites, Chapter 10, pp 296–313, Book title: Fatigue in Composites, Edited by: Bryan Harris, Publisher: Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge, England.

4. Naik, N.K. 2016. Chapter title: Ballistic Impact Behaviour of Composites: Analytical Formulation, Chapter 15, pp 425–470, Book title: Dynamic Deformation, Damage and Fracture in Composite Materials and Structures, Edited by: V. V. Silberschmidt, Publisher: Woodhead Publishing Limited, an imprint of Elsevier, Cambridge, England.

5. Naik, N.K. 2016. Chapter title: Analysis of Woven Fabric Composites for Ballistic Protection, Chapter 8, pp 217–262, Book title: Advanced Fibrous Composite Materials for Ballistic Protection, Edited by: Xiaogang Chen, Publisher: Woodhead Publishing Limited, an imprint of Elsevier, Cambridge, England.

'''PROCEEDINGS EDITED:''' Naik, N.K., K. Biswas and G.C. Popli, eds. 1997. Aerospace Manufacturing Technology,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UthLRAEB16AC|title=Aerospace Manufacturing Technology Book|isbn=9788170237501|year=1997|publisher=Allied Publishers }}</ref> Proceedings of the 13th National Convention of Aerospace Engineers, The Institution of Engineers (India), Allied Publishers Limited, New Delhi.

== See also ==
*[[Ballistic impact]]
*[[Polymer matrix composite]]
*[[Composite material]]
*[[Aerospace]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.aero.iitb.ac.in/~nknaik/ Personal Homepage]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naik, N. K.}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:IIT Bombay alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Bombay]]
[[Category:Indian aerospace engineers]]
[[Category:People from Uttara Kannada]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]
[[Category:Scientists from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Academy of Engineering]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian inventors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian inventors]]

Tanga (cart)

2025-12-29T19:23:58Z

Advsalahuddinahmed:

{{Short description|Type of cart}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
[[Image:TangaJaora.jpg|thumb|220px|right|A tanga in [[Jaora]], India]]
A '''tanga''' or '''tonga''' is a two-wheeled [[cart]] drawn by a single horse. It is used for transportation in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. There is a canopy over the body, one seat faces forward for the driver and one passenger, and one seat faces the rear for a second passenger.{{r|smith|walrond79}} Some space is available for baggage below the carriage, between the wheels. This space is often used to carry hay for the horses.

Tangas were commonly used in [[Colonial India]] by British officers and civil servants. They were used in long distance mail routes and travel, where they changed horses every few miles in the manner of [[stage station]]s (posting), averaging 8 miles per stage in rough terrain. Under such conditions, Tangas would be drawn by a pair of horses with a pole, but in contemporary times are pulled by a single horse.{{r|smith|walrond79|gilbert|etherton}}

Tangas were popular before the advent of automobiles and are still in use in some parts of the Indian subcontinent. They are a popular mode of transportation because they are fun to ride in, and are usually cheaper to hire than a [[Taxicab|taxi]] or [[Auto rickshaw|rickshaw]]. However, in many cities, tangas are not allowed to use highways because of their slow pace. In [[Pakistan]], tangas are mainly found in the older parts of cities and towns, and are becoming less popular for utilitarian travel and more popular for pleasure. Tangas have become a traditional feature of [[weddings]] and other social functions in parts of the Indian subcontinent.

In India, tangas are also found in rural areas of North India like Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Punjab. Apart from the modern modes of transport, tangas still offer services at the entrance of bus stops and railway stations to transport luggage and passengers to their destinations in small towns of North India. The culture of the tanga is disappearing due to the speed of modern transportation and the earnings people make. However, there are still some that continue to support themselves and keep the tradition alive. Tourists who come to India still take rides in tangas to experience their Indian charm. They are still among the most appreciated experiences of [[North India]].

<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px" mode="packed">
Tourists in horse cart.JPG|Tanga in [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka, India]]
Tanga in Saharnpur.JPG|Tanga in [[Saharanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh, India]]
Tanga (carriage) at Darbhanga Bihar.jpg|Tanga in Darbhanga, [[Bihar, India]]

Tanga - Indian National Highway 86 - Raisen - 2013-02-21 4232.JPG|Tanga on the Indian National Highway 86 in India
Tanga near Shankharacharya Gate, Birgunj.jpg|Tanga (cart) at [[Birgunj]], entry gate of [[Nepal]] from [[north Bihar]], India
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Ekka (carriage)]] — another Indian two-wheeled carriage
* [[Curricle]] — a similar style carriage to the tanga

==References==
<references>

<ref name="etherton">{{Cite book |last=Etherton |first=Percy Thomas |year=1911 |title=Across the Roof of the World; A record of sport and travel through Kashmir, Gilgit, Hunza, the Pamirs, Chinese Turkistan, Mongolia and Siberia |location=London |publisher=Constable and Company, Ltd. |ol=23267375M |pages=13–15 |quote=A tonga is a low, two-horsed vehicle, strongly built, and capable of withstanding much.}}</ref>

<ref name="gilbert">{{cite book|last=Gilbert |first=William H. |year=1944 |title=Peoples of India|place=Washington|publisher= Smithsonian Institution |url=https://archive.org/stream/peoplesofindia18gilb#page/16/mode/2up/|page=16 |quote=the tonga, a two-wheeled horse-drawn conveyance with back-to-back seats. |ol=6476386M}}</ref>

<ref name="smith">{{cite book |title=A Dictionary of Horse Drawn Vehicles |first=D.J.M. |last=Smith |year=1988 |publisher=J. A. Allen & Co. Ltd. |isbn=0851314686 |ol=11597864M |page=162 |quote=Tonga. Two-wheeled native cart of India, drawn by a pair of large ponies harnessed to a centre pole in a form of [[curricle]] gear. Passengers rode dos-a-dos (back to back) on a broad centre-seat, under a fringed top or canopy. The driver, next to the forward facing passenger, sounded a bugle or trumpet as a warning signal. Widely used by British officers and civil servants stationed in India, also for general military purposes. Native drivers always appeared to be well-acquainted with this type of vehicle and harness. The pole and body of the vehicle — when in draught — tilted in a rearward direction, feet of the rear passengers supported on a tailboard with letting-down chains}}</ref>

<ref name="walrond79">{{cite book |title=The Encyclopaedia of Driving |first=Sallie |last=Walrond |year=1979 |publisher=Country Life Books |isbn=0600331822 |ol=4175648M |page=275 |quote=Tonga: An Indian two-wheeled hooded vehicle to which a pair was put alongside a pole. Some were harnessed in [[Curricle]] fashion and others used the Cape Cart method while others had an outrigger alongside the shafts. In later years, Tongas were driven with a single horse and resembled a [[Ralli car]] in appearance.}}</ref>

</references>

{{Horse-drawn carriages}}

[[Category:Carts]]
[[Category:Carriages]]
[[Category:Road transport in Pakistan]]
[[Category:History of transport in India]]
[[Category:Transport culture of India]]

Ramchandra Pant Amatya

2025-12-05T03:13:23Z

Advsalahuddinahmed:

{{Short description|Peshwa of the Maratha Empire from 1689 to 1708}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{more footnotes|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ramchandra Pant Bavdekar
| honorific_prefix = ''[[Peshwa|Shreemant Peshwa]]'' ''Amatya''
| image = Ramchandrapant Amatya.jpg
| caption = Bust of Ramchandra Pant Amatya
| office1 = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|border|33x30px]] [[Finance Minister|Amatya]] of the [[Maratha Empire]]
| term_start1 = 6 June 1674
| term_end1 = 1689
| predecessor1 = ''Position established''
| successor1 = [[Bahiroji Pingale]]
| monarch1 = [[Shivaji I]] [[Sambhaji]]
| office2 = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|border|33x30px]] 3rd [[Peshwa]] of the [[Maratha Empire]]
| term_start2 = 11 March 1689
| term_end2 = 1708
| predecessor2 = [[Moreshvar Pingale]]
| successor2 = [[Bahiroji Pingale]]
| monarch2 = [[Sambhaji]] [[Rajaram I|Rajaram]] [[Shivaji II]] [[Shahu I]]
| birth_name = Ramchandra Neelkanth Bawadekar
| birth_date = 1650
| birth_place = Kolwan, [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Ahmadnagar]], [[Mughal Empire]] (modern day [[Maharashtra]], [[India]])
| death_date = February 1716
| death_place = Panhala, [[Maratha Confederacy]] (modern day [[Kolhapur]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]])
| spouse = Janakibai
| issue =
| house =
| father =
| mother =
| titles =
}}

'''Ramchandra Neelkanth Bawadekar''' (1650–1716), also known as '''Ramchandra Pant Amatya''', served on the Council of 8 (''[[Ashta Pradhan]]'') as the [[Finance Minister]] (''Amatya'') to King (''Chhatrapati'') [[Shivaji]], dating from 1674 to 1680.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sardesai |first=H. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=deHZAUDHzYwC&q=%2522review+in+short+the+organisation%2522 |title=Shivaji, the Great Maratha |date=2002 |publisher=Genesis Publishing |isbn=978-81-7755-286-7 |volume=2 |language=en}}</ref> He then served as the Royal Regent to four later kings, namely [[Sambhaji]], [[Rajaram Chhatrapati|Rajaram]], [[Shivaji II]] and Sambhaji II.

He authored the ''[[Adnyapatra]]'', a famous code of civil and military administration, and is renowned as one of the greatest civil administrators, political thinkers, diplomats and military strategists of the [[Maratha Empire]].

== Early life ==
Ramchandra Pant was born in a [[Deshastha Rigvedi Brahmin]] family in approximately 1650. He was the youngest son of Neelkanth Sondeo Bahutkar (more popularly known as Nilo Sondeo), who had risen from a local revenue collection post (''[[Kulkarni]]'') to the post of Minister in the court of Shivaji.

His family came from the village of Kolwan; near [[Kalyan, India|Kalyan]] [[Bhiwandi]]. Ramchandra Pant's grandfather Sonopant and uncle Abaji Sondeo were in the close circle of Shivaji. The Bahutkar family was closely associated with [[Samarth Ramdas]]. Samarth Ramdas is believed to be the one who named the newly born child as Ramchandra.{{cn|date=September 2021}}

== Early career ==
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2022}}
Before 1672, Ramchandra Pant was engaged in various clerical jobs in Shivaji's administration. In 1672, he and his elder brother Narayan were both promoted to the post of Revenue Minister (''Mujumdar'') by Shivaji. In 1674, at the coronation ceremony, the post of ''Mujumdar'' was renamed as ''Amatya'' and the title was solely bestowed upon Ramchandra Pant. He worked in this capacity until 1678. On his death bed, Shivaji named him as one among six pillars of the Maratha Empire that would save the kingdom in difficult times.

After Shivaji's death in 1680, Sambhaji became ruler of the Maratha Empire, and Ramchandra Pant continued with his administration in various posts. Among other duties, Ramchandra Pant was sent to Prince Akbar, [[Aurangzeb]]'s rebel son, for negotiations and, in 1685, Sambhaji also deployed him as an envoy to [[Vijapur]] for certain sensitive talks.

== Amatya of 5 Chhatrapatis==
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2022}}
Ramchandra Pant Amatya was the only person (Amatya) who dedicatedly served The Maratha Swarajya under 5 Chhatrapati's in a row. When the Marathi empire was in trouble he used his wisdom, dedication to the throne and even force as needed to keep the empire and its Swarajya safe.

During the coronation of Shivaji, Ramchandra Pant Amatya was the youngest Pradhan of all the Asthapradhan's existing at that time. Thereafter, during the reign of Sambhaji, Rajaram, Maharani Tarabai and (Kolhapur's first ruler) Sambhaji Raje, Pant Amatya always held a prominent positions. As Riyasatkar(s) rightly said that ‘ever since the time of Shivaji, Ramchandra Pant Amatya was the only person in the history of the Marathas who seems to have dedicatedly served the throne.’ Ramchandra Pant Amatya has laid down all the experiences encountered by him, while serving the throne in his book Rajniti (Adnyapatra). The said book is a testament to his dedication and service to the throne of Chatrapati's and Hindavi Swarajya.

The forefathers of Ramchandra Pant Amatya had close relations with the Bhosle Gharana even before the establishment of Swarajya. Before the coronation of Shivaji, Ramchandra Pant Amatya's father used to participate in various initiatives undertaken by Shivaji. Ramchandra Pant Amatya subsequently carried forward this (his father's) tradition with even more impact. Ramchandra Pant Amatya took the lead when it came to the protection of the Swarajya. Being impressed by his efforts, Shivaji included Ramchandra Pant as Amatya in his First Ashta Pradhan mandal i.e. Council of Ministers. This, in itself portrays the qualities that Ramchandra Pant Amatya possessed. During the coronation ceremony of Shivaji, Pant was included as Amatya. He must’ve been 22–23 years old then. Before the coronation, a Pradhan Mandal was appointed by Maharaj in the year 1662 which included Ramchandra Pant's father Neelkanth Sondev as Maharaj's Amatya. This legacy was carried forward, as after the death of Neelkanth Sondev his son Ramchandra Pant was appointed as Maharaj's Amatya.

According to the information provided by the Bakharkar(s), Ramchandra Pant Amatya was one of the very few people present when Shivaji was on his death bed at Raigad. Shivaji had named a few people who had the ability protect the Swarajya after his demise. Ramchandra Pant Amatya was one of them. During the Reign of Sambhaji, Ramchandra Pant Amatya was given an important position. (In period of 1680 to 1685) {{cn|date=July 2023}}. He restored an almost finished Swarajya and made a great name for himself ".{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}
It is said that Ramchandra Pant Amatya was behind the bloodless coup that led to Rajasbai's son Sambhaji being crowned as The Chatrapati in 1713–1714. He felt it necessary as the Kolhapur Kingdom was heading towards a different path. There seems to be no ulterior motive behind this coup. He crowned Sambhaji as the Chatrapati and soon went in the background. As Sambhaji was only 16–17 years old he would naturally look up to Ramchandra Pant Amatya for guidance. Shortly after Ramchandra Pant Amatya died. There is some confusion about the date of his death but most historians assume it to be somewhere in February 1716.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}

== A Warrior and A Statesman ==
Ramchandra Pant Amatya was also a warrior as he was a statesman. He is known to lead many wars. Moghul historians mention that when Aurangzeb's grandson had invaded Panhala in 1693 Ramchandra Pant along with Pratinidhi launched a heavy attack on the Mughal forces. A Farsi historian notes that Ramchandra Pant was the head of Konkan army in 1699 and attacked them with all his might. His guns were blazing with all their might and a mighty war ensued.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}

A Portuguese Killedar has mentioned that on 22 February 1701 Ramchandra Pant along with 20,000 Maratha's attacked Dandya's Siddi Yakubkhan.

== Contribution to Maratha War of Independence ==
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2022}}
In 1689, at the time of Sambhaji's assassination by Aurangzeb, Ramchandra Pant was deployed at Fort [[Vishalgad]]. In consultation with Sambhaji's queen, Yesubai, who was located at Fort [[Raigad fort|Raigad]] along with [[Rajaram Chhatrapati|Rajaram]] and her son [[Chattrapati Shahu|Shahu]], he decided to send Rajaram to Fort [[Gingee]] (in current-day [[Tamil Nadu]]) to divide the battlefield. Subsequently, Rajaram was brought to [[Panhala fort]] and was secretly sent to [[Gingee]]. Before leaving for Gingee, Rajaram conferred on Ramchandra Pant the title of Imperial Regent (''Hukumat Panah'').

Thereafter, with the aid of generals [[Santaji Ghorpade]], [[Dhanaji Jadhav]], [[Parshuram Pant Pratinidhi]], and [[Shankaraji Narayan Gandekar]], Ramchandra Pant launched a great retaliatory war against the Mughal Empire.

== Wartime strategies ==
*To encourage the local [[Maratha]] warriors to fight independently against the Mughals, Ramchandra Pant adopted a new policy to officially reward pieces of land (''Vatans'') in exchange for military service. ''"Turn out the Mughals and own the land"'' was the pronouncement. This mercenary policy went against Shivaji's will, but Ramchandra Pant saw no alternative given the changed circumstances.
*Independent Maratha warlords were encouraged to cross the [[Maharashtra]] border and to invade Mughal areas in response to Mughal invasion. [[Nemaji Shinde]] and [[Chimnaji Damodar]] were the first warlords to successfully respond to this strategy.
*Appealing to Mughal greed, Maratha forts were traded to the Mughals for large sums. Once the forts were well equipped by the Mughals, the forts were re-captured by Maratha forces.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}

These strategies proved to be extremely effective against the Mughal Empire.

== Later career ==
In 1698, after Rajaram's return from [[Gingee]], Ramchandra Pant voluntarily stepped down from the post of Imperial Regent.

In 1700, after Rajaram's death, Queen [[Tarabai]] once again delegated enormous wartime powers to Ramchandra Pant. Both of them continued to fight against the Mughal power in India. At the time of Aurangzeb's death in 1707, the Marathas had become extremely powerful and the [[Mughal Empire]] was on the verge of total devastation.

After Shahu's release from the Mughal camp, most of the Maratha generals defected from Tarabai and joined him. As a result, Tarabai was forced to leave the capital at [[Satara (city)|Satara]], fleeing to [[Panhala fort]]. Ramchandra Pant, however, strongly supported Tarabai at the time and worked as the Senior Minister for her son [[Shivaji II]].

In 1714, Rajasbai instigated a coup against Tarabai and her son Shivaji II and installed her own son [[Sambhaji II]] on the Kolhapur throne. Modern-day scholars generally conclude that Ramchandra Pant was behind this conspiracy as he was appointed by Sambhaji II to the Imperial Regency immediately thereafter. It is speculated that Ramchandra Pant and his supporters were not satisfied with Tarabai's treatment of her peerage.

== Later life ==
On the request of Sambhaji II, Ramchandra Pant wrote the ''Adnyapatra'' (also spelled ''Ajnapatra''), a standard code of civil and military administration for the Maratha Empire. It can be compared to [[Kautilya]]'s ''[[Arthashastra]]''.

In 1716, Ramchandra Pant died at the age of 66. A monument dedicated to his life and valiant effort in fighting against the Mughal invaders is located at Panhala fort. His heirs still live near Fort [[Gaganbawada]] to this day — a gift to Ramchandra Pant for his great contribution to Maratha power.

==Founder of Gaganbavada Jahagir==
[[File:Pant Amatya Wada at Gaganbavada.jpg|alt=Pant Amatya Wada at Gaganbavada|thumb|Pant Amatya Wada at Gaganbavada]]
The descendants of Ramchandra Pant Amatya were awarded the Jahagir of Gagan Bavda, the hilly region on the hilltops of the Konkan and the Konkan area. This was the largest Jahagir in Kolhapur state with an area of 243 square miles. The Jahagir extended from Mutukeshwar near Kolhapur almost touching the Mumbai Goa highway of today. The area in Konkan was managed from here. More than a mere Jahagir, it was a feudatory kingdom with its own revenue department, police force, judicial and criminal courts etc.

The Main Jahagir Offices were situated in Gagan Bavda where the police force, Revenue departments and Courts were situated in the Rajwada area.

The Jahagirdars of Bavda were given the title of Raja by Shahu along with 3 other Jaghirdars of Kolhapur namely Kagal (Ghatges), Vishalgad (Pratinidhis) and Kapashi (Ghorpades). The Bavda Jahagir though the biggest in area, was not the one with highest income due to people living in hilly area and scattered population. The Jahagirdar's of Bavda in spite of natural odds undertook many welfare schemes for the subjects in their area.

The Jahagir was abolished after independence and a privy purse was given to the Jahagirdar's until 1975.

The present descendants live in Tararbai Park, area of Kolhapur in Maharashtra state.

Geography of Bavda Jahagir (Sanstha Bavda):

Boundaries on the east, North and south of Bavda is the Kolhapur state. On the west, the Jahagir had a border with Ratnagiri district. Some of the towns in the Jahagir were also located outside the boundaries. The east west length is approx 40 miles and width approx 25 miles. The total area being 243 square miles. It was divided between Konkan Area and area on top of the Sahyadri Ghats. Most of the area is dense forests. The height of the konkan area from the sea level is 450 feet and the upper area height from the sea level is 200 feet. The Sahyadri mountain ranges reach up to a height of 3400 feet.

The forts of [[Gagangad]] and [[Shivgad]] were situated in Gagan Bavda Jahagir. In 1846, the old buildings on the Gagangad fort were demolished after which there was no habitation on the forts, until the time [[Gagangiri Maharaj]] built an [[Ashram]] on Gagangad fort.

==Gaganbavada Fort==
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2022}}

Gaganbavda fort was built by Raja Bhoj between 1178 and 1209 A.D. The height of the fort from sea level is 2244 feet on the western Sahyadri Mountain ranges. The fort had buildings earlier which have demolished.

Gagan Bavda fort came into the Maratha's control in the year 1660. It was given to Ramchandra Pant Amatya's father Nilo Sondev. For some time, it was captured by the Adilshahi forces but came back into the Maratha's fold in 1689. After the Maghals held Sambhaji, it went in to their hands. Ramchandra Pant Amatya captured it and brought it under Swaraj in 1700 and which remained in The Bavda Jahagir till independence.

At the time Bavda Jahagir extended up to Malvan and Vijaydurg and had a cavalry of 25000.

== References ==
{{commons category|Ramchandrapant Amatya}}
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|title=Ancient and Medieval India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tbU6DwAAQBAJ|year=2017|publisher=McGraw-Hill Education|first=Poonam Dalal|last=Dahiya|isbn = 9789352606733}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
*‘Marathi Riyasat’ ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]) by [[Govind Sakharam Sardesai]]
*'The New History of Marathas' by [[Govind Sakharam Sardesai]]
{{MarathaEmpire}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Amatya, Ramchandra Pant}}
[[Category:People from the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:Indian political philosophers]]
[[Category:People from Pune district]]
[[Category:People from Kalyan, India]]
[[Category:1716 deaths]]
[[Category:1650 births]]

Kushwaha Shivpujan Mehta

2025-11-29T15:41:03Z

Advsalahuddinahmed:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kushwaha Shivpujan Mehta
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 01/01/1972
| birth_place = Dema, Hariharganj [[Palamu district|Palamu]]
| residence = Hussainabad Distt.-Palamu
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = Member of [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Hussainabad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hussainabad]]
| termstart = 23 December 2014
| termend = 21 December 2019
| predecessor = [[Sanjay Kumar Singh Yadav]]
| successor = [[Kamlesh Kumar Singh]]
| party = [[Bahujan Samaj Party]], [[All Jharkhand Students Union]] (2019-Present)
| occupation = Agriculture and Social Service, Politician
| father = Ramadhar Mehta
| spouse =
| children = 2
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = 6 November 2019|
}}

'''Kushwaha Shivpujan Mehta''' is the Jharkhand state legislative assembly member from [[Hussainabad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]. In the 2014 general election, he was elected as MLA as [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] candidate.<ref>{{cite web|title=KUSHWAHA SHIVPUJAN MEHTA|url=http://myneta.info/jharkhand2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=159|website=myneta.info|access-date=6 November 2019|archive-date=29 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929133548/http://myneta.info/jharkhand2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=159|url-status=live}}</ref> He joined [[All Jharkhand Students Union]] in November 2019, and is now District level chairman of All India Kushwaha Mahasabha, Hazaribagh from 15 December 2020.<ref>{{cite web|title=BSP MLA Kushwaha Shivpujan Mehta joins AJSU|url=http://www.uniindia.com/bsp-mla-kushwaha-shivpujan-mehta-joins-ajsu/east/news/1779784.html|website=uniindia|date=4 Nov 2019|access-date=6 November 2019|archive-date=6 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106050059/http://www.uniindia.com/bsp-mla-kushwaha-shivpujan-mehta-joins-ajsu/east/news/1779784.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=बीएसपी से बीजेपी जा सकते हैं विधायक शिवपूजन मेहता, अटकलें तेज|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/jharkhand/jamshedpur-bsp-mla-kushwaha-shivpujan-mehta-may-join-bjp-before-jharkhand-assembly-election-jhnj-2558431.html|website=hindi.news18|date=29 October 2019|access-date=6 November 2019|archive-date=6 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106050059/https://hindi.news18.com/news/jharkhand/jamshedpur-bsp-mla-kushwaha-shivpujan-mehta-may-join-bjp-before-jharkhand-assembly-election-jhnj-2558431.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

He has 5 criminal cases against him with charges of criminal intimidation, bribery, voluntarily causing grievous hurt etc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kushwaha Shivpujan Mehta(AJSU Party):Constituency- HUSSAINABAD(PALAMU ) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/jharkhand2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=11266 |access-date=2022-04-16 |website=myneta.info |archive-date=26 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026191330/https://myneta.info/jharkhand2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=11266 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Biography==
Mehta served as Member of Jharkhand Legislative Assembly from Hussainabad Assembly constituency. As an MLA, he brought a private resolution in Jharkhand Assembly for setting up industry on the land of Japla Cement Factory, in Hussainabad block of [[Palamu district]]. In 2019, unable to get assurance of government on his demand, he tendered resignation in Jharkhand Assembly.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/jharkhand/palamu/news/hussainabad-mla-kushwaha-shiv-pujan-mehta-resigns-074005-5099897.html|title=हुसैनाबाद विधायक कुशवाहा शिवपूजन मेहता का इस्तीफा|website=Bhaskar|accessdate=14 August 2023|archive-date=28 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728165934/https://www.bhaskar.com/jharkhand/palamu/news/hussainabad-mla-kushwaha-shiv-pujan-mehta-resigns-074005-5099897.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In the same year, Jharkhand unit of [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] dismissed him from party for alleged anti-party activities. Mehta was sole MLA of BSP in Jharkhand then. While the BSP officials alleged him for distancing himself from the party workers and his constituency, Mehta denied the allegations. Mehta even admitted before speaker of Jharkhand Legislative Assembly [[Dinesh Oraon]] that problems of his constituency is not solved, despite the fact that he raised those issues on the floor of Legislative Assembly for a number of times.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/bsp-dismisses-lone-mla-in-jharkhand/articleshow/70431922.cms|title=BSP dismisses lone MLA in Jharkhand|website=Times of India|access-date=14 August 2023|archive-date=5 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105022401/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/bsp-dismisses-lone-mla-in-jharkhand/articleshow/70431922.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2023, an MP-MLA special court of Jharkhand found Mehta guilty in a case, where latter along with his supporters was accused of protesting and blocking the traffic, without permission from authorities. As per news reports, Mehta and his supporters also misbehaved with police officers. The court, in its verdict, barred them from contesting elections for six years besides monetary penalty.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abplive.com/states/jharkhand/former-jharkhand-bsp-mla-kushwaha-shivpujan-mehta-including-seven-sentenced-to-two-years-each-for-blocking-road-2327765|title=Jharkhand: झारखंड के पूर्व BSP विधायक सहित सात को दो-दो साल की सजा, छह साल तक नहीं लड़ पाएंगे चुनाव, जानें- क्या है मामला?|website=ABP news|accessdate=14 August 2023|archive-date=15 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315150429/https://www.abplive.com/states/jharkhand/former-jharkhand-bsp-mla-kushwaha-shivpujan-mehta-including-seven-sentenced-to-two-years-each-for-blocking-road-2327765|url-status=live}}</ref> During the verdict, Mehta was serving as Vice President of [[All Jharkhand Students Union]] political party.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/palamu-palamu-ajsu-central-vice-president-kushwaha-shivpujan-mehta-sentenced-to-two-years-and-not-be-able-to-contest-elections-for-6-years-23321179.html|title=Jharkhand: आजसू से केंद्रीय उपाध्यक्ष कुशवाहा शिवपूजन मेहता को दो साल की सजा, 6 साल तक नहीं लड़ पाएंगे चुनाव|website=jagran|accessdate=14 August 2023|archive-date=7 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207190415/https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/palamu-palamu-ajsu-central-vice-president-kushwaha-shivpujan-mehta-sentenced-to-two-years-and-not-be-able-to-contest-elections-for-6-years-23321179.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2019, Mehta was also accused by a woman teacher of government middle school located in Hussainabad of giving sexual advances through the principal of her school Rajeshwar Mehta. Although, Mehta denied the charges and himself alleged some of his rivals in state education department of plotting to defame him.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/teacher-accuses-hussainabad-mla-of-harassment/articleshow/69864591.cms|title=Teacher accuses Hussainabad MLA of harassment|website=Times of India|access-date=14 August 2023|archive-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926023406/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/teacher-accuses-hussainabad-mla-of-harassment/articleshow/69864591.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Earlier, before joining All Jharkhand Students Union, it was reported that Mehta will join [[Bhartiya Janata Party]], after being expelled from BSP. In 2019, he also met former Jharkhand Chief Minister, [[Raghubar Das]] in [[Jamshedpur]]. But later, he decided to go with All Jharkhand Students Union (AJSU).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bsp-mla-kushwaha-shivpujan-mehta-will-join-ajsu-jhnj-2574022.html|title=बीएसपी विधायक कुशवाहा शिवपूजन मेहता आजसू में होंगे शामिल|website=News18|accessdate=14 August 2023|archive-date=15 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815044933/https://hindi.news18.com/news/bsp-mla-kushwaha-shivpujan-mehta-will-join-ajsu-jhnj-2574022.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2022, Mehta was also involved in activism in 'justice for Sujit Mehta movement'. Sujit Mehta was husband of a member of [[District council (India)|Zila Parishad]] in Aurangabad district of Bihar, who was murdered by hired shooters in a revenge attack. This incident resulted in caste based clashes in between members of [[Kushwaha]] ([[Koeri]]) and [[Rajput]] caste. The caste based clashes first erupted on [[social media]] and later spread out on streets, with many areas of Aurangabad and bordering [[Palamu district]] of Jharkhand engulfed by it. Mehta organised his justice rally (''Nyay Yatra''), keeping immediate demands in front of government to arrest the culprits and dismiss Police Station incharge of the area.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/palamu-shivpujan-showed-strength-by-nyay-march-for-justice-sujeet-mehta-murder-case-23097759.html|title=Palamu News: जातीय तनाव के बीच शिवपूजन ने न्याय मार्च कर दिखाई ताकत, सुजीत मेहता हत्याकांड का किया विरोध|website=jagran.com|accessdate=14 August 2023|archive-date=15 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815044912/https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/palamu-shivpujan-showed-strength-by-nyay-march-for-justice-sujeet-mehta-murder-case-23097759.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/ranchi-caste-frenzy-flared-up-on-bihar-jharkhand-border-conflict-between-rajput-and-kushwaha-communities-in-palamu-23097097.html|title=Palamu News: बिहार-झारखंड के बार्डर पर भड़का जातीय उन्माद, राजपूत और कुशवाहा समुदायों के बीच भिड़ंत|website=[[Dainik Jagran]]|accessdate=12 August 2023|archive-date=12 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812194403/https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/ranchi-caste-frenzy-flared-up-on-bihar-jharkhand-border-conflict-between-rajput-and-kushwaha-communities-in-palamu-23097097.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, alleging Mehta of making controversial statements against the [[Forward Castes]], a caste body of Rajput community also organised counter protests and even submitted memorandum before local police in-charge to arrest Mehta.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://liveindianews18.in/the-effigy-of-former-jharkhand-mla-shivpujan-mehta-was-burnt-in-protest-against-the-rhetoric-against-the-upper-castes-in-the-sujit-mehta-murder-case/|title=सुजीत मेहता हत्याकांड में सवर्णों के खिलाफ बयानबाजी के विरोध में झारखंड के पूर्व विधायक शिवपूजन मेहता का फूंका गया पुतला|website=News18|accessdate=14 August 2023|archive-date=19 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919053519/https://liveindianews18.in/the-effigy-of-former-jharkhand-mla-shivpujan-mehta-was-burnt-in-protest-against-the-rhetoric-against-the-upper-castes-in-the-sujit-mehta-murder-case/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehta, Kushwaha Shivpujan}}
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bahujan Samaj Party politicians]]
[[Category:All Jharkhand Students Union politicians]]
[[Category:1972 births]]

Islamism in the Gaza Strip

2025-10-20T02:22:15Z

Advsalahuddinahmed: expanded content also and added references to improve readability

{{Short description| Efforts to impose Islamic law and traditions in the Palestinian Gaza Strip }}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{campaignbox Fatah–Hamas conflict}}
{{campaignbox Gaza-Israel conflict}}
{{Islamism sidebar}}{{Politics of the Gaza Strip}}

'''[[Islamism]] in the Gaza Strip''' involves efforts to promote and impose Islamic laws and traditions in the [[Gaza Strip]], both by the ruling [[Gaza Strip under Hamas|Hamas government]] and [[Islamist anti-Hamas groups in the Gaza Strip|other Islamist anti-Hamas groups]] in the region. The influence of Islamic groups in the Gaza Strip has grown since the 1980s. Following [[Hamas]]' victory in the [[2006 Palestinian legislative election|2006 Palestinian elections]] and a [[Battle of Gaza (2007)|conflict]] with supporters of the rival [[Fatah]] party, Hamas took complete control of the Gaza Strip,<ref name=hatorch>[https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/gaza-water-park-vandalized-by-armed-men-1.314603 Militants torch Gaza water park shut down by Hamas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414142327/https://www.haaretz.com/1.5115051 |date=2020-04-14 }}, Haaretz 19-09-2010</ref><ref name=afptorch>[https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jDblV3atUSJnUtMzkDDINQ_QWltQ Gunmen torch Gaza beach club shuttered by Hamas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525092009/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jDblV3atUSJnUtMzkDDINQ_QWltQ |date=2012-05-25 }}, AFP 19-09-2010</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.jcpa.org/jl/vp490.htm|title= The Beleaguered Christians of the Palestinian-Controlled Areas, by David Raab|access-date= 1 February 2015|archive-date= 26 December 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181226061912/http://jcpa.org/jl/vp490.htm|url-status= dead}}</ref> and declared the "end of secularism and heresy in the Gaza Strip".<ref>Khaled Abu Toameh, "Haniyeh Calls for Palestinian Unity", ''Jerusalem Post'', June 15, 2007</ref> Gaza human-rights groups accuse Hamas of restricting many freedoms.<ref name=afptorch/>

In 2009, [[Ismael Haniyeh]] officially denied accusations that Hamas intended to establish an Islamic emirate.<ref name="Schanzer">{{Cite journal |author=Jonathan Schanzer |date=August 19, 2009 |title=The Talibanization of Gaza: A Liability for the Muslim Brotherhood |url=http://www.hudson.org/content/researchattachments/attachment/1179/20100108_ct9forposting.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Current Trends in Islamist Ideology |issue=9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910161843/https://www.hudson.org/content/researchattachments/attachment/1179/20100108_ct9forposting.pdf |archive-date=September 10, 2021 |access-date=March 23, 2016}}</ref><ref name="q008">{{cite web |last=Plumb |first=Dr. Radha |last2=Palmieri |first2=Margaret |last3=Kramer |first3=Zach |last4=Morrissey |first4=Rob |date=2009-08-19 |title=The Talibanization of Gaza: A Liability for the Muslim Brotherhood |url=https://www.hudson.org/national-security-defense/the-talibanization-of-gaza-a-liability-for-the-muslim-brotherhood |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=Hudson Institute}}</ref> However, [[Jonathan Schanzer]] wrote that in two years following the Hamas takeover, the Gaza Strip had exhibited the characteristics of [[Talibanization]],<ref name="Schanzer"/> a process whereby the Hamas government had imposed strict rules on women, discouraged activities commonly associated with Western culture, oppressed non-Muslim minorities, imposed [[sharia]] law, and deployed religious police to enforce these laws.<ref name="Schanzer"/>

According to a [[Human Rights Watch]] researcher, the Hamas-controlled government of Gaza stepped up its efforts to "Islamize" Gaza in 2010, efforts that included the "repression" of civil society and "severe violations of personal freedom".<ref name=Esveld>[https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-jun-27-la-oe-vanesveld-gaza-20100627-story.html "In Gaza, prisoners twice over; Palestinians are being squeezed by the Israeli blockade and Hamas' 'Islamizing' actions,"] Bill Van Esveld (a Middle East researcher for Human Rights Watch), June 27, 2010, ''Los Angeles Times''.</ref> Israeli journalist [[Khaled Abu Toameh]] wrote in 2009 that "Hamas is gradually turning the Gaza Strip into a [[Taliban]]-style Islamic entity".<ref name="Toameh"/> According to Mkhaimar Abusada, a political-science professor at Gaza's [[Al-Azhar University – Gaza|Al-Azhar University]], "Ruling by itself, Hamas can stamp its ideas on everyone (...) Islamizing society has always been part of Hamas strategy."<ref name="bloomberg">
[https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aB2RfynNbLmk Hamas Bans Women Dancers, Scooter Riders in Gaza Push] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118123632/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aB2RfynNbLmk |date=2015-11-18 }} By Daniel Williams, Bloomberg, November 30, 2009</ref>

== Women ==

=== Dress code for women ===

==== 1970s to 1980s ====
Successful coercion of women by sectors of society to wear Islamic dress or [[hijab]] has been reported in Gaza where [[Mujama' al-Islami]], the predecessor of [[Hamas]], reportedly used a mixture of consent and coercion to "'restore' hijab" on urban educated women in Gaza in the late 1970s and 1980s.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3012687?seq=1 "Women and the Hijab in the Intifada", Rema Hammami] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031161607/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3012687?seq=1 |date=2022-10-31 }} ''Middle East Report'', May–August 1990</ref>

==== 1980s to 1990s ====
Similar behavior was displayed by Hamas during the [[First Intifada]].<ref>Rubenberg, C., ''Palestinian Women: Patriarchy and Resistance in the West Bank'' (USA, 2001) p.230</ref> Hamas campaigned for the wearing of the hijab alongside other measures, including insisting women stay at home, segregation from men and the promotion of polygamy. In the course of this campaign, women who chose not to wear the hijab were verbally and physically harassed, with the result that the hijab was being worn 'just to avoid problems on the streets'.<ref name="Ruben">Rubenberg, C., ''Palestinian Women: Patriarchy and Resistance in the West Bank'' (USA, 2001) p.231</ref>

==== 2007 Swords of Truth threat ====
In 2007, Islamic group [[Islamist anti-Hamas groups in the Gaza Strip #Swords of Truth |Swords of Truth]] threatened to [[behead]] female TV broadcasters if they didn't wear strict Islamic dress. "We will cut throats, and from vein to vein, if needed to protect the spirit and moral of this nation," their statement said. The group also accused the women broadcasters of being "without any ... shame or morals." Personal threats against female broadcasters were also sent to the women's mobile phones, though it was not clear if these threats were from the same group. Gazan anchorwomen interviewed by the Associated Press said that they were frightened by the Swords of Truth's statement.<ref name=Diaa/>

==== 2009 rules for female lawyers ====
After [[Battle of Gaza (2007)|taking control of the Gaza Strip]] in June 2007, Hamas tried to enforce Islamic law in the territory, imposing the hijab on women at courts, institutions and schools.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Milton-Edwards |first1=Beverley |last2=Farrell |first2=Stephen |title=Hamas: The Islamic Resistance Movement |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ozLNNbwqlAEC&q=Gaza+Hamas+hijab+women&pg=PT184 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2010 |isbn=9780745654683}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Fedorak |first=Shirley A. |title=Anthropology Matters |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X5JeG0ZaqBQC&q=Gaza+Hamas+hijab+women&pg=PA172 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2012 |page=172 |isbn=9781442605930}}</ref><ref>[http://www.merip.org/mer/mer164/women-hijab-intifada Women, the Hijab and the Intifada] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208232544/http://www.merip.org/mer/mer164/women-hijab-intifada |date=2015-12-08 }}, Middle East Research and Information Project</ref>

Some of the Islamization efforts met resistance. When Palestinian Supreme Court Justice [[Abdel Raouf Al-Halabi]] ordered female lawyers to wear headscarves and caftans in court, attorneys contacted satellite television stations to protest, including Saudi state media outlet [[Al Arabiya]], causing Hamas' Justice Ministry to cancel the directive.<ref name="bloomberg"/>

==== 2009 Detention of Asma al-Ghul ====

In 2009, [[Asma al-Ghul]], a female Palestinian journalist, stated that Hamas policemen attempted to arrest her under the pretext that she came to a Gaza beach dressed immodestly and was seen laughing in public. "They accused me of laughing loudly while swimming with my friend and failing to wear a hijab," Ghul told {{clarify|text = a human rights organization in the Gaza Strip.|reason = be specific|date=May 2024}} "They also wanted to know the identity of the people who were with me at the beach and whether they were relatives of mine." Al-Ghul added that the officers confiscated her passport, and that she had received death threats from anonymous callers following the incident.<ref name=accused>Khaled Abu Toameh, [https://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1246443716574 'They accused me of laughing in public'] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616180558/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull&cid=1246443716574 |date=2011-06-16 }}, Jerusalem Post 04-08-2009</ref> Regarding the incident, Hamas {{clarify| text = security commanders |date=May 2024}} initially said that al-Ghul and her friends were stopped because they were having a mixed party at the beach. Later, one of the commanders said that al-Ghul was stopped for not wearing a [[hijab]] while swimming. Another commander said that the offense was smoking [[nargila]]s and partying in a public place.<ref name=accused/> Islam Shahwan, the Hamas police spokesman, denied the detention of al-Ghul.<ref name=Diaa>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/feedarticle/8597375?FORM=ZZNR8 Hamas tries to detain woman walking with man] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406051057/http://www.theguardian.com/world/feedarticle/8597375?FORM=ZZNR8 |date=2015-04-06 }}, July 8, 2009, Diaa Hadid, [[The Guardian]]</ref>

==== Typical clothing in the 2020s ====

In the early 2020s women have tended to dress conservatively in the Gaza Strip, but traditionally Islamic dress codes such as head scarves were not mandatory for all. [[Gazan Christians|Gazan Christian]] women do not often wear headscarves, particularly at Christian gatherings or Christian venues like the YMCA in [[Gaza City]].

=== Jamila al-Shanti ===
{{Main|Jamila Abdallah Taha al-Shanti}}

=== Islamisation of other women's issues ===

In 2009, Hamas banned girls from riding behind men on [[motor scooter]]s and forbade women from [[dancing]].<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-hamas-motorcycles-sb-idUSTRE5971TX20091008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801035250/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-hamas-motorcycles-sb-idUSTRE5971TX20091008|date=2017-08-01}}, Reuters 8-10-2009</ref>

The Hamas-led government briefly implemented, then revoked, a ban on women [[smoking]] in public.<ref name=Reuter>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/gaza-ban-on-women-smoking-pipes-2029782.html Gaza ban on women smoking pipes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111215815/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/gaza-ban-on-women-smoking-pipes-2029782.html |date=2020-11-11 }}, Reuters, 19 July 2010, The Independent.</ref> In 2010, Hamas banned the smoking of [[hookah]] by women in public, stating that it was to reduce the increasing number of divorces.<ref>{{cite news|publisher= Daily Telegraph |date= 18 July 2010 |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/7897218/Women-banned-from-smoking-hookah-pipes-in-Gaza.html |title= Women banned from smoking hookah pipes in Gaza |access-date= 18 July 2010 |location=London |first=Adrian |last=Blomfield}}</ref>

In March 2010, Hamas tried to impose a ban on women receiving salon treatment from male [[hairdresser]]s, issuing orders by Interior Minister [[Fathi Hammad]] and threatening offenders with arrest and trial. The group backed down after an outcry. In February 2011, according to the [[Palestinian Center for Human Rights]], Hamas attempted to renew the ban, interrogating the five male hairdressers in Gaza City and forcing them to sign declarations that they wouldn't work in women's salons. According to one of the hairdressers, police called the five into a room where an unrelated detainee was chained to a wall by his wrists and told to sign a pledge to give up their profession or face arrest and a 20,000 shekel fine. The man initially refused but signed after his captors threatened "to take you to the cells because what you do is against [[Sharia]]". During Hamas's reign over the strip, several beauty parlors and hair salons have been the target of explosions and other attacks, which Hamas has blamed on opposition groups. Male hairdressers for women in the conservative territory are rare.<ref>[https://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id=209231 Hamas orders male hairstylists out of lady salons] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629003558/http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id=209231 |date=2011-06-29 }}, Associated Press (published in the Jerusalem Post 21–02–2011)</ref><ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hamas-hairdressers-idUSTRE6243UG20100305 Hamas bans men from women's hair salons in Gaza] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809140902/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-hamas-hairdressers-idUSTRE6243UG20100305 |date=2017-08-09 }}, Reuters 05-03-2010</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/view-from-jerusalem-with-harriet-sherwood/2011/feb/23/gaza-hamas Gaza police order male hairdressers to quit working] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031161530/https://www.theguardian.com/world/view-from-jerusalem-with-harriet-sherwood/2011/feb/23/gaza-hamas |date=2022-10-31 }}, The Guardian 23-02-2011</ref>

In 2013, [[UNRWA]] canceled its annual marathon in Gaza after Hamas rulers prohibited women from participating in the race.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/un-cancels-gaza-marathon-over-hamas-ban-on-women/|title=UN cancels Gaza marathon over Hamas ban on women|work=The Times of Israel|access-date=1 February 2015}}</ref>

In 2015, Hamas banned New Year's Eve celebrations based on the [[Gregorian calendar]], stating that such celebrations "offended the territory's values and religious traditions." This was after the [[Islamic New Year]] had begun in October.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-bans-new-years-eve-parties-in-gaza/|title=Hamas bans New Year's Eve parties in Gaza|work=The Times of Israel|access-date=31 December 2015}}</ref>

=== Polygamy ===
Polygamy has burgeoned under the Hamas government, and the overall rate of marriage has decreased.<ref name="WaheidiThirdWife">{{cite news|last1=al Waheidi|first1=Majd|title=Gaza Dating Site Matches Widows to Men Seeking 2nd (or 3rd) Wife|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/04/world/middleeast/gaza-palestinians-hamas-wesal-polygamy.html?_r=0|access-date=5 June 2017|work=New York Times|date=4 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="GhoulUnhappySisterWives">{{cite news|last1=Al Ghoul|first1=Asmaa|title=Gaza's unhappy sister wives|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2015/03/gaza-hamas-conservative-rise-of-polygamy.html|access-date=5 June 2017|publisher=[[Al-Monitor]]|date=18 March 2015}}</ref> Polygamy was already practised in some [[Bedouin]] communities in Israel, and some [[Palestinian citizen of Israel |Palestinians with Israeli citizenship]], [[Negev Bedouin women |particularly in]] the [[Negev]] desert (Arabic pronunciation: Naqab) surrounding the [[Gaza Strip]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Aburabia |first1=Rawia |title=Trapped Between National Boundaries and Patriarchal Structures: Palestinian Bedouin Women and Polygamous Marriage in Israel |journal=Journal of Comparative Family Studies |date=2017 |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=339–349 |doi=10.3138/jcfs.48.3.339 |jstor=44509032 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44509032 |issn=0047-2328|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Boulos |first1=Sonia |title=National Interests Versus Women's Rights: The Case of Polygamy Among the Bedouin Community in Israel |journal=Women & Criminal Justice |date=2 January 2021 |volume=31 |pages=53–76 |doi=10.1080/08974454.2019.1658692 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08974454.2019.1658692 |issn=0897-4454|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lidman |first1=Melanie |title=Polygamy is illegal in Israel. So why is it allowed to flourish among Negev Bedouin? |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/the-sorry-plight-of-bedouin-women-trapped-by-polygamy/ |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=16 February 2016 |issn=0040-7909}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=No more than 1 wife: Israel looks to tackle Bedouin polygamy |url=https://apnews.com/general-news-486a1223036f436eb39bf497652a11ec |work=AP News |date=9 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bedouin women are pushing Israel to crack down on polygamy |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/polygamy-persists-among-israel-s-bedouins-women-are-pushing-change-n922296 |work=NBC News |date=22 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

== Book banning ==

In 2007, the banning of a book of Palestinian folktales, ''[[Speak, Bird, Speak Again]]'', which is a collection of 45 Palestinian folk tales, because of some supposedly lewd content, caused an outcry.<ref name=Islamic>[[Jonathan Spyer]], [https://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1254163537553&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull Analysis: The Islamic republic of Gaza] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616174949/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1254163537553&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |date=2011-06-16 }}, Jerusalem Post 29-09-2009</ref> The Palestinian novelist Zakariya Mohammed warned that Hamas' decision to ban the book was "only the beginning" and he urged intellectuals to take action. He said: "If we don't stand up to the Islamists now, they won't stop confiscating books, songs and folklore".<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/hamas-orders-book-of-palestinian-folk-tales-pulled-from-schools-439025.html Hamas orders book of Palestinian folk tales pulled from schools] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100916073249/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/hamas-orders-book-of-palestinian-folk-tales-pulled-from-schools-439025.html |date=2010-09-16 }}, Tuesday, 6 March 2007. By Mohammed Daraghmeh and Dalia Nammari, Associated Press.</ref> The decision to ban the book was shortly thereafter reversed due to widespread outcry.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-03-13 |title=Hamas reverse on schoolbook ban |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6445465.stm |access-date=2024-11-03 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Music and entertainment ==

One of the most obvious difference between Hamas and the smaller more fundamentalist groups in the Gaza Strip is music.<ref name="Hamas music" > article title: Hamas are not ISIS, date 2023 </ref> Hamas do not object to most music,<ref name="Hamas music" /> and music has long been a key element of the Palestinian Nationalist movement.<ref> al Jazeera documentary about music in prison </ref><ref>{{cite web | title= Captive melody | script-title= he: اللحن الأسير | url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8cLpZa-9aXo | website= www.youtube.com/@aljazeeradocumentary | publisher= Al Jazeera Arabic | date= 8 November 2021 |language=ar}}</ref>

=== Entertainment venue bombings (2006-2007) ===

Beginning in October 2006, during the [[Fatah-Hamas conflict]], and continuing into mid-2007, dozens of Internet cafes and music shops in Gaza were attacked by unknown assailants who detonated small bombs outside businesses at night, causing damage but no injuries. [[Ramzi Shaheen]], the Gaza police spokesman, told [[Ha'aretz]] in 2007 that the method of operation was always the same but that they had no hard proof as to who was behind the attacks and had yet to make arrests. [[Ramzi Abu Hilao]], a pool hall owner whose establishment was blown up said he had received no prior warning but that, "I received a written message after the bombing from a group called '[[Islamist anti-Hamas groups in the Gaza Strip #Swords of Truth |The Swords of Truth]]' that began with a verse from the [[Quran]] and said they wanted to correct the bad behavior in Palestinian society."<ref name="Haaretz - web cafe attacks" /> Hamas spokesman Ismail Ridwan denied any connection with the group.<ref name=Diaa/>

Police said that no credible claims of responsibility had been made for the attacks, dismissing a statement that appeared on a news Web site in December from an unknown group with alleged links to [[Al-Qaeda]]. Haaretz noted that, "There has been no conclusive proof that Al-Qaida has established a Gaza branch. Observers believe the vice squad is most likely homegrown."<ref name="Haaretz - web cafe attacks" >{{cite web|url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/833956.html|title=Suspected vice squad of Muslim militants targeting Gaza Internet cafes, music shops|date=6 March 2007|work=Haaretz.com|access-date=1 February 2015}}</ref>

=== Propagation of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice in 2007 ===

In 2007, the Gaza Strip's [[Committee for the Propagation of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Gaza Strip)|Committee for the Propagation of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice]], which at the time claimed to be independent of the Hamas government, beat up a local singer in Gaza after he gave a concert in [[Khan Younis]], according to the London-based newspaper ''[[Al-Quds Al-Arabi]]''.<ref name=police>[http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2007/10/08/40105.html Gaza gets its own 'religious police'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801042359/http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2007/10/08/40105.html |date=2017-08-01 }}, Al-Arabiya 08-10-2007</ref>

=== Arab Idol 2013 ===

In 2013, Gazan singer Mohammed Assaf won ''[[Arab Idol]]'', a regional singing competition TV show. A Hamas spokesperson initially condemned the name and idea of the show as blasphemous, but later a Hamas legislator praised Assaf as the "ambassador for Palestinian art".<ref name="ynet Arab Idol" >{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4395615,00.html|title=Gaza singer wins 'Arab Idol'|work=ynet|date=22 June 2013|access-date= 1 February 2015}}</ref>

=== ISIS sympathisers in 2021 ===

In August 2021, ISIS-inspired groups in the Gaza Strip accused Bianco Resort, one of the Gaza Strip's most luxurious seaside tourist sites, of holding a music concert for men and women, before attacking the resort with an explosive device.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/gaza-resort-bombed-for-holding-mixed-gender-concert-676168|title=Gaza resort bombed for holding mixed-gender concert|website=The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com|date=8 August 2021 }}</ref>

=== Police raid on hip hop concert in 2010 ===

In April 2010, Hamas sent police to break up the Gaza Strip's first major [[hip-hop]] concert, which it viewed as immoral conduct. It said organizers failed to get a permit.<ref name=camp/>

=== Water park ===
[[File:Crazy water in Gaza.jpg|thumb|upright|Crazy Water Park, Gaza Strip]]

In 2010, human rights activists said that Hamas stepped up its efforts to impose strict Islamic teachings in the Gaza Strip. [[Crazy Water Park]], one of the Gaza Strip's most popular entertainment sites, was closed down by Hamas for allowing [[mixed bathing]]. Two weeks later, the site was set on fire by a group of unknown gunmen. The Hamas government issued a strong condemnation and promised to pursue the perpetrators. The government had already a week earlier ordered the closure of Crazy Water Park for three weeks due to it not having a proper license.<ref>[https://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=188560 Gaza water park burned down after shut down by Hamas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922105828/http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=188560 |date=2010-09-22 }}, Jerusalem Post, Khaled Abu Toameh, 09/19/2010</ref>

Although it is not clear which Islamist group was behind the action, Islamist militants who objected to mixed-gender socializing destroyed Gaza's [[Crazy Water Park|water park]].<ref name="hatorch"/><ref name="afptorch"/><ref name=aptorch>[https://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id=188554 Gaza water park torched after shuttered by Hamas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020185436/http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id=188554 |date=2012-10-20 }}, Associated Press 19-09-2010 (reprinted in the Jerusalem Post)</ref><ref name=maantorch>[http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=315971 Gaza: Assailants set fire to water park] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010104651/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=315971 |date=2013-10-10 }}, Ma'an News Agency 19-09-2010</ref>

== Children's summer camps ==

In May 2010, a previously unknown militant group calling itself "[[Islamist anti-Hamas groups in the Gaza Strip#The Free of the Homeland|The Free of the Homeland]]" issued a statement criticizing the [[United Nations Relief and Works Agency]] (UNRWA), for running camps in the Gaza Strip "teaching schoolgirls fitness, dancing and immorality". Two days later, about 20 men armed with assault rifles attacked a UNRWA-run summer camp. The assailants tore up large plastic tents and burned storage facilities at the site, according to an eyewitness. John Ging, UNRWA's director of operations in Gaza, called the incident "an attack on the happiness of children". A Hamas spokesman condemned the attack and pledged authorities "will track down the perpetrators".<ref name=camp>[https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE64M0RT20100523 Militants attack U.N. Gaza summer camp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031161531/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE64M0RT20100523 |date=2022-10-31 }}, Reuters 23-05-2010</ref>

In a separate incident in June 2010, a group of about two dozen armed and masked men attacked a UNRWA summer camp in Gaza. The assailants tied up an unarmed guard, then tried to set fire to two tents and a perimeter fence. They also used knives, slashing a plastic swimming pool, blow-up slide and toys. John Ging called it a "cowardly and despicable" attack. Hamas condemned the attack and said it was investigating.<ref name=camp2>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/7858673/UN-summer-camp-in-Gaza-attacked.html UN summer camp in Gaza attacked], The Telegraph 28-06-2010</ref>

== Other prohibitions ==

The "Islamic Endowment Ministry" created by the Hamas administration has deployed Virtue Committee members to warn people of the dangers of [[dating]], [[card playing]] and immodest dress.<ref name="bloomberg"/> The government has also imposed temporary closures on facilities like the cafes of the [[Crazy Water Park]] and the [[Faisal Equestrian Club]] where men and women were mingling socially.<ref>[https://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id=185598] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614234920/http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id=185598|date=2011-06-14}}" Report: Gaza water park closed due to gender-mixed parties," 08/22/2010, Jerusalem Post.</ref><ref name=xitorch>[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-09/19/c_13520023.htm Gunmen torch Gaza resort] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923092710/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-09/19/c_13520023.htm |date=2010-09-23 }}, 19-09-2010</ref>

It was reported that young Palestinians in Gaza were being targeted by Islamist gunmen and Hamas security forces for wearing [[hair gel]], with some of them being beaten and shaved against their will.<ref>[https://nationalpost.com/news/this-is-too-much-man-seized-by-police-beaten-and-shaved-for-using-hair-gel-in-gaza?__lsa=1f3f-a8d1 'This is too much': Man seized by police, beaten and shaved for using hair gel in Gaza], 30-04-2013</ref>

In 2008, Hamas instructed the main Palestinian telecoms company, [[Paltel]] to block access to [[pornographic]] internet sites. "Palestinian society suffers because of such immoral sites. We have therefore taken the decision to protect morality, and this remains our policy," said Hamas telecommunications minister Yussef al-Mansi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jAeMv4kCXS8A4xxLx2TFTeWttQ8A|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005225605/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jAeMv4kCXS8A4xxLx2TFTeWttQ8A|url-status=dead|title=AFP: Hamas takes aim at Internet porn in Gaza|archive-date=October 5, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL1920867720080519 | work=Reuters | title=Hamas bans pornographic websites in Gaza Strip | date=2008-05-19}}</ref>

Men are banned from [[human swimming|swimming]] topless.<ref name=accused/>

[[Hamas]] banned public dog walking in May 2017, stating it was to "protect our women and children". Hamas officials stated that the ban was in response to a rise in dog walking on the streets which they stated was "against culture and traditions in Gaza".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/hamas-gaza-strip-occupied-palestinian-territories-facebook-israel-dogs-dog-walking-a7746101.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/hamas-gaza-strip-occupied-palestinian-territories-facebook-israel-dogs-dog-walking-a7746101.html |archive-date=7 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Hamas bans dog walking through the Gaza Strip to 'protect women and children'|work=The Independent}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==Effects on Christian population==

In 2007, about 3,000 Gazans were Christian, out of the total population of 1.5 million.<ref name='AP 2007-12-23'/> In 2011, the Christian population of Gaza Strip was less than 1,400.<ref name="v805">{{cite web |last=Greenwood |first=Phoebe |date=2011-12-23 |title=Gaza Christians long for days before Hamas cancelled Christmas |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/dec/23/gaza-christians-hamas-cancelled-christmas |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Attacks on Christians and their property are rare,<ref name=indep/> with the notable exception of those on [[The Teacher's Bookshop]]. A member of the Catholic faith told ''[[The Guardian]]'' he was stopped by a Hamas official and told to remove a wooden crucifix he was wearing; he refused and was threatened with arrest, but eventually was let go.<ref>{{cite news|last=Greenwood|first=Phoebe|title=Gaza Christians long for days before Hamas cancelled Christmas|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/dec/23/gaza-christians-hamas-cancelled-christmas|access-date=17 June 2012|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=23 December 2011}}</ref>

In 2007, Islamism was putting pressure on the tiny Christian minority.<ref name=Ormestad>[https://www.haaretz.com/weekend/magazine/i-know-how-to-make-you-a-muslim-1.232309 "'I know how to make you a Muslim'; The murder of a young Baptist bookseller has Gaza's small Christian community on edge,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924235818/http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/magazine/i-know-how-to-make-you-a-muslim-1.232309 |date=2015-09-24 }} Catrin Ormestad, November 1, 2007, Haaretz.</ref> Following the Hamas takeover of Gaza in 2007, [[Abu Saqer]], leader of [[Islamist anti-Hamas groups in the Gaza Strip#Jihadia Salafiya|Jihadia Salafiya]], a rival group to Hamas,<ref name=worldmag_8may2010>[http://www.worldmag.com/articles/16649 "Tested by fire"], Mindy Belz, worldmag.com, 2010-05-08.</ref> announced the opening of a "military wing" to enforce Muslim law in Gaza. "I expect our Christian neighbors to understand the new Hamas rule means real changes. They must be ready for Islamic rule if they want to live in peace in Gaza."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3414753,00.html|title='Christians must accept Islamic rule'|newspaper=Ynetnews |date=June 19, 2007|via=www.ynetnews.com|last1=Klein |first1=Aaron }}</ref> Sheik Saqer has asserted that there is "no need" for Christians in Gaza to maintain a large number of institutions in the territory and demanded that Hamas "must work to impose an Islamic rule or it will lose the authority it has and the will of the people."<ref name=Klein>[http://www.nysun.com/foreign/christian-bookstore-owner-was-tortured-before-his/64354/ "Christian Bookstore Owner Was Tortured Before His Death,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122142507/https://www.nysun.com/foreign/christian-bookstore-owner-was-tortured-before-his/64354/ |date=2018-11-22 }} Aaron Klein, October 11, 2007, New York Sun.</ref>

In October 2007, [[Killing of Rami Ayyad|Rami Khader Ayyad]], owner of Gaza's only Christian bookstore, was abducted, beaten and murdered, after his bookstore was firebombed by an unidentified group attacking targets associated with Western influence. According to Ayyad's family and neighbors, he had regularly received anonymous death threats from people angered by his missionary work. Ismail Haniyeh, leader of Hamas in Gaza, condemned Ayyad's killing and said Hamas "would not allow anyone to sabotage Muslim-Christian relations." Hamas officials made visits to Christian community, and its spokesman promised to bring those responsible to justice. No group claimed responsibility for the murder.<ref name='AP 2007-12-23'>{{cite news | title = After murder, Gaza's Christians keep low profile | date = 2007-12-23 | publisher = [[NBC News]] | url = https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna22380080 | agency = Associated Press | access-date = 2010-09-20}}</ref><ref name='Hendricks 2007-10-09'>{{cite news | first = Shawn | last = Hendricks | title = Slain Baptist in Gaza had gentle but bold witness | date = 2007-10-09 | url = http://www.sbcbaptistpress.org/BPnews.asp?ID=26573 | work = Baptist Press | access-date = 2010-09-20 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120306034400/http://www.sbcbaptistpress.org/BPnews.asp?ID=26573 | archive-date = 2012-03-06 }}</ref><ref name='JP 2007-10-07'>{{cite news | title = Palestinian Christian activist found dead in Gaza City | date = 2007-10-07 | url = https://www.jpost.com/Home/Article.aspx?id=77449 | work = The Jerusalem Post | access-date = 2010-09-20}}</ref>

Ayyad's funeral was attended by 300 Muslims and Christians. The [[Palestinian Centre for Human Rights]] stated "This ugly act has no support by any religious group here."<ref name=indep>{{cite news|title=Gaza's Christian bookseller killed|author=Eric Silver|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/gazas-christian-bookseller-killed-396283.html|work=[[The Independent]]|location=London|date=2007-10-08}}</ref>

In 2012, a public protest was organized by dozens of Christians who claimed that two Christians were forcibly converted to Islam and were being held against their will. According to two mediators, the two Christians embraced Islam of their own free will. The conversions have the minority Christian population worried, and Huda Al-Amash, the mother of one of the converts, Ramez, stated, "If things remain like this, there'll be no Christians left in Gaza." Gaza's Archbishop Alexious said that the converts should be returned to their families.<ref name="BostonChristianGaza">{{cite news | url=http://www.boston.com/news/world/middleeast/articles/2012/07/16/gaza_christians_protest_forcible_conversions/ | title=Gaza Christians protest 'forcible conversions' | work=Boston | date=16 July 2012 | access-date=July 16, 2012 | author=Hadid, Diaa | location=Gaza City, Gaza Strip}}</ref><ref name="CBSChristianGaza">{{cite news | url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-501713_162-57473238/gaza-christians-protest-forcible-conversions/ | title=Gaza Christians protest 'forcible conversions' | work=CBS News | date=16 July 2012 | access-date=July 16, 2012}}{{dead link|date=August 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==Conflict between Hamas and more extreme groups==
{{see also| Islamist anti-Hamas groups in the Gaza Strip }}

In 2015 – coinciding with the rise of the self-described "[[Islamic State]]" in Iraq and Syria ([[ISIS]]) and in the neighbouring "[[Sinai Province]]" – the Hamas led government launched a campaign to combat “extremist ideology” in the Gaza Strip.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/hamas-launches-a-campaign-to-combat-extremist-ideology-says-official-396812 | title=Hamas launches a campaign to combat 'extremist ideology,' says official | date=12 April 2015 }}</ref>

== Taliban comparisons ==
{{further| Islam and nationalism }}

===Criticism by other Palestinians===
[[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] researcher [[Khaled Al-Hroub|Dr. Khaled Al-Hroub]] has criticized what he called the "[[Taliban]]-like steps" Hamas has taken. He wrote, "The Islamization that has been forced upon the Gaza Strip – the suppression of social, cultural, and press freedoms that do not suit Hamas's view[s] – is an egregious deed that must be opposed. It is the reenactment, under a religious guise, of the experience of [other] totalitarian regimes and dictatorships".<ref>{{cite web | title= Translation by MEMRI of "The Hamas Enterprise and the Talibanization of Gaza, by Khaled Al-Hroub, Al-Ayyam (Palestinian Authority)" | url= http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/4696.htm | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101024183415/http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/4696.htm | archive-date= 2010-10-24 | publisher= the Middle East Research Institute | date= October 22, 2010 }}</ref> Extremist Islamist groups like [[ISIS]] object to both Hamas and the [[Taliban]] for their nationalism.<ref> Excommunicating Hamas: Why Differences between Globalist and Nationalist Armed Islamist Groups Matter
* https://www.usmcu.edu/Outreach/Marine-Corps-University-Press/MES-Publications/MES-Insights/Excommunicating-Hamas/ </ref><ref> [[Jund Ansar Allah]] objections to Hamas:
* https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2009/08/hamas_and_al_qaeda_l.php
* [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8203239.stm bbc.co.uk]
* https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-hamas-warriors-sb-idUSTRE57E11A20090815 </ref><ref> [[ISIS]] objections to Taliban nationalism:
* https://www.ft.com/content/a6cb70ba-dabd-4734-940a-63f4172c291f
* https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/explainer-isis-khorasan-afghanistan
* https://theconversation.com/what-is-isis-k-two-terrorism-experts-on-the-group-behind-the-deadly-kabul-airport-attack-and-its-rivalry-with-the-taliban-166873
* https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/explainer-isis-khorasan-afghanistan </ref>

===Allegations of "Talibanization" by Hamas===
[[File:Jonathan-schanzer.jpg|thumb|upright|Jonathan Schanzer, American intelligence analyst: "The Gaza Strip has exhibited the characteristics of [[Talibanization]], whereby the Islamist organization imposed strict rules on women, discouraged activities commonly associated with Western or Christian culture, oppressed non-Muslim minorities, imposed sharia law, and deployed religious police to enforce these laws"<ref name="Schanzer"/>]]

According to Francesca Giovannini of the University of California Berkeley, a growing number of analysts have denounced openly the "systematic, massive and explicit efforts" at 'Talibanization' led by Hamas in the Gaza Strip.<ref name="alsayyad">[https://books.google.com/books?id=vl-8rypoHY0C&pg=PA162 The Fundamentalist City?: Religiosity and the Remaking of Urban Space], Nezar Alsayyad (ed.), Chapter 7: "Hamas in Gaza Refugee camps: The Construction of Trapped Spaces for the Survival of Fundamentalism", Francesca Giovannini. Taylor & Francis, 2010. {{ISBN|978-0-415-77936-4}}. page 162. "A growing number of analysts have denounced openly the systematic, massive and explicit efforts at 'Talibanization' led by Hamas in the Strip."</ref>

Israeli-Arab journalist [[Khaled Abu Toameh]] wrote in 2009 that Hamas is gradually turning the Gaza Strip into a [[Taliban]]-style Islamic entity.<ref name="Toameh">Khaled Abu Toameh, [http://www.hudsonny.org/2009/07/as-hamas-tightens-its-grip.php As Hamas Tightens Its Grip] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716221901/http://www.hudsonny.org/2009/07/as-hamas-tightens-its-grip.php |date=2009-07-16 }}, HudsonNY.org 07-08-2009</ref>

In the same year, [[Martin Peretz]], editor-in-chief of [[The New Republic]], wrote that: <blockquote>The fact is that Hamas is a Taliban state, as one Israeli diplomat put it. This is almost an epiphany, a clarifying truth. Hamas operates against its Palestinian enemies like the Taliban does against its Afghani enemies. Imagine a Hamas squad enters a kindergarten in a kibbutz. Neither the Taliban nor Hamas strive for earthly aims. Armed with instruments of death, they each fight for a heavenly design. But on earth.... The Taliban are not analogous to Hamas. They are identical, equivalent. A ceasefire with Hamas is a delusion. Engage with whom?<ref name="peretz">[http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/dont-stop-until-hamas-is-destroyed/story-e6frg7b6-1111118455293 Don't stop until Hamas is destroyed] Martin Peretz. The Australian. January 2, 2009</ref></blockquote>

Director general of the Palestinian interior ministry, [[Samir Mashharawi]], said to the London daily Al-Hayat: "Hamas aims to establish a mini-state in the Gaza Strip modeled on the Taliban [state] in Afghanistan.".<ref name="Mashharawi">Al-Hayat (London), June 13, 2007, [http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/2267.htm Fears of a Taliban-Style Emirate in Gaza] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629142331/http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/2267.htm |date=2011-06-29 }}, as translated by MEMRI, Special Dispatch No.1633</ref> According to [[Jonathan Fighel]], a senior researcher at the [[International Institute for Counter Terrorism]] (ICT), the ideological and strategic goal of Hamas is to destroy Israel in order to build on it a Sharia Islamic Taliban-style state.<ref name="Fighel">[http://www.ortegaygasset.edu/contenidos.asp?id_d=800 Hamas and Global Jihad: The Islamization of the Palestinian Cause]. Circunstancia. Año VII – N° 18 – Enero 2009. By Jonathan Fighel.</ref>

In 2008, Following the bitter [[Fatah–Hamas conflict]], [[Mahmoud Abbas]], President of the [[Palestinian National Authority]], warned the Palestinian people against Hamas: "Hamas have brought Hizballah and Iran... This is a struggle against the Emirate of Darkness and Backwardness. Gaza will turn into a Taliban-style Islamic emirate with Iranian and Syrian support."<ref name="sharan">Crossovers: Anti-Zionism and Anti-Semitism By Shlomo Sharan, David Bukay. Transaction Publishers, 2010. {{ISBN|978-1-4128-1155-2}}. p. 20</ref>

Al-Ayyam columnist, Abd Al-Nasser Al-Najjar, called Hamas "the new Taliban" and wrote: "How will the mini-state of the new Taliban [i.e. Hamas] manage the affairs of the Gaza Strip under a suffocating international siege?... Will they implement the laws of Islam?... An Islamic state [ruled by] the new Taliban has become a reality in Gaza."<ref name="Al-Najjar">Al-Ayyam (PA), June 16, 2007, [http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/2267.htm Fears of a Taliban-Style Emirate in Gaza] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629142331/http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/2267.htm |date=2011-06-29 }}, as translated by MEMRI, Special Dispatch No.1633</ref>

==See also==
* [[Committee for the Propagation of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Gaza Strip)]]
* [[Hamastan]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Hamas}}
{{Gaza–Israel conflict}}
{{Palestine topics}}
{{Islamism}}
{{Islam topics}}

[[Category:Islam in the Gaza Strip]]
[[Category:Islamism in Palestine]]
[[Category:Gaza Strip]]
[[Category:Islamization|Gaza Strip]]
[[Category:Hamas]]
[[Category:Human rights in the Gaza Strip]]
[[Category:Women's rights in the Middle East]]
[[Category:Islamic clothing]]
[[Category:Islam-related controversies]]

Chota Nagpur Division

2025-10-09T11:40:00Z

Advsalahuddinahmed: improved article

{{Short description|Administrative division of British India}}
{{For|disambiguation|Chota Nagpur (disambiguation)}}
{{Primary sources|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
| native_name =
| conventional_long_name = Chota Nagpur Division
| common_name =
| nation = [[British India]]
| status_text = [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|Division of British India]]
| capital = [[Ranchi]]
| era = Modern Period
| year_start = 1854
| date_start =
| event_start = Creation of the division
| year_end = 1912
| date_end =
| event_end = Bifurcation
| event1 =
| date_event1 =
| p1 = South-West Frontier Agency
| p2 =
| s1 = Bihar and Orissa Province
| flag_p1 = British Raj Red Ensign.svg
| flag_p2 = Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg
| flag_s1 = Blue Ensign of British Bihar and Orissa Province.jpg
| image_flag = Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg
| image_flag2 = British Raj Red Ensign.svg
| image_coat =
| image_map = Bengalpresidency 1858.jpg
| image_map_caption = 1858 map of the Bengal Presidency
| stat_area1 = 70161
| stat_year1 = 1901
| stat_pop1 = 4900429
| footnotes =
| today = [[Bihar]] [[Jharkhand]] [[Odisha]] [[Chhattisgarh]] [[West Bengal]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Chotanagpur Plateau |url=https://www.asianagrihistory.org/pdf/research/ak-singhs-paper-16-4.pdf}}</ref>| government_type =
| title_leader = [[Indian Political Department|Commissioner]]
| year_leader1 = 1854-1859
| leader1 = Mr. J. H. Crawford
| year_leader2 = 1853-1854
| year_leader3 = 1866
| year_leader4 = 1878
| year_leader5 = 1878- 1882
| year_leader6 = 1882
| year_leader7 = 1882-1885
| year_leader8 = 1879
| year_leader9 = 1888
| year_leader10 = 1885-1889
| year_leader11 = 1896
| year_leader12 =
| leader2 = Mr. W. J Allen
| leader3 = [[Edward Tuite Dalton]]<ref name="T">{{cite journal |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Sangeeta |title=The Oraons of Chhotanagpur: A journey through colonial ethnography |journal=Modern Asian Studies |date=September 2022 |volume=56 |issue=5 |pages=1375–1415 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X21000597 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/abs/oraons-of-chhotanagpur-a-journey-through-colonial-ethnography/C390EC9CF90CF023354939702D626135 |language=en |issn=0026-749X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{rp|1385}}

(Commissioner)
| leader4 = Mr. A. C. Mangles (Commissioner)
| leader5 = Mr. J. F. K. Hewitt
| leader6 = Mr. John Edgar
| leader7 = Mr. J. F. K. Hewitt
| leader8 = Babu Rakhal Dass (special Commissioner)
| leader9 = F. W. R. Cowley (Judicial Commissioner)
| leader10 = Mr. Charles Cecil Stevens (Commissioner)

| leader11 = Mr. Grimley (Commissioner)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Roy |first1=Sarat Chandra |title=The Mundas And Their Country |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.125201/2015.125201.The-Mundas-And-Their-Country_djvu.txt |date=1912}}</ref>
}}
The '''Chota Nagpur Division''' was one of the administrative divisions established under British rule. Under Act XX of 1854, the [[South-West Frontier Agency|South West Frontier Agency]] was renamed a Commissionary, with the Political Agent becoming the Commissioner and the Assistant Political Agent designated as the Deputy Commissioner. As a result, the head of the Agency became the Commissioner of Chota Nagpur Division, shaping its colonial administration.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tiwari |first1=Lalan |title=Issues in Indian Politics |date=1995 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-618-7 |pages=153 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Issues_in_Indian_Politics/d1nqYqBBf_IC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=South-West+Frontier+Agency+headquarters&pg=PA152&printsec=frontcover |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web |title=Courts District West SinghBhum, Government of Jharkhand India |url=https://chaibasa.nic.in/courts/}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web |last1=Gandhi |first1=Rajiv For |title=Indias Struggle For Freedom Vol. 3 |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.98808/2015.98808.Indias-Struggle-For-Freedom-Vol-3_djvu.txt |date=1985}}</ref>

==History==
===Background===
[[File:Map of present-day Jharkhand region by Rennell, 1779.jpg|thumb|Chota Nagpur region in the 1770s, map by [[James Rennell]].]]
Chota Nagpur division was a hilly and forested area. Part of [[Nagpur State]] in [[Maratha Empire]]. The region came under the control of the British in the 18th and 19th centuries, and was annexed to the [[Bengal Presidency]], the largest province of British India. After the [[Kol rebellion]] of 1831-2, the division was exempted by Regulation XIII of 1833 from the general laws and regulations governing Bengal, and every branch of the administration was vested in an officer appointed by the supreme Government and called the Agent to the [[Governor-General of India]] for the South-West Frontier.{{cn|date=February 2025}}

===The Period of Commissionership (1854-1912)===

In 1854, under Act XX of 1854, the districts of the [[South-West Frontier Agency|Agency]] were reorganized into a [[Non-regulation province|Non-Regulation]] Division under the authority of a Commissioner.<ref name="auto" />

During this period, the South-West Frontier Agency was designated as the Commissioner, and the Principal Assistant Agents became Principal Assistant Commissioners. Other Assistant Agents were re-designated as Senior Assistant Commissioners.<ref name="auto1" /> The 31 rules, approved by the Government in Notification No. 615 of June 6, 1837, remained in effect as the governing laws for the division until they were gradually replaced by new legislative enactments.<ref name="auto" />

This reorganization also granted the Deputy Commissioner full executive and judicial powers, significantly enhancing the role’s authority. The region was formally restructured as the Chota Nagpur Division, with Ranchi as its headquarters and Hazaribagh, Chaibasa, and Purulia serving as subordinate district centers. These administrative changes played a pivotal role in shaping the governance of the region under British rule.<ref name="auto1" /><ref name="auto" />

===Judicial Administration of Singhbhum===
Until March 8, 1910, Singhbhum was under the jurisdiction of the Sessions Judge of Bankura, who was appointed as Additional Sessions Judge for Chota Nagpur in 1904. He presided over Sessions Cases and Criminal Appeals from Singhbhum and Manbhum, with trials conducted at Purulia and appeals heard at Purulia or Bankura for faster resolution. The local Criminal Courts consisted of a Deputy Magistrate and four Honorary Magistrates, with three based in Chaibasa and one in Chakardharpur. Additionally, a Subordinate Judge oversaw both Singhbhum and Manbhum, while a Munsif handled cases for Purulia. The Deputy Commissioner also served as a Subordinate Judge.<ref name="auto1" />

In 1910, the Manbhum-Sambalpur Judgeship was established, comprising Sambalpur, Singhbhum, and Manbhum. Under this new judicial system, cases from Singhbhum and Manbhum were heard at Purulia, while those from Sambalpur were handled at Sambalpur. This reorganization streamlined the judicial process, improving legal administration in the region.<ref name="auto1" />

=== Reorganization and judicial reforms ===
Chota Nagpur Division became part of the new province of [[Bihar and Orissa]] when it was created in 1912 to 1936.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://princelystates.com/ArchivedFeatures/fa-02-01.shtml |title=Rice, Ron (2001). New Indian States, ''Princely States Report'', January 2001. |access-date=2006-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060321223204/http://www.princelystates.com/ArchivedFeatures/fa-02-01.shtml |archive-date=2006-03-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1936, the province was divided into two separate entities: [[Bihar Province|Bihar]] and [[Orissa Province|Orissa]]. Following this division, Sambalpur district was incorporated into Orissa, while Manbhum district remained in Bihar. As a result, a new judicial division, the Manbhum-Singhbhum Judgeship, was established to oversee legal matters in the region, with court sittings held at Purulia for cases from Manbhum and Singhbhum, ensuring efficient judicial administration.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Courts {{!}} District West SinghBhum, Government of Jharkhand {{!}} India |url=https://chaibasa.nic.in/courts/}}</ref>

==Administration==
[[File:The Sketch Map Showing Provincial and District Divisions to Accompany the Administration Report, 1872–73 (Cropped to Bihar, Chota Nagpur, and Odisha).jpg|thumb|Chota Nagpur Division of the [[Bengal Presidency]], 1872]]
The administrative headquarters of the division was at [[Ranchi]]. The total area of the division was {{convert|27,101|sqmi|sqkm}}, and the population was 4,900,429 in 1901. In 1901 [[Hinduism|Hindus]] constituted 68.5% of the total population, [[animism|animists]] 22.7%, [[Islam|Muslims]] 5.7%, [[Christianity|Christians]] 2.9%, and 853 [[Jainism|Jains]]. The [[Chota Nagpur States]], a group of [[princely state]]s, was under the political authority of the division's commissioner.<ref>Hunter, William Wilson, Sir, et al. (1908). ''[[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]'', Volume 12. 1908-1931; Clarendon Press, Oxford.</ref>
{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable defaultleft col2right col4right"
|+ District of Chota Nagpur Division
! District !! Area (1872) {{nobold|(sq miles)}} !! District !! Area (1901) {{nobold|(sq miles)}}
|-
| [[Hazaribagh district|Hazaribagh]]
| 7,021
| [[Hazaribagh district|Hazaribagh]]
| 7,029
|-
| rowspan=2|[[Lohardaga district|Lohardaga]]
| rowspan=2|12,044
| [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]]
| 7,128
|-
| [[Palamu district|Palamu]]
| 4,914
|-
| [[Manbhum]]
| 4,914
| [[Manbhum]]
| 4,147
|-
| [[Singhbhum district|Singbhum]]
| 4,503
| [[Singhbhum district|Singbhum]]
| 3,753
|}

==Gallery==
<gallery>

File:BengalPartition1905 Map.png|Chota Nagpur area in 1905
File:Chota Nagpur area-IGI.jpg|[[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] area. Political Divisions. 1909 [[Imperial Gazetteer of India]] map section.

</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Chota Nagpur Tributary States]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
* Goswami Prodipto, Untold Story of Chota Nagpur: Its Journey with the Colonial Army 1767-1947, Chennai: Notion Press (2020)

==External links==
*{{Cite book|title=Bengal District Gazetteers: B Volume : Statistics, 1900-1901 to 1910-11|chapter=Chota Nagpu Tributary|url=https://archive.org/details/bengaldistrictg00indigoog|year=1905|publisher=Bihar and Orissa Govt. Press}}

{{coord|23|00|N|85|00|E|region:IN_type:landmark_source:kolossus-svwiki|display=title}}
{{Divisions of British India}}
{{Districts of Jharkhand}}

[[Category:Divisions of British India]]
[[Category:History of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:1854 establishments in British India]]

Shanmugam Manjunath

2025-09-23T12:15:09Z

Advsalahuddinahmed: small cleaned up content after review and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian marketing manager}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
[[File:Shanmughan Manjunath.jpg|thumb|right|Shanmugam Manjunath]]
'''Shanmugam Manjunath''' (23 February 1978 – 19 November 2005) was a sales officer (grade A officer) for the [[Indian Oil Corporation]] who was murdered for sealing a corrupt [[petrol station]] in [[Lakhimpur Kheri]], Uttar Pradesh. This incident inspired several students at [[Indian Institutes of Management|IIM]], [[Indian Institutes of Technology|IIT]] and other institutes culminating with the IIM students setting up "The Manjunath Shanmugam Trust".

==Education==
Manjunath did his initial schooling from [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]], BEML Nagar, [[Kolar Gold Fields]], Karnataka. He finished his 10th in 1993 and 12th std in science stream in 1995 from the same school. Later on he did his Computer Science Engineering degree from Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering, [[Mysore]], and an [[MBA]] from [[Indian Institute of Management Lucknow]].

==Opposition to corruption and murder==
While working for the Indian Oil Corporation in [[Lucknow]], he ordered two petrol pumps at [[Lakhimpur Kheri]] sealed for selling [[adulterant|adulterated]] fuel for three months. When the pump started operating again a month later, Manjunath conducted a surprise raid on 19 November 2005.

During his inspection, Manjunath had been shot dead in the town of [[Gola Gokarannath]] in Lakhimpur Kheri. At-least 6 bullets were found in his body which was found in the backseat of his own car, driven by two employees of the petrol pump. Both were arrested and the main accused, pump-owner Pawan Kumar ('Monu') Mittal, was held on 23 November along with seven others.

Indian Oil Corporation paid {{INRConvert|26|l}} compensation to the family.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/compensation-of-rs-26-lakh-for-manjunaths-family/articleshow/1314917.cms |title=Compensation of Rs 26 lakh for Manjunath's family |website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

==Murder trial==
Manjunath's death came close on the heels of the assassination of [[Satyendra Dubey]] (27 November 1973 – 27 November 2003), suspected to have been murdered for similar reasons (fighting corruption). Following the murder, there was immense media spotlight on the case. The Manjunath Shanmugam Trust was founded by IIM alumni Anjali Mullatti & H. Jaishankar. The Trust was supported by hundreds of alumni across the IIMs; as well as many well wishers; S. Manjunath's batchmates from IIM Lucknow (where he was affectionately called ''machan'') also contributed to it.

===Sessions court===
The Manjunath Shanmugam Trust took up the case with determination. The Trustees and volunteers - many were students from the 2007 batch of IIM Lucknow - attended every single hearing at Lakhimpur Kheri. Ms. Kamini Jaiswal, a noted Supreme Court lawyer supported the Trust in fighting the case from the beginning. The Trust lawyer Mr. IB Singh was instrumental. On 24 March 2007, in a record nine months' trial, all eight accused were found guilty by the Lakhimpur Kheri [[Sessions Court]]. The main accused, Monu Mittal and 7 accomplices were convicted of murder by Sessions judge, [[Lakhimpur Kheri]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Cities/Lucknow/Manjunath_case_Final_hearing_in_July/articleshow/2058628.cms|title=Manjunath case: Final hearing in July|work=The Times of India|accessdate=15 June 2015}}</ref>

Petrol pump owner Pawan Kumar Mittal, the main accused in the sensational murder, was sentenced to death by the [[Sessions Court]], while the other seven accused were given life imprisonment on 26 March 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.rediff.com/news/2007/mar/26manju.htm|title=Manjunath murder: Main accused gets death|date=26 March 2007|accessdate=15 June 2015}}</ref>

===High court===
The convicts challenged the [[Sessions Court]]'s verdict in [[Allahabad High Court]]. On 12 December 2009, [[Allahabad High Court]] commuted the death sentence of prime convict Pawan Kumar Mittal to life imprisonment. The high court upheld the life sentence of five others but acquitted two other accused – Harish Misra and Sanjay Awasthi.<ref name="Manjunath case: court commutes death sentence">{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/12/stories/2009121260861100.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091216145424/http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/12/stories/2009121260861100.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=16 December 2009 | title=Manjunath case: court commutes death sentence | date=12 December 2009 | work=[[The Hindu]] | accessdate=11 May 2012}}</ref><ref name="Manjunath murder: Death penalty commuted to life-term">{{cite news | url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/states/manjunath-murder-death-penalty-commuted-to-life-term_586567.html | title=Manjunath murder: Death penalty commuted to life-term | work=Zee News | date=12 December 2009 | accessdate=11 May 2012}}</ref>

===Supreme court===
The convicts appealed to the Supreme Court in 2011. Ms. Kamini Jaiswal represented the Manjunath Shanmugam Trust. On 11 March 2015, the Supreme Court dismissed all the convicts' appeals, holding that the prosecution had proved the chain of events, needed for a case of circumstantial evidence. They will continue serving their life sentences.

===Release of convicts===
One of the convicts, Shivkesh Giri, alias Lalla Giri, stepped out of the Lakhimpur Kheri district jail on 8 January 2023 after the state ordered his premature release.<ref>{{cite news | title=IOC executive's murder: Trust that led fight for justice writes to CM against convicts' remission| work=The Indian Express | date=21 January 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=When IIM Grad Manjunath's Killer Walks Free| work=The Print | date=31 August 2023 }}</ref>

==Manjunath Shanmugam Trust==
A pan IIM initiative, "The Manjunath Shanmugam Trust" was registered on 23 February 2006, Manjunath's birth anniversary. With immediate objectives of fighting the case, the broader agenda is to improve governance in Indian public life. On 19 November 2006, Manjunath's first death anniversary, the Trust launched India's first RTI Act Helpline. The Helpline, launched by Arvind Kejriwal and N.R Narayana Murthy, helped 10,000+ callers to use the RTI Act to fight corruption and governance issues.

==Awards==

===Manjunath Shanmugam Integrity Award===
The ''Manjunath Shanmugam'' Integrity Award carries a citation and a Rs. One Lakh Cash Award; to honour those who have reported and worked to rectify [[systemic corruption]]. The first Manjunath Shanmugam Integrity Award was awarded on 24 March 2007 to Prof. R.P. Singh, Vice-Chancellor Lucknow University for his extraordinary courage in taking on criminals and politicians to clean up Lucknow University and implement the Lyngdoh Committee recommendations. The award was presented in a public function by chairman and Chief Mentor of [[Infosys]] Mr. [[NR Narayana Murthy]].

Krishak Mukti Sangram Samiti president [[Akhil Gogoi]] received the prestigious 2nd Shanmugam Manjunath Integrity Award from the Magsaysay awardee [[Kiran Bedi]] at a function held on 28 March 2008 at the IIT Delhi Seminar Hall. Mr Gogoi who hails from upper Assam's Golaghat district has been awarded for his fight against corruption. One of the finalists, IAS officer Sri M.N. Vijayakumar, was not allowed to attend the function by his senior, Sudhakar Rao (Husband of former foreign secretary of India [[Nirupama Rao]]). This was widely criticised by his wife Jayashree JN and was also brought to the notice of the President of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fightcorruption.wikidot.com/president-apr-3|title=My Letter to President of India Sent on 3/4/08 - Fight Corruption Now|accessdate=15 June 2015}}</ref>

Institute for Research and Documentation in Social Sciences (IRDS)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://irdsindia.com/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-05-14 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217172507/http://irdsindia.com/ |archivedate=17 December 2014}}</ref> has also been awarding the S Manjunath award for Management for its contributions to the cause of fighting corruption in corporate management.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k12/feb/feb150.php|title=Indian Television Dot Com - Two mediapersons among IRDS awardees|author=Anil Wanvari|accessdate=15 June 2015}}</ref>

===Demands of Padma Shri Award for Manjunath===
Non-governmental organisations from [[Lucknow]], Institute for Research and Documentation in Social Sciences (IRDS) and [[National RTI Forum]] are pursuing the demand of awarding one of the [[Padma Shri]] Awards by the [[Government of India]] to both Manjunath Shanmugam and [[Satyendra Dubey]], the IIT Kanpur graduate who was murdered in similar circumstances while working for the [[National Highway Authority of India]]. They have already submitted a petition to the President and started an online campaign on social networking sites and an [[online petition]], where more than thousand people already joined.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/on-5th-death-anniversary-iiml-forum-to-press-for-padma-award-for-manjunath/713300/|title=On 5th death anniversary, IIM-L forum to press for Padma award for Manjunath|accessdate=15 June 2015}}</ref><ref>[http://irdsindia.com/Padma%20Awards.htm Support needed] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100819014510/http://irdsindia.com/Padma%20Awards.htm |date=19 August 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://nationalrtiforum.org/|title=親バレしない学生ローン消費者金融|accessdate=15 June 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713103835/http://nationalrtiforum.org/|archivedate=13 July 2015}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
A biopic on Manjunath, titled ''[[Manjunath (Film)|Manjunath]]'', directed by Sandeep Varma, was released on 9 May 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=Movie Review: Manjunath is a true story of a braveheart who dared to say No|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/05/movie-review-manjunath-is-a-true-story-of-a-braveheart-who-dared-to-say-no/|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|accessdate=8 May 2014}}</ref> Portions of the film were shot in his almamater IIM, Lucknow campus.<ref>{{cite news | title = Manjunath biopic: 'A story worth telling' |work= Business Standard| url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/manjunath-biopic-a-story-worth-telling-114032200244_1.html|date=22 March 2014 |accessdate = 2014-03-24 | agency = Indo-Asian News Service}}</ref> Ahead of the release, the trailer of the film was shown at the alumni meet on the IIM-L campus in December 2013.<ref>{{cite web | title = Took personal loans to make Manjunath: Director | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Took-personal-loans-to-make-Manjunath-Director/articleshow/27896421.cms |date=25 December 2013| accessdate = 2014-03-24 | work = The Times of India}}</ref> The movie had a special screening on 10 May 2014 for IIM alumni in Singapore as part of the IIMPact 2014 launch event (http://www.iimpactglobal.org<ref>{{cite web|url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/iim-alumnus-manjunath-movie-released/1/206035.html|title=Movie on whistleblower Manjunath's sacrifice released|date=9 May 2014 |accessdate=15 June 2015}}</ref>).

Famous Indian musician [[Rabbi Shergill]] has dedicated one stanza in his song titled 'Bilqis (Jinhe Naaz Hai)' from album [[Avengi Ja Nahin]] to Shanmughan Manjunath. This song is a dedication to all those who [[died in vain]] or while supporting some cause (anti-corruption).

On 19 November 2015, three students of [[Indian Institute of Management Lucknow|IIM Lucknow]] attempted [[Limca Book of Records]] by creating India's largest [[Rubik's Cube]] mosaic in honour of Manjunath Shanmugam, alumnus of IIM Lucknow.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Bid-to-break-Rubik-mosaic-record-on-Manjunath-anniv/articleshow/49795479.cms|title=Bid to break Rubik mosaic record on Manjunath anniv - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2016-10-02}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://khabar.ndtv.com/news/blogs/youth-prove-that-manjunath-is-still-alive-1246075|title=मंजूनाथ आज भी ज़िंदा हैं|access-date=2016-10-02}}</ref> Three students of [[Indian Institute of Management Lucknow|IIM Lucknow]], Manish Meshram, Panchu Ghorui and Tanuj Lodhi initiated the idea on [[Manjunath Shanmugam|Manjunath]]'s 10th death anniversary.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iiml.org/manjunath/contact-us.html|title=Contact Us|website=Manjunath: A Symbol of Integrity|access-date=2016-10-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Cube-by-cube-effort-leaves-Manjunaths-legacy-alive/articleshow/49851770.cms|title=Cube by cube effort leaves Manjunath's legacy alive - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2016-10-02}}</ref> They used 23,278 Rubik's cubes to [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fJNrPFLgB5g build the mosaic] representing [[Manjunath Shanmugam|Manjunath's]] birthday (23 February 1978).<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/They-broke-down-Manjunaths-photo-to-build-it-again-in-3D/articleshow/49865658.cms|title=They broke down Manjunath's photo to build it again, in 3D - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2016-10-02}}</ref> Over 150 students volunteered for the record attempt. The mosaic was kept for display for three days.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iiml.org/manjunath/schedule-operations.html|title=Schedule & Operations|website=Manjunath: A Symbol of Integrity|access-date=2016-10-02}}</ref> The record attempt allowed students to spread the idea of honesty and integrity across the boundaries and inspire young minds.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iiml.org/manjunath/blog.html|title=The Event|last=Builder|first=Doodlekit Free Website|website=Manjunath: A Symbol of Integrity|access-date=2016-10-02}}</ref> [[Indian Institute of Management Lucknow|IIM Lucknow]]'s band 3.4 presented [https://www.youtube.com/watch?annotation_id=annotation_620180869&feature=iv&src_vid=fJNrPFLgB5g&v=k0T392oLkvc inspirational song] dedicated to [[Manjunath Shanmugam|Manjunath]], The event was supported by IIM Lucknow's alumni community.<ref name=":0" />

==See also==
*[[Satyendra Dubey]]: Assassinated in November 2003 for whistle-blowing on the criminal nexus in highway construction in [[Bihar]].
* Whistleblower [[J. N. Jayashree]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.manjunathshanmugamtrust.org Manjunath Shanmugam Trust homepage]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manjunath, Shanmughan}}
[[Category:Indian whistleblowers]]
[[Category:Engineers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian murder victims]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in India]]
[[Category:Assassinated Indian activists]]
[[Category:People from Lakhimpur Kheri district]]
[[Category:People from Lakhimpur Kheri]]
[[Category:People from Kolar]]
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:2005 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Management Lucknow alumni]]
[[Category:Crime in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kendriya Vidyalaya alumni]]
[[Category:People murdered in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:2005 murders in India]]

Sarla Vijendra Rawat

2025-09-13T22:07:08Z

Advsalahuddinahmed: started a info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sarla Vijendra Rawat
| office1 = Member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Sabalgarh Assembly constituency|Sabalgarh]]
| term_start1 = December 2023
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = Baijnath Kushwaha
| successor1 =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1983|1|1}}
| birth_place =
| party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
}}
'''Sarla Vijendra Rawat''' (born 1 January 1983)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indialeader.com/ViewLeader/47065/Sarla-Vijendra-Rawat|title=Sarla Vijendra Rawat}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Madhya Pradesh]]. She is a member of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from [[Sabalgarh Assembly constituency]] in [[Morena district]]. She won the [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarla Vijendra Rawat Election Results 2023: News, Votes, Results of Madhya-pradesh Assembly |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/madhya-pradesh-assembly-election-candidates-list-2023/sarla-vijendra-rawat-12003-1 |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=NDTV.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Rawat completed her Class X. She hails from an agricultural family, and she is a housewife.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sabalgarh BJP Candidate: कौन हैं सरला रावत? जिन पर बीजेपी हार के बाद एक बार फिर से मेहरबान हुई |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/madhya-pradesh-chhattisgarh/mp/mp-assembly-election-2023-candidate-profile-morena-sabalgarh-bjp-sarla-rawat-education-property-politics/1845664 |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=Zee News |language=hi}}</ref>

== Career ==
Rawat won the [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Sabalgarh Assembly constituency]] defeating [[Baij Nath Kushwaha|Baji Nath Kushwah]] of [[Indian National Congress]] by a margin of 9,305 votes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/elections/madhya-pradesh-elections/smt-sarla-vijendra-rawat-candidate-26864|title=Candidate Detail: Smt. Sarla Vijendra Rawat}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rawat, Sarla Vijendra}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Women members of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

51st International Film Festival of India

2025-09-12T22:15:48Z

Advsalahuddinahmed: made new stub

{{short description|2020 Indian film festival}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Film festival
| name = 51st International Film Festival of India
| logo = 51st International Film Festival of India.jpg
| caption = Official logo
| opening = ''[[Another Round (film)|Another Round]]''
| closing = ''[[Wife of a Spy]]''
| location = Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Indoor Stadium at [[Panaji]], [[Goa]], [[India]]
| founded = 1952
| awards = {{Plainlist|
*'''[[IFFI - Satyajit Ray Lifetime Achievement Award|Lifetime Achievement Award]]:''' ([[Vittorio Storaro]])
*'''[[IFFI Best Film Award|Golden Peacock-Best Film]]:'''
''Into the Darkness''
*'''Silver Peacock'''
*[[IFFI Best Director Award|Best Director]]: Chen-Nien Ko
*[[IFFI Best Actor Award (Male)|Best Actor]]: Tzu-Chuan Liu
*[[IFFI Best Actor Award (Female)|Best Actress]]: Zofia Stafiej
*'''[[IFFI ICFT UNESCO Gandhi Medal|ICFT INESCO Gandhi Medal]]:''' ''[[200 Meters (film)|200 Meters]]'' by Ameen Nayfeh
}}
| host = [[Government of Goa]] [[Directorate of Film Festivals]]
| number = '''Screened:''' 224 '''Premiered:''' 162
| date = 16–24 January 2021
| website = {{URL|https://iffigoa.org/}}
| previous = [[50th International Film Festival of India|50th]]
| main = [[International Film Festival of India]]
| next = [[52nd International Film Festival of India|52nd]]
}}

The '''51st International Film Festival of India''' was held from 16 to 24 January 2021 in [[Goa]]. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic the festival went hybrid, there was physical and virtual screening of 50 films out of 224 films across various categories.<ref name="asd:toi">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/first-hybrid-edition-of-iffi-to-go-live-from-january-16-of-224-films-nearly-50-to-be-available-online/articleshow/80289993.cms|title=First hybrid edition of IFFI to go live from January 16; of 224 films, nearly 50 to be available online|author=Swati Mathur|date=15 January 2021|access-date=16 January 2021|newspaper=Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmguide.iffigoa.org/|title=Film Guide - 51st IFFI|access-date=16 January 2021|website=IFFI}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newsonair.com/News?title=51st-International-Film-Festival-of-India-to-begin-from-Jan-16&id=408015|title=51st International Film Festival of India to begin from Jan 16|author=Tushar Jadhav|date=15 January 2021|access-date=16 January 2021|website=News on Air: All India Radio|archive-date=28 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045911/http://newsonair.com/News?title=51st-International-Film-Festival-of-India-to-begin-from-Jan-16&id=408015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bangladesh was country of focus in the festival with four films of the country included in 'country of focus' section.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ddnews.gov.in/international/bangladesh-be-country-focus-51st-international-film-festival-india|title=Bangladesh to be country of focus at 51st International Film Festival of India|author=Tushar Jadhav|date=11 January 2021|access-date=16 January 2021|website=DD News: GOI}}</ref>

The festival highlighted [[Autism spectrum|autism spectrum disorder (ASD)]] by premiering a film by Shreedhar, ''In Our World'' in non-feature film, Indian Panorama section on 18 January 2021.<ref name="asd:toi" />

The opening and closing ceremonies of the festival were aired live on [[DD India]] and [[DD National]] channels on 16 January and 24 January 2021, respectively.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1688816|title=51st edition of IFFI set to start in a hybrid mode for the first time: Opening Ceremony tomorrow|date=15 January 2020|access-date=16 January 2020|via=Press release|newspaper=PIB GOI}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=FhZKY8inkxQ|title=51st International Film Festival of India - Closing Ceremony - IFFI 2021|work= Doordarshan National |publisher=YouTube|date=24 January 2021}}</ref>

==Events==
Being a ‘hybrid’ film festival, a few events are organised online also.

===Retrospective films===
# ''[[Live Flesh (film)|Live Flesh]]'', ''[[Bad Education (2004 film)|Bad Education]]'' and ''[[Volver]]'' by [[Pedro Almodóvar]] (Spain)
# ''[[The Square (2017 film)|The Square]]'' and ''[[Force Majeure (film)|Force Majeure]]'' by [[Ruben Östlund]] (Sweden)
# ''[[One on One (2014 film)|One on One]]'' by [[Kim Ki-duk]] (South Korea)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2021/jan/21/late-south-korean-director-kim-ki-duks-one-on-onescreenedat-51st-international-film-festival-of-india-2252966.html|title=Late South Korean director Kim Ki-Duk's 'One on One' screened at 51st International Film Festival of India|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

===Master classes===
[[Shekhar Kapur]], [[Priyadarshan]], [[Perry Lang]], [[Subhash Ghai]] and [[Tanvir Mokammel]] are scheduled to hold master classes.

===In-conversation sessions===
*[[Ricky Kej]]
*[[Madhur Bhandarkar]]
*[[Anjali Menon]]
*[[Prasoon Joshi]]
*[[Rahul Rawail]]
*[[Aditya Dhar]]
*[[John Matthew Matthan]]
*[[Prasanna Vithanage]]
*[[Bickram Ghosh]]
*[[Abu Bakr Shawky]]
*[[Anupama Chopra]]
*Sunil Doshi
*Dominic Sangma
*Sunit Tandon
*[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
*[[Pablo Cesar]]

===Tribute===
Tribute to the celebrated filmmaker [[Satyajit Ray]] marking his birth centenary by screening his classic works:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/dhritiman-chatterjee-inaugurates-special-segment-on-celebrating-100-years-of-satyajit-ray-at-51st-iffi/west/news/2295131.html|title=Dhritiman Chatterjee inaugurates special segment on celebrating 100 years of Satyajit Ray at 51st IFFI}}</ref>

*''[[Charulata]]'' (1964)
*''[[Ghare Baire (film)|Ghare Baire]]'' (1984)
*''[[Pather Panchali]]'' (1955)
*''[[The Chess Players (film)|Shatranj Ke Khilari]]'' (1977)
*''[[Sonar Kella]]'' (1974)

Tribute to Netaji [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] on the occasion of his 125th birth anniversary by screening film:

*''[[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero]]'' by [[Shyam Benegal]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/film-fest-to-pay-tribute-to-netaji-on-jan-23/articleshow/80375796.cms|title=Film fest to pay tribute to Netaji on Jan 23 - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

===Online events===
# 50 films out of 224 films across various categories are scheduled to be screened online.
# Opening and closing ceremony live telecast
# Q&A sessions
# Film appreciation sessions by [[Film and Television Institute of India]] professors: Mazhar Kamran, Madhu Apsara and Pankaj Saxena
# Mid fest world premiere of ''Mehrunisa''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://sandeepkumarfilms.at/en/mehrunisa.html|title=Mehrunisa|access-date=16 January 2021|website=Sandeep Kumar Films}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/ab-begum-hero-banegi-mehrunisa/|title=Ab Begum Hero Banegi: Mehrunisa|first=India Education Diary Bureau|last=Admin|date=21 January 2021}}</ref>

==Jury==
Sources:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/51st-edition-of-iffi-to-begins-in-goa-357031|title=51st edition of IFFI begins in Goa|date=16 January 2021|access-date=16 January 2021|website=WION}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://newsonair.com/Main-News-Details.aspx?id=407284|title=International Jury for IFFI announced with filmmaker Pablo Cesar of Argentina as Chairman|date=5 January 2021|access-date=16 January 2021|website=News on Air: All India Radio}}</ref><ref name=pib />

===International jury===
* [[Pablo César]] (Argentina), director, producer, writer, actor and editor, Chairman
* [[Prasanna Vithanage]] (Sri Lanka), filmmaker
* [[Abu Bakr Shawky]] (Austria), writer and director
* [[Priyadarshan]] (India), director, screenwriter and producer
* [[Rubaiyat Hossain]] (Bangladesh), director, writer and producer

===Feature film jury===
*[[John Matthew Matthan]], filmmaker, screenwriter and producer, Chairperson
*Dominic Sangma, filmmaker and screenwriter
*Jadumoni Dutta, filmmaker, screenwriter and producer
*Kala Master, choreographer
*Kumar Sohoni, filmmaker and writer
*[[Rama Vij]], actor and producer
*[[B. Ramamurthy]], filmmaker
*Sanghamitra Chaudhuri, filmmaker and journalist
*[[Sanjay Puran Singh Chauhan]], filmmaker
*Satinder Mohan, film critic and journalist
*Sudhakar Vasantha, filmmaker and producer
*T Prasanna Kumar, film producer
*U Radhakrishnan, ex-secretary, [[Federation of Film Societies of India]]

===Non-feature film jury===
* [[Haobam Paban Kumar]], feature and documentary filmmaker, Chairperson
*Atul Gangwar, director, screenwriter, and producer
*Jwngdao Bodosa, filmmaker
*Mandar Talauliker, filmmaker
*Sajin Babu, filmmaker
*Satish Pande, producer and director
*Vaijayanti Apte, script writer and producer

==Winners==
Sources:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/danish-film-into-the-darkness-wins-golden-peacock-award-at-iffi-359033|title=Danish film 'Into the Darkness' wins Golden Peacock award at IFFI|date=24 January 2021|access-date=24 January 2021|website=WION}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/51st-international-film-festival-of-india-winners-list-7160074/|title=51st International Film Festival of India: Winners list|date=24 January 2021|access-date=24 January 2021|website=Indian Express}}</ref>

* '''[[IFFI Best Film Award|Golden Peacock (Best Film)]]:''' ''Into the Darkness''
* '''Silver Peacock:'''
**'''[[IFFI Best Director Award]]:''' Chen-Nien Ko for Taiwanese film ''[[The Silent Forest]]''
**'''[[IFFI Best Actor Award (Male)]]:''' Tzu-Chuan Liu, film ''[[The Silent Forest]]''
**'''[[IFFI Best Actor Award (Female)]]:''' Zofia Stafiej for Polish film ''I Never Cry''
**'''[[IFFI Best Debut Director Award]]:''' Valentina by Cassio Pereira dos Santos
**'''[[IFFI Special Jury Award and Special Mention|Silver Peacock Special Jury Award]]:''' ''February'' by [[Kamen Kalev]]
**'''[[IFFI Special Jury Award and Special Mention|Special Mention]]:''' Kripal Kalita for the film ''Bridge''

==Special awards==
*'''[[IFFI - Satyajit Ray Lifetime Achievement Award|Life Time Achievement Award]]''' - [[Vittorio Storaro]]<ref name="films:ie" />
*'''[[IFFI ICFT UNESCO Gandhi Medal]]:''' ''[[200 Meters (film)|200 Meters]]'' by Ameen Nayfeh
*'''[[International Film Festival of India#Indian Film Personality of the Year|Indian Film Personality of the Year]]''' - [[Biswajit Chatterjee]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/goa/biswajit-chatterjee-has-been-conferred-indian-personality-of-the-year-award-at-51st-iffi/articleshow/80304797.cms|title=Biswajit Chatterjee has been conferred Indian Personality of the Year Award at 51st IFFI|date=16 January 2021|access-date=17 January 2021|newspaper=Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/news/west/veteran-actor-biswajit-chatterjee-crowned-as-indian-personality-of-year-at-iffi-51-closing-ceremony/2300648.html|title=Veteran actor Biswajit Chatterjee crowned as Indian Personality of Year at IFFI 51 Closing Ceremony}}</ref>

==Official selections==
Source:<ref name="films:ie" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/iffi-2020-regional-films-dominate-indian-panorama-line-up-929520.html|title=IFFI 2020: Regional films dominate Indian Panorama line-up|date=20 December 2020|via=PTI|newspaper=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref name=pib>{{Cite news|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1681946|title=Indian Panorama announces official selection for 51st International Film Festival of India, 2020|date=19 December 2020|via=Press release|newspaper=PIB GOI}}</ref>

===Opening film===
* ''[[Another Round (film)|Another Round]]'' (Denmark), by Thomas Vinterberg, it was Denmark's official entry to the Oscars, in 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.businessworld.in/article/51st-International-Film-Festival-of-India-in-Goa-from-Jan-16-to-open-with-Vinterberg-s-Another-Round-/02-01-2021-360837|title=51st International Film Festival of India in Goa from Jan 16, to open with Vinterberg's 'Another Round'|date=2 January 2021|via=ANI|newspaper=Business World}}</ref>

===Mid fest film===
*''Mehrunisa'' (Austria), directed by Sandeep Kumar, stars formidable actor Farrukh Jaffar (88). The film revolves around the story that lends wings to a woman's lifelong dream.

===Closing film===
*''[[Wife of a Spy]]'' (Japan), theatrical version of television film directed by Kiyoshi Kurosawa, a historical drama won the Silver Lion for Best Director at [[77th Venice International Film Festival]].<ref name="films:ie">{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/iffi-2021-everything-to-know-about-the-film-festival-7143628/|title=IFFI 2021: Everything to know about the film festival|first=Mimansa |last=Shekhar|date=16 January 2021|website=Indian Express}}</ref>

===Kaleidoscope section===
Twelve foreign films were screened in this section.

These include:

# ''[[Night of the Kings]]'' by [[Philippe Lacôte]] (France)
# ''Love Affair(s)'' by Emmanuel Mouret (France)
# ''The Big Hit'' (Un triomphe) by Emmanuel Courcol (France)
# ''[[Window Boy Would Also Like to Have a Submarine|Window Boy Would also Like to Have a Submarine]]'' by Alex Piperno (Uruguay)
# ''[[Memories of My Father|Forgotten We’ll Be]]'' by Fernando Trueba (Colombia)
# ''Haifa Street'' by Mohanad Hayal (Iraq)
# ''We Still Have the Deep Black Night'' by Gustavo Galvao (Brazil, Germany)
# ''Parthenon'' by Mantas Kvedaravicius (Lithuania)
# ''[[Apples (film)|Apples]]'' by Christos Nikou (Greece)
# ''[[My Little Sister (2020 film)|My Little Sister]]'' by Stephanie Chuat and Veronique Reymond (Switzerland)
# ''The Death of Cinema and My Father Too'' by Dani Rosenberg (Israel)
# ''[[Valley of the Gods (film)|Valley of the Gods]]'' by Lech Majewski (Poland)

===Golden peacock award===
In international section, 15 films are competing for the Golden Peacock Award. Argentine filmmaker [[Pablo Cesar]] is head of its international jury panel.

The films competing for the Golden Peacock Award are:

# ''[[The Domain (film)|The Domain]]'' by Tiago Guedes (Portugal)
# '''''Into The Darkness'' by Anders Refn (Denmark)'''{{dagger}}
# ''February'' by Kamen Kalev (Bulgaria, France)
# ''[[My Best Part]]'' by Nicolas Maury (France)
# ''I Never Cry'' by [[Piotr Domalewski]] (Poland, Ireland)
# ''[[La Verónica]]'' by Leonardo Medel (Chile)
# ''Light For The Youth'' by Shin Su-won (South Korea)
# ''Red Moon Tide'' by Lois Patiño (Spain)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/columns/2021/jan/22/notes-from-a-festival-wordless-experiments-22412.html|title=Notes from a festival: Wordless experiments|website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>
# ''Dream About Sohrab'' by Ali Ghavitan (Iran)
# ''The Dogs Didn’t Sleep Last Night'' by Ramin Rasouli (Afghanistan, Iran)
# ''[[The Silent Forest]]'' by KO Chen-Nien (Taiwan)
# ''Bridge'' by Kripal Kalita (India)
# ''A Dog and His Man'' by Siddharth Tripathy (India)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://orissadiary.com/a-dog-and-his-man-an-off-beat-tale-of-unconditional-love/|title=A Dog and His Man – an off-beat tale of unconditional love|date=23 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1691674|title=A Dog and His Man – an off-beat tale of unconditional love|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>
# ''Thaen'' by Ganesh Vinayakan (India)
{{Dagger}} Award winning film

===Indian panorama award===
;Feature films
*''[[Saand Ki Aankh]]'' (Hindi), opening film
*''Bridge'' (Assamese){{cn|date=August 2024}}
*''[[Avijatrik]]'' (Bengali)
* ''Aavartan'' (Hindi)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/-i-want-to-save-our-generation-from-item-dances-durba-sahay/west/news/2299648.html|title='I want to save our generation from item dances': Durba Sahay}}</ref>
*''A Dog And His Man'' (Chhattisgarhi)
*''[[Brahma Janen Gopon Kommoti]]'' (Bengali)
*''Pinki Elli?'' (Kannada)
*''Safe'' (Malayalam)
*''[[Eigi Kona]]'' (Manipuri)
*''[[Prawaas]]'' (Marathi)
*''Kalira Atita'' (Oriya)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/why-iffi-selected-odia-feature-film-kalira-atita-is-a-wake-up-call-to-global-warming-and-its-washing-out-of-lands-people-memories-7155938/|title=Why IFFI-selected Odia feature film, Kalira Atita, is a wake-up call to global warming and its washing out of lands, people and memories|date=21 January 2021}}</ref>
*''Thaen'' (Tamil)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/columns/2021/jan/21/notes-from-a-festival-saving-the-world-22383.html|title=Notes from a festival: Saving the world|website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>
*''[[Gatham]]'' (Telugu)
*''[[Asuran (2019 film)|Asuran]]'' (Tamil)
*''[[Chhichhore]]'' (Hindi)
*''[[Kappela]]'' (Malayalam)
*''Up, Up & Up'' (animation)
*''Namo'' (Sanskrit)
*''June'' (Marathi)
*''Karkhanisanchi Waari'' (Marathi)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/news/west/-karkhanisanchi-waari-is-about-interpersonal-conflicts--how-a-family-reacts-after-oldest-person-passes-away--mangesh-joshi/2300391.html|title='Karkhanisanchi Waari' is about interpersonal conflicts & how a family reacts after oldest person passes away': Mangesh Joshi}}</ref>
*''[[Kettyolaanu Ente Malakha]]'' (Malayalam)
*''Thahira'' (Malayalam)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/i-told-the-director-i-dont-know-how-to-act-but-only-to-live-actor-of-eponymous-film-thahira/|title="I told the Director I don't know how to act, but only to live": Actor of eponymous film Thahira|first=India Education Diary Bureau|last=Admin|date=21 January 2021}}</ref>
*''[[Trance (2020 film)|Trance]]'' (Malayalam)

;Non feature films

* ''100 Years Of Chrysotom'' - A Biographical Film (English)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/-100-years-of-chrysostom-a-biographical-film-aims-to-take-forward-vision-of-chrysostom-metropolitan-blessy-ipe-thomas/west/news/2296948.html|title='100 Years of Chrysostom – A Biographical Film' aims to take forward vision of Chrysostom Metropolitan': Blessy Ipe Thomas}}</ref>
* ''Ahimsa- Gandhi: The Power Of The Powerless'' (English)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/iffi-spotlight-revisiting-gandhi-and-learning-peace-lessons-on-day-6-of-the-film-fest|title=IFFI Spotlight: Revisiting Gandhi and learning peace lessons on day 6 of the film fest|website=Free Press Journal}}</ref>
* ''Catdog'' (Hindi)
*''Drama Queens'' (English)
*''Green Blackberries'' (Nepali)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/film-showing-hurdles-of-ne-kids-screened-at-iffi/articleshow/80383929.cms|title=Film showing hurdles of NE kids screened at IFFI - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
*''[[Highways of Life]]'' (Manipuri)
*''Holy Rights'' (Hindi)
*''In Our World'' (English)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/-our-film-is-window-to-see-world-which-needs-to-be-understood-with-love-shreedhar-b-s/west/news/2296316.html|title='Our film is window to see world which needs to be understood with love': Shreedhar B S|website=UNI India}}</ref>
*''Investing Life'' (English)
*''Jaadoo'' (Hindi)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.punekarnews.in/dont-blame-children-society-should-take-responsibility-for-childrens-development-jaadoo-director/|title=Don't blame Children, Society should take responsibility for children's development: Jaadoo Director|date=20 January 2021}}</ref>
*''Jhat Aayi Basant'' (Pahari/Hindi)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://orissadiary.com/something-holds-back-women-from-supporting-the-next-generation-jhat-aayi-basant-director/|title=Something holds back women from supporting the next generation: Jhat Aayi Basant Director|date=21 January 2021}}</ref>
*''Justice Delayed But Delivered'' (Hindi)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://businessworld.in/article/-Justice-Delayed-but-Delivered-film-shows-how-person-takes-claim-of-constitutional-rights-says-director/23-01-2021-369146|title='Justice Delayed but Delivered' film shows how person takes claim of constitutional rights, says director|website=BW Businessworld}}</ref>
*''Khisa'' (Marathi)
*''[[Oru Paathiraa Swapnam Pole]]'' (Malayalam)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/news/west/-we-are-happy-to-see-our-film-being-screened-at-iffi-sharan-venugopal/2296033.html|title='We are happy to see our film being screened at IFFI': Sharan Venugopal}}</ref>
*''Paanchika'' (Gujarati)
*''Pandhara Chivda'' (Marathi)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/-too-small-to-ask-questions-when-young-too-big-to-ask-when-old--himanshu-singh/west/news/2299967.html|title='Too small to ask questions when young, too big to ask when old': Himanshu Singh}}</ref>
*''Radha'' (Bengali)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/-idea-of-letting-go-of-a-person-you-love-for-his-or-her-benefit-has-always-made-me-wonder-bimal-poddar/west/news/2299345.html|title='Idea of letting go of a person you love, for his or her benefit, has always made me wonder': Bimal Poddar}}</ref>
*''Shantabai'' (Hindi)
*''Still Alive'' (Marathi)
*''The 14th February & Beyond, by Utpal Kalal'' (English), It's an investigative film on [[Valentine's Day]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/-the-14th-february-beyond-explores-commercial-nature-of-valentine-s-day-mental-health-crisis-caused-by-it-utpal-kalal/west/news/2299636.html|title='The 14th February & Beyond explores commercial nature of Valentine's Day & mental health crisis caused by it': Utpal Kalal}}</ref>

===In memoriam===
A special section in this festival will be organized in honour of the artists who died in the year 2020 to pay homage to them.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/iffi-2021-to-pay-homage-to-irrfan-khan-sushant-singh-rajput-rishi-kapoor-chadwick-boseman-9202581.html|title=IFFI 2021 to pay homage to Irrfan Khan, Sushant Singh Rajput, Rishi Kapoor, Chadwick Boseman|date=14 January 2021|access-date=17 January 2021|newspaper=Firstpost}}</ref>
* ''[[42 (film)|42]]'' starring [[Chadwick Boseman]]
* ''[[Basant Bahar (film)|Basant Bahar]]'' starring [[Nimmi]]
* ''[[Bobby (1973 film)|Bobby]]'' starring [[Rishi Kapoor]]
* ''[[Brahmachari (1968 Hindi film)|Brahmachari]]''
* ''[[Chilika Teerey]]'' starring [[Bijay Mohanty]]
* ''[[Charulata]]'', by [[Satyajit Ray]], starring [[Soumitra Chatterjee]]
* ''[[Chhoti Si Baat]]'' by [[Basu Chatterjee]]
* ''[[Cutter's Way]]'' by [[Ivan Passer]]
* ''[[Dabangg]]'', music directed by [[Sajid-Wajid|Wajid Khan]]
* ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]'', dance choreographed by [[Saroj Khan]]
* ''[[Dombivali Fast]]'' by [[Nishikant Kamat]]
* ''[[Ek Din Achanak]]''
* ''[[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial]]''
* ''[[Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close (film)|Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close]]'' starring [[Max von Sydow]]
* ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]'' costume designer [[Bhanu Athaiya]]
* ''[[Ghare Baire (film)|Ghare Baire]]'', Satyajit Ray
* ''[[Kedarnath (film)|Kedarnath]]'' starring [[Sushant Singh Rajput]]
* ''Land of the Gods''
* ''[[Midnight Express (film)|Midnight Express]]'' by [[Alan Parker]]
* ''[[Mission Kashmir]]''
* ''[[Paan Singh Tomar (film)|Paan Singh Tomar]]''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/irrfan-s-paan-singh-tomar-to-be-screened-at-iffi-in-goa-1761688-2021-01-22|title=Irrfan's Paan Singh Tomar to be screened at IFFI in Goa|author=Shivam Parashar|date=22 January 2021|access-date=22 January 2021|newspaper=India Today}}</ref> starring [[Irrfan Khan]]
* ''[[Paths of Glory]]''
* ''[[Sigaram]]'' starring [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
* ''[[Sonar Kella]]'' starring [[Soumitra Chatterjee]]
* ''[[Soorma Bhopali]]'' by [[Jagdeep]]
* ''Tara''
* ''[[The Hateful Eight]]'' music composed by [[Ennio Morricone]]
* ''[[The Heiress (film)|The Heiress]]'' starring [[Olivia de Havilland]]

===World panorama===
Source<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.businessworld.in/article/IFFI-unveils-list-of-films-under-World-Panorama-section/13-01-2021-364952|title=IFFI Unveils List Of Films Under World Panorama Section|access-date=18 January 2021|date=13 January 2021|via=ANI|newspaper=Business World}}</ref>
*''Only Human'' by Igor Ivanov (Macedonia)
*''The Lawyer'' by Romas Zabarauskar (Lithuania)
*''Rupsa Nodir Banke'' by Tanvir Mokammel (Bangladesh)
*''Buiten Is Het Feest'' by Jelle Nesna (Netherlands)
*''3 PUFF'' by Saman Salour (Andorra)
*''The Atlantic City Story'' by Henry Butash (USA)
*''Gesture'' by Pouya Parsamagham (Iran)
*''Zhanym, Ty Ne Poverish'' by Ernar Nurgaliev (Kazakhstan)
*''Running Against The Wind'' by Jan Philipp Weyl (Germany, Ethiopia)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/-running-against-the-wind-is-inspired-by-salaam-bombay-slumdog-millionaire-jan-philipp-weyl/west/news/2300445.html|title='Running Against the Wind is inspired by Salaam Bombay & Slumdog Millionaire: Jan Philipp Weyl}}</ref>
*''[[Spring Blossom]]'' by Suzanne Lindon (France)
*''The Audition'' by Ina Weisse (Germany)
*''Moral Order'' by Mario Barroso (Portugal)
*''Unidentified'' by Bogdan George Apetri (Romania)
*''The First Death of Joana'' by Cristiane Oliveira (Brazil)
*''The trouble with Nature'' by Illum Jacobi (Denmark, France)
*''The Castle'' by Lina LužYtė (Lithuania, Ireland)
*''[[Maternal (film)|Maternal]]'' by [[Maura Delpero]] (Italy)
*''A Fish Swimming Upside Down'' by Erliza Pëtkova (Germany)
*''Fauna'' by Nicolás Pereda (Spanish)
*''[[Suk Suk]]'' by [[Ray Yeung]] (Hong Kong)
*''Long Time No See'' by Pierre Filmon (France)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/films-like-long-time-no-see-must-be-shot-in-real-locations-studios-limit-reality-director-pierre-filmon/|title=Films like Long Time No See must be shot in real locations, studios limit reality: Director Pierre Filmon|first=India Education Diary Bureau|last=Admin|date=21 January 2021}}</ref>
*''Summer Rebels'' by Martina Sakova (Slovakia)
*''In The Dusk'' by Šarūnas Bartas (Lithuania)
*''A Common Crime'' by Francisco Márquez (Argentina)
*''Lola'' by Laurent Micheli (Belgium, France)
*''The Voiceless'' by Pascal Rabaté (France)
*''The Taste of Pho'' by Mariko Bobrik (Poland, Germany)
*''Stardust'' by Gabriel Range (UK)
*''Funny Face'' by Tim Sutton (USA)
*''Naked Animals'' by Melanie Waelde (Germany)
*''Las Niñas'' by Pilar Palomero (Spain)
*''Kala Azar'' by Janis Rafa (Netherlands, Greece)
*''История Одной Картины'' by Ruslan Magomadov (Russia)
*Paradies by Immanuel Esser (Germany)
*''Borderline by Anna'' Alfieri (UK)
*''A Simple Man'' by Tassos Gerakinis (Greece)
*''[[180° Rule (film)|180° Rule]]'' by [[Farnoosh Samadi]] (Iran)
*''Here We Are'' by Nir Bergman (Israel, Italy)
*''The Border'' by Davide David Carrera (Colombia)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/the-border-was-my-answer-to-the-lack-of-human-connections-in-a-globalized-world-director-davide-david/|title="The Border was my answer to the lack of human connections in a globalized world": Director Davide David|first=India Education Diary Bureau|last=Admin|date=22 January 2021}}</ref>
*''End Of Season'' by ElmarImanov (Azerbaijan, Germany, Georgia)
*''This Is My Desire'' by Arie Esiri, Chuko Esiri (Nigeria, USA)
*''Karnawal'' by Juan Pablo Felix (Argentina)
*''Parents'' by Eric Bergkraut, Ruth Schweikert (Switzerland)
*''The Voice'' by OgnjenSviličić (Croatia)
*''Spiral...Fear Is Everywhere'' by Kurtis David Harder (Canada)
*''Isaac'' by Angeles Hernandez & David Matamoros (Spain)
*''[[Farewell Amor]]'' by Ekwa Msangi (US)
*''The Man Who Sold His Skin'' by Kaouther Ben Hania (Tunisia, France)
*''Roland Rabers Cabaret of Death'' by Roland Reber (Germany)
*''Children of the Sun'' by Prasanna Vithanage (Sri Lanka)

===Country in focus===
Four Bangladeshi films will be showcased in this section.

* ''[[Jibondhuli]]'' by Tanvir Mokammel
* ''[[Meghmallar]]'' by Zahidur Rahim Anjan
* ''[[Under Construction (film)|Under Construction]]'' by Rubaiyat Hossain
* ''[[Sincerely Yours, Dhaka]]'' by Tanvir Ahsan, Abdullah Al Noor, Syed Saleh Sobhan Auneem, Krishnendu Chattopadhyay, Golam Kibria Farooki, Mir Mukarram Hossain, [[Nuhash Humayun]], Mahmudul Islam, Rahat Rahman, [[Robiul Alam Robi]], Syed Ahmed Shawki

===Goan films===
Source<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/goa/meet-these-goan-directors-whose-films-have-made-it-to-iffi-2021/articleshow/80265368.cms|title=Meet these Goan directors whose films have made it to IFFI 2021|author=Kimberly Colaco|date=14 January 2021|access-date=17 January 2021|newspaper=Times of India}}</ref>

*''Shinvar'' - The Downpour
*''Written in the Corners''

===ICFT UNESCO Gandhi Medal===
The IFFI presents ICFT Prize consisting of the UNESCO Gandhi Medal in collaboration with International Council for Film, Television and Audiovisual Communication (ICFT) Paris.

*''[[200 Meters (film)|200 Meters]]'' by Ameen Nayfeh (Italy, Sweden, Jordan, Palestine, Qatar)
*''An Old Lady'' by Lim Sun-ae (South Korea)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/columns/2021/jan/18/notes-from-a-festivalwhen-the-victim-gets-treated-as-a-criminal-22312.html|title=Notes from a festival: When the victim gets treated as a criminal|website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>
*''[[Berlin Alexanderplatz (2020 film)|Berlin Alexanderplatz]]'' by [[Burhan Qurbani]] (Germany, Netherlands)
*''The Lamp of Truth'' by Thanesh Gopal (Canada)
*''Palmyra'' by Ivan Bolotnikov (Russia)
*''[[Prawaas]]'' by Shashank Udapurkar (India)
*''Red Soil'' by Farid Bentouumi (Belgium, France)
*''Summertime'' by [[Carlos López Estrada]] (USA)
*''Thahira'' by Siddik Paravoor (India)
*''Unsound'' by Ian Watson (Australia)

===Debut director===
*''Gold For Dogs'' by Anna Cazenave Cambet (France)
*''Otto the Barbarian'' by Ruxandra Maria Ghițescu (Belgium, Romania)
*''Ravine'' by Balázs Krasznahorkai (Hungary)
*''Valentina'' by Cássio Pereira dos Santos (Brazil)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sproutwired.com/the-film-produced-in-uberlandia-will-be-shown-at-the-festival-in-india-diario-de-uberlandia/|title=The film produced in Uberlândia will be shown at the festival in India - Diário de Uberlândia|date=21 January 2021}}</ref>
*''Wildfire'' by Cathy Brady (Ireland, UK)

===Special screening===
*''[[Acasă, My Home]]'' by Radu Ciorniciuc (Romania)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/headlines/1416255-acasa-my-homeportrays-journey-of-family-forced-to-adopt-city-life-director|title=Acasa-My Home portrays journey of family forced to adopt city life: Director | Headlines|website=Devdiscourse}}</ref>
*''An Impossible Project'' by Jens Meurer (Germany)
*''I Am Greta'' by Nathan Grossman (Sweden)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2021/jan/22/i-am-greta-shines-at51st-international-film-festival-of-india-2253431.html|title='I am Greta' shines at 51st International Film Festival of India|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
*''Little Girl'' by Sébastien Lifshitz (France)
*''[[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero]]'' by [[Shyam Benegal]] (India)
*''The Human Voice'' by Pedro Almodóvar (Spain)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://iffigoa.org/}}

{{International Film Festival of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:International Film Festival of India, 51st}}
[[Category:2020 film festivals]]
[[Category:2020 festivals in Asia]]
[[Category:International Film Festival of India|51]]
[[Category:2020 in Indian cinema]]

Computer Age Management Services

2025-07-28T02:35:18Z

Advsalahuddinahmed: Started initial pg w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian mutual fund transfer agency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}

{{Infobox company
| name = Computer Age Management Services Limited
| logo = C.A.M.S. logo.svg
| logo_size = 200px
| type = Public company
| traded_as = {{NSE|CAMS}} {{BSE|543232}}
| foundation = {{Start date|1988}}
| hq_location = MGR salai, [[Nungambakkam]]
| hq_location_city = [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu
| hq_location_country = India
| key_people = Anuj Kumar (CEO) Ramcharan Sesharaman (CFO)
| num_employees = 7000+
| industry = {{ublist |[[Fintech]]}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/policy/an-old-fintech-learns-new-tricks-11668101313825.html | title=An old fintech learns new tricks: The CAMS story | date=10 November 2022 }}</ref>
| products = {{ublist |Services to [[Mutual funds in India|Mutual Funds]], Payment Services, Services to Private Insurance Companies, Alternate Investment Fund, Banks & NBFCs, CAMS Insurance Repository, Account Aggregation Services, KYC Services, Central Recordkeeping Agency for National Pension Scheme (NPS)}}
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.camsonline.com}}
}}
'''Computer Age Management Services Limited''' (CAMS) is a [[mutual fund]] transfer agency serving Indian asset management companies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/definition/registrar-and-transfer-agents|title=What is Registrar And Transfer Agents? Definition of Registrar And Transfer Agents, Registrar And Transfer Agents Meaning|website=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/cams-appoints-anuj-kumar-as-coo/articleshow/53081546.cms | title=CAMS appoints Anuj Kumar as COO | publisher=[[The Times of India]] | work=M Allirajan | date=6 July 2016 | accessdate=10 October 2023}}</ref> The company was incorporated in 1988 and is headquartered in [[Chennai]]. It became publicly listed in October 2020, subsequent to an [[initial public offering]] (IPO) through an offer by its existing shareholders.

==History==
CAMS was founded in early 1988 by V Shankar working in software development and computer education.

During Y2K, CAMS pivoted to domestic financial services.

The Indian financial services industry experienced a renaissance in the period 1997/8-2006/7, with changes in regulation, products, and supporting infrastructure. Financial businesses started taking advantage of technology and networking, and CAMS entered what became platform-based services. In 2000 HDFC Group invested in CAMS.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/nses-strategic-investment-arm-buys-45-stake-in-cams/article5497631.ece|title=In 2013 the HDFC Group invested into CAMS|date=24 December 2013 }}</ref> In early 2014 India's Stock Exchange (NSE), took a position in the company.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/business/nses-investment-arm-buys-45-stake-in-computer-age-management-services-375771|title=NSE's investment arm buys 45% stake in Computer Age Management Services|website=NDTV.com|date=24 December 2013 }}</ref>

CAMS started off with of 20 staff and started to process transfer agency operations during the late eighties. CAMS handled IPOs including IPCA Laboratories, Wockhardt Ltd, NCD issues of RPPL, RPEL, and Crossland Research Labs Ltd. CAMS processed the first-ever allotment of [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] Escorts, launched in 1996 by Ford India Pvt Ltd.

With the advent of closed-end Mutual Funds, CAMS was involved in the processing of the Indian Bank Mutual Fund and later started to handle the operations of Alliance Capital Mutual Fund. This was CAMS' first open-end mutual fund. CAMS handled the oldest Indian Mutual Funds, such as JM Mutual Fund, ITC Threadneedle, Zurich India Mutual Fund, Sun & FC Mutual Fund, Dundee Mutual Fund, and Taurus Mutual Fund.

==Edge360==
Edge360 is a distributor portal maintained by CAMS that enables financial and non-financial transactions for Independent Financial Advisors, their employees, and Registered Investment Advisors. Most financial transactions can be completed using the portal. Some non-financial transactions are supported, such as changing contact details of the investor, changing of bank mandate, and registration. Distributors can also download statements, and a variety of WBR reports to run their daily business. The portal allows mutual fund distributors to run campaigns and initiate KYC for their investors digitally.

==Operations==
As of June 2020, CAMS employed 6000+ people and offered varied services to the Mutual Funds, Insurance, and Banking industries through its network of 270+ locations across India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.camsonline.com/|title=Mutual Fund Transfer Agent | Online Investment, Services & Statements|website=www.camsonline.com}}</ref>

CSCs{{Clarify|reason=CSC?|date=July 2022}} normally provide services to mutual funds, insurers, private equity, KRA, and NPS processes. Customers can enquire about their investments, obtain statements, seek portfolio valuations, buy, sell, and switch mutual fund units, notify changes in their account details, and register and submit KRA applications.

==Subsidiaries ==
CAMS Repository Services Ltd (CAMSRep)<ref>{{Cite web |title=CAMSRep {{!}}Insurance Repository {{!}} Insurance Business Process |url=https://www.camsrepository.com/ |access-date=16 July 2022 |website=www.camsrepository.com}}</ref> – is licensed by IRDA to provide insurance repository services.

CAMS Financial Information Services Pvt Ltd (CAMSfinserv).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Best Financial Account Aggregator in India {{!}} Service Licensed by RBI {{!}} Bank & NBFC Aggregation Vendor {{!}} CAMSfinserv |url=https://www.camsfinserv.com/ |access-date=16 July 2022 |website=www.camsfinserv.com}}</ref> CAMSfinserv conducts account aggregation services in India.

CAMS Investor Services Pvt Ltd ("CAMS KRA") is a [[SEBI]] registered KYC Registration Agency (KRA) providing KYC registration services<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutual Fund Transfer Agent {{!}} Online Investment, Services & Statements |url=https://www.camsonline.com/ |access-date=16 July 2022 |website=www.camsonline.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Business|first1=Standard|title=CAMS launches Aadhaar-based eKYC for mutual fund investors|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/cams-launches-aadhaar-based-ekyc-for-mutual-fund-investors-116020400935_1.html|accessdate=9 May 2016|issue=4 February 2016|publisher=Business Standard|date=4 February 2016}}</ref> and maintains KYC investor records, on behalf of registered capital market intermediaries, eliminating the need to repeat KYC.

Sterling Software Pvt Ltd is a subsidiary software provider of CAMS for Mutual Fund industries. Sterling serves the requirements of Mutual Funds, Asset Management Companies, Fund Distributors and intermediaries. Its products rely on [[Oracle Database]]s with [[Microsoft]] .NET Platform and Internet front ends.<ref>{{cite web |title=One of the CAMS Products |url=http://www.sterlingsoftware.org/Services.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507100409/http://www.sterlingsoftware.org/Services.aspx |archive-date=7 May 2015 |access-date=2 June 2015}}</ref>

==Memberships, associations, accreditations==
CAMS is the founding member of the Registrars Association of India (RAIN)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rainnet.org/Members.aspx |title=Registrars Association of India}}</ref> which was founded in 1991. RAIN is a representative body of Registrars and Share Transfer Agents in India.

CAMS is a member of The National Association of Software and Services Companies (USA).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nicsa.org/default.asp?contentID=40|title=NICSA member portal}}</ref> CAMS is an ISO 9001 – 2008, ISO 27001 compliant organization complies with SOC 1 & 2 (UTC) standards Service Organization Controls.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Financial services in India}}

[[Category:1988 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Financial services companies based in Chennai]]
[[Category:Financial services companies established in 1988]]
[[Category:Financial services companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1988]]
[[Category:Warburg Pincus companies]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Asset management companies]]

Udai Sagar Lake

2025-07-22T03:24:18Z

Advsalahuddinahmed: started article

{{Short description|Lake in Udaipur, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox lake
| name = Udai Sagar Lake
| native_name =
| other_name = Udaisagar Lake
| image_bathymetry =
| caption_bathymetry =
| location = [[Udaipur]], [[Rajasthan]]
| coords = {{Coord|24.570811|N|73.821351|E|region:IN_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}}
| type = [[reservoir]], fresh water, [[polymictic]]
| inflow =
| pushpin_map = Rajasthan
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of Udai Sagar Lake within Rajasthan
| outflow =
| catchment =
| basin_countries = India
| length = {{convert|4|km|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|2.5|km|abbr=on}}
| area = {{convert|10.5|km2|abbr=on}}
| depth =
| max-depth = {{convert|9|m|abbr=on}}
| volume = 
| shore =
| elevation =
| islands =
| cities = [[Udaipur]]
| date-built = 1565
| reference = http://www.udaipur.org.uk/lakes/udai-sagar-lake.html
}}

'''Udai Sagar Lake''', one of the five prominent lakes of [[Udaipur]],<ref>{{cite web|title=The Five Prominent and Most Beautiful Lakes of Udaipur|url=http://www.walkthroughindia.com/attraction/five-prominent-beautiful-lakes-udaipur/|website=walkthroughindia.com|publisher=WalkThroughIndia|access-date=5 July 2015|archive-date=15 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170115125902/http://www.walkthroughindia.com/attraction/five-prominent-beautiful-lakes-udaipur/|url-status=dead}}</ref> is situated around 13 km in the east of Udaipur. This lake was built by [[Udai Singh II]] in 1565. Udai Sagar Lake is around 4 km in length, 2.5 km in width and 9 meters deep at its maximum.<ref>{{cite web|title=Udai Sagar Lake|url=http://www.discoveredindia.com/rajasthan/attractions/lakes/udai-sagar-lake.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723135644/http://www.discoveredindia.com/rajasthan/attractions/lakes/udai-sagar-lake.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=23 July 2015|website=discoveredindia.com|publisher=Udai Sagar Lake|access-date=4 July 2015}}</ref> It is fed by the [[Ahar River]].<ref name="USACE_map">{{cite book |title=NG 43-14 |date=1959 |publisher=Army Map Service, Corps of Engineers |url=http://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/india/txu-oclc-6614190-ng43-14.jpg |access-date=29 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Sharma|first=Abha|date=2012-05-20|title=A lake rejuvenated|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/a-lake-rejuvenated/article3436472.ece|access-date=2020-08-27|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== History ==
In 1559, Udai Singh constructed a dam on [[Berach River]] to ensure adequate supply of water in his kingdom. Udai Sagar Lake was developed as an outcome of this dam. This dam at Udai Sagar Lake drains about 479 km2, and covers an area of 10.5 km2.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lake Udai Sagar|url=http://www.gvw.in/Lake_Udai_Sagar_udaipur.htm|website=gvw.in|access-date=4 July 2015}}</ref>

On January 24, 1680, the emperor [[Aurangzeb]] visited Udai Sagar Lake and ordered the demolition of all three temples on the banks of the lake.<ref>{{cite book |last=Khan |first=Saqi Must'ad |title=Maasir-i-Alamgiri |date=1947 |publisher=Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal |location=Calcutta |translator=Jadunath Sarkar |page=116}}</ref>

== Threats to the lake ==
According to a study on level of pollution in Udai Sagar,<ref>{{cite journal|title=Environmental pollution of Udaisagar lake and impact of phosphate mine, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India|journal=Environmental Geology|volume=38|issue=3|pages=244–248|doi=10.1007/s002540050421|year=1999|last1=Das|first1=B. K.|s2cid=129831640 }}</ref> the lake's water revealed high phosphate content, due to discharge of pollutants from surrounding phosphorite mines, chemical factories, distillery, sewage and domestic waste from settlements and hotels. All these pollutants, reaching this lake through the River Ahar, make the water unhygienic for human consumption and unfavourable for survival of aquatic life.

== Lake restoration works ==
The task of restoration and transformation of the Lake Udai Sagar and Goverdhan Sagar is taken up by National Lake Conservation Program (NLCP). Udaipur is the first city in the state where all 4 lakes will be developed under the NLCP.<ref>{{cite web|title=Goverdhan Sagar & Udai Sagar to get makeover under NLCP|url=http://udaipurtimes.com/goverdhan-sagar-udai-sagar-get-makeover-nlcp/|website=Udaipurtimes.com|access-date=5 July 2015|date=2015-03-03|archive-date=8 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708094502/http://udaipurtimes.com/goverdhan-sagar-udai-sagar-get-makeover-nlcp/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The key undertakings under this program include:
* Curbing pollution in the lakes.
* Restrictions on disposal of waste products and sewerage in the lakes.
* Restrictions on mining activities in the catchment areas.
* Conservation of wildlife around the lakes.
* Protection of birds as well as heritage properties.

==See also==
* [[List of dams and reservoirs in India]]
* [[List of lakes in India]]
* [[Udaipur]]
* [[Tourist Attractions in Udaipur]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hydrography of Rajasthan}}
{{Udaipur}}

[[Category:Reservoirs in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Lakes of Udaipur]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Udaipur]]
[[Category:1565 establishments in India]]

Bharatpedia:WikiProject Indian villages

2025-06-15T04:35:47Z

Advsalahuddinahmed: started a place!

{{WikiProject status|inactive|sc1=WP:INVILLAGES}}

The goal of the '''WikiProject Indian villages''' is to create comprehensive articles on Indian [[villages]]. The project also aims to improve, organize section contents, provide ideas for standardized look and feel of articles related to the villages of [[India]].

==Participants==
Please add your name to this list using <nowiki>{{user|username}}</nowiki>

===Active Wikipedians ===

* {{User|Vin09}}
* {{User|IM3847}}
* {{user|pratap555}}
*{{User|AVINASHKASHIV}}
* {{User|Milanbhatia12}}
* {{User|Incognitopublisher}}
* {{user|GoldenBootWizard276}}

==Scope==
The scope of this article fundamentally is loosely defined as all articles and sections relating to Indian villages. Almost all of these will be (eventually) categorized under [[:Category:Villages in India]].

===Goals===

# Creation of a generally standard look and feel for all Indian villages.
# To improve Wikipedia coverage of Indian villages articles by adding, expanding and improving.

==Project context==

===Parentage===
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Villages]]

===Descendant WikiProjects===
No descendant WikiProjects have been defined.

===Similar WikiProjects===
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian cities]]

==Sections==
These are the sections that should be included.

===Lead===
The lead comes before the ''Table of Contents''. It should summaries key aspects of the village such as, location in [[tehsil]], [[district]], [[state]]. It should have a minimum of one to two medium sized paragraphs.

'''''Note''':Avoid Indic scripts in lead as per [[WP:INDICSCRIPTS]].''

* '''Rating''': Compulsory
* '''Length''': 1-2 paragraph(s)

===Etymology===

[[Etymology]] should include the meaning of the village name (if it has any) and its transformation over times.

* '''Rating''': Section optional; inclusion important
* '''Length''': minimum one large paragraph, or two small paragraphs.

===History===

The history section should describe the dynasties, kingdoms which rules it in the past. The history section should be around two to three mid-sized paragraphs. Do not use subheadings.

* '''Rating''': Compulsory
* '''Length''': 3-4 paragraphs; summarize/precise if longer, add detail to another page.

===Geography===

Describe the village location and its surroundings such as, water bodies, mountains, forests and islands etc.

'''Climate'''

Mention the seasons, weather, rainfall. Temperature records if possible. The climate section can also be a standalone section.

'''Geology''' (optional)

Like, earthquakes, ores and minerals found.

* '''Rating''': Compulsory
* '''Length''': Varies. Try not to exceed 5 paragraphs if geology and climate are both included in the main geography section.

===Demographics===

The population, households, literacy, sex ratio etc. Also, the languages spoken, ethnic groups in another paragraph.

* '''Rating''': Very Important
* '''Length''': maximum three

=== Government and politics ===

Mention the local government like [[Gram panchayat]]s and its administrative activities. The number of wards it has, elected representatives such as, Sarpanchs, Vice-Sarpanchs, Village Revenue Officers, etc can be mentioned. Awards and achievements of the village.

Political parties, constituency in which the village falls and its elected representatives etc., can be added.

* '''Rating''': Important
* '''Length''': Not more than four paragraphs.

===Economy===

Primary activities which generates income like agriculture, aquaculture, local businesses, commercial areas, industries (if any), other occupations of the villagers. The main crops produced, agri businesses and its exports.

* '''Rating''': Compulsory
* '''Length''': Not more than four paragraphs.

===Culture and tourism===

Mention art, architecture, film, literature etc., Also, mention notable personalities in these fields. Cuisines, clothing and local festivals of importance can also be included. Tourism info should not be a promotional, but mention the landmarks such as, heritage sites, most notable religious worship centers, beaches (if a coastal village), any other landmarks in the village.

Do not add lists, mention most notable with proper references.

* '''Rating''': Important
* '''Length''': not more than five paragraphs.

Mention the tourist destinations like heritage sites, religious event The main crops produced, agri businesses and its exports.

* '''Rating''': Compulsory
* '''Length''': Not more than four paragraphs.

=== Member identification ===

===Transport===

The modes of transport (don’t use transportation, its American English) eg. Buses, bus stations, railway stations, any coastal villages may also include sea transport etc. Write in prose, than in bulleted points.

* '''Rating''': Important
* '''Length''': Not more than four paragraphs

== Departments ==

=== Commons ===

Most of the Indian villages articles related to do not have pictures to support them. We would like to encourage contributions to commons so that the articles will be more comprehensive.

* [[commons:Category:Villages in India by state or territory|Indian villages by states Commons]]
* [[commons:Category:Villages in India by district|Indian villages by district]]

== Discussion ==
*[[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Indian villages]]

==Project standards==

===Naming conventions===
*[[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Indic)]]

===Structure===
Refer to
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indian_states#Sections]] for state articles
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indian_districts#Sections]] for district articles
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indian_cities#Sections]] for city articles

==Tools==

:''Main tool page: [https://tools.wmflabs.org/dispenser/view/Main_Page toolserver.org]]''
*[https://tools.wmflabs.org/dispenser/view/Reflinks Reflinks] - Edits bare references - adds title/dates etc. to bare references
*[https://tools.wmflabs.org/dispenser/view/Checklinks Checklinks] - Edit and repair external links
*[https://tools.wmflabs.org/dispenser/view/Dab_solver Dab solver] - Quickly resolve ambiguous links.
*[https://tools.wmflabs.org/dispenser/view/Peer_reviewer Peer reviewer] - Provides hints and suggestion to improving articles.

{{Wikipedia policies and guidelines|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:India-related WikiProjects|Villages]]

Jagijhora Barabak

2025-05-20T00:28:23Z

Advsalahuddinahmed: Added New Data...

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jagijhora Barabak
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.6986|N|89.0825|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Alipurduar district|Alipurduar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 5.1991
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 6474
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 735204
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 03563
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Alipurduars (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alipurduars]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Falakata (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Falakata]]
| website = {{URL|alipurduar.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Jugijhora Barobak''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Falakata (community development block)|Falakata]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Alipurduar subdivision]] of the [[Alipurduar district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=450| height=390| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|26|40|0|N|89|19|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places and tea estates in the western portion of Alipurdar subdivision (including Madarihat-Birpara, Falakata and Alipuduar I CD blocks) in Alipurduar district''' CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, N: neighbourhood, NP: national park/ wildlife sanctuary, TE: tea estate Abbreviations used in names – TG for Tea Garden (town/village), TE for Tea Estate Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|26|31|31|N|89|32|36|E}}| label-pos1=left|label1= Alipurduar Railway Junction| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Alipurduar Railway Junction]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|26|31|12|N|89|33|36|E}}| label-pos2=bottom|label2=Bholar Dabri| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Bholar Dabri]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|26|32|24|N|89|32|24|E}}| label-pos3=left|label3=Chechakhata| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Chechakhata]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|26|31|48|N|89|12|0|E}}| label-pos4=left|label4=Falakata| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Falakata]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|26|41|55|N|89|5|15|E}}| label-pos5=bottom|label5=Jagijhora Barabak| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= Jagijhora Barabak (CT)|shape-color5=black| label-size5=13|label-color5=black 
|mark-coord6={{coord|26|36|52|N|89|8|36|E}}| label-pos6=left|label6=Jateswar| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Jateswar]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|26|42|0|N|89|17|0|E}}| label-pos7=top|label7=Madarihat| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Madarihat]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|26|32|37|N|89|11|40|E}}| label-pos8=top|label8=Parangarpar| numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Parangarpar]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|26|33|21|N|89|32|5|E}}| label-pos9=top|label9=Paschim Jitpur| numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Paschim Jitpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|26|43|10|N|89|4|39|E}}| label-pos10=top|label10= Sisha Jumrha| numbered10=CT| mark-title10= [[Sisha Jumrha]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|26|30|0|N|89|30|0|E}}| label-pos11=left|label11=Birpara| numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Birpara]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|26|27|30|N|89|31|37|E}}| label-pos12=right|label12=Alipurduar| numbered12=M| mark-title12= [[Alipurduar]] (M) | shape-color12=#800000
|mark-coord13={{coord|26|43|40|N|89|8|11|E}}| label-pos13=right|label13=Birpara TG| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Birpara Tea Garden]] (R)|shape-color13= #A42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|26|28|35|N|89|24|20|E}}| label-pos14=right|label14=Pachkalguri| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Pachkalguri]] (R)|shape-color14= #A42222
|mark-coord15={{coord|26|49|48|N|89|18|36|E}}| label-pos15=right|label15=Totopara| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Totopara]] (R)|shape-color15= #A42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|26|29|54|N|89|22|32|E}}| label-pos16=left|label16=Sonapur| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Sonapur, Alipurduar]] (R)|shape-color16= #A42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|26|39|35|N|89|15|27|E}}| label-pos17= left |label17= Aryaman TE | numbered17=TE| mark-title17= [[Aryaman Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color17=#87A96B
|mark-coord18={{coord|26|39|27|N|89|16|34|E}}| label-pos18=bottom|label18=Jaldapara |labela18= National| labelb18= Park| numbered18=NP| mark-title18= [[Jaldapara National Park]] (NP)| shape-color18=#228B22
|mark-coord19={{coord|26|33|0|N|89|16|0|E}}| label19= Khairbari |labela19= Reserved |labelb19= Forest| label-color19 = #C42222 | label-angle19=0| label-pos19=top| label-size19=10| mark-size19=0| mark-title19 =none
|mark-coord20={{coord|26|46|20|N|89|16|30|E}}| label20= Titi |labela20= Reserved |labelb20= Forest| label-color20 = #C42222 | label-angle20=0| label-pos20=top| label-size20=10| mark-size20=0| mark-title20 =none
|mark-coord21={{coord|26|46|50|N|89|19|0|E}}|label21= Torsha River| label-color21 = #77A1CB| label-angle21=95| label-pos21=top| label-size21=10| mark-size21=0| mark-title21=none
|mark-coord22={{coord|26|29|0|N|89|6|0|E}}|label22= Jaldhaka River| label-color22 = #77A1CB| label-angle22=30| label-pos22=top| label-size22=10| mark-size22=0| mark-title22=none
|mark-coord23={{coord|26|47|2|N|89|6|20|E}}| label-pos23=right|label23=Bandapani TG| numbered23=R| mark-title23= [[Bandapani Tea Garden]] (R)|shape-color23= #A42222
|mark-coord24={{coord|26|46|5|N|89|6|17|E}}| label-pos24=right|label24=Dheklapara TG| numbered24=R| mark-title24= [[Dheklapara Tea Garden]] (R)|shape-color24= #A42222
|arc-coordA={{coord|26|52|30|N|89|15|30|E}}|arc-textA= BHUTAN| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=0 | arc-gapA=3.5| arc-radiusA=1.5}}

===Location===
Jagijhora Barabak is located at {{coord|26.6986|N|89.0825|E|display=inline}}.

===Area overview===
Alipurduar district is covered by two maps. It is an extensive area in the eastern end of the [[Dooars]] in West Bengal. It is undulating country, largely forested, with numerous rivers flowing down from the outer ranges of the [[Himalayas]] in Bhutan. It is a predominantly rural area with 79.38% of the population living in rural areas. The district has 1 municipal town and 20 census towns. The scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, taken together, form more than half the population in all the six community development blocks in the district. There is a high concentration of tribal people (scheduled tribes) in the three northern blocks of the district.<ref name="handbook">{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Jalpaiguri |work = Tables 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 29 June 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 29 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1902_PART_A_DCHB_JALPAIGURI.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Jalpaiguri, Series 20, Part XIIA| work= Census of India 2011, page 13 Physiography| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |accessdate = 18 June 2020}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Jagijhora Barabak had a total population of 6,474. There were 3,350 (52%) males and 3,124 (48%) females. There were 908 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The total number of literate people in Jagijhora Barabak was 3,954 (71.04% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 5 July 2020}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Jalpaiguri'', Jagijhora Barabak covered an area of 5.1991 km2. Among the civic amenities, it had 30 km roads, the protected water supply involved hand pumps. It had 456 domestic electric connections, 16 road lighting points. Among the medical facilities it had 6 medicine shops. Among the educational facilities it had 8 primary schools, 1 middle school, the nearest secondary school at Narsinpur 3 km away, the nearest senior secondary school at [[Birpara Tea Garden|Birpara]] 8 km away. It had 1 non-formal education centre (Sarva Siksha Abhiyan). Three important commodities it produced were: bricks, crushed stone and dolomite. It had the branch of a nationalised bank.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1902_PART_A_DCHB_JALPAIGURI.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Jalpaiguri, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 451-453: Statement I: Status and Growth History, Pages 454-455: Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Pages 456-457: Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Pages 458-459: Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 460—463: Statement V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, Pages 464: Statement VI: Industry and Banking | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations V, West Bengal |accessdate = 26 June 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Alipurduar district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Alipurduar district]]

Jai Hanuman (film)

2024-11-07T07:18:30Z

Advsalahuddinahmed: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Hanu-Man]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

C. T. Abdurahim

2024-06-14T20:40:28Z

Advsalahuddinahmed: Started some entry basic info

{{Short description|Indian writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
'''C. T. Abdurahim''' is a writer, religious scholar and educator.<ref name="Ref1">{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150702/nation-current-affairs/article/zakat-can-be-tool-social-bridging|title=Zakat can be a tool of social bridging|via=Deccan Chronicle News|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=2 Jul 2015|access-date=2 Jun 2021}}</ref><ref name="Ref2">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/come-forward-to-face-the-challenges-of-terrorism/article3054874.ece|title=Come forward to face the challenges of terrorism|via=The Hindu News|work=thehindu.com|date=30 Nov 2006|accessdate=2 Jun 2021}}</ref>

==Life and work==

In 1982, he left Qatar and came back to India and with the help of friends, set-up [[Dayapuram Educational and Cultural Centre]]. For the last 31 years, he has been coming to Dayapuram everyday including on Sundays and working on improving the quality of this organization.{{Citation needed|date= April 2022}}

== Publications ==
* Indiacharithrathinte Randu Mughangal (Two Faces of Indian History, 1971)
* Mathavum Yukthivaadavum (Religion and Atheism, 1971)
* Matham Thathwavum Prayogavum (Religion - Theory and Practice, 1980),
*Swathathrasamaram Nashtappetta Naallukal (Freedom Movement - The Lost Pages, 1982)
*Mathetharathwavum Indian Muslimkallum (Secularism and Indian Muslims, 1982)
* Islamum Idamarukum (Islam and Idamaruku, 1982)
* Pravaachakanmaar (Prophets, 1983)
* Shariat Charchakal (Shariat Discussions, 1985)
* Kulambadikal (Translation of an Arabic Novel, 1985)
* Oru Malayali Musliminte Veritta Chinthakal (The Distinct Thought of Malayali Muslim, 2008)
* Aathmageetham (Poetry collection. The Songs of the Self, 2010)
* Muslim Bheegaravadathinte Thayverukal (The Roots of Muslim Terrorism, 2009-An Islamic critique of Islamism, sold 5000 copies in record time)

== References ==
<references/>

==External links==
{{URL|http://www.dayapuram.org}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abdurahim, C. T.}}
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Kozhikode]]
[[Category:20th-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:People from Kozhikode district]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:21st-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]

{{India-writer-stub}}

Garden Gate, Bulandshahr

2024-05-20T02:10:06Z

Advsalahuddinahmed: Started basic post initial version

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Garden Gate, Bulandshahr
| native_name =
| image = Garden Gate, Bulandshahr (1880s).png
| caption = Garden Gate, Bulandshahr (1880s)
| coordinates = {{Coord|28|24|26.8|N|77|51|15.7|E|display=inline,title}}
| architectural_style =
}}
'''Garden Gate''' is a building in [[Bulandshahr]], India, constructed as a gateway to the Bulandshahr public garden, also known as Moti Bagh. It leads to the [[Town Hall, Bulandshahr|Town Hall]] and was built in the late 19th century by Rao Umrao Singh of [[Kuchesar]], who donated a significant fund for its construction. The project was encouraged by [[Frederic Growse]], a British civil servant of the [[Indian Civil Service]], who had been appointed [[District magistrate|collector]] of the region in 1878.

==Construction==
In 1878, [[Frederic Growse]], a British civil servant of the [[Indian Civil Service]], was appointed [[District magistrate|collector]] of the district of Bulandshahr.<ref name=Growse1884>{{Cite book |last=Growse |first=Frederic Salmon |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zNKVY1WkfCIC&dq=Garden+Gate,+Bulandshahr&pg=PA51 |title=Bulandshahr: Or, Sketches of an Indian District: Social, Historical and Architectural |publisher=Medical Hall Press |year=1884 |chapter=III. The rebuilding of Bulandshahr |pages=51–88 |language=en |access-date=2022-05-20 |archive-date=2022-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609050713/https://books.google.com/books?id=zNKVY1WkfCIC&dq=Garden+Gate%2C+Bulandshahr&pg=PA51 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=today>{{Cite web |title=Indian Architecture of To-day as Exemplified in the New Buildings of Bulandshahr District, Part II · Highlights from the Digital Content Library |url=https://dcl.dash.umn.edu/highlights/items/show/256 |access-date=15 April 2021 |website=dcl.dash.umn.edu |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416095846/https://dcl.dash.umn.edu/highlights/collections/show/15 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He encouraged projects that involved the use of Indian craft work and was openly critical of the [[Central Public Works Department|Public Works Department]].<ref name=Mayer2010>{{cite book |last1=Mayer |first1=Roberta A. |last2=Forest |first2=Lockwood De |title=Lockwood de Forest: Furnishing the Gilded Age with a Passion for India |date=2010 |publisher=Associated University Presse |location=Newark |isbn=978-0-87413-973-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hx5tDzcwnqcC&dq=bulandshahr&pg=PA83 |language=en |page=83 |access-date=2022-05-20 |archive-date=2022-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609050714/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hx5tDzcwnqcC&dq=bulandshahr&pg=PA83 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Garden gate is one of several gates in Bulandshahr constructed with the encouragement and assistance of Growse.<ref name=Till1989>{{cite book |last1=Tillotson |first1=G. H. R. (Giles Henry Rupert) |title=The tradition of Indian architecture : continuity, controversy, and change since 1850 |date=1989 |publisher=New Haven : Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-04636-6 |pages=84–92 |url=https://archive.org/details/traditionofindia0000till/page/86/mode/2up?q=bulandshahr}}</ref> It was built on the site of a former "filthy" drainage ravine<ref name=Growse1885/> and is one of two gates to Moti Bagh, an 11-acre plot of land also known as the Bulandshahr public garden which houses the [[Town Hall, Bulandshahr|Town Hall]], the other being on the east wall and named for [[Elliott Graham Colvin|Elliot Colvin]].<ref name=Growse1884/> Garden Gate is the main gate towards the west, and is named for Rao Umrao Singh, of [[Kuchesar]], who donated 4,500 rupees towards its construction.<ref name=Growse1884/>

==Structure==
It consists of an archway, which towards the road is made of white sandstone and is covered with fine [[tracery]].<ref name=Growse1884/> A wide open space was left to its front.<ref name=Growse1885>{{Cite book |last=Growse |first=Frederic Salmon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=inEIAAAAQAAJ&dq=Garden+Gate,+Bulandshahr&pg=PT1 |title=Indian Architecture of To-day as Exemplified in New Buildings in the Bulandshahr District |publisher=North-Western Provinces and Oudh Government Press |year=1885 |location=Allahabad |language=en |access-date=2022-05-20 |archive-date=2022-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521091857/https://books.google.com/books?id=inEIAAAAQAAJ&dq=Garden+Gate,+Bulandshahr&pg=PT1 |url-status=live }}</ref> The two rooms flanking the archway are made of block-[[kankar]] and the corners of octagonal red brick [[turret (architecture)|turrets]], topped by [[dome]]d and [[pinnacle]]d [[Kiosk|small pavilions]] 46 feet high and made of stone.<ref name=Growse1884/><ref name=Growse1885/> One of the rooms contains a spiral staircase.<ref name=Growse1885/> The unroofed upper storey has [[arcade (architecture)|successive arches]] to the front, in red brick, and is surmounted by a [[parapet]] of white stone posts and panels.<ref name=Growse1884/> It is on the same level as the archway and turrets.<ref name=Growse1885/> A pavilion over the archway was not constructed due to lack of funds.<ref name=Growse1885/> The front facing the garden is much more plain.<ref name=Growse1885/> The doors of the lodges are made from carved wood.<ref name=Growse1885/>

==Purpose==
Two rooms on either side of the archway were intended for the watchman and gardener.<ref name=Growse1884/> It is the main approach to the Town Hall.<ref name=Growse1885/>

==Response==
Opposition to the gate was at first dismissed by the assistant judge, but the case lingered on for three years at a cost of nearly 10-times what Rao Umrao Singh paid for it.<ref name=misc1886>{{cite journal |title=Miscellaneous |journal=The London Quarterly & Holborn Review |date=1886 |volume=V |page=192 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YWxPAQAAMAAJ&dq=Garden+Gate,+Bulandshahr&pg=PA192 |publisher=Epworth Press |location=London |language=en}}</ref>

==2023==
<gallery>
File:Bulandhar Garden Gate night view.tif|Garden Gate 2023
File:Garden Gate, Bulandshahr 2023, rear.tif|Garden Gate rear view
File:Garden gate, bulandshahr, inside arch.tif|Garden Gate inside arch
File:Bulandhar Garden Gate arch.tif|Garden Gate inside arch
File:Bulandhar Garden Gate side view 2023.tif|Bulandhar Garden Gate side view
File:Garden Gate, Bulandshahr, care taker's room.tif|Garden Gate, Bulandshahr, care taker's room
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Lime (material)|Kankar lime]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite thesis |last1=Mallick |first1=Bhaswar |title=Agency of Labor Resistance in Nineteenth Century India: Significance of Bulandshahr and F.S. Growse's Account |date=2018 |publisher=University of Cincinnati |url=https://etd.ohiolink.edu/apexprod/rws_olink/r/1501/10?clear=10&p10_accession_num=ucin1543581416769978 |language=en |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522135845/https://etd.ohiolink.edu/apexprod/rws_olink/r/1501/10?clear=10&p10_accession_num=ucin1543581416769978 |url-status=dead }}

==External links==
*[https://bulandshahrlegacy.org/2021/07/23/frederic-salmon-growse-the-man-that-built-bulandshahr-in-the-19th-century/ Frederic Salmon Growse: The Man that built Bulandshahr in the 19th Century]

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Gates in India]]
[[Category:Bulandshahr]]

Kaitha, Firozabad

2023-12-16T23:15:54Z

Advsalahuddinahmed: Added A Info

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{other uses|Kaitha}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kaitha
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Kotla block Kaitha.png
| map_caption = Map showing Kaitha in Kotla block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.35646|N|78.45778|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Firozabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 11.865
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 7813
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 207301
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kaitha''' ({{IAST|Kāythā}}) is a large village in [[Kotla, Firozabad|Kotla]] block of [[Firozabad district]], Uttar Pradesh, India. It is located in the northern part of the district, on the border with [[Etah district]]. As of 2011, it had a population of 7,813, in 1,348 households.

== Geography ==
Kaitha is located at the northern end of the [[Firozabad]] tehsil, on the border with [[Etah district]]. It is located about 10 km northeast of [[Narki, Firozabad|Narki]], 26 km from Firozabad, and 55 km from the city of [[Agra]]. The village lands cover a large area and are irrigated by the Pilkhatra distributary canal which crosses through them.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905">{{cite book |editor1-last=Nevill |editor1-first=H. R. |title=Agra: A Gazetteer, Being Volume VIII of the District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh |date=1905 |publisher=Government Press |location=Allahabad |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.07292 |access-date=18 November 2023}}</ref>{{rp|299-300}}

== History ==
At the turn of the 20th century, Kaitha was described as a large and prosperous agricultural village, which was then part of the [[zamindar]]i estate of the Raja of [[Awagarh]]. It then had a lower primary school, an indigo factory owned by the Raja of Awagarh, and a canal bungalow on the Pilkhatra distributary. It also then held a small fair for the [[Phul dol]] festival. As of 1901, its population was 3,118; this included 2,484 Hindus, 171 Muslims, and 63 others.

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Kaitha had a population of 7,813, in 1,348 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|95}} This population was 54.1% male (4,226) and 45.9% female (3,587). The 0-6 age group numbered 1,402 (747 male and 655 female), making up 17.9% of the total population. 1,861 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 23.8% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1211/download/3858/DH_2011_0916_PART_B_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|98-9}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Kaitha as having a population of 4,393 people (2,406 male and 1,987 female), in 730 households and 715 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-B: Village & Town Directory, District Agra |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28672/download/31854/28391_1981_AGR.pdf |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|186-7}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Kaitha as comprising 9 hamlets, with a total population of 3,024 people (1,658 male and 1,366 female), in 588 households and 417 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 3,022 acres and it had a medical practitioner at that point.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (22 - Agra District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28472/download/31654/21841_1961_AGR.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|xc}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Kaitha had 3 primary schools; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by tap, hand pump, and tube well/borehole; there were no public toilets. The village had a sub post office and public library, as well as at least some access to electricity for residential and agricultural (but not commercial) purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1210/download/3854/DH_2011_0916_PART_A_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|95-100}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Firozabad district}}

[[Category:Villages in Firozabad district]]

Majura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)

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#REDIRECT [[Majura Assembly constituency]]

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Indian Independence Committee

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#REDIRECT [[Berlin Committee]]
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Amit Kumar (cricketer, born 1996)

2022-01-04T11:06:00Z

Advsalahuddinahmed: basic improve structure per standard format and corrected details per standard format

#REDIRECT [[Amit Kumar (Arunachal Pradesh cricketer)]]

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