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List of Asian species extinct in the Holocene

2026-05-24T12:40:59Z

Advancedacademy: adding initial entry initial version

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[[File:Asia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|right|Map of [[Asia]]]]
This is a '''list of Asian species extinct in the Holocene''' that covers [[extinction]]s from the [[Holocene]] epoch, a [[Geologic time scale|geologic epoch]] that began about 11,650 years [[Before Present|before present]] (about 9700 [[Common Era|BCE]]){{efn|The source gives "11,700 calendar yr b2k (before CE 2000)". But "BP" means "before CE 1950". Therefore, the Holocene began 11,650 BP. Doing the math, that is c. 9700 BCE.}} and continues to the present day.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Walker |first1=Mike |last2=Johnsen |first2=Sigfus |last3=Rasmussen |first3=Sune Olander |last4=Popp |first4=Trevor |last5=Steffensen |first5=Jorgen-Peder |last6=Gibrard |first6=Phil |last7=Hoek |first7=Wim |last8=Lowe |first8=John |last9=Andrews |first9=John |last10=Bjo Rck |first10=Svante |last11=Cwynar |first11=Les C. |last12=Hughen |first12=Konrad |last13=Kersahw |first13=Peter |last14=Kromer |first14=Bernd |last15=Litt |first15=Thomas |year=2009 |title=Formal definition and dating of the GSSP (Global Stratotype Section and Point) for the base of the Holocene using the Greenland NGRIP ice core, and selected auxiliary records |url=http://www.stratigraphy.org/GSSP/Holocene.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[Journal of Quaternary Science]] |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=3–17 |bibcode=2009JQS....24....3W |doi=10.1002/jqs.1227 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104131948/http://www.stratigraphy.org/GSSP/Holocene.pdf |archive-date=2013-11-04 |access-date=2022-04-24 |doi-access=free |first16=David J. |last16=Lowe |first17=Takeshi |last17=Nakagawa |first18=Rewi |last18=Newnham |first19=Jakob |last19=Schwander}}</ref>

This list includes the [[Asia]]n continent and its surrounding islands, including [[Cyprus]]. The three [[Transcaucasia]]n republics of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Armenia]], and [[Azerbaijan]] are included in the [[List of European species extinct in the Holocene]], even though their territory may fall partially or fully in [[Asia]] depending on the [[Boundaries between the continents|definition of Europe]] considered. Species from [[Western New Guinea]] (Indonesia), the [[Aru Islands Regency|Aru Islands]] (Indonesia), and [[Christmas Island]] (Australia) are listed in the [[List of Australia-New Guinea species extinct in the Holocene]].

Many extinction dates are unknown due to a lack of relevant information.

== Mammals (class [[Mammalia]])==
=== Bandicoots and bilbies (order [[Peramelemorphia]]) ===

==== Bandicoots (family [[Peramelidae]]) ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Scientific name
!Range
!class="unsortable"|Comments
|-
|Peramelidae gen. et. sp. nov.
|[[Halmahera]], Indonesia
|Most recent remains dated to 4240-1529 BCE.<ref name = "Turvey"/>
|}

=== Kangaroos, possums, wombats, and allies (order [[Diprotodontia]]) ===

==== Kangaroos and wallabies (family [[Macropodidae]]) ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
|-
|''[[Dorcopsis]]'' sp.
|Halmahera, Indonesia
|Most recent remains dated to 80 CE.<ref name = "Flannery">Flannery, T., Bellwood, P., White, P., Moore, A., Boeadi, & Nitihaminoto, G. (1995). Fossil marsupials (Macropodidae, Peroryctidae) and other mammals of Holocene age from Halmahera, north Moluccas, Indonesia. ''Alcheringa'', 19(1), 17-25.</ref>
|}

=== Elephant-like mammals (order [[Proboscidea]]) ===

==== Elephants and mammoths (family [[Elephantidae]]) ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
! class="unsortable" |Pictures
|-
|[[Syrian elephant]]
|''Elephas maximus asurus''
|[[Mesopotamia]]
|Archaeological evidence and historical records imply local extinction caused by [[hunting]] and [[deforestation]] in the 8th century BCE, with [[war elephant]]s from the 3rd century BCE onward being imported from [[South Asia]]. However, the lack of evidence of [[Asian elephant]]s in the [[Near East]] between 200,000 and 3,500 years ago has led some authors to propose that [[Bronze Age#Mesopotamia|Bronze Age]] elephants were actually introduced by people to provide themselves with exotic game and [[ivory]]. If true, this would invalidate the subspecies ''E. m. asurus''.<ref>Çakırlar, C., & Ikram, S. (2016). {{"'}}When elephants battle, the grass suffers.' Power, ivory and the Syrian elephant". ''Levant'', '''48''' (2), 167-183.</ref>
|[[File:Gavur Lake Swamp Elephant Skull.jpg|100px|center]]
|-
|[[Javan elephant]]
|''Elephas maximus sondaicus''
|[[Java]], Indonesia; introduced to [[Sulu]], Philippines
|Most recent remains in [[Mauk, Indonesia]] dated to 1350.<ref>Morwood, M. J., Sutikna, T., Saptomo, E. W., Westaway, K. E., Due, R. A., Moore, M. W., ... & Soejono, R. P. (2008). Climate, people and faunal succession on Java, Indonesia: evidence from Song Gupuh. ''Journal of Archaeological Science'', 35(7), 1776-1789.</ref> It was introduced to Sulu in the 14th century, where it survived until its extermination in 1850. However, the extant [[Bornean elephant]] has been suggested to have originated from Sulu stock and not be native to the island. If true, this would make the subspecies ''E. m. sondaicus'' synonymous with ''E. m. borneensis'' and not globally extinct.<ref>Alfred, R., Ahmad, A. H., Payne, J., Williams, C., Ambu, L. N., How, P. M., & Goossens, B. (2012). Home range and ranging behaviour of Bornean elephant (Elephas maximus borneensis) females. ''PLoS One'', 7(2), e31400.</ref>
|[[File:Lalitavistara - 114 N-83, The Gods offer Clean Clothes to the Bodhisattva, Elephant (detail) (8598324609).jpg|120px]]
|-
|[[Woolly mammoth]]
|''Mammuthus primigenius''
|Northern [[Eurasia]] and [[North America]]
|Most recent remains in [[Wrangel Island]], Russia dated to 1795-1675 BCE.<ref>Stuart, A.J. et al. (2002). "The latest woolly mammoths (''Mammuthus primigenius'' Blumenbach) in Europe and Asia: a review of the current evidence". ''Quaternary Science Reviews'', '''21''' (14-15), 1559-1569.</ref>
|[[File:Victoria.Mammut.P1033804.jpg|120px]]
|-
|[[Palaeoloxodon cypriotes|Cyprus dwarf elephant]]
|''Palaeoloxodon cypriotes''
|[[Cyprus]]
|Most recent remains dated to 10699-7299 BCE.<ref name = "Turvey"/>
|[[File:Palaeoloxodon cypriotes 2.png|center|100px]]
|-
|[[Palaeoloxodon namadicus|Asian straight-tusked elephant]]
|''Palaeoloxodon namadicus''
|South and [[East Asia]]
|The date 7330-6250 BCE was obtained from carbonaceous clay near ''Palaeoloxodon'' remains in the Baneta Formation of the [[Narmada Valley]], India, suggesting survival into the Holocene, though no direct datation was taken from the bones.<ref>Turvey, S.T. et al. (2021). "Late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions in India: How much do we know?" ''Quaternary Science Reviews'', 252, p. 106740.</ref> It was also suggested that [[elephants in ancient China|representations of elephants in art from northern China]] depict ''Palaeoloxodon'' rather than Asian elephants as commonly assumed,<ref>Li, J.; Hou, Y.; Li, Y.; Zhang, J. (2012). "The latest straight-tusked elephants (Palaeoloxodon)? "Wild elephants" lived 3000 years ago in North China". ''Quaternary International.'' 281: 84–88.</ref> but other authors disagree with this assessment.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Bronze art sparks debate over the extinction of the straight-tusked elephant | first = B. | last = Switek | date = 2012-12-27 | url = http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2012/12/27/bronze-art-sparks-debate-over-the-extinction-of-the-straight-tusked-elephant/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130102012704/http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2012/12/27/bronze-art-sparks-debate-over-the-extinction-of-the-straight-tusked-elephant/ | archive-date = January 2, 2013 | access-date = 2013-03-16 | publisher = [[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]}}</ref>
|[[File:Palaeoloxodon namadicus-bpk.jpg|120px]]
|}

=== Sea cows (order [[Sirenia]]) ===

==== Dugongs (family [[Dugongidae]]) ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
! class="unsortable" |Pictures
|-
|[[Steller's sea cow]]
|''Hydrodamalis gigas''
|[[Bering Sea]]
|The last population was discovered in the [[Commander Islands]] in 1741 and heavily hunted for meat and leather until it disappeared by 1768. The hunting of [[sea otter]]s leading to a proliferation of ''[[Strongylocentrotus]]'' [[sea urchin]]s that ate the [[kelp]] that the sea cows depended on has been suggested as an additional cause.<ref name="steller">{{cite iucn |author=Domning, D. |date=2016 |title=''Hydrodamalis gigas'' |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T10303A43792683 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T10303A43792683.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|[[File:Em - Hydrodamalis gigas model.jpg|120x120px]]
|}

=== Lagomorphs (order [[Lagomorpha]]) ===

==== Rabbits and hares (family [[Leporidae]]) ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
|-
|[[Don hare]]
|''Lepus timidus tanaiticus''<ref>Boeskorov, G. G., Chernova, O. F., & Shchelchkova, M. V. (2023, May). First Find of a Frozen Mummy of the Fossil Don Hare Lepus tanaiticus (Leporidae, Lagomorpha) from the Pleistocene of Yakutia. In ''Doklady Earth Sciences'' (Vol. 510, No. 1, pp. 298-302). Moscow: Pleiades Publishing.</ref>
|Russia
|Gradually replaced by the extant [[mountain hare]] south to north until becoming extinct during the [[Subboreal]], 3050-550 BCE.<ref>Prost, S., Knapp, M., Flemmig, J., Hufthammer, A. K., Kosintsev, P., Stiller, M., & Hofreiter, M. (2010). A phantom extinction? New insights into extinction dynamics of the Don‐hare Lepus tanaiticus. ''Journal of evolutionary biology'', 23(9), 2022-2029.</ref>
|}

=== Rodents (order [[Rodent]]ia) ===

==== Old World rats and mice (family [[Muridae]]) ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
! class="unsortable" |Pictures
|-
|[[Alor Island giant rat]]
|''Alormys aplini''
|[[Alor Island]], Indonesia
|Most recent remains at Tabubung 4 dated to 62 BCE - 87 CE. The extinction coincides with a period of [[aridification]], deforestation, and extinction of other giant rat species in the island.<ref>Louys, J., O'Connor, S., Higgins, P., Hawkins, S., & Maloney, T. (2018). New genus and species of giant rat from Alor Island, Indonesia. ''Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity'', 11(4), 503-510.</ref>
|-
|[[Carpomys dakal|Sierra Madre giant cloud rat]]
|''Carpomys dakal''
|[[Luzon]], Philippines
|Most recent remains dated to 2050-50 BCE. Probably disappeared due to increased aridity and deforestation.<ref name="Ochoa">{{Cite journal |last1=Ochoa |first1=Janine |last2=Mijares |first2=Armand S B |last3=Piper |first3=Philip J |last4=Reyes |first4=Marian C |last5=Heaney |first5=Lawrence R |date=2021-04-23 |title=Three new extinct species from the endemic Philippine cloud rat radiation (Rodentia, Muridae, Phloeomyini) |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=102 |issue=gyab023 |pages=909–930 |doi=10.1093/jmammal/gyab023 |issn=0022-2372}}</ref>
|
|-
|[[Buhler's coryphomys]]
|''Coryphomys buehleri''
|[[Timor]] island, Indonesia & [[East Timor]]
|Most recent remains dated to around 50 BCE.<ref name="Louys"/>
|
|-
|[[Timor giant rat]]
|''Coryphomys musseri''
|Timor island, Indonesia & East Timor
|Most recent remains dated to around 50 BCE.<ref name="Louys"/>
|[[File:Coryphomys musseri 1.jpg|100px|center]]
|-
|[[Crateromys|Sierra Madre bushy-tailed cloud rat]]
|''Crateromys ballik''
|Luzon, Philippines
|Most recent remains dated to 2050-50 BCE. Probably disappeared due to increased aridity and deforestation.<ref name="Ochoa"/>
|
|-
|[[Diplothrix|Miyako long-tailed rat]]
|''Diplothrix miyakoensis''
|[[Miyako Island]], Ryukyu, Japan
|Most recent remains dated to around 9050-8050 BCE.<ref name="Louys"/>
|
|-
|[[Hooijer's giant rat]]
|''Hooijeromys nusantenggara''
|[[Lesser Sunda Islands]], Indonesia
|Most recent remains dated to around 1050 BCE.<ref name="Louys"/>
|
|-
|
|''[[Milimonggamys juliae]]''
|[[Sumba Island]], Indonesia
|Most recent remains dated to 54-222 CE.<ref name="Louys"/>
|
|-
|
|''[[Niviventer]]'' sp.
|[[Ishigaki Island]], Japan
|Most recent remains dated to 2050-50 BCE.<ref name = "Louys"/>
|
|-
|[[Verhoeven's giant tree rat]]
|''Papagomys theodorverhoeveni''
|[[Flores]], Indonesia
|Most recent remains to around 1050 BCE.<ref name="Louys"/>
|[[File:Papagomys.jpg|100px]]
|-
|
|''[[Raksasamys tikusbesar]]''
|Sumba Island, Indonesia
|Most recent remains dated to 1935-1700 BCE.<ref name="Louys"/>
|
|-
|[[Flores cave rat]]
|''Spelaeomys florensis''
|Flores, Indonesia
|Most recent remains dated to 3500-775 BCE.<ref name ="Turvey"/>
|
|-
|
|Muridae indet.
|[[Morotai]], Indonesia
|Two unnamed species most recently dated to 4514-4244 BCE.<ref name = "Turvey"/>
|
|}

===== Possibly extinct =====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
! class="unsortable" |Pictures
|-
|[[Ilin Island cloudrunner]]
|''Crateromys paulus''
|[[Mindoro]] or [[Ilin Island]], Philippines
|Only known from one specimen collected in 1953, generally believed to be from Ilin Island but this is not certain, and could be Mindoro or another nearby location. Later searches in Ilin and Mindoro repeatedly failed to find evidence of this species. If native to Ilin, it could have been threatened by deforestation as the island has no [[primary forest]] left in the present.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Gerrie, R. |author2= Kennerley, R. |name-list-style=amp |year=2016|title=''Crateromys paulus'' |errata=2017 |article-number= e.T5501A115071934 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T5501A22415490.en|access-date=2 June 2024}}</ref>
|[[File:Crateromys_paulus_drawing.jpg|120px]]
|}

=== Primates (order [[Primate]]s) ===

==== Great apes (family [[Hominidae]]) ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
! class="unsortable" |Pictures
|-
|[[Orangutan|Mainland orangutan]]
|''Pongo'' sp.
|[[Southern China]] and [[Indochina]]
|Holocene remains are known from China, [[Vietnam]], [[Laos]],<ref name = "Tshen">Tshen, L. T. (2016). Biogeographic distribution and metric dental variation of fossil and living orangutans (Pongo spp.). Primates, 57, 39-50.</ref><ref name = "Ibrahim">Ibrahim, Y. K., Tshen, L. T., Westaway, K. E., of Cranbrook, E., Humphrey, L., Muhammad, R. F., ... & Peng, L. C. (2013). First discovery of Pleistocene orangutan (Pongo sp.) fossils in Peninsular Malaysia: Biogeographic and paleoenvironmental implications. ''Journal of Human Evolution'', 65(6), 770-797.</ref> and possibly [[Cambodia]],<ref>Harrison, T., Jin, C., Zhang, Y., Wang, Y., & Zhu, M. (2014). Fossil Pongo from the Early Pleistocene Gigantopithecus fauna of Chongzuo, Guangxi, southern China. ''Quaternary International'', 354, 59-67.</ref> while the existence of an indigenous, [[onomatopoeia|onomatopoeic]] name in Vietnam (''Duoi U'Oi'') and indigenous [[folklore]] in [[Peninsular Malaysia]] suggest survival into historical times.<ref name = "Tshen"/> It possibly disappeared as a result of hunting and [[habitat destruction]] for [[agriculture]], though evidence is scarce.<ref name = "Ibrahim"/>
|[[File:Vietnamese_Orangutan_male.jpg|100px]]
|}

==== Gibbons (family [[Hylobatidae]]) ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
! class="unsortable" |Pictures
|-
|[[Imperial gibbon]]
|''Nomascus imperialis''
|[[Chongqing]]<ref>Wang, S., Chen, Z., Luo, A., You, X., Kitchener, A. C., Tu, X., ... & Wu, D. D. (2025). Genome sequences of extant and extinct gibbons reveal their phylogeny, demographic history, and conservation status. ''Cell.''</ref> and possibly [[Shaanxi]], China
|Most recent remains found in [[Chang'an]], in the tomb of Lady Xia, grandmother of [[Qin Shi Huang]], who died around 240 BCE. Possibly declined due to deforestation and capture of individuals to become pets.<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Samuel T. Turvey |author2=Kristoffer Bruun |author3=Alejandra Ortiz |author4=James Hansford |author5=Songmei Hu |author6=Yan Ding |author7=Tianen Zhang |author8=Helen J. Chatterjee |year=2018 |title=New genus of extinct Holocene gibbon associated with humans in Imperial China |journal=Science |volume=360 |issue=6395 |pages=1346–1349 |doi=10.1126/science.aao4903 |url=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10047879/17/Turvey_gibbon_text_revised_20Apr2018%20Combined.pdf |pmid=29930136 |bibcode=2018Sci...360.1346T |doi-access=free }}</ref> Historical records mention gibbons being caught near Chang'an until the 10th century, and living in Shaanxi province until the 18th century.<ref>[https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/06/extinct-gibbon-in-ancient-chinese-tomb-hints-at-other-lost-primate-species/ Smith, K. (2018) ''Extinct gibbon in ancient Chinese tomb hints at other lost primate species.'']</ref>
|[[File:Junzi_imperialis.jpg|100px]]
|}

=== Bats (order [[Chiroptera]]) ===

==== Megabats (family [[Megabat|Pteropodidae]]) ====

===== Locally extinct =====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
|-
|Panay golden-crowned flying fox
|Population of the [[giant golden-crowned flying fox]] (''Acerodon jubatus'')
|[[Panay]], Philippines
|Extinct population named as a distinct species (''A. lucifer'') in the 19th century,<ref>Wilson, D. E., & Graham, G. L. (Eds.). (1992). ''Pacific island flying foxes: proceedings of an international conservation conference'' (Vol. 90). US Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service.</ref> but later included in ''A. jubatus''.<ref name="lucifer">{{cite iucn |author=Mildenstein, T. |author2=Paguntalan, L. |date=2016 |title=''Acerodon jubatus'' |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T139A21988328 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T139A21988328.en |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref>
|}

==== Vesper bats (family [[Vespertilionidae]]) ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
|-
|[[Gloomy tube-nosed bat]]
|''Murina tenebrosa''
|[[Tsushima Island|Tsushima]] and possibly [[Yakushima]], Japan
|Last collected in 1962. Suggested as a possible synonym for the [[Ussuri tube-nosed bat]] (''M. ussuriensis'').<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Fukui, D. |author2=Sano, A. |date=2019 |title=''Murina tenebrosa'' |volume=2019 |article-number=e.T13948A22096705 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T13948A22096705.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sturdee's pipistrelle]]
|''Pipistrellus sturdeei''
|[[Haha-jima]], [[Bonin Islands]], Japan
|Only known from the [[type specimen]] collected in 1889.<ref name="Fukui">{{cite iucn |author= Fukui, D. |author2= Sano, A. |name-list-style=amp |title= ''Pipistrellus sturdeei'' |year= 2020|article-number= e.T17365A22123157|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T17365A22123157.en|access-date=10 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Carnivorans (order [[Carnivora]]) ===

==== Cats (family [[Felidae]]) ====

{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
! class="unsortable" |Pictures
|-
|[[Panthera spelaea|Eurasian cave lion]]
|''Panthera spelaea''
|Northern Eurasia and [[Beringia]]
|Most recent remains at Kokorevo 2, Upper [[Yenisei]], Russia dated to 11350-9600 BCE.<ref>Malikov, D. G., Burova, V. V., Klementiev, A. M., & Malikova, E. L. (2024). The distribution of the cave lion Panthera spelaea and the cave hyena Crocuta spelaea in the Late Pleistocene of Baikal-Yenisei Siberia. ''RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF THERIOLOGY'', 23(1), 83-94.</ref>
|[[File:Hoehlenloewe_CaveLion_hharder.jpg|120px]]
|}

===== Locally extinct =====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
! class="unsortable" |Pictures
|-
|[[Formosan clouded leopard]]
|Population of the [[clouded leopard]] (''Neofelis nebulosa'')
|[[Taiwan]]
|Last confirmed record in 1983.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Everington, K. |date=2019 |title='Extinct' Formosan clouded leopard spotted in E. Taiwan |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3644433 |website=Taiwan News}}</ref> Though named as a subspecies on the basis of a stuffed specimen in 1862 (''N. n. brachyura''), later morphological and genetic studies invalidate this distinction.<ref name=Kitchener>{{cite journal |author1=Kitchener, A. C. |author2=Breitenmoser-Würsten, C. |author3=Eizirik, E. |author4=Gentry, A. |author5=Werdelin, L. |author6=Wilting, A. |author7=Yamaguchi, N. |author8=Abramov, A. V. |author9=Christiansen, P. |author10=Driscoll, C. |author11=Duckworth, J. W. |author12=Johnson, W. |author13=Luo, S.-J. |author14=Meijaard, E. |author15=O'Donoghue, P. |year=2017 |title=A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group |url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/32616/A_revised_Felidae_Taxonomy_CatNews.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y#page=73 |journal=Cat News |issue=Special Issue 11 |pages=73–75 |author16=Sanderson, J. |author17=Seymour, K. |author18=Bruford, M. |author19=Groves, C. |author20=Hoffmann, M. |author21=Nowell, K. |author22=Timmons, Z. |author23=Tobe, S.}}</ref>
| [[File:LeopardusBrachyurusWolf.jpg|100px|center]]
|-
|[[Bali tiger]]
|Population of the [[Sunda Island tiger]] (''Panthera tigris sondaica)''
|[[Bali]], Indonesia
|Last confirmed individual killed in 1937.<ref name="Rossi">Rossi, L., Scuzzarella, C. M., & Angelici, F. M. (2020). "Extinct or Perhaps Surviving Relict Populations of Big Cats: Their Controversial Stories and Implications for Conservation". In ''Problematic Wildlife II'' (pp. 393-417). Springer, Cham.</ref> Named as a separate subspecies in 1912 (''P. t. balica''), but later included in ''P. t. sondaica'' on genetic grounds.<ref name = "Kitchener"/>
|[[File:Bali Tiger Ringling Bros 1914.jpg|100px|center]]
|-
|[[Bornean tiger]]
|Population of the Sunda Island tiger (''Panthera tigris sondaica'')
|[[Borneo]] and [[Palawan]], Philippines<ref name = "Piper2008">Piper, P. J.; Ochoa, J.; Lewis, H.; Paz, V.; Ronquillo, W. P. (2008). "The first evidence for the past presence of the tiger Panthera tigris (L.) on the island of Palawan, Philippines: extinction in an island population". ''Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology''. 264 (1–2): 123–127.</ref>
|A [[navicular]] from Borneo was dated to 8550-1050 BCE. Survival into more recent times has been proposed on the basis of teeth and skins owned by indigenous peoples, local names, folklore, and alleged sightings including two photographs taken in 1975. However, most authors discount these remains as imports from outside Borneo, and the photographs as [[hoax]]es.<ref name = "Piper2007">{{cite journal |author1=Piper, P. J. |author2=R. J. Rabett, Earl of Cranbrook |title=Confirmation of the presence of the tiger ''Panthera tigris'' (L.) in Late Pleistocene and Holocene Borneo |journal=Malayan Nature Journal |year=2007 |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=259–267 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284506355 |access-date=2018-05-29}}</ref>
|[[File:Tiger_at_Chinese_Buddhist_temple_(28412821871).jpg|100px|center]]
|-
|[[Javan tiger]]
|Population of the Sunda Island tiger (''Panthera tigris sondaica'')
|Java, Indonesia
|The last confirmed individual was killed at the [[Mount Halimun Salak National Park]] in 1984,<ref name="Rossi"/> though a tiger was sighted near [[Sukabumi Selatan]] in 2019 and one recovered hair was identified as closer genetically to a Javan museum specimen than to tigers from Sumatra, southeast Asia, and Russia.<ref name=Wirdateti>{{Cite journal |last1=Wirdateti |first1=W. |last2=Yulianto |first2=Y. |last3=Raksasewu |first3=K. |last4=Adriyanto |first4=B. |date=2024 |title=Is the Javan tiger ''Panthera tigris sondaica'' extant? DNA analysis of a recent hair sample |journal=Oryx |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=468–473 |doi=10.1017/S0030605323001400 |doi-access=free}}</ref> It was named as a subspecies in 1844, but genetic research indicates that it is not different enough from the extant [[Sumatran tiger]], and as a result, ''P. t. sondaica'' is not extinct.<ref name = "Kitchener"/>
|[[File:Panthera tigris sondaica 01.jpg|120px]]
|-
|[[Caspian tiger]]
|Population of the [[mainland Asian tiger]] (''Panthera tigris tigris'')
|[[West Asia|Western]] and [[Central Asia]]
|The last known wild individual was killed in [[Turkey]] in 1970, and the last in captivity in [[Iran]] during the [[Iranian Revolution|1979 Revolution]].<ref name="Rossi"/> Though named as the subspecies ''P. t. virgata'' in 1815, genetic evidence indicates that it is not different enough from other tigers of the Asian mainland to warrant separate status. It was closest to the extant [[Siberian tiger]].<ref name = "Kitchener"/> A [[Siberian Tiger Introduction Project|reintroduction project]] using Siberian tigers began in the Ile-Balkhash State Nature Reserve of [[Kazakhstan]] in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Kazakhstan launches program to reintroduce tigers to lost habitat {{!}} Eurasianet | url=https://eurasianet.org/kazakhstan-launches-program-to-reintroduce-tigers-to-lost-habitat | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926232150/https://eurasianet.org/kazakhstan-launches-program-to-reintroduce-tigers-to-lost-habitat | access-date=2025-09-09 | archive-date=2024-09-26}}</ref>
|[[File:Caspian tiger.JPG|120px]]
|}

===== Extinct in the wild =====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
! class="unsortable" |Pictures
|-
|[[South China tiger]]
|Population of the mainland Asian tiger (''Panthera tigris tigris'')
|Southern China
|Last recorded in the wild around 2000; survives in captivity.<ref>Tilson, R., Defu, H., Muntifering, J., & Nyhus, P. J. (2004). "Dramatic decline of wild South China tigers ''Panthera tigris amoyensis'': field survey of priority tiger reserves". ''Oryx'', '''38''' (1), 40-47.</ref> Though named as the subspecies ''P. t. amoyensis'' in 1905, genetic evidence indicates that it is not different enough from other mainland tigers to warrant separate status.<ref name = "Kitchener"/>
|[[File:Panthera tigris amoyensis.jpg|120px]]
|}

==== Genets and civets (family [[Viverridae]]) ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
|-
|[[Genetta plesictoides|Cypriot genet]]
|''Genetta plesictoides''
|Cyprus
|Most recent remains dated to 9050 BCE.<ref name="Louys"/>
|}

===== Possibly extinct =====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
! class="unsortable" |Pictures
|-
|[[Malabar large-spotted civet]]
|''Viverra civettina''
|[[Western Ghats]], India
|Last collected in 1989.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Mudappa, D. |author2=Helgen, K. |author3=Nandini, R. |date=2016 |title=''Viverra civettina'' |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T23036A45202281 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T23036A45202281.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|[[File:Malabar large-spotted civet (Viverra civettina) DSCN2359 (cut).jpg|120px]]
|}

==== Dogs (family [[Canidae]]) ====

{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
! class="unsortable" |Pictures
|-
|[[Hokkaidō wolf]]
|''Canis lupus hattai''
|[[Hokkaidō]], [[Sakhalin]], [[Kamchatka]], [[Iturup]] and [[Kunashir]]<ref name=walker2008>{{cite book|author=Walker, Brett|year=2008|title=The Lost Wolves of Japan|publisher=University of Washington Press}}</ref>
|[[Planned extinction|Exterminated]] by 1889 as part of a plan to use Hokkaidō for [[domestic horse|horse]] and [[domestic cattle|cattle]] [[ranching]].<ref name="Knight">Knight, J. (1997) "On the extinction of the Japanese wolf". ''Asian Folklore Studies'', '''56''' (1).</ref>
|[[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate I) C. l. hattai.jpg|120px]]
|-
|[[Japanese wolf]]
|''Canis lupus hodophilax''
|[[Honshū]], [[Shikoku]], and [[Kyūshū]], Japan
|Last confirmed individual killed in 1905, shortly after a [[rabies]] epidemic ravaged the population.<ref name="Knight"/>
|[[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate V) C. l. hodophilax mod.jpg|120px]]
|}

===== Possibly extinct =====

{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
! class="unsortable" |Pictures
|-
|[[Ussuri dhole]]
|''Cuon alpinus alpinus''
|[[Western Sayan]] Mountains to [[Sikhote-Alin]] and [[North Korea]]
|Last recorded in the Western Sayan in 2008.<ref name = "Makenov">Makenov, M. (2018). Extinct or extant? A review of dhole (Cuon alpinus Pallas, 1811) distribution in the former USSR and modern Russia. ''Mammal Research'', 63(1), 1-9.</ref>
|[[File:Leopold_v._Schrenck_-_Cuon_alpinus.png|120px]]
|-
|[[Tien Shan dhole]]
|''Cuon alpinus hesperius''
|[[Pamir Mountains|Pamir]] to [[Altai Mountains]]
|Last recorded in Altai in the 1970s. Estimated extinct in the former [[Soviet Union]] but could survive outside of it.<ref name = "Makenov"/> Scat from a dhole of unknown subspecies was found in the Bek-Tosot Conservancy of southern [[Kyrgyzstan]] in 2022.<ref>Cancellare, I.A., Kachel, S.M., Kubanychbekov, Z., Kulenbekov, R., Pilgrim, K.L., McCarthy, K.P. and Weckworth, B.V. 2022. New distribution record of dhole from southern Kyrgyzstan using non-invasive genetic sampling. ''Canid Biology & Conservation'' 24(1):1-3. URL: http://www.canids.org/CBC/24/Dhole_distribution_Kyrgyzstan.pdf</ref>
|[[File:Keulmans Cuon alpinus alpinus.png|120px]]
|}

==== Eared seals (family [[Otariidae]]) ====

{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
! class="unsortable" |Pictures
|-
|[[Japanese sea lion]]
|''Zalophus japonicus''
|[[Japanese archipelago]] and [[Korea]]
|Last confirmed record in the [[Liancourt Rocks]] in 1951, with unconfirmed sightings reaching to 1975.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Lowry, L. |date=2017 |title=''Zalophus japonicus'' |volume=2017 |article-number=e.T41667A113089431 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T41667A113089431.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|[[File:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - RMNH.ART.862 - Zalophus californianus japonicus - Kawahara Keiga - 1823 - 1829 - Siebold Collection - pencil drawing - water colour.jpeg|120px]]
|}

==== Martens, polecats, otters, badgers, and weasels (family [[Mustelidae]]) ====

{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
! class="unsortable" |Pictures
|-
|[[Eurasian otter|Hokkaidō otter]]
|''Lutra lutra whiteleyi''
|Hokkaidō and southern [[Kuril Islands]]<ref name="Conroy">{{cite journal|author=Conroy, J.|author2= Melisch, R.|author3= Chanin, P. |name-list-style=amp |year=1998|title=The distribution and status of the Eurasian Otter (''Lutra lutra'') in Asia—a preliminary review |journal=IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin|volume=15|issue=1|pages=15–30|url=https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume15/Conroy_et_al_1998.html}}</ref>
|Last known individual killed at the [[Shiretoko Peninsula]] in 1950.<ref>Strong, S. M. (2017). ''Ainu Spirits Singing: The Living World of Chiri Yukie's Ainu Shin'yoshu.'' University of Hawaii Press.</ref>
|
|-
|[[Japanese otter]]
|''Lutra nippon''
|Honshū, Shikoku, and Kyūshū, Japan
|Last confirmed sighting in Shikoku in 1983.<ref name="Conroy"/>
|[[File:Lutra nippon.jpg|120px]]
|}

=== Odd-toed ungulates (order [[Odd-toed ungulate|Perissodactyla]]) ===

==== Horses, asses, and zebras (family [[Equidae]]) ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
! class="unsortable" |Pictures
|-
|[[Tarpan]]
|''Equus ferus ferus''
|[[Iberian Peninsula]] to [[Western Siberia]];<ref name = "Kosintsev2013">Косинцев, П. А., Пластеева, Н. А., & Васильев, С. К. (2013). Дикие лошади (Equus (Equus) sl) Западной Сибири в голоцене. ''Зоологический журнал'', 92(9), 1107-1107.</ref> [[Anatolia]]?<ref>Wutke, S. (2016). ''Tracing Changes in Space and Time: Paternal Diversity and Phenotypic Traits during Horse Domestication'' (Doctoral dissertation, Universität Potsdam).</ref>
|Historically recorded in Western Siberia until the 18th century. Analysis of bones found at archaeological sites from the [[Chalcolithic]] period (c. 3000-2000 BCE) show [[wild horse]]s in this area belonged to the subspecies ''E. f. ferus'' and not to Przewalski's horse (''E. f. przewalskii'').<ref name = "Kosintsev2013"/>
|[[File:Mammals-00027 TARPAN WILD HORSE (23160219639).jpg|120px|Tarpan drawn by Charles Hamilton Smith from eyewitness testimonies (1841).]]
|-
|[[Syrian wild ass]]
|''Equus hemionus hemippus''
|[[Fertile Crescent]]
|Last known individual died in captivity at [[Vienna Zoo]] in 1927. Probably disappeared from the wild around the same time.<ref name=hemippe>{{cite iucn |author=Moehlman, P.D. |author2=Feh, C. |date=2015 |title=''Equus hemionus'' ssp. ''hemippus'' |volume=2015 |article-number=e.T7962A3144566 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T7962A3144566.en |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>
|[[File:Syrian wild ass.jpg|120px]]
|-
|[[European wild ass]]
|''Equus hemionus hydruntinus''
|[[Southern Europe]] to [[northern Iran]]<ref>Crees, Jennifer J.; Turvey, Samuel T. (May 2014). "Holocene extinction dynamics of ''Equus hydruntinus'', a late-surviving European megafaunal mammal". ''Quaternary Science Reviews''. 91: 16–29.</ref>
|Most recent remains at [[Çatalhöyük]], Turkey dated to 748-406 BCE.<ref>Özkan, M., Gürün, K., Yüncü, E., Vural, K. B., Atağ, G., Akbaba, A., ... & Somel, M. (2024). The first complete genome of the extinct European wild ass (Equus hemionus hydruntinus). ''Molecular Ecology'', 33(14), e17440.</ref>
|[[File:Drawing of a hydruntine.jpg|120px]]
|-
|[[Lena horse]]
|''Equus lenensis''
|Northern [[Siberia]]
|Most recent remains at [[Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island]] dated to 320-220 BCE. Horse remains of undetermined affiliation were also found in an [[Inuit]] site at [[Cape Baranov]] dating to the 8th-9th century CE. The cold-adapted [[Yakutian horse]] was speculated to be a descendant of the Lena horse, but genetic evidence shows it descends from [[domestic horse]]s introduced from Central Asia in the [[Middle Ages]].<ref name = "Boeskorov">Boeskorov, G. G. (2006). Arctic Siberia: refuge of the Mammoth fauna in the Holocene. ''Quaternary international'', 142, 119-123.</ref> Nevertheless, the Yakutian horse is used as proxy for the Lena horse in [[Pleistocene Park]].<ref>[http://www.pleistocenepark.ru/en/photo/68/ www.pleistocenepark.ru/en/ – Horses.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102021555/http://www.pleistocenepark.ru/en/photo/68/ |date=2013-11-02 }} Retrieved 19 September 2012.</ref>
|
|-
|[[Equus ovodovi|Ovodov horse]]
|''Equus ovodovi''
|Southern Siberia to [[northern China]]
|Most recent remains in China dated to 1666-1506 BCE.<ref>Cai, D., Zhu, S., Gong, M., Zhang, N., Wen, J., Liang, Q., ... & Jiang, Y. (2022). "Radiocarbon and genomic evidence for the survival of ''Equus Sussemionus'' until the late Holocene". ''Elife'', 11, e73346.</ref>
|[[File:Equus_ovodovi.jpg|120px]]
|}

===== Extinct in the wild =====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
! class="unsortable" |Pictures
|-
|[[Przewalski's horse]]
|''Equus ferus przewalskii''
|Central and eastern Asian [[steppe]]
|Last confirmed sighting in the wild in the [[Gobi Desert]] in 1969. It was reintroduced to the Gobi and at [[Hustai National Park]], Mongolia in 1992.<ref name="przewalski">{{cite iucn|author=Boyd, L.|author2=King, S. R. B. |author3 = Zimmermann, W.| author4 = Kendall, B.E.|name-list-style=amp|year=2015|title= ''Equus ferus''|errata=2016|article-number=e.T41763A97204950 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T41763A45172856.en|access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref>
|[[File:Equus_przewalskii_Shinjang.jpg|120px]]
|}

===== Locally extinct =====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
! class="unsortable" |Pictures
|-
|[[African wild ass]]
|''Equus africanus''
|[[North Africa]], [[Horn of Africa|Horn]], [[Levant]], and [[Arabian Peninsula]]
|Most recent remains at Hili 8, [[United Arab Emirates]] dated to 3000 BCE.<ref name="Guagnin">Guagnin, M., Shipton, C., el‐Dossary, S., al‐Rashid, M., Moussa, F., Stewart, M., ... & Petraglia, M. D. (2018). "Rock art provides new evidence on the biogeography of kudu (''Tragelaphus imberbis''), wild dromedary, aurochs (''Bos primigenius'') and African wild ass (''Equus africanus'') in the early and middle Holocene of north‐western Arabia". ''Journal of Biogeography'', '''45''' (4), 727-740.</ref>
|[[File:Equus_africanus_somaliensis_-_Réserve_africaine_de_Sigean_01.jpg|120px]]
|}

==== Tapirs (family [[Tapiridae]]) ====
===== Locally extinct =====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
!Pictures
|-
|[[Malayan tapir|Bornean tapir]]
|Population of the Malayan tapir (''Tapirus indicus'')
|Borneo
|Most recent remains at the [[Niah Caves]], Sarawak dated to c. 6000 BCE. The Bornean tapir was similar in size or slightly smaller than other populations. Possible [[folk memory]] of the animal was documented in the island in the 19th century.<ref>Cranbrook, E. O., & Piper, P. J. (2009). Borneo records of Malay tapir, Tapirus indicus Desmarest: A zooarchaeological and historical review. ''International Journal of Osteoarchaeology'', 19(4), 491-507.</ref>
|[[File:Distribution of Animals - Borneo.jpg|100px]]
|}

==== Rhinoceroses (family [[Rhinoceros|Rhinocerotidae]]) ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
! class="unsortable" |Pictures
|-
|[[Woolly rhinoceros]]
|''Coelodonta antiquitatis''
|Northern Eurasia
|[[Environmental DNA]] last detected in [[permafrost]] dating to 8050-7650 BCE near the [[Kolyma river]], Russia.<ref name="Wang">Wang, Y., Pedersen, M.W., Alsos, I.G. et al. (2021). "Late Quaternary dynamics of Arctic biota from ancient environmental genomics". ''Nature''. {{doi |10.1038/s41586-021-04016-x}}</ref>
| [[File:Coelodonta antiquitatis by Benjamin Langlois.jpg|120px]]
|-
|[[Chinese rhinoceros]]
|''Rhinoceros sinensis''
|Southern China<ref>Rookmaaker, L. C. (2006). Distribution and extinction of the rhinoceros in China: review of recent Chinese publications. ''Pachyderm'', 40, 101-105.</ref>
|Most recent remains dated to the Early Holocene (12-8,500 years ago) of Panlong Cave, [[Guangxi]].<ref>Li, Z. W. et al. (2022). East Asian summer monsoon changes in subtropical China since late Pleistocene: Evidence from the Ailuropoda-Stegodon fauna. ''Journal of Mountain Science'', 19(2), 418-432.</ref> However, this species has been used as a [[wastebasket taxon]] in the past and remains of [[Merck's rhinoceros]] and [[Sumatran rhinoceros]] have been misassigned to it, urging its revision. Some authors consider ''R. sinensis'' a synonym of the [[Indian rhinoceros]] (''R. unicornis'').<ref>CHEN, S., PANG, L., YAN, Y., WEI, G., & YUE, Z. (2021). First discovery of Dicerorhinus sumatrensis from Yanjinggou provides insights into the Pleistocene Rhinocerotidae of South China. ''Acta Geologica Sinica‐English Edition'', 95(4), 1065-1072.</ref>
|
|-
|[[Rhinoceros sondaicus annamiticus|Vietnamese rhinoceros]]
|''Rhinoceros sondaicus annamiticus''
|Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, and eastern [[Thailand]]
|Last individual killed at the [[Cat Tien National Park]], Vietnam in 2010.<ref name="sondaicus">{{cite iucn |title=''Rhinoceros sondaicus'' |name-list-style=amp |author=Ellis, S. |author2=Talukdar, B. |date=2020 |article-number=e.T19495A18493900 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T19495A18493900.en |access-date=16 January 2022}}</ref>
|[[File:Raffles-Museum.jpg|120px]]
|-
|[[Lesser Indian rhinoceros]]
|''Rhinoceros sondaicus inermis''
|[[Northeastern India]], [[Bangladesh]], and [[Myanmar]]
|Last confirmed individual killed around 1888 in the [[Sundarbans]]. Survival into the 20th century is doubtful, certainly not past 1925.<ref>Khan, R. (2013). ''Wildlife of the Sundarban''. REDI SCOVERI NG SUNDARBAN, 36.</ref>
|[[File:Rhinoceros_sondaicus_inermis.jpg|80px|center]]
|}

===== Possibly extinct =====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
! class="unsortable" |Pictures
|-
|[[Northern Sumatran rhinoceros]]
|''Dicerorhinus sumatrensis lasiotis''
|India, [[Bhutan]], Bangladesh, and Myanmar
|Confirmed extinct in the three former countries but could survive in the Lassai Tract of Myanmar.<ref name="lasiotis">{{Cite iucn | author = van Strien, N.J. | author2 = Manullang, B. | author3 = Sectionov, Isnan, W. | author4 = Khan, M.K.M | author5 = Sumardja, E. | author6 = Ellis, S. | author7 = Han, K.H. | author8 = Boeadi, Payne, J. | author9 = Bradley Martin, E. | name-list-style = amp | title = ''Dicerorhinus sumatrensis'' | volume = 2008 | article-number = e.T6553A12787457 | date = 2008 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T6553A12787457.en }}</ref>
|[[File:Begum, London Zoo.jpg|120px]]
|}

=== Even-toed ungulates (order [[Even-toed ungulate|Artiodactyla]]) ===

==== Camels and llamas (family [[Camelidae]]) ====

===== Extinct in the wild =====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
! class="unsortable" |Pictures
|-
|[[Bactrian camel]]
|''Camelus bactrianus''
|Central and eastern Asian steppe<ref>Chuluunbat, B., Charruau, P., Silbermayr, K., Khorloojav, T., & Burger, P. A. (2014). "Genetic diversity and population structure of Mongolian domestic Bactrian camels (''Camelus bactrianus'')". ''Animal Genetics'', '''45''' (4), 550-558.</ref>
|Genetic evidence indicates that the domestic Bactrian camel and the extant, more desert-adapted [[wild Bactrian camel]] (''C. ferus'') from [[East Turkestan]] split over one million years ago. In consequence, the latter species cannot be the wild ancestor of the former, and the unknown ancestor of ''C. bactrianus'' must have become extinct at some point after the species was [[domestication|domesticated]] around 4000-3000 BCE.<ref>Ji, R., Cui, P., Ding, F., Geng, J., Gao, H., Zhang, H., ... & Meng, H. (2009). "Monophyletic origin of domestic bactrian camel (''Camelus bactrianus'') and its evolutionary relationship with the extant wild camel" (''Camelus bactrianus ferus'')". ''Animal Genetics'', '''40''' (4), 377-382.</ref>
|[[File:Chameau de bactriane.JPG|120px]]
|-
|[[Dromedary]]
|''Camelus dromedarius''
|Arabian Peninsula
|Most recent remains of the wild form at Al Sufouh, United Arab Emirates, dated to 404 BCE.<ref>von den Driesch, A. et al. (2008). "The hunt for wild dromedaries at the United Arab Emirates coast during the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC. Camel bones from the excavations at Al Sufouh 2, Dubai, UAE". ''MOM Éditions'', '''49''' (1), 487-497.</ref> The species survives as domestic and [[feral]] populations.
|[[File:Camel wadi darbat.jpg|120px]]
|}

==== Pigs (family [[Suidae]]) ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
|-
|[[Cebu warty pig]]
|''Sus cebifrons cebifrons''
|[[Cebu (island)|Cebu]], Philippines
|Described from skulls collected in Cebu island, where the species ''[[Sus cebifrons]]'' is now extinct, but lack of other remains makes the subspecies distinction with other Philippine islands populations dubious.<ref>Groves, C. P., & Albarella, U. (2007). "Current views on taxonomy and zoogeography of the genus ''Sus''". In ''Pigs and Humans: 10,000 Years of Interaction'', 15-29.</ref> The whole species is threatened by [[habitat fragmentation]] caused by logging and agriculture, hunting pressure, and [[hybrid (biology)|hybridization]] with [[domestic pig]]s.<ref name="scebifrons">{{cite iucn|author=Meijaard, E.|author2= Oliver, W.R.T. |author3= Leus, K. |name-list-style=amp|year=2017|title=''Sus cebifrons''|article-number= e.T21175A44139575|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T21175A44139575.en}}</ref>
|-
|
|''[[Sus (genus)|Sus]]'' sp.
|Miyako Island, Japan
|Most recent remains dated to 9050-8050 BCE.<ref name = "Louys"/>
|}

==== Hippopotamuses (family [[Hippopotamidae]]) ====

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
! class="unsortable" |Pictures
|-
|[[Cyprus dwarf hippopotamus]]
|''Hippopotamus minor''
|Cyprus
|Most recent remains dated to 10699-7299 BCE.<ref name = "Turvey"/>
|[[File:Hippo-Cyprus.JPG|120px]]
|}

===== Locally extinct =====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
! class="unsortable" |Pictures
|-
|[[Common hippopotamus]]
|''Hippopotamus amphibius''
|[[Subsaharan Africa]], [[Egypt]], and the Levantine coast<ref>Horwitz, L. K., & Tchernov, E. (1990). "Cultural and environmental implications of hippopotamus bone remains in archaeological contexts in the Levant". ''Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research'', '''280''' (1), 67-76.</ref>
|Disappeared from the [[Southern Levant]] during the [[Iron Age]] (1200-586 BCE). Being a large semiaquatic species, the hippopotamus was particularly vulnerable to habitat fragmentation and loss caused by the expanding human population.<ref name="Tsahar"/>
|[[File:9 Beauty shot of this hippo Das Flusspferd modellt (36884620906).jpg|120px]]
|}

==== Chinese river dolphins (family [[Lipotidae]]) ====

===== Possibly extinct =====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
! class="unsortable" |Pictures
|-
|[[Baiji]]
|''Lipotes vexillifer''
| Middle and lower [[Yangtze]] River, China
|The last known animal, [[Qi Qi (dolphin)|Qi Qi]], died in captivity at the [[Wuhan]] [[Institute of Hydrobiology]] in 2002. There was an unconfirmed sighting in the wild in 2018.<ref>https://www.theworldofchinese.com/2019/02/the-search-for-the-river-goddess/</ref> The species declined as a result of habitat loss by water development and construction, hunting, incidental mortality caused by fishing and vessel strikes, sedimentation from poor land practices, and [[pollution]].<ref name="baiji">{{cite iucn |author=Smith, B.D. |author2=Wang, D. |author3=Braulik, G.T. |author4=Reeves, R. |author5=Zhou, K. |author6=Barlow, J. |author7=Pitman, R.L. |date=2017 |title=''Lipotes vexillifer'' |volume=2017 |article-number=e.T12119A50362206 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T12119A50362206.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
|[[File:Lipotes vexillifer.png|120px]]
|}

==== True deer (family [[Deer|Cervidae]]) ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
! class="unsortable" |Pictures
|-
|[[Capreolus|Miyako roe deer]]
|''Capreolus tokunagai''
|Miyako Island, Ryukyu, Japan
|Most recent remains dated to 9050-8050 BCE.<ref name="Louys">{{Cite journal|last1=Louys |first1=J. |last2=Braje |first2=T. J. |last3=Chang |first3=C.-H. |last4=Cosgrove |first4=R. |last5=Fitzpatrick |first5=S. M. |last6=Fujita |first6=M. |last7=Hawkins |first7=S. |last8=Ingicco |first8=T. |last9=Kawamura |first9=A. |last10=MacPhee |first10=R. D. E. |last11=McDowell |first11=M. C. |last12=Meijer |first12=H. J. M. |last13=Piper |first13=P. J. |last14=Roberts |first14=P. |last15=Simmons |first15=A. H. |last16=van den Bergh |first16=G. |last17=van der Geer |first17=A. |last18=Kealy |first18=S. |last19=O'Connor |first19=S. |year=2021 |title=No evidence for widespread island extinctions after Pleistocene hominin arrival |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=118 |issue=20 |article-number=e2023005118 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2023005118|issn=0027-8424 |pmid=33941645 |pmc=8157961 |bibcode=2021PNAS..11823005L |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|
|-
|[[Irish elk]]
|''Megaloceros giganteus''
|[[Western Europe]] to southern Siberia
|Most recent remains at [[Kamyshlov]], Russia dated to 5845-5673 BCE.<ref name = "Lister">Lister, A. M., & Stuart, A. J. (2019). The extinction of the giant deer Megaloceros giganteus (Blumenbach): New radiocarbon evidence. Quaternary International, 500, 185-203.</ref>
|[[File:Megaloceros.jpg|100px|center]]
|-
|[[Schomburgk's deer]]
|''Rucervus schomburgki''
|Central Thailand
|Last known animals in the wild were killed in 1932 near Sai Yoke and [[Kwae Yai]], and the last in captivity was killed in 1938. Declined in the 19th century because of habitat loss as its wet grassland habitat was turned into [[rice]] fields for export. It was also hunted for meat during the [[monsoon]] season, and to use its [[antler]]s in [[traditional medicine]].<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Duckworth, J.W. |author2=Robichaud, W. |author3=Timmins, R. |date=2015 |title=''Rucervus schomburgki'' |volume=2015 |article-number=e.T4288A79818502 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-3.RLTS.T4288A79818502.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|[[File:SchomburgksDeer-Berlin1911.jpg|120px]]
|}

===== Extinct in the wild =====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
! class="unsortable" |Pictures
|-
|[[Pere David's deer]]
|''Elaphurus davidianus''
|[[China proper]]
|Last collected in [[Hainan]] in 1868. Possible last records in the continent in [[Qidong, Jiangsu]], around 1796-1820, and in Hainan in 1904.<ref name = "Turvey Barnes">Turvey, S. T., Barnes, I., Marr, M., & Brace, S. (2017). Imperial trophy or island relict? A new extinction paradigm for Père David's deer: a Chinese conservation icon. ''Royal Society Open Science'', 4(10).</ref> A captive herd survived in the walled Nanyuang Royal Hunting Garden of [[Beijing]] from the [[Yuan Dynasty]] to the late 19th century, when some individuals were traded to Europe. The Nanyuang herd was either exterminated after a flood in 1895 or during the 1900 [[Boxer Rebellion]].<ref name = "Turvey Barnes"/> Animals from [[United Kingdom|British]] zoos were released in protected areas of Beijing in 1985 and [[Dafeng]] in 1987, from where other captive herds were established later in [[Shishou]] and [[Yuanyang County, Henan|Yuanyang]]. In 1998, deer from Shishou escaped during severe flooding and established four free-ranging populations in [[Hubei]] and [[Henan]].<ref name=Jiang>{{cite iucn|author= Jiang, Z.|author2= Harris, R.B.|name-list-style=amp |year=2016|title= ''Elaphurus davidianus''|article-number= e.T7121A22159785 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T7121A22159785.en|access-date= 29 March 2020}}</ref><ref>Dayuan, X., Yuanyuan, Z., Zhibin, C., Zhenyu, Z., Ming, C., Mengdi, F., ... & Xuejiao, Y. (2022). "Père David's deer (''Elaphurus davidianus'') in China: population dynamics and challenges". ''Journal of Resources and Ecology'', '''13''' (1), 41-50.</ref>
|[[File:GOC Woburn 029 Père David's Deer (Elaphurus davidianus), Woburn Deer Park (22540801604).jpg|120px]]
|}

==== Cattle, goats, antelopes, and others (family [[Bovidae]]) ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
! class="unsortable" |Pictures
|-
|[[Bubal hartebeest]]
|''Alcelaphus buselaphus buselaphus''
|North Africa and Southern Levant
|Disappeared from the Southern Levant during the Iron Age (1200-586 BCE).<ref name="Tsahar">Tsahar, E., Izhaki, I., Lev-Yadun, S., & Bar-Oz, G. (2009). "Distribution and extinction of ungulates during the Holocene of the southern Levant". ''PLOS ONE'', '''4''' (4), e5316.</ref>
|[[File:Bubalhartebeest-londonzoo.jpg|120px]]
|-
|[[Caucasian wisent]]
|''Bison bonasus caucasicus''
||Caucasus, [[Kurdistan]],<ref>Olech, W., & Perzanowski, K. (2022). ''European Bison Species Strategic Review-perspectives and challenges.'' European Bison Conservation Newsletter/Żubr i Jego Ochrona Biuletyn, 14.</ref> and Northern Iran
|Present in eastern [[Turkey]] until the [[Iron Age]].<ref name = "Crees">Crees, J. (2013). ''Dynamics of large mammal range shifts and extinction: evidence from the Holocene record of Europe'' (Doctoral dissertation, Imperial College London).</ref>
|[[File:Кавказский зубр.jpg|120px]]
|-
|[[Steppe bison]]
|''Bison priscus''
|Northern Eurasia and North America
|Most recent, confirmed remains were dated to 6870-6950 BCE near the [[Popigai River]] in the Taymyr Peninsula of Russia,<ref name = "Boeskorov"/> and environmental DNA of bison was recovered from permafrost in northeastern Siberia dating to 5050-3800 BCE.<ref name = "Wang"/> Partial ''B. priscus'' remains are hard to distinguish anatomically from ''B. bonasus'', which muddles the timeframe of its extinction in [[Europe]] and Western Siberia; often the species ''B. priscus'' was assigned to Late Pleistocene remains and ''B. bonasus'' to Holocene remains without further discussion.<ref name = "Boeskorov"/> However ''B. priscus'' is both genetically distinct and known to have survived into the middle Holocene of North America.<ref>Zazula, G. D., Hall, E., Hare, P. G., Thomas, C., Mathewes, R., La Farge, C., ... & Shapiro, B. (2017). A middle Holocene steppe bison and paleoenvironments from the Versleuce Meadows, Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada. ''Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences'', 54(11), 1138-1152.</ref> Remains of either ''B. priscus'' or ''B. bonasus'' were dated in the [[Angara River]] basin to 2550-2440 BCE,<ref>Markova, A. K., Puzachenko, A. Y., Van Kolfschoten, T., Kosintsev, P. A., Kuznetsova, T. V., Tikhonov, A. N., ... & Kuitems, M. (2015). "Changes in the Eurasian distribution of the musk ox (''Ovibos moschatus'') and the extinct bison (''Bison priscus'') during the last 50 ka BP". ''Quaternary International'', 378, 99-110.</ref> and a small bison persisted in the Baikal region until the 7th-10th century CE (considered ''B. priscus'' by Boeskorov<ref name = "Boeskorov"/> and ''B. bonasus'' by Sipko<ref name = "Sipko"/>).
|[[File:Prazubr rysunek 600.jpg|120px]]
|-
|[[Indian aurochs]]
|''Bos primigenius namadicus''
|[[Indian subcontinent]]
|Most recent remains dated to 2200 BCE in [[Karnataka]], India. The Indian aurochs was independently domesticated and is the originator of the [[zebu cattle]].<ref>Chen, S. et al. (2010). "Zebu cattle are an exclusive legacy of the South Asia Neolithic". ''Molecular Biology and Evolution'', '''27''' (1), 1-6.</ref>
|[[File:Indian Aurochs B p namadicus 3.jpg|120px]]
|-
|[[Eurasian aurochs]]
|''Bos primigenius primigenius''
|Europe and Western Asia
|Present in the Southern Levant until the Iron Age (1200-585 BCE),<ref name="Tsahar"/> and the Turkey-[[Syria]] border until the [[Late Middle Ages]].<ref name = "Crees"/> It possibly survived in [[Kamensk-Uralsky]], Russia until the 16th or 17th century, and in [[Novokuznetsk]] until the 18th.<ref name = "Heptner">Heptner, V. G. (Ed.). (1989). ''Mammals of the Soviet Union, Volume 1 Ungulates'' (Vol. 1). Brill.</ref>{{better source needed|date=April 2026}} The Eurasian aurochs was domesticated in the Turkey-Syria border region in the ninth millennium BCE, originating the domestic breeds of [[taurine cattle]].<ref>Bollongino, R., Burger, J., Powell, A., Mashkour, M., Vigne, J. D., & Thomas, M. G. (2012). Modern taurine cattle descended from small number of near-eastern founders. ''Molecular biology and evolution'', 29(9), 2101-2104.</ref>
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Aurochs reconstruction.jpg|120px]]
|-
|[[Aurochs|East Asian aurochs]]
|''Bos primigenius sinensis''
|Southern Siberia to northeastern China
|Traditionally considered the same as ''B. p. primigenius'' on morphological grounds, but revealed to be genetically distinct.<ref name = "Hou">Hou, J., Guan, X., Xia, X., Lyu, Y., Liu, X., Mazei, Y., ... & Zhang, H. (2024). Evolution and legacy of East Asian aurochs. ''Science Bulletin'', 69(21), 3425-3433.</ref> Remains near [[Lake Baikal]] were dated to 3020-2960 BCE<ref name="Plasteeva">Plasteeva, N. A., Gasilin, V. V., Devjashin, M. M., & Kosintsev, P. A. (2020). "Holocene Distribution and Extinction of Ungulates in Northern Eurasia". ''Biology Bulletin'', '''47''' (8), 981-995.</ref> and in the [[Songnen Plain]] of China to c. 1640 BCE.<ref name = "Hou"/> In the [[Altai Mountains|Mongolian Altai]], the aurochs is depicted in [[rock art]] along with the [[wild yak]] until the [[Bronze Age#Seima-Turbino phenomenon|mid-Bronze Age]], when both are replaced by the [[domestic yak]].<ref>Jacobson-Tepfer, E. (2013, September). Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene rock art from the Mongolian Altai: The material and its cultural implications. In ''Arts'' (Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 151-181). MDPI.</ref> It disappeared due to hunting, habitat loss, and capture of females to supplement domestic taurine cattle herds, which were introduced from the west. Domestic hybrid descendants survive in China, particularly in [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]], [[Chamdo]], and [[Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture|Yushu]].<ref name = "Hou"/> It is likely that many remains from northern China that have been identified as [[bison]]<ref>Cai, D., Zhang, N., Zhu, S., Chen, Q., Wang, L., Zhao, X., ... & Yang, D. Y. (2018). Ancient DNA reveals evidence of abundant aurochs (Bos primigenius) in Neolithic Northeast China. ''Journal of Archaeological Science'', 98, 72-80.</ref> or domestic cattle actually belong to aurochs and that it survived for longer than assumed. The anonymous author of the ''[[Classic of Poetry]]'' (11th-7th century BCE) seems aware of the aurochs's existence.<ref name = "Lander">Lander, B., & Brunson, K. (2018). Wild mammals of ancient North China. ''Journal of Chinese History 中國歷史學刊'', 2(2), 291-312.</ref>
|-
|[[Bubalus cebuensis|Cebu tamaraw]]
|''Bubalus cebuensis''
|Cebu, Philippines
|Described from a partial skeleton from either the Late Pleistocene or the Holocene.<ref>Croft, D. A., Heaney, L. R., Flynn, J. J., & Bautista, A. P. (2006). Fossil remains of a new, diminutive Bubalus (Artiodactyla: Bovidae: Bovini) from Cebu island, Philippines. ''Journal of Mammalogy'', 87(5), 1037-1051.</ref>
|
|-
|
|''[[Bubalus grovesi]]''
|South [[Sulawesi]], Indonesia
|Most recent remains dated to the Middle or Late Holocene.<ref>Rozzi, R. (2017). A new extinct dwarfed buffalo from Sulawesi and the evolution of the subgenus Anoa: An interdisciplinary perspective. ''Quaternary Science Reviews'', 157, 188-205.</ref>
|
|-
|[[Bubalus mephistopheles|Short-horned water buffalo]]
|''Bubalus mephistopheles''
|South, [[central China|central]], and [[east China]]
|Most recent remains at [[Gaoling, Xi'an]] dated to 1750-1650 BCE. The [[domestic water buffalo]] now present in China is not a descendant of ''B. mephistopheles'' but was introduced from [[Southeast Asia]].<ref>Yang, D.Y. et al. (2008). "Wild or domesticated: DNA analysis of ancient water buffalo remains from north China". ''Journal of Archaeological Science'', '''35''' (10), 2778-2785.</ref> The ''si'' (兕) mentioned in the ''Classic of Poetry'' and the ''[[Shuowen Jiezi]]'' (c. 100 BCE) has been suggested to be a wild water buffalo.<ref name = "Lander"/>
|[[File:Bubalus mephistopheles skull from Tianluoshan.jpg|120px]]
|-
|
|''[[Bubalus palaeokerabau]]''
|Java, Indonesia
|Most recent remains at Braholo Cave dated to the late Pleistocene or early Holocene.<ref>Setiyabudi, E., Prasthisto, B., Kurniawan, I., & Jatmiko, T. (2018). The Early Holocene Vertebrate Faunas from Seropan Cave, Gunung Sewu, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. ''Indonesian Journal on Geoscience'', 5(1).</ref>
|[[File:Bubalus_paleokerabau.jpg|120px]]
|-
|[[Queen of Sheba's gazelle]]
|''Gazella bilkis''
|[[Taiz]], Yemen
|Only known from five animals hunted in 1951.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group |date=2016 |title=''Gazella bilkis'' |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T8987A50188129 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T8987A50188129.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|[[File:Gazellabilkis.png|120px]]
|-
|[[Saudi gazelle]]
|''Gazella saudiya''
|Arabian Peninsula
|Last recorded in 1970. It was hunted to extinction.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group |date=2016 |title=''Gazella saudiya'' |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T8980A50187890 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T8980A50187890.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|[[File:Gazella saudiya (Compléments de Buffon (6289273740) (cropped)).jpg|120px]]
|-
|[[Syncerus antiquus|African giant buffalo]]
|''Syncerus antiquus''
|Africa and Arabia
|Most recent remains at [[Sa'adah]], Yemen dated to 4390-4210 BCE.<ref name = "Clarke"/>
|[[File:Pelorovis antiquus rock art.jpg|120px]]
|}

===== Possibly extinct =====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
! class="unsortable" |Pictures
|-
|[[Kouprey]]
|''Bos sauveli''
|Southern Vietnam to Yunnan, China<ref>Hoffmann, R. S. (1986). "A new locality record for the kouprey from Viet-Nam, and an archaeological record from China". ''Mammalia.'' 50 (3): 391–395.</ref>
|Last confirmed record in 1969. It was hunted for its meat, skull and horns.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Timmins, R.J. |author2=Burton, J. |author3=Hedges, S. |date=2016 |title=''Bos sauveli'' |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T2890A46363360 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T2890A46363360.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|[[File:Kouprey 2.png|120px]]
|}

===== Extinct in the wild =====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
! class="unsortable" |Pictures
|-
|[[wisent|Lowland wisent]]
|''Bison bonasus bonasus''
|Western Europe to southern Siberia
|Present during the Holocene in the southern [[Urals]], Western Siberia, the [[Kuznetsk Depression]], Altai and Baikal regions<ref name = "Sipko">Sipko, T. P. (2009). "European bison in Russia–past, present and future". ''European Bison Conservation Newsletter'', 2, 148-159.</ref> (if the latter wasn't ''B. priscus''<ref name ="Boeskorov"/>). The subspecies became globally extinct in the wild after the last wild animals were hunted in [[Poland]] during [[World War I]], but survived in captivity.<ref name = "Tokarska">Tokarska, M., Pertoldi, C., Kowalczyk, R., & Perzanowski, K. (2011). Genetic status of the European bison Bison bonasus after extinction in the wild and subsequent recovery. ''Mammal Review'', 41(2), 151-162.</ref> It was reintroduced to the Altai in 1982-1984.<ref name = "Sipko"/>
|[[File:European_bison_(Bison_bonasus)_male_Białowieza.jpg|120px]]
|-
|[[Arabian oryx]]
|''Oryx leucoryx''
|Arabian Peninsula
|Extinct in the wild in 1972 and reintroduced in [[Jiddat al-Harasis]], Oman in 1980.<ref>Spalton, A. (1993). "A brief history of the reintroduction of the Arabian oryx ''Oryx leucoryx'' into Oman 1980–1992". ''International Zoo Yearbook'', '''32''' (1), 81-90.</ref>
|[[File:Arabian oryx, Abu Dhabi, WesternRegion.jpg|120px]]
|}

===== Locally extinct =====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
! class="unsortable" |Pictures
|-
|[[Addax]]
|''Addax nasomaculatus''
|[[Sahara Desert]] and Arabian Peninsula
|Possibly depicted in [[Neolithic]] rock art of [[Jordan]].<ref name = "Hill"/>
|[[File:Addax_-_IZE-106w.jpg|120px]]
|-
|[[Muskox]]
|''Ovibos moschatus''
|Northern Eurasia and North America
|Most recent remains in the Taymyr Peninsula, Russia dated to 615-555 BCE.<ref name="Plasteeva"/> It was reintroduced to the Bikada River area in the same region in 1974.<ref>Klein, D. R., Yakushkin, G. D., & Pospelova, E. B. (1993). "Comparative habitat selection by muskoxen introduced to northeastern Alaska and the Taimyr Peninsula, Russia". ''[[Rangifer (journal)|Rangifer]]'', '''13''' (1), 21-25.</ref>
|[[File:Овцебыки - самые грозные млекопитающие Таймыра.jpg|120px]]
|-
|[[Lesser kudu]]
|''Tragelaphus imberbis''
|[[East Africa]] and western Arabian Peninsula
|No skeletal remains known but appears in Holocene [[rock art]] from [[Saudi Arabia]] and Jordan<ref name = "Hill">Hill, A. C., Rowan, Y. M., Wasse, A., & Rollefson, G. O. (2020). Inscribed landscapes in the black desert: Petroglyphs and kites at wisad pools, Jordan. ''Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy'', 31(2), 245-262.</ref> in numbers and detail suggestive of being a native species to the area.<ref name="Guagnin"/> Recent presence in the Arabian Peninsula is controversial. In 1967, a pair of horns were claimed to have been taken from an animal shot in Jabal Halmayn, Yemen; another was shot in Nuqrah, Saudi Arabia in 1968. Some authors believe both were escapees from private collections,<ref name="Kingdon">{{cite book|last=Kingdon|first=J.|title=Mammals of Africa|date=2013|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|location=London|isbn=978-1-4081-8996-2|pages=142–7|author2=Butynski, T. |author3=Happold, D. }}</ref> others that the distance between the two locations is larger than it would be expected for introduced specimens.<ref name = "Guagnin"/>
|[[File:Lesser Kudu Male (Tragelaphus imberbis).jpg|120px]]
|-
|[[Greater kudu]]
|''Tragelaphus strepsiceros''
|Southern to eastern Africa and Arabia
|Depicted in Holocene [[petroglyph]]s of two Arabian locations.<ref name = "Clarke">Clarke, C., & Alsharif, S. M. (2025). The Lost Large Mammals of Arabia. ''Journal of Biogeography''.</ref>
|[[File:Male_greater_kudu.jpg|120px]]
|}

== Birds (class [[Aves]]) ==

=== Ostriches (order [[Struthioniformes]]) ===

==== Ostriches (family [[Struthionidae]]) ====

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
!class="unsortable"|Comments
!class="unsortable"|Pictures
|-
|[[Struthio anderssoni|East Asian ostrich]]
|''Pachystruthio anderssoni''<ref>Buffetaut, E. (2023). The Missing Late Pleistocene Ostrich Femur from Zhoukoudian (China): New Information Provided by a Rediscovered Old Cast. ''Diversity'', 15(2), 265.</ref>
|[[Tuva]], [[Transbaikalia]], Mongolia, and northern China<ref>Kurochkin, E. N., Kuzmin, Y. V., Antoshchenko-Olenev, I. V., Zabelin, V. I., Krivonogov, S. K., Nohrina, T. I., ... & Cruz, R. J. (2010). The timing of ostrich existence in Central Asia: AMS 14C age of eggshells from Mongolia and southern Siberia (a pilot study). Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 268(7-8), 1091-1093.</ref> to the [[Yellow River]]<ref name = "Janz">Janz, L. et al. (2009). Dating North Asian surface assemblages with ostrich eggshell: implications for palaeoecology and extirpation. ''Journal of Archaeological Science'', Vol 36 (9), pp. 1982-1989</ref>
|Eggshell fragments most recently dated to 7600-6245 BCE in Shabarakh-usu and Barun Daban, Mongolia.<ref>Routledge, J. (2020). ''Ostrich Eggshell from the Far Eastern Steppe: Stable Isotopic Exploration of Range, Commodification, and Extirpation''. Doctoral dissertation, Trent University, Canada.</ref>{{efn|Attributed to ''[[Struthio asiaticus]]'' in this source, but this name should be limited to remains from [[Pleistocene]] India.<ref>Buffetaut, E. (2022). The First-Named Fossil Ostrich: A Revision of Struthio asiaticus, from the Siwaliks of India. ''Diversity'', 14(10), 860.</ref>}}
|[[File:Struthio anderssoni IVPP.jpg|120px]]
|-
|[[Arabian ostrich]]
|''Struthio camelus syriacus''
|Near East and Arabian Peninsula
|Last confirmed individual killed in [[Jubail]], Saudi Arabia around 1941; there was also a second-hand report of a dying animal north of [[Petra]], Jordan in 1966. Its closest relative, the [[North African ostrich]], was introduced as a substitute in Saudi Arabia in the 1990s.<ref>Boug, A. & Islam, M.Z. (2018) "Dating Saudi Arabian Desert Surface Assemblages with Arabian Ostrich ''Struthio camelus syriacus'' Eggshell by C14: Propositions for Palaeoecology and Extinction". ''Biodiversity International Journal'', '''2''' (1): 107-113.</ref>
|[[File:Arabian Ostrich hunt.jpg|100px|center]]
|}

=== Landfowl (order [[Galliformes]]) ===

==== Pheasants and allies (family [[Phasianidae]]) ====
===== Possibly extinct =====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
!class="unsortable"|Comments
!class="unsortable"|Pictures
|-
|[[Himalayan quail]]
|''Ophrysia superciliosa''
|Possibly [[Uttarakhand]], India and western [[Nepal]]
|Last recorded with certainty in 1876, though unconfirmed sightings have happened until 2010.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |year=2018 |title=''Ophrysia superciliosa'' |article-number=e.T22679141A132051220 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22679141A132051220.en}}</ref>
|[[File:Ophrysia superciliosa.jpg|120px]]
|}

=== Waterfowl (order [[Anseriformes]]) ===

==== Ducks, geese, and swans (family [[Anatidae]]) ====

{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
!class="unsortable"|Comments
|-
|[[Bering cackling goose]]
|''Branta hutchinsii asiatica''
|Commander and Kuril Islands; possibly migratory to Japan
|Last recorded in either 1914 or 1929. Disappeared due to hunting and predation by [[Arctic fox]]es introduced by fur traders. It is possibly synonymous with the [[Aleutian cackling goose]] (''B. h. leucopareia'').<ref name = "Hume"/>
|}

===== Possibly extinct =====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
!class="unsortable"|Comments
!class="unsortable"|Pictures
|-
|[[Pink-headed duck]]
|''Rhodonessa caryophyllacea''
|Northern and eastern India, [[Nepal]], Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Myanmar
|Last recorded in [[Bihar]] in 1948-1949. It was uncommon and non-migratory despite its vast range. Declined due to [[trophy hunting]], as it was generally not considered good to eat, and habitat destruction.<ref name = "Hume"/>
|[[File:RhodonessaGronvold.jpg|120px]]
|-
|[[Crested shelduck]]
|''Tadorna cristata''
|[[Primorye]], Hokkaido, and [[South Korea]]; possibly North Korea and northeastern China
|Last confirmed record in 1964.<ref name="shelduck">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2018 |title=''Tadorna cristata'' |volume=2018 |article-number=e.T22680021A132052989 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22680021A132052989.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
|[[File:HybridDuckSmit.jpg|120px]]
|}

=== Pigeons and doves (order [[Columbidae|Columbiformes]]) ===

==== Pigeons and doves (family [[Columbidae]]) ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
!class="unsortable"|Comments
!class="unsortable"|Pictures
|-
|[[Ryukyu wood pigeon]]
|''Columba jouyi''
|[[Okinawa Prefecture|Okinawa]], [[Kerama]], and [[Daito Islands]], Japan
|Last recorded on Okinawa in 1904 and on Daito in 1936, after a quick decline.<ref name="jouyi">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Columba jouyi'' |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T22690222A93265958 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22690222A93265958.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref> Possibly extinct due to deforestation.<ref name = "Hume"/>
|
|-
|[[Bonin wood pigeon]]
|''Columba versicolor''
|Nakondo Shima and [[Chichi-jima]], Bonin Islands
|Last recorded in 1889. Likely extinct due to deforestation and predation by introduced [[rat]]s and [[cat]]s.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Columba versicolor'' |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T22690218A93265793 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22690218A93265793.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|[[File:Columba_versicolor_1832.jpg|100px]]
|}

===== Possibly extinct =====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
!class="unsortable"|Comments
!class="unsortable"|Pictures
|-
|[[Ducula carola|Negros spotted imperial pigeon]]
|''Ducula carola nigrorum''
|Negros and Siquijor, Philippines
|Last recorded on both islands in the 1950s.<ref name = "Hume"/>
|
|-
|[[Luzon bleeding-heart|Catanduanes bleeding heart]]
|''Gallicolumba luzonica rubiventris''
|[[Catanduanes]], Philippines
|Described from one specimen collected in 1971. Recent sightings were reported in 2008, but its current status is unknown.<ref name = "Hume"/>
|
|-
|[[Sulu bleeding-heart]]
|''Gallicolumba menagei''
|[[Tawi-tawi]], Philippines
|Described from two individuals collected in 1891, when it was considered extremely rare, but there were unconfirmed local reports in 1995 that it was abundant until the 1970s. Possibly became extinct due to hunting and deforestation.<ref>{{cite iucn|title=''Gallicolumba menagei''|article-number=e.T22691005A93299100|author=BirdLife International|date=2016|volume=2016|access-date=12 November 2021|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22691005A93299100.en}}</ref>
|[[File:Gallicolumba menagei.svg|120px]]
|-
|[[Negros fruit dove]]
|''Ptilinopus arcanus''
|[[Negros Island]], Philippines
|Only known from the type specimen, a female, collected in 1953. Its mate was also shot but the body fell in the underbrush and could not be retrieved. Likely disappeared due to hunting and large escale deforestation of the island.<ref name = "Hume"/>
|[[File:Ptilinopus arcanus.svg|100px]]
|}

=== Rails and cranes (order [[Gruiformes]]) ===

==== Rails (family [[Rallidae]]) ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
!class="unsortable"|Comments
|-
|[[Iwo Jima rail]]
|''Amaurornis cinerea brevipes''
|Naka Iwo Jima and [[Minami Iwo Jima]], Bonin Islands
|Last collected in 1911, with a possible sighting in 1925.<ref name="Hume"/>
|-
|[[Baillon's crake|Bornean Baillon's crake]]
|''Porzana pusilla mira''
|Borneo
|Only collected once in 1912.<ref name="Hume"/>
|}

===== Possibly extinct =====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
!class="unsortable"|Comments
!Pictures
|-
|[[Sharpe's rail]]
|''Gallirallus sharpei''
|unknown; possibly Java, Sumatra, or Borneo
|Last recorded in 1865.<ref>Frith, C. (2013). ''The Woodhen: A flightless island bird defying extinction.'' Csiro Publishing, 240 pages.</ref>{{bettersourceneeded|date=December 2025}}
|[[File:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - RMNH.AVES.87485 - Gallirallus sharpei (Büttikofer, 1893) - Sharpe's Rail - specimen - lateral view.jpeg|120px]]
|-
|[[Lewinia pectoralis|Flores rail]]
|''Lewinia pectoralis exsul''
|South and west Flores, Indonesia
|Last recorded in 1974.<ref name="Hume"/>
|}

==== Cranes (family [[Gruidae]]) ====
===== Locally extinct =====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
! class="unsortable" |Pictures
|-
|[[Sarus crane|Australian sarus crane]]
|''Grus antigone gillae''
|Philippines and northeastern Australia
|The extirpated Philippine population was described as the subspecies ''G. a. luzonica'' on the basis of differences with the Indian (''G. a. antigone'') and Indochinese subspecies (''G. a. sharpii''), but genetic studies indicate that it was identical to the Australian subspecies.<ref>Nevard, T. D., Haase, M., Archibald, G., Leiper, I., Van Zalinge, R. N., Purchkoon, N., ... & Garnett, S. T. (2020). Subspecies in the Sarus Crane Antigone antigone revisited; with particular reference to the Australian population. ''Plos one'', 15(4), e0230150.</ref>
|[[File:Sarus Crane (Grus antigone) (30974576180).jpg|120px]]
|}

=== Shorebirds (order [[Charadriiformes]]) ===

==== Plovers, dotterels, and lapwings (family [[Charadriidae]]) ====
===== Possibly extinct =====

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
!class="unsortable"|Comments
!class="unsortable"|Pictures
|-
|[[Javan lapwing]]
|''Vanellus macropterus''
|Java and possibly Sumatra and Timor
|All reliable and recent records are from Java, with those from other islands being open to interpretation. The last confirmed record was in 1940, and unconfirmed in 2002. Possibly a migratory species. The causes of extinction are unknown but could have been hunting and [[habitat degradation]].<ref name = "Hume"/>
|[[File:Vanellus macropterus.jpg|100px]]
|}

==== Sandpipers (family [[Sandpiper|Scolopacidae]]) ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
!class="unsortable"|Comments
!class="unsortable"|Pictures
|-
|[[Slender-billed curlew]]
|''Numenius tenuirostris''
|Western Eurasia and North Africa
|Bred in [[Kazakhstan]] and southern Siberia, and wintered in western [[Morocco]] and [[Tunisia]]. It likely disappeared as a result of [[habitat alteration]] in Asia and overhunting in Africa. There have been no confirmed reports worldwide since 2001.<ref name="Hume">Hume, J.P. (2017) ''Extinct Birds''. Bloomsbury Publishing.</ref>
|[[File:Numenius tenuirostris.jpg|120px]]
|}

==== Buttonquails (family [[Turnicidae]]) ====

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
!class="unsortable"|Comments
|-
|[[Common buttonquail|Tawi-tawi buttonquail]]
|''Turnix sylvaticus suluensis''
|[[Jolo]] and [[Tawi-tawi]], Philippines
|Last recorded in the 1950s. It could have disappeared due to severe deforestation and introduced predators.<ref name="Hume"/>
|-
|
|''[[Turnix]]'' sp.
|Timor
|Most recent remains dated to 650 CE.<ref name = "Louys"/>
|}

=== Boobies, cormorants, and relatives (order [[Suliformes]]) ===

==== Cormorants and shags (family [[Phalacrocoracidae]]) ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
! class="unsortable" |Pictures
|-
|[[Spectacled cormorant]]
|''Urile perspicillatus''
|Commander Islands and possibly Kamchatka, Russia
|Last collected in 1840-1850. It was hunted to extinction.<ref name = cormorant>{{cite iucn |author= BirdLife International |author-link= BirdLife International |year= 2023|article-number= e.T22696750A226827998 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22696750A226827998.en|title= ''Urile perspicillatus''|access-date= 2 June 2024}}</ref>
|[[File:ExtbPallusCormorantovw.jpg|100px]]
|}

=== Pelicans, herons, and ibises (order [[Pelecaniformes]]) ===

==== Herons (family [[Heron|Ardeidae]]) ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
! class="unsortable" |Pictures
|-
|[[Bennu heron]]
|''Ardea bennuides''
|Arabian Peninsula
|Most recent remains at [[Umm Al Nar culture|Umm Al Nar]], United Arab Emites, dated to around 2500 BCE. It possibly disappeared due to [[wetland]] degradation.<ref name="Turvey">{{cite book|title=Holocene extinctions|last=Turvey|first=Sam|year=2009|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-953509-5|pages=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mbU-F42JU1AC|access-date=29 February 2012}}</ref>
|[[File:Representation of the Bennu (1878) - TIMEA.jpg|100px|center]]
|-
|[[Bonin nankeen night heron]]
|''Nycticorax caledonicus crassirostris''
|Chichi-jima and [[Nakōdo-jima]], Bonin Islands
|Last collected in 1889. The cause of extinction is unknown.<ref name="Hume"/>
|[[File:Nycticorax caledonicus crassirostris.jpg|100px]]
|}

==== Ibises and spoonbills (family [[Threskiornithidae]]) ====
===== Locally extinct in the wild =====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
! class="unsortable" |Pictures
|-
|[[Northern bald ibis]]
|''Geronticus eremita''
|[[Mediterranean region]]
|Last wild individual recorded at [[Palmyra]], Syria in 2014. The birds of this region migrated to [[Ethiopia]] and [[Djibouti]] in the winter by way of Jordan and eastern Saudi Arabia, where they were hunted and sometimes killed in unprotected electric wires. Another reason for decline was the degradation of habitat in Syria due to aridification, livestock grazing, and firewood collection, along with poisoning by [[pesticide]]s in Turkey.<ref name="eremita">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2018 |title=''Geronticus eremita'' |volume=2018 |article-number=e.T22697488A130895601 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22697488A130895601.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> A semi-wild population survives in [[Birecik]], Turkey where birds range free for part of the year but are recluded and fed at the time of migration.<ref>Böhm, C., Bowden, C. G., Seddon, P. J., Hatipoğlu, T., Oubrou, W., El Bekkay, M., ... & Unsöld, M. (2021). The northern bald ibis Geronticus eremita: history, current status and future perspectives. ''Oryx'', 55(6), 934-946.</ref>
|[[File:TAUZoo eman050.JPG|120px]]
|}

=== Hawks and relatives (order [[Accipitriformes]]) ===

==== Hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures (family [[Accipitridae]]) ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
|-
|[[Nicobar sparrowhawk|Car Nicobar sparrowhawk]]
|''Accipiter butleri butleri''
|[[Car Nicobar]], Nicobar Islands
|Last recorded in 1901. There was an unconfirmed sighting in 1977.<ref name="Hume"/>
|}

===== Possibly extinct =====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
|-
|[[Eastern buzzard|Daito buzzard]]
|''Buteo japonicus oshiroi''
|Daitō Islands, Okinawa, Japan
|Possibly extinct due to deforestation.<ref>{{cite web
|author=WWF Japan
|title=Nansei Islands Biological Diversity Evaluation Project Report |publisher=World Wide Fund for Nature Japan |date=2010 |url=https://www.wwf.or.jp/activities/data/Nansei_Is_BDreport_eng.pdf |format=PDF |access-date=2026-02-24}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=April 2026}}
|}

=== Owls (order [[Strigiformes]]) ===

==== True owls (family [[Strigidae]]) ====
===== Possibly extinct =====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
!Images
|-
|[[Siau scops owl]]
|''Otus siaoensis''<ref name="siau">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2018 |title=''Otus siaoensis'' |volume=2018 |article-number=e.T22728599A134199532 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22728599A134199532.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
|[[Siau Island]], Indonesia
|Only known from the [[holotype]] collected in 1866, it is sometimes considered a subspecies of the [[Sulawesi scops owl]] (''Otus manadensis''). Likely disappeared due to deforestation.<ref name="Hume"/>
|[[File:Otus siaoensis 2012 Indonesia stamp.jpg|120px]]
|}

==== Barn-owls (family [[Tytonidae]]) ====
===== Possibly extinct =====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
|-
|[[Oriental bay owl|Natuna Bay owl]]
|''Phodilus badius arixuthus''
|[[Bunguran Island]], Indonesia
|Known only from the holotype described in 1932.<ref name = "Konig">König, C., & Weick, F. (2008). ''Owls of the world.'' A&C Black.</ref> The reasons of extinction are unclear.<ref name = "Hume"/>
|-
|[[Oriental bay owl|Samar bay owl]]
|''Phodilus badius riverae''
|[[Samar Island]], Philippines
|Only known from the holotype described in 1927 and lost in the destruction of the Bureau of Science in [[Manila]] in 1945. It has been ruled invalid by some authors because the original description (as the full species ''Phodilus riverae'') did not include comparison with other subspecies.<ref name = "Konig"/>
|}

=== Hornbills and hoopoes (order [[Bucerotiformes]]) ===

==== Hornbills (family [[Bucerotidae]]) ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
! class="unsortable" |Pictures
|-
|[[Visayan hornbill|Ticao tarictic hornbill]]
|''Penelopidis panini ticaensis''
|[[Ticao Island]], Philippines
|Last recorded in 1971; it likely disappeared due to hunting and widespread deforestation. The subspecies status is uncertain and is sometimes considered a color [[morph (biology)|morph]] instead.<ref name="Hume"/>
|[[File:Buceros_panini_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_UBA01_IZ19300089.tif|100px]]
|}

=== Kingfishers and relatives (order [[Coraciiformes]]) ===

==== Kingfishers (family [[Alcedinidae]]) ====

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
! class="unsortable" |Pictures
|-
|[[Sulawesi dwarf kingfisher|Sangihe dwarf kingfisher]]
|''Ceyx fallax sangirensis''
|[[Sangihe Island]], Indonesia
|Last recorded in 1997. Likely extinct due to deforestation caused by intense logging and agriculture.<ref name="Hume"/>
|[[File:Ceyx fallax sangirensis.jpg|120px]]
|-
|[[Ryukyu kingfisher]]
|''Todiramphus cinnamominus miyakoensis''
|Miyako Island, Ryukyu, Japan
|Only known from the holotype collected in 1887. Its exact nature is suspect, as the island is unsuitable for kingfishers, the bill's sheath is missing from the holotype, and the length of flight feathers noted in the original description may have been an artefact of preservation. Otherwise the type is similar to the [[Guam kingfisher]].<ref name = "Hume"/>
|
|}

=== Woodpeckers and allies (order [[Piciformes]]) ===

==== Woodpeckers (family [[Picidae]]) ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
|-
|[[White-bellied woodpecker|Cebu white-bellied woodpecker]]
|''Dryocopus javensis cebuensis''
|Cebu, Philippines
|Last recorded in the 1940s or 1950s. It became extinct due to deforestation.<ref name = "Hume"/>
|}

=== Parrots (order [[Parrot|Psittaciformes]]) ===

==== Old World parrots (family [[Psittaculidae]]) ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
! class="unsortable" |Pictures
|-
|[[Red-and-blue lory|Sangihe red-and-blue lory]]
|''Eos histrio histrio''
|Sangihe, Indonesia
|The current population, discovered in 1995 after heavy trapping in the 1950s and no animals being found in 1970s and 1980s expeditions, appears to be fully hybridized with escapees from the subspecies ''E. h. challengeri'' of the [[Talaud Islands]].<ref name = "Hume"/>
|[[File:Eos_histrio_histrio.jpg|100px]]
|-
|[[Cebu hanging parrot]]
|''Loriculus philippensis chrysonotus''
|Cebu, Philippines
|The last individuals in captivity died in [[London]] in 1943, after being caught in the wild in 1929. The date of extinction in the wild is unclear, but was likely caused by widespread deforestation in the 19th and 20th centuries. 2004 reports likely belonged to other subspecies subsequently introduced to the island.<ref name="Hume"/>
|[[File:LoriculusIbis1872.jpg|100px]]
|-
|[[Philippine hanging parrot|Siquijor hanging parrot]]
|''Loriculus philippensis siquijorensis''
|[[Siquijor]], Philippines
|Last recorded in 1908; a claimed individual collected in 1954 was actually a escaped cage bird. The subspecies likely disappeared due to deforestation and capture for the pet trade.<ref name="Hume"/>
|
|}

=== Perching birds (order [[Passeriformes]]) ===

==== Cuckooshrikes (family [[Campephagidae]]) ====

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
|-
|[[Bar-bellied cuckooshrike|Cebu bar-bellied cuckooshrike]]
|''Coracina striata cebuensis''
|Cebu, Philippines
|Last collected in 1906, with an unconfirmed report in 2000.<ref name = "Hume"/>
|}

===== Possibly extinct =====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
! class="unsortable" |Pictures
|-
|[[Blackish cuckooshrike|Cebu blackish cuckooshrike]]
|''Coracina coerulescens altera''
|Cebu, Philippines
|Last collected in 1906, with an unconfirmed report in 2000. It likely disappeared due to deforestation.<ref name = "Hume"/>
|[[File:Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_RMNH.AVES.123630_2_-_Coracina_coerulescens_subsp._-_Campephagidae_-_bird_skin_specimen.jpeg|120px]]
|}

==== Dippers (family [[Cinclidae]]) ====

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
|-
|[[Cyprus dipper]]
|''Cinclus cinclus olympicus''
|Cyprus
|Extinct since 1945.<ref>{{cite iucn|author=BirdLife International|year= 2018|title= ''Cinclus cinclus''|article-number= e.T22708156A131946814|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22708156A131946814.en |access-date=2 June 2024}}</ref>
|}

==== True finches (family [[Fringillidae]]) ====

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
! class="unsortable" |Pictures
|-
|[[Bonin grosbeak]]
|''Carpodacus ferreorostris''
|Chichi-jima, Bonin Islands
|Last collected in 1828; claims of survival until 1890 are not substantiated. Likely disappeared because of deforestation and predation by introduced rats and cats.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2017 |title=''Carpodacus ferreorostris'' |volume=2017 |article-number=e.T22720622A111776645 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22720622A111776645.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|[[File:Chaunoproctus_ferreorostris.jpg|100px|center]]
|}

==== Swallows (family [[Hirundinidae]]) ====
===== Possibly extinct =====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
! class="unsortable" |Pictures
|-
|[[White-eyed river martin]]
|''Eurochelidon sirintarae''
|Central Thailand
|Last confirmed record in 1978, with an unconfirmed one in 1980. It was a migratory species that wintered in central Thailand but the summer range is unknown. Possibly became extinct due to hunting, deforestation, and capture for the exotic pet trade.<ref name = "Hume"/>
|[[File:PseudochelidonSirintarae.svg|120px]]
|}

==== Monarch flycatchers (family [[Monarchidae]]) ====
===== Possibly extinct =====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
|-
|[[Celestial monarch|Negros celestial monarch]]
|''Hypothymis coelestis rabori''
|Negros and possibly [[Sibuyan Island]], Philippines
|Only collected once on Sibuyan in 1892. Last recorded on Negros in the 1990s, where it declined as a consequence of deforestation.<ref name = "Hume"/>
|}

==== Old World flycatchers (family [[Muscicapidae]]) ====
===== Possibly extinct =====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
! class="unsortable" |Pictures
|-
|[[Rück's blue flycatcher]]
|''Cyornis ruckii''
|Near [[Medan]]?, Sumatra, Indonesia
|Last collected in 1918. There are some doubts about the original distribution, as only four skins are known: two acquired in [[Peninsular Malaysia]] where they were certainly imported from elsewhere, and two from Medan. If not migratory, it probably became extinct as a result of widespread deforestation in Medan.<ref name = "Hume"/>
|[[File:Cyornis ruckii.png|120px]]
|}

==== Orioles (family [[Oriolidae]]) ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
! class="unsortable" |Pictures
|-
|[[Philippine oriole|Cebu dark-throated oriole]]
|''Oriolus steerii assimilis''
|Cebu, Philippines
|Last collected in 1906. Disappeared due to deforestation.<ref name = "Hume"/>
|[[File:Oriolus_steerii_assimilis.jpg|120px]]
|}

==== Tits (family [[Paridae]]) ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
|-
|[[Daito varied tit]]
|''Sittiparus varius orii''
|[[Kitadaitōjima]] and [[Minamidaitōjima]], Daito Islands
|Last recorded in 1938. It quickly declined as a result of deforestation for [[sugar cane]] agriculture and military construction.<ref name="Hume"/>
|}

==== Babblers (family [[Timaliidae]]) ====
===== Possibly extinct =====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
|-
|[[Leiothrix (bird)|Astley's leiothrix]]
|''Leiothrix astleyi''
|China
|Only known from a pair acquired from a bird trader in 1921. The exact origin is unknown.<ref name = "Hume"/>
|}

==== Thrushes (family [[Turdidae]]) ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
!class="unsortable"|Pictures
|-
|[[Bonin thrush]]
|''Zoothera terrestris''
|Chichi-jima, Bonin Islands
|Last collected in 1828. Probably extinct due to predation by introduced rats and cats.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Zoothera terrestris'' |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T22708535A94163698 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22708535A94163698.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|[[File:Bonin_Thrush.jpg|120px]]
|}

==== White-eyes (family [[Zosteropidae]]) ====

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
!class="unsortable"|Pictures
|-
|[[Mukojima white-eye]]
|''Apalopteron familiare familiare''
|[[Mukojima Islands|Mukojima]], Nakodo-jima, and probably Chichi-jima, Bonin Islands
|Last recorded in 1941. Disappeared due to deforestation.<ref name = "Hume"/>
|[[File:Mukojima White-eye.jpg|100px]]
|}

== Reptiles (class [[Reptilia]]) ==

=== Crocodilians (order [[Crocodilia]]) ===

==== Alligators and caimans (family [[Alligatoridae]]) ====

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
! Pictures
|-
|''[[Alligator munensis]]''
|Ban Si Liam, northeastern Thailand
|Only known from a skull from either the Pleistocene or Holocene.<ref name=Darlim>{{Cite journal|last1=Darlim|first1=G.|last2=Suraprasit|first2=K.|last3=Chaimanee|first3=Y.|last4=Tian|first4=P.|last5=Yamee|first5=C.|last6= Rugbumrung|first6=M.|last7=Kaweera|first7=A.|last8=Rabi|first8=M.|year=2023|title=An extinct deep-snouted Alligator species from the Quaternary of Thailand and comments on the evolution of crushing dentition in alligatorids|url=|journal=Sci Rep|volume=13|issue=10406|page=10406 |doi=10.1038/s41598-023-36559-6|pmid=37443318 |pmc=10344928|bibcode=2023NatSR..1310406D }}</ref>
|[[File:Alligator_munensis_lateral.png|100px]]
|}

==== Crocodiles (family [[Crocodylidae]]) ====

===== Locally extinct =====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
! Pictures
|-
|[[Nile crocodile]]
|''Crocodylus niloticus''
|Subsaharan Africa, Egypt, and the Levant
|Present in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] and western Syria until the beginning of the 20th century.<ref>Masseti, M. (2021). "Vertebrates of Upper Mesopotamia: Present Evidence and Archaeological Data". In ''Tigris and Euphrates Rivers: Their Environment from Headwaters to Mouth'' (pp. 13-72). Springer, Cham.</ref>
|[[File:Nilecroc100.jpg|120px]]
|}

==== Gharials (family [[Gavialidae]]) ====

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
! Pictures
|-
|[[Hanyusuchus|Chinese gharial]]
|''Hanyusuchus sinensis''
|South China
|Last recorded in Hainan, western [[Guangxi]], and the [[Han River (Guangdong)|Han River]] delta between 1292 and 1630. It was subjected to an [[planned extinction|official policy of extermination]] from the [[Bronze Age China|Bronze Age]] to the [[Ming Dynasty]].<ref>[https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2022.0085 Iijima, M. et al. (2022). "An intermediate crocodylian linking two extant gharials from the Bronze Age of China and its human-induced extinction". ''The Royal Society Publishing''.]</ref>
|[[File:Hanyusuchus life reconstruction.jpg|120px]]
|}

=== Squamates (order [[Squamata]]) ===

==== Monitor lizards (family [[Varanidae]]) ====

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
|-
|[[Varanus hooijeri|Flores monitor]]
|''Varanus hooijeri''
|Flores and Sumba, Indonesia
|Last dated to the Holocene on both islands.<ref name = "Louys"/>
|}

=== Turtles and tortoises (order [[Testudines]]) ===

==== Tortoises (family [[Testudinidae]]) ====

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
|-
|[[Manouria|Ryukyu tortoise]]
|''Manouria oyamai''
|Ryukyu Islands, Japan
|Most recent remains dated to around 9050 BCE.<ref name="Rhodin">{{cite journal |title=Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group|editor=A.G.J. Rhodin|editor2= P.C.H. Pritchard|editor3= P.P. van Dijk|editor4= R.A. Saumure|editor5= K.A. Buhlmann|editor6= J.B. Iverson|editor7=R.A. Mittermeier|name-list-style=amp |journal=Chelonian Research Monographs |issn=1088-7105|volume=5|doi=10.3854/crm.5.000e.fossil.checklist.v1.2015|hdl=11336/62240|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
|}

== Amphibians (class [[Amphibia]]) ==

=== Toads and frogs (order [[frog|Anura]]) ===

==== Fork-tongued frogs (family [[Dicroglossidae]]) ====

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
! class="unsortable" |Pictures
|-
|[[Nannophrys guentheri|Gunther's streamlined frog]]
|''Nannophrys guentheri''
|[[Sri Lanka]]
|Only known from the holotype collected in 1882. The reasons of extinction are unknown.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group |date=2020 |title=''Nannophrys guentheri'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T58390A156580255 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58390A156580255.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|[[File:Nannophrys guentheri.jpg|120px]]
|}

==== Shrub frogs (family [[Rhacophoridae]]) ====

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
! class="unsortable" |Pictures
|-
|[[Pseudophilautus adspersus|Sri Lanka bubble-nest frog]]
|''[[Pseudophilautus adspersus]]''
|[[Nuwara Eliya]], Sri Lanka
|Last collected in 1886. The cause of extinction is unknown, but habitat loss due to agriculture has been suggested.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group |date=2020 |title=''Pseudophilautus adspersus'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T58811A156580927 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58811A156580927.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|[[File:Pseudophilautus adspersus.jpg|100px|center]]
|-
|
|''[[Pseudophilautus dimbullae]]''
|rowspan="2"|[[Dimbula]], Sri Lanka
|rowspan="2"|Known only from holotypes collected in 1933. The causes of extinction are unknown, but habitat loss has been suggested.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group |date=2020 |title=''Pseudophilautus dimbullae'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T58835A156581915 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58835A156581915.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite iucn |author=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group |date=2020 |title=''Pseudophilautus eximius'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T58839A156581975 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58839A156581975.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|
|-
|
|''[[Pseudophilautus eximius]]''
|
|-
|
|''[[Pseudophilautus extirpo]]''
|Sri Lanka
|Last recorded in 1882. The cause of extinction is unknown, but habitat loss has been suggested.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group |date=2020 |title=''Pseudophilautus extirpo'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T58840A156582033 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58840A156582033.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|
|-
|
|''[[Pseudophilautus halyi]]''
|[[Pattipola]], Sri Lanka
|Only known from the holotype collected in 1899. The cause of extinction is unknown, but habitat loss has been suggested.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group |date=2020 |title=''Pseudophilautus halyi'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T58852A156582452 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58852A156582452.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|
|-
|[[Pseudophilautus leucorhinus|Whitenose bubble-nest frog]]
|''[[Pseudophilautus leucorhinus]]''
|Sri Lanka
|Only known from the holotype collected before 1856. The cause of extinction is unknown, but habitat loss has been suggested.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group |date=2020 |title=''Pseudophilautus leucorhinus'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T58862A156582678 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58862A156582678.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|
|-
|
|''[[Pseudophilautus maia]]''
|[[Ramboda]], Sri Lanka
|Only known from two specimens collected in 1876 or earlier. Possibly disappeared when the local forest was cleared in 1978, which also resulted in the extinction of the [[endemic species|endemic]] [[tree]] ''[[Albizia|Albizia lankaensis]]''.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group |date=2020 |title=''Pseudophilautus maia'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T136000A156588623 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T136000A156588623.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|
|-
|
|''[[Pseudophilautus malcolmsmithi]]''
|Sri Lanka
|Only known from the holotype collected in 1927. The cause of extinction is unknown, but habitat loss has been suggested.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group |date=2020 |title=''Pseudophilautus malcolmsmithi'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T58869A156583167 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58869A156583167.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|
|-
|
|''[[Pseudophilautus nanus]]''
|Southern Sri Lanka
|Only known from the [[lectotype]] collected in 1869. The cause of extinction is unknown, but habitat loss has been suggested.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group |date=2020 |title=''Pseudophilautus nanus'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T58877A156583351 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58877A156583351.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|[[File:Pseudophilautus nanus.jpg|100px|center]]
|-
|[[Philautus nasutus|Sharp-nosed bush frog]]
|''Pseudophilautus nasutus''
|Sri Lanka
|Last recorded in 1869; later observations in Sri Lanka and [[Southern India]] are misidentifications. The cause of extinction is unknown, but habitat loss has been suggested.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group |date=2020 |title=''Pseudophilautus nasutus'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T58878A156583411 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58878A156583411.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|[[File:Philautus nasutus.jpg|100px|center]]
|-
|
|''[[Pseudophilautus oxyrhynchus]]''
|Sri Lanka
|Only known from the lectotype collected in 1872. The cause of extinction is unknown, but habitat loss has been suggested.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group |date=2020 |title=''Pseudophilautus oxyrhynchus'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T58883A156583754 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58883A156583754.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|[[File:Philautus oxyrhynchus.jpg|100px|center]]
|-
|
|''[[Pseudophilautus pardus]]''
|Sri Lanka
|Only known from the holotype collected before 1859. The cause of extinction is unknown, but habitat loss due to agriculture has been suggested.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group |date=2020 |title=''Pseudophilautus pardus'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T136163A156588728 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T136163A156588728.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|
|-
|
|''[[Pseudophilautus rugatus]]''
|[[Taralanda]], Sri Lanka
|Only known from the holotype collected in 1927. The cause of extinction is unknown, but habitat loss due to agriculture has been suggested.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group |date=2020 |title=''Pseudophilautus rugatus'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T58895A156584657 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58895A156584657.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|
|-
|
|''[[Pseudophilautus temporalis]]''
|Sri Lanka
|Only known from the lectotype and type series collected in 1864. The cause of extinction is unknown, but habitat loss due to agriculture has been suggested.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group |date=2020 |title=''Pseudophilautus temporalis'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T58924A156585775 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58924A156585775.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|[[File:Pseudophilautus temporalis.jpg|120px]]
|-
|[[Philautus variabilis|Variable bush frog]]
|''Pseudophilautus variabilis''
|Sri Lanka
|Only known from the lectotype collected in 1858. The cause of extinction is unknown, but habitat loss due to agriculture has been suggested.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group |date=2020 |title=''Pseudophilautus variabilis'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T58931A156585835 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58931A156585835.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|[[File:Pseudophilautus variabilis.jpg|120px]]
|-
|
|''[[Pseudophilautus zal]]''
|Sri Lanka
|Not recorded since before 1947. The cause of extinction is unknown, but habitat loss due to agriculture has been suggested.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group |date=2020 |title=''Pseudophilautus zal'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T58938A156586194 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58938A156586194.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|
|-
|
|''[[Pseudophilautus zimmeri]]''
|[[Point de Galle]], Sri Lanka
|Not recorded since 1927. The given range is now heavily urbanized, suggesting habitat destruction as the reason of extinction.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group |date=2020 |title=''Pseudophilautus zimmeri'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T58939A156586253 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58939A156586253.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|
|}

=== Salamanders and newts (order [[Urodela]]) ===

==== True salamanders and newts (family [[Salamandridae]]) ====

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
! class="unsortable" |Pictures
|-
|[[Yunnan lake newt]]
|''Hypselotriton wolterstorffi''
|[[Kunming Lake]], Yunnan, China
|Last recorded in 1979. Extinct due to predation by introduced [[fish]] and frogs, and habitat degradation caused by general pollution, land reclamation, and [[domestic duck]] farming.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group |date=2020 |title=''Cynops wolterstorffi'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T59445A63869216 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T59445A63869216.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|[[File:Cynops wolterstorffi.JPG|120px]]
|}

== Ray-finned fish (class [[Actinopterygii]]) ==

=== Sturgeons and paddlefishes (order [[Acipenseriformes]]) ===

==== Sturgeons (family [[Acipenseridae]]) ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
! class="unsortable" |Pictures
|-
|[[Syr Darya sturgeon]]
|''Pseudoscaphirhynchus fedtschenkoi''
|[[Syr Darya]] River
|Last recorded in the 1960s.<ref>Nedoluzhko, A. V., Sharko, F. S., Tsygankova, S. V., Boulygina, E. S., Barmintseva, A. E., Krasivskaya, A. A., ... & Mugue, N. S. (2020). "Molecular phylogeny of one extinct and two critically endangered Central Asian sturgeon species (genus ''Pseudoscaphirhynchus'') based on their mitochondrial genomes". ''Scientific Reports'', '''10''' (1), 1-7.</ref> Several dams, pollution and water substraction for agriculture massively altered the hydromorphology of the river. The species was also fished deliberately and accidentally.<ref name="sdsturgeon">{{cite iucn |author=Mugue, N. |author2= Karimov, B. |name-list-style=amp |year=2022 |title= ''Pseudoscaphirhynchus fedtschenkoi'' |article-number= e.T18599A156719554 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T18599A156719554.en|access-date=14 May 2023}}</ref>
|[[File:Pseudoscaphirhynchus fedtschenkoi.jpg|120px]]
|}

===== Extinct in the wild =====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
! class="unsortable" |Pictures
|-
|[[Yangtze sturgeon]]
|''Acipenser dabryanus''
|Yangtze River basin, China
|Last recorded in the lower Yangtze around 1995. Captive animals were reintroduced to the upper and middle parts of the river in 2007, but there is still no sign of reproduction in the wild. The species declined due to fishing (both direct and accidental), pollution, deforestation on the river margins, and the construction of the [[Gezhouba Dam]], [[Three Gorges Dam]], and [[Xiangjiaba Dam]], which changed the temperature and hydrology and prevented the sturgeon from reahcing the lower part of the river.<ref name="acipenser">{{cite iucn |author=Qiwei, W. |date=2022 |title=''Acipenser dabryanus'' |volume=2022 |article-number=e.T231A61462199 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T231A61462199.en |access-date=21 July 2021}}</ref>
|[[File:Acipenser dabryanus.jpg|120px]]
|}

===== Locally extinct =====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
! class="unsortable" |Pictures
|-
|[[European sea sturgeon]]
|''Acipenser sturio''
|Coastal waters of Europe and northern Anatolia<ref name= "eurosturgeon">{{cite iucn |author=Gessner, J. |author2=Williot, P. |author3=Rochard, E. |author4=Freyhof, J. |author5=Kottelat, M. |name-list-style = & |year=2022 |title=Acipenser sturio |article-number=e.T230A137215851 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T230A137215851.en |access-date=21 March 2023}}</ref>
|Last recorded in Turkey in the 1980s.<ref>Memiş, D., Yamaner, G., TOSUN, D. D., Tunçelli, G., & TINKIR, M. (2020). Current status of economically important diadromous fish species of Turkey; European eel, Black Sea trout and sturgeon species. ''Aquatic Research'', 3(4), 188-196.</ref>
|[[File:Acipenser sturio.jpg|120px]]
|}

==== Paddlefishes (family [[Polyodontidae]]) ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
! class="unsortable" |Pictures
|-
|[[Chinese paddlefish]]
|''Psephurus gladius''
|Yangtze and Yellow River basins, China
|Last recorded in 2003. The construction of the Gezhouba Dam in the middle part of the Yangtze blocked the migration route to spawn in the upper river. It was also heavily fished historically, which depleted the species as it had a long generation time.<ref name="psephurus">{{cite iucn |last= Qiwei |first=W. |year=2022 |title=''Psephurus gladius'' |article-number=e.T18428A146104283 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T18428A146104283.en |access-date=21 July 2022}}</ref>
|[[File:Psephurus gladius.jpg|120px]]
|}

=== Herrings and anchovies (order [[Clupeiformes]]) ===

==== Herrings (family [[Clupeidae]]) ====
===== Possibly extinct =====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
|-
|[[Clupea|Manila Bay herring]]
|''Clupea manulensis''
|[[Manila Bay]], Philippines
|Not recorded since its description in 1822.<ref>{{cite iucn|author=Torres, A.G.|author2= Kesner-Reyes, K. |author3= Capuli, E. |name-list-style=amp |year=2021|title=''Clupea manulensis'' |article-number= e.T162160049A162160065 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T162160049A162160065.en|access-date= 10 Jan 2023}}</ref>
|}

=== Carps, barbs, minnows, and allies (order [[Cypriniformes]]) ===

==== Carps, barbs, and barbels (family [[Cyprinidae]]) ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
! class="unsortable" |Pictures
|-
|[[Beyşehir bleak]]
|''Alburnus akili''
|[[Lake Beyşehir]], Turkey
|Extinct due to predation by [[zander]]s introduced in 1955. It could also have [[hybrid (biology)|hybridized]] with the also introduced [[Alburnus escherichii|Sakarya bleak]].<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Freyhof, J. |date=2014 |title=''Alburnus akili'' |volume=2014 |article-number=e.T787A19005895 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T787A19005895.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|
|-
|
|''[[Anabarilius macrolepis]]''
|[[Yilong Lake]], Yunnan, China
|Disappeared when the lake dried completely for 20 days in 1981, as a result of water substraction.<ref name=anabarilius>{{Cite iucn | author = Zhou, W. | title = ''Anabarilius macrolepis'' | article-number = e.T166049A6178632 | date = 2011 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T166049A6178632.en | access-date = 5 January 2018}}</ref>
|
|-
|[[Barbodes amarus|Pait]]
|''Barbodes amarus''
|rowspan="15"|[[Lake Lanao]], Philippines
|Last recorded in 1982. Disappeared along with most of the original ichthyofauna of the lake (see below) due to excessive and unsustainable fishing practices such as [[dynamite fishing]], extraction of water for industrial, agricultural, and domestic use; illegal logging and pollution, and predation by accidentally introduced [[tank goby]] and [[Giuris margaritacea|snakehead gudgeon]]. The latter species is now the most common fish in the lake.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Torres, A.G. |author2=Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S. |author3=Gimena, R.V. |author4=Eza, N.D. |author5=Kesner-Reyes, K. |author6=Villanueva, T.R. |author7=Alcantara, A.J. |author8=Rebancos, C.M. |date=2020 |title=''Barbodes amarus'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T18882A192624745 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18882A192624745.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|
|-
|[[Barbodes amarus|Baolan]]
|''Barbodes baoulan''
|Last recorded in 1991.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Torres, A.G. |author2=Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S. |author3=Gimena, R.V. |author4=Eza, N.D. |author5=Kesner-Reyes, K. |author6=Villanueva, T.R. |author7=Alcantara, A.J. |author8=Rebancos, C.M. |date=2020 |title=''Barbodes baoulan'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T18884A192624901 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18884A192624901.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|
|-
|[[Barbodes clemensi|Bagangan]]
|''Barbodes clemensi''
|Last recorded in 1975.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Torres, A.G. |author2=Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S. |author3=Gimena, R.V. |author4=Eza, N.D. |author5=Kesner-Reyes, K. |author6=Villanueva, T.R. |author7=Alcantara, A.J. |author8=Rebancos, C.M. |date=2020 |title=''Barbodes clemensi'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T18886A192625045 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18886A192625045.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|
|-
|
|''[[Barbodes disa]]''
|Last recorded in 1964.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Torres, A.G. |author2=Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S. |author3=Gimena, R.V. |author4=Eza, N.D. |author5=Kesner-Reyes, K. |author6=Villanueva, T.R. |author7=Alcantara, A.J. |author8=Rebancos, C.M. |date=2020 |title=''Barbodes disa'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T18888A192625192 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18888A192625192.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|
|-
|[[Barbodes flavifuscus|Katapa-tapa]]
|''Barbodes flavifuscus''
|Last recorded in 1964.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Torres, A.G. |author2=Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S. |author3=Gimena, R.V. |author4=Eza, N.D. |author5=Kesner-Reyes, K. |author6=Villanueva, T.R. |author7=Alcantara, A.J. |author8=Rebancos, C.M. |date=2020 |title=''Barbodes flavifuscus'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T18889A192625334 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18889A192625334.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|
|-
|
|''[[Barbodes herrei]]''
|Last recorded in 1974.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Torres, A.G. |author2=Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S. |author3=Gimena, R.V. |author4=Eza, N.D. |author5=Kesner-Reyes, K. |author6=Villanueva, T.R. |author7=Alcantara, A.J. |author8=Rebancos, C.M. |date=2020 |title=''Barbodes herrei'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T18890A192625464 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18890A192625464.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|
|-
|
|''[[Barbodes katolo]]''
|Last recorded in 1977.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Torres, A.G. |author2=Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S. |author3=Gimena, R.V. |author4=Eza, N.D. |author5=Kesner-Reyes, K. |author6=Villanueva, T.R. |author7=Alcantara, A.J. |author8=Rebancos, C.M. |date=2020 |title=''Barbodes katolo'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T18891A192625645 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18891A192625645.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|
|-
|[[Barbodes lanaoensis|Kandar]]
|''Barbodes lanaoensis''
|Last recorded in 1964.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Torres, A.G. |author2=Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S. |author3=Gimena, R.V. |author4=Eza, N.D. |author5=Kesner-Reyes, K. |author6=Villanueva, T.R. |author7=Alcantara, A.J. |author8=Rebancos, C.M. |date=2020 |title=''Barbodes lanaoensis'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T18892A192625785 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18892A192625785.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|
|-
|
|''[[Barbodes manalak]]''
|Last recorded in 1977.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Torres, A.G. |author2=Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S. |author3=Gimena, R.V. |author4=Eza, N.D. |author5=Kesner-Reyes, K. |author6=Villanueva, T.R. |author7=Alcantara, A.J. |author8=Rebancos, C.M. |date=2020 |title=''Barbodes manalak'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T18904A192626589 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18904A192626589.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|Bitungu
|''[[Barbodes pachycheilus]]''
|Last recorded in 1964.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Torres, A.G. |author2=Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S. |author3=Gimena, R.V. |author4=Eza, N.D. |author5=Kesner-Reyes, K. |author6=Villanueva, T.R. |author7=Alcantara, A.J. |author8=Rebancos, C.M. |date=2020 |title=''Barbodes pachycheilus'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T4135A192624182 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T4135A192624182.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|
|-
|''[[Barbodes palaemophagus]]''
|Last recorded in 1975.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Torres, A.G. |author2=Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S. |author3=Gimena, R.V. |author4=Eza, N.D. |author5=Kesner-Reyes, K. |author6=Villanueva, T.R. |author7=Alcantara, A.J. |author8=Rebancos, C.M. |date=2020 |title=''Barbodes palaemophagus'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T15633A192624463 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T15633A192624463.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|
|-
|
|''[[Barbodes palata]]''
|Last recorded in 1964.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Torres, A.G. |author2=Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S. |author3=Gimena, R.V. |author4=Eza, N.D. |author5=Kesner-Reyes, K. |author6=Villanueva, T.R. |author7=Alcantara, A.J. |author8=Rebancos, C.M. |date=2020 |title=''Barbodes palata'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T20687A192626734 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T20687A192626734.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|
|-
|[[Barbodes resimus|Bagangan sa erungan]]
|''Barbodes resimus''
|Last recorded in 1964.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Torres, A.G. |author2=Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S. |author3=Gimena, R.V. |author4=Eza, N.D. |author5=Kesner-Reyes, K. |author6=Villanueva, T.R. |author7=Alcantara, A.J. |author8=Rebancos, C.M. |date=2020 |title=''Barbodes resimus'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T12751A192624320 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T12751A192624320.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|
|-
|
|''[[Barbodes tras]]''
|Last recorded in 1976.<ref name=Btras>{{cite iucn | author = Torres, A.G., Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S., Gimena, R.V., Eza, N.D., Kesner-Reyes, K., Villanueva, T.R., Alcantara, A.J. & Rebancos, C.M.| title = ''Barbodes tras'' | volume = 2020 | article-number = e.T18901A90997500 | date = 2020 | access-date = 3 January 2021}}</ref>
|
|-
|Bitungu
|''[[Barbodes truncatulus]]''
|Last recorded in 1973.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Torres, A.G. |author2=Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S. |author3=Gimena, R.V. |author4=Eza, N.D. |author5=Kesner-Reyes, K. |author6=Villanueva, T.R. |author7=Alcantara, A.J. |author8=Rebancos, C.M. |date=2020 |title=''Barbodes truncatulus'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T15634A192624604 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T15634A192624604.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|
|-
|[[Cyprinus yilongensis|Yilong carp]]
|''Cyprinus yilongensis''
|Yilong Lake, Yunnan, China
|Disappeared when the lake dried completely for 20 days in 1981, as a result of water substraction.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Zhou, W. |date=2011 |title=''Cyprinus yilongensis'' |volume=2011 |article-number=e.T6179A12546193 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T6179A12546193.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|[[File:Specimen_of_Cyprinus_yilongensis,_Museum_of_Hydrobiological_Sciences,_Wuhan_Institute_of_Hydrobiology_2.jpg|100px]]
|-
|[[Acanthobrama hulensis|Hula bream]]
|''Mirogrex hulensis''
|Lake Hula, Israel
|Disappeared in 1957-1963, after most of the lake was drained to turn the bottom into farmland.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Goren, M. |date=2014 |title=''Mirogrex hulensis'' |volume=2014 |article-number=e.T73A19848542 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T73A19848542.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|
|-
|
|''[[Schizothorax|Schizothorax saltans]]''
|[[Talas River]] basin, Kazakhstan
|Last recorded in 1953. Disappeared due to habitat loss caused by water substraction, high pollution, and fishing.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Mamilov, N. |date=2020 |title=''Schizothorax saltans'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T169838762A169838772 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T169838762A169838772.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|
|}

===== Possibly extinct =====
{| class="wikitable"
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
|-
|''[[Barbodes cataractae]]''
|[[Misamis Occidental]] and Lake Lanao, Philippines
|The holotype was collected in an unidentified river in Misamis Occidental in 1934. It was only known from Lake Lanao otherwise, and was last recorded there before 1973.<ref name="cataractae">{{cite iucn |author=Torres, A.G. |author2=Palla, H.P. |author3=Kesner-Reyes, K. |author4=Leander, N.J.S. |author5=Ame, E.C. |author6=Guino-o, R.S. II, Ballad, E.L. |author7=Garcia, M.P.C. |author8=Cecilio, M.A.F. |author9=Gonzalez, J.C.T. |author10=Gaerlan, R.S.P. |author11=Reyes, A.T. |date=2021 |title=''Barbodes cataractae'' |volume=2021 |article-number=e.T18885A90996334 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T18885A90996334.en |access-date=14 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Barbodes lindog]]''
|rowspan="2"|Lake Lanao, Philippines
|Last recorded in 2008.<ref name="lindog">{{cite iucn |author=Torres, A.G. |author2=Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S. |author3=Gimena, R.V. |author4=Eza, N.D. |author5=Kesner-Reyes, K. |author6=David, E.B. |author7=Bactong Jr. |author8=M.A. |author9=Villanueva, T.R. |author10=Alcantara, A.J. |author11=Rebancos, C.M. |date=2020 |title=''Barbodes lindog'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T18903A192626347 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18903A192626347.en |access-date=November 17, 2021}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Barbodes sirang]]''
|Last recorded in 2007.<ref name="sirang">{{cite iucn |author=Torres, A.G. |author2=Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S. |author3=Gimena, R.V. |author4=Eza, N.D. |author5=Kesner-Reyes, K. |author6=David, E.B. |author7=Bactong Jr. |author8=M.A. |author9=Villanueva, T.R. |author10=Alcantara, A.J. |author11=Rebancos, C.M. |date=2020 |title=''Barbodes sirang'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T18898A192625918 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18898A192625918.en |access-date=November 18, 2021}}</ref>
|}

==== True minnows (family [[Leuciscidae]]) ====

===== Possibly extinct =====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
|-
|[[Barada spring minnow]]
|''Pseudophoxinus syriacus''
|[[Barada]] river, Lebanon and Syria
|Last recorded in 2008. Declined because of water pollution and the draining of the river due to water substraction.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Freyhof, J. |year=2014 |title=''Pseudophoxinus syriacus'' |article-number=e.T61281A19009764 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T61281A19009764.en}}</ref>
|}

=== Catfishes (order [[Siluriformes]]) ===

==== Schilbid catfishes (family [[Schilbeidae]]) ====

{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
|-
|[[Platytropius siamensis|Siamese flat-barbelled catfish]]
|''Platytropius siamensis''
|[[Chao Phraya]] and [[Bang Pakong River]] basins, Thailand
|Last recorded in 1975-1977. Disappeared due to damming and canalization of the rivers, pollution, and reclamation of wetlands around [[Bangkok]].<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Ng, H.H. |date=2011 |title=''Platytropius siamensis'' |volume=2011 |article-number=e.T180996A7657156 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T180996A7657156.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|}

=== Salmon, trout and relatives (order [[Salmonidae|Salmoniformes]]) ===

==== Salmon, trout and relatives (family [[Salmonidae]]) ====

===== Extinct in the wild =====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
! class="unsortable" |Pictures
|-
|[[Oncorhynchus kawamurae|Kunimasu]]
|''Oncorhynchus kawamurae''
|[[Lake Tazawa]], Japan
|Extirpated from its original range in 1940, when acidic water was released to the lake during the construction of [[hydroelectric power]] infrastructure. Survives in [[Lake Saiko]], where the species was introduced in 1935.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Miyazaki, Y.|author2= Mukai, T.|author3= Nakajima, J.|author4= Takaku, K. |author5= Taniguchi, Y. |name-list-style=amp |year= 2019|title= ''Oncorhynchus kawamurae'' |article-number=e.T110463465A110463483 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T110463465A110463483.en |access-date=27 September 2022}}</ref>
|[[File:Oncorhynchus kawamurae 5 months.jpg|120px]]
|-
|[[Stenodus leucichthys|Beloribitsa]]
|''Stenodus leucichthys''
|[[Caspian Sea]], [[Volga]], [[Ural River|Ural]], and [[Terek River]] drainages
|Last recorded in the Ural in the 1960s. All spawning grounds were lost after dams were built in the Volga, Ural, and Terek river drainages. The species continues to exist in captivity, from which it is released periodically in its native range. However, illegal fishing and [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridization]] with the introduced [[nelma]] remain threats to its survival.<ref name="beloribitsa2">{{cite iucn|title=''Stenodus leucichthys''|article-number=e.T20745A9229071|author=Freyhof, J.|date=2008|volume=2008|access-date=19 November 2021|author2=Kottelat, M.|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T20745A9229071.en}}</ref>
|[[File:Stenodus leucichthys.jpg|120px]]
|}

=== Gobies and relatives (order [[Gobiiformes]]) ===

==== Gobies (family [[Gobiidae]]) ====

===== Possibly extinct =====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
|-
|[[Exyrias|Bia]]
|''Exyrias volcanus''
|rowspan="2"|[[Taal Lake]], Philippines
|rowspan="2"|Last recorded in 1927. Possibly disappeared due to overfishing, pollution, habitat degradation, and invasive species among other reasons.<ref>{{cite iucn|author=Torres, A.G.|author2= Mutia, M.T.M.|author3= Palla, H.P.|author4= Muyot, M.C.|author5= Leander, N.J.S. |author6= Kesner-Reyes, K. |name-list-style=amp |year=2021|title= ''Exyrias volcanus'' |article-number= e.T162160431A162160434|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T162160431A162160434.en|access-date=2 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite iucn|author=Torres, A.G.|author2= Kesner-Reyes, K.|author3= Leander, N.J.S. |author4= Capuli, E. |name-list-style=amp |year=2021|title= ''Silhouettea flavoventris''|article-number= e.T162160938A162160945|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T162160938A162160945.en|access-date=2 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[Silhouettea|Yellow-bellied goby]]
|''Silhouettea flavoventris''
|}

=== Cichlids and convict blennies (order Cichliformes) ===

==== Cichlids (family [[Cichlid]]ae) ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
|-
|
|''[[Tristramella intermedia]]''
|[[Hula Valley|Lake Hula]], Israel
|Disappeared when the lake and most adjacent [[marsh]]es were drained in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Goren, M. |date=2006 |title=''Tristramella intermedia'' |volume=2006 |article-number=e.T60792A12399367 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T60792A12399367.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
|
|''[[Tristramella magdelainae]]''
|[[Damascus]], Syria
|Last collected in the 1950s. Possibly disappeared due to drought, pollution, and water extraction.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Goren, M. |date=2006 |title=''Tristramella magdelainae'' |volume=2006 |article-number=e.T61365A12468486 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T61365A12468486.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[Tristramella sacra|Long jaw tristramella]]
|''Tristramella sacra''
|[[Sea of Galilee]]
|Last recorded in 1989-1990. The causes of extinction are unknown, but could be related to the destruction of its breeding habitat in the marshes of the northern shore of the lake.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Goren, M. |year=2014 |title=''Tristramella sacra'' |article-number=e.T61372A19010617 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T61372A19010617.en}}</ref>
|}

=== Silversides and rainbowfishes (order [[Atheriniformes]]) ===

==== Priapium fishes (family [[Phallostethidae]]) ====

===== Possibly extinct =====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
|-
|''[[Neostethus|Neostethus ctenophorus]]''
|[[Laguna de Bay]], Luzon, Philippines
|Not recorded since its description in 1937. Likely disappeared due to pollution.<ref>{{cite iucn|author=Torres, A.G.|author2= Leander, N.J.S.|author3= Kesner-Reyes, K. |author4= Ballad, E.L. |name-list-style=amp |year=2021|title= ''Neostethus ctenophorus'' |article-number= e.T128710699A128710736 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T128710699A128710736.en|access-date=2 June 2024}}</ref>
|}

== Cartilaginous fish (class [[Chondrichthyes]]) ==

=== Ground sharks (order [[Carcharhiniformes]]) ===

==== Requiem sharks (family [[Carcharhinidae]]) ====

===== Possibly extinct =====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
|-
|[[Lost shark]]
|''Carcharinus obsoletus''
|Southern [[South China Sea]]
|Last collected in 1934. The coasts it inhabited are heavily exploited, both for fishing and shark fishing, as well as degraded for use in [[aquaculture]], pollution, and destruction of [[coral reef]]s.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Dulvy, N.K. |author2=Kyne, P.M. |author3=Finucci, B. |author4=White, W.T. |date=2020 |title=''Carcharhinus obsoletus'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T115696622A115696628 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T115696622A115696628.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|}

=== Shovelnose rays and allies (order [[Rhinopristiformes]]) ===

==== Sawfishes (family [[Pristidae]]) ====

===== Locally extinct =====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
!Pictures
|-
|[[Smalltooth sawfish]]
|''Pristis pectinata''
|Mid-Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea
|Last caught in [[Israel]] before 1956.<ref name = "Ferretti">Ferretti, F., Morey Verd, G., Seret, B., Sulić Šprem, J., & Micheli, F. (2016). Falling through the cracks: the fading history of a large iconic predator. ''Fish and fisheries'', 17(3), 875-889.</ref>
|[[File:Pristis_pectinata_SI.jpg|120px]]
|}

== Malacostracans (class [[Malacostraca]]) ==

=== Amphipods (order [[Amphipoda]]) ===

==== Whale lice (family [[Cyamidae]]) ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
|-
|''[[Cyamus (genus)|Cyamus rhytinae]]''
|Bering Sea
|Parasite of Steller's sea cow.<ref name="Beall">{{cite web| last=Beall | first=L. | date=1 November 2023 | title=Unwelcome Guests – Coextinction of Parasites | url=https://www.theextinctions.com/articles-1/unwelcome-guests-coextinction-of-parasites | publisher=TheExtinctions | access-date=21 August 2023}}</ref>
|}

== Insects (class [[Insecta]]) ==

=== Dragonflies and damselflies (order [[Odonata]]) ===

==== White-legged damselflies (family [[Platycnemididae]]) ====

===== Possibly extinct =====
{| class="wikitable"
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
|-
|''[[Risiocnemis|Risiocnemis laguna]]''
|[[Paete]], Luzon, Philippines
|Only known from three specimens collected in 1916. The only known locality is now heavily developed and urbanized, making it likely that it disappeared due to habitat destruction.<ref>{{cite iucn|author=Dow, R.A. |year=2020|title= ''Risiocnemis laguna'' |article-number=e.T139565471A146602520|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T139565471A146602520.en |access-date=2 June 2024}}</ref>
|}

=== Beetles (order [[Coleoptera]]) ===

==== Ground beetles (family [[Carabidae]]) ====

{| class="wikitable"
!Scientific name
!Range
|-
|''[[Rakantrechus|Rakantrechus elegans]]''
|Japan<ref name = "Blakemore"/>
|}

== Arachnids (class [[Arachnida]]) ==

=== Order [[Sarcoptiformes]] ===

==== Family [[Pterolichidae]] ====

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Comments
|-
|''Compressalges nipponiae''
|Central China and Taiwan to Japan and the [[Russian Far East]]
|Parasite of the [[crested ibis]]. A [[conservation-induced extinction]] produced in the late 20th century.<ref name = "Beall"/>
|}

== Clitellates (class [[Clitellata]]) ==

=== Order [[Opisthopora]] ===

==== Family [[Megascolecidae]] ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Scientific name
!Range
!class="unsortable"|Comments
|-
|''[[Amynthas japonicus]]''
|Possibly [[Dejima]] or [[Nagasaki]], Japan
|Last collected in the 1820s. It could have disappeared due to habitat loss, though the exact locality of origin is unknown.<ref name = "Blakemore">{{Cite journal | author = Blakemore | author-link = Bull. Kanagawa Museum | title = Extinction of Japan's first formally described earthworm Amynthas japonicus (Horst, 1883) (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Megadrilacea, Megascolecidae). | journal = Bulletin of the Kanagawa Prefectural Museum | volume = 48 | pages = 55–60 | date = 2019 | url = http://nh.kanagawa-museum.jp/files/data/pdf/bulletin/48/bull48_55_60_blakemore.pdf | access-date = 10 May 2019}}</ref>
|}

== Slugs and snails (class [[Gastropoda]]) ==

=== Order [[Stylommatophora]] ===

==== Family [[Achatinellidae]] ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Scientific name
!Range
|-
|''[[Lamellidea monodonta]]''
|rowspan="2"|Bonin Islands, Japan<ref name="monodonta">{{cite iucn |author=Mollusc Specialist Group |date=1996 |title=''Lamellidea monodonta'' |volume=1996 |article-number=e.T11196A3261468 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T11196A3261468.en |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref><ref name="nakadai">{{cite iucn |author=Mollusc Specialist Group |date=1996 |title=''Lamellidea nakadai'' |volume=1996 |article-number=e.T11197A3261518 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T11197A3261518.en |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Lamellidea nakadai]]''
|}

==== Family [[Ariophantidae]] ====

{| class="wikitable"
!Scientific name
!Range
|-
|''[[Vitrinula chaunax]]''
|rowspan="3"|Bonin Islands, Japan<ref name="chaunax">{{cite iucn |author=Mollusc Specialist Group |date=1996 |title=''Vitrinula chaunax'' |volume=1996 |article-number=e.T23033A9408010 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T23033A9408010.en |access-date=14 November 2021}}</ref><ref name="Vchichijimana">{{cite iucn |author=Mollusc Specialist Group |date=1996 |title=''Vitrinula chichijimana'' |volume=1996 |article-number=e.T23034A9408060 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T23034A9408060.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref><ref name="hahajimana">{{cite iucn |author=Mollusc Specialist Group |date=1996 |title=''Vitrinula hahajimana'' |volume=1996 |article-number=e.T23035A9408110 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T23035A9408110.en |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Vitrinula chichijimana]]''
|-
|''[[Vitrinula hahajimana]]''
|}

==== Family [[Charopidae]] ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Scientific name
!Range
|-
|''[[Hirasea planulata]]''
|Bonin Islands, Japan<ref name="planulata">{{cite iucn |author=Mollusc Specialist Group |date=1996 |title=''Hirasea planulata'' |volume=1996 |article-number=e.T10182A3180725 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T10182A3180725.en |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref>
|}

==== Staircase snails (family [[Diplommatinidae]]) ====

{| class="wikitable"
!Scientific name
!Range
!Comments
|-
|''[[Plectostoma sciaphilum]]''
|Bukit Panching, [[Pahang]], Peninsular Malaysia
|Last recorded in 2001. It occurred in a single [[karst]] that was destroyed by [[limestone]] quarrying.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Thorseng, L. |year=2015 |title=''Plectostoma sciaphilum'' |article-number=e.T168180A77504770 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-1.RLTS.T168180A77504770.en}}</ref>
|}

==== Family [[Geomitridae]] ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Scientific name
!Range
! class="unsortable" |Pictures
|-
|''[[Xerocrassa picardi]]''
|Israel<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Heller, J. |date=1996 |title=''Xerocrassa picardi'' |volume=1996 |article-number=e.T22248A9367794 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T22248A9367794.en |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref>
|[[File:Xyrocrassa davidiana picardi.JPG|120px]]
|}

==== Periwinkles (family [[Littorinidae]]) ====

{| class="wikitable"
!Scientific name
!Range
!Comments
|-
|''[[Littoraria flammea]]''
|Chinese coast<ref>{{cite iucn|author=Bouchet, P. |year=1996|title= ''Littoraria flammea'' |article-number= e.T12242A3329078|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T12242A3329078.en|access-date= 7 August 2007}}</ref>
|Last recorded in 1840. Extinct due to habitat loss.<ref name = "Dulvy">Dulvy, N. K., Pinnegar, J. K., & Reynolds, J. D. (2009). ''Holocene extinctions in the sea.'' In ''Holocene Extinctions'', pgs. 129-150.</ref>
|}

==== Whorl snails (family [[Vertiginidae]]) ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Scientific name
!Range
|-
|''[[Gastrocopta chichijimana]]''
|rowspan="2"|Bonin Islands, Japan<ref name="Gchichijimana">{{cite iucn |author=Tomiyama, K. |date=1996 |title=''Gastrocopta chichijimana'' |volume=1996 |article-number=e.T8953A12939455 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T8953A12939455.en |access-date=14 November 2021}}</ref><ref name="ogasawarana">{{cite iucn |author=Tomiyama, K. |date=1996 |title=''Gastrocopta ogasawarana'' |volume=1996 |article-number=e.T8954A12939505 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T8954A12939505.en |access-date=15 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Gastrocopta ogasawarana]]''
|}

== Plants (kingdom [[Plantae]]) ==

=== Lycopods (class [[Lycopodiopsida]]) ===

==== Quillworts (family [[Isoetaceae]]) ====

{| class="wikitable"
!Scientific name
!Range
!Comments
|-
|''[[Isoetes sinensis]]''
|[[Jiangsu]], Anhui, China
|Declined due to industrial development and agricultural expansion.<ref>https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/46615/11070430</ref>
|}

=== Ferns (class [[Polypodiopsida]]) ===

==== Maidenhair ferns and relatives (family [[Pteridaceae]]) ====

{| class="wikitable"
!Scientific name
!Range
|-
|''[[Adiantum lianxianense]]''
|[[Guangdong]], China<ref>https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/46603/11068836</ref>
|}

=== Flowering plants (clade [[Angiospermae]]) ===

==== Cashews (family [[Anacardiaceae]]) ====

===== Extinct in the wild =====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
!Comments
!Pictures
|-
|[[Kalimantan mango]]
|''Mangifera casturi''
|[[Banjarmasin]], Kalimantan, Indonesia
|Disappeared from the wild before 1986, probably because of deforestation for agriculture.<ref name="casturi">{{cite iucn |author=Rhodes, L. |author2=Maxted, N. |date=2016 |title=''Mangifera casturi'' |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T32059A61526819 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T32059A61526819.en |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref>
|[[File:Stamp of Indonesia - 1998 - Colnect 254811 - Mangifera casturi.jpeg|100px]]
|}

===== Possibly extinct in the wild =====
{| class="wikitable"
!Scientific name
!Range
!Comments
|-
|''[[Mangifera rubropetala]]''
|unknown; possibly Borneo, Sumatra, or Java, Indonesia
|The species is cultivated by humans but the existence of wild individuals is unclear.<ref name=rubro>{{cite iucn |author=Ganesan, S.K. |year=2023 |title=''Mangifera rubropetala'' |article-number=e.T37503A61527060 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T37503A61527060.en |access-date=29 January 2026}}</ref>
|}

==== Palm trees (family [[Arecaceae]]) ====

===== Extinct in the wild =====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
!Comments
!Pictures
|-
|[[Corypha taliera|Tali palm]]
|''Corypha taliera''
|[[West Bengal]], India
|The last wild tree was cut down near [[Shantiniketan]] in 1979, by villagers who believed it a "ghost [[Palmyra palm|Palmyra tree]]". Survives in captivity in the [[Indian Botanic Garden]] of [[Shibpur]] and the [[Fairchild Tropical Garden]] in [[Coral Gables, Florida]]. A possible but unconfirmed individual was discovered in the campus of [[Dhaka University]], Bangladesh.<ref name="talipalm">{{cite iucn |author=Johnson, D. |date=1998 |title=''Corypha taliera'' |volume=1998 |article-number=e.T38493A10118302 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T38493A10118302.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
|[[File:Corypha taliera (2).jpg|120px]]
|}

==== Sunflowers (family [[Asteraceae]]) ====

{| class="wikitable"
!Scientific name
!Range
!Comments
!Pictures
|-
|''[[Pluchea glutinosa]]''
|rowspan="2"|[[Socotra]], Yemen
|Last collected between 1888 and 1899.<ref name="pluchea">{{cite iucn |author=Miller, A. |date=2004 |title=''Pluchea glutinosa'' |volume=2004 |article-number=e.T44850A10953225 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T44850A10953225.en |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref>
|
|-
|''[[Psiadia schweinfurthii]]''
|Last collected in the 1890s.<ref name="Psiadia">{{cite iucn |author=Miller, A. |date=2004 |title=''Psiadia schweinfurthii'' |volume=2004 |article-number=e.T44867A10949148 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T44867A10949148.en |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref>
|[[File:Transactionsofro311888roy_0655.jpg|100px]]
|}

==== Begonias (family [[Begoniaceae]]) ====

{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
!Comments
|-
|[[Woolly-stalked begonia]]
|''Begonia eiromischa''
|[[Betong Island]], Malaysia
|Last collected in 1898. Its original habitat was cleared for agriculture in the 1980s.<ref>https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/63545/12690047</ref>
|}

==== Birches (family [[Betulaceae]]) ====

===== Possibly extinct =====
{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
!Comments
|-
|[[Alnus|Tau bei qi mu]]
|''Alnus henryi''
|[[Tanshui]], Taiwan
|Last collected for sure in 1916. Later references could be misidentified ''Alnus formosiana''.<ref>https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/194641/2355096</ref>
|-
|[[Betula|Gong shan hua]]
|''Betula gynoterminalis''
|Drungzu Nusu Zizhixian, near [[Gongshan]], China
|Only known from the holotype collected in 1956. Possibly extinct due to forest clearing and habitat loss.<ref>https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/51207935/51207939</ref>
|}

==== Honeysuckles (family [[Caprifoliaceae]]) ====

{| class="wikitable"
!Scientific name
!Range
!Comments
|-
|''[[Valeriana affinis]]''
|Jebel Ma’alih, Socotra, Yemen
|Only known from the holotype collected in 1888.<ref name=valeariana>{{cite iucn |author=MIller, A. |date=2004 |title=''Valerianella affinis'' |volume=2004 |article-number=e.T45081A10970572 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T45081A10970572.en |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref>
|}

==== Dipterocarps (family [[Dipterocarpaceae]]) ====

{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
!Comments
!Pictures
|-
|[[Hopea shingkeng|Shing-keng]]
|''Hopea shingkeng''
|Arbor Hills, [[Arunachal Pradesh]], India
|Only known from the holotype collected in 1911. It has been sometimes reported as occurring in [[Tibet]], either dubiously or erroneously. It could have become extinct as a result of deforestation, as it occurred in low altitude Himalayan moist forests.<ref name="shingkeng">{{cite iucn |author=Barstow, M. |date=2023 |title=''Hopea shingkeng'' |volume=2023 |article-number= e.T33469A149814208 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T33469A149814208.en |access-date=28 February 2024}}</ref>
|[[File:Hopea shingkeng aka vatica shingkeng.jpg|100px]]
|}

==== Heathers (family [[Ericaceae]]) ====

===== Extinct in the wild =====
{| class="wikitable"
!Scientific name
!Range
!Comments
!Pictures
|-
|''[[Rhododendron kanehirai]]''
|Feitsui, Taiwan
|Its original range was flooded by the construction of a dam in 1984.<ref name="heather">{{cite iucn |author=Lu, S.Y. |author2=Pan, F.J. |date=1998 |title=''Rhododendron kanehirai'' |volume=1998 |article-number=e.T37821A10079242 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T37821A10079242.en |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref>
|[[File:RhododendronAnehiraiWilson1.jpg|120px]]
|}

==== Euphorbias (family [[Euphorbiaceae]]) ====

===== Extinct in the wild =====
{| class="wikitable"
!Scientific name
!Range
!Comments
!Pictures
|-
|''[[Euphorbia mayurnathanii]]''
|Pallasana, [[Palghat Gap]], India
|Described from three old specimens discovered on a rocky ledge in 1943. It has been proposed that this species was a [[relict]] from when the local climate was drier.<ref name="euphorbia">{{cite iucn |author=World Conservation Monitoring Centre |date=1998 |title=''Euphorbia mayurnathanii'' |volume=1998 |article-number=e.T37613A10066217 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T37613A10066217.en |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref>
|[[File:Euphorbia mayurnathanii 003.JPG|100px]]
|}

==== Legumes (family [[Fabaceae]]) ====

{| class="wikitable"
!Common name
!Scientific name
!Range
!Comments
|-
|[[Hainan ormosia]]
|''Ormosia howii''
|Hainan and Guangdong, China
|Last recorded in 1957.<ref>Hong, D. Y., & Blackmore, S. (Eds.). (2015). The plants of China. Cambridge University Press.</ref> Possibly extinct due to deforestation and agriculture encroaching.<ref name="ormosia">{{cite iucn |author=World Conservation Monitoring Centre |date=1998 |title=''Ormosia howii'' |volume=1998 |article-number=e.T32433A9706669 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T32433A9706669.en |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref>
|}

==== Mallows (family [[Malvaceae]]) ====

{| class="wikitable"
!Scientific name
!Range
!Comments
|-
|''[[Sterculia khasiana]]''
|[[Khasi Hills]], Meghalaya, India
|Last collected in 1877. Likely extinct due to habitat loss caused by extensive agriculture and fires.<ref name="sterculia">{{cite iucn |author=World Conservation Monitoring Centre |date=1998 |title=''Sterculia khasiana'' |volume=1998 |article-number=e.T32923A9741958 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T32923A9741958.en |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref>
|}

==== Soapberries (family [[Sapindaceae]]) ====

{| class="wikitable"
!Scientific name
!Range
!Comments
|-
|''[[Lepisanthes unilocularis]]''
|Seashore of Foluo, southwest Hainan, China
|Last recorded in 1935.<ref name="lepisanthes">{{cite iucn |author=World Conservation Monitoring Centre |date=1998 |title=''Otophora unilocularis'' |volume=1998 |article-number=e.T32434A9706746 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T32434A9706746.en |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of European species extinct in the Holocene]]
* [[Holocene extinction]]
* [[Lists of extinct species]]
* [[List of extinct bird species since 1500]]
* [[Extinct in the wild]]
* [[Lazarus taxon]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.petermaas.nl/extinct The Sixth Extinction]
* [http://www.redlist.org IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]
{{Extinct Animals by Regions |state=autocollapsed}}

[[Category:Holocene extinctions by region]]
[[Category:Lists of extinct animals by continent|Asia]]
[[Category:Lists of animals of Asia|†Holocene]]

Raina Assembly constituency

2026-05-08T14:09:15Z

Advancedacademy: put up pg.

{{For|disambiguation|Raina (disambiguation){{!}}Raina}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Raina
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Raina.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Raina Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bardhaman Purba (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman Purba]]
| constituency_no = 261
| established = 1951
| reservation = SC
| abolished =
| mla = [[Shampa Dhara]]
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| electors = 209,643
}}

'''Raina Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Purba Bardhaman district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 261 Raina (SC) assembly constituency covers [[Raina II (community development block)|Raina II]] community development block and Hijalna, Natu, Palsona, Sehara, Narugram, Shyamsundar, and Rayna gram panchayats of [[Raina I (community development block)|Raina I]] community development block.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web | url = http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 2010-08-21 | publisher = Government of West Bengal | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110813092204/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf | archive-date = 2011-08-13 }}</ref>

Raina assembly segment was earlier part of [[Burdwan (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. As per orders of Delimitation Commission it is part of No. 38 [[Bardhaman Purba (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name =delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election Year!!Constituency!!Name of M.L.A.!!colspan=2|Party Affiliation
|-
|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]||Raina||Mrityunjoy Pramanick and [[Dasarathi Tah]]||{{Full party name with color|Krishak Mazdoor Praja Party}}<ref>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work = Detailed Results P 219 | publisher = Election Commission of India | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120114095211/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |access-date = 18 May 2021| archive-date = 14 January 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]||||Dasarathi Tah and Gobardhan Pakray||{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}<ref>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf| title = Statistical Report on General Elections 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work = Detailed Results P 218 | publisher = Election Commission of India | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006032945/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |access-date = 18 May 2021| archive-date = 6 October 2010 }}</ref>
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]||||Probodh Kumar Guha||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work = Detailed Results P 298 | publisher = Election Commission of India | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006192934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |access-date = 18 May 2021| archive-date = 6 October 2010 }}</ref>
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]||||Dasarathi Tah||{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}<ref>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work = Detailed Results P 329 | publisher = Election Commission of India | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006080357/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |access-date = 18 May 2021| archive-date = 6 October 2010 }}</ref>
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]||||Panchu Gopal Guha||{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}<ref>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf| title = Statistical Report on General Elections 1969 to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work = Detailed Results P 329 | publisher = Election Commission of India | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120112051819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf |access-date = 18 May 2021| archive-date = 12 January 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]||||Gokulananda Roy<ref>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf| title = Statistical Report on General Elections 1971 to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work = Detailed Results P 333 | publisher = Election Commission of India | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120112052412/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |access-date = 18 May 2021| archive-date = 12 January 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]||||Sukumar Chattopadhyay||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work = Detailed Results P 324 | publisher = Election Commission of India | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007094829/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |access-date = 18 May 2021| archive-date = 7 October 2010 }}</ref>
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]||||Ram Narayan Goswami||{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=8}}<ref>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work = Detailed Results P 354 | publisher = Election Commission of India | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007062834/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |access-date = 18 May 2021| archive-date = 7 October 2010 }}</ref>
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]||||Dhirendra Nath Chatterjee<ref>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections 1982 to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work = Detailed Results P 346 | publisher = Election Commission of India | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006142613/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |access-date = 18 May 2021| archive-date = 6 October 2010 }}</ref>
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]||||Dhirendranath Chatterjee<ref>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work = Detailed Results P 353 | publisher = Election Commission of India | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006063052/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |access-date = 18 May 2021| archive-date = 6 October 2010 }}</ref>
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]||||Dhirendranath Chatterjee<ref>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf| title = Statistical Report on General Elections 1991 to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work = Detailed Results P 363 | publisher = Election Commission of India | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006200136/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf |access-date = 18 May 2021| archive-date = 6 October 2010 }}</ref>
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]||||Shyamaprasad Pal<ref>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work = Detailed Results P 371 | publisher = Election Commission of India | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007113156/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |access-date = 18 May 2021| archive-date = 7 October 2010 }}</ref>
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]||||Shyamaprasad Pal<ref>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf| title = Statistical Report on General Elections 2001 to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work = Detailed Results P 362 | publisher = Election Commission of India | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007212034/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |access-date = 18 May 2021| archive-date = 7 October 2010 }}</ref>
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]||||Swapan Samanta<ref>{{cite web | url =http://in.rediff.com/election/wbdetail06.htm | title = List of Successful Candidates in West Bengal Assembly Election in 2006 | work=Raina| publisher = rediff.com |access-date = 13 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://eci.gov.in/States%20Htmls/WestBengalResults.htm | title = List of successful candidates - West Bengal Assembly Election | work= Raina| publisher = Elections.in | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060520105555/http://eci.gov.in/States%20Htmls/WestBengalResults.htm |access-date = 18 May 2021| archive-date = 20 May 2006 }}</ref>
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]||||Basudeb Khan<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.elections.in/west-bengal/assembly-constituencies/2011-election-results.html | title = West Bengal Assembly Election Results in 2011 | work= Raina| publisher = Elections.in |access-date =18 May 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]||||Nepal Ghorui||{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}<ref name=1vidhansabha2016>{{cite web | url = https://resultuniversity.com/election/raina-west-bengal-assembly-constituency| title= Raina| work= 2016 Legislative Assembly Election| publisher = Result University |access-date =18 May 2021}}</ref><ref name=2vidhansabha2016>{{cite web | url = http://infoelections.com/infoelection/electionresult/index.php/home/state-assembly-constituency/west-bengal-election-result/883-Raina_(SC)assembly_election_result_2016.html| title= Raina| work= Assembly Election Result 2016 Live| publisher = InfoElections |access-date =18 May 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]||||[[Shampa Dhara]]<ref name=vidhansabha2021>{{cite web | url = https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/raina-west-bengal-election-result-2021| title = Raina Election Result 2021 | publisher = Times Now News.com |access-date =18 May 2021 }}</ref>
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Raina}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=Subhash Patra|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes={{formatnum:103487}}|percentage=44.37|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mandira Dalui|party=Trinamool Congress|votes={{formatnum:102653}}|percentage=44.01|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Somnath Maji|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes={{formatnum:19674}}|percentage=8.43|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes={{formatnum:1442}}|percentage=0.6|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:834}}|percentage=0.4|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:231803}}|percentage=94.8|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = BJP
|loser = AITC
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2021]]: Raina<ref name=vidhansabha2021/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Shampa Dhara]]|votes=108,752|percentage=47.46|change={{increase}}1.69}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Manik Roy|votes=90,547|percentage=39.51|change={{increase}}32.43}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Basudeb Khan|votes=25,332|percentage=11.05|change={{decrease}}34.50}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party||candidate=Pallab Biswas|votes=1,871|percentage=0.82|change=}}
{{Election box candidate||party= BMUP||candidate=Rabi Routh|votes=1,101|percentage=0.48|change=}}
{{Election box candidate||party=NOTA|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,563|percentage=0.68|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=229,166|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2016]]:Raina constituency<ref>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3469-west-bangal-general-legislative-election-2016/|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2016 |work = Raina | publisher =Election Commission Of India|access-date = 11 April 2021}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Nepal Ghorui
|votes = 94,323
|percentage = 45.77
|change = +0.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Basudeb Khan
|votes = 93,875
|percentage = 45.55
|change = -5.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kashinath Patra
|votes = 14,589
|percentage = 7.08
|change = +5.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 3,306
|percentage = 1.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 206,093
|percentage = 87.61
|change = -4.67
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Raina<ref>{{cite web |url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25261.htm |title = Raina |work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-28 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=261| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120529223053/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=261| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 29 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Raina| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 2011-05-09 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Raina |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-09 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030706/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |archive-date = 2011-09-12 }}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Basudeb Khan
|votes = 98,897
|percentage = 51.12
|change = -15.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Nepal Ghorui
|votes = 86,676
|percentage = 44.80
|change = +13.22#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Pandit Krishna Chandra
|votes = 3,241
|percentage = 1.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = People's Democratic Conference of India
|candidate = Asit Rana
|votes = 2,611
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Protul Biswas
|votes = 1,024
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Disom Party
|candidate = Adhir Roy
|votes = 1,004
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 193,453
|percentage = 92.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = -28.53#
}}
{{Election box end}}
.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.

===1977-2006===
Swapan Samanta of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Raina assembly seat in [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]] defeating his nearest rival Nityananda Tah of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. In 2001 and 1996, Shyamaprosad Pal of CPI(M) defeated Arup Kumar Das of Trinamool Congress and Arabinda Bhattacharyya of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]], in the respective years. In 1991, 1987 and 1982, Dhirendranath Chatterjee of CPI(M) defeated Sunil Das, Uday Sankar Sain and Sukumar Chattopadhyay, all of Congress, in the respective years. In 1977, [[Ram Narayan Goswami]] of CPI(M) defeated Ajit Krishna Bhattacharya of Congress.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp273.htm| title = 273 – Raina Assembly Constituency | work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977| publisher = Election Commission of India| access-date = 2010-08-29 }}</ref>

===1951-1972===
Sukumar Chattopadhyay of Congress won the seat in 1972, and in 1971, it was won by Gokulananda Roy of CPI(M). Panchu Gopal Guha of CPI(M) won it in 1969, and [[Dasarathi Tah]] of [[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]] won it in 1967. Prabodh Kumar Guha of Congress won the seat in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]]. It was a double member seat in 1957 and 1951. In [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]], Dasarathi Tah and Gobardhan Pakray, both representing PSP, won the seats. In the [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|first state assembly elections after independence in 1951]], Dasarathi Tah and Mritunjoy Pramanik, both representing KMPP, won the Raina seats.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/electionstatistics.asp | title = Statistical Reports of Assembly Elections | access-date = 2010-08-29 | work = General Election Results and Statistics | publisher = Election Commission of India | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp | archive-date = 2010-10-05 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Purba Bardhaman topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Politics of Paschim Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Purba Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

2021 Delhi Capitals season

2026-05-03T17:19:43Z

Advancedacademy: starting first stub from scratch

{{Short description|Delhi based franchise cricket team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| season = [[2021 Indian Premier League|2021]]
| captain = [[Rishabh Pant]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi Capitals Squad - IPL 2021 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/delhi-capitals-squad-1252198/series-squads |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=5 March 2024}}</ref>
| coach = [[Ricky Ponting]]
| ground =
| comp1 = [[2021 Indian Premier League|Tournament performance]]
| comp1 result = Qualifier 2 (3rd)
| most runs = [[Shikhar Dhawan]] (587)
| most wickets = [[Avesh Khan]] (24)
| prevseason = [[Delhi Capitals in 2020|2020]]
| nextseason = [[Delhi Capitals in 2022|2022]]
}}
[[Delhi Capitals]] are a [[Twenty20]] franchise [[cricket]] team based in [[Delhi]], India. The team competed in the [[2021 Indian Premier League]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=IPL 2021 Auction: VIVO Remains The Title Sponsor As BCCI Releases The Player Auction List|url=https://cricket.yahoo.net/news/ipl-2021-auction-vivo-remains-175508420|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413170051/https://cricket.yahoo.net/news/ipl-2021-auction-vivo-remains-175508420 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |access-date=12 February 2021|website=Yahoo! Cricket}}</ref>
Founded in 2008 as the Delhi Daredevils, the franchise is owned by the [[GMR Group]] and the [[JSW Group]]. The team's home ground is [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], located in [[New Delhi]].

==Background==
=== Player retention and transfers ===
{{Main|List of 2021 Indian Premier League personnel changes}}
The Delhi Capitals retained 18 players and released seven players.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|title=IPL 2021 PLAYER RETENTIONS LIST|url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/228284/ipl-2021-player-retentions-list|access-date=20 January 2021|date=20 January 2021|publisher=IPLt20}}</ref>

'''Retained Players:''' [[Shreyas Iyer]], [[Ajinkya Rahane]], [[Amit Mishra]], [[Avesh Khan]], [[Axar Patel]], [[Ishant Sharma]], [[Kagiso Rabada]], [[Prithvi Shaw]], [[Ravichandran Ashwin]], [[Rishabh Pant]], [[Shikhar Dhawan]], [[Shimron Hetmyer]], [[Marcus Stoinis]], [[Lalit Yadav (Delhi cricketer)|Lalit Yadav]], [[Anrich Nortje]], [[Pravin Dubey]], [[Chris Woakes]].

'''Released Players:''' [[Harshal Patel]], [[Alex Carey]], [[Keemo Paul]], [[Tushar Deshpande]], [[Sandeep Lamichhane]], [[Mohit Sharma]], [[Jason Roy]], [[Daniel Sams (cricketer)|Daniel Sams]].

'''Added Players:''' [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]], [[Manimaran Siddharth]], [[Tom Curran (cricketer)|Tom Curran]], [[Umesh Yadav]], [[Lukman Meriwala]], [[Vishnu Vinod]], [[Ripal Patel]], [[Sam Billings]]

''' Supportive Players : '''
[[Aniruddha Joshi]], [[Shams Mulani]]

==Squad==
* Players with international caps are listed in '''bold'''.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
! No.
! Name
! Nationality
! Birth date
! Batting style
! Bowling style
! Year signed
! Salary
! Notes
|-
! colspan="9" style="background: #DCDCDC; text-align:center"| Batsmen
|-
|3|| '''[[Ajinkya Rahane]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1988|6|5|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2020 || style="text-align:right;" | {{INRConvert|4|c|-3}} ||
|-
|28|| [[Ripal Patel]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1995|9|28|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
|41|| '''[[Shreyas Iyer]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1994|12|6|df=y}} || Right-handed || || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|7|c}} ||
|-
|42|| '''[[Shikhar Dhawan]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1985|12|5|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2019 || style="text-align:right;" | {{INRConvert|5.2|c}} || [[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|Vice Captain]]
|-
|49|| '''[[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1989|6|2|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg-spin]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2021 || style="text-align:right;" | {{INRConvert|2.2|c}} || Overseas [[Skipper (cricket)|Captain]]
|-
|82|| [[Aniruddha Joshi]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1987|11|7|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l|-3}} || Short-term replacement for [[Shreyas Iyer]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Delhi Capitals rope in Shams Mulani as short-term Covid-19 replacement for Axar Patel|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2021-dc-sign-shams-mulani-as-short-term-replacement-for-axar-patel-aniruddha-joshi-for-shreyas-iyer-1259132|access-date=2021-04-15|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|100|| '''[[Prithvi Shaw]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1999|11|9|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1.2|c}} ||
|-
|189|| '''[[Shimron Hetmyer]]''' || {{cr|GUY}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1996|12|26|df=y}} || Left-handed|| Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2020 || style="text-align:right;" | {{INRConvert|7.75|c}} || Overseas
|-
|-style="background:#ffcccc;"
! colspan="9" style="background: #DCDCDC; text-align:center"| All-rounders
|-
|16|| [[Lalit Yadav (Delhi cricketer)|Lalit Yadav]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1997|1|3|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2020 || style="text-align:right;" | {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
|19|| '''[[Chris Woakes]]''' || {{cr|ENG}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1989|3|2|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2020 || style="text-align:right;" | {{INRConvert|1.5|c}} || Overseas; Pulled out due to bubble fatigue
|-
|20|| '''[[Axar Patel]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1994|1|20|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Left-arm orthodox spin|orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2019 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|5|c}} ||
|-
|21|| '''[[Marcus Stoinis]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1989|8|16|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|4.8|c}} || Overseas; Calf Injury
|-
|59|| '''[[Tom Curran (cricketer)|Tom Curran]]''' || {{cr|ENG}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1995|3|12|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2021 || style="text-align:right;" | {{INRConvert|5.25|c}} || Overseas
|-
|{{NA}}|| [[Shams Mulani]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1997|3|13|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Left-arm orthodox spin|orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||Short-term replacement for [[Axar Patel]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Delhi Capitals rope in Shams Mulani as short-term Covid-19 replacement for Axar Patel|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2021-dc-sign-shams-mulani-as-short-term-replacement-for-axar-patel-aniruddha-joshi-for-shreyas-iyer-1259132|access-date=2021-04-15|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="9" style="background: #DCDCDC; text-align:center"| Wicket-keepers
|-
|4|| [[Vishnu Vinod]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1993|12|2|df=y}} || Right-handed || || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}}||
|-
|7|| '''[[Sam Billings]]''' || {{cr|ENG}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1991|06|15|df=y}} || Right-handed || || style="text-align:center;" | 2021 || style="text-align:right;" | {{INRConvert|2|c}}|| Overseas
|-
|17|| '''[[Rishabh Pant]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1997|10|4|df=y}} || Left-handed || || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|15|c}}||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background: #DCDCDC; text-align:center"| Spin Bowlers
|-
|23|| '''[[Ravichandran Ashwin]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1986|9|17|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|7.6|c}}||
|-
|46||[[Pravin Dubey]]|| {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1993|7|1|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
|99|| '''[[Amit Mishra]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1982|11|24|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|4|c}} ||
|-
|30|| [[Manimaran Siddharth]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1998|07|3|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Left-arm orthodox spin|orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background: #DCDCDC; text-align:center"| Pace Bowlers
|-
|02|| '''[[Anrich Nortje]]''' || {{cr|RSA}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1993|11|16|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|50|l}} || Overseas
|-
|6|| [[Avesh Khan]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1996|12|13|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|70|l}} ||
|-
|10|| '''[[Umesh Yadav]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1987|10|25|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2021 || style="text-align:right;" | {{INRConvert|1|c}} ||
|-
|18|| [[Lukman Meriwala]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1991|12|11|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
|25|| '''[[Kagiso Rabada]]''' || {{cr|RSA}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1995|5|25|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|4.2|c}} || Overseas
|-
|97|| '''[[Ishant Sharma]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1988|09|2|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2020 || style="text-align:right;" | {{INRConvert|1.1|c}} ||
|-
|N/A|| [[Kulwant Khejroliya]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1992|3|13|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align: center;"|2021 || style="text-align: right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
|N/A|| [[Ben Dwarshuis]] || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1994|6|23|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align: center;"|2021 || style="text-align: right;"| {{INRConvert|30|l}} || Overseas
|-
! colspan="9" style="text-align: center;"| Source:[https://www.delhicapitals.in/players DC Players]
|}

==Administration and support staff==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
! Position
! Name
|-
|Owner|| Kiran Kumar Grandhi ([[GMR Group]]), [[Parth Jindal]] ([[JSW Group]])
|-
| CEO|| Vinod Bisht
|-
| Team manager|| Siddharth Bhasin
|-
| Head coach|| [[Ricky Ponting]]
|-
| Batting coach|| [[Pravin Amre]]
|-
| Bowling coach|| [[James Hopes]]
|-
| Fielding coach|| [[Mohammad Kaif]]
|-
| Assistant coach|| [[Ajay Ratra]]
|-
| Physiotherapist|| Patrick Farhart
|-
| Strength and conditioning coach|| Rajinikanth Sivagnanam

|-
|Team doctor|| Dr. Rizwan Khan
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"| Source:[https://www.delhicapitals.in/players DC Staff]
|}

==Kit manufacturers and sponsors==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
!Kit manufacturer
!Shirt sponsor (chest)
!Shirt sponsor (back)
!Chest Branding
|-
|[[Wrogn|Wrogn Active]]
|[[JSW Group]]
|'''EbixCash'''
|'''APL Apollo Steel Tubes'''
|-
! colspan="4" style="text-align:right;"| Source : [https://www.delhicapitals.in/news/delhi-capitals-launches-ipl-2021-jersey delhicapitals.in]
|}
{{col-2}}
|{{Cricket uniform
| pattern_la =_redborder
| pattern_b = _red_sleeve_seams
| pattern_ra =_redborder
| pattern_sh =
| pattern_so =
| leftarm = 0000B8
| body = 0000B8
| rightarm = 0000B8
| pants = 0000B8
| title = T20 uniform
}}
{{col-end}}

==Teams and standings==
=== Results by match ===
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|legendpos=b
| header=Round
| label2= Result
| res2=
W/L/W/W/W/L/W/W/W/W/L/W/W/L

| label3= Position
| pos3=
1/4/2/2/2/3/2/1/1/1/2/2/1/1

| color_W = Green2|text_W=Win
| color_NR = yellow2|text_NR=No Result
| color_L = Red2|text_L=Loss
| color_1-2=green1| color_3-4=#ffc
| source = Fixtures
}}

{{2021 Indian Premier League Points table|showteam=DC}}

==League stage==
{{hatnote|All times are in [[Indian Standard Time]] ([[UTC+05:30]])}}
The full schedule was published on the IPL website on 7 March 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/228478/bcci-announces-schedule-for-vivo-ipl-2021|title=IPL schedule|access-date=7 March 2021}}</ref>

{{main|2021 Indian Premier League #League stage}}

=== Matches ===
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match2}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match7}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match11}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match13}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match20}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match22}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match25}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match29}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match33}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match36}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match41}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match46}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match50}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match56}}

==Playoffs==

{{main|2021 Indian Premier League #Playoffs}}

;Qualifier 1
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match57}}
----
;Qualifier 2
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match59}}

==Statistics==
===Most runs===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! No.
! Name
! Matches
! Inns
! NO
! Runs
! HS
! Ave.
! BF
! SR
! 100s
! 50s
! 0s
! 4s
! 6s
|-
| 1 ||[[Shikhar Dhawan]] || 16 || 16 || 1
! 587
|| 92 || 39.13 || 471 || 124.62 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 63 || 16
|-
| 2 ||[[Prithvi Shaw]] || 15 || 15 || 0
! 479
|| 82 || 31.93 || 301 || 159.13 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 56 || 18
|-
| 3 ||[[Rishabh Pant]] || 16 || 16 || 4
! 419
|| 58[[Not out|*]] || 34.91 || 326 || 128.52 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 42 || 10
|-
| 4 ||[[Shimron Hetmyer]] || 14 || 13 || 6
! 242
|| 53[[Not out|*]] || 34.57 || 144 || 168.05 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 19 || 12
|-
|5
|[[Shreyas Iyer]]
|8
|8
|3
!175
|47*
|35.00
|171
|102.33
|0
|0
|0
|7
|5
|-
|}
*Source: ESPNcricinfo<ref>{{Cite web|title=DC Most runs in IPL 2021|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?class=6&id=2021&team=4344&type=year|access-date=2 May 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

===Most wickets===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! No.
! Name
! Matches
! Inns
! Overs
! Maidens
! Runs
! Wickets
! BBI
! Ave.
! Econ.
! SR
! 4W
! 5W
|-
| 1 || [[Avesh Khan]] || 16 || 16 || 61.0 || 0 || 450
! 24
|| 3/13 || 18.75 || 7.37 || 15.25 || 0 || 0
|-
| 2 || [[Axar Patel]] || 12 || 12 || 46.0 || 0 || 306
! 15
|| 3/21 || 20.40 || 6.65 || 18.40 || 0 || 0
|-
| 3 || [[Kagiso Rabada]] || 15 || 15 || 56.0 || 1 || 456
! 15
|| 3/36 || 30.40 || 8.14 || 22.40 || 0 || 0
|-
| 4 || [[Anrich Nortje]] || 8 || 8 || 30.2 || 1 || 187
! 12
|| 2/12 || 15.58 || 6.16 || 15.16 || 0 || 0
|-
|5
| [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]
|13
|13
|44.4
|0
|331
!7
|2/27
|47.28
|7.41
|38.28
|0
|0
|-
|}
*Source: ESPNcricinfo<ref>{{Cite web|title=DC Most wickets in IPL 2021|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?class=6&id=2021&team=4344&type=year|access-date=13 October 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

==Awards and achievements==
===Man of the Match===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! No.
! Date
! Player
! Opponent
! Result
! Contribution
! Ref.
|-
| 1 || {{dts|1=2021|2=4|3=10|format=dmy}} ||[[Shikhar Dhawan]] || [[Chennai Super Kings]] ||Won by 7 wickets || 85 (54)||<ref>{{Cite web|title=Delhi Capitals cruise to 189 target courtesy Shikhar Dhawan, Prithvi Shaw|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/chennai-super-kings-vs-delhi-capitals-2nd-match-1254059/match-report|access-date=10 April 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2 || {{dts|1=2021|2=4|3=18|format=dmy}} || Shikhar Dhawan || [[Punjab Kings]] ||Won by 6 wickets || 92 (49)||<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dhawan 92 trumps Agarwal, Rahul fifties as Delhi Capitals cruise past big target|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/delhi-capitals-vs-punjab-kings-11th-match-1254068/match-report|access-date=18 April 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 3 || {{dts|1=2021|2=4|3=20|format=dmy}} ||[[Amit Mishra]] || [[Mumbai Indians]] || Won by 6 wickets || 4/24 (4 overs)|| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Amit Mishra four-for leads Delhi Capitals to jinx-breaking win over Mumbai Indians|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/delhi-capitals-vs-mumbai-indians-13th-match-1254070/match-report|access-date=20 April 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 4 || {{dts|1=2021|2=4|3=25|format=dmy}} ||[[Prithvi Shaw]] || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] || Match tied (Won the super over) || 53 (39)|| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Pant takes Capitals to victory in Super Over after Williamson helps Sunrisers tie the match|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/sunrisers-hyderabad-vs-delhi-capitals-20th-match-1254077/match-report|access-date=25 April 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 5 || {{dts|1=2021|2=4|3=29|format=dmy}} || Prithvi Shaw || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || Won by 7 wickets || 82 (41)|| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Prithvi Shaw carnage leads Delhi Capitals to comprehensive win against Kolkata Knight Riders|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/delhi-capitals-vs-kolkata-knight-riders-25th-match-1254082/match-report|access-date=29 April 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 6 || {{dts|1=2021|2=9|3=22|format=dmy}} || [[Anrich Nortje]] || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] || Won by 8 wickets || 2/12 (4 overs) || <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nortje & Co help Delhi Capitals reclaim top spot |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/delhi-capitals-vs-sunrisers-hyderabad-33rd-match-1254105/match-report|access-date=25 September 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 7 || {{dts|1=2021|2=9|3=25|format=dmy}} || [[Shreyas Iyer]] || [[Rajasthan Royals]] || Won by 33 runs || 43 (32) || <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nortje keys Capitals stifling bowling in win over Royals |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/delhi-capitals-vs-rajasthan-royals-36th-match-1254097/match-report|access-date=25 September 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 8 || {{dts|1=2021|2=10|3=2|format=dmy}} || [[Axar Patel]] || [[Mumbai Indians]] || Won by 4 wickets || 3/21 (4 overs) || <ref>{{Cite web|title=Avesh and Axar set the stage for Capitals before Iyer and Ashwin ace tricky chase |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/mumbai-indians-vs-delhi-capitals-46th-match-1254112/match-report |access-date=2 October 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 9 || {{dts|1=2021|2=10|3=4|format=dmy}} || Axar Patel || [[Chennai Super Kings]] || Won by 3 wickets || 2/18 (4 overs) || <ref>{{Cite web|title=Axar, Hetmyer key drivers in tight win for Delhi Capitals |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/delhi-capitals-vs-chennai-super-kings-50th-match-1254110/match-report |access-date=4 October 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.iplt20.com/teams/delhi-capitals IPL team Delhi Capitals web page on official IPL T20 website - IPLT20.com]
*[http://www.delhidaredevils.com/ The Official Delhi Capitals Site]
{{2021 Indian Premier League}}
{{Delhi Capitals}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Delhi Capitals in 2021}}
[[Category:2021 Indian Premier League]]
[[Category:Delhi Capitals seasons|2021]]

Deori Assembly constituency

2026-05-02T21:40:55Z

Advancedacademy: started details.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Deori
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 38
| map_image = 38-Deori.svg
| mla = [[Brijbihari Pateriya|Brij Bihari Pateriya]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Sagar district|Sagar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Damoh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Damoh]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| preceded_by = [[Harsh Yadav]]
}}

'''Deori''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web|url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/DACList.aspx|title=District/Assembly List|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website|access-date=15 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201083311/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/(S(4ftawu55w1soru45gswzuz55))/DACList.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> This constituency came into existence in 1957, as one of the Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Damoh Madhya Pradesh state.<ref name=eci2>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_MP_1957.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh|page=6|publisher=Election Commission of India website}}</ref>

==Overview==
Deori (constituency number 38) is one of the 8 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Sagar district]]. This constituency presently covers the entire [[Kesli]] and [[Deori, Sagar|Deori]] - [[tehsil]]s of the district.<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=229, 250}}</ref>

Deori is part of [[Damoh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Damoh Lok Sabha constituency]] along with eight other Vidhan Sabha segments, namely, [[Rehli Assembly constituency|Rehli]] and [[Banda, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Banda]] in this district, [[Malhara Assembly constituency|Malhara]] in [[Chhatarpur district]] and [[Pathariya Assembly constituency|Pathariya]], [[Damoh Assembly constituency|Damoh]], [[Jabera Assembly constituency|Jabera]] and [[Hatta Assembly constituency|Hatta]] in [[Damoh district]].<ref name="ceo"/>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Member <ref name="election2018">{{cite web|title=(Madhya Pradesh) Assembly Constituency Elections|url=https://www.elections.in/madhya-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/deori.html|publisher=elections.in|access-date=23 May 2018}}</ref>
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Bala Prasad Mishra
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Krishna Kumar Gouri Shankar
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Parashuram Sahu
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Dwarika Prasad Katare
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="2" | Parashuram Sahu
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Bhagwat Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| Parashuram Sahu
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| Sunil Jain Motilal Jain
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| [[Brijbihari Pateriya|Brij Bihari Pateriya]]
|-
| [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| Ratan Singh Silarpur
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| Bhanu Rana
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| rowspan=2|[[Harsh Yadav]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Brijbihari Pateriya|Brij Bihari Pateriya]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Deori<ref name="election2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/madhya-pradesh-assembly-polls-2023/story/madhya-pradesh-election-bjp-second-candidate-list-shivraj-singh-chouhan-2440421-2023-09-25|title=3 Union ministers feature in BJP's second list for Madhya Pradesh polls|work=India Today|accessdate=25 September 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Brijbihari Pateriya|Brij Bihari Pateriya]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:94932}}
|percentage = 55.17
|change = +10.59
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Harsh Yadav]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:67709}}
|percentage = 39.35
|change = -8.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|candidate = Rajat Diwan
|votes = {{formatnum:3143}}
|percentage = 1.83
|change = -1.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Shakti Chetna Party
|candidate = Arvindra Dixit
|votes = {{formatnum:1709}}
|percentage = 0.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1642}}
|percentage = 0.95
|change = -0.55
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:27223}}
|percentage = 15.82
|change = +12.91
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:172067}}
|percentage = 79.48
|change = +4.69
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Deori<ref name="election2018"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Harsh Yadav]]
|votes = {{formatnum:70099}}
|percentage = 47.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Teji Singh Rajpoot
|votes = {{formatnum:65795}}
|percentage = 44.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|candidate = Ajay Bhanu Shah
|votes = {{formatnum:4497}}
|percentage = 3.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Satynam Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1596}}
|percentage = 1.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Dr. Devendra Tiwari
|votes = {{formatnum:1511}}
|percentage = 1.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2218}}
|percentage = 1.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:4304}}
|percentage = 2.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:147601}}
|percentage = 74.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Deori<ref name="election2013">{{cite web|title=State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh - Detailed Results|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/MPAE_2013_stat_report.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=22 May 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Harsh Yadav]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 71185
|percentage = 52.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ratansingh Silarpur
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 49105
|percentage = 35.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|candidate = Vijendra Devaliya
|party = JND
|votes = 4090
|percentage = 2.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|candidate = Baldwan Singh
|party = ABGP
|votes = 3434
|percentage = 2.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Satnam Singh Thakur
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1859
|percentage = 1.36
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|candidate = Vinay Kumar Sen
|party = BSCP
|votes = 1787
|percentage = 1.31
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Hemraj Singh
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1213
|percentage = 0.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Pavan (Pappu)
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1124
|percentage = 0.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ashok Mishra
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 811
|percentage = 0.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 2296
|percentage = 1.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 136904
|percentage = 72.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Deori Kalan|Deori]]
* [[Kesli]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coord|23.39|79.02|display=title}}

[[Category:Sagar district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

List of Assamese films of 2023

2026-05-02T21:05:20Z

Advancedacademy: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[List of Assamese films of the 2020s]]{{Redirect category shell|{{R from merge}}{{R from history}}}}

Haveli Sangeet

2026-05-02T17:45:43Z

Advancedacademy: Adding Basic Details Basic Info

'''Haveli Sangeet''' is a form of [[Hindustani classical music]] sung in ''[[haveli]]s''. The essential component is [[dhrupad]]. It originated in Govardhan,[[Mathura]] in [[Braj]], [[North India|northern India]]. It takes the form of [[devotional song]]s sung daily to [[Krishna]] by the [[Pushtimarg]] sect.

==History==
Haveli Sangeet is another name for [[Hindu]] temple music practiced by the followers of [[Vaishnavism]] of [[Nathdwara]] in [[Rajasthan]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]], and considered a part of a rich historical tradition. Having its origin in Rajasthan and Gujarat, the Haveli music is believed to have an edge over [[dhrupad]] (the core of Indian classical music) for the common belief that the music has none other than Lord [[Krishna]] himself for an audience. Essentially a tribute to Krishna, its form includes devotional renditions like [[kirtan]]s, [[bhajan]]s, and bhava nritya, all related to religious worship. Although a mix of classical and folk music, the style is inherently borrowed from the dhrupad and [[Dhamar (music)|dhamar]]. Haveli Sangeet is commonly played at the many temples of India, like the Radha Vallabh of [[Vrindaban]], Krishna of [[Nandgaon, Uttar Pradesh],] and Sri Nathji of Nathdwara, to name a few.<ref name="Indian" />{{Better source needed|date=December 2024}}

Over time, trained practitioners of Haveli Sangeet have decreased in numbers.<ref name="Indian">{{cite web|title=Dhrupad and Haveli Sangeet|url=https://indianraga.wordpress.com/2009/10/12/dhrupad-and-haveli-sangeet/|publisher=Indian raga|accessdate=15 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Khanna |first=Shailaja |date=2018-05-10 |title=Haveli sangeet: in service of the divine |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/in-service-of-the-divine/article23837361.ece |access-date=2026-01-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=December 2024}}

In Gujarat, one school of thought holds that Indian classical music has its origins in the Haveli Sangeet of [[Vallabha Acharya]], a pioneer in this genre.<ref name="gujrat">{{cite web|url=https://www.gujaratonline.com/arts/music.htm|title=Gujarat and Indian Music|publisher=Gujarat online|accessdate=15 June 2013}}</ref> Vallabhacharya's and his son Gusaii Shri Vithhalnathji's disciples, who are famous as Astaskha/Astachhap <ref>https://www.nathdwara.in/ashtasakha.php</ref>, were the pioneer writers and singers of this genre. Surdasji, Nanddasji, chhitswami, Govindswami, krunsnadas, chaturbhujdas, kumbhandasji, parmananddas. Vishundas was the first part of the astasakha, but after his gau loka gaman, Chaturbhujdas was added to the astasakha. The poets, also referred to as astasakha/astachaap (mahaan sakhao), were beautiful singers and musicians and, more importantly, das or servants of Prabhu Shreenathji - Aarnav. K

The history of Indian classical music has it that the Vaishnavs of Nathdwara were the ones to uphold this sect founded by Vallabh Acharya.<ref name="ITC">{{cite web|title=The Story of Hindustani Classical Music|url=http://www.itcsra.org/sra_hcm/sra_hcm_chrono/sra_hcm_chrono_1200ad.html|accessdate=15 June 2013|publisher=ITC Sangeet rResearchAcademy}}</ref>

There are eight occasions for singing at a haveli.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khanna |first=Shailaja |date=2018-05-10 |title=Haveli sangeet: in service of the divine |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/in-service-of-the-divine/article23837361.ece |access-date=2026-01-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

# Waking Krishna
# Breakfast
# ''Mangala arti''
# ''Shringar''
# Swinging
# ''Rajbhog''
# Taking the cows out
# Evening ''arti''
# Sleeping

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hindustani Classical Music page end}}

[[Category:Indian styles of music]]
[[Category:Hindustani music genres]]
[[Category:Hindustani music terminology]]

Ajay Bhupathi

2026-04-30T03:17:42Z

Advancedacademy: starting a page more to come

{{Short description|Indian film director and screenplay writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ajay Bhupathi
| image =
| caption = A portrait of Ajay Bhupathi
| birth_name = Ajay Narasimha Naga Bhupathi Raju
| birth_date =
| spouse = {{marriage|Sirisha|2018}}
| birth_place = [[Atreyapuram]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| other_names =
| occupation = {{hlist|Film director| screen writer | dialogue writer}}
| alma_mater =
| years_active = 2011{{ndash}}present
}}

'''Ajay Bhupathi''' (born '''Ajay Narasimha Naga Bhupathi Raju''') is an [[India]]n film director who predominantly works in [[Telugu cinema]]. He made his directorial debut film [[RX 100 (film)|''RX 100'']] which received positive reception.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-12|title='RX 100' turns 3, Kartikeya awaits collaboration with director Ajay Bhupathi again|url=https://telanganatoday.com/rx-100-turns-3-kartikeya-awaits-collaboration-with-director-ajay-bhupathi-again|access-date=2022-01-31|website=Telangana Today|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Career==
Bhupathi started off his career as an associate to director/screenwriter [[Ramesh Varma]] and [[Veeru Potla]]. He worked with [[Ram Gopal Varma]] as an executive director in the film [[Vangaveeti (film)|''Vangaveeti'']], as chief co-director in the film ''[[Killing Veerappan]]'' and as associate director in films [[Attack (2016 film)|''Attack'']] and [[Veera (2011 film)|''Veera'']]. He worked as associate director on the film ''[[Doosukeltha]]'' with Veeru Potla. Bhupathi then made his directorial film [[RX 100 (film)|''RX 100'']]. The film was remade in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Tadap (2021 film)|Tadap]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/rx100-hindi-remake-ahan-shetty-and-tara-sutaria-s-tadap-goes-on-floors-1577700-2019-08-06|title=RX100 Hindi remake: Ahan Shetty and Tara Sutaria's Tadap goes on floors|date=6 August 2019|website=India Today}}</ref>

His next film was [[Mahasamudram (2021 film)|''Mahasamudram'']] starring [[Sharwanand]], [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]], [[Aditi Rao Hydari]] and [[Anu Emmanuel]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-27|title=Sharwanand, Siddharth and Aditi Rao Hydari's Maha Samudram gets release date|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sharwanand-siddharth-and-aditi-rao-hydari-s-maha-samudram-gets-release-date-154483|access-date=2022-01-31|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-30|title=Siddharth & Sharwanand's Mahasamudhram: Makers of Ajay Bhupathi directorial to release the film on August 19|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/siddharth-sharwanand-s-mahasamudhram-makers-ajay-bhupathi-directorial-release-film-august-19-603683|access-date=2022-01-31|website=PINKVILLA|language=en|archive-date=31 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131100414/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/siddharth-sharwanand-s-mahasamudhram-makers-ajay-bhupathi-directorial-release-film-august-19-603683|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|last2=|first2=|last3=|first3=|date=2020-09-07|title=Maha Samudram: Sharwanand teams up with director Ajay Bhupathi for a bilingual|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/maha-samudram-sharwanand-teams-up-with-director-ajay-bhupathi-for-a-bilingual-1719367-2020-09-07|access-date=2022-01-31|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> His next directorial ''[[Mangalavaaram]]'' was released in November 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-26 |title=Payal Rajput starrer 'Mangalavaram' to hit screens nationwide on November 17 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/payal-rajput-starrer-mangalavaram-to-hit-screens-nationwide-on-november-17/articleshow/103952408.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-11-06 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-09-26 |title='Mangalavaaram' release date made official |url=https://www.greatandhra.com/movies/news/mangalavaaram-release-date-made-official-132419 |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=greatandhra.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
He married his childhood friend Sirisha in August 2018, after assuring her parents in 2016 that he would make a successful debut.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-08-12|title=How the success of RX100 helped Ajay Bhupathi win over his fiancee's family - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/how-the-success-of-rx100-helped-ajay-bhupathi-win-over-his-fiancees-family/articleshow/65366334.cms|access-date=2022-01-31|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;" |{{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
|Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Notes
|-
|2018
|''[[RX 100 (film)|RX 100]]''
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Debut Director – Telugu]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/rx-100-movie-review-5256811/|title=RX 100 movie review: This love story has very few surprises|date=13 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Siima Awards: 2019 Winners|url=http://www.siima.in/2019/winners.html|access-date=2020-08-16|archive-date=2021-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422085301/http://siima.in/2019/winners.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[Maha Samudram]]'' ||
|-
|2023
|''[[Mangalavaaram]]''||
|-
|2026
|''[[Srinivasa Mangapuram†]]''||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=9955408}}
* {{Twitter|dirajaybhupathi|Ajay Bhupathi}}
{{SIIMA Award for Best Debut Director – Telugu}}{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhupathi, Ajay}}
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Artists from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Film people from East Godavari district]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Sriharsha Ramakrishna Davareddi

2026-04-29T13:56:50Z

Advancedacademy: added initial details w/ refs.

{{Short description|Indian para athlete}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}

'''Sriharsha Devaraddi Ramakrishna''' (born 1980)<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2024-08-28 |title=Hubballi’s para shooter Sriharsha Devaraddi eyes Paris Paralympics glory |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/hubballis-para-shooter-sriharsha-devaraddi-eyes-paris-paralympics-glory/articleshow/112870362.cms |access-date=2025-08-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> is an Indian para shooter from [[Karnataka]]. He competes in men's R4 10m air rifle standing SH2, mixed 10m air rifle std SH2, R5 and mixed 10m prn SH2. He qualified to represent [[India at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]] at [[Paris]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Para Shooting World Cup: Sriharsha Devaraddi Ramakrishna wins gold, seals Paris 2024 quota |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/para-shooting-world-cup-sriharsha-devaraddi-ramakrishna-wins-gold-seals-paris-2024-quota |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-08 |title=Chateauroux 2022 World Cup: Sriharsha Devaraddi Ramakrishna joins Avani Lekhara in clinching gold, Paris Paralympics 2024 quota |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/shooting/chateauroux-2022-world-cup-sriharsha-devaraddi-ramakrishna-joins-avani-lekhara-in-clinching-gold-paris-paralympics-2024-quota/articleshow/92080215.cms |access-date=2024-08-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He became the second Indian shooter to qualify for the Paralympics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-08 |title=Chateauroux 2022 World Cup: Ramakrishna joins Lekhara in clinching gold, secures Paris 2024 quota |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/chateauroux-2022-world-cup-ramakrishna-joins-lekhara-in-clinching-gold-secures-paris-2024-quota-article-92085168 |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-14 |title=India at Paris Paralympics 2024: Complete list of 84 athletes at Paralympic Games |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/olympics/paris-paralympics-2024/news/paris-2024-india-paralympics-contingent-full-list-of-84-indian-athletes-qualified-sports-ministry-paralympic-games-news/article68512627.ece |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Ramakrishna was born in [[Dharwad]], Karnataka. He worked an area manager for an insurance company in Hubbali before he met with an accident in 2013. He suffered an injury to his spinal cord after he fell on a gravel road from his two wheeler.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-13 |title=Bengaluru: ‘I forget my disability while shooting,’ says Para Shooting World Cup gold medallist Sriharsha Devaraddi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-disability-para-shooting-world-cup-gold-medallist-sriharsha-devaraddi-7966279/ |access-date=2025-08-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Later, he took up shooting and trained under his first coach Ravichandra Balehosur, at the Hubballi Sports Shooting Academy. He lives in [[Hubli|Hubballi]] with his wife, son and parents, Lalita and Devaraddi.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Ramakrishna finished 26th in the mixed 10m air rifle prone (SH2) qualification round of the Paris Paralympics, with a total score of 630.2.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2024 |title=No Finals For Shooters Avani Lekhara, Sidhartha Babu And Sriharsha Devaraddi Ramakrishna |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/paralympic-games-2024/no-finals-for-shooters-avani-lekhara-sidhartha-babu-and-sriharsha-devaraddi-ramakrishna-6466089 |access-date=26 August 2025 |website=NDTV}}</ref> Earlier in June 2022, he earned a quota for the Paris Paralympics after securing a gold medal in R4-mixed 10m rifle standing SH2 with 253.1 points at the Chateauroux Para Shooting World Cup.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-08 |title=Chateauroux 2022 World Cup: Sriharsha Devaraddi Ramakrishna joins Lekhara in clinching gold, Paris 2024 quota |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/shooting/sriharsha-devaraddi-ramakrishna-gold-at-para-shooting-world-cup-olympics-paris-2024/article38501303.ece |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-08 |title=Chateauroux 2022 World Cup: Sriharsha Devaraddi Ramakrishna Joins Avani Lekhara in Clinching Gold, Paris 2024 Quota |url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/chateauroux-2022-world-cup-sriharsha-devaraddi-ramakrishna-joins-avani-lekhara-in-clinching-gold-paris-2024-quota-5333641.html |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-08 |title=Para Shooting World Cup: Ramakrishna joins Lekhara in clinching gold, Paris 2024 quota |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/para-shooting-world-cup-ramakrishna-joins-lekhara-in-clinching-gold-paris-2024-quota-1959931-2022-06-08 |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Earlier, he represented India at the Sydney 2019 World Shooting Para Sport Championships, at [[Sydney]], Australia in October 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sriharsha Devaraddi Ramakrishna - Shooting {{!}} Paralympic Athlete Profile |url=https://www.paralympic.org/sriharsha-devaraddi-ramakrishna |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=International Paralympic Committee |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Davareddi, Sriharsha Ramakrishna}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male sport shooters]]
[[Category:Paralympic shooters for India]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Shooters at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]]

Tankeswar Chetia

2026-04-27T01:11:33Z

Advancedacademy: added some details w/ sources.

{{Short description|Indian statesman, anti-colonial activist, and educationist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Nazira Assembly constituency|Nazira]]
| predecessor = Ananda Chandra Bezbarua
| successor = K.K. Gogoi
| birth_place =
| birth_date = 9 March 1915
| spouse = Surya Prova Baruah
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| term = 1957 – 1967
| occupation = {{hlist|Statesman|anti-colonial activist|educationist}}
| children = 5
| name = Tankeswar Chetia
| death_date = Unknown; after 2007
| parents = {{ubl|Khogeswar Chetia (father)|Luita Chetia (mother)}}
| alma_mater = [[Cotton University|Cotton College]]
}}

'''Tankeswar Chetia''' (9 March 1915 – after 2007) was an Indian statesman, [[freedom fighter]], [[Decolonization|anti-colonial activist]], and educationist who served two terms as the Member of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] for [[Nazira]] from 1957 to 1967.

== Early life and education ==
Tankeswar Chetia was born on 9 March 1915, the son of Khogeswar and Luita Chetia.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Akhtar |first=Sajmina |date=29 February 2024 |title=LESSER KNOWN FREEDOM FIGHTERS OF THE HISTORIC CITY OF ASSAM |url=https://s3-ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com/ijmer/pdf/volume13/volume13-issue2(3)/29.pdf |access-date=21 February 2026}}</ref>

Chetia completed his primary education in Namti Chariali and then studied at Nazira High School. He completed his matriculation from Jorhat centre under [[University of Calcutta|Calcutta university]], and his [[Indian School Certificate|ISc]] before he graduated from [[Cotton College, Gauhati|Cotton College]].<ref name=":0" />

== Early political activism ==
During his studies at Cotton College, Chetia, along with other students, became involved with the [[Indian independence movement]]. Having been influenced by [[Gopinath Bordoloi]], he organised several anti-British meetings in Namti.<ref name=":0" />

In May 1932, he took part in the students strike against [[British rule in Assam|British rule]] while he was in Class III at Nazira high school. In the area he was also involved in the opium prohibition movement and [[satyagraha]] movement. In 1941–1942, he was given a police [[Lathi (stick)|lathi]] [[Baton charge|charge]] while opposing war efforts as a [[Student protest|student protester]] in Gauhati at Cotton College during the [[Quit India Movement]].<ref name=":1" />

Chetia was arrested on 26 September 1942{{Efn|Other sources note the date of the arrest as 29 September; this article records the date given by MLA Khogendra Nath Borbaruah in "Ek Aparajeya Duranta Tarun Srijut Tankeswar Chetia"}} at Namti Chariali Railway station with other students and teachers for hampering military supply. <ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Baruah |first=Manoj Kumar |title=Ek Aparajeya Duranta Tarun Srijut Tankeswar Chetia |last2=Gogoi |first2=Bimal Bibhuti |publisher=Namti Press |year=2007 |location=Namti}}</ref> He was detained at the station for 24 hours in handcuffs with no food or drink, and on 27 September he was produced before the [[Sivasagar|Sibsagar]] Magistrate. A case under section 395/341 of the [[Indian Penal Code]] and section 122 of the 1890 Indian Railways Act was brought against him. On 31 May 1943, he was convicted along with other independence revolutionaries and sentenced for six months.<ref name=":0" />

A warrant of arrest was also issued due to absence from Cotton College since the puja vacation of 1942 and anti-government activities. His house was raided by police but he managed to avoid the arrest warrant and prison sentence in December 1942 by going "underground". While operating in hiding, he continued his activism in various areas including the [[Sivasagar district|Sibsagar district]], [[Naga Hills District, British India|Naga Hills district]], [[Manipur|Manipur state]] and [[Dhaka District|Dhaka district]]. During this time, he helped Namti high school through fund collection, and also supplied volunteers with necessities and blankets, as well as incendiary materials such as [[Detonator|detonators]].<ref name=":1" />

== Political and teaching career ==
At the [[1957 Assam Legislative Assembly election]], Chetia was elected as the member of Assam Legislative Assembly for [[Nazira]]. He stood as the [[Indian National Congress]] candidate and won 8598 votes.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Nazira Election Results 2016, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up and Current MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/assam/assembly-constituencies/nazira.html |access-date=21 February 2026 |website=Elections in India}}</ref> He was reelected at the [[1962 Assam Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assam Legislative Assembly - MLA 1962-67 |url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/mla-1962-67.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815221300/http://assamassembly.gov.in/mla-1962-67.html |archive-date=15 August 2021 |access-date=21 February 2026 |website=assamassembly.gov.in}}</ref> He was not selected as the Congress candidate for the [[1967 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1967 election]], and was succeeded by K.K. Gogoi.<ref name=":2" /> Due to his disappointment at not being selected as the Congress candidate in the 1967 election, he set up his wife, Surya Prova Chetia, to contest election for the [[Sonari Assembly constituency|Sonari assembly constituency]] against Chief Minister [[Bimala Prasad Chaliha]]. She polled 2,000 out of 20,838 votes and was defeated in the election.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hazarika |first=Niru |date=1978 |title=ROLE OF WOMEN IN STATE POLITICS (Assam) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41854820 |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=61–78 |issn=0019-5510}}</ref>

After leaving politics, Chetia worked in education and became the headmaster of Namti boys school.<ref name=":1" />

== Personal life ==
Chetia was married to Surya Prova Baruah and together they had five children: Naba Kumar, Sameer Kumar, Ashim Kumar, Juthika and Beethika.<ref name=":1" />

== See also ==

* [[List of Indian independence activists]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chetia, Tankeswar}}
[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:Indian anti-imperialists]]
[[Category:Indian anti-war activists]]
[[Category:Indian educators]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:Cotton College, Guwahati alumni]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

Rajkumari Jatav

2026-04-20T09:17:51Z

Advancedacademy: put up a bio

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Rajkumari Jatav
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the]] [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 11 December 2013
| term_end = 10 December 2018
| successor = [[Bharosi Lal Jatav]]
| predecessor = [[Bharosi Lal Jatav]]
| constituency = [[Hindaun Assembly constituency|Hindaun]]
| office1 = [[Sawai Madhopur|District Head Sawai Madhopur & Karauli]]
| term_start1 = 1995
| term_end1 = 1998
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| successor2 =
| constituency2 =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| birth_name =
| parents =
| party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| spouse = Bhairon Lal Jatav
| partner =
| children =
| relations =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| education =
| other_party =
| profession =
}}

'''Rajkumari Jatav''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] politician. She previously served as member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from [[Hindaun Assembly constituency|Hindaun]]. She is a member of the [[Bhartiya Janta Party]].<ref>{{cite news |author= |date= |title=Rajkumari Jatav |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/rajasthan/rajkumari-jatav-assembly-candidate-s20aed2008a082e2023c004/ |work=News18 |location= |access-date=17 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajkumari Jatav |url=https://www.business-standard.com/elections/rajasthan-elections/rajkumari-jatav-candidate-29415 |website=Business-standard.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Competition between Anita Jatav and Rajkumari Jatav in Hindaun |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/karauli/hindaun/news/competition-between-anita-jatav-and-rajkumari-jatav-in-hindaun-132122406.html |website=Bhaskar.com}}</ref>

==Career==
Jatav contested the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]] in Hindaun but was defeated by [[Anita Jatav]] of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hindaun Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: INC retains Hindaun seat, Anita Jatav wins with 90535 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/hindaun-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470695-2023-12-03 |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hindaun, Rajasthan Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: Hindaun में INC ने BJP कोहराया |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/hindaun-rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1830463-2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jatav, Rajkumari}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:People from Karauli district]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Women members of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Rajasthan-BJP-politician-stub}}

Chero chieftaincy

2026-04-19T02:52:13Z

Advancedacademy: started new pg

{{short description|Chieftaincy within the Mughal Empire (1572–1813)}}
{{for|Caste|Chero}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Chero chieftaincy
| common_name = Chero
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| common_languages =
| year_start = 1572
| year_end = 1813
| image_map = Palamu Fort, Palamu, Jharkhand 02.jpg
| image_map_caption = The ruins of Palamu fort
| capital = {{plainlist|
*[[Palamu Forts]] }}
| government_type = Principality
| p1 = Raksel dynasty
| p2 =
| s1 = Company rule in India
| title_leader = [[Raja]]
| leader1 =
| year_leader1 =
| leader2 =
| year_leader2 =
| leader3 =
| year_leader3 =
| leader4 =
| year_leader4 =
| today = [[India]]
| demonym =
| area_km2 =
| area_rank =
| GDP_PPP =
| GDP_PPP_year =
| HDI =
| HDI_year =
}}
{{History of Bihar}}
The '''Chero chieftaincy''' was a principality located within the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal province]] of [[Bihar Subah]].

Prior to the Mughal period, the Cheros held a collection of small principalities in the districts of [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur]], [[Saran district|Saran]], [[Champaran]], [[Muzaffarpur]] as these fell, the most powerful emerged in [[Palamu district|Palamu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/history-rebuild-brick-by-brick-rs-56-lakh-restoration-plan-for-crumbling-palamau-fort/cid/825676|title=History rebuild, brick by brick - Rs 56-lakh restoration plan for crumbling Palamau Fort|website=telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.119550/2015.119550.The-Nagbanshis-And-The-Cheros_djvu.txt|title=The Nagbanshis And The Cheros|website=archive.org|date=1969 }}</ref><ref name=Ansari2019>{{cite book |last1=Hussain Ansari |first1=Tahir |title=Munghal Administration and the Zamindars of Bihar|chapter=The Cheros of Palamau |date=2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781000651522 |pages=135–162 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kUueDwAAQBAJ&q=mughal+administration+and+the+zamindars+of+bihar}}</ref>

==History==
===Origin===
[[File:Lodh Fall.png|thumb|The landscape of the Palamu region]]
The Cheros emerged in the region after the fall of the [[Pala Empire]] when various small principalities began to appear in parts of Western and Southern Bihar in the 12th century. Some sources went as far as describing them as the "masters of the Gangetic plains" during this time. However their conflict with the [[Ujjainiya]]s led to them being expelled from many places until they formed their base in [[Palamu district|Palamu]]. The Cheros of Palamu claimed descent from Raja Salabahim of [[Chainpur, Kaimur|Chainpur]].<ref name = Ansari2019/>

The first Chero to establish power in Palamu was Bhagwant Rai who had originally worked under a chieftain called Man Singh of the [[Raksel dynasty]].<ref name = Ansari2019/> In 1572, with the assistance of allied [[Rajput]] chiefs including the Thakurais of [[Ranka Garhwa|Ranka]], Bhagwant Rai drove out the Raksels into [[Surguja]] and killed Man Singh thereby establishing his power in Palamu.{{sfn|Virottam|1972|p=23}}

===Conflict with Afghans===
The 16th century historian, [[Abbas Sarwani]], writes that due to the power amassed by Maharata Chero, [[Sher Shah Suri]] of the [[Sur Empire]] sent his commander, Khawas Khan, to subdue them. However, before he could, the [[Battle of Chausa]] began and the attack on the Cheros had to be delayed.<ref name = Ansari2019/>

[[Ahmad Yadgar]] relates another incident where Sher Shah Suri wanted to take possession of a white elephant from Maharata. On his refusal, Sher Shah dispatched Khawas Khan with 4000 horsemen against the Raja. The Chero chief was besieged and compelled to surrender the elephant and Khawas Khan captured a huge booty.<ref name = Ansari2019/>

===Mughal period===
The first Chero chieftain to find mention during the Mughal period is Anant Chero. In 1590, [[Man Singh]] after suppressing the chiefs of [[Kharagpur Raj|Kharagpur]] and [[Gidhaur chieftaincy|Gidhaur]], attempted to subjugate Anant Chero. Cheros offered strong resistance to the invading army but they were outnumbered. A large number of them were killed and many were taken as prisoners. Raja Man Singh captured valuable booty including fifty-four elephants. Palamu was thereafter brought under Mughal administration. Soon after the death of [[Akbar]], Anant Chero drove out the imperial troops and declared his independence. In 1607, [[Jahangir]] ordered an expedition against Anant Chero. Mughal officials launched repeated attacks on Cheros and the Cheros had to shift their capital deep into the jungle.<ref name = Ansari2019/>

The Cheros of Palamu began to grow in power again in the 17th century and under the leadership of Pratap Rai, they started to [[Cattle raiding|raid cattle]] from neighbouring [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] districts.<ref name="Richards1995">{{cite book|author=John F. Richards|title=The Mughal Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA169|year=1995|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-56603-2|pages=169}}</ref> Because of this, [[Shah Jahan]] sent the Mughal Governor of Bihar, Shaista Khan, on an expedition to subdue the Cheros and stop the rebellion from taking place. During this expedition, the Mughals had trouble reaching the Chero stronghold in Palamu due to the hilly and forested terrain which made it almost inaccessible.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ansari |first1=T.H. |title=The Nature of Relationship between the Chieftains of Bihar and the Mughal Empire |journal=Proceedings of the Indian Congress |date=2011 |volume=71 |pages=319–326 |jstor=44147499 }}</ref> Eventually, after 6 months the Mughals managed to surround the [[Palamu Forts]] and Pratap Rai surrendered which the Mughals accepted.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Xalxo |first1=Abha |title=The Mughal Rulers and Jharkhand: A Historical Perspective (1526-1701) |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2013 |volume=74 |pages=1046–1047 |jstor=44158917 }}</ref>

At the same time, in 1607, another branch of the Cheros fell under a leader called Kumkum Chand Jharap. This branch wished to retake the lands that the Cheros had lost to the Ujjainiyas a few centuries earlier in the northern parts of Bihar.<ref name="Gopal2017">{{cite book|last=Gopal|first=Surendra|title=Mapping Bihar: From Medieval to Modern Times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mCZFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT289|date=22 December 2017|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-03416-6|pages=289–295}}</ref><ref name="SinghGaur2008">{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Surinder|author2=I. D. Gaur|title=Popular Literature and Pre-modern Societies in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVA0JAzQJkYC&pg=PA77|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1358-7|pages=77–}}</ref> Initially the Ujjainiyas could not offer much resistance because their chief Raja Narayan Mal who had usurped the throne after disposing Raja Mukut Mani in 1607, had gone to Mughal court in [[Delhi]] to pay homage to Emperor [[Jahangir]]. He brought these developments to the notice of emperor and also got assurance of imperial support against the Cheros. Immediately after his return, he raised his headquarters at [[Buxar]], regrouped the Ujjainiyas and began his efforts to capture the lost territory. Kum Kum Chand Jharap upon realising he would not able to resist the onslaught of Narayan Mal alone for long, appealed to the Chero tribes of the Sonpari reign for assistance. At that time, Thakur Rai Kalyan Singh, the [[Bakhshi (Mughal Empire)|Bakshi]] of the Mughal imperial army who had been left at Buxar by Narayan Mal with half the army reached Bhojpur and joined the Ujjainiyas. Words spread in the Chero camp that the Mughal army had arrived to help the Ujjaniyas. This had the effect of demoralising the Cheros. After a long struggle between the two sides, the Ujjainiyas eventually emerged victorious in 1611.<ref name=Ansari2019 />

The next notable Chero chief who finds mention is [[Medini Ray]] who came into power in 1620. He began a process of expanding the chieftaincies territory. He invaded the neighbouring [[Khokhra Chieftaincy]], defeated its then chief, [[Durjan Shah]], and then sacked the capital of [[Navratangarh]]. At its peak, the chieftaincy under Medini extended up to South [[Gaya district|Gaya]] and certain divisions of [[Hazaribagh district|Hazaribagh]]. Other smaller chieftaincies were either outright conquered or made into vassals. Local folklore also portrays Medini Ray as a benevolent ruler who distributed land to the poor. He died in 1634 and was succeeded by his son, Raja Pratap Rai.<ref name=Ansari2019 />

===British-era===
During the British period, the Cheros began to face a heavy economic burden from the revenue demands of the British [[East India Company]]. By 1814, the chieftaincy was [[bankrupt]] due to the lavish spending of Raja Churaman Rai, and the zamindari was confiscated on the grounds of bad management.<ref name=Ansari2019 />

==Rulers==
{{Div col|content=*Ghughulia
*Raja Ramchandar Rai
*Raja Sita Ram Rai
*Raja Salabahim
*Raja Phulchand
*[[Raja Maharata Rai]]
*Raja Kumkum Chand Rai
*Raja Sambhal Rai
*Raja Bhagwant Rai (1585–1605)
*Raja Anant Rai (1605–1612)
*Raja Shahbal Rai (1612–1627)
*Raja Pratap Rai
*Raja Bhupal Rai (1637–1657)
*Maharaja [[Medini Ray|Medini Rai]] (1658–1674)
*Raja Rudra Rai (1674–1680)
*Raja Dikpal Rai (1680–1697)
*Raja Saheb Rai (1697–1716)
*Raja Ranjit Rai (1716–1722)
*Raja Devi Batesh Rai
*Raja Jai Kishan Rai (1722–1770)
*Raja Chitrajeet Rai (1771–1771)
*Raja Gopal Rai (1771–1776)
*Raja Gajraj Rai (1777–1780)
*Raja Basant Rai (1780–1783)
*Raja Churaman Rai (1783–1813)|colwidth=20em}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{cite book |last1=Virottam |first1=Balmukund |title=The Nagbanshis and the Cheros |date=1972 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lHzL_FFV6PcC&q=the+nagbanshis+and+the+cheros}}

[[Category:States and territories established in the 12th century]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1813]]
[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:Zamindars of Bihar]]
[[Category:History of Jharkhand]]

Navneet Kaur (field hockey)

2026-04-13T03:27:48Z

Advancedacademy: Put up a entry basic info

{{short description|Indian field hockey player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox field hockey player
| name = Navneet Kaur
| image = Navneet Kaur.jpg
| caption = Kaur in August 2022
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1996|1|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Shahabad Markanda]], [[Haryana]], India
| height = 1.63 m
| weight = 59 kg
| position = Forward
| years1 =
| clubs1 = [[Railways Sports Promotion Board|Railways]]
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 = 2025–
| clubs2 = [[Delhi SG Pipers]]
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| nationalyears1 = 2014–
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national field hockey team|India]]
| nationalcaps1 = 206
| nationalgoals1 = 66
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Women's [[field hockey]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Field hockey at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[Field hockey at the 2018 Asian Games|2018 Jakarta]]|[[Field hockey at the 2018 Asian Games – Women|Team]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[Field hockey at the 2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Field hockey at the 2022 Asian Games – Women's tournament|Team]]}}
{{MedalComp|[[Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[Hockey at the 2022 Commonwealth Games|2022 Birmingham]]|[[Hockey at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Women's tournament|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's Hockey Asia Cup|Asia Cup]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2017 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2017 Gifu]]|}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2025 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2025 Hangzhou]]|}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2022 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2022 Muscat]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's Asian Champions Trophy|Asian Champions Trophy]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2016 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2016 Singapore]]|}}
{{MedalGold|[[2023 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2023 Ranchi]]|}}
{{MedalGold|[[2024 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2024 Rajgir]]|}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2018 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2018 Donghae]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's FIH Hockey Nations Cup|FIH Nations Cup]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2022 Women's FIH Hockey Nations Cup|2022 Spain]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's Hockey Junior World Cup|Junior World Cup]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2013 Women's Hockey Junior World Cup|2013 Mönchengladbach]]|}}
}}

'''Navneet Kaur''' (born 26 January 1996 at Shahabad Markanda) is an Indian [[field hockey]] player. She plays as a forward for the [[India women's national field hockey team|Indian national team]] and has 100 international caps to her credit.

Navneet was part of the Indian team that won a silver at the [[2018 Asian Games]].

On 8 April 2022, she made her 100th international appearance in the [[2021-22 Women's FIH Pro League]] match against the [[Netherlands women's national field hockey team|Netherlands team]].<ref>{{Cite web | date=2022-04-09 | title=Hockey India congratulates Navneet Kaur on completing 100 international caps | url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/hockey/hockey-india-congratulates-navneet-kaur-on-completing-100-international-caps20220409074006 | access-date=2022-04-09 | website=ANI | language=en | archive-date=10 April 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410020554/https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/hockey/hockey-india-congratulates-navneet-kaur-on-completing-100-international-caps20220409074006/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> She also won the Player of the Match award for her performance against the Dutch team.

She is presently employed with Western Railway of the [[Indian Railways]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{sports links}}
*[https://www.hockeyindia.org/players/navneet-kaur-profile-268 Navneet Kaur] at [[Hockey India]]

{{Navboxes
|title=India squads
| bg = #0077FF
| fg = #FFFF40
|list1=
{{India FHW Squad 2017 Asia Cup}}
{{India FHW Squad 2018 World Cup}}
{{India FHW Squad 2018 Asian Games}}
{{India FHW Squad 2020 Summer Olympics}}
{{India FHW Squad 2022 Asia Cup}}
{{India FHW Squad 2022 World Cup}}
{{India FHW Squad 2022 Commonwealth Games}}
{{India FHW Squad 2022 Asian Games}}
{{India FHW Squad 2025 Asia Cup}}
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaur, Navneet}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women's field hockey players]]
[[Category:Women's field hockey forwards]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Haryana]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Haryana]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2020 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2018 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists in field hockey]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:People from Kurukshetra district]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists in field hockey]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists in field hockey]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

{{India-fieldhockey-bio-stub}}

K. Premkumar

2026-04-10T03:58:36Z

Advancedacademy: Adding Basic Biography V1

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}{{Infobox officeholder
| name = K. Premkumar
| native_name = കെ. പ്രേംകുമാർ
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Ottapalam (State Assembly constituency)|Ottapalam]]
| term_start = {{Start date|2021|05|24|df=yes}}
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[P. Unni]]
| successor =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kerala]], India
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| source =
| footnotes =
| website =
}}

'''K. Premkumar''' is an Indian politician belonging to the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]. He is serving as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of [[Ottapalam (State Assembly constituency)|Ottappalam constituency]] since 24 May 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Daily|first=Keralakaumudi|title=Red flag hoisted in Kerala; Most of the districts abandon UDF, BJP leads in three seats|url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=540764&u=|access-date=2021-05-02|website=Keralakaumudi Daily|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS1152.htm?ac=52|access-date=2021-05-02|website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Premkumar, K.}}
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Kerala]]

{{Kerala-CPIndia-politician-stub}}

Sulanjana Raul

2026-04-08T20:41:01Z

Advancedacademy:

{{short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Sulanjana Raul
| fullname = Sulanjana Raul
| image =
| image_size =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2007|6|4|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bhagabanpur]], [[Purba Medinipur]], [[West Bengal]], India
| height = 1.50 m<ref name="AFC-squad-list">{{cite web |title=2026 AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup Squad Lists |url=https://assets.the-afc.com/2026_AFC_U20_Womens_Asian_Cup/Finals/Downloads/Squads/AFC-U20-Women's-Asian-Cup-2026---squads.pdf?source=url |publisher=Asian Football Confederation |access-date=31 March 2026 }}</ref>
| position = [[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
| currentclub = [[East Bengal FC (women)|East Bengal]]
| clubnumber = 22
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 =
| years1 =
| clubs1 = Dipti Sangha FC
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 = –2022
| clubs2 = [[Rainbow AC|ASOS Rainbow]]
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| years3 = 2022–
| clubs3 = [[East Bengal FC (women)|East Bengal]]
| caps3 =
| goals3 =
| nationalyears1 = 2023
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national under-17 football team|India U17]]
| nationalcaps1 = 1
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| nationalyears2 = 2025–
| nationalteam2 = [[India women's national under-20 football team|India U20]]
| nationalcaps2 = 12
| nationalgoals2 = 6
| club-update = 10 August 2025
| nationalteam-update = 10 August 2025
}}

'''Sulanjana Raul''' (born 4 June 2007)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=AIFF - Sulanjana Raul|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/203391?type=club |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=AIFF}}</ref> is an Indian professional [[association football|footballer]] from [[West Bengal]], who plays as a forward for the [[Indian Women's League]] club [[East Bengal FC (women)|East Bengal]]. She has also represented [[India women's national under-20 football team|India]] at the youth level internationally.

==Career==
In [[2022–23 Calcutta Women's Football League]], she won her champion's medal as a part of champion team with golden ball award for becoming best emerging Player of the Tournament while playing for [[East Bengal FC (women)|East Bengal]].<ref name="ad">{{Cite web|title=Calcutta Women's Football League|url=https://theawayend.co/calcutta-womens-football-league/|access-date=8 November 2022|website=The Away End|archive-date=7 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107193322/https://theawayend.co/calcutta-womens-football-league/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="cwfl">{{Cite web|title=KANYASREE CUP - IFA WOMEN FOOTBALL LEAGUE 2022-23|url=https://www.kolkatafootball.com/ifa_women_football_2022-23/women_result.html#ifa_women22|website=kolkatafootball.com|access-date=24 December 2022|archive-date=24 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224062735/https://www.kolkatafootball.com/ifa_women_football_2022-23/women_result.html#ifa_women22|url-status=live}}</ref>

In [[2023–24 Calcutta Women's Football League]], she won the golden boot for netting 17 goals for [[East Bengal FC (women)|East Bengal]].

She is currently considered as the highest goalscorer in the history of East Bengal Women's team.

==Personal life==
Sulanjana hails from a rural village of [[Bhagabanpur]], near the western border of [[Purba Medinipur]] district of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2023/sulanjana-raul-the-prolific-scorer-who-aims-to-emulate-sunil-chhetri/|title=Sulanjana Raul: The prolific scorer, who aims to emulate Sunil Chhetri|website=footballcounter.com|date=21 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-21}}</ref> Her father is a farmer, but she has always credited him to encourage her though facing difficulties. She is a fan of [[Lionel Messi]] and [[Sunil Chhetri]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Sanghamitra|last=Chakraborty|date=28 January 2023|url=https://tv9bangla.com/sports/east-bengal-beat-sreebhumi-fc-by-1-0-goal-and-wins-1st-kanyashree-cup-au5-737853.html|title=East Bengal: মেসিভক্তের গোল! ছেলেদের মান বাঁচালেন ইস্টবেঙ্গলের মেয়েরা|trans-title=East Bengal: Messi fan scores the goal! Girls of East Bengal saved the prestige of boys|language=bn|work=TV9 Bangla|accessdate=29 January 2023|archive-date=29 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129092337/https://tv9bangla.com/sports/east-bengal-beat-sreebhumi-fc-by-1-0-goal-and-wins-1st-kanyashree-cup-au5-737853.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Honours==

'''East Bengal'''
* [[SAFF Women's Club Championship]]: [[2025 SAFF Women's Club Championship|2025]]
* [[Indian Women's League]]: [[2024–25 Indian Women's League|2024–25]]
* [[Kanyashree Cup|Calcutta Women's Football League]] (2): [[2022–23 Calcutta Women's Football League|2022–23]], [[2024–25 Calcutta Women's Football League|2024–25]]; runner-up: [[2023–24 Calcutta Women's Football League|2023–24]]
* [[Women's IFA Shield]]: [[2023 Women's IFA Shield|2023]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/203391?type=club Sulanjana Raul] at All India Football Federation

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raul, Sulanjana}}
[[Category:2007 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women's footballers]]
[[Category:India women's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Purba Medinipur district]]
[[Category:East Bengal FC Women players]]
[[Category:Indian Women's League players]]
[[Category:Women's association football forwards]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Guru Nanak Home for Handicapped Children

2026-04-05T17:55:15Z

Advancedacademy: started a post

{{Short description|Ranchi, India}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Guru Nanak Home for Handicapped Children
| formation = February 1970
| founder = Ishar Singh Chopra
| type = Charitable trust
| logo = Guru Nanak Home for Handicapped Children logo.png
| abbreviation = GNH
| location = Bariatu Road, Ranchi - 834 009, Jharkhand
| website = http://www.gurunanakhome.org
}}

'''Guru Nanak Home for Handicapped Children''' ('''GNH''') is a charitable institution in [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]], [[India]], providing free medical treatment, corrective surgeries, physiotherapy, and rehabilitation for physically disabled children.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaudhury |first=Sumedha |date=7 March 2014 |title=A 'special' staff member of Guru Nanak Home |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2014/state-editions/a-special-staff-member-of-guru-nanak-home.html |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=LION Magazine India - District News MD 322 |url=https://mydigimag.rrd.com/article/District+News+MD+322/3033118/481626/article.html |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=mydigimag.rrd.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2013 |title=Shri Guru Nanak Dev jee Prakash Parv in Guru Nanak Home for Handicapped Children |url=https://www.lenseye.co/shri-guru-nanak-dev-jee-prakash-parv-in-guru-nanak-home-for-handicapped-children/ |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=Lens Eye - News Portal |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2014 |title=Lions Service Week in Guru Nanak Home |url=https://www.lenseye.co/lions-service-week-in-guru-nanak-home/ |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=Lens Eye - News Portal |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fEM7AAAAIAAJ |title=Occupational Therapy and Rehabilitation in Asia |date=1977 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Ethical issues in six religious traditions |date=2007 |others=Peggy Morgan, Clive Lawton |isbn=978-0-7486-3002-8 |edition=2nd |location=Edinburgh |pages=141 |oclc=122335994}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Making moral decisions |date=2001 |publisher=Continuum |others=Jean Holm, John Bowker |isbn=978-1-4411-5674-7 |location=London |pages=157 |oclc=1102426471}}</ref> It was founded by Ishar Singh Chopra.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Sikh Courier International, Volumes 38-42 |publisher=Sikh Cultural Society of Great Britain |year=1998 |volume=38-42 |pages=6}}</ref>

== Description==
This Institution was established in February 1970 to commemorate 500th Birth Anniversary (1469-1969) of Saheb Shri Guru Nanak Dev Jee. It is managed by a board of trustees. This Institution is dedicated to the service of humanity without distinction of caste, creed, religion or sex. The main aim of the Institution is to provide free treatment to the physically handicapped children.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

The 'Home' has existing 80 indoor beds which can be increased to a hundred beds. It has an operation theatre, three physiotherapy halls, Pathology Lab. , an 'X'-Ray Unit and an O.P.D.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

The Home has RJSP Artificial Limb Centre in the campus. Physically handicapped children are provided free board and lodging along with free treatment. Dining Hall, Kitchen and a Recreation Room have been provided for these children. Attendants of the patients are also provided free board and lodging. Cerebral palsy, congenital (from birth) deformities, myopathy, paraplegia, hemiplegia,polio deformities, complicated problems following injuries and other deformities are managed here. Physiotherapy and occupational therapy for outdoor patients are also available.
[[Xavier Institute of Social Service]] helps in educating the children admitted in the Home. This Institution has been selected for training of International surgeons.
The Home spends over Rs. 2,00,000.00 (Rupees Two lac only) approximately per month for all the above-mentioned facilities. This money comes as donation mainly from the public of Ranchi in cash or in kind. Army units and Army Wives Welfare Association (AWWA) are actively involved in helping the 'Home'. Guru Nanak Trust Fund, London is a major donor to this Institution. [[Rotary International|Rotary Club]] of Ranchi and Ranchi North have been helping the 'Home'. Various Lions Clubs of Ranchi also extend help to the 'Home'.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

==Establishment==
The home was established in February 1970 to commemorate the 500th birth anniversary of Guru [[Nanak Dev Ji]], the central figure in [[Sikhism]]. It was founded by Ishar Singh Chopra, Sureshwar Pandey, Harnam Singh Gandhok and [[Ujjal Singh]].

Amarjit Chopra, son of Ishar Singh Chopra, put forward the idea of his father and the renowned orthopaedic surgeon Dr Sureshwar Pandey at a meeting of Newham International Community in [[Forest Gate]], [[London]] where Mr Avtar Singh Kalha, their present trustee was also a member. The community agreed to run a project to bring together people of different ethnic groups in Newham for a common purpose. They chose to mark the 500th centenary of the birth of Guru Nanak with a charitable work. All the UK communities, including Christians, Hindus, and Sikhs collected £1,000 and this initiated the Home in Ranchi with just 10 beds in a rented bungalow. The committee of Newham Community was then disbanded, but some of the members continued to keep in touch to support the Home from the UK.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

==Present operation==
The home in Ranchi is run by a properly constituted trust from local donations and help from the UK. Since its inception, the Guru Nanak Home has worked to rehabilitate poor, unfortunate and disabled children without any consideration of cast, creed or religion. Although named after Guru Nanak Dev Ji and helped largely by Sikhs, Guru Nanak Home is a humanitarian charity where most of the children are non Sikhs.

Co-founder Dr. Sureshwar Pandey remains the Honorary Medical Advisor. He and his son Anil (Assistant Medical Director) have contributed their services free to the Home since its inception.

To date, some 36,000 handicapped children have been treated at the Home, 550 artificial limbs have been fitted, and 10,900 orthotic appliances supplied. Complicated operations are performed to correct severe [[polio]], trauma and birth deformities. A programme of rehabilitation follows, which includes education as well, so that the children's school studies are not interrupted while on prolonged treatment periods at the Home.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

==See also==
*[[List of places named after Guru Nanak Dev]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.gurunanakhome.org Guru Nanak Home Website]
*[http://www.guidestar.org.uk/gs_summary.aspx?CCReg=275701&strQuery=guru%20nanak%20trust%20fund Guru Nanak Trust Fund, U.K. Listing]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Guru Nanak Home For Handicapped Children}}
[[Category:Children's charities based in India]]
[[Category:Memorials to Guru Nanak]]
[[Category:Disability organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Ranchi]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1970]]
[[Category:Rehabilitation medicine organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Medical and health organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Health charities in India]]

Bhupen Hazarika

2026-03-27T07:49:34Z

Advancedacademy: expanded citations additionally and added references

{{Short description|Indian singer (1926–2011)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bhupen Hazarika
| image = Dr. Bhupen Hazarika, Assam, India.jpg
| caption = Hazarika in November 2011
| native_name = Sudha Kantha
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1926|09|08}}
| birth_place = [[Sadiya]], [[Assam Province|Assam]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2011|11|05|1926|09|08}}
| death_place = [[Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital]], [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India<ref name=death>{{cite news|title=Acclaimed singer Bhupen Hazarika dies at 85|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/acclaimed-singer-bhupen-hazarika-dies-at-85/199577-8-66.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106193926/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/acclaimed-singer-bhupen-hazarika-dies-at-85/199577-8-66.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 November 2011|date=5 November 1986|newspaper=[[CNN-IBN]]|access-date=5 November 2011}}</ref>
| monuments = [[Dr. Bhupen Hazarika Samannay Tirtha]]
| other_names = Sudha Kontho and Bard Of Brahmaputra
| education = [[Cotton College, Guwahati|Cotton College]], [[Benaras Hindu University]], [[Columbia University]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Songwriter| Lyricist|Composer| Singer| Music Director| Filmmaker| Poet| Politician|[[Progressive Writers' Movement#Writers|Progressive Writer]]}}
| years_active = 1939–2010
| notable_works = [[Rudaali]] ''[[Darmiyaan: In Between]]'' ''[[Gaja Gamini]]'' ''[[Daman (2001 film)|Daman]]'' ''[[Indramalati]]''
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] {{nowrap|(2004–2011)}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Bhupen Hazarika joins BJP |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/bhupen-hazarika-joins-bjp/204181 |work=Outlook |date=27 February 2004 |language=en}}</ref>
| movement = [[Indian Peoples Theater Association]]
| spouse = Priyamvada Patel
| children = 1
| parents =
| relatives = [[Sudakshina Sarma]] (sister) [[Jayanta Hazarika]] (brother) [[Samar Hazarika]] (brother) [[Mayukh Hazarika]] (Nephew)
| awards = [[Bharat Ratna]] (2019) (posthumously) [[Padma Vibhushan]] (2012) (posthumously) [[Padma Bhushan]] (2001) [[Padma Shri]] (1977) [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]] (1992) [[List of Sangeet Natak Akademi fellows|Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]] (2008) [[Asom Ratna]] (2009) [[Friends of Liberation War Honour]]
(2011)
| website = {{URL|bhupenhazarika.com}}
| module = {{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes
| constituency1 = [[Naoboicha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Naoboicha]]
| office1 = Member of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor1 = ''constituency established''
| successor1 = Lila Kanta Das
| term_start1 = 1967
| term_end1 = 1972
}}
| signature = Bhupen Hazarika signature.png
}}
{{Listen
| type = music
| filename = সাগর সঙ্গমে সাঁতার কেটেছি কত.mp3
| title = Sagar songomein santar ketechhi koto (So many times I have swum in the ocean)
| description = Bengali version of a famous song by Dr. Bhupen Hazarika, translated from the original Assamese to Bengali by Pulak Bandyopadhyay.
| pos =
}}
'''Bhupen Hazarika''' {{small|[[Bharat Ratna|BR]]}} ({{IPA|as|bʱupɛn ɦazɔɹika|audio=As-ভূপেন হাজৰিকা.oga|lang}}; 8 September 1926 – 5 November 2011), widely known as '''Sudha Kantha''', was an Indian singer, songwriter, writer, filmmaker and politician from [[Assam]]. He wrote songs mainly in the [[Assamese language]], which are marked by humanity and universal brotherhood. His songs have been translated into many languages, most notably in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Hindi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Bhupen Hazarika: The Bard of Brahmaputra |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/inspiring-lives/bhupen-hazarika-the-bard-of-brahmaputra/story-8IkggPd3dEu49dZN9D1sHJ.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=17 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Who is Bharat Ratna Bhupen Hazarika? Key things to know about him |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/who-is-bharat-ratna-bhupen-hazarika-1439591-2019-01-25 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

His songs, based on the themes of communal amity, universal justice and empathy, are especially popular among the people of [[Assam]], West Bengal and [[Bangladesh]]. He is also acknowledged to have introduced the culture and folk music of Assam and [[Northeast India]] to Hindi cinema at the national level. He received the [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction]] in 1975, the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (1987), [[Padma Shri]] (1977), and [[Padma Bhushan]] (2001),<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |year=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref> [[Dada Saheb Phalke Award]] (1992), the highest award for cinema in India and [[List of Sangeet Natak Akademi fellows|Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]] (2008), the highest award of the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]]. He was posthumously awarded both the [[Padma Vibhushan]], India's second-highest civilian award, in 2012,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=79881|title= Padma Awards|publisher=pib|date= 27 January 2013 |access-date= 27 January 2013 }}</ref> and the [[Bharat Ratna]], India's highest civilian award, in 2019.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/bharat-ratna-pranab-mukherjee-bhupen-hazarika-nanaji-deshmukh-ram-nath-kovind-republic-day-2019/354087 | title=Bharat Ratna for Pranab Mukherjee, Nanaji Deshmukh and Bhupen Hazarika | publisher=Times Now | date=25 January 2019 | access-date=25 January 2019 | archive-date=31 August 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831133139/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/bharat-ratna-pranab-mukherjee-bhupen-hazarika-nanaji-deshmukh-ram-nath-kovind-republic-day/354087 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://risingnortheast.com/assam-celebrates-late-bhupen-hazarika-being-awarded-with-bharat-ratna/|title=Assam Celebrates Late Bhupen Hazarika being awarded with Bharat Ratna " Rising NorthEast|first=Newsdesk Rising|last=Northeast|date=26 January 2019|access-date=11 February 2019|archive-date=12 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011646/https://risingnortheast.com/assam-celebrates-late-bhupen-hazarika-being-awarded-with-bharat-ratna/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hazarika also held the position of the Chairman of the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] from December 1998 to December 2003.<ref>[http://www.india-north-east.com/2010/10/dr-bhupen-hazarika-legend-of-assam.html Dr. Bhupen Hazarika – the Legend of Assam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120440/http://www.india-north-east.com/2010/10/dr-bhupen-hazarika-legend-of-assam.html |date=26 August 2014 }} ''India-north-east.com''</ref>

== Biography ==

===Early life===
Bhupen Hazarika born on 8 September 1926 to Nilakanta and Shantipriya Hazarika in [[Sadiya]], an interior town of [[Assam]] on the bank of river [[Brahmaputra]].<ref name="telegraphindia.com">{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111112/jsp/northeast/story_14737522.jsp | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203145357/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111112/jsp/northeast/story_14737522.jsp | url-status=dead | archive-date=3 February 2013 | location=Calcutta, India | work=The Telegraph | title=As ashes merge into rivers | date=12 November 2011}}</ref> His father was originally from [[Nazira]], a town located in [[Sivasagar district]]. The eldest of ten children, Bhupen Hazarika (as well as his siblings) was exposed to the musical influence of his mother, who exposed him to lullabies and traditional [[Music of Assam]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Celebrated Indian singer Bhupen Hazarika dies |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-15606150 |work=BBC News |date=5 November 2011 |access-date=25 December 2012}}</ref> His father moved to the [[Bharalumukh]] region of [[Guwahati]] in 1929,<ref name="telegraphindia.com" /> in search of better prospects, where Bhupen Hazarika spent his early childhood. In 1932, his father further moved to [[Dhubri]],<ref name="Brahmaputra Balladeer">Sushanta Talukdar, ''[http://www.thehindu.com/arts/article2615591.ece Brahmaputra Balladeer]'', The Hindu, 10 November 2011</ref> and in 1935 to [[Tezpur]].<ref name="telegraphindia.com" /> It was in Tezpur that Bhupen Hazarika, then 10-years-of-age, was discovered by [[Jyotiprasad Agarwala]], the noted Assamese lyricist, playwright and the first Assamese filmmaker, and [[Bishnu Prasad Rabha]], renowned Assamese artist and revolutionary poet, where he sang a [[Borgeet]] (the traditional classical Assamese devotional songs written by [[Srimanta Sankardeva]] and [[Sri Sri Madhabdeva]]), taught by his mother at a public function. In 1936, Bhupen Hazarika accompanied them to Kolkata where he recorded his first song at the Aurora Studio for the Selona Company.<ref name="telegraphindia.com" /> His association with the icons of Assamese culture at Tezpur was the beginning of his artistic growth and credentials. Subsequently, Hazarika sang two songs in Agarwala's film ''[[Indramalati]]'' (1939): ''Kaxote Kolosi Loi'' and ''Biswo Bijoyi Naujawan'' at the age of 12. A revolutionary zeal was rooted during his childhood. Its expression was, no doubt, "Agnijugar firingathi mai" (I am the spark of the age of fire) which was written at 14 years of his age<ref name="Brahmaputra Balladeer" /> and he was well on his way to becoming a lyricist, composer and singer.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Revolutionary Artist Dr. Bhupen Hazarika: Voicing the Silence of the Subaltern|url=https://ajhss.org/pdfs/Vol2Issue4/6.pdf|journal=Asian Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences|pages=1, 2|archive-date=9 May 2023|access-date=29 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509022839/https://ajhss.org/pdfs/Vol2Issue4/6.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Education and career===
Hazarika studied at Sonaram High School at Guwahati, Dhubri Government High School<ref name="telegraphindia.com"/> and matriculated from Tezpur High School in 1940. He completed his Intermediate Arts from [[Cotton College, Guwahati|Cotton College]] in 1942, and his BA (1944) and MA (1946) in Political Science from [[Banaras Hindu University]]. For a brief period, he worked at [[All India Radio]], Guwahati when he won a scholarship from [[Columbia University]] and set sail for New York in 1949. There he earned a PhD (1952) on his thesis "Proposals for Preparing India's Basic Education to use Audio-Visual Techniques in Adult Education". In New York, Bhupen Hazarika befriended [[Paul Robeson]], a prominent civil rights activist, who influenced him.<ref name="Brahmaputra Balladeer"/> He used music as the "instrument of social change" following the path of Paul Robeson who once told him about his
guitar – "Guitar is not a musical instrument, it is a social instrument."<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Revolutionary Artist Dr. Bhupen Hazarika: Voicing the Silence of the Subaltern|url=https://ajhss.org/pdfs/Vol2Issue4/6.pdf|journal=Asian Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences|pages=9|archive-date=9 May 2023|access-date=29 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509022839/https://ajhss.org/pdfs/Vol2Issue4/6.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> His song ''Bistirno Parore'' which is based on the tune, imagery and theme of Robeson's ''[[Ol' Man River]]''. This song is translated in various Indian languages, including [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Hindi]] and sung by the artist himself, and is still popular. Being inspired from some other foreign ones, he also composed several other songs in Indian languages. He was exposed to the [[spiritual (music)|Spiritual]], and the multi-lingual version of ''We are in the Same Boat Brother''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Schuman |first1=Sandy |title=We're in the Same Boat, Brother |url=http://tothestory.blogspot.com/2016/07/were-in-same-boat-brother-and-if-you.html |website=Another Side to the Story |date=9 July 2016 |access-date=5 February 2019}}</ref> became a regular feature in his stage performance. At Columbia University, he met Priyamvada Patel, whom he married in 1950. Tez Hazarika, their only child, was born in 1952,<ref name="Bhupen Hazarika obituary">Asjad Nazir, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/nov/06/bhupen-hazarika Bhupen Hazarika obituary], ''The Guardian'', 6 November 2011</ref> and he returned to India in 1953.

His famous songs include (in [[Assamese language|Assamese]]):

# ''Bistirno Parore'' (বিস্তীৰ্ণ পাৰৰে)
# ''Moi Eti Jajabor'' (মই এটি যাযাবৰ)
# ''Ganga Mor Maa'' (গংগা মোৰ মা)
# ''Bimurto Mur Nixati Jen'' (বিমূৰ্ত মোৰ নিশাটি যেন)
# ''Manuhe Manuhor Babey'' (মানুহে মানুহৰ বাবে)
# ''Snehe Aamar Xoto Shrabonor'' (স্নেহে আমাৰ শত শ্ৰাৱণৰ)
# ''Gupute Gupute Kimaan Khelim'' (গুপুতে গুপুতে কিমান খেলিম)
# ''Buku Hom Hom Kore'' (বুকু হম্‌ হম্‌ কৰে)
# Sagar sangamat (সাগৰ সংগমত)
# Shillongore Godhuli (শ্বিলঙৰে গধূলি)

===IPTA years===
Hazarika began close association with the leftist [[Indian People's Theatre Association]] soon after returning from the US in 1953<ref name="Brahmaputra Balladeer"/> and became the Secretary of the Reception Committee of the Third All Assam Conference of IPTA, held in Guwahati in 1955.

===Professional life===
After completing his MA, he briefly worked at the [[All India Radio]] station at Guwahati<ref name="Bhupen Hazarika obituary"/> before embarking for his doctoral studies at Columbia University. Soon after completing his education, he became a teacher at the [[Guwahati University]].<ref name="Brahmaputra Balladeer"/> But after a few years, he left the job and went to Kolkata where he established himself as a successful music director and singer. During that period, Hazarika made several award-winning Assamese films such as [[Shakuntala]], [[Pratidhwani]] etc. and composed evergreen music for many Assamese films. He was also considered as a new trend setter in Bengali music. Bhupen Hazarika composed music for films from Bangladesh to which got international acclaim. He was elected the President of the [[Asam Sahitya Sabha]] in 1993.<ref>{{cite web|title=Presidents of Asam Sahitya Sabha since 1917|url=http://www.asamsahityasabha.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=46&Itemid=56|publisher=Asam Sahitya Sabha|access-date=5 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129233721/http://www.asamsahityasabha.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=46&Itemid=56|archive-date=29 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1967, Hazarika got elected as a member of Assam Assembly from [[Naoboicha Assembly constituency|Naoboicha constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/mla-1967-72.html|title=Assam Legislative Assembly – MLA 1967–72|website=assamassembly.gov.in|access-date=16 September 2019}}</ref>

;Social Struggle

From early in his life, he was at the forefront of a social battle against the entrenched forces of casteism that sneered at a member of the [[Jalia Kaibarta|Kaibarta]] community making it as a musician of note and kept him away from the upper-caste [[Brahmin]] woman he had loved. Eventually, when the spirited Hazarika did marry, it was to a Brahmin woman, his revenge of sorts against a [[Caste system in India|caste-ridden society]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/the-unsung-genius-of-assams-balladeer-bhupen-hazarika-19262011/article2601009.ece|title=The unsung genius of Assam's balladeer – Bhupen Hazarika (1926–2011)|work=The Hindu|access-date=8 September 2017}}</ref>

===Later life===
He was introduced to [[Kalpana Lajmi]] in the early 1970s by his childhood friend and India's top tea planter [[Hemendra Prasad Barooah]] in Kolkata.<ref>"I had in a way introduced Kalpana Lajmi to Bhupen some three decades back. Kalpana wanted to direct a movie and it was then that I took her to him. The friendship started then. She had directed a film Ek Pal, which I had funded. Their association grew stronger after Bhupen started living in Mumbai." Hemendra Prasad Barooah, ''[https://archive.today/20120912231658/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111109/jsp/northeast/story_14726225.jsp Fond memories of a schoolmate]'', The Telegraph, 9 November 2011</ref> Her first feature film ''Ek Pal'' with music score by Hazarika was produced by Barooah.<ref>Hemendra Prasad Barooah, ''[https://archive.today/20120912231658/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111109/jsp/northeast/story_14726225.jsp Fond memories of a schoolmate]'', The Telegraph, 9 November 2011</ref> Subsequently, Lajmi began assisting him professionally and personally till the end of his life.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rituparna Chatterjee's Blog : Kalpana Lajmi-Bhupen Hazarika: A 40-year-old love story |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/blogs/rituparnachatterjee/2802/62880/kalpana-lajmibhupen-hazarika-a-40yearold-love-story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107205132/http://ibnlive.in.com/blogs/rituparnachatterjee/2802/62880/kalpana-lajmibhupen-hazarika-a-40yearold-love-story.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 November 2011 |publisher=CNN-IBN |date=5 November 2011 |access-date=25 December 2012}}</ref><ref>[http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/nation/northeast/hazarika-funeral-put-fans-keep-pouring-063] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112115459/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/nation/northeast/hazarika-funeral-put-fans-keep-pouring-063|date=12 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=ENTEN20110187485&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&keyword=music&nid=147290 |title=Kalpana Lajmi inconsolable after Bhupen Hazarika's death |publisher=Movies.ndtv.com |date=6 November 2011 |access-date=25 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111214065413/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=ENTEN20110187485&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&keyword=music&nid=147290 |archive-date=14 December 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
In the period after the release of ''Ek Pal'' (1986) until his death, Bhupen Hazarika mainly concentrated on Hindi films, most of which were directed by Kalpana Lajmi. ''Ek Pal'' (1986), ''[[Rudaali]]'' (1993) and ''[[Daman (2001 film)|Daman: A Victim of Marital Violence]]'' (2001) are major films of this period. Many of his earlier songs were re-written in Hindi and used as played-back songs in these films. These songs tried to cater to the Hindi film milieu and their social activist lyrics were browbeaten into the lowest common denominator.<ref>Debraj Mookerjee, [http://www.dailypioneer.com/sunday-edition/agenda/backbone/19890-bhupen-da-done-in-by-the-popular.html Bhupen Da done in by the popular], The Pioneer, 12 November 2011</ref>
He served as an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] (Independent) during 1967–72 in the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] from [[Naoboicha Assembly constituency|Naoboicha]] Constituency.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/mla-1967-72.html |title=Assam Legislative Assembly |access-date=16 November 2012}}</ref>
He contested as a [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate in the [[2004 Lok Sabha election]]s from the [[Gauhati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Guwahati constituency]], persuaded by [[Chandan Mitra]] via [[Kalpana Lajmi]]<ref>[http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/item/50463-the-boatmans-missing-melody.html The boatman's missing melody], The Pioneer, 12 November 2011</ref> which he lost to the [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Kirip Chaliha]].

===Death===
Hazarika was hospitalized in the [[intensive care unit]] of Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital and Medical Research Institute in [[Mumbai]] on 30 June 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=ENTEN20110187488&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&keyword=music&nid=147298 |title=Hazarika's death plunges Kolkata into gloom |publisher=Movies.ndtv.com |date=6 November 2011 |access-date=25 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107200206/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=ENTEN20110187488&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&keyword=music&nid=147298 |archive-date=7 November 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>http://www.cathnewsindia.com/2011/11/07/church-condoles-hazarikas-death/{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He remained there for the rest of his life, and died of multi-organ failure on 5 November 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=Music Legend Bhupen Hazarika passes away|date=5 November 2011|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/bhupen-hazarika-passes-away|publisher=Bollywood Life|access-date=5 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiavision.com/news/article/entertainment/245379/bhupen-hazarika-is-no-more|title=Bhupen Hazarika is no more.|date=5 November 2011|publisher=Indiavision news|access-date=5 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107192641/http://www.indiavision.com/news/article/entertainment/245379/bhupen-hazarika-is-no-more|archive-date=7 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-15606150 |work=BBC News |title=Celebrated Indian singer Bhupen Hazarika dies |date=5 November 2011}}</ref> His body lay in state at Judges Field in Guwahati and cremated on 9 November 2011 near the [[Brahmaputra river]] in a plot of land donated by [[Gauhati University]]. His funeral was attended by an estimated half a million people.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/Lakhs_Attend_Bhupen_Hazarika_s_Funeral-3175.html |title=Lakhs aend Bhupen Hazarika's funeral |date=9 November 2011 |publisher=indiatv |access-date=13 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Smitha |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/music/indian/2011/bhupen-hazarika-tribute-bollywood-291211.html |title=Bollywood pays tribute to Bhupen Hazarika — Oneindia Entertainment |publisher=Oneindia |date=29 December 2011 |access-date=25 December 2012 |archive-date=6 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106082731/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/music/indian/2011/bhupen-hazarika-tribute-bollywood-291211.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Bhupen Hazarika 2013 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|An Indian Postal Stamp commemorating Dr. Bhupen Hazarika]]

==Legacy and influences==
[[File:Bhupen Hazarika 2016 stamp.jpg|thumb|Bhupen Hazarika stamp of 2016.]]
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-L0216-0033, Berlin, 3. Festival des politischen Lieds.jpg|thumb|Hazarika (right) and [[:de:Hartmut König|Hartmut König]] (left) at the Berlin [[Festival of Political Songs]] in 1972]] [[File:Renowned music director, Shri Bhupen Hazarika meets the Prime Minister Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee in New Delhi on February 27, 2004.jpg|thumb|Bhupen Hazarika meets the Prime Minister Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee in New Delhi on 27 February 2004|left]]
[[File:Statue of Bhupen Hazarika at Guwahati.jpg|thumb|Statue of Bhupen Hazarika at Guwahati]]
As a singer, Hazarika was known for his baritone voice; as a lyricist, he was known for poetic compositions and parables which touched on themes ranging from romance to social and political commentary; and as a composer, for his use of folk music.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20121117031637/http://www.efi-news.com/2012/11/bhupen-hazarika-meghalaya.html Hazarika and his attachment with Meghalaya]}}, ''Efi-news.com''</ref> In a poll conducted in Bangladesh, his song, Manush Manusher Jonno (Humans are for humanity) was chosen to be the second most favorite number after the [[National anthem of Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Mobarak Ali |date=11 November 2011 |title=Manush Manusher Jonno ... |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=209592 |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=25 December 2012}}</ref> Some of his most famous compositions were adaptations of American Black [[Spiritual (music)|Spiritual]] that he had learned from [[Paul Robeson]], whom he had befriended during his years in New York City in the early 1950s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bhupenhazarika.com/bio/index.phpl|title=Dr. Bhupen Hazarika official biography|access-date=6 November 2011}}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> His famous song "''Bistirno Parore''" is heavily influenced by Ol' Man River sung by Paul Robeson.

During his lifetime, a full-length documentary feature biopic film on his life titled ''Moi Eti Zazabor'' ('I am a Wanderer') jointly directed by Late Waesqurni Bora and Arnab Jan Deka was launched in 1986 at his Nizarapar residence in Guwahati city. Music for this biopic film has been scored by 5-time International Best Music Awards winner only Assamese musician, songwriter, composer and singer [[Jim Ankan Deka]], who also worked as Chief Assistant Director of this film.<ref name="Review NE">{{cite news|last1=NE|first1=Review|title=Assamese Musician Jim Ankan Deka wins Best International Music Video Award|url=http://reviewne.com/assamese-musician-jim-ankan-deka-wins-best-international-music-video-award#|access-date=9 January 2015|publisher=Review NE}}</ref> During the next two decades, the joint directors Late Bora and Deka shot him live for the film during his various public performances all over India, as well as many private moments in his domestic and social life. Arnab Jan Deka also extensively interviewed him regarding his life and its creative aspects for the film, which had been recorded during their joint travel to different metropolises and remote corners of Assam and rest of India. The film has been under production since 1986 with film negative footage of more than 16 hours currently preserved in different film laboratories in Bombay (Mumbai), Calcutta (Kolkata) and Madras (Chennai). The film was targeted for public release during the lifetime of Dr Bhupen Hazarika in 2008. But the production was halted after sudden demise of one of the co-directors Waesqurni Bora in November 2008. Eventually, after the death of Dr Hazarika, the film's subject, the surviving co-director Arnab Jan Deka is currently carrying out necessary works to finish the film at the earliest and release for public consumption in several language versions including English, Assamese, Bengali and Hindi, with support from Late Waesqurni Bora's widowed wife Nazma Begum and Dr Hazarika's bereaved family members including his wife Priyam Hazarika and Tej Hazarika. Meanwhile, two books describing the unforgettable experiences of the making of this milestone biopic film had been authored by its co-director Arnab Jan Deka titled ''Anya Ek Zazabor'' and ''Mor Sinaki Bhupenda'', first of which had been officially released in February 1993 by Late [[G P Sippy]], then President of Film Federation of India and producer of world-record holder Hindi film [[Sholay]] at a public function organised by Dr Bhupen Hazarika himself.

==Awards and honors==
===National and state honors===
*[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Assamese|Best Feature Film in Assamese]] (Shakuntala, Directed by Bhupen Hazarika) in the [[9th National Film Awards]] (1961)<ref name="9thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm9thNFAAward.aspx|title=9th National Film Awards|publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]]|access-date=8 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202115652/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm9thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=2 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Assamese|Best Feature Film in Assamese]] (Pratidhwani, Directed by Bhupen Hazarika) in the [[12th National Film Awards]]
*[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Assamese|Best Feature Film in Assamese]] (Lotighoti, Directed by Bhupen Hazarika) in the [[14th National Film Awards]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction]] for [[Chameli Memsaab]] (music by Bhupen Hazarika) in the [[23rd National Film Awards]] (1975)<ref>{{cite web|title=NFA archives|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm23rdNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=23NFA.pdf|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=5 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526091043/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm23rdNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=23NFA.pdf|archive-date=26 May 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Padma Shri]] – the fourth highest civilian award in the Republic of India (1977)
* Gold medal from the State Government of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] for "outstanding contribution towards tribal welfare, and uplift of tribal culture through cinema and music." (1979)<ref>{{cite news |title=Arunachal Pradesh mourns Hazarika's death |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/music/article2603749.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |date=6 November 2011 |access-date=6 November 2011}}</ref>
* [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (1987)
* [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]] (1992)
* [[Padma Bhushan]] – the third highest civilian award in the Republic of India (2001)
* [[List of Sangeet Natak Akademi fellows|Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]] (2008)
* [[Asom Ratna]] — the highest civilian award in the State of [[Assam]], India (2009)
* [[Friends of Liberation War Honour]], [[Government of Bangladesh]] (2011)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/royal-elegy-for-bhupen/cid/327487
|title=Royal elegy for Bhupen|work=The Telegraph |access-date=1 January 2020}}</ref>
* [[Padma Vibhushan]] – the second highest civilian award in the Republic of India (2012, posthumous)<ref>{{cite web|title=Padma Awards Directory (1954–2009) |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |url=http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/LST-PDAWD.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510095705/http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/LST-PDAWD.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2013 }}</ref>
* [[Bharat Ratna]] [[File:IND Bharat Ratna BAR.png|50px]], the highest civilian award in the Republic of India (2019, posthumous)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pranab-mukherjee-nanaji-deshmukh-bhupen-hazarika-conferred-bharat-ratna/article28905370.ece|title=Pranab Mukherjee, Nanaji Deshmukh, Bhupen Hazarika conferred Bharat Ratna|date=8 August 2019|work=The Hindu|access-date=14 August 2019|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

===Other awards and recognition===
[[File:Pratibha Devisingh Patil presenting the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellow Award-08 to Shri Bhupendra Kumar Hazarika for his outstanding contribution to Indian music.jpg|thumb|Pratibha Devisingh Patil presenting the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellow Award-08 to Bhupendra Kumar Hazarika for his outstanding contribution to Indian music]]
[[File:Bhupen Hazarika Statue.jpg|thumb|Bhupen Hazarika Statue]]

* All India Critic Association Award for best performing folk artist (1979)
* In 1979 and 1980 he won the Ritwik Ghatak Award as best music director for two theatre plays, ''Mohua Sundari'', and ''Nagini Kanyar Kahini''
* Bengal Journalist's Association Indira Gandhi Smriti Puraskar in (1987)
* First Indian to win Best Music for the film [[Rudaali]] at the Asia Pacific International Film Festival in Japan (1993)
* Honorary Degree from Tezpur University (2001)
* 10th Kalakar Award for Lifetime Achievement in the year 2002, Kolkata.
* In February 2009, the [[All Assam Students Union]] erected a life size statue of Hazarika on the banks of [[Dighalipukhuri|Digholi Pukhuri]] in Guwahati.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hazarika's statue unveiled |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/15/stories/2009021560811100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219193301/http://hindu.com/2009/02/15/stories/2009021560811100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 February 2009 |location=Chennai, India |date=15 February 2009 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=5 November 2011}}</ref>
* A full-length docu-feature biopic film on his life titled ''Moi Eti Zazabor''('I am a Wanderer') jointly directed by Late Waesqurni Bora and Arnab Jan Deka has been under production since 1986
*In 2010, Assam Cricket Association renamed the Barshapara Cricket Stadium as [[Dr. Bhupen Hazarika Cricket Stadium]].
* Muktijoddha Padak— Awarded as a "Friend of the Freedom Struggle" award by Bangladesh Government (posthumously, 2011)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/royal-elegy-for-bhupen/cid/327487|title=Royal elegy for Bhupen|website=The Telegraph|location=Kolkota}}</ref>
* Asom Sahitya Sabha has honored him with the title "Biswa Ratna".
* Hazarika was honored with commemorative postage stamps by [[India Post]] in 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=http://postagestamps.gov.in/Stamps20131.aspx|title=Postage Stamps:: Postage Stamps, Stamp issue calendar 2014, Paper postage, Commemorative and definitive stamps, Service Postage Stamps, Philately Offices, Philatelic Bureaux and counters, Mint stamps (unused stamps)|website=postagestamps.gov.in|access-date=8 September 2017|archive-date=8 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908201029/http://postagestamps.gov.in/Stamps20131.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> and 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://philamirror.info/2016/12/31/india-post-issued-stamps-on-legendary-singers-of-india/|title=India Post Issued Stamps on Legendary Singers of India|last=PhilaMirror|date=30 December 2016}}</ref>
* The longest road bridge of India, [[Dhola-Sadiya bridge]] is built over the [[Lohit River|river Lohit]], which is a [[tributary]] of the [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]]. It links [[Dholai|Dhola]] and [[Sadiya]] both are in [[Tinsukia district]] of [[Assam]] is named after him.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-names-indias-longest-bridge-after-assam-singer-bhupen-hazarika-1704256|title=PM Modi Names India's Longest Bridge After Assam Singer Bhupen Hazarika|work=NDTV.com|access-date=26 May 2017}}</ref>
* On 8 September 2022, Google honored Hazarika with a [[Google Doodle]] to mark his 96th birth anniversary.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2022 |title=Dr Bhupen Hazarika's 96th birthday |url=https://doodles.google/doodle/dr-bhupen-hazarikas-96th-birthday/ |access-date=8 September 2022 |work=Google}}</ref> The doodle, featuring Hazarika playing the harmonium, was created by Mumbai-based guest artist Rutuja Mali.

[[File:Bhupen Hazarika Museum at Kalakhetra by Bishnu Saikia.jpg|thumb|Bhupen Hazarika Museum inside [[Shankardev Kalakshetra]], Guwahati, Assam]]

* The [[56th International Film Festival of India]] taking place from 20 to 28 November 2025, will celebrate centenary and pay tribute to Bhupen Hazarika by screening his classic films.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/iffi-2025-to-break-tradition-open-with-a-vibrant-street-carnival-in-panaji-1503508921.html |title=IFFI 2025 to break tradition, open with a vibrant street carnival in Panaji|date=7 November 2025|access-date=9 November 2025|website= [[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible"
|- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width:33px;"|Year
! rowspan="2"|Film
! colspan="6"|Credited as
|- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;"
! Playback singer
! Composer
! Director
! Producer
! Writer
! Actor
|-
| 1939
| ''[[Indramalati]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| 1948
| ''Siraj''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| 1955
| ''[[Piyoli Phukan (1955 film)|Pioli Phukan]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| 1956
| ''[[Era Bator Sur]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| 1958
| ''Mahut Bandhu Re''
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| 1961
| ''Shakuntala''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| 1964
| ''Pratidhwani''
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| 1964
| ''Ka Swariti''
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| 1966
| ''Lati-Ghati''
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| 1969
| ''Chik Mik Bijuli''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| 1974
| ''[[Aarop]]''
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|
|-
| 1974
| ''For Whom the Sun Shines''
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| 1975
| ''[[Chameli Memsaab]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|
|-
|1975
|Khoj|Khoj
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| 1976
| ''Roop Konwar Jyoti Parsad Aru Joymoti''
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| 1976
| ''Mera Dharam Meri Maa''
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| 1977
| ''Through Melody and Rhythm''
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| 1977
| ''Shimana Perye''
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|
|-
|1978
|Chameli Memsaheb (Bengali)|Chameli Memsaheb (Bengali)
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|
|-
| 1979
| ''Mon-Prajapati''
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| 1979
| ''[[Devdas (1979 film)|Debdas]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|1981
|Chameli Memsaab (Hindi)|Chameli Memsaab
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|
|-
| 1982
| ''[[Aparoopa]]''
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|
|-
| 1986
| ''Swikarokti''
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| 1986
| ''Ek Pal''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|-
| 1988
| ''Siraj''
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| 1993
| ''[[Rudaali]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|
|-
| 1993
| ''Pratimurti''
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|
|-
|1995
|Pani|Pani
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| 1997
| ''Do Rahain''
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|
|-
| 1997
| ''[[Darmiyaan: In Between]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|
|-
| 1998
| ''[[Saaz (film)|Saaz]]''
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|
|-
| 2000
| ''[[Gaja Gamini]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Daman (2001 film)|Daman: A Victim of Marital Violence]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|
|-
| 2003
| ''Kyon?''
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Chingaari]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Gandhi to Hitler]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|
|
|}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Bhupen Hazarika}}
* [https://lyricsofbhupenda.in/ Lyrics of Bhupendra Sangeets]
* [http://www.bhupenhazarika.com Official website]
* {{IMDb name|id=0371913}}
* [http://bhupenhazarikadigitalarchive.org Digital Archive of Bhupen Hazarika]

==Gallery==
{{Gallery
|title=Some relevant photographs
|width= 280
|height=170
[[File:C:\Users\JAAN\Desktop\bh.jpg|framed|Statue at Digboi]]
|align=left
|File:Dr Bhupen Hazarika at Nizarapar.jpg|alt1=People outside Hazarika's home on 7 November 2011|People outside Hazarika's home on 7 November 2011
|File:Arabinda Rajkhowa's Tribute to Dr. Bhupen Hazarika.jpg|alt2=Hazarika lying in repose in Judge field, Guwahati. 8 November 2011|Hazarika lying in repose in Judge field, Guwahati, 8 November 2011
|File:Paltan Bazar, Guwahati, December 2011.jpg|Paltan Bazar, Guwahati, December 2011, one of many centres commemorating Bhupen Hazarika
|File:Panorma-720-wiki.jpg|alt4=Hazarika lying in repose in Judge field, Guwahati|Hazarika lying in repose in Judge field, Guwahati, 8 November 2011
}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Bharat Ratna}}
{{Dadasaheb Phalke Award}}
{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestMusicDirection}}
{{SangeetNatakAkademiFellowship}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hazarika, Bhupen}}
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:Assamese singers]]
[[Category:Assamese-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Assamese-language film directors]]
[[Category:Asom Sahitya Sabha presidents]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:Banaras Hindu University alumni]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Dadasaheb Phalke Award recipients]]
[[Category:Deaths from multiple organ failure]]
[[Category:Film directors from Assam]]
[[Category:Singers from Assam]]
[[Category:Musicians from Assam]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]]
[[Category:People from Tinsukia district]]
[[Category:Indian film score composers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Best Music Direction National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Cotton College, Guwahati alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1967–1972]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Bharat Ratna]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Assamese film score composers]]
[[Category:Bengali film score composers]]
[[Category:Hindi film score composers]]
[[Category:Assamese-language lyricists]]
[[Category:People from Assam]]

Vijayakumar (Malayalam actor)

2026-03-25T15:58:00Z

Advancedacademy: added a bio initial version

{{short description|Indian film actor}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vijayakumar
| image = Vijayakumar.jpg
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = 
| education = [[Mahatma Gandhi College]]
| occupation = Actor
| spouse = {{Marriage|Binu Daniel|end=divorced}}
| children = 2 (incl. [[Arthana Binu]])
| years_active = 1987-present
}}

'''Vijayakumar''' is an Indian actor who works in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language films. He is known for his roles in supporting and negative roles in Malayalam cinema.

==Personal life ==
Vijayakumar's father was a film producer who produced Malayalam-language films. He pursued a bachelor's degree in economics at the [[Mahatma Gandhi College]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram]].{{Citation needed |date=April 2024}}

Vijayakumar was married to Binu Daniel. The couple later got divorced. They have two daughters, including actress [[Arthana Binu]]. Arthana debuted as an actress in the 2016 film ''[[Mudhugauv]]'' alongside [[Gokul Suresh]], son of actor [[Suresh Gopi]]. In July 2023, his daughter posted a video of the actor allegedly trespassing into his ex-wife's property.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actor Vijayakumar accused of trespassing on ex-wife's property. Daughter Arthana Binu posts video |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/07/04/vijayakumar-daughter-video-ex-wife-arthana-binu-mollywood.html |access-date=2024-04-13 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Arthana Binu drops a shocking video of her 'biological father' Vijayakumar barging into her residential property {{!}} Malayalam Movie News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/malayalam/arthana-binu-drops-a-shocking-video-of-her-biological-father-vijayakumar-barging-into-her-residential-property/videoshow/101495981.cms |access-date=2024-04-13 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Malayalam Actor Vijayakumar Forcefully Enters Ex-Wife's Property, Threatens Daughter Arthana To 'Stop Acting'- Watch Video |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/malayalam-actor-vijayakumar-forcefully-enters-ex-wifes-property-threatens-daughter-arthana-to-stop-acting-watch-video |access-date=2024-04-13 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Thalastaanam]]'' || Unnikrishnan ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1993 || ''[[Jackpot (1993 film)|Jackpot]]'' || Nikhil ||
|-
| ''[[Uppukandam Brothers]]'' || James Chacko ||
|-
| ''[[Bhoomi Geetham]]'' || Sethunathan ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1994 || ''[[Gamanam (1994 film)|Gamanam]]'' || SI Surendran ||
|-
| ''Napolean'' || Manu ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1994 || ''Sudha Mathalam'' || Dr. Chandrashekhar ||
|-
| ''Tharavadu'' || Ramesh ||
|-
| ''[[Special Squad (film)|Special Squad]]'' || Samkutty ||
|-
| ''[[Prayikkara Pappan]]'' || Chandran ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1997 || ''[[Lelam]]'' || Sunny Cherian Karimpanal ||
|-
| ''[[Kottappurathe Koottukudumbam]]'' || Jayadevan ||
|-
| ''[[Hitler Brothers]]'' || Dr. Gopan ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1998 || ''[[Amma Ammaayiyamma]]'' || Raghu ||
|-
| ''Illamura Thamburan'' || Chandran ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 1999 || ''[[Pathram]]'' || Vincent Peter ||
|-
| ''[[Thachiledathu Chundan]]'' || Murali ||
|-
| ''[[Crime File]]'' || Monayi ||
|-
| ''[[Ezhupunna Tharakan]]'' || Babychan ||
|-
| ''[[Swastham Grihabharanam]]'' || Shibu ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2000 || ''[[Narasimham (film)|Narasimham]]'' || Jayakrishnan ||
|-
| ''[[Sradha]]'' || Narendran IPS ||
|-
| ''[[Valliettan]]'' || Appu ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2001 || ''[[Nariman (film)|Nariman]]'' || Manu ||
|-
| ''[[Dubai (2001 film)|Dubai]]'' || Yousaf ||
|-
| ''[[Praja]]'' || Appu ||
|-
| ''[[Onnaman]]'' || Balan ||
|-
| ''[[Rakshasa Rajavu]]'' || SP Gopalkumar ||
|-
| ''[[Saivar Thirumeni]]'' || Sam ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2002 || ''[[Shivam (2002 film)|Shivam]]'' || Rasheed ||
|-
| ''[[Thandavam]]'' || Tomichan ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2004 || ''[[Wanted (2004 film)|Wanted]]'' || Sreekanth ||
|-
| ''[[Natturajavu]]'' || Advocate ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2005 || ''[[Chandrolsavam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[The Tiger (2005 film)|The Tiger]]'' || Haris C. Khan ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Chinthamani Kolacase]]'' || Soolapani Warrier ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2007 || ''[[Time (2007 film)|Time]]'' || CI Venu ||
|-
| ''[[Sooryan (2007 film)|Sooryan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Nadiya Kollappetta Rathri]]'' || Balu Madhav ||
|-
| ''[[Ali Bhai]]'' || ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Ellam Avan Seyal]]'' || || Tamil
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2009 || ''[[Chemistry (2009 film)|Chemistry]]'' || CI Ramdas ||
|-
| ''[[Red Chillies (film)|Red Chillies]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Winter (2009 film)|Winter]]'' || Saju Paul IPS ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2010 || ''[[Janakan]]'' || ACP Jayapalan ||
|-
| ''[[Vandae Maatharam]]'' || Police Superintendent ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2011 || ''[[Traffic (2011 film)|Traffic]]'' || Mathew ||
|-
| ''[[Sandwich (2011 film)|Sandwich]]'' || Murugan ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2012 || ''[[Simhasanam (2012 film)|Simhasanam]]'' || SP Chandrashekharan ||
|-
| ''[[I Love Me (film)|I Love Me]]'' || SI Paul Alunkal ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2014 || ''[[God's Own Country (2014 film)|God's Own Country]]'' || CI Alex ||
|-
| ''[[Cousins (2014 film)|Cousins]]'' || Rajarajan ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2015 || ''[[Jamna Pyari]]'' || Bank President ||
|-
| ''[[Anarkali (2015 film)|Anarkali]]'' || Prosecutor ||
|-
| ''[[Rajamma @ Yahoo]]'' || Abraham's son ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2016 || ''[[Karinkunnam 6's]]'' || Pranchi ||
|-
| ''[[Annmariya Kalippilaanu]]'' || James ||
|-
| ''[[IDI - Inspector Dawood Ibrahim]]'' || Alex Idikkula ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2017 || ''[[The Great Father]]'' || Venture Employee ||
|-
| ''[[Puthan Panam]]'' || Jamshad ||
|-
| ''[[Sherlock Toms]]'' || Sathyaprathapan ||
|-
| ''[[Masterpiece (2017 film)|Masterpiece]]'' || Professor Kurian Thomas ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2018 || ''[[Krishnam]]'' || Savio ||
|-
| ''[[Aabhaasam]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2019 || ''[[Pattabhiraman]]'' || Anantha Narayan ||
|-
| ''[[Brother's Day]]'' || CI Alex Kurian ||
|-
| ''[[Driving Licence (film)|Driving Licence]]'' || DySP Joseph Unniyadan |
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2022 || ''[[Karnan Napoleon Bhagath Singh]]'' || Shasheendran |
|-
| ''[[Kaduva]]'' || SI Rajeev ||
|-
| rowspan=2 |2023 || ''[[Akasham Kadann]]'' || Rauf ||
|-
|''Rahel Makan Kora''|| Pala Karia || <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/rahel-makan-kora-movie-shooting-completed-anson-paul-and-sminu-sijo-1.8856723 | title='റാഹേൽ മകൻ കോര' ചിത്രീകരണം പൂർത്തിയായി, റിലീസിനൊരുങ്ങുന്നു | date=27 August 2023 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2024 || ''Ithuvare'' || || <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/features/director-anil-thomas-about-ithuvare-movie-1.9352365 | title=പ്രതിഷേധത്തിന്റെ അടയാളം, സമൂഹത്തോടുള്ള ഉത്തരവാദിത്തം; ബ്രഹ്മപുരം തീപ്പിടിത്തം വെള്ളിത്തിരയിലേക്ക് | date=24 February 2024 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Hunt (2024 film)|Hunt]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-07-15 |title=Bhavana-Shaji Kailas film Hunt gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jul/15/bhavana-shaji-kailas-film-hunt-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Oru Kattil Oru Muri'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-09-04 |title=Oru Kattil Oru Muri gets a new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Sep/04/oru-kattil-oru-muri-gets-a-new-release-date |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Aabhyanthara Kuttavaali]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=2025-02-28 |title=Asif Ali's Abhyanthara Kuttavali confirms release date, teaser out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Feb/28/asif-alis-abhyanthara-kuttavali-confirms-release-date-teaser-out |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|8326844}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vijayakumar}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Film producers from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayalam film producers]]
[[Category:Male actors from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

JSW Group

2026-03-25T15:51:31Z

Advancedacademy:

{{Short description|Indian multinational conglomerate}}
{{Promotional|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox company
| name = JSW Group
| logo = JSW Group logo.svg
| logo_size =
| image = JSW Group Mumbai HQ.png
| image_caption = Headquarters in [[Bandra Kurla Complex]], [[Mumbai]]
| type = [[Private company|Private]]
| founded = {{start date and age|1982}}
| founder = [[Sajjan Jindal]]
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = {{Plainlist|
*[[Sajjan Jindal]] ([[Chairman]])
*[[Sangita Jindal]] ([[Chairperson]], JSW Foundation)
*[[Parth Jindal]] ([[Managing Director|MD]], JSW Cement)
*Seshagiri Rao MVS ([[CFO]])
}}
| num_employees = 55,000<ref>{{cite news |title=Steel firms engage with vaccine makers for bulk supply of doses for employees |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/steel-firms-engage-with-vaccine-makers-for-bulk-supply-of-doses-for-employees-11610962004063.html |access-date=25 January 2021 |work=LiveMint}}</ref>
| industry = [[Conglomerate (company)|Conglomerate]]
| products = {{hlist
| [[Steel]]
| [[Energy]]
| [[Infrastructure]]
| [[Cement]]
| [[Paint]]
| [[Investment]]
| [[Sports]]
| [[Automotive]]}}
| revenue ={{increase}} US$23 billion<ref>{{cite web | last1=Mukherjee | first1=Hritam | last2=Pant | first2=Manvi | last3=Mukherjee | first3=Hritam |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/jsw-paints-buys-akzo-nobels-stake-indian-unit-2025-06-27/ | title=JSW strengthens India paints push with $1.6 billion Akzo Nobel unit deal | work=Reuters | date=27 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
| owner = [[Om Prakash Jindal|Jindal family]]
| subsid = {{Plainlist|
*[[JSW Steel]]
*[[Severfield|JSW Severfield Structures]]
*[[JSW Energy]]
*[[JSW Cement]]
*JSW One Platforms
*JSoft Solutions
*JSW Infrastructure
*Jindal Praxair Oxygen Company Limited (JPOCL)
*JSW Paints
*JSW Holdings
*JSW Ventures
*JSW Realty
*JSW Sports
*Barmer Lignite Mining Co Ltd (BLMCL)
* [[JSW MG Motor India]]
* PNP Ports
* [[Karcham Wangtoo Hydroelectric Plant]]
}}
| net_income =
| website = {{URL|www.jsw.in}}
}}

'''JSW Group''' is an Indian [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] [[Conglomerate (company)|conglomerate]], based in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iyengar |first=Suresh P. |date=2025-08-04 |title=JSW Group bakes a conglomerate pie |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/specials/corporate-file/jsw-group-bakes-a-conglomerate-pie/article69886337.ece |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> It is led by [[Sajjan Jindal]] and founded by [[Om Prakash Jindal]].<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=http://getahead.rediff.com/money/2006/jul/06mc3.htm |title=Won't give away control of JSW Steel: Sajjan Jindal: Rediff.com Business |publisher=Getahead.rediff.com |date=2006-07-06 |access-date=2010-09-24}}</ref> The group's diverse businesses include [[steel]], [[energy]], [[infrastructure]], [[cement]], [[Automotive industry|automotive]] and [[paints]], across India, the United States, South America, and Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETEnergyworld.com |title=JSW Steel: JSW Group is exploring investment opportunities in Macedonia, Energy News, ET EnergyWorld |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/jsw-group-is-exploring-investment-opportunities-in-macedonia/63353397 |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=ETEnergyworld.com |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==

=== 1982–1994 ===
The JSW Group was founded in 1982 when Jindal acquired a re-rolling mill located in [[Tarapur, Maharashtra]], near [[Mumbai]], from Piramal Steel.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Pritam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NTH4fUKIHMYC&dq=About+JSW+Group&pg=PA185 |title=In Search of Change Maestros |last2=Bhandarker |first2=Asha |date=2011-02-14 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-81-321-0586-2 |language=en}}</ref> Following the acquisition, the group renamed it ''Jindal Iron and Steel Company (JISCO)''. Subsequently, in the same year, the group established its first steel plant in Vasind, near Mumbai.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Parikh |first1=Hiral |last2=Desai |first2=Devesh |date=2022 |title=A STUDY ON MAJOR STEEL COMPANIES OF INDIA. |url=https://hrdc.gujaratuniversity.ac.in/Publication/article?id=4845 |journal=Towards Excellence |language=en |volume=14 |issue=Special Issue 1 |issn=0974-035X}}</ref>

=== 1994–2005 ===
Jindal Vijayanagar Steel Limited (JVSL) was established in 1994. Situated at [[Toranagallu]] in the [[Bellary]]–[[Hospet]] region of Karnataka, this plant strategically positioned itself in the heart of the high–grade iron ore belt, sprawling across 3,700 acres of land.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JSW Steel: Reports, Company History, Directors Report, Chairman's Speech, Auditors Report of JSW Steel – NDTV |url=https://www.ndtv.com/business |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> In 2004, JSW made a strategic move by acquiring Salem Steel Works, adding to its portfolio. The year 2005 witnessed a pivotal moment in group's history when JISCO and JVSL merged to create [[JSW Steel]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of JSW Group |url=https://www.steelonthenet.com/kb/history-jsw.html |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=steelonthenet.com}}</ref>

In 1994, [[JSW Energy Limited]] was established as power company, focusing on power generation, transmission and trading.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Com |first1=Moneycontrol |title=JSW Energy > Company History > Power – Generation & Distribution > Company History of JSW Energy – BSE: 533148, NSE: JSWENERGY |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/company-facts/jswenergy/history/JE01 |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=moneycontrol.com |language=en}}</ref>

In 1999, JSW Infrastructure was founded to construct and operate airports, shipyards, townships, roads and rail connectivity, inland waterways, water treatment plants, special economic zones and other infrastructural facilities.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillay |first=Amritha |date=29 September 2023 |title=JSW Group makes another attempt to scale-up cement, port business |work=[[Business Standard]] |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/jsw-group-makes-another-attempt-to-scale-up-cement-port-business-123092701147_1.html |access-date=16 October 2023}}</ref>

=== 2008–2014 ===
In 2008, JSW Group ventured into a rebar joint venture in Georgia.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-12-28 |title=JSW Steel to set up Rs 165 cr JV in Georgia |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/steel/jsw-steel-to-set-up-rs-165-cr-jv-in-georgia/articleshow/2659159.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-16 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The acquisition of an integrated steel plant at Dolvi, Maharashtra, in 2010 added to their steel production portfolio. And, the acquisition of [[Welspun Maxsteel]] in 2014 marked as a diversification in the group's history.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hotta |first=Fumitaka |title=India's JSW Steel now making high-quality auto-use steel sheet |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/India-s-JSW-Steel-now-making-high-quality-auto-use-steel-sheet |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=Nikkei Asia |language=en-GB}}</ref>

In 2009, JSW Group entered the cement business by establishing [[JSW Cement]] and established production facilities in various locations including Vijaynagar, Nandyal (Andhra Pradesh), Dolvi, Jaipur, Shiva (Odhisha), Salboni (West Bengal), and Fujairah (United Arab Emirates).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ghosh |first1=Sadhan Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6jJPEAAAQBAJ&dq=jsw+group&pg=PA349 |title=Sustainable Management of Wastes Through Co-processing |last2=Parlikar |first2=Ulhas V. |last3=Karstensen |first3=Kåre Helge |date=2021-11-16 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-16-6073-3 |language=en}}</ref>

=== 2018–2020 ===
In 2018, JSW Group purchased Italy's Aferpi.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gaur |first=Vatsala |date=2018-05-18 |title=JSW buys Italy's Aferpi |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/steel/jsw-steel-signs-pact-to-buy-aferpi-for-rs-600-crore-from-algerias-cevital/articleshow/64221394.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-16 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Also, investments were made in a greenfield Texas plant and the takeover of bankrupt Bhushan Power. In 2020, JSW's purchase of Bhushan Power faced legal challenges, but the group pressed on, acquiring stakes and expanding its presence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=John |first=Nevin |date=2020-02-21 |title=JSW to become India's largest steelmaker with Bhushan Power takeover |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/industry/infra/story/jsw-to-become-india-largest-steelmaker-with-bhushan-power-takeover-250546-2020-02-21 |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>

On 2 May 2019, JSW Group established JSW Paints with a total investment of {{INRConvert|600|c}}, with {{INR}}250 crore of equity investment and a ₹350 crore debt investment from Axis Bank.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gaur |first1=Vatsala |date=2 May 2019 |title=JSW Paints aims at Rs 2,000 crore revenue over three years |website=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/paints/jsw-paints-aims-at-rs-2000-crore-revenue-over-three-years/articleshow/69148649.cms |access-date=3 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Thomas |first1=Tanya |date=2 May 2019 |title=JSW enters paints business with ₹600 crore investment |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/jsw-enters-paints-business-with-rs-600-crore-investment-1556794671590.html |access-date=3 May 2019 |website=Mint |language=en}}</ref>

=== 2021–2025 ===
In 2021, JSW Steel Italy acquired a stake in GSI Lucchini and set a CO2 reduction target for 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-14 |title=JSW Steel Italy acquires 31% in GSI Lucchini |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/jsw-steel-italy-acquires-31-in-gsi-lucchini/article34317408.ece |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> In 2022, they planned the merger of JISPL and CSSL subsidiaries and secured approval for a greenfield steel plant in [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-15 |title=Construction work on ₹8,800-cr JSW steel plant begins in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/construction-work-on-8800-cr-jsw-steel-plant-begins-in-ap/article66513255.ece |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> In 2013, the group entered into a collaboration with Japan's [[JFE Holdings]] in the electrical steel sector.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-02 |title=JSW Steel, Japan's JFE to set up JV for manufacturing of CRGO electrical steel |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/companies/jsw-steel-japans-jfe-to-set-up-jv-for-manufacturing-of-crgo-electrical-steel-17417571.htm |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=cnbctv18.com |language=en}}</ref> In December 2023, JSW Infrastructure announced plans to acquire a majority stake in PNP Port for ₹270 crore.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-05 |title=JSW Infrastructure to buy majority stake in PNP Port for ₹270 crore |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/shipping-/-transport/jsw-infrastructure-to-buy-majority-stake-in-pnp-port-for-270-crore/articleshow/105735695.cms |access-date=2023-12-08 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

In April 2024, JSW Steel raised a $900 million syndicated loan from a consortium of eight foreign banks (Singapore's DBS Bank, France's BNP Paribas, UK's HSBC and Standard Chartered, UAE's Mashreq Bank and First Abu Dhabi Bank, Japan's Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corp (SMBC) and Taiwan's CTBC Bank) to refinance debt facilities and repay expensive loans ahead of schedule.<ref>{{cite web |date=April 19, 2024 |title=JSW Steel raises $900-million loan from eight foreign ban |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/steel/jsw-steel-raises-900-million-loan-from-eight-foreign-banks/articleshow/109412305.cms |website=The Economic Times}}</ref>

In December 2024, JSW Group entered the non-ferrous metals sector by adding copper to its metal portfolio through the acquisition of two Jharkhand copper mines from [[Hindustan Copper]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sachdev |first=Alisha |date=2024-12-27 |title=JSW secures Hindustan Copper mines in move into non-ferrous metals |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/jsw-hindustan-copper-mines-jharkhand-non-ferrous-metals-hindalco-industries-electric-vehicles-jayant-acharya-11735209004326.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228024427/https://www.livemint.com/companies/jsw-hindustan-copper-mines-jharkhand-non-ferrous-metals-hindalco-industries-electric-vehicles-jayant-acharya-11735209004326.html |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=2024-12-29 |work=mint |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-01-27 |title=JSW Group bags rights to develop two copper mines |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/commodities/jsw-group-bags-rights-to-develop-two-copper-mines/article69146207.ece |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaddha |first=Rajesh |last2=Pal |first2=Tanima |date=August 2025 |title=The Copper Report - Navigating Through The Demand and Supply Gap |url=https://csep.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/The-Copper-Report-1.pdf |access-date=4 December 2025 |publisher=Centre for Social and Economic Progress, New Delhi |page=26}}</ref> As of March 2025, the group plans to build a 500,000 metric ton copper smelter in Odisha by 2028-29, using copper concentrate from [[Peru]] and [[Chile]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Arora |first=Neha |date=20 March 2025 |title=India's JSW to set up 0.5 mln T capacity copper smelter, source says |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/indias-jsw-set-up-05-mln-t-capacity-copper-smelter-source-says-2025-03-20/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322212242/https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/indias-jsw-set-up-05-mln-t-capacity-copper-smelter-source-says-2025-03-20/ |archive-date=22 March 2025 |access-date=2025-03-31 |work=Reuters |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref>

In December 2024, JSW Neo Energy purchased the O2 Power platform from [[EQT AB|EQT]] and [[Temasek (company)|Temasek]] for $1.5 billion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EQT, Temasek sell O2 Power for US$1.5 billion |url=https://www.theasset.com/article/53222/eqt-temasek-sell-o2-power-for-us-1-5-billion |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=www.theasset.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-27 |title=India's JSW Energy to buy Temasek-backed O2 Power's units for $1.47 bln |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/deals/indias-jsw-energy-buy-temasek-backed-o2-powers-units-147-bln-2024-12-27/ |access-date=2025-08-08 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Acetech 2025, Bangalore International Exhibition Centre (390).jpg|thumb|right|JSW at Acetech 2025, [[Bangalore International Exhibition Centre|BIEC]] ]]
[[File:Acetech 2025, Bangalore International Exhibition Centre (422).jpg|thumb|right|JSW Enterprise's Modula at Acetech 2025, BIEC ]]

==Group companies==

=== Listed ===
*'''JSW Cement''' – Currently, it has a capacity of 20.6 MTPA.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-10-01 |title=JSW Cement adds 2 mtpa, takes total capacity to 20.6 mtpa |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/jsw-cement-adds-2-mtpa-takes-total-capacity-to-206-mtpa/article68706479.ece |access-date=2024-11-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-16 |title=JSW Cement may soon file papers for Rs 4,000-crore IPO |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/market/ipo-news-jsw-cement-may-soon-file-papers-for-rs-4000-crore-ipo-3584910/ |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> The company is currently engaged in initiatives to develop zero clinker cement, a type of cement that eliminates the need for limestone mining. Instead, it will utilize fly ash and ground-granulated blast-furnace slag, combined with a chemical additive, to produce concrete.<ref name=":0" />
*'''[[JSW Energy]]''' – JSW Energy has a power generation capacity of 6564 megawatts (MW),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kurup |first=Rajesh |date=2023-03-30 |title=JSW Energy completes acquisition of Mytrah Energy's RE portfolio |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/jsw-energy-completes-acquisition-of-mytrah-energys-re-portfolio/3026407/ |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> out of which 3158 MW is thermal power, 1391 MW is [[hydropower]], 1.75MW [[Pumped-storage hydroelectricity|pumped storage plant]] and 10 MW solar power.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baruah |first=Rituraj |date=2022-04-07 |title=JSW Energy starts operations at 225 MW Vijayanagar solar project |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/jsw-energy-starts-operations-at-225-mw-vijayanagar-solar-project-11649327080114.html |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> It plans to significantly increase its capacity from 7.3GW to 20GW by March 2030 by solar and wind-based power projects.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=John |first=Nevin |date=2023-04-07 |title=JSW Group: Life Beyond Steel |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/long-reads/jsw-group-life-beyond-steel/112193 |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=www.fortuneindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamath |first=Raghavendra |date=2024-05-27 |title=JSW Energy looks at acquisitions in green energy |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/industry-jsw-energy-looks-at-acquisitions-in-green-energy-3502190/ |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>
*'''JSW Holdings''' – JSW Holdings is a Non-Banking Financial Company (NBFC) that forms the investment arm of the JSW Group. The company makes strategic investments in new ventures promoted by the JSW Group.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JSW Holdings: Reports, Company History, Directors Report, Chairman's Speech, Auditors Report of JSW Holdings - NDTV |url=https://www.ndtv.com/business |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>
*'''JSW Infrastructure''' – Based in [[Mumbai]],<ref name="dnaindia1">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report_jsw-in-five-fold-ramp-up-at-jaigarh_1286467 |title=JSW in five-fold ramp-up at Jaigarh - Money - DNA |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=2009-08-31 |access-date=2010-09-24}}</ref> its primary business interests are in the development of infrastructure for ports, roads, and rail connectivity.<ref name="dnaindia1" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jsw.in/companies/company_infrastructure.shtml |title=JSW Companies. JSW Infrastructure Ltd |publisher=Jsw.in |access-date=2010-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100927145026/http://jsw.in/companies/company_infrastructure.shtml |archive-date=27 September 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Dharamtar|JSW Dharamtar Port]] and [[Jaigad Port|JSW Jaigad Port]] both ports are operated by JSW Infrastructure. The company has a cargo handling capacity of 153MT. In FY22, the company recorded a profit of ₹318 crore from a revenue of ₹2,273 crore.<ref name=":0" /> On 3 October 2023, JSW Infrastructure debuted at a premium of 20.2% on Indian stock market via IPO.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sreedhar |first=Vidya |date=2023-10-03 |title=JSW Infrastructure shares debut at 20% premium over IPO price |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/jsw-infrastructure-shares-debut-at-20-premium-over-ipo-price/articleshow/104120059.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-11-22 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> JSW Infrastructure is upgrading the [[Salav Port]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bseindia.com/corporates/download/372774/DRHP_%20JSW%20Infrastructure%20Limited%20_09-05-2023_20230510205626.pdf|title=Draft Red Herring Prospectus, JSW Infracture Limited - U45200MH2006PLC161268|date=9 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106060112/https://www.bseindia.com/corporates/download/372774/DRHP_%20JSW%20Infrastructure%20Limited%20_09-05-2023_20230510205626.pdf|archive-date=6 January 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> JSW Infrastructure is building two greenfield ports at Nangaon and Keni.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-02-17 |title=Karnataka Budget 2023-24: Greenfield ports at Keni and Pavinakurve in Uttara Kannada district under PPP, marina at Byndoor beach |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/karnataka-budget-2023-24-greenfield-ports-keni-pavinakurve-uttara-kannada-district-under-ppp-marina-at-byndoor-beach/article66520152.ece |access-date=2023-11-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> As of February 2024, the company operates 10 ports and terminals in India and one terminal in the UAE, with a total operational capacity of 170 million tonnes per year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishnan |first=Janaki |date=2024-02-27 |title=JSW Infrastructure looking to make entry in Gujarat with greenfield port |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/jsw-infrastructure-looking-to-make-entry-in-gujarat-with-greenfield-port/article67892362.ece |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=[[Business Line|The Hindu Businessline]] |language=en}}</ref> According to the recent statutory filings, the promoter firm Sajjan Jindal Family Trust sold equity shares of the company worth ₹1200 crores to comply with SEBI’s minimum public shareholding norms.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Rimjhim |date=16 May 2025 |title=Jindal Family Trust to sell ₹1,200 cr JSW Infra stake to meet Sebi norms |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/jindal-family-trust-to-sell-rs-1200-cr-jsw-infra-stake-to-meet-sebi-norms-125051600355_1.html |access-date=16 May 2025 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref> In June 2025, the company secured a 30‑year concession to modernize and operate two container berths at [[Port of Kolkata]]’s Netaji Subhas Dock—outbidding the [[Adani Group]] with a royalty bid of ₹4,678 per TEU—in a {{INRConvert|698.84|c|year=2025}} project marking its first port venture in West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Saha |first=Sambit |date=25 June 2025 |title=JSW Infrastructure beats Adani Group to win Calcutta port deal, deepens Bengal ties |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/jsw-infrastructure-beats-adani-group-to-win-calcutta-port-deal-deepens-bengal-ties-prnt/cid/2109631 |access-date=25 June 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)]]}}</ref>
*'''[[JSW Steel]]''' – JSW Steel has one of the world's largest single blast furnaces with a capacity of 4.8 MTPA.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1515/9783110727968 |page=149 |title=De Gruyter Handbook of Business Families |date=2023 |isbn=978-3-11-072796-8 |editor-last1=Carney |editor-last2=Dieleman |editor-first1=Michael |editor-first2=Marleen }}</ref> JSW's overall installed capacity is 35.7 MTPA.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-11 |title=JSW, Posco to build new steel plant in India |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/enterprise/jsw-posco-to-build-new-steel-plant-in-india/118949 |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=www.fortuneindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-11-05 |title=JSW Steel output down 1 pc on shutdown of blast furnace in Dolvi |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/jsw-steel-output-down-1-pc-on-shutdown-of-blast-furnace-in-dolvi/article68832122.ece |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

=== Unlisted ===
*'''JSW Defence and Aerospace''' – The company was established in 2024 by acquiring a 51% stake in Gecko Motors Private Ltd., which specializes in extreme off-road vehicles. Following the acquisition, Gecko Motors has been rebranded as JSW Gecko Motors.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-01-25 |title=JSW Group forays into defence sector with acquisition of majority stake in extreme off-road vehicle firm Gecko Motors |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/jsw-group-forays-into-defence-sector-with-acquisition-of-majority-stake-in-extreme-off-road-vehicle-firm-gecko-motors/article67776770.ece |access-date=2024-01-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Yadav |first=Krishna |date=2024-01-25 |title=JSW Group enters defence manufacturing |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/jsw-group-enters-defence-manufacturing-11706188330032.html |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> The company was awarded a {{INRConvert|250|c|lk=on|year=2023|}} [[Ministry of Defence (India)|defence ministry]] contract to produce 96 Specialist Mobility Vehicle (SMV) N1200 ATOR in June 2023 after trials in July 2021. These manufacturing of the vehicles commenced in January 2024 in [[Chandigarh]], and delivery concluded by June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bajwa |first=Harpreet |date=2024-08-20 |title=Army gets all-terrain terrain four wheel drive vehicles N1200 ATOR |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Aug/20/army-gets-all-terrain-terrain-four-wheel-drive-vehicles-n1200-ator |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kurup |first=Rajesh |date=2024-01-26 |title=JSW Group announces entry into defence sector; to focus on domestic, overseas markets |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-jsw-group-announces-entry-into-defence-sector-to-focus-on-domestic-overseas-markets-3375530/ |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> The vehicle, an Indianised variant of [[Sherp|SHERP]] N1200, has an in-service designation was JSW Kapidhwaj. The vehicle participated in [[Delhi Republic Day parade]] 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-01-27 |title=JSW Kapidhwaj showcases prowess at the Republic Day 2025 parade. Here's what it gets |url=https://auto.hindustantimes.com/auto/news/jsw-kapidhwaj-featured-during-the-republic-day-2025-parade-here-s-what-the-specialised-mobility-vehicle-is-capable-of-41737956123173.html |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=HT Auto |language=en}}</ref> In November 2024, Shield AI partnered with JSW Defense to manufacture the [[V-BAT]] drones in India. JSW shall be investing $90 million over the next 2 years of which $65 million will be invested within 12 months to establish a "global compliance programme", [[Production line|manufacturing facility]], [[Technology transfer|technology licensing]] and train parsonnel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Levina |date=2024-11-26 |title=Deployed to Israel America's MQ-35A V-BAT Unmanned Aerial Systems Will Now Be Manufactured in India - RESONANT NEWS |url=https://resonantnews.com/2024/11/26/deployed-to-israel-americas-mq-35a-v-bat-unmanned-aerial-systems-will-now-be-manufactured-in-india/?amp=1 |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=RESONANT NEWS |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Colin |date=2024-11-27 |title=US drone maker Shield AI moves into Indian defense market, joint venture with JSW Group |url=https://breakingdefense.com/2024/11/us-drone-maker-shield-ai-moves-into-indian-defense-market-joint-venture-with-jsw-group/ |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=Breaking Defense |language=en-US}}</ref>
*'''JSW Paints''' – There are two manufacturing facilities under its operation, with one dedicated to industrial coatings located in Vasind (Maharashtra), and the other focused on decorative coatings situated in Vijayanagar.<ref name=":0" /> The combined capacity of these two plants is 170,000 kilolitres.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kurup |first=Rajesh |date=2024-05-24 |title=JSW Paints earmarks Rs 900-crore capex for next two years |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/industry-jsw-paints-earmarks-rs-900-crore-capex-for-next-two-years-3499414/ |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> As of June 2025, JSW Paints announced that it had signed definitive agreements to acquire up to a 74.76% stake in Akzo Nobel India Limited (ANIL) from [[AkzoNobel|Akzo Nobel]] and its affiliates, for a maximum consideration of {{INRConvert|8986|c|year=2025}}, as outlined in the Share Purchase Agreement.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Lalatendu |date=2025-06-27 |title=JSW Paints to acquire 74% stake in Akzo Nobel India for ₹8,986 crore |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/jsw-paints-to-acquire-74-stake-in-akzo-nobel-india-for-8986-crore/article69743193.ece |access-date=2025-07-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> This acquisition will make JSW Paints the fourth-largest player in the Indian paint industry.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-01 |title=Akzo Nobel reveals why it chose JSW Paints, which now aims to take on India's paint industry giants |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/paints/akzo-nobel-reveals-why-it-chose-jsw-paints-which-now-aims-to-take-on-indias-paint-industry-giants/articleshow/122178866.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-07-10 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
*'''JSW Port Logistics''' - A wholly owned subsidiary of JSW Infrastructure, dealing with warehousing, and container freight stations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-22 |title=JSW Infrastructure gains on incorporating wholly owned subsidiary - India Shipping News |url=https://indiashippingnews.com/jsw-infrastructure-gains-on-incorporating-wholly-owned-subsidiary/ |access-date=2024-06-24 |language=en-US}}</ref>
*'''JSW Ventures''' – JSW Ventures is the [[venture capital]] arm of JSW Group which invests in [[Early stage innovation company|early-stage]] Indian startups.<ref>{{cite news |title=JSW Ventures set to mark first close of new VC fund |url=https://www.vccircle.com/jsw-ventures-set-to-mark-first-close-of-new-vc-fund |access-date=13 December 2022 |work=VCCircle}}</ref>
*'''JSW Realty''' – It is the real-estate arm of the group, focusing on sustainable residential and commercial projects.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
*'''JSW Sports''' – Through JSW Sports, the group also owns the [[Indian Premier League]] cricket team [[Delhi Capitals]], the [[Women's Premier League (cricket)|Women's Premier League]] cricket team [[Delhi Capitals (WPL)|Delhi Capitals]], the [[SA20 (cricket)|SA20]] cricket team [[Pretoria Capitals]], the [[Indian Super League]] football team [[Bengaluru FC]], the [[Hockey India League]] team [[Soorma Hockey Club]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-13 |title=HIL auction: Indian hockey stars Harmanpreet Singh, Hardik Singh, Abhishek breach the Rs 70 lakh mark |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/hockey/hockey-india-league-auction-harmanpreet-singh-hardik-abhishek-70-lakhs-9618216/ |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> and the [[Pro Kabaddi League]] team [[Haryana Steelers]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Sajjan Jindal's Heavy Lifting |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/network/sajjan-jindal-heavy-lifting/story/412046.html |website=www.businesstoday.in |date=5 August 2020 |access-date=25 January 2021}}</ref> It also operates [[Inspire Institute of Sport]], a 42-acre [[High-performance sport|high performance]] training centre in the outskirts of Vidyanagar, [[Bellary district]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Suprita |editor-last=Upadhyaya |editor-first=Suyash |title=Inspire Institute of Sports Launched |url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/asian-games-inspire-institute-of-sports-launched-1845593.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20220518203943/https://www.news18.com/news/sports/asian-games-inspire-institute-of-sports-launched-1845593.html |archive-date=2022-05-18 |access-date=2025-12-04 |work=News18 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nadar |first=Parul |last2=Samiha |first2=Maisha |last3=Mohr |first3=Darryl |date=August 2025 |title=Advancing high-performance sports: Victoria-India opportunities |url=https://aii.unimelb.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/Advancing-High-Performance-Sports-Report.pdf |access-date=4 December 2025 |publisher=Australia India Institute |page=34}}</ref>
*'''JSW One Platforms''' – Launched in 2021, it comprises two entities: ''JSW One MSME'' and ''JSW One Homes''. The former is an online platform for MSMEs, providing an industrial materials such as steel, welding consumables, TMT bars, and cement. On the other hand, the latter is a digital platform that specializes in end-to-end home construction solutions for individual real estate companies and builders.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Mihir |date=2023-04-10 |title=JSW One Platforms to seek NBFC licence |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/jsw-one-platforms-to-apply-for-nbfc-licence-eyes-1bn-gmv-by-2024-11681149569131.html |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> In May 2025, the platform raised around $40 million in a funding round led by Principal Asset Management, OneUp, JSW Steel, and other investors, bringing its valuation to $1 billion. Currently, it serves over 500,000 building and manufacturing MSMEs across the country.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-13 |title=JSW One Platforms enters unicorn club with $40 million funding |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/start-ups/jsw-one-platforms-enters-unicorn-club-with-40-million-fundingnbsp/3843498/ |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-05-13 |title=JSW One Platforms Joins Unicorn Club with INR 340 Cr Raise to Power MSMEs |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/news-and-trends/jsw-one-platforms-joins-unicorn-club-with-inr-340-cr-raise/491515 |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=Entrepreneur |language=en}}</ref>
*'''JSW Neo Energy''' - In 2021, JSW Energy transferred its renewable energy portfolio to JSW Neo Energy. This included the transfer of 100% equity shares in JSW Renew Energy (Kar), JSW Renewable Energy (Dolvi), and JSW Energy (Kutehr).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Baruah |first=Rituraj |date=16 March 2022 |title=JSW Energy completes reorganisation of its renewable and thermal businesses |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/jsw-energy-completes-reorganisation-of-its-renewable-and-thermal-businesses-11647449447838.html |url-status=dead |access-date=14 December 2024 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |archive-date=14 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214132513/https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/jsw-energy-completes-reorganisation-of-its-renewable-and-thermal-businesses-11647449447838.html }}</ref> In December 2024, the company acquired a 4,696 MW renewable energy platform from O2 Power Pooling Pte, owned by EQT Infrastructure and Temasek, for ₹12,468 crore.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Joshi |first=Manish |date=2024-12-30 |title=JSW Energy's O2 Power acquisition tells us buying is better than building assets |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/jsw-energy-q2-power-acquisition-renewable-energy-assets-building-acquisition-jsw-neo-energy-tariff-rate-solar-power-11735464077333.html |access-date=2025-01-17 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref> The platform has a ₹3.37/KWh average tariff and a 23-year remaining life, with capacities across seven Indian states.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-12-27 |title=JSW Neo Energy acquires 4.7 GW RE platform from O2 Power Pooling for ₹12,468 crore |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/jsw-neo-energy-acquires-47-gw-re-platform-from-o2-power-pooling-for-12468-crore/article69033878.ece |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

=== Joint-ventures ===

* '''[[JSW MG Motor India]]''', on 30 November 2023, China's [[SAIC Motor]] and the JSW Group formed a strategic joint venture, resulting in the latter gaining a 35% stake in MG Motor India through this partnership.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-30 |title=Sajjan Jindal-led JSW Group to hold 35% stake in MG Motor India |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/sajjan-jindal-led-jsw-group-to-hold-35-stake-in-mg-motor-india-407788-2023-11-30 |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-11-30 |title=JSW Group picks up 35% stake in SAIC Motors' India venture |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/jsw-group-picks-up-35-per-cent-saic-motors-india-venture/article67591756.ece |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> In February 2024, the group inked a MoU with the [[Government of Odisha]] for a {{INRConvert|40000|c}} Integrated [[Electric vehicle|EV]] and EV Battery Manufacturing Project in [[Cuttack]] and [[Paradeep]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Barik |first=Satyasundar |date=2024-01-23 |title=Sajjan Jindal-led JSW Group to establish massive EV, EV battery manufacturing project in Odisha |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/sajjan-jindal-led-jsw-group-to-establish-massive-ev-ev-battery-manufacturing-project-in-odisha/article67766028.ece |access-date=2024-03-01 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The project includes a 50 GWH EV battery plant, EVs, Lithium refinery, Copper smelter, and related component units.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Lalatendu |date=2024-02-10 |title=JSW Group to set up EV manufacturing industrial complex in Odisha with investment of ₹40,000 crore |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/jsw-group-to-set-up-ev-manufacturing-industrial-complex-in-odisha-with-investment-of-40000-crore/article67832937.ece |access-date=2024-03-01 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The JV aims to manufacture 1 million electric cars in India by 2030, starting with the domestic market and later expanding to international sales.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mehrotra |first=Karishma |date=2 September 2024 |title=India's growing reliance on China poses challenge for U.S. trade strategy |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/09/02/india-china-manufacturing-supply-chains/ |access-date=29 September 2024 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> In October 2024, JSW Green Mobility, the EV subsidiary of the JV, has been allotted 636 acres in [[Aurangabad Industrial City]] by the [[Government of Maharashtra]]. The company will use 546 acres for an electric car manufacturing unit and 90 acres for commercial vehicle production.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 October 2024 |title=JSW Green Mobility gets 636 acre land for Maharashtra manufacturing plant |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/jsw-green-mobility-gets-636-acre-land-for-maharashtra-manufacturing-plant-124101001239_1.html |access-date=13 October 2024 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref> As of July 2025, JSW Group is set to increase its stake in MG Motor India by acquiring the remaining 49% held by SAIC, bringing its total holding to 84%, as the Chinese automaker exits the Indian market.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mohile |first=Shally |date=2025-07-10 |title=JSW Group to increase stake in JSW MG Motor India amid SAIC's exit from Indian Market |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/auto/auto-news/jsw-group-to-increase-stake-in-jsw-mg-motor-india-amid-saics-exit-from-indian-market/articleshow/122350090.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-07-10 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
*'''JSW Steel-JFE Steel JV''' In December 2025, JSW Steel formed a 50:50 joint venture with Japan's [[JFE Steel]] for the steel facility of [[Bhushan Power & Steel|Bhushan Power & Steel Limited]] in Odisha, which JSW had acquired in 2021 through insolvency proceedings.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Sadhu |first=Anuran |last2=Pant |first2=Manvi |last3=Mukherjee |first3=Hritam |date=3 December 2025 |editor-last=Dhaniwala |editor-first=Mrigank |title=India's JSW Steel to move Bhushan Power's steel business to JV with JFE Steel |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/indias-jsw-steel-move-bhushan-powers-steel-business-into-jv-with-japans-jfe-2025-12-03/ |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> JFE Steel agreed to invest {{INRConvert|15750|c}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balaji |first=Madhu |date=2025-12-04 |title=JSW Steel’s JV move with Japan’s JFE Steel draws mixed reactions from brokerages |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/stock-markets/jsw-steels-joint-venture-move-with-japans-jfe-steel-draws-mixed-reactions-from-brokerages/article70356404.ece |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> in two tranches for its 50% stake, following the transfer of BPSL's steel business to the JV entity via a slump sale.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Banka |first=Dipali |date=2025-12-03 |title=JSW Steel eyes sharp debt reduction through joint venture deal with Japan’s JFE {{!}} Company Business News |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/jsw-steel-eyes-sharp-debt-reduction-through-joint-venture-deal-with-japan-jfe-bpsl-11764773242193.html |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

== Research and development ==

* '''JSW School of Public Policy (JSW-SPP)''', [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-07-02 |title=Five years after scrapping policy program, IIMA to launch JSW School of Public Policy |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/five-years-after-scrapping-policy-program-iima-to-launch-jsw-school-of-public-policy/ |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> – The institute was inaugurated in February 2023 with its architectural design led by [[Rahul Mehrotra]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-21 |title=IIM-Ahmedabad inaugurates JSW School of Public Policy's new building at campus |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/iim-ahmedabad-inaugurates-jsw-school-of-public-policys-new-building-at-campus/ |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-21 |title=New building of JSW School of Public Policy unveiled at IIMA new campus |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/new-building-of-jsw-school-of-public-policy-unveiled-at-iima-new-campus-8459093/ |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* '''JSW Technology Hub for Manufacturing of Steel (JSW-TH)''', [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-18 |title=IIT Bombay, JSW Group tie up to establish tech hub for steel making |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/iit-bombay-jsw-group-tie-up-to-establish-tech-hub-for-steel-making/article65784761.ece |access-date=2022-09-26 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> – The technology hub is actively engaged in several research domains. These include [[decarbonization]], [[green hydrogen]], and [[solid Waste Management]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=JSW Technology Hub for Manufacturing of Steel (JSW-TH) |url=https://alumni.acr.iitb.ac.in/casestudy/jsw-th/ |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=[[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay]] |language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''JSW Centre for the Future of Law''', [[National Law School of India University]] – In 2024, JSW Group awarded a grant to renovate and expand a core academic block of the university and to establish an interdisciplinary policy research centre.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-04-12 |title=NLSIU announces grant from JSW Group for research centre, redevelopment and expansion of academic block |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/nlsiu-announces-grant-from-jsw-group-for-research-centre-redevelopment-and-expansion-of-academic-block/article68057578.ece |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-12 |title=NLSIU announces JSW grant for redevelopment of new academic block |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/nlsiu-announces-jsw-grant-for-redevelopment-of-new-academic-block-9265826/ |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* '''JSW Center of Excellence for Smart Grid Technologies''', [[M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology]] – In July 2024, the group signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with MS Ramaiah Institute of Technology and Sharika Smartec to establish the Center of Excellence for Smart Grid technologies at the MSRIT campus in Bengaluru.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-07-11 |title=JSW Group signs MoU with MSRIT, Sharika to set up 'Center of Excellence' in Bengaluru |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/jsw-group-signs-mou-with-msrit-sharika-to-set-up-center-of-excellence-in-bengaluru/article68394006.ece |access-date=2024-07-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Philanthropy ==
JSW Foundation is the philanthropic arm of JSW Group, set up in 1987.<ref>{{Cite book |author1=Baxi C. V.|author2=Ray, Rupamanjari Sinha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DSDzDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22JSW+Foundation%22&pg=PA97 |title=Corporate Social Responsibility |date=2012 |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |isbn=978-93-259-5764-0 |language=en}}</ref> The foundation works in the field of education, skill building training, healthcare and social development domains. Besides that, the Foundation is actively involved in restoration projects, including the preservation and restoration of significant archaeological ruins like [[Hampi]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zielinski |first=Priyanka Gupta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uD8rEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22JSW+Foundation%22&pg=PT33 |title=The Ultimate Family Business Survival Guide |date=2021-04-26 |publisher=Pan Macmillan |isbn=978-93-90742-01-1 |language=en}}</ref> (and setting up Hampi Art Labs),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Anchal |date=2024-02-01 |title=JSW Foundation's Hampi Art Labs to open on February 5 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/jsw-foundations-hampi-art-labs-to-open-on-february-5/article67799878.ece |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=[[Hindu Business Line]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jaggi |first=Maya |title=Hampi Art Labs — forged from a blend of heritage and steel |url=https://www.ft.com/content/c1ea18fe-e92c-4553-b377-5c3d44c53661 |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=[[Financial Times]]|date=12 March 2024 }}</ref> Mughal Gardens of Kashmir ([[Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar|Shalimar Bagh]] and [[Nishat Bagh]]),<ref>{{Cite news |last=Aashiq |first=Peerzada |date=2021-07-28 |title=JSW Foundation to restore famous Mughal gardens in Kashmir |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jsw-foundation-to-restore-famous-mughal-gardens-in-kashmir/article35597182.ece |access-date=2023-06-12 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[Keneseth Eliyahoo Synagogue]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-08 |title=Mumbai's 'Blue Synagogue' restored, but it's not blue anymore |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/india-news/mumbais-blue-synagogue-restored-photos-but-its-not-blue-anymore-5571748/ |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Little-known facts about Mumbai's newly restored Keneseth Eliyahoo synagogue - Elle India |date=21 February 2019 |url=https://elle.in/article/keneseth-eliyahoo-synagogue-mumbai/ |access-date=2023-06-12 |language=en-US}}</ref> Maragondanahalli Lake in [[Bangalore]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nandakumar |first=Prathima |title=This was how Bengaluru's Maragondanahalli lake was ecologically restored |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2023/02/28/this-is-how-bengalurus-maragondanahalli-lake-was-ecologically-restored.html |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> [[David Sassoon Library]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-03 |title=David Sassoon Library opens to public after restoration; see pics |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/david-sassoon-library-opens-public-restoration-pics-inside-8643703/ |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mrityunjay |first=Bose |date=2023-06-02 |title=David Sassoon Library in Mumbai restored |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/west/david-sassoon-library-in-mumbai-restored-1224275.html |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> [[Shiv Khori]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2023-03-29 |title=MoU signed for development of facilities at Shiv Khori in J-K's Reasi |url=https://theprint.in/india/mou-signed-for-development-of-facilities-at-shiv-khori-in-j-ks-reasi/1482321/ |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Gulmarg|Gulmarg Ski Resort]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=JSW Group, J&K Govt to develop ski resort Gulmarg as world-class destination |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/jsw-group-jk-govt-to-develop-ski-resort-gulmarg-as-world-class-destination/ |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> etc.

=== COVID-19 ===
In May 2020, right at the outset of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]], JSW Group pledged more than ₹100 crore to aid the relief initiatives led by [[PM CARES Fund]] and other State governments in their battle against the COVID-19 crisis.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-29 |title=JSW Group commits ₹100 cr to fight Covid-19 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/jsw-group-commits-100-cr-to-fight-covid-19/article31197306.ece |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Commander |first1=Simon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a1KXEAAAQBAJ&dq=JSW+Group&pg=PA57 |title=The Connections World: The Future of Asian Capitalism |last2=Estrin |first2=Saul |date=2022-10-27 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-009-18828-9 |language=en}}</ref>

During the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Karnataka|second wave of COVID-19 pandemic in Karnataka]] in 2021, JSW Group established a temporary 1,000-bed COVID-19 hospital in [[Ballari]], located near its township.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dilipkumar |first=Bhavya |date=2021-05-19 |title=JSW Group opens a 1000-bed Covid Care Medical Facility in Ballari, Karnataka |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/steel/jsw-group-opens-a-1000-bed-covid-care-medical-facility-in-ballari-karnataka/articleshow/82771363.cms |access-date=2023-09-28 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Also, the company installed a dedicated 5 km-long oxygen supply pipeline from its Vijayanagar steel plant to directly serve patients at the new hospital under construction. In a related effort, the group repurposed its multi-speciality Jindal Sanjeevani Hospital near Dolvi unit in Maharashtra to function as a COVID-19 treatment facility.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-12 |title=JSW Steel to set up 1,000-bed Covid hospital at Bellary |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/jsw-steel-to-set-up-1000-bed-covid-hospital-at-bellary/article34544421.ece |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

=== Scholarships ===

==== Udaan scholarships ====
The JSW Udaan Scholarships supports students from economically weaker sections of India in paying university tuition fees. Eligible candidates from families earning below {{INRConvert|8|l|year=2025}} lakhs annually can receive up to {{INRConvert|50|k|year=2025}}, which is directly deposited into their bank accounts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Solanki |first=Meenu |date=2024-09-25 |title=JSW Udaan Scholarship 2024: Application Form, Eligibility |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/articles/jsw-udaan-scholarship-1727254234-1 |access-date=2025-03-31 |website=Jagranjosh.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
{{gallery|mode=packed
|File:JSW Steel Dolvi Works.png|JSW Steel Dolvi Works, Maharashtra, India
|File:JSW School of Public Policy (JSW-SPP), Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad.png| JSW School of Public Policy (JSW-SPP), [[Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad]]
|File:Inspire Institute of Sports.jpg|[[Inspire Institute of Sport]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{URL|www.jsw.in|Official site}}

== Further reading ==

* {{Cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=P. |last2=Sapkota |first2=T. Prasad |last3=Ganguly |first3=A. |last4=Kundu |first4=Saurabh |date=7 November 2025 |title=Avenues for Decarbonization in Integrated Iron and Steel Making |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s40831-025-01284-z |journal=Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy |volume= 12|issue= |pages= 349–363|doi=10.1007/s40831-025-01284-z|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite book |last=Joshi |first=Renu |year=2025 |editor-last=Varastehpour |editor-first=S. |title=AIoT Global Summit 2025: Economic Growth, 15–16 July |chapter=Unlocking Industry 4.0 Technologies: The JSW Steel Case |editor2-last=Shakiba |editor2-first=M. |chapter-url=https://www.unitec.ac.nz/epress/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/AIoT-2025-Proceedings-13-Joshi.pdf |publisher=ePress, Unitec |volume= |pages=13–18 |doi=10.34074/proc.250103 |isbn=978-1-9911834-5-3 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Sathvik |first=S. |date=17 November 2025 |title=ESG Practices towards Achieving Sustainability: A Case of JSW Ltd. |url=https://ajmjournal.com/HTML_Papers/Asian%20Journal%20of%20Management__PID__2025-16-4-5.html |journal=Asian Journal of Management |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=289–292 |doi=10.52711/2321-5763.2025.00043|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite news |last1=Khalaf |first1=Roula |last2=Harding |first2=Robin |last3=Reed |first3=John |last4=Kay |first4=Chris |date=1 December 2024 |title=Indian steelmaker JSW to launch own EV brand |url=https://www.ft.com/content/a730b0b8-b009-4b19-a83c-fc4f54e68f1f |access-date=14 December 2024 |work=[[Financial Times]]}}
* {{Cite news |date=5 November 2024 |title=Growth story needs steel |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/growth-story-needs-steel/3656496/ |access-date=9 November 2024 |work=[[The Financial Express (India)]]}}
* {{Cite news |last=P Iyengar |first=Suresh |date=4 November 2024 |title=After auto, JSW Group eyes JV with Haier for white goods |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/jsw-group-eyes-jv-with-haier-for-white-goods-venture/article68829074.ece |access-date=14 December 2024 |work=[[Business Line|The Hindu Business Line]]}}
* {{Cite book |last=Karki |first=Rajnish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_b4EAAAQBAJ |title=Competing with the Best Strategy, Organization Design and the Configuring of a Successful Corporation |date=15 January 2024 |publisher=[[Penguin Random House India]] |isbn=9789357086769}}
* {{Cite news |last=Dutta |first=Arnab |date=27 October 2014 |title=How JSW Group is driving MG Motor India's push for local manufacturing and 'Indianisation' |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/deep-dive/story/how-jsw-group-is-driving-mg-motor-indias-push-for-local-manufacturing-and-indianisation-450647-2024-10-18 |access-date=9 November 2024 |work=[[Business Today (India)]]}}
*{{Cite news |date=7 October 2024 |title=JSW Ventures invests $1.8 million in aerial intelligence platform Aereo |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/jsw-ventures-invests-18-million-in-aereo/article68729641.ece |access-date=13 October 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}
*{{Cite news |date=22 January 2024 |title=JSW Group to invest $5 bln in EV projects in eastern India |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/jsw-group-invest-5-bln-ev-projects-eastern-india-2024-01-22/ |access-date=29 September 2024 |work=[[Reuters]]}}
* {{cite thesis |last1=Yanxin |first1=Gu |title=Definition of an action plan to strengthen the SAIC Group brand in its industry context |date=16 April 2024 |hdl=10071/31686 }}
*{{Cite news |date=21 September 2023 |title=India's JSW Steel slows stake buy in Canada firm on diplomatic spat: Report |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2023/9/21/indias-jsw-steel-slows-stake-buy-in-canada-firm-on-diplomatic-spat-report |access-date=29 September 2024 |work=[[Al Jazeera]]}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Pal |first1=Abhimanyu |last2=Kakran |first2=Shubham |last3=Kumar |first3=Ashish |last4=Youssef |first4=Adel Ben |last5=Singh |first5=Upendra Pratap |last6=Sidhu |first6=Arpit |title=Powering squarely into the future: A strategic analysis of hydrogen energy in QUAD nations |journal=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy |date=January 2024 |volume=49 |pages=16–41 |doi=10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.06.169 |bibcode=2024IJHE...49...16P }}
*{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-981-99-5060-7 |page=98 |title=Indian Metallurgy |series=Indian Institute of Metals Series |date=2024 |isbn=978-981-99-5059-1 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Parikh |first1=Gautam H. |title=Handbook of Indian Securities |date=2016 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-93-84052-94-2 }}
* {{cite book |last1=O'Brien |first1=Derek |title=Penguin-CNBC TV18 Business YRBK10 |date=2010 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-341419-3 |page=232 }}

{{JSW Group}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:JSW Group| ]]
[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Conglomerate companies established in 1982]]
[[Category:1982 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1982]]
[[Category:Indian Premier League franchise owners]]
[[Category:Women's Premier League (cricket) franchise owners]]
[[Category:Privately held companies of India]]
[[Category:Family-owned companies of India]]

Hindu squat

2026-03-25T04:08:30Z

Advancedacademy: Adding Initial Details First Draft

{{short description|Indian calisthenic exercise}}
[[File:Squat, baithak, Hindu squat, possibly 'The Great Gamma'.png|thumb|upright=0.75|[[The Great Gama]] performing a Hindu squat]]
The '''Hindu squat''', also called '''baithak''' or '''bethak''' ([[Hindi]], from [[Sanskrit]] ''baiṭhaka'', "seat"), is a [[calisthenics]] [[Physical exercise|exercise]] involving a dynamic [[Squat (exercise)|squat]] with the knees over the toes. Along with the [[Hindu push-up]], it originated in [[Indian martial arts|Indian wrestling]] and was adopted in [[martial arts]] and [[combat sports]] by figures such as [[Bruce Lee]] and [[Karl Gotch]].{{sfnp|Little|2015|p=58}}{{sfnp|Hendricks|2022|p=88-92}}

==Technique==
The user stands with his feet hip-width apart. He then bends his knees to squat down, lifting the heels and keeping his weight on the balls of his feet, while keeping the back straight. Afterwards, he pushes to rise back up to starting position, planting heels again and staightening the legs.{{sfnp|Little|2015|p=58}}{{sfnp|Hendricks|2022|p=88-92}}{{sfnp|Zehra|1993|p=114}} Additionally, the arms can execute their own movement, being kept extended straight in front of the chest and brinding them down or back while squatting down, then swinging them back forward while rising.{{sfnp|Hendricks|2022|p=88-92}}{{sfnp|Zehra|1993|p=114}}

The technque works not only the legs' flexion-extension, but also balance, stamina and strength of ankles and feet.{{sfnp|Hendricks|2022|p=88-92}} Compared to conventional squats, where the knee must not advance beyond the toes, Hindu squats put considerable pressure over the knee joint, making it not recommendable for users with knee injuries. Even users with healthy knees are advised to start with few repetitions in order to gain strength to prevent injuries.{{sfnp|Presto|2022|p=240}}{{sfnp|Hendricks|2022|p=88-92}} It is also possible to bend the knees mid way instead of deep down to reduce pressure.{{sfnp|Zehra|1993|p=114}}

==History==
The move is strongly associated with the [[Hindu push-up]].{{sfnp|Greer|2023|p=34}} Trainees in the wrestling style of [[pehlwan]] perform traditionally 1,000 squats and 100 push-ups everyday. One of the most famed wrestlers of the sport, [[The Great Gama]], was known for performing 4,000 Hindu squats before having breakfast, followed by at least 2,000 push-ups later.{{sfnp|Little|2015|p=58}}{{sfnp|Draeger|Smith|1980|p=148-149}} Gama increased these numbers as he advanced in his career, and at 50 years old he was still able to reach 6,000 and 4,000 respectively.{{sfnp|Shannon|2011|p=25}} [[Bruce Lee]] adopted these movements for his own training regime.{{sfnp|Little|2015|p=58}}

Bhagabati Ghosh, father to Indian bodybuilder [[Bishnu Charan Ghosh]] and yogi [[Paramahansa Yogananda]], mixed rounds of ''dand'', ''baithak'' and ''[[Gada (mace)|gada]]'' swings, along with hours of yogic breathing exercises of ''[[pranayama]]'' and ''mahamudra'' (a practice combining ''pranayama'' with ''[[asana]]s''). Yogananda adopted part of this routine, along with the kettlebell designed by popular wrestler and bodybuilder [[Eugen Sandow]].{{sfnp|Armstrong|2020|p=65}}

Legendary wrestler [[Karl Gotch]] also used this move.{{sfnp|Shannon|2011|p=25}} He would perform 300 Hindu squats to warm up in his training sessions,{{sfnp|Matsyk|2013|p=}} and, in one occasion, he performed 9,001 of them throughout four hours and half as a personal challenge.{{sfnp|Regal|2010|p=}} Everybody who wished to become his trainee was demanded to do 500, along with 250 Hindu push-ups and three minutes of [[Bridge (exercise)|bridge]].{{sfnp|Shannon|2011|p=25}} His apprentice [[Hiro Matsuda]], known for training wrestlers like [[Hulk Hogan]] and [[Lex Luger]], also regarded Hindu squats as vital to gain strength and explosivity and increase lung capacity. The final exam of his wrestling school required to perform 1,000 squats followed by 500 squats while jumping.{{sfnp|Luger|2013|p=58}}

==See also==
* [[Hindu push-up]]
* [[Squat (exercise)]]
* [[Utkatasana]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|last=Armstrong|first=Jerome|title=Calcutta Yoga|year=2020|publisher=Pan Macmillan|isbn=9781529048117}}
* {{cite book|last1=Draeger|first1=Donn|authorlink1=Donn F. Draeger|last2=Smith|first2=Robert|authorlink2=Robert W. Smith (writer)|title=Comprehensive Asian Fighting Arts|url=https://archive.org/details/comprehensiveasi0000drae|year=1980|publisher=Kodansha International|isbn=|page=[https://archive.org/details/comprehensiveasi0000drae/page/148 148]-149}}
* {{cite book|last=Greer|first=John Michael|title=The Secret of the Five Rites: In Search of a Lost Western Tradition of Inner Alchemy|year=2023|publisher=Aeon Books Limited|isbn=9781801520966}}
* {{cite book|last=Little|first=John|title=Bruce Lee: The Art of Expressing the Human Body|year=2015|publisher=Turtle Publishing|isbn=9781462917891}}
* {{cite book|last=Luger|first=Lex|authorlink=Lex Luger|title=Wrestling with the Devil: The True Story of a World Champion Professional Wrestler -- His Reign, Ruin, and Redemption|year=2013|publisher=Tyndale House Publishers|isbn=9781414385716}}
* {{cite book|last=Hendricks|first=Barrett|title=The Way of Joega: Health, Fitness and Radiant Well-Being for Regular Joes and Janes|year=2022|publisher=Gatekeeper Press|isbn=9781662918391|page=88-92}}
* {{cite book|last=Matysik|first=Larry|title=50 Greatest Professional Wrestlers of All Time: The Definitive Shoot|year=2013|publisher=ECW Press|isbn=9781770903050}}
* {{cite book|last=Presto|first=Greg|title=The Workout Bucket List: Over 300 Life-Changing Races, Epic Challenges, and Incredible Hikes, Bikes, Lifts, and Runs Around the World, in Your Gym, Or Right in Your Living Room|year=2022|publisher=Running Press|isbn=9780762472086}}
* {{cite book|last=Regal|first=William|authorlink=William Regal|title=Walking a Golden Mile|year=2010|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=9781451604474}}
* {{cite book|last=Shannon|first=Jake|title=Say Uncle! Catch-as-catch-can Wrestling and the Roots of Ultimate Fighting, Pro Wrestling, & Modern Grappling|url=https://archive.org/details/sayunclecatchasc0000jake|year=2011|publisher=ECW Press|isbn=9781550229615|page=[https://archive.org/details/sayunclecatchasc0000jake/page/25 25]}}
* {{cite book|last=Zehra|first=Kaneez|title=Training of India Police Service|year=1993|publisher=Ashish Publishing House|isbn=9788170245872}}

{{Strength training exercises}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bodyweight exercises]]
[[Category:Physical exercise]]
[[Category:Strength training]]

Teen Bahuraaniyaan

2026-03-23T14:18:47Z

Advancedacademy: adjust citations per sources additionally and cleaned formatting

{{for|the 1968 film|Teen Bahuraniyan}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| alt_name = ''The Three Daughters-in-Law''
| image = Teenbahur.jpg
| image_size = 240
| caption = Promotional image
| runtime = approximately 24 minutes
| creator = [[Paresh Rawal|Playtime Creationn]]
| director = [[Swapna Waghmare Joshi|Swapna Joshi]], Pawan Kumar, Nandita Mehra and Bhagwan Yadav
| writer = R M Joshi, Mites Shah, Nikhilesh sharma, Kapil Bavad and Harsa Jagdish.
| producer = [[Paresh Rawal]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/ode-to-irreverence/article25400559.ece|title=Ode to irreverence|first=Akarsh|last=Khurana|date=3 November 2018|access-date=28 December 2019|via=www.thehindu.com|newspaper=The Hindu|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011180551/https://www.thehindu.com/society/ode-to-irreverence/article25400559.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Swaroop Sampat & Hemal Thakker
| executive_producer = Mohan Pandey & Pavni Mehandiratta
| starring = [[Teen Bahuraniyaan#Cast|see below]]
| opentheme = "Teen Bahuraniyaan" by Navin Tripathi and [[Madhushree]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Madhushree: Nepotism and music mafia has always been there in the music industry – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/madhushree-nepotism-and-music-mafia-has-always-been-there-in-the-music-industry/articleshow/76650347.cms|access-date=22 January 2021|website=The Times of India|date=26 June 2020 }}</ref>
| narrated = [[Paresh Rawal]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| network = [[Zee TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2007|03|26}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=y|2009|01|09}}
| num_episodes = 371
}}

'''''Teen Bahuraniyaan''''' (International title: ''Three Daughters-in-Law'') is a 2007 Indian television series depicting the story of three daughters-in-law of different cultural backgrounds living as a family in one house. The series was broadcast on [[Zee TV]].

== Concept ==
''Teen Bahuraniyaan'' is a tale of three ''bahus'' (daughters-in-law) — Manjeet (Payal), Bindiya, and Janki; who come from different backgrounds and now live under one roof with the Gheewala ''parivar'' (family). They are an upper-class [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] joint family living in [[Ahmedabad]]. Their lives pass through distinct ups and downs as they share different equations and are at different levels with their in-laws and other family members. Keeping alive their personal interests the bahuraniyaas tackle day-to-day affairs in their own way and manner. They manage to fight against what is wrong and prove themselves worthy of the Gheewala parivar. The daughters-in-law attempt to maintain peace in the family but face challenges from outside and within, particularly from their mother-in-law, whose selfish behavior threatens to destroy the unity and peace.

Within this seriousness, each episode usually features a great deal of comedy, making the show appealing to a wide range of audience.

==Plot==

The [[Marriage|married couples]] are Rohit and Bindiya; Sameer and Janki; Mahesh and Manjeet (Payal)

''Teen Bahuraniyaan'' takes a major twist, when Mahesh marries Payal, after the death of Manjeet due to blood cancer. As Kajal (Payal's sister) was going to marry Mahesh, the report was out that she was pregnant with someone else's child. Mahesh ended up marrying Payal, Kajal's younger sister. Kajal was furious and commits suicide. However, her spirit comes back and start to make the Gheewala family and especially Bindiya and tries to make Payal's life as hell. She occupies Bindiya's body and she tortures her so much that Bindiya was scared to death and before her target was only the Gheewala family. As Kunjbala (her bhua) took Payal's side, she got even furious and tries to kill her as well but the ''thaaveez'' (a note added to a thread and that is blessed by God) saves her. After the incident, the family call Trikal Baba and, with his help, they trap Kajal's evil spirit. After all the havoc, the three couples decide to go on a holiday trip but are unaware that they are being followed by terrorists. A grand mask party takes place. All couples are dancing to the song "Darde disco". Sameer, Rohit, and Mahesh go to get some drinks when a huge bomb blast happens. Janki screams and sees two dead bodies wearing watches just like the one Sameer was wearing. She faints and is taken to the hospital. The whole family rushes to see her. There they find Payal, Bindiya, and Janki. Two of the sons are dead, but they don't know which ones.

The bodies of the sons are burnt by G kaka. The people who come for the prayers tell the Geewala family that the daughters-in-law should be here and they should from now on only wear white saris as they are widows. Janki, Payal, and Bindiya arrive wearing red saris and heavy jewelry. Everyone is shocked. The three say that they won't wear white saris until it is found out who is dead and who isn't. Indira, Kokila, and Bhavna support their daughters-in-law. The bahuraniyaans go to the 'mandir'. Janki gets into an accident and that is where they reveal Sameer is alive.

Sameer gets up; he has lost his memory. Janki is trying to explain that Sameer is alive, but no one wants to believe her. Janki has a sixth sense and can find out the future. She saves Bindiya from a falling chandelier. She sees a mandir and Sameer running. She also sees Payal in a white sari gagged and tied up. All of these come true. Later she sees a wedding and Bindiya getting married again. Bhavna and Kokila think Janki finally went crazy and try to set her straight. Sameer breaks into the Gheewala house not knowing it is his home. Janki tries to catch him, but Sameer runs away. She tells Bhavna, and Bhavna gets mad. Janki goes to Bindiya's room to persuade her to mary Jatin because then Sameer would return home. Bhavna brings people from the mental asylum to take Janki away; Bindiya stops them. Bindiya is ready to marry and everybody is shocked.

Jatin and Shaguna's real identity comes to face at the marriage venue and they run away from the police. Everyone is happy to see Sameer as he told the truth about Shaguna and Jatin. Sameer swears to bring Rohit and Mahesh back. Everyone is praying when all three sons return and a new life starts in Gheewala parrivar, but G kaka is dead. The family receives money in the mail. Bindiya tells everyone that she is thinking about buying a car with that money; the family is saying that they will need that money later. Bindiya, Janki, Bhavana and Payal say that they want to buy a new car. The bahuraniyaan decide to contribute money for the car: Bindiya gives 1 [[lakh]] and so does Janki. Payal refuses and says that she has saved the money for something else.

Payal needs the money to get an operation for Mahesh. Everyone chips in and said that instead of buying a car they will help Mahesh. Janki sees a guy taking pictures of the house. Mithi Baa says not to worry. Janki again sees the same car, but this time Manhar comes out of it with the guy from the day before. It's Diwali and everyone's doing the puja. Someone comes to meet Manhar. Janki goes behind the screen and hears everything. Manhar wants to sell Mithiba mansion.

Manhar tells Hari and Kanti. They are hesitant. Bindiya and Bhavna go to Mumbai for a shoot that Bindiya has. When Indira and Kokila find out about selling the house, they want it. Now people are saying that they need Sunanda's permission. Kokila secretly gets Sunanda's signatures by saying that they are for G kaka's bank accounts. They realize that people need to meet her in person. Kokila and Indira make a plan to pretend to send Mithiba and Sunanda on a religious journey. Manhar Kanti and Hari take them to the bus stop and leave them there. It is discovered that they are outside a nursing home and that is where they must stay. The guy comes to see Sunanda, and Kokila comes down dressed as her. Janki sees but keeps quiet. Sameer, Rohit, Mahesh, Payal, and Janki are trying to get their parents to tell them what they are planning because they want to hear it for themselves. Indira tells Sameer, and his trust is broken. They then make a plan to try and stop the sale. The buyer is called to the house by the kids. Payal calls Kokila. Kokila comes and the guy realizes that Kokila was pretending to be Sunanda! He leaves.

Indira and Kokila get mad at the bahus; the sons say that they planned the whole thing. They are speechless. Kokila gets a call from Manhar who says that the buying of the house was cancelled. Kokila and Indira call Bhavna from Mumbai. Both Bindiya and Bhavna come. Maharanis want to get revenge. They get Bindiya fired from her job. There is news that Janki's dad is sick; she goes to him. Maharanis insults Payal and Bindiya in front of their friends. Sameer goes to the nursing home to make a donation. He accidentally leaves his phone behind. Sunanda gets the phone and knows that Sameer came. Rohit calls Sameer to find out where he is. Sameer sees a lady answering his phone. All is revealed when Sunanda turns around and sees Sameer. Mithiba tells Sameer what has happened. Rohit is listening because the phone has not been disconnected. Sameer goes home without them because Sunanda says she doesn't want the sons to be ashamed of what they did. Bindiya, Payal, and Mahesh find out what happened. The three young sons go to their fathers and tell them that they know, that they are ashamed of them, and that they should get Mithiba and Sunanda back.

In the last episode, Sunanda and Mithiba are back. Manhar, Kanti and Hari sell papad. Their wives, Kokila, Indira, and Bhavna do different things. Bhavna works in serials, Kokila takes care of the pepper business, and Indira cooks for the family. The three younger daughters-in-law Janki, Bindiya, and Payal are all pregnant. Their husbands are feeding them because they are pregnant. They all live happily ever after.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Amrapali Gupta]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/the-devil-wears-prada-the-angel-wears-tika/articleshow/15713877.cms|title=The devil wears Prada, the angel wears tika|access-date=2007-06-06}}</ref> as Bindiya Rohit Gheewala (2007-2009)
* [[Kadambari Kadam]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-05-07 |title=This TV star has no complaints |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bombay-times/this-tv-star-has-no-complaints/articleshow/2008727.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-06-01 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> as Janki Desai / Janki Sameer Gheewala (2007-2009)
* [[Manava Naik]]<ref>{{Cite web |author=Ranjib Mazumder|date=Apr 30, 2007 |title=One down! |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/one-down/articleshow/15703359.cms |access-date=2023-05-26 |website=Mumbai Mirror |language=en}}</ref> as Manjeet Mahesh Gheewala (2007-2008)
* Aanchal Anand as Payal Mahesh Gheewala (2008-2009)
* [[Mehul Kajaria]] (2007) / [[Yash Sinha]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/filmi-parties/bollywood/Yash-Sinha-and-Amrapalis-tied-the-knot/articleshow/17398424.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203062456/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-28/bollywood/35410279_1_amrapali-gupta-yash-sinha-tv-actors | url-status=live | archive-date=3 December 2013 | title=Yash Sinha and Amrapali's tied the knot |author= Wadhwa, Akash |date=28 November 2012 | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=28 November 2012}}</ref> as Rohit Gheewala (2007-2009)
* [[Manish Raisinghan]] as Sameer Gheewala (2007-2009)
* Prashant Chawla (2007-2008)/ [[Abhay Vakil (actor)|Abhay Vakil]] as Mahesh Gheewala (2008-2009)

===Recurring===
* Deepak Gheewala as Gopaldas Gheewala (2007-2008)
* Jyotsna Karyekar as Mithi Ba (2007-2009)
* Meghna Roy as Sunanda Gopaldas Gheewala (2007-2009)
* Deepak Pareek as Manhar Gheewala (2007-2009) - Sameer's father
* Meenakshi Sethi as Indira Manhar Gheewala (2007-2009) - Sameer's mother
* Anurag Prapanna (2007-2008)/ Aayam Mehta (2008-2009) as Kanti Gheewala - Mahesh's father
* [[Nimisha Vakharia]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-09|title=A look at the inspirational journey of Nimisha Vakharia|url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/television-a-look-at-the-inspirational-journey-of-nimisha-vakharia-1308048|access-date=2021-06-04|website=news.abplive.com|language=en}}</ref> as Kokila Kanti Gheewala (2007-2009) - Mahesh's mother
* Jaydutt Vyas as Hari Gheewala (2007-2009) - Rohit's father
* Swati Shah as Bhavna Hari Gheewala (2007-2009) - Rohit's mother
* [[Aman Verma (actor)|Aman Verma]] as Sumit Desai - Janki's father (2007-2008)
* [[Anang Desai]] (2007) / [[Pankaj Dheer]] (2007-2008) as Dwarkadas
* [[Vaishali Thakkar]] as Maya Gheewala (2007)
* [[Simple Kaul]] as Nisha Jalan (2007)
* Iqlaq Khan as Mr. Jalan (Nisha's husband)(2007)
* [[Smriti Irani]] as Vrinda Desai - Janki's aunt (2007-2008)
* [[Shubhavi Choksey]] as Kunjbala - Aunt of Payal and Kajal(antagonist turned as protagonist)(2008)
* [[Soni Singh]] as Kajal - Payal's elder sister (2008)
* Rupa Divetia as Meenaben (2008) - Payal and Kajal's mother
* [[Chhavi Mittal]] as Advocate Kanika Vajpayee (2008)
* Hemant Thatte as Jatin (2008)
* Siddharth Vasudev as Aniruddh (2008-2009)
* [[Himesh Reshammiya]] as himself on episode 54, to promote ''[[Aap Kaa Surroor - The Real Luv Story]]'', sung and performed Yeh Tera Mera Milna

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080913094253/http://www.zeetv.com/Zee_Serial.aspx?zsid=78 Teen Bahuraniyan Official Website]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080505003138/http://www.zeetvusa.com/2008/zeetv/ztv_aboutshow.asp?sernm=teenbahu Official Site on ZEE TV USA]

[[Category:2007 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2009 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]

Kalvary Mount

2026-03-22T20:05:35Z

Advancedacademy: Adding A Post With Sources!

{{Short description|Tourist spot and pilgrimage centre in India}}
{{about|the tourist destination in Idukki district, Kerala|the biblical mountain|Mount Calvary}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name= Kalvary Mount
|other_name= Calvary Mount (Pathammailu)
|settlement_type= [[Hill Station]]
|image_skyline = Tea Idukki Reservoir Calvary Mount Kerala Mar22 R16 05635.jpg
|image_caption=
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|09|49|07.6|N|77|01|27.8|E|display=inline,title}}

| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Government of Kerala Logo.svg}} [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Idukki district|Idukki]]

}}

[[File:Info Kalvari Mount Idukki Kerala Mar22 R16 05641.jpg|thumb|Info board of Kerala Tourism]]
'''Kalvary Mount''' (Calvary Mount), also known as [[Kalyanathandu]] or [[Pathammailu]], is a prominent hillock situated in the [[Idukki]] district of [[Kerala]], India. Standing at an approximate elevation of 200 meters, it holds significance for both religious and nature enthusiasts. It is a [[Christian pilgrimage]] site perched atop a hill offers that an aerial view of the Idukki Reservoir and its surrounding peaks and forests.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/kalvary-mount-christian-pilgrim-centre/206|title=Kalvary Mount or Kalliyanathandu - famous Christian Pilgrim Centre in Idukki|website=Kerala Tourism|access-date=2024-07-01|archive-date=2024-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227040813/https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/kalvary-mount-christian-pilgrim-centre/206|url-status=live}}</ref>

Once a secluded spot, it gained fame after the [[Idukki Dam]]'s construction.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/kerala/2018/08/03/visit-kalvari-mount-for-a-year-round-view-of-idukki-dam.html|title=Visit Kalvari Mount for a year-round view of Idukki dam|website=Onmanorama|access-date=2024-07-01|archive-date=2024-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701121810/https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/kerala/2018/08/03/visit-kalvari-mount-for-a-year-round-view-of-idukki-dam.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

During [[Lent]], the area turns into a pilgrimage centre as Christians go in a procession up the hillock.

The tourist destination is close to other tourist spots of the district like [[Idukki dam]], and Hill View Park.

==Religious significance==
Calvary Mount is a designated Christian pilgrimage site. The name itself refers to the biblical [[Mount Calvary]], the site of the [[Crucifixion of Jesus]]. During the Christian season of [[Lent]], the area becomes a pilgrimage centre, where devotees undertake a processional ascent up the hillock.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

==Tourist attractions==
===Idukki Reservoir View Point===
Calvary Mount offers a panoramic vista of the surrounding region, including the Idukki Reservoir. On a clear day, the villages of Kamakshi and Mariyapuram can be seen amidst the hills.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://keralaforestecotourism.com/calvarimountecotourism|title=Welcome to Kalvarimount Ecotourism | Kerala Eco Tourism- Official Ecommerce Website of Department of Forest, Government of Kerala|website=keralaforestecotourism.com|access-date=2024-07-01|archive-date=2024-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701083035/https://keralaforestecotourism.com/calvarimountecotourism|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Trekking===
Calvary Mount caters to adventure enthusiasts with its moderately challenging trekking trails. The ascent requires a moderate level of fitness due to the incline.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2022/Nov/04/trekkers-paradise-that-offers-a-breathtaking-view-2514662.html|title=Trekkers' paradise that offers a breathtaking view|first=Shainu|last=Mohan|date=4 November 2022|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=1 July 2024|archive-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208144932/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2022/nov/04/trekkers-paradise-that-offers-a-breathtaking-view-2514662.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{wide image|Idukki Reservoir Pano Calvary Mount Kerala Mar22 A7C 01220-23 Pano.jpg|700px|Viewed from Kalvary Mount||none}}

==Location==
Calvary Mount is accessible by road. It is located approximately 10 kilometers from [[Idukki]] town and can be reached via the [[Thodupuzha]]-Puliyanmala highway. Public transportation options are available from [[Idukki]] and [[Kattappana]] .The distance from [[Kattappana]] is 15 km. Alighting at the 10th mile or Calvary Mount junction allows for a hike to the viewpoint. There's an entry fee of ₹20 to visit.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://keralatourism.travel/calvary-mount-kalyanathandu-kalvary-mount-thekkady | title=Calvary Mount / Kalyanathandu / Kalvary Mount Thekkady (Timings, History, Entry Fee, Images & Information) - Kerala Tourism 2024 }}</ref>

==Nearby towns==
*[[Kattappana]]
*[[Painavu]]

==See also==
*[[Kattappana]]
*[[Idukki]]
*[[Painavu]]
*[[Kumily]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kalvary Mount}}
[[Category:Tourism in Idukki district]]
[[Category:Idukki district]]
[[Category:Tourism in Kerala]]
[[Category:Christian pilgrimage sites]]
[[Category:Hill stations in Kerala]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Idukki district]]
[[Category:Mountains of Kerala]]

Naveen Patnaik

2026-03-21T12:08:04Z

Advancedacademy: improved article

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1946)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Naveen Patnaik
| image = Naveen Patnaik.png
| caption =
| office = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Odisha Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]], [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 20 June 2024<ref>{{cite web | url=https://assembly.odisha.gov.in/Details.aspx?page=LeaderOfOppositionHtmlPages/Shri%20Naveen%20Patnaik.html| title=Shri Naveen Patnaik | website= Odisha Legislative Assembly| access-date=14 August 2025 }}</ref>
| term_end =
| governor = [[Raghubar Das]] [[Kambhampati Hari Babu]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Mohan Charan Majhi]]
| predecessor = [[Jayanarayan Mishra]]
| 2blankname successor =
| office1 = 14th [[Chief Minister of Odisha]]
| term_start1 = 5 March 2000
| term_end1 = 11 June 2024
| predecessor1 = [[Hemananda Biswal]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
| successor1 = [[Mohan Charan Majhi]] ([[BJP]])
| office2 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 5 March 2000
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 = Udayanath Nayak
| successor2 =
| constituency2 = [[Hinjili (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hinjili]]
| office3 = [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Union Minister of Mines and Minerals]]
| term_start3 = 13 October 1999
| term_end3 = 4 March 2000
| primeminister3 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| predecessor3 = ''Office established''
| successor3 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| office4 = [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Union Minister of Steel and Mines]]
| term_start4 = 19 March 1998
| term_end4 = 13 October 1999
| primeminister4 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| predecessor4 = [[Birendra Prasad Baishya]]
| successor4 = [[Dilip Ray]]
| office5 = [[Chairperson]] of [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| term_start5 = 26 December 1997
| term_end5 =
| predecessor5 = ''position established''
| successor5 =
| office6 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start6 = 12 April 1997
| term_end6 = 4 March 2000
| predecessor6 = [[Biju Patnaik]]
| successor6 = [[Kumudini Patnaik]]
| constituency6 = [[Aska (Lok Sabha constituency)|Aska]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1946|10|16}}
| birth_place = [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha]], [[India]] ''(then [[Orissa Province]], [[British India]])''
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]] (since 1997)
| otherparty = [[Janata Dal]] (until 1997)
| father = [[Biju Patnaik]]
| mother = Gyan Patnaik
| relatives = Prem Patnaik (brother) [[Gita Mehta]] (sister) [[Sonny Mehta]] (brother-in-law)
| residence = Naveen Nivas, Aerodrome Road, [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]], India
| alma_mater = [[The Lawrence School, Sanawar]] [[The Doon School, Dehradun]] [[Kirori Mal College]], Delhi ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| profession = {{hlist|[[Politician]]|[[writer]]}}
| website = {{URL|naveenpatnaik.in}}
| source = https://loksabha.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=324&lastls=13
}}

'''Naveen Patnaik''' ({{IPA|or|n̪ɔbin̪ pɔʈn̪ajk|lang}}; born 16 October 1946) is an Indian politician and writer, who is currently Leader of Opposition in Odisha Legislative Assembly. He served as the 14th [[List of Chief Ministers of Odisha|Chief Minister of Odisha]] from 5 March 2000 to 12 June 2024.

He is the founding chairperson of the [[Biju Janata Dal]], serving since 1997, and has represented the [[Hinjili Assembly constituency]] since 2000.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/From-greenhorn-to-history-scripting-politician/article16598757.ece|title=From greenhorn to history-scripting politician|date=18 May 2009|access-date=4 January 2020|work=The Hindu|archive-date=7 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107144040/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/From-greenhorn-to-history-scripting-politician/article16598757.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> He also served as the Union Minister of Steel and Mines from 1998 to 2000 and as a member of the [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Aska (Lok Sabha constituency)|Aska]] from 1997 to 2000.

==Early life==
Patnaik was born on 16 October 1946 in an aristocratic [[Karan (caste)|Karan]] family to [[Biju Patnaik]], former [[List of Chief Ministers of Odisha|Chief Minister of Odisha]], and his wife, Gyan Devi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Naveen Patnaik: From Reluctant Political Heir to Odisha's Longest Serving Chief Minister|url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections-news/naveen-patnaik-from-reluctant-political-heir-to-odishas-longest-serving-chief-minister-555872|access-date=7 January 2022|publisher=NDTV|archive-date=7 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107122915/https://www.ndtv.com/elections-news/naveen-patnaik-from-reluctant-political-heir-to-odishas-longest-serving-chief-minister-555872|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Bhatt |first=Sheela |date=11 March 2009 |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/special/guest-naveen-patnaik-master-stroke-in-orissa/20090311.htm |title=Naveen Patnaik's master stroke in Orissa |publisher=Rediff.com |access-date=25 December 2010 |archive-date=1 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301000000/http://www.rediff.com/news/special/guest-naveen-patnaik-master-stroke-in-orissa/20090311.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-11 |title=How the Patnaiks, despite being 2% of Odisha's population, ruled the state for 45 years, and maybe beyond |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/odisha/how-the-patnaiks-despite-being-2-of-odishas-population-ruled-the-state-for-45-years-and-maybe-beyond/articleshow/110027397.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-04-06 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

He was educated at the [[Welham Boys' School]] in [[Dehradun]], [[The Lawrence School, Sanawar]] and later [[The Doon School]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Reshmi R Dasgupta |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-05-10/news/27376553_1_doon-school-naveen-patnaik-rahul-gandhi |title=Naveen Patnaik sets stage for GeNext Doscos |work=The Economic Times |date=10 May 2004 |access-date=21 November 2012 |archive-date=7 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707070626/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-05-10/news/27376553_1_doon-school-naveen-patnaik-rahul-gandhi |url-status=dead }}</ref> At Doon, he was a classmate of [[Sanjay Gandhi]] and three years junior to [[Rajiv Gandhi]], who later became prime minister of India.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhandare |first1=Namita |title=Naveen Patnaik juggles his socialite pursuits with his party's socialist goals |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/profile/story/19970616-naveen-patnaik-juggles-his-socialite-pursuits-with-his-partys-socialist-goals-830247-1997-06-16 |access-date=15 March 2022 |work=India Today |date=16 June 1997|archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111125514/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/profile/story/19970616-naveen-patnaik-juggles-his-socialite-pursuits-with-his-partys-socialist-goals-830247-1997-06-16 |url-status=live }}</ref>

After school, he went to the [[Kirori Mal College]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Shri Naveen Patnaik – OdishaGovt |url=https://www.odishagovt.com/people/shri-naveen-patnaik/ |access-date=24 September 2022 |archive-date=24 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924152019/https://www.odishagovt.com/people/shri-naveen-patnaik/ |url-status=live }}</ref> of [[Delhi University]], and obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree.<ref name="orissa.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://orissa.gov.in/cmorissa/profile.asp|title=Profile-Chief Minister of Orissa|publisher=Orissa. Gov.in|access-date=27 May 2012|archive-date=23 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823020935/http://orissa.gov.in/cmorissa/profile.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Political career==
[[File:Opening_Ceremony_Hockey_World_Cup_2018_(68).jpg|thumb|Naveen Patnaik at the Opening Ceremony Hockey World Cup 2018]]
After the death of his father [[Biju Patnaik]], leader of the [[Janata Dal]],<ref name="orissa.gov.in"/> he was elected as a member to the 11th [[Lok Sabha]] in the by-election from [[Asika|Aska]] Parliamentary Constituency in [[Odisha]], India.<ref name="orissa.gov.in"/> He was a member of the Consultative Committee of Ministry of Steel & Mines, Member of Standing Committee on Commerce, and Member Library Committee of Parliament.

In December 1997, Naveen split from the [[Janata Dal]] and founded the [[Biju Janata Dal]], named after [[Biju Patnaik]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Banerjee |first1=Ruben |last2=Ansari |first2=Javed M. |title=Janata Dal split in Orissa spells doom for both the party and Congress |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/19971229-janata-dal-split-in-orissa-spells-doom-for-both-the-party-and-congress-831147-1997-12-28 |access-date=17 January 2024 |work=[[India Today]] |date=28 December 1997 |archive-date=17 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117181401/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/19971229-janata-dal-split-in-orissa-spells-doom-for-both-the-party-and-congress-831147-1997-12-28 |url-status=live }}</ref> The new party went into alliance with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]-led [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] for [[1998 Indian general election|1998 election]]. The alliance performed well winning 16 out of 21 seats and Naveen Patnaik was selected as the [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Union Minister for Mines]] in the cabinet of [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]].

===Chief Minister of Odisha===
In the [[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000 Assembly election]], [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] won the majority of seats in alliance with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] in the Odisha Assembly elections, Patnaik resigned from the Union cabinet and was sworn in as the Chief Minister of [[Odisha]]. He took office on the 84th birth anniversary of his father.

BJP led NDA lost the general elections in 2004, however, the coalition led by Naveen Patnaik emerged victorious in the state legislative elections and he continued as the Chief Minister. During this tenure, the friction between the ruling partners was getting more and more apparent, especially after the killing of Swami Laxmanananda Saraswati<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2008/jan/08guest.htm|title=Local factors led to Kandhamal violence|publisher=Rediff.com|access-date=4 January 2020|archive-date=2 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102163602/https://www.rediff.com/news/2008/jan/08guest.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> in the [[Kandhamal]] district of [[Odisha]] in 2007–2008 and also the active participation of Bajrang Dal in the riots that hit [[Kandhamal district|Kandhamal]] region.

In the run-up to the polls for the [[Lok Sabha]] and [[Legislative Assembly of Odisha]] elections in 2009, [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] walked out of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|NDA]] after severing ties with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] and joined the nascent Third Front constituted mainly by the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] and few regional parties.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kandhamal led to split with BJP: Patnaik |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/election-2009-reactions/others/story/kandhamal-led-to-split-with-bjp-patnaik-47757-2009-05-16 |access-date=15 March 2022 |work=India Today |date=16 May 2009|archive-date=15 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315154905/https://www.indiatoday.in/election-2009-reactions/others/story/kandhamal-led-to-split-with-bjp-patnaik-47757-2009-05-16 |url-status=live }}</ref> He did it after severely criticizing BJP's involvement in [[2008 Kandhamal violence|Kandhamal anti-Christian riots]] during 2008. The [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] won a resounding victory in both the [[Vidhan Sabha]] (State Assembly) as well as the [[Lok Sabha]] elections in 2009, winning 14 out of 21 [[Lok Sabha]] seats and 103 of the 147 assembly seats and was sworn in as the Chief Minister of [[Odisha]] on 21 May 2009 for the third consecutive term.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jha |first1=Nikhil |title=Rise and rise of BJD leader Naveen Patnaik: Has the Odisha chief minister hit a plateau? |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/bjd-naveen-patnaik-odisha-lok-sabha-elections-2019-bjp-pm-narendra-modi-biju-patnaik-biju-janata-dal-mamata-banerjee/373553 |access-date=15 March 2022 |work=Times Now |date=16 April 2019|archive-date=4 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304225302/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/bjd-naveen-patnaik-odisha-lok-sabha-elections-2019-bjp-pm-narendra-modi-biju-patnaik-biju-janata-dal-mamata-banerjee/373553 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Patnaik won a huge victory in both the [[2014 Indian general elections]] and the [[Legislative Assembly of Odisha]] elections in 2014. Patnaik's [[Biju Janata Dal]] secured 20 out of the 21 [[Lok Sabha]] seats of [[Odisha]] and 117 of the 147 [[Legislative Assembly of Odisha|Odisha Vidhan Sabha]] seats.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/AC/PartyWiseResult.htm |title=Partywise Result |access-date=22 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517152823/http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/AC/PartyWiseResult.htm |archive-date=17 May 2014 }}</ref>

In spite of a strong [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] wave across the country, the Biju Janata Dal, under the leadership of Naveen Patnaik won as many as 112 seats out of 146 (polls for 1 was deferred) in the [[Legislative Assembly of Odisha]] and 12 out of 21 [[Lok Sabha]] seats in [[2019 Indian general elections]].

His 24-year tenure is the [[List of longest-serving Indian chief ministers|second longest for a chief minister of any Indian state]], after [[Pawan Kumar Chamling]] of [[Sikkim]].

===Odisha Leader of Opposition===
The Biju Janata Dal was voted out of power in the [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]] as the party managed to win 51 seats in [[Legislative Assembly of Odisha]], thus ending Patnaik's 24-year rule in Odisha. Patnaik was himself defeated in [[Kantabanji Assembly constituency|Kantabanji]] constituency by 16,344 votes, marking his first electoral defeat. However, he did win the [[Hinjili Assembly constituency|Hinjili]] seat with a reduced margin compared to previous elections. In [[2024 Indian general election|Lok Sabha elections]], the BJD, for the first time, failed to win any of the seats it contested.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/election-2024/defeat-naveen-patnaik-biju-janata-dal-bjp-odisha-elections/article68266030.ece|title=Naveen Patnaik: The fall of a titan|work=The Hindu|date=11 June 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2024/Jun/05/how-bjp-outsmarted-bjd-and-conquered-the-state-of-odisha|title=How BJP outsmarted BJD and conquered the state of Odisha|work=The Indian Express|date=5 June 2024 }}</ref>

== Ministry Details ==
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!#
!Government
!'''Designation'''
!Portfolio
! colspan="2" |Tenure
!Constituency
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
! colspan="9" |[[Government of India]]
|-
| 1
|[[Second Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee II]]
|[[Cabinet Minister]]
|[[Ministry of Steel]] & [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Ministry of Mines & Minerals]]
|19 March 1998
|13 October 1999
| rowspan="2" |[[Aska (Lok Sabha constituency)|Aska]]
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|2
|[[Third Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee III]]
|[[Cabinet Minister]]
|[[Ministry of Mines (India)|Ministry of Mines & Minerals]]
|13 October 1999
|4 March 2000
|-
! colspan="9" |[[Government of Odisha]]
|-
|3
|[[First Naveen Patnaik ministry|Naveen]] I
|[[Chief Minister of Odisha|Chief Minister]]
|[[Chief Minister of Odisha|Chief Minister Office]]
|5 March 2000
|15 May 2004
| rowspan="6" |[[Hinjili (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hinjili]]
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal|rowspan=6}}
|-
|4
|[[Second Naveen Patnaik ministry|Naveen II]]
|[[Chief Minister of Odisha|Chief Minister]]
|[[Chief Minister of Odisha|Chief Minister Office]]
|16 May 2004
|21 May 2009
|-
|5
|[[Third Naveen Patnaik ministry|Naveen III]]
|[[Chief Minister of Odisha|Chief Minister]]
|[[Chief Minister of Odisha|Chief Minister Office]]
|22 May 2009
|20 May 2014
|-
|6
|[[Fourth Naveen Patnaik ministry|Naveen IV]]
|[[Chief Minister of Odisha|Chief Minister]]
|[[Chief Minister of Odisha|Chief Minister Office]]
|21 May 2014
|28 May 2019
|-
|7
|[[Fifth Naveen Patnaik ministry|Naveen V]]
|[[Chief Minister of Odisha|Chief Minister]]
|[[Chief Minister of Odisha|Chief Minister Office]]
|29 May 2019
|11 June 2024
|-
|8
| colspan="3" |[[List of leaders of the opposition in the Odisha Legislative Assembly|Leader of Opposition, Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
|19 June 2024
|Incumbent
|}

== Electoral history ==

===Odisha Legislative Assembly===
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! Year
! Constituency
! colspan="2"|Party
! Votes
! %
! Opponent
! colspan="2"|Opponent Party
! Opponent Votes
! %
! Result
! Margin
! %
|-
! rowspan="2"|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Kantabanji (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kantabanji]]
| {{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal|rowspan=8}}
| 74,532
| 36.56
| Laxman Bag
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
| 90,876
| 44.57
| {{no2|Lost}}
| -16,344
| -8.01
|-
| [[Hinjili (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hinjili]]
| 66,459
| 46.85
| Sisir Mishra
| 61,823
| 43.59
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 4,636
| 3.26
|-
! rowspan="2"|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Bijepur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bijepur]]
| 110,604
| 59.78
| Sanat Kumar Gartia
| 53,482
| 28.91
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 57,122
| 30.87
|-
| rowspan="5"|[[Hinjili (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hinjili]]
| 94,065
| 66.32
| Pitambar Acharya
| 33,905
| 23.91
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 60,160
| 42.41
|-
! [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| 89,267
| 73.14
| Sibaram Patra
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
| 12,681
| 10.39
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 76,586
| 62.75
|-
! [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| 72,942
| 76.04
| Raghaba Parida
| 11,669
| 12.17
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 61,273
| 63.87
|-
! [[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| 62,968
| 72.71
| rowspan="2"|Udayanath Nayak
| 20,326
| 23.47
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 42,642
| 49.24
|-
! [[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| 56,243
| 65.35
| 29,826
| 34.65
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 26,417
| 30.7
|}

===Lok Sabha===
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! Year
! Constituency
! colspan="2"|Party
! Votes
! %
! Opponent
! colspan="2"|Opponent Party
! Opponent Votes
! %
! Result
! Margin
! %
|-
! [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Aska (Lok Sabha constituency)|Aska]]
| {{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
| 359,178
| 74.90
| [[Duti Krushna Panda]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| 102,442
| 21.36
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 256,736
| 53.54
|-
! [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| 310,751
| 53.88
| [[Chandra Sekhar Sahu]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 224,540
| 38.93
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 86,211
| 14.95
|}

==Criticisms==

[[File:Naveen Patnaik CMO 02.jpg|thumb|Naveen Patnaik in 2016]]
Patnaik spent most of his early days away from [[Odisha]], so he had problems with writing and speaking fluently in the [[Odia language]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-05-17 |title=Odisha CM's Odia speech written in English goes viral, ridiculed |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/odisha-cms-odia-speech-written-in-english-goes-viral-ridiculed/articleshow/20097393.cms |access-date=2023-12-15 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=15 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215024223/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/odisha-cms-odia-speech-written-in-english-goes-viral-ridiculed/articleshow/20097393.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> He was the only [[chief minister]] of [[India]] who did not speak fluently the [[Odia language|regional language of his state]], and because of this, he faced severe criticism from his opponents. During his tenure, Patnaik had an adequate working knowledge of [[Odia language|Odia]], and he possessed great mastery over [[Hindi]], [[French language|French]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], and [[English language|English]]. At rallies, he delivered [[Odia language|Odia]] speeches written in the [[Latin alphabet|Roman alphabet]].<ref name=HT>{{cite news|title=Naveen Patnaik fails language test|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/elections2014/state-of-the-states/naveen-patnaik-fails-language-test-gets-full-marks-from-teacher/article1-1203801.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404075835/http://www.hindustantimes.com/elections2014/state-of-the-states/naveen-patnaik-fails-language-test-gets-full-marks-from-teacher/article1-1203801.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 April 2014|access-date=17 June 2014}}</ref>

==Personal life ==
Patnaik is a writer and had spent most of his youth away from both [[Politics of Odisha|politics and Odisha]]. However, after his father [[Biju Patnaik]]’s demise, he entered politics in 1997 and founded the [[Biju Janata Dal]], named after his [[Biju Patnaik|father]]. His mild manner and policies made his party hugely popular in the [[Odisha|state]].<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19970510/13050423.html For Naveen, politics is a way to complete father's agenda] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090520061055/http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19970510/13050423.html |date=20 May 2009 }}. Indianexpress.com (10 May 1997). Retrieved 25 December 2010.</ref><ref name="Spartan">{{Cite web|last=Shankar|first=Kalyani|date=4 January 2018|title=From a soft-spoken socialite to a ruthless, authoritarian leader: Naveen Patnaik's two decades in Odisha|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/soft-spoken-socialite-to-ruthless-authoritarian-leader-naveen-patnaik/26240/|access-date=31 August 2020|website=ThePrint|archive-date=2 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102084344/https://theprint.in/opinion/soft-spoken-socialite-to-ruthless-authoritarian-leader-naveen-patnaik/26240/|url-status=live}}</ref> He is also one of the founding members of the [[Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage]].<ref>{{cite web |title=INTACH Founding Members |url=http://www.intach.org/people-fmembers.php |website=INTACH |access-date=11 August 2020 |archive-date=15 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715013234/http://www.intach.org/people-fmembers.php |url-status=live }}</ref> His elder sister was the writer [[Gita Mehta]], who died in 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bisoyi |first1=Sujit Kumar |title=Gita Mehta: Naveen Patnaik's sister and author Gita Mehta declines Padma Shri award |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/naveen-patnaiks-sister-and-author-gita-mehta-declines-padma-shri-award/articleshow/67698334.cms |access-date=26 March 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=26 January 2019|archive-date=26 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326115441/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/naveen-patnaiks-sister-and-author-gita-mehta-declines-padma-shri-award/articleshow/67698334.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Accolades==
[[File:Naveen Patnaik CMO 01.jpg|thumb|Naveen Patnaik receiving Outlook Speakout award for best administrator from former President of India [[Pranab Mukherjee]] in the presence of [[Arun Jaitley]]]]
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! style="width:350px;"| Award
! style="width:50px;"| Year
! style="width:300px;"| Conferrer
! style="width:300px;"| Event/Location
|-
| '''Lifetime Achievement Award'''
| 2022
| [[N. V. Ramana]]
| Capital Foundation National Awards
|-
| '''Hero to Animals Award'''
| 2020
| [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals|PETA]]
| [[Odisha]], [[India]]
|-
| '''CSI E-Ratna Award'''
| 2020
| [[Computer Society of India]]
| 53rd CSI Annual Convention
|-
| '''FIH President's Award'''
| 2018
| [[International Hockey Federation]]
| 46th FIH Congress
|-
| '''Ideal Chief Minister'''
| 2018
| [[Pratibha Patil]]
| 8th Indian Students' Parliament
|-
| '''Best Administrator in India'''
| 2017
| [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| Outlook India Speak Out Awards 2017
|-
| '''United Nations Award'''
| 2013
| {{Flag|United Nations}}
| [[Government of Odisha|Odisha State Secretariat]]
|}

==Recognitions==
*In 2013, the [[United Nations]] felicitated Naveen by presenting a citation for his government's handling of [[Cyclone Phailin|Cyclone Phailin, which hit Odisha in October 2013]]. The body also announced that the state's efforts would be highlighted as a model for [[disaster management]] programs globally. Naveen was also invited by the international body to attend the Third UN [[World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction|World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction (WCDRR)]] in 2015, which was held in [[Sendai|Sendai, Japan]], from 14 to 18 March 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/un-citation-to-naveen-for-phailin-evacuation-113122000877_1.html#:~:text=The%20United%20Nations%20(UN)%20today,on%20coastal%20Odisha%20in%20October.|title=UN citation to Naveen for Phailin evacuation|date=20 December 2013|work=[[Business Standard]]|location=India|access-date=5 June 2020|archive-date=5 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605080042/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/un-citation-to-naveen-for-phailin-evacuation-113122000877_1.html#:~:text=The%20United%20Nations%20(UN)%20today,on%20coastal%20Odisha%20in%20October.|url-status=live}}</ref>
*In 2019, the [[United Nations]] complimented Naveen for his government's proposal to reserve 33% of seats for women in the [[Parliament of India|National Parliament]] as well as in the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|state's Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/women-reservation-un-compliment-for-odisha-chief-minister-naveen-patnaik/articleshow/68157423.cms?from=mdr|title=Women reservation: UN compliment for Odisha Chief Minister Naveen Patnaik|date=25 February 2019|work=The Economic Times|access-date=26 February 2019|archive-date=26 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226234059/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/women-reservation-un-compliment-for-odisha-chief-minister-naveen-patnaik/articleshow/68157423.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Writings==
* ''[[A Second Paradise: Indian Courtly Life, 1590-1947]]'' – Published in [[India]], England and US<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JNIdAAAAMAAJ|title=Second Paradise: Indian Courtly Life 1590–1947|last=Patnaik|first=Naveen|date=1 January 1985|publisher=Doubleday Religious Publishing Group|isbn=9780385199926}}</ref>
* ''A Desert Kingdom: The People of Bikaner'' – Published in [[India]], England and US<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jsdwQgAACAAJ|title=A Desert Kingdom: The Rajputs of Bikaner|last=Patnaik|first=Naveen|date=1 January 1990|publisher=Vendome Press|isbn=9780865651227}}</ref>
* ''The Garden of Life: An Introduction to the Healing Plants of India'' – Published in [[India]], England and US<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/gardenoflifeintr00patn|url-access=registration|title=The Garden of Life: An Introduction to the Healing Plants of India|last=Patnaik|first=Naveen|date=1 January 1993|publisher=Doubleday|isbn=9780385424691}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of chief ministers of Odisha]]
* [[List of longest-serving Indian chief ministers]]
* [[List of prime ministers of India]]
* [[List of presidents of India]]

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[Hemananda Biswal]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Chief Minister of Odisha]]
| years = (5 March 2000 – 12 June 2024)
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Mohan Charan Majhi]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[Jayanarayan Mishra]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Odisha Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition, Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| years = (Since 19 June 2024)
}}
{{s-aft
| after = Incumbent
}}
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-bef
| before = Office Established
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = President [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| years = (Since 1997)
}}
{{s-aft
| after = Incumbent
}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN Assembly succession box
| state= Odisha
| constituency= Hinjili
| before= Udayanath Nayak ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
| after= Incumbent
| years= (Since [[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]])}}
{{s-par|in-lwr}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[Biju Patnaik]] ([[Janata Dal|JD]])
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = Member of Parliament from [[Aska Lok Sabha constituency|Aska]]
| years = (1998-2000)
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Kumudini Patnaik]] ([[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]])
}}
{{s-end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* {{Official website}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060805170002/http://orissadiary.com/personality/index.asp Notable personalities of Odisha, including Naveen Patnaik, in Orissadiary website]
*[https://www.odisha.gov.in/ Notable personalities of Odisha as per the Govt. of Odisha official web site]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090520045812/http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/indiaelection09/2009/05/orissas_accidental_politician.html Odisha's accidental politician, BBC]
*[https://loksabha.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=324&lastls=13 Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]

{{Chief Ministers of Odisha}}
{{13th LS members from Odisha}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patnaik, Naveen}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Odisha]]
[[Category:People from Cuttack]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Indian political party founders]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:The Doon School alumni]]
[[Category:St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Odisha]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 2000–2004]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]

Subrata Dutta

2026-03-15T16:31:35Z

Advancedacademy: added a details nd citations.

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=September 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
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'''Subrata Dutta''' (born 16 November 1975) is an actor who appears in Indian films. He is best known for his role in [[Bollywood]] films like [[Talaash: The Answer Lies Within|''Talaash'']], ''[[Tango Charlie]]'', [[Zameen (2003 film)|''Zameen'']], ''[[The Shaukeens]]'', [[Rakta Charitra|''Rakhcharitra'']], [[Bhoothnath Returns|''Bhootnath Returns'']] and Bengali films ''[[Chaturanga (film)|Chaturanga]],''<ref>{{Citation|title=Four Chapters|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1264880/|access-date=2018-09-11|archive-date=10 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210044212/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1264880/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Bibar]]'' and [[Jor (film)|''Jor'']].

== Early life and education ==
Subrat Dutta<ref>{{Citation|last=Siti Cinema|title=Exclusive Interview of Subrat Dutta|date=24 August 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CvEllDNKfgg|access-date=2019-01-20|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011212512/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CvEllDNKfgg|url-status=live}}</ref> was born in [[Bankura]] district of [[West Bengal]]. Eldest of three brothers, he completed his schooling from [[Bankura Christian Collegiate School]] and bachelor's degree from [[Bankura Sammilani College]] with major in [[Zoology]].

Hailing from a non-filmy background Subrat Dutta<ref>{{Citation|last=WBRi Washington Bangla Radio USA|title=Washington Bangla Radio {{!}} SUBRATA DUTTA (Subrat Dutt) - Bollywood & Bengali Movie Actor|date=12 December 2010 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=142fqQ--Y9I&t=48s|access-date=2019-01-20|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011212514/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=142fqQ--Y9I&t=48s|url-status=live}}</ref> had no planning to join films and he was preparing for his MBA, when suddenly an advertisement about a theatre workshop caught his attention. The 40 day long workshop organised by [[National School of Drama]] in [[Berhampore, West Bengal|Berhampore]], [[West Bengal]] made him change his mind and he decided to join the school.
After completing his master's degree from [[National School of Drama]] he received a scholarship from Charles Wallace Trust, New Delhi and joined [[Royal Central School of Speech & Drama|Central School of Speech and Drama, London]]. Nawazuddin Siddiqui, Swanand Kirkire and Chittaranjan Tripathy were his National School of Drama batchmates.

He started his acting career as a theatre artist for NSD Repertory Company<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nsd.gov.in/delhi/index.php/repertory/|title=Repertory|website=nsd.gov.in|language=en-US|access-date=2018-09-11|archive-date=11 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911191333/https://nsd.gov.in/delhi/index.php/repertory/|url-status=live}}</ref> and played lead role in 35 plays before joining films.

Subrat Dutta<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/celebrity-interview-actor-subrata-datta-shares-the-story-about-his-upcoming-films-dgtl-1.928315|title='বাংলা সিনেমা দেখি না,বাঙালি হিসেবে বলাটা খুব লজ্জার'|last=ভট্টাচার্য|first=স্বরলিপি|website=anandabazar.com|language=bn|access-date=2019-01-20|archive-date=20 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120144420/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/celebrity-interview-actor-subrata-datta-shares-the-story-about-his-upcoming-films-dgtl-1.928315|url-status=live}}</ref> has learnt dance from PranatI Sengupta and continued to take part in Tagore Dance Drama. He tried to learn [[Kathak]] but left after few months. He has also worked in amateur "[[Jatra (theatre)|Jatra]]".

== Acting career ==
He made silver screen debut with Hindi film ''Karvaan''<ref name=":0">{{Citation|title=Shadows in the Dark|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0253177/|access-date=2018-09-14|archive-date=10 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410210823/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0253177/|url-status=live}}</ref> by [[Pankaj Butalia]] as the main protagonist in 1999. His first Bengali film was [[Uttara (film)|''Uttara'']] by [[Buddhadeb Dasgupta|Buddhadev Dasgupta]] where he played a small role of a Hindu militant.

In the beginning of his career he has worked for many television series too. His work was noticed in Bengali teleseries ''Shudhu Tomari Jonyo''.<ref name=":1">{{Citation|last=Dipto Das|title=Shudhu Tomari Jonyo [ETV Bangla] - Onno Rong অন্য রং|date=2017-08-15|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O2uy_5xmQxM&t=4s|access-date=2018-09-11|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011212516/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O2uy_5xmQxM&t=4s|url-status=live}}</ref> He has worked in few episodes of the series "''Tehreer…Munshi Premchand Ki”''<ref name=":2">{{Citation|last=DoordarshanNational|title=Tehreer...Munshi Premchand Ki :Namak Ka Darogha - Ep#25|date=2013-09-05|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tZASx0nRBBI|access-date=2018-09-11|archive-date=1 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301173651/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tZASx0nRBBI|url-status=live}}</ref> by [[Gulzar]], based on stories of [[Premchand|Munsi Premchand]] directed . He was also featured in few episodes of the thriller series ''Kagaar'' on [[Sahara One]]. Later he returned to television once with [[Yash Raj Films]] series [[Powder (TV series)|''Powder'']] in 2010.
After making his debut in both [[Bollywood selected discography of Udit Narayan|Bollywood]] and Bengali film, he went on to work in both the industries together. [[Bollywood]] films like ''[[88 Antop Hill]]'' (2003), [[Zameen (2003 film)|''Zammen'']] (2003) and Bengali film ''[[Swapner Feriwala]]'' (2002) were some of his early works.

Subrat Dutta<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/JiyoBangla/videos/278553089497827/|title=Jiyo Bangla|website=www.facebook.com|language=en|access-date=2019-01-20|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011212533/https://www.facebook.com/JiyoBangla/videos/278553089497827/|url-status=live}}</ref>’s fame came with his portrayal of a common man Biresh in Bengali film ''[[Bibar]]'' directed by [[Subrata Sen]], based on [[Samaresh Basu]]’s novel with the same name in the year 2006. He won Best Actor at the [[Osian's Cinefan Festival of Asian and Arab Cinema|Osian’s Cinefan Festival of Asian and Arab Cinema]] His next Bengali ventures [[Jor (film)|''Jor'']] (2008) and ''[[Chaturanga (film)|Chaturanga]]'' (2008) were completely different from ''[[Bibar]],'' that proved his prowess as an actor. He played the main villain Indrajit [[Swapan Saha|in Swapan Saha]]’s commercial film [[Jor (film)|''Jor'']], remake of the super hit Telugu film ''[[Okkadu]]'', whereas [[Suman Mukhopadhyay|Suman Mukhopadhay]]’s period drama ''[[Chaturanga (film)|Chaturanga]]''<ref>{{Citation|last=WBRi Washington Bangla Radio USA|title=Washington Bangla Radio {{!}} Director Suman Mukhopadhyay On Bengali Movie Actor SUBRATA DUTTA|date=10 December 2010 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CfNL9vqSy8k|access-date=2019-01-20|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011212517/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CfNL9vqSy8k|url-status=live}}</ref> was based on [[Rabindranath Tagore]]’s novel. He later also starred in the Hindi remake of ''[[Okkadu]]'', ''[[Tevar]]''<ref name="BollywoodHungama.com">{{Citation|last=BollywoodHungama.com|title=Subrat Dutta exclusive interview on The Shaukeens Tevar Roar|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H8xlJzfYd8M&t=56s|access-date=2019-01-20|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011212533/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H8xlJzfYd8M&t=56s|url-status=live}}</ref> (2015) in a different role, allowing [[Manoj Bajpayee]] to play the main villain.

In 2009 he was awarded Best Actor at [[Cairo International Film Festival|Cairo International Film Festival, Egypt]] for his portrayal of the main protagonist Madholal in the film ''[[List of Bollywood films of 2009|Madholal Keep Walking]]''<ref>{{Citation|last=calcuttatubevideos|title=Bengali Actor Subrat Dutt on movie Madholal Keep Walking|date=25 August 2010 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WS_twNqe6Cg|access-date=2019-01-20|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011212520/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WS_twNqe6Cg|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Citation|title=Madholal Keep Walking|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1358852/|access-date=2018-09-11|archive-date=25 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225073038/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1358852/|url-status=live}}</ref> by Jai Tank.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3284150/|title=Jai Tank|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-09-11|archive-date=11 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211042109/http://www.imdb.com/name/nm3284150/|url-status=live}}</ref> The film received positive reviews from critics and Subrat Dutta’s character was highly praised that gave him lead roles in many commercial and independent films in later years.

His next venture was [[Ram Gopal Varma]]’s magnum opus, [[Rakta Charitra|''Rakhcharitra part I and &II'']]<ref>{{Citation|last=calcuttatubevideos|title=Actor Subrat Dutt on Rakta Charitra|date=19 October 2010 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9-_TJaU8vhY|access-date=2019-01-20}}</ref> (2010), where he was noticed for playing the character of AK in Hindi & Telugu simultaneously. In the same year he appeared in Bengali films ''Achin Pakhi''<ref name=":5">{{Citation|title=Achin Pakhi|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1786389/|access-date=2018-09-14|archive-date=10 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210152714/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1786389/|url-status=live}}</ref> and ''Antim Shash Sundar''<ref>{{Citation|last=Shrabanti Basu|title=Actor Subrat Dutta on why he chose the film Antim Swash Sundor|date=2010-08-16|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4kYoJXIMSGg|access-date=2019-01-20|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011212527/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4kYoJXIMSGg|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Citation|title=Antim Swash Sundar|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1776065/|access-date=2018-09-11|archive-date=10 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210213443/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1776065/|url-status=live}}</ref> opposite [[Indrani Haldar]]. He next worked in [[Talaash: The Answer Lies Within|''Talaash'']](2012), Bengali project ''Koyekti Meyer Golpo''<ref name=":7">{{Citation|title=Koyekti Meyer Golpo|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2310964/|access-date=2018-09-11|archive-date=11 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211205152/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2310964/|url-status=live}}</ref> (2012), and some independent Hindi films like ''[[Oass]]'' (2012), ''Kaphal''<ref name=":8">{{Citation|title=Kaphal: Wild Berries|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3267464/|access-date=2018-09-11|archive-date=12 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212125620/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt3267464/|url-status=live}}</ref> (2012) and ''Baromas''<ref name=":9">{{Citation|title=Baromas|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1885203/|access-date=2018-09-11|archive-date=10 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210141244/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1885203/|url-status=live}}</ref> (2013), before bagging the role of engineer ghost in super hit film [[Bhoothnath Returns|''Bhootnath Returns'']] (2014).
He next appeared as the main villain Bheera in ''[[Roar: Tigers of the Sundarbans]]''<ref name="BollywoodHungama.com"/> (2014) based on tiger poaching in [[Sundarbans]] and film director Basu in [[Akshay Kumar]] starrer [[Bollywood]] film [[The Shaukeens|''TheShaukeens'']]<ref name="BollywoodHungama.com"/><ref>{{Citation|last=ETC Bollywood|title=Subrat Dutta - ETC Bollywood Business - Komal Nahta|date=14 November 2014 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yOrabBqN3D4&t=7s|access-date=2019-01-20|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011212521/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yOrabBqN3D4&t=7s|url-status=live}}</ref> (2014). In both the films his role received critical acclaim. He also appeared in films like ''[[Bumper Draw]]'' (2015), ''[[Charlie Kay Chakkar Mein]]'' (2015) and played lead role as ATS Chief in [[Sameer (film)|''Sameer'']]<ref>{{Citation|last=Viralbollywood|title=Exclusive Interview With Subrata Datta And Anjali Patil {{!}} Viralbollywood|date=September 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KCJ79VMulb8&list=PL7u1PP0VEc4B8hAdTMxuR6RoC7LCWx8Dg|access-date=2019-01-20|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011212542/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KCJ79VMulb8&list=PL7u1PP0VEc4B8hAdTMxuR6RoC7LCWx8Dg|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Bollywood Spy|title=Exclusive Interview With Subrat Dutta {{!}} Sameer Movie|date=3 September 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ipC-SHYFQY|access-date=2019-01-20|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011212537/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ipC-SHYFQY|url-status=live}}</ref> (2017) and Gandhian Divakar in [[Hamne Gandhi Ko maar Diya|''Humne Gandhi Ko Mar Diya'']]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/subrat-dutta-feels-theatre-and-films-have-their-own-kinds-of-challenges/articleshow/67602033.cms|title=Subrat Dutta feels theatre and films have their own kinds of challenges - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=19 January 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-01-20|archive-date=11 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111231004/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/subrat-dutta-feels-theatre-and-films-have-their-own-kinds-of-challenges/articleshow/67602033.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> (2018). His next release was multilimgual III Smoking Barrels<ref name=":12">{{Citation|title=III Smoking Barrels|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5791986/|access-date=2018-09-11|archive-date=27 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927103202/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5791986/|url-status=live}}</ref> where he played the character of a Bangladeshi refugee<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/subrat-dutta-turns-a-bangladeshi-refugee-in-iii-smoking-barrels/articleshow/65897207.cms|title=Subrat Dutta turns a Bangladeshi refugee in 'III Smoking Barrels' - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-date=24 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924082654/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/subrat-dutta-turns-a-bangladeshi-refugee-in-iii-smoking-barrels/articleshow/65897207.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> earned him immense applause from pan Indian audience and critics. His character Mukhtar<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://bollyy.com/movie-review-lll-smoking-barrels/|title=Movie Review: lll Smoking Barrels|date=2018-09-20|work=Bollyy|access-date=2018-09-23|language=en-US|archive-date=23 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923124534/http://bollyy.com/movie-review-lll-smoking-barrels/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/iii-smoking-barrels-review-sanjib-dey-rahul-desai/|title=III Smoking Barrels: The Unreserved - Film Companion|date=2018-09-21|work=Film Companion|access-date=2018-09-23|language=en-US|archive-date=23 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923124401/https://www.filmcompanion.in/iii-smoking-barrels-review-sanjib-dey-rahul-desai/|url-status=dead}}</ref> turns the victim of illegal Elephant poaching where his every move and actions got praised by the critics.

Subrat Dutta was part of Bengali popular series Byomkesh also. He played a noticeable role in ''[[Har Har Byomkesh]]'' in 2015. Later he played Ajit for ''Byomkesh''<ref name=":10">{{Citation|title=Byomkesh|url=https://www.hoichoi.tv/show/title/byomkesh-web-series|language=en|access-date=2018-09-14|archive-date=14 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914132444/https://www.hoichoi.tv/show/title/byomkesh-web-series|url-status=live}}</ref> series of popular Bengali online channel Hoichoi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hoichoi.tv/|title=Watch Bengali Movies {{!}} Original Web Series|website=Hoichoi - Movies {{!}} Originals|language=en|access-date=2018-09-11|archive-date=28 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828065954/https://www.hoichoi.tv/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He has played the lead character in the emotional drama ''Bhairavi''<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=http://www.muvizz.com/movie?type=movie&id=825|title=Watch Bhairavi Hindi Musical Drama Movie Online - Muvizz.com|website=www.muvizz.com|language=en|access-date=2018-09-11|archive-date=11 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911221350/http://www.muvizz.com/movie?type=movie&id=825|url-status=live}}</ref> which was released exclusively on Muvizz.com in 2016.
Apart from [[Bollywood]] and Bengali films he has also appeared in Marathi film ''[[Lalbaugchi Rani]]'' (2016), Bhojpuri films ''Tujhse Laagi Lagan'', ''Pistol Ego Prem Kahani'' and American production English language film ''Behind the Trees''.<ref>{{Citation|title=Behind the Trees|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8370274/|access-date=2018-09-11|archive-date=30 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430000126/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8370274/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Subrat Dutta has acted in more than 45 films. Most of his films like [[Uttara (film)|''Uttara'']], ''Kaphal: The Wild Berries'',<ref>{{Citation|title=Kaphal: Wild Berries|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3267464/|access-date=2018-09-14|archive-date=12 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212125620/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt3267464/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Chaturanga (film)|Chaturanga]]'', ''[[Bibar]]'', ''Madholal Keep Walking''<ref name=":3" /> were shown in prestigious National & International Festivals & also won couple of prestigious National and International awards. He has often been referred 'chameleon' as he changed his appearance for every film and experimented with his look for each character he played.

''Aasma''<ref name=":14">{{Citation|title=Aasma|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2949654/|access-date=2018-09-11|archive-date=13 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213202443/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2949654/|url-status=live}}</ref> by Sudipto Sen<ref name=":15">{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2298107/|title=Sudipto Sen|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-09-11|archive-date=18 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218042322/http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2298107/|url-status=live}}</ref>'', T for Tajmahal'' by [[Kireet Khurana]], Bengali film ''Sitara''<ref name=":19">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/subrat-dutta-has-two-films-in-february/articleshow/67658492.cms|title=Subrat Dutta has two films in February - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=23 January 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-01-25|archive-date=17 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217210832/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/subrat-dutta-has-two-films-in-february/articleshow/67658492.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/actor-subrat-dutta-has-three-releases-in-hand/articleshow/67418337.cms|title=Actor Subrat Dutta has three releases in hand - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=7 January 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-01-20|archive-date=4 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200104221627/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/actor-subrat-dutta-has-three-releases-in-hand/articleshow/67418337.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> opposite [[Raima Sen]] and ''Brishti tomake Dilam''<ref name=":19" /><ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/><ref name="Jackson Records">{{Citation|last=Jackson Records|title='Brishti Tomakey Dilam' - Official Trailer {{!}} Chiranjeet, Jaya Ahsan, Subrat Dutta, Badsha Maitra|date=5 January 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TBOAcci5CyQ|access-date=2019-01-20|archive-date=10 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110044752/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TBOAcci5CyQ|url-status=live}}</ref> opposite [[Jaya Ahsan]] are some of his upcoming films.

Subrat Dutta appears in TV and web commercials regularly. Some of his notable commercials are [[Parle-G|Parle G]],<ref>{{Citation|last=Priyanjit Ghosh|title=Parle new funny ad series {{!}} IPL 2017 {{!}} Part 2|date=2017-04-24|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8KRYqR_x7QU|access-date=2018-09-11|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011212539/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8KRYqR_x7QU|url-status=live}}</ref> Wonder cement,<ref>{{Citation|last=Wonder Cement|title=Wonder Cement Limited - New TVC 2017|date=2017-05-14|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5PwU93fYyI8|access-date=2018-09-11|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011212538/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5PwU93fYyI8|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Aircel]] [[Indian Premier League|IP]]<ref>{{Citation|last=subrat dutta|title=Aircel, Subrat Dutta as Bengali Fan with Dhoni|date=2013-03-20|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H5dXnZB5rsg|access-date=2018-09-11|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011212551/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H5dXnZB5rsg|url-status=live}}</ref>[[Indian Premier League|L]] Commercial, [[OLX]].<ref>{{Citation|last=OLXInTv|title=Naughty Kid|date=2015-01-04|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cdkLqbdNO8c|access-date=2018-09-11|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804093535/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cdkLqbdNO8c|url-status=live}}</ref> and Google Paise.<ref>{{Citation|last=Google India|title=Google Pay {{!}} A simple and secure payments app {{!}} #MoneyMadeSimple|date=2018-09-14|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A0lCp02toqc|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-date=28 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528213242/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A0lCp02toqc|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Subrat Dutta is a [[Yoga]] expert<ref>{{Citation|last=subrat dutta|title=Subrat Dutta Actor YOGA|date=2018-06-21|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DUV4IW6tnn4|access-date=2018-09-17|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011212543/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DUV4IW6tnn4|url-status=live}}</ref> and practitioner. He was married to theatre director Robijita Gogoii from 2006 to 2018 whom he met in [[National School of Drama]]. After a long period of courtship, they got married on 29 August 2006. Together they have a daughter named Aatreyi born on 8 June 2010.

.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sen|first1=Zinia|title=Hard work is in Subrat Dutta|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Hard-work-is-in-Subrat-Dutta/pmredirectshow/6513183.cms?curpg=1|publisher=Times Of India|access-date=16 January 2015|archive-date=20 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920013359/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Hard-work-is-in-Subrat-Dutta/pmredirectshow/6513183.cms?curpg=1|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Language
!Role
!Director
|-
|1999
|''Karwaan<ref name=":0" />''
|Hindi
|Gautam
|
|-
|2000
|[[Uttara (film)|''Uttara'']]
|Bengali
|As Hindu militant
|
|-
|2001
|[[Lajja (film)|''Lajja'']]
|Hindi
|Cameo
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2002
|''[[Swapner Feriwala]]''
|Bengali
|Shome
|Subrata Sen
|-
|''[[Dharini]]''
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2003
|''[[88 Antop Hill]]''
|Hindi
|Prashant
|
|-
|''Sala Bandar!<ref>{{Citation|title=Sala Bandar!|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0833990/|access-date=2018-09-14|archive-date=8 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208083500/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0833990/|url-status=live}}</ref>''
|Hindi Short film
|Gulshan
|Roop Singh Sood<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2344734/|title=Roop Singh Sood|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-09-14|archive-date=15 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215102325/http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2344734/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Zameen (2003 film)|''Zameen'']]
|Hindi
|Major Puri
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2005
|''[[Tango Charlie]]''
|Hindi
|As revolutionary leader
|
|-
|''[[Mangal Pandey: The Rising]]''
|Hindi
|Mangal's friend
|
|-
|
|Light House (Sudhu Tomari Jonno)
|Bengali
|
|Debangshu Sengupta
|-
|2006
|''[[Bibar]]''
|Bengali
|Biresh
|Subrata Sen
|-
| rowspan="5" |2008
|[[Jor (film)|''Jor'']]
|Bengali
|Indrajit
|
|-
|''[[Shaurya]]''
|Hindi
|Colonel Malhotra
|Samar Khan<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1885534/|title=Samar Khan|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-09-14|archive-date=28 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228141914/https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1885534/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Tomar Jonyo]]''
|Bengali
|Rahul Roy
|Nilanjan Banerjee
|-
|[[Chaturanga (film)|''Chaturanga'']]
|Bengali
|Sachish
|
|-
|[[10:10 (film)|''10:10'']]
|Bengali
|Apratim
|Arin Paul<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3374652/|title=Arin Paul|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-09-14|archive-date=25 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425072545/http://www.imdb.com/name/nm3374652/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2009
|''[[Thanks Maa]]''
|Hindi
|
|Irfan Kamal
|-
|''Madholal Keep Walking<ref name=":3" />''
|Hindi
|Madholal Dubey
|Jai Tank<ref name=":4" />
|-
| rowspan="4" |2010
|''Achin Pakhi<ref name=":5" />''
|Bengali
|Achin
|
|-
|''Antim Swash Sundar<ref name=":6" />''
|Bengali
|Prem Sengupta
|Kris Alin<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm4178430/|title=Kris Alin|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-09-14|archive-date=15 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215193810/http://www.imdb.com/name/nm4178430/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Rakta Charitra|''Rakhta Charitra I'']]
|Hindi/Telugu
|AK
|
|-
|[[Rakta Charitra 2|''Rakhta Charitra II'']]
|Hindi/Telugu
|AK
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2012
|''Koyekti Meyer Golpo<ref name=":7" />''
|Bengali
|Ashesh
|[
|-
|''[[Oass]]''
|Hindi
|Jhukki
|Abhinav Shiv Tiwari<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2857344/|title=Abhinav Shiv Tiwari|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-09-14|archive-date=24 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324005441/http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2857344/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Talaash: The Answer Lies Within|''Taalash'']]
|Hindi
|Shashi Nayak
|
|-
|''Lattoo<ref name=":17">{{Citation|last=Shemaroo Bengali|title=Lattoo (HD) - Superhit Bengali - Subrata Dutta - Megha Burman - Ushashi - Debasree Roy|date=2017-05-29|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bhMb1IkHshM|access-date=2018-09-21|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011212539/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bhMb1IkHshM|url-status=live}}</ref>''
|Bengali
|Aarjo
|Ashish Roy<ref name=":17" />
|-
| rowspan="4" |2013
|''Meridian Lines<ref>{{Citation|title=Meridian Lines|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0811613/|access-date=2018-09-14|archive-date=14 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414115848/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0811613/|url-status=live}}</ref>''
|Hindi
|Romeo
|Venod Mitra<ref>{{Citation|title=Meridian Lines|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0811613/|access-date=2018-09-21|archive-date=14 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414115848/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0811613/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''Kaphal: Wild Berries<ref name=":8" />''
|Hindi
|Kailash
|Batul Mukhtiar<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3377934/|title=Batul Mukhtiar|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-09-14|archive-date=28 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228075610/https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3377934/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''Baromas<ref name=":9" />''
|Hindi
|Eknath Tanpure
|Dhiraj Meshram<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3205881/|title=Dhiraj Meshram|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-09-14|archive-date=16 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216174008/http://www.imdb.com/name/nm3205881/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''Target Kolkata<ref name="Shemaroo Bengali">{{Citation|last=Shemaroo Bengali|title=Target Kolkata (HD) - Rishi - Bidi Bagh - Subrat Dutta - Sreelekha Majumder|date=2017-05-25|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1TjeQ0QXqHw|access-date=2018-09-21|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011212545/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1TjeQ0QXqHw|url-status=live}}</ref>''
|Bengali
|Surjo
|Kartick Singh<ref name="Shemaroo Bengali"/>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2014
|[[Bhoothnath Returns|''Bhootnath Returns'']]
|Hindi
|Engineer Ghost
|[[Nitesh Tiwari]]
|-
|[[Roar: Tigers of the Sundarbans|''ROAR: Tigers of the Sundarbans'']]
|Hindi
|Bheera
|[[Kamal Sadanah|Kamal Sadnah]]
|-
|''[[The Shaukeens]]''
|Hindi
|Ranjit Basu
|[[Abhishek Sharma (director)|Abhishek Sharma]]
|-
| rowspan="5" |2015
|''[[Tevar]]''
|Hindi
|Kaakdi
|[[Amit Ravindernath Sharma]]
|-
|''Pakaram<ref>{{Citation|last=Thomas Romano|title=Pakaram {{!}} পাকারাম {{!}} Bengali Full Movie {{!}} HD {{!}} With Subtitles {{!}} Award Winning Film By Sanka|date=2017-08-07|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A_PvHPYBFQc|access-date=2018-09-14|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011212621/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A_PvHPYBFQc|url-status=live}}</ref>''
|Bengali
|Dipak
|Shankar Debnath<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm4704862/|title=Sankar Debnath|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-09-14|archive-date=17 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217095534/http://www.imdb.com/name/nm4704862/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bumper Draw]]<ref>{{Citation|last=Universal News|title=Actor Subrat Datta interview at the Bumper Draw completion party|date=30 April 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BmLaWAUd2D8|access-date=2019-01-20}}</ref>''
|Hindi
|Villium
|Irshad Khan
|-
|''[[Charlie Kay Chakkar Mein]]''
|Hindi
|Sohail
|Manish Srivastav<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2132775/|title=Manish Srivastav|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-09-14|archive-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407064707/http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2132775/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Har Har Byomkesh]]''
|Bengali
|Narmadashankar
|[[Arindam Sil]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2016
|''[[Ardhangini Ek Ardhsatya]]''
|Bengali
|Sandeep
|Reema Mukherjee
|-
|''[[Lalbaugchi Rani]]''
|Marathi
|Drunk guy
|[[Laxman Utekar]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vigyaapan.co.in/laxman-utrekar/|title=Laxman Utekar – Vigyaapan|website=vigyaapan.co.in|language=en-US|access-date=2018-09-14|archive-date=14 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914132332/http://vigyaapan.co.in/laxman-utrekar/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''Bhairavi<ref name=":11" />''
|Hindi
|
|Suhail Tatari<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2967962/|title=Sohail Tatari|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-09-14|archive-date=11 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411062448/http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2967962/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|[[Sameer (film)|''Sameer'']]
|Hindi
|Desai, ATS Chief
|Dakxin Bajrange<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.der.org/films/filmmakers/dakxin-bajrange.html|title=DER Filmmaker: Dakxin Bajrange|last=Resources|first=Documentary Educational|website=www.der.org|access-date=2018-09-14|archive-date=14 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914132341/http://www.der.org/films/filmmakers/dakxin-bajrange.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018
|''[[Hamne Gandhi Ko maar Diya|Humne Gandhi Ko Mar Diya]]''
|Hindi
|Divakar
|[[Naeem Siddiqui|Naeem A Siddiqui]]
|-
|''W<ref name=":16">{{Citation|last=24FPS ENTERTAINMENT LLP|title=W SHORT FILM {{!}} SUBRAT DUTTA {{!}} SWAPNA PATI {{!}} SUSHANT PANDA|date=2018-04-17|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_LSf4GGeKVk|access-date=2018-09-14|archive-date=16 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516151720/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_LSf4GGeKVk&gl=US&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref>''
|Hindi Short Film
|unknown
|Sushant Panda<ref name=":16" />
|-
|''[[III Smoking Barrels]]<ref name=":12" />''
|Multilingual
|Mukhtar
|Sanjib Dey<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3699963/|title=Sanjib Dey|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-09-11|archive-date=18 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218134732/http://www.imdb.com/name/nm3699963/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="8" |2019
|''[[Dotara (film)|Dotara]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.bangla.eenaduindia.com/Entertainment/Tollywood/2019/01/11182132/Dotara-interaction-with-Amitabha-Dasgupta-and-Subrata.vpf|title="বাঙালিরা এখনও সেভাবে এক্সপেরিমেন্ট করেন না", বললেন অভিনেতা সুব্রত দত্ত|website=BangalaMEenadu Portal|access-date=2019-01-20}}</ref>''
|Bengali
|Debdutta<ref>{{Citation|last=Siti Cinema|title=Dotara {{!}} Exclusive interview {{!}} Subrat Dutta|date=8 August 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VdOvZ4daNfs|access-date=2019-01-20|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011212540/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VdOvZ4daNfs|url-status=live}}</ref>
|Amitabha Dasgupta<ref name=":18">{{Citation|last=Dotara Movie|title=Dotara {{!}} Bengali Movie Official Trailer 2018 {{!}} Amitabha Dasgupta {{!}} #DotaraMovie|date=2018-07-22|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RHTRmaMWZIo|access-date=2018-09-21|archive-date=20 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820225411/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RHTRmaMWZIo|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sitara (2019 film)|Sitara]]''
|Bengali
|Manab Sarkar
|Ashish Roy
|-
|''Brishti Tomake Dilam<ref name="Jackson Records" />''
|Bengali
|
|Arnab Paul
|-
|''Dhuusar''
|Bengali
|Prashanta Guha
|Snehashish Mondal, Soumi Saha
|-
|''Junction Varanasi''
|Hindi
|Sadhu's Associate
|Dheeraj Pandit
|-
|Josef – Born in Grace
|Hindi
|Josef
|[[Susant Mishra|Susant Misra]]
|-
|''Behind the Trees''
|English
|Navin
|Vikram Jayakumar
|-
|''Dhumkkudiya''
|Hindi
|Kamal
|Nandlal Nayak
|-
| rowspan="4" |2020
|''Uraan''
|Bengali
|Arif Alam
|Tridib Raman
|-
|''Harami''
|Hindi
|Dhiren Yvas
|Shyam Madiraju
|-
|''Banaras Vanilla''
|Hindi
|
|Sumit Mishra
|-
|''Lucknow Times''
|Hindi
|Kallol Ghosh
|Sudipto Sen
|-
| rowspan="4" |2020
|''Uraan''
|Bengali
|Arif Alam
|Tridib Raman
|-
|''Harami''
|Hindi
|Dhiren Yvas
|Shyam Madiraju
|-
|''Banaras Vanilla''
|Hindi
|
|Sumit Mishra
|-
|''Lucknow Times''
|Hindi
|Kallol Ghosh
|Sudipto Sen
|-
| rowspan="1" |2023
|''[[Guthlee Ladoo]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/the-success-of-southern-films-fuels-hope-for-bengali-actors-subrat-dutta-talks-regional-cinema-and-future-projects-101693591739887.html|title=Subrat Dutta: Southern films have fuelled hope of many|date=1 September 2023}}</ref>
|Hindi
|Mangru (father of Guthlee )
|Ishrat R Khan
|-
|2024
|''[[Bastar: The Naxal Story]]''
|Hindi
|
|Sudipto Sen
|-
|2025
|Bhaggyolokkhi
|Bengali
|
|
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|-

|-
|}
'''Upcoming Films'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Film
!Language
!Character
!Director
|-
! rowspan="9" |Upcoming
|T for Taj Mahal|'''''T for Tajmahal'''''
|Hindi
|Bansi
|[[Kireet Khurana]]
|-
|''Lucknow Times<ref>{{Citation|title=Lucknow Times|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4696884/|access-date=2018-09-14|archive-date=12 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212155132/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt4696884/|url-status=live}}</ref>''
|Hindi
|Kallol Ghosh
|Sudipto Sen<ref name=":15" />
|-
|Josef- Born In Grace<ref>{{cite web |title=Joseph- Born In Grace |date=18 December 2019 |url=https://variety.com/2019/film/awards/oscars-academy-announces-344-films-eligible-for-2019-best-picture-1203446314/ |access-date=18 December 2019 |archive-date=18 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218140154/https://variety.com/2019/film/awards/oscars-academy-announces-344-films-eligible-for-2019-best-picture-1203446314/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/|title=Latest News: Latest Headlines Today, Latest Current Affairs News|website=News18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Josef- Born In Grace |url=http://uakathachitra.com/josefborningrace/ |access-date=18 December 2019 |archive-date=18 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218142115/http://uakathachitra.com/josefborningrace/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|Hindi
|Josef
|[[Susant Mishra|Susant Misra]]
|-
|''Aasma<ref name=":14" />''
|Hindi
|Intekab
|Sudipto Sen<ref name=":15" />
|-
|''He Man''
|Hindi
|Jack
|[[Puneet Issar]]
|-
|''[[Dhuusar (Grey)]]''
|Bengali
|Prashanta Guha
|Snehashish Mondal, Soumi Saha
|-
|''Behind the Trees<ref>{{Citation|title=Behind the Trees|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8370274/|access-date=2018-09-14|archive-date=30 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430000126/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8370274/|url-status=live}}</ref>''
|English
|Navin
|Vikram Jayakumar<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1627097/|title=Vikram Jayakumar|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-09-14|archive-date=30 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430000143/https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1627097/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Flowers of the Mountain
|Hindi
|Parijat Mukherjee
|Shuvro Roy
|-
|[[Battle of Chhuriyaan]]
|Hindi
|Turram
|Ravi Singh
|}

===TV series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Episodes/Character
!Channel
|-
|2002-2003
|''Shudhu Tomari Jonyo<ref name=":1" />''
|Shankar Dada
Onyo Rong<ref name=":1" />
|[[Colors Bangla|Etv Bangla]]
|-
|2002-2003
|''Tehreer…Munsi Premchand Ki<ref name=":2" />''
|Namak Ka Daroga<ref name=":2" />
Sawa Sher Gehu<ref>{{Citation|last=Sukhjit Badesha|title=Sawa Ser Gehu - Munshi Premchand|date=2012-03-02|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yZlcUVb8GjQ|access-date=2018-09-14|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011212547/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yZlcUVb8GjQ|url-status=live}}</ref>
|DD National<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ddindia.gov.in/DDNational/Pages/Default.aspx|title=Default|website=ddindia.gov.in|language=en-us|access-date=2018-09-14|archive-date=13 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913213108/http://ddindia.gov.in/DDNational/Pages/Default.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2002
|''Kagaar''
|Operation Rameswaram
|[[Sahara One]]
|-
|2010
|[[Powder (TV series)|''Powder'']]
|As Zonal Inspector Bose
|[[Sony Entertainment Television]]
|}

===Web series===

He has played the character of a broker in Netflix Original Series Selection Day. He has also appeared as Ajit in Hoichoi TV’s popular show ''Byomkesh''<ref name=":10" /> for three seasons from 2017-2018.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Series
!Character
!Web channel
|-
|2018
|[[Selection Day (TV series)|''Selection Day'']]
|Season 1: Broker
|[[List of original programs distributed by Netflix|Netflix]]
|-
|2017-2018
|[[Byomkesh (web series)|Byomkesh]]
|Season 1: Satyanweshi and Pather Kanta as Ajit/Makorshar Rosh and Arthamanartham as Ajit
Season 2: Rokter Dag and Roktomukhi Nila as Ajit

Season 3: Sajarur Kanta as Ajit
|Hoichoi<ref name=":20">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hoichoi.tv/|title=Watch Bengali Movies {{!}} Original Web Series|website=Hoichoi - Movies {{!}} Originals|language=en|access-date=2019-01-02|archive-date=28 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828065954/https://www.hoichoi.tv/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt11318102/?ref_=nm_flmg_act_13 ''Montu Pilot'']
|Season 1
|Hoichoi<ref name=":20" />
|-
| rowspan="3" |2020
|''Lalbazaar<ref>{{Citation|title=Lalbazaar (TV Series 2020– ) - IMDb|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt12416834/fullcredits|access-date=2020-08-14|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011212612/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt12416834/fullcredits|url-status=live}}</ref>''
|Season 1: A.C Port Gaurav Dutta
|[[ZEE5|Zee5]]
|-
|''[[Shobdo Jobdo]]''
|Season 1: Dr. Amitabha Mitra
|Hoichoi
|-
|[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt13174524/?ref_=nm_flmg_act_7 ''High'']
|Season 1: Dr. Roy
|[https://www.mxplayer.in MX Player]
|-
|2022
|[[Feludar Goyendagiri (TV series)|Feludar Goyendagiri]]
|Season 1:Mahadev Verma
|Hoichoi
|-
|2023
|[[Honeymoon (2023 web series)]]
|Season 1: Shekhar
|[[Klikk]]
|-
|2024
|[[Kaantaye Kaantaye]]
|
|[[ZEE5]]
|}

==Awards==
* Best Actor: [[33rd Cairo International Film Festival|Cairo International Film Festival, Egypt]], 2009
* Best Actor: [[Osian's Cinefan Festival of Asian and Arab Cinema|at Osian's-Cinefan, New Delhi]], 2006
*Best Actor: Dehradun International Film Festival, 2021<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-23|title=Subrat Dutta, Victor Banerjee and film – JOSEF - BORN IN GRACE|url=https://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/infotainment/article/subrat-dutta-victor-banerjee-and-film-josef-born-in-grace-23193575|access-date=2021-10-21|website=www.mid-day.com|language=en}}</ref> ([[Josef – Born in Grace]])
*Best Actor: [[Manikarnika International Film Festival]], 2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manikarnika International Film Festival - Awards |url=https://www.manikarnikaiff.in/awards |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=www.manikarnikaiff.in |language=en-US}}</ref> ([[Josef – Born in Grace]])

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0244906}}
*{{facebook|actorsubratdutta}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dutta, Subrat}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:1975 births]]

Socialist Party (India)

2026-03-15T10:42:00Z

Advancedacademy: General cleanup and content improvements

{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Socialist Party (India) (2nd nomination)|timestamp=20260303011829|year=2026|month=March|day=3|substed=yes}}


The Indian '''Socialist Party''' may refer to:

*[[Congress Socialist Party]]
*[[Praja Socialist Party]]
*[[Socialist Party (India, 1948)]]
*[[Socialist Party of India (1955)]]
*[[Socialist Party (India, 1971)]]
*[[Socialist Party (India, 2011)]]

{{disambiguation}}

British people

2026-03-12T02:26:51Z

Advancedacademy: small fix

{{Short description|People of the United Kingdom and its territories}}
{{redirect|Britons}}
{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{use British English | date = October 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = British people
| flag = Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg
| flag_upright = 1.02
| flag_caption = [[Union Jack|Union Flag]]
| population = {{plainlist|
* British {{Circa|'''72 million'''}}
* [[British diaspora]] {{Circa|'''200 million'''}}<ref name="Richards">{{cite book |last1=Richards |first1=Eric |title=Britannia's Children: Emigration from England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland Since 1600 |date=14 May 2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JknDbX3ae1MC |location=London |publisher=A&C Black |publication-date=2004 |pages=3–4 |isbn=9781852854416 |access-date=2 November 2020 |quote=[...] even the basic outline of the diaspora remains vague. It was never a controlled movement and it was mostly poorly documented. Migrants are always difficult to categorise and to count. [...] The scale of the modern British dispersion has been estimated at about 200 million, [...] or, counting those who can claim descent from British and Irish emigrants, more than three times the current population of the British Isles. |archive-date=28 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928163109/https://books.google.com/books?id=JknDbX3ae1MC |url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
[[File:Map of the British Diaspora in the World.svg|center|frameless|260x260px]]
| genealogy =
| popplace = [[United Kingdom]] {{val|57678000|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|British citizens of any race or [[ethnicity]].}}<ref>[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/migration1/migration-statistics-quarterly-report/august-2014/rft-table-2---population-by-cob.xls Population By Country of Birth and Nationality tables January 2013 to December 2013] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407023303/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/migration1/migration-statistics-quarterly-report/august-2014/rft-table-2---population-by-cob.xls |date=7 April 2015 }}. Retrieved 04_11_2014</ref>
| regions =
| region1 =
| pop1 =
| ref1 =
| region2 = [[United States]]
| pop2 = {{Unbulleted list |class=nowrap
| {{val|109531643|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|name=i_anc}}<ref>[[2020 United States census]] results for Americans identifying with full or partial 'English', 'Scottish', 'Welsh', 'Manx', 'Channel Islander', 'Scotch Irish', 'Irish' and 'American' ancestry. Demographers have noted that a large portion of Americans of British descent have a tendency to simply identify as 'American' since [[1980 United States census|1980]].{{cite web |title=Ancestry of the Population by State: 1980 |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/pc80-s1-10.pdf}}{{cite book |author=Dominic Pulera |title=Sharing the Dream: White Males in Multicultural America |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SVoAXh-dNuYC&pg=PA57 |date=2004 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-0-8264-1643-8 |pages=57–60}} A majority of Americans identifying as 'Irish' are of [[Ulster Scots people|Ulster Scots]] descent.{{cite journal |last=Carroll |first=Michael P. |title=How the Irish Became Protestant in America |journal=[[Religion and American Culture]] |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |date=Winter 2006 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=25–54 |jstor=10.1525/rac.2006.16.1.25 |doi=10.1525/rac.2006.16.1.25 |s2cid=145240474}}</ref><ref name="2020USA">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/detailed-race-ethnicities-2020-census.html |title=Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census |publisher=[[United States census]] |date=21 September 2023 |access-date=2 January 2024}}</ref>
| {{val|678000|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|name=i_born}}<ref name="Brits Abroad: Country-by-country">{{citation |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6161705.stm |title=Brits Abroad: Country-by-country |publisher=BBC News |date=11 December 2006 |access-date=24 May 2009 |archive-date=8 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408081743/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6161705.stm |url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
| ref2 =
| region4 = [[Canada]]
| pop4 = {{Unbulleted list |class=nowrap
| {{val|17325860|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|name=i_anc}}<ref>[[2021 Canadian census]] results for Canadians identifying with full or partial British Isles, English-speaking 'Canadian', 'American', 'Australian', 'New Zealander', 'Albertan', 'British Columbian', 'Cape Bretoner', 'Manitoban', 'New Brunswicker', 'Nova Scotian', 'Prince Edward Islander', 'Saskatchewanian' and 'United Empire Loyalist' ancestry. According to [[Statistics Canada]], many of those identifying with North American ancestries such as 'Canadian' are of British descent. {{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=31&Geo=01&SO=4D |title=Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables |date=25 October 2017 |publisher=statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="BritCan">[https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=&Code2=&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1 Canada Census]</ref>
| {{val|603000|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|name=i_cit}}<ref name="BritsAbroad" />
}}
| ref4 =
| region3 = [[Australia]]
| pop3 = {{Unbulleted list |class=nowrap
| {{val|19301379|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|name=i_anc}}<ref>[[2021 Australian census]] results for estimated number of Australians of [[Anglo-Celtic Australians|Anglo-Celtic descent]]. Includes Australians who identified their ancestry as part of the 'North-Western European' ancestry group or as 'Australian'. At least 88% of Australians within the North-Western European ancestry group identified with at least one Anglo-Celtic ancestry.{{cite web |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/people-and-communities/cultural-diversity-census/2021/Cultural%20diversity%20data%20summary.xlsx |format=XLSX |title=Census of Population and Housing: Cultural diversity data summary, 2021 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=28 July 2022}} The [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] has stated that most people nominating 'Australian' ancestry have at least partial [[Anglo-Celtic Australian|Anglo-Celtic]] [[European Australian|European]] ancestry.{{cite news |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/49f609c83cf34d69ca2569de0025c182!OpenDocument |title=Feature Article – Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Australia (Feature Article) |publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] |work=1301.0 – Year Book Australia, 1995}}</ref><ref name="Australia1">{{cite web |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/people-and-communities/cultural-diversity-census/2021/Cultural%20diversity%20data%20summary.xlsx |format=XLSX |title=Census of Population and Housing: Cultural diversity data summary, 2021 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=28 July 2022}}</ref>
| {{val|1300000|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|name=i_cit}}<ref name="BritsAbroad" />
}}
| ref3 =
| region5 = [[New Zealand]]
| pop5 = {{Unbulleted list |class=nowrap
| {{val|3372708|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|name=i_anc}}<ref>New Zealanders of [[European New Zealanders|European descent]], the vast majority of whom are estimated to have some British ancestry.{{Cite web |date=14 May 2008 |title=Country Profile: New Zealand |url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/about-the-fco/country-profiles/asia-oceania/new-zealand/?profile=intRelations&pg=4 |access-date=3 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514220150/http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/about-the-fco/country-profiles/asia-oceania/new-zealand/?profile=intRelations&pg=4 |archive-date=14 May 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="NewZealand1">{{cite web |date=23 September 2019 |title=2018 Census totals by topic – national highlights |url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/2018-census-totals-by-topic-national-highlights |access-date=12 December 2019 |website=Stats NZ |archive-date=23 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923102431/https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/2018-census-totals-by-topic-national-highlights |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| {{val|215000|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|name=i_cit}}<ref name="BritsAbroad" />
}}
| ref5 =
| region6 = [[South Africa]]
| pop6 = {{Unbulleted list |class=nowrap
| {{val|1603575|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|name=i_anc}}<ref name=Census2011>{{cite book |title=Census 2011: Census in brief |url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/census/census_2011/census_products/Census_2011_Census_in_brief.pdf |publisher=Statistics South Africa |location=Pretoria |year=2012 |isbn=9780621413885 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513171240/http://www.statssa.gov.za/census/census_2011/census_products/Census_2011_Census_in_brief.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2015 |url-status=live |page=26}} The number of people who described themselves as white in terms of population group and specified their first language as English in South Africa's 2011 Census was 1,603,575. The total white population with a first language specified was 4,461,409 and the total population was 51,770,560.</ref>
| {{val|212000|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|name=i_cit}}<ref name="BritsAbroad" />
}}
| ref6 =
| region7 = [[France]]
| pop7 = {{val|400000|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|name=i_cit}}
| ref7 = <ref name="Présentation du Royaume-Uni">{{cite web |author=Erwin Dopf |url=http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/royaume-uni/presentation-du-royaume-uni |title=Présentation du Royaume-Uni |publisher=diplomatie.gouv.fr |access-date=8 April 2014 |archive-date=29 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529145811/http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/royaume-uni/presentation-du-royaume-uni/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
| region8 = [[Spain]]
| pop8 = {{val|297229|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|name=i_cit}}
| ref8 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ine.es/jaxi/Datos.htm?path=/t20/e245/p04/provi/l0/&file=00000010.px |title=TablaPx |website=ine.es |access-date=22 May 2017 |archive-date=25 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525083953/http://www.ine.es/jaxi/Datos.htm?path=%2Ft20%2Fe245%2Fp04%2Fprovi%2Fl0%2F&file=00000010.px |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/10781350/End-to-Mediterranean-dream-for-90000-Britons-who-left-Spain-last-year.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/10781350/End-to-Mediterranean-dream-for-90000-Britons-who-left-Spain-last-year.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=End to Mediterranean dream for 90,000 Britons who left Spain last year |date=22 April 2014 |work=The Daily Telegraph |last1=Govan |first1=Fiona}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
| region9 = [[Ireland]]
| pop9 = {{val|291000|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|name=i_cit}}
| ref9 = <ref name="BritsAbroad" />
| region10 = [[Argentina]]
| pop10 = {{val|270000|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|name=i_anc}}
| ref10 = <ref name="WAG">{{cite web |url=https://www.itv.com/news/wales/story/2015-05-30/150th-anniversary-of-welsh-voyage-to-patagonia/ |title=150th anniversary of Welsh voyage to Patagonia |publisher=ITV |date=30 May 2015 |quote=The community still exists in Argentina today, with a population of more than 70,000.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/stories-of-homecoming-we-re-on-the-march-with-argentina-s-scots-1-1151624 |title=Stories of Homecoming – We're on the march with Argentina's Scots |first=Jim |last=Gilchrist |newspaper=[[The Scotsman]] |date=14 December 2008 |access-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222110135/http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/stories-of-homecoming-we-re-on-the-march-with-argentina-s-scots-1-1151624 |archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref><ref name="nytimes">{{citation |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A02E5D61039F930A15755C0A963948260 |title=Fare of the country: A bit of Britain in Argentina |first=Lydia |last=Chavez |date=23 June 1985 |access-date=21 May 2009 |work=The New York Times |archive-date=12 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212034958/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/06/23/travel/fare-of-the-country-teatime-a-bit-of-britain-in-argentina.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
| region11 = [[United Arab Emirates]]
| pop11 = {{val|240000|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|name=i_born}}
| ref11 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thenational.ae/thenationalconversation/news-comment/the-other-special-relationship-the-uae-and-the-uk |title=The other special relationship: the UAE and the UK |work=The National |location=Abu Dhabi |date=21 November 2010 |access-date=26 February 2014 |archive-date=28 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628214043/http://www.thenational.ae/thenationalconversation/news-comment/the-other-special-relationship-the-uae-and-the-uk |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| region12 = [[Germany]]
| pop12 = {{val|115000|fmt=commas}}{{efn-ua|name=i_born}}
| ref12 = <ref name="autogenerated7">{{citation |url=http://local.live.com/?v=2&cid=8383590E124DC654!157&encType=1 |title=The most popular British emigration destinations |publisher=local.live.com |date=13 April 2007 |access-date=24 May 2009 |archive-date=14 July 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060714054837/http://local.live.com/?v=2&cid=8383590E124DC654!157&encType=1 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| languages = '''[[English language|English]]'''
{{flatlist}}
* [[Angloromani language|Angloromani]]
* [[Antiguan and Barbudan Creole]]
* [[British Sign Language|British Sign]]
* [[Cornish language|Cornish]]
* [[Guernésiais]]
* [[Irish language|Irish]]
* [[Irish Sign Language|Irish Sign]]
* [[Jèrriais]]
* [[Llanito]]
* [[Manx language|Manx]]
* [[Pitkern language|Pitkern]]
* [[Sercquiais]]
* [[Shelta]]
* [[Turks and Caicos Creole]]
* [[Virgin Islands Creole]]
* [[Welsh language|Welsh]]
* {{nowrap|[[Scots language|Scots]] (including [[Ulster Scots dialects|Ulster-Scots]])}}
* {{nowrap|[[Scottish Gaelic]]}}
{{endflatlist}}
| religions = {{plainlist|
Traditionally [[Christianity]] ([[Anglicanism]], [[Presbyterianism]], [[Catholic Church in the United Kingdom|Catholicism]], [[Methodism]])
* See also: [[Religion in the United Kingdom]]
}}
| footnotes = {{notelist-ua|refs=
{{efn-ua|name=i_anc|People who identify of full or partial British ancestry born into that country.}}
{{efn-ua|name=i_born|UK-born people who identify of British ancestry only.}}
{{efn-ua|name=i_cit|British citizens or nationals.}}
}}
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| related_groups =
}}

'''British people''' or '''Britons''', also known colloquially as '''Brits''',<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Brit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106224650/https://www.lexico.com/definition/brit |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 January 2022 |title=Brit |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> are the citizens and diaspora of the [[United Kingdom]], the [[British Overseas Territories]], and the [[Crown dependencies]].<ref>Cfr. [[Interpretation Act 1978]], Sched. 1. By the [[British Nationality Act 1981]], s. 50 (1), the United Kingdom includes the [[Channel Islands]] and the [[Isle of Man]] for the purposes of nationality law.</ref><ref name="Dic62">{{Harvnb|Macdonald|1969|p=62}}:{{quote box|'''British''', ''brit'ish, adj.'' of Britain or the Commonwealth. '''Briton''', ''brit'ὁn, n.'' one of the early inhabitants of Britain: a native of Great Britain.}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=British |author=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language |edition=Fourth |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/british |publisher=dictionary.reference.com |year=2004 |access-date=19 February 2009 |author-link=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023424/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/british |url-status=live}}: "'''Brit·ish''' ''(brĭt'ĭsh) adj''.
* Of or relating to Great Britain or its people, language, or culture.
* Of or relating to the United Kingdom or the Commonwealth of Nations.
* Of or relating to the ancient Britons.
''n. (used with a pl. verb)''
* The people of Great Britain."</ref> [[British nationality law]] governs modern British citizenship and nationality, which can be acquired, for instance, by descent from British nationals. When used in a historical context, "British" or "Britons" can refer to the [[Ancient Britons]], the [[Celtic languages|Celtic]]-speaking inhabitants of [[Great Britain]] during the [[British Iron Age|Iron Age]], whose descendants formed the major part of the modern [[Welsh people]], [[Cornish people]], [[Bretons]]<ref name="Dic62" /> and considerable proportions of [[English people]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schiffels |first=Stephan |date=17 October 2022 |title=The Anglo-Saxon migration and the formation of the early English gene pool |journal=Nature |volume=610 |issue=7930 |pages=112–119 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05247-2 |pmid=36131019 |pmc=9534755 |bibcode=2022Natur.610..112G}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Devlin |first1=Hannah |title=Genetic study reveals 30% of white British DNA has German ancestry {{!}} Genetics {{!}} The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/mar/18/genetic-study-30-percent-white-british-dna-german-ancestry |access-date=25 August 2023 |website=The Guardian |date=18 March 2015 |language=en |archive-date=12 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812012335/https://amp.theguardian.com/science/2015/mar/18/genetic-study-30-percent-white-british-dna-german-ancestry |url-status=live}}</ref> It also refers to those [[British subjects]] born in parts of the former [[British Empire]] that are now independent countries who settled in the United Kingdom prior to 1973.<ref name="windrushreport2020" />

Though early assertions of being British date from the [[Late Middle Ages]], the [[Union of the Crowns]] in 1603 and the creation of the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] in 1707 triggered a sense of British national identity.<ref name="Colley1">{{Harvnb|Colley|1992|p=1}}.</ref> The notion of [[Britishness]] and a shared British identity was forged during the 18th century and early 19th century when Britain engaged in several global conflicts with France, and developed further during the [[Victorian era]].<ref name="Colley1" /><ref name="Colley5">{{Harvnb|Colley|1992|p=5}}.</ref> The complex [[history of the formation of the United Kingdom]] created a "particular sense of nationhood and belonging" in Great Britain;<ref name="Colley1" /> Britishness became "superimposed on much older identities", of [[English people|English]], [[Scottish people|Scots]] and [[Welsh people|Welsh]] cultures, whose distinctiveness still resists notions of a [[Homogeneity (ecology)|homogenised]] British identity.<ref name="Colley6">{{Harvnb|Colley|1992|p=6}}.</ref> Because of longstanding ethno-sectarian divisions, British identity in [[Northern Ireland]] is controversial, but it is held with strong conviction by [[Unionism in Ireland|Unionists]].<ref>{{citation |url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/dd/report7/report7c.htm |publisher=cain.ulst.ac.uk |author=CAIN Web Service |title=British? Irish? Or what? |access-date=19 February 2009 |archive-date=8 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608072220/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/dd/report7/report7c.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

Modern Britons are descended mainly from the varied ethnic groups that settled in [[Great Britain]] in and before the 11th century: [[Prehistoric Britain|Prehistoric]], Brittonic, [[Roman Britain|Roman]], [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]], [[Norsemen|Norse]], and [[Normans]].<ref name="state">{{citation |title=United Kingdom – People |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3846.htm |author=United States Department of State |access-date=19 February 2009 |publisher=state.gov |date=July 2008 |author-link=United States Department of State |archive-date=28 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028175014/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3846.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> The progressive political unification of the British Isles facilitated migration, cultural and linguistic exchange, and intermarriage between the peoples of England, Scotland and Wales during the late Middle Ages, [[early modern Britain|early modern period]] and beyond.<ref name="Trudgill519">{{Harvnb|Trudgill|1984|p=519}}.</ref><ref name="Richardson531">{{Harvnb|Richardson|Ashford|1993|p=531}}.</ref> Since 1922 and earlier, there has been [[Immigration to the United Kingdom since 1922|immigration to the United Kingdom]] by people from what is now the [[Republic of Ireland]], the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], mainland Europe and elsewhere; they and their descendants are mostly British citizens, with some assuming a British, dual or hyphenated identity.<ref name="Ward113-115">{{Harvnb|Ward|2004|pp=113–115}}.</ref> This includes the groups [[Black British]] and [[Asian-British people|Asian British people]], which together constitute around 10% of the British population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-and-quick-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-the-united-kingdom---part-1/rft-ks201uk.xls |title=2011 Census: Ethnic group, local authorities in the United Kingdom |publisher=Office for National Statistics |date=11 October 2013 |access-date=28 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021150149/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-and-quick-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-the-united-kingdom---part-1/rft-ks201uk.xls |archive-date=21 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The British are a diverse, [[multinational state|multinational]],<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/3556535/Gordon-Brown-We-must-defend-the-Union.html Gordon Brown: We must defend the Union] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017081017/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/3556535/Gordon-Brown-We-must-defend-the-Union.html |date=17 October 2020 }} ''The Daily Telegraph'', 25 March 2008</ref><ref>[http://www.devon.gov.uk/sc-feb0659017b.pdf DIVERSITY AND CITIZENSHIP CURRICULUM REVIEW] www.devon.gov.uk. Retrieved 13 August 2010. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615160114/http://www.devon.gov.uk/sc-feb0659017b.pdf |date=15 June 2011 }}</ref> multicultural and multilingual people, with "strong regional accents, expressions and identities".<ref>{{citation |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4152394.stm |title=UK dialects 'strong and varied' |publisher=BBC |date=15 August 2005 |access-date=19 February 2009 |archive-date=8 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608134945/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4152394.stm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Rosen3">{{Harvnb|Rosen|2003|p=3}}.</ref> The [[social structure of the United Kingdom]] has changed radically since the 19th century, with a decline in religious observance, enlargement of the [[middle class]], and [[Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom|increased ethnic diversity]], particularly since the 1950s, when citizens of the British Empire were encouraged to immigrate to Britain to work as part of the recovery from World War II. The population of the UK stands at around 67 million,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/populationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland |title=Estimates of the population for the UK, England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland: mid-2021 |publisher=ons.gov.uk |access-date=5 January 2023 |archive-date=15 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015222212/http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/submitViewTableAction.do |url-status=live}}</ref> with around 50 million being [[White British]]. This includes 44.4 million in England and Wales as of [[2021 United Kingdom census|2021]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Population of England and Wales |url=https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/uk-population-by-ethnicity/national-and-regional-populations/population-of-england-and-wales/latest/ |website=Ethnicity facts and figures |publisher=UK Government |date=29 November 2022 |access-date=20 April 2025}}</ref> and 4.2 million in Scotland as of 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Scotland's Census 2022: Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion |url=https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/2022-results/scotland-s-census-2022-ethnic-group-national-identity-language-and-religion/ |website=Scotland's Census |publisher=National Records of Scotland |date=14 September 2023 |access-date=20 April 2025}}</ref> 1.8 million identify as White in Northern Ireland, including White British and other White ethnicities, as of 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Census 2021 Main Statistics for Northern Ireland: Ethnic Group |url=https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-main-statistics-for-northern-ireland-phase-1-statistical-bulletin-ethnic-group.pdf |website=Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency |publisher=NISRA |date=22 September 2022 |access-date=20 April 2025}}</ref> Outside of the UK, the [[British diaspora]] totals around 200 million with higher concentrations in the United States, Australia, Canada, and New Zealand, with smaller concentrations in the Republic of Ireland, Chile, South Africa, and parts of the Caribbean.<ref name="Richards"/>

== History of the term ==
{{further|Britain (place name)}}
{{See also|Glossary of names for the British}}
The earliest known reference to the inhabitants of [[Great Britain]] may have come from 4th century BC records of the voyage of [[Pytheas]], a [[ancient Greece|Greek]] geographer who made a voyage of exploration around the [[British Isles]]. Although none of his own writings remain, writers during the time of the [[Roman Empire]] made much reference to them. Pytheas called the islands collectively {{lang|grc|αἱ Βρεττανίαι}} (''hai Brettaniai''), which has been translated as the ''Brittanic Isles'', and the peoples of what are today England, [[Wales]], [[Scotland]] and the [[Isle of Man]] of ''Prettanike'' were called the {{lang|grc|Πρεττανοί}} (''Prettanoi''), ''Priteni'', ''Pritani'' or ''Pretani''.

The group included [[Ireland]], which was referred to as ''Ierne'' (''Insula sacra'' "sacred island" as the Greeks interpreted it) "inhabited by the different race of ''Hiberni''" (''gens hibernorum''), and Britain as ''insula Albionum'', "island of the Albions".{{sfn|Snyder|2003}}<ref name=ohi>{{cite book |author=Donnchadh Ó Corráin |editor-last=Foster |editor-first=R. F. |title=The Oxford History of Ireland |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1 November 2001 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00rffo |isbn=0-19-280202-X}}</ref> The term ''Pritani'' may have reached Pytheas from the [[Gaul]]s, who possibly used it as their term for the inhabitants of the islands.<ref name=ohi/>

[[Ancient Greece|Greek]] and [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] writers, in the 1st century BC and the 1st century AD, name the inhabitants of [[Great Britain]] and [[Ireland]] as the ''[[Cruthin|Priteni]]'',<ref>{{Harvnb|Snyder|2003|pp=12, 68}}</ref> the origin of the [[Latin]] word ''Britanni''. It has been suggested that this name derives from a [[Gaulish language|Gaulish]] description translated as "people of the forms", referring to the custom of tattooing or painting their bodies with blue woad made from ''[[Isatis tinctoria]]''.<ref>{{Harvnb|Cunliffe|2002|p=95}}</ref> [[Parthenius of Nicaea|Parthenius]], an Ancient Greek grammarian, and the ''[[Etymologicum Genuinum]]'', a 9th-century lexical encyclopaedia, mention a mythical character Bretannus (the Latinised form of the {{langx|grc|Βρεττανός}}, ''Brettanós'') as the father of [[Celtine]], mother of Celtus, the eponymous ancestor of the [[Celts]].<ref>{{citation |title=Patrhenius, Love Stories 2; XXX. The Story of Celtine |url=http://www.theoi.com/Text/Parthenius2.html#30 |publisher=theoi.com |access-date=26 May 2009 |archive-date=25 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925070512/https://www.theoi.com/Text/Parthenius2.html#30 |url-status=live}}</ref>

By 50 BC, Greek geographers were using equivalents of ''Prettanikē'' as a collective name for the [[British Isles]].<ref>{{Harvnb|O'Rahilly| 1946}}</ref> However, with the [[Roman conquest of Britain]], the Latin term ''[[Britannia]]'' was used for the island of Great Britain, and later Roman-occupied Britain south of [[Caledonia]] (modern day Scotland north of the rivers Forth and Clyde), although the people of Caledonia and the north were also the selfsame Britons during the Roman period, the Gaels not arriving until four centuries later.<ref>[[wikisource:Commentaries on the Gallic War/Book 4#20|4.20]] provides a translation describing Caesar's first invasion, using terms which from [[wikisource:Commentarii de bello Gallico – Liber IV#20|IV.XX]] appear in [[Latin]] as arriving ''tamen in Britanniam'', the inhabitants being ''Britannos'', and on p.30 ''principes Britanniae'' is translated as "chiefs of Britain".</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Cunliffe|2002|pp=94–95}}</ref> Following the [[end of Roman rule in Britain]], the island of Great Britain was left open to invasion by [[paganism|pagan]], seafaring warriors such as [[Germanic languages|Germanic]]-speaking [[Anglo-Saxons]] and [[Jutes]] from [[Continental Europe]], who gained control in areas around the south east, and to [[Middle Irish]]-speaking people migrating from the north of Ireland to the north of Great Britain, founding Gaelic kingdoms such as [[Dál Riata]] and [[Alba]], which would eventually subsume the native Brittonic and Pictish kingdoms and become Scotland.<ref name="sax1">{{cite web |title=Anglo-Saxons |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/anglo_saxons/ |publisher=BBC News |access-date=5 September 2009 |archive-date=15 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515145846/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/anglo_saxons/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In this [[sub-Roman Britain]], as Anglo-Saxon culture spread across southern and eastern Britain and Gaelic through much of the north, the demonym "Briton" became restricted to the Brittonic-speaking inhabitants of what would later be called [[Wales]], [[Cornwall]], [[North West England]] ([[Cumbria]]), and a southern part of [[Scotland]]<ref>Foster, Sally M. (2014). Picts, Scots and Gaels — Early Historic Scotland. Edinburgh: Birlinn. {{ISBN|9781780271910}}.</ref> ([[Strathclyde]]).<ref name="SnowCelt">{{cite episode |title=A New Civilization |series=How the Celts Saved Britain |credits=[[Dan Snow]] (presenter) |minutes=36—40 |network=[[BBC Four]] |airdate=7 June 2009 |number=1}}</ref> In addition, the term was also applied to [[Brittany]] in what is today [[France]] and [[Britonia]] in north west [[Spain]], both regions having been colonised in the 5th century by Britons fleeing the Anglo-Saxon invasions. However, the term "Britannia" persisted as the Latin name for the island. The ''[[Historia Brittonum]]'' claimed legendary origins as a prestigious [[genealogy]] for [[King of the Britons|Brittonic kings]], followed by the ''[[Historia Regum Britanniae]]'', which popularised this pseudo-history to support the claims of the [[List of English monarchs|Kings of England]].<ref name="Consci1" />

During the [[Middle Ages]], and particularly in the [[Tudor period]], the term "British" was used to refer to the [[Welsh people]] and [[Cornish people]]. At that time, it was "the long held belief that these were the remaining descendants of the Britons and that they spoke '[[Common Brittonic|the British tongue]]{{'"}}.<ref name="Consci1">{{Harvnb|Bradshaw|Roberts|2003|p=1}}.</ref> This notion was supported by texts such as the ''[[Historia Regum Britanniae]]'', a [[pseudohistory|pseudohistorical]] account of ancient British history, written in the mid-12th century by [[Geoffrey of Monmouth]].<ref name="Consci1" /> The ''Historia Regum Britanniae'' chronicled the lives of [[List of legendary kings of Britain|legendary kings of the Britons]] in a narrative spanning 2000 years, beginning with the [[Troy|Trojans]] founding the ancient British nation and continuing until the [[Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain]] in the 7th century forced the Britons to the west, i.e. [[Wales]] and [[Cornwall]], and north, i.e. [[Cumbria]], [[Strathclyde]] and northern Scotland.<ref name="Consci1" /> This legendary Celtic history of Great Britain is known as the [[Matter of Britain]]. The Matter of Britain, a [[national myth]], was retold or reinterpreted in works by [[Gerald of Wales]], a [[Cambro-Normans|Cambro-Norman]] chronicler who, in the 12th and 13th centuries, used the term "British" to refer to the people later known as the Welsh.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/text/chap_page.jsp?t_id=Cambrensis_Desc&c_id=8 |title=Book 1, Ch. 6: The pleasantness and fertility of Wales |publisher=visionofbritain.org.uk |author=Great Britain Historical GIS |access-date=13 May 2009 |author-link=Great Britain Historical GIS |archive-date=20 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020025032/https://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/text/chap_page.jsp?t_id=Cambrensis_Desc&c_id=8 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Ancestral roots ===
{{further|Genetic history of the British Isles|historical immigration to Great Britain}}
The indigenous people of the [[British Isles]] have a combination of [[Celts|Celtic]], [[Anglo-Saxon]], [[Vikings|Norse]] and [[Normans|Norman]] ancestry.<ref name="SnowCelt" /><ref name="Parliament 1">{{cite web |title=Cornish Stannary Parliament Archives – Documents – UNITED NATIONS RECOGNISES CORNISH IDENTITY |url=http://cornishstannaryparliament.co.uk//resources//index.php?topic=General |access-date=15 May 2009 |work=Cornish Stannary Parliament website |publisher=Cornish Stannary Parliament |date=6 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226202602/http://cornishstannaryparliament.co.uk/resources/index.php?topic=General |archive-date=26 February 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Mebyon Kernow 1">{{cite web |title=Mebyon Kernow – The Party for Cornwall – BETA |url=http://www.mebyonkernow.org/?q=policies_historic_celtic_nation |access-date=15 May 2009 |work=Mebyon Kernow website |publisher=Mebyon Kernow |year=2007 |archive-date=28 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928063542/https://www.mebyonkernow.org/?q=policies_historic_celtic_nation |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="RTÉ 1">{{cite web |title=About RTÉ- RTÉ Awards |url=http://www.rte.ie/about/awards/celtic09%20nominees.html |access-date=15 May 2009 |publisher=RTÉ |date=13 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220215252/http://www.rte.ie/about/awards/celtic09%20nominees.html |archive-date=20 February 2009}}</ref><ref name="Welsh Government 1">{{cite web |title=Welsh Assembly Government – Celtic countries connect with contemporary Cymru |url=http://wales.gov.uk/news/topic/officefirstminister/2008/2372569/;jsessionid=2HxQKNPNwtyLzpl2VLlsysLyGVVhyMybcd94RlxXDyZHG6VpJbjP!1298896870?lang=en |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121223235236/http://wales.gov.uk/news/topic/officefirstminister/2008/2372569/;jsessionid=2HxQKNPNwtyLzpl2VLlsysLyGVVhyMybcd94RlxXDyZHG6VpJbjP!1298896870?lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 December 2012 |access-date=15 May 2009 |work=Welsh Assembly Government website |publisher=Welsh Assembly Government |date=13 May 2008}}</ref><ref name="United">{{citation |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/06/science/06brits.html |title=A United Kingdom? Maybe |work=The New York Times |last=Wade |first=Nicholas |date=6 March 2007 |access-date=16 May 2009 |archive-date=23 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523092040/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/06/science/06brits.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Oppenheimer">{{citation |url=http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/2006/10/mythsofbritishancestry/ |publisher=prospect-magazine.co.uk |title=Myths of British Ancestry |first=Stephen |last=Oppenheimer |access-date=16 May 2009 |date=October 2006 |archive-date=15 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015212548/http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/2006/10/mythsofbritishancestry/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Between the 8th and 11th centuries, "three major cultural divisions" emerged in Great Britain: the [[English people|English]], the [[Scottish people|Scots]] and the [[Welsh people|Welsh]]. The earlier Brittonic Celtic polities in what are today England and Scotland were absorbed into Anglo-Saxon England and Gaelic Scotland by the early 11th century.<ref name="Smyth24-25">{{Harvnb|Smyth|1998|pp=24–25}}</ref> The English had been unified under a single [[nation state]] in 937 by King [[Athelstan of England|Athelstan of Wessex]] after the [[Battle of Brunanburh]].<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/athelstan.shtml |title=Athelstan (c.895 – 939) |publisher=BBC |access-date=18 May 2009 |archive-date=14 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114013132/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/athelstan.shtml |url-status=live}}</ref>

Before then, the English (known then in [[Old English]] as the ''Anglecynn'') were under the governance of independent Anglo-Saxon [[petty kingdom]]s, which gradually coalesced into a [[Heptarchy]] of seven powerful states, the most powerful of which were [[Mercia]] and [[Wessex]]. Scottish historian [[Neil Oliver]] said that the Battle of Brunanburh would "define the shape of Britain into the modern era"; it was a "showdown for two very different ethnic identities – a Norse Celtic alliance versus Anglo Saxon. It aimed to settle once and for all whether Britain would be controlled by a single imperial power or remain several separate independent kingdoms, a split in perceptions which is still very much with us today".<ref>{{cite episode |title=The Last of the Free |series=A History of Scotland |series-link=A History of Scotland |credits=[[Neil Oliver]] (presenter) |network=[[BBC One]] |airdate=9 November 2008 |number=1}}</ref> However, historian [[Simon Schama]] suggested that it was [[Edward I of England]] who solely was "responsible for provoking the peoples of Britain into an awareness of their nationhood" in the 13th century.<ref name="SchamaNations">{{cite episode |title=Nations |series=A History of Britain |series-link=A History of Britain (TV series) |credits=[[Simon Schama]] (presenter) |network=[[BBC One]] |airdate=21 October 2000 |number=4 |minutes=3}}</ref> Schama hypothesised that [[Scottish national identity]], "a complex amalgam" of [[Gaelic Ireland|Gaelic]], [[Britons (Celtic people)|Brittonic]], [[Pictish]], [[Norsemen]] and [[Anglo-Normans|Anglo-Norman]] origins, was not finally forged until the [[Wars of Scottish Independence]] against the [[Kingdom of England]] in the late 13th and early 14th centuries.<ref>{{Harvnb|Smyth|1998|p=xii}}</ref><ref>{{cite episode |title=Hammers of the Scots |series=A History of Scotland |series-link=A History of Scotland |credits=[[Neil Oliver]] (presenter) |network=[[BBC One]] |airdate=16 November 2008 |number=2}}</ref>

[[File:Arth tapestry2.jpg|thumb|right|Medieval tapestry showing [[King Arthur]], a legendary [[Britons (historical)|ancient British]] ruler who had a leading role in the [[Matter of Britain]], a [[national myth]] used as propaganda for the ancestral origins of the [[British royal family]] and their [[British subject]]s]]

Though [[Wales]] was conquered by England, and its legal system replaced by that of the [[Kingdom of England]] under the [[Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542]], the Welsh endured as a [[nation]] distinct from [[the English]]; and to some degree the [[Cornish people]], although conquered into England by the 11th century, also retained a distinct Brittonic identity and language.<ref name="Consci11">{{Harvnb|Bradshaw|Roberts|2003|p=11}}.</ref> Later, with both an [[English Reformation]] and a [[Scottish Reformation]], [[Edward VI of England]], under the counsel of [[Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset]], advocated a union with the [[Kingdom of Scotland]], joining England, Wales and Scotland in a united Protestant Great Britain.<ref name="Ryrie82">{{Harvnb|Ryrie|2006|p=82}}.</ref> The Duke of Somerset supported the unification of the English, Welsh and Scots under the "indifferent old name of Britons" on the basis that their monarchies "both derived from a [[Roman empire|Pre-Roman]] British monarchy".<ref name="Ryrie82" />

Following the death of [[Elizabeth I]] of England in 1603, the throne of England was inherited by James VI, King of Scots, so that the [[Kingdom of England]] and the [[Kingdom of Scotland]] were united in a [[personal union]] under [[James VI and I|James VI of Scotland and I of England]], an event referred to as the [[Union of the Crowns]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Ross|2002|p=56|quote=''1603:'' James VI becomes [[James VI and I]] in the [[Union of the Crowns]], and leaves Edinburgh for London}}</ref> King James advocated full [[political union]] between England and Scotland,<ref>{{Harvnb|Robbins|1998|p=53}}.</ref> and on 20 October 1604 proclaimed his assumption of the [[style (manner of address)|style]] "King of Great Britain", though this title was rejected by both the [[Parliament of England]] and the [[Parliament of Scotland]]<ref>{{Harvnb|Croft|2003|p=67}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Willson|1963|pp=249–252}}.</ref> and thus had no basis in either [[English law]] or [[Scots law]].

=== Union and the development of Britishness ===
{{main|Treaty of Union|Britishness}}
{{See also|Acts of Union 1707|History of the formation of the United Kingdom}}
{{further|Napoleonic Wars|Royal Navy|British Empire}}
[[File:Union flag 1606 (Kings Colors).svg|thumb|right|On 12 April 1606, the [[Union Flag]] representing the [[personal union]] between the Kingdoms of [[Kingdom of England|England]] and [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] was specified in a royal decree. The [[St George's Cross]] and [[Flag of Scotland|St Andrew's saltire]] were "joined together ... to be published to our Subjects."<ref name="flaginst">{{citation |url=http://www.flaginstitute.org/index.php?location=7 |publisher=[[Flag Institute]] |access-date=14 May 2009 |title=British Flags |archive-date=14 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114033042/http://www.flaginstitute.org/index.php?location=7 |url-status=live}}</ref>]]
Despite centuries of military and religious conflict, the Kingdoms of England and Scotland had been "drawing increasingly together" since the [[Protestant Reformation]] of the 16th century and the Union of the Crowns in 1603.<ref name="Colley12">{{Harvnb|Colley|1992|p=12}}.</ref> A broadly shared language, island, monarch, religion and Bible (the [[Authorized King James Version]]) further contributed to a growing cultural alliance between the two sovereign realms and their peoples.<ref name="Colley12" /><ref name="Parli">{{citation |url=http://www.parliament.uk/actofunion/02_03_future.html |publisher=Parliament of the United Kingdom |title=The Future of Scotland: Union? |author=Parliament of the United Kingdom |author-link=Parliament of the United Kingdom |access-date=22 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615125226/http://www.parliament.uk/actofunion/02_03_future.html |archive-date=15 June 2008}}</ref> The [[Glorious Revolution]] of 1688 resulted in a pair of Acts of the English and Scottish legislatures—the [[Bill of Rights 1689]] and [[Claim of Right Act 1689]] respectively—that ensured that the shared [[constitutional monarchy]] of England and Scotland was held only by Protestants. Despite this, although popular with the monarchy and much of the aristocracy, attempts to unite the two states by Acts of Parliament were unsuccessful in 1606, 1667 and 1689;<ref name="Parli" /> increased political management of Scottish affairs from England had led to "criticism" and had strained Anglo-Scottish relations.<ref name="Scot18th">{{citation |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/politics97/devolution/scotland/briefing/1707.shtml |publisher=BBC |title=Scotland in the Early Eighteenth Century |access-date=14 May 2009 |archive-date=26 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090626015534/http://www.bbc.co.uk/politics97/devolution/scotland/briefing/1707.shtml |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Whatley|2006|p=91}}</ref>

While English maritime explorations during the [[Age of Discovery]] gave new-found imperial power and wealth to the English and Welsh at the end of the 17th century, Scotland suffered from a long-standing weak economy.<ref name="Scot18th" /> In response, the Scottish kingdom, in opposition to [[William III of England|William II of Scotland (III of England)]], commenced the [[Darien Scheme]], an attempt to establish a Scottish imperial outlet—the [[colony]] of New Caledonia—on the [[isthmus of Panama]].<ref name="Scot18th" /> However, through a combination of disease, Spanish hostility, Scottish mismanagement and opposition to the scheme by the [[East India Company]] and the English government (who did not want to provoke the Spanish into war)<ref name="Scot18th" /><ref name="Birnie">{{Harvnb|Birnie|2006|pp=206–208}}.</ref> this imperial venture ended in "catastrophic failure", with an estimated "25% of Scotland's total liquid capital" lost.<ref name="Scot18th" />

The events of the Darien Scheme, and the passing by the English Parliament of the [[Act of Settlement 1701]] asserting the right to choose the [[order of succession]] for English, Scottish and Irish thrones, escalated political hostilities between England and Scotland and neutralised calls for a united British people. The Parliament of Scotland responded by passing the [[Act of Security 1704]], allowing it to appoint a different monarch to succeed to the Scottish crown from that of England if it so wished.<ref name="Scot18th" /> The English political perspective was that the appointment of a [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] monarchy in Scotland opened up the possibility of a Franco-Scottish military conquest of England during the [[Second Hundred Years' War]] and [[War of the Spanish Succession]].<ref name="Scot18th" /> The Parliament of England passed the [[Alien Act 1705]], which provided that Scottish nationals in England were to be treated as [[alien (law)|aliens]] and estates held by Scots would be treated as alien property,<ref>{{citation |publisher=Parliament of the United Kingdom |title=Westminster passes the 'Alien Act', 1705 |url=http://www.parliament.uk/actofunion/03_05_alien.html |access-date=8 February 2009 |author=Parliament of the United Kingdom |author-link=Parliament of the United Kingdom |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081017085553/http://www.parliament.uk/actofunion/03_05_alien.html |archive-date=17 October 2008}}</ref> whilst also restricting the [[import]] of Scottish products into England and its colonies (about half of Scotland's trade).<ref>{{Harvnb|Lynch|1992|pp=311–314}}.</ref> However, the Act contained a provision that it would be suspended if the Parliament of Scotland entered into negotiations regarding the creation of a unified [[Parliament of Great Britain]], which in turn would refund Scottish financial losses on the Darien Scheme.<ref name="Birnie"/>

===Union of Scotland and England===
Despite opposition from within both Scotland<ref name="Scot18th" /> and England,<ref name="Colley1213">{{Harvnb|Colley|1992|pp=12–13}}.</ref> a [[Treaty of Union]] was agreed in 1706 and was then ratified by the parliaments of both countries with the passing of the [[Acts of Union 1707]]. With effect from 1 May 1707, this created a new sovereign state called the "[[Kingdom of Great Britain]]".<ref>[http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/ Acts of Union 1707] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529130147/http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/ |date=29 May 2012 }} Parliament of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 9 January 2011</ref><ref>[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/rise_parliament/uniting.htm Uniting the kingdom?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929191921/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/rise_parliament/uniting.htm |date=29 September 2018 }} nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved 9 January 2011</ref><ref>[http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/visitingHolyrood/union_exhibition.pdf Making the Act of Union 1707] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511140052/http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/visitingHolyrood/union_exhibition.pdf |date=11 May 2011 }} Parliament of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 9 January 2011</ref> This kingdom "began as a hostile merger", but led to a "full partnership in the most powerful [[going concern]] in the world"; historian [[Simon Schama]] stated that "it was one of the most astonishing transformations in European history".<ref name="Schama">{{cite episode |title=Britannia Incorporated |series=A History of Britain |series-link=Simon Schama's A History of Britain |credits=[[Simon Schama]] (presenter) |network=[[BBC One]] |airdate=22 May 2001 |number=10 |minutes=3}}</ref> After 1707, a British national identity began to develop, though it was initially resisted, particularly by the English.<ref name="Colley1213" /> The peoples of Great Britain had by the 1750s begun to assume a "layered identity": to think of themselves as simultaneously British and also Scottish, English, or Welsh.<ref name="Colley1213" />

[[File:Turner, The Battle of Trafalgar (1822).jpg|thumb|''[[The Battle of Trafalgar (Turner)|The Battle of Trafalgar]]'' by [[J. M. W. Turner]] (oil on canvas, 1822–1824) combines events from several moments during the [[Napoleonic Wars]]' [[Battle of Trafalgar]]—a major British naval victory upon which Britishness has drawn influence.]]

The terms [[North Briton]] and [[South Briton]] were devised for the Scots and the English respectively, with the former gaining some preference in Scotland, particularly by the economists and philosophers of the [[Scottish Enlightenment]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Campbell|Skinner|1985|p=39}}.</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Broadie|2003|p=14}}.</ref> Indeed, it was the "Scots [who] played key roles in shaping the contours of British identity";<ref name="Gottlieb15">{{Harvnb|Gottlieb|2007|p=15}}.</ref> "their scepticism about the Union allowed the Scots the space and time in which
to dominate the construction of Britishness in its early crucial years",<ref>{{Harvnb|O'Neill|2004|p=353}}.</ref> drawing upon the notion of a shared "spirit of liberty common to both Saxon and Celt ... against the usurpation of the Church of Rome".<ref name="Brad1">{{Harvnb|Bradley|2007|pp=119–120}}.</ref> [[James Thomson (poet, born 1700)|James Thomson]] was a poet and playwright born to a [[Church of Scotland]] minister in the [[Scottish Lowlands]] in 1700 who was interested in forging a common British culture and national identity in this way.<ref name="Brad1" /> In collaboration with [[Thomas Arne]], they wrote ''[[Alfred (Arne opera)|Alfred]]'', an opera about [[Alfred the Great]]'s victory against the [[Viking]]s performed to [[Frederick, Prince of Wales]] in 1740 to commemorate the accession of [[George I of Great Britain|George I]] and the birthday of [[Princess Augusta of Great Britain|Princess Augusta]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Scholes|1970|p=897}}.</ref> "[[Rule, Britannia!]]" was the climactic piece of the opera and quickly became a "[[jingoism|jingoistic]]" British patriotic song celebrating "Britain's supremacy offshore".<ref name="Colley10">{{Harvnb|Colley|1992|p=10}}.</ref> An [[island country]] with a series of victories for the [[Royal Navy]] associated empire and [[naval warfare]] "inextricably with ideals of Britishness and Britain's place in the world".<ref>{{Harvnb|Lincoln|2002|p=73}}</ref>{{sfn|Colley|1992|pp=132–133}}

[[Britannia]], the new [[national personification]] of Great Britain, was established in the 1750s as a representation of "nation and empire rather than any single national hero".{{sfn|Whale|Copley|1992|p=81}} On Britannia and British identity, historian Peter Borsay wrote: {{blockquote|Up until 1797 Britannia was conventionally depicted holding a spear, but as a consequence of the increasingly prominent role of the Royal Navy in the war against the French, and of several spectacular victories, the spear was replaced by a trident... The navy had come to be seen...as the very bulwark of British liberty and the essence of what it was to be British.<ref>Peter Borsay, ''New approaches to social history. Myth, memory, and place: Monmouth and Bath 1750–1900.'' [[Journal of Social History]] 22 March 2006</ref>}}

From the Union of 1707 through to the [[Battle of Waterloo]] in 1815, Great Britain was "involved in successive, very dangerous wars with Catholic France",<ref name="Colley18">{{Harvnb|Colley|1992|p=18}}.</ref> but which "all brought enough military and naval victories ... to flatter British pride".<ref name="Colley52">{{Harvnb|Colley|1992|p=52}}.</ref> As the [[Napoleonic Wars]] with the [[First French Empire]] advanced, "the English and Scottish learned to define themselves as similar primarily by virtue of not being French or Catholic".<ref name="Allan17">{{Harvnb|Allan|2008|p=17}}.</ref> In combination with sea power and empire, the notion of Britishness became more "closely bound up with Protestantism",<ref name="Colley8">{{Harvnb|Colley|1992|p=8}}.</ref> a cultural commonality through which the English, Scots and Welsh became "fused together, and remain[ed] so, despite their many cultural divergences".<ref name="Colley386">{{Harvnb|Colley|1992|p=368}}.</ref>

The neo-classical monuments that proliferated at the end of the 18th century and the start of the 19th century, such as [[The Kymin]] at [[Monmouth]], were attempts to meld the concepts of Britishness with the [[Greco-Roman world|Greco-Roman empires]] of [[classical antiquity]]. The new and expanding [[British Empire]] provided "unprecedented opportunities for upward mobility and the accumulations of wealth", and so the "Scottish, Welsh and Irish populations were prepared to suppress nationalist issues on pragmatic grounds".{{sfn|Rojek|2008|p=8}} The British Empire was "crucial to the idea of a British identity and to the self-image of Britishness".<ref>{{Harvnb|Powell|2002|p=xi}}</ref> Indeed, the Scottish welcomed Britishness during the 19th century "for it offered a context within which they could hold on to their own identity whilst participating in, and benefiting from, the expansion of the [British] Empire".<ref name="Williams17" /> Similarly, the "new emphasis of Britishness was broadly welcomed by the Welsh who considered themselves to be the lineal descendants of the ancient Britons – a word that was still used to refer exclusively to the Welsh".<ref name="Williams17">{{Harvnb|Williams|2006|p=17}}.</ref> For the English, however, by the [[Victorian era]] their enthusiastic adoption of Britishness had meant that, for them, Britishness "meant the same as 'Englishness'",<ref>{{Harvnb|Hilton|2006|p=714}}.</ref>{{sfn|Caunce et al. 2004|p=92}} so much so that "Englishness and Britishness" and "'England' and 'Britain' were used interchangeably in a variety of contexts".<ref name="Anderson34">{{Harvnb|Anderson|2006|p=34}}.</ref> England has "always been the dominant component of the British Isles in terms of size, population and power"; [[Magna Carta]], [[common law]] and hostility to [[continental Europe]] were English factors that influenced British sensibilities.<ref name="Langlands">{{citation |first=Rebecca |last=Langlands |year=1999 |title=Britishness or Englishness? The Historical Problem of National Identity in Britain |journal=Nations and Nationalism |volume=5 |pages=53–69 |doi=10.1111/j.1354-5078.1999.00053.x}}</ref><ref name="Ichijo26">{{harvnb|Ichijo|Spohn|2005|p=26}}</ref>

===Union with Ireland===
The [[Acts of Union 1800|political union in 1800]] of the predominantly Catholic [[Kingdom of Ireland]] with Great Britain, coupled with the outbreak of peace with France in the early 19th century, challenged the previous century's concept of militant Protestant Britishness.<ref name="Colley322">{{Harvnb|Colley|1992|p=322}}.</ref><ref name="Spohn22" /> The new, expanded [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]] meant that the state had to re-evaluate its position on the civil rights of Catholics, and extend its definition of Britishness to the [[Irish people]].<ref name="Spohn22">{{Harvnb|Ichijo|Spohn|2005|p=22}}</ref><ref name="Howe40">{{Harvnb|Howe|2002|p=40}}.</ref> Like the terms that had been invented at the time of the Acts of Union 1707, "[[West Brit]]on" was introduced for the Irish after 1800. In 1832 [[Daniel O'Connell]], an Irish politician who campaigned for [[Catholic Emancipation]], stated in Britain's [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]]: {{blockquote|[[Irish people|The people of Ireland]] are ready to become a portion of the [[British Empire]], provided they be made so in reality and not in name alone; they are ready to become a kind of West Briton if made so in benefits and justice; but if not, we are Irishmen again.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hall|Rose|2006|p=93}}.</ref>}}

[[History of Ireland (1801–1923)|Ireland, from 1801 to 1923]], was marked by a succession of economic and political mismanagement and neglect, which marginalised the Irish,<ref name="Howe40" /> and advanced [[Irish nationalism]]. In the forty years that followed the Union, successive British governments grappled with the problems of governing a country which had as [[Benjamin Disraeli]], a staunch anti-Irish and anti-Catholic member of the Conservative party with a virulent racial and religious prejudice towards Ireland<ref name="Blake2012">{{cite book |author=Robert Blake |title=Disraeli |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BmB4jYrsiQoC&pg=PT153 |date=19 April 2012 |publisher=Faber & Faber |isbn=978-0-571-28755-0 |page=153}}</ref> put it in 1844, "a starving population, an absentee aristocracy, and an alien Church, and in addition the weakest executive in the world".<ref>{{Harvnb|James|1978|p=40}}.</ref> Although the vast majority of [[Unionism in Ireland|Unionists in Ireland]] proclaimed themselves "simultaneously Irish and British", even for them there was a strain upon the adoption of Britishness after the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Howe|2002|p=41}}.</ref>

War continued to be a unifying factor for the people of Great Britain: British jingoism re-emerged during the [[Boer Wars]] in [[southern Africa]].<ref name="Ward96">{{Harvnb|Ward|2004|p=96}}</ref><ref name="Ward16">{{Harvnb|Ward|2004|p=16}}</ref> The experience of military, political and economic power from the rise of the British Empire led to a very specific drive in artistic technique, taste and sensibility for Britishness.<ref name="taste">{{citation |url=http://www.britishempire.co.uk/art/artandempire.htm |title=Art and Empire |publisher=britishempire.co.uk |access-date=24 October 2008 |last=McKenzie |first=John |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127015605/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/art/artandempire.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1887, [[Frederic Harrison]] wrote: {{blockquote|Morally, we Britons plant the British flag on every peak and pass; and wherever the Union Jack floats there we place the cardinal British institutions—tea, tubs, sanitary appliances, lawn tennis, and churches.<ref name="Anderson34" />}}

The [[Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829]] reflected a "marked change in attitudes" in Great Britain towards Catholics and Catholicism.<ref name="Colley324">{{Harvnb|Colley|1992|pp=324–325}}.</ref> A "significant" example of this was the collaboration between [[Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin|Augustus Welby Pugin]], an "ardent Roman Catholic" and son of a Frenchman, and Sir [[Charles Barry]], "a confirmed Protestant", in redesigning the [[Palace of Westminster]]—"the building that most enshrines ... Britain's national and imperial pre-tensions".<ref name="Colley324" /> Protestantism gave way to [[imperialism]] as the leading element of British national identity during the Victorian and [[Edwardian era]]s,<ref name="Ward16" /> and as such, a series of royal, imperial and national celebrations were introduced to the British people to assert imperial British culture and give themselves a sense of uniqueness, superiority and national consciousness.<ref name="Spohn22" /><ref name="Ward16" /><ref>{{Harvnb|Bush|2006|p=177}}.</ref> [[Empire Day]] and jubilees of [[Queen Victoria]] were introduced to the British [[middle class]],<ref name="Ward16" /> but quickly "merged into a national 'tradition'".<ref>{{Harvnb|MacKenzie|1989|p=135}}.</ref>

=== Modern period ===
{{See also|British nationality law}}
{{further|Immigration to the United Kingdom since 1922}}
[[File:30a Sammlung Eybl Großbritannien. Alfred Leete (1882–1933) Britons (Kitchener) wants you (Briten Kitchener braucht Euch). 1914 (Nachdruck), 74 x 50 cm. (Slg.Nr. 552).jpg|thumb|right|A famous [[World War I|First World War]]-era [[Lord Kitchener Wants You|recruitment poster]], stressing the concept of British national identity]]

The [[World War I|First World War]] "reinforced the sense of Britishness" and patriotism in the early 20th century.<ref name="Spohn22" /><ref name="Ward96" /> Through war service (including conscription in Great Britain), "the English, Welsh, Scots and Irish fought as British".<ref name="Spohn22" /> The aftermath of the war institutionalised British national commemoration through [[Remembrance Sunday]] and the [[Poppy Appeal]].<ref name="Spohn22" /> The [[World War II|Second World War]] had a similar unifying effect upon the British people,<ref name="Spohn23">{{Harvnb|Ichijo|Spohn|2005|p=23}}</ref> however, its outcome was to recondition Britishness on a basis of [[Democracy|democratic values]] and its marked contrast to [[Europeanism]].<ref name="Spohn23" /> Notions that the British "constituted an Island race, and that it stood for democracy were reinforced during the war and they were circulated in the country through [[Winston Churchill]]'s speeches, history books and newspapers".<ref name="Spohn23" />

At its international zenith, "Britishness joined peoples around the world in shared traditions and common loyalties that were strenuously maintained".<ref>{{Harvnb|Darian-Smith et al. 2007|p=1}}.</ref> But following the two world wars, the British Empire experienced rapid [[decolonisation]]. The secession of the [[Irish Free State]] from the United Kingdom meant that Britishness had lost "its Irish dimension" in 1922,<ref name="Spohn23" /> and the shrinking empire supplanted by independence movements dwindled the appeal of British identity in the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] during the mid-20th century.<ref>{{Harvnb|Darian-Smith et al. 2007|p=236}}.</ref>

Since the [[British Nationality Act 1948]] and the subsequent mass [[immigration to the United Kingdom since 1922|immigration to the United Kingdom]] from the Commonwealth and elsewhere in the world, "the expression and experience of cultural life in Britain has become fragmented and reshaped by the influences of gender, ethnicity, class and region".<ref>{{Harvnb|Christopher|1999|p=xi}}.</ref> Furthermore, the United Kingdom's membership of the [[European Economic Community]] in 1973 eroded the concept of Britishness as distinct from [[continental Europe]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Darian-Smith et al. 2007|p=3}}.</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Powell|2002|p=240}}.</ref> As such, since the 1970s "there has been a sense of crisis about what it has meant to be British",<ref name="Ward1">{{Harvnb|Ward|2004|p=1}}.</ref> exacerbated by growing demands for greater political autonomy for [[Northern Ireland]], [[Scotland]], and [[Wales]].<ref name="Spohn25">{{Harvnb|Ichijo|Spohn|2005|p=25}}</ref>

The late 20th century saw major changes to the [[politics of the United Kingdom]] with the establishment of [[devolution|devolved]] national administrations for Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales following pre-legislative [[Referendums in the United Kingdom|referendums]].<ref>{{citation |url=http://publius.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/28/1/217 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090617212544/http://publius.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/28/1/217 |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 June 2009 |title=Reforging the Union: Devolution and Constitutional Change in the United Kingdom |access-date=4 February 2009 |journal=Publius: The Journal of Federalism |volume=28 |issue=1 |page=217 |author=Keating, Michael |date=1 January 1998 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.pubjof.a029948|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Calls for greater autonomy for the four [[countries of the United Kingdom]] had existed since their original union with each other, but gathered pace in the 1960s and 1970s.<ref name="Spohn25" /> Devolution has led to "increasingly assertive Scottish, Welsh and Irish national identities",<ref name="Ward180">{{Harvnb|Ward|2004|p=180}}.</ref> resulting in more diverse cultural expressions of Britishness,<ref>{{Harvnb|Christopher|1999|pp=xi–xii}}.</ref> or else its outright rejection: [[Gwynfor Evans]], a [[Welsh nationalism|Welsh nationalist]] politician active in the late 20th century, rebuffed Britishness as "a political synonym for Englishness which extends English culture over the Scots, Welsh and the Irish".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/southeast/halloffame/public_life/gwynfor_evans.shtml |title=South East Wales Public Life – Dr Gwynfor Evans |publisher=BBC |access-date=13 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629025706/http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/southeast/halloffame/public_life/gwynfor_evans.shtml |archive-date=29 June 2011}}</ref>
[[File:Ve Day Celebrations in London, England, UK, 8 May 1945 D24587.jpg|thumb|Britons gathered in [[Whitehall]] to hear [[Winston Churchill]]'s victory speech on 8 May 1945.]]
In 2004, Sir [[Bernard Crick]], political theorist and [[democratic socialism|democratic socialist]] tasked with developing the [[life in the United Kingdom test]] said: {{blockquote|Britishness, to me, is an overarching political and legal concept: it signifies allegiance to the laws, government and broad moral and political concepts—like tolerance and freedom of expression—that hold the United Kingdom together.<ref name="Brad34" /><ref>{{citation |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2004/apr/12/immigration.immigrationandpublicservices |work=The Guardian |date=12 April 2004 |access-date=19 May 2009 |title=All this talk of Britain is so ... English |last=Crick |first=Bernard |author-link=Bernard Crick |location=London |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727042501/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2004/apr/12/immigration.immigrationandpublicservices |url-status=live}}</ref>}}

[[Gordon Brown]] initiated a debate on British identity in 2006.<ref name="Brown">{{citation |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4611682.stm |title=Brown speech promotes Britishness |publisher=BBC News |date=14 January 2006 |access-date=17 May 2009 |archive-date=31 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831194313/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4611682.stm |url-status=live}}</ref> Brown's speech to the [[Fabian Society]]'s Britishness Conference proposed that British values demand a new constitutional settlement and symbols to represent a modern patriotism, including a new youth community service scheme and a [[British Day]] to celebrate.<ref name="Brown" /> One of the central issues identified at the Fabian Society conference was how the English identity fits within the framework of a devolved United Kingdom.<ref name="Brown" /> An expression of [[Her Majesty's Government]]'s initiative to promote Britishness was the inaugural [[Veterans' Day (United Kingdom)|Veterans' Day]] which was first held on 27 June 2006. As well as celebrating the achievements of armed forces veterans, Brown's speech at the first event for the celebration said: {{blockquote|Scots and people from the rest of the UK share the purpose that Britain has something to say to the rest of the world about the values of freedom, democracy and the dignity of the people that you stand up for. So at a time when people can talk about football and devolution and money, it is important that we also remember the values that we share in common.<ref>{{citation |title=Brown pinning his hopes on a new regiment |work=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]] |date=27 June 2006 |url=http://www.theherald.co.uk/news/64828.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120917102727/http://www.theherald.co.uk/news/64828.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 September 2012 |access-date=15 October 2006}}</ref>}}

In 2018, the [[Windrush scandal]] illustrated complex developments in British peoplehood, when it was revealed hundreds of Britons had been wrongfully deported.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ft.com/content/209782f4-4254-11e8-93cf-67ac3a6482fd |title=May says sorry to Caribbean leaders over Windrush scandal |work=[[Financial Times]]|location=London |author=Robert Wright |date=17 April 2018 |quote=Theresa May told Caribbean leaders face to face on Tuesday that she was "genuinely sorry" for the harassment of up to 50,000 British people of Caribbean origin, who have been asked to prove they have the right to stay in the UK. |access-date=2 June 2020 |archive-date=20 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220043811/https://www.ft.com/content/209782f4-4254-11e8-93cf-67ac3a6482fd |url-status=live}}</ref> With roots in the break-up of the empire, and post-war rebuilding; the [[Windrush generation]] had arrived as CUKC citizens in the 1950s and 1960s. Born in former [[British colonies]], they settled in the UK before 1973, and were granted "right of abode" by the [[Immigration Act 1971]].<ref name="windrushreport2020">{{Cite web |author=Wendy Williams, [[Her Majesty's Crown Prosecution Service Inspectorate|HMCPSI]] |date=March 2020 |title=Windrush Lessons Learned Review |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/876336/6.5577_HO_Windrush_Lessons_Learned_Review_LoResFinal.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214175142/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/876336/6.5577_HO_Windrush_Lessons_Learned_Review_LoResFinal.pdf |archive-date=14 December 2020 |access-date=2 June 2020 |publisher=[[UK Home Office]] |quote=They were from a group of British people who held what became CUKC (citizens of the UK and Colonies) citizenship, and their children, who came to the UK between 1948 and 1973, mostly from Caribbean countries ... Their status was sometimes undocumented: "While migrants of the 1940s and 1950s arrived as citizens of the UK and Colonies, with equal rights to live in the UK to people born in the UK, that picture changed gradually due to successive rounds of immigration legislation in the 1960s, 70s and 80s, some of which have been recognised and were accepted at the time to have had racial motivations. The 1971 Immigration Act entitled people who had arrived from Commonwealth countries before January 1973 to the 'right of abode' or 'deemed leave' to remain in the UK. But the government gave them no documents to demonstrate this status. Nor did it keep records." [[Chartered Institute of Housing]]: "the Windrush Britons often had compelling anecdotal and other evidence demonstrating their lengthy residence in the UK".}}</ref> Having faced removal, or been deported, many British people of [[African Caribbean]] heritage suffered with loss of home, livelihood, and health.<ref name="windrushreport2020" /> As a result of the political scandal, many institutions and elected politicians publicly affirmed that these individuals, while not legally holding British citizenship or nationality, were, in fact, British people. These included British Prime Minister [[Theresa May]],<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-43806710 |title=Windrush: Theresa May hits back at Labour over landing cards |publisher=BBC |date=18 April 2018 |quote=The prime minister had begun the session with a fresh apology to the Windrush migrants, saying: "These people are British. They are part of us." |access-date=2 June 2020 |archive-date=18 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218210954/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-43806710 |url-status=live}}</ref> London Mayor [[Sadiq Khan]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.london.gov.uk/press-releases/mayoral/mayor-government-is-leaving-teenagers-in-limbo |title=Sadiq Khan: Government must act to avoid second Windrush-style scandal |publisher=[[London Assembly]] |date=14 May 2018 |quote=Khan: "something we already know to be true – that they are British citizens, that they are Londoners." |access-date=2 June 2020 |archive-date=3 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403182614/https://www.london.gov.uk//press-releases/mayoral/mayor-government-is-leaving-teenagers-in-limbo |url-status=live}}</ref> Her Majesty's [[Her Majesty's Crown Prosecution Service Inspectorate|CPS Inspectorate]] Wendy Williams and her [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]]-ordered ''Windrush Lessons Learned Review'',<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/uk/windrush-review-key-findings-39058104.html |title=Windrush Review: Key findings |work=[[Belfast Telegraph]] |author=Joe Gammie |date=19 March 2020 |quote=Ministers should apologise and admit 'serious harm' was inflicted on British people. The first recommendation of the report is that ministers on behalf of the [[Home Office]] admit that serious harm was inflicted on people who are British and to provide an "unqualified apology" to those affected and the wider [[British African-Caribbean people|black African-Caribbean community]]. |access-date=2 June 2020 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728043516/https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/uk/windrush-review-key-findings-39058104.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2020-03-19/windrush-scandal-foreseeable-and-avoidable/ |title=Windrush scandal 'foreseeable and avoidable' and victims let down by 'systematic operational failings' |publisher=[[ITV News]] |date=19 March 2020 |access-date=2 June 2020 |archive-date=13 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013091813/https://www.itv.com/news/2020-03-19/windrush-scandal-foreseeable-and-avoidable |url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Chartered Institute of Housing]],<ref name="windrushreport2020" /> [[Amnesty International]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases/windrush-one-year-scandal-far-over |title=Windrush one year on: Scandal 'far from over' |date=15 April 2019 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]] |quote=It risks doing precisely what was done when the seeds of the Windrush Scandal were first sown – that is leaving British people treated as mere guests in the country of their home |access-date=2 June 2020 |archive-date=23 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123095655/https://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases/windrush-one-year-scandal-far-over |url-status=live}}</ref> [[University of Oxford]]'s social geographer [[Danny Dorling]],<ref>{{cite book |author1=Danny Dorling |author2=Sally Tomlinson |author-link1=Danny Dorling |title=Rule Britannia: Brexit and the End of Empire |chapter=The Windrush Scandal |isbn=978-1785904530 |date=2016 |publisher=[[Biteback Publishing]] |quote=It was unfortunate (for the [[UK government]], not for the deportees) that the biennial [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting]] was in London that week and they were suitably outraged at the threats of deportation of these British people ... In 2018, the [[independent Chief Inspector of Borders and Immigration]] reported that some 140,000 British people had been told they faced removal as they had no official legal status in the country.}}</ref> and other public figures.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/why-theresa-may-is-to-blame-for-the-windrush-scandal |title=Why Theresa May is to blame for the Windrush scandal |work=[[The Spectator]] |author=Brendan O'Neill |author-link=Brendan O'Neill (columnist) |date=17 April 2018 |quote=As a result, Windrush people who are effectively paperless – because they were told they could stay, because they were told they didn't need papers, because they feel and ''are'' British – are now having their lives turned upside down. |access-date=2 June 2020 |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109034629/https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/why-theresa-may-is-to-blame-for-the-windrush-scandal |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/04/18/windrush-scandal-heartbreaking-should-not-used-excuse-stop-sensible/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/04/18/windrush-scandal-heartbreaking-should-not-used-excuse-stop-sensible/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=The Windrush scandal is heartbreaking, but it should not be used as an excuse to stop sensible migration controls |work=The Daily Telegraph |author=Nick Timothy |author-link=Nick Timothy |date=18 April 2018 |quote=The people of the Windrush generation are here legally, they are British, and their experience is intolerable.}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Geographic distribution ==
{{Main|British diaspora}}
{{See also|English-speaking world|List of countries by British immigrants|Commonwealth diaspora}}
[[File:Map of the British Diaspora in the World.svg|thumb|300x300px|Map of the British diaspora in the world by population (includes people with British ancestry or citizenship): 
{{Legend|#000000|United Kingdom}}
{{Legend|#000b44|+ 10,000,000}}
{{Legend|#002a9e|+ 1,000,000}}
{{Legend|#366bff|+ 100,000}}
{{Legend|#7bb1ff|+ 10,000}}]]

The earliest migrations of Britons date from the 5th and 6th centuries AD, when Brittonic Celts fleeing the Anglo-Saxon invasions migrated what is today northern France and north western Spain and forged the colonies of [[Brittany]] and [[Britonia]]. Brittany remained independent of France until the early 16th century and still retains a distinct Brittonic culture and language, whilst Britonia in modern [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] was absorbed into Spanish states by the end of the 9th century AD.

Britons – people with British citizenship or of British descent – have a significant presence in a number of countries other than the United Kingdom, and in particular in those with historic connections to the [[British Empire]]. After the [[Age of Discovery]], the British were one of the earliest and largest communities to emigrate out of [[Europe]], and the British Empire's expansion during the first half of the 19th century triggered an "extraordinary dispersion of the British people", resulting in particular concentrations "in [[Australasia]] and [[North America]]".<ref name="BritDis47">{{Harvnb|Ember et al. 2004|p=47}}.</ref>

The British Empire was "built on waves of migration overseas by British people",<ref name="Marsh254">{{harvnb|Marshall|2001|p=254}}.</ref> who left the United Kingdom and "reached across the globe and permanently affected population structures in three continents".<ref name="BritDis47" /> As a result of the [[British colonisation of the Americas]], what became the United States was "easily the greatest single destination of emigrant British", but in Australia the British experienced a [[birth rate]] higher than "anything seen before", resulting in the displacement of [[indigenous Australians]].<ref name="BritDis47" />

In colonies such as [[Southern Rhodesia]], [[British East Africa]] and [[Cape Colony]], permanently resident British communities were established and, whilst never more than a numerical minority, these Britons "exercised a dominant influence" upon the culture and politics of those lands.<ref name="Marsh254" /> In Australia, Canada and New Zealand, "people of British origin came to constitute the majority of the population", contributing to these states becoming integral to the [[Anglosphere]].<ref name="Marsh254" />

The [[1861 United Kingdom census]] estimated the size of the overseas British to be around 2.5 million, but concluded that most of these were "not conventional settlers" but rather "travellers, merchants, professionals, and military personnel".<ref name="BritDis47" /> By 1890, there were over 1.5 million further UK-born people living in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and [[South Africa]].<ref name="BritDis47" /> A 2006 publication from the [[Institute for Public Policy Research]] estimated 5.6 million Britons lived outside of the United Kingdom.<ref name="BritsAbroad">{{citation |title=Brits Abroad |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/in_depth/brits_abroad/html/ |publisher=BBC News |date=11 December 2006 |access-date=13 April 2009 |archive-date=30 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130025630/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/in_depth/brits_abroad/html/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Sriskandarajah |first=Dhananjayan |author2=Drew, Catherine |title=Brits Abroad: Mapping the scale and nature of British emigration |url=http://www.ippr.org.uk/publicationsandreports/publication.asp?id=509 |date=11 December 2006 |publisher=[[Institute for Public Policy Research|ippr.org.uk]] |access-date=13 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080524215729/http://www.ippr.org.uk/publicationsandreports/publication.asp?id=509 |archive-date=24 May 2008}}</ref>

Outside of the United Kingdom and its [[British Overseas Territories|Overseas Territories]], up to 76% of [[Australians]], 70% of [[New Zealanders]], 48% of [[Canadians]], 33% of [[Americans]], 4% of [[Chileans]] and 3% of [[South Africans]] have ancestry from the [[British Isles]].<ref name="Australia2">{{cite news |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/49f609c83cf34d69ca2569de0025c182!OpenDocument |title=Feature Article – Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Australia (Feature Article) |publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] |work=1301.0 – Year Book Australia, 1995}}</ref><ref name="NewZealand1"/><ref name=BritCan/><ref name="2020USA">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/detailed-race-ethnicities-2020-census.html |title=Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census |publisher=[[United States census]] |date=21 September 2023 |access-date=2 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="biografiadechile.cl">{{cite web |url=http://www.biografiadechile.cl/detalle.php?IdContenido=1673&IdCategoria=91&IdArea=488&TituloPagina=Historia%20de%20Chile |title=Historia de Chile, Británicos y Anglosajones en Chile durante el siglo XIX |access-date=11 January 2010}}</ref><ref name=Census2011/> Hong Kong has the highest proportion of British nationals outside of the United Kingdom and its Overseas Territories, with 47% of Hong Kong residents holding a British National (Overseas) status or a British citizenship.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |author=The Committee Office, House of Commons |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200304/cmselect/cmfaff/117/11712.htm#note212 |title=House of Commons – Foreign Affairs – Fifth Report |publisher=Parliament of the United Kingdom |access-date=26 February 2014 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727051735/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200304/cmselect/cmfaff/117/11712.htm#note212 |url-status=live}}</ref> The next highest concentrations of British citizens outside of the United Kingdom and its Overseas Territories are located in Barbados (10%), the Republic of Ireland (7%), Australia (6%) and New Zealand (5%).<ref name="BritsAbroad" />

=== Australia ===
{{See also|First Fleet|Anglo-Celtic Australian}}
[[File:Flag of Australia.svg|thumb|right|The [[flag of Australia]] was approved by Australian and British authorities, and features a [[Union Flag]]—the [[flag of the United Kingdom]]—in the canton. Australia has one of the largest concentrations of people of British heritage.]]
From the [[History of Australia (1788–1850)|beginning of Australia's colonial period]] until after the Second World War, people from the United Kingdom made up a large majority of people coming to Australia, meaning that many people born in Australia can trace their origins to Britain.<ref name="ausbrit">{{citation |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/2f762f95845417aeca25706c00834efa/af5129cb50e07099ca2570eb0082e462!OpenDocument |title=Population characteristics: Ancestry of Australia's population |author=Australian Bureau of Statistics |author-link=Australian Bureau of Statistics |publisher=abs.gov.au |date=3 June 2003 |access-date=27 May 2009 |archive-date=25 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925075652/https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/2f762f95845417aeca25706c00834efa/af5129cb50e07099ca2570eb0082e462!OpenDocument |url-status=live}}</ref> The colony of [[New South Wales]], founded on 26 January 1788, was part of the eastern half of Australia claimed by the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1770, and initially settled by Britons through [[penal transportation]]. Together with another five largely self-governing Crown Colonies, the [[federation of Australia]] was achieved on 1 January 1901.

Its history of British dominance meant that Australia was "grounded in British culture and political traditions that had been transported to the Australian colonies in the nineteenth century and become part of colonial culture and politics".{{sfn|Galligan et al. 2001|p=113}} Australia maintains the [[Westminster system]] of parliamentary government and [[Charles III]] as [[King of Australia]]. Until 1987, the national status of Australian citizens was formally described as "British Subject: Citizen of Australia". Britons continue to make up a substantial proportion of immigrants.<ref name="ausbrit" />

By 1947, Australia was fundamentally British in origin with 7,524,129 or 99.3% of the population declaring themselves as European.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=AE-AZucUOCcC&q=1947%20australia%20census%20race%20european&pg=PA1289 Official Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia No. 37] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928163115/https://books.google.com/books?id=AE-AZucUOCcC&q=1947%20australia%20census%20race%20european&pg=PA1289#v=snippet&q=1947%20australia%20census%20race%20european&f=false |date=28 September 2023 }} – 1946 and 1947</ref> In the [[2016 Australian census|2016 census]], a large proportion of Australians self-identified with British ancestral origins, including 36.1% or 7,852,224 as [[English Australians|English]] and 9.3% (2,023,474) as [[Scottish Australians|Scottish]] alone.<ref>[http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Cultural%20Diversity%20Article~60 THE ANCESTRIES OF AUSTRALIANS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120194204/https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Cultural%20Diversity%20Article~60 |date=20 January 2022 }} – Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia – Stories from the Census, 2016</ref><ref>[http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Cultural%20Diversity%20Data%20Summary~30 Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103233639/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Cultural%20Diversity%20Data%20Summary~30 |date=3 January 2021 }} – Ancestry 2016</ref> A substantial proportion —33.5%— chose to identify as 'Australian', the census Bureau has stated that most of these are of [[Anglo-Celtic Australians|Anglo-Celtic]] colonial stock.<ref>Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most who list "Australian" as their ancestry are part of the "[[Anglo-Celtic Australians|Anglo-Celtic]]" group. {{cite web |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/49f609c83cf34d69ca2569de0025c182!OpenDocument |title=Feature Article – Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Australia (Feature Article) |access-date=24 June 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420205113/http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs%40.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/49f609c83cf34d69ca2569de0025c182%21OpenDocument |archive-date=20 April 2016 |date=January 1995}}</ref> All [[States and territories of Australia|six states of Australia]] retain the Union Jack in the canton of their respective flags.

=== British Overseas Territories ===
[[File:Colour party of the Royal Bermuda Regiment at Queen's Birthday Parade in 2017.jpg|thumb|Colour party of the [[Royal Bermuda Regiment]] at the [[King's Official Birthday|Queen's Birthday]] Parade in [[Bermuda]] on 10 June 2017]]
The approximately 250,000 people of the [[British Overseas Territories]] are British by [[citizenship]], via origins or [[naturalisation]]. Along with aspects of common British identity, each of the territories has its own distinct identity shaped in its own political, economic, ethnic, social and cultural history. For instance, in the case of the [[Falkland Islanders]], a former [[Speaker (politics)|Speaker]] of the [[Legislative Council of the Falkland Islands]], Lewis Clifton, explains: {{blockquote|British cultural, economic, social, political and educational values create a unique British-like, Falkland Islands. Yet Islanders feel distinctly different from their fellow citizens who reside in the United Kingdom. This might have something to do with geographical isolation or with living on a smaller island—perhaps akin to those Britons not feeling European.<ref>{{harvnb|Clifton|1999|pp=16–19}}.</ref> }}
In contrast, for the majority of the [[Gibraltarians]], who live in [[Gibraltar]], there is an "insistence on their Britishness" which "carries excessive loyalty" to Britain.<ref name="inde">{{citation |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/gibraltars-people-ought-to-accept-this-sensible-deal-659298.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618205224/http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/gibraltars-people-ought-to-accept-this-sensible-deal-659298.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 June 2009 |work=The Independent |date=4 February 2002 |access-date=28 May 2009 |title=Gibraltar's people ought to accept this sensible deal |location=London}}</ref> The sovereignty of Gibraltar has been a point of contention in [[Spain–United Kingdom relations]], but an overwhelming number of Gibraltarians embrace Britishness with strong conviction, in direct opposition to [[disputed status of Gibraltar|Spanish territorial claims]].<ref name="inde" /><ref>{{citation |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/3851047.stm |title=Regions and territories: Gibraltar |access-date=20 December 2007 |date=18 July 2007 |publisher=BBC News |archive-date=4 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104200451/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/3851047.stm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=https://www.theguardian.com/gibraltar/story/0,,634007,00.html |title=Gibraltar |author=Mark Oliver |access-date=20 December 2007 |author2=Sally Bolton |author3=Jon Dennis |author4=Matthew Tempest |date=4 August 2004 |work=The Guardian |location=London |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729190639/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/aug/04/qanda.foreignpolicy |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Canada ===
{{See also|Canadians}}
[[File:Canadian Red Ensign 1921-1957.svg|thumb|right|The [[Canadian Red Ensign]] was the flag of Canada pre-1965, and features a [[Union Flag]]—the [[flag of the United Kingdom]]—in the canton. Canada has a large concentration of people of British heritage.]]

Canada traces its statehood to the [[French colonisation of the Americas|French]], [[British colonisation of the Americas|English, and Scottish]] expeditions of North America from the late-15th century. France ceded nearly all of [[New France]] in 1763 after the [[Seven Years' War]], and so after the [[United States Declaration of Independence]] in 1776, [[Province of Quebec (1763–1791)|Quebec]] and [[Nova Scotia]] formed "the nucleus of the colonies that constituted Britain's remaining stake on the North American continent".<ref name="Marsh34">{{harvnb|Marshall|2001|p=34}}</ref> [[British North America]] (the archipelago of [[Bermuda]] and those continental colonies remaining after the independence of the thirteen that would become the United States) attracted the [[United Empire Loyalist]]s, Britons who migrated out of what they considered the "rebellious" United States, increasing the size of British communities in what was to become Canada.<ref name="Marsh34" />

[[File:TimbrePosteCanada5centsElizabethIIWilding1954.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|left|Postage stamp with portrait of Queen [[Elizabeth II]], 1954]]
In 1867 there was a union of three colonies of British North America, the [[Province of Canada]], [[Nova Scotia]], and [[New Brunswick]], which together formed the [[Canadian Confederation]], a [[federalism|federal]] [[dominion]].<ref>{{citation |title=Territorial evolution |work=Atlas of Canada |publisher=Natural Resources Canada |url=http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/reference/anniversary_maps/terr_evol |access-date=9 October 2007 |quote=In 1867, the colonies of Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick are united in a federal state, the Dominion of Canada.... |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809154930/http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/reference/anniversary_maps/terr_evol |archive-date=9 August 2007}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Canada: History |work=Country Profiles |author=Commonwealth Secretariat |publisher=thecommonwealth.org |url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/145152/history/ |access-date=9 October 2007 |quote=The British North America Act of 1867 brought together four British colonies ... in one federal Dominion under the name of Canada. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012021238/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/145152/history/ |archive-date=12 October 2007 |author-link=Commonwealth Secretariat}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first1=Norman |last1=Hillmer |first2=W. David |last2=MacIntyre |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/commonwealth |title=Commonwealth |encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |quote=With "Confederation" in 1867, Canada became the first federation in the British Empire |access-date=25 August 2019 |archive-date=3 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103002315/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/commonwealth |url-status=live}}</ref> This began an [[Territorial evolution of Canada|accretion of additional provinces and territories]] and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom, highlighted by the [[Statute of Westminster 1931]] and culminating in the [[Canada Act 1982]], which severed the vestiges of legal dependence on the [[parliament of the United Kingdom]]. Nevertheless, it is recognised that there is a "continuing importance of Canada's long and close relationship with Britain";<ref>{{harvnb|Buckner|2008|p=1}}.</ref> large parts of Canada's modern population claim "British origins" and the British cultural impact upon Canada's institutions is profound.<ref>{{harvnb|Buckner|2008|p=160}}.</ref>

It was not until 1977 that the phrase "A Canadian citizen is a British subject" ceased to be used in Canadian passports. The [[politics of Canada]] are strongly influenced by British political culture.<ref>{{citation |last=Victoria |author-link=Queen Victoria |date=29 March 1867 |title=Constitution Act, 1867 |series=III.15 |location=Westminster |publisher=Queen's Printer |url=http://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/ca_1867.html |access-date=15 January 2009 |ref=CITEREF_Victoria_1867 |archive-date=3 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100203024121/http://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/ca_1867.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="MacLeod17">{{citation |last=MacLeod |first=Kevin S. |author-link=Kevin S. MacLeod |title=A Crown of Maples |place=Ottawa |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada |year=2008 |edition=1 |page=17 |url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/fr-rf/crnCdn/crn_mpls-eng.pdf |isbn=978-0-662-46012-1 |ref=CITEREF_MacLeod_2008 |access-date=28 May 2009 |archive-date=27 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327083452/http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/fr-rf/crnCdn/crn_mpls-eng.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Although significant modifications have been made, Canada is governed by a democratic parliamentary framework comparable to the [[Westminster system]], and retains [[Charles III]] as [[Monarchy of Canada|King of Canada]] and head of state.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/fr-rf/index-eng.cfm |last=Department of Canadian Heritage |title=Ceremonial and Canadian Symbols Promotion > The Canadian Monarchy |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada |access-date=14 May 2009 |archive-date=25 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825002610/https://www.canada.ca/home.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Buck1">{{citation |url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchAndCommonwealth/Canada/Canada.aspx |last=The Royal Household |title=The Queen and the Commonwealth > Queen and Canada |publisher=Queen's Printer |access-date=14 May 2009 |archive-date=21 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821082408/http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchAndCommonwealth/Canada/Canada.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref> English is the most commonly spoken language used in Canada and it is an official language of Canada.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookHomeInternal/138389/ |title=Canada; Key Facts |author=Commonwealth Secretariat |access-date=28 May 2009 |publisher=thecommonwealth.org |archive-date=14 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514220751/https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/canada |url-status=live}}</ref>

British iconography remains present in the design of many [[List of Canadian flags|Canadian flags]], with 10 out of 13 Canadian provincial and territorial flags adopting some form of British symbolism in their design. The Union Jack is also an official ceremonial flag in Canada, known as the Royal Union Flag, which is flown outside of federal buildings three days of the year.<ref name=DCH>{{cite web |title=The Honours, Flags and Heritage Structure of the Canadian Forces |url=http://www.saskd.ca/heritage.pdf#page=336 |author=Department of National Defence |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada |date=5 January 2001 |page=337 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325162006/http://www.saskd.ca/heritage.pdf#page=336 |archive-date=25 March 2009}}</ref><ref name=ruf>{{cite web |title=Statement by the Hon. Jason Kenney, PC, MP, Secretary of State (Multiculturalism and Canadian Identity) on Commonwealth Day |url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/pc-ch/infoCNtr/cdm-mc/index-eng.cfm?action=doc&DocIDCd=DJK072980 |author=Canadian Heritage |date=10 March 2008 |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111070357/http://www.pch.gc.ca/pc-ch/infoCNtr/cdm-mc/index-eng.cfm?action=doc&DocIDCd=DJK072980 |archive-date=11 November 2011}}</ref>

=== New Zealand ===
{{See also|New Zealand European|Immigration to New Zealand}}
[[File:Flag of New Zealand.svg|thumb|right|The [[flag of New Zealand]] features a [[Union Flag]]—the [[flag of the United Kingdom]]—in the canton. [[2015–2016 New Zealand flag referendums|A referendum held in 2016]] found that 57% of New Zealand voters wanted to retain the current design of the New Zealand flag.]]
As a long-term result of [[James Cook]]'s voyage of 1768–1771,<ref name="MeinSmith23">{{Harvnb|Mein Smith|2005|p=23}}.</ref> a significant number of New Zealanders are of British descent, for whom a sense of Britishness has contributed to their identity.<ref>{{citation |encyclopedia=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealanders/NewZealandPeoples/TheNewZealanders/3/en |title=Britons |publisher=teara.govt.nz |access-date=28 May 2009 |date=1 October 2007 |first=Jock |last=Phillips |archive-date=25 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525085043/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/the-new-zealanders/page-3 |url-status=live}}</ref> As late as the 1950s, it was common for British New Zealanders to refer to themselves as British, such as when Prime Minister [[Keith Holyoake]] described Sir [[Edmund Hillary]]'s successful ascent of [[Mount Everest]] as putting "the British race and New Zealand on top of the world".<ref>{{citation |title=Panel Discussion 3c – Population Change And International Linkages |work=Population Conference 1997, New Zealand |url=http://www.executive.govt.nz/96-99/minister/bradford/population/content/pnldis3c/pnld3c_1.htm |publisher=executive.govt.nz |first=Phillip |last=Gibson |year=2000 |access-date=22 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411212113/http://executive.govt.nz/96-99/minister/bradford/population/content/pnldis3c/pnld3c_1.htm |archive-date=11 April 2009}}</ref> [[New Zealand passport]]s described nationals as "British Subject: Citizen of New Zealand" until 1974, when this was changed to "New Zealand citizen".<ref>{{citation |first=Carl |last=Walrond |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealanders/NewZealandPeoples/KiwisOverseas/3/en |encyclopedia=Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand |publisher=teara.govt.nz |title=Kiwis overseas – Staying in Britain |date=13 April 2007 |access-date=22 May 2009 |archive-date=25 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525090003/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/kiwis-overseas/page-3 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In an interview with the ''[[New Zealand Listener]]'' in 2006, [[Don Brash]], the then [[Leader of the Opposition (New Zealand)|Leader of the Opposition]], said:

{{blockquote|British immigrants fit in here very well. My own ancestry is all British. New Zealand values are British values, derived from centuries of struggle since Magna Carta. Those things make New Zealand the society it is.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.listener.co.nz/issue/3460/features/6926/so_who_do_we_keep_out.html;jsessionid=6294B858836B17C47C11ECEDD83FD284 |title=So who do we keep out? |publisher=listener.co.nz |access-date=22 May 2009 |first=Bruce |last=Ansley |date=2 September 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090523012030/http://www.listener.co.nz/issue/3460/features/6926/so_who_do_we_keep_out.html  |archive-date=23 May 2009}}</ref>}}

The [[politics of New Zealand]] are strongly influenced by British political culture. Although significant modifications have been made, New Zealand is governed by a democratic parliamentary framework comparable to the [[Westminster system]], and it retains [[Charles III]] as the head of the [[monarchy of New Zealand]].<ref>{{harvnb|Mulgan|Aimer|2004|p=62}}.</ref> English is the dominant official language used in New Zealand.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookHomeInternal/138891/ |title=New Zealand; Key Facts |author=Commonwealth Secretariat |access-date=28 May 2009 |publisher=thecommonwealth.org |archive-date=17 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617234744/http://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/new-zealand |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Hong Kong ===
{{see also|British Hong Kong|British nationality law and Hong Kong|British National (Overseas)|Britons in Hong Kong|Handover of Hong Kong}}
British nationality law as it pertains to [[Hong Kong]] has been unusual ever since Hong Kong became a [[British Hong Kong|British colony]] in 1842.{{sfn|Tsang|2004|p=12}} From its beginning as a sparsely populated trading port to its modern role as a cosmopolitan international financial centre of over seven million people, the territory has attracted refugees, immigrants and expatriates alike searching for a new life.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hong Kong (August 1997) – Library of Congress Information Bulletin |url=https://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/9708/hongkong.html |access-date=4 January 2024 |website=loc.gov}}</ref> Citizenship matters were complicated by the fact that [[British nationality law]] treated those born in Hong Kong as [[British subjects]] ([[Citizens of the United Kingdom and Colonies]] from 1948) based on the principle of ''jus soli'', while the People's Republic of China (PRC) did not recognise the [[ethnically Chinese]] population in Hong Kong as such.<ref name="LEGISLATION.GO">{{cite web |title=British Nationality Act 1948 section 33 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo6/11-12/56/section/33/enacted}}</ref><ref name="original act doc">{{cite web |title=British Nationality Act of 1948 |url=https://parliament.gov.gy/documents/regulations/21644-british_nationality_regulations_1948.pdf}}</ref>

The main reason was that recognising these British-born nationals would have been seen as a tacit acceptance of a series of historical treaties labelled by the PRC as "unequal", including the ones that ceded [[Hong Kong Island]] (''Treaty of Nanking'') and [[Kowloon Peninsula]] (''Convention of Peking'') to Britain and the [[New Territories]] lease. The British government, however, recognising the unique political situation of Hong Kong, granted 3.4 million [[Hongkongers]] a new class of British nationality known as [[British National (Overseas)]], which is established in accordance with the ''[[Hong Kong Act 1985]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1985/15/introduction |title=Hong Kong Act 1985 |date=4 April 1985 |publisher=legislation.gov.uk |access-date=15 November 2019}}</ref> Some of those also have British citizenship in conjunction with their British National (Overseas) citizenship. Both British Nationals (Overseas) and British citizens are British nationals and [[Commonwealth citizen]]s according to the British Nationality Law, which enables them to various rights in the United Kingdom.

=== United States ===
{{further|British Americans}}
{{See also|British colonisation of the Americas|British America|New England}}
An English presence in North America began with the [[Roanoke Colony]] and [[Colony of Virginia]] in the late-16th century, but the first successful English settlement was established in 1607, on the [[James River]] at [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]]. By the 1610s an estimated 1,300 English people had travelled to North America, the "first of many millions from the British Isles".<ref name="BritDis48">{{Harvnb|Ember et al. 2004|p=48}}.</ref> In 1620, the [[Pilgrim (Plymouth Colony)|Pilgrims]] established the English imperial venture of [[Plymouth Colony]], beginning "a remarkable acceleration of permanent emigration from England" with over 60% of trans-Atlantic English migrants settling in the [[New England Colonies]].<ref name="BritDis48" /> During the 17th century, an estimated 350,000 English and Welsh migrants arrived in North America, which in the century after the [[Acts of Union 1707]] was surpassed in rate and number by Scottish and Irish migrants.<ref name="BritDis49">{{Harvnb|Ember et al. 2004|p=49}}.</ref>

The British policy of [[salutary neglect]] for its North American colonies intended to minimise trade restrictions as a way of ensuring that they stayed loyal to British interests.<ref name="history of colonial" /> This permitted the development of the [[American Dream]], a cultural spirit distinct from that of its European founders.<ref name="history of colonial">{{citation |last=Henretta |first=James A. |title=History of Colonial America |url=http://encarta.msn.com/text_1741502191___0/History_of_Colonial_America.html |encyclopedia=Encarta Online Encyclopedia |year=2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923141733/http://encarta.msn.com/text_1741502191___0/History_of_Colonial_America.html |archive-date=23 September 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Thirteen Colonies]] of [[British America]] began an armed rebellion against British rule in 1775 when they rejected the [[Rights of Englishmen|right]] of the [[Parliament of Great Britain]] to govern them [[No taxation without representation|without representation]]; they proclaimed their independence in 1776, and constituted the first thirteen states of the United States of America, which became a [[sovereign state]] in 1781 with the ratification of the [[Articles of Confederation]]. The [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|1783 Treaty of Paris]] represented Great Britain's formal acknowledgement of the United States' sovereignty at the end of the [[American Revolutionary War]].<ref name="road">{{citation |title=Chapter 3: The Road to Independence |url=http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/histryotln/road.htm |work=Outline of U.S. History |publisher=usinfo.state.gov |date=November 2005 |access-date=21 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409035942/http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/histryotln/road.htm |archive-date=9 April 2008}}</ref>

Nevertheless, longstanding cultural and historical ties have, in more modern times, resulted in the [[Special Relationship]], the historically close political, diplomatic, and military co-operation between the [[United Kingdom – United States relations|United Kingdom and United States]].<ref name="wither">{{citation |last=James |first=Wither |date=March 2006 |title=An Endangered Partnership: The Anglo-American Defence Relationship in the Early Twenty-first Century |journal=European Security |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=47–65 |doi=10.1080/09662830600776694 |s2cid=154879821 |issn=0966-2839}}</ref> [[Linda Colley]], a professor of history at [[Princeton University]] and specialist in Britishness, suggested that because of their colonial influence on the United States, the British find Americans a "mysterious and paradoxical people, physically distant but culturally close, engagingly similar yet irritatingly different".<ref>{{Harvnb|Colley|1992|p=134}}.</ref>

For over two centuries of early U.S. history, all [[American presidents|Presidents]] with the exception of two (Van Buren and Kennedy) were descended from the varied colonial British stock, from the Pilgrims and Puritans to the Scotch-Irish and English who settled the [[Appalachia]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GOYg58I7g30C&q=albions+seed+presidents+&pg=PA835 |title=Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America |first=David |last=Hackett Fischer |year=1989 |page=839 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195069051 |access-date=25 July 2020 |archive-date=28 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928163347/https://books.google.com/books?id=GOYg58I7g30C&q=albions+seed+presidents+&pg=PA835#v=snippet&q=albions%20seed%20presidents&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref> The largest concentrations of self-reported British ethnic ancestry in the United States were found to be in [[Utah]] (35%), [[Maine]] (30%), [[New Hampshire]] (25%) and [[Vermont]] (25%) at the 2015 American Community Survey.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://statisticalatlas.com/United-States/Overview |title=Overview of the United States |website=statisticalatlas.com |access-date=21 July 2022 |archive-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125134219/https://statisticalatlas.com/United-States/Overview |url-status=live}}</ref> Overall, 10.7% of Americans reported their ethnic ancestry as some form of "British" in the 2013–17 ACS, behind [[German Americans|German]] and [[African Americans|African]] ancestries and on par with [[Mexican Americans|Mexican]] and [[Irish Americans|Irish]] ancestries.<ref name=BritUS>{{cite web |title=Selected social characteristics in the United States: 2013–2017 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/17_5YR/DP02/0100000US |publisher=US Census Bureau |access-date=26 August 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213004920/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/17_5YR/DP02/0100000US |archive-date=13 February 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Chile ===
{{Main|British Chilean}}
[[File:Antofagasta.jpg|thumb|right|British and Chilean flags in a monument in [[Antofagasta]] city]]
[[File:Escudo de Coquimbo.svg|thumb|right|upright=0.45|Coat of arms of [[Coquimbo]], with the Union Flag]]
Approximately 4% of [[Chile]]'s population is of British or Irish descent.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://arpa.ucv.cl/archivum6/historia%20regional,%20gran%20valpara%EDso/6.%20LA%20IGLESIA%20SAINT%20PAUL%B4S%20DE%20VALPARA%CDSO...M.PRAIN.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623090223/http://arpa.ucv.cl/archivum6/historia%20regional,%20gran%20valpara%EDso/6.%20LA%20IGLESIA%20SAINT%20PAUL%B4S%20DE%20VALPARA%CDSO...M.PRAIN.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 June 2007 |title=Inmigrantes británicos. |access-date=26 February 2014}}</ref> Over 50,000<ref>{{cite web |author=Frank Keelderwald |url=http://www.galeon.com/typepad/enlaces2074641.html |title=Noticias La Emigración De Chilenos Al Exterior E Inmigración A Chile |publisher=Galeon.com |access-date=26 February 2014 |archive-date=25 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525085846/http://www.galeon.com/typepad/enlaces2074641.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> British [[Immigration to Chile|immigrants settled in Chile]] from 1840 to 1914. A significant number of them settled in [[Magallanes Province]], especially in the city of [[Punta Arenas, Chile|Punta Arenas]] when it flourished as a major global seaport for ships crossing between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans through the Strait of Magellan. Around 32,000 English settled in [[Valparaíso]], influencing the port city to the extent of making it virtually a British colony during the last decades of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century.<ref name=galeon>{{cite web |url=http://www.galeon.com/typepad/ |title=Inmigración britanica en Chile |access-date=25 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822074242/http://www.galeon.com/typepad/ |archive-date=22 August 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> However, the opening of the [[Panama Canal]] in 1914 and the outbreak of the [[First World War]] drove many of them away from the city or back to Europe.

In [[Valparaíso]], they created their largest and most important colony, bringing with them neighbourhoods of British character, schools, [[social clubs]], [[sports clubs]], [[business organisations]] and [[periodicals]]. Even today, their influence is apparent in specific areas, such as the banks and the navy, as well as in certain social activities, such as [[Association football|football]], horse racing and the custom of drinking tea.

During the movement for Chilean [[independence]] (1818), it was mainly the British who formed the [[Chilean Navy]], under the command of [[Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald|Lord Cochrane]]. British investment helped Chile become prosperous and British seamen helped the Chilean navy become a strong force in the South Pacific. Chile won two wars, the first against the Peru-Bolivian Confederation, and the second, the [[War of the Pacific]], in 1878–79, against an alliance between [[Peru]] and [[Bolivia]]. The liberal-socialist "Revolution of 1891" introduced political reforms modelled on British parliamentary practice and lawmaking.

British immigrants were also important in the northern zone of the country during the [[saltpetre]] boom, in the ports of [[Iquique]] and [[Pisagua, Chile|Pisagua]]. The "King of Saltpetre", [[John Thomas North]], was the principal tycoon of nitrate mining. The British legacy is reflected in the streets of the historic district of the city of Iquique, with the foundation of various institutions, such as the [[Club Hipico de Santiago|Club Hípico]] (Racing Club). Nevertheless, the British active presence came to an end with the saltpetre crisis during the 1930s.

Some [[Scottish people|Scots]] settled in the country's more temperate regions, where the climate and the forested landscape with glaciers and islands may have reminded them of their homeland (the Highlands and Northern Scotland), while [[English Chilean|English]] and [[Welsh Chilean|Welsh]] made up the rest. The Irish immigrants, who were frequently confused with the British, arrived as [[merchants]], [[tradesmen]] and sailors, settling along with the British in the main trading cities and ports. An important contingent of British (principally Welsh) immigrants arrived between 1914 and 1950, settling in the present-day region of [[Magallanes y la Antártica Chilena Region|Magallanes]]. British families were established in other areas of the country, such as [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]], [[Coquimbo]], the [[Araucanía Region|Araucanía]] and [[Chiloé]].

The cultural legacy of the British in Chile is notable and has spread beyond the British Chilean community into society at large. Customs taken from the British include [[afternoon tea]] (called [[Tea|onces]] by Chileans), [[Association football|football]], [[rugby union]] and [[horse racing]]. Another legacy is the widespread use of British personal names by Chileans. Chile has the largest population of descendants of British settlers in Latin America. Over 700,000 Chileans may have British (English, [[Scottish people|Scottish]] and [[Welsh people|Welsh]]) origin, amounting to 4.5% of Chile's population.<ref name="british">{{citation |url=http://www.biografiadechile.cl/detalle.php?IdContenido=1673&IdCategoria=91&IdArea=488&TituloPagina=Historia%20de%20Chile |title=Historia de Chile, Británicos y Anglosajones en Chile durante el siglo XIX |access-date=15 September 2009 |publisher=biografiadechile.cl |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112003642/http://www.biografiadechile.cl/detalle.php?IdContenido=1673 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== South Africa ===
{{further|British diaspora in Africa|1820 Settlers}}
{{see also|White South Africans}}
[[File:Cecil Rhodes - Project Gutenberg eText 16600.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Cecil Rhodes|Cecil John Rhodes]], the 6th [[Prime Minister of the Cape Colony]] (divided between two provinces in modern-day South Africa) and founder of the [[De Beers]] diamond company]]
The British arrived in the area which would become the modern-day [[South Africa]] during the early 18th century, yet substantial settlement only started end of the 18th century, in the [[Cape of Good Hope]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Kopstein |first=Jeffrey |title=Comparative Politics: Interests, Identities, and Institutions in a Changing Global Order |year=2000 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521633567 |page=434 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gh3PVi6II54C}}</ref> In the late 19th century, the discovery of gold and diamonds further encouraged colonisation of South Africa by the British, and the population of the British-South Africans rose substantially, although there was fierce rivalry between the British and [[Afrikaners]] (descendants of Dutch colonists) in the period known as the [[Boer Wars]]. The latest census in South Africa showed that there are almost 2 million British-South Africans; they make up about 40% of the total [[White South African]] demographic, and the greatest white British ancestry populations in South Africa are in the [[KwaZulu-Natal]] province and in the cities of [[Cape Town]], [[Durban]] and [[Port Elizabeth]].<ref name=Census>{{cite book |title=Census 2011: Census in brief |url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/census/census_2011/census_products/Census_2011_Census_in_brief.pdf |publisher=Statistics South Africa |location=Pretoria |year=2012 |isbn=9780621413885 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513171240/http://www.statssa.gov.za/census/census_2011/census_products/Census_2011_Census_in_brief.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2015 |url-status=live |page=26}} The number of people who described themselves as white in terms of population group and specified their first language as English in South Africa's 2011 Census was 1,603,575. The total white population with a first language specified was 4,461,409, and the total population was 51,770,560.</ref>

=== Ireland ===
{{further|Plantations of Ireland|Unionism in Ireland|The Troubles}}
[[File:The Special Air Service during the Second World War MH24415.jpg|thumb|right|[[Paddy Mayne]] from [[County Down]]; a founding member of the [[Special Air Service|SAS]]; was one of the most decorated British soldiers of World War II. He also played rugby for Ireland.]]
Plantations of Ireland introduced large numbers of people from Great Britain to [[Ireland]] throughout the Middle Ages and [[early modern period]]. The resulting [[Protestant Ascendancy]], the aristocratic class of the [[Lordship of Ireland]], broadly identified themselves as [[Anglo-Irish]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Finnegan|McCarron|2000|p=14}}.</ref> In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Protestant British settlers subjugated Catholic, Gaelic inhabitants in the north of Ireland during the [[Plantation of Ulster]] and the [[Williamite War in Ireland]]; it was "an explicit attempt to control Ireland strategically by introducing ethnic and religious elements loyal to the British interest in Ireland".<ref name="Craith169">{{harvnb|Craith|2002|p=169}}.</ref>

The [[Ulster Scots people]] are an ethnic group of British origin in Ireland, broadly descended from [[Scottish Lowlands|Lowland Scots]] who settled in large numbers in the province of [[Ulster]] during the planned process of [[colonisation]]s of Ireland which took place in the reign of James VI of Scotland and I of England. Together with English and Welsh settlers, these Scots introduced Protestantism (particularly the [[Presbyterianism]] of the [[Church of Scotland]]) and the [[Ulster Scots dialects|Ulster Scots]] and [[English language]]s to, mainly, northeastern Ireland. With the partition of Ireland and independence for what is now the [[Republic of Ireland]] some of these people found themselves no longer living within the United Kingdom.

Northern Ireland itself was, for many years, the site of a violent and bitter ethno-sectarian conflict—[[The Troubles]]—between those claiming to represent [[Irish nationalism]], who are predominantly [[Roman Catholic]], and those claiming to represent [[Unionism in Ireland|British unionism]], who are predominantly [[Protestant]].<ref>{{citation |title=Northern Ireland LIFE & TIMES survey. Question: Generally speaking, do you think of yourself as a unionist, nationalist or neither? |url=http://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/2005/Political_Attitudes/UNINATID.html |publisher=ARK Research |year=2005 |access-date=18 May 2009 |archive-date=11 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511052151/http://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/2005/Political_Attitudes/UNINATID.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Unionists want Northern Ireland to remain part of the United Kingdom,<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.uup.org/policy/standing-up-for-northern-ireland/index.php |title=Standing up for Northern Ireland |publisher=uup.org |author=Ulster Unionist Party |access-date=2 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608215815/http://www.uup.org/policy/standing-up-for-northern-ireland/index.php  |archive-date=8 June 2008 |author-link=Ulster Unionist Party}}</ref> while nationalists desire a [[united Ireland]].<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.sinnfein.ie/policies/document/155 |title=Strategy Framework Document: Reunification through Planned Integration: Sinn Féin's All Ireland Agenda |publisher=sinnfein.ie |access-date=2 September 2008 |author=Sinn Féin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080619073014/http://www.sinnfein.ie/policies/document/155 |archive-date=19 June 2008}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://www.sdlp.ie/policy_details.php?id=78 |title=Policy Summaries: Constitutional Issues |publisher=sdlp.ie |access-date=2 September 2008 |author=Social Democratic and Labour Party |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024181602/http://www.sdlp.ie/policy_details.php?id=78 |archive-date=24 October 2007 |author-link=Social Democratic and Labour Party}}</ref>

Since the signing of the [[Good Friday Agreement]] in 1998, most of the paramilitary groups involved in the Troubles have ceased their armed campaigns, and constitutionally, the [[people of Northern Ireland]] have been recognised as "all persons born in Northern Ireland and having, at the time of their birth, at least one parent who is a British citizen, an Irish citizen or is otherwise entitled to reside in Northern Ireland without any restriction on their period of residence".<ref name="GFA">{{Citation |url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/peace/docs/agreement.htm#annex |title=Agreement reached in the multi-party negotiations |date=10 April 1998 |publisher=cain.ulst.ac.uk/ |access-date=13 May 2008 |archive-date=22 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131122194559/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/peace/docs/agreement.htm#annex |url-status=live}}</ref> The Good Friday Agreement guarantees the "recognition of the birthright of all the people of Northern Ireland to identify themselves and be accepted as Irish or British, or both, as they may so choose".<ref name="GFA" />

== Culture ==
{{See also|Culture of the United Kingdom}}

Result from the expansion of the [[British Empire]], British cultural influence can be observed in the language and culture of a geographically wide assortment of countries such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand, [[South Africa]], India, [[Pakistan]], the United States, and the [[British overseas territory|British overseas territories]]. These states are sometimes collectively known as the [[Anglosphere]].{{sfn|Bennett|2004|p=80}} As well as the British influence on its empire, the empire also influenced British culture, particularly [[British cuisine]]. Innovations and movements within the wider-[[culture of Europe]] have also changed the United Kingdom; [[Humanism]], [[Protestantism]], and [[representative democracy]] have developed from broader [[Western culture]]. As a result of the [[history of the formation of the United Kingdom]], the [[Culture of England|cultures of England]], [[Culture of Scotland|Scotland]], [[Culture of Wales|Wales]], and [[Culture of Northern Ireland|Northern Ireland]] are diverse and have varying degrees of overlap and distinctiveness.

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|British cuisine}}
[[File:Fish and chips.jpg|thumb|right|[[Fish and chips]], a popular [[take-away food]] throughout the United Kingdom, has been described as the quintessential British dish.<ref name="Walton">{{Harvnb|Walton|2000|p=1}}.</ref>]]
Historically, [[British cuisine]] has meant "unfussy dishes made with quality local ingredients, matched with simple sauces to accentuate flavour, rather than disguise it".<ref>{{citation |url=http://goodfood.uktv.co.uk/ |publisher=[[UKTV]]|title=British cuisine |access-date=23 May 2008 |archive-date=9 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909211520/https://goodfood.uktv.co.uk/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> It has been "vilified as unimaginative and heavy", and traditionally been limited in its international recognition to the [[full breakfast]] and the [[Christmas dinner]].<ref name="Spencer">{{Harvnb|Spencer|2003|pp=7–10}}.</ref> This is despite British cuisine having absorbed the culinary influences of those who have [[Immigration to the United Kingdom since 1922|settled in Britain]], resulting in hybrid dishes such as the [[British Asian]] [[Chicken tikka masala]], hailed by some as "Britain's true national dish".<ref name="bbcenc">{{citation |author=BBC E-Cyclopedia |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1999/02/99/e-cyclopedia/1285804.stm |title=Chicken tikka masala: Spice and easy does it |publisher=[[BBC News]] |access-date=28 September 2007 |date=20 April 2001 |archive-date=4 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204161931/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1999/02/99/e-cyclopedia/1285804.stm |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Celtic fields|Celtic agriculture]] and animal breeding produced a wide variety of foodstuffs for Celts and Britons. The Anglo-Saxons developed meat and savoury herb stewing techniques before the practice became common in Europe. The [[Norman conquest of England]] introduced exotic spices into Britain in the Middle Ages.<ref name="Spencer" /> The British Empire facilitated a knowledge of [[Indian cuisine|India's food tradition]] of "strong, penetrating spices and herbs".<ref name="Spencer" /> [[Rationing in the United Kingdom|Food rationing policies]], imposed by the British government during wartime periods of the 20th century, are said to have been the stimulus for British cuisine's poor international reputation.<ref name="Spencer" />

British dishes include [[fish and chips]], the [[Sunday roast]], and [[bangers and mash]]. British cuisine has several national and regional varieties, including [[English cuisine|English]], [[Scottish cuisine|Scottish]] and [[Welsh cuisine]], each of which has developed its own regional or local dishes, many of which are [[Geographically indicated foods of the United Kingdom|geographically indicated foods]] such as [[Cheddar cheese]], [[Cheshire cheese]], the [[Yorkshire pudding]], [[Arbroath Smokie]], [[Cornish pasty]] and [[Welsh cake]]s.

The British are the second largest per capita [[tea]] consumers in the world, consuming an average of {{convert|2.1|kg}} per person each year.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.foodanddrinkeurope.com/news/ng.asp?id=17656-britons-have-less |title=Britons have less time for tea |publisher=foodanddrinkeurope.com |date=16 June 2003 |access-date=16 June 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215124721/http://www.foodanddrinkeurope.com/news/ng.asp?id=17656-britons-have-less |archive-date=15 December 2007}}</ref> [[British tea culture]] dates back to the 19th century, when India was part of the [[British Empire]] and British interests controlled tea production in the subcontinent.

=== Languages ===
{{Further|British English|British literature|Languages of the United Kingdom}}
There is no single British language, though [[English language|English]] is by far the main language spoken by British citizens, being spoken monolingually by more than 70% of the UK population. English is therefore the ''[[de facto]]'' official language of the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookHomeInternal/139560/ |title=United Kingdom; Key Facts |author=Commonwealth Secretariat |access-date=27 May 2009 |publisher=thecommonwealth.org |archive-date=23 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123200616/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookHomeInternal/139560/ |url-status=live}}</ref> However, under the [[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]], the [[Welsh language|Welsh]], [[Scottish Gaelic]], [[Cornish language|Cornish]], [[Irish Gaelic]], [[Ulster Scots dialects|Ulster Scots]], [[Manx language|Manx]] and [[Scots language|Scots]] languages are officially recognised as Regional or Minority languages by the UK Government.<ref>{{citation |author=Scottish Executive |url=http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/ArtsCulture/gaelic/gaelic-english/17910/europeancharter |title=European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages |publisher=scotland.gov.uk |date=13 June 2006 |access-date=23 August 2007 |archive-date=12 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012182532/http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/ArtsCulture/gaelic/gaelic-english/17910/europeancharter |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Norman language|Insular varieties of Norman]] are recognised languages of the Bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey, although they are dying.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Jersey Language |url=https://members.societe-jersiaise.org/sdllj/kitchen.html |access-date=6 January 2022 |website=members.societe-jersiaise.org |archive-date=26 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926233709/http://members.societe-jersiaise.org/sdllj/kitchen.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Standard [[French language|French]] is an official language of both bailiwicks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guernésiais and French to be made official languages |url=https://gsy.bailiwickexpress.com/gsy/news/states-take-steps-preserve-guernesias/ |access-date=6 January 2022 |website=Bailiwick Express |date=21 August 2020 |language=en |archive-date=6 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106233812/https://gsy.bailiwickexpress.com/gsy/news/states-take-steps-preserve-guernesias/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hanson |first=Timothy |date=June 2005 |title=The Language of the Law: The Importance of French |url=https://www.jerseylaw.je/publications/jglr/PDF%20Documents/JLR0506_Hanson.pdf |journal=Jersey Law Review |access-date=6 January 2022 |archive-date=6 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106230756/https://www.jerseylaw.je/publications/jglr/PDF%20Documents/JLR0506_Hanson.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

As [[indigenous language]]s which continue to be spoken as a first language by native inhabitants, Welsh and Scottish Gaelic have a different legal status from other minority languages. In some parts of the UK, some of these languages are commonly spoken as a first language; in wider areas, their use in a bilingual context is sometimes supported or promoted by central or local government policy. For naturalisation purposes, a competence standard of English, Scottish Gaelic or Welsh is required to pass the [[life in the United Kingdom test]].<ref>{{citation |url=http://lifeintheuktest.ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk/htmlsite/background_10.html |work=[[Life in the United Kingdom test]] |publisher=lifeintheuktest.gov.uk |author=UK Border Agency |author-link=UK Border Agency |title=Background to the test |access-date=28 May 2009 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729195023/https://www.gov.uk/life-in-the-uk-test |url-status=live}}</ref> However, English is used routinely, and although considered culturally important, Scottish Gaelic and Welsh are much less used.

Throughout the United Kingdom there are distinctive spoken expressions and [[regional accents of English]],<ref name="Rosen3" /> which are seen to be symptomatic of a locality's culture and identity.<ref>{{harvnb|Hardill|Graham|Kofman|2001|p=139}}.</ref> An awareness and knowledge of accents in the United Kingdom can "place, within a few miles, the locality in which a man or woman has grown up".<ref name="Rose54">{{harvnb|Rose|1958|p=54}}.</ref>

=== Literature ===
{{main|British literature}}
[[File:Jk-rowling-crop.JPG|thumb|upright|[[J.K. Rowling]] is one of the world's [[List of best-selling fiction authors|best selling]] British authors. Her ''[[Harry Potter]]'' series of books have sold more than 400 million copies worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hypable.com/harry-potter/book-history/ |title=Harry Potter – History of the Books • Hypable |publisher=Hypable.com |access-date=26 February 2014 |archive-date=5 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005043413/https://www.hypable.com/harry-potter/book-history/ |url-status=live}}</ref>]]
[[British literature]] is "one of the leading literatures in the world".{{sfn|Broich|Bassnett|2001|p=27}} The overwhelming part is written in the [[English language]], but there are also pieces of literature written in [[Scots language|Scots]], [[Scottish Gaelic]], [[Ulster Scots dialects|Ulster Scots]], [[Cornish literature|Cornish]] and [[Welsh language|Welsh]].

Britain has a long history of famous and influential authors. It boasts some of the oldest pieces of literature in the Western world, such as the epic poem [[Beowulf]], one of the oldest surviving written work in the English language.<ref name="Cohen2008">{{cite book |author=J. M. Cohen |title=A History of Western Literature: From Medieval Epic to Modern Poetry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qVM2fnZSA78C&pg=PA39 |access-date=29 June 2013 |year=2008 |publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=978-0-202-36641-8 |page=39}}</ref> Prior to the formation of British nationhood, famous authors who inhabited Great Britain include some of the world's most studied and praised writers. In England, the playwrights [[William Shakespeare]] and [[Christopher Marlowe]] defined England's Elizabethan period.<ref name="Wagner2013">{{cite book |author=John Wagner |title=Historical Dictionary of the Elizabethan World: Britain, Ireland, Europe and America |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjfwNlN1sWYC&pg=PA194 |year=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-59761-9 |page=194}}</ref>

The British Romantic movement was one of the strongest and most recognisable in Europe. The poets [[William Blake]], [[Robert Burns]], [[William Wordsworth|Wordsworth]] and [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge|Coleridge]] were amongst the pioneers of Romanticism in literature.<ref name="Murray2013">{{cite book |author=Christopher John Murray |title=Encyclopedia of the Romantic Era, 1760–1850 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8GS8DWMLRYEC&pg=PA116 |year=2013 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-135-45579-8 |page=116}}</ref> Other Romantic writers that followed these figure further enhanced the profile of Romanticism in Europe, such as [[John Keats]], [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]] and [[Lord Byron]].<ref name="Snodgrass2009">{{cite book |author=Mary Ellen Snodgrass |title=Encyclopedia of Gothic Literature |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zEAcjezGec4C&pg=PA420 |year=2009 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-0911-4 |page=420}}</ref> Later periods like the Victorian Era saw a further flourishing of British writing, including [[Charles Dickens]] and [[William Thackeray]].<ref name="Dahiya1992">{{cite book |author=Bhim S. Dahiya |author-link=Bhim S. Dahiya |title=Major Trends in English Literature ( 1837–1945 ) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DCM8oKPs_4oC&pg=PA31 |year=1992 |publisher=Academic Foundation |isbn=978-81-7188-039-3 |page=31}}</ref>

Women's literature in Britain has had a long and often troubled history, with many female writers producing work under a pen name, such as [[George Eliot]].<ref name="Levine2001">{{cite book |author=George Levine |author-link=George Levine |title=The Cambridge Companion to George Eliot |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWafuNhBP7oC&pg=PA20 |year=2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-66473-8 |page=20}}</ref> Other great female novelists that have contributed to world literature are [[Frances Burney]], [[Frances Hodgson Burnett]], [[Virginia Woolf]], [[Jane Austen]] and the Brontë sisters, [[Emily Brontë|Emily]], [[Charlotte Brontë|Charlotte]] and [[Anne Brontë|Anne]].<ref name="SheenKozlowski2004">{{cite book |author1=B. A. Sheen |author2=Matthew Kozlowski |title=English Writers: A Bibliography With Vignettes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h0ciAGWDWaYC&pg=PA110 |year=2004 |publisher=Nova Publishers |isbn=978-1-59033-260-3 |page=110}}</ref>

Non-fiction has also played an important role in the history of British letters, with the first dictionary of the English language being produced and compiled by [[Samuel Johnson]], a graduate of Oxford University and a London resident.<ref name="Reddick1996">{{cite book |author=Allen Reddick |title=The Making of Johnson's Dictionary 1746–1773 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cCccP0mNlZcC&pg=PA2 |year=1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-56838-8 |page=2}}</ref>

=== Media and music ===
{{Further|Music of the United Kingdom|Radio in the United Kingdom|Television in the United Kingdom}}
[[File:Proms in the Park 2.jpg|thumb|right|[[The Proms]] is an eight-week summer season of daily orchestral classical music concerts held across the United Kingdom. The Last Night of the Proms celebrates British tradition with patriotic [[classical music of the United Kingdom]].<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/proms/2008/lastnight/ |title=The Last Night |publisher=BBC |year=2008 |access-date=22 October 2008 |archive-date=13 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113065621/http://www.bbc.co.uk/proms/2008/lastnight/ |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://www.sundayherald.com/news/heraldnews/display.var.2446128.0.last_night_of_the_proms_brought_to_a_rousing_finale_with_patriotic_splendour.php |publisher=sundayherald.com |title=Last Night of the Proms brought to a rousing finale with patriotic splendour |access-date=22 October 2008 |first=James |last=Hamilton |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918022406/http://www.sundayherald.com/news/heraldnews/display.var.2446128.0.last_night_of_the_proms_brought_to_a_rousing_finale_with_patriotic_splendour.php |archive-date=18 September 2008}}</ref>]]
Although cinema, theatre, dance and live music are popular, the favourite pastime of the British is watching [[television]].<ref>{{harvnb|Gallagher|2006|p=36}}.</ref> Public broadcast [[television in the United Kingdom]] began in 1936, with the launch of the BBC Television Service (now [[BBC One]]). In the United Kingdom and the [[Crown dependencies]], one must have a [[television licensing in the United Kingdom|television licence]] to legally receive any broadcast television service, from any source. This includes the commercial channels, cable and satellite transmissions, and the [[Internet]]. Revenue generated from the television licence is used to provide radio, television and Internet content for the [[BBC|British Broadcasting Corporation]], and Welsh language television programmes for [[S4C]]. The BBC, the common abbreviation of the British Broadcasting Corporation,<ref>{{citation |title=About the BBC |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/info/ |access-date=30 December 2008 |archive-date=19 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100219042255/http://www.bbc.co.uk/info/ |url-status=live}}</ref> is the world's largest [[broadcasting|broadcaster]].<ref>{{citation |title=About the BBC – What is the BBC |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/info/purpose/what.shtml |access-date=14 June 2008 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=16 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116202334/http://www.bbc.co.uk/info/purpose/what.shtml |url-status=dead}}</ref> Unlike other broadcasters in the UK, it is a [[Public service broadcasting in the United Kingdom|public service based]], [[Autonomy|quasi-autonomous]], [[statutory corporation]] run by the [[BBC Trust]]. [[Free-to-air]] terrestrial television channels available on a national basis are [[BBC One]], [[BBC Two]], [[ITV (TV channel)|ITV]], [[Channel 4]] ([[S4C]] in Wales), and [[Five (TV channel)|Five]].

[[100 Greatest British Television Programmes]] was a list compiled by the [[British Film Institute]] in 2000, chosen by a poll of industry professionals, to determine what were the greatest British television programmes of any genre ever to have been screened.<ref name="greatestTV">{{citation |url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/tv/100/index.html |title=The bfi TV 100 |access-date=2 June 2009 |publisher=British Film Institute |date=4 September 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090524092249/http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/tv/100/index.html |archive-date=24 May 2009}}</ref> Topping the list was ''[[Fawlty Towers]]'', a [[British sitcom]] set in a fictional [[Torquay]] hotel starring [[John Cleese]].<ref name="greatestTV" />

"British musical tradition is essentially vocal",{{sfn|Cosman|1957|p=22}} dominated by the [[English folk music|music of England]] and [[Germanic languages|Germanic culture]],<ref>{{harvnb|Harewood|1962|p=224}}.</ref> most greatly influenced by [[hymns]] and [[Anglican church music]].<ref>{{harvnb|Crowest|1896|pp=172–174}}.</ref> However, the specific, traditional [[music of Wales]] and [[music of Scotland]] is distinct, and of the [[Celtic music|Celtic musical tradition]].<ref>{{harvnb|Office for National Statistics|2000|p=253}}</ref> In the United Kingdom, more people attend live music performances than football matches.<ref>{{harvnb|Office for National Statistics|2000|p=252}}</ref> [[British rock]] was born in the mid-20th century out of the influence of [[rock and roll]] and [[rhythm and blues]] from the United States. Major early exports were [[the Beatles]], [[the Rolling Stones]], [[the Who]] and [[the Kinks]].<ref name="Else74">{{harvnb|Else et al. 2007|p=74}}.</ref> Together with other bands from the United Kingdom, these constituted the [[British Invasion]], a popularisation of British pop and rock music in the United States. Into the 1970s [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]], [[New wave music|new wave]], and [[2 tone (type of music)|2 tone]].<ref name="Else74" /> [[Britpop]] is a subgenre of [[alternative rock]] that emerged from the British [[independent music]] scene of the early 1990s and was characterised by bands reviving British guitar pop music of the 1960s and 1970s. Leading exponents of Britpop were [[Blur (band)|Blur]], [[Oasis (band)|Oasis]] and [[Pulp (band)|Pulp]].<ref name="Brit119">{{harvnb|Bartsch-Parker|O'Maolalaigh|Burger|1999|p=119}}</ref> Also popularised in the United Kingdom during the 1990s were several domestically produced varieties of [[electronic dance music]]; [[acid house]], [[UK hard house]], [[Jungle music|jungle]], [[UK garage]] which in turn have influenced [[Grime (music)|grime]] and [[British hip hop]] in the 2000s.<ref name="Brit119" /> [[The BRIT Awards]] are the [[British Phonographic Industry]]'s annual awards for both international and [[British popular music]].

=== Religion ===
{{Further|Religion in the United Kingdom}}
[[File:Westminster abbey west.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Westminster Abbey]] is used for the [[coronation of the British monarch]]s, who are also made the head of the [[Church of England]].]]
Historically, [[Christianity]] has been the most influential and important religion in Britain, and it remains the declared faith of the majority of the British people.<ref name="Briton2001234">{{Harvnb|Office for National Statistics|2000|p=234}}</ref> The influence of Christianity on British culture has been "widespread, extending beyond the spheres of prayer and worship. Churches and cathedrals make a significant contribution to the architectural landscape of the nation's cities and towns" whilst "many schools and hospitals were founded by men and women who were strongly influenced by Christian motives".<ref name="Briton2001234" /> Throughout the United Kingdom, [[Easter]] and [[Christmas]], the "two most important events in the Christian calendar", are recognised as [[holiday|public holidays]].<ref name="Briton2001234" />

Christianity remains the major religion of the population of the United Kingdom in the 21st century, followed by [[Islam]], [[Hinduism]], [[Sikhism]] and then [[Judaism]] in terms of numbers of adherents. The 2007 [[Tearfund]] Survey revealed 53% identified themselves as Christian, which was similar to the 2004 [[British Social Attitudes Survey]],<ref name="Tearfund_Survey">{{citation |url=http://www.tearfund.org/webdocs/Website/News/Final%20churchgoing%20report.pdf |title=Tearfund Survey 2007 |access-date=5 May 2007 |year=2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614005402/http://www.tearfund.org/webdocs/Website/News/Final%20churchgoing%20report.pdf |archive-date=14 June 2007}}</ref><ref name="BSAS2004">{{Citation |publication-date=20 February 2006 |year=2004 |title=British Social Attitudes Survey |publisher=data-archive.ac.uk |author=National Centre for Social Research |url=http://www.data-archive.ac.uk/findingData/snDescription.asp?sn=5329 |access-date=25 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071112165559/http://www.data-archive.ac.uk/findingData/snDescription.asp?sn=5329 |archive-date=12 November 2007}}</ref> and to the [[2001 United Kingdom census]] in which 71.6% said that Christianity was their religion,<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=293 |title=UK Census 2001 |access-date=22 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312034628/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=293  |archive-date=12 March 2007}}</ref> However, the Tearfund Survey showed only one in ten Britons attend church weekly.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.methodist.org.uk/downloads/pr-Tearfund-Prayer-in-the-UK-report_1.pdf |publisher=methodist.org.uk |title=Prayer in the UK |date=11 November 2007 |access-date=19 May 2009 |author=Tearfund |author-link=Tearfund |archive-date=23 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923174242/https://www.methodist.org.uk/downloads/pr-Tearfund-Prayer-in-the-UK-report_1.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Secularism]] was advanced in Britain during the [[Age of Enlightenment]], and modern British organisations such as the [[British Humanist Association]] and the [[National Secular Society]] offer the opportunity for their members to "debate and explore the moral and philosophical issues in a non-religious setting".<ref name="Briton2001234" />

The [[Treaty of Union]] that led to the formation of the Kingdom of Great Britain ensured that there would be a [[Protestant]] succession as well as a link between [[Separation of church and state|church and state]] that still remains. The [[Church of England]] ([[Anglican]]) is legally recognised as the [[established church]], and so retains representation in the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] through the [[Lords Spiritual]], whilst the [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|British monarch]] is a member of the church as well as its [[Supreme Governor of the Church of England|Supreme Governor]].<ref name="Briton2001235">{{Harvnb|Office for National Statistics|2000|p=235}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://www.cofe.anglican.org/about/history/ |title=The History of the Church of England |author=Church of England |access-date=23 November 2008 |publisher=cofe.anglican.org |archive-date=21 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221212004/http://www.cofe.anglican.org/about/history |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Church of England also retains the right to draft legislative measures (related to religious administration) through the [[General Synod of the Church of England|General Synod]] that can then be passed into law by Parliament. The [[Roman Catholic Church in England and Wales]] is the second largest Christian church with around five million members, mainly in England.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.catholicchurch.org.uk/Catholic-Church/The-Church-in-England-and-Wales |title=The Church in England and Wales |publisher=catholic-ew.org.uk |access-date=27 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617043450/http://www.catholicchurch.org.uk/Catholic-Church/The-Church-in-England-and-Wales |archive-date=17 June 2010}}</ref> There are also growing [[Orthodoxy|Orthodox]], [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]] and [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]] churches, with Pentecostal churches in England now third after the Church of England and the Roman Catholic Church in terms of church attendance.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article757934.ece |title='Fringe' Church winning the believers |work=[[The Times]] |date=19 December 2006 |access-date=26 May 2009 |first=Ruth |last=Gledhill |location=London |archive-date=14 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814125609/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article757934.ece |url-status=dead}}</ref> Other large Christian groups include [[Methodism|Methodists]] and [[Baptists]].

The [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]] [[Church of Scotland]] (known informally as [[The Kirk]]), is recognised as the [[national church]] of Scotland and not subject to state control. The British monarch is an ordinary member and is required to swear an oath to "defend the security" of the church upon his or her accession. The [[Roman Catholicism in Scotland|Roman Catholic Church in Scotland]] is Scotland's second largest Christian church, with followers representing a sixth of the population of Scotland.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2005/02/20757/53570 |title=Analysis of Religion in the 2001 Census: Summary Report |publisher=scotland.gov.uk |access-date=6 December 2008 |year=2005 |archive-date=7 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607092428/http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2005/02/20757/53570 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Scottish Episcopal Church]], which is part of the Anglican Communion, dates from the final establishment of Presbyterianism in Scotland in 1690, when it split from the Church of Scotland over matters of theology and ritual. Further splits in the Church of Scotland, especially in the 19th century, led to the creation of other Presbyterian churches in Scotland, including the [[Free Church of Scotland (post-1900)|Free Church of Scotland]]. In the 1920s, the [[Church in Wales]] became independent from the Church of England and became '[[Disestablishmentarianism|disestablished']] but remains in the [[Anglican Communion]].<ref name="Briton2001235" /> Methodism and other Protestant churches have had a major presence in Wales. The main [[Religion in Northern Ireland|religious groups in Northern Ireland]] are organised on an [[all-Ireland]] basis. Though collectively Protestants constitute the overall majority,<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=980 |title=Communities in Northern Ireland |publisher=statistics.gov.uk |access-date=29 October 2008 |author=Office for National Statistics |author-link=Office for National Statistics |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080315171823/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=980 |archive-date=15 March 2008}}</ref> the [[Roman Catholicism in Ireland|Roman Catholic Church of Ireland]] is the largest single church. The [[Presbyterian Church in Ireland]], closely linked to the Church of Scotland in terms of theology and history, is the second largest church followed by the [[Church of Ireland]] (Anglican) which was disestablished in the 19th century.

=== Sport ===
{{Further|Sport in the United Kingdom}}
{{See also|Home Nations}}
[[File:GB Gold WOC2008 Relay.jpg|thumb|right|The British gold medalist relay team of the 2008 [[World Orienteering Championships]]]]
[[Sport]] is an important element of British culture, and is one of the most popular leisure activities of Britons. Within the United Kingdom, nearly half of all adults partake in one or more sporting activity each week.<ref name="Briton2001282">{{Harvnb|Office for National Statistics|2000|p=282}}</ref> Some of the major sports in the United Kingdom "were invented by the British",<ref name="Briton2001293">{{Harvnb|Office for National Statistics|2000|p=293}}</ref> including [[association football|football]], [[rugby union]], [[rugby league]] and [[cricket]], and "exported various other games" including [[tennis]], [[badminton]], [[boxing]], [[golf]], [[snooker]] and [[Squash (sport)|squash]].<ref name="Misc164">{{Harvnb|O'Meara|2007|pp=164–166}}.</ref>

In most sports, separate organisations, teams and clubs represent the individual [[countries of the United Kingdom]] at international level, though in some sports, like rugby union, an all-Ireland team represents both Northern Ireland and Ireland (Republic of), and the [[British and Irish Lions]] represent Ireland and Britain as a whole. The UK is represented by a single team at the [[Olympic Games]] and at the [[2012 Summer Olympics]], the [[Great Britain at the Olympics|Great Britain team]] won 65 medals: 29 gold (the most since the [[1908 Summer Olympics]]), 17 silver and 19 bronze, ranking them 3rd.<ref>See the articles entitled [[All-time Olympic Games medal table]] and [[Great Britain at the Olympics]].</ref> In total, sportsmen and women from the UK "hold over 50 world titles in a variety of sports, such as professional boxing, rowing, snooker, squash and motorcycle sports".<ref name="Briton2001282" />

A 2006 poll found that association football was the most popular sport in the UK.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.ipsospublicaffairs.co.uk/content/crowded-summer-of-sport.ashx |title=Crowded Summer of Sport |publisher=Ipsos Mori |access-date=17 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618163751/http://www.ipsospublicaffairs.co.uk/content/crowded-summer-of-sport.ashx |archive-date=18 June 2009}}</ref> In England 320 football clubs are affiliated to [[The Football Association]] (FA) and more than 42,000 clubs to regional or district associations. The FA, founded in 1863, and the Football League, founded in 1888, were both the first of their kind in the world.<ref name="Briton2001297" /> In Scotland there are 78 full and associate clubs and nearly 6,000 registered clubs under the jurisdiction of the [[Scottish Football Association]].<ref name="Briton2001297">{{Harvnb|Office for National Statistics|2000|pp=297–298}}</ref> Two Welsh clubs play in England's Football League and others at non-league level, whilst the [[Welsh Football League]] contains 20 semi-professional clubs. In Northern Ireland, 12 semi-professional clubs play in the [[IFA Premiership]], the second oldest league in the world.<ref name="Briton2001297" />

[[Recreational fishing]], particularly [[angling]], is one of the most popular participation activities in the United Kingdom, with an estimated 3–4 million anglers in the country.<ref name="Briton2001293" /><ref>{{citation |url=http://www.safewatersports.co.uk/sport-fishing.html |publisher=safewatersports.co.uk |access-date=3 June 2009 |title=Sport Fishing |archive-date=24 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024032647/http://www.safewatersports.co.uk/sport-fishing.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The most widely practised form of angling in [[England and Wales]] is for [[coarse fishing|coarse fish]] while in Scotland angling is usually for [[salmon]] and [[trout]].<ref name="Briton2001293" />

=== Visual art and architecture ===
{{Further|Architecture of the United Kingdom|Art of the United Kingdom}}
For centuries, artists and architects in Britain were overwhelmingly influenced by [[Western art history]].<ref name="Else78" /> Amongst the first visual artists credited for developing a distinctly British aesthetic and artistic style is [[William Hogarth]].<ref name="Else78">{{harvnb|Else et al. 2007|p=78}}.</ref> The experience of military, political and economic power from the rise of the [[British Empire]], led to a very specific drive in artistic technique, taste and sensibility in the United Kingdom.<ref name="taste" /> Britons used their art "to illustrate their knowledge and command of the natural world", whilst the permanent settlers in British North America, Australasia, and South Africa "embarked upon a search for distinctive artistic expression appropriate to their sense of national identity".<ref name="taste" /> The empire has been "at the centre, rather than in the margins, of the history of British art", and imperial British visual arts have been fundamental to the construction, celebration and expression of Britishness.{{sfn|Barringer et al. 2007|p=3}}

British attitudes to [[modern art]] were "polarised" at the end of the 19th century.<ref name="Whittle5">{{harvnb|Whittle et al. 2005|p=5}}.</ref> Modernist movements were both cherished and vilified by artists and critics; [[Impressionism]] was initially regarded by "many conservative critics" as a "subversive foreign influence", but became "fully assimilated" into British art during the early-20th century.<ref name="Whittle5" /> [[Representation (arts)|Representational art]] was described by [[Herbert Read]] during the [[interwar period]] as "necessarily... revolutionary", and was studied and produced to such an extent that by the 1950s, [[Classicism]] was effectively void in British visual art.<ref name="Whittle5" /> [[Postmodern art|Post-modern]], contemporary British art, particularly that of the [[Young British Artists]], has been pre-occupied with [[postcolonialism]], and "characterised by a fundamental concern with material culture ... perceived as a post-imperial cultural anxiety".{{sfn|Barringer et al. 2007|p=17}}

[[Architecture of the United Kingdom]] is diverse; most influential developments have usually taken place in England, but Ireland, Scotland, and Wales have at various times played leading roles in architectural history.<ref name="BritEncart">{{citation |url=http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=781533633 |title=British Architecture > page 1 |work=[[Encarta]] |publisher=MSN |access-date=18 June 2009 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5kwQNgfPK?url=http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=781533633 |archive-date=31 October 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Although there are prehistoric and classical structures in the British Isles, British architecture effectively begins with the first Anglo-Saxon Christian churches, built soon after [[Augustine of Canterbury]] arrived in Great Britain in 597.<ref name="BritEncart" /> [[Norman architecture]] was built on a vast scale from the 11th century onwards in the form of castles and churches to help impose Norman authority upon their dominion.<ref name="BritEncart" /> [[English Gothic architecture]], which flourished from 1180 until {{circa|1520}}, was initially imported from France, but quickly developed its own unique qualities.<ref name="BritEncart" /> Secular [[medieval architecture]] throughout Britain has left a legacy of large stone [[castle]]s, with the "finest examples" being found lining both sides of the [[Anglo-Scottish border]], dating from the [[Wars of Scottish Independence]] of the 14th century.<ref name="BritEncart2">{{citation |url=http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=781533633&pn=2 |title=British Architecture > page 2 |work=[[Encarta]] |publisher=MSN |access-date=18 June 2009 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20091031182319/http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=781533633&pn=2 |archive-date=31 October 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The invention of gunpowder and canons made castles redundant, and the [[English Renaissance]] which followed facilitated the development of new artistic styles for domestic architecture: [[Tudor style architecture|Tudor style]], [[English Baroque]], [[Queen Anne Style architecture|The Queen Anne Style]] and [[Palladian architecture|Palladian]].<ref name="BritEncart2" /> [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]] and [[Neoclassical architecture]] advanced after the [[Scottish Enlightenment]]. Outside the United Kingdom, the influence of British architecture is particularly strong in [[South India]],<ref name="Sing69">{{harvnb|Singh et al. 2007|p=69}}.</ref> the result of [[British Raj|British rule in India]] in the 19th century. The Indian cities of [[Bangalore]], [[Chennai]], and [[Mumbai]] each have courts, hotels and [[train station]]s designed in British architectural styles of [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revivalism]] and [[Neoclassical architecture|neoclassicism]].<ref name="Sing69" />

=== Political culture ===
{{Further|Politics of the United Kingdom}}
[[File:Palace of Westminster, London - Feb 2007.jpg|thumb|The [[Palace of Westminster]] is a [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]] which houses the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]].]]
British political culture is tied closely with its institutions and [[civics]], and a "subtle fusion of new and old values".<ref name="Craith169" /><ref>{{harvnb|Burch|Moran|1987|p=69}}.</ref> The principle of [[constitutional monarchy]], with its notions of stable [[parliamentary government]] and [[political liberalism]], "have come to dominate British culture".<ref>{{Harvnb|Goldman|1993|p=87}}.</ref> These views have been reinforced by Sir [[Bernard Crick]] who said:<ref name="Brad34">{{Harvnb|Bradley|2007|p=34}}.</ref> {{blockquote|To be British seems to us to mean that we respect the laws, the elected parliamentary and democratic political structures, traditional values of mutual tolerance, respect for equal rights and mutual concern; that we give our allegiance to the state (as commonly symbolised by [[the Crown]]) in return for its protection.}}

British political institutions include the [[Westminster system]], the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] and [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom]].<ref>{{harvnb|Harrison|1996|p=380}}.</ref> Although the Privy Council is primarily a British institution, officials from other Commonwealth realms are also appointed to the body.<ref name="gay-p3">{{Harvnb|Gay|Rees|2005|p=3}}.</ref> The most notable continuing instance is the [[Prime Minister of New Zealand]], its senior politicians, Chief Justice and Court of Appeal judges are conventionally made Privy Counsellors,<ref name="nz-pc">{{citation |url=http://www.dpmc.govt.nz/honours/overview/honourable_privycouncil.html |title=The title 'The Honourable' and the Privy Council |work=New Zealand Honours |publisher=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet |access-date=3 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080703221643/http://www.dpmc.govt.nz/honours/overview/honourable_privycouncil.html  |archive-date=3 July 2008}}</ref> as the prime ministers and chief justices of Canada and Australia used to be.<ref>{{citation |url=https://sencanada.ca/en/Content/Sen/chamber/362/orderpaper/ord-e |title=Order Paper and Notice Paper, 20 October 2000 |publisher=Senate of Canada |year=2000 |access-date=12 September 2008 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727053729/https://sencanada.ca/en/Content/Sen/chamber/362/orderpaper/ord-e |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://www.justice.gov.uk/guidance/foa-com-judges.htm |title=Commonwealth Judges |work=Forms of address |publisher=Ministry of Justice |year=2008 |access-date=12 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829153353/http://www.justice.gov.uk/guidance/foa-com-judges.htm  |archive-date=29 August 2008}}</ref> Prime Ministers of Commonwealth countries which retain the [[British monarch]] as their sovereign continue to be sworn as Privy Counsellors.<ref name="gay-p3" />

[[Universal suffrage]] for all males over 21 was granted in 1918 and for adult women in 1928 after the [[Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom|Suffragette movement]].<ref>{{harvnb|Power|Rae|2006|p=22}}.</ref> Politics in the United Kingdom is [[multi-party system|multi-party]], with three dominant political parties: the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]], the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] and the [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]]. The [[social structure of Britain]], specifically [[social class]], has "long been pre-eminent among the factors used to explain party allegiance", and still persists as "the dominant basis" of party political allegiance for Britons.<ref>{{harvnb|Dearlove|Saunders|2000|p=120}}.</ref> The Conservative Party is descended from the historic [[Tory Party]] (founded in England in 1678), and is a [[centre-right]] [[conservative]] political party,<ref>{{citation |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/382412.stm |publisher=BBC News |title=Tories secure centre-right deal |date=30 June 1999 |access-date=2 January 2010 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729204006/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/382412.stm |url-status=live}}</ref> which traditionally draws support from the [[middle class]]es.<ref>{{harvnb|Dearlove|Saunders|2000|p=90}}.</ref> The Labour Party (founded by Scotsman [[Keir Hardie]]) grew out of the [[trade union]] movement and [[socialist]] political parties of the 19th century, and continues to describe itself as a "democratic socialist party".<ref name="iqgxtf">{{citation |url=http://www.labour.org.uk/labour_policies |title=Labour's policies |access-date=21 July 2007 |publisher=labour.org.uk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070711081023/http://www.labour.org.uk/labour_policies |archive-date=11 July 2007}}</ref> Labour states that it stands for the representation of the low-paid [[working class]], who have traditionally been its members and voters.<ref name = "iqgxtf" /> The [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]] are a [[Liberalism|liberal]] political party, and third largest in the UK in terms of MPs elected. It is descended from the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]], a major [[ruling party]] of 19th-century UK through to the First World War, when it was supplanted by the Labour Party.<ref name="Dear102" /> The Liberal Democrats have historically drawn support from wide and "differing social backgrounds".<ref name="Dear102">{{harvnb|Dearlove|Saunders|2000|p=102}}.</ref> The [[Scottish National Party]] is the fourth largest political party in the UK in terms of representation in parliament, having won 9 out of 57 Scottish seats at the 2024 General Election.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-10009/
|title=General Election 2024: full results and analysis
|website=House of Commons Library
|publisher=UK Parliament
|date=8 July 2024
|access-date=19 April 2025}}</ref> There are over 300 other, smaller [[List of political parties in the United Kingdom|political parties in the United Kingdom]] registered to the [[Electoral Commission (United Kingdom)|Electoral Commission]].<ref>{{citation | url = http://registers.electoralcommission.org.uk/regulatory-issues/regpoliticalparties.cfm?ec={ts%20%272009-05-14%2000%3A33%3A49%27} | title = Register of political parties | date = 14 May 2009 | publisher = electoralcommission.org.uk | access-date = 13 May 2009 | author = Electoral Commission | author-link = Electoral Commission (United Kingdom) | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090618164406/http://registers.electoralcommission.org.uk/regulatory-issues/regpoliticalparties.cfm?ec=%7Bts%20%272009-05-14%2000%3A33%3A49%27%7D | archive-date = 18 June 2009 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{citation | url = http://registers.electoralcommission.org.uk/regulatory-issues/regpoliticalparties.cfm?ec={ts%20%272009-05-14%2000%3A33%3A15%27} | title = Register of political parties (Northern Ireland) | date = 14 May 2009 | publisher = electoralcommission.org.uk | access-date = 13 May 2009 | author = Electoral Commission | author-link = Electoral Commission (United Kingdom) | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090618163452/http://registers.electoralcommission.org.uk/regulatory-issues/regpoliticalparties.cfm?ec=%7Bts%20%272009-05-14%2000%3A33%3A15%27%7D | archive-date = 18 June 2009 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

== Classification ==
{{See also|British nationality law|Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom|United Kingdom Census 2001 Ethnic Codes}}
According to the [[British Social Attitudes Survey]], there are broadly two interpretations of British identity, with ethnic and civic dimensions:

{{blockquote|The first group, which we term the ethnic dimension, contained the items about birthplace, ancestry, living in Britain, and sharing British customs and traditions. The second, or civic group, contained the items about feeling British, respecting laws and institutions, speaking English, and having British citizenship.<ref>{{harvnb|Park|2005|p=153}}.</ref>}}

Of the two perspectives of British identity, the civic definition has become "the dominant idea ... by far",<ref name="Ichijo26" /> and in this capacity, Britishness is sometimes considered an institutional or overarching [[Sovereign state|state]] identity.<ref name="Langlands" /><ref name="Ichijo26" /><ref name="Brad34" /> This has been used to explain why first-, second- and third-generation immigrants are more likely to describe themselves as British, rather than English, because it is an "institutional, inclusive" identity, that can be acquired through [[naturalisation]] and [[British nationality law]];<ref name="Ichijo27">{{harvnb|Ichijo|Spohn|2005|p=27}}</ref> the vast majority of people in the United Kingdom who are from an ethnic minority feel British.<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/ethnic-minorities-feel-strong-sense-of-identity-with-britain-report-reveals-578503.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515193209/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/ethnic-minorities-feel-strong-sense-of-identity-with-britain-report-reveals-578503.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 May 2011 |work=The Independent |title=Ethnic minorities feel strong sense of identity with Britain, report reveals |first=Maxine |last=Frith |access-date=7 July 2009 |date=8 January 2004 |location=London}}</ref>

However, this attitude is more common in England than in Scotland or Wales; "white English people perceived themselves as English first and as British second, and most people from ethnic minority backgrounds perceived themselves as British, but none identified as English, a label they associated exclusively with white people". Contrawise, in Scotland and Wales, [[White British]] and ethnic minority people both identified more strongly with Scotland and Wales than with Britain.<ref>{{harvnb|Commission for Racial Equality|2005|p=35}}</ref>

Studies and surveys have "reported that the majority of the Scots and Welsh see themselves as both Scottish/Welsh and British though with some differences in emphasis".<ref name="Ichijo27" /> The [[Commission for Racial Equality]] found that with respect to notions of [[nationality]] in Britain, "the most basic, objective and uncontroversial conception of the British people is one that includes the English, the Scots and the Welsh".<ref name="CRE22" /> However, "English participants tended to think of themselves as indistinguishably English or British, while both Scottish and Welsh participants identified themselves much more readily as Scottish or Welsh than as British".<ref name="CRE22" />

Some persons opted "to combine both identities" as "they felt Scottish or Welsh, but held a [[British passport]] and were therefore British", whereas others saw themselves as exclusively Scottish or exclusively Welsh and "felt quite divorced from the British, whom they saw as the English".<ref name="CRE22">{{harvnb|Commission for Racial Equality|2005|p=22}}</ref> Commentators have described this latter phenomenon as "[[nationalism]]", a rejection of British identity because some Scots and Welsh interpret it as "cultural imperialism imposed" upon the United Kingdom by "English ruling elites",<ref name="Ward2-3">{{Harvnb|Ward|2004|pp=2–3}}.</ref> or else a response to a historical misappropriation of equating the word "English" with "British",<ref>{{citation |url=http://assets.cambridge.org/97805217/71887/sample/9780521771887ws.pdf |title=The Making of English National Identity |publisher=assets.cambridge.org |first=Krishan |last=Kumar |year=2003 |access-date=5 June 2009 |archive-date=6 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606234823/http://assets.cambridge.org/97805217/71887/sample/9780521771887ws.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> which has "brought about a desire among Scots, Welsh and Irish to learn more about their heritage and distinguish themselves from the broader British identity".<ref>{{citation |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/255337.stm |publisher=BBC News |date=14 January 1999 |access-date=5 June 2009 |title=The English: Europe's lost tribe |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729161222/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/255337.stm |url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[English people]]
* [[Scottish people]]
* [[Welsh people]]
* [[People of Northern Ireland]]
* [[Anti-British sentiment]]
* [[Lists of British people]]
** [[100 Greatest Britons]]

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* {{citation |title=British Food: An Extraordinary Thousand Years of History |first=Colin |last=Spencer |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-231-13110-0 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]}}
* {{citation |title=Language in the British Isles |first=Peter |last=Trudgill |publisher=CUP Archive |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-521-28409-7}}
* {{citation |author-link=Steve Tsang |last=Tsang |first=Steve |year=2004 |title=A Modern History of Hong Kong |location=London, England |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-84511-419-0}}
* {{citation |title=Fish and chips and the British working class, 1870–1940 |first=John K. |last=Walton |publisher=Continuum International |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-7185-2120-2}}
* {{citation |title=Britishness Since 1870 |first=Paul |last=Ward |publisher=Routledge |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-203-49472-1}}
* {{citation |title=Beyond romanticism: new approaches to texts and contexts, 1780–1832 |first1=John C. |last1=Whale |first2=Stephen |last2=Copley |publisher=Routledge |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-415-05201-6}}
*{{Cite book |first=C. |last=Whatley |title=The Scots and the Union |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2006 |page=91 |isbn=0-7486-1685-3}}
* {{citation |title=Creative Tension: British Art 1900–1950 |year=2005 |last1=Whittle |first1=Stephen |last2=Jenkins |first2=Adrian |publisher=Paul Holberton |isbn=978-1-903470-28-2 |ref={{sfnRef|Whittle et al. 2005}}}}
* {{citation |title=Ethnicity and cultural authority: from Arnold to Du Bois |first=Daniel G. |last=Williams |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7486-2205-4}}
* {{citation |last=Willson |first=David Harris |year=1963 |title=King James VI & I |location=London |publisher=Jonathan Cape |isbn=0-224-60572-0|url=https://archive.org/details/kingjamesvii00will}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==

* {{cite book |title=Political Ideology Today |first=Ian |last=Adams |edition=2nd |publisher=Manchester University Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-7190-3347-6}}
* {{cite book |title=Iron Age communities in Britain: an account of England, Scotland and Wales from the seventh century BC until the Roman conquest |first=Barry |last=Cunliffe |edition=4th |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-415-34779-2}}
* {{cite book |title=The Culture of Fascism: Visions of the Far Right in Britain |first1=Julie V. |last1=Gottlieb |first2=Thomas P. |last2=Linehan |publisher=I.B.Tauris |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-86064-799-4}}
* {{cite book |last=McLean |first=Iain |title=Rational Choice and British Politics |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, Oxfordshire |year=2001 |isbn=0-19-829529-4}}
* {{cite book |title=The Origins of the British: A Genetic Detective Story |first=Stephen |last=Oppenheimer |author-link=Stephen Oppenheimer |publisher=Constable |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-84529-158-7}}
* {{cite book |title=Blood of the Isles |first=Bryan |last=Sykes |publisher=Bantam Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-593-05652-3 |author-link=Bryan Sykes}}
* {{cite book |title=Northern Ireland: Conflict and Change |first=Jonathan |last=Tonge |edition=2nd |publisher=Pearson Education |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-582-42400-5}}
* {{cite book |title=Questioning Identity: Gender, Class and Nation |first=Kath |last=Woodward |publisher=Routledge |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-415-22287-7}}

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline|People of the United Kingdom}}
* {{wikiquote-inline}}

{{British people}}
{{British Isles}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:British people| ]]
[[Category:Society of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom]]

Dhoop Chhaon (1935 film)

2026-03-07T07:04:03Z

Advancedacademy: started pg.

{{distinguish|Dhoop Chhaon (1977 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dhoop Chhaon
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Nitin Bose]]
| producer =
| writer = [[Sudarshan (writer)|Sudarshan]] (story) Nitin Bose (screenplay)
| starring = Kapoor Biswanath Bhadhuri [[Krishna Chandra Dey|K.C.Dey]] [[Sardar Akhtar|Sardar Aktar]] [[Pahari Sanyal]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1935}}
| runtime = 125 minutes
| language = [[Hindi]]
| music =
}}

'''''Dhoop Chhaon''''' or Bhagya Chakra (also Known as 'Sun and Shade' or 'Wheel of Fate') is a [[1935 in film|1935]] [[Hindi]] movie directed by [[Nitin Bose]]. It was a [[remake]] of the [[bengali language|Bengali]] film [[Bhagya Chakra]]. ''Dhoop Chhaon'' was the first Hindi film to use playback singing.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&dq=%22Nitin+Bose%22+%22playback+singing%22&pg=PT40 Google Books preview from 'Encyclopedia of Hindi Cinema'], Gulzar, Govind Nihalani, Saibal Chatterjee, Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema, {{ISBN|81-7991-066-0}}</ref> It was Bose who came up with the idea of playback singing. He discussed with music director [[Raichand Boral]] and Bose's brother Mukul Bose, who was the sound recordist in New Theatres, and who implemented the idea.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/20000922/50e.htm |title=A page from screenindia.com |access-date=9 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022124829/http://www.screenindia.com/old/20000922/50e.htm |archive-date=22 October 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Cast==
* Kapoor as Hiralal
* Biswanath Bhadhuri as Shamlal
* [[Krishna Chandra Dey|K.C.Dey]] as Surdas
* Nawab as Manager
* [[Kidar Sharma|Kedar]] as Asst. Manager
* Ajmat as Kallo-Ki-Ma
* [[Pahari Sanyal]] as Dipak
* [[Trilok Kapoor]] as Satyavan
* Uma Devi as Mira
* Babulal as Mr. Tewari
* Debbala as Mira's mother
* Indu Mukherjee as Detective
* [[Shyam Laha|Shyam Law]] as Detective
* [[Pramathesh Barua]] as guest at party (uncredited)
* [[K. L. Saigal]] as guest#2 (uncredited)
* Vikram Nahar as guest#3 (uncredited)
* Vaid as Client
* Nagendrabala as Nurse
* Wahab as Stage-Dipak
* [[Sardar Akhtar|Sardar Aktar]] as Stage Kallo-Ki-Ma
* Ahi Sanyal as Bad Singer

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0379255|title=Dhoop Chhaon}}

[[Category:1935 films]]
[[Category:1935 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Nitin Bose]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Bengali films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:1935 Indian films]]
{{1930s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Saran (director)

2026-03-07T06:23:08Z

Advancedacademy: cleaned up formatting after review

{{short description|Indian film director and screenwriter}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Saran
| image =
| imagesize =
| birth_name = K. V. Saravanan<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tamilfilmdirectorsassociation.com/profile.php?sno=1640 |title=TANTIS |access-date=2 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302115606/http://tamilfilmdirectorsassociation.com/profile.php?sno=1640 |archive-date=2 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = [[Film director]], [[screenwriter]]
| yearsactive = 1998–present
| spouse = Shoba
| children = 2
}}
'''K. V. Saravanan''', better known as '''Saran''', is an Indian film director and screenwriter who active mainly in [[Tamil cinema]]. He was once an assistant to [[K. Balachander]]. He owns a production house called Gemini Productions.

==Early life and career==
{{BLP sources section|date=November 2022}}
Saran's father T. Kulandaivelayudam worked with the directorate of examinations and many of his relatives are teachers. He finished diploma in visual communications from the College of Arts And Crafts and became an instructor in textile designing. Saran worked as instructor for a year and, during this time, he did some work with a lady called Mohana who was art director for [[K. Balachander]]. KB was the director whom Saran admired above all others. Saran hoped this relationship would be the key to get to him. He joined as an assistant director to KB when he was making ''[[Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal (film)|Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal]]'' (1989).

By then, Saran was also a cartoonist for ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]''. He would do this work at two in the morning, sleep for a bit and get back to work with KB by 7 am. Finally, Sarann gave up working as a cartoonist because assisting KB was too demanding. Then his first film happened.<ref name="rediff2000">{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/feb/10saran.htm|title=Rediff on the NeT, Movies: Director Saran on matters close to his heart|website=Rediff.com}}</ref> He describes that he "was wondering what would happen if a girl, who is engaged to a particular person, falls in love with someone else" and this formed the basis of his plot for his first film ''[[Kadhal Mannan]]'' (1998). The film saw veteran music composer [[M. S. Viswanathan]] make his acting debut in a supporting role, whilst the lead actress [[Maanu]] from [[Assam]] and music composer [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]] also debuted.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Oct/a-z/atoz-3.htm |title=A-Z (III) |access-date=2014-09-15 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927193802/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Oct/a-z/atoz-3.htm |archive-date=27 September 2013 }}</ref> The film's soundtrack gained rave review prior to release.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Time-to-Rock/articleshow/5407401.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105214513/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-04/news-interviews/28137960_1_audio-release-tamil-films-music | url-status=live | archive-date=5 November 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Time to Rock! | date=4 January 2010}}</ref> Viswanathan had initially waded away the approach but actor Vivek later convinced him to partake in the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/dec-08-04/m-s-viswanathan-22-12-08.html|title=What Vaali borrowed from Rajini - Behindwoods.com - Vasanth TV Daily Thanthi MS Viswanathan YMCA Royapettah Vivek Kadhal Mannan Viswanathan Rajinikanth Balachander Tamil movie news images picture gallery images|website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> The film won positive reviews from critics, with a reviewer praising the film for tackling a [[taboo]] subject. The critic claimed that [[Ajith Kumar]] "was back at his best", whilst also crediting success to Maanu's performance and Bharadwaj's soundtrack.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Reviews/articles/kmannan.htm |title=Kaadhal Mannan: A Movie Review |access-date=11 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318001228/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Reviews/articles/kmannan.htm |archive-date=18 March 2012 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> The film received a good response at the box office. The first copy was worth Rs 22 million, but was only sold for Rs 16 million.<ref name="rediff2000"/> Despite all this, it ran 100 days and re-established Ajith Kumar's market after a string of failures. The producers of the previous collaboration of [[Ajith Kumar]] and Sarann during ''[[Kadhal Mannan]]'', Venkateswaralayam had lost a lot of money on that film so Ajith insisted on doing another film for the studio, ''[[Amarkkalam]]'' (1999). Sarann initially approached Shalini, who was studying at the time and she refused but after a three-month pursuit, he finally got her to sign on as well.<ref name="rediff2000"/> The role of Tulasi Das was initially offered to [[Amitabh Bachchan]] who accepted before later pulling out of the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/apr/30ss.htm |title=Rediff on the Net, Movies: Where is Karisma? |work=Rediff.com |date=30 April 1998 |access-date=4 January 2012}}</ref> The film began production in January 1999 and during the production of the film, the lead pair [[Ajith Kumar]] and [[Shalini (actress)|Shalini]] fell in love and eventually got married in April 2000.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/15/stories/2006091517700200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304152603/http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/15/stories/2006091517700200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 March 2009 |title=Tamil Nadu / Tiruchi News : From a child artiste to badminton player |date=15 September 2006 |access-date=4 January 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2000/04/26/stories/0426223j.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303231759/http://www.hindu.com/2000/04/26/stories/0426223j.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 March 2009 |title=Talk of the Town |date=26 April 2000 |access-date=4 January 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/sep/15ajit.htm |title=Rediff on the NeT, Movies: The Ajit-Shalini romance |work=Rediff.com |date=15 September 1999 |access-date=4 January 2012}}</ref> The film won predominantly positive reviews upon release with a reviewer describing the film as having an "okay storyline made very good because of its brilliant execution" whilst stating that the "climax is also very well-developed" and praising the performance of Ajith Kumar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thiraipadam.com/cgi-bin/movie_review.pl?id=35&user_name=subashawards&review_lang=english&lang=english |title=Amarkalam – Tamil Movie Review |publisher=Thiraipadam.com |access-date=4 January 2012}}</ref> The film went on to become a large commercial success at the box office, extending the lead actor [[Ajith Kumar]]'s success after his previous film ''[[Vaalee (1999 film)|Vaalee]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/jun/14spice.htm |title=rediff.com, Movies: Gossip from the southern film industry |work=Rediff.com |date=14 June 2000 |access-date=4 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/dec2000/ivw8.html |title=Filmfare – Print Edition |publisher=Downloads.movies.indiatimes.com |access-date=4 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006164915/http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/dec2000/ivw8.html |archive-date=6 October 2013 }}</ref> Ajith went on to purchase Sarann a car as a token of gratitude for the success.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/aug/11ss.htm |title=rediff.com, Movies: Gossip from the Southern film industry |work=Rediff.com |date=11 August 2000 |access-date=4 January 2012}}</ref>

His next film was ''[[Parthen Rasithen]]'' (2000) with [[Prashanth]] and [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] (their third time pair after successful hits such as ''[[Kannedhirey Thondrinal]]'' and ''[[Jodi (1999 film)|Jodi]]''). which did well at the box office and Simran's performance was well praised by critics (her first Villainous role).

But his next film ''[[Alli Arjuna]]'' (2002) was a flop in spite of A. R. Rahman's compositions. Then he directed a film for [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] in a production under [[AVM Productions]] in ''[[Gemini (2002 Tamil film)|Gemini]]'' (2002), it became a mass success at the time, it made Vikram very popular and one of the hit film, Ajith neglect to act because of his Racing Career Then he directed ''[[Jay Jay (film)|Jay Jay]]'' (2003) with [[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]] which was a hit. After ''Jay Jay'', Saran works for the first time with [[Kamal Haasan]] in ''[[Vasool Raja MBBS]]'' (2004) which was a remake of the Hindi film ''[[Munna Bhai M.B.B.S.]]''. The film received positive reviews and was a commercial success. His next film is again with [[Ajith Kumar|Ajith]] in ''[[Attahasam]]'' (2004) also this film became a commercial success. After this films Saran directed ''[[Idhaya Thirudan]]'' (2006) with [[Jayam Ravi]] and was produced by veteran Director [[K. Balachander]], The film received mixed reviews and was later considered a flop at the Box-office. His next venture is ''[[Vattaram]]'' with [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] the film received positive reviews and was a hit at the box office.

In early 2007, Saran agreed terms to direct his second film with Kamal Haasan in the lead role, while also taking up the role of producer. Saran later sold the production rights of the move to [[Ayngaran International]], a move which irked Kamal Haasan and his team. As a result, the actor opted out and the film was shelved.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/apr-07-03/19-04-07-kamal.html|title = Tamil movie news kamal dasavatharam ksravikumar ayngaran saran vasool raja MBBS muni kamalahassan asink.s.ravikumar Tamil movies kamal hasan gallery}}</ref> Later he directed ''[[Modhi Vilayadu]]'' (2009) starring [[Vinay Rai]] and [[Kajal Aggarwal]], the film was released to mixed reviews and fared poorly at the box office. His next film is ''[[Aasal]]'' in which film Saran works once again with Ajith met with mixed reviews upon release but was an average at the box-office.

His next movie ''[[Aayirathil Iruvar]]'' starring [[Vinay Rai]] released in September 2017. His movie ''[[Market Raja MBBS]]'' with [[Arav]] was released in 2019.

Saran is known for his collaboration with Tamil film music composer [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]] in a majority of his films and the director-composer duo was one of the most successful ones in Tamil film music.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-06 |title=Bharadwaj - Saran {{!}} Magical director & composer combo that produced a gem of albums! |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/tamil-cinemas-best-director-and-music-director-combo-listed/bharadwajs-combo.html |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Saran and his wife Subha have two kids Sanjanaa and Sanjith.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/reeltalk/dec104.asp |title=Yet to see daylight! |website=Chennai Online |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020106004545/http://www.chennaionline.com/reeltalk/dec104.asp |archive-date=6 January 2002 |url-status=dead}}</ref> His younger brother [[K. V. Guhan]] works as cinematographer in Tamil film industry.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/saran-gets-arav-and-keeps-his-title-market-raja-mbbs/articleshow/67365262.cms|title=Saran gets Arav and keeps his title 'Market Raja MBBS'|website=The Times of India |last1=Suganth |first1=M. }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= November 2022}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Year
! rowspan="2" | Film
! rowspan="2" | Notes
|-
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Kadhal Mannan]]'' ||Director debut; credited as Sharan
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Amarkkalam]]'' ||
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Parthen Rasithen]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="3|2002 || ''[[Alli Arjuna]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Gemini (2002 film)|Gemini]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Gemeni (2002 Telugu film)|Gemeni]]'' ||Telugu film; remake of ''[[Gemini (2002 film)|Gemini]]''
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Jay Jay]]'' ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2004 || ''[[Vasool Raja MBBS]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Attagasam]]'' ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2006 || ''[[Idhaya Thirudan]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Vattaram]]'' ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Modhi Vilayadu]]'' ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Aasal]]'' ||
|-
|2017 || ''[[Aayirathil Iruvar]]'' || Also producer
|-
|2019 || ''[[Market Raja MBBS]]'' ||
|-

|2026 || ''[[AK 64]]'' ||
Cowriter confirmed
|-
|}

=== As producer ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Notes
|-
| 2005 || ''[[varu(film)|Aaru]]'' ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[caru (film)|Muni]]'' ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120224144601/http://www.spicevienna.org/showPerson.php?p=1529 Saran] at the Society Promoting Indian Cinematic Entertainment

{{Saran (director)}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saran}}
[[Category:People from Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:1966 births]]

Mental Madhilo

2026-03-05T09:33:48Z

Advancedacademy:

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Mental Madhilo.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Vivek Athreya]]
| producer = [[Raj Kandukuri]]
| writer = Vivek Athreya
| starring = [[Sree Vishnu]] [[Nivetha Pethuraj]] [[Amrutha Srinivasan]]
| music = [[Prashanth R Vihari]]
| cinematography = Vedaraman Sankaran
| editing = Viplav Nyshadam
| studio = Dharmapatha Creations
| released = {{Film date|2017|11|24|df=y}}
| runtime = 134 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
| distributor = [[Suresh Productions]] Freeze Frame Films (Overseas Distribution)
}}

'''''Mental Madhilo''''' ({{Translation|Crazy at Heart}}) is a 2017 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by [[Vivek Athreya]] in his directorial debut, and produced by [[Raj Kandukuri]] (known for ''[[Pelli Choopulu]]'') for Dharmapatha Creations. The film features [[Sree Vishnu]], [[Nivetha Pethuraj]], and [[Amrutha Srinivasan]] in lead roles with [[Sivaji Raja]], Madhumani, [[Raj Madiraju]], and Anita Chowdary in supporting roles. This film marks the Telugu debuts of Nivetha and Srinivasan. The songs and background score for the movie were composed and arranged by [[Prashanth R Vihari]]. The film was released on 24 November 2017. The film's title was taken from a song from the 2015 film ''[[OK Bangaram]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/mental-madhilo-review-fun-romcom-about-confused-man-72138|title='Mental Madhilo' Review: A fun romcom about a confused man|work=The News Minute|date=24 November 2017|first=Karthik|last=Keramulu}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Aravind Krishna is a man affected by [[borderline personality disorder]]. A fickle-minded person since childhood, he gets confused when faced with options in his daily life, and he regrets a choice he made years ago. Additionally, an incident that happened when he was about 12 made him uncomfortable to talk to or be around girls.

As the years pass, Aravind's predicament does not improve. At the age of 29, he almost gives up on ever getting married after bungling 12 potential matches. Reluctantly, he meets the 13th girl, and to his surprise, finds himself at ease when talking to Swetcha, who is, in stark contrast to him, clear-headed and straight-forward. Seeing that Aravind is a kind person, Swetcha agrees to marry him. The two spend some time together before getting engaged, and they gradually develop affection for each other. Spending time with Swetcha helps Aravind get over his discomfort with girls.

After the engagement, Aravind has to travel to [[Mumbai]] for a project. On his way there, he meets Renuka "Renu", a joyful and unpredictable architecture student from [[Vijayawada]], who leaves an impression on him but disappears as he reaches Mumbai. Having heard her speak of her strong belief in destiny, Aravind subconsciously starts believing in it too and he searches for Renuka in Mumbai. By coincidence, they meet again in Mumbai and she becomes Aravind's roommate along with some other friends.

As Aravind spends more and more time with Renu, he becomes infatuated with her. One night, they share a kiss. Later, she reveals that a boyfriend she used to have died in an accident. She confesses her feelings for Aravind, but abruptly vacates the apartment the next day. Confused, Aravind calls off the engagement with Swetcha, but has second thoughts and manages to convince her that it was meant as a prank. The next day, Swetcha surprises him in Mumbai and meets all of his friends. She enquires about Renu, but Aravind's friends skirt her questions. Later, however, she finds Renu in a restaurant, and they become friends.

Before returning, Swetcha reveals that she knows everything about Aravind and Renu, sees that he is bothered by this, and leaves. Back in Hyderabad, Aravind's father makes him see how the risk involved in making choices can be a positive force by telling him about a dilemma he faced in his youth. Realizing his mistake, Aravind makes a firm decision for the first time in his life and goes to Swetcha to apologize, but to no avail. He then meets Renu, confesses his feelings for Swetcha, and apologizes to Renu. Somewhat hurt, Renu encourages Aravind to propose to Swetcha.

The same night, Aravind goes to Swetcha's home to talk, but her mother informs him that Swetcha is leaving the city on a bus. Aravind and his father catch up with the bus, and Aravind apologizes to Swetcha and convinces her that he has overcome his indecision and chosen her. Swetcha slaps him, but then accepts his proposal. Aravind's father has a comical encounter with another passenger on the bus and invites him to his son's wedding. Aravind and Swetcha get married and live happily.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/mental-madhilo/movie-review/61781220.cms|title=Mental Madhilo Review {3.5/5}: Watch this movie if you're looking for something extremely laidback, beautiful and uncomplicated this weekend, you won't regret it!|website=indiatimes.com|accessdate=16 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411063025/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/mental-madhilo/movie-review/61781220.cms|archive-date=11 April 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://chaibisket.com/mental-madhilo/|title=These Musings About "Mental Madhilo" Will Explain Why This Film Is A New Age Rom-Com!|first=Ejaz|last=Ej|website=chaibisket.com|accessdate=16 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302173428/http://chaibisket.com/mental-madhilo|archive-date=2 March 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Sree Vishnu]] as Aravind Krishna
* [[Nivetha Pethuraj]] as Swetcha
* [[Amrutha Srinivasan]] as Renuka
* Keshav Deepak as Manu
* [[Kireeti Damaraju]] as Saki
* [[Shivaji Raja]] as Aravind's father
* Madhumani as Aravind's mother
* [[Raj Madiraju]] as Swetcha's father
* Anita Chowdary as Swetcha's mother
* Dinesh Koushika as Aravind's friend
* Appaji Ambarisha Darbha as office colleague
* Jahanvi Dassety
* Sujata
* [[Nara Rohit]] as a bus passenger (Cameo Appearance)
{{colend}}

== Production ==
Vivek Athreya made his directorial debut with this film, in addition to writing the screenplay. The film was shot in Hyderabad, Mumbai, and Goa. Production was completed within the planned schedule of 40 days. The film was distributed in India by Suresh Productions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Suresh Babu Acquires Mental Madhilo |url=https://www.greatandhra.com/movies/movie-news/suresh-babu-acquires-mental-madhilo-84241.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014074946/http://www.greatandhra.com/movies/movie-news/suresh-babu-acquires-mental-madhilo-84241.html |archive-date=14 October 2017 |accessdate=16 September 2018 |website=greatandhra.com |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The film was released in India on 24 November 2017; preview screenings were held for critics and select audiences a few days before the release.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mental Madhilo Is Huge Hit Before Release |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Tollywood/2017-11-20/Mental-Madhilo-Is-Huge-Hit-Before-Release/340485 |accessdate=16 September 2018 |website=The Hans India|date=21 November 2017 }}</ref> Overseas, it was distributed by Freeze Frame Films LLC.

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Mental Madhilo
| type = film
| artist = [[Prashanth R Vihari]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2017
| recorded = 2017
| venue = [[Chennai]]
| studio = [[AM Studios]]
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 32:47
| label = [[Madhura Audio]]
| producer = [[Prashanth R Vihari]]
| prev_title = [[Vellipomakey]]
| prev_year = 2017
| next_title = [[Adhugo]]
| next_year = 2018
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|cfufIUJ8QR8|Audio Jukebox}}
}}
}}
The music was composed by [[Prashanth R Vihari]]. Producer [[Raj Kandukuri]] and actor [[Nani (actor)|Nani]] released the soundtrack's first song, "Gummadikaya Halwa" at [[6th South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA 2017]].<ref name="apnewsonline.in">{{cite web|url=https://www.apnewsonline.in/nani-releases-first-lyrical-video-mental-madhilo/|title=Nani Releases first lyrical video of Mental Madhilo - AP News Online|website=www.apnewsonline.in|access-date=9 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704090034/http://www.apnewsonline.in/nani-releases-first-lyrical-video-mental-madhilo|archive-date=4 July 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/mental-madhilo-release-date-announced-telugu-news-199863|title=Mental Madhilo Release Date|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201041005/https://www.indiaglitz.com/mental-madhilo-release-date-announced-telugu-news-199863|archive-date=1 December 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 32:47
| title1 = Gummadikaya Halwa
| lyrics1 = Vivek Athreya
| extra1 = [[Vedala Hemachandra]], Prashanth R Vihari
| length1 = 4:36
| title2 = Oohale
| lyrics2 = Vivek Athreya
| extra2 = [[Shakthisree Gopalan]]
| length2 = 4:38
| title3 = Manavi Alakinacharadate
| lyrics3 = Hasith Goli, Vivek Athreya
| extra3 = [[Pradeep Kumar (singer)|Pradeep Kumar]]
| length3 = 5:42
| title4 = Edhola
| lyrics4 = Kittu Vissapragada
| extra4 = [[LV Revanth]], Ranjani Sivakumar
| length4 = 4:17
| title5 = Bagundayya Chandram
| lyrics5 = Hasith Goli
| extra5 = [[Diwakar]], Pranav Chaganty
| length5 = 3:38
| title6 = Chelliyo Chellako
| lyrics6 = [[Bhaskarabhatla Ravi Kumar|Bhaskarabhatla]], Palak Khatri
| extra6 = [[Yazin Nizar]]
| length6 = 4:36
| title7 = Malik Tere
| lyrics7 = Sirasri
| extra7 = [[Nikhita Gandhi]]
| length7 = 5:01
}}

== Reception ==
The film has garnered positive feedback from the audience and critics. Both Vishnu and Pethuraj received accolades for their performances.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mental-madhilo-movie-review-love-trumps-confusion-in-vivek-athreyas-sparkling-debut-4224157.html|title=Mental Madhilo movie review: Love trumps confusion in Vivek Athreya's sparkling debut|website=firstpost.com|date=23 November 2017 |accessdate=16 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325004050/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mental-madhilo-movie-review-love-trumps-confusion-in-vivek-athreyas-sparkling-debut-4224157.html|archive-date=25 March 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> On its opening weekend, the film drew a gross profit of {{Currency|2.25|INR}} across domestic and international box offices.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gulte.com/movienews/62540/How-Is-Mental-Madhilo-A-Profitable-Venture|title=How Is Mental Madhilo A Profitable Venture?|website=gulte.com|accessdate=16 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103023454/http://www.gulte.com/movienews/62540/How-Is-Mental-Madhilo-A-Profitable-Venture|archive-date=3 January 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m5tTaPCxfV4|title=A Glimpse of Mental Madhilo - Sree Vishnu - Nivetha Pethuraj - Raj Kandukuri - Vivek Athreya|last=Mental Madhilo The Movie|date=25 June 2017|via=YouTube|access-date=9 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709132216/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m5tTaPCxfV4|archive-date=9 July 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="idlebrain.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/usschedules/mentalmadhilo.html|title=Mental Madhilo Overseas by Freeze Frame Films - idlebrain.com|website=www.idlebrain.com|access-date=9 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707110352/http://idlebrain.com/usschedules/mentalmadhilo.html|archive-date=7 July 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="greatandhra.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.greatandhra.com/movies/movie-news/teaser-talk-only-confusion-82685.html|title=Teaser Talk: Only Confusion|access-date=9 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714025408/http://www.greatandhra.com/movies/movie-news/teaser-talk-only-confusion-82685.html|archive-date=14 July 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Award !! Category !! Recipient !! Result !! Ref
|-
|rowspan=2|[[7th South Indian International Movie Awards|7th SIIMA Awards]]
|[[South Indian International Movie Awards|Best Debut Director]]
|Vivek Athreya
|{{nom}}
|rowspan=2|<ref>{{cite web|title=Nominations list for the SIIMA 2017 announced!|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/nominations-list-for-the-siima-2017-announced-news-tnpl-rgbk0Mbjijgdf.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605234542/http://www.sify.com/movies/nominations-list-for-the-siima-2017-announced-news-tnpl-rgbk0Mbjijgdf.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2017-06-05|work=Sify.com}}</ref>
|-
|Best Debut Actress
|Nivetha Pethuraj
|{{nom}}
|-
|Zee Apsara Awards 2018
| Best Fresh Face of The Year
|Nivetha Pethuraj
|{{won}} ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{Vivek Athreya}}

[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:2017 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2017 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vivek Athreya]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Prashanth R Vihari]]

Saajan Bina Suhagan

2026-03-03T23:25:41Z

Advancedacademy: fixed issues

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Saajan Bina Suhagan
| image = Saajan Bina Suhagan.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Sawan Kumar Tak]]
| producer = Sawan Kumar Tak
| writer =
| screenplay = [[Kamleshwar (writer)|Kamleshwar]]
| narrator =
| story = S. Kumar
| based_on =
| starring = [[Rajendra Kumar]] [[Nutan]] [[Vinod Mehra]]
| music = [[Usha Khanna]] [[Indivar]], [[Sawan Kumar]] (lyrics)
| cinematography = K.H. Kapadia
| editing = [[David Dhawan]]
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1978|10|27}}
| runtime = 145 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Saajan Bina Suhagan''''' ({{Translation|A bride without a bridegroom}}) is a 1978 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] produced and directed by [[Saawan Kumar Tak]]. The film stars [[Rajendra Kumar]], [[Nutan]], [[Vinod Mehra]], [[Padmini Kohlapure]] and [[Shreeram Lagoo]], the film's music is by [[Usha Khanna]]. It has a popular song "Madhuban Khushboo Deta Hai" sung by [[Yesudas]], [[Anuradha Paudwal]] and [[Hemlata (singer)|Hemlata]]. The film was remade in Tamil as [[Mangala Nayagi]] in 1980 and remade in Malayalam as [[Oru Kochukatha Aarum Parayatha Katha|Oru Kochukatha Aarum Parayathe Katha]] in 1984. Film and music expert Rajesh Subramanian reveals that Sawan Kumar Tak wanted Mohammed Rafi to render Madhuban khushboo deta hai but to the legendary singers date issues composer Usha Khanna was compelled to record the song in the voice of Yesudas.

==Synopsis==

Asha ([[Nutan]]) lives a poor lifestyle along with her widowed father. She is madly in love with an aspiring doctor Raj Kumar ([[Rajendra Kumar]]) and hopes she will marry him when he completes his studies. When Raj abruptly announces that he has to travel abroad in order to complete his studies, Asha although not wanting to, has no choice but to wait for him while he completes his studies so they can marry.
When Asha's father whilst on his deathbed, makes her promise to marry Simla-based Gopal Chopra ([[Shreeram Lagoo]]) who is the son of his friend, Shyamlal, Asha has no choice but to agree to her father's dying wish.
The marriage takes place and soon they become parents of three daughters, Basanti ([[Radha Bartake]]) - a tomboy, who excels in self-defense; Barkha ([[Aarti Chopra]]) an aspiring dancer, and Bulbul ([[Padmini Kolhapure]]) who wants to be a professional piano player and is currently on medication due to a heart condition. Gopal gets a promotion and re-locates to Bombay but continues to remain in touch with his family. Then the past is re-visited when Raj, now a doctor, comes to live in their neighborhood. He meets with Asha, and decides to teach Bulbul piano lessons, while his brother, Advocate Anand ([[Vinod Mehra]]) romances Basanti. Their idyllic lives are shattered when Raj is arrested for killing a man named Mangatram who was blackmailing Asha for hiding a secret from the rest of her family.

==Cast==
* [[Rajendra Kumar]] as Raj Kumar
* [[Nutan]] as Asha Chopra
* [[Vinod Mehra]] as Anand
* [[Shreeram Lagoo]] as Gopal Chopra
* [[Radha Bartake]] as Basanti Chopra (as World Teen Princess Kasturi)
* Aarti Chopra as Barkha Chopra
* [[Padmini Kolhapure]] as BulBul Chopra
* [[Leela Mishra]] as Chopra's neighbor
* [[Satyendra Kapoor]] as Dr. Malhotra
* [[Nana Palsikar]] as Asha's Father
* [[Pinchoo Kapoor]] as Guest appearance
* [[Chandrashekhar]] as Guest appearance
* [[Jankidas]] as Guest appearance

==Music==
The film has music by [[Usha Khanna]] and lyrics by [[Indivar]]<ref>{{Bollywood Hungama title|505050}}</ref>

* "Madhuban Khushboo Deta Hai, Saagar Saawan Deta hai" (version 1) - [[K.J. Yesudas]] (Raga Ahir Bhairav)
* "Madhuban Khushboo Deta Hai, Saagar Saawan Deta hai" (version 1) - [[K.J. Yesudas]] (Raga Ahir Bhairav)
* "O Mamma, Dear Mamma, Happy Birthday To You" - [[Aarti Mukherjee]], Chandrani Mukherjee, [[Shivangi Kapoor]]
* "Kaise Jeet Lete Hain Log Dil Kisi Ka" - [[Mohammad Rafi]]
* "Sata Sata Ke Khush Hote ho" - [[Suman Kalyanpur]]
* "Jijaji Jijaji, Honewale Jijaji" - [[Anuradha Paudwal]], [[Suresh Wadkar]], Dilraj Kaur
* "O Jaani, Jaani Tum O Jaane Tum" - [[Asha Bhosle]]
* "Madhuban Khushboo Deta Hai, Saagar Saawan Deta Hai" (duet) - K.J. Yesudas, [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
* "Madhuban Khushboo Deta Hai, Saagar Saawan Deta hai" (female) - [[Usha Khanna]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1978 films]]
[[Category:1978 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1978 Indian films]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films scored by Usha Khanna]]
[[Category:Films directed by Saawan Kumar Tak]]
[[Category:1978 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Baalu Jenu

2026-03-03T22:20:15Z

Advancedacademy: starting first info needs work

{{short description|1976 film directed by Balan and Kunigal Nagabhushan}}
{{EngvarB|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Baalu Jenu
| image = Baalu Jenu.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| director = Balan [[Kunigal Nagabhushan]]
| producer = K. R. Ravichandran
| screenplay = Nagabhushan
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Mayangukiral Oru Maadhu]]''}}
| starring = [[Aarathi]] [[Gangadhar]] Ramgopal [[Rajinikanth]] [[Udaya Chandrika]] [[Pandari Bai]]
| music = [[G. K. Venkatesh]]
| cinematography = T. M. Sundara Babu
| editing = P. K. Krishnan
| studio = S G S Films
| released = {{Film date|1976|12|10|df=y}}
| runtime = 131 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}
'''''Baalu Jenu''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಬಾಳು ಜೇನು.ogg|pronunciation}} {{translation|Life is honey}}) is a 1976 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film directed by Balan and [[Kunigal Nagabhushan]]. It is a remake of the 1976 [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Mayangukiral Oru Maadhu]]''. The film stars [[Aarathi]], [[Gangadhar]], Ramgopal, [[Rajinikanth]], [[Udaya Chandrika]] and [[Pandari Bai]]. In ''Baalu Jenu'', a married woman must try to keep a [[one-night stand]] that she had in college a secret from her husband, and thwart a persistent blackmailer intent on collecting money from her to keep quiet about it. It was released on 10 December 1976, and became a commercial success.

== Plot ==
Geetha, a college student in [[Mysore]], has a [[one-night stand]] with her rich boy friend Chandru. Unfortunately Chandru gets arrested on suspicion of abetting his industrialist father in smuggling and is sentenced to five years in prison. Geetha tries to find Chandru and when her efforts prove futile, consumes poison. Her hostel roommate Revathi and a doctor save her on time. After Geetha graduates, her marriage is arranged; to her surprise, the prospective groom's elder sister is the same doctor who saved her life and knows her secret. The doctor wholeheartedly recommends Geetha for her brother Ravi, a wealthy businessman. Ravi and Geetha get married and have a child.

Some years later, Geetha runs into Revathi at a [[sari]] shop. Revathi is married to Vasu, a photographer, and they too have a child. Vasu is the same photographer who had earlier blackmailed Chandru's father with pictures of him in the act of smuggling. When Revathi and Vasu visit Ravi and Geetha, Vasu takes some family photographs. While developing the pictures, Vasu recognizes Geetha's features; he recalls having clicked Geetha and Chandru during their one-night stand.

Chandru is released from prison, and to Geetha's horror, Ravi hires him as their driver. Vasu begins blackmailing Geetha and his financial demands increase. He also has altercations with Chandru. Geetha cannot cope with the mental and financial strain; she has a breakdown and is hospitalised. Chandru raids Vasu's dark room hoping to retrieve the damning negatives. In the ensuing fracas, Revathi bursts in and threatens to immolate herself and her child. Faced with the threat of losing his family before his very eyes, Vasu destroys the incriminating negatives. At the hospital, Ravi tells Geetha that he had full knowledge of the Chandru affair all along.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Aarathi]] as Geetha{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=54}}
* [[Gangadhar]] as Ravi{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=55}}
* Ramgopal as Chandru{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=54}}
* [[Rajinikanth]] as Vasu{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=55}}
* [[Udaya Chandrika]] as Revathi{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=55}}
* [[Pandari Bai]] as the doctor{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=55}}
* [[Rajanand]] as Rajanand, Chandru's father
* [[Kunigal Ramanath]]
* Meena Kuttappa
* [[Shanthamma]]
* Jayamalini
* Rajesh (credited as Master Rajesh) as Bharath, Geetha's son
* Rani (credited as Baby Rani) as Vasu's daughter
}}

== Production ==
''Baalu Jenu'' is a remake of the 1976 [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Mayangukiral Oru Maadhu]]''.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1072444588386861056 |user=NFAIOfficial |title=A lobby card for #Kannada film #BaluJenu, one of the early films of #FaceOfTheWeek @rajinikanth. He played the character with negative shades. A remake of #Tamil film #MayangurikalOruMadhu, it was also remade in #Telugu as #YavanamKatesindi and in #Hindi as #Bezubaan. |author=National Film Archive of India |author-link=National Film Archive of India |date=11 December 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181214080717/https://twitter.com/NFAIOfficial/status/1072444588386861056 |archive-date=14 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2020 |title=Five landmark Kannada films of Rajinikanth that everyone must know about |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/five-landmark-kannada-films-of-rajinikanth-that-everyone-must-know-about/photostory/79694951.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210122203118/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/five-landmark-kannada-films-of-rajinikanth-that-everyone-must-know-about/photostory/79694951.cms |archive-date=22 January 2021 |access-date=26 March 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It was directed by Balan and [[Kunigal Nagabhushan]], and produced by K. R. Ravichandran under S.G.S Films. Co-director Nagabhushan also wrote the screenplay. Cinematography was handled by T. M. Sundara Babu, and editing by P. K. Krishnan.<ref name="chiloka">{{Cite web |title=Baalu Jenu (ಬಾಳು ಜೇನು) |url=https://chiloka.com/movie/baalu-jenu-1976 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181214072852/https://chiloka.com/movie/baalu-jenu-1976 |archive-date=14 December 2018 |access-date=14 December 2018 |website=Chiloka}}</ref> Rajinikanth, after watching [[Thengai Srinivasan]]'s performance in the original film as a blackmailing photographer, expressed his desire to reprise that role and got it.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raman |first=Mohan V. |author-link=Mohan Raman |date=20 October 2012 |title=He walked tall in tinsel town |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/he-walked-tall-in-tinsel-town/article4016391.ece |url-status=live |access-date=14 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103100859/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/he-walked-tall-in-tinsel-town/article4016391.ece |archive-date=3 November 2016}}</ref> ''Baalu Jenu'' was also the first film where a character played by Rajinikanth had a major onscreen fight sequence.{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=56}}

== Themes ==
Film critic [[Naman Ramachandran]] noted numerous parallels between Rajinikanth's character Vasu in ''Baalu Jenu'' and his character Prasad in ''[[Moondru Mudichu]]'' (1976). He also compared it to many other earlier Rajinikanth films such as ''[[Apoorva Raagangal]]'' (1975), ''Munithaayi'' (a segment of the 1976 [[anthology film]] ''[[Katha Sangama (1976 film)|Katha Sangama]]''), ''[[Anthuleni Katha]]'' (1976) and ''Moondru Mudichu'' due to the fact that they focused on a central female character.{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|pp=54–56}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[G. K. Venkatesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baalu Jenu |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/baalu-jenu/kapigmM1f1c_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214065324/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/baalu-jenu/kapigmM1f1c_ |archive-date=14 December 2018 |access-date=14 December 2018 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Baalu Jenu Kannada Film EP Vinyl Record by G K Venkatesh |url=https://mossymart.com/product/baalu-jenu-kannada-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-g-k-venkatesh-2/ |access-date=26 March 2021 |website=Mossymart |archive-date=14 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014050057/https://mossymart.com/product/baalu-jenu-kannada-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-g-k-venkatesh-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Aase Aralide
| extra1 = [[S. Janaki]]
| lyrics1 = [[Kunigal Nagabhushan]]
| length1 = 3:45
| title2 = Madhura Balu Madhura
| extra2 = [[K. J. Yesudas]], S. Janaki
| lyrics2 = [[R. N. Jayagopal]]
| length2 = 4:38
| title3 = Onde Ondu Katheya Heluve
| extra3 = S. Janaki
| lyrics3 = R. N. Jayagopal
| length3 = 4:27
| title4 = Samsaarada Santoshave
| extra4 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| lyrics4 = R. N. Jayagopal
| length4 = 4:25
| total_length = 17:15 
}}

== Release ==
''Baalu Jenu'' was released on 10 December 1976.{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=54}} The film became a commercial success,<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 December 2018 |title=Happy Birthday Rajinikanth: Sandalwood celebs wish the Superstar on Twitter |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/happy-birthday-rajinikanth-sandalwood-celebs-wish-the-superstar-on-twitter/articleshow/67060652.cms |url-status=live |access-date=19 December 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181219045853/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/happy-birthday-rajinikanth-sandalwood-celebs-wish-the-superstar-on-twitter/articleshow/67060652.cms |archive-date=19 December 2018}}</ref> and Rajinikanth went on to play more negative roles in films.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |date=27 January 2018 |title=Rajinikanth and realpolitik: In search of the Superstar's political script |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-search-of-an-ideology/story-VySf2dsFMU8Wivqw4zkBmN.html |url-status=live |access-date=19 December 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181219050124/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-search-of-an-ideology/story-VySf2dsFMU8Wivqw4zkBmN.html |archive-date=19 December 2018}}</ref>

== See also ==
* ''[[Yavvanam Katesindi]]''
* ''[[Bezubaan]]''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |title-link=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-14-342111-5 |location=New Delhi |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |orig-date=2012}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|14683198}}

[[Category:1976 Indian films]]
[[Category:1976 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1976 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. K. Venkatesh]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Tamil films]]

Purohita

2026-03-03T14:29:13Z

Advancedacademy: put up info.

{{Short description|Family priest}}
{{for|the community found in [[Rajasthan]]|Rajpurohit}}
[[File:(A) Bhumi Puja, yajna.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Purohitas engaging in a [[yajna]]]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Hinduism}}
'''Purohita''' ({{langx|sa|पुरोहित}}), in the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] context, means ''[[chaplain]]'' or ''family priest'' within the [[Vedic priesthood]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2014-08-03 |title=Purohita: 24 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/purohita |access-date=2022-09-18 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> In [[Thailand]] and [[Cambodia]], it refers to the royal chaplains. A ''tīrthapurohit'' is a priest/ritual performer (''purohit'') at a sacred site (''tīrtha'').<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Lochtefeld |first=James |date=29 November 2017 |title=Pandas/Pilgrimage Priests |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195399318/obo-9780195399318-0189.xml |access-date=13 June 2025 |website=Oxford Bibliographies}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The word ''purohita'' derives from the Sanskrit, ''puras'' meaning "front", and ''hita'', "placed". The word is also used synonymously with the word ''[[pandit]]'', which also means "priest". ''[[Tirtha (Hinduism)|Tirtha]] purohita'' means the ''purohita'' who sit at the fords of the holy rivers or holy tanks and who have maintained the records of the forefathers of the Hindu family for thousands of years. ''Purohita'' can refer to a house priest.<ref name="michaelsharshav190">{{cite book|author1=Axel Michaels|author2=Barbara Harshav|title=Hinduism: Past and Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jID3TuoiOMQC&pg=PA190 |year=2004|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-08952-2 |pages=190 }}</ref> Another less-formal name for teerth purohits is ''panda'', which is derived from the word ''pandit'' (from the Sanskrit ''paṇḍita'', meaning "learned man").<ref name=":0" />

== Education ==
In India, literate men from the [[Brahmin]] [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lubin |first1=Timothy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MtuhClbfL7EC&dq=brahmin+purohita&pg=PA70 |title=Hinduism and Law: An Introduction |last2=Davis |first2=Donald R. Jr. |last3=Krishnan |first3=Jayanth K. |date=2010-10-21 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-49358-1 |pages=70 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gray |first=Stuart |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fXkLDgAAQBAJ&dq=purohita+brahmins&pg=PA159 |title=A Defense of Rule: Origins of Political Thought in Greece and India |date=2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-063631-9 |pages=159 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=Velcheru Narayana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2osmDwAAQBAJ&dq=brahmin+purohita&pg=PA33 |title=Text and Tradition in South India |date=2017-06-01 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-1-4384-6775-7 |pages=33 |language=en}}</ref> who desire to become ''purohitas'' receive special training both in theory and practice in Vedic schools linked to [[agraharam]]s, inherited from royal grants to train and sustain chaplains historically maintained by dynasties such as the [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]] and [[Pallava dynasty|Pallavas]].

In fact, special training is required to perform yajna and yagadi rituals. For this, knowledge of the Vedas is required. In order to learn those rituals, one must settle down as courtiers in famous temples. Temples like [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Tirupati]], Simhachalam or [[Viswanatha Swamy Temple, Palakkad|Chathapuram Agraharam]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Swaminathan|first=C. R.|date=1997|title=Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswathi Sankaracharya Veda Pathasala|url=http://www.vedarakshanasamithi.org/about.htm|access-date=26 April 2021|website=Veda Rakshana Samithi Official website}}</ref> run Vedic schools to teach wisdom to the aspiring ''purohita''. Chathapuram Agraharam in Kalpathi. Moreover, by joining as disciples of eminent scholars, some learn this education in the manner of gurus.

Training follows the rhythm of mandatory regular prayer or ''[[Sandhyavandanam]]''. The candidates are first trained in the ''Vigneswara Puja''. Cantillation and preaching are also part of the formation. This initial formation takes at least one year. After that, it takes another five to eight years to learn to rich array of rites of passage or [[Sanskara (rite of passage)|Shodasha rituals]].
[[File:Bali Hindu Wedding Indonesia.jpg|thumb|260x260px|A purohita performing at a [[Balinese Hinduism|Balinese]] wedding]]

== Duties ==
The duties of the ''purohita'' is to perform rites or ''[[yajna]]'' and Vedic sacrifices such as ''[[ashvamedha]]'' in favour of a sponsor.

Since Vedic times the sponsor of the sacrifice, or ''yajamāna'' was only a distant participant while the ''hotṛ'' or brahman took his stead in the ritual. In this seconding lay the origins of the growing importance of the ''purohita'' (literally, "one who is placed in front"). The ''purohita'' offered sacrifices in the name of his sponsor, besides conducting other more domestic (''[[Kalpa (Vedanga)|gṛhya]]'') rituals for him also. The ''purohita'' can mediate for his sponsor "even to the extent of bathing or fasting for him"<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nesfield|first=John C.|date=1887|title=The functions of modern brahmans in Upper India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fbugAAAAMAAJ&q=Purohit&pg=PA275|journal=[[Calcutta Review]]|publisher=[[University of Calcutta]]|volume=84-85|page=291}}</ref> and the ''purohita'' in some ways becomes a member of the family.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Channa|first=V.C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qlCAAAAAMAAJ&q=Purohit|title=Studies on Man: Issues and Challenges (Dharma and Karma)|date=2000|publisher=Kamla-Raj Enterprises|isbn=978-81-85264-24-0|language=en|page=276}}</ref>

The ''purohita'' is traditionally a hereditary charge linked to a royal dynasty, a noble family, a group of families, or a village.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nesfield|first=John C.|date=1887|title=The functions of modern brahmans in Upper India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fbugAAAAMAAJ&q=Purohit&pg=PA275|journal=[[Calcutta Review]]|publisher=[[University of Calcutta]]|volume=84-85|page=275}}</ref> As one ''purohita'' is tied to a certain family of number of families, the division among a new generation of the duties of a first ''purohita'' has sometimes given rise to conflicts. Thus, in 1884, a hereditary ''purohita'' whose right had been contested by his older brother was given right to officiate in his village as well as damages and fees by the Appellate Civil Court in India.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kernan|first=Justice|date=1884|title=Ramakristna (Plaintiff), appelant vs. Ranga and another (First and Second Dependants), respondents|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IZRDAQAAMAAJ&q=Purohit&pg=PA427|journal=The Indian Law Reports|volume=7|pages=424}}</ref>

== History and geography ==

=== India ===

==== Origin ====
''Rajapurohita'' was an ancient term for a priest who acted for royalty, carrying out [[ritual]]s and providing advice. In this sense, it is synonymous with ''[[Guru|rajaguru]]''. [[Hermann Kulke]] and [[Dietmar Rothermund]] note that, "there is much evidence in ancient texts that there were two ideal types of [[Brahmana]]s in those days, the royal priest (''rajapurohita'') or advisor (''rajaguru'') and the sage (''[[rishi]]'') who lived in the forest and shared his wisdom only with those who asked for it."<ref>{{cite book |title=A History of India |first1=Hermann |last1=Kulke |author-link1=Hermann Kulke |first2=Dietmar |last2=Rothermund |author-link2=Dietmar Rothermund |edition=Fourth |publisher=Routledge |orig-year=1986 |year=2004 |page=5 |isbn=9780415329194 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C |access-date=25 December 2012}}</ref> They are generally found in the states of [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Uttarkhand]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[West Bengal]], [[Gujarat]], [[Punjab]], [[Haryana]], and [[Himachal|Himachal Pradesh]].<ref name=":0" /> The term's modern use in this sense has been described by [[Sumit Sarkar]] as a "self-conscious archaism".<ref>{{cite book |title=Beyond Nationalist Frames: Postmodernism, Hindutva, History |first=Sumit |last=Sarkar |author-link=Sumit Sarkar |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2002 |isbn=9780253342034 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XaDVarGyzZsC |page=73 |access-date=25 December 2012}}</ref>

The violent scriptural conflict between [[Vasishtha]] and [[Vishvamitra]], two of the most famous prelates of the Vedic age, for the post of ''purohita'' in the court of king Sudas, show how much importance was attached to the office in those days.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nesfield|first=John C.|date=1887|title=The functions of modern brahmans in Upper India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fbugAAAAMAAJ&q=Purohit&pg=PA275|journal=[[Calcutta Review]]|publisher=[[University of Calcutta]]|volume=84-85|page=275}}</ref>

==== Decline ====
[[File:Hindu Priest - Ram Chandra Goenka Zenana Bathing Ghat - Kolkata 2012-10-15 0778.JPG|thumb|A ''tirtha purohita'' at the Ram Chandra Goenka Zenana Bathing Ghat, [[Kolkata]]]]
The office of ''purohita'' was one of great honour in the Vedic times in India, but by the end of 19th century it had become insignificant.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nesfield|first=John C.|date=1887|title=The functions of modern brahmans in Upper India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fbugAAAAMAAJ&q=Purohit&pg=PA275|journal=[[Calcutta Review]]|publisher=[[University of Calcutta]]|volume=84-85}}</ref>

In the 1970s, the ''purohita'' had been reduced to "rudimentary religious tasks".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Miller|first=D. B.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K98EAAAAMAAJ&q=Purohit|title=From Hierarchy to Stratification: Changing Patterns of Social Inequality in a North Indian Village|date=1975|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-560473-3|language=en|page=132}}</ref> Along with the loss of the [[Privy Purse in India|privy purse]], the ''Maharaja''s of India lost their princely status<ref>{{Cite news|date=1971-12-03|title=India's Maharajas Face Loss of Princely Status|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/12/03/archives/indias-maharajas-face-loss-of-princely-status.html|access-date=2021-04-26|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and the role of the ''purohita'' as royal chaplains declined even more.

To this day, however, the Pareeks claim to be descendants of the ''purohita''s of the ''[[Raja]]''s and ''Maharaja''s.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Miller|first=D. B.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K98EAAAAMAAJ&q=Purohit|title=From Hierarchy to Stratification: Changing Patterns of Social Inequality in a North Indian Village|date=1975|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-560473-3|language=en|page=62}}</ref> Since the 1990s, various attempts to renew the Vedic priesthood and the role of the ''purohita'' have come from both traditional Vedic temples as well as new movements such as "New Age Purohit Darpan" by the Bengalis to the Bengali diaspora.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Mukherjee|first1=Kanai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0mGfAgAAQBAJ&q=new+age+purohit|title=New Age Purohit Darpan: Hindu Marriage|last2=Banerjee|first2=Arunkati|last3=Chakravarty|first3=Aloka|last4=Bandyopadhyay|first4=Bibhas|date=2014-01-19|publisher=Association of Grandparents of Indian Immigrants|language=en}}</ref>

=== Southeast Asia ===
Brahmins still serve as royal chaplains and conduct the royal ceremonies in Southeast Asian countries where the monarchy had been maintained.

==== Cambodia ====
Khmer legends refer to Java Brahmins coming to Kambujadesa. A Brahmin called Hiranyadama was sent from India to teach Tantric rites to Sivakaivalya whose family honoured the post of Royal ''purohita'' for nearly 250 years.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Puri|first=Baij Nath|date=1958|title=Brahmanism in ancient Kambujadesa|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145174|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=21|pages=95–101|jstor=44145174|issn=2249-1937}}</ref>

Ties between the brahmanic lineage from India and the Khmer dynasty were reinforced by bonds of marriage: Indian Brahmin Agatsya married Yasomati, and Duvakara was wedded to Indralakshmi, daughter of king Rajendravarman.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sanderson|first=Alexis|date=2003|title=The Śaiva Religion among the Khmers Part I|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43732654|journal=Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient|volume=90/91|pages=349–462|doi=10.3406/befeo.2003.3617|jstor=43732654|issn=0336-1519|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Thus, Sivasoma, the ''purohita'' who served as royal chaplain to [[Indravarman]] and [[Yasovarman I]] was also the grandson of King Jayendradhipativarman and the maternal uncle of [[Jayavarman II]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Puri|first=Baij Nath|date=1958|title=Brahmanism in ancient Kambujadesa|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145174|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=21|pages=95–101|jstor=44145174|issn=2249-1937}}</ref> Sivasoma oversaw the construction of [[Phnom Bakheng]] at Angkor, a Hindu temple in the form of a temple mountain, dedicated to Shiva.

Another important ''purohita'' was Sarvajnamuni, a brahmin who had left India "to gain the favours of [[Shiva]] by coming to Cambodia",<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dagens|first=Bruno|title=Les Khmers|publisher=[[Les Belles Lettres]]|year=2003|location=Paris|pages=180}}</ref> and became the ''purohita'' of Jayavarman VIII whom he led in the "[[Shaivite]] reaction", an iconoclastic movement was directed towards the monuments of [[Jayavarman VII]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roveda|first=Vittorio|date=2004|title=The Archaeology of Khmer Images|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/asean_0859-9009_2004_num_13_1_1809|journal=Aséanie, Sciences humaines en Asie du Sud-Est|volume=13|issue=1|pages=11–46|doi=10.3406/asean.2004.1809}}</ref>

The [[Brahmin]]ical rituals were reinstated in Cambodia after the overthrow of the Khmer Rouge.<ref>[https://english.cambodiadaily.com/news/priests-uphold-a-unique-and-royal-tradition-50637/ Priests Uphold a Unique—and Royal—Tradition By Samantha Melamed and Kuch Naren, Cambodia Daily, October 31, 2005]</ref><ref>[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-southeast-asian-studies/article/balancing-the-foreign-and-the-familiar-in-the-articulation-of-kingship-the-royal-court-brahmans-of-thailand/5079FDD2067B360E4CC0A67DE6B1C42F/core-reader Balancing the foreign and the familiar in the articulation of kingship: The royal court Brahmans of Thailand, Nathan McGovern, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, Volume 48 Issue 2, June 2017, pp. 283-303]</ref>

==== Myanmar ====
The Brahmins of Myanmar have historically provided reading of the futures of the king they are serving. They lost their role due to the abolition of monarchy with the deposing of king [[Thibaw Min|Thibaw]], but continues to engage in fortune telling.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mmtimes.com/news/brahmin-enclave-mandalay-thrives-astrology.html|title=brahmin enclave mandalay thrives astrology|date=2019-02-28}}</ref>

==== Thailand ====
[[File:Emerald Buddha Temple - 2017-06-11 (059).jpg|thumb|Royal Brahmins performing a ceremony, mural painting from [[Wat Phra Kaew|Temple of Emerald Buddha]]]]
Thailand has two ethnic [[Thai people|Thai]] [[Brahmin]] communities-Brahm Luang (Royal Brahmins) and Brahm Chao Baan (folk Brahmins). All ethnic Thai Brahmins are [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] by religions, who still worship Hindu deities.<ref>[[Komkrit Uitekkeng|คมกฤช อุ่ยเต็กเค่ง]]. ''ภารตะ-สยาม ? ผี พราหมณ์ พุทธ ?''. กรุงเทพฯ : มติชน, 2560, หน้า 15</ref> The Brahm Luang (Royal Brahmins) mainly perform royal ceremonies for the [[Monarchy of Thailand|Thai King]], including [[Coronation of the Thai monarch|crowning of the king]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20201125144959/https://www.voanews.com/east-asia-pacific/thai-king-officially-crowned-cementing-royal-authority Thai King Officially Crowned, Cementing Royal Authority, VOA, May 04, 2019]</ref> They belong to the long family bloodline of Brahmins in Thailand, who originated from Tamil Nadu. The Brahm Chao Baan or folk Brahmins are the category of Brahmins who are not from a bloodline of priests. Generally, these Brahmins have a small knowledge about the rituals and ceremonies. The [[Devasathan]] is the centre of Brahmin activity in Thailand. This is where the [[Triyampawai ceremony]] is conducted, which is a Tamil Shaiva ritual. It was built more than 200 years ago. Apart from this there are also Indian Brahmins from India who migrated to Thailand more recently.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/life/social-and-lifestyle/726736/the-new-brahmins|title=The new Brahmins|access-date=4 March 2020}}</ref>

Though it is believed that the Brahmins serving the court and residing at the Devasathan temple come from [[Rameswaram]], Tamil Nadu, Prince historian [[Damrong Rajanubhab]] has mentioned about three kind of Brahmins, from [[Nakhon Si Thammarat]], from [[Phatthalung]], and those who originated from Cambodia.<ref>สมเด็จกรมพระยานริศรานุวัดติวงศ์, สาส์นสมเด็จ [Royal letters], vol. 1, 2nd ed. (พระนคร: กรมศิลปากร, 2516[1973]), p. 270, cited in Kanjana, ‘Ways of life, rituals and cultural identity’, p. 65.</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu priests]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Cambodia]]
[[Category:Hinduism in India]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Myanmar]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Thailand]]

Sarat Chandra Sinha ministry

2026-03-02T16:11:02Z

Advancedacademy: added initial info added tags.

{{Short description|Government of Assam, India from 1972 to 1978}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
| government_head = [[Sarat Chandra Sinha]]
| state_head = [[Braj Kumar Nehru]] 
[[Lallan Prasad Singh]]
| predecessor = [[Mahendra Mohan Choudhry ministry|Choudhry ministry]]
| successor = [[Borbora ministry]]
| date_formed = 31 January 1972
| date_dissolved = 12 March 1978
| image = Sarat Chandra Singha (cropped).jpg
| political_party = *'''[[Indian National Congress|INC]]'''
| caption = [[Sarat Chandra Sinha]], [[Chief Minister of Assam]]
}}

The '''Ministry of Sarat Chandra Sinha''' for [[Assam]], India was formed on 31 January 1972.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sinha Ministers |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/50847/10/10_chapter%201.pdf |access-date=2022-05-25 |publisher=shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/}}</ref> The ministry was dissolved on 12 March 1978.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dgYxnnQvcekC |title=Assam Information |date=1971 |publisher=Directorate of Information & Public Relations. |language=en}}</ref>

== Cabinet Ministers ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Constituency
!Department
!Party
|-
|[[Sarat Chandra Sinha]]
[[List of chief ministers of Assam|Chief Minister]]
|[[Kokrajhar East Assembly constituency|Kokrajhar East]]
|
* Appointment
* Home
* Political
* Finance
* General Administration
* Secretariat Administration
* Statistics
* Flood Control and Irrigation
* Matters relating to election
* Information and Public Relations
* Planning and Development
* General Co-ordination of all departments
* '''Other departments not allocated to any Minister'''
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Cabinet Ministers'''
|-
|Syed Ahmed Ali
|[[Gauripur Assembly constituency|Gauripur]]
|
* Law
* Relief and Rehabilitation
* Municipal Administration
* Town and Country Planning
* Panchayat including Community Development
* Parliamentary Affairs
* Registration and stamps
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Paramananda Gogoi
|[[Tinsukia Assembly constituency|Tinsukia]]
|
* Revenue and Forests
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Gajen Tanti]]
|[[Mariani Assembly constituency|Mariani]]
|
* Labour
* Cooperation
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Mohammed Idris
|[[Rupohihat Assembly constituency|Rupohihat]]
|
* Industries including cottage industries
* Power
* Mines and Minerals
* Trade and Commerce
* Wakf Property
* Sericulture and Weaving
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Mahitosh Purkayastha
|[[Silchar Assembly constituency|Silchar]]
|
* Supply
* Printing and stationery
* Khadi and village industries
* Political sufferers
* Excise
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Lutfur Rahman
|[[Barkhola Assembly constituency|Barkhola]]
|
* PWD (R & B)
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Upendra Das
|Rangamati
|
* Agriculture
* Fisheries
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Uttam Chandra Brahma
|[[Sidli Assembly constituency|Sidli]]
|
* Social Welfare
* Welfare of Backward Classes
* Soil Conservation
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Harendra Nath Talukdar
|[[Palasbari Assembly constituency|Palasbari]]
|
* Education
* Student and youth welfare
* Cultural Affairs
* Transport
* Tourism
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Chatrasing Teron
|[[Howraghat Assembly constituency|Howraghat]]
|
* Health
* Family Planning
* Tribal Areas Department
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Joy Bhadra Hagjer
|[[Haflong Assembly constituency|Haflong]]
|
* Live stock
* Veterinary
* Jail
* Minority Affairs
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Ministers of State'''
|-
|[[Hiteswar Saikia]]
|[[Nazira Assembly constituency|Nazira]]
|
* Home
* Health
* Family Planning
* Information
* Public relations
* Youth Welfare
* Cultural Affairs
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Bishnu Prasad]]
|[[Samaguri Assembly constituency|Samaguri]]
|
* F.C.&I
* Power and industries
* Trade and commerce
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Swarna Prava Mahanta
|[[Sootea Assembly constituency|Sootea]]
|
* Social welfare
* Sericulture and weaving
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Template:Assam ministries}}
[[Category:Assam ministries]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress state ministries of Assam|Sarat Chandra Sinha]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 1978]]

{{Assam-stub}}

Sengge Namgyal

2026-02-28T14:02:08Z

Advancedacademy: Revised and enhanced article content

{{Short description|Gyalpo of Ladakh from 1616 to 1642}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Sengge Namgyal
| succession = Gyalpo of Ladakh
| reign = 1616–1642
| predecessor = [[Jamyang Namgyal]]
| successor = [[Deldan Namgyal]]
| birth_date =
| death_date = 1642
| house = [[Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh|Namgyal]]
| father = [[Jamyang Namgyal]]
| mother = [[Gyal Khatun]]
| religion = [[Buddhism]]
}}

'''Sengge Namgyal''' ([[Ladakhi language|Ladakhi]]: {{bo-textonly|སེང་གེ་རྣམ་རྒྱལ}}, [[Wylie transliteration|Wylie]]: ''seng-ge rnam-rgyal'', died 1642) was a 17th-century king of the [[Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh|Namgyal dynasty]] of [[Ladakh]], from 1616 to his death in 1642. A [[Buddhist]], he was noted for his immense work in building monasteries, palaces and shrines in Ladakh and is known as the "Lion King".

==Biography==
[[File:Leh_Palace_2011.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|The [[Leh Palace]], built by Sengge Namgyal]]
Sengge was born to [[Jamyang Namgyal]] and [[Gyal Khatun]], a [[Balti people|Balti]] princess from [[Skardu]] or [[Khaplu]], variously described as a daughter of [[Khaplu#History|Yabgo Shey Ghilazi]] or [[Ali Sher Khan Anchan|Ali Senge]], better known by his title Anchan ({{literally|The Great}}). He was a devout Buddhist.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mg8My6WaWRcC&pg=PA60 |title = Rediscovery of Ladakh|isbn = 9788173870866|last1 = Kaul|first1 = H. N.|year = 1998}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Singh Jina, Prem|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kjhcZgDy-WMC&q=Sengge+Namgyal&pg=PA77|title=Ladakh: the land and the people|publisher=Indus Publishing|year=1996|pages=77|isbn=81-7387-057-8}}</ref>
[[File:Hamis_Gonpa_on_a_rainy_day.JPG|right|thumb|250x250px|Hemis monastery courtyard]]
In his youth, he showed great martial skill and a flair for command. Talents which got him the command of the army. In 1614, he captured the mining town of Rudok followed by Spurangs, another important gold mining town, in 1615. The plunder and the output from these towns financed the building projects he would later commission as the King. In 1616, on the death of his father, Jamyang Namgyal, he ascended to the throne. He completed the conquests of Kingdom of Ngaris after a brief siege of [[Tsaparang|Guge castle (Tsaparang)]] in 1619.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.buddhist-temples.com/buddhist-monastery/ladakh/chemrey.html|title=Chemrey Gompa|publisher=Buddhist-temples.com|accessdate=9 October 2009}}</ref>
[[File:hanlegompa.jpg|250px|left|thumb|Hanle Gompa, built by Sengge and Stag-tsang-ras-pa, soon after his conversion to the Drugpa sect of Tibetan Buddhism]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://travel.paintedstork.com/blog/2009/08/ladakh-leh-palace-namgyal-tsemo.html More on Namgyal and Leh Palace]

{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh]]}}
{{S-reg|}}
{{s-bef | before = [[Jamyang Namgyal]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh|Ruler of Ladakh]]|years=1616–1642}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Deldan Namygal]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Rulers of Ladakh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Namgyal, Sengge}}
[[Category:Kings of Ladakh]]
[[Category:1642 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]

All Souls' Day

2026-02-28T02:02:04Z

Advancedacademy: slightly expanded references as per guidelines additionally and fixed typos

{{short description|Day for commemoration of all the faithful departed}}
{{hatnote group|
{{redirect|Holy Souls}}
{{redirect|Faithful Departed|the Cranberries album|To the Faithful Departed}}
}}
{{pp-move-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{other uses|All Souls' Day (novel)|All Souls Day (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = All Souls' Day
| type = Christian
| image = William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1825-1905) - The Day of the Dead (1859).jpg
| caption = ''All Souls' Day'' by [[William-Adolphe Bouguereau]]
| nickname = {{hlist | Feast of All Souls | Defuncts' Day | Day of Remembrance | Commemoration of all the faithful departed}}
| observedby = {{ubl|[[Catholicism]]|[[Eastern Orthodoxy]]|[[Lutheranism]]|[[Anglicanism]]|[[Methodism]]|Other [[Protestantism|Protestant denominations]]}}
|litcolor = Black, where it is tradition<ref name="ReferenceA">''General Instruction of the Roman Missal'', 346</ref> (otherwise violet or purple)<ref name="ReferenceA">''General Instruction of the Roman Missal'', 346</ref>
| begins =
| ends =
| significance = For the souls of all the faithful departed
| date = [[2 November]]
| celebrations =
| duration = 1 day
| frequency = Annual
| observances = {{hlist | Prayer for the departed | visits to cemeteries | decking of graves | special pastries and food}}
| relatedto = {{hlist | [[Saturday of Souls]] | [[Thursday of the Dead]] | [[Day of the Dead]] | [[All Saints' Day]] | [[Samhain]] | [[Totensonntag]] | [[Blue Christmas (holiday)|Blue Christmas]]}}
}}

'''All Souls' Day'''{{efn|also known as the '''Commemoration of all the Faithful Departed'''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/liturgicalyear/calendar/day.cfm?date=2022-11-02 | title=The Commemoration of All the Faithful Departed (All Souls' Day)| access-date=25 November 2022 | archive-date=25 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125113536/https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/liturgicalyear/calendar/day.cfm?date=2022-11-02 | url-status=live }}</ref>}} is a day of prayer and remembrance for the faithful departed,{{sfn|Bregman|2010|p=45}} observed by [[Christianity|Christian]]s on 2 November.{{sfn|Cross|Livingstone|2005|p=42}}{{sfn|Ball|2003|p=33|ps=: All Souls' Day: The annual commemoration of all the faithful departed, 2 November.}} In [[Western Christianity]], including [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]] and certain parts of [[Lutheranism]] and [[Anglicanism]], All Souls' Day is the third day of [[Allhallowtide]], after [[All Saints' Day]] (1 November) and [[Halloween|All Hallows' Eve]] (31 October).{{sfn|Bannatyne|1998|p=12}} Before the standardization of Western Christian observance on 2 November by St. [[Odilo of Cluny]] in the 10th century, many Roman Catholic congregations celebrated All Souls' Day on various dates during the [[Easter season]] as it is still observed in the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], the [[Eastern Catholic]] churches and the [[Eastern Lutheran]] churches. Churches of the [[East Syriac Rite]] ([[Assyrian Church of the East]], [[Ancient Church of the East]], [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]], [[Chaldean Catholic Church]], [[Syriac Catholic Church]]) commemorate all the faithful departed on the Friday before [[Great Lent|Lent]].<ref name="Economic2022">{{cite web |title=All Souls' Day: History, significance and all you need to know |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/us/all-souls-day-history-significance-and-all-you-need-to-know/articleshow/95258672.cms |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=2 November 2024 |date=2 November 2022}}</ref> As with other days of the Allhallowtide season, popular practices for All Souls' Day include attending [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] offered for the souls of the faithful departed, as well as Christian families visiting graveyards in order to pray and decorate their family graves with garlands, flowers, candles and incense.<ref name="UCA2014">{{cite web |title=In South Asia, All Souls' Day is also a tribute to ecumenism |url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/in-south-asia-all-souls-day-is-also-a-tribute-to-ecumenism/74531 |publisher=[[Union of Catholic Asian News]] |year=2014|access-date=2 November 2024 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=All Saints Day and All Souls Day |url=http://www.lutheranlayman.com/2022/11/all-saints-day-all-souls-day.html |publisher=A Lutheran Layman |access-date=2 November 2024 |date=1 November 2022}}</ref>{{sfn|Markussen|2013|p=183}} Given that many Christian cemeteries are interdenominational in nature, All Souls' Day observances often have an [[ecumenical]] dimension, with believers from various Christian denominations praying together and cooperating to adorn graves.<ref name="TOI2012"/><ref name="Vatican2015"/>

== In other languages ==
Known in [[Latin]] as ''Commemoratio Omnium Fidelium Defunctorum'', All Souls' Day is known

* in other [[Germanic languages]] as ''Allerseelen'' ([[German language|German]]), ''Allerzielen'' ([[Dutch language|Dutch]]), ''Alla själars dag'' ([[Swedish language|Swedish]]), and ''Alle Sjæles Dag'' ([[Danish language|Danish]]);
* in the [[Romance languages]] as ''Dia de Finados'' or ''Dia dos Fiéis Defuntos'' ([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]), ''Commémoration de tous les fidèles Défunts'' ([[French language|French]]), ''Día de los Fieles Difuntos'' ([[Spanish language|Spanish]]), ''Commemorazione di tutti i fedeli defunti'' ([[Italian language|Italian]]), and ''Ziua morților'' or ''Luminația'' ([[Romanian language|Romanian]]);
* in the [[Slavic languages]] as ''Wspomnienie Wszystkich Wiernych Zmarłych'' or ''Zaduszki'' ([[Polish language|Polish]]), ''Vzpomínka na všechny věrné zesnulé'', ''Památka zesnulých'' or ''Dušičky'' ([[Czech language|Czech]]), ''Pamiatka zosnulých'' or ''Dušičky'' ([[Slovak language|Slovak]]), ''Spomen svih vjernih mrtvih'' ([[Croatian language|Croatian]]), and ''День всех усопших верных'' or ''День поминовения всех усопших'' (''Den' vsekh usopshikh vernykh''; ''Den' pominoveniya vsekh usopshih'') ([[Russian language|Russian]])
* in the {{langx|bat|Vėlinės}} or {{lang|bat|Visų Šventųjų Diena}}
* in {{langx|hu|Halottak napja}}
* and in {{langx|cy|Dygwyl y Meirw||Feast of the Dead}}.

==Background==
[[File:Non bezoekt kerkhof met Allerzielen - Nun visiting graveyard at All Souls' Day (6288419977).jpg|thumb|Nun visiting a graveyard at All Souls' Day]]
In [[Lutheranism|Evangelical-Lutheranism]] and [[Anglicanism]], the "faithful" refers to "all true believers on earth and in heaven, both living and dead" and during Allhallowtide, the "faithful departed" (the [[Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant|Church Triumphant]]) are revered (cf. [[communion of saints]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=All Saints Day |url=https://www.trinitysv.com/?p=3305 |publisher=Trinity & Concordia Lutheran Church |access-date=1 November 2025 |date=29 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.episcopalchurch.org/glossary/all-faithful-departed-commemoration-of/|title=All Faithful Departed, Commemoration of|website=[[Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society of the Episcopal Church in the USA|The Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society]]|access-date=1 November 2022|archive-date=1 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101095459/https://www.episcopalchurch.org/glossary/all-faithful-departed-commemoration-of/|url-status=live}}</ref> In Evangelical Lutheranism, "the whole people of God in Christ Jesus" are seen as saints and All Souls' Day commemorates those believers who have died as the 'faithful departed'.<ref name="Joyocala">{{cite web |title=All Souls' Day |url=https://joyocala.wordpress.com/2023/11/02/all-souls-day-2/ |publisher=Joy Lutheran Church |location=[[Ocala, Florida|Ocala]] |language=en |date=2 November 2023}}</ref>

In the [[Catholic Church]], "[[Faithful (baptized Catholic)|the faithful]]" refers essentially to baptized Catholics; "all souls" commemorates the [[church penitent]] of souls in [[purgatory]], whereas "all saints" commemorates the [[church triumphant]] of [[saint]]s in [[Heaven in Christianity|heaven]]. In the [[Liturgical books of the Roman Rite|liturgical book]]s of the [[Latin Church]] it is called the ''Commemoration of All the Faithful Departed'' ({{langx|la|links=yes|Commemoratio omnium fidelium defunctorum}}). The Catholic Church teaches that the purification of the souls in purgatory can be assisted by the actions of the faithful on earth. Its teaching is based also on the practice of [[prayer for the dead]] mentioned as far back as 2 Maccabees 12:42–46.<ref name=CCC /> The theological basis for the feast is the doctrine that the souls which, on departing from the body, are not perfectly cleansed from [[venial sin]]s, or have not fully atoned for past transgressions, are debarred from the [[Beatific vision]], and that the faithful on earth can help them by prayers, [[alms]], deeds, and especially by the sacrifice of the [[Holy Mass]].{{sfn|Mershman|1907}}

The [[United Protestant]] tradition emphasizes "the Christian belief in bodily resurrection and eternal life" in observances of All Souls' Day.<ref name="Deshpande2023">{{cite web |last1=Deshpande |first1=Sanjana |title=Christians across India commemorate 'All Souls' Day' |url=https://www.mid-day.com/news/india-news/photo/christians-across-india-commemorate-all-souls-day-98011/5 |publisher=[[Mid-Day]] |access-date=2 November 2024 |language=en |date=3 November 2023}}</ref>

All Souls' Day is seen by many Christian leaders are one in which [[ecumenism]] is celebrated, given that believers from various denominations collectively visit Christian cemeteries that are interdenominational in nature.<ref name="Vatican2015">{{cite web |title=All Souls Day in South Asia an ecumenical event |url=https://www.archivioradiovaticana.va/storico/2015/11/02/all_souls_day_in_south_asia_an_ecumenical_event_%E2%80%8E/en-1183913 |publisher=[[Vatican Radio]] |access-date=2 November 2024 |date=2 November 2015}}</ref><ref name="TOI2012"/> Christians from the Catholic, Lutheran, Reformed, Anglican, Methodist and Baptist denominations often come together to clean, repair and then decorate graveyards together.<ref name="UCA2014"/><ref name="TOI2012"/> The [[Ceremonial use of lights#Christianity|use of candles by Christians]] symbolized the [[light of Christ]] and the use of lamps at the tombs of [[Christian martyrs]] dates back to the early Christian period.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Halevi |first1=Leor |title=Muhammad's Grave: Death Rites and the Making of Islamic Society |date=5 July 2011 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=978-0-231-51193-3 |page=150 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Beeton">{{cite book |last1=Beeton |first1=Samuel Orchart |title=Beeton's Dictionary of Universal Information |date=1870 |publisher=[[Ward, Lock & Co.]] |page=210 |language=en}}</ref> Ecumenical prayer services are often held at Christian cemeteries on All Souls' Day.<ref name="TOI2012">{{cite web |title=Shillong, Dibrugarh residents remember departed loved ones on All Souls' Day |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/shillong-dibrugarh-residents-remember-departed-loved-ones-on-all-souls-day/articleshow/17071096.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2 November 2024 |date=3 November 2012}}</ref>

== Observance by Christian denomination ==
===Western Christianity===
[[File:Jakub Schikaneder - All Souls' Day.jpg|thumbnail|''All Souls' Day'', painting by [[Jakub Schikaneder]], 1888]]

====History====
In [[Western Christianity]], there is ample evidence of the custom of praying for the dead in the inscriptions of the [[catacomb]]s, with their constant prayers for the peace of the souls of the departed and in the early liturgies, which commonly contain commemorations of the dead. Tertullian, Cyprian and other early Western Fathers witness to the regular practice of praying for the dead among the early Christians.{{sfn|Cross|Livingstone|2005|p=459}}

In the sixth century, it was customary in Benedictine monasteries to hold a commemoration of the deceased members at Whitsuntide. In the time of [[St. Isidore of Seville]] (d. 636) who lived in what is today Spain, the Monday after Pentecost was designated to remember the deceased. At the beginning of the ninth century, Abbot [[Eigil of Fulda]] set 17 December as commemoration of all deceased in part of what is today Germany.{{sfn|MacDonald|1967|p=119}}

According to [[Widukind of Corvey]] (c. 975), there also existed a ceremony praying for the dead on 1 October in Saxony.{{sfn|Mershman|1907}} But it was the day after [[All Saints' Day]] that Saint [[Odilo of Cluny]] chose when in the 11th century he instituted for all the monasteries dependent on the [[Abbey of Cluny]] an annual commemoration of all the faithful departed, to be observed with alms, prayers, and sacrifices for the relief of the suffering souls in purgatory. Odilo decreed that those requesting a Mass be offered for the departed should make an offering for the poor, thus linking almsgiving with fasting and prayer for the dead.{{sfn|Butler|1990|p=12}}

The 2 November date and customs spread from the Cluniac monasteries to other Benedictine monasteries and thence to the Western Church in general.{{sfn|McNamara|2013}} The [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Liège|Diocese of Liège]] was the first diocese to adopt the practice under [[Notker of Liège|Bishop Notger]] (d. 1008).{{sfn|Mershman|1907}} 2 November was adopted in Italy and Rome in the thirteenth century.{{sfn|MacDonald|1967|p=119}}

In the 15th century the [[Dominican Order|Dominican]]s instituted a custom of each priest offering three Masses on the Feast of All Souls. During World War I, given the great number of war dead and the many destroyed churches where Mass could no longer be said, [[Pope Benedict XV]], granted all priests the privilege of offering three Masses on All Souls' Day.{{sfn|Saunders|2003}}

====Roman Catholicism====
[[File:Skogskyrkogården at All Saints Day 2010-2.jpg|thumb|left|All Saints' Day at Skogskyrkogården in Stockholm. The graves are lighted with votive lights.]]
If 2 November falls on a Sunday, All Souls' Day is observed on that day. In the [[Liturgy of the Hours]] of All Souls' Day, the sequence ''[[Dies irae]]'' can be used ''[[ad libitum]]''. Every priest is allowed to celebrate three holy Masses on All Souls' Day.

In [[Divine Worship: The Missal]], used by members of the Anglican Ordinariates, the minor propers (Introit, Gradual, Tract, Sequence, Offertory, and Communion) are those used for Renaissance and Classical musical [[requiem]] settings, including the [[Dies Irae]]. This permits the performance of traditional requiem settings in the context of the Divine Worship Form of the Roman Rite on All Souls' Day as well as at funerals, votive celebrations of all faithful departed, and anniversaries of deaths.<ref>''Divine Worship: The Missal'', pp. 871–875, 1024–1032</ref>

In the ordinary form of the Roman Rite, as well as in the [[Personal Ordinariates]] established by [[Benedict XVI]] for former Anglicans, it remains on 2 November if this date falls on a Sunday;<ref>''Roman Missal'', "The Commemoration of All the Faithful Departed", and "Universal Norms on the Liturgical Year and the Calendar", 59</ref><ref>''Divine Worship: The Missal'', "Commemoration of All the Faithful Departed (All Souls)", p. 871</ref> in the 1962–1969 form of the [[Roman Rite]], use of which is still authorized, it is transferred to Monday, 3 November.<ref>''Missale Romanum'' 1962, ''Rubricæ generales'', "De dierum liturgicorum occurentia accidentali eorumque translatione", 96b</ref>

According to the sacred tradition of the Catholic Church, from 1 to 8 November it is possible to gain a [[plenary indulgence]] for the benefit of the souls of the departed who are in [[Purgatory]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bookofheaven.com/prayers/plenary-indulgence-nov-1-8/|title=November 1 to 8: Plenary Indulgence for the Deceased|date=2 November 2018 }}</ref> According to the ''Enchiridion of Indulgences'', a plenary indulgence applicable only to the souls in purgatory (commonly called "the poor souls") is granted to the faithful who devoutly visit a cemetery (graveyard) and [[prayer for the dead|pray for the dead]].<ref name="Seton2024">{{cite web |title=Plenary Indulgences for All Souls Week and the Month of November |url=https://seton-parish.org/plenary-indulgences-for-all-souls-week-and-the-month-of-november |publisher=St. Elizabeth Ann Seton Parish |access-date=2 November 2024}}</ref> The plenary indulgence can be gained between the second and ninth days of Allhallowtide (November 1–8); a partial indulgence is granted on other days of the year.<ref name="Seton2024"/> In order to gain the plenary indulgence, the Christian must have received [[Confession (religion)#Christianity|confession and absolution]] and the [[eucharist]] twenty days before or after visiting the graveyard, in addition to praying for the intentions of the Pope.<ref name="Seton2024"/>

A plenary indulgence, applicable only to the poor souls, can be obtained by visiting a church, chapel or oratory on All Souls' Day and praying the [[Lord's Prayer]] there, along with the [[Apostle's Creed]], [[Athanasian Creed]] or [[Nicene Creed]]. Alternatively, Christians can pray the Lauds or Vespers of the [[Office of the Dead]] and the [[Eternal Rest]] prayer for the dead.<ref name=EnchIndul /><ref name=catholic.org />

====Evangelical-Lutheran Churches====
[[File:Alla helgons dag vid Röke kyrka-1.jpg|A [[churchyard|graveyard]] outside a [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] church in the Swedish city of [[Röke]] during Allhallowtide|250px|thumb|right]]
All Souls Day is observed in the [[Lutheranism|Evangelical-Lutheran Churches]].<ref name="FastThomas2004">{{cite book |last1=Fast |first1=April |last2=Thomas |first2=Keltie |title=Sweden: The Culture |date=2004 |publisher=Crabtree Publishing Company |isbn=978-0-7787-9329-8 |page=10 |language=en}}</ref> During [[Martin Luther (religious leader)|Luther's]] lifetime, All Souls' Day was widely observed in [[Saxony]];{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} ecclesiastically in the [[Lutheran Church]], the day was merged with and is often seen as an extension of All Saints' Day, with many Lutherans still visiting and decorating graves on all the days of Allhallowtide, including All Souls' Day.{{sfn|Markussen|2013|p=183}} In the Lutheran Churches, "the whole people of God in Christ Jesus" are seen as saints and All Souls' Day commemorates those believers who have died as the 'faithful departed'.<ref name="Joyocala"/> Just as it is the custom of [[French people]], of all ranks and creeds, to decorate the graves of their dead on the ''jour des morts'', [[German people|Germans]] come to the graveyards on All Souls' Day with offerings of flowers and special grave lights.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} In Sweden, an Evangelical-Lutheran country, "people gather in churches lit with candles and decorated with wreaths to remember their loved ones" and "also visit cemeteries and leave special lanterns on people's graves that burn well into the night."<ref name="FastThomas2004"/> An Evangelical Lutheran prayer said on All Souls' Day is as follows:{{quotation|I would remember before Thee also my parents, pastors, teachers, children, kindred and benefactors, who have gone before me in the blessed faith and are now at home with Thee. If, through Jesus Christ, my prayer finds favor in Thy sight, do Thou, in my stead, repay unto them my thanks and love, in whatever manner it be possible. Unto all whom I have ever pained, deceived, or caused to sin, or whom I have robbed of honor, health, or possessions, whom I can no longer ask for pardon, nor restore unto them, because they already are gone into joy and pardon of every sin—gone home to Thee—to all these, O Lord, grant good for all my evil, both now and in the day of the resurrection of the just; even as Thou knowest how, and in how far all this which I ask can be granted. As for myself, let me spend my remaining days in prayer, in adoration of the most holy name of Jesus, and in praise and thanksgiving for the hearing of my prayers and those of all Christian people which have ever been offered up unto Thee through Jesus Christ. Amen.<ref name="Weedon2019">{{cite web |last1=Weedon |first1=William |title=A Prayer for All Souls |url=https://weedon.blogspot.com/2019/11/a-prayer-for-all-souls.html |publisher=Solus Christus |access-date=1 November 2025 |date=2 November 2019}}</ref>}}

====Anglican Communion====
[[File:Leichhardt All Souls Anglican Church.JPG|right|thumb|[[All Souls Anglican Church, Leichhardt|All Souls Anglican Church]] in the [[Anglican Diocese of Sydney|Diocese of Sydney]], a parish dedicated to All Souls]]

In the [[Church of England]] it is called The Commemoration of the Faithful Departed and is an optional celebration; Anglicans view All Souls' Day as an extension of the observance of All Saints' Day and it serves to "remember those who have died", in connection with the theological doctrines of the [[Resurrection of the dead|resurrection of the body]] and the [[Communion of Saints]].{{sfn|Bays|Hancock|2012|p=128}}{{sfn|Armentrout|Slocum|1999|p=7}}

In the [[Anglican Communion]], All Souls' Day is known liturgically as the Commemoration of All Faithful Departed, and is an optional observance seen as "an extension of All Saints' Day", the latter of which marks the second day of [[Allhallowtide]].{{sfn|Armentrout|Slocum|1999|p=7}}{{sfn|Dickison|2014}} Historically and at present, several Anglican churches are dedicated to All Souls. During the [[English Reformation]], the observance of All Souls' Day lapsed, although a new Anglican theological understanding of the day has "led to a widespread acceptance of this commemoration among Anglicans".{{sfn|Michno|1998|p=160}} Patricia Bays, with regard to the Anglican view of All Souls' Day, wrote that:{{sfn|Bays|Hancock|2012|p=128}}

{{blockquote|All Souls Day … is a time when we particularly remember those who have died. The prayers appointed for that day remind us that we are joined with the [[Communion of Saints]], that great group of Christians who have finished their earthly life and with who we share the hope of [[Resurrection of the dead|resurrection from the dead]]. |source={{harvnb|Bays|Hancock|2012|p=128}}}}
As such, Anglican parishes "now commemorate all the faithful departed in the context of the All Saints' Day celebration", in keeping with this fresh perspective.{{sfn|Armentrout|Slocum|1999|p=7}} Contributing to the revival was the need "to help Anglicans mourn the deaths of millions of soldiers in [[World War I]]".{{sfn|English|2004|p=4}} Members of the [[Guild of All Souls]], an [[Anglican devotional society]] founded in 1873, "are encouraged to pray for the dying and the dead, to participate in a requiem of All Souls' Day and say a Litany of the Faithful Departed at least once a month".{{sfn|Armentrout|Slocum|1999|p=232}}

At the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]] the celebration of All Souls' Day was fused with [[All Saints' Day]] in the [[Church of England]]<ref name=Episcopal /> or, in the judgement of some, it was "deservedly abrogated".{{sfn|BCP|1850}} It was reinstated in certain parishes in connection with the [[Oxford Movement]] of the 19th century<ref name=Episcopal/> and is acknowledged in United States Anglicanism in the ''Holy Women, Holy Men'' calendar<ref name=Episcopal/> and in the Church of England with the 1980 ''[[Alternative Service Book]]''. It features in ''[[Common Worship]]'' as a [[Lesser Festival]] called "Commemoration of the Faithful Departed (All Souls' Day)".<ref name="churchofengland">{{cite web |title=Lesser Festivals |url=https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/lesser-festivals |website=The Church of England |access-date=3 November 2021 |language=en |archive-date=5 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205224537/https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/lesser-festivals |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Reformed churches====
Certain [[Calvinism|Reformed]] ([[Continental Reformed]], [[Presbyterian]], and [[Congregationalist]]) churches observe All Souls' Day.<ref name="TOI2012"/> In All Souls' Day observances by the Reformed Churches, the theological doctrine of "the Christian belief in bodily resurrection and eternal life" is emphasized, along with a remembrance of the faithful departed.<ref name="Deshpande2023"/> Additionally, dead are remembered on the feast of [[Totensonntag]] (Totenfest), the last Sunday before [[Advent]]. It was introduced in 1816, in [[Prussia]], and in addition to the Reformed, it is observed by Lutherans in addition to Allhallowtide, particularly in areas with a large Germanic presence.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ndr.de/geschichte/chronologie/Totensonntag-Welche-Bedeutung-hat-der-stille-Gedenktag,totensonntag104.html | title=Totensonntag: Welche Bedeutung hat der stille Gedenktag? | access-date=19 June 2023 | archive-date=19 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619094133/https://www.ndr.de/geschichte/chronologie/Totensonntag-Welche-Bedeutung-hat-der-stille-Gedenktag,totensonntag104.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

====Methodist churches====
In the [[Methodist Church]], [[Saints in Methodism|saints]] refer to all [[Christians]] and therefore, on [[All Saints' Day]], the [[Church Universal]], as well as the deceased members of a [[local congregation]] are honoured and remembered.{{sfn|Hileman|2003}}{{sfn|Peck|2011}} In Methodist congregations that celebrate the liturgy on All Souls' Day, the observance, as with Anglicanism and Lutheranism, is viewed as an extension of All Saints' Day and as such, Methodists "remember our loved ones who had died" in their observance of this feast.<ref name=sheringhammethodist.org.uk />

===Eastern Catholic, Eastern Lutheran and Eastern Orthodox===
{{Main|Saturday of Souls}}
[[File:Soul Saturday Kollyva offerings.jpg|right|thumb|Kollyva offerings of boiled wheat blessed liturgically on Soul Saturday (''Psychosabbaton'')]]
[[Saturday of Souls]] (or Soul Saturday) is a day set aside for the commemoration of the dead within the [[liturgical year]] of the [[Eastern Orthodox]], Eastern Lutheran and Byzantine Catholic Churches.<ref name="Economic2022"/> Saturday is a traditional day of prayer for the dead, because Christ lay dead in the [[Holy Sepulchre|Tomb]] on Saturday.<ref name="GOArch">{{cite web |title=Saints and Feasts: Saturday of Souls |url=https://www.goarch.org/chapel/saints?contentid=1017&PCode=MEATSA&DT=02/22/2020 |website=www.goarch.org |publisher=Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America |access-date=6 November 2020 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418141452/https://www.goarch.org/chapel/saints?contentid=1017&PCode=MEATSA&DT=02/22/2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>

These days are devoted to prayer for departed relatives and others among the faithful who would not be commemorated specifically as saints. The [[Divine Services]] on these days have special hymns added to them to commemorate the departed. There is often a [[Panikhida]] (Memorial Service) either after the [[Divine Liturgy]] on Saturday morning or after [[Vespers]] on Friday evening, for which [[Koliva]] (a dish made of boiled wheatberries or rice and honey) is prepared and placed on the Panikhida table. After the Service, the priest blesses the Koliva. It is then eaten as a memorial by all present.<ref name="orthodoxpath">{{cite web |author=Panteleimon of Antinoes |title=Saturday of the Souls |url=https://www.orthodoxpath.org/catechisms-and-articles/saturday-of-the-souls/ |website=The Orthodox Path |access-date=6 November 2020 |date=9 March 2013 |archive-date=20 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020062026/https://www.orthodoxpath.org/catechisms-and-articles/saturday-of-the-souls/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Radonitsa====
{{Main|Radonitsa}}
Another Memorial Day in the East, Radonitsa, does not fall on a Saturday, but on either Monday or Tuesday of the second week after Pascha (Easter).<ref name="Averky">{{cite web |title=The Liturgics of Archbishop Averky |url=http://www.holytrinitymission.org/books/english/liturgics_averky_e.htm#_Toc104768210 |website=www.holytrinitymission.org |access-date=6 November 2020 |archive-date=26 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726153144/http://www.holytrinitymission.org/books/english/liturgics_averky_e.htm#_Toc104768210 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Bulgakov Handbook">S. V. Bulgakov, ''Handbook for Church Servers'', 2nd ed., 1274 pp. (Kharkov, 1900), pp. 586–589. Tr. by Archpriest Eugene D. Tarris © 2007.</ref> Radonitsa does not have special hymns for the dead at the Divine Services. Instead a Panikhida will follow the Divine Liturgy, and then all will bring paschal foods to the cemeteries to greet the departed with the joy of the Resurrection.<ref name="Averky"/>

===East Syriac tradition===
East Syriac churches including the [[Syro Malabar Church]] and [[Chaldean Catholic Church]] commemorates the feast of departed faithful on the last Friday of [[Epiphany season]] (which means Friday just before start of [[Great Lent]]).<ref name=nasranifoundation.org /> The season of Epiphany remembers the revelation of Christ to the world. Each Friday of Epiphany season, the church remembers important evangelistic figures.<ref name=syromalabarchurch.in />

In the [[Syro Malabar Church]], the Friday before the parish festival is also celebrated as feast of departed faithful when the parish remembers the activities of forebears who worked for the parish and faithful. They also request the intercession of all departed souls for the faithful celebration of parish festival. In East Syriac liturgy, the church remembers departed souls including saints on every Friday throughout the year since the Christ was crucified and died on Friday.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

== Popular customs ==
[[File:Philippine graveyard, All Souls' Day.jpg|left|thumb|A cemetery on All Souls' Day in the Philippines, with flowers left after the festivities of the previous night (All Souls' Day eve on All Saints' Day).]]
On All Souls' Day, Christians of various denominational backgrounds, including Catholics, Lutherans, Anglicans and Methodists, among others, often help one another clean the graves of cemeteries, along with adorning them with flowers.<ref name="UCA2014"/> The General Secretary of the [[Church of North India]] described the [[ecumenism]] present in All Souls' Day, stating that "This coming together shows Christian unity".<ref name="UCA2014"/> With respect to the economy, vendors "sell flowers, candles and incense sticks" to those visiting the graveyards, who are Christians of the Catholic and Protestant traditions.<ref name="UCA2014"/> Prayer services with representatives from different Christian denomination for All Souls' Day are held at graveyards for those visiting them.<ref name="TOI2012"/><ref name="Vatican2015"/>

All Souls' Day emphasizes "the Christian belief in bodily resurrection and eternal life".<ref name="Deshpande2023"/> Some All Souls' Day traditions are associated with the doctrine of the poor souls of [[purgatory]] (in Roman Catholicism) or the [[Intermediate state (Christianity)|intermediate state]] (in Protestantism and Orthodoxy). [[Church bell]] tolling is done in honour of the dead. Lighting candles serves variously to kindle a light for the poor souls, honour the dead, as well as to ward off demons.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Burning of Blessed Candles is Beneficial To the Suffering Souls |url=https://friendsofthepoorsouls.blogspot.com/2006/04/burning-of-blessed-candles-is.html |publisher=The Friends of the Poor Souls |access-date=2 November 2024 |language=en |date=4 April 2006}}</ref><ref name="CarterPetro1998">{{cite book|last1=Carter|first1=Albert Howard |last2=Petro|first2=Jane Arbuckle|title=Rising from the Flames: The Experience of the Severely Burned|year=1998|publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]]|language=en|isbn=978-0-8122-1517-5|page=100}}</ref> [[Soul cakes]] are given to children going souling—going from door to door to [[prayer for the dead|pray for the dead]] (cf. ''[[trick-or-treating]]'', ''[[Pão-por-Deus]]'').{{sfn|Schousboe|2012|pp=10–13}}<ref name=Mosteller>{{cite book|last=Mosteller|first=Angie |title=Christian Origins of Halloween |date=2 July 2014|publisher=Rose Publishing |isbn=978-1-59636-535-3|quote=In Protestant regions souling remained an important occasion for soliciting food and money from rich neighbors in preparation for the coming cold and dark months.}}</ref>

===Europe===
All Souls' Day is celebrated in many European countries with vigils, candles, the decoration of graves, and special prayers as well as many regional customs.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} Examples of regional customs include leaving cakes for departed loved ones on the table and keeping the room warm for their comfort in [[Tyrol (state)|Tirol]] and the custom in [[Brittany]], where people flock to the cemeteries at nightfall to kneel, bareheaded, at the graves of their loved ones and anoint the hollow of the [[tomb stone|tombstone]] with [[holy water]] or to pour libations of milk on it. At bedtime, supper is left on the table for the souls.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} All Souls' Day is known in [[Maltese language|Maltese]] as ''Jum il-Mejtin'', and is accompanied a traditional supper including roasted pig, based on a custom of letting a pig loose on the streets with a bell around its neck, to be fed by the entire neighborhood and cooked on that day to feed the poor.<ref name=ToM /> In [[Linz]], funereal musical pieces known as [[aequale]]s were played from tower tops on All Souls' Day and the evening before.<ref name=triton /> In the [[Czech Republic]] and [[Slovakia]] All Souls' Day is called Dušičky, or "little souls". Traditionally, candles are left on graves on Dušičky.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Strašíková |first1=Lucie |title=Dušičky – čas symbolického prolínání světa živých a mrtvých |url=https://ct24.ceskatelevize.cz/domaci/1435848-dusicky-cas-symbolickeho-prolinani-sveta-zivych-a-mrtvych |website=ČT24 |publisher=Česká televize |access-date=30 October 2021 |language=cs |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030144504/https://ct24.ceskatelevize.cz/domaci/1435848-dusicky-cas-symbolickeho-prolinani-sveta-zivych-a-mrtvych |url-status=live }}</ref> In Sicily and other regions of southern Italy, All Souls' Day is celebrated as the ''Festa dei Morti'' or ''U juornu rii morti'', the "Commemoration of the Dead" or the "Day of the Dead", which according to Joshua Nicolosi of the ''Sicilian Post'' could be seen "halfway between Christian and pagan traditions".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sicilian Post: The Day of the Dead in Sicily|date=November 2018 |url=https://www.sicilianpost.it/en/the-day-of-the-dead-in-sicily-between-life-and-the-afterlife/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129162641/https://www.sicilianpost.it/en/the-day-of-the-dead-in-sicily-between-life-and-the-afterlife/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Palermo Street Food - The Sicilian Day of the Dead|date=November 2014|url=http://www.palermostreetfood.com/blog/2014/11/1/the-sicilian-day-of-the-dead|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330122721/http://www.palermostreetfood.com/blog/2014/11/1/the-sicilian-day-of-the-dead|archive-date=30 March 2016|access-date=2 November 2021}}</ref> Families visit and clean grave sites, home altars are decorated with family photos and votive candles, and children are gifted a special basket or ''cannistru'' of chocolates, pomegranate, and other gifts from their ancestors.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dooid Magazine - All Souls Day Traditions in Sicily|work=dooid Magazine |date=12 October 2019 |url=https://magazine.dooid.it/en/interests-en/events/all-souls-day-traditions-sicily/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102175021/https://magazine.dooid.it/en/interests-en/events/all-souls-day-traditions-sicily/ |archive-date=2 November 2021 }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Because of the gifting of sugary sweets and the emphasis on sugar puppet decorations, the Commemoration Day has spurred local Sicilian events such as the ''Notte di Zucchero'' ("Night of Sugar") in which communities celebrate the dead.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Notte di Zucchero|url=http://nottedizucchero.it/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101070212/http://nottedizucchero.it/ |archive-date=1 November 2020 }}</ref> {{Lang|it|[[Piada dei morti]]}} ({{Literal translation|piada of the dead}}), a sweet [[focaccia]] topped with [[raisin]]s, [[almond]]s, [[walnut]]s, and [[pine nut]]s,<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Lazzari |first=Martina |date=29 October 2023 |title=Piada dei morti, preparazione e curiosità sulla dolce "piadina" romagnola |trans-title=Piada dei morti: Preparation and curiosity about the sweet Romagnol "piadina" |url=https://www.riminitoday.it/social/piada-dei-morti-preparazione-e-curiosita-sulla-dolce-piadina-romagnola.html |access-date=17 February 2024 |website=RiminiToday |language=it}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=31 October 2017 |title=Piada dei morti ricetta dolce facile romagnolo per il 2 Novembre |trans-title=Easy recipe for sweet Romagnol piada dei morti for 2 November |url=https://blog.giallozafferano.it/loti64/piada-dei-morti-ricetta-facile/ |access-date=17 February 2024 |website=Giallo Zafferano |language=it-IT}}</ref> is traditionally eaten in November for All Souls' Day in the environs of [[Rimini]], in [[Emilia-Romagna]].<ref name=":3" />

===Indian subcontinent===
[[File:Hallowmas India 1.jpg|thumb|A Christian woman in India decorates a grave with flower petals.]]
In the [[Indian subcontinent]] (India, Pakistan and Bangladesh), Christians hold prayer services in which they pray for the faithful departed, especially remembering their loved ones.<ref name="Deshpande2023"/><ref name="Vatican2015"/> Christians of various denominations visit cemeteries and adorn graves with flower petals, garlands, candles and incense sticks.<ref name="Deshpande2023"/><ref name="Vatican2015"/>

===Philippines===
{{more citations needed section|date=November 2022}}
{{Main|All Saints' Day#Philippines}}

In the Philippines, Hallow mas is variously called "''Undás''", "''Todos los Santos''" (Spanish, "All Saints"), and sometimes "''Araw ng mga Patay / Yumao''" ([[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], "Day of the dead / those who have passed away"), which incorporates All Saints' Day and All Souls' Day.{{Dubious|reason=As at [[Day of the Dead]], it's confusing whether "Undás" is more than one day|date=November 2022}} Filipinos traditionally observe this day by visiting the family dead to clean and repair their tombs. Offerings of prayers, flowers, candles,<ref name="guardian-world-saints" /> and food. [[Chinese Filipinos]] additionally burn [[joss stick|incense]] and ''[[joss paper|kim]]''. Many also spend the day and ensuing night holding reunions at the cemetery with feasts and merriment.

==See also==
{{Portal|Christianity}}
* [[Zaduszki]]
* [[Totensonntag]]
* [[Purgatorial society]]
* [[Guild of All Souls]]
* [[Flowering Sunday]]
* [[Cemetery Sunday]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist}}
<ref name=ToM>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/maltese-traditions-to-mark-all-souls-day-at-the-inquisitors-palace.629197|title=Maltese traditions to mark All Souls Day at the Inquisitor's Palace|website=Times of Malta|date=27 October 2016|access-date=5 July 2019|archive-date=5 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705180634/https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/maltese-traditions-to-mark-all-souls-day-at-the-inquisitors-palace.629197|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="guardian-world-saints">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2010/nov/01/all-saints-day |title=All Saints Day around the world |newspaper=The Guardian |date=1 November 2010 |access-date=2020-11-02 |archive-date=19 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419214947/https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2010/nov/01/all-saints-day |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=triton>From sleevenotes, Triton Trombone Quartet: "German Trombone Music"; BIS-CD-644</ref>

<ref name=nasranifoundation.org>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasranifoundation.org/calendar/dr/reflection_9fri_denha.html |title=Commemoration of the Departed Faithful |work=Nasrani Foundation |access-date=3 November 2016 |archive-date=4 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104002148/http://www.nasranifoundation.org/calendar/dr/reflection_9fri_denha.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=syromalabarchurch.in>{{cite web |url=http://www.syromalabarchurch.in/pdf/Panchangam%20English2016.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.syromalabarchurch.in/pdf/Panchangam%20English2016.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Syro Malabar Liturgical Calendar 2016|publisher=Syro-Malabar Major Archiepiscopal Commission for Liturgy}}</ref>

<ref name=Episcopal>{{cite web |url=http://www.episcopalchurch.org/files/bi102812half_0.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.episcopalchurch.org/files/bi102812half_0.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |website=episcopalchurch.org|publisher= The Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society|date=28 October 2012|title=All Saints' Day/All Faithful Departed}}</ref>

<ref name=sheringhammethodist.org.uk>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheringhammethodist.org.uk/allsoulsdayservice.htm |title=All Souls Day Service |last=Sherwood |first=Colin |work=St Andrew`s Methodist Church |publisher=[[Methodist Church of Great Britain]] |access-date=21 September 2015 |quote=During our All Souls Day Service on 2nd. November, as we remembered our loved ones who had died, some recently and other longer ago, candles were lit in memory of them and placed on a cairn built in front of the pulpit. |archive-date=8 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808050633/https://www.sheringhammethodist.org.uk/allsoulsdayservice.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=EnchIndul>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/tribunals/apost_penit/documents/rc_trib_appen_doc_20020826_enchiridion-indulgentiarum_lt.html |publisher=Libreria Editrice Vaticana |date=16 July 1999| edition= 4th|title=Enchiridion Indulgentiarum |language=la |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114232116/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/tribunals/apost_penit/documents/rc_trib_appen_doc_20020826_enchiridion-indulgentiarum_lt.html |archive-date=14 January 2010 |at=N.15}}</ref>

<ref name=catholic.org>{{Cite web|url=https://www.catholic.org/prayers/indulgw.php|title=The Enchiridion of Indulgences|website=Catholic Online|access-date=5 July 2019|archive-date=8 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408194630/https://www.catholic.org/prayers/indulgw.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=CCC>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P2N.HTM|work=Catechism of the Catholic Church|publisher=vatican.va|title=The Final Purification, or Purgatory|access-date=15 March 2020|archive-date=14 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214044852/http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P2N.HTM|url-status=live}}</ref>
</references>

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*{{cite web|first=Laura Huff|last=Hileman|title=What is All Saint's Day?|url=http://upperroom.org/askjulian/default.asp?act=answer&itemid=276387|quote=Saints are just people who are trying to listen to God's word and live God's call. This is "the communion of saints" that we speak of in the Apostle's Creed – that fellowship of believers that reaches beyond time and place, even beyond death. Remembering the saints who have helped extend and enliven God's kingdom is what All Saints Day is about.|publisher=[[The Upper Room (United Methodist Church)]]|year=2003|access-date=31 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126142637/http://upperroom.org/askjulian/default.asp?act=answer&itemid=276387|archive-date=26 January 2012|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite book|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/newcatholicencyc1cath/page/306/|title=The New Catholic Encyclopedia|editor-first=The Most Revd William|editor-last=MacDonald|publisher=The Catholic University of America|chapter=All Souls' Day|date=1967|isbn=9780070102354}}
*{{cite book|last=Markussen|first=Anne Kjaersgaard|editor1-first=Eric|editor1-last=Venbrux|editor2-first=Thomas|editor2-last=Quartier|editor3-first=Claudia|editor3-last=Venhorst|editor4-first=Brenda|editor4-last=Mathijssen|title=Changing European Death Ways|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iaehAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA183|year=2013|publisher=LIT Verlag|location=Münster|isbn=978-3-643-90067-8|chapter=Death and the State of Religion in Denmark}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.zenit.org/en/articles/all-souls-commemoration |first=Edward |last=McNamara |title=All Souls' Commemoration |work=ZENIT – The World Seen From Rome |access-date=30 October 2014 |date=3 December 2013 |archive-date=22 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022151144/http://www.zenit.org/en/articles/all-souls-commemoration |url-status=live }}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.zenit.org/en/articles/all-souls-day-and-the-vigil-mass|first=Edward|last=McNamara|title=All Souls' Day and the Vigil Mass|date=29 October 2014|work=ZENIT – The World Seen From Rome|access-date=30 October 2014|archive-date=23 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023013800/http://www.zenit.org/en/articles/all-souls-day-and-the-vigil-mass|url-status=live}}
*{{cite book|editor=Right Rev. Richard Mant|title=The Book of Common Prayer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xUhVAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR59|edition=6th|year=1850|publisher=Francis & John Rivington|ref={{sfnref|BCP|1850}}}}
*{{cite CE1913|wstitle=All Souls' Day |volume=1 |first=Francis|last=Mershman }}
*{{cite book|last=Michno|first=Dennis G.|title=A Priest's Handbook: The Ceremonies of the Church, Third Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Po1Ocgw79DMC&pg=PA160|year=1998|publisher=Church Publishing|isbn=978-0-8192-2504-7}}
*{{cite web |first=The Rev. J. Richard |last=Peck |title=Do United Methodists believe in saints? |url=http://www.umc.org/site/apps/nlnet/content3.aspx?c=lwL4KnN1LtH&b=4746355&ct=3166373 |quote=We also recognize and celebrate All Saints' Day (1 Nov.) and "all the saints who from their labors rest". United Methodists call people "saints" because they exemplified the Christian life. In this sense, every Christian can be considered a saint. |publisher=[[The United Methodist Church]] |year=2011 |access-date=31 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718063201/http://www.umc.org/site/apps/nlnet/content3.aspx?c=lwL4KnN1LtH&b=4746355&ct=3166373 |archive-date=18 July 2012 }}
*{{Cite web |title=All Saints and All Souls |last=Saunders |first=William |work=catholiceducation.org |date=2003 |access-date=2 November 2020 |url=https://www.catholiceducation.org/en/culture/catholic-contributions/all-saints-and-all-souls.html |archive-date=18 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018023857/https://www.catholiceducation.org/en/culture/catholic-contributions/all-saints-and-all-souls.html |url-status=live }}
*{{citation|work=Medieval Histories|title=Alls Saints and All Souls|editor-first=Karen|editor-last=Schousboe|volume=11|issue=1|date=2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313104957/http://medievalhistories.com/wp-content/uploads/medievalhistories-november1.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-13|url=http://medievalhistories.com/wp-content/uploads/medievalhistories-november1.pdf|isbn=978-87-92858-09-2}}
{{refend}}

===Further reading===
* [https://www.catholicireland.net/the-liturgy-of-all-souls-day/ Tracey OSM, Liam. "The liturgy of All Souls Day", ''Catholic Ireland'', 30 November 1999]

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.transfigcathedral.org/faith/Bulgakov/0606.pdf |title=Saturday before Pentecost |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630225412/http://www.transfigcathedral.org/faith/Bulgakov/0606.pdf |archive-date=30 June 2007}} {{small|(17.1 KB)}} Notes on Russian Orthodox observance by N. Bulgakov
* {{cite web |url=http://www.transfigcathedral.org/faith/Bulgakov/0492.pdf |title=Saturday of Meatfare Week |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071129060838/http://www.transfigcathedral.org/faith/Bulgakov/0492.pdf |archive-date=29 November 2007}} {{small|(13.9 KB)}} N. Bulgakov
* [http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2016/11/02/pope_offers_mass_for_faithful_departed_on_all_souls_day/1269610 "Pope offers Mass for faithful departed on All Souls' Day", Vatican radio, 2 November 2016]

{{Hallowtide}}
{{Liturgical year of the Catholic Church}}
{{Halloween}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Allhallowtide]]
[[Category:Christianity and death]]
[[Category:Eastern Orthodox liturgical days]]
[[Category:Medieval legends]]
[[Category:Holidays based on the date of Easter]]
[[Category:November observances]]
[[Category:Observances honoring the dead]]

Lucknow Charbagh railway station

2026-02-23T08:33:10Z

Advancedacademy:

{{Short description|Railway station in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{For|the Northeast Railway station|Lucknow Junction railway station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Lucknow Charbagh
| other_name =
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Regional rail]] and [[Light rail]] station
| image = Charbagh Railway Station, Lucknow.jpg
| image_caption = Lucknow Charbagh railway station
| address = [[Charbagh]], Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.832|N|80.919|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline}}
| elevation = {{convert|123.500|m|ft}}
| connections = {{ric|Lucknow Metro}} {{rcb|Lucknow Metro|Red|croute}} [[Charbagh metro station|Charbagh]]
| structure = Standard
| parking = Available
| bicycle =
| architect = J. H. Hornimen
| code = LKO
| zone = [[Northern Railway zone]]
| owned = [[Ministry of Railways (India)]]
| operator = [[Indian Railways]]
| opened = {{start date|df=yes|1914|3|21}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| status = Active
| electrified = Yes
| former = [[Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway]] / [[East Indian Railway Company]]
| map_locator =
| route_map =
| map_state =
| map_type = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| map_dot_label = Lucknow Charbagh
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}
| line = *[[Varanasi-Lucknow line|Lucknow-Ayodhya-Jaunpur-Varanasi line]]
*[[Varanasi-Rae Bareli-Lucknow line|Lucknow-Rae Bareli-Varanasi line]]
*[[Varanasi-Sultanpur-Lucknow line|Lucknow-Sultanpur-Jaunpur City-Varanasi line]]
*[[Lucknow-Kanpur Suburban Railway|Lucknow-Unnao-Kanpur line]]
*[[Lucknow-Moradabad line|Lucknow-Bareilly-Moradabad-New Delhi line]]
| platform = 9
| tracks = 26
| passengers = 80,000
| services =[[File:Feature ticket office.svg|20px|Computerized Ticketing Counters]] [[File:Baggage claim ecomo.svg|20px|Luggage Checking System]] [[File:Feature parking.svg|20px|Parking]] [[File:Feature accessible.svg|20px|Disabled Access]] [[File:SymbolCoffeeShop.svg|20px|Food Plaza]] [[File:AB-Autobahnkiosk.svg|20px|Kiosks]] [[File:Aseos Públicos.jpg|20px|WC]] [[File:Aiga taxi.svg|20px|Taxi Stand]] [[File:Feature suburban buses.svg|20px|Public Transportation]]
}}

'''Lucknow Charbagh''' (officially '''Lucknow NR''', station code: '''LKO''') is a railway station in [[Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh]], India. It is the largest and busiest railway station of Lucknow city.<ref>https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/lucknow-charbagh-nr-lko/336</ref>

The station is part of the [[Northern Railway zone]]'s Lucknow NR Division and the [[Varanasi–Lucknow line]].

It is also part of the [[Varanasi-Rae Bareli-Lucknow line|Lucknow-Rae Bareli-Varanasi line]], [[Varanasi-Sultanpur-Lucknow line|Lucknow-Sultanpur-Jaunpur City-Varanasi line]], [[Lucknow-Kanpur Suburban Railway]] and [[Lucknow-Moradabad line]].

This station is a (NSG 2) category in Northern Railway. This station is situated in southern central part of Lucknow and adjacent to [[Lucknow Junction railway station|Lucknow Junction]].

Nearby stations include {{stnlnk|Lucknow Junction}} (LJN) and {{stnlnk|Aishbagh}} (ASH).

==Overview==

Lucknow Charbagh is a high-revenue station, serving over 80,000 passengers and over 180 Mail/Express and 250-300 Passenger trains on a daily basis. It is under the administrative control of the [[Northern Railway zone]]'s [[Lucknow NR railway division]].It is the Headquarter of Lucknow NR railway division.

Lucknow Charbagh is well connected with many important cultural cities such as [[New Delhi]], [[Kanpur]], [[Prayagraj]], [[Varanasi]], [[Ayodhya]], [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]], [[Agra]], [[Jaipur]], [[Bareilly]], [[Moradabad]], [[Dehradun]], [[Haridwar]], [[Amritsar]], [[Ludhiana]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Jammu]], [[Meerut]], [[Mathura]], [[Bhopal]], [[Indore]], [[Jabalpur]], [[Gwalior]], [[Raipur]], [[Durg]], [[Ujjain]], [[Bilaspur, Uttar Pradesh|Bilaspur]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Mumbai]], [[Pune]], [[Surat]], [[Vadodara]], [[Nashik]], [[Jaisalmer]], [[Jodhpur]], [[Kolkata]], [[Patna]], [[Guwahati]], [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Puri]], [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], [[Jamshedpur]], [[Dhanbad]], [[Asansol]], [[Chennai]], [[Bangalore]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Kochi]], [[Coimbatore]], and [[Thiruvananthapuram]].

==History==
The history of the Lucknow Charbagh railway station is intertwined with the evolution of Indian railways during the British Raj. The iconic building itself is an Indo-Saracenic architectural masterpiece that was completed in 1923, and it holds a significant place in both the city's heritage and India's independence movement.

In 19th century, Lucknow was the second most important station in the North after Delhi. It was the Headquarters of the [[Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway]] (O&RR) whose first line from Lucknow to Kanpur was built in April 1867.

Now known as Lucknow Charbagh station, it is part of [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]. It is neighbored by another major station, [[Lucknow Junction railway station|Lucknow Junction]] under the [[North Eastern Railway zone|North-Eastern Railway]] within the same premises with a different terminal building.

The foundation stone for the station's main building was laid in March 1914 by Bishop George Herbert. It was designed by J.H. Horniman with assistance from consulting engineer Chaubey Mukta Prasad. The structure features a blend of Mughal, Awadhi, and Rajput architectural styles, giving it a palatial look. The building was completed in 1923 and officially inaugurated for public use in 1926.

Today, the Charbagh complex consists of two adjacent stations: Lucknow Charbagh (LKO), under the Northern Railway zone, and the distinct Lucknow Junction (LJN), which falls under the North Eastern Railway zone.

==Key modernization projects==
Lucknow Charbagh railway station is currently undergoing a comprehensive ₹420-crore modernization project under the [[Amrit Bharat Station Scheme]], aiming to transform it into a world-class transit hub while retaining its heritage look. The project includes the integrated redevelopment of both the LKO (Northern Railway) and LJN (North Eastern Railway) stations, with an anticipated completion around the end of 2026.

Improvements include:
* Construction of a vast, modern elevated concourse (120m x 115m) to seamlessly connect the main and second entry points and improve passenger movement.
* The number of platforms in the Northern Railway section is being expanded from 9 to 11 to handle more trains and ease congestion.
* Improved integration with the existing [[Charbagh metro station]] and plans for the upcoming Phase 2 metro line (Charbagh-Vasant Kunj) to link the station with other parts of the city.
[[File:Under-construction Charbagh Station New Building.jpg|thumb|The new building of Charbagh railway station is being constructed by R.V.N.L. (''Rail Development Corporation Limited'')]]
As of now the entire structure of the new and modern railway station is already constructed with electrical and facade work is underway. The construction new maintenance shed near Lucknow junction is also completed. The piling work for pillar erection of mega concourse is underway in various parts of the station.

==Infrastructure==
The Station was built at a price of {{INR}} 70 [[lakhs]], which now values as {{USD}} 2 million Dollars or {{INR}} 14 [[crores]] in 2021; Lucknow Charbagh was designed by J. H. Horniman. The foundation of the railway station was placed in March 1914. The building was completed in 1923. A major role in its design and planning was carried out by Chaubey Mukta Prasad, a consulting engineer for Ms Lanebrown and Hulett. It has a large garden in front of the building. It incorporates the mix of [[Rajput architecture|Rajput]], [[Awadh]]i and [[Mughal architecture]] and has a palatial appearance. Architecturally, it is considered one of the most beautiful railway stations in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-budget-2012-railway-indias-best-stations/20120314.htm#6|title=India's best railway stations|date=14 March 2012|work=Rediff}}</ref> The [[Government Railway Police]] station at Lucknow Charbagh holds an [[ISO 9001]] certificate.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://in.news.yahoo.com/lucknow-police-station-gets-iso-9001-certification-121431909.html|title = Lucknow police station gets ISO-9001 certification|date = 11 March 2012|access-date = 6 March 2015|publisher = Yahoo News India|agency = [[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref>

==Diesel loco shed, Alambagh==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Serial No. !! Locomotive Class !! Horsepower !! Quantity
|-
| 1. || [[WAP-4]] || 5350 || 2
|-
| 2. || [[WAG-7]] || 5350 || 60
|-
| 3. || [[WAG-5]] || 3850 || 19
|-
| 4. ||[[WAP-1]] || 3850 || 15
|-
| 5. || [[WDG-3A]] || 3100 || 25
|-
| 6. || [[WDM-3A]] || 3100 || 16
|-
| 7. || [[WDM-3D]] || 3300 || 72
|-
| 8. ||[[WDG-4|WDG-4/4D]] || 4000/4500 || 58
|-
| 9. ||[[WDP-4|WDP-4/4B/4D]] || 4000/4500 || 28
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Total Locomotives Active as of July 2025'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Railways (Railway Board) |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,366,541,710,717 |access-date=28 May 2025 |website=Railway Board, Indian Railways}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Electric Loco Holding |url=https://elocos.railnet.gov.in/Holding/holding.html |access-date=28 May 2025 |website=Railnet}}</ref>|| 295
|}

== Platforms ==
The station has 9 platforms. Out of which, 2 platforms are Terminals, located towards Dilkusha and 7 are Through Platforms. 2 more terminal platforms are under construction which are towards Alam Nagar.

The adjacent Lucknow NER Jn. has 6 Terminal Platforms. Although managed by 2 different divisions, the entire complex houses 15 platforms.

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="180">
File:Charbagh Railway.jpg|Lucknow Charbagh Night view
File:Lucknow Charbagh Railway Station 3.jpg|Lucknow Charbagh Railway Station from outside.
File:Lucknow charbagh railway station 13.jpg|Station board view of Lucknow Charbagh railway station.
File:Lko charbagh railway station 10.jpg|FOB view at LKO
File:Lucknow charbagh railway station platform 7.jpg|View of Platform 7 at LKO.
File:Lko charbagh railway station 5.jpg|LKO Platform 1.
File:Lko charbagh railway station 3.jpg|Lucknow Charbagh Railway Station.
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage|Lucknow}}
{{Wikivoyage|Rail travel in India}}

* {{Commons inline}}

* {{cite web|
url=http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/lucknow-charbagh-nr-lko/336| title=Arrivals from LKO/Lucknow Charbagh| website=IndiaRailInfo}}
* {{cite web| url=http://indiarailinfo.com/departures/lucknow-charbagh-nr-lko/336| title=Departures from LKO/Lucknow Charbagh| website=IndiaRailInfo}}

{{Railway stations in Uttar Pradesh}}

{{Lucknow}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1914]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Lucknow]]
[[Category:Lucknow NR railway division]]
[[Category:Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture]]

Jamia Al-Barkaat

2026-02-22T05:40:14Z

Advancedacademy: Adding Some Entry Initial Version!

{{Short description|Islamic seminary}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Jamia Al-Barkaat Aligarh
| image = Jamia_Al_Barkaat,_Aligarh.jpg
| caption = Jamia Al-Barkaat
| motto = Indeed The Real Beauty is Of Knowledge And Manners
| established = 2001
| type = Private
| affiliation = Uttar Pradesh Education Board
| campus_type = Residential
| campus_size =
| location = Anoopshahr Road, Near Jamalpur Railway Crossing, [[Aligarh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| coordinates =
| country = India
| free_text5 = Al-Barkaat Educational Society
| free_label5 = Run by
| website = {{URL|http://www.abims.ac.in/index.html}}
}}
'''Jamia Al-Barkaat''' is an Indian Islamic seminary of [[Barelvi movement]] of [[Sunni Muslims]] in [[Aligarh district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It was established under the Al-Barkaat Educational Society run by [[Khanquah-e-Barkaatiya]] by [[Ameen Mian Quadri|Syed Ameen Mian Quadri]] in the memory of [[Shah Barkatullah Marehrawi|Syed Shah Barkatullah Marehravi]], a 16th-century Sufi saint, Persian and Hindi [[Sufi poet]] who belonged to [[Marehra|Marehra Sharif]] in [[Etah district]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]].

==Departments==
*Al-Barkaat Institute of Management Studies, Aligarh affiliated to [[Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University|Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam Technical University]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Al-Barkaat Institute of Management Studies, Aligarh, Aligarh - Admission, Courses, Fees, and Ranking - Edugraph |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/edugraph/colleges/al-barkaat-institute-of-management-studies-aligarh-abimsa/1476 |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
*Al-Barkaat Institute of Education, Aligarh affiliated to [[Raja Mahendra Pratap State University, Aligarh]]
*Computer Education
*Business Administration

==Facilities==
*Library
*Computer Lab
*Gymnasium
*Guest House
*Hostel
*Mosque
*Loan Facility

== Placement & scholarships ==
The organizations we contacted include: Erika Forbes ICICI India Mart India Infoline India Bulls HCL Technologies Bharati Tele Venture Ltd. [[HDFC Bank|HDFC]] ([[Tata Consultancy Services]]) Goodyear Hero Honda Air Sahara Indian Airlines Oberoi Sheraton.<ref name="jagranjosh1">{{cite web |date= |title=Al- Barkaat Institute of Management Studies, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India |url=http://www.jagranjosh.com/institutes-colleges/Al-Barkaat-Institute-of-Management-Studies-612 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210114735/http://www.jagranjosh.com/institutes-colleges/Al-Barkaat-Institute-of-Management-Studies-612 |archive-date=2013-12-10 |accessdate=4 October 2013 |publisher=Jagranjosh.com}}</ref>

Merit Scholarship and Fee Wainers: Meritorious students are awarded merit Scholarship and fee Wainer as a policy for encouragement. Fee Wainer has been granted to students to the extent of 50%, 75%, and 100%. At present 5% students are enjoying this benefit.<ref name="jagranjosh1"/>

==See also==
*[[List of Islamic educational institutions]]
*[[Barelvi movement]]
*[[Ameen Mian Quadri]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.abims.ac.in/index.html Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205205612/http://www.abims.ac.in/index.html |date=5 December 2019 }}

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Islamic universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Aligarh]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2001]]
[[Category:2001 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-university-stub}}

Nathumajra

2026-02-20T08:57:21Z

Advancedacademy:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nathu Majra
| official_name = Nathumajra
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type =
| image_skyline = Nathumajra.jpg
| image_caption = Entrance sign of village Nathumajra in Punjabi language
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|30.648758|N|75.879837|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Malerkotla district|Malerkotla]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = Medieval India
| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| unit_pref = M.A. pol. Sci.
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://villageinfo.in/punjab/sangrur/malerkotla/nathu-majra.html | title=Nathu Majra Village in Malerkotla (Sangrur) Punjab | villageinfo.in }}</ref>
| population_total = 1,390
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_note =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| blank_info_sec1 = 82.06 %
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 148021
| registration_plate = PB-82
}}

'''Nathumajra''' is a village in the [[Malerkotla district]] of [[Punjab, India]]. Formerly a part of the [[Sangrur district]], it is located in the [[Ahmedgarh]] tehsil.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://malerkotla.nic.in/village-panchayats/ |title=Village & Panchayats |publisher=Malerkota District Administration |access-date=2022-07-25 }}</ref> It is situated {{convert|15|km|mi}} away from district headquarter Malerkotla. As per 2016 stats, Nathu Majra village is also a [[gram panchayat]].

==History==
Nathumajra Traces its history back to [[Medieval India]], however its current landscape was formed after the partition of India and Pakistan following the [[Indian independence movement]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/the-modern-history-of-sikhs-1947-present/partition-of-the-punjab | title=Partition of the Punjab | date=19 December 2000|publisher=The Sikh Encyclopedia}}</ref>

==Geography==
Nathumajra lies in a fertile, alluvial plain with an irrigation canal system. It extends from the latitudes 30.648758° North to longitudes 75.879837° East.

===Climate===
The geography and [[subtropical]] latitudinal location of Nathumajra leads to large variations in temperature from month to month. It experience temperatures around 5 °C (41 °F) from December to February {winter season}, ground frost is commonly found in the village during the winter season. The temperature rises gradually with high humidity and overcast skies. However, the rise in temperature is steep when the sky is clear and humidity is low. The maximum temperatures usually occur in mid-May and June {summer season}. The temperature remains above 40 °C (104 °F) during this period.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.accuweather.com/en/in/nathu-majra/2958515/weather-forecast/2958515|title=Current Weather|date=n.d.|publisher=AccuWeather}}</ref>

==Politics==
Update Data as per new panchayati elections 2024

As per constitution of [[India]] and [[Panchayati raj (India)]] Act, Nathu Majra village is administrated by panchayat secretary and BDO along with seven elected panch or gram panchayat members of village Nathumajra are Manmohan Singh, Sandeep Singh, Amrik Singh, Prabhjot Singh, Ramandeep Kaur, Sandeep Kaur and Manjeet kaur out of which Ramandeep kaur won by largest margin of 36 votes from her elected ward and lowest wargin is counted on ward no 2 which was won by Manmohan singh by 3 votes.

==Demographics==
Nathu Majra is a medium size village located in [[Malerkotla]] of [[Sangrur]] district, [[Punjab]], with total 289 families residing. Nathu Majra has a population of 1390 of which 725 are males while 665 are females as per Population Census 2011.
In Nathu Majra, population of children with age 0-6 is 119 which makes up 8.56% of total population of village. Average Sex Ratio of the village is 917 which is higher than Punjab state average of 895. Child Sex Ratio for the village as per census is 951, higher than Punjab average of 846.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/39406-nathu-majra-punjab.html | title=Nathu Majra Population - Sangrur, Punjab|date=2011|publisher=Census Population 2022 Data}}</ref>

==Education==
Nathumajra has one [[Primary school]], one [[Middle school]] and one [[Senior Secondary school]]. The village has higher literacy rate compared to Punjab. In 2011, literacy rate of village was 82.06% compared to 75.84% of Punjab. In Nathu Majra Male literacy stands at 89.01% while female literacy rate was 74.46%.

==Sports==
[[Punjabi Kabaddi]], [[Cricket]] and [[Volleyball]] {[[Volleyball variations#Shooting volleyball]]} are the three most popular sports played in Nathumajra.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sangrur district}}

[[Category:Villages in Malerkotla district]]

List of Indian documentary films

2026-02-19T16:11:23Z

Advancedacademy: small improved content after review also and corrected details

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
This is a '''list of Indian documentary films''' arranged in alphabetical order.
{{Expand list|date=October 2014}}
{{more sources|date=July 2025}}

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
! Title !! Year !! Language !! Director(s) !! Notes
|-
| ''3D Stereo Caste''
| 2012
| Malayalam
| A. S. Ajith Kumar
|
|-
| ''[[7 Notes to Infinity]]''
| 2012
| English
| [[Shrenik Rao]]
|
|-
| ''Abode of Kings: Rajasthan''
| 1990
| English
| [[Shyam Benegal]]
|
|-
| ''[[About Love (2019 film)|About Love]]''
| 2019
| Marathi, English
| Archana Atul Phadke
|
|-
| ''A Child of the Streets''
| 1967
| English
| [[Shyam Benegal]]
|
|-
| ''A Historical Sketch of Indian Women''
| 1975
| English
| [[Mani Kaul]]
|
|-
| ''[[Amar Lenin]]'' (My Lenin)
| 1970
| Bengali
| [[Ritwik Ghatak]]
|
|-
| ''And the Show Goes On''
| 1996
| English
| [[Mrinal Sen]]
|
|-
| ''An Encounter with Faces''
| 1978
| English
| [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]]
|
|-
| ''Animal Reproduction and Artificial Insemination in Bovines''
| 1983
| English
| [[Shyam Benegal]]
|
|-
| ''[[An Insignificant Man]]''
| 2017
| English, Hindi
| Khushboo Ranka
|
|-
| ''A Treasure in the Snow'' (Sikkim)
| 2002
| English
| [[Goutam Ghose]]
|
|-
| ''A Tribute to Odissi''
| 1986
| English
| [[Goutam Ghose]]
|
|-
| ''Arrival''
| 1980
| Hindi
| [[Mani Kaul]]
|
|-
| ''A Quilt of Many Cultures: South India''
| 1990
| English
| [[Shyam Benegal]]
|
|-
| ''Ancient River & Ancestors''
| 2016
| English
| AjuKarthick G
|
|-
| ''[[Baavra Mann]]''
| 2013
| English
| [[Jaideep Varma]]
|
|-
| ''[[Bala (1976 film)|Bala]]''
| 1976
| English
| [[Satyajit Ray]]
|
|-
| ''Bal Sansar''
| 1974
| Hindi
| [[Shyam Benegal]]
|
|-
| ''Before My Eyes''
| 1989
| English
| [[Mani Kaul]]
|
|-
| Beyond Genocide: Bhopal
| 1986
| Hindi English
| [[Tapan Bose]]
| <ref>{{cite web | last=Ninan | first=Sevanti | title=The most comprehensive film on Bhopal | website=Down To Earth | date=10 January 2025 | url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/environment/the-most-comprehensive-film-on-bhopal-30147 | access-date=10 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
| ''Beyond the Himalayas''
| 1996
| English
| [[Goutam Ghose]]
|
|-
| ''[[Bombay: Our City]]''
| 1985
| English, Hindi
| [[Anand Patwardhan]]
|
|-
| ''Books That Talk''
| 1981
| English
| [[Sai Paranjpye]]
|
|-
| ''[[Born into Brothels]]''
| 2005
| Bengali, English
| [[Zana Briski]]
|
|-
|[[Bunkar: The Last of the Varanasi Weavers]]
|2018
|English, Hindi
|[[Satyaprakash Upadhyay]]
|
|-
| ''Calcutta My El Dorado'' (City Life)
| 1990
| English
| [[Mrinal Sen]]
|
|-
| ''[[Celluloid Man]]''
| 2012
| English, Hindi, Kannada, Bengali
| Shivendra Singh Dungarpur
|
|-
| ''Chains of Bondage''
| 1974
| English
| [[Goutam Ghose]]
|
|-
| ''[[Children of the Pyre]]''
| 2008
| Hindi
| [[Rajesh S. Jala]]
|
|-
| ''Chitrakathi''
| 1977
| Hindi
| [[Mani Kaul]]
|
|-
| ''Chooriyan''
| 1993
| Hindi
| [[Sai Paranjpye]]
|
|-
| ''Classic Dance Forms of India: Koodiattam''
| 1986
| Hindi
| [[Prakash Jha]]
|
|-
| ''Climate's First Orphans''
| 2005
| English
| [[Nila Madhab Panda]]
|
|-
| ''Close to Nature''
| 1967
| English
| [[Shyam Benegal]]
|
|-
| ''Dabcherry Milk Project''
| 1976
| English
| [[Sai Paranjpye]]
|
|-
| ''[[Daughters of Mother India]]''
| 2014
| Hindi, English
| [[Vibha Bakshi]]
|
|-
| ''Development in Irrigation''
| 1981
| English
| [[Goutam Ghose]]
|
|-
| ''Dhrupad''
| 1983
| Hindi
| [[Mani Kaul]]
|
|-
| ''Didi''
| 1994
| Hindi
| [[Prakash Jha]]
|
|-
| ''Ek Ghat Ki Kahani''
| 1987
| Hindi
| [[Goutam Ghose]]
|
|-
| ''Epilepsy''
| 1976
| English
| [[Shyam Benegal]]
|
|-
| ''Faces After the Storm''
| 1981
| English
| [[Prakash Jha]]
|
|-
|''[[Father, Son, and Holy War]]''
|1995
|Hindi, English
|[[Anand Patwardhan]]
|
|-
| ''Festival of India''
| 1985
| French, English
| [[Shyam Benegal]]
|
|-
|[[Final Solution (2003 film)|''Final Solution'']]
|2003
|English, Hindi
|[[Rakesh Sharma (filmmaker)|Rakesh Sharma]]
|
|-
| ''Foundations of Progress''
| 1972
| English
| [[Shyam Benegal]]
|
|-
| ''Friends Together''
| 1978
| Hindi
| [[Prakash Jha]]
|
|-
| ''Growth for a Golden Future''
| 1982
| English
| [[Shyam Benegal]]
|
|-
| ''[[Gulabi Gang (film)|Gulabi Gang]]''
| 2012 in [[Dubai]]; 2014 in India
| Hindi, Bundeli
| [[Nishtha Jain]]
|
|-
| ''Horoscope for a Child''
| 1969
| English
| [[Shyam Benegal]]
|
|-
| ''Hungry Autumn''
| 1974
| English
| [[Goutam Ghose]]
|
|-
| ''I Am 20''
| 1967
| English
| [[S. N. S. Sastry]]
|
|-
| ''[[I Can Love Too]]''
| 2011
| English, Kannada
| Mrinmoy Bhowmick
|
|-
| ''Indian Youth: An Exploration''
| 1968
| English
| [[Shyam Benegal]]
|
|-
| ''[[India's Struggle for National Shipping]]''
| 1947
| Hindi
| Paul Zils
|
|-
| ''[[India's Daughter]]''
| 2015
| English, Hindi
| [[Leslee Udwin]]
|
|-
|''India's Forbidden Love''
|2018
|English, Tamil
|Sadhana Subramaniam
| <references group="International Emmy 2019 - Nominated" />
|-
| ''[[Inshallah, Football]]''
| 2010
| Kashmiri, Urdu, English
| [[Ashvin Kumar]]
|
|-
| ''[[Inshallah, Kashmir]]''
| 2012
| Kashmiri, Urdu, Hindi,English
| [[Ashvin Kumar]]
|
|-
| ''Interdependence Film 2019''
| 2019
| English, French, Italian
| [[Nila Madhab Panda]]
|
|-
| ''I Want to Be an American''
| 2013
| English, Spanish
| [[Qaushiq Mukherjee]]
|
|-
| ''[[Jai Bhim Comrade]]''
| 2011
| English, Hindi, Marathi
| [[Anand Patwardhan]]
|
|-
| ''Jawaharlal Nehru''
| 1982
| Hindi
| [[Shyam Benegal]]
|
|-
| ''Jeevan Smriti'' (On [[Rabindranath Tagore]])
| 2013
| Bengali, English
| [[Rituparno Ghosh]]
|
|-
| ''Jyanto Durga'' (Durga Live)
| 2010
| Bengali
| [[Arin Paul]]
|
|-
| ''[[Kakkoos]]''
| 2017
| Tamil
| Divya Bharathi
|
|-
| ''Kalahandi''
| 2001
| Odia
| [[Goutam Ghose]]
|
|-
| ''L'archivio a oriente''
| 2012
| Italian, Persian, Chinese
| [[Goutam Ghose]]
|
|-
| ''[[Ladies First (2017 film)|Ladies First]]''
| 2018
| Hindi
| Uraaz Bahl
|
|-
| ''Laloorinu Parayanullathu''
| 2012
| Malayalam
| [[Sathish Kalathil]]
|
|-
| ''Land of Sand Dunes''
| 1986
| English
| [[Goutam Ghose]]
|
|-
| ''Learning Modules for Rural Children''
| 1974
| English
| [[Shyam Benegal]]
|
|-
| ''Loknayak''
| 2004
| Hindi
| [[Prakash Jha]]
|
|-
| ''Love in India''
| 2009
| Tamil, Bengali, English, Hindi
| [[Qaushiq Mukherjee]]
|
|-
| ''[[Machines (film)|Machines]]''
| 2016
| Hindi
| [[Rahul Jain]]
|
|-
| ''Mati Manas'' (The Mind of Clay)
| 1985
| Hindi
| [[Mani Kaul]]
|
|-
| ''May I Think, Sir?''
| 1983
| English
| [[Prakash Jha]]
|
|-
| ''[[Menstrual Man]]''
| 2013
| Hindi, Tamil, English
| Amit Virmani
|
|-
| ''Mohor''
| 1990
| Hindi
| [[Goutam Ghose]]
|
|-
| ''Moving Perspectives''
| 1964
| English
| [[Mrinal Sen]]
|
|-
| ''My Mother: A Freudian introspection''
| 1997
| Bengali
| [[Sandip Ray]]
|
|-
| ''[[Naga Story: The Other Side of Silence]]''
| 2003
| Nagamese, Meitei, English and 14 Naga languages
| Gopal Menon
|
|-
| ''Nature Symphony''
| 1990
| English
| [[Shyam Benegal]]
|
|-
| ''Nehru''
| 1984
| English
| [[Shyam Benegal]]
|
|-
| ''New Earth''
| 1973
| English
| [[Goutam Ghose]]
|
|-
| ''New Horizons in Steel''
| 1977
| English
| [[Shyam Benegal]]
|
|-
| ''Notes on the Green Revolution''
| 1972
| English
| [[Shyam Benegal]]
|
|-
| ''Ode to a Child''
| 1979
| English
| [[Prakash Jha]]
|
|-
| ''Parampara''
| 1985
| Hindi
| [[Goutam Ghose]]
|
|-
| ''Pas de deux''
| 1981
| English
| [[Prakash Jha]]
|
|-
| ''Power to the People''
| 1972
| English
| [[Shyam Benegal]]
|
|-
| ''Pregnant Silence: Conception of a Genius''
| 1991
| English
| [[Sandip Ray]]
|
|-
| ''Puppeteers of Rajasthan''
| 1974
| Hindi
| [[Mani Kaul]]
|
|-
| ''Quest for a Nation''
| 1970
| English
| [[Shyam Benegal]]
|
|-
| ''[[Rabindranath Tagore (film)|Rabindranath Tagore]]''
| 1961
| English
| [[Satyajit Ray]]
|
|-
| ''Raga and Melody''
| 1972
| English
| [[Shyam Benegal]]
|
|-
|[[Ram ke Naam]]
|1992
|Hindi, English
|[[Anand Patwardhan]]
|
|-
| ''[[Ramkinkar Baij (film)|Ramkinkar Baij]]''
| 1975
| Bengali
| [[Ritwik Ghatak]]
|
|-
| ''Reaching Out to People''
| 1979
| English
| [[Shyam Benegal]]
|
|-
| ''[[Reason (film)|Reason]]''
| 2019
| English, Hindi
| [[Anand Patwardhan]]
|
|-
| ''[[Red Ant Dream]]''
| 2013
| Gondi, Odia, Punjabi
| [[Sanjay Kak]]
|
|-
| ''Rhythms of a Land and Its People''
| 1976
| English
| [[Prakash Jha]]
|
|-
| ''[[Riding Solo to the Top of the World]]''
| 2006
| English
| Gaurav Jani
|
|-
| ''Rubaro Roshni''
| 2019
| Hindi
| Aamir Khan Production
|
|-
| ''[[Sachin: A Billion Dreams]]''
| 2017
| English, Marathi, Hindi
| James Erskine
|
|-
| ''Sangathan''
| 1983
| Hindi
| [[Shyam Benegal]]
|
|-
| ''Sange Meel Se Mulaqat'' (On [[Ustad Bismillah Khan]])
| 1989
| Hindi
| [[Goutam Ghose]]
|
|-
| ''Sarimen''
| 2020
| English
| [[Qaushiq Mukherjee]]
|
|-
| ''Satyajit Ray''
| 1982
| English, Bengali, Hindi
| [[Shyam Benegal]]
|
|-
| ''Shreevatsya''
| 1983
| English
| [[Prakash Jha]]
|
|-
| ''Siddeshwari''
| 1990
| Hindi
| [[Mani Kaul]]
|
|-
| ''[[Sikkim (film)|Sikkim]]''
| 1971
| English
| [[Satyajit Ray]]
|
|-
| ''[[Silent Ghungroos]]''
| 2006
| English
| Gauri Warudi
|
|-
| ''Sinhasta, or The Path to Immortality''
| 1968
| English
| [[Shyam Benegal]]
|
|-
| ''Sonal''
| 2002
| Hindi
| [[Prakash Jha]]
|
|-
| ''Steel: A Whole New Way of Life''
| 1971
| English
| [[Shyam Benegal]]
|
|-
| ''[[Suee]]''
| 2009
| Hindi
| [[Sai Paranjpye]]
|
|-
| ''Suhani Sadak''
| 1973
| Hindi
| [[Shyam Benegal]]
|
|-
| ''[[Sukumar Ray (film)|Sukumar Ray]]''
| 1987
| Bengali
| [[Satyajit Ray]]
|
|-
| ''Swajaldhara''
| 2002
| Hindi
| [[Nila Madhab Panda]]
|
|-
| ''Tailing Pond''
| 2020
| English
| Saurav Vishnu
|
|-
| ''Tala and Rhythm''
| 1971
| English
| [[Shyam Benegal]]
|
|-
| ''Tata Steel: Seventy Five Years of the Indian Steel Industry''
| 1983
| English
| [[Shyam Benegal]]
|
|-
| ''[[Thariode]]''
| 2020
| Malayalam
| [[Nirmal Baby Varghese]]
|
|-
| ''The Bird of Time''
| 1991
| English
| [[Goutam Ghose]]
|
|-
| ''[[The Inner Eye]]''
| 1972
| English
| [[Satyajit Ray]]
|
|-
| ''[[The House That Ananda Built]]''
| 1968
| English
| Fali Bilimoria
|
|-
| ''The Little Tea Shop''
| 1972
| English
| [[Sai Paranjpye]]
|
|-
| ''The Pulsating Giant''
| 1971
| English
| [[Shyam Benegal]]
|
|-
| ''The Raag Imam Kalyan''
| 1972
| English
| [[Shyam Benegal]]
|
|-
| ''The Shruti and Graces of Indian Music''
| 1972
| English
| [[Shyam Benegal]]
|
|-
| ''The Quiet Revolution - Part-1''
| 1974
| English
| [[Shyam Benegal]]
|
|-
| ''The Quiet Revolution - Part-2''
| 1975
| English
| [[Shyam Benegal]]
|
|-
| ''Tomorrow Begins Today: Industrial Research''
| 1976
| English
| [[Shyam Benegal]]
|
|-
| ''Tripura Prasanga'' (About Tripura)
| 1982
| Bengali
| [[Mrinal Sen]]
|
|-
| ''Valley of Hope - Amar Seva Sangam A Journey''
| 2019
| English, Tamil
| Arin Paul
|
|-
| ''Vande Mataram''
| 1990
| Bengali
| [[Rituparno Ghosh]]
|
|-
| ''Veenavaadanam''
| 2008
| Malayalam
| [[Sathish Kalathil]]
|
|-
| ''Violence: What Price? Who Pays? No. 5''
| 1974
| English
| [[Shyam Benegal]]
|
|-
| ''[[War and Peace (2002 film)|War and Peace]]''
| 2002
| English, Hindi
| [[Anand Patwardhan]]
|
|-
| ''Why Export?''
| 1970
| English
| [[Shyam Benegal]]
|
|-
| ''You Can Prevent Burns''
| 1974
| English
| [[Shyam Benegal]]
|
|-
| ''Zindagi Ek Safar'' (On [[Kishore Kumar]])
| 1991
| Hindi
| [[Sandip Ray]]
|
|-
|}

== References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of Indian films|Documentary]]
[[Category:Lists of documentary films|Indian]]

Priyanka K

2026-02-13T11:52:22Z

Advancedacademy: put up new details.

{{short description|Indian chess player (born 2001)}}
{{Tamil name|K|Priyanka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox chess player
| name = Priyanka K
| image =
| caption =
| country = India
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2001|8|3}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Priyanka-K-the-poet|title=Read this 18-year-old girl's heartfelt lines about her chess and life}}</ref>
| birth_place= [[Coimbatore]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| title = [[FIDE titles|Woman International Master]] (2019)
| peakrating = 2227 (February 2022)
| FideID = 5082986
}}

'''Priyanka K''' (born 2001) is an Indian [[chess]] player who holds the title of [[FIDE titles|Woman International Master]], which she earned in 2019. She won silver medal at 50th women's edition of [[Indian Chess Championship]] 2024 in [[Karaikudi]], got qualified for the [[Women's Chess World Cup 2025]] in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]<ref>https://s3.chess-results.com/tnr1014782.aspx?lan=1&art=1&rd=11&SNode=S0</ref>

==Chess career==
Priyanka K qualified for the [[Women's Chess World Cup 2025]], where she defeated [[Zsóka Gaál]] in blitz tiebreaks in the first round,<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2025-07-09 |title=FIDE World Women's Chess Cup: India's Priyanka shows Zsoka Gaal the exit door |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/chess/fide-world-womens-chess-cup-priyanka-beats-zsoka-second-round-humpy-harika-vaishali-deshmukh/article69790208.ece |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Priyanka's Checkmate: Surging Through FIDE Women's Chess Cup |url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/sports-games/3501795-leverkusen-lands-malik-tillman-a-record-breaking-transformation |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=Devdiscourse |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-09 |title=Women's World Cup 2025 Round 1 TB: Priyanka K wins thrilling tie-breaks against Gaal Zsoka - ChessBase India |url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/FIDE-Women-s-World-Cup-2025-Round-1-TB-report |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=www.chessbase.in}}</ref> before being defeated by [[Klaudia Kulon]] on rapid tiebreaks in the second round.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-12 |title=Chess World Cup: 23-year-old Indian Vantika Agrawal stuns former world champion, pockets Rs 5.8 lakh so far |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/chess-world-cup-23-year-old-indian-vantika-agrawal-stuns-former-world-champion-pockets-rs-5-8-lakh-so-far/articleshow/122403250.cms |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{FIDE|id=5082986}}
*{{chessgames player|id=155110}}
*[https://www.365chess.com/players/K_Priyanka Priyanka K] chess games at 365Chess.com

{{DEFAULTSORT:K, Priyanka}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Chess Woman International Masters]]
[[Category:Indian female chess players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Coimbatore]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Anuvartik Mirji Bharatesh Institute of Technology

2026-02-13T02:44:43Z

Advancedacademy: starting new data more to come

{{Short description|Engineering college in Belgaum, Karnataka, India}}
{{Distinguish | Birla Institute of Technology | Bangalore Institute of Technology | Bearys Institute of Technology }}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}

{{Infobox university

| name = Anuvartik Mirji Bharatesh Institute of Technology

| image = Anuvartik Mirji Bharatesh Institute of Technology logo.jpeg

| motto = ''Tejasvi nāvadhītamastu'' ''तेजस्वि नावधीतमस्तु'' {{small | ([[Sanskrit]]) }}

| motto_lang = Sanskrit

| mottoeng = Let our study be enlightening

| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|2024}}<ref name="AICTE approved Institutes for the state Karnataka for the academic year: 2024-2025">{{cite web |title=List of AICTE approved Institutes for the state Karnataka for the academic year: 2024-2025 Aicte ID 1-43773447523 |url=https://facilities.aicte-india.org/dashboard/pages/angulardashboard.php#!/approved |publisher=All India Council for Technical Education}}</ref><ref name="VTU Belagavi Affiliated Colleges">{{cite web |title=Belagavi Affiliated Colleges|url=https://vtu.ac.in/belagavi-affiliated-colleges |publisher=Visvesvaraya Technological University}}</ref>

| principal = Veena Karchi <ref name="List of Faculties in Bharatesh Institute of Technology">{{cite web |title=List of Faculties in AICTE Approved Institutes in 'ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY' for the State Karnataka Aicte ID 1-43773447523 |url=https://facilities.aicte-india.org/dashboard/pages/faculties.php |publisher=All India Council for Technical Education}}</ref>

| type = [[Private colleges|Private]] [[Engineering]] [[College]]

| secretary =

| chairman =

| administrator =

| academic_staff = 13 <ref name="List of Faculties in Bharatesh Institute of Technology" /> {{small|(Appointment Type Regular)}}

| students = 642

| undergrad = 581 <ref name="AICTE approved Institutes for the state Karnataka for the academic year: 2024-2025"/><ref name="List of AICTE approved Institutes for the state Karnataka for the academic year: 2025-2026">{{cite web |title=List of courses of ANUVARTIK MIRJI BHARATESH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY(1-44643793470), List of AICTE approved Institutes for the state Karnataka for the academic year: 2025-2026 Aicte ID 1-43773447523 |url=https://facilities.aicte-india.org/dashboard/pages/angulardashboard.php#!/approved |publisher=All India Council for Technical Education}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka Examinations Authority UG Seat Matrix 2024">{{cite web |title=ANNEXURE : C ENGINEERING SEATS GOVERNMENT NOTIFICATION NO. ED 140 TEC 2024 BANGALORE DATED - 24-06-2024 (Seats in Private Unaided Colleges and Unaided Courses) DRAFT SEAT MATRIX |url=https://cetonline.karnataka.gov.in/keawebentry456/ugcet2024/UG_DRAFT_SEAT_MATRIX_24062024kannada.pdf |publisher=Karnataka Examinations Authority}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka Examinations Authority UG Seat Matrix 2025">{{cite web |title=ANNEXURE : C ENGINEERING SEATS GOVERNMENT NOTIFICATION NO. ED 170 TEC 2025 BANGALORE DATED - 13-06-2025 (Seats in Private Unaided Colleges and Unaided Courses) DRAFT SEAT MATRIX |url=https://cetonline.karnataka.gov.in/keawebentry456/ugcet2025/UG_Seat_Matrix_2025english.pdf |publisher=Karnataka Examinations Authority}}</ref><ref name="COMEDK UG Seat Matrix 2024">{{cite web |title=Provisional COMEDK Engineering Seat Availability and Fee Structure before start of Round 1. Notified on 04.07.2024 NOTE: GM : GENERAL MERIT, KKR: KALAYANA KARNATAKA REGION |url=https://www.comedk.org/uploads/COMEDK_Provisional_Engineering_Seat_Availability_Fee_04_07_2024.pdf |publisher=Consortium of Medical, Engineering and Dental Colleges of Karnataka}}</ref><ref name="COMEDK UG Seat Matrix 2025">{{cite web |title=Engineering Provisional Seat Availability and Fee Structure before start of Round 1. Notified on 17.07.2025 NOTE: GM : GENERAL MERIT, KKR: KALAYANA KARNATAKA REGION |url=https://www.comedk.org/uploads/Engineering-Provisional-Seat-Availability-Fee-before-start-of-Round-1-Notified-on-17_07_2025.pdf |publisher=Consortium of Medical, Engineering and Dental Colleges of Karnataka}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka Examinations Authority Lateral Entry Seat Matrix 2025">{{cite web |title=ANNEXURE : C ENGINEERING SEATS GOVERNMENT NOTIFICATION NO. ED 82 DTE 2025 BANGALORE DATED - 27-06-2025 Admission to 2nd Year B.E. Courses (By Lateral Entry) for Seats in Private Unaided Colleges and Unaided Courses for the year 2025-26 |url=https://cetonline.karnataka.gov.in/keawebentry456/dcet2025/Final_Lateral_Matrixs_27062025english.pdf |publisher=Karnataka Examinations Authority}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka Examinations Authority UGCET-2024 UNALLOTTED SEATS AFTER 2ND EXTENDED ROUND">{{cite web |title=UNFILLED ENGINEERING SEATS AFTER 2nd EXTENDED ROUND - 2024 - 25 DATE: 22-OCT-24 05:34 PM |url=https://cetonline.karnataka.gov.in/keawebentry456/ugcet2024/BULL_ENGG_FREE_2024_GEN_REMAIN_AFT_EXTRND_FINenglish.pdf |publisher=Karnataka Examinations Authority}}</ref>

| postgrad = 61 <ref name="List of AICTE approved Institutes for the state Karnataka for the academic year: 2025-2026" /><ref name="Karnataka Examinations Authority PG Seat Matrix">{{cite web |title=ANNEXURE : C GOVERNMENT NOTIFICATION NO. Ed 179 TEC 2025 BANGALORE DATED - 22-09-2025 MCA SEAT MATRIX FOR THE YEAR 2025-26 (COURSES IN PRIVATE UNAIDED COLLEGES & UNAIDED COURSES IN AIDED COLLEGES) |url=https://cetonline.karnataka.gov.in/keawebentry456/pgcet2025/pgcet_2025_SM_23092025english.pdf |publisher=Karnataka Examinations Authority}}</ref><ref name="KMAT">{{cite web |title=The Karnataka Private Post Graduate Colleges Association (KPPGCA) Karnataka Management Admission Test (KMAT) | url=https://www.kmatindia.com/institutions |publisher=The Karnataka Private Post Graduate Colleges Association}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka Examinations Authority PG MCA Vacant Seats">{{cite web |title=KARNATAKA EXAMINATIONS AUTHORITY Non-Interactive Admission System - 2025-26 PGCET MBA/MCA/MTECH COURSES 2025 SEAT MATRIX FOR THIRD ROUND FOR MCA | url=https://cetonline.karnataka.gov.in/keawebentry456/pgcet2025/vacant_seat_C_04112025english.pdf |publisher=Karnataka Examinations Authority}}</ref>

| doctoral =

| address = Basavan Kudachi Extension, Shindholli Cross

| city = [[Belagavi]]

| state = [[Karnataka]]

| postalcode = 591124

| country = [[India]]

| campus = [[Suburban]]

| campus_size = {{convert|30000|sqft|acre|abbr=on}}<ref name="Bharatesh Education Trust to start new Engineering college">{{cite news|title=Bharatesh Education Trust to start new Engineering college |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/bharatesh-education-trust-to-start-new-engineering-college/article68207685.ece | author= The Hindu Bureau | access-date=23 May 2024 | newspaper=The Hindu | location = Belagavi, India}}</ref>

| free_label = Acronym

| free = AMBIT

| logo =

| affiliations = [[Visvesvaraya Technological University]]
<ref name="VTU Belagavi Affiliated Colleges"/>

| website = {{URL|https://bharateshtech.org}}



| coordinates = {{coord|15|51|22.19|N|74|34|38.97|E|type:edu_region:IN_dim:500|display=inline,title}}
}}

The '''Bharatesh Institute of Technology''' ('''Anuvartik Mirji Bharatesh Institute of Technology''' or '''AMBIT''' or '''BIT''' ) is [[Private colleges|private]] [[Engineering | engineering]] [[College | college]] in [[Belagavi]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]].
AMBIT started functioning from May 2024, at the Bharatesh Chandragiri campus in Basavana Kudachi near the [[Belgaum Airport|Belagavi airport]] in [[Sambra]].<ref name="AICTE approved Institutes for the state Karnataka for the academic year: 2024-2025"/><ref name="Bharatesh Education Trust to start new Engineering college" /><ref name="Bharatesh Institute of Technology college will start from this year">{{cite news|title=‘भरतेश इन्स्टिट्यूट ऑफ टेक्नॉलॉजी’ कॉलेजला यावर्षीपासून सुरुवात |url=https://www.tarunbharat.com/bharatesh-institute-of-technology-college-started-from-this-year/ | author= Tarun Bharat Portal | access-date=24 May 2024 | newspaper=Tarun Bharat | location = Belagavi, India}}</ref>

== Academics ==

=== Departments and courses ===

==== Undergraduate ====
* [[Artificial intelligence|Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning]] (AIML)
* [[Computer Science|Computer Science & Engineering]] (CSE)
* [[Electronics and Communication Engineering|Electronics & Communication Engineering]] (ECE)
* [[Information Science|Information Science & Engineering]] (ISE)<ref name="AICTE approved Institutes for the state Karnataka for the academic year: 2024-2025"/><ref name="VTU Belagavi Affiliated Colleges" /><ref name="Bharatesh Education Trust to start new Engineering college"/>

==== Postgraduate ====
[[Master of Computer Applications]] (MCA)<ref name="List of AICTE approved Institutes for the state Karnataka for the academic year: 2025-2026" />

===Admission===
Admissions for [[Bachelor of Engineering]] (B.E.) degree is through:
* [[Common Entrance Test|Karnataka Common Entrance Test]]
* [[List of Engineering Entrance Exams in India | COMED-K]]
* Diploma CET, as lateral entry for students with [[Diploma|diploma degrees]]

Admissions for [[Master of Computer Applications]] (MCA) degree is through:
* Post Graduate [[Common Entrance Test|Karnataka CET]] (PG CET)
* KMAT

The counselling process is based on rank secured in the respective entrance examinations.<ref name="Karnataka Examinations Authority UG Seat Matrix 2024" /><ref name="Karnataka Examinations Authority UG Seat Matrix 2025" /><ref name="COMEDK UG Seat Matrix 2024" /><ref name="COMEDK UG Seat Matrix 2025" /><ref name="Karnataka Examinations Authority Lateral Entry Seat Matrix 2025" /><ref name="Karnataka Examinations Authority PG Seat Matrix"/><ref name="KMAT" /><ref name="DCET 2025 INFORMATION BULLETIN FOR APPLICATION">{{cite web |title=DCET - 2025 INFORMATION BULLETIN FOR APPLICATION. 29/04/2025 |url=https://cetonline.karnataka.gov.in/keawebentry456/dcet2025/2025_dcet_information_bulletinenglish.pdf |publisher=Karnataka Examinations Authority}}</ref><ref name="PGCET 2025 MBA MCA MTECH INFORMATION BULLETIN">{{cite web |title=PGCET - 2025 MBA/MCA/M-TECH INFORMATION BULLETIN. 29/04/2025 |url=https://cetonline.karnataka.gov.in/keawebentry456/pgcet2025/PGCET_2025_Information_Bulletin_29042025english.pdf |publisher=Karnataka Examinations Authority}}</ref><ref name="Consortium of Medical, Engineering and Dental Colleges of Karnataka Undergraduate Entrance Test">{{cite news|title=Consortium of Medical, Engineering and Dental Colleges of Karnataka Undergraduate Entrance Test |url=https://education.indianexpress.com/engineering-exam/comedk-uget-exam-cutoff | author=Abhishek Arora | access-date= 13 Oct 2025 | newspaper=The Indian Express }}</ref>

=== Affiliation ===
The college has been approved by the [[All India Council for Technical Education]] (AICTE) and is affiliated to [[Visvesvaraya Technological University]] (VTU) [[Belagavi]].<ref name="AICTE approved Institutes for the state Karnataka for the academic year: 2024-2025"/><ref name="VTU Belagavi Affiliated Colleges"/><ref name="Bharatesh Education Trust to start new Engineering college" />

=== Accreditation, Rankings ===
AMBIT being {{Age in years and months | 2024 | 05 | 20}} old, and first graduate batch expected in 2028 ([[Bachelor of Engineering |under]], and [[ Master of Computer Applications | post ]] graduate), is not yet accredited by [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council | National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC)]], and [[National Board of Accreditation | National Board of Accreditation (NBA)]], or ranked by [[National Institutional Ranking Framework | National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF)]] {{small | (minimum requirement of: for departments accreditation by NBA is at least two batches of graduated students, or for institute accreditation by NAAC is been established for at least six years, and for ranking by NIRF is at least three batches of graduated students <ref name="Manual for Affiliated Constituent UG and PG Colleges">{{cite web |title=Manual for Affiliated Constituent UG and PG Colleges, IV. ELIGIBILITY FOR ASSESSMENT AND ACCREDITATION BY NAAC |url=http://naac.gov.in/images/docs/Manuals/Affiliated_Constituent-UG-PG-Colleges-4feb20201.pdf |publisher=National Assessment and Accreditation Council}}</ref> {{small | (NAAC reference link caution, link is [[http]]: not [[https]])}})<ref name="National Board of Accreditation">{{cite web |title=National Board of Accreditation, General Manual for Accreditation, General Policy on Accreditation | url = https://nbaind.org/files/General_Manual_V1.0_Format_20240423170211.pdf | publisher = National Board of Accreditation (NBA), India}}</ref><ref name="National Institutional Ranking Framework">{{cite web |title=NATIONAL INSTITUTIONAL RANKING FRAMEWORK, Methodology for Ranking of Academic Institutions in India, 2. Eligibility for Overall and Discipline-Specific Rankings, 2.1, (viii) |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2025/framework/Overall.pdf |publisher=National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF), Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=What Viksit Bharat Shiksha Adhishthan Bill proposes: Single higher education body, simpler regulatory system |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/higher-education-regulation-vbsa-bill-10431896 | author= Abhinaya Harigovind | date= 22 Dec 2025 | newspaper=The Indian Express }}</ref>
}}.

=== MoU ===
AMBIT has [[MoU]] with [[Belagavi Startup Association]] (BSA), signed on 05 August 2024, with 2000 sq ft campus space provided to companies in BSA as workspace.<ref name="BIT signs MoU with Belagavi Startup Association">{{Cite news |title=BIT signs MoU with Belagavi Startup Association | work = The Times of India | date = 6 Aug 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/bit-signs-mou-with-belagavi-startup-association/articleshow/112302358.cms}}</ref><ref name="Bharatesh Institute of Technology to partner with Belagavi start-ups to offer hands-on experience">{{cite news|title=Bharatesh Institute of Technology to partner with Belagavi start-ups to offer hands-on experience |url=https://www.thehindu.com/education/bharatesh-institute-of-technology-bit-to-partner-with-belagavi-start-ups-to-offer-hands-on-experience/article68502365.ece | author= The Hindu Bureau | access-date= 9 Aug 2024 | newspaper=The Hindu | location = Belagavi, India}}</ref><ref name="Bharatesh Institute of Technology takes bold step to promote entrepreneurship Dr Veena Karchi">{{cite news|title=ಉದ್ಯಮಶೀಲತೆ ಪ್ರೋತ್ಸಾಹಿಸಲು ಭರತೇಶ ಶಿಕ್ಷಣ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆ ದಿಟ್ಟ ಹೆಜ್ಜೆ- ಡಾ. ವೀಣಾ ಕರ್ಚಿ |url=https://pragativahini.com/bharatesh-education-institute-a-bold-step-to-encourage-entrepreneurship-dr-veena-karki/ | author= | access-date= 5 Aug 2024 | newspaper=Pragativahini News | location = Belagavi, India}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Visvesvaraya Technological University]]
*[[Indian Institute of Technology Dharwad]]
*[[Indian Institute of Science]]
*[[National Institute of Technology Karnataka|National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://bharateshtech.org/AICTE/aicte_mandatory AICTE Mandatory Disclosure]
* [https://bharateshtech.org/AICTE/aicte_approved AICTE Letter of Approval]
* [https://github.com/opensource-ambit Student open source contributors]

[[Category:All India Council for Technical Education]]
[[Category:Affiliates of Visvesvaraya Technological University]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Belgaum]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2024]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Belgaum]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Karnataka]]

Jayiram Samal

2026-02-07T23:04:06Z

Advancedacademy: fix

{{Short description|Odia actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jairam Samal (Jayee)
| image = Jairam Samal (Jayee).jpg
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1948}}
| birth_place = [[Mahanga (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mahanga]], [[Orissa]], India
| occupation = [[Actor]], [[Model (people)|Model]]
| height =
| imagesize =
| yearsactive = 1975-present
| spouse =
}}

'''Jayiram Samal'''{{ref|1|[Note]}} (born 1948), also known as '''Jayee''', is an India actor known for his [[comic actor|comic roles]] in [[Odia cinema]] (Ollywood). He is accredited in over 300 works, including films, television serials, and plays. He started his career in the 1970s as a comic actor. He was known for his trademark laugh.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/article598548.ece | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116221701/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/article598548.ece | url-status=dead | archive-date=16 January 2014 | title=Jayiram Samal: Ace comedian and character actor | newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] | date=31 August 2012 | accessdate=16 January 2014 | author=Sahu, Diana}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/article1285826.ece | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015125744/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/article1285826.ece | url-status=dead | archive-date=15 October 2012 | title=Ollywood's funny business gets serious | newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] | date=7 October 2010 | accessdate=16 January 2014}}</ref> He has also appeared in negative roles in some films.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}}

In 2008, Samal was presented with a Lifetime Achievement award at the 40th Banichitra Awards presented by the Banichitra film magazine along with singer [[Raghunath Panigrahi]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/banichitra-awards-presented/article1234345.ece | title=Banichitra awards presented | newspaper=The Hindu | date=7 April 2008 |place=Bhubaneshwar | accessdate=16 January 2014}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* 2013 ''[[Om Sai Tujhe Salaam]]''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhubaneswar/om-sai-tujhe-salaam-to-release-tomorrow.html | title='Om Sai Tujhe Salaam' to release tomorrow | publisher=[[Daily Pioneer]] | date=29 August 2013 |place=Bhubaneshwar | accessdate=16 January 2014}}</ref>
* 2002 ''Sindura Nuhein Khela Ghara''
* 1997 ''Sabitree''
* 1996 ''Jeevan Saathi''
* 1994 ''Gadhi Janile Ghara Sundar''
* 1992 ''Anti Churi Tanti Kate''
* 1988 ''Thili Jhia Heli Bohu''
* 1987 ''Jor Jaar Mulak Taar''
* 1987 ''Tunda Baaida''
* 1985 ''[[Hakim Babu]]''
* 1985 ''Jaga Hatare Pagha''
* 1984 ''Jaaiphula''
* 1984 ''Jaga Balia''
* 1984 ''Janani''
* 1984 ''Pratidhwani''
* 1983 ''Jheeati Sita Pari''
* 1983 ''Kaberi''
* 1983 ''[[Swapna Sagara]]''
* 1982 ''Basanti Apa''
* 1982 ''Mu O Se Tume''
* 1981 ''Arati''
* 1981 ''Bilwa Mangala''
* 1981 ''Maana Abhiman''
* 1980 ''Danda Balunga''
* 1979 ''Sautuni''
* 1978 ''Balidan''
* 1978 ''Janmadata''
* 1978 ''Pati Patni''
* 1977 ''[[Naga Phasa]]''
* 1977 ''Ae Nuhen Kahani''
* 1976 ''Krishna Sudama''
* 1975 ''[[Jajabara]]''
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{note|1|[Note]}}Also credited as Jairam or Jayaram.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|3374348}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Samal, Jayiram}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Odia cinema]]
[[Category:Cinema of Odisha]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-film-bio-stub}}

Rahu Ketu

2026-01-28T17:45:00Z

Advancedacademy:

'''Rahu Ketu''' may refer to:
* [[Rahu Ketu (1978 film)|''Rahu Ketu'' (1978 film)]], Hindi-language action film directed by B. R. Ishara
* [[Rahu Ketu (2026 film)|''Rahu Ketu'' (2026 film)]], Hindi-language comedy film directed by Vipul Vig

==See also==
{{Disambiguation}}

Kangchup

2025-12-30T21:38:58Z

Advancedacademy: Adding New Stub W/ Infobox

{{Short description|Village in Manipur, India}}
{{POV|talk=Narrow focus|date=November 2025}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kangchup
| native_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Manipur#India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.8594|93.8097|display=inline,title|type:city_region:IN-MN}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Manipur]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Imphal West district]]
| subdivision_type3 = Subdivision
| subdivision_name3 = [[Lamshang]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_total = 286
| population_as_of = 2011
| timezone1 = IST
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = MN
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 12
| mapframe-coordinates = {{coord|24.8594|93.8097}}

}}

'''Kangchup''' is a village in the [[Lamshang]] subdivision of [[Imphal West district]], in the Indian state of [[Manipur]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kangchup Village Population - Lamshang - Imphal West, Manipur |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/270065-kangchup-manipur.html |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> The village and nearby hamlets were impacted by the [[2023–2025 Manipur violence|Meitei–Kuki ethnic violence]] that started in Manipur in May 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-05 |title=Armed mobs rampage through villages and push remote Indian region to the brink of civil war |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-manipur-ethnic-violence-ed5b68efb55190de3539543955f56a92 |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bahn |first=Divya |date=2023-06-03 |title=Manipur violence: 16 injured in suspected militant attack in Imphal |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/northeast/2023/Jun/03/manipur-violence-16-injured-in-suspected-militant-attack-in-imphal-2581557.html |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> By reports from 2024 to 2025, some people began to return, and rehabilitation efforts were underway.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Asia's Premier News Agency - India News, Business & Political, National & International, Bollywood, Sports {{!}} ANI News |url=https://www.aninews.in/ |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=www.aninews.in |language=en}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=November 2025}}

== Geography ==
Kangchup is located within the [[Lamshang]] subdivision of [[Imphal West district]].<ref name=":0" /> The village is accessible via local district roads which connect to the broader Imphal–Kangchup Road. An existing project aims to extend it to [[Tamenglong]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Land acquisition for the construction of Imphal-Kangchup-Tamenglong Road under ADB assisted SASEC Road Connectivity Investment Programme (SCRIP) at Villages No. 53-Lamsang; 57-Kangchup; 59-Kharang Koireng; 64-Haorang Sabal and 95-Taothong in Imphal West District {{!}} Imphal West District, Government of Manipur {{!}} India |url=https://imphalwest.nic.in/document/land-acquisition-for-the-construction-of-imphal-kangchup-tamenglong-road-under-adb-assisted-sasec-road-connectivity-investment-programme-scrip-at-villages-no-53-lamsang-57-kangchup-59-kharang-koi/ |access-date=2025-10-25 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2024 |title=South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation Road Connectivity Investment Program - Tranche 1: Imphal-Kangchup-Tamenglong Road Internal Social Monitoring Report |url=https://www.adb.org/projects/documents/ind-47341-002-smr-27 |website=ADB |publisher=Social Monitoring Reports}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Implications of ADB Financed Kangchup Tamenglong Road By Jiten Christina |url=https://e-pao.net/epPageExtractor.asp?src=features.Implications_of_ADB_Financed_Kangchup_Tamenglong_Road_By_Jiten_Christina.html.. |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to the 2011 Census;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kangchup Village Population - Lamshang - Imphal West, Manipur |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/270065-kangchup-manipur.html |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

* Kangchup had a population of 286 people with 64 families residing. 138 people are males while 148 are females.
* Average sex ratio was 1072 females per 1000 males.
* There were 32 children under 6.
* The child sex ratio was 778 females per 1000 males.
* The literacy rate was 83.46%.

== Constituency ==
The Kangchup village is part of the [[Lamsang Assembly constituency]] and the [[Inner Manipur Lok Sabha constituency]].

== Economy ==
The economy of Kangchup relies primarily on agriculture and is supplemented by small-scale trade and labour in nearby markets.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Acquisition {{!}} Imphal West District, Government of Manipur {{!}} India |url=https://imphalwest.nic.in/land-acquisition/ |access-date=2025-10-25 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Transport ==
According to the 2011 District Census Handbook (Village & Town Directory) for Imphal West, Kangchup has local road access and public transport options. The village is located along the Imphal-Kangchup-Tamenglong Road, a key route that is being upgraded through the ABD-financed SASEC Road Connectivity Investment Programme.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Land acquisition for the construction of Imphal-Kangchup-Tamenglong Road under ADB assisted SASEC Road Connectivity Investment Programme (SCRIP) at Villages No. 53-Lamsang; 57-Kangchup; 59-Kharang Koireng; 64-Haorang Sabal and 95-Taothong in Imphal West District {{!}} Imphal West District, Government of Manipur {{!}} India |url=https://imphalwest.nic.in/document/land-acquisition-for-the-construction-of-imphal-kangchup-tamenglong-road-under-adb-assisted-sasec-road-connectivity-investment-programme-scrip-at-villages-no-53-lamsang-57-kangchup-59-kharang-koi/ |access-date=2025-10-30 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The land-acquisition notices from the Imphal West district administration identify Kangchup as part of the road corridor.

== 2023-2025 Manipur violence ==
During the outbreak of [[2023–2025 Manipur violence|ethnic violence in Manipur in May 2023]], Kangchup was one of the areas covered by national and international media as affected by the conflict and the resulting humanitarian crisis.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |first=IT Web |date=2024-11-12 |title=More violence erupts in Imphal West: Kuki militants attack villages, two injured |url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/more-violence-erupts-in-imphal-west-kuki-militants-attack-villages-two-injured/ |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=News from Manipur - Imphal Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-09 |title=Manipur violence: Two including woman found shot dead in Kangchup |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/manipur/story/manipur-violence-two-including-woman-found-shot-dead-in-kangchup-708228-2023-11-09 |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref>

In the following years, news reports highlighted ongoing security incidents in parts of Imphal West.

The reports also mentioned that some displaced families began to return. By mid-2025, several national outlets reported that some [[Meitei people|Meitei]] families started going back to Kangchup and nearby villages as part of rehabilitation and recovery efforts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thakur |first=Ashok |date=2025-07-12 |title=IDPs protest against government resettlement plan in Manipur |url=https://nagalandpost.com/idps-protest-against-government-resettlement-plan-in-manipur/ |access-date=2025-10-25 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-22 |title=Meitei families begin return to ruined homes as Manipur pushes ahead with resettlement |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/manipur/story/meitei-families-begin-return-to-ruined-homes-as-manipur-pushes-ahead-with-resettlement-1248488-2025-07-22 |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Cite book |url=https://ewsdata.rightsindevelopment.org/files/documents/02/ADB-47341-002_VFKdSz7.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com |title=SASEC Road Connectivity Investment Program: Kangchup-Tamenglong Section Imphal-Kangchup-Tamenglong Road (IKTR) |date=November 2015 |publisher=Public Works Department, Government of Manipur for the Asian Development Bank.}}

[[Category:Villages in Imphal West district]]

Dhingu Mata Temple

2025-12-22T16:32:42Z

Advancedacademy:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name = Dhingu Mata Temple
|native_name = '''ढींगू माता मन्दिर'''
|native_name_lang = [[Mahasu Pahari|Keonthali]], [[Hindi]]
|image = Dhingu Mata Temple.jpg
|caption = Dhingu Mata Mandir hilltop view from Sanjauli
|deity = [[Durga|Durga Mata]]
|location = Dhingu Dhar, [[Sanjauli]], [[Shimla]]
|district = [[Shimla district|Shimla]]
|country = [[India]]
|state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
|map_type = India Himachal Pradesh#India
|coordinates = {{coord|31.105531|77.200264|display=inline,title}}
|map_caption = Location of Dhingu Mata Mandir in Himachal Pradesh
|religious_affiliation = [[Hinduism]]
|creator=Raja Dhingu|elevation_m=2,381|elevation_ft=7811.8}}

'''Dhingu Mata Temple''' is a temple on top of a hill named Dhingu Dhar above [[Sanjauli]] in [[Shimla]] city in [[North Indian culture|North Indian]] state of [[Himachal Pradesh]]. The temple is named after its founder, the local ruler Raja Dhingu. The temple is quite popular among locals as well as among tourists.

== History ==
It is believed that Goddess Durga herself appeared in the dreams of Raja Dhingu, a local ruler, expressing her desire to be consecrated in a temple built by him. Honouring her divine wish, the king commissioned the construction of this magnificent temple, which stands as a symbol of his piety and devotion. The temple is believed to be made in 19th century and is older than 100 years.<ref>{{Cite news |year=2018 |title=शिमला |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/shimla-dhingu-temple-is-about-five-km-from-sanjauli-the-distance-020650-2937060.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://www.bhaskar.com/shimla-dhingu-temple-is-about-five-km-from-sanjauli-the-distance |archive-date=29 December 2024 |access-date=29 December 2024 |work=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref>

The ''Akhand Jyoti'' has been there for many years, burning constantly for 24 hours everyday. There are ancient three ''[[Pindi (Hindu iconography)|Pindis]]'' in the temple among a newly renovated idol renovated in 2021, with an old idol behind it.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |year=2018 |title=शिमला |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/shimla-dhingu-temple-is-about-five-km-from-sanjauli-the-distance-020650-2937060.html&ved=2ahUKEwj_34nTl82KAxXtgFYBHUFxJHIQFnoECDsQAQ&usg=AOvVaw1njJ3J3dcZincG687AU00W |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.bhaskar.com/shimla-dhingu-temple-is-about-five-km-from-sanjauli-the-distance-020650-2937060.html&ved |archive-date=29 December 2024 |access-date=21 December 2024 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |pages=1}}</ref>

== Accessibility ==
The temple is accessible by a narrow link road by which small vehicles can pass, from Sanjauli market up to top of Dhingu Dhar till a municipal parking. The temple is also accessible by stairs, there are 400 stairs up to Dhingu Dhar hill on which the temple is situated, which connects through a link road above Sanjauli. The temple can be seen from many localities of the city. In 2021, the [[Government of Himachal Pradesh|state government]] made a plan of making an escalator from Sanjauli road to the temple under [[Smart Cities Mission]] (Shimla).<ref>{{Cite web |title=ढींगू माता मंदिर जाने के लिए अब नहीं चढ़नी पड़ेंगी सीढि़यां, बनेगा एलिवेटर - no more stairs will have to be climbed to go to dhingu mata temple, an elevator will be built - Himachal Pradesh Shimla Common Man Issues News |url=https://www.jagran.com/himachal-pradesh/shimla-no-more-stairs-will-have-to-be-climbed-to-go-to-dhingu-mata-temple-an-elevator-will-be-built-22056966.html |access-date=29 December 2024 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== Belief ==
It is believed that every wish of the devotees is fulfilled here. The ''[[Bhandara (community kitchen)|Bhandara]]'' is organised every Sunday in the temple. The ''[[Navaratri|Navratri]]'' is celebrated with joy in the temple. In ''Navratri'' [[Devi Mahatmya|Durgasaptshati Paath]] is done regularly for all the 9 days. In the temple there are also the idols of [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]], [[Rama|Lord Rama]], [[Ganesha|Lord Ganesha]], [[Hanuman|Lord Hanuman]], etc. The temple opens everyday at 5:00 A.M. and closes at 8:00 P.M.<ref>{{Cite news |year=2018 |title=शिमला |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/shimla-dhingu-temple-is-about-five-km-from-sanjauli-the-distance-020650-2937060.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://www.bhaskar.com/shimla-dhingu-temple-is-about-five-km-from-sanjauli-the-distance |archive-date=29 December 2024 |access-date=29 December 2024 |work=Dinik Bhaskar}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{Hindu temples in Himachal Pradesh}}

[[Category:Temples in Shimla]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Shimla]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Himachal Pradesh]]

Official Spokesperson of the Ministry of External Affairs

2025-12-02T10:34:52Z

Advancedacademy: put up info.

{{Short description|Spokesperson of Indian Foreign Ministry}}
{{Infobox office
| post = Official Spokesperson
| body = the {{nowrap|[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]]}}
| insignia = Ministry of External Affairs India.svg
| insigniacaption =
| insigniasize = 220
| image = Randhir Jaiswal Indian Foreign Service Diplomat (cropped).jpg
| incumbent = [[Randhir Jaiswal]]
| incumbentsince = 3 January 2024
| acting =
| type = [[Additional secretary to the Government of India|Additional Secretary]]
| department = External Publicity Division (XP)
| abbreviation = AS-XP and Spokesperson
| seat = [[Shastri Bhawan]], New Delhi
| appointer = [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]]
| termlength =
| first =
| last =
| website = {{Official website|https://mea.gov.in/spokespersons-ofice.htm}}
}}

The '''Official Spokesperson of the Ministry of External Affairs''' is an Indian [[Government of India|government official]] whose primary responsibility is to serve as the spokesperson of the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] and to deal with other [[Media (communication)|media]] affairs relating to [[Indian foreign policy]]. The spokesperson is usually a [[Joint secretary to the Government of India|Joint Secretary]] or [[Additional secretary to the Government of India|Additional Secretary]] rank officer, and formally heads the External Publicity division in the Ministry.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=MEA {{!}} Spokesperson's Office : Personnel |url=https://mea.gov.in/personnel.htm |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=mea.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MEA {{!}} About MEA : Organization Structure : Divisions |url=https://mea.gov.in/divisions.htm#External%20Publicity%20&%20Public%20Diplomacy%20%5BXPD%5D%20Division |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=mea.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-18 |title=Arindam Bagchi may replace Anurag Srivastava as MEA spokesperson |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/arindam-bagchi-may-replace-anurag-srivastava-as-mea-spokesperson-963523.html |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

Currently, [[Randhir Jaiswal]], an officer of the 1998 batch of [[Indian Foreign Service]] is the Official Spokesperson of the Ministry of External Affairs.<ref name=":0" />

==Roles and functions==
The Official Spokesperson and Joint Secretary (External Publicity) is the interface of the Ministry of External Affairs with the media.
Its role includes:
* Releasing statements and giving speeches on behalf of the Ministry of External Affairs or of the Government of India informing its official position.
* Issuing Press Releases.
* Responding to Media queries.
* Media briefings.

==List of Official Spokespersons==
{{Incomplete list|date=July 2022}}
{| class="wikitable"
! # !! Name !! Photo !! From !! To !! Ref(s)
|-
| 33 || [[Randhir Jaiswal]]||[[File:Randhir Jaiswal Indian Foreign Service Diplomat.jpg|100x105px]] || 3 January 2024 ||''Incumbent'' || <ref>{{cite news |title=MEA spokesperson Arindam Bagchi passes on baton to Randhir Jaiswal |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/mea-spokesperson-arindam-bagchi-passes-on-baton-to-randhir-jaiswal20240103133221/ |access-date=3 January 2024 |agency=ANI |publisher=ANI}}</ref>
|-
| 32 || [[Arindam Bagchi]] || [[File:Amb Arindam Bagchi 23jan (cropped).jpg|93x93px]]|| 21 March 2021 || 2 January 2024 || <ref>{{cite news |title=Arindam Bagchi to be new spokesperson of Ministry of External Affairs |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/arindam-bagchi-to-be-new-spokesperson-of-ministry-of-external-affairs-121031801635_1.html |access-date=27 July 2022 |work=Business Standard India |date=18 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 31 || [[Anurag Srivastava]] || [[File:Anurag Srivastava IFS.jpg|93x93px]] || 7 April 2020 || 20 March 2021 ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is Anurag Srivastava? All you need to know about India's new MEA spokesperson |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/who-is-anurag-shrivastava-all-you-need-to-know-about-indias-new-mea-spokesperson |access-date=2022-09-08 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 30 || [[Raveesh Kumar]] || [[File:Raveesh Kumar IFS Amb Profile.jpg|108x108px]]
| 21 July 2017 || 6 April 2020 ||<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=IFS officer Raveesh Kumar to replace Gopal Baglay as MEA spokesperson |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/ifs-officer-raveesh-kumar-to-replace-gopal-baglay-as-mea-spokesperson-2025877.html |access-date=2022-09-08 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 29 || [[Gopal Bagalay|Gopal Baglay]] || [[File:Gopal Bagalay 2024 (cropped).jpg|93x93px]]||1 March
2017
| 20 July 2017 ||<ref name=":1" />
|-
| 28 || [[Vikas Swarup]]|| [[File:VikasSwarup (cropped).jpg|92x92px]]|| 18 April 2015|| 28 February 2017|| <ref name="SA-VS">{{Cite web |title=Vikas Swarup takes over as Spokesperson in MEA |url=https://www.indianmandarins.com/news/vikas-swarup-takes-over-as-spokesperson-in-mea/1044 |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=IndianMandarins |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 27 || [[Syed Akbaruddin]]|| [[File:Syed Akbaruddin.jpeg|70x70px]]||7 December 2011||18 April 2015<ref name="SA-VS"/>
|
|-
| 26 || [[Vishnu Prakash]]|| [[File:Ambassador of India to Republic of Korea, Shri Vishnu Prakash.jpg|92x92px]]||2008||2011||
|-
| 25|| [[Navtej Sarna]]|| [[File:Navtej Sarna at US DOE 2017 (cropped).jpg|93x93px]]|| 2002 || 2008 || <ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |title=Former MEA spokesperson Navtej Sarna appointed Indian ambassador to the United States |url=http://scroll.in/latest/817215/former-mea-spokesperson-navtej-sarna-appointed-indian-ambassador-to-the-united-states |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| 24 || [[Nirupama Rao]]|| [[File:Nirupama Rao.jpg|70x70px]]|| 2001|| 2002||<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bio-profile of Ambassador Nirupama Rao|url=https://www.indianembassyusa.gov.in/NirupamaRao|access-date=2023-03-16|website=www.indianembassyusa.gov.in/|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| 23 || [[Raminder Jassal]] || [[File:Raminder_Jassal.jpg|80px]] || 1999 || 2001 ||
|-
| 22 || [[Krishan Chander Singh]] || [[File:KC_Singh,_ex-Ambassador_to_UAE_and_Iran,_delivered_the_Key_Note_Address_during_the_seminar_on_Foreign_Cooperation_Initiatives_of_Indian_Navy.jpg|80px]] || 1998 || 1999 ||
|-
| 21 || [[Pavan Varma]] || [[File:Pavan_Varma_2005.jpg|80px]] || 1997 || 1998 ||
|-
| 20 || [[Talmiz Ahmad]] || || 1997 || 1997 ||
|-
| 19 || || || 1994 || 1997 ||
|-
| 18 || || || 1992 || 1994 ||
|-

| 17 || || || 1988 || 1992 ||
|-

| 16 || || || 1985 || 1988 ||
|-

| 15 || || || 1983 || 1985 ||
|-

| 14 || || || 1982 || 1983 ||
|-

| 13 || || || 1979 || 1982 ||
|-

| 12 || || || 1976 || 1979 ||
|-
| 11 || [[A. N. D. Haksar]] || [[File:A.N.D_Haksar_Profile_Cropped.png|80px]] || 1973 || 1976 ||
|-
| 10 || [[Shilendra Kumar Singh]] || [[File:Governor_of_Arunachal_Pradesh_S.K._Singh_(cropped).jpg|85px]] || 1969 || 1973 ||
|-
| 9 || A. B. Bhadkar || || 1968 || 1969 ||
|-
| 8 || Rikhi Jaipal || || 1967 || 1968 ||
|-
| 7 || I. J. Bhadur || || 1964 || 1967 ||
|-
| 6 || M. A. Rahman || || 1962 || 1964 ||
|-
| 5 || [[P. N. Menon (diplomat)|P. N. Menon]] || || 1959 || 1962 ||
|-
| 4 || [[Ramchundur Goburdhun]] || || 1958 || 1959 ||
|-
| 3 || [[P. N. Haksar]] |||| 1955 || 1958 ||
|-
| 2 || R Ramamirtham || || 1954 || 1955 ||
|-
| 1 || V R Bhatt || || 1949 || 1954 ||
|}

== See also ==
* [[Additional secretary to the Government of India]]
* [[Joint secretary to the Government of India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Central Civil Services (India)]]
[[Category:Indian government officials]]
[[Category:Political spokespersons]]
[[Category:Spokespersons for the Ministry of External Affairs of India]]

Epuru, Eluru district

2025-11-23T03:16:16Z

Advancedacademy: started new place.

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Epuru
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name = Apuru
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.38294|N|80.58299|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Eluru district|Eluru]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name=census>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook - West Godavari|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2815_PART_B_DCHB_WEST%20GODAVARI.pdf|website=Census of India|accessdate=12 January 2015|page=14,272|format=PDF}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 6.29
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 6849
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=628641|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=12 January 2016}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 521 105
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Epuru''' is a village in [[Eluru district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located in [[Pedapadu mandal]] of [[Eluru revenue division]].<ref>{{cite web |title=District Level Mandal wise List of Villages in Andhra Pradesh |url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/westgodavari.pdf|website=Chief Commissioner of Land Administration|publisher=National Informatics Centre|accessdate=19 September 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214094218/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/westgodavari.pdf|archivedate=14 December 2014|page=10|format=PDF}}</ref>

== Demographics ==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India]], Epuru had a population of 6849. The total population constitute, 3413 males and 3436 females —a sex ratio of 1007 females per 1000 males. 746 children are in the age group of 0–6 years with sex ratio of 943. The average literacy rate stands at 65.71%.<ref name=population />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Eluru district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

Tulasi Vivaha

2025-11-03T17:04:19Z

Advancedacademy:

{{Short description|Hindu religious occasion}}
{{for|the film|Tulsi Vivah (film)}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox holiday
| type = Hindu
| longtype = Religious
| image = Tulsi vivah.JPG
| image_alt =
| caption = Tulasi Vivaha ceremony
| official_name =
| nickname =
| observedby = [[Hindu]]s
| begins = [[Prabodhini Ekadashi]]
| ends = [[Kartik Purnima]]
| month = October/November
| date2017 = November 1, Wednesday<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.festivalsofindia.in/tulsi_vivah/|title = Tulsi vivah 2021, tulsi puja, tulsi marriage - Festivals of India}}</ref>
| date2018 =
| celebrations = Ceremonial wedding
| observances =
| relatedto =
| frequency = Annual
| holiday_name = Tulasi Vivaha
| significance = Marks the ritual wedding of Tulasi and Vishnu
| date =
}}

'''Tulasi Vivaha''' ({{Langx|sa|तुलसी विवाह|''romanized:'' Tulasī Vivāha}}, [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]: તુલસી વિવાહ, {{langx|kn|ತುಳಸಿ ಮದುವೆ|translit=Tulasi Maduve}}, {{Langx|te|తులసి కళ్యాణం|translit=Tulasi Kaḷyāṇaṁ}}, {{Langx|ml|തുളസി കല്യാണം|translit=Tuḷasi kalyaṇam}}, {{Langx|ta|துளசி கல்யாணம்|lit=Wedding of Tulasi|translit=Tulasi Kaḷyaṇam}}, {{Langx|mr|तुळशीचं लग्न|lit=Wedding of Tulasi|translit=Tuḷśīca lagna}}),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=K. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uzoHCwAAQBAJ&dq=tulsi+vivaha&pg=PT24 |title=Hindu Rites and Rituals: Origins and Meanings |date=2015-11-25 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-85890-04-8 |pages=24 |language=en}}</ref> also called '''Tulasi Kalyanam''',<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sarvaga |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2TedCQAAQBAJ&dq=tulasi+kalyanam&pg=PA130 |title=Tulasi Devi: The Goddess of Devotion |last2=Gunavati |last3=Amma |date=2015-05-22 |publisher=M A Center |isbn=978-1-68037-276-2 |pages=130 |language=en}}</ref> is a [[Hindu]] ritual, in which a symbolic ceremonial wedding takes place between a tulasi plant or [[Holy Basil|holy basil]] (the personification of [[Lakshmi]]) and a [[Shaligram|shaligrama]] or an [[Phyllanthus emblica|amla branch]] (the personifications of [[Vishnu]]). Tulasi Vivaha signifies the end of the monsoon, and the beginning of the wedding season in [[Hinduism]].<ref name="lall">{{cite book|author=R. Manohar Lall|title=Among the Hindus: A Study of Hindu Festivals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YlqH4Q_gqCQC&pg=PA184|year=1933|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-1822-0|pages=184–}}</ref><ref name="Tarlo" />

The ceremonial wedding is performed anytime between [[Prabodhini Ekadashi]] (the eleventh or twelfth lunar day of the bright fortnight of the [[Hindu calendar|Hindu month]] of [[Kartika (month)|Kartika]]) and [[Kartik Poornima|Kartika Purnima]] (the full moon of the month). The day varies regionally.<ref name = underhill>{{cite book|author=M.M. Underhill|title=The Hindu Religious Year|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fb9Zc0yPVUUC|year=1991|pages= 129–131|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0523-7}}</ref><ref name="PawarPatil2008">{{cite book|author1=Shubhangi Pawar|author2=D. A. Patil|title=Ethnobotany of Jalgaon District, Maharashtra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xTi0iaalLXcC&pg=PA401|date= 2008|pages=400|publisher=Daya Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7035-515-1}}</ref>

==Legend==
{{Vaishnavism}}{{Main articles|Tulasi in Hinduism}}
[[Hindu texts]] such as the [[Skanda Purana]], [[Padma Purana]], as well as the [[Shiva Purana]] feature [[Tulasi in Hinduism|Tulasi]] in the tale of the [[Asura|asuras]], Vrinda and her husband [[Jalandhara]]. Vrinda is described as a pious devotee of Vishnu who marries Jalandhara. Due to Vrinda's fidelity, Jalandhara was endowed with power that made him invincible, even by the gods. One day, upon hearing the details of [[Parvati|Parvati's]] beauty from [[Narada]], Jalandhara demands Parvati's husband, [[Shiva]], hand her over to him which leads to a battle between the two. In the midst of the duel, Jalandhara employs his illusory arts, and attempts to abduct Parvati in the guise of Shiva. When Parvati realises his trickery, she escapes and prays to Vishnu that Vrinda also encounters the same fate of deception.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2020-02-27 |title=Fight between Śiva and Jalandhara [Chapter 20] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-skanda-purana/d/doc371662.html |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Simoons |first=Frederick J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KEUAbrBoeBAC&dq=vrinda+and+vishnu+story&pg=PA11 |title=Plants of Life, Plants of Death |date=1998 |publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press |isbn=978-0-299-15904-7 |pages=11 |language=en}}</ref>

Vrinda has an ominous nightmare where she sees her husband seated on a buffalo. Disturbed, Vrinda attempts to find peace by walking in a park, but is frightened upon seeing two ''[[Rakshasa|rakshasas]].'' Vishnu, in the guise of a sage, rescues Vrinda and reveals that her husband is dead. She urges the sage to resuscitate her departed husband. Vishnu then deceives Vrinda by taking the guise of her husband, Jalandhara and breaking her chastity. When Vrinda realises this, she curses Vishnu that his wife, too, would be separated from him (as portrayed in the [[Ramayana]], when [[Sita]] is separated from [[Rama]]) and [[Agnipravesham|self-immolates]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2020-02-27 |title=Vṛndā's Self-immolation [Chapter 21] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-skanda-purana/d/doc371663.html |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> Her chastity now broken, Shiva is able to defeat Jalandhara.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vanamali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BmAoDwAAQBAJ&dq=vrinda+and+vishnu+story&pg=PT116 |title=Shiva: Stories and Teachings from the Shiva Mahapurana |date=2013-10-04 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-62055-249-0 |language=en}}</ref>

After the conclusion of the battle, Vishnu is still traumatised by the death of the beautiful Vrinda, and refuses to move from her pyre. The devas invoke [[Prakṛti|Prakriti]], the personified force of nature, who offers them three seeds to be planted where Vishnu stays, which represent the sattva, rajas, and tamas [[Guṇa|gunas]]. The seeds grow to become three plants, [[Myrobalan|Dhātrī]], [[Jasmine|Mālatī]], and Tulasī, who are personified as three women, [[Saraswati|Svarā]], [[Lakshmi|Lakṣmī]], and [[Parvati|Gaurī]]. Vishnu is infatuated by the sight of these wondrous women. Since Mālatī is regarded to be jealous of Vishnu's [[shakti]] (she is born from Lakshmi's divine energy, and the goddess of prosperity herself is also regarded to be Vishnu's divine energy), she is condemned. The goddesses Dhātrī and Tulasī, however, bear genuine love for Vishnu, and make him forget his misery. They accompany Vishnu to [[Vaikuntha]], and greatly please and delight him.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2020-02-27 |title=The Origin of Dhātrī and Tulasī [Chapter 23] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-skanda-purana/d/doc371665.html |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-10-30 |title=The Greatness of Dhātrī and Tulasī [Chapter 105] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-padma-purana/d/doc365684.html |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2018-10-16 |title=The Vanishing of Viṣṇu's delusion [Chapter 26] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/shiva-purana-english/d/doc226167.html |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

In a variation of this legend, Vrinda immolates herself on her husband's funeral pyre, but Vishnu ensures that she is incarnated in the form of the tulasi plant on earth. She gains the status of a goddess named Tulasi, while her earthly form is the tulasi plant.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Littleton |first1=C. Scott |title=Gods, Goddesses, And Mythology, Volume 11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HC93q4gsOAwC&q=Tulsi+in+Hinduism&pg=PA1125 |year=2005 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |isbn=9780761475590 |pages=1125–26 }}</ref>{{Sfn|Simoons|1998|p=11}}

In popular tradition, in accordance to a blessing by Vishnu to marry Vrinda in her next birth, Vishnu – in the form of shaligram - married Tulasi on Prabodhini Ekadashi. To commemorate this event, the ceremony of Tulasi Vivaha is performed.<ref name="lall" /><ref name="Tarlo" />

Another minor legend narrates that Lakshmi slew a demon on this day, and remained on earth as the tulasi plant.<ref name="underhill" />

A [[Vaishnava]] legend relates Tulasi to the [[Samudra Manthana]], the churning of the cosmic ocean by the devas and asuras. At the end of the churning, [[Dhanvantari]] rose from the ocean with [[amrita]] (the elixir of immortality). Vishnu procures it for the devas, and successfully denies it to the asuras. Vishnu is regarded to have shed happy tears, the first of which fell inside the amrita, and formed Tulasi, who the former married.<ref>{{cite book |last=Deshpande |first=Aruna |title=India: A Divine Destination |publisher=Crest Publishing House |year=2005 |isbn=81-242-0556-6 |page=203}}</ref>

== Celebrations ==
{{multiple image
| align = left
| image1 = Ocimum tenuiflorum2.jpg
| width1 = 160
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Lakshmi-Narasimha Shaligram Arnab Dutta.jpg
| width2 = 250
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| footer = Tulasi and Shaligrama, personifications of [[Lakshmi Narayana]]
}}

The wedding ceremony of Tulasi to Vishnu/Krishna resembles the traditional Hindu wedding.<ref name="lall" /><ref name="Tarlo">{{cite book|author=Emma Tarlo|title=Clothing Matters: Dress and Identity in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ByoTXhXCuyAC|date=1996|publisher=University of Chicago Press|pages=184–5|isbn=978-0-226-78976-7}}</ref> The wedding is conducted at homes and in temples where a fast is observed until evening, when the ceremony begins. A ''mandapam'' (wedding booth) is built around the courtyard of the house where the tulasi plant is usually planted in centre of the courtyard in a brick plaster called the ''Tulasi [[Vrindavana]]''. It is believed that the soul of Vrinda resides in the plant at night and leaves in the morning.<ref name="underhill" /> The bride Tulasi is adorned with a [[sari]] and ornaments including earrings and necklaces. A human paper face with a [[bindi (decoration)|bindi]] and nose-ring may be attached to Tulasi. The groom is a brass image or picture of Vishnu, Krishna, [[Balarama]], or more frequently the shaligrama stone - the symbol of Vishnu. The image is clothed in a [[dhoti]]. Both Vishnu and Tulasi are bathed and decorated with flowers and garlands before the wedding. The couple is linked with a cotton thread (mala) in the ceremony.<ref name="Tarlo" />

===India===

==== Bihar ====

At Prabhu Dham in [[Saunja, India]], the festival is collectively celebrated by whole village which makes it a significant point of attraction. Here it is celebrated as three day festival in the Hindu month of [[Kartik (month)|Kartik]] from Ekadashi to Trayodashi. The festival starts with the Vedic chanting of [[Ramcharitmanas]] or [[Ramayana]] by the villagers. The second day is celebrated as Sobha Yatra which is of significant importance in which the special prasad is [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]], and the third day is celebrated as Tilakotsava and Vivahotsava of Vishnu and Vrinda. The villagers prepare 56 types of [[prasada]] known as ''Chapan Bhog'' and it is distributed to all. All classes participate in this ritual accordingly. Devotees including saints and [[mahant]]s from all over [[Bihar]] visit this place to celebrate this festive occasion.

==== Maharashtra ====

[[File:Tulsi pooja 034.jpg|thumb|Tulasi plant worshipped as part of Tulasi Vivaha celebrations.]]

In [[Maharashtra]], an important ritual in the ceremony is when the white cloth is held between the bride and the groom and the priest recites the ''Mangal Ashtaka'' [[mantra]]s. These mantras formally complete the wedding. Rice mixed with vermilion is showered by the attendees on Tulasi and Vishnu at the end of the recitation of the mantras with the word "Savadhan" (literally "be careful" implying "You are united now". The white curtain is also removed. The attendees clap signifying approval to the wedding. Vishnu is offered sandalwood-paste, men's clothing and the [[yagnopavita|sacred thread]]. The bride is offered saris, turmeric, vermilion and a wedding necklace called ''Mangal-sutra'', worn by married women. Sweets and food cooked for an actual wedding are cooked for Tulasi Vivaha too. This ceremony is mostly performed by women.<ref name="underhill" /><ref name="lall" /> The [[Prasad (food offering)|prasad]] of sugar-cane, coconut chips, fruits and groundnut is distributed to devotees.

The expenses of the wedding are usually borne by a daughter-less couple, who act as the parents of Tulasi in the ritual wedding. The giving away of the daughter Tulasi (''kanyadaan'') to Krishna is considered meritorious to the couple. The bridal offerings to Tulasi are given to a [[Brahmin]] priest or female ascetics after the ceremony.<ref name="Tarlo" />

==== Gujarat ====
In two Rama temples in [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]], the ceremony is more elaborate. An invitation card is sent to the groom's temple by the bride's temple. On Prabodhini Ekadashi, a ''barat'' (bridal procession) of ''Lalji'' - an image of Vishnu - sets off to the bride's temple. Lalji is placed in a palanquin and accompanied by singing and dancing devotees. The barat is welcomed on the outskirts of Tulsi's village and the ceremonial wedding is held at the temple. On the bride's side, Tulasi is planted in an earthen pot for the ceremony. People desirous of children perform ''Kanyadaan'' from Tulsi's side acting as her parents. [[Bhajan]]s are sung throughout the night and in the morning the barat of Lalji returns to his village with Tulasi.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}

==== Andhra Pradesh and Telangana ====
Tulasi Kaḷyāṇaṁ (తులసి కళ్యాణం) is mainly celebrated on [[Kartik (month)|Kartika]] [[Shukla Paksha|Shukla]] [[Dwadashi|Dvadashi]] (the 12th day of the Kartika month's waxing moon phase) or Utthana Dwadashi or Ksheerabdhi Dwadashi among the [[Telugu people|Telugu]]s. Vishnu is worshipped in the form of an [[Phyllanthus emblica|amla plant]]. A branch of the amla tree is placed in the [[Tulasi chaura|Tulasi Vrindavan]]. Tulasi is decorated like a bride, complete with jewellery. A puja is performed with the [[Upachara|Shodashopachara]], which is sometimes substituted with other forms of [[Upachara]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-09|title=Sri Tulasi Pooja Vidhanam - శ్రీ తులసీ దేవీ షోడశోపచార పూజ|url=https://stotranidhi.com/sri-tulasi-pooja-vidhanam-in-telugu/|access-date=2021-11-09|website=Stotra Nidhi|language=te}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Tulsi in Hinduism|Tulasi in Hinduism]]
* [[Tulsi Pujan Diwas|Tulasi Pujan Divas]]
*[[Tulasi chaura|Tulasi Vrindavana]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/festivals-and-events/tulsi-vivah Tulsi Vivah: A Sacred Festival of Divine Union]

{{Worship in Hinduism}}


*[http://www.sumadhwaseva.com/festivals/tulasi-vivaaha/ Tulasi kalyana]

[[Category:Hindu holy days]]
[[Category:Marriage in Hinduism]]
[[Category:Rituals in Hindu worship]]
[[Category:Plants in Hinduism]]
[[Category:October observances]]
[[Category:November observances]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals]]
[[Category:Vaishnavism]]

List of Assamese films of the 1960s

2025-10-23T18:12:30Z

Advancedacademy: small expanded intro and added references

{{Short description|none}}
{{moresources|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
A list of Assamese languages films released in the decade of the 1960s. There were 13 movies were released in this decade.

==A-Z film==
{| class="wikitable" border="0"
|-
! Year
! Title<ref name="enajori">{{cite web | url=http://enajori.com/released-movies/ | title=Released Assamese Films | publisher=enajori.com | accessdate=6 April 2013 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308071902/http://enajori.com/released-movies/ | archivedate=8 March 2012 }}</ref><ref name="rupaliparda1">{{cite web|url=http://www.rupaliparda.com/english/history/History-list.htm |title=List of Assamese Movies (Passed by the Censor Board) |publisher=Rupaliparda.com |accessdate=7 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318023938/http://www.rupaliparda.com/english/history/History-list.htm |archivedate=18 March 2014 }}</ref>
! Director
! Music director
! Release date
! Notes
|-
|rowspan="2" align=center|1961|| [[Shakuntala (Assamese film)|Shakuntala]] || [[Bhupen Hazarika]] ||Bhupen Hazarika|| 24 November|| First portionally coloured Assamese film
|-
|[[Lachit Borphukon (film)|Lachit Borphukon]] ||[[Lakhyadhar Choudhury]], Prabin Phukon ||[[Brajen Barua]] || 29 September ||
|-
|align=center| 1962 || [[Narakasur (Assamese film)|Narakasur]] || [[Nip Barua]] || [[Brajen Barua]] || - ||
|-
|rowspan="4" align=center| 1963 || [[Itu Situ Bohutu]] || Brajen Barua ||Brajen Barua || - ||
|-
|[[Matir Swargo]] || [[Anil Choudhury]] || [[Jiten Dev]]|| - ||
|-
|[[Tezimola (film)|Tezimola]] || [[Anuwar Hussain]] ||[[Rajeswar Bordoloi]] || - ||
|-
|[[Maniram Dewan (film)|Maniram Dewan]] || [[Sarbeswar Chakrabarty]] ||Bhupen Hazarika || - ||
|-
|align=center|1964|| [[Pratiddhani]]<ref name="GokulsingDissanyake2004">{{cite book|author1=K. Moti Gokulsing|author2=Wimal Dissanyake|title=Indian Popular Cinema: A Narrative of Cultural Change|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_plssuFIar8C&pg=PA130|accessdate=27 November 2012|year=2004|publisher=Trentham Books|isbn=978-1-85856-329-9|pages=130–}}</ref> ||Bhupen Hazarika ||Bhupen Hazarika || - || President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film in Assamese
|-
| align=center| 1966 || [[Lotighoti]] || Bhupen Hazarika ||Bhupen Hazarika || - ||
|-
|rowspan="2" align=center| 1968 || [[Morom Trishna]] || Abdul Mazid||[[Bibekananda Bhattacharjee]] || 5 January ||
|-
| [[Sangram (1968 film)|Sangram]] || [[Amar Pathak]] || [[Asit Ganguly]] || 19 January ||
|-
|rowspan="2" align=center| 1969 || [[Chikmik Bijuli]] || Bhupen Hazarika || Bhupen Hazarika|| 19 October ||
|-
|[[Doctor Bezbaruah]] || Brajen Barua ||[[Ramen Barua]] || - || [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Assamese]] (Rajat Kamal)
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.rupaliparda.com/english/History.htm rupaliparda.com, an Assamese film website]

{{Indian film list}}
{{Cinema of Assam}}

[[Category:Lists of 1960s films|Assamese]]
[[Category:Lists of Assamese films by decade|1960s]]
[[Category:1960s in Indian cinema|Assamese]]

Mughal war of succession (1707–1709)

2025-08-16T09:17:05Z

Advancedacademy: Creating a bio

{{short description|1707–1709 civil war in the Mughal Empire}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{One source|text=This article '''relies almost entirely on a [[Wikipedia:Articles with a single source|single source]]''', which is 100+ years old. [[WP:HISTRS|Recent scholarly works]] on the historiography of the topic should be the first sources used.|date=June 2021}}

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Mughal war of succession (1707–1709) Mughal Civil War
| place = [[Mughal Empire]]
| combatant1 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] [[Bahadur Shah I]]
| combatant2 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] [[Muhammad Azam Shah|Azam Shah]]
| combatant3 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] [[Muhammad Kam Bakhsh|Kam Bakhsh]]
| result = [[Bahadur Shah I]] victory
| commander1 = [[Bahadur Shah I]] [[Jahandar Shah]] [[Azim-ush-Shan]] [[Farrukhsiyar|Farrukh-Siyar]]
| commander2 = [[Azam Shah]]{{KIA}} [[Bidar Bakht]]{{KIA}}
| commander3 = [[Kam Bakhsh]]{{KIA}}
| date = {{start and end dates|1707|3|3|1709|1|14|df=yes}} {{nwr|({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=03|day1=03|year1=1707|month2=1|day2=14|year2=1709}})}}
| partof = the [[Decline of the Mughal Empire]]
| territory = Accession to the throne of [[Mughal Empire]]
}}

The '''Mughal war of succession (1707–1709)'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9w9uAAAAMAAJ&q=%22war+of+succession%22+1707 |title=Role of Jats and Rajputs in the Mughal Court, 1707-1740 |last=Bhattacharya |first=Sunanda |publisher=Books Treasure |date=1993 |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MazdaWXQFuQC&pg=RA3-PA21 |title=Indian History |last=Agnihotri |first=V.K. |publisher=Allied Publishers |date=1988 |isbn=9788184245684 |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="Fenech">{{Cite book |last1=Fenech |first1=Louis E. |last2=McLeod |first2=W. H. |date=2014 |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA99 |location=Plymouth & Lanham, Maryland |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |pages=99 |isbn=9781442236011 |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref> or the '''Mughal Civil War'''{{Citation needed|date=May 2022|reason=Which scholars call this war by this name? There were arguably dozens of 'Mughal civil wars'. According to whose counting was this the 'Fourth'?}} was a period of political disorder and armed conflict over succession in the [[Mughal Empire]] following the death of the sixth Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]] in March 1707. His three sons fought among themselves with [[Bahadur Shah I]] being the only survivor and taking the throne.

== History ==
Emperor Aurangzeb died on 3 March 1707 in [[Ahmednagar]] after a 49-year reign without having formally declared a crown prince. His three sons Bahadur Shah I, [[Muhammad Azam Shah]], and [[Muhammad Kam Bakhsh]] fought each other for the throne. Azam Shah declared himself successor to the throne, but was defeated in battle by Bahadur Shah. In the meantime Kam Bakhsh moved to [[Bijapur]] where he established his own empire. His forces were later engaged in battle by Bahadur Shah's army and Kam Bakhsh died of his wounds sustained in battle.

=== Principals ===
* Prince Muazzam at Jamrud along with his sons Prince [[Jahandar Shah]], Prince [[Azim-ush-Shan]] at Bengal, Prince [[Rafi-ush-Shan]] at Malakand Fort, Prince Jahan Shah at Agra Fort, Muzzam Rule (Kabul Subah, Bengal Subah, and Malakand Fort). Consort – Nizam Bai (daughter Of Raja of Amber).
* Prince Azam Shah at Ahmednagar His sons Prince Bidar Bakht at At Gujarat, Prince Jawan Bakht At Gujarat, Prince Sikandar Along his father, Prince Wala Jah at Belapur Fort in Deccan Subah, Azam Rule (Gujarat, and Mirza Part of Deccan). Consort – Sabana Begum (daughter of Persian Ruler).
* Prince Kam Bakhsh At Bijapur with his All sons And Support by Aurangzeb queen consort Diwani Begum. Consort – Jamilat Begum (daughter of Sulan Nazir Mirza Of Bihar)

=== Conflict between Azam Shah and Bahadur Shah I ===
{{See also|Battle of Jajau}}
Aurangzeb left a will advising his sons to divide the empire among themselves. At the time of his death his eldest son [[Bahadur Shah I]] inhabited [[Jamrud]], 12-miles west of [[Peshawar]]. His second son [[Muhammad Azam Shah]] lived in [[Ahmednagar]]. [[Khafi Khan]] suggested that whoever reached the capital city of Agra first would capture the throne.{{sfn|Khafi Khan|p=577}} The distances to Agra from Jamrud and Ahmednagar were 715 and 700 miles, respectively.

Azam Shah and Bahadur Shah were involved in the [[Battle of Jajau]], south of [[Agra]], on 20 June 1707.{{sfn|Irvine|p=22}} Azam Shah and his three sons were killed in the battle and were buried with other royals in [[Humayun's Tomb]] in [[Delhi]].{{sfn|Irvine|p=34}}

=== Conflict between Bahadur Shah and Kam Bakhsh ===
Bahadur Shah's half-brother, [[Muhammad Kam Bakhsh]], marched to [[Bijapur]] in March 1707 with his soldiers. When the news of Aurangzeb's death spread through the city, the city's monarch, King Sayyid Niyaz Khan surrendered the fort to Baksh without a fight. Once on the throne, Kam Bakhsh proclaimed the [[Bakhshi (Mughal Empire)|Bakshi]] (general of the armed forces) Ahsan Khan. His advisor Taqarrub Khan was made chief minister.{{sfn|Irvine|p=50}} Kam Bakhsh proclaimed himself Emperor Kam Bakhsh – Protector of Faith (Padshah Kam Bakhsh-i-Dinpanah). He then conquered [[Kalaburagi|Kulbarga]] and Wakinkhera.{{sfn|Irvine|p=51}}

Taqarrub Khan formed a conspiracy to eliminate Ahsan Khan, alleging that meetings of Ahsan Khan, Saif Khan (Kam Bakhsh's archery teacher), Arsan Khan, Ahmad Khan, Nasir Khan and [[Rustam Dil Khan]] (all of them Kam Bakhsh's former teachers and members of the then court) to discuss public business were a conspiracy to assassinate Kam Bakhsh "while on his way to the Friday prayer at the great mosque".{{sfn|Irvine|p=53}} After informing Kam Bakhsh of the matter, he invited [[Rustam Dil Khan]] for dinner and had him arrested en route. Rustam Dil Khan was crushed under the feet of an elephant, Saif Khan's hands were amputated, and Arshad Khan's tongue was cut off.{{sfn|Irvine|p=56}} Ahsan Khan ignored warnings by close friends that Kam Bakhsh would arrest him, which then occurred and he was imprisoned and his property seized.{{sfn|Irvine|p=56}} In April 1708, Shah's envoy Malabar Khan came to Kam Bakhsh's court. When Taqarrub Khan told Kam Bakhsh that Malabar Khan intended to dethrone him,{{sfn|Irvine|p=57}} Kam Bakhsh invited the envoy and his entourage to a feast and executed them.{{sfn|Irvine|p=57}}

In May 1708, Bahadur Shah sent a letter to Kam Bakhsh warning that he hoped would prevent him from proclaiming himself an independent sovereign. Bahadur Shah then began a journey to the [[Tomb of Aurangzeb]] to pay his respects to his father.{{sfn|Irvine|p=57}} Kam Bakhsh replied, thanking him "without either explaining or justifying [his actions]".{{sfn|Irvine|p=58}}

When Bahadur Shah reached [[Hyderabad]] on 28 June 1708, he learned that Kam Bakhsh had attacked [[Machilipatnam]] (Bandar) in an attempt seize over three million rupees worth of treasure hidden in its fort. The [[subahdar]] of the province, [[Rustam Dil Khan|Jan Sipar Khan]], refused to hand over the money.{{sfn|Irvine|p=58}} Enraged, Kam Bakhsh confiscated his properties and ordered the recruitment of four thousand soldiers for the attack.{{sfn|Irvine|p=59}} In July, the garrison at the [[Gulbarga Fort]] declared its independence and garrison leader Daler Khan Bijapuri "reported his desertion from Kam Bakhsh". On 5 November 1708 Bahadur Shah's camp reached [[Bidar]], 67 miles (108  km) north of Hyderabad. Historian [[William Irvine (historian)|William Irvine]] wrote that as his "camp drew nearer desertions from Kam Bakhsh became more and more frequent". On 1 November, Kam Bakhsh captured Pam Naik's (zamindar of Wakinkhera) holdings after Naik abandoned his army.{{sfn|Irvine|p=60}}

On 20 December 1708, Kam Bakhsh marched towards Talab-i-Mir Jumla, on the outskirts of Hyderabad, with "three hundred camels, [and] twenty thousand rockets" for war with Bahadur Shah. He made his son Jahandar Shah commander of the advance guard, later replacing him with Khan Zaman. On 12 January 1709, Bahadur Shah reached Hyderabad and prepared his troops. Although Kam Bakhsh had little money and few soldiers left, the royal astrologer had predicted that he would "miraculously" win the battle.{{sfn|Irvine|p=61}}

At sunrise the following day, Bahadur Shah's army charged towards Kam Bakhsh. His 15,000 troops were divided into two bodies: one led by Mumin Khan, assisted by Rafi-ush-Shan and Jahan Shah, and the second under [[Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung]]. Two hours later Kam Bakhsh's camp was surrounded, and Zulfiqar Khan impatiently attacked him with his "small force".{{sfn|Irvine|p=62}}

With his soldiers outnumbered and unable to resist the attack, Kam Bakhsh joined the battle and shot two quivers of arrows at his opponents. According to Irvine, when he was "weakened by the loss of blood", Bahadur Shah took him and his son Bariqullah prisoner. A dispute arose between Mumin Khan and Zulfikar Khan Nusrat Jung over who had captured them, with Rafi-us-Shan ruling in favour of the latter.{{sfn|Irvine|p=63}} Kam Bakhsh was brought by palanquin to Bahadur Shah's camp, where he died the next morning.

==See also==
* [[Mughal war of succession (1658–1659)]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
* {{cite book |last=Irvine |first=William |author-link=William Irvine (historian) |title=The Later Mughals |year=2006 |publisher=Low Price Publications |isbn=81-7536-406-8 |ref={{SfnRef|Irvine}} }} [First published 1921]
* {{cite book |last=Khafi Khan |first=Muhammad |author-link=Khafi Khan |editor1-last=Elliot |editor1-first=H.M. |editor1-link=Henry Miers Elliot |editor2-last=Dowson |editor2-first=John |editor2-link=John Dowson |title=Muntakhab-ul Lubab |year=2006 |publisher=Sang-e-Meel |isbn=969-35-1882-9 |ref={{SfnRef|Khafi Khan}} }} [Translation first published 1877]

[[Category:1707 in India]]
[[Category:1708 in India]]
[[Category:1709 in India]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Asia]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:1700s in the Mughal Empire]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mughal war of succession (1707-1709)}}

Jagran New Media

2025-07-30T06:14:33Z

Advancedacademy: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[Jagran Prakashan]]