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17th Odisha Legislative Assembly

2026-05-05T05:52:51Z

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{{Short description|17th state legislature of the Indian state of Odisha}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox legislative term
| background_color = #FF9933
| name = 17th Odisha Legislative Assembly
| before = [[Sixteenth Odisha Vidhan Sabha|16th Assembly]]
| after =
| image = Odisha Vidhan Soudha.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Front view of Odisha Vidhan Saudha, [[Bhubaneshwar]] (2010)
| meeting_place = Odisha Vidhan Saudha, [[Bhubaneshwar]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]
| election = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]
| website = {{URL|https://assembly.odisha.gov.in/}}
| chamber1 = '''[[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]'''
| government = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| opposition = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| term_end = Incumbent
| membership1 = 147
| chamber1_leader1_type = [[List of governors of Odisha|Governor]]
| chamber1_leader1 = [[Raghubar Das]] [[Kambhampati Hari Babu]]
| chamber1_leader2_type = [[List of speakers of the Odisha Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
| chamber1_leader2 = [[Surama Padhy]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| chamber1_leader3_type = [[List of speakers of the Odisha Legislative Assembly#Deputy Speakers|Deputy Speaker]]
| chamber1_leader3 = [[Bhabani Shankar Bhoi]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| chamber1_leader4_type = [[List of Chief Ministers of Odisha|Leader of the House]] (Chief Minister)
| chamber1_leader4 = [[Mohan Charan Majhi]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| chamber1_leader5_type = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Odisha|Deputy Leader of the House]] (Deputy Chief Minister)
| chamber1_leader5 = [[Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] [[Pravati Parida]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| chamber1_leader6_type = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Odisha Legislative Assembly|Leader of Opposition]]
| chamber1_leader6 = [[Naveen Patnaik]], [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
| control1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (81/147)
| module = 3 Sessions with 62 Sittings
| chamber1_image = File:India Odisha Legislative Assembly March 2026 2026.svg
| chamber1_image_size = 300px
| chamber1_image_caption = House Composition as of today
}}

The '''Seventeenth [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]''' was constituted after the [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]s, which were concluded on 1 June 2024, and the previous assembly term ending on 24 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-16 |title=Odisha Assembly elections 2024: Polls to be held in 4 phases; 3.32 crore voters will exercise franchise |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/odisha-assembly-elections-2024-dates-results-9215672/ |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Terms of the Houses |url=https://eci.gov.in/elections/term-of-houses/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328103956/https://eci.gov.in/elections/term-of-houses/ |archive-date=28 March 2022 |access-date=2022-02-13 |website=Election Commission of India |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Brief history ==
Following BJP's win [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 election]], Chief Minister [[Mohan Charan Majhi]] along with his two deputy CMs, 8 Cabinet Ministers, and 5 Minister of State with Independent Charges were adminstered their oath of office and oath of secrecy by Governor [[Raghubar Das]] at Janata Maidan, Bhubaneswar on 12 June 2024. Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]], Home Minister [[Amit Shah]], Defense Minister [[Rajnath Singh]], along with Chief Ministers of 10 BJP ruled states were present at the venue.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highlights: BJP Tribal Leader, 4-Time MLA Mohan Majhi Sworn In As Odisha Chief Minister|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/odisha-chief-minister-swearing-in-live-updates-mohan-majhi-set-to-be-sworn-in-as-bjps-first-chief-minister-in-odisha-5874031|access-date=2024-06-13|website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Barik|first=Satyasundar|date=2024-06-12|title=Mohan Charan Majhi sworn in as Odisha’s first BJP Chief Minister|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/odisha/mohan-charan-majhi-sworn-in-as-odishas-first-bjp-chief-minister/article68281205.ece|access-date=2024-06-13|work=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-13|title=Odisha Cabinet portfolios: CM Mohan Charan Majhi keeps Home|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/odisha-cabinet-portfolios-cm-mohan-charan-majhi-keeps-home-ministry-kanak-vardhan-singh-agriculture-pravati-parida-women-child-development-finance-2024-06-15-937131|access-date=2024-06-15|work=India News|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In 2025, BJP won the highly contested [[Nuapada Assembly constituency#2025 by-election|Nuapada bypoll]] in a landslide, increasing their tally to 79.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2025-11-14 |title=BJP clinches landslide victory in Nuapada; BJD finishes third |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/odisha/nuapada-bypoll-results-2025-odisha/article70278314.ece |access-date=2026-04-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Following cross voting in [[2026 Rajya Sabha elections#Odisha|2026 Rajya sabha polls]], 3 members from [[Indian National Congress|INC]] & 8 members from [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] were suspended from their respective parties for <nowiki>''anti party activities''</nowiki>. Both parties have filed disqualification petition against these members with the Speaker. As the members were elected against party symbol, they are still considered as party member in the assembly, but there seatings has been changed to reflect their suspension. They will continue to be member of the house unless otherwise.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" />

== House Composition ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |Strength
|-
!'''Assembly Begins'''
!'''As of today'''
|-
![[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|78
|79
|-
![[Biju Janata Dal]]
|51
|50
|-
![[Indian National Congress]]
|14
|14
|-
![[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|1
|1
|-
![[Independent politician|Independent]]
|3
|3
|-
!Vacant
| -
| -
|}

== Office Bearers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!Position
!Portrait
!Name
! colspan="2" |Tenure
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''[[List of governors of Odisha|Governor]]'''
|[[File:Raghubar_Das_with_Jual_Oram_(cropped).jpg|100x100px]]
|'''[[Raghubar Das]]'''
|Assembly Begins
|2 January 2025
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |N/A
|-
|[[File:Shri_Kambhampati_Hari_Babu.jpg|100x100px]]
|'''[[Kambhampati Hari Babu]]'''
|3 January 2025
|Incumbent
|-
|'''[[List of speakers of the Odisha Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]'''
|[[File:Surama Padhy.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Surama Padhy]] {{Small|MLA from [[Ranpur Assembly constituency|Ranpur]]}}
|20 June 2024
|Incumbent
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|'''[[List of speakers of the Odisha Legislative Assembly#Deputy Speakers|Deputy Speaker]]'''
|[[File:Bhabani Shankar Bhoi.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Bhabani Shankar Bhoi]] {{Small|MLA from [[Talsara Assembly constituency|Talsara]]}}
|25 July 2024
|Incumbent
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|'''[[Chief Minister of Odisha|Leader of the House]]''' {{Small|(Chief Minister) Leader of BJP Legislature Party}}
|[[File:ଶ୍ରୀ ମୋହନ ଚରଣ ମାଝୀ.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Mohan Charan Majhi]] {{Small|MLA from [[Keonjhar Assembly constituency|Keonjhar]]}}
|12 June 2024
|Incumbent
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''[[List of deputy chief ministers of Odisha|Deputy Leader of the House]]''' {{Small|(Deputy Chief Minister) Deputy Leader of BJP Legislature Party}}
|[[File:Dy CM KV Singh Deo.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo]] {{Small|MLA from [[Patnagarh Assembly constituency|Patnagarh]]}}
|12 June 2024
|Incumbent
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[File:Dy CM Pravati Parida.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Pravati Parida]] {{Small|MLA from [[Nimapara Assembly constituency|Nimapara]]}}
|12 June 2024
|Incumbent
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|Minister for [https://pa.odisha.gov.in/ Parliamentary Affairs]
|[[File:Mukesh_Mahaling_2024.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Mukesh Mahaling]] {{small|MLA from [[Loisingha Assembly constituency|Loisingha]]}}
|12 June 2024
|Incumbent
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|'''[[List of leaders of the opposition in the Odisha Legislative Assembly|Leader of Opposition]]''' {{Small|Leader of BJD Legislature Party}}
|[[File:NaveenPatnaik.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Naveen Patnaik]] {{Small|MLA from [[Hinjili Assembly constituency|Hinjili]]}}
|19 June 2024
|Incumbent
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|'''Deputy Leader of Opposition''' {{Small|Deputy Leader of BJD Legislature Party}}
|[[File:Prasanna Acharya MLA.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Prasanna Acharya]] {{Small|MLA from [[Rairakhol Assembly constituency|Rairakhol]]}}
|19 June 2024
|Incumbent
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|'''Leader of Congress Legislature Party'''
| [[File:Rama Chandra Kadam.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Rama Chandra Kadam]] {{Small|MLA from [[Pottangi Assembly constituency|Pottangi]]}}
|21 June 2024
|Incumbent
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[Speaker of the Lok Sabha#Pro tem speaker|Pro tem Speaker]]
| [[File:Ranendra Pratap Swain.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Ranendra Pratap Swain]] {{small|MLA from [[Athagarh Assembly constituency|Athgarh]]}}
|17 June 2025
|19 June 2025
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|}

== Council of Minister ==
{{Transcluded section|source=Majhi ministry}}
{{trim|{{#Section-h:Majhi ministry|Council of Ministers}}}}

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+[https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/partywiseresult-S18.htm Source]
!District
!Ac. No.
!Constituency
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
!Remarks
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Bargarh district|Bargarh]]
| 1
| [[Padampur Assembly constituency|Padampur]]
| [[Barsha Singh Bariha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
| 2
| [[Bijepur Assembly constituency|Bijepur]]
| [[Sanat Kumar Gartia]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=7|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 3
| [[Bargarh Assembly constituency|Bargarh]]
| [[Ashwini Kumar Sarangi]]
|
|-
| 4
| [[Attabira Assembly constituency|Attabira (SC)]]
| [[Nihar Ranjan Mahanand]]
|
|-
| 5
| [[Bhatli Assembly constituency|Bhatli]]
| [[Irasis Acharya]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Jharsuguda district|Jharsuguda]]
| 6
| [[Brajarajnagar Assembly constituency|Brajarajnagar]]
| [[Suresh Pujari]]
| Cabinet Minister
|-
| 7
| [[Jharsuguda Assembly constituency|Jharsuguda]]
| [[Tankadhar Tripathy]]
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | [[Sundergarh district|Sundargarh]]
| 8
| [[Talsara Assembly constituency|Talsara]] (ST)
| [[Bhabani Shankar Bhoi]]
| Deputy Speaker
|-
| 9
| [[Sundargarh Assembly constituency|Sundargarh]] (ST)
| [[Jogesh Kumar Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
| 10
| [[Biramitrapur Assembly constituency|Biramitrapur]] (ST)
| [[Rohit Joseph Tirkey]]
|
|-
| 11
| [[Raghunathpali Assembly constituency|Raghunathpali]] (SC)
| [[Durga Charan Tanti]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 12
| [[Rourkela Assembly constituency|Rourkela]]
| [[Sarada Prashad Nayak]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
| 13
| [[Rajgangpur Assembly constituency|Rajgangpur]] (ST)
| [[C. S. Raazen Ekka]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Chief Whip, Congress
|-
| 14
| [[Bonai Assembly constituency|Bonai]] (ST)
| [[Laxman Munda]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|
|-
| rowspan= "4" | [[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]]
| 15
| [[Kuchinda Assembly constituency|Kuchinda]] (ST)
| [[Rabi Narayan Naik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Cabinet Minister
|-
| 16
| [[Rengali Assembly constituency|Rengali]] (SC)
| [[Sudarshan Haripal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
| 17
| [[Sambalpur Assembly constituency|Sambalpur]]
| [[Jayanarayan Mishra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 18
| [[Rairakhol Assembly constituency|Rairakhol]]
| [[Prasanna Acharya]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Biju Janata Dal}}
|Deputy Leader of Opposition
|-
| [[Debagarh district|Deogarh]]
| 19
| [[Deogarh Assembly constituency|Deogarh]]
| [[Romanch Ranjan Biswal]]
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[Kendujhar district|Keonjhar]]
| 20
| [[Telkoi Assembly constituency|Telkoi]] (ST)
| [[Fakir Mohan Naik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 21
| [[Ghasipura Assembly constituency|Ghasipura]]
| [[Badri Narayan Patra]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
| 22
| [[Anandapur Assembly constituency|Anandpur]] (SC)
| [[Abhimanyu Sethi]]
|
|-
| 23
| [[Patna Assembly constituency|Patna]] (ST)
| [[Akhila Chandra Naik]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 24
| [[Keonjhar Assembly constituency|Keonjhar]] (ST)
| [[Mohan Charan Majhi]]
| Chief Minister
|-
| 25
| [[Champua Assembly constituency|Champua]]
| [[Sanatan Mahakud]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|Suspended from Party for Anti Party Activities<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2026-01-16 |title=BJD suspends 2 MLAs, cites anti-party activities |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/bjd-suspends-2-mlas-cites-anti-party-activities/articleshow/126551776.cms |access-date=2026-03-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="9" | [[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]]
| 26
| [[Jashipur Assembly constituency|Jashipur]] (ST)
| [[Ganesh Ram Singh Khuntia]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=9|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Minister of State (I/C)
|-
| 27
| [[Saraskana Assembly constituency|Saraskana]] (ST)
| [[Bhadav Hansdah]]
|
|-
| 28
| [[Rairangpur Assembly constituency|Rairangpur]] (ST)
| [[Jalen Naik]]
|
|-
| 29
| [[Bangriposi Assembly constituency|Bangriposi]] (ST)
| [[Sanjali Murmu]]
|
|-
| 30
| [[Karanjia Assembly constituency|Karanjia]] (ST)
| [[Padma Charan Haiburu]]
|
|-
| 31
| [[Udala Assembly constituency|Udala]] (ST)
| [[Bhaskar Madhei]]
|
|-
| 32
| [[Badasahi Assembly constituency|Badasahi]] (SC)
| [[Sanatan Bijuli]]
|
|-
| 33
| [[Baripada Assembly constituency|Baripada]] (ST)
| [[Prakash Soren]]
|
|-
| 34
| [[Morada Assembly constituency|Morada]]
| [[Krushna Chandra Mohapatra]]
| Cabinet Minister
|-
| rowspan="8" | [[Balasore district|Balasore]]
| 35
| [[Jaleswar, Odisha Assembly constituency|Jaleswar]]
| [[Aswini Kumar Patra]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
| 36
| [[Bhograi Assembly constituency|Bhograi]]
| [[Goutam Buddha Das (politician)|Goutam Buddha Das]]
|
|-
| 37
| [[Basta Assembly constituency|Basta]]
| [[Subasini Jena]]
|Suspended from Party for cross voting in [[2026 Rajya Sabha elections#Odisha|2026 RS election]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2026-03-22 |title=BJD suspends 6 MLAs for RS cross-voting |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/bjd-suspends-6-mlas-for-rs-cross-voting/articleshow/129727175.cms |access-date=2026-03-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| 38
| [[Balasore Assembly constituency|Balasore]]
| [[Manas Kumar Dutta]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 39
| [[Remuna Assembly constituency|Remuna]] (SC)
| [[Gobinda Chandra Das]]
| Deputy Govt. Chief Whip
|-
| 40
| [[Nilgiri Assembly constituency|Nilagiri]]
| [[Santosh Khatua]]
|
|-
| 41
| [[Soro Assembly constituency|Soro]] (SC)
| [[Madhab Dhada]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
| 42
| [[Simulia Assembly constituency|Simulia]]
| [[Padma Lochan Panda]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Bhadrak district|Bhadrak]]
| 43
| [[Bhandaripokhari Assembly constituency|Bhandaripokhari]]
| [[Sanjib Kumar Mallick]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
| 44
| [[Bhadrak Assembly constituency|Bhadrak]]
| [[Sitansu Sekhar Mohapatra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 45
| [[Basudevpur Assembly constituency|Basudevpur]]
| Ashok Kumar Das
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Deputy Leader of Congress Legislature Party
|-
| 46
| [[Dhamnagar Assembly constituency|Dhamnagar]] (SC)
| [[Suryabanshi Suraj]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Minister of State (I/C)
|-
| 47
| [[Chandabali Assembly constituency|Chandabali]]
| [[Byomakesh Ray]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | [[Jajpur district|Jajpur]]
| 48
| [[Binjharpur Assembly constituency|Binjharpur]] (SC)
| [[Pramila Mallik]]
| Chief Whip, BJD
|-
| 49
| [[Bari, Odisha Assembly constituency|Bari]]
| [[Biswa Ranjan Mallick]]
|
|-
| 50
| [[Barchana Assembly constituency|Barchana]]
| [[Amar Kumar Nayak]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 51
| [[Dharmasala Assembly constituency|Dharmasala]]
| [[Himanshu Sekhar Sahoo]]
| {{party name with color|Independent}}
| Supports [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 52
| [[Jajpur Assembly constituency|Jajpur]]
| [[Sujata Sahu (politician)|Sujata Sahu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
| 53
| [[Korei Assembly constituency|Korei]]
| [[Akash Dasnayak]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=7|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 54
| [[Sukinda Assembly constituency|Sukinda]]
| [[Pradeep Bal Samanta]]
| Minister of State (I/C)
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Dhenkanal district|Dhenkanal]]
| 55
| [[Dhenkanal Assembly constituency|Dhenkanal]]
| [[Krushna Chandra Patra]]
| Cabinet Minister
|-
| 56
| [[Hindol Assembly constituency|Hindol]] (SC)
| [[Simarani Nayak]]
|
|-
| 57
| [[Kamakhyanagar Assembly constituency|Kamakhyanagar]]
| [[Satrughan Jena]]
|
|-
| 58
| [[Parjanga Assembly constituency|Parjanga]]
| [[Bibhuti Bhusan Pradhan]]
|
|-
| rowspan= "5" | [[Angul district|Angul]]
| 59
| [[Pallahara Assembly constituency|Pallahara]]
| [[Ashok Mohanty]]
|
|-
| 60
| [[Talcher Assembly constituency|Talcher]]
| [[Braja Kishore Pradhan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
| 61
| [[Angul Assembly constituency|Angul]]
| [[Pratap Chandra Pradhan]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 62
| [[Chhendipada Assembly constituency|Chhendipada]] (SC)
| [[Agasti Behera]]
|
|-
| 63
| [[Athmallik Assembly constituency|Athmallik]]
| [[Nalini Kanta Pradhan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Subarnapur district|Subarnapur]]
| 64
| [[Birmaharajpur Assembly constituency|Birmaharajpur]] (SC)
| [[Raghunath Jagadala]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 65
| [[Sonepur Assembly constituency|Sonepur]]
| [[Niranjan Pujari]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Balangir district|Bolangir]]
| 66
| [[Loisingha Assembly constituency|Loisingha]] (SC)
| [[Mukesh Mahaling]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Cabinet Minister
|-
| 67
| [[Patnagarh Assembly constituency|Patnagarh]]
| [[Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo]]
| Deputy Chief Minister
|-
| 68
| [[Bolangir Assembly constituency|Bolangir]]
| [[Kalikesh Narayan Singh Deo]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
| 69
| [[Titlagarh Assembly constituency|Titlagarh]]
| [[Nabin Kumar Jain]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 70
| [[Kantabanji Assembly constituency|Kantabanji]]
| [[Laxman Bag]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Nuapada district|Nuapada]]
| rowspan="2" | 71
| rowspan="2" | [[Nuapada Assembly constituency|Nuapada]]
| [[Rajendra Dholakia]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Died on 8 September 2025<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-08 |title=Odisha BJD MLA Rajendra Dholakia passes away at 68; was suffering from kidney-related ailments |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/odisha-bjd-mla-rajendra-dholakia-passes-away-at-68-was-suffering-from-kidney-related-ailments/articleshow/123761594.cms |access-date=2025-09-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Jay Dholakia]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Won in November 2025 Bypoll<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2025-11-14 |title=Jay Dholakia wins Nuapada bypoll as BJP surges; BJD secures third spot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/jay-dholakia-wins-nuapada-bypoll-as-bjp-surges-bjd-secures-third-spot/articleshow/125331217.cms |access-date=2026-03-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| 72
| [[Khariar Assembly constituency|Khariar]]
| [[Adhiraj Mohan Panigrahi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Nabarangpur district|Nabarangpur]]
| 73
| [[Umerkote Assembly constituency|Umarkote]] (ST)
| [[Nityananda Gond]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Cabinet Minister
|-
| 74
| [[Jharigam Assembly constituency|Jharigam]] (ST)
| [[Narsing Bhatra]]
|
|-
| 75
| [[Nabarangpur Assembly constituency|Nabarangpur]] (ST)
| [[Gouri Shankar Majhi]]
|
|-
| 76
| [[Dabugam Assembly constituency|Dabugam]] (ST)
| [[Manohar Randhari]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]]
| 77
| [[Lanjigarh Assembly constituency|Lanjigarh]] (ST)
| [[Pradip Kumar Dishari]]
|
|-
| 78
| [[Junagarh Assembly constituency|Junagarh]]
| [[Dibya Shankar Mishra]]
|
|-
| 79
| [[Dharmagarh Assembly constituency|Dharmagarh]]
| [[Sudhir Ranjan Pattjoshi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 80
| [[Bhawanipatna Assembly constituency|Bhawanipatna]] (SC)
| [[Sagar Charan Das]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
| 81
| [[Narla Assembly constituency|Narla]]
| [[Manorama Mohanty]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Kandhamal district|Kandhamal]]
| 82
| [[Baliguda Assembly constituency|Baliguda]] (ST)
| [[Chakramani Kanhar]]
|Suspended from Party for cross voting in [[2026 Rajya Sabha elections#Odisha|2026 RS election]]<ref name=":1" />
|-
| 83
| [[G. Udayagiri Assembly constituency|G. Udayagiri]] (ST)
| [[Prafulla Chandra Pradhan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
| 84
| [[Phulbani Assembly constituency|Phulbani]] (ST)
| [[Uma Charan Mallick]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Boudh district|Boudh]]
| 85
| [[Kantamal Assembly constituency|Kantamal]]
| [[Kanhai Charan Danga]]
|
|-
| 86
| [[Boudh Assembly constituency|Boudh]]
| [[Saroj Kumar Pradhan]]
|Govt. Chief Whip
|-
| rowspan="9" | [[Cuttack district|Cuttack]]
| 87
| [[Baramba Assembly constituency|Baramba]]
| [[Bijaya Kumar Dalabehera]]
| {{party name with color|Independent}}
| Supports [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 88
| [[Banki Assembly constituency|Banki]]
| [[Devi Ranjan Tripathy]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Biju Janata Dal}}
|Suspended from Party for cross voting in [[2026 Rajya Sabha elections#Odisha|2026 RS election]]<ref name=":1" />
|-
| 89
| [[Athagarh Assembly constituency|Athgarh]]
| [[Ranendra Pratap Swain]]
|
|-
| 90
| [[Barabati-Cuttack Assembly constituency|Barabati-Cuttack]]
| [[Sofia Firdous]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Suspended from Party for cross voting in [[2026 Rajya Sabha elections#Odisha|2026 RS election]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2026-03-18 |title=Odisha Congress suspends three MLAs, seeks disqualification for cross-voting in Rajya Sabha election |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2026/Mar/18/odisha-congress-suspends-three-mlas-seeks-disqualification-for-cross-voting-in-rajya-sabha-election |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 91
| [[Choudwar-Cuttack Assembly constituency|Choudwar-Cuttack]]
| [[Souvic Biswal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|Suspended from Party for cross voting in [[2026 Rajya Sabha elections#Odisha|2026 RS election]]<ref name=":1" />
|-
| 92
| [[Niali Assembly constituency|Niali]] (SC)
| [[Chhabi Malik]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 93
| [[Cuttack Sadar Assembly constituency|Cuttack Sadar]] (SC)
| [[Prakash Chandra Sethi (politician)|Prakash Chandra Sethi]]
|
|-
| 94
| [[Salipur Assembly constituency|Salipur]]
| [[Prasanta Behera]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
| 95
| [[Mahanga Assembly constituency|Mahanga]]
| [[Sarada Prasad Padhan]]
| {{party name with color|Independent}}
| Supports [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Kendrapara district|Kendrapara]]
| 96
| [[Patkura Assembly constituency|Patkura]]
| [[Arvind Mohapatra]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Suspended from Party for Anti Party Activities<ref name=":0" />
|-
| 97
| [[Kendrapara Assembly constituency|Kendrapara]] (SC)
| [[Ganeswar Behera]]
|
|-
| 98
| [[Aul Assembly constituency|Aul]]
| [[Pratap Keshari Deb]]
|Deputy Chief Whip, BJD
|-
| 99
| [[Rajanagar Assembly constituency|Rajanagar]]
| [[Dhruba Charan Sahoo]]
|
|-
| 100
| [[Mahakalapada Assembly constituency|Mahakalapada]]
| [[Durga Prasan Nayak]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Jagatsinghpur district|Jagatsinghpur]]
| 101
| [[Paradeep Assembly constituency|Paradeep]]
| [[Sampad Chandra Swain]]
| Minister of State (I/C)
|-
| 102
| [[Tirtol Assembly constituency|Tirtol]] (SC)
| [[Ramakanta Bhoi]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Biju Janata Dal}}
|Suspended from Party for cross voting in [[2026 Rajya Sabha elections#Odisha|2026 RS election]]<ref name=":1" />
|-
| 103
| [[Balikuda-Erasama Assembly constituency|Balikuda-Erasama]]
| [[Sarada Prasanna Jena]]
|
|-
| 104
| [[Jagatsinghpur Assembly constituency|Jagatsinghpur]]
| [[Amarendra Das]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[Puri district|Puri]]
| 105
| [[Kakatpur Assembly constituency|Kakatpur]] (SC)
| [[Tusharkanti Behera]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
| 106
| [[Nimapara Assembly constituency|Nimapara]]
| [[Pravati Parida]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Deputy Chief Minister
|-
| 107
| [[Puri Assembly constituency|Puri]]
| [[Sunil Kumar Mohanty]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
| 108
| [[Brahmagiri Assembly constituency|Brahmagiri]]
| [[Upasna Mohapatra]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 109
| [[Satyabadi Assembly constituency|Satyabadi]]
| [[Om Prakash Mishra (politician)|Om Prakash Mishra]]
|
|-
| 110
| [[Pipili Assembly constituency|Pipili]]
| [[Ashrit Pattanayak]]
|
|-
| rowspan="8" | [[Khordha district|Khordha]]
| 111
| [[Jayadev Assembly constituency|Jayadev]] (SC)
| [[Naba Kishor Mallick]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Biju Janata Dal}}
|Suspended from Party for cross voting in [[2026 Rajya Sabha elections|2026 RS election]]<ref name=":1" />
|-
| 112
| [[Bhubaneswar Central (Vidhan Sabha Constituency)|Bhubaneswar Central]]
| [[Ananta Narayan Jena]]
|
|-
| 113
| [[Bhubaneswar North (Vidhan Sabha Constituency)|Bhubaneswar North]]
| [[Susant Kumar Rout]]
|
|-
| 114
| [[Ekamra-Bhubaneswar Assembly constituency|Ekamra Bhubaneswar]]
| [[Babu Singh (Odisha politician)|Babu Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 115
| [[Jatani Assembly constituency|Jatani]]
| [[Bibhuti Bhusan Balabantaray]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
| 116
| [[Begunia Assembly constituency|Begunia]]
| [[Pradip Kumar Sahu]]
|
|-
| 117
| [[Khurda Assembly constituency|Khurda]]
| [[Prasanta Kumar Jagadev]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 118
| [[Chilika Assembly constituency|Chilika]]
| [[Prithviraj Harichandan]]
| Cabinet Minister
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Nayagarh district|Nayagarh]]
| 119
| [[Ranpur Assembly constituency|Ranpur]]
| [[Surama Padhy]]
|Speaker
|-
| 120
| [[Khandapada Assembly constituency|Khandapada]]
| [[Dusmanta Kumar Swain]]
|
|-
| 121
| [[Daspalla Assembly constituency|Daspalla]] (SC)
| [[Ramesh Chandra Behera]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
| 122
| [[Nayagarh Assembly constituency|Nayagarh]]
| [[Arun Kumar Sahoo]]
|
|-
| rowspan="13" | [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]]
| 123
| [[Bhanjanagar Assembly constituency|Bhanjanagar]]
| [[Pradyumna Kumar Nayak]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=7|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 124
| [[Polasara Assembly constituency|Polasara]]
| [[Gokula Nanda Mallik]]
| Minister of State (I/C)
|-
| 125
| [[Kabisuryanagar Assembly constituency|Kabisuryanagar]]
| [[Pratap Chandra Nayak]]
|
|-
| 126
| [[Khalikote Assembly constituency|Khalikote]] (SC)
| [[Purna Chandra Sethy]]
|
|-
| 127
| [[Chhatrapur Assembly constituency|Chhatrapur]] (SC)
| [[Krushna Chandra Nayak]]
|
|-
| 128
| [[Aska Assembly constituency|Aska]]
| [[Saroj Kumar Padhi]]
|
|-
| 129
| [[Surada Assembly constituency|Surada]]
| [[Nilamani Bisoyi]]
|
|-
| 130
| [[Sanakhemundi Assembly constituency|Sanakhemundi]]
| [[Ramesh Chandra Jena (politician)|Ramesh Chandra Jena]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Suspended from Party for cross voting in [[2026 Rajya Sabha elections#Odisha|2026 RS election]]<ref name=":3" />
|-
| 131
| [[Hinjili Assembly constituency|Hinjili]]
| [[Naveen Patnaik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Leader of Opposition
|-
| 132
| [[Gopalpur, Odisha Assembly constituency|Gopalpur]]
| [[Bibhuti Bhushan Jena]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Cabinet Minister
|-
| 133
| [[Berhampur Assembly constituency|Berhampur]]
| [[K Anil Kumar|K. Anil Kumar]]
|
|-
| 134
| [[Digapahandi Assembly constituency|Digapahandi]]
| [[Sidhant Mohapatra]]
|
|-
| 135
| [[Chikiti Assembly constituency|Chikiti]]
| [[Manoranjan Dyan Samantara]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Gajapati district|Gajapati]]
| 136
| [[Mohana Assembly constituency|Mohana]] (ST)
| [[Dasarathi Gomango]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Suspended from Party for cross voting in [[2026 Rajya Sabha elections#Odisha|2026 RS election]]<ref name=":3" />
|-
| 137
| [[Paralakhemundi Assembly constituency|Paralakhemundi]]
| [[Rupesh Kumar Panigrahi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Rayagada district|Rayagada]]
| 138
| [[Gunupur Assembly constituency|Gunupur]] (ST)
| [[Satyajeet Gomango]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
| 139
| [[Bissam Cuttack Assembly constituency|Bissam Cuttack]] (ST)
| [[Nilamadhab Hikaka]]
|
|-
| 140
| [[Rayagada Assembly constituency|Rayagada]] (ST)
| [[Kadraka Appala Swamy]]
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Koraput district|Koraput]]
| 141
| [[Laxmipur Assembly constituency|Lakshmipur]] (ST)
| [[Pabitra Saunta]]
|
|-
| 142
| [[Kotpad Assembly constituency|Kotpad]] (ST)
| [[Rupu Bhatra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 143
| [[Jeypore Assembly constituency|Jeypore]]
| [[Tara Prasad Bahinipati]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
| 144
| [[Koraput Assembly constituency|Koraput]] (SC)
| [[Raghuram Machha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 145
| [[Pottangi Assembly constituency|Pottangi]] (ST)
| [[Rama Chandra Kadam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Leader of Congress Legislature Party
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Malkangiri district|Malkangiri]]
| 146
| [[Malkangiri Assembly constituency|Malkangiri]] (ST)
| [[Narasinga Madkami]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 147
| [[Chitrakonda Assembly constituency|Chitrakonda]] (ST)
| [[Mangu Khilla]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|}

== Bypolls ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!colspan="2"|Constituency
!colspan="3"|Previous MLA
!Reason
!colspan="3"|Elected MLA
|-
|11 November 2025<ref name=":2" />
!71
|[[Nuapada Assembly constituency|Nuapada]]
|[[Rajendra Dholakia]]
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|Died on 8 September 2025<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-09 |title=BJD leader and Nuapada MLA Dholakia dies at 69 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2025/Sep/09/bjd-leader-and-nuapada-mla-dholakia-dies-at-69 |access-date=2025-10-17 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Jay Dholakia]]<ref name=":2" />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Government of Odisha]]
* [[List of governors of Odisha]]
* [[List of chief ministers of Odisha]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Odisha Legislative Assembly}}
{{Legislatures of India}}
{{Current Indian assemblies}}

[[Category:Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029| ]]
[[Category:Lists of current Indian state and territorial assemblies|Odisha]]
[[Category:Terms of the Odisha Legislative Assembly|17th]]

Chhatna (community development block)

2026-05-02T14:24:33Z

Advanced Academy: updated page

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chhatna
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Chhatna in Bankura (West Bengal).svg
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.3017435|N|86.9827080|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bankura district|Bankura]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Representative democracy]]
| governing_body =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 447.47
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 139
| population_total = 195,038
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 722132 (Chhatna) 722137 (Jhantipahari) 722182 (Susunia)
| area_code_type = Telephone/STD code
| area_code = 03241
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-67, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-68
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 65.73%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bankura]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Chhatna (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chhatna]]
| website = {{URL|bankura.gov.in/}}
| footnotes = CD Bloc
}}

'''Chhatna''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] (CD block) that forms an administrative division in the [[Bankura Sadar subdivision]] of the [[Bankura district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==History==

===From Bishnupur kingdom to the British Raj===
{{Main|History of Bankura district}}

From around the 7th century AD till around the advent of British rule, for around a millennium, history of Bankura district is identical with the rise and fall of the Hindu Rajas of [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]]. The Bishnupur Rajas, who were at the summit of their fortunes towards the end of the 17th century, started declining in the first half of the 18th century. First, the [[Bardhaman Raj|Maharaja of Burdwan]] seized the Fatehpur Mahal, and then the [[Bargi|Maratha]] invasions laid waste their country.<ref name=omalley>{{cite web| url = http://bankura.gov.in/gezetter.htm |title = Bengal District Gazetteers: Bankura |last = O’Malley |first= L.S.S. | publisher= Bankura District Authorities | access-date = 29 August 2016}}</ref>

Bishnupur was ceded to the British with the rest of Burdwan chakla in 1760. In 1787, Bishnupur was united with [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]] to form a separate administrative unit. In 1793 it was transferred to the Burdwan collectorate. In 1879, the district acquired its present shape with the thanas of Khatra and Raipur and the outpost of Simplapal being transferred from Manbhum, and the thanas of Sonamukhi, Kotulpur and Indas being retransferred from Burdwan. However, it was known for sometime as West Burdwan and in 1881 came to be known as Bankura district.<ref name=omalley/>

==Geography==
[[File:Bakura District.svg|500px|thumb|left|Map of Bankura District showing CD blocks and municipalities ]]
Chhatna is located at {{coord|23.3017435|N|86.9827080|E|source:yahoomaps_region:IN-WB |format=dms}}. It is {{convert|13|km|abbr=on}} from Bankura town on the [[Bankura]]-[[Purulia]] road. [[Susunia]] is {{convert|10|km|abbr=on}} north-east of Chhatna.

Chhatna CD block is located in the western part of the district. It belongs to the Uneven lands/ hard ring rock area. The soil is [[laterite]] red and hard beds are covered with scrub jungle and [[Shorea robusta|sal]] wood.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Bankura |work = pages 13-17 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations West Bengal | access-date = 8 December 2016}}</ref>

There are two moderately high hills – [[Biharinath]] (in Saltora CD block) and [[Susunia]] (in Chhatna CD block). While the former rises to a height of {{convert|448|m}}, the latter attains a height of {{convert|440|m}}.<ref name= omalley1>O’Malley, L.S.S., ICS, ''Bankura'', Bengal District Gazetteers, pp. 1-20, first published 1908, 1995 reprint, Government of West Bengal</ref>

Chhatna CD block is bounded by [[Saltora (community development block)|Saltora]] and [[Gangajalghati (community development block)|Gangajalghati]] CD blocks on the north, [[Bankura II]] and [[Bankura I]] CD blocks on the east, [[Indpur (community development block)|Indpur]] CD block on the south and [[Kashipur (community development block)|Kashipur]] and [[Hura (community development block)|Hura]] CD blocks, in Purulia district, on the west.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf| title = District Census Handbook Bankura, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Map on fifth page| publisher = Directorate of census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 8 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/puruliya.html| title = Puruliya Tehsil Map | publisher = Maps of India |access-date = 8 April 2020}}</ref>

Chhatna CD block has an area of 447.47 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 13 [[gram panchayat]]s, 147 {{lang|hi|gram sansads}} (village councils), 288 [[mouza]]s, 277 inhabited villages and 1 [[census town]]. [[Chhatna#Police station|Chhatna]] police station serves this block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 15 May 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD block is at Chhatna.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Bankura | work= Map of Bankura with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 20 November 2016 }}</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Chhatna block/ panchayat samiti are: Arrah, Chhatna I, Chhatna II, Chinabari, Dhaban, Ghosegram, Jamtora, Jhunka, Jirrah, Metyala, Saldiha, [[Susunia]] and Teghari.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Bankura - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 27 August 2016}}</ref>

==Demographics==

===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Chhatna CD block had a total population of 195,038, of which 189,712 were rural and 5,326 were urban. There were 99,523 (51%) males and 95,515 (49%) females. Population in the age range of 0 to 6 years was 24,229. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 58,493 (29.99%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 39,975 (20.50%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 29 August 2016}}</ref>

In the [[Demographics of India|2001 census]], Chhatna community development bloc had a total population of 169,141 of which 85,562 were males and 83,579 were females. Decadal growth for the period 1991-2001 was 8.32% for Chatna, against 13.79% in Bankura district.<ref name=census>{{cite web | url =http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_13.htm | title = Provisional population totals, West Bengal, Table 4, Bankura District | access-date = 18 August 2016 | work = Census of India 2001 | publisher = Census Commission of India|url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110928204920/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_13.htm |archive-date= 28 September 2011}}</ref> Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date= 17 July 2016 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref>

[[Census Town]]s in Chhatna CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Jhantipahari]] (5,236).<ref name=census2011/>

Villages in Chhatna CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Saldiha|Shaldiha]] (2,504), Teghori (1,663), Ghosergan (1,909), Metyala (501), Shushunia (1,018), Jhunka (1,721), Jirra (2085), Dhaban (1,543), Arra (2,127) and Chinabari (1,125).

===Literacy===
According to the 2011 census, the total number of literates in Chhatna CD block was 112,267 (65.73% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 67,651 (77.63% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 44,616 (53.33%) of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 24.30%.<ref name=census2011/>

As per the 2011 census, literacy in Bankura district was 70.26%, up from 63.44 in 2001 and 52.00% in 1991.<ref name="census3-2011">{{cite web| url = http://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/13-bankura.html |title = Bankura District: Census 2011 data | work= 2016 Digital Trends |publisher= Census Population 2015 Data | access-date = 20 August 2016}}</ref> Literacy in West Bengal was 77.08% in 2011.<ref name=literacy>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_progresstables.pdf | title= Provisional population tables and annexures| work= Census 2011:Table 2(3) Literates and Literacy rates by sex |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 20 August 2016}}</ref> Literacy in India in 2011 was 74.04%.<ref name=literacy/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Bankura district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===
According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Bankura'', as of 2001, Bengali was the mother-tongue of 89.9% of the population, followed by Santali (8.1%), Kurmali Thar (1.1%), Hindi (0.5%) and Telugu (0.1%).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf| title = District Census Handbook Bankura, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Page 48: Mother tongue| publisher = Directorate of census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 8 April 2020}}</ref>

There is a tribal presence in many of the CD blocks of the district. [[Santali language|Santali]] is spoken by around 10% of the population. Some people also speak [[Mundari language|Mundari]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://bankura.gov.in/Gazet/Chapter_3.PDF |title = Bengal District Gazetteers: Bankura by L.S.S.O’Malley, first published 1908, reprint 1995 |work= Language p. 51-52 |publisher= Bankura District Administration | access-date = 25 July 2016}}</ref>

According to the West Bengal Official Language Act 1961 and the West Bengal Official Language (Amendment Act) 2012, the Bengali language is to be used for official purposes in the whole of West Bengal. In addition to Bengali, the Nepali language is to be used for official purposes in the three hills subdivisions, namely Darjeeling, Kalimpong and Kurseong, in the district of Darjeeling, and Urdu is to be used for official purposes in district/subdivision/ block/ municipality where the population speaking Urdu exceeds 10% of the total population. The English language will continue to be used for official purposes as it was being used prior to the enactment of these laws.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.latestlaws.com/bare-acts/state-acts-rules/west-bengal-state-laws/west-bengal-official-language-act-1961/|title = West Bengal Official Language Act 1961 |publisher= Latest Laws.com| access-date = 10 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://advocatetanmoy.com/2018/06/26/the-west-bengal-official-language-act-1961/ |title = The West Bengal Official Language Act 1961|publisher= Advocate Tanmoy Law Library | access-date = 10 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbja.nic.in/wbja_adm/files/The%20Bengal%20Official%20Language%20Act,%201961_1.pdf |title = The West Bengal Official Language Act, 1961| access-date = 10 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/official-language-status-for-urdu-in-some-west-bengal-areas/article3274293.ece |title = Official status for Urdu in some West Bengal Areas |publisher= The Hindu, 2 April 2012 | access-date = 10 May 2020}}</ref>

The West Bengal Official Language (Second Amendment) Bill, 2012, included Hindi, Santhali, Odiya and Punjabi as official languages if it is spoken by a population exceeding 10 per cent of the whole in a particular block or sub-division or a district. Subsequently, Kamtapuri, Rajbanshi and Kurmali were also included in the list of minority languages by the West Bengal Official Language (Second Amendment) Bill, 2018.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/multi-lingual-bengal/cid/358751 |title = Multilingual Bengal |publisher= The Telegraph, 11 December 2012 | access-date = 15 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/kamtapuri-rajbanshi-make-it-to-list-of-official-languages-in-bengal/1263116 |title = Kamtapuri, Rajbanshi make it to the list of official languages in Bengal |publisher= Outlook, 28 February 2015 | access-date = 15 January 2019}}</ref> However, as of 2020, there is no official / other reliable information about the areas covered.

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Chhatna CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|82.74}}
{{bar percent|Other (tribal religion)|maroon|14.51}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|2.57}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.18}}
}}

In the 2011 census Hindus numbered 161,367 and formed 82.74% of the population in Chhatna CD block. Muslims numbered 5,006 and formed 2.57% of the population. Others numbered 28,665 and formed 14.70% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> Others include Addi Bassi, Marang Boro, Santal, Saranath, Sari Dharma, Sarna, Alchchi, Bidin, Sant, Sarvdharm, Seran, Saran, Sarin, Kheria,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14A.html |title = ST-14 A Details Of Religions Shown Under 'Other Religions And Persuasions' In Main Table | work= West Bengal |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 28 August 2016}}</ref> and other religious communities. In 2001, Hindus were 80.52% while Muslims were 2.45% and followers of tribal religion were 16.89% of the population.<ref name=censusreligion2001>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/21481/download/24613/PC01_C01_19.xls|title = Table C01 Population by Religious Community: West Bengal |publisher = [[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |date=2001}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Chhatna CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 80.64 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value2 = 18.93 |color2 = darkturquoise
|label3 = Others |value3 = 0.43 |color3 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 80.64% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and 18.93% [[Santali language|Santali]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
In Chhatna CD block 49.95% families were living [[Below Poverty Line (India)|below poverty line]] in 2007.<ref name=humandev2 >{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Bankura | work = April 2007. Page 27, Pages 237-244 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 8 December 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170207213021/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | archive-date = 7 February 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref> According to the Rural Household Survey in 2005, 28.87% of the total number of families were [[Below Poverty Line|BPL]] families in the Bankura district.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://220.225.90.38/Summary/WestBengal.htm| title = West Bengal Summary| work = Rural Household Survey 2005| publisher = Department of Panchayat & Rural Development, Government of West Bengal| access-date = 10 April 2020| archive-date = 13 January 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200113235534/http://220.225.90.38/Summary/WestBengal.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref>

Migration has been observed in the following CD blocks of Bankura district: Bankura I, Chhatna, Saltora, Indpur, Ranibandh, Hirbandh, Khatra, Raipur and Sarenga. Although authentic figures are not available, a sample survey has been done. According to the sample survey, around 54.5% to 85.4% of the families on an average migrate from these blocks. Another study shows that around 23% of the people from the under-privileged blocks in the western and southern Bankura migrate. Those migrating belong mostly to the SC or ST population. They migrate for periods varying from 15 days to 6/8 months. Most people migrate to meet their food deficit and go to Bardhaman and Hooghly districts but some go to Gujarat and Maharashtra as construction labour.<ref name=humandev2/>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Chhatna CD block'''
|value1 = 19.13
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 42.09
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 3.67
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 35.10
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In the Chhatna CD block in 2011, among the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 14,774 and formed 19.13%, agricultural labourers numbered 32,500 and formed 42.09%, household industry workers numbered 2,835 and formed 3.67% and other workers numbered 27,103 and formed 35.10%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Bankura, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories of Economic Activity in Sub-district 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 8 April 2020}}</ref> Total workers numbered 77,212 and formed 39.59% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 117,826 and formed 60.41% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Bankura, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 30: Number and percentage of Main workers, Marginal workers and Non workers by Sex, in Sub-districts, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 8 April 2020}}</ref>

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Bankura, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 27 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 8 April 2020}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 277 inhabited villages in the Chhatna CD block, as per the ''District Census Handbook'', Bankura, 2011. 100% villages have power supply. 276 villages (99.64%) have drinking water supply. 27 villages (9.75%) have post offices. 230 villages (83.03%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 93 villages (33.57%) have pucca (paved) approach roads and 70 villages (25.27%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 12 villages (4.33%) have agricultural credit societies and 11 villages (3.97%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Bankura, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 83, Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 10 April 2020}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
There were 77 fertiliser depots, 15 seed stores and 80 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in the CD block.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura |work = Tables 8.2, 17.2, 18.2, 18.1, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 15 May 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2013–14, persons engaged in agriculture in Chhatna CD block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 10.22%, patta (document) holders 11.36%, small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 6.64%, marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 20.56% and agricultural labourers 51.20%.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2003-04 net area sown in Chhatna CD block was 24,932 hectares and the area in which more than one crop was grown was 2,571 hectares.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Bankura | work = April 2007. Page: 58 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 23 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170207213021/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | archive-date = 7 February 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2013–14, the total area irrigated in Chhatna CD block was 2,625 hectares, out of which 1,695 hectares by tank water, 860 hectares by river lift irrigation, 45 hectares by shallow tubewells and 25 hectares by open dug wells.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013–14, Chhatna CD block produced 6,976 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop, from 2,756 hectares. It also produced mustard.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Handloom and pottery industries===
The handloom industry engages the largest number of persons in the non farm sector and hence is important in Bankura district. The handloom industry is well established in all the CD blocks of the district and includes the famous Baluchari saris. In 2004-05 Chhatna CD Block had 1,112 looms in operation.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Bankura | work = April 2007. Page: 85 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 23 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170207213021/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | archive-date = 7 February 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Bankura district is famous for the artistic excellence of its pottery products that include the famous [[Bankura horse]]. The range of pottery products is categorised as follows: domestic utilities, terracota and other decorative items and roofing tiles and other heavy pottery items. Around 3,200 families were involved in pottery making in the district in 2002. 212 families were involved in Chhatna CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Bankura | work = April 2007. Pages: 83-84 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 23 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170207213021/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | archive-date = 7 February 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Banking===
In 2013–14, Chhatna CD block had offices of 9 commercial banks and 4 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
The Bankura district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 10 April 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 10 April 2020}}</ref>

==Transport==
{{Kharagpur–Bankura–Adra line|collapse=yes}}

In 2013–14, Chhatna CD block had 9 originating/ terminating bus routes.<ref name=handbook2014/>

The [[Kharagpur-Bankura-Adra line]] of South Eastern Railway passes through this CD block. [[Chhatna railway station]] and [[Jhantipahari railway station]] are on this line.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/midnapore-adra-memu-68089-mdn-to-adra/21528/952/956 |title = 68089 Midnapore-Adra Memu |work = Time Table | publisher= indiarailinfo | access-date = 23 August 2016}}</ref>

The Saltora-Bankura section of [[State Highway 8 (West Bengal)|State Highway 8]] running from Santaldih (in Purulia district) to Majhdia (in Nadia district) passes through this CD block.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | access-date = 23 August 2016}}</ref>

==Education==
In 2013–14, Chhatna CD block had 244 primary schools with 16,444 students, 20 middle schools with 2,105 students, 12 high schools with 7,881 students and 8 higher secondary schools with 6,840 students. Chhatna CD block had 1 general college with 696 students, 1 professional/ technical institution with 207 students and 386 institutions for special and non-formal education with 10,441 students. Chhatna CD Block had 13 mass literacy centres.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura | work = Tables 4.4, 4.6 | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 15 May 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

See also – [[Education in India]]

According to the 2011 census, in the Chhatna CD block, among the 277 inhabited villages, 44 villages did not have a school, 55 villages had two or more primary schools, 45 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 26 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Bankura, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 1293, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 10 April 2020}}</ref>

[[Saldiha College]] at [[Saldiha]] was established in 1966. It has hostel facilities – three for boys and one for girls.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://saldihacollege.com/index.php |title = Saldiha College | publisher= Saldiha College| access-date = 14 December 2016}}</ref>

Chhatna Chandidas Mahavidyalaya was established at Ghoramuli in 2007.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/ChhatnaChandidasMahavidyalaya/ChhatnaChandidasMahavidyalaya.shtml |title = Chhatna Chandidas Mahavidyalaya | publisher= College Admission | access-date = 16 December 2016}}</ref>

The College of Agriculture, Chhatna, an extended campus of [[Bidhan Chandra Krishi Vishwavidyalaya]] was started in 2015.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.bckv.edu.in/bckv.php?page=1ff8a7b5dc7a7d1f0ed65aaa29c04b1eac | title = Bidhan Chandra Krishi Vishwavidyalaya | work = Extended campus of BCKV, Bankura, College of Agriculture | publisher = BCKV | access-date = 16 December 2016 | archive-date = 30 November 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161130024042/http://www.bckv.edu.in/bckv.php?page=1ff8a7b5dc7a7d1f0ed65aaa29c04b1eac | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2014, Chhatna CD block had 1 rural hospital, 4 primary health centres and 1 private nursing home with total 59 beds and 7 doctors. It had 36 family welfare sub centres and 1 family welfare centre. 5,199 patients were treated indoor and 211,882 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.
<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura | work = Tables 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 15 May 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Chhatna Rural Hospital, with 30 beds at [[Chhatna]], is the major government medical facility in the Chhatna CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Jorhia (with 10 beds), Salchura (Kamalpur) (with 2 beds), [[Jhantipahari]] (with 6 beds) and Bhagabanpur (with 6 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =10 April 2020 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 10 April 2020 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

There is also a super speciality hospital in Sarberia with modern medical facilities.

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

==External links==
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Susunia}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Bankura topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Bankura district]]

Nath – Zewar Ya Zanjeer

2026-04-30T03:57:51Z

Advanced Academy: Started New Post First Draft.

{{short description|Indian drama television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| alt_name =
| image = NathAllGens.png
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| story = Mamta Singh
| screenplay = Parishruta Sood
| director = Atif Khan
| showrunner = Aarooshee Sood
| starring = {{ubl|[[Chahat Pandey]]| [[Arjit Taneja]]|[[Avinash Mishra]]|[[Ankit Gera]]|[[Aalisha Panwar]]|Arjun Singh Dalal|Kajal Chauhan|[[Piyush Sahdev]]}}
| theme_music_composer = Isha Gaur Punit Dixit
| opentheme = "Nath – Gehna Hai Ya Hai Bedi" "Nath – Krishna Aur Gauri Ki Kahani" "Nath – Rishton Ki Agnipariksha"
| endtheme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 3
| num_episodes = 1072
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Ved Raj Isha Gaur
| cinematography =
| editor = Pankaj Kathpal Ayan Hashmi
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 20–22 minutes
| company = Story Square Productions
| network = [[Dangal (TV channel)|Dangal]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2021|08|23|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2024|10|12|df=yes}}
| related = {{ubl|''[[Prem Bandhan (TV series)|Prem Bandhan]]''|''Gehna – Zewar Ya Zanjeer''}}
}}
'''''Nath''''' ({{Translation|Nose Ring}}) is an Indian romantic drama television series. It premiered on 23 August 2021 and ended on 12 October 2024, after a three-year run and was aired on [[Dangal (TV channel)|Dangal]] under the banner of Story Square Productions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chahat Pandey on Avinash Mishra joining 'Nath…': Audience will like him as Aryan and love our jodi|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/chahat-pandey-on-avinash-mishra-joining-nath-audience-will-like-him-as-aryan-and-love-our-jodi/videoshow/89921707.cms#_ga=2.197198764.206928032.1657597325-1054369933.1657597324|newspaper=Times of India |access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Nath Zewar Ya Zanjeer team cuts cake on completion of 200 episodes|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/nath-zewar-ya-zanjeer-team-cuts-cake-on-completion-of-200-episodes/videoshow/90819436.cms#_ga=2.122799880.206928032.1657597325-1054369933.1657597324|work=m.timesofindia|access-date=13 April 2022}}</ref> One of the [[List of longest-running Indian television series|longest running Indian television soap operas]], it starred [[Chahat Pandey]], [[Arjit Taneja]], [[Avinash Mishra]], [[Ankit Gera]], [[Aalisha Panwar]], Arjun Singh Dalal, Kajal Chauhan and [[Piyush Sahdev]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Chahat Pandey on Avinash Mishra joining 'Nath…': Audience will like him as Aryan and love our jodi|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/chahat-pandey-on-avinash-mishra-joining-nath-audience-will-like-him-as-aryan-and-love-our-jodi/videoshow/89921707.cms#_ga=2.197198764.206928032.1657597325-1054369933.1657597324 |newspaper=Times of India |access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Nath Zewar Ya Zanjeer team cuts cake on completion of 200 episodes|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/nath-zewar-ya-zanjeer-team-cuts-cake-on-completion-of-200-episodes/videoshow/90819436.cms#_ga=2.122799880.206928032.1657597325-1054369933.1657597324 |newspaper=Times of India |access-date=13 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |title=Nath Krishna aur Gauri Ki Kahani {{!}} New Promo 10 May se Mon -Sun 8pm |publisher=Dangal TV Channel |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xK7HSEaogTA |access-date=2023-05-06 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Piyush Sahdev returns to TV after two years as the new male lead in Nath|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/piyush-sahdev-returns-to-tv-after-two-years-as-the-new-male-lead-in-nath/articleshow/113148120.cms|work=Timesofindia|date=7 September 2024 |accessdate=7 September 2024}}</ref> It completed 1000 episodes on 29 July 2024.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FQm-6azJLRk |title=Nath Krishna Aur Gauri Ki Kahani {{!}} 30 July 2024 {{!}} journey of 1000 Days {{!}} Dangal TV |date=2024-07-30 |last=Dangal TV Channel |access-date=2025-06-21 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

It was launched with the title '''''Nath – Zewar Ya Zanjeer''''' on 23 August 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-24 |title=Dangal TV का नया शो 'Nath Zewar Ya Zanjeer', कीज‍िए स्टार कास्ट से मुलाकात |url=https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/television/video/new-show-nath-jewar-ya-zanjeer-star-cast-dangal-tv-detail-entertainment-news-1315304-2021-08-24 |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref> On 10 May 2023, after the first-generation leap, it was renamed '''''Nath – Krishna aur Gauri Ki Kahani'''''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anupama Solanki talks about her show Nath Zewar Ya Zanjeer |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/anupama-solanki-talks-about-her-show-nath-zewar-ya-zanjeer-510442/amp |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> On 10 September 2024, after the second-generation leap, it was renamed '''''Nath – Rishton Ki Agnipariksha''''',<ref>{{Cite news |title=Piyush Sahdev returns to TV after two years as the new male lead in Nath |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/piyush-sahdev-returns-to-tv-after-two-years-as-the-new-male-lead-in-nath/articleshow/113148120.cms |access-date=2025-01-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> but the show went off air within one month after the leap. <ref>{{Cite news |title=Nath to wrap up just a month after introducing the new lead couple; the show will conclude on October 12 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/nath-to-wrap-up-just-a-month-after-introducing-the-new-lead-couple-the-show-will-conclude-on-october-12/articleshow/114055646.cms |access-date=2025-01-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> A spin-off titled '''''Gehna – Zewar Ya Zanjeer''''' aired from 22 July 2024 to 21 June 2025 after an eleven-month run and 325 episodes.

== Plot ==
Mahua, a bright girl in a village, meets Shambhu Singh Thakur, the elder grandson of a wealthy women, Durga aka Ammaji. They dislike each other. At the age of 18, Mahua's parents sell her to Ramesh by using a system called "Nath Utrayi", as he tries to kill her. She is saved by Shambhu, who marries her. After their marriage, Shambhu died in the hands of Ramesh and Mahua's elder sister, Boondi, who is his ex-fiancé who desired him as she had married to Radhe, Shambhu's cousin, as she had taken revenge against on her and Mahua marries Inspector Aryan Mishra, her best friend, while she also kills Boondi whom she tries to harm Aryan and she also destroys her evil spirit as she tries to harm her and also the family. Mahua, becomes pregnant and giving birth to two daughters, steals one from her father, Garjan Mishra. She steals the child from a woman selling it, and Aryan and Mahua separate, each taking one daughter.

Mahua, is a school teacher in the village, raises her daughter Krishna, while Aryan is in love with Kajal while raising his daughter Gauri. Aryan decided to divorce Mahua to marry Kajal and live happily. Mahua refuses to sign the divorce papers, and Ammaji announces Aryan and Kajal's wedding in front of the villagers. While Mahua's aunt, Poonam fixes her marriage with Kishor. Aryan and Mahua reunited, but Aryan is killed by Ramesh. Mahua mistakenly goes to Pakistan, but with the help of Shoaib, she escapes and returns to India. After that she marries Captain Aditya Rathore. Padma is murdered, and Ramesh is arrested. Mahua helps Janaki, but Sukant Narayan tortures her. Mahua exposes Sukant's crimes, but he kills her by throwing her off a building under construction.

Durga, Krishna, and Gauri live in poverty due to Mrs. Narayan's theft of the Thakur family's ancestral house. Gauri falls in love with Jeet Narayan, but Krishna married Jeet. Gauri fails to win back Jeet. She marries Sukant Narayan, Jeet's paternal uncle, to take revenge. Sukant is sent to a mental asylum. Krishna discovers Sukant inherited the ancestral house from Mrs. Narayan. Gauri betrays Krishna, claiming she is Sukant's wife and orders her to leave. Jeet eventually falls in love with Krishna and realizes Gauri's evil, but shortly afterwards Krishna is shot, falls off a cliff, and is presumed dead. Gopal suffers a heart attack during her wedding, at the same time as Krishna's attack. Gopala loses her memory and is left with Krishna's emotions, falling in love with Jeet and following him to the Narayan residence, convinced that he is her husband. Jeet initially rejects her, still in mourning for Krishna, but after escaping from Gauri's traps with the help of Gopala, he decides to accept Gopala's love and take her as his wife. But Krishna is alive, is held captive by Ajju, Gopala's fiancé, who plots against the Narayans. Gopala is after Jeet's money and wants to kill him. Later, Krishna manages to regain consciousness, just in time to prevent Gopala and Jeet's remarriage. With the help of a remorseful Gauri, Krishna sends Gopala to prison and decides to resume her marriage with Jeet. Krishna becomes pregnant with Jeet's child.

However, Gauri again becomes evil and tries to make Krishna believe that she suffered a miscarriage, while she herself becomes pregnant with Jeet and Krishna's child via [[IVF]] and feigns being attacked by Krishna. She then gives birth to a son via surrogacy and convinces everyone that Krishna killed it and is arrested, but on the way the police car explodes and Krishna is presumed dead.

Jeet married Gauri in order to raise his and Krishna's son Shiv whom he assumed of Gauri, but he never forgot Krishna. Meanwhile, Krishna fakes her own death after feeling betrayed by Jeet and his family, she becomes a police officer and raises her and Jeet's daughter, Gopika. The Narayan family is unaware of Gopika. But Krishna and Jeet meet again, as Shiv and Gopika meet and become friends, forcing Krishna have [[To Face Her Past|to face her past]] again. This approach leaves Gauri scared and obsessive, as she now fears losing not only her position as Jeet's wife, but also her son, since Shiv is in reality not her biological son but his adopted one, and possibly the son of Krishna herself. She creates countless situations to prevent Jeet from meeting Krishna, seeing Gopika with bad eyes and feeling guilty for leaving Shiv aside. Eventually, Gopika's paternity is revealed and Jeet decides to separate from Gauri and try to reconcile with Krishna. Finally, Gauri accepts that she has lost Jeet and tries to fake a good relationship with Krishna to keep Shiv with her.

== Cast ==
===Main===
* [[Chahat Pandey]] as
** Inspector Mahua Aditya Rathore.. Mahua Aryan Mishra .... Mahua Shambhu Singh Thakur..: Dharma and Chanda's daughter; Boondi and Bablu's sister; Shambhu and Aryan's widow; Aditya's wife; Krishna and Gauri's mother (2021–2023)
** Inspector Krishna Mishra Narayan (formerly Pratapsingh): Mahua and Aryan's daughter; Gauri's twin; Jeet's first wife; Rudra's ex-wife; Shiv and Gopika's mother (2023–2024)
*** Aditi Mishra as child Krishna Mishra (2022–2023)
** Fake Mahua; (2022)
* [[Arjit Taneja]] as Shambhu Singh Thakur: Avtar's illegitimate son; Janki's step-son; Adhiraj's twin; Mahua's first husband (2021–2022)
* [[Avinash Mishra]] as
** Inspector Aryan Mishra: (2022–2023)
** Viren Mishra: (2022)
* [[Ankit Gera]] as Captain Aditya Rathore: (2023)
* [[Aalisha Panwar]] as Gauri Mishra: (2023–2024)
** Puvika Gupta as child Gauri Mishra (2022–2023)
* Arjun Singh Dalal as
** Jeet Narayan: (2023–2024)
** Shaurya: Jeet's lookalike; (2024)
* Kajal Chauhan as Gopika Narayan Pratapsingh (2024)
** Jigruksha Chaudhary as Child Gopika (2024)
* [[Piyush Sahdev]] as Arya Pratapsingh: Ranveer’s brother (2024)
* Ahmad Harhash as Ranveer Pratapsingh Arya’s brother (2024)

===Recurring===
*[[Pratima Kazmi]] as Durga Singh Thakur aka Ammaji — The Thakur family's matriarch; [[Avtaar]], Ramesh and Sheela's mother (2021–2024)
*Sanjana Phadke as Sarasvali Narayan: (2023–2024)
*[[Paaras Madaan]] as Shiv Narayan (2024)
** Shaurya Sankhla as Child Shiv (2024)
*[[Rupal Patel]] as Kailashi Devi Pratapsingh: Arya's paternal aunt (2024)
*Shabaaz Abdullah Badi as Lalit Pratapsingh (2024)
*[[Neetha Shetty]] as Mantra Lalit Pratapsingh (2024)
*Jatin Bhatia as Sumeet Pratapsingh (2024)
*Neha Yadav as Tantra Sumeet Pratapsingh (2024)
*Neha Narang as Santra (2024)
*Pratibha Goregaonkar as Mrs. Pratapsingh: (2024)
*[[Ravi Gossain]] as Avtaar Singh Thakur: (2021–2022)
*[[Pyumori Mehta Ghosh]] as Janki Singh Thakur: (Dead)
*[[Anurag Sharma (actor)|Anurag Sharma]] as Ramesh Singh Thakur: (2021–2023)
*[[Anjana Singh]] as Padma Singh Thakur: (2021–2023)
*Achal Tankwal as Radhe Singh Thakur: (2021–2023)
*Anjana Nathan as Sheela Singh Thakur: (2021–2022)
*[[Shivani Gosain]] as Tejo Singh: (2021–2022)
*Karan Khanna as Adhiraj Singh Thakur: (2021–2022)
*Vaibhavi Kapoor as Boondi: (2021–2022)
*[[Shahbaz Khan (actor)|Shahbaz Khan]] as Garjan Mishra: (2022)
*Roma Navani as Premlata "Prema": (2022)
*Vijay Badlani as Pramod Mishra: (2022)
*Geetika Shyam as Sulekha: Pramod's wife
*Hridayansh Shekhawat as Sajjan Singh: (2022)
*Unknown as Dharma: (2021)
*Shraddha Singh as Chanda: (2021–2022)
*Ankur Dwivedi as Bablu: (2021)
*Akanksha Gilani as Poonam: (2021–2022)
*[[Vandana Vithlani]] as
** District Magistrate (DM): (2021)
** Mrs. Narayan: (2023–2024)
*Vicky Ahuja as Raghuvendra Narayan: (2023—2024)
*[[Ajay Chaudhary]] as Sukant Narayan: (2023–2024)
*Nitin Babu as Abhimanyu Narayan: (2023—2024)
*Rashmi Gupta as Tara: (2022)
*Ekta Methai as Supriya
*Urvashi Pardeshi as Jhelum (2022)
*Urmila Sharma as Sheetal Devi: (2022)
*Pratiksha Rai as Kajal (2023)
*Ankita Khare as Garima (2023)
*Munendra Singh Kushwah as Inspector Suraj Singh (2023)
*Abhishek Tewari<ref>{{Cite news|title=Exclusive! Avinash Mishra quits Nath – Zewar Ya Zanjeer, Abhishek Tewari steps in to play the new male lead|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-avinash-mishra-quits-nath-zewar-ya-zanjeer-abhishek-tewari-steps-in-to-play-the-new-male-lead/articleshow/97551895.cm|work=m.timesofindia|access-date=3 February 2022}}</ref> (2022)
*Shravani Goswami as Sabina: (2022)
*Urvashi Upadhyay<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-05 |title=Urvashi Upadhyay: I loved my entry with guns in Nath, it's a very different role that I am playing here |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/urvashi-upadhyay-i-loved-my-entry-with-guns-in-nath-its-a-very-different-role-that-i-am-playing-here/articleshow/97619542.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-04-24 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> as Haseena Bhegam (2022)
*Bhawna Hada as Zara (2022)
*Nishat Ruby as Saba (2022)
*Diksha Nisha as Riya (2022)
*[[Ishita Ganguly]] as Gopala Pratapsingh: (2023—2024)
*Reyaansh Vir Chadha as Rudra Pratapsingh: (2024)
*Anupama Solanki<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-18 |title=I have hazel colour eyes, so I am mostly given negative roles, says Anupama Solanki who will soon be seen in Nath |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-have-hazel-colour-eyes-so-i-am-mostly-given-negative-roles-says-anupama-solanki-who-will-soon-be-seen-in-nath/articleshow/100326544.cms |access-date=2023-05-19 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> as Kalavati (2023)
*Aditi Asija as Janki: (2023)
*Nandini Maurya as Chikki
*Fareed as Hariya: Chikki's father
*Riya Bhattacharjee as Kajri
*Shubha Saxena as Social worker
*Krishnakant Singh Bundela as Panditji
*Sanjeev Khanna as DSP
*Md Rafi Khan as [[Doctor Who|doctor who]] treated Tejo
*Ayesha Vindhara as Rani
*[[Manoj Chandila]] as Rudra (2023)
*Pallavi Mukherjee as Chanchal: Rudra's younger sister
*Rahulram Manchanda as Kishore (2022)
*Khushboo Sawan as Phoolia: servant in the Mishra household
*Radhika Chhabra as Reena
*Aloknath Pathak as Panditji
*[[Amit Sinha]] as Monica Kinnar
*Abhinav Gautam as Factory owner
*Ahmad Kabir Shadan as Senior Police Inspector (2022)
*Aman Maheshwari: (2023–2024)
*Nyshita Bajaj as Radha (2024)
*Samaksh Sudi
*Siraj Mustafa Khan as Sarpanch (Village Head)(2024)

=== Cameo appearances ===
* Shruti Anand as Ruchita Nihar Goel from ''[[Mann Sundar]]'' (2022)

==Production==
===Release===
The series was announced on [[Dangal (TV channel)|Dangal]] by Story Square Productions. [[Chahat Pandey]] and [[Arjit Taneja]] were signed as the lead. The show was released on 23 August 2021.<ref>{{cite AV media |script-title=hi:नथ जेंवर या ज़ंजीर {{!}}{{!}} New TV Show Promo {{!}}{{!}} 23 अगस्त से सोमवार से शनिवार रात 10 बजे |publisher=Dangal TV Channel |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jkFOGQvvbs0 |access-date=2023-04-07 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

===Casting===
Taneja quit the show in February 2022 as he was not happy with the growth of his character in the show and his role did not shape up the way he imagined.

In March 2022 [[Avinash Mishra]] as Aryan is cast as the lead.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Developer |first=Web |title=Avinash Mishra makes a grand entry in Nath Zewar Ya Zanjeer |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/avinash-mishra-makes-a-grand-entry-in-nath-zewar-ya-zanjeer-23216991 |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=Mid-day|date=5 March 2022 }}</ref> In February 2023, Avinash Mishra also quit the series, saying "My character had no scope left. My track had reached a saturation point. I felt there was nothing more that I could give to the show. My character had no growth and so I thought that it was best to move on."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-04 |title=My track was dragging, so I chose to quit my show Nath: Avinash Mishra |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/my-track-was-dragging-so-i-chose-to-quit-my-show-nath-avinash-mishra/articleshow/96736843.cms |access-date=2023-04-07 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of programmes broadcast by Dangal TV]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nath (TV series)}}
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Bihar]]
[[Category:Dangal TV original programming]]

M. V. Muralidaran

2026-04-23T06:38:35Z

Advanced Academy: Started New Bio More To Come.

{{Short description|Indian judge (born 1962)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. V. Muralidaran
| office = [[Judge]] of [[Calcutta High Court]]
| term_start = 2 November 2023
| term_end = 15 April 2024
| nominator = [[D. Y. Chandrachud]]
| appointer = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| status2 = [[Acting (law)|Acting]] [[Chief Justice]]
| term_start2 = 6 February 2023
| term_end2 = 19 October 2023
| predecessor2 = [[P. V. Sanjay Kumar]]
| successor2 = [[Siddharth Mridul]]
| appointer2 = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1962|4|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Vellore]]
| office1 = [[Judge]] of [[Manipur High Court]]
| term_start1 = 18 March 2019
| term_end1 = 1 November 2023
| nominator1 = [[Ranjan Gogoi]]
| appointer1 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| office3 = [[Judge]] of [[Madras High Court]]
| appointer3 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| nominator3 = [[T. S. Thakur]]
| term_start3 = 7 April 2016
| term_end3 = 17 March 2019
| parents = K. Vajjiravelu
| alma_mater =
| education = [[M.A.]] and [[LL.B]]
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Justice (Retd.)
}}
'''Maniampattu Vajjiravelu Muralidaran''' (born 16 April 1962) is a retired Indian judge. He had served as a [[Judge]] of [[Calcutta High Court]], [[Manipur High Court]] and [[Madras High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=High Court of manipur at Imphal |url=https://hcmimphal.nic.in/judges_former.html |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=hcmimphal.nic.in}}</ref>

== Early life ==
He was born on 16 April 1962 to late K. Vajjiravelu at [[Vellore]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. His family belongs to agricultural background and he did [[M.A.]] and [[LL.B]]. He was enrolled as advocate on 12 September 1990 and started practising before the [[High Court of Madras]] and Madurai Bench, [[Debt Recovery Tribunal|DRT]] and DRAT, City Civil Court, Sessions Courts, Magistrate Courts and other Subordinate Courts.

== Career ==
He was appointed as judge of [[Madras High Court]] on 7 April 2016 and was transferred to [[Manipur High Court]] on 18 March 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CDJ Law Journal |url=https://www.cdjlawjournal.com/judge-profile1.php?id=1470&cid=15#:~:text=Name%20:%20Maniampattu%20Vajjiravelu%20Muralidaran,Judge%20of%20Madras%20High%20Court. |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=www.cdjlawjournal.com}}</ref> He also served as Acting Chief Justice of Manipur High Court<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-07 |title=Justice M.V. Muralidaran assumes office as Chief Justice of Manipur HC |url=https://ukhrultimes.com/justice-m-v-muralidaran-assumes-office-as-chief-justice-of-manipur-hc/ |access-date=2026-04-19 |language=en-US}}</ref> consequent upon the elevation of the then Chief Justice [[P. V. Sanjay Kumar]] to [[Supreme Court of India]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Upadhyay |first=Sparsh |date=4 February 2023 |title=President Appoints Justice M. V. Muralidaran As Acting Chief Justice Of Manipur High Court |work=Live Law |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/president-appoints-justice-m-v-muralidaran-as-acting-chief-justice-of-manipur-high-court-220751 |access-date=4 February 2023}}</ref>

During his tenure as Acting Chief Justice, on 23 March 2023, he ordered the Manipur government to consider the case of the [[Meitei community]] in the [[Scheduled Tribes list|Scheduled Tribe list]], expeditiously, and preferably within a period of four weeks. This Order resulted in [[2023–2026 Manipur conflict|unrest in the state]] which is still ongoing. He also admitted a public interest litigation seeking to quash a report produced by the [[Editors Guild of India]] on the Manipur violence this decision irked the then CJI [[D. Y. Chandrachud]] who remarked that high court should have better things to do.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leaflet |first=The |date=2023-10-11 |title=Judge who passed Order that triggered the Manipur violence transferred to Calcutta High Court |url=https://theleaflet.in/due-process/judge-who-passed-order-that-triggered-the-manipur-violence-transferred-to-calcutta-high-court |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=The Leaflet |language=en}}</ref>

Following this he was transferred to [[Calcutta High Court]], though he requested collegium either to transfer him back to his parent high court i.e. [[Madras High Court]] or allow him to function at Manipur High Court but collegium turned down his request.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajagopal |first=Krishnadas |date=2023-10-11 |title=Supreme Court Collegium stands firm on transfer of Justice Muralidharan out of Manipur |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-collegium-stands-firm-on-transfer-of-justice-muralidharan-out-of-manipur/article67407336.ece |access-date=2026-04-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

He took oath as judge of [[Calcutta High Court]] on 2 November 2023<ref>{{Cite web |last=MP |first=Team |date=2023-11-03 |title=Three justices take oath as judges of High Court |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal/three-justices-take-oath-as-judges-of-high-court-539006 |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |language=en}}</ref> while [[Siddharth Mridul]] was appointed as new permanent chief justice of [[Manipur High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sucheta |date=2023-10-18 |title=President appoints Justice Siddharth Mridul as the 7th Chief Justice of Manipur High Court |url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2023/10/18/president-appoints-justice-siddharth-mridul-new-cj-maniour-hc-legal-news/ |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=SCC Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

He retired from Calcutta High Court on 15 April 2024.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VQ_6sTWkErE |title=Full Court Reference on the occasion of farewell of Hon'ble Justice M.V. Muralidaran |date=2024-04-15 |last=High Court at Calcutta |access-date=2026-04-19 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muralidaran, M. V.}}
[[Category:Indian judges]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Judges of the Calcutta High Court]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

S Saraswathi

2026-04-20T14:06:02Z

Advanced Academy: New first stub added tags...

{{Infobox film
| name = S Saraswathi
| image = S Saraswathi.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]]
| writer =
| screenplay = Varalaxmi Sarathkumar
| story = [[Sai Madhav Burra]]
| based_on = 
| producer = Pooja Sarathkumar Varalaxmi Sarathkumar
| starring = Varalaxmi Sarathkumar [[Prakash Raj]] [[Priyamani]] [[Jiiva]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = A. M. Edwin Sakay
| editing = Venkat Raajen
| music = [[Thaman S]]
| studio = Dosa Diaries LLP
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2026|3|6|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
''''' S Saraswathi''''' is a 2026 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[suspense thriller film]] co-written, co-produced and directed by [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]] in her directorial debut.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2026/Mar/05/teluguinterviews2026mar04pooja-sarathkumar-saraswati-has-a-powerful-seven-minute-single-shot-sequence|title=Pooja Sarathkumar: Saraswathi has a powerful seven-minute single-shot sequence|first=Suresh|last=Kavirayani|date=5 March 2026|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> She also stars in the film alongside [[Prakash Raj]] and [[Priyamani]].

== Plot ==

Lakshmi ([[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]]) works as a government nurse and lives with her daughter Saraswathi. Lakshmi drops Saraswathi off at school for the Independence Day celebration, which is also Saraswathi's birthday. Lakshmi comes to pick up Saraswathi in the evening, but the school says there is only one girl named Saraswathi, but it is not her daughter. The police sub-inspector ([[Murali Sharma]]) comes to investigate, but there is no evidence that her daughter studies at that school. The next day, Lakshmi goes to the police station and says that her daughter was abused by the principal and other staff, which resulted in her daughter's death, and she buried her in the cemetery. When the police reach the burial site, they do not find Saraswathi's body, and the police say they cannot proceed with the case because there is no evidence.

Lakshmi hires the lawyer Ramanujam ([[Prakash Raj]]), who fights for justice and truth. Ramanujam decides to take up the case and try to make a case even though there is no evidence, but Saraswathi says that these are not the people who abused her daughter. After a few months, Lakshmi kills a judge, a district collector, and a top police officer. She surrenders and informs the judge that those people have abused her daughter. Chief Justice Uma Maheswar ([[Rao Ramesh]]) orders Ramanujam to investigate the case thoroughly and provide the proper details. Ramanujam reaches out to Lakshmi's husband Aditya ([[Jiiva]]); the couple lives separately. Aditya informs that they do not have a daughter and says Lakshmi cannot have kids. He informs Ramanujam that the evidence picture is Lakshmi's childhood photo. Ramanujam reaches out to Anthony ([[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]) to understand what is happening to Lakshmi and perform hypnosis on her to get the truth out of her.

Lakshmi is actually Saraswathi, and her parents are Lakshmi ([[Priyamani]]), and Prabhakar ([[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]]), and an abuse incident happened to her. While in prison, she also kills the minister who attends the Independence Day celebration. Ramanujam pleads to the judge that she is suffering from a fantasy disorder and asks for a reduction in her prison sentence. She is admitted to a mental asylum, and it is later revealed that Aditya and Lakshmi planned the whole thing to take revenge.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]] as Lakshmi
*[[Prakash Raj]] as Ramanujam
*[[Priyamani]] as Lakshmi
*[[Jiiva]] as Aditya; Extended cameo appearance
*[[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] as Prabhakar, Lakshmi's father
*[[Rao Ramesh]] as Chief Justice Uma Maheswar
*[[Murali Sharma]] as Sub-Inspector
*[[Radikaa Sarathkumar]] as Dr. Tulasi
*[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Anthony
*[[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]]
*[[Saptagiri (actor)|Saptagiri]] as Junior Lawyer
*[[Srikanth Iyengar]] Lawyer
*[[Mime Gopi]]
*[[Hareesh Peradi]]
*[[Raghu Babu]] as School Principal
*[[Getup Srinu]] as Cemetery Worker
*Venkat
*Baby Niveksha as S. Saraswathi
*Pramila Rani
}}

== Production ==
[[Naveen Chandra]] was initially reported to be a part of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=2025-09-27 |title=Varalaxmi Sarathkumar to star in, direct and produce Saraswathi; Prakash Raj, Priyamani and Naveen Chandra join cast |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Sep/27/varalaxmi-sarathkumar-to-star-in-direct-and-produce-saraswathi-prakash-raj-priyamani-and-naveen-chandra-join-cast |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The film was renamed from ''Saraswathi'' to ''S Saraswathi'' due to objections from the censor board.<ref name="MC"/>

== Reception ==
Srivathsan Nadadhur of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "''S Saraswathi''’s call for a safer world for women is hard to dismiss, but the storytelling is unoriginal, takes far too many cinematic liberties and offers little emotional connection".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/s-saraswathi-movie-review-the-crime-saga-is-directed-by-varalaxmi-sarathkumar/article70710366.ece|title=‘S Saraswathi’ movie review: An exhausting crime saga that offers nothing new|first=Srivathsan|last=Nadadhur|date=6 March 2026|work=The Hindu}}</ref> Sanjana Pulugurtha of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film two-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote, "While it [the film] shows sincerity and heart in its exploration, a sharper screenplay and more consistent pacing might have helped it reach the emotional and narrative heights it aims for".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/saraswathi/movie-review/129209196.cms|title=Saraswathi Movie Review: Varalaxmi’s directorial debut shows heart, but falls short|website=The Times of India}}</ref> Yashaswini Sri of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the film three out of five stars and wrote, "Varalaxmi Sarathkumar’s ''S Saraswathi'' has all the ingredients of a film that could have shaken you. The filmmaking only partly delivers on that potential".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/saraswathi-review-varalaxmi-sarathkumar-film-is-earnest-ambitious-and-uneven-in-equal-measure-10567479/|title=S Saraswathi movie review: Varalaxmi Sarathkumar’s film is earnest, ambitious, and uneven in equal measure|date=6 March 2026|work=Indian Express}}</ref> Suresh Kairayani of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' rated the film two-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote, "Overall, ''S Saraswathi'' deals with a serious and relevant subject, but th[e] predictability is a downer. With stronger writing and tighter narration, the film could have turned out even better".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2026/Mar/08/telugureview2026mar06s-saraswathi-movie-review-a-thought-provoking-drama-that-turns-predictable|title=S Saraswathi movie review: A thought-provoking but predictable drama|first=Suresh|last=Kavirayani|date=8 March 2026|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Bhawana Tanmayi of ''[[Moneycontrol]]'' gave the film the same rating and wrote, "Perhaps the film could have had a more profound impact if it had been written with greater precision and had a more captivating second half.Nevertheless, it is an average viewing experience in its current state".<ref name="MC">https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/regional/s-saraswathi-movie-review-varalakshmi-sarathkumar-s-directorial-debut-is-impressive-but-second-half-lacks-pace-article-13852850.html</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|38525039}}

[[Category:2026 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:2026 thriller films]]
[[Category:2026 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Thaman S]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]

Shyamala Gopalan Harris

2026-04-20T12:52:45Z

Advanced Academy: Post!

{{short description|Indian-born American biomedical scientist and researcher (1938–2009)}}
{{Indian patronymic|Shyamala|Gopalan}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox person|
| name = Shyamala Gopalan Harris
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ta
| image = Shyamala Gopalan Harris died 2009.jpg
| birth_name = Gopalan Shyamala
| birth_date = {{birth date|1938|12|07|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Madras]], [[Madras Province]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India)
| death_date = {{death date and age|2009|2|11|1938|12|7}}
| death_place = [[Oakland, California]], U.S.
| other_names =
| education = {{plainlist|
* [[Lady Irwin College]], [[University of Delhi]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BSc]])
* [[University of California, Berkeley]] ([[Master of Science|MS]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])
}}
| parents = [[P. V. Gopalan]] (father) Rajam Gopalan (mother)
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Donald J. Harris]]|1963|1971|end=div}}
| children = {{hlist|[[Kamala Harris|Kamala]]|[[Maya Harris|Maya]]}}
| known_for = Progesterone receptor biology and applications to [[breast cancer]], mother of former U.S. vice president [[Kamala Harris]]
| module = {{Infobox scientist|child=yes|
| workplaces = {{plainlist|
* [[Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research]], [[McGill University]]
* [[Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory]]
}}
| thesis_title = The isolation and purification of a trypsin inhibitor from whole wheat flour
| thesis_url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14241616
| thesis_year = 1964
| doctoral_advisor = Richard L. Lyman<ref name="lyman"/>
}}
}}
'''Shyamala Gopalan Harris'''{{Efn|As per the cited sources and the common [[Indian name#Tamil|naming conventions]] of her family, Gopalan Shyamala was her legal name in India,<ref name=uscis>{{cite web|url=https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/document/foia/Shyamala_Gopalan_Harris.pdf|title=Shyamala_Gopalan_Harris.pdf|publisher=[[United States Citizenship and Immigration Services]]|access-date=2024-03-23|page=14/154|quote=Gopalan Shyamala [Maiden]}} Also see: {{cite web|url=https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/document/foia/Shyamala_Gopalan_Harris.pdf|title=Shyamala_Gopalan_Harris.pdf|publisher=[[United States Citizenship and Immigration Services]]|access-date=2024-03-23|page=23/154}} which is an Indian government document that uses the form "G. Shyamala".</ref> while Shyamala Gopalan conforms to [[Western name order]]. Shyamala Gopalan Harris, as the first, middle and last names, was her legal name in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/document/foia/Shyamala_Gopalan_Harris.pdf|title=Shyamala_Gopalan_Harris.pdf|publisher=[[United States Citizenship and Immigration Services]]|access-date=2024-03-23|page=8/154}}</ref> In some U.S. government documents, she placed her given name in the surname field and her patronymic in the given name field. She worked jobs under her maiden name even after she married.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/document/foia/Shyamala_Gopalan_Harris.pdf|title=Shyamala_Gopalan_Harris.pdf|publisher=[[United States Citizenship and Immigration Services]]|access-date=2024-03-23|page=90/154}}</ref>}} (born '''Gopalan Shyamala'''; December 7, 1938 – February 11, 2009) was an Indian-born American [[biomedical scientist]] at the [[Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory]],<ref name=tabasko-harris>{{citation|last=Tabasko|first=Michael|journal=NIH Catalyst |publisher=National Institutes of Health, Office of the Director|volume=29|issue=4|pages=1, 6|date=July–August 2021|title=A Fortuitious Connection: Vice President Kamala Harris's Mother and Her NIH Collaborations|url=https://irp.nih.gov/system/files/media/file/2022-01/v29i4-NIH-Catalyst_JULY-AUGUST-2021_3.pdf|quote=Gopalan eventually left Canada and returned to California to continue her work on the role of hormone receptors in breast-cancer development at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley, California). She was awarded several NIH grants supporting her research through 2001, and her lab published their findings in 2006 (Cancer Res 66:10391–10398, 2006). (Photo caption: Shyamala Gopalan Harris (left) in her lab at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.)}}</ref> whose work in isolating and characterizing the [[progesterone receptor]] gene has stimulated advances in breast biology and [[oncology]].<ref name="bcaction" /> She was the mother of [[Kamala Harris]], the former [[Vice President of the United States|vice president of the United States]] who also served as [[Attorney General of California|attorney general of California]] and senator, and [[Maya Harris]], a [[lawyer]] and [[political commentator]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Cadelago |first1=Christopher |last2=Oprysko |first2=Caitlin |title=Biden picks Kamala Harris as VP nominee |date=August 11, 2020 |publisher=Politico |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/08/11/joe-biden-vp-pick-kamala-harris-393768 |accessdate=August 31, 2020}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Shyamala was born at the late [[British Raj]] on December 7, 1938, in [[Madras]] to [[Iyengar]] parents, [[P. V. Gopalan]], a [[civil servant]], and Gopala Rajammal, her mother. Her parents were from two villages near the town of [[Mannargudi]] in [[Madras Province]].<ref name=LATimes9>{{citation |last1 = Bengali |first1=Shashank |last2=Mason |first2=Melanie |url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2019-10-25/how-kamala-harris-indian-family-shaped-her-political-career |title=The progressive Indian grandfather who inspired Kamala Harris |work=Los Angeles Times |date=25 October 2019 |accessdate=24 April 2020}}</ref> Gopalan had begun his professional life as a [[stenographer]],<ref name=LATimes_stenographer>{{citation |last1 = Bengali |first1 =Shashank |last2=Mason |first2=Melanie |url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2019-10-25/how-kamala-harris-indian-family-shaped-her-political-career |title=The progressive Indian grandfather who inspired Kamala Harris | work=Los Angeles Times |date=25 October 2019 |accessdate=24 April 2020 |quote=He started out as a stenographer, and moved the family from New Delhi to Mumbai to Kolkata as he climbed the ranks of the civil service.}}</ref> and, as he rose through the ranks of the [[Imperial Secretariat Service]] and later [[Central Secretariat Service]],<ref name="Gazette 34 1956">{{cite web |title=Gazette of India, 1956, No. 34 (Archived)|page=56 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.1956.34/page/n7/mode/2up |work=[[Government of India]] |date=1956-02-04 |access-date=2024-07-27 |quote=No, A-5(16)/55.—The services of Shri P. V. Gopalan, permanent Grade I officer of the Central Secretariat Service and employed as Under Secretary in the Ministry of Transport (Roads Wing), were placed at the disposal of the Ministry of Rehabilitation with effect from the 31st December, 1955 (A.N.)}}</ref> he moved the family every few years between Madras (now [[Chennai]]), [[New Delhi]], Bombay (now [[Mumbai]]), and Calcutta (now [[Kolkata]]).<ref name=LATimes_stenographer/><ref name="LATimes9"/> He and Rajam had an [[arranged marriage]], but according to Shyamala's brother, Balachandran, their parents were broad-minded in raising the children, all of whom led somewhat unconventional lives.<ref name="LATimes9"/> A gifted singer of [[Carnatic music]], Shyamala won a national competition in it as a teenager.<ref name="LATimes9"/>

Shyamala went to the [[Delhi Tamil Education Association Senior Secondary Schools|MEA school]] in Delhi and received her [[Higher Secondary Certificate]] in 1955.<ref name=uscis /> She studied for a [[Bachelor of Science]] in [[Home Science]] at [[Lady Irwin College]], [[University of Delhi]]. Her father thought the subject—which taught skills considered helpful in homemaking—was a mismatch for her abilities; her mother expected the children to seek careers in medicine, engineering, or law.<ref name="LATimes9"/> In 1958, aged 19, Shyamala unexpectedly applied to the master's program in [[Nutritional science|nutrition]] and [[endocrinology]] at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], and was accepted. Her parents used some of their retirement savings to pay her tuition and board during the first year.<ref name="LATimes9"/> Lacking a phone line at home, they communicated with her by [[aerogram]] after she arrived in the U.S. She earned a [[Ph.D.]] in nutrition and endocrinology at UC Berkeley in 1964.<ref name="LATimes9"/> Shyamala's dissertation, which was supervised by Richard L. Lyman,<ref name="lyman">{{cite book|last=Gopalan |first=Shyamala |date=1964 |title=The isolation and purification of a trypsin inhibitor from whole-wheat flour |publisher=University of California}}</ref> was titled ''The isolation and purification of a [[trypsin]] inhibitor from whole wheat flour''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Shyamala |first=Gopalan |date=1964 |title=The isolation and purification of a trypsin inhibitor from whole-wheat flour |url=http://oskicat.berkeley.edu/record=b14935598~S1 |publisher=UC Berkeley}} Note: her given name "Shyamala" is put in the last name field, while her [[patronymic]] (father's name), "Gopalan", is put in the first name field. The name form given is "Shyamala, Gopalan".</ref>

== Career ==
Shyamala conducted research in UC Berkeley's Department of Physiology and Cancer Research Lab. She worked as a breast cancer researcher at [[University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign]] and [[University of Wisconsin–Madison|University of Wisconsin]]. She worked for 16 years at [[Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research]] and [[McGill University Faculty of Medicine]]. She served as a peer reviewer for the [[National Institutes of Health]] and as a site visit team member for the Federal Advisory Committee. She also served on the President's Special Commission on Breast Cancer. She mentored dozens of students in her lab. For her last decade of research, Shyamala worked in the [[Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. G. Shyamala |url=http://crea.berkeley.edu/shyamala-profile.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123171257/http://crea.berkeley.edu/shyamala-profile.shtml |archive-date=2019-01-23 |access-date=2024-08-09 }}</ref>

=== Research ===
Shyamala's research led to advancements in the knowledge of [[hormone]]s pertaining to [[breast cancer]].<ref name="montreal" /><ref name="bcaction" /> Her work in the isolation and characterization of the progesterone receptor gene in mice changed research on the hormone-responsiveness of [[breast tissue]].<ref name="bcaction" />

== Personal life ==
In the fall of 1962, at a meeting of the [[Afro-American Association]]—a students' group at Berkeley whose members would go on to give structure to the discipline of [[Black studies]], propose the holiday of [[Kwanzaa]], and help establish the [[Black Panther Party]]—Shyamala met a graduate student in economics from [[Jamaica]], [[Donald J. Harris]], who was that day's speaker.<ref name=NYTimes-9-13-2020>{{citation | last = Barry |first =Ellen |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/13/us/kamala-harris-parents.html| title=How Kamala Harris's Immigrant Parents Found a Home, and Each Other, in a Black Study Group | work=New York Times | date=13 September 2020 | accessdate=13 September 2020}}</ref> According to Donald Harris, who is later an [[emeritus professor]] of economics at [[Stanford University]], "We talked then, continued to talk at a subsequent meeting, and at another, and another."<ref name=NYTimes-9-13-2020/> In 1963, they were married without following the convention of introducing Harris to Shyamala's parents beforehand or having the ceremony in her hometown.<ref name=LATimes9/> In the later 1960s, Donald and Shyamala took their daughters, Kamala, then four or five years old, and Maya, two years younger, to newly independent [[Zambia]], where Shyamala's father, P. V. Gopalan, was on an advisory assignment.<ref name="LATimes9"/> After Shyamala and Donald divorced in the early 1970s, she took her daughters to India several times to visit her parents in [[Chennai]], where they had retired.<ref name="LATimes9"/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Finnegan|first1=Michael|title=How race helped shape the politics of Senate candidate Kamala Harris|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/politics/la-me-pol-ca-harris-senate-20150930-story.html|accessdate=December 1, 2018|work=Los Angeles Times|date=September 30, 2015}}</ref>

The children also visited their father's family in [[Jamaica]] during their childhood.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dolan|first1=Casey|title=How Kamala Harris' immigrant parents shaped her life—and her political outlook|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/02/10/kamala-harris-president-parents-shyamala-gopalan-donald-harris-berkeley/|accessdate=August 14, 2020|work=The Mercury News|date=February 10, 2019}}</ref>

==Death ==
Shyamala died of [[colon cancer]] in Oakland on February 11, 2009, at age 70.<ref name="bcaction" /> She requested that donations be made to the organization [[Breast Cancer Action]].<ref name="bcaction" /> Later in 2009, Kamala Harris carried her mother's ashes to [[Chennai]] on the southeastern coast of [[peninsular India]] and dispersed them in the [[Indian Ocean]] waters.<ref>{{cite news | last1 = Gettleman |first1 = Jeffrey |last2=Raj |first2=Suhasini|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/16/world/asia/kamala-harris-india.html | title=How Kamala Harris's Family in India Helped Shape Her Values| work=New York Times | date=16 August 2020 | accessdate=17 August 2020|quote=One sunny morning, Ms. Harris and her uncle walked down to the beach in Besant Nagar where she used to stroll with her grandfather all those years ago, and scattered the ashes on the waves.}}</ref>

Shyamala Gopalan’s legacy lives on through her cancer research, social advocacy, and the [[Shyamala Gopalan Educational Foundation]], which advances education, healthcare, sustainability, and community welfare across India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-08 |title=From Ruins to Reverence: Nalla Suresh Reddy Revives Kakatiya-Era Temple in Tribute to Dr. Shyamala Gopalan Harris |url=https://www.thehindu.com/brandhub/from-ruins-to-reverence-nalla-suresh-reddy-revives-kakatiya-era-temple-in-tribute-to-dr-shyamala-gopalan-harris/article69910240.ece |access-date=2025-08-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2022-07-02 |title=US delegation visits Shyamala Gopalan Foundation office in Kothagudem |url=https://telanganatoday.com/us-delegation-visits-shyamala-gopalan-foundation-office-in-kothagudem |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-07 |title=Shyamala Gopalan birth anniversary: SGEF foundation provides Rs 5 lakh life cover to 500 families |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/shyamala-gopalan-birth-anniversary-sgef-foundation-provides-rs-5-lakh-life-cover-to-500-families-article-96063390 |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==Selected publications==
* {{cite journal |pmid=11897499 |date=2002 |last1=Shyamala |first1=G. |last2=Chou |first2=Y. C. |last3=Louie |first3=S. G. |last4=Guzman |first4=R. C. |last5=Smith |first5=G. H. |last6=Nandi |first6=S. |title=Cellular expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors in mammary glands: Regulation by hormones, development and aging |journal=The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology |volume=80 |issue=2 |pages=137–148 |doi=10.1016/s0960-0760(01)00182-0 }}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1073/pnas.97.7.3044 |title=Impact of progesterone receptor on cell-fate decisions during mammary gland development |date=2000 |last1=Shyamala |first1=G. |last2=Yang |first2=X. |last3=Cardiff |first3=R. D. |last4=Dale |first4=E. |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=97 |issue=7 |pages=3044–3049 |doi-access=free |pmid=10737785 |pmc=16189 |bibcode=2000PNAS...97.3044S }}
* {{cite journal |date=1999 |last1=Shyamala |first1=G. |title=Progesterone Signaling and Mammary Gland Morphogenesis |journal=Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=89–104 |doi=10.1023/A:1018760721173 |pmid=10219909 }}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1006/mgme.1999.2897 |title=The Progesterone Receptor and Its Isoforms in Mammary Development |date=1999 |last1=Shyamala |first1=G. |last2=Louie |first2=Sharianne G. |last3=Camarillo |first3=Ignacio G. |last4=Talamantes |first4=Frank |journal=Molecular Genetics and Metabolism |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=182–190 |pmid=10527668 }}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1073/pnas.95.2.696 |title=Transgenic mice carrying an imbalance in the native ratio of a to B forms of progesterone receptor exhibit developmental abnormalities in mammary glands |date=1998 |last1=Shyamala |first1=G. |last2=Yang |first2=X. |last3=Silberstein |first3=G. |last4=Barcellos-Hoff |first4=M. H. |last5=Dale |first5=E. |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=95 |issue=2 |pages=696–701 |doi-access=free |pmid=9435255 |pmc=18483 |bibcode=1998PNAS...95..696S }}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1210/endo-126-6-2882 |title=Developmental Regulation of Murine Mammary Progesterone Receptor Gene Expression |date=1990 |last1=Shyamala |first1=G. |last2=Schneider |first2=W. |last3=Schott |first3=D. |journal=Endocrinology |volume=126 |issue=6 |pages=2882–2889 |pmid=2190799 }}
* {{cite journal |pmc=362408 |date=1989 |last1=Shyamala |first1=G. |last2=Gauthier |first2=Y. |last3=Moore |first3=S. K. |last4=Catelli |first4=M. G. |last5=Ullrich |first5=S. J. |title=Estrogenic regulation of murine uterine 90-kilodalton heat shock protein gene expression |journal=Molecular and Cellular Biology |volume=9 |issue=8 |pages=3567–3570 |doi=10.1128/mcb.9.8.3567-3570.1989 |pmid=2796999 }}

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="bcaction">{{Cite web|url=https://bcaction.org/2009/06/21/in-memoriam-dr-shyamala-g-harris/|title=In Memoriam: Dr. Shyamala G. Harris|date=2009-06-21|website=Breast Cancer Action|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-23}}</ref>

<ref name="montreal">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/27537248/the_gazette/|title=Men still dominate the scientific field|last=Carson|first=Susan|date=1985-06-21|work=[[Montreal Gazette|The Gazette]]|access-date=2019-01-23|location=Montreal|pages=27|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>

</references>

{{Kamala Harris}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gopalan, Shyamala}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
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[[Category:21st-century American women scientists]]
[[Category:Civil rights activists from California]]
[[Category:Cancer researchers]]
[[Category:Deaths from colorectal cancer in California]]
[[Category:Harris family]]
[[Category:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory people]]
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[[Category:Women cancer researchers]]

Jogi (2005 film)

2026-04-18T19:46:10Z

Advanced Academy: added new post

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jogi
| image = Jogi 2005 poster.jpg
| director = [[Prem (film director)|Prem]]
| producer = P. Krishnaprasad
| writer = Malavalli Saikrishna {{small|(dialogues)}}
| screenplay = Prem
| story = Prem
| starring = [[Shiva Rajkumar]] [[Jennifer Kotwal]] [[Arundathi Nag]]
| music = [[Gurukiran]]
| cinematography = M. R. Seenu
| editing = Srinivas P. Babu
| studio = Ashwini Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2005|08|19|df=y}}
| runtime = 173 minutes
| language = Kannada
| country = India
| gross = {{INR}}14{{ndash}}30 crore{{efn|''[[Business Standard]]'' claims the film collected {{INR}}14 crore according to "industry insiders",<ref name="rediff1"/> whereas an estimate by ''Chitraloka.com'' which was also relied upon by [[The Hindu]],<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/gandhinagar-gossip/article3218879.ece | title=Gandhinagar Gossip | newspaper=The Hindu | date=20 July 2006 | access-date=26 May 2022 | archive-date=3 February 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203062016/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/gandhinagar-gossip/article3218879.ece | url-status=live }}</ref> claims it as {{INR}}30 crore.<ref name="th1"/>}}
}}

'''''Jogi''''' is a 2005 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action crime film]] written and directed by [[Prem (film director)|Prem]]. It stars [[Shiva Rajkumar]], [[Jennifer Kotwal]] and [[Arundathi Nag]]. The movie released on 19 August 2005. Record box office collection was reported across Karnataka and the movie completed 100 days in more than 61 theaters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/18812.html|title='Jogi' creating history at box office – Kannada Movie News|work=IndiaGlitz|date=2005-12-06|accessdate=2010-11-23|archive-date=13 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613165127/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/18812.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latestcinema.com/kannada/Kannadafilm-boxoffice-record.html|title=Kannada film box office record, 'Jogi' creating history at box office, Uppi Dada MBBS, Vishnu Sene, Anna Thangi, Amrutha Dhaare, Jogi|publisher=Latestcinema|accessdate=2010-11-23|archive-date=13 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713185154/http://www.latestcinema.com/kannada/Kannadafilm-boxoffice-record.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was noted for its technical prowess, colloquial Kannada dialogue and lyrics. Its story revolves around an old lady who comes to the city from her village in search of her presumably lost son. It was remade in Telugu as ''[[Yogi (2007 film)|Yogi]]'' and in Tamil as ''[[Parattai Engira Azhagu Sundaram]]''.

[[Gurukiran]] scored the music, while director Prem penned lyrics for all the songs. The audio, released by Ashwini Audio, was a critical and commercial success.<ref>{{cite web|author=www.ghoomo.com|url=http://bangalore.ghoomo.com/display_news.php?music_categories_id=128|title=Latest Kannada Music News and Reviews – Ghoomo Bangalore, India|publisher=Bangalore.ghoomo.com|date=2005-08-12|accessdate=2010-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711091836/http://bangalore.ghoomo.com/display_news.php?music_categories_id=128|archive-date=11 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film is narrated in a non-linear fashion, with the use of several multiple flashbacks. In the opening scene, a dreaded underworld don is brutally hacked to death by unknown assailants. The police arrive at the crime scene and arrest the unknown assailant revealed as the superstar hero of the movie. The murder is revealed to be the handiwork of a novice, Madesha alias Jogi who works in a roadside tea stall.

In the meantime, news about the murder reaches the echelons of the underworld. A rival gang of the slain don bails out Madesha from the lock-up and requests him to be their associate. Madesha rejects their offer and returns to his tea stall. An inquisitive trainee journalist Nivedhitha ([[Jennifer Kotwal]]) is eager to know about Madesha and requests an appointment with him. Despite trailing Madesha for several days, she is unable to interview him. Subsequently, she meets an old woman ([[Arundathi Nag]]) from a remote village, who has come in search of her lost son. After listening to her story, Nivedhitha assures her that she will locate her son.

In a flashback, it is revealed that the old lady's son is none other than Madesha. Madesha originally hailed from a village called Singanallur near the [[Male Mahadeshwara Hills|Male Mahadeshwara Temple]] and lived with his parents. His father ([[Ramesh Bhat]]) earned his living as a [[Jogi (caste)|Jogi]] - a wandering minstrel, who went from one household to another and collected alms in return for singing, but is too ill to continue leaving Madesha to work instead. While he is out, his father dies, leaving him and his mother devastated. Enticed by his childhood friend, who flaunts his success, Madesha decides to try his luck in the city.

Jogi's anxious mother comes to the city in search of him. Jogi is convinced by underworld dons that if he takes up arms, it would be easy for him to find his mother. After doing another job for the gang, he learns his mother is in Bengaluru and goes to a newspaper to add a notice. Niveditha and Bhagyakka both arrive at newspaper place at the same time, but they never see each other. Niveditha meets Jogi and tells her his story:

In a flashback, it is told after arriving in the city, he tries to find work in a tea stall. Falsely implicated by the police for a murder, the tea stall owner gets him freed from jail and gives him work at the tea stall. One day, he is told to bring tea to a meeting of gangsters. While handing tea, Jogi drops several bangles for his mother and suspects the gangster stole it. He then begins to fight the gang, and eventually uses a sickle which he uses to kill the don as seen at the beginning of the movie.

Losing faith in finding her son, Bhagyakka meets Madesha's childhood friend, who had met him once in the city. He tells her he can lead her to Madesha, at a local Mahadeshwara temple, where she sits outside. Niveditha as well realises Jogi is Madesha and tries to tell him she has his mother. At the time, however, Jogi and his gang are going to kill a rival group which murdered one of their associates who left a widowed wife and son behind. After completing the deed, Jogi does not go out during the rain, which pours on Bhagyakka and she dies.

The next day, Madesha's friend arranges for her funeral but is arrested before he can complete the rites. Jogi finds the funeral procession of what he thinks is an unclaimed body and performs her funeral rites as an act of charity. When he discovers that he performed the last rites of his mother without realising it, he is completely broken. Gangsters of the gang Jogi decimated, who are about to kill him, also drop arms saying, "Jogi took up arms for his mother, for whom are we fighting?". The movie ends with the title "A feel that never ends."

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Shiva Rajkumar]] as Madesha "Jogi"
* [[Jennifer Kotwal]] as Nivedhitha
* [[Arundathi Nag]] as Bhagyakka, Madesha's mother
* [[Ramesh Bhat]] as Madesha's father
* [[Kishan Shrikanth]]
* [[Adi Lokesh]] as Bidda
* Umesh Punga
* Mico Nagaraj as Kote Siddha
* Raghu Ram as Yogesh
* Sharan Kabbur
* Sai Sunil
* Malavalli Saikrishna
* Neenasam Ashwath as Live band owner
* John
* Patre Nagaraj as Patre
* Gururaj Hosakote as Khadir Chacha
* Dashavara Chandru
* [[Sanketh Kashi]]
* Mohan Juneja
* Shiva Manju
* Kuri Rangatheja
* Yathiraj
* Bus Kumar
* [[Duniya Vijay|Vijay]] as Prisoner
* [[Nagashekar]]
* Manmohan Rai
* [[Yana Gupta]] in a cameo in song "Bin Ladennu Nan Maava"
* Danny
}}

==Production==
In October 2004, [[Arundathi Nag]] was signed in to play the mother of [[Shiva Rajkumar]]'s character in the film. In preparation for the role of a person belonging to the ''[[Jogi (caste)|jogi]]'' community, she took to [[Male Mahadeshwara Hills]] to study their way of living.<ref>{{cite web |title=Arundhati Nag back to acting |url=http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=9309 |publisher=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |accessdate=30 September 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041107110236/http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=9309 |archivedate=7 November 2004 |date=22 October 2004}}</ref> Filming began in November at Ashwini Digital Studio in [[Bangalore]]. The first scene involved Shiva Rajkumar and his real-life parents [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] and [[Parvathamma Rajkumar]]. Director [[Prem (film director)|Prem]] clarified that the plot was not similar to ''[[Om (1995 film)|Om]]'' and that it was "all about feelings". Composer [[Gurukiran]] added that [[Arundathi Nag]], who was to play the role of the mother of Shiva's character, had a central role in the film.<ref>{{cite web |author=RRC |title=Ello jogappa ninna aramane... |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/nov072004/enter6.asp |publisher=Deccan Herald |accessdate=23 September 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041112161635/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/nov072004/enter6.asp |archivedate=12 November 2004 |date=7 November 2004}}</ref> The team chalked out a 100-day shooting schedule in Bangalore, Mysore and Rajasthan. ''Jogi'' was the home production of P. Krishna Prasad, produced under Ashwini Productions. The signing of actresses [[Yana Gupta]] and [[Jennifer Kotwal]] were made in December that year. It was their first appearances in Kannada-language films.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/11945.html|title=Yana Gupta in Kannada film - Malayalam Movie News|work=IndiaGlitz|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613165202/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/11945.html |archivedate=13 June 2011|date=2004-12-14|accessdate=2010-11-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Jennifer Kotwal enters Kannada filmdom through Jogi starring Shivarajkumar |url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_jogi_jennifer.asp |accessdate=23 September 2020 |work=viggy.com |date=25 December 2004 |archive-date=14 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414161026/http://www.viggy.com/english/current_jogi_jennifer.asp |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Jogi
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Gurukiran]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = August 5 2005
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| language = [[Kannada]]
| length = 28:21
| label = Ashwini Audio
| producer = [[Gurukiran]]
| prev_title = [[Sye (2005 film)|Sye]]
| prev_year = 2005
| next_title = [[Namma Basava]]
| next_year = 2005
}}

[[Gurukiran]] who [[Film score|scored]] the film's background music, also composed for its soundtrack. The soundtrack album comprises six tracks,<ref>{{cite web |title=Jogi (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP by Gurukiran |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/jogi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1251089903 |website=iTunes |access-date=27 May 2021 |archive-date=30 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730150718/https://music.apple.com/in/album/jogi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1251089903 |url-status=live }}</ref> lyrics for which were penned by [[Prem (film director)|Prem]]. The soundtrack album was a commercial success and sold more than 300,000 albums inside six months of release, a first for a Kannada films.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top Five Albums |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/18400.html |work=indiaglitz.com |access-date=27 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070430230850/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/18400.html |archive-date=30 April 2007 |date=22 November 2005}}</ref>

{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Yelu Male Myaleri
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length1 = 5:05
| title2 = Bin Laden
| extra2 = [[Sonu Kakkar]], [[Gurukiran]]
| length2 = 4:20
| title3 = Beduvenu Varavannu
| extra3 = [[Prem (film director)|Prem]]
| length3 = 5:08
| title4 = Chuku Buku Railu
| extra4 = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[B. Jayashree]]
| length4 = 4:20
| title5 = Hodi Maga
| extra5 = [[Vijay Yesudas]], Gururaj Hosakote
| length5 = 4:06
| title6 = Yello Jogappa
| extra6 = Sunitha, [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length6 = 5:22
}}

==Release and reception==
''Jogi'' was released on 19 August 2005 in 172 cinemas across [[Karnataka]] in 72 [[Release print|prints]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Bangalore box-office|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/bangalore-box-office-news-kannada-kkfv0Wegdejsi.html|accessdate=20 May 2017|work=Sify|date=21 August 2005|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520203615/http://www.sify.com/movies/bangalore-box-office-news-kannada-kkfv0Wegdejsi.html|archivedate=20 May 2017}}</ref> It was released in 81 prints later, then a record in Kannada cinema, beaten later by ''[[Mungaru Male]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title='Mungaru Male'- A mega blockbuster!|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mungaru-male-a-mega-blockbuster-news-kannada-kkfvbgihhadsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418042249/http://www.sify.com/movies/mungaru-male-a-mega-blockbuster-news-kannada-kkfvbgihhadsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 April 2015|accessdate=20 May 2017|work=Sify|date=3 April 2007}}</ref>

Jogi generated tremendous hype, partly due to Shivrajkumar's peculiar hairdo, the music, and the success of director Prem's previous ventures (''Kariya'' and ''Excuse Me'').<ref>{{cite news |author=Ganesh |first=K.R. |date=2005-11-25 |title=The nomad's found a firm footing |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/11/25/stories/2005112503420300.htm |url-status=dead |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2 May 2024 |archive-date=1 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401095504/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/11/25/stories/2005112503420300.htm }}</ref> ''Nowrunning.com'' praised the film for its authentic portrayal of the underworld and praised Shivrajkumar and Arundhati Nag's acting. ''Rediff.com'' felt that the movie justified its hype, but could have been trimmed further.<ref>{{cite web|website=[[Rediff.com]]|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/aug/22jogi.htm|title=Jogi is good masala!|date=2005-08-22|accessdate=2006-07-06|archive-date=28 April 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060428171107/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/aug/22jogi.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Indiainfo'' wrote "Backed with fabulous music by Gurukiran and some wonderful picturisation of songs, Jogi gives exactly what the masses wants - complete entertainment! The songs 'Ello Jogappa Ninna Aramane', 'Hodi Maga' and 'Bin Laden' were popular even before the release of the film. However, the film lags behind in screenplay. Dialogues are commendable. The film has a very 'realistic' feel to it as the director uses the local Kannada language and also unfolds the various aspects of rowdism. Cinematography by Seenu is another plus point. Overall, a movie you wouldn't mind shelling off some money".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/southern-spice/kannada/jogi-shiv-raj-kumar-240805.html|website=Indiainfo|access-date=14 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051120091034/http://movies.indiainfo.com/southern-spice/kannada/jogi-shiv-raj-kumar-240805.html|archive-date=20 November 2005|title=Jogi - Movie Review}}</ref>

The film was a commercial success. It collected {{INR}}3 crore in one month from release.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Vijayasarathy|first1=R. G.|title='Jogi' an all-time super-hit in Kannada cinema|url=http://www.latestcinema.com:80/kannada/jogi-super-hit-kannada-cinema.html|accessdate=20 May 2017|work=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060619082418/http://www.latestcinema.com/kannada/jogi-super-hit-kannada-cinema.html|archivedate=19 June 2006|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In January 2006, ''[[Business Standard]]'' reported that the film was expected to collect a lifetime gross of {{INR}}14 crore.<ref name="rediff1">{{cite news|last1=Bose|first1=Praveen|title=Boom time for Kannada cinema|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/jan/20kan.htm|accessdate=20 May 2017|work=[[Business Standard]]|publisher=[[Rediff.com]]|date=20 January 2006|archive-date=28 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428011830/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/jan/20kan.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> A July 2006 report by ''[[The Hindu]]'' quoting ''Chitraloka.com'' said, according to another estimate, it collected {{INR}}30 crore.<ref name="th1">{{cite news|last1=Veeresh|first1=K. M.|title=Gandhinagar Gossip|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/gandhinagar-gossip/article3218879.ece|accessdate=20 May 2017|work=chitraloka.com|publisher=The Hindu|date=21 July 2006|archive-date=2 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202120127/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/gandhinagar-gossip/article3218879.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Remakes and sequels==
''Jogi'' was remade in Tamil as ''[[Parattai Engira Azhagu Sundaram]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/07sd1.htm|title=Now, Jogi will be remade in Tamil|website=Rediff.com|date=2006-09-07|accessdate=2006-07-06|archive-date=17 October 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061017122048/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/07sd1.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> and in Telugu (with Malayalam dub) as ''[[Yogi (2007 film)|Yogi]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/yogi-review-telugu-movie-8831 | title=Yogi review. Yogi Telugu movie review, story, rating }}</ref>

After Jogi's huge success, Prem announced a sequel under his home banner Prem Pictures in 2010. The sequel, ''[[Jogayya]]'', was released in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hooli|first=Shekhar|url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/top-stories/2010/shivaraj-jogayya-muhurtha-130710.html|title=Chiranjeevi, Vijay and Surya launch Shivanna's Jogayya|website=[[Oneindia]]|date=2010-07-13|access-date=2012-08-13|archive-date=9 July 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709211833/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/top-stories/2010/shivaraj-jogayya-muhurtha-130710.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Awards==
;[[2005–06 Karnataka State Film Awards]]
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] — [[Shiva Rajkumar]]
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] — [[Arundhati Nag]]
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] — [[Prem (film director)|Prem]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://in.rediff.com/movies/2006/jan/20kan.htm]
*[http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/aug/22jogi.htm]
*[http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/07sd1.htm]
* {{IMDb title|tt4944434}}
{{Prem (director)}}

[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:2000s crime action films]]

[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gurukiran]]
[[Category:2005 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Prem]]
[[Category:Films about mother–son relationships]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]

Moinee Foundation

2026-04-18T16:11:55Z

Advanced Academy: Started New Details Initial Version

{{Short description|Indian education non-profit}}
{{COI|date=August 2014}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Moinee Foundation
| formation = 3 July 2012
| logo = MoineeFoundationsLogo.png
| logo_size = 275px
| type = Not For Profit Organisation
| founded = 2012
| focus = [[Education]]
| headquarters = Jaipur
| leader_title = Founder
| leader_name = Arvind Thanvi
| key_people = Vijay Vyas
| website = www.moinee.org
}}
'''Moinee Foundation''' (मोईनी फ़ाउंडेशन) is a non-government organisation established in 2012, primarily working in the education domain, through techno-social innovations, by closely working with Government Bodies, Educational Institutes (Schools/ Colleges/Universities) and local communities.

Through its various initiatives, the foundation has a presence in 12 states and 33 Districts.<ref>{{Cite news|title = स्कूलों में केबीसी की तर्ज पर होगी पढ़ाई, चलेगा अलग पीरियड |date = 18 Jul 2014|url = https://www.bhaskar.com/article/RAJ-UDA-studies-in-schools-will-be-on-the-lines-of-kbc-4684037-NOR.html|publisher = Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite news|title = Launching of Quiz Based Learning System (Quiz Academy) on 22nd Jan, NCERT Books will be on Laptop and Computers |date = 19 Jan 2014|url = http://thetimesofudaipur.com/?tag=moinee-foundation|publisher = The Times Of Udaipur}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite news|title = Quiz Based Learning System 'Project Utkarsh': Start of Phase III |date = 27 March 2014|url = http://www.udaipurtimes.com/quiz-based-learning-system-project-utkarsh-start-of-phase-iii/|publisher = Udaipur Times}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite news|title = Excitement among students in "Project Utkarsh", 200 students appeared for Online Test |date = 2 March 2014|url = http://www.udaipurlakecity.com/news/33-social/278-excitement-among-students-in-project-utkarsh-200-students-appeared-for-online-test|publisher = Udaipur Lake City}}</ref>

== Story ==
Moinee Foundation was founded back in the year 2012 by Mr. Arvind Thanvi who with no background in social work, left his 14 years of IT career behind him to work towards his goal of bringing the 'Right to Quality Education' in India, especially in government schools.

With his team of five, Thanvi started his journey to understanding the existing problems of the education system to brainstorm its solutions. This led them to these two main issues: lack of ICT lab use in government schools & language adaptation.

===Quiz Academy===

In 2004, under the RMSA (Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan) program ICT Labs (Information & Computer Technology) were introduced in the government schools of India to build an environment for students to build their capacity for ICT skills & make them learn through computer-aided learning program, but hardly a majority of them were in proper working conditions.

Seeing such a rise in the inoperable computer labs in government schools, the team of Moinee Foundation initiated a program named "Project Utkarsh" in Rajasthan in 2013, collaborating with District Collectors, Education Department, and Local CSR partners to activate ICT computer labs in govt schools and empowering them with curriculum mapped curiosity-based learning system in one's local languages for better understanding of the content by using their online quiz-based learning platform named 'Quiz Academy'.

Quiz Academy not only revived the computer labs of the schools but also made kids aware of the computer systems, their usage on a daily basis, and the basics of using the internet as well. It has all NCERT subject lessons from classes 6th to 10th in the form of quizzes which one can access online from their digital devices.

<ref>{{Cite news|title = उदयपुर की योजना अब पूरे प्रदेश में, साढ़े 6 हजार स्कूलों में चलेगा "उत्कर्ष"|date = 20 Aug 2014|url = https://www.bhaskar.com/article/RAJ-UDA-udaipur-project-utkarsh-now-in-state-4718316-NOR.html|publisher = Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = राज्य मे लागू होगा प्रोजेक्ट "उत्कर्ष" |date = 20 Aug 2014|url = http://epaper.patrika.com/323691/Udaipur/20082014#page/9/1|publisher = [[Rajasthan Patrika]] Print Coverage}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = साढ़े छह हजार स्कूलों मे चलेगा उत्कर्ष|date = 20 Aug 2014|url = http://epaper.bhaskar.com/udaipur/18/20082014/0/2/|archive-url = https://archive.today/20140829082737/http://epaper.bhaskar.com/udaipur/18/20082014/0/2/|url-status = dead|archive-date = 29 August 2014|publisher = [[Dainik Bhaskar]] State Wide Coverage}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Print Media and snapshot of Project Utkarsh |date = 7 Aug 2014|url = https://www.facebook.com/projectutkarsh/posts/1532683496945191|publisher = Facebook Page}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Print & Online Media For Moinee Foundation Initiative |date = 10 Oct 2014|url = http://www.deccanherald.com/content/435150/kbc-way-learning-r039than-soon.html|publisher = [[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>

===School-In-A-Box===

As of July 2022, there are 833 million active internet users in India which comprise 59.28% of the population.
There are still plenty of rural & tribal areas in the country where the internet hardly exists. Other than the part of accessibility, the internet isn't a safe environment for a young mind to be in, likely a distraction. Spaces where the internet is well available for people to use often end up distracting them with other vast content available on the net itself. According to a study in 2021 by the National Commission for Protecting Child Rights says that out of 3400 school-going children, 42.9% of students have confessed to having a social media account. This is because many people regardless of age still do not have clear guidance on how to use the Internet for their learning & skill-building.

Seeing the rise in this problem Moinee Foundation came up with the idea of 'School-In-A-Box', an offline learning server with the best of internet learning materials that provides its own WiFi hotspot network which one can easily connect to any WiFi supporting devices and access the contents of the server. It promotes self-learning and skill development opportunities for schools and communities. SIAB has been set up pan India in the form of e-libraries and community learning centres apart from being used as a smart class system in schools.

School-in-a-box is easy to use, made in the local language of the area, and creates a whole ecosystem of a smart class. It doesn't require internet, electricity, or any high maintenance and can be used by both teachers and students to set up a digital classroom in a few minutes.

Currently, around 344 servers have been installed in schools, 11 Community Learning Areas, 2 in mobile movable versions of CLCs known as Learning on Wheels, & two in tribal area hostels. The first version of the box was installed as an e-library for communities in areas like Dantewada, Jhalawar, Madhya Pradesh, Sawai Madhopur, and many more. Another was installed in the central jail of Dantewada under a self-learning and skill development program for the inmates.

Currently available in 8 languages: Marathi, Hindi, English, Gujarati, Kannada, Bangla, Tamil & Odia for a better understanding of the content for the learners.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Organisations based in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Educational organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2012]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Mā Telugu Talliki

2026-04-17T18:21:59Z

Advanced Academy: Started The Info Basic Info.

{{Short description|Official state song of Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox anthem
|title = {{lang|te|మా తెలుగుతల్లికి}}
|transcription = {{translit|te|italic=no|Mā Telugu Talliki}}
|english_title = To Our Mother Telugu
|type = song
|alt_title =
|en_alt_title =
|alt_title_2 =
|en_alt_title_2 =
|image = Telugu talli bomma.JPG
|image_size = 200
|caption = A statue of Telugu Talli, who is the namesake of the song
|prefix = State
|country = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|author = [[Sankarambadi Sundaraachari|Shankarambāḍi Sundarācāri]]
|lyrics_date = 1942
|composer = [[Tanguturi Suryakumari|Ṭanguṭūri Sūryakumāri]]
|music_date =
|adopted = 1975<ref>{{Cite news|title=The First World Telugu Conference A Review|url=https://worldteluguconference.com/en/firstWTC-review.html|work=worldteluguconference.com|access-date=26 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Sankarambadi remembered|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2016-07-21/Sankarambadi-remembered/243587|work=The Hans India|date=21 July 2016}}</ref>
|sound =}}
"'''{{translit|te|italic=no|Mā Telugu Talliki}}'''"{{efn|{{IPA|te|maː ˈt̪eluɡu‿t̪alːiki}}; {{lit|To Our Mother Telugu}}}} is the official [[List of Indian state songs|state song]] of the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The main subject of the song, [[Telugu Thalli|Mother Telugu]], is portrayed as a sacred symbol of the [[Telugu people]].

==Background==
The words of the song were written by [[Sankarambadi Sundaraachari|Shankarambāḍi Sundarācāri]], and it was composed and sung by [[Suryakumari|Ṭanguṭūri Sūryakumāri]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Harpe |first=Bill |date=18 May 2005 |title=Surya Kumari |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2005/may/18/guardianobituaries.artsobituaries |access-date=28 June 2019 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> for the 1942 [[Telugu film]] ''[[Deena Bandhu]]'', which starred [[V. Nagayya]] but was released as a private label by the artist.

For the various versions on the etymology of Telugu, see [[Telugu language]]. The image of the mother is used as a metaphor for all the prosperity and culture of the region. She is the embodiment of various aspects of cultural legacy like the architecture of [[Amaravathi village, Guntur district|Amaravati]]; the classical music immortalised by [[Tyagaraja]]; the lyrical beauties of [[Tikkana]], who rendered the [[Mahabharata]] into Telugu; the physical bravery of [[Rani Rudrama Devi]] of the 13th century [[Kakatiya]] dynasty; the 'devotion to husband' of Mallamma; the sharp intelligence of [[Timmarusu]], who was the Prime Minister of [[Krishna Deva Raya]]; or the fame of Krishna Deva Raya. It may be seen that while invoking the cultural legacy of the Telugus, the song covers all the three important regions: [[Rayalaseema]], [[Coastal Andhra]] and [[Telangana]].

==Lyrics==
<div style="overflow-x:auto;">
{|
![[Telugu language|Telugu]] original<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vijayavipanchi.org/ViewFile.aspx?FileID=106 |title=Maa Telugu Thalliki |access-date=1 August 2019 |archive-date=22 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122161110/http://vijayavipanchi.org/ViewFile.aspx?FileID=106 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tnilive.com/2019/05/13/telugu-kids-story-maa-telugu-thalli-poet-sankarambadi-sundarachari/|title="మా తెలుగు తల్లికి..." రచయిత శంకరంబాడి సుందరాచారి|website=Tnilive.com|date=13 May 2019|access-date=29 November 2021}}</ref>
![[English language|English]] translation
|- style="text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;"
|
{|class="wikitable"
![[Telugu script]]
![[ISO 15919|ISO]]
![[Help:IPA/Telugu|IPA transcription]]
|- style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap;"
|<poem lang="te">మా తెలుగు తల్లికి మల్లెపూదండ,
మా కన్న తల్లికి మంగళారతులు,
కడుపులో బంగారు కనుచూపులో కరుణ,
చిరునవ్వులో సిరులు దొరలించు మాతల్లి.

గలగలా గోదారి కదలిపోతుంటేను,
బిరాబిరా క్రిష్ణమ్మ పరుగులిడుతుంటేను,
బంగారు పంటలే పండుతాయీ,
మురిపాల ముత్యాలు దొరులుతాయి.

అమరావతి గుహల అపురూప శిల్పాలు,
త్యాగయ్య గొంతులో తారాడు నాదాలు,
తిక్కయ్య కలములొ తియ్యందనాలు,
నిత్యమై నిఖిలమై నిలచి వుండేదాకా.

రుద్రమ్మ భుజశక్తి మల్లమ్మ పతిభక్తి,
తిమ్మరసు ధీయుక్తి, కృష్ణరాయల కీర్తి,
మా చెవులు రింగుమని మారుమ్రోగేదాక,
నీపాటలే పాడుతాం, నీ ఆటలే ఆడుతాం,
జై తెలుగు తల్లి, జై తెలుగు తల్లి!</poem>
|<poem>Mā Telugu talliki mallepūdaṇḍa,
Mā kanna talliki maṅgaḷāratulu,
Kaḍupulō baṅgāru kanucūpulō karuṇa,
Cirunavvulō sirulu doraliñcu mātalli.

Galagalā gōdāri kadalipōtuṇṭēnu,
Birābirā kriṣṇamma paruguliḍutuṇṭēnu,
Baṅgāru paṇṭalē paṇḍutāyī,
Muripāla mutyālu dorulutāyi.

Amarāvati guhala apurūpa śilpālu,
Tyāgayya gontulō tārāḍu nādālu,
Tikkayya kalamulo tiyyandanālu,
Nityamai nikhilamai nilaci vuṇḍēdākā.

Rudramma bhujaśakti mallamma patibhakti,
Timmarasu dhīyukti, kr̥ṣṇarāyala kīrti,
Mā cevulu riṅgumani mārumrōgēdāka,
Nīpāṭalē pāḍutām, nī āṭalē āḍutām,
Jai Telugu talli, jai Telugu talli!</poem>
|<poem>[maː t̪e.lu.ɡu t̪al.li.ki mal.le.puː.d̪aɳ.ɖa {{!}}]
[maː kan.na.t̪al.li.ki maŋ.ga.ɭaː.ɾa.t̪u.lu ‖]
[ka.ɖu.pu.lo baŋ.gaː.ɾu ka.nu.t͡ʃuː.pu.loː ka.ɾu.ɳa {{!}}]
[t͡ʃi.ɾu.naʋ.ʋu.loː si.ɾu.lu d̪o.ɾa.lin.t͡ʃu maː t̪al.li ‖]

[ga.la.ga.laː goː.d̪aː.ɾi ka.d̪i.li.poː.t̪uɳ.ʈeː.nu {{!}}]
[bi.ɾa.bi.ɾaː kɽiʂ.ɳam.ma pa.ɾu.gu.le.ɖu.t̪uɳ.ʈeː.nu ‖]
[baɳ.gaː.ɾu paɳ.ʈa.leː paɳ.ɖu.t̪aː.iː {{!}}]
[mu.ɾi.paː.la mut̪.jaː.lu d̪o.ɾa.lu.t̪aː.iː ‖]

[a.ma.ɾaː.ʋa.t̪i na.ga.ɾa a.pu.ɾuː.pa ɕil.paː.lu {{!}}]
[t̪jaː.gaj.ja gon̪.t̪u.loː t̪aː.ɾaː.ɖu naː.d̪aː.lu ‖]
[t̪ik̚.kaj.ja ka.la.mu.loː t̪ij.jan̪.d̪a.naː.lu {{!}}]
[ni.t̪ja.maɪ̯ ni.kʰi.la.maɪ̯ ni.la.t͡ʃi ʋuɳ.ɖeː.d̪aː.ka ‖]

[ɾu.d̪r̪am.ma bʱu.d͡ʒa.ɕak̚.t̪i mal.lam.ma pa.t̪i bʱak̚.t̪i {{!}}]
[t̪im.ma.ɾa.s̪u d̪ʱiː.juk̚.t̪i kɽiʂ.ɳa.ɾaː.ja.la kiːɾ.t̪i ‖]
[maː t͡ʃeː.ʋu.lu ɾiŋ.gu.ma.ni maː.ɾum.ɾoː.geː.daː.ka {{!}}]
[niː paː.ʈa.leː paː.ɖu.t̪aːm̃ niː aː.ʈa.leː aː.ɖu.t̪aːm̃ ‖]
[d͡ʒaɪ̯ t̪e.lu.ɡu t̪al.li.ki d͡ʒaɪ̯ t̪e.lu.ɡu t̪al.li.ki ‖]</poem>
|}
|<poem>To our [[Mother Telugu]], a garland of jasmines
Devoted we are to our great Mother who birthed us
With gold in thy belly and grace in thine eyes
Our Mother whose smile wealth poureth forth.

Full of life and vigour is [[Godavari River|river Godavari]]
Full of elation the [[Krishna River|river Krishna]] floweth
Crops of gold shall they yield bountifully
Glinting and shining gems shall roll forth.

The exotic sculptures of [[Amaravati]]
The riveting choral voice of [[Tyāgayya]]
The wondrous writings of [[Tikkana|Tikkayya]]
Gloriously withstood the tests of time.

[[Rudrama Devi|Rudramma]]'s strength and [[Mallamma]]'s fidelity
[[Timmarasu]]'s courage and [[Krishnadevaraya]]'s glory
Until our ears ring with pleasantries
We'll sing thy songs, we'll play thy games
Victory, victory to our Mother Telugu!</poem>
|}
</div>

==Legacy==
{{unreferenced section|date=August 2024}}
The song was used in the 1976 film ''[[Alludochadu]]'' featuring Ramakrishna and [[Jayasudha]]. The song was used by [[N. T. Rama Rao]] after he launched the [[Telugu Desam Party]] during his state wide tour. The song was used in 1985 film ''[[Bullet (1985 film)|Bullet]]'' featuring [[Krishnam Raju]] and [[Suhasini (Telugu actress)|Suhasini]]. It was last used in the 2010 film ''[[Leader (2010 film)|Leader]]'' featuring [[Rana Daggubati]] and [[Richa Gangopadhyay]].

==See also==
* "[[Jaya Jaya He Telangana]]", another state song in Telugu
*[[List of Indian state songs]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Indian state songs}}
{{National anthems of Asia}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maa Telugu Talliki}}
[[Category:Culture of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Songs in Telugu]]
[[Category:Indian patriotic songs]]
[[Category:1942 songs]]
[[Category:Indian state anthems]]
[[Category:Regional songs]]

Royal descendants of Queen Victoria and of King Christian IX

2026-04-13T11:04:09Z

Advanced Academy: new redirect

{{Short description|Royal progeny of Queen Victoria and Christian IX of Denmark}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}

[[File:William Powell Frith - The Marriage of the Prince of Wales, 10 March 1863.JPG|thumb|alt=refer to caption|Painting by [[William Powell Frith]] depicting the marriage of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales (later [[Edward VII]]), Queen Victoria's son, with [[Princess Alexandra of Denmark]], King Christian IX's daughter]]

The '''royal descendants of Queen Victoria''' (24 May 1819{{snd}}22 January 1901; {{r.|1837|1901}}) '''and of King Christian IX''' (8 April 1818{{snd}}29 January 1906; {{r.|1863|1906}}), Monarchs of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] and [[Denmark]], respectively, have become members of multiple European [[royal families]]. This was partially achieved by the marriage of [[Queen Victoria|Victoria]]'s progeny with [[King Christian IX|Christian]]'s (and vice versa). By the time of [[Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria|her Diamond Jubilee]] in 1897, Victoria was known as the "[[Grandmother of Europe]]".<ref name="VictoriaCrofton">{{Cite book |last=Crofton |first=Ian |date=2011 |title=The Kings & Queens of England |publisher=Metro Books |isbn=978-1-4351-2965-8}}</ref> Christian IX was nicknamed the "[[Father-in-law of Europe]]".<ref name="C9RoyalPalaces">{{Cite web |url=https://kongeligeslotte.dk/en/explore-history/christian-IX.html |title=Christian IX |website=Royal Palaces |publisher=National Museum of Denmark |access-date=30 September 2024}}</ref>

Victoria and Christian's grandchildren were the monarchs of Denmark, [[German Empire|Germany]]/[[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]], [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]], [[Norway]], [[Russian Empire|Russia]] and the United Kingdom. Today, the descendants of Victoria and Christian are monarchs of [[Belgium]], Denmark, [[Luxembourg]], Norway, [[Spain]], [[Sweden]] and the United Kingdom.

==Grandchildren==
[[File:ChristianIX e eduardo de york.jpg|thumb|alt=refer to caption|Christian IX in 1898 with his and Queen Victoria's mutual great-grandson Prince Edward of York, later [[Edward VIII]]{{efn|name=fn3|Edward VIII's father was [[George V]].{{sfn|Crofton|2011|p=234}} George's mother, Princess [[Alexandra of Denmark]],{{sfn|Crofton|2011|p=228}} was a daughter of Christian IX.{{sfn|Crofton|2011|p=224}} Additionally, Queen Victoria was the mother of King [[Edward VII]],{{sfn|Crofton|2011|p=224}} George's father.{{sfn|Crofton|2011|p=228}}}}]]
Victoria arranged the marriage of her eldest son and heir, the future King [[Edward VII]], to Princess [[Alexandra of Denmark]], the daughter of Christian IX, which took place on 10 March 1863. Among Edward and Alexandra's six children were King [[George V]] and his sister [[Maud of Wales|Maud]].<ref name="VictoriaCrofton" /> Maud would later marry her cousin, the future King [[Haakon VII of Norway]], in 1896.{{efn|name=fn1|Haakon's father, King [[Frederick VIII of Denmark]],{{sfn|The Royal House of Norway|n.d.|loc=[https://www.royalcourt.no/artikkel.html?tid=28678&sek=28571 para. 1]}} was a son of Christian IX.{{sfn|Amalienborg Palace|n.d.|loc=[https://www.kongernessamling.dk/en/amalienborg/person/frederik-viii/ para. 2]}}}}<ref name="H7Bio">{{Cite web |url=https://www.royalcourt.no/artikkel.html?tid=28678&sek=28571 |title=King Haakon VII (1872-1957) |author=The Royal House of Norway |date=n.d. |access-date=30 September 2024}}</ref>

A son of Christian and brother of Alexandra, Prince William, became [[King of the Hellenes]] as [[George I of Greece|George I]] in 1863 because of his connection with the [[British royal family]].<ref name="BurkePeerEU">{{Cite book |last1=Bence-Jones |first1=Mark |last2=Vickers |first2=Hugo |last3=Williamson |first3=David |date=1977 |title=Burke's Royal Families of the World Volume I |url=https://www.burkespeerage.com/preview.php?book=Preview%20of%20Burke%E2%80%99s%20Royal%20Families%20of%20the%20World%20Volume%20I&ref=pRoyalFamilies1&page=1&totalPages=10&from=subs_ind |url-access=subscription |publisher=Burke's Peerage Limited |isbn=0-85011-023-8 |access-date=30 September 2024}}</ref> On 27 October 1889, George's son, later [[Constantine I of Greece]], married Princess [[Sophia of Prussia]].{{efn|name=fn2|Sophia's mother, [[Victoria, Princess Royal]], was the eldest daughter of Queen Victoria.{{sfn|Bence-Jones|Vickers|Williamson|1977|p=142}}}}<ref name="BurkePeerEU" />

Another daughter of Christian IX, Princess [[Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)|Dagmar of Denmark]], married the future Emperor [[Alexander III of Russia]]<ref name="DagmarBio">{{Cite web |url=https://www.alexanderpalace.org/palace/mariabio.php |title=Dowager Empress Marie |last=Beeche |first=Art |website=Alexander Palace Time Machine |publisher=Bob Atchinson |date=n.d. |access-date=30 September 2024}}</ref> in October 1866,<ref name="A3Bio">{{Cite web |url=https://www.alexanderpalace.org/palace/alexbio.php |title=Alexander III |last=Malsom |first=Scott |website=Alexander Palace Time Machine |publisher=Bob Atchinson |access-date=30 September 2024}}</ref> taking the religious name Maria Feodorovna.<ref name="DagmarBio" /> Between 1881 and 1894, Maria's husband ruled as [[Emperor of Russia|Russia's sovereign]].<ref name="A3Bio" /> Her son, [[Nicholas II]], became Emperor of Russia upon Alexander III's death.<ref name="DagmarBio" /> Nicholas married [[Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse)|Princess Alix of Hesse and by Rhine]], a granddaughter of Queen Victoria, on 26 November 1894, and Alix became his [[Royal consort|consort]], adopting the name Alexandra Feodorovna.<ref name="DagmarBio" />

Other grandchildren of either or both of Victoria and Christian were sovereigns ''[[suo jure]]'' or consorts of sovereigns, including:
* King [[Christian X of Denmark]], the elder brother of Haakon VII of Norway{{efn|name=fn1}}<ref name="H7Bio" />
* [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor]] and [[King of Prussia]], the elder brother of Sophia of Prussia{{efn|name=fn2}}<ref name="C1DeathB">{{Cite news |author= |date=12 January 1923 |title=Death of Ex-King Constantine |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/209308997 |work=The Journal |page=2 |access-date=1 October 2024}}</ref>
* Princess [[Marie of Edinburgh]], the eldest daughter of [[Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]],{{efn|name=fn4|Alfred was the second son of Queen Victoria.{{sfn|Gibbney|1972|loc=[https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/edinburgh-duke-of-3467/text5303 para. 1]}}}} who married King [[Ferdinand I of Romania]]<ref name="BurkePeerEU" />
* Princess [[Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg]], a daughter of Queen Victoria's youngest daughter [[Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom]], who married King [[Alfonso XIII of Spain]]<ref name="VictoriaEugenia">{{Cite news |url=https://www.mujerhoy.com/celebrities/realeza/reina-victoria-eugenia-como-influyo-corona-borbones-renovacion-matrimonio-fallido-20240602085818-nt.html |title=Cómo influyó la reina Victoria Eugenia en la corte española de los Borbones: joyas, modernidad y peleas con su suegra |last=Castelló |first=Elena |date=n.d. |work=Mujer Hoy |publisher=Vocento |access-date=1 October 2024 |language=es |trans-title=How Queen Victoria Eugenie influenced the Spanish Bourbon court: jewelry, modernity and quarrels with her mother-in-law}}</ref>

{{Chart top|collapsed=no|Family tree of Victoria and Christian IX's sovereign and consort descendants<ref name="ArnsteinFamilyTrees">{{Cite book |last=Arnstein |first=Walter L. |author-link=Walter L. Arnstein |date=2003 |title=Queen Victoria |publisher=PALGRAVE MACMILLAN |pages=207–209 |isbn=978-0-333-63807-1}}</ref><ref name="CarterFamilyTrees">{{Cite book |last=Carter |first=Miranda |author-link=Miranda Carter|date=2009 |title=George, Nicholas and Wilhelm |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |pages=ix-xii |isbn=978-1-4000-4363-7}}</ref>}}
{{Tree chart/start| summary=Boxes and lines diagram with 22 boxes
}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | |CIX| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |VI
|CIX={{Flagicon|Kingdom of Denmark}}{{pb}}[[Christian IX of Denmark|King Christian IX]]
|VI={{Flagicon|United Kingdom}}{{pb}}[[Queen Victoria]]
}}

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{{Tree chart|border=1|FVII| | | | | |AD|y|EVII| | | | | |GI| | | | | |VII| | | | | |AL| |MF| |AI
|FVII={{Flag icon|Kingdom of Denmark}}{{pb}}[[Frederick VIII of Denmark]]
|AD=[[Alexandra of Denmark]]
|EVII={{Flag icon|United Kingdom}}{{pb}}[[Edward VII|Edward VII of the United Kingdom]]
|GI={{Flag icon|Kingdom of Greece}}{{pb}}[[George I of Greece]]
|VII=[[Victoria, Princess Royal]]
|AL={{Flag icon|Saxe-Coburg-Gotha}}{{pb}}[[Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Alfred of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]
|MF=[[Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)|Dagmar of Denmark]]
|AI=[[Princess Alice of the United Kingdom|Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse]]
|BEA=[[Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom|Beatrice of the United Kingdom]]
}}

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{{Tree chart|border=1|CX| |HVII|y|MW| |GV| |AND| |CI|y|SP| |WII| | | | | |ME| |NII|~|AD2
|CX={{Flag icon|Kingdom of Denmark}}{{pb}}[[Christian X of Denmark]]
|HVII={{Flag icon|Norway}}{{pb}}[[Haakon VII|Haakon VII of Norway]]
|MW=[[Maud of Wales]]
|GV={{Flag icon|United Kingdom}}{{pb}}[[George V|George V of the United Kingdom]]
|AND=[[Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark|Andrew of Greece and Denmark]]
|CI={{Flag icon|Kingdom of Greece}}{{pb}}[[Constantine I of Greece]]
|SP=[[Sophia of Prussia]]
|WII={{Flag icon|German Empire}}{{pb}}[[Wilhelm II|Wilhelm II of Germany]]
|NII={{Flag icon|Russian Empire}}{{pb}}[[Nicholas II|Nicholas II of Russia]]
|AD2=[[Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse)|Alix of Hesse]]
|ME=[[Marie of Romania|Marie of Edinburgh]]
}}

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{{Tree chart|border=1|Fred| |Olav| |Ed8| |Ge6| | |!| | |Ge2| |Alex| |Paul| |Helen|y|CAR
|Fred={{Flag icon|Kingdom of Denmark}}{{pb}}[[Frederik IX|Frederik IX of Denmark]]
|Olav={{Flag icon|Norway}}{{pb}}[[Olav V|Olav V of Norway]]
|Ed8={{Flag icon|United Kingdom}}{{pb}}[[Edward VIII|Edward VIII of the United Kingdom]]
|Ge6={{Flag icon|United Kingdom}}{{pb}}[[George VI|George VI of the United Kingdom]]
|Ge2={{Flag icon|Kingdom of Greece}}{{pb}}[[George II of Greece]]
|Alex={{Flag icon|Kingdom of Greece}}{{pb}}[[Alexander of Greece]]
|Paul={{Flag icon|Kingdom of Greece}}{{pb}}[[Paul of Greece]]
|Helen=[[Helen of Greece and Denmark]]
|CAR={{Flag icon|Kingdom of Romania}}{{pb}}[[Carol II of Romania]]
}}

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{{Tree chart|border=1|Marg| |Herald| | | | | |Liz|y|Phil| | | | | |Const| |Sof| | | | | |Michael
|Marg={{Flag icon|Kingdom of Denmark}}{{pb}}[[Margrethe II|Margrethe II of Denmark]]
|Herald={{Flag icon|Norway}}{{pb}}[[Harald V|Harald V of Norway]]
|Liz={{Flag icon|United Kingdom}}{{pb}}[[Elizabeth II|Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom]]
|Phil=[[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]]
|Const={{Flag icon|Kingdom of Greece}}{{pb}}[[Constantine II of Greece]]
|Sof=[[Queen Sofía of Spain|Sofia]]
|Michael={{Flag icon|Kingdom of Romania}}{{pb}}[[Michael I of Romania]]
}}

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{{Tree chart|border=1|Fred| | | | | | | | | |CIII| | | | | | | | | | | | | |Fel|
|Fred={{Flag icon|Kingdom of Denmark}}{{pb}}[[Frederik X|Frederik X of Denmark]]
|CIII={{Flag icon|United Kingdom}}{{pb}}[[Charles III|Charles III of the United Kingdom]]
|Fel={{Flag icon|Kingdom of Spain}}{{pb}}[[Felipe VI|Felipe VI of Spain]]
}}

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===World War I===
{{See also|Allies of World War I|Central Powers}}
At the start of [[World War I]], which lasted from 1914 to 1918, six [[major power]]s of Europe were divided between two coalitions. On one hand, [[French Third Republic|France]], Russia and the United Kingdom formed the [[Triple Entente]]. On the other hand, [[Austria-Hungary]], Germany and [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]] formed the [[Triple Alliance (1882)|Triple Alliance]].<ref name="WWICoalitions">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/world-war-one-the-major-alliances-1222059 |title=The Major Alliances of World War I |last=Wilde |first=Robert |date=n.d. |website=ThoughtCo |publisher=Dotdash Meredith |access-date=1 October 2024}}</ref> During this conflict, George V was [[King of the United Kingdom]].<ref name="VictoriaCrofton" /> In addition, during World War I, Nicholas II was Emperor of Russia,<ref name="N2Bio">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/nicholas-ii-1779830 |title=Biography of Czar Nicholas II, Last Czar of Russia |last=Daniels |first=Patricia E. |date=n.d. |website=ThoughtCo |publisher=Dotdash Meredith |access-date=1 October 2024}}</ref> and Wilhelm II was the [[German Emperor|German emperor]].<ref name="WW1Causes">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/world-war-i-causes-2361391 |title=Causes of World War I and the Rise of Germany |last=Hickman |first=Kennedy |date=n.d. |website=ThoughtCo |publisher=Dotdash Meredith |access-date=1 October 2024}}</ref>

Historian [[Margaret MacMillan]] has remarked on the close connection between George, Nicholas and Wilhelm. Namely, [[Edward VII|George's father]] and [[Victoria, Princess Royal|Wilhelm's mother]] were siblings, making George and Wilhelm [[first cousin]]s.{{efn|name=fn16|Queen Victoria was a mutual parent of George's father and Wilhelm's mother.{{sfn|Crofton|2011|p=216}}}} Additionally, [[Alexandra of Denmark|George's mother]] and [[Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)|Nicholas's mother]] were sisters from the [[Danish royal family]], making George and Nicholas first cousins.{{efn|name=fn17|George's mother and Nicholas's mother were mutual daughters of Christian IX.{{sfn|Crofton|2011|p=224}}{{sfn|Beeche|n.d.|p=[https://www.alexanderpalace.org/palace/mariabio.php paras. 1 and 4]}}}}<ref name="BrookingsFamilyRelationships">{{Cite web |url=http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/brookings-now/posts/2013/12/family-relationships-that-couldnt-stop-world-war-one |title=The Family Relationships that Couldn't Stop World War I |last=Dews |first=Fred |date=20 December 2013 |website=Brookings |publisher=The Brookings Institution |access-date=30 September 2024}}</ref>

==Later descendants==
There are seven current reigning monarchs in Europe who are descended from either Victoria or Christian IX or both. In 2004, while touring [[Tatoi Palace]] and the Greek royal cemetery, [[Queen Anne-Marie of Greece]] commented of the royals' relations, "So you see, everybody comes from two sides — Denmark, King Christian IX, and Britain, Queen Victoria — and they all sort of criss crossed, I mean us too!" Anne-Marie is a descendant of both Victoria and Christian IX, as was her husband, [[Constantine II of Greece]].<ref>{{Cite AV media|people=Constantine II of Greece, Anne-Marie of Greece|date=2004|title=Constantine, A King's Story!|language=en|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7U2Lf__kXUs&t|location=London, Athens|access-date=29 October 2024}}</ref>

===Contemporary monarchs===

Multiple reigning European monarchs are descended from Victoria or Christian IX:
* The King of Denmark, [[Frederik X]], is a descendant of both Victoria{{efn|name=fn18|Frederik — son of Queen [[Margrethe II]] of Denmark — daughter of Queen [[Ingrid of Sweden|Ingrid]] of Denmark — daughter of Crown Princess [[Princess Margaret of Connaught|Margaret]] of Sweden — daughter of [[Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn|Prince Arthur]] of UK — son of Queen Victoria. {{sfn|Hubbard|2022|loc=[https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/tradition/a26193545/queen-victoria-descendants-on-the-throne/ Queen Margrethe II of Denmark]}}{{sfn|Kongehuset (Margrethe)|n.d.|loc=[https://www.kongehuset.dk/en/the-royal-family/hm-queen-margrethe/# para. 1]}}}} and Christian.{{efn|name=fn19|Frederik — son of Queen [[Margrethe II]] of Denmark — daughter of King [[Frederik IX]] of Denmark — son of King [[Christian X]] of Denmark — son of King [[Frederick VIII of Denmark]] — son of King Christian IX. {{sfn|Amalienborg Palace|n.d.|loc=[https://www.kongernessamling.dk/en/amalienborg/person/frederik-viii/ para. 2]}}}}
* The King of the United Kingdom, [[Charles III]], is a descendant of both Victoria{{efn|name=fn20|Charles — son of Queen [[Elizabeth II]] of UK — daughter of King [[George VI]] of UK — son of King [[George V]] of UK — son of King [[Edward VII]] of UK — son of Queen Victoria. Charles — son of [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|Prince Philip]] — son of [[Princess Alice of Battenberg]] — daughter of [[Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine]] — daughter of [[Princess Alice of the United Kingdom|Princess Alice of UK]] — daughter of Queen Victoria. {{sfn|Hubbard|2022|loc=[https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/tradition/a26193545/queen-victoria-descendants-on-the-throne/ Queen Elizabeth II]}}<ref name="VictoriaT&C">{{Cite web |url=https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/tradition/a26193545/queen-victoria-descendants-on-the-throne/ |title=Queen Victoria's Descendants Still Reign Over Europe |last=Hubbard |first=Lauren |date=16 September 2022 |magazine=Town & Country |publisher=Hearst Magazine Media, Inc. |access-date= 1 October 2024}}</ref>}} and Christian.{{efn|name=fn21|Charles — son of Queen [[Elizabeth II]] of UK — daughter of King [[George VI]] of UK — son of King [[George V]] of UK — daughter [[Alexandra of Denmark|Queen Alexandra]] of UK — daughter of King Christian IX. Charles — son of [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|Prince Philip]] — son of [[Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark]] — son of King [[George I of Greece]] — son of King Christian IX. {{sfn|Hubbard|2022|loc=[https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/tradition/a26193545/queen-victoria-descendants-on-the-throne/ Queen Elizabeth II]}}{{sfn|Crofton|2011|p=228}} {{sfn|Crofton|2011|p=224}}}}
* The King of Norway, [[Harald V]], is a descendant of both Victoria{{efn|name=fn22|Harald — son of King [[Olav V]] of Norway — son of Queen [[Maud of Wales|Maud]] of Norway — daughter of King [[Edward VII]] of UK — son of Queen Victoria. {{sfn|Hubbard|2022|loc=[https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/tradition/a26193545/queen-Victoria-descendants-on-the-throne/ King Harald V of Norway]}}}} and Christian.{{efn|name=fn23|Harald — son of King [[Olav V]] of Norway — son of King [[Haakon VII]] of Norway — son of King [[Frederick VIII of Denmark]] — son of King Christian IX. Harald — son of Crown Princess [[Princess Märtha of Sweden|Martha]] of Norway — daughter of [[Princess Ingeborg of Denmark]] — daughter of King [[Frederick VIII of Denmark]] — son of King Christian IX. {{sfn|Hubbard|2022|loc=[https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/tradition/a26193545/queen-Victoria-descendants-on-the-throne/ King Harald V of Norway]}} {{sfn|The Royal House of Norway|n.d.|loc=[https://www.royalcourt.no/artikkel.html?tid=28678&sek=28571 para. 1]}} {{sfn|Amalienborg Palace|n.d.|loc=[https://www.kongernessamling.dk/en/amalienborg/person/frederik-viii/ para. 2]}}}}
* The King of Spain, [[Felipe VI]], is also descended from both Victoria{{efn|name=fn24|Felipe — son of King [[Juan Carlos I]] of Spain — son of [[Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona]] — son of Queen [[Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg|Victoria Eugenie]] of Spain — daughter of [[Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom]] — daughter of Queen Victoria. Felipe — son of [[Queen Sofía of Spain]] — daughter of Queen [[Frederica of Hanover|Frederica]] of Greece — daughter of [[Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia]] — daughter of Kaiser [[Wilhelm II]] of Germany — son of [[Victoria, Princess Royal|Victoria, German Empress]] — daughter of Queen Victoria. Felipe — son of [[Queen Sofía of Spain]] — daughter of King [[Paul of Greece]] — daughter of Queen [[Sophia of Prussia|Sophia]] of Greece — daughter of [[Victoria, Princess Royal|Victoria, German Empress]] — daughter of Queen Victoria. {{sfn|Hubbard|2022|loc=[https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/tradition/a26193545/Queen-Victoria-descendants-on-the-throne/ King Felipe VI of Spain]}}}} and Christian.{{efn|name=fn25|Felipe — son of [[Queen Sofía of Spain]] — daughter of King [[Paul of Greece]] — son of King [[Constantine I of Greece]] — son of King [[George I of Greece]] — son of King Christian IX. Felipe — son of [[Queen Sofía of Spain]] — daughter of Queen [[Frederica of Hanover|Frederica]] of Greece — daughter of [[Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick]] — son of [[Princess Thyra of Denmark]] — daughter of King Christian IX. {{sfn|Greek Royal Family|n.d.|loc=[https://www.greekroyalfamily.gr/en/royal-family.html Family Tree of the Greek Royal Family]}} {{sfn|The Royal Danish Collection (George)|n.d.|loc=[https://www.kongernessamling.dk/en/amalienborg/person/vilhelm-georg-i/ para. 1]}}}}
* The King of Sweden, [[Carl XVI Gustaf]], is a descendant of Victoria.{{efn|name=fn26|Carl Gustaf — son of [[Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten|Prince Gustaf Adolf]] of Sweden — son of Crown Princess [[Princess Margaret of Connaught|Margaret]] of Sweden — daughter of [[Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn|Prince Arthur]] of UK — son of Queen Victoria. Carl Gustaf — son of [[Princess Sibylla of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]] — daughter of [[Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]] — daughter of [[Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany|Prince Leopold]] of UK — son of Queen Victoria. {{sfn|Hubbard|2022|loc=[https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/tradition/a26193545/queen-victoria-descendants-on-the-throne/ King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden]}} {{sfn|Hubbard|2022|loc=[https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/tradition/a26193545/queen-victoria-descendants-on-the-throne/ King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden]}}}}
* The King of the Belgians, [[Philippe of Belgium|Philippe]], is descended from Christian.{{efn|name=fn28|Philippe — son of King [[Albert II of Belgium]] — son of Queen [[Astrid of Sweden|Astrid]] of Belgium — daughter of [[Princess Ingeborg of Denmark]] — daughter of King [[Frederick VIII of Denmark]] — son of King Christian IX. {{sfn|The Belgian Monarchy (Philippe)|n.d.|loc=[https://www.monarchie.be/en/royal-family/the-King para. 1]}}{{sfn|The Belgian Monarchy (Albert)|n.d.|loc=[https://www.monarchie.be/en/royal-family/King-albert-ii para. 2]}}{{sfn|Swedish Royal Court (Astrid)|n.d.|loc=[https://www.kungahuset.se/english/royal-house/the-Bernadotte-dynasty/Princess-astrid para. 1]}}{{sfn|Swedish Royal Court (Ingeborg)|n.d.|loc=[https://www.kungahuset.se/english/royal-house/the-Bernadotte-dynasty/Princess-Ingeborg para. 1]}}{{sfn|Amalienborg Palace|n.d.|loc=[https://www.kongernessamling.dk/en/amalienborg/person/frederik-viii/ para. 2]}}}}
* The Grand Duke of Luxembourg, [[Guillaume V, Grand Duke of Luxembourg|Guillaume V]], is descended from Christian.{{efn|name=fn29|Guillaume — son of [[Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg]] — son of Grand Duchess [[Princess Joséphine-Charlotte of Belgium|Joséphine-Charlotte]] of Luxembourg — daughter of Queen [[Astrid of Sweden|Astrid]] of Belgium — daughter of [[Princess Ingeborg of Denmark]] — daughter of King [[Frederick VIII of Denmark]] — son of King Christian IX. {{sfn|Cour grand-ducale (Henri)|n.d.|loc=[https://monarchie.lu/en/grand-ducal-family/hrh-grand-duke Biography]}} {{sfn|Cour grand-ducale (Joséphine-Charlotte)|n.d.|loc=[https://monarchie.lu/en/monarchy/former-sovereigns/hrh-grand-duke-jean/hrh-grand-duchess-josephine-charlotte Childhood and youth]}} {{sfn|Swedish Royal Court (Astrid)|n.d.|loc=[https://www.kungahuset.se/english/royal-house/the-bernadotte-dynasty/princess-astrid para. 1]}}{{sfn|Swedish Royal Court (Ingeborg)|n.d.|loc=[https://www.kungahuset.se/english/royal-house/the-bernadotte-dynasty/princess-ingeborg para. 1]}} {{sfn|Amalienborg Palace|n.d.|loc=[https://www.kongernessamling.dk/en/amalienborg/person/frederik-viii/ para. 2]}}}}

===Monarchs descended from Queen Victoria===
{{See also|Descendants of Queen Victoria}}

{{chart top|collapsed=no|Sovereign descendants of Queen Victoria. Names of monarchs are bolded.<ref name="ArnsteinFamilyTrees" /><ref name="CarterFamilyTrees" /><ref name="HibbertFamilyTree">{{Cite book |last=Hibbert |first=Christopher |author-link=Christopher Hibbert |date=2000 |title=Queen Victoria: A Personal History |publisher=Basic Books|pages=xvi–xvii |isbn=0-465-06761-1}}</ref><ref name="WilsonFamilyTree">{{Cite book |last=Wilson |first=A.N. |author-link=A. N. Wilson |date=2014 |title=Victoria: A Life |publisher=Penguin Press |pages=XII–XIII |isbn=978-1-59420-599-6}}</ref><ref name="GreekRFamilyTree">{{Cite web |url=https://www.greekroyalfamily.gr/en/royal-family.html |title=Family Tree of the Greek Royal Family |author=Greek Royal Family |date=n.d. |access-date=6 October 2024}}</ref><ref name="NorwegianRFamilyTree">{{Cite web |url=https://www.royalcourt.no/slektstre.html?tid=28695&sek=27317 |title=The Family tree |author= |date=n.d. |website=The Royal House of Norway |access-date=June 1, 2024}}</ref><ref name="BurkePeerEU" />}}
{{tree chart/start| summary=Boxes and lines diagram with 33 boxes}}
{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | VI | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | VI={{Flag icon|United Kingdom}}{{pb}}{{smallcaps|'''[[Queen Victoria|Victoria]]'''}} {{small|Queen of the United Kingdom}}}}
{{tree chart|border=1| |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | |}}
{{tree chart|border=1|E7 | | | | | |AI | | | | | |AR | |LE | |BE | |VGEQP | | | | | |ASCG | | | | | | | | AI=''[[Princess Alice of the United Kingdom|Alice]]'' {{small|Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine}}| E7={{Flag icon|United Kingdom}}{{pb}}{{smallcaps|'''[[Edward VII]]'''}} {{small|King of the United Kingdom}}| AR=''[[Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn]]''| LE=''[[Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany]]''| BE=''[[Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom]]''| VGEQP=''[[Victoria, Princess Royal|Victoria]]'' ''{{small|German Empress}}'' | ASCG={{Flag icon|Saxe-Coburg-Gotha}}{{pb}}'''{{smallcaps|[[Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Alfred]]}}''' {{small|Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha}}| }}
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{{tree chart|border=1|G5 | |VB | |EAFR | |MN | |MS | |DCE | |VEB | |W2 | |SP | |QMR | | | | | VB=''[[Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine]]''{{efn|name=fn5|Victoria's brother, [[Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse|Ernest Louis]],{{sfn|Wilson|n.d.|loc=[https://www.alexanderpalace.org/palace/ErnieHesse.php para. 1]}} was [[List of Hessian monarchs|Grand Duke of Hesse]].{{sfn|Wilson|n.d.|loc=[https://www.alexanderpalace.org/palace/ErnieHesse.php para. 7]}}}}| EAFR=''[[Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse)|Alexandra Feodorovna]]'' {{small|Empress of Russia}}{{efn|name=fn30|Alexandra's brother, [[Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse|Ernest Louis]],{{sfn|Wilson|n.d.|loc=[https://www.alexanderpalace.org/palace/ErnieHesse.php para. 1]}} was [[List of Hessian monarchs|Grand Duke of Hesse]].{{sfn|Wilson|n.d.|loc=[https://www.alexanderpalace.org/palace/ErnieHesse.php para. 7]}}}}| G5={{Flag icon|United Kingdom}}{{pb}}{{smallcaps|'''[[George V]]'''}} {{small|King of the United Kingdom}}| MN=''[[Maud of Wales|Maud]]'' {{small|Queen of Norway}}| MS=''[[Princess Margaret of Connaught|Margaret]]'' {{small|Crown Princess of Sweden}}| DCE={{Flag icon|Saxe-Coburg-Gotha}}{{pb}}{{smallcaps|'''[[Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Charles Edward]]'''}} {{small|Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha}}| VEB=''[[Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg|Victoria Eugenie]]'' {{small|Queen of Spain}}| W2={{Flag icon|German Empire}}{{pb}}{{smallcaps|'''[[Wilhelm II]]'''}} {{small|German Emperor}}| SP=''[[Sophia of Prussia|Sophia]]'' {{small|Queen of the Hellenes}}| QMR=''[[Marie of Romania|Marie]]'' {{small|Queen of Romania}}{{efn|name=fn6|Another child of Alfred, [[Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Princess Victoria Melita]], was the spouse of [[Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse]] prior to the dissolvement of their marriage in 1901.{{sfn|Burke|Burke|1914|p=39}}}}| }}
{{tree chart|border=1| |!| | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | |`|-|.| |`|-|.| |!| |,|-|'| | | |!| | | | }}
{{tree chart|border=1| |!| | | |)|-|-|-|.| | | |!| | | |)|-|-|-|.| |`|-|.| |!| |!| |!| |,|-|-|-|(| | | | }}
{{tree chart|border=1|G6 | |AL | |QLS | |O5 | |QI | |GA |v|SY |!|VDB |!|C2R | |QMY | | G6={{Flag icon|United Kingdom}}{{pb}}{{smallcaps|'''[[George VI]]'''}} {{small|King of the United Kingdom}}{{efn|name=fn7|George became King of the United Kingdom upon the [[abdication]] of his brother, King [[Edward VIII]].{{sfn|Crofton|2011|p=239}}}}| AL=''[[Princess Alice of Battenberg]]''| QLS=''[[Louise Mountbatten|Louise]]'' {{small|Queen of Sweden}}|O5={{Flag icon|Norway}}{{pb}}{{smallcaps|'''[[Olav V]]'''}} {{small|King of Norway}}| QI=''[[Ingrid of Sweden|Ingrid]]'' {{small|Queen of Denmark}}| GA=''[[Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten]]''| SY=''[[Princess Sibylla of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]''| VDB=''[[Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia|Victoria Louise]]'' {{small|Duchess of Brunswick}}| C2R={{Flag icon|Kingdom of Romania}}{{pb}}'''{{smallcaps|[[Carol II of Romania|Carol II]]}}''' {{small|King of Romania}}{{efn|name=fn8|Another child of Marie, Princess [[Elisabeth of Romania]],{{sfn|Bence-Jones|Vickers|Williamson|1977|p=457}} was the spouse of [[George II of Greece|George II, King of the Hellenes]] prior to their divorce in 1935.{{sfn|Greek Royal Family|n.d.|loc=[https://www.greekroyalfamily.gr/en/royal-family.html FAMILY TREE of the Greek Royal Family]}}}}| QMY =''[[Maria of Yugoslavia|Maria]]'' {{small|Queen of Yugoslavia}} }}
{{tree chart|border=1| |!| | | |!| | | | | |,|-|'| |,|-|'| |,|-|-|-|'|,|-|-|'|,|'| |`|.|`|-|-|.|`|.| | |}}
{{tree chart|border=1|E2 |v|PP | | | |H5 | |M2 | |C16G | | |IJU | |FR |v|KPG | |KMR |!| | | |PP=''[[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark]]''| E2={{Flag icon|United Kingdom}}{{pb}}{{smallcaps|'''[[Elizabeth II]]'''}} {{small|Queen of the United Kingdom}}| H5={{Flag icon|Norway}}{{pb}}{{smallcaps|'''[[Harald V]]'''}} {{small|King of Norway}}| M2={{Flag icon|Denmark}}{{pb}}{{smallcaps|'''[[Margrethe II]]'''}} {{small|Queen of Denmark}} | C16G={{Flag icon|Sweden}}{{pb}}{{smallcaps|'''[[Carl XVI Gustaf]]'''}} {{small|King of Sweden}}| IJU=''[[Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona]]''| FR=''[[Frederica of Hanover|Frederica]]'' {{small|Queen of the Hellenes}}| KPG={{Flag icon|Kingdom of Greece}}{{pb}}{{smallcaps|'''[[Paul of Greece|Paul]]'''}} {{small|King of the Hellenes}}{{efn|name=fn9}}| KMR={{Flag icon|Kingdom of Romania}}{{pb}}'''{{smallcaps|[[Michael I of Romania|Michael I]]}}''' {{small|King of Romania}}{{efn|name=fn10|Michael was a son of Princess [[Helen of Greece and Denmark]],{{sfn|Reuters|1982|loc=[https://www.nytimes.com/1982/11/30/obituaries/queen-helen-of-rumania-87-was-forced-into-exile-in-47.html para. 3]}} herself a child of Princess [[Sophia of Prussia]].{{sfn|Bence-Jones|Vickers|Williamson|1977|p=327}}}}| }}
{{tree chart|border=1| | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | | |!| | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | |,|'| | |}}
{{tree chart|border=1| | |C3 | | | | | |CPH | |F10 | |CPV | | |JC1 |v|SQ | |C2 | | |KP2Y| | C3 ={{Flag icon|United Kingdom}}{{pb}}'''{{smallcaps|[[Charles III]]}}''' {{small|King of the United Kingdom}}| CPH=''[[Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway]]''| F10={{Flag icon|Denmark}}{{pb}}'''{{smallcaps|[[Frederik X]]}}''' {{small|King of Denmark}}| CPV=''[[Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden]]''| JC1={{Flag icon|Spain}}{{pb}}{{nobreak|'''{{smallcaps|[[Juan Carlos I]]}}'''}} {{small|King of Spain}}| SQ=''[[Queen Sofía of Spain|Sofía]]'' {{small|Queen of Spain}}| C2={{Flag icon|Kingdom of Greece}}{{pb}}{{nobreak|'''{{smallcaps|[[Constantine II of Greece|Constantine II]]}}'''}} {{small|King of the Hellenes}}{{efn|name=fn11|Constantine's spouse, [[Queen Anne-Marie of Greece|Anne-Marie]],{{sfn|Kongehuset (Anne-Marie)|n.d.|loc=[https://www.kongehuset.dk/en/the-royal-family/hm-queen-anne-marie/ Wedding]}} is a sibling of Queen [[Margrethe II]].{{sfn|Kongehuset (Margrethe)|n.d.|loc=[https://www.kongehuset.dk/en/the-royal-family/hm-queen-margrethe/# Family]}}}}| KP2Y ={{Flag icon|Kingdom of Yugoslavia}}{{pb}}{{smallcaps|'''[[Peter II of Yugoslavia|Peter II]]'''}} {{small|King of Yugoslavia}}{{efn|name=fn12|Peter II's spouse, Princess [[Alexandra of Yugoslavia|Alexandra of Greece and Denmark]],{{sfn|The Royal Family of Serbia|n.d.|loc=[https://royalfamily.org/dinasty/hm-queen-alexandra-of-yugoslavia/ para. 2]}} was the daughter of [[Alexander, King of the Hellenes]].{{sfn|The Royal Family of Serbia|n.d.|loc=[https://royalfamily.org/dinasty/hm-queen-alexandra-of-yugoslavia/ para. 1]}}}}|}}
{{tree chart|border=1| | | |!| | | | | | | |! | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | }}
{{tree chart|border=1| | |PW | | | | | |IA | |PC | |PE | | | | |F6 | | | | | | | | PW=''[[William, Prince of Wales]]''| IA=''[[Princess Ingrid Alexandra of Norway]]'' |PC=''[[Christian, Crown Prince of Denmark]]''| PE=''[[Princess Estelle, Duchess of Östergötland]]'' |F6={{Flag icon|Spain}}{{pb}}{{smallcaps|'''[[Felipe VI]]'''}} {{small|King of Spain}}
{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{tree chart|border=1| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | }}
{{tree chart|border=1| | |PG | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |LPA | | | | | | | | PG=''[[Prince George of Wales]]''| LPA=''[[Leonor, Princess of Asturias]]''}}}}
{{tree chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}

===Monarchs descended from King Christian IX===
{{See also|Descendants of Christian IX of Denmark}}

{{chart top|collapsed=no|Sovereign descendants of King Christian IX. Names of monarchs are bolded.<ref name="CarterFamilyTrees" /><ref name="GreekRFamilyTree" /><ref name="WilsonFamilyTree" /><ref name="NorwegianRFamilyTree" /><ref name="BurkePeerEU" /><ref name="ElisabethBrabantBio">{{Cite web |url=https://www.monarchie.be/en/royal-family/princess-elisabeth-duchess-of-brabant |title=Princess Elisabeth, Duchess of Brabant |author= |date=n.d. |access-date=6 October 2024}}</ref><ref name="GuillaumeLUXBio">{{Cite web |url=https://monarchie.lu/en/grand-ducal-family/hrh-crown-prince |title=H.R.H. the Crown Prince |author= |date=n.d. |access-date=6 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{tree chart/start| summary=Boxes and lines diagram with 35 boxes}}
{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C9| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | C9 ={{Flag icon|Kingdom of Denmark}}{{pb}}{{smallcaps|'''[[Christian IX of Denmark|Christian IX]]'''}} {{small|King of Denmark}} }}
{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| }}
{{tree chart|border=1| | | | |F8| | | | | | AD | | | | | | G1 | | | | | | DA | | TH | F8 ={{Flag icon|Kingdom of Denmark}}{{pb}}{{smallcaps|'''[[Frederick VIII of Denmark|Frederick VIII]]'''}} {{small|King of Denmark}}| AD = ''[[Alexandra of Denmark|Alexandra]]'' {{small|Queen of the United Kingdom}}| G1 ={{Flag icon|Kingdom of Greece}}{{pb}}{{smallcaps|'''[[George I of Greece|George I]]'''}} {{small|King of the Hellenes}}| DA = ''[[Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)|Maria Feodorovna]]'' {{small|Empress of Russia}}| TH = ''[[Princess Thyra of Denmark|Thyra]]'' {{small|Crown Princess of Hanover}}}}
{{tree chart|border=1| |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | |)|-|-|-|.| | | |)|-|-|-|.| | | |!| | | |!| }}
{{tree chart|border=1| C10 | | IN | |H7 |y| MW | | G5 | | AN | | C1 | | N2 | |EIII | C10 ={{Flag icon|Kingdom of Denmark}}{{pb}}{{smallcaps|'''[[Christian X of Denmark|Christian X]]'''}} {{small|King of Denmark}}| IN = ''[[Princess Ingeborg of Denmark]]''| H7 ={{Flag icon|Norway}}{{pb}}{{smallcaps|'''[[Haakon VII]]'''}} {{small|King of Norway}}| MW = ''[[Maud of Wales|Maud]]'' {{small|Queen of Norway}}| G5 ={{Flag icon|United Kingdom}}{{pb}}{{smallcaps|'''[[George V]]'''}} {{small|King of the United Kingdom}}| AN = ''[[Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark]]''| C1 ={{Flag icon|Kingdom of Greece}}{{pb}}{{smallcaps|'''[[Constantine I of Greece|Constantine I]]'''}} {{small|King of the Hellenes}}| N2 ={{Flag icon|Russian Empire}}{{pb}}{{smallcaps|'''[[Nicholas II]]'''}} {{small|Emperor of Russia}}| EIII ={{Flag icon|Duchy of Brunswick}}{{pb}}{{smallcaps|'''[[Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick|Ernest Augustus]]'''}} {{small|Duke of Brunswick}}{{efn|name=fn13|Another child of Thyra, [[Princess Alexandra of Hanover (born 1882)|Princess Alexandra of Hanover]], was the spouse of [[Frederick Francis IV|Frederick Francis IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]].{{sfn|Burke|Burke|1914|p=21}}}}| }}
{{tree chart|border=1| |!| | | |)|-|-|-|.| |`|-|.| | | |!| | | |!| | | |)|-|-|-|.| | | |!| }}
{{tree chart|border=1| F9 | | AS | | MA |y| O5 | | G6 | | |!| | | HE | | KPG |y| FD | F9 ={{Flag icon|Kingdom of Denmark}}{{pb}}{{smallcaps|'''[[Frederik IX]]'''}} {{small|King of Denmark}}| AS = ''[[Astrid of Sweden|Astrid]]'' {{small|Queen of the Belgians}}| MA = ''[[Princess Märtha of Sweden|Märtha]]'' {{small|Crown Princess of Norway}}{{efn|name=fn31|Märtha never became Queen of Norway.{{sfn|The Royal House of Norway (Märtha)|n.d.|loc=[https://www.royalcourt.no/artikkel.html?tid=28675 Post-war period]}}}}| O5 ={{Flag icon|Norway}}{{pb}}{{smallcaps|'''[[Olav V]]'''}} {{small|King of Norway}}| G6 ={{Flag icon|United Kingdom}}{{pb}}{{smallcaps|'''[[George VI]]'''}} {{small|King of the United Kingdom}}{{efn|name=fn7}}| HE = ''[[Helen of Greece and Denmark|Helen]]'' {{small|[[Queen Mother]] of Romania}}| KPG ={{Flag icon|Kingdom of Greece}}{{pb}}{{smallcaps|'''[[Paul of Greece|Paul]]'''}} {{small|King of the Hellenes}}{{efn|name=fn9|Contantine I had two other children, [[George II of Greece|George II]] and [[Alexander of Greece|Alexander]], who became King of the Hellenes.{{sfn|Bence-Jones|Vickers|Williamson|1977|p=327}} Alexander's daughter was Princess [[Alexandra of Yugoslavia|Alexandra of Greece and Denmark]],{{sfn|The Royal Family of Serbia|n.d.|loc=[https://royalfamily.org/dinasty/hm-queen-alexandra-of-yugoslavia/ para. 1]}} the spouse of King [[Peter II of Yugoslavia]].{{sfn|The Royal Family of Serbia|n.d.|loc=[https://royalfamily.org/dinasty/hm-queen-alexandra-of-yugoslavia/ para. 2]}}}}| FD = ''[[Frederica of Hanover|Frederica]]'' {{small|Queen of the Hellenes}}}}
{{tree chart|border=1| |!| | | |)|-|-|-|.| |`|-|.| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |,|-|^|-|.| }}
{{tree chart|border=1| M2 | | JB | | A2 | | H5 | | E2 |y| PP | | M1 | | C2 | | SO | M2 ={{Flag icon|Kingdom of Denmark}}{{pb}}{{smallcaps|'''[[Margrethe II]]'''}} {{small|Queen of Denmark}}| JB = ''[[Princess Joséphine-Charlotte of Belgium|Joséphine-Charlotte]]'' {{small|Grand Duchess of Luxembourg}}| A2 ={{Flag icon|Belgium}}{{pb}}{{smallcaps|'''[[Albert II of Belgium|Albert II]]'''}} {{small|King of the Belgians}}{{efn|name=fn14|Albert II became King of the Belgians after the death of his brother, [[Baudouin of Belgium|Baudouin]].{{sfn|The Belgian Monarchy (Albert)|n.d.|loc=[https://www.monarchie.be/en/royal-family/king-albert-ii para. 10]}}}}| H5 ={{Flag icon|Norway}}{{pb}}{{smallcaps|'''[[Harald V]]'''}} {{small|King of Norway}}| E2 ={{Flag icon|United Kingdom}}{{pb}}{{smallcaps|'''[[Elizabeth II]]'''}} {{small|Queen of the United Kingdom}}| PP = ''[[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark]]''| M1 ={{Flag icon|Kingdom of Romania}}{{pb}}{{smallcaps|'''[[Michael I of Romania|Michael I]]'''}} {{small|King of Romania}}{{efn|name=fn15|Michael's spouse was Princess [[Queen Anne of Romania|Anne of Bourbon-Parma]],{{sfn|Pearl|2016|loc=[https://people.com/royals/queen-anne-of-romania-dies-at-92-obituary/ para. 10]}} whose mother was [[Princess Margaret of Denmark]].{{sfn|Pearl|2016|loc=[https://people.com/royals/queen-anne-of-romania-dies-at-92-obituary/ para. 3]}} Margaret was a child of [[Prince Valdemar of Denmark]],{{sfn|Bence-Jones|Vickers|Williamson|1977|pp=69–70}} himself a son of Christian IX.{{sfn|The Royal Danish Collection (Valdemar)|n.d.|loc=[https://www.kongernessamling.dk/en/amalienborg/person/valdemar-2/ para. 1]}}}}| C2 ={{Flag icon|Kingdom of Greece}}{{pb}}{{smallcaps|'''[[Constantine II of Greece|Constantine II]]'''}} {{small|King of the Hellenes}}{{efn|name=fn11}}| SO = ''[[Queen Sofía of Spain|Sofía]]'' {{small|Queen of Spain}}}}
{{tree chart|border=1| |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| }}
{{tree chart|border=1| F10 | | GDHL | | PB | | CPH | | | | C3 | | | | | | | | | | | |F6 | GDHL ={{Flag icon|Luxembourg}}{{pb}}{{smallcaps|'''[[Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg|Henri]]'''}} {{small|Grand Duke of Luxembourg}}| F10={{Flag icon|Kingdom of Denmark}}{{pb}}'''{{smallcaps|[[Frederik X]]}}''' {{small|King of Denmark}}| PB ={{Flag icon|Belgium}}{{pb}}{{smallcaps|'''[[Philippe of Belgium|Philippe]]'''}} {{small|King of the Belgians}}| CPH = ''[[Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway]]''| C3 ={{Flag icon|United Kingdom}}{{pb}}'''{{smallcaps|[[Charles III]]}}''' {{small|King of the United Kingdom}}|F6 ={{Flag icon|Kingdom of Spain}}{{pb}}{{smallcaps|'''[[Felipe VI]]'''}} {{small|King of Spain}}}}
{{tree chart|border=1| |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| }}
{{tree chart|border=1| PCD | | HGDGL | | PEB | | PIAN | | | | PWDC | | | | | | | | | | | | LPA | | | | | | | | | | | PCD = ''[[Christian, Crown Prince of Denmark]]''| HGDGL ={{Flag icon|Luxembourg}}{{pb}}'''{{smallcaps|[[Guillaume V, Grand Duke of Luxembourg|Guillaume V]]}}''' {{small|Grand Duke of Luxembourg}}| PEB = ''[[Princess Elisabeth, Duchess of Brabant]]''| PIAN = ''[[Princess Ingrid Alexandra of Norway]]''| PWDC = ''[[William, Prince of Wales]]''| LPA=''[[Leonor, Princess of Asturias]]'' | }}
{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | PCL | | | | | | | | | | | | PGUK | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PCL =''[[Prince Charles of Luxembourg (born 2020)|Prince Charles of Luxembourg]]'' | PGUK =''[[Prince George of Wales]]''| }}
{{tree chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}

==See also==
* [[John William Friso]]{{snd}}the most recent common ancestor of all European monarchs that have reigned from World War II till 2022
* [[Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt]]{{snd}}the most common recent ancestor of all current European monarchs from 2022

==Footnotes==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===References===
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.kongernessamling.dk/en/amalienborg/person/frederik-viii/ |title=Frederik VIII 1906-1912 |author=Amalienborg Palace |date=n.d. |access-date=1 October 2024}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Burke |first1=Bernard |author-link1=Bernard Burke |last2=Burke |first2=Ashworth P. |date=1914 |title=Burke's Genealogical and Heraldic History of Peerage, Baronetage, and Knightage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RVggAAAAYAAJ&dq=burke%27s+peerage+ernest+augustus+1878&pg=PA21 |publisher=Harrison and Sons |access-date=2 October 2024 |isbn=}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://monarchie.lu/en/grand-ducal-family/hrh-grand-duke |title=H.R.H. the Grand Duke |author=Cour grand-ducale (Henri) |date=n.d. |access-date=2 October 2024}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://monarchie.lu/en/monarchy/former-sovereigns/hrh-grand-duke-jean/hrh-grand-duchess-josephine-charlotte |title=H.R.H. Grand Duchess Joséphine-Charlotte |author=Cour grand-ducale (Joséphine-Charlotte) |date=n.d. |access-date=2 October 2024}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Duke of Edinburgh (1844–1900) |encyclopedia=Australian Dictionary of Biography |date=1972 |volume=4 |last=Gibbney |first=H.J. |publisher=Australian National University |url=https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/edinburgh-duke-of-3467/text5303 |access-date=1 October 2024}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.kongehuset.dk/en/the-royal-family/hm-queen-anne-marie/ |title=HM Queen Anne-Marie |author=Kongehuset (Anne-Marie) |date=n.d. |access-date=2 October 2024}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.kongehuset.dk/en/the-royal-family/hm-queen-margrethe/# |title=HM Queen Margrethe |author=Kongehuset (Margrethe) |date=n.d. |access-date=2 October 2024}}
* {{Cite magazine |last=Pearl |first=Diana |date=2 August 2016 |title=Ambulance Driver, Poultry Farm Worker and Exiled Royal: Inside the Fascinating Life of the Late Queen Anne of Romania |url=https://people.com/royals/queen-anne-of-romania-dies-at-92-obituary/ |magazine=People |publisher=Dotdash Meredith |access-date=2 October 2024}}
* {{Cite news |author=((Reuters)) |date=30 November 1982 |title=Queen Helen of Rumania, 87; Was Forced Into Exile in '47 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/11/30/obituaries/queen-helen-of-rumania-87-was-forced-into-exile-in-47.html |work=The New York Times |page=12 |access-date=2 October 2024}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.kungahuset.se/english/royal-house/the-bernadotte-dynasty/princess-astrid |title=Princess Astrid |author=Swedish Royal Court (Astrid) |date=n.d. |access-date=2 October 2024}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.kungahuset.se/english/royal-house/the-bernadotte-dynasty/princess-ingeborg |title=Princess Ingeborg |author=Swedish Royal Court (Ingeborg) |date=n.d. |access-date=2 October 2024}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.monarchie.be/en/royal-family/king-albert-ii |title=King Albert II |author=The Belgian Monarchy (Albert) |date=n.d. |access-date=2 October 2024}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.monarchie.be/en/royal-family/the-king |title=The King |author=The Belgian Monarchy (Philippe) |date=n.d. |access-date=2 October 2024}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.kongernessamling.dk/en/amalienborg/person/vilhelm-georg-i/ |title=Vilhelm (Georg I) |author=The Royal Danish Collection (George) |publisher=Amalienborg Palace |date=n.d. |access-date=2 October 2024}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.kongernessamling.dk/en/amalienborg/person/valdemar-2/ |title=Valdemar |author=The Royal Danish Collection (Valdemar) |publisher=Amalienborg Palace |date=n.d. |access-date=2 October 2024}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://royalfamily.org/dinasty/hm-queen-alexandra-of-yugoslavia/ |title=HM Queen Alexandra of Yugoslavia |author=The Royal Family of Serbia |date=n.d. |access-date=2 October 2024}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.royalcourt.no/artikkel.html?tid=28675 |title=Biography |author=The Royal House of Norway (Märtha) |date=n.d. |access-date=2 October 2024}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.alexanderpalace.org/palace/ErnieHesse.php |title=Ernest Ludwig, Grand Duke of Hesse |last=Wilson |first=Penny |date=n.d. |website=Alexander Palace Time Machine |publisher=Bob Atchinson |access-date=2 October 2024}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book |last=Aronson |first=Theo |author-link=Theo Aronson |date=6 October 2022 |title=Crowns in Conflict: The Triumph and the Tragedy of European Monarchy 1910–1918 |publisher=Lume Books |isbn=978-1-83901-409-3}}
* {{Cite book |last=Aronson |first=Theo |date=12 November 2020 |title=A Family of Kings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iRwOzgEACAAJ |publisher=Lume Books |isbn=978-1-83901-257-0}} A book that describes the relationships among the children of King Christian IX.
* {{Cite book |last=Aronson |first=Theo |date=12 November 2020 |title=Grandmama of Europe: The Crowned Descendants of Queen Victoria |publisher=Lume Books |isbn=978-1-83901-258-7}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gelardi |first=Julia P. |author-link=Julia P. Gelardi |date=April 2007 |title=Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria |publisher=St. Martin's Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-4299-0455-1}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Potts |first1=D M |last2=Potts |first2=W T W |date=21 October 2011 |title=Queen Victoria's Gene: Haemophilia and the Royal Family |publisher=History Press |isbn=978-0-7524-7196-9}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links |n=no |c=no |d=y |wikt=no |b=no |voy=no |v=no |mw=no |m=no |q=no |species=no |s=no}}

*[https://heinbruins.nl/Christian.html Complete list of descendants of Christian IX of Denmark]

{{Queen Victoria}}
{{Albert, Prince Consort}}

{{Portal bar|Biography|Modern history|Monarchy|Denmark|United Kingdom}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Royal Descendants Of Queen Victoria And King Christian Ix}}
[[Category:European royal families]]
[[Category:Descendants of individuals|Victoria]]
[[Category:Queen Victoria]]
[[Category:Christian IX of Denmark]]

Anwaar ul Haq Kakar

2026-04-11T17:47:30Z

Advanced Academy:

{{short description|Caretaker Prime Minister of Pakistan (born 1971)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Senate of Pakistan|Senator]]
| name = Anwaar-ul-Haq Kakar
| native_name = انوار الحق کاکڑ
| native_name_lang = ur
| image = Ilham Aliyev met with caretaker Prime Minister of Pakistan in Tashkent (1) (cropped).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Kakar in 2023
| office = Caretaker [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]]
| president = [[Arif Alvi]]
| term_start = 14 August 2023
| term_end = 4 March 2024
| predecessor = [[Shehbaz Sharif]]
| successor = Shehbaz Sharif
| office1 = Member of the [[Senate of Pakistan]]
| term_start1 = 9 April 2024
| term_end1 =
| constituency1 = General seat from [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]]
| term_start2 = 12 March 2018
| term_end2 = 13 August 2023
| constituency2 = General seat from [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]]
| office3 = Spokesperson of the [[Government of Balochistan]]
| term_start3 = 2015
| term_end3 = 2018
| birth_date = 15 May 1971
| birth_place = [[Muslim Bagh]], [[Qilla Saifullah]], [[Balochistan, Pakistan]]
| country = [[Pakistan]]
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]] (2023–present)
| other_party = {{plainlist|
* {{flagicon image|Balochistan Awami Party Flag-.jpg}} [[Balochistan Awami Party|BAP]] (2018–2023)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2430620/kakar-leaves-bap-senate-seat-for-neutrality|title=Kakar leaves BAP, Senate seat for neutrality|date=13 August 2023|work=The Express Tribune (newspaper)|access-date=17 August 2023}}</ref>
* {{flagicon image|PMLN_2021_Flag.png}} [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML(N)]] (2013–2018)
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Pakistan Muslim League.svg}} [[Pakistan Muslim League (Q)|PML(Q)]] (2006–2013)
}}
| education =
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Politician]]|[[teacher]]}}
| alma_mater = {{plainlist|
* [[Cadet College Kohat]]
* [[University of Balochistan]]
}}
| profession =
}}

'''Anwaar ul-Haq Kakar'''{{efn|{{langx|ur|انوار الحق کاکڑ}}; {{langx|ps|انوار الحق کاکړ}}}} (born 15 May 1971) is a Pakistani politician who served as the longest-serving [[Caretaker Prime Minister of Pakistan|caretaker prime minister of Pakistan]] between 14 August 2023 and 4 March 2024. He was succeeded by his predecessor [[Shehbaz Sharif]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/03/shehbaz-sharif-sworn-in-as-prime-minister-of-pakistan|title=Shehbaz Sharif sworn in as prime minister of Pakistan|first=Hannah|last=Ellis-Petersen|work=The Guardian|date=3 March 2024|accessdate=3 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://pakobserver.net/anwar-ul-haq-kakar-to-be-the-new-caretaker-prime-minister-of-pakistan/ | title=Anwar Ul Haq Kakar to be the new caretaker Prime Minister of Pakistan|work=Pakistan Observer|date=12 August 2023|access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref> He assumed membership in the [[Senate of Pakistan|Upper House]] of Pakistan in March 2018.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://senate.gov.pk/en/profile.php?uid=921 | title=Senate of Pakistan }}</ref> Before taking on the role of caretaker prime minister, Kakar had resigned from the upper house of parliament. Subsequently, he publicly declared his resignation from both the Senate and the [[Balochistan Awami Party]] (BAP), a political party he established in 2018.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2430690/anwaar-ul-haq-kakar-sworn-in-as-caretaker-pm | title=Anwaar-ul-Haq Kakar sworn in as caretaker PM | date=14 August 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Human Rights |url=https://mohr.gov.pk/ProfileDetail/MTBiNmQ4NDMtYTRmMy00MDI1LWIxYjQtYjJmNzc5OWFhZjhi |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=mohr.gov.pk}}</ref>

Kakar also served as the spokesperson of the [[Government of Balochistan, Pakistan|Government of Balochistan]] from 2015 to 2017.

==Early life and education==
Kakar was born on 15 May 1971 in [[Qilla Saifullah]], [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] into a prominent middle-class [[Kakar]] [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] family. His grandfather, Dr Noor Ul Haq Kakar, was the personal physician of the [[Khanate of Kalat|Khan of Kalat]], his father Ehtesham ul Haq Kakar was a civil servant, while his maternal uncle Arbab Yousaf Kasi and other relatives have been involved in politics. He lost his mother when he was 4, while his father died when he was 18.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E41Zl313d-c |title=Anwar ul Haq Kakar (Caretaker Prime Minister) - Aik Din Geo Ke Saath - Suhail Warraich - Geo News |language=en |access-date=2024-05-08 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1769861|title='BAP architect' in the driving seat|first=Saleem|last=Shahid|date=August 13, 2023|website=DAWN.COM}}</ref>

Kakar was educated at [[St. Francis Grammar School|St. Francis School, Quetta]] and later attended [[Cadet College Kohat]].<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/1099545-anwaarul-haq-kakar-a-brief-profile|title=Profile: Who is Anwaar-ul-Haq Kakar?|website=[[The News International]]}}</ref> He holds a [[master's degree]] in [[political science]] and [[sociology]], which he completed at the [[University of Balochistan]] in the 1990s.<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="Aamir2023">{{Cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Who-is-Anwaar-Kakar-Pakistan-s-new-caretaker-prime-minister|title=Who is Anwaar Kakar, Pakistan's new caretaker prime minister? |first=Adnan |last=Aamir |date=14 August 2023 |website=[[Nikkei Asia]]}}</ref> He further attempted to study [[law]] at [[Birkbeck, University of London]] in the United Kingdom but did not complete the program.<ref name="Aamir2023"/><ref name="KiyyaBaloch2023">{{Cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2023/08/what-does-pakistans-new-caretaker-prime-minister-mean-for-balochistan/ |title=What Does Pakistan's New Caretaker Prime Minister Mean for Balochistan? |first=Kiyya |last=Baloch |date=15 August 2023 |website=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]}}</ref>

He returned to Pakistan in 2005.<ref name="Aamir2023" /><ref name="KiyyaBaloch2023" />

== Academic career ==
Kakar started his career as a [[teacher]].<ref name="auto1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bagchi |first=Disha |date=12 August 2023 |title=Anwaar-ul Haq Kakar — teacher-turned-politician from Balochistan appointed Pakistan's caretaker PM |url=https://theprint.in/world/anwaar-ul-haq-kakar-teacher-turned-politician-from-balochistan-appointed-pakistans-caretaker-pm/1708590/ |website=The Print}}</ref>

Kakar is fluent in [[Pashto]], [[Urdu]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[English language|English]], [[Balochi language|Balochi]] and [[Brahui language|Brahui]].<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |last1=Guramani |first1=Nadir |last2=Khan |first2=Sanaullah |date=2023-08-12 |title=BAP's Anwaarul Haq Kakar to be caretaker PM |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1769757 |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref>

==Political career==
While acting as the Balochistan provincial spokesperson, Kakar founded an NGO called Voice of Balochistan (VOB) in 2016 and served as its CEO. The NGO managed a wide array of pro-military social media accounts aimed at refuting reports of human rights violations, enforced disappearances, and purported staged encounters by the armed forces in Balochistan. Despite being established in 2016, VOB was not officially registered until March 2021, according to government records.<ref name="KiyyaBaloch2023" />

===Senator, 2006–2023===
Kakar began his political career when he joined PML-Q in 2006.<ref name="KiyyaBaloch2023" /> He contested a seat in the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]] from Quetta in the 2008 general election but was unsuccessful.<ref name="Aamir2023" /><ref name="KiyyaBaloch2023" />

Kakar supported military actions in Balochistan during the [[insurgency in Balochistan|ethnic nationalist insurgency]] from 2007 to 2013, often dismissing allegations of [[forced disappearances in Pakistan|military abuses]] in the province and attributing unrest to external factors.<ref name="KiyyaBaloch2023"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2430441/who-is-newly-appointed-interim-pm |title=Who is newly appointed interim PM? |first=Mohammad Zafar |last=Baloch |date=12 August 2023 |website=The Express Tribune}}</ref> In December 2015, his stance led to his appointment as the [[spokesperson]] for the [[Chief Minister of Balochistan, Pakistan|Chief Minister of Balochistan]] during the tenure of the [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]] (PML-N) government, a position he held until 2018.<ref name="Aamir2023"/><ref name="KiyyaBaloch2023"/>

In 2018, Kakar left PML-N and helped found a new political party named [[Balochistan Awami Party]] (BAP).<ref name="Aamir2023"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Anwarul Haq Kakar, Saeed Hasmhi launch Balochistan Awami Party|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1672152/1-anwarul-haq-kakar-saeed-hasmhi-launch-balochistan-awami-party/|accessdate=5 April 2018|work=The Express Tribune|date=29 March 2018}}</ref> Later, he was elected to the [[Senate of Pakistan]] as an independent candidate for a general seat from Balochistan in the [[2018 Pakistani Senate election]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Senate elections: PML-N-backed independent candidates lead in Punjab, PPP in Sindh|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1649842/1-live-polling-begins-52-senate-seats/|accessdate=2 October 2023|work=The Express Tribune|date=3 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Iftikhar A.|title=PML-N gains Senate control amid surprise PPP showing|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1393083/pml-n-gains-senate-control-amid-surprise-ppp-showing|accessdate=4 March 2018|work=DAWN.COM|date=4 March 2018}}</ref> He took oath as Senator on 12 March 2018.<ref>{{cite news|title=Senate elect opposition-backed Sanjrani chairman and Mandviwala his deputy|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/291451-51-newly-elected-senators-take-oath-pml-n-finalises-raja-zafarul-haq-for-chairman|accessdate=12 March 2018|work=The News|date=12 March 2018|language=en|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312085816/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/291451-51-newly-elected-senators-take-oath-pml-n-finalises-raja-zafarul-haq-for-chairman|archivedate=12 March 2018}}</ref> He also remained chairperson for the Committee of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development and members of other committees including the Business Advisory Committee, Finance and Revenue, Foreign Affairs, Science and Technology.<ref name=bio2>{{Cite web |title=Profile: Who is Anwaar-ul-Haq Kakar? |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/1099545-anwaarul-haq-kakar-a-brief-profile|url-status=live |access-date=12 August 2023 |website=The News |archive-date=12 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812145918/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/1099545-anwaarul-haq-kakar-a-brief-profile }}</ref>

In 2020, Kakar was briefly considered for the Federal Minister of Information position in Imran Khan's government, but he was ultimately not appointed.<ref name="Aamir2023"/>

===Caretaker Prime Minister (2023-2024)===
[[File:Ilham Aliyev met with caretaker Prime Minister of Pakistan in Tashkent (2).jpg|thumb|Kakar with Azerbaijan's President [[Ilham Aliyev]] in November 2023]]
In 2023, Kakar was nominated to serve as [[Caretaker Prime Minister of Pakistan]] by outgoing Leader of the Opposition [[Raja Riaz]] and outgoing Prime Minister [[Shehbaz Sharif]]. He was sworn in as caretaker prime minister by President [[Arif Alvi]] on 14 August 2023, the 76th [[Independence Day (Pakistan)|independence day of Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Muhammad imran |date=2023-08-13 |title=From Pashtun Identity to National Leadership: Senator Kakar's Story |url=https://lifeinpakistan.net/from-pashtun-identity-to-national-leadership-senator-kakars-story/ |access-date=2023-08-13 |website=Life In Pakistan |language=en-US}}</ref> He resigned from the Senate on 14 August 2023, which was accepted by the [[Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan|Chairman of the Senate]] [[Sadiq Sanjrani]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guramani |first=Nadir |date=2023-08-14 |title=Anwaarul Haq Kakar's Senate resignation accepted ahead of swearing-in as interim PM |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1770080 |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref> Kakar's position as caretaker prime minister was given further executive power by previous government legislation, primarily to ensure Kakar was able to smoothly ensure the implementation of major policy decisions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan’s Caretaker Prime Minister: Anwaar-ul-Haq Kakar |url=https://www.natstrat.org/articledetail/publications/pakistan-s-caretaker-prime-minister-anwaar-ul-haq-kakar-97.html |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=NatStrat}}</ref>

On 3 October 2023, Pakistan's caretaker government ordered that all undocumented immigrants, particularly the nearly 1.73 million undocumented [[Afghans in Pakistan|Afghans]], voluntarily leave the country by 1 November 2023 or face [[Expulsion of Afghans from Pakistan|deportation in a crackdown]].<ref>{{cite news |date=October 3, 2023 |title=Pakistan wants undocumented migrants to leave by November 1 or get deported |publisher=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/3/pakistan-wants-undocumented-migrants-to-leave-by-november-1-or-get-deported}}</ref> Kakar said that the government's repatriation policy is not exclusive to Afghan nationals, but applies to all illegal immigrants in Pakistan. He stated that despite not being a signatory to the [[Geneva Convention]], Pakistan has hosted over 4 million [[Afghan refugees]] for the past 40 years.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2023/10/30/deportation-process-applies-to-all-illegal-aliens-kakar/ | title=Deportation process applies to all illegal 'aliens': Kakar | date=30 October 2023 | archive-date=4 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104181309/https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2023/10/30/deportation-process-applies-to-all-illegal-aliens-kakar/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Taliban authorities condemned the deportations of Afghans as an "inhuman act."<ref>{{cite news |title=Taliban: Iran Deports Almost 350,000 Afghans Within 3 Months |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/taliban-iran-deports-almost-350-000-afghans-within-3-months/7392705.html |work=VOA News |date=11 December 2023}}</ref>

In October 2023, he called for a ceasefire in the [[Gaza war]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saifi |first1=Sophia |title=Pakistan's prime minister calls for ceasefire in Gaza amid nationwide pro-Palestinian rallies |date=16 October 2023 |url=https://www.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/israel-news-hamas-war-10-16-23/h_775a2fd8dadea8032e74513ea2e1676a |publisher=[[CNN]] }}</ref> In November 2023, Kakar said that "We are witnessing a holocaust of Palestinian children in Gaza. This appalling and atrocious child holocaust must stop immediately."<ref>{{cite news |title='We are witnessing holocaust of children in Gaza,' says Pakistani premier |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/-we-are-witnessing-holocaust-of-children-in-gaza-says-pakistani-premier/3059517 |work=[[Anadolu Agency]] |date=20 November 2023}}</ref>

== Political views ==
=== Foreign policy ===
Kakar's foreign policy is to form the bedrock of Pakistan's partnership with the [[United States]], [[China]] and [[Gulf Cooperation Council|Gulf states]] as primary geopolitical, [[geoeconomics]] allies, especially as security actors.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Conversation With Prime Minister Anwaar-ul-Haq Kakar of Pakistan|url=https://www.cfr.org/event/conversation-prime-minister-anwaar-ul-haq-kakar-pakistan|access-date=21 September 2023}}</ref>

=== Criticism of terrorism & Baloch separatism ===
In 2018, Kakar and Saeed Ahmed Hashmi along with some dissident [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]]-based politicians from [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML-N]] and [[Pakistan Muslim League (Q)|PML-Q]] founded [[Balochistan Awami Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Riaz |first=Sumeera |date=2024-01-03 |title=Elections 2024: BAP Defections Open Path for PPP, PMLN |url=https://www.pakistanstandard.com/elections-2024-bap-defections-open-path-for-ppp-pmln/ |access-date=2024-01-08 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is Anwaar Kakar, Pakistan's new caretaker prime minister? |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Who-is-Anwaar-Kakar-Pakistan-s-new-caretaker-prime-minister |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=Nikkei Asia |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/188475-new-political-party-launched-in-balochistan|title=New political party launched in Balochistan|work=Geo News|date=29 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-03-29|title=PML-N dissidents, independents launch 'Balochistan Awami Party'|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1398266|access-date=2021-10-14|work=Dawn (newspaper)|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-03-29|title=Anwarul Haq Kakar, Saeed Hashmi launch Balochistan Awami Party|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1672152/anwarul-haq-kakar-saeed-hasmhi-launch-balochistan-awami-party|access-date=2021-10-14|work=The Express Tribune (newspaper)|language=en}}</ref>

He is a notable critic of [[Insurgency in Balochistan|terrorism & Baloch separatism]], he claims that because of the separatist propaganda of the [[India]]n agency, [[Research and Analysis Wing]] (RAW), in the name of [[Baloch nationalism]] has destroyed [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]], and that citizens must unite for the peace, stability and progress in the region. He also clarified that thousands of Baloch youth were killed during the past 20 years, adding that only in 2014, 155 innocent Baloch people were killed as they refused to give [[extortion]] to the separatist groups.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/urdu/multimedia/2014/01/140126_sarfaraz_bugti_fz.shtml RAW involved in terrorism in Balochistan: Anwaar ul Haq Kakar]</ref>

Under his caretaker tenure, the Baloch separatists of the [[Baloch Nationalist Army]]: Sarfraz Bangulzai and Gulzar Imam surrendered to the [[Government of Balochistan, Pakistan|Government of Balochistan]], and were at the forefront of the low-level insurgency in Balochistan for more than two decades.<ref>[https://www.arabnews.com/node/2429131/pakistan Key Pakistani separatist commander ‘surrenders,’ renounces militancy]. 20 December 2023. Arab News.</ref> Experts have described their surrender as a significant boost for the government of Pakistan and for the progress of [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]].<ref name=AP>[https://apnews.com/article/pakistan-separatists-surrender-baluchistan-451250d7855e49c43b1ef01aa5cdc9f7 Separatist leader in Pakistan appears before cameras and says he has surrendered with 70 followers]. 20 December 2023. Associated Press.</ref>

==Wealth==
According to [[Election Commission of Pakistan]], before assuming his role as caretaker PM, Kakar declared his net worth at {{PKRConvert|48.2|m}}. Among the mentioned assets are 10 [[Tola (unit)|tolas]] of gold, 50,000 shares in Pakistan Chagai Mining Limited, and 20 [[acre]]s of inherited agricultural land valued at Rs 8 million. The acting prime minister also has more than Rs 20 million deposited in two different banks.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Web Desk |date=2023-11-16 |title=Caretaker PM holds 10 tolas of gold, valuing at Rs 80,000 |url=https://humnews.pk/pakistan/caretaker-pm-owns-10-tolas-of-gold-values-it-at-rs-80000/ |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=Hum NEWS |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Controversies ==

===Postponing elections===
Pakistani law requires that elections be held within 90 days of the dissolution of parliament. The main responsibility of the caretaker Prime Minister is to organize the elections, which were supposed to take place by March 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan: Will elections take place on time? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/pakistan-will-elections-take-place-on-time/a-67595164}}</ref> Prime Minister Kakar's government controversially delayed the elections due to security concerns and protracted economic turmoil.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan’s parliament elections delayed till early February as political and economic crises deepen |url=https://apnews.com/article/pakistan-elections-body-elections-delayed-d8d23da6d6d2e6a0deb56197a192adf9}}</ref> Furthermore, the [[2024 Pakistani general election]], held on 8 February, was marred by allegations of [[vote rigging]] by the military establishment.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wolf |first1=Siegfried O. |title=Pakistan’s elections – between delays and engineering – C266 |url=https://www.sadf.online/pakistans-elections-between-delays-and-engineering-c266/ |website=South Asia Democratic Forum}}</ref>

===Wheat import scandal===
{{main|Pakistan wheat import scandal}}

The [[Pakistan wheat import scandal]] refers to a controversy that emerged in 2024, involving the importation of a significant amount of [[wheat]] by Kakar's caretaker ministry, despite the country having surplus wheat stocks. This decision allegedly caused a loss of more than 300 billion rupees to the national exchequer.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://arynews.tv/wheat-import-scandal-2024-pakistan/|title=Pakistan Wheat Import Scandal: A Crisis of Accountability|first=Web|last=Desk|date=May 6, 2024|website=ARY NEWS}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2024/05/02/unnecessary-wheat-imports-allegedly-cause-billions-of-rupees-loss-to-the-country/|title=Unnecessary wheat imports allegedly cause billions of rupees loss to the country|date=May 2, 2024}}</ref>

== Committees ==
{| class="wikitable"
|Committee Member:
| colspan="2" |''Present Member of Standing Committees''
* Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development '''(Chairperson Committee)'''
* Business Advisory Committee
* Finance and Revenue
* Foreign Affairs
* Science and Technology
|}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Shehbaz Sharif]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] [[Caretaker Prime Minister of Pakistan|Caretaker]]|years=2023–2024}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Shehbaz Sharif]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Prime ministers of Pakistan}}
{{Kakar Cabinet}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kakar, Anwaar ul Haq}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Independent politicians in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Kakar people]]
[[Category:People from Killa Saifullah District]]
[[Category:Politicians from Balochistan, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Cadet College Kohat alumni]]
[[Category:Caretaker prime ministers of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Members of the Senate of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistan Muslim League (N) MNAs]]
[[Category:Pakistan Muslim League (Q) MNAs]]
[[Category:University of Balochistan alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Pakistani politicians]]

Jagdish Narayan (politician)

2026-04-10T00:39:35Z

Advanced Academy: added post

{{Short description|Member of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jagdish Narayan
| office1 = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Zafrabad Assembly constituency|Zafrabad]]
| term_start1 = March 2022
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Harendra Prasad Singh]]
| successor1 =
| constituency2 = Bayalsi
| term_start2 = 1996
| term_end2 = 2002
| constituency3 = Beyalsi
| term_start3 = 2002
| term_end3 = 2012
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1953|4|11}}
| birth_place = [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh]]
| party = [[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party]]
| occupation = [[Politician]], [[Farmer]]
| education = [[Bachelor of Laws]]
| alma_mater = [[Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University|DDU Gorakhpur University]]
| father = Durga Narayan
| spouse = Geeta Rai
| children = 4
}}
'''Jagdish Narayan''' is an Indian [[politician]], [[farmer]], and a member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] from the [[Zafrabad Assembly constituency]].<ref name="upla">{{cite web |url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/18371/18 |title=Members of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly |publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] |access-date=3 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/jagdish-narayan |title=Jagdish Narayan |publisher=[[PRS Legislative Research]] |access-date=3 June 2024}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party]].<ref name="upla"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/jagdish-narayan/ |title=Jagdish Narayan, SBSP MLA from Zafrabad |publisher=ourneta.com |access-date=3 June 2024}}</ref>

==Early life==

Jagdish Narayan was born on 11 April 1953 in [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh]], to a [[Sanātanī]] [[Hindu]] family of Durga Narayan.<ref name="upla"/> He married Geeta Rai in 1968, and they have four children.<ref name="upla"/>

==Education==

Jagdish Narayan completed his education with a [[Bachelor of Laws]] at [[Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University]], [[Gorakhpur]], in 1990.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://myneta.info/Uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=4745 |title=Jagdish Narayan(Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party):Constituency- ZAFRABAD(JAUNPUR) |publisher=myneta.info}}</ref>

==Posts held==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Comments
|-
| 01 || 2022 || Incumbent || Member, [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narayan, Jagdish}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Jaunpur district]]

{{UttarPradesh-politician-stub}}

Mallika Singh

2026-03-31T01:10:56Z

Advanced Academy:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{short description|Indian television actress (born 2000)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mallika Singh
| image = Mallika Singh.png
| caption = Mallika Singh 2021
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|2000|09|15}}
| birth_place = [[Jammu]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| citizenship = Indian
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| years_active = 2015–present
| known_for = {{ubl|''[[RadhaKrishn]]''|''[[Jai Kanhaiya Lal Ki (2021 TV series)|Jai Kanhaiya Lal Ki]]''|''[[Pracchand Ashok]]''}}
}}
'''Mallika Singh''' (born 15 September 2000)<ref>{{Cite news|title=Radha Krishn fame Mallika Singh turns 22; fans trend her on Twitter - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/radha-krishn-fame-mallika-singh-turns-20-fans-trend-her-on-twitter/articleshow/78127523.cms|access-date=2021-09-11|website=The Times of India|date=15 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian television actress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mallika Singh aka Radha from Radha Krishna {{!}} Mother's Day Special |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/zoom/telly-talk/mallika-singh-aka-radha-from-radha-krishna-expresses-her-lover-for-her-mother-mothers-day-special/31293 |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=Times Now News |language=en}}</ref> She is known for portraying [[Radha]] in ''[[RadhaKrishn]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-03 |title=I Had Stage Fright, Didn't Know How to Face Camera, Says 'RadhaKrishn' Actor Mallika Singh |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/i-had-stage-fright-didnt-know-how-to-face-camera-says-radhakrishn-actor-mallika-singh-3685868.html |access-date=2021-09-11 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> [[Lakshmi]] in ''[[Jai Kanhaiya Lal Ki (2021 TV series)|Jai Kanhaiya Lal Ki]],''<ref>{{Cite news |title=Exclusive interview with RadhaKrishn actors Sumedh Mudgalkar and Mallika Singh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-radhakrishn-actors-sumedh-mudgalkar-and-mallika-singh-on-their-on-screen-chemistry-bonding-and-more/articleshow/81973757.cms |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=The Times of India |date=8 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Mallika Singh is not exiting 'RadhaKrishn' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mallika-singh-not-to-exit-radha-krishn/articleshow/76552121.cms |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=The Times of India |date=26 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Karuvaki]] in ''[[Pracchand Ashok]].''

== Career ==
In 2016, Singh appeared in [[Zee TV]]'s ''[[Janbaaz Sindbad]]'', where she played the role of Aameen.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-12-24|title=Janbaaz Sindbad: Know the cast|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi//photostory/50308532.cms|access-date=2021-09-11|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

From October 2018 to January 2023, she appeared in [[Star Bharat]]'s ''[[RadhaKrishn]]'', where she played the lead role of [[Radha]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=Mallika Singh and Sumedh Mudgalkar: We feel fortunate, it's a blessing to portray Radha and Krishna - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mallika-singh-and-sumedh-mudgalkar-we-feel-fortunate-its-a-blessing-to-portray-radha-and-krishna/articleshow/80886998.cms|access-date=2021-09-11|website=The Times of India|date=13 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Mallika Singh to portray the role of Alakshmi in Radha Krishn |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/mallika-singh-to-portray-the-role-of-alakshmi-in-radha-krishn-260677 |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref> opposite [[Sumedh Mudgalkar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-29 |title=Sumedh Mudgulkar and Mallika Singh share their fond memories of Janmashtami {{!}} Radha Krishn |url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/television-sumedh-mudgulkar-and-mallika-singh-share-their-fond-memories-of-janmashtami-radha-krishn-1479064 |access-date=2021-09-11 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Mallika Singh on Sumedh Mudgalkar: He has been very supporting & is a dear friend |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/radhakrishns-mallika-singh-on-sumedh-mudgalkar-he-has-been-very-supporting-is-a-dear-friend/videoshow/77460897.cms |access-date=2022-03-23 |newspaper=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="RK">{{Cite news|title=Exclusive - Sumedh Mudgalkar on RadhaKrishn going off-air: Since the last 10-12 days fans have been visiting us, requesting to not shut down the show|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-sumedh-mudgalkar-on-radhakrishn-going-off-air-since-the-last-10-12-days-fans-have-been-visiting-us-requesting-to-not-shut-down-the-show/articleshow/97203075.cms|access-date=2023-01-24|website=The Times of India|date=21 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref> She also played several recurring characters including [[Sita]], [[Lakshmi]], [[Bhudevi]], [[Ashtalakshmi]], [[Shitala]], [[Alakshmi]], [[Vallabha]], Vrindavaneshwari, [[Radha|Madhavi]], Bhargavi, Ambabai, and Kishori.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Mallika Singh to portray the role of Alakshmi in RadhaKrishn - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mallika-singh-to-portray-the-role-of-alakshmi-in-radhakrishn/articleshow/82970138.cms|access-date=2021-09-11|website=The Times of India|date=26 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

From October 2021 to July 2022, she reprised her role as [[Lakshmi|Devi Lakshmi]] in ''[[RadhaKrishn]]''<nowiki/>'s prequel series ''[[Jai Kanhaiya Lal Ki (2021 TV series)|Jai Kanhaiya Lal Ki]]'' on [[Star Bharat]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-28 |title=Mallika and Sumedh to be seen in 'Hathi Ghoda Palki - Jai Kanhaiya Lal Ki' |url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/sumedh-and-mallika-to-be-seen-in-hathi-ghoda-palki-jai-kanhaiya-lal-ki-1484809 |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

In May 2022, she appeared as Srini in [[Disney+ Hotstar]]'s ''[[Escaype Live]]''.

In 2024, she featured in [[Simple Suni]]'s romantic comedy film ''[[Ondu Sarala Prema Kathe]]'' opposite [[Vinay Rajkumar]]. From February 2024 to March 2024, Singh portrayed [[Karuvaki]] opposite [[Adnan Khan]] in [[Ekta Kapoor]]'s historical drama series ''[[Pracchand Ashok]]'' on [[Colors TV]].<ref name="Ashok">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/adnan-khan-and-mallika-singh-starrer-new-historical-show-pracchand-ashok-is-all-set-to-launch-soon-watch-promo/articleshow/106484016.cms Adnan Khan and Mallika Singh to play leads in Ekta Kapoor's new historical drama series 'Pracchand Ashok']</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!Ref.
|-
|2024
|''[[Ondu Sarala Prema Kathe]]''
|Madhura
|Kannada
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/upcoming-kannada-movies-in-february-2024-yathabhava-to-ondu-sarala-prema-kathe-article-107165781 |title=Upcoming Kannada Movies in February 2024: Yathabhava to Ondu Sarala Prema Kathe |date=26 January 2024 }}</ref>
|-
|2026
|''[[The Bride!]]''
|Emily
|English
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2015–2016
|''[[Janbaaz Sindbad]]''
|Aameen
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Janbaaz Sindbad Kids Show Online on ZEE5|url=https://www.zee5.com/global/kids/kids-shows/janbaaz-sindbad/0-6-206|access-date=2021-09-11|website=ZEE5|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2018–2023
|''[[RadhaKrishn]]''
|[[Radha]] / [[Lakshmi]] / [[Sita]] / [[Bhargavi]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Radha Krishna serial cast: जानें, कौन से ऐक्टर्स निभा रहे हैं 'राधा-कृष्ण' में रोल|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/tv/news/radha-krishna-serial-cast/articleshow/67266929.cms|access-date=2021-09-11|website=Navbharat Times|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-22 |title=5 Interesting facts netizens need to know about the show RadhaKrishn |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/5-interesting-facts-netizens-need-know-about-show-radhakrishn-901038 |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2021–2022
|''[[Jai Kanhaiya Lal Ki (2021 TV series)|Jai Kanhaiya Lal Ki]]''
|[[Lakshmi]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sumedh Mudgalkar & Mallika Singh: Playing Gods & Goddesses is a huge responsibility; no scope to make mistakes {{!}} TV - Times of India Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/sumedh-mudgalkar-mallika-singh-playing-gods-goddesses-is-a-huge-responsibility-no-scope-to-make-mistakes/videoshow/86990364.cms |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Swayamvar – Mika Di Vohti]]''
|Herself
|Episode 27
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swayamvar - Mika Di Vohti - Episode 27 - Mika Chooses His Vohti on Disney+ Hotstar |url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/swayamvar-mika-di-vohti/1260104944/mika-chooses-his-vohti/1000278500 |access-date=2023-01-21 |website=Disney+ Hotstar |language=en |archive-date=21 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121031045/https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/swayamvar-mika-di-vohti/1260104944/mika-chooses-his-vohti/1000278500 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 July 2022 |title=Swayamvar: Mika Di Vohti Grand Finale |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/swayamvar-mika-di-vohti-grand-finale-mika-singhs-family-bharti-singh-shoaib-ibrahim-and-others-appear-on-the-show/articleshow/93114478.cms |access-date=2023-01-21 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Pracchand Ashok]]''
| [[Karuvaki]]
|
| <ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-02 |title=Adnan Khan and Mallika Singh starrer new historical show Pracchand Ashok, watch promo |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/adnan-khan-and-mallika-singh-starrer-new-historical-show-pracchand-ashok-is-all-set-to-launch-soon-watch-promo/articleshow/106484016.cms |access-date=2024-02-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|2022 ||''[[Escaype Live]]'' || Shrini Rangaswamy ||{{Cn|date=June 2022}}
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Singer(s)
!Ref.
|-
|2023
|''Tere Ishq Ne''
|Saaj Bhatt
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-02 |title=Shoaib Ibrahim reveals poster of upcoming music video with Mallika Singh on Instagram |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/jhalak-dikhla-jaa-11s-shoaib-ibrahim-reveals-poster-of-upcoming-music-video-with-radhakrishns-mallika-singh-on-instagram-1255834 |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Work
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|2019
|[[Indian Telly Awards]]
|[[Indian Telly Award for Best Onscreen Couple|Best Onscreen Couple (Jury)]] (with [[Sumedh Mudgalkar]])
| rowspan="3" |''[[RadhaKrishn]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=2019-03-21|title=Indian Telly Awards 2019: Complete list of winners|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/indian-telly-awards-2019-winners-list-divyanka-tripathi-hina-khan-nakuul-mehta-5636869/|access-date=2020-05-11|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
|[[Indian Television Academy Awards|21st Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| rowspan="3" |[[ITA Award for Best Actress Popular|Best Actress Popular]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=The 21st ITA Awards |url=https://www.theita2021.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110094223/http://www.theita2021.com/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=10 November 2021 |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=www.theita2021.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian Television Academy Awards|22nd Indian Television Academy Awards]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=The 22nd ITA Awards |url=https://ita2022.indiantelevisionacademy.com/ |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=Indian Television Academy |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Jai Kanhaiya Lal Ki (2021 TV series)|Jai Kanhaiya Lal Ki]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{imdb name|nm7467801}}
* {{Instagram|mallika_singh_official_}}



[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Mallika}}
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]

Srikakulam district

2026-03-29T03:32:41Z

Advanced Academy: added info

{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Srikakulam}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Srikakulam district
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Andhra Pradesh|District]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size=250
|photo1a = 700 CE Mukhalingeswara Temples Group, Kalinga architecture, Mukhalingam, Andhra Pradesh - 84.jpg
|photo1b = 2nd century BCE to 8th century CE Salihundam Buddhist site, Andhra Pradesh - 54.jpg
|photo2a = Ancient Buddhist site, Kalingapatnam Andhra Pradesh - 12.jpg
|photo2b = 11th century Kurmanatha Swamy Temple, Srikurmam Andhra Pradesh 02.jpg
|photo3a = Megalithic Dolmen at Dannanapeta 03.jpg
}}
| image_caption = Category: Srimukhalingam Temple at [[Mukhalingam]], Ruined Stupa near [[Salihundam]], [[Kurmanathaswamy temple, Srikurmam]], Dolmens near Dannanapeta, Buddhist site at [[Kalingapatnam]]
| etymology =
| nickname =
| image_map = Srikakulam in Andhra Pradesh (India).svg
| map_caption = Srikakulam district in Andhra Pradesh
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|}}[[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = Region
| subdivision_name2 = [[Uttarandhra]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Srikakulam]]
| parts_type = Administrative Divisions
| parts = {{bulleted list|
| 3 [[Revenue division]]s
| [[List of mandals of Andhra Pradesh|30 Mandalas]]
| 1802 [[Villages]] (1701 inhabited, 101 uninhabited)
| 12 [[Town]]s (5 statutory, 7 [[census towns|census]])
}}
| government_footnotes =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_party =
| leader_title = [[District collector]]
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = [[Srikakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Srikakulam]],
[[Vizianagaram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vizianagaram]]
| leader_title2 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Assembly constituencies]]
| leader_name2 = [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|08]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |last=correspondent |first=dc |date=2022-01-26 |title=Government at doorstep: Andhra Pradesh to have 26 new districts |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/260122/andhra-pradesh-to-have-26-new-districts-soon.html |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 4591
| area_rank =
| area_urban_footnotes =
| area_urban_km2 =
| area_rural_footnotes =
| area_rural_km2 =
| area_note =
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ft =
| elevation_point = 
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="demographics">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Srikakulam|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2811_PART_A_DCHB_SRIKAKULAM.pdf|website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
| population_total = 2191437
| pop_est_as_of =
| pop_est_footnotes =
| population_est =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 463
| population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="census">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Srikakulam |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2811_PART_B_DCHB_SRIKAKULAM.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=14 June 2019 }}</ref>{{rp|14}}
| population_urban = 373746
| population_rural_footnotes =
| population_rural =
| population_density_rank = 6th
| population_blank1_title = Households
| population_blank1 = 681330
| population_blank2_title = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| population_blank2 = 1015 (females per 1000 males)
| population_demonym = 
| population_note =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_footnotes = 
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| demographics2_title2 =
| demographics2_info2 =
| demographics_type2 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics2_footnotes = 
| demographics2_title1 = Literates
| demographics2_info1 = 1495381
| demographics3_footnotes = 
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number]]
| postal_code = 532xxx 
| area_code_type =
| area_codes = +91–8942
| geocode =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-AP]]
| registration_plate_type = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|Vehicle registration]]
| registration_plate = [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India|AP–39]] (from 30 January 2019)<ref>{{cite news |title=New 'AP 39' code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203234146/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2019 |access-date=9 June 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |date=31 January 2019 |location=Vijayawada}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|http://srikakulam.ap.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
| total_type = Total
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 7
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
| map_caption1 = Interactive map outlining district
}}
'''Srikakulam district''' is a district in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], located in the [[Uttarandhra]] region of the state, with its headquarters located at [[Srikakulam]].<ref name="district">{{cite web |title=Srikakulam {{!}} Andhra Pradesh {{!}} DISTRICTS OF INDIA |url=http://districts.nic.in/districtsdetails.php?sid=AP&disid=AP001 |website=districts.nic.in |access-date=11 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Population of AP districts(2011) |url=http://www.ap.gov.in/Other%20Docs/Population.pdf |publisher=ap.gov.in |access-date=25 May 2014 |page=14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112141602/http://www.ap.gov.in/Other%20Docs/Population.pdf |archive-date=12 November 2013 }}</ref> It is one of the six districts, located in the extreme northeastern direction of the state. It was formerly known as Chicacole, and was under [[Ganjam district]] till 1 April 1936, then merged under [[Vizagapatam]] district. Srikakulam district forms the core area of [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] where most of its historical capitals like Kalinganagari, pithunda, Dantapuram are located.

== Geography ==
Srikakulam district occupies an area of {{convert|4591|km2|sqmi}},<ref name="Reference Annual">{{cite book | editor1 = Srivastava, Dayawanti | display-editors=etal | title = India 2010: A Reference Annual | chapter = States and Union Territories: Andhra Pradesh: Government | edition = 54th | publisher = Additional Director General, Publications Division, [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]], [[Government of India]] | year = 2010 | location = New Delhi, India | pages = 1111–1112 | isbn = 978-81-230-1617-7}}</ref> comparatively equivalent to [[Trinidad and Tobago]].<ref name="Islands">{{cite web | url = http://islands.unep.ch/Tiarea.htm | title = Island Directory Tables: Islands by Land Area | access-date = 11 October 2011 | date = 18 February 1998 | publisher = [[United Nations Environment Program]] | quote = Melville Island 5,765km2
}}</ref> It is within the geographic coordinates of 18°-20’ and 19°-10’ N and 83°-50’ and 84°-50’ E. The district is skirted to a distance by Kandivalasagedda, Vamsadhara and Bahuda at certain stretches of their courses while a line of heights of the great [[Eastern Ghats]] run from the northeast. [[Vizianagaram district]] and [[Parvathipuram Manyam district]] flanks in the south and west while [[Odisha]] bounds it on the north and Bay of Bengal on the East. Srikakulam district can be divided into two main distinct natural divisions. A portion of Srikakulam district is plain terrain with intense agriculture and the other is rocky and hilly terrain covered with forests. Some of the Mahendragiri Hills covers Srikakulam district. Most of the forest area of the plain terrain has been damaged by intense agriculture. [[Kotturu, Srikakulam district|Kotthuru]], [[Hiramandalam]], [[Pathapatnam]], Kalingadal reservoir and some other areas are still covered with dense forests. Srikakulam is {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} north of Visakhapatnam. It has a population of 2,703,114 of which 10.98% is urban as of 2001. Srikakulam district has the longest coastline (about {{convert|193|km|mi|abbr=on}}) in the state of Andhra Pradesh.

Major rivers flowing through the district are [[River Nagavali]], [[River Vamsadhara]], Mahendratanaya, Champavati, Bahuda, Kumbhikota Gedda, Suvarnamukhi, Vegavati, Gomukhi. The Nagavali and Vamsadhara are the major rivers in Srikakulam district. These two river basins together constitute about 5% of the area. The Mahendratanaya and [[Bahuda River|Bahuda]] rivers are two minor river basins in the district. Others are Benjigedda, Peddagedda, Kandivalasa gedda. Major irrigation projects on these rivers — [[Vamsadhara River|Vamsadhara Project]], [[Narayanapuram Anicut]], [[Thotapalli]] Regulator — and some medium projects at Pydigam Project, Onigadda provide a total ayacut of {{convert|69373|acre|km2}}.

== History ==
[[File:Megalithic Dolmen at Dannanapeta 03.jpg|thumb|left|255px|[[Iron Age]] megalithic Dolmen at Dannanapeta near [[Amudalavalasa]]]]

=== Prehistory ===
Evidence of early historic man and his activities during the Stone Age and Iron Age have been discovered at Sangamayya Konda and Dannanapeta. The speciality of Dannanapeta Iron Age megalithic site is a large single capstone as a dolmen with 36 ft in length and 14 ft in width and 2 ft thickness. Sailada Hills consists of 36 upright rocks and natural caves used for habitation by Iron Age man in Amudalavalasa mandal of the district.<ref>{{cite news|title=Iron Age habitation found in Srikakulam|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/iron-age-habitation-found-in-srikakulam/article2542092.ece|access-date=14 June 2014|work=The Hindu|date=16 October 2011}}</ref>

=== Early history ===
[[File:Salihundam Historic Buddhist Remains 3 by GPuvvada 2010.jpg|thumb|left|255px|[[Salihundam]] Historic Buddhist Remains Site]]

Evidences of Jain monuments and Buddhist remnants were discovered near Sangamayya Konda. Jain rock beds were discovered at Dannanapeta near [[Amudalavalasa]] in the district. [[Salihundam]] is a famous Buddhist remnants site on the south bank of River Vamsadhara 5 kilometres west of [[Kalingapatnam]] and 18 kilometres from Srikakulam town.<ref>{{cite news|title=Remnants of Jain monuments found|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/remnants-of-jain-monuments-found/article210412.ece|access-date=14 June 2014|date=21 August 2009}}</ref>

Srikakulam was historically part of the region of [[Kalinga (region)|Kalinga]], conquered by Ashoka in the 3rd century. Kalinga regained prominence under [[Kharavela]]. The region appears to have been dominated by the Sathavahanas in the 3rd century, as at Salihundam many Sathavahana coins have been found. Samudra Gupta's great conquests in Kalinga spurred the rise of new families called the Matharas who ruled from Singupura called themselves Kalingapathis. In the 6th and 7th centuries Kalinga was dominated by the [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyas of Badami]] and their later offshoots the [[Eastern Chalukyas]] of [[Vengi]].<ref name="demographicsb" />

=== Gangas and Gajapatis ===
Later in the district came the first grants from kings who call themselves the Ganga family, who called themselves Kalingapatis and who ruled from Kalinganagara, which has been identified with [[Mukhalingam]] which still contains many ancient and elaborate temples. They were worshippers of Shiva at a temple on [[Mahendragiri (Odisha)|Mahendragiri]] in present Gajapati district. It is estimated that by the end of the 9th century, these Gangas were followed by another line of the same name who also ruled from Kalinganagara, called the [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]]. One of these rulers, [[Rajaraja Devendravarman]], helped the Vengi Chalukyas beat back the Cholas in the late 11th century. His son [[Anantavarman Chodaganga]] presided over the zenith of Eastern Ganga power. Under his rule, he took over the rule of Vengi and Odisha and fought all along the eastern coast from the Ganga to the Godavari. He also began the building of the Jagannath Temple at Puri and shifted his capital from Kalinganagara to Cuttack, which remained the capital of the Gangas from then on.<ref name="demographicsb" />

The Eastern Gangas continued to rule over the present district, but their hold in the region began to fail. While they resisted invasions from Muslim powers from Bengal and Delhi, they gradually lost hold over the southern part of Kalinga. Smaller kings such as the Reddys of Kondaveedu began to penetrate the region slowly. However in 1434, on the death of Ganga king Bhanu Deva IV, his minister seized the throne under the title Pratapa Kapileshwara, founding the [[Gajapati Empire|Gajapati Dynasty]]. He fought many wars against both the Hindu Vijayanagara Empire, who ruled the territory south of Kalinga, as well as the Muslim Bahmani Sultanate of the Deccan, and expanded his empire at the expense of both till it stretched from the Ganga to the Krishna. His grandson Prataparudra lost some territory to [[Krishnadevaraya]] of Vijayanagara, who conquered up to Simhachalam. During this time however, local ruling families had significant autonomy.<ref name="demographicsb" />

At the end of the 15th century, the Bahmani Sultanate broke up into five different sultanates, of whom the closest to Srikakulam was the [[Sultanate of Golconda|Qutub Shahis]] of [[Golconda]], who was able to take all the territory south of the Godavari. In 1571, Ibrahim Qutub Shah took advantage of the chaos after the dissolution of the Gajapatis to conquer the territory from the Godavari to [[Ichchapuram]]. For the next 180 years, Srikakulam was under Muslim rule, although the Hindu ruling families still retained significant autonomy.<ref name="demographicsb" />

=== Muslim rule ===
The principal seat of government in Kalinga under Muslim rule was Srikakulam, where the Faujdar resided, while a Naib was at [[Ichchapuram]]. In 1641, Sher Mohammad Khan was sent by [[Abdullah Qutb Shah|Abdullah Qutub Shah]] to rule over the territory north of the Godavari and built a mosque in Srikakulam. In 1687, Aurangzeb conquered the entire Qutub Shahi kingdom and places the territories north of the Godavari under the Subedar of the Deccan, under whom were various governors of the Sarkars. Srikakulam became part of the Sarkar of Chicacole. In 1724, the Subedar of the Deccan, [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I|Nizam-ul-Mulk]], made himself independent and appointed the later Nawab of the Carnatic, [[Anwaruddin Khan]], as the first Faujdar. However the Nizam died in 1748 and the French and English took opposite sides in the resulting succession dispute. A French protege, Salabat Jung, secured the post, and ceded the region included Srikakulam to the French in 1750. However, the current Faujdar, Jafar Ali, refused to step down and persuaded Gajapati Vijayarama Raju, the most powerful local ruler, to oppose the arrival of the French. However the Frenhc then promised to lease him the Rajahmundry and Srikakulam Sarkars at a high discount. Jafar Ali then called for the help of the Marathas of Nagpur, who crossed the Eastern Ghats, plundered [[Bheemunipatnam]] and the Dutch factory, defeated Vijayarama Raju and the French and then returned home with lots of booty. Abandoned by all, Jafar Ali submitted.<ref name="demographicsb" />

=== Colonial rule ===
In 1754, the French general Bussy appointed Ibrahim Khan as Faujdar of Srikakulam. However relations with Hyderabad turned tense and Ibrahim Khan refused to pay tribute, with only Vijayarama Raju continuing to pay tribute. Bussy then marched into Srikakulam to restore his authority, causing Ibrahim Khan to flee. He was then persuaded by Vijayarama Raju to attack his rival, the ruler of Bobbili, which he then did. The brutal siege resulted in the death of its ruler, Ranga Rao and most of the defenders and their families, and the capitulation of his young son to the French. Vijayarama Raju was then assassinated by revenge-seeking soldiers of Ranga Rao. His successor Ananda Raju, was disattisfied with the French conduct after his father's death and asked the English to help him expel the French. After several battles, the English took the Northern Circars from the French and brought it back to the rule of Hyderabad, nominally. in 1765, the Mughal Emperor granted a firman to the British East India Company giving them the Northern Circars, however the Nizam did not like this. in 1766 a treaty was concluded where the English would pay 9 lakhs anually to the Nizam for the territory, a tribute which was reduced and eventually dropped.<ref name="demographicsb" />

The East India Company had to intimidate the various Zamindars of the region to pay tribute, which they eventually did. However at the first opportunity, they sought to throw off Company rule, like the Raja of Parlakhemundi who sought the aid of the Marathas in Cuttack. In 1788, the British enacted a Permenant Settlement in the region, which they called the Ichchapur District. In 1789, a famine hit the district for which the Company did very little.<ref name="demographicsb" />

The Chicacole division underwent significant administrative and socio-economic shifts between 1767 and 1802, concluding with its incorporation into the Ganjam district. Originally organized as the third division of the Vizagapatam district, its jurisdiction stretched from Chinna Pantulu Daba in the south to Kasibugga in the north, including the Kasimkota region. Following the British acquisition of the Northern Circars, the district was leased for two consecutive ten-year terms (1767–1787) to Sitaram Raju, brother of the Raja of Vizianagaram.<ref name="demographicsb" />

Sitaram Raju’s administration was characterized by systemic exploitation and was ultimately deemed detrimental to the British East India Company’s interests. His tenure saw the widespread practice of "rack-renting," where renters seized disproportionate shares of agricultural produce, leaving the ''ryots'' (peasantry) with minimal subsistence. Raju further disrupted social structures by dispossessing Brahmins of their traditional ''Agraharam'' (charity) lands, offering ''Haveli'' villages as inadequate compensation. This oppressive environment triggered a mass exodus of manufacturers and artisans, who emigrated to neighboring regions to escape the predatory fiscal policies. The Company then deposed Sitarama Raju and replaced him with a Resident.<ref name="demographicsb" />

In 1802, all the Zamindars were made into private landholders who had to pay regular installments and would lose their lands for a single missed payment. The Zamindars opposed this settlement enough that the Collector had to be given the power for Martial Law. Before this time, it was part of the Vizagapatnam District. However in 1802, the district was made into part of the Ganjam District under a District Collector.<ref name="demographicsb" />

The people of Uttarandhra were hit by famine in 1865. Many participated in the freedom struggle against British rule, sending delegates to the Indian National Congress. District Associations under Visakhapatnam and Ganjam were begun. The people participated in all the national movements against colonial rule including the Salt March. In 1935, the Odia-speaking parts of Ganjam district were separated and given to the new Orissa province, while the Telugu parts were given to Vizagapatnam district. In 1942, responding to the violent repression of the Quit India Movement, the people attacked railways and telegraph lines.<ref name="demographicsb" />

=== Post Independence ===
Srikakulam District was carved out in 1950 by bifurcating it from Visakhapatnam District. It remained unaffected in its territorial jurisdiction for some time. But in November 1969 the district lost 63 villages from Saluru Taluk and 44 villages from Bobbili Taluk on account of their transfer to the then newly constituted Gajapathinagaram Taluk of Visakhapatnam District.

In May 1979, the district underwent major territorial changes with the formation of a new district with headquarters at Vizianagaram which involved transfer of [[Salur]], [[Bobbili]], Parvathipuram and [[Cheepurupalli]] Taluks to the new district. Srikakulam's culture is a blend of traditional festivals, food, music and theatres.<ref name='Statoids'>{{cite web | url = http://www.statoids.com/yin.html | title = Districts of India | access-date = 11 October 2011 | last = Law | first = Gwillim | date = 25 September 2011 | work = Statoids}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=10,60,467|13=1911|14=11,01,199|15=1921|16=11,23,461|17=1931|18=12,22,767|19=1941|20=13,33,341|21=1951|22=14,05,792|23=1961|24=15,55,369|25=1971|26=17,69,968|27=1981|28=19,59,352|29=1991|30=23,21,126|31=2001|32=25,37,593|33=2011|34=27,03,114|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=center}}
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Srikakulam district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 2,703,114, roughly equal to the nation of [[Kuwait]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 1 October 2011 | quote =Kuwait 2,595,62}}</ref> or the US state of [[Nevada]]. This gives it a ranking of 147th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]). The district has a population density of {{convert| 462 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}. Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001–2011 was 6.38%.<ref name="districtcensus">{{cite web |year=2011 |title=District Census 2011 |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php |access-date=30 September 2011 |publisher=Census2011.co.in}}</ref> Srikakulam has a [[sex ratio]] of 1014 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males, and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 62.3%.<ref name="demographicsb">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Srikakulam |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/144/download/226/DH_2011_2811_PART_A_DCHB_SRIKAKULAM.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Srikakulam district (2011)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Population by Religion - Andhra Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11363/download/14476/DDW28C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|98.79}}
{{bar percent|[[Telugu Christians|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.54}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.67}}
}}

After reorganization the district had a population of 21,91,437, with a sex ratio of 1014 females to every 1000 males. 373,746 (17.05%) lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 1,85,890 (8.48%) and 94,371 (4.31%) of the population respectively.<ref name="demographicsb" />{{rp|86–89}}

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Srikakulam district (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value1 = 92.34 |color1 = steelblue
|label2 = [[Odia language|Odia]] |value2 = 6.18 |color2 = saddlebrown
|label3 = [[Sora language|Saora]] |value3 = 0.92 |color3 = purple
|label4 = Others |value4 = 0.56 |color4 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 92.34% of the population spoke [[Telugu language|Telugu]], 6.18% [[Odia language|Odia]] and 0.92% [[Sora language|Sora]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Andhra Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10193/download/13305/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2800.XLSX |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

=== Household indicators ===
According to 2007–08, [[International Institute for Population Sciences]],<ref name="dlhs">{{cite web|url=http://www.rchiips.org/pdf/rch3/report/AP.pdf|title=District Level Household and Facility Survey (DLHS-3), 2007-08: India. Andhra Pradesh|year=2010|publisher=[[International Institute for Population Sciences]] and [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (India)|Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]|access-date=3 October 2011}}</ref> 86.9% had access to [[Electricity sector in India|electricity]], 70.4% had [[Water supply and sanitation in India|drinking water]], 18.5% toilet facilities, and 47.2% lived in a [[Pucca housing|pucca]] (permanent) [[Housing in India|home]].<ref name='dlhs' /> 31.5% of girls [[Women in India#Child marriage|wed]] before the [[Marriageable age|legal age]] of 18 and 90.1% of interviewees carried a [[Below Poverty Line|BPL]] [[Ration stamp#India|card]].<ref name='dlhs' />

==Politics==

[[Srikakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)]], [[Vizianagaram (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

The seven [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] segments of Srikakulam Lok Sabha and One [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] segment of Vijayanagaram Lok Sabha constituency are:

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!width="50px" style="font-size:75%"|Constituency number
!Name
!style="font-size:75%"|Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
!Lok Sabha constituency
|-
|1
|[[Ichchapuram (Assembly constituency)|Ichchapuram]]
|None
| rowspan="7" |[[Srikakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Srikakulam]]
|-
|2
|[[Palasa (Assembly constituency)|Palasa]]
|None
|-
|3
|[[Tekkali (Assembly constituency)|Tekkali]]
|None
|-
|4
|[[Pathapatnam (Assembly constituency)|Pathapatnam]]
|None
|-
|5
|[[Srikakulam (Assembly constituency)|Srikakulam]]
|None
|-
|6
|[[Amadalavalasa (Assembly constituency)|Amadalavalasa]]
|None
|-
|7
|[[Narasannapeta (Assembly constituency)|Narasannapeta]]
|None
|-
|8
|[[Etcherla Assembly constituency|Etcherla]]
|None
|[[Vizianagaram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vizianagaram]]
|}

== Cities and towns ==
There are one [[municipal corporation]], three [[municipalities]], two [[nagar panchayat]]s and seven [[census town]]s. The municipal corporation in the district is [[Srikakulam]] and three municipalities in the district are [[Amadalavalasa]], [[Ichchapuram]], [[Palasa-Kasibugga]]. The six census towns are Balaga, [[Hiramandalam]], [[Narasannapeta]], [[Ponduru]], [[Sompeta]], [[Tekkali]].
{{Largest cities
| country = Srikakulam District
| stat_ref = As per the [[List of cities in Andhra Pradesh|2011 Census]]
| list_by_pop = List of towns in Srikakulam District
| div_name = Division
| div_link = List of towns in Srikakulam District{{!}}Division

| city_1 = Srikakulam
| div_1 = Srikakulam revenue division{{!}}Srikakulam Division
| pop_1 = 125,953

| city_2 = Palasa
| div_2 = Palasa revenue division{{!}}Palasa Division
| pop_2 = 57,507

| city_3 = Amudalavalasa
| div_3 = Srikakulam revenue division{{!}}Srikakulam Division
| pop_3 = 39,799

| city_4 = Ichchapuram
| div_4 = Palasa revenue division{{!}}Palasa Division
| pop_4 = 36,478

| city_5 = Tekkali
| div_5 = Tekkali revenue division{{!}}Tekkali Division
| pop_5 = 28,637

| city_6 = Narasannapeta
| div_6 = Srikakulam revenue division{{!}}Srikakulam Division
| pop_6 = 26,280

| city_7 = Sompeta
| div_7 = Palasa revenue division{{!}}Palasa Division
| pop_7 = 18,778

| city_8 = Pathapatnam
| div_8 = Tekkali revenue division{{!}}Tekkali Division
| pop_8 = 15,954

}}

== Administrative divisions ==
[[File: Srikakulam.png|alt=Srikakulam District|thumb|Satellite view of Srikakulam district]]

The district is divided into 3 revenue divisions: [[Palasa revenue division|Palasa]], [[Srikakulam revenue division|Srikakulam]] and [[Tekkali revenue division|Tekkali]], which are further subdivided into a total of 30 [[Tehsil|mandal]]s, each headed by a sub-collector.<ref name="ulb_list">{{cite web|title=ULB Lists|url=http://cdma.ap.gov.in/ulb-lists-0|website=Commissioner and Directorate of Municipal Administration|access-date=26 May 2017}}</ref>

=== Mandals ===
The list of 30 mandals in Srikakulam district, divided into 3 revenue divisions, is given below.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mandals {{!}} District Srikakulam, Government of Andhra Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://srikakulam.ap.gov.in/mandals/ |access-date=2022-04-21 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-03 |title=New AP Map: Check Out Biggest and Smallest Districts in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/andhrapradesh/heres-how-new-ap-map-looks-after-districts-reorganization-153041 |access-date=2022-05-06 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en}}</ref>
{{Div col}}
# [[Palasa revenue division]]
## [[Ichchapuram mandal|Ichchapuram]]
## [[Kaviti mandal|Kaviti]]
## [[Sompeta mandal|Sompeta]]
## [[Kanchili mandal|Kanchili]]
## [[Palasa mandal|Palasa]]
## [[Mandasa mandal|Mandasa]]
## [[Vajrapukotturu mandal|Vajrapukotturu]]
# [[Srikakulam revenue division]]
## [[Srikakulam mandal|Srikakulam]]
## [[Gara mandal|Gara]]
## [[Amadalavalasa mandal|Amadalavalasa]]
## [[Poduru mandal|Ponduru]]
## [[Sarubujjili mandal|Sarubujjili]]
## [[Burja mandal|Burja]]
## [[Narasannapeta mandal|Narasannapeta]]
## [[Polaki, Srikakulam|Polaki]]
## [[Etcherla mandal|Etcherla]]
## [[Laveru mandalLaveru]]
## [[Ranastalam mandal|Ranastalam]]
## [[Ganguvarisigadam mandal|Ganguvarisigadam]]
## [[Jalumuru mandal|Jalumuru]]
# [[Tekkali revenue division]]
## [[Tekkali mandal|Tekkali]]
## [[Santha Bommali mandal|Santha Bommali]]
## [[Kotabommali mandal|Kotabommali]]
## [[Pathapatnam mandal|Pathapatnam]]
## [[Meliaputti mandal|Meliaputti]]
## [[Nandigam, Srikakulam district|Nandigama]]
## [[Saravakota mandal|Saravakota]]
## [[Kothuru, Srikakulam|Kothuru]]
## [[Hiramandalam mandal|Hiramandalam]]
## [[Lakshminarasupeta mandal|Lakshminarasupeta]]
{{Div end}}

=== Erstwhile Talukas ===
Before Formation of Mandals, Administration was done through Taluka system. Erstwhile Talukas in district is given below.

In 1978, the number of talukas in Srikakulam district was increased from 14 to 19. Later in 1985, 19 Talukas were divided into 60 mandals, out of which 14 talukas were in Srikakulam further bifurcated into 38 Mandals.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!S.No.
!Erstwhile Talukas
in 1971
!Newly Formed Talukas
in 1978
!Newly Formed Mandals
in 1985
|-
| rowspan="2" |1
| rowspan="2" |Srikakulam
|Srikakulam
|Srikakulam, Gara,
|-
|Amadalavalasa
|Amadalavalasa, Burja [part], Sarubujjili,
|-
| rowspan="2" |2
| rowspan="2" |Palakonda
|Palakonda
|Palakonda, Vanagara, Burja [part], Seethampeta,
|-
|Rajam
|Veeraghattam, Regidi, Rajam, Santhakaviti,
|-
| rowspan="2" |3
| rowspan="2" |Pathapatnam
|Pathapatnam
|Pathapatnam, Kothuru [part], Hiramandalam[part], Saravakota, Meliaputti, Tekkali [part],
|-
|Hiramandalam
|Hiramandalam[part], Bhamini, Kothuru [part], Lakshminarsupeta
|-
| rowspan="2" |4
| rowspan="2" |Narasannapet
|Narasannapet
|Narasannapet, Polaki [part],
|-
|Kotabommali
|Kotabommali [part], Polaki [part], Jalumuru, Santhabommali [part],
|-
| rowspan="2" |5
| rowspan="2" |Tekkali
|Tekkali
|Tekkali [part], Kotabommali [part], Santhabommali [part], Nandigam [part], Varjapukothuru [part]
|-
|Palasa
|Palasa, Nandigam [part], Varjapukothuru [part],
|-
|6
|Sompeta
|Sompeta
|Sompeta, mandasa,
|-
|7
|Ichchapuram
|Ichchapuram
|Ichchapuram, Kaviti,
|-
| rowspan="3" |8
| rowspan="3" |Cheepurupalle
|Ranasthalam
|Ranasthalam, Laveru,
|-
|Ponduru
|Ganguvari sigadam, Pondhuru, Etcherla,
|-
|***Cheepurupalle [New Vizianagaram]
| rowspan="4" |Vizianagaram District
|-
|9
|Bobbili
|***Bobbili [New Vizianagaram]
|-
|10
|Salur
|***Salur [New Vizianagaram]
|-
|11
|Parvathipuram
|***Parvathipuram [New Vizianagaram]
|}

=== Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies ===

There are three Parliamentary Constituencies and 10 assembly constituencies in Srikakulam district. Parliamentary constituencies include [[Srikakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Srikakulam]], [[Araku (Lok Sabha constituency)|Araku]], and [[Vizianagaram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vizianagaram]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/Right%20to%20Infn.Act/annex1.htm|title=District-wise Assembly-Constituencies|work=ceoandhra.nic.in}}</ref>

The 10 Assembly Constituencies are [[Amadalavalasa (Assembly constituency)|Amadalavalasa]], [[Rajam (Assembly constituency)|Rajam]], [[Tekkali (Assembly constituency)|Tekkali]], [[Ichchapuram (Assembly constituency)|Ichchapuram]], [[Palasa (Assembly constituency)|Palasa]], [[Narasannapeta (Assembly constituency)|Narasannapeta]], [[Palakonda (ST) (Assembly constituency)|Palakonda]], [[Pathapatnam (Assembly constituency)|Pathapatnam]], [[Srikakulam (Assembly Constituency)|Srikakulam]] and [[Etcherla (Assembly constituency)|Etcherla]].

== Municipalities in district ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!S.No.
!City / Town
!Civic Status of Town
!No.of
Wards
!Municipality
Formation year
!2011 Census Population
!2001 Census Population
!1991 Census Population
!1981 Census Population
!1971 Census Population
!1961 Census Population
!1951 Census Population
|-
|1
|[[Srikakulam Municipal Corporation|Srikakulam]]
|Municipal Corporation
|50
|1856
|1,37,944
|1,17,320
|88,883
|68,145
|45,179
|35,071
|24,212
|-
|2
|[[Palasa-Kasibugga Municipality|Palasa-Kasibugga]]
|Municipality Grade - 2
|31
|2000
|57,507
|49,899
|33,057
|23,737
|17,439
| --
| --
|-

|3
|Amadalavalasa
|Municipality Grade - 2
|27
|1987
|39,799
|37,931
|34,395
|18,005
|13,842
| --
| --
|-
|4
|[[Ichchapuram Municipality|Ichapuram]]
|Municipality Grade - 3
|23
|1986
|36,493
|32,662
|29,564
|19,152
|15,850
|12,961
|11,390

|}

== Villages ==


*[[Devudala]]
*[[Edulavalasa]]
*[[Ganguvada]]
*[[Gorlepeta]]
*[[Honjaram]]
*[[Kantragada]]
*[[Komarthi]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Komarthi Population (2020/2021), Village in Narasannapeta Mandal, Pincode|url=https://www.indiagrowing.com/Andhra_Pradesh/Srikakulam/Narasannapeta/Komarthi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103154934/https://www.indiagrowing.com/Andhra_Pradesh/Srikakulam/Narasannapeta/Komarthi|url-status=usurped|archive-date=3 January 2022|access-date=2022-01-03|website=www.indiagrowing.com}}</ref>
*[[O.V.Peta]]
*[[Pesarapadu]]
*[[Talada, Srikakulam district|Talada]]

== Economy ==
[[File:Khadi Weaving at Ponduru 06.JPG|thumb|Khadi weaving at Ponduru, Srikakulam district|alt=]]

The gross district domestic product (GDDP) of the district is {{INRConvert|19942|c|abbr=on}} and it contributes 3.8% to the [[Gross State Domestic Product of Indian states|gross state domestic product (GSDP)]]. While the [[per capita income]] at current prices was {{INRConvert|92090}}. The [[Primary sector of the economy|primary]], [[secondary sector of the economy|secondary]] and [[tertiary sector of the economy|tertiary sectors]] of the district contribute {{INRConvert|4855|c|abbr=on}}, {{INRConvert|4114|c|abbr=on}} and {{INRConvert|10973|c|abbr=on}} respectively.<ref name="apedb">{{cite web|title=Economy of Srikakulam District|url=http://apedb.gov.in/infrastrctr.html|website=Andhra Pradesh Economic Development Board|access-date=25 April 2017}}</ref>

Tribal communities such as the [[Sora people|Saora]] and [[Jatapus]] still practise the traditional [[podu (agriculture)|podu system of cultivation]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Tribes of India: The Struggle for Survival |first=Christoph |last=von Fürer-Haimendorf |publisher=University of California Press |year=1982 |isbn=978-0-520-04315-2 |pages=77–78 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bq6VDF9gB4gC&pg=PA77 |author-link=Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf}}</ref>

[[Dr. Reddy's Laboratories]], a major pharmaceutical company, is at [[Pydibhimavaram]].

== Transport ==
[[File:Srikakulam district APSRTC Depot map.png|thumb|[[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation|APSRTC]] bus depot locations|alt=|left]]

The total road length of [[state highway]]s in the district is {{Convert|959|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aprdc.ap.gov.in/Documents/DOWNLOADDOCUMENTS/STATE%20SH%20ROADS.pdf|title=Existing State Highways|website=Andhra Pradesh Road Development Corporation|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|page=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920122729/http://aprdc.ap.gov.in/Documents/DOWNLOADDOCUMENTS/STATE%20SH%20ROADS.pdf|archive-date=20 September 2018|access-date=11 May 2019}}</ref> [[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation]] runs bus services to all the major cities and towns of the state from the district.
Major [[railway stations]] in the district include [[Amudalavalasa]], [[Srikakulam Road railway station]], [[Palasa railway station]] ( major station) Naupada, Ichchapuram and Sompeta etc.

== Culture ==
The district is renowned for the [[brassware]] products namely, [[Budithi Bell and Brass Craft]], which are made at Budithi village. These are registered as [[geographic indication]] from [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=State Wise Registration Details of G.I Applications|url=http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/treasures_protected/registered_GI_18November2015.pdf|website=Geographical Indication Registry|access-date=4 February 2016|page=3|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201065403/http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/treasures_protected/registered_GI_18November2015.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The district has many people from fields like [[film industry]], music, art and architecture etc. Among the notable people are [[Vaddadi Papaiah]], [[J. V. Somayajulu]], [[Gidugu Venkata Ramamoorty]], Sarat babu, LV Revanth(Indian idol), [[Rao Ramesh]], Rao gopala Rao, Sai kumar, [[Pingali Nagendrarao]], and [[Kalipatnam Ramarao]].{{citation needed|date=September 2017}}

== Sports ==

[[Kodi Rammurthy Naidu]] (body builder), [[Karnam Malleswari]] (Olympic medalist), Pujari Sailaja in weight lifting are famous people from the district.

== Education ==
The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools, under the School Education Department of the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=School Education Department|url=http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf|publisher=School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=7 November 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227185018/http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf|archive-date=27 December 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Department of School Education – Official AP State Government Portal|url=http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/|website=www.ap.gov.in|access-date=7 November 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107155331/http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/|archive-date=7 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> As per the school information report for the academic year 2015–16, there are 3,875 schools. They include, 55 government, 2,833 mandal and zilla parishads, 1 residential, 573 private, 14 model, 32 Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV), 85 municipal and 282 other types of schools.<ref>{{cite web|title=School Information Report|url=http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls#|website=Commissionerate of School Education|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=8 November 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108154343/http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls|archive-date=8 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The number of students enrolled in primary, upper primary and high schools of the district is 371,472.<ref>{{cite web|title=Student Information Report|url=http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/districtStudentReport.do|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522011144/http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/districtStudentReport.do|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 May 2015|website=Commissionerate of School Education|publisher=Child info 2015–16, District School Education – Andhra Pradesh|access-date=8 November 2016}}</ref>

The only university in the district is [[Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University, Srikakulam]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brau.in/aboutus.shtml|title=Welcome :: Dr.B.R.Ambedkar University, Srikakulam, AP. INDIA|work=brau.in|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624230046/http://www.brau.in/aboutus.shtml|archive-date=24 June 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and medical colleges are [[Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Srikakulam|Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences]] in Srikakulam town, GEMS—Great Eastern Medical Speciality and Hospital in Ragolu village.

== Temples ==
There are seven temples under the management of Endowments Department.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tms.ap.gov.in/binfo|title=Trust Boards Abstract|website=AP Temples Portal, Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 July 2018}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Trust controlled Temples
|-
|'''S.no'''
|'''Temple'''||'''Mandal'''||'''Village'''
|-
|1
|Sri Kodanda Rama Swamy Temple || SRIKAKULAM ||BALAGA (RURAL)
|-
|2
|Sri Maninageswara Swamy Temple ||SRIKAKULAM ||KALLEPALLE
|-
|3
|Sri Kothamma Ammavari Temple || KOTABOMMILI || KOTABOMMILI
|-
|4
|Sri Neelamani Durga Ammavari Temple ||PATHAPATNAM||PATHAPATNAM
|-
|5
|Sri Yendala Mallikarjuna Swamy Temple ||TEKKALI||RAAVI VALASA
|-
|6
|Sri Hatakeswara Swamy Temple ||SRIKAKULAM||[[Singupuram]]
|-
|7
|Sri kurmam Temple ||GARA||SRI KURMAM
|-
|8
|Sri Suryanarayana Swamy Temple ||ARASAVELLI||ARASAVELLI
|}

==Important commodities produced / manufactured in the district==
Following are the towns & villages with respective commodities produced across the district.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Census of India 2011 Andhra Pradesh District Census Handbook Srikakulam Village and Town Directory |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2811_PART_A_DCHB_SRIKAKULAM.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114032614/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2811_PART_A_DCHB_SRIKAKULAM.pdf |archive-date=2016-11-14 |website=Government of India Census}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|'''S#'''
|'''Town'''||'''Commodities'''
|-
|1
|Srikakulam|| Jute, Bricks, Iron Articles
|-
|2
|Palasa|| Cashew Nuts, Coir Ropes, Sugar
|-
|3
|Ichchapuram || Coir Ropes, Bricks, Stone Carving
|-
|4
|Sompeta || Cashew Nuts, Baskets
|-
|5
|Hiramandalam || Groundnut Oil
|-
|6
|Tekkali || Aluminium Moulding
|-
|7
|Amadalavalasa || Sugar
|-
|8
|Narasannapeta || Jaggery
|-
|9
|Balaga || Jute, Bricks
|-
|10
|Ponduru || Textiles, Ground Nut
|-
|}

== Notable people ==


* [[Sarath Babu]], actor
* [[Gouthu Latchanna]], freedom fighter and politician
* [[Karnam Malleswari]], Indian weightlifter
* [[Kinjarapu Yerran Naidu]], Member of Parliament and Central Minister
* [[Kodi Rammurthy Naidu]], Indian bodybuilder
* [[Grandhi Mallikarjuna Rao]], industrialist
* [[T. Trivikrama Rao]], producer

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links| wikt=no | commons=Category:Srikakulam district | b=no | n=no | q=no | s=no | v=no | voy=no | species=no | d=Q15395}}

* [http://srikakulam.ap.nic.in/ Website of Srikakulam District Collectorate]
* [https://srikakulam.ap.gov.in/ Official website]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Srikakulam district
|North = [[Gajapati district]], [[Odisha]]
|Northeast = [[Ganjam district]], [[Odisha]]
|East = ''[[Bay of Bengal]]''
|Southeast = ''[[Bay of Bengal]]''
|South =''[[Bay of Bengal]]''
|Southwest = [[Vizianagaram district]]
|West = [[Vizianagaram district]], [[Parvathipuram Manyam district]]
|Northwest =
}}

{{Districts of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Cities and towns in Srikakulam district}}
{{Eastern Ghats |state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Srikakulam district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttarandhra]]
[[Category:1950 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Srikakulam district]]

The Canadian Press

2026-03-26T20:42:46Z

Advanced Academy: typo fix

{{Short description|Canadian news agency established in 1917}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Distinguish|text=''[[La Presse]]'', a Quebec newspaper with a similar name in French}}
{{Infobox company
| name = The Canadian Press
| logo = The Canadian Press logo.svg
| image = TheCanadianPress.jpg
| image_caption = The Canadian Press' former head office location on [[King Street (Toronto)|King Street]] in [[Toronto]]
| type = [[Private company|Private]]
| industry = [[News agency]]
| founded = 1917
| hq_location_city = 60 Adelaide St E, [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]]
| hq_location_country = Canada
| owners = {{ubl|''[[The Globe and Mail]]''|[[Square Victoria Communications Group]]|[[Torstar]]}}
| key_people = Andrea Baillie (Editor-in-Chief)<ref>{{cite web |title=Our Newsrooms |url=http://www.thecanadianpress.com/contact/our-newsrooms/ |publisher=The Canadian Press |access-date=May 28, 2021}}</ref>
| products =
| num_employees = 180
| num_employees_year = 
| website = {{official URL}}
}}
'''The Canadian Press''' ('''CP'''; {{langx|fr|La Presse canadienne}}, {{lang|fr|PC}}) is a Canadian national [[news agency]] headquartered in [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]]. Established in 1917 as a vehicle for Canadian newspapers to exchange news and information,<ref name="CP History">{{cite web|title=About Us|url=https://www.thecanadianpress.com/about/|access-date=19 May 2020|website=The Canadian Press}}</ref> The Canadian Press has been a [[privately-held company|private]], [[Nonprofit organization|not-for-profit]] [[cooperative]] owned and operated by its member newspapers for most of its history. In mid-2010, however, it announced plans to become a [[business|for-profit business]] owned by three media companies once certain conditions were met.<ref name="Major">{{cite news|author=Flavelle, Dana|date=November 26, 2010|title=Major publishers invest in Canada's oldest news agency|newspaper=[[Toronto Star]]|url=https://www.thestar.com/business/media/article/897603--major-publishers-invest-in-canada-s-oldest-news-agency|access-date=8 January 2011}}</ref>

Over the years, The Canadian Press and its affiliates have adapted to reflect changes in the [[Mass media|media industry]], including technological changes and the growing demand for [[24-hour news cycle|rapid news updates]]. It currently offers a wide variety of text, audio, photographic, video, and graphic content to websites, radio, television, and commercial clients in addition to newspapers and its longstanding ally, the [[Associated Press]] (AP), a global news service based in the [[United States]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Compelling Licensed Editorial Video |url=http://www.thecanadianpress.com/multimedia/video/licensed-video/ |website=The Canadian Press}}</ref>

==History==
Initially, Canada had only regional news associations, lacking a national wire service. The Canadian Press was created by an act of [[Parliament of Canada|Parliament]] as a news [[Cooperative|co-operative]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Alphabetical list of Private Acts — Miscellaneous|url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/TablePrivateActs/miscellaneous.html|date=2020|website=Justice Laws|publisher=[[Government of Canada]]|access-date=19 May 2020}}</ref> with an annual [[Grant (money)|government grant]] from 1917 to 1924,<ref name="CP History" /> for the purpose of helping newspapers cover and distribute news across the country. Initially operating as a distribution network, its first editorial staff came on board during [[World War I]] to report on the efforts of [[Canadian Armed Forces|Canadian soldiers]] overseas.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

In 1940, the Canadian government suspended the broadcast licenses of [[British United Press]] and [[Transradio Press Service]] both of whom, unlike [[Canadian Press]], sold commercial sponsorships for its news bulletins in violation of government policy. Transport minister [[C.D. Howe]], who was responsible for broadcasting policy, announced that the two wire services must “show their news source is accurate” in order to retain their licenses. After complaints by Transradio that the move was an attempt by “selfish publishing and monopolistic interests … to destroy independent news services throughout the Dominion”, the [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]], which at the time was also responsible for regulating private radio broadcasters, agreed to reinstate Transradio's and BUP's licenses while also announcing a plan to enforce the ban on commercial news broadcasts by editing dispatches by the wire services before they were distributed to radio stations.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Press: No More Sponsors |url=https://time.com/archive/6785973/the-press-no-more-sponsors/ |access-date=July 31, 2024 |work=Time Magazine |date=July 8, 1940}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RWMCAQAAQBAJ&q=Moore&pg=PA118|title=Making National News: A History of Canadian Press|first=Gene|last=Allen|date=1 November 2018|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=9781442615328|access-date=1 November 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n1HmbRcEoRYC&q=Moore&pg=PT47|title=Communicating in Canada's Past: Essays in Media History|first1=Gene|last1=Allen|first2=Daniel|last2=Robinson|date=14 November 2009|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=9781442697003|access-date=1 November 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref>

In 1941, CP created a [[subsidiary]], Press News Limited with Sam. G. Ross as manager, to provide wire copy to radio stations to compete with American-owned Transradio Press Service and British United Press, the Canadian subsidiary of United Press. CP and then Press News sold news copy to the [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] while TPS and BUP sold their copy exclusively to privately owned commercial broadcasters.<ref>{{cite news|title=Charles B. Edwards Heads Press News|date=March 27, 1944|newspaper=[[Edmonton Journal]]|location=Edmonton, Alberta|page=2|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/102205810/edwards-1944/}}</ref><ref name="UPI-1983">{{cite news|title=Canadian News Briefs|date=June 23, 1983|work=[[United Press International]]|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1983/06/23/Canadian-News-Briefs/2743425188800/|access-date=May 20, 2022}}</ref> In 1944, Press News served 35 of 90 [[List of radio stations in Canada|radio stations in Canada]], had a five-person staff in Toronto, and an annual budget of {{currency|90,000|CAD}}.<ref name="Retirement-1971">{{cite news|title=Charles Edwards of Broadcast News retires|agency=The Canadian Press|date=August 13, 1971|newspaper=[[The Brandon Sun]]|location=Brandon, Manitoba|page=10|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/other-articles-clipping-aug-13-1971-3227701/}}</ref> In 1945, CP established a French-language radio news service,<ref name="Retirement-1971" /><ref name="Potts-1996">{{cite web|url=https://broadcasting-history.com/personalities/edwards-charles-b|title=Charles B. Edwards (1906–1983)|last=Potts|first=J. Lyman|date=February 1996|website=History of Canadian Broadcasting|publisher=[[Canadian Communications Foundation]]|access-date=May 19, 2022}}</ref> the first such [[News agency|wire service]] for French broadcasters in North America.<ref name="The-Province-1983">{{cite news|title='BN' Pioneer Dies at 76|date=June 24, 1983|newspaper=[[The Province]]|location=Vancouver, British Columbia|page=2|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/95235260/edwards-1983/}}</ref> CP Picture Service was established in 1948, to wire photographs to television stations and [[List of newspapers in Canada|newspapers in Canada]], instead of the images being mailed via the postal service.<ref name="Retirement-1971" /><ref name="Potts-1996" /> During the 1960s, the Canadian Press entered into an agreement with the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] to transmit images and fingerprints of criminals on the law enforcement organization's behalf using existent wirephoto equipment.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jelinski |first=Jamie |date=2026-01-20 |title=Face the Fax: Bureaucracy and the Unrealized Potential of Wirephoto at the Royal Canadian Mounted Police |url=https://direct.mit.edu/grey/article/doi/10.1162/GREY.a.365/134935/Face-the-Fax-Bureaucracy-and-the-Unrealized |journal=Grey Room |language=en |pages=6–35 |doi=10.1162/GREY.a.365 |issn=1526-3819|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The Canadian Press operates in both English and French, the latter service being established in 1951 as {{lang|fr|La Presse Canadienne}}.<ref name="the-CP-history">{{cite web|title=Our Team & Editorial Values|url=http://www.thecanadianpress.com/about/our-team-values/|website=The Canadian Press|access-date=June 23, 2018}}</ref>

With the arrival of [[radio]] and [[television]], The Canadian Press created Broadcast News (BN) in 1954, a subsidiary to deliver text specifically written for broadcasters.<ref name="Stylebook">McCarten, James (editor). ''The Canadian Press Stylebook: A Guide for Writers and Editors, 18th edition''. Toronto: The Canadian Press, 2017.</ref> On January 1, 1954, BN replaced Press News. The venture operated in co-operation with private broadcasters, and supplied news reports to privately owned radio and [[List of television stations in Canada|television stations in Canada]].<ref>{{cite news|title=News Service to Serve Radio, TV|agency=The Canadian Press|date=January 2, 1954|newspaper=[[The Sun Times (Owen Sound)|The Sun Times]]|location=Owen Sound, Ontario|page=8|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/102205952/broadcast-news-1954/}}</ref> [[Charles Edwards (journalist)|Charles Edwards]] was named the first manager and secretary of BN.<ref name="Potts-1996" /> In 1956, BN established the first national voice news wire service for broadcasters in Canada, which became BN Voice in 1961, which then served 34 radio stations with national and international news.<ref name="Retirement-1971" /> When Edwards retired in 1971, BN had grown to serve 298 radio and television stations in Canada, and increased to 45 staff and a $2-million budget.<ref name="Retirement-1971" /> In 1979, CP added network newscasts for subscribing stations.<ref name="Stylebook" />

In 1985, Canadian Press purchased long-time rival British United Press, by then known as United Press Canada, from [[Sun Media]].<ref>{{cite news |title=United Press Canada absorbed by Canadian Press |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1985/02/01/United-Press-Canada-absorbed-by-Canadian-Press/1339476082000/ |access-date=July 31, 2024 |work=United Press International |date=February 1, 1985}}</ref>

The news agency has a staff of more than 180 [[journalist]]s in its bureaus across Canada,<ref name="the-CP-history" /> as well as a correspondent in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]]. It also operated a bureau in London, England, until 2004, has had reporters covering the [[Afghanistan–Canada relations|Canadian mission in Afghanistan]] since 2002,<ref name="CP History"/> and delivers news coverage to the [[West Indies]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Ford|first=Arthur R.|date=1942|title=The Canadian Press|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/chr-023-03-01|journal=Canadian Historical Review|volume=23|issue=3|pages=241–46|doi=10.3138/chr-023-03-01|s2cid=162029733|issn=0008-3755|url-access=subscription}}</ref> With its alliance through the Associated Press, there is now a worldwide exchange of news.<ref name=":1" />

Canadian Press Enterprises Inc. is the entity that was to "take over the operations of the ''Canadian Press''", according to a November 2010 article in the ''[[Toronto Star]]''.<ref name="Major"/> The new board met for the first time on November 29, 2010, to review the operations of The Canadian Press.<ref name="Major"/> As of January 2020, Torstar, ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'' and Montreal's [[La Presse (Canadian newspaper)|''La Presse'']] continued to be the owners of The Canadian Press.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-02 |title=Media Classified acquires City Parent magazine from Metroland Media|url=https://www.thestar.com/business/media-classified-acquires-city-parent-magazine-from-metroland-media/article_f9b831fa-42ef-577e-bdee-b26e3caf560b.html|access-date=2023-08-25|website=Toronto Star}}</ref>

==Operation==
Playing an essential role in the development of [[Canadian identity]], The Canadian Press is wholly dependent on [[Lease|leased]] [[Telegraphy|telegraphic]] lines in order to send stories back and forth across the country to their vast number of readers''.''<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Miville|first=Serge|date=1969-12-31|title=Gene Allen, Making National News. A History of Canadian Press (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2013).|journal=Left History: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Historical Inquiry and Debate|volume=18|issue=2|doi=10.25071/1913-9632.39319|issn=1913-9632|doi-access=free}}</ref>

In addition to providing news to [[newspapers]], [[radio]], and [[television]], The Canadian Press provides online news and photos. Now, almost every daily newspaper in Canada relies on the service brought forth by The Canadian Press.<ref name=":0" /> It introduced this online breaking news service in 1996 and now its multimedia content is published by most major Canadian news websites. The Canadian Press launched breaking news video in 2007, with clips produced specifically for websites and wireless services.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

On June 30, 2007, [[CanWest]] left The Canadian Press cooperative.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allbusiness.com/services/business-services-miscellaneous-business/4699140-1.html|title=Canadian Press Wire Service Well Prepared If CanWest Pulls Out - Trends & Events > Talks & Meetings from AllBusiness.com}}</ref>

In September 2007, The Canadian Press launched a rebranding campaign in an effort to stay competitive, notably in the wake of the pullout by The CanWest Global's newspaper, television and online news outlets (see below). All of its services, including radio networks '''''Broadcast News''''' and '''''Nouvelles télé-radio''''', were rolled into a single brand: The Canadian Press. The change marked the end of the familiar (CP) service logo.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Coyle |first1=Jim |title=A brand like no other accepts the price of fame |url=https://www.pressreader.com/canada/toronto-star/20070925/281681135503239 |via=PressReader |publisher=[[Toronto Star]] |access-date=6 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211155847/https://www.pressreader.com/canada/toronto-star/20070925/281681135503239 |archive-date=February 11, 2017 |language=en-ca |date=2007-09-25 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The Canadian Press also operates the largest online editorial archive of news pictures shot by [[photojournalists]]. It was the first in Canada to develop this online archive in 1996 and now it is home to over two million digital images with hundreds of images added each day. These photos appear in newspapers, books and magazines, and online. In addition to news and information, The Canadian Press publishes the ''Stylebook'' and ''Caps and Spelling'' book, which are considered the chief [[style guides]] for Canadian journalists, public relations professionals, editors, and writers of all disciplines.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

Through a longstanding partnership, The Canadian Press is the exclusive distributor of the [[Associated Press]] (AP) and [[Associated Press Television News]] (APTN) material in Canada. The AP is likewise the exclusive distributor of The Canadian Press in the United States and worldwide.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

On March 11, 2009, [[Sun Media]] announced that it would also be pulling out of the cooperative.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://business.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20090311.wrcanadianpress12/BNStory/Business/home |location=Toronto |work=The Globe and Mail |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314041301/http://business.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20090311.wrcanadianpress12/BNStory/Business/home |title=Sun Media to pull out of Canadian Press |last=Blackwell |first=Richard |date=March 11, 2019 |archive-date=March 14, 2009 }}</ref>

In July 2010, a tentative deal was struck between The Canadian Press' three largest stakeholders, [[Bell Media|CTVglobemedia]], [[Torstar]], and [[Gesca]], to transform the newswire from a co-operative into a for-profit entity.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://ca.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idCATRE6643ZA20100705?sp=true | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012011043/http://ca.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idCATRE6643ZA20100705?sp=true | url-status=dead | archive-date=October 12, 2011 | work=Reuters | title=Canadian Press in tentative revamp deal: source | date=July 5, 2010}}</ref> On November 26, 2010, Torstar, ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', and Square Victoria Communications Group announced they have invested in a new for-profit entity, Canadian Press Enterprises Inc., to take over the operations of The Canadian Press. The change in the ownership structure from a non-profit co-operative to a for-profit private business allowed the company to cover its pension needs and take advantage of future business opportunities, Phillip Crawley, publisher of ''The Globe and Mail'', said in an interview, November 26, 2010. The Canadian Press had a serious pension shortfall, which was, in 2010, valued at $34.4 million.<ref name="Major" />

==Notable staff==
* [[Charles Tory Bruce|Charles Bruce]], CP news editor and war correspondent, general superintendent from 1945 to 1963
* [[William Ashbury Buchanan]], elected president of CP in 1944<ref>{{cite news|title=Sport Snap-ups|last=Thomas|first=Syd|agency=The Canadian Press|date=March 31, 1944|newspaper=[[Medicine Hat News|Medicine Hat Daily News]]|location=Medicine Hat, Alberta|page=4|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/sports-clipping-mar-31-1944-3037911/}}</ref>
* [[Charles Edwards (journalist)|Charles Edwards]], CP journalist from 1933 to 1944, manager of Press News from 1944 to 1954, manager of Broadcast News from 1954 to 1971<ref name="Retirement-1971" />
* [[Ross Munro (journalist)|Ross Munro]], CP war correspondent during [[World War II]]
* [[Jean Pouliot]], president of Broadcast News from 1971 to 1977<ref name="CCF-JeanPouliot">{{cite web
| last = Chouinard
| first = Yvon
| title = Jean Adelard Pouliot (1923–2004)
| publisher = Canadian Communications Foundation
| date = August 2004
| url = https://broadcasting-history.ca/personalities/pouliot-jean-adelard-3/
| access-date = June 26, 2025 }}</ref>
* [[Jack Sullivan (journalist)|Jack Sullivan]], CP sports editor from 1948 to 1975<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportshall.ca/hall-of-famers/hall-of-famers-search.html?proID=183&lang=EN|title=Jack Sullivan|year=1983|website=[[Canada's Sports Hall of Fame]]|access-date=January 31, 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Canada|Journalism}}
* [[Canadian Newsmaker of the Year]]
* [[Canadian Press Cable Service]]
* [[CNW Group]]
* [[Quoi de Neuf]]
* [[British United Press]], CP's major competitor from the 1920s until the 1950s

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}
* [https://www.thecanadianpressnews.ca/ CP News Portal]

{{News agencies}}
{{Torstar}}
{{Canadian journalism}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Canadian Press, The}}
[[Category:1917 establishments in Ontario]]
[[Category:Canadian journalism organizations]]
[[Category:Former co-operatives of Canada]]
[[Category:News agencies based in Canada]]
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 1917]]
[[Category:Torstar]]
[[Category:The Globe and Mail]]
[[Category:Power Corporation of Canada]]
[[Category:Companies based in Toronto]]

The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013

2026-03-26T12:03:12Z

Advanced Academy: updated details

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Venkata Rayar

2026-03-26T08:13:34Z

Advanced Academy: New!

{{Short description|Indian civil servant}}
{{One source|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox Officeholder
| name = Venkata Rayar
| image =
| image_size = 250px
| caption =
| office = [[Diwan (title)|Diwan]] of [[Cochin kingdom|Cochin]]
| term_start = 1856
| term_end = 1860
| monarch = [[Ravi Varma IV]]
| predecessor = [[T. Sankara Warrier]]
| successor = [[T. Sankunni Menon]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
}}
'''Venkata Rayar''' aka '''Venkat Rao''' was an Indian administrator who served as the Diwan of Cochin kingdom from 1856 to 1860 under the regime of [https://www.cochinroyalhistory.org/pages.php?menu_id=2&submenu_id=5&submenu2_id=14 Maharaja Ravi Varma IV]. He became Diwan in 1856 on the sudden death of the then Diwan, [[T. Sankara Warrier]]. He was known to be an able and strict administrator who brought in sweeping changes being well respected, despite opposition and political interferences.

In addition to being an administrator, the Diwan was also spiritual and an accomplished scholar. He had a premonition that a Hanuman idol was buried near the [[Pushkarini]] (holy tank) of the main Shiva temple in Ernakulam. Based on his dream vision, this small but very powerful idol of Hanuman was excavated and he requested for land which was promptly provided by the Maharaja. This is now a popular temple called [https://ekmhanumankovil.com/ Sree Hanuman Kovil] located in central Ernakulam (Kochi) next to the [[Ernakulam Shiva Temple|Ernakulam Shiva temple]] and District Court. The temple was consecrated by [https://www.sodematha.in/parampara-details.html?id=32 Shri Vishvapriya Teertharu] of [https://www.sodematha.in/index.html Sode Matha], renowned as Vrundavana Acharya. The history is recorded in Shri Vishvapriya Vilaasa Prabandha by his disciple Kochi Rangappa Acharya. Here is a brief summary:<blockquote>After completing his 4th Paryaaya in Udupi, Vrundavanacharya was invited by [https://www.cochinroyalhistory.org/pages.php?menu_id=2&submenu_id=5&submenu2_id=14 Raja Ravi Varma] to his court in Kochi with great pomp and grandeur. The devoted king asked the saint to stay back for a whole year during which time he expounded [[Madhvacharya|Madhvacharya's]] [[Dvaita Vedanta|Dvaita]] philosophy to many disciples. On the king’s birthday, many scholars were invited to debate on Vedaanta. With a gentle smile, Vrundavana Acharya won them all over, clearing their doubts using Acharya Madhva’s interpretation of the [[Brahma Sutras]] – which he taught the Diwan without referring to the commentary itself. Rangappa Acharya also records the consecration of the [https://ekmhanumankovil.com/ Sree Hanuman Kovil] as well as the installation of Pancha Vrundavana of [[Vadiraja Tirtha|Shri Vadiraaja Tirtha]]. Here is the corresponding extract (Panchama Vilaasa):

''राज-आमात्यम् विष्णु-भक्तम् द्विज-आग्र्यम् ज्ञात्वा तेन प्रार्थितः भाष्यम् अस्मै ।''

''टीकाम् विना तम् च टीका-अर्थ-युक्तम् व्याचक्षाणम् वीक्ष्य लोकाः ननन्दुः ॥ ५.१५ ॥''

''Knowing (ज्ञात्वा) the royal minister (राज-आमात्यम्) [Diwan Venkat Rao] to be a devotee of Vishnu (विष्णु-भक्तम्) and foremost among Brahmana-s (द्विज-आग्र्यम्), being requested (प्रार्थितः) by him (तेन), he (Vrundavanacharya) expounded (व्याचक्षाणम्) the Brahmasutra Bhaashyam (भाष्यम्) to him (अस्मै) – even without (विना) referring to the commentary (टीकाम्) itself, he conveyed its full purport of (टीका अर्थ युक्तम्). Seeing (वीक्ष्य) this, the people (लोकाः) rejoiced (ननन्दुः).''

''तेन अर्थितः श्री-हनुमत्-प्रतीकम् सु-संपुटम् भावि-समीरणस्य ।''

''संस्थापयामास तदीय-भक्ति-बद्धः हनूमान् किल सन्निधत्ते ॥ ५.१६ ॥''

''Requested (अर्थितः) by him (तेन) [Diwan Venkat Rao], the icon (प्रतीकम्) of Shri Hanuman (श्री-हनुमत्) was established (संस्थापयामास), as well as the divine Brindaavana (सु-संपुटम्) [Pancha Vrundaavana] of Shri Vadiraaja, the future Vaayu (भावि-समीर-णस्य). Bound (बद्धः) by devotion (भक्ति) to him (तदीय), Hanuman (हनूमान्) indeed (किल) abides there with his divine presence (सन्निधत्ते).''</blockquote>The temple also has a [[Raghavendra Swamy]] Brindavana. Festivals such as Ramanavami, Hanumad Jayanthi and Rayara Aradhane are conducted on a grand scale.

== References ==

* {{cite book|title=Roots, genesis of socio-economic development of modern India|pages=14|publisher=Voluntary Health Association of India|year=2002}}

[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

Ram Chandra Poudel

2026-03-20T09:42:40Z

Advanced Academy: expanded content

#REDIRECT [[Ram Chandra Paudel]]

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Nisha Ravikrishnan

2026-03-14T19:23:32Z

Advanced Academy: New initial entry w/ refs...

{{short description|Indian Kannada film actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nisha Ravikrishnan
| image =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 09 June 2000
| birth_place = [[Sakaleshpura]], Hassan, Karnataka
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2018–present
| spouse =
| education = B.Com
| alma mater = Aditi Public School(high school)
SJBCMS(B.Com)
}}

'''Nisha Ravikrishnan''', also known as '''Nisha Milana''', is an actress in the [[Kannada]] television. She began her career in television during her school days. She hosted diverse programs on [[Chintu Television]]. Her debut as an actress came with the serial ''[[Sarvamangala Mangalye (TV Series)|Sarvamangala Mangalye]]''. After working for a few months in ''[[Sarvamangala Mangalye (TV Series)|Sarvamangala Mangalye]]'' , she got an opportunity to play a lead role in the serial ''[[Gattimela]]'' on [[Zee Kannada]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://zeekannada.zee5.com/gattimela-actress-nisha-amulyas-character-and-my-real-life-personality-are-dead-opposite/ |title=Gattimela Actress Nisha: Amulya's Character And My Real-Life Personality Are Dead Opposite |date=27 June 2019 |website= |access-date= |quote='Nisha Television Journey |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408082349/https://zeekannada.zee5.com/gattimela-actress-nisha-amulyas-character-and-my-real-life-personality-are-dead-opposite/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Anshu Film marks her debut on Big Screen.

== Life and career ==
Nisha was born to Ravikrishnan and Usha. Ravikrishnan used to perform stage plays with the [[Mandya Ramesh]]'s team. Inspired by her father, she started taking interest in stage plays and cultural activities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/interviews/gattimela-serial-actress-nisha-ravikrishnan-interview/articleshow/74252040.cms?story=1 |title=Gattimela-serial-actress-nisha-ravikrishnan-interview}}</ref> She is trained in [[Carnatic music]] and [[Bharatanatyam]]. She hosted her debut programme on [[Chintu Television]] during her school days.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/280219/a-nish-in-drama.html |title=A 'Nish' in drama! |date=28 February 2019 |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |accessdate=5 July 2020}}</ref> She was seen as back dancer (Bharatanatyam Dancer) in a song named 'Nee Nanagoskara' of Kannada film [[Ishtakamya]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiannewslive.com/gattimela-serial-nisha-ravikrishnan-is-a-back-dancer-in-vijay-surya-cinema/ |title=gattimela serial nisha Ravikrishnan is a back stage dancer in vijay Suriya cinema}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Her first opportunity as an actor came through ''Sarva Mangala Managalye'', a serial on [[Star Suvarna]] where she portrayed the role of lead character sister. After working for a few years in supporting roles, she got an opportunity as the lead actress in ''[[Gattimela]]'' opposite [[Rakshith Gowda|Rakksh]] of [[Mangala Gowri Maduve|''Putta Gowri Maduve'']] fame.

==Recognitions==
Nisha was named in the list of Bengaluru Times Most Desirable Women in Television for the year 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/here-are-the-bangalore-times-most-desirable-women-on-tv-2019/articleshow/73517792.cms |title=times most desirable women in television 2019 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Program
! Role
! Language
! Channel
! Notes
|-
| 2018–2019
|''[[Sarvamangala Mangalye (TV Series)|Sarvamangala Mangalye]]''
| Nithya
| rowspan = "2" | Kannada
| [[Star Suvarna]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/sarvamangala/s-1568 |title=Sarvamangala Mangalye - Disney+ Hotstar |access-date=19 April 2020 |archive-date=15 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215180726/https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/sarvamangala/s-1568 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 2019–2024
|''[[Gattimela]]''
| Amulya
| [[Zee Kannada]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/everyone-delighted-about-adya's-pregnancy-gattimela/0-6-1392/everyone-delighted-about-adya's-pregnancy-gattimela/0-1-manual_2voun4m1qsh0 |title=ZEE5}}</ref>
|-
| 2021–2022
| ''Muthyamantha Muddu''
| Geetha
| rowspan = "2" | Telugu
| rowspan = "2" | [[Zee Telugu]]
|
|-
|2022-2025
| ''Ammayigaru''
| Apuroopa
|
|-
| 2024–present
| ''Annayya''
| Dr Parvathi
| Kannada
| Zee Kannada
|
|}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year!! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes !! Ref.
|-
|2024
|''Anshu''
|Dhriti
| rowspan = "2" |Kannada
|Female Oriented film
|<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/big-screen-debut/articleshow/115226526.cms|title= Nisha Ravikrishnan Bigscreen Debut|website= Bangalore Mirror|access-date=13 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2025
| ''[[Andondittu Kaala]]''
|Saakshi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-01-28 |title=Vinay Rajkumar's 'Andondittu Kaala' eyes March release |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Jan/28/vinay-rajkumars-andondittu-kaala-eyes-march-release |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Awards ==
{{Awards table|4}}
|-
| rowspan = "2"| 2019
| rowspan = "9" |''[[Gattimela]]''
| Favourite Actor in Lead Role (Female)
| rowspan = "9"| [[Zee Kannada]] Kutumba Awards
| {{Won}}
|Received from [[Bharathi Vishnuvardhan]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://balkaninews.com/news/zee-kutumba-awards-2019-winners-list-are-here/ |title=Zee Kutumba Awards 2019 Winners List are here |date=22 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/zee-kutumba-awards-2019-curtain-raiser-october-19-2019/0-6-2115/zee-kutumba-awards-2019-curtain-raiser-october-19-2019/0-1-280176 |title=ZEE5}}</ref>
|-
| Favourite Jodi (with [[Rakshith Gowda|Rakksh]])
| {{Won}}
|Received from [[Sathish Ninasam]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/zee-kutumba-awards-2019-part-3-october-29-2019/0-6-2115/zee-kutumba-awards-2019-part-3-october-29-2019/0-1-283230 |title=ZEE5 Awards}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2020
| Best Actor in Lead Role (Female)
| {{Won}}
|Received from [[Dhananjay (actor)|Dhananjay]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://balkaninews.com/news/zee-kutumba-awards-2019-winners-list-are-here/ |title=Zee Kutumba Awards 2019 Winners List are here |date=22 October 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Popular Jodi (with [[Rakshith Gowda|Rakksh]])
| {{Won}}
|Received from Ramji,Arooru Jagdish
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/zee-kutumba-awards-2019-part-3-october-29-2019/0-6-2115/zee-kutumba-awards-2019-part-3-october-29-2019/0-1-283230 |title=ZEE5 Awards}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2021
| Favorite Actor in Lead Role (Female)
| {{Won}}
|Received from [[Malashri]]
|
|-
| Popular Jodi (with [[Rakshith Gowda|Rakksh]])
| {{Won}}
|Received from [[Shiva Rajkumar]]
|
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2022
| Favorite Actor in Lead Role (Female)
| {{Won}}
|Received from [[Sparsha Rekha]]
|
|-
| Popular Jodi (with [[Rakshith Gowda|Rakksh]])
| {{Won}}
|Received from [[Darling Krishna]], [[Milana Nagaraj]]
|
|-
| rowspan = "3" | 2023
| Popular Jodi (with [[Rakshith Gowda|Rakksh]])
| {{Won}}
|Received from Director Prem and Rakshitha
|
|-
| rowspan = "3"| ''Ammayigaru''
| Uttama Kuturu (Best Daughter)
| rowspan = "3"| [[Zee Telugu]] Kutumbam Awards
| {{Won}}
|
|
|-
| Best Chemistry
| {{Won}}
|
|
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2024
| Romantic Couple
| {{Won}}
|
|
|-
| ''[[Annayya (TV series)|Annayya]]''
| Zee Kanmani
| Zee Kannada Kutumba Awards
| {{Won}}
|Received from Milana Nagaraj
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm11515174}}
* {{Instagram|nisha_ravikrishnanoffl_}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ravikrishnan, Nisha}}
[[Category:Kannada actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Actresses from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada television]]
[[Category:2000 births]]

Amit Sheth

2026-03-12T17:22:22Z

Advanced Academy: cleanup

{{Short description|Indian computer scientist}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Amit Sheth
| image =
| caption =
| birth_place = [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| other_names =
| citizenship =
| alma_mater = [[Ohio State University]], [[Birla Institute of Technology and Science]]
| occupation = [[Professor]] at [[University of South Carolina]]
| title = Founding Director of Artificial Intelligence Institute
| website = [https://aiisc.ai/amit Amit Sheth]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Amit Sheth''' is a [[computer scientist]] at [[University of South Carolina]] in [[Columbia, South Carolina]]. He is the founding Director of the [[Artificial Intelligence]] Institute, and a professor of Computer Science and Engineering.
<ref name="Artificial Intelligence Institute">
{{cite web|author = University of South Carolina
|title= USC to open "smart data" artificial intelligence institute
|url=https://www.thestate.com/news/local/education/article231154353.html
|access-date= 2020-12-20
}}</ref> From 2007 to June 2019, he was the Lexis Nexis Ohio Eminent Scholar, director of the Ohio Center of Excellence in Knowledge-enabled Computing,
<ref name="director of the Ohio Center of Excellence in Knowledge-enabled Computing">
{{cite web|author = Wright State University
|title= Amit Sheth, Ph.D. is the Director of Kno.e.sis.
|url=https://webapp2.wright.edu/web1/newsroom/sheth-headshot/
|access-date= 2020-12-21
}}</ref>
and a professor of Computer Science at [[Wright State University]]. Sheth's work has been cited by over 62,000 publications.<ref name="Sheth Google Scholar">{{cite web|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=2T3H4ekAAAAJ|title=Amit Sheth - Google Scholar Citations|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=25 February 2025}}</ref> He has an [[h-index]] of 121,<ref name="Sheth Google Scholar"/> which puts him among the top 100 computer scientists<ref name="Top Scientists by H-Index">{{cite web|url= http://www.knoesis.org/amit/publications/Top-Scientists-2018-March-Guide2Research.pdf|title=Buide2Research - Top Scientists by H-Index - Computer Science and Electronics|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref> with the highest h-index.<ref name="The h Index for Computer Science by Jens Palsberg">{{cite web|url=http://web.cs.ucla.edu/~palsberg/h-number.html|title=The h Index for Computer Science|access-date=22 September 2015}}</ref>
Prior to founding the [[Kno.e.sis Center]], he served as the director of the Large Scale Distributed [[Information Systems]] Lab at the [[University of Georgia]] in [[Athens, Georgia]].

==Education==
Sheth received his bachelor's in engineering from the [[Birla Institute of Technology and Science]] in computer science in 1981. He received his M.S. and Ph.D. in computer science from [[Ohio State University]] in 1983 and 1985, respectively.<ref name="1985 Alumni US">
{{cite web|author = Alumni US
|title= Ohio State University Alumni, 1985
|url=https://alumnius.net/the_ohio_state_unive-9134-year-1985-page8#id26470
|access-date= 2021-01-17
}}</ref><ref name="Amit Sheth, Ph.D. Dissertation">
{{cite thesis|author = OhioLINK - Electronic Theses & Dissertations Center
|title= Amit Sheth, Dissertation Record, OhioLINK
|year= 1985
|publisher= The Ohio State University
|url=https://etd.ohiolink.edu/apexprod/rws_olink/r/1501/10?clear=10&p10_accession_num=osu1487262513408523
|access-date= 2021-01-17
}}</ref>

==Research==

===Semantic interoperability/integration and semantic web===
Sheth has investigated, demonstrated, and advocated for the comprehensive use of [[metadata]]. He explored syntactical, structural, and semantic metadata; recently, he has pioneered ontology-driven approaches to metadata extraction and semantic analytics. He was among the first researchers to utilize [[description logic]]-based ontologies for schema and information integration (a decade before W3C adopted a DL-based ontology representation standard), and he was the first to deliver a keynote about Semantic Web applications in search.<ref name="keynote2000">{{cite web|author = Amit P. Sheth
|title= Semantic Web & Info. Brokering Opportunities, Commercialization and Challenges.
|url=http://www.slideshare.net/apsheth/semantic-web-info-brokering-opportunities-commercialization-and-challenges
|access-date= 2015-01-04
|date= 2009-11-26
}}</ref><ref name="keynote2001">{{cite web|author = Amit P. Sheth
|title= Content Management, Metadata and Semantic Web.
|url=http://www.slideshare.net/apsheth/net-objectdays2001-upload
|access-date= 2015-01-04
|date= 2010-04-29
}}</ref> His work on multi-ontology query processing includes the most cited paper on the topic (over 930 citations<ref name="OBSERVER: An approach for query processing in global information systems based on interoperation across pre-existing ontologies">{{cite journal|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=2T3H4ekAAAAJ&citation_for_view=2T3H4ekAAAAJ:SjuI4pbJlxcC|title=Google Scholar Citations - OBSERVER: An approach for query processing in global information systems based on interoperation across pre-existing ontologies|date=2000 |doi=10.1023/A:1008741824956 |access-date=20 June 2017 |last1=Mena |first1=Eduardo |last2=Illarramendi |first2=Arantza |last3=Kashyap |first3=Vipul |last4=Sheth |first4=Amit P. |journal=Distributed and Parallel Databases |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=223–271 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>). In 1996, he introduced the powerful concept of Metadata Reference Link (MREF) for associating metadata to hypertext that links documents on the Web and described an [[Resource Description Framework|RDF]]-based realization in 1998, before RDF was adopted as a W3C recommendation. Part of his recent work has focussed on [[information extraction]] from text to generate semantic metadata in the form of RDF. In his work, semantic metadata extracted from biological text is made up of complex knowledge structures (complex entities and relationships) that reflect complex interactions in biomedical knowledge.<ref name="ramakrishnan">
{{cite book|author1=Cartic Ramakrishnan |author2=K. J. Kochut|title=The Semantic Web - ISWC 2006: 5th International Semantic Web Conference, ISWC 2006, Athens, GA, USA, November 5-9, 2006, Proceedings |author3=Amit P. Sheth |chapter=A Framework for Schema-Driven Relationship Discovery from Unstructured Text
|doi=10.1007/11926078_42 |year=2006 |series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS) |volume=4273|pages=583–596
|isbn=978-3-540-49029-6}}</ref> Sheth proposed a realization of [[Vannevar Bush]]'s MEMEX vision as the Relationship Web,<ref name="relationshipWeb">
{{cite journal|author1=Amit P. Sheth |author2=Cartic Ramakrishnan |title=Relationship Web: Blazing Semantic Trails between Web Resources
|journal=IEEE Internet Computing |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=77–81 |doi=10.1109/MIC.2007.91 |year=2007|s2cid=3008622 }}</ref> based on the semantic metadata extracted from text. Sheth and his co-inventors were awarded the first known patent for commercial Semantic Web applications in browsing, searching, profiling, personalization, and advertising,<ref name="uspatent6311194">{{cite web|author1=Amit P. Sheth |author2=David Avant |author3=Clemens Bertram |title=System and method for creating a semantic web and its applications in browsing, searching, profiling, personalization and advertising, US 6311194 B1.
|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US6311194
|access-date= 2015-01-04
}}</ref> which led to his founding of the first [[Semantic search|Semantic Search]] company, Taalee.

In 1992, he gave an influential keynote titled "So far (schematically) yet so near (semantically)", which attested to the need for domain-specific semantics, the use of ontological representation for richer semantic modeling/knowledge representation, and the use of context when looking for similarity between objects. His work on using ontologies for information processing encompassed the approach for searching for an ontology-automated<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Arumugam|first1=Madhan|last2=Sheth|first2=Amit P.|last3=Arpinar|first3=I. Budak|date=2002|title=Towards peer-to-peer semantic web: A distributed environment for sharing semantic knowledge on the web|journal=Kno.e.sis Publications|url=http://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/knoesis/680/}}</ref> reasoning for schema integration, semantic search, other applications, and [[semantic query]] processing. The latter involved query transformations using different ontologies for user queries and resources and federated queries—a concept with associated measures and techniques for computing information loss when traversing taxonomic relationships.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Kashyap|first1=Vipul|last2=Sheth|first2=Amit|title=Proceedings of the third international conference on Information and knowledge management - CIKM '94 |chapter=Semantics-based information brokering |date=1994|pages=363–370|doi=10.1145/191246.191309|isbn=978-0897916745|citeseerx=10.1.1.54.9548|s2cid=296653}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Mena|first1=Eduardo|last2=Kashyap|first2=Vipul|last3=Sheth|first3=Amit|last4=Illarramendi|first4=Arantza|title=Proceedings First IFCIS International Conference on Cooperative Information Systems |chapter=Observer: An approach for query processing in global information systems based on interoperation across pre-existing ontologies |date=1996|pages=14–25|doi=10.1109/COOPIS.1996.554955|isbn=978-0-8186-7505-8|citeseerx=10.1.1.35.2779|s2cid=52809082}}</ref>

===Workflow management and semantic web services===
In the early 1990s, he initiated research in the formal modeling, scheduling, and correctness of workflows. His METEOR project demonstrated the value of research with real-world applications; its tools were used in graduate courses in several countries, and its technology was licensed to create a commercial product and was followed up by METEOR-S. He led the research (later joined by [[IBM]]) that resulted in the [[World Wide Web Consortium|W3C]] submission of WSDL-S (Semantic Annotation of [[Web Services Description Language|WSDL]]), the basis for [[SAWSDL]], a [[W3C recommendation]] for adding semantics to [[Web Services Description Language|WSDL]] and [[XML Schema (W3C)|XML Schema]].

For both SAWSDL and SA-REST, he provided leadership in the community-based process followed by the W3C. He coauthored a 1995 paper in the ''Journal of Distributed and Parallel Databases'', which is one of the most cited papers in the area of workflow management literature, with more than 2,330 citations, as well as the most cited among over 430 papers published in that journal.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Georgakopoulos|first1=Diimitrios|last2=Hornick|first2=Mark|last3=Sheth|first3=Amit|date=1995-04-01|title=An overview of workflow management: From process modeling to workflow automation infrastructure|journal=Distributed and Parallel Databases|language=en|volume=3|issue=2|pages=119–153|doi=10.1007/BF01277643|issn=0926-8782|citeseerx=10.1.1.101.5199|s2cid=446699}}</ref> His key technical areas of contribution in workflow management include adaptive workflow management,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Han|first1=Yanbo|last2=Sheth|first2=Amit|last3=Bussler|first3=Christoph|date=1998|title=A taxonomy of adaptive workflow management|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228729962|journal=Workshop of the 1998 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work|pages=1–11}}</ref> exception handling,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Luo|first1=Zongwei|last2=Sheth|first2=Amit|last3=Kochut|first3=Krys|last4=Miller|first4=John|date=2000|title=Exception handling in workflow systems|journal=Applied Intelligence|volume=13|issue=2|pages=125–147|doi=10.1023/a:1008388412284|s2cid=6477503}}</ref> authorization and access control,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wu|first1=Shengli|last2=Sheth|first2=Amit|last3=Miller|first3=John|last4=Luo|first4=Zongwei|date=2002|title=Authorization and access control of application data in workflow systems|journal=Journal of Intelligent Information Systems|volume=18|issue=1|pages=71–94|doi=10.1023/a:1012972608697|s2cid=7959746|url=https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/1905/6/strathprints001905.pdf}}</ref> security, optimization, and quality of service.<ref>{{Cite book|volume = 108|last1=Cardoso|first1=Jorge|last2=Sheth|first2=Amit|last3=Miller|first3=John| title=Enterprise Inter- and Intra-Organizational Integration |date=2003|publisher=Springer US|pages=303–311|doi=10.1007/978-0-387-35621-1_31|chapter = Workflow Quality of Service|series = IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology|isbn = 978-1-4757-5151-2|chapter-url = https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/knoesis/787|url = https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2163&context=knoesis}}</ref>

===Information integration, database interoperability/integration, and database federations===
In the 1980s, large organizations wanted to couple multiple autonomous databases to accomplish certain tasks, but how this could be accomplished from a technical perspective wasn't understood. Starting in 1987, Sheth gave a number of tutorials at ICDE, VLDB, SIGMOD, and other major conferences in the area of distributed (federated) [[data management]] and developed scientific foundations and architectural principles to address these issues of database interoperability. He developed a clean [[reference architecture]], covered in his most cited paper on federated databases.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sheth|first1=Amit P.|last2=Larson|first2=James A.|date=1990|title=Federated database systems for managing distributed, heterogeneous, and autonomous databases|journal=ACM Computing Surveys |volume=22|issue=3|pages=183–236|doi=10.1145/96602.96604|citeseerx=10.1.1.381.9176|s2cid=47120670}}</ref> It provides an architecture consisting of a range of tightly (i.e., global as a view) to loosely coupled (i.e., local as a view) alternatives for dealing with three dimensions: distribution, heterogeneity, and autonomy. Later, he led the development of a schema integration tool in the USA.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Sheth|first1=Amit P.|last2=Larson|first2=James A.|last3=Cornelio|first3=Aloysius|last4=Navathe|first4=Shamkant B.|title=Proceedings. Fourth International Conference on Data Engineering |chapter=A tool for integrating conceptual schemas and user views |date=1988|pages=176–183|doi=10.1109/ICDE.1988.105459|isbn=978-0-8186-0827-8|s2cid=291677|url=https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/knoesis/842}}</ref>

Sheth analyzed the limitations resulting from the autonomy of the individual databases and worked towards deep integration by developing specification models for interdatabase dependencies, allowing for a limited degree of coupling to ensure global consistency for critical applications.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rusinkiewicz|first1=Marek|last2=Sheth|first2=Amit|last3=Karabatis|first3=George|date=1991|title=Specifying interdatabase dependencies in a multidatabase environment|journal=Computer|volume=24|issue=12|pages=46–53|doi=10.1109/2.116888|s2cid=17988570|url=https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2202&context=knoesis|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Together with Dimitrios Georgakopoulos and Marek Rusinkiewicz, he developed the ticketing method for [[concurrency control]] of global transactions that need to see and preserve a consistent state across multiple databases.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Georgakopoulos|first1=Dimitrios|last2=Rusinkiewicz|first2=Marek|last3=Sheth|first3=Amit|title=[1991] Proceedings. Seventh International Conference on Data Engineering |chapter=On serializability of multidatabase transactions through forced local conflicts |date=1991|pages=314–323|doi=10.1109/ICDE.1991.131479|isbn=978-0-8186-2138-3|s2cid=12690413}}</ref> This work, which was recognized with a best paper award at the 1991 International Conference on Data Engineering Conference, was awarded a patent and resulted in progress on multidatabase transactions by other researchers.

His work continued in the areas of the integration and interoperability of networked databases in enterprises to Web-based database access.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N_3JwJuN314C&dq=info:PEagsQDr2ooJ:scholar.google.com&pg=PA5|title=Interoperating geographic information systems|last=Sheth|first=Amit P.|date=1999|publisher=Springer Netherlands|volume=495|pages=5–30|isbn=9780792384366}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ouksel|first1=Aris M.|last2=Sheth|first2=Amit|date=1999|title=Semantic interoperability in global information systems|journal= ACM SIGMOD Record|volume=28|issue=1|pages=5–12|doi=10.1145/309844.309849|s2cid=3351799|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=309849 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> He has also helped to characterize metadata and develop the techniques that extract and use metadata for integrated access to a variety of content, ranging from databases to multimedia/multimodal data.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://eprints.cs.univie.ac.at/1610|title=Multimedia Data Management: Using Metadata to Integrate and Aplly Digital Media|last1=Klas|first1=Wolfgang|last2=Sheth|first2=Amit|date=1998}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/2619751|title=Metadata for Building the MultiMedia Patch Quilt.|last1=Kashyap|first1=Vipul|last2=Shah|first2=Kshitij|last3=Sheth|first3=Amit P.|date=1996}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=erTkBwAAQBAJ&dq=info:yvM7oeE6DVIJ:scholar.google.com&pg=PP12|title=Information brokering across heterogeneous digital data: a metadata-based approach|last1=Kashyap|first1=Vipul|last2=Sheth|first2=Amit P.|date=2006|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9780306470288}}</ref>

===Richer relationship identification on linked open data===
Sheth has been a strong proponent of identifying a richer and broader set of relationships, such as [[meronomy]] and [[causality]], on the [[Semantic Web]]. His idea of a "relationship web"<ref>{{cite book|doi=10.1145/1290067.1290068 |publisher=Dl.acm.org |date=2007-09-28 |isbn=9781595937827 |title=Workshop on multimedia information retrieval on the many faces of multimedia semantics - MS '07 |pages=1–2 |last1=Sheth |first1=Amit |chapter=Relationship web|s2cid=33880601 }}</ref> is inspired from the vision of [[memex]] given by [[Vannevar Bush]]. Since the inception of [[linked data]] he emphasized the utilization of schema knowledge and the information present on the Web and in linked data for this purpose. These ideas led to a system called BLOOMS<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wiki.knoesis.org/index.php/BLOOMS |title=BLOOMS |publisher=Wiki.knoesis.org |date= |access-date=2013-10-17}}</ref> for the identification of schema-level relationships between datasets belonging to linked data. Another related system called PLATO allowed for the identification of [[Meronomy|partonomical]] relationship between entities on linked data.

===Semantics and knowledge-empowered information extraction/NLP/ML, search, browsing, and analysis===

In 1993, he initiated InfoHarness, a system that extracted metadata from diverse content (news, software code, and requirements documents) using a Mozilla browser-based [[faceted search]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shklar|first1=Leon|last2=Sheth|first2=Amit|last3=Kashyap|first3=Vipul|last4=Shah|first4=Kshitij|date=1995|title=InfoHarness: Use of automatically generated metadata for search and retrieval of heterogeneous information|journal=Advanced Information Systems Engineering|volume=141|pages=217–230|doi=10.1007/3-540-59498-1_248|series=Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design|isbn=978-3-319-98176-5|citeseerx=10.1.1.697.7942}}</ref> This system transitioned into a product by Bellcore in 1995 and was followed by a metadata-based search engine for a personal, electronic program guide and Web-based videos for a cable set-top box.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sheth|first1=Amit|last2=Bertram|first2=Clemens|last3=Shah|first3=Kshitij|date=1999|title=Video anywhere: a system for searching and managing distributed heterogeneous video assets |journal= ACM SIGMOD Record|volume=28|issue=1|pages=104–114|doi=10.1145/309844.310067|s2cid=14275737}}</ref> He licensed this technology he developed at the University of Georgia for his company Taalee in the same year that [[Tim Berners-Lee|Tim-Berners Lee]] coined the term [[Semantic Web]]. In the first keynote on Semantic Web given anywhere,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sheth|first=Amit P.|date=2000|title=Semantic web and information brokering: Opportunities, commercialization, and challenges|journal=Kno.e.sis Publications|url=http://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/knoesis/550/}}</ref> Sheth presented Taalee's commercial implementation of a semantic search engine, which is covered the patent "System and method for creating a semantic web and its applications in browsing, searching, profiling, personalization and advertising".

This 1999–2001 incarnation of semantic search (as described in the patent document) started with extensive tooling to create an ontology/WorldModel (today's knowledge graph) to design a schema and then automatically extract information (through knowledge extraction agents) and incorporate knowledge from multiple high-quality sources to populate the ontology and keep it fresh. This involves machinery for disambiguation to identify what is new and what has changed.

Then the data extraction agents which supported diverse content either pulled (crawled) or pushed (e.g., syndicated news in NewsML), called upon a nine-classifier committee (using bayesian, HMM, and knowledge-based classifiers) to determine the domains of the content, identify the relevant subset of the ontology to use, and perform semantic annotation. "Semantic Enhancement Engine: A Modular Document Enhancement Platform for Semantic Applications over Heterogeneous Content" is one of the earliest publications demonstrating the unusual effectiveness of knowledge-based classifiers compared with more traditional ML techniques.<ref>
{{Cite journal|last1=Hammond|first1=Brian|last2=Sheth|first2=Amit|last3=Kochut|first3=Krzysztof|date=2002|title=Semantic Enhancement Engine: A Modular Document Enhancement Platform for Semantic Applications over Heterogeneous Content|journal=Real World Semantic Web Applications|volume=92|pages=29–49|s2cid=5705718}}</ref> The third component of the system utilized ontology and metadata (annotation) to support semantic search, browsing, profiling, personalization, and advertising.

This system also supported a dynamically generated "Rich Media Reference" (a.k.a. Google's Infobox) which not only displayed metadata about the searched entity pulled from the ontology and metabase but also provided what was termed "blended semantic browsing and querying".<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sheth|first1=Amit|last2=Bertram|first2=Clemens|last3=Avant|first3=David|last4=Hammond|first4=Brian|last5=Kochut|first5=Krys|last6=Warke|first6=Yashodhan|date=2002|title=Managing semantic content for the Web|journal=IEEE Internet Computing|volume=6|issue=4|pages=80–87|doi=10.1109/mic.2002.1020330|url=https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1931&context=knoesis|url-access=subscription}}</ref> He also led efforts in other forms/modality of data, including social and sensor data. He coined the term "Semantic Sensor Web" and initiated and chaired<ref name="Semantic Sensor Network Incubator Group Charter">
{{cite web|author = Semantic Sensor Network Incubator Group, World Wide Web Consortium
|title= Semantic Sensor Network Incubator Group Charter
|url=https://www.w3.org/2005/Incubator/ssn/charter
|access-date= 2021-01-17
}}</ref><ref name="Semantic Sensor Network XG Final Report">
{{cite web|author = Semantic Sensor Network Incubator Group, World Wide Web Consortium
|title= Semantic Sensor Network XG Final Report, W3C Incubator Group Report 28 June 2011
|url=https://www.w3.org/2005/Incubator/ssn/XGR-ssn-20110628/
|access-date= 2021-01-17
}}</ref> the W3C effort on Semantic Sensor Networking that resulted in a de facto standard.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Compton |first1=Michael |last2=Barnaghi |first2=Payam |last3=Bermudez |first3=Luis |last4=GarcíA-Castro |first4=RaúL |last5=Corcho |first5=Oscar |last6=Cox |first6=Simon |last7=Graybeal |first7=John |last8=Hauswirth |first8=Manfred |last9=Henson |first9=Cory |date=2012 |title=The SSN ontology of the W3C semantic sensor network incubator group |journal=Web Semantics: Science, Services and Agents on the World Wide Web |volume=17 |pages=25–32 |doi=10.1016/j.websem.2012.05.003 |doi-access=free|hdl=10379/10861 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> He introduced the concept of semantic perception to reflect the process of converting massive amounts of IoT data into higher level abstractions to support human cognition and perception in decision making, which involves an IntellegO ontology-enabled abductive and deductive reasoning framework for iterative hypothesis refinement and validation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Henson |first1=Cory |last2=Sheth |first2=Amit |last3=Thirunarayan |first3=Krishnaprasad |date=2012 |title=Semantic perception: Converting sensory observations to abstractions |journal=IEEE Internet Computing |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=26–34 |doi=10.1109/mic.2012.20|s2cid=18868397 }}</ref>

===Real-time scalable social media analytics===
In early 2009 he initiated and framed the issue of social media analysis in a broad set of semantic dimensions he called "Spatio-Temporal-Thematic" (STT). He emphasised the analysis of social data from the perspective of people, content, sentiment analysis and emotions. This idea led to a system called Twitris,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://twitris.knoesis.org/ |title=Twitris |publisher=Twitris.knoesis.org |access-date=2013-10-17}}</ref> which employs dynamically evolving [[semantic model]]s<ref name="sheth2010continuous">
{{cite journal |author1=Amit Sheth |author2=Christopher Thomas |author3=Pankaj Mehra |title=Continuous Semantics to Analyze Real-Time Data
|journal=IEEE Internet Computing |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=84–89 |url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1916566
|access-date=2012-09-04
|doi=10.1109/MIC.2010.137 |year=2010|s2cid=5392093 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> produced by the Semantic Web project Doozer<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.knoesis.org/research/semweb/projects/Doozer |title=Doozer |publisher=Knoesis.org |date=2001-05-17 |access-date=2013-10-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017102455/http://www.knoesis.org/research/semweb/projects/Doozer |archive-date=2013-10-17}}</ref> for this purpose. Twitris system can identify people's emotions (such as: joy, sadness, anger, fear, etc.) from their social media posts<ref name=sheth2014twitris>{{cite book |last1=Sheth |first1=Amit |last2=Jadhav |first2=Ashutosh |last3=Kapanipathi |first3=Pavan |last4=Chen |first4=Lu |last5=Purohit |first5=Hemant |last6=Smith |first6=Gary |last7=Wang |first7=Wenbo |title=Encyclopedia of Social Network Analysis and Minine. |date=2014 |publisher=Springer Verlag|isbn=978-1-4614-6169-2 |url=http://knoesis.org/library/download/Twitris-encyclopedia-knoesis.pdf |access-date=21 September 2015 }}</ref> by applying machine learning techniques with millions of self-labeled emotion tweets.<ref name=wang2012harnessing>{{cite book |doi=10.1109/SocialCom-PASSAT.2012.119|chapter = Harnessing Twitter "Big Data" for Automatic Emotion Identification |title=2012 International Conference on Privacy, Security, Risk and Trust and 2012 International Conference on Social Computing |pages=587–592 |year=2012 |last1=Wang |first1=Wenbo |last2=Chen |first2=Lu |last3=Thirunarayan |first3=Krishnaprasad |last4=Sheth |first4=Amit P. |isbn=978-1-4673-5638-1|s2cid = 17120085 }}</ref>

== Entrepreneurship ==
Sheth founded Infocosm, Inc. in 1997, which licensed and commercialized the METEOR technology from the research he led at the University of Georgia, resulting in distributed workflow management products, WebWork<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Miller|first1=John A.|last2=Palaniswami|first2=Devanand|last3=Sheth|first3=Amit P.|last4=Kochut|first4=Krys J.|last5=Singh|first5=Harvinder|date=1998-03-01|title=WebWork: METEOR2's Web-Based Workflow Management System|journal=Journal of Intelligent Information Systems|language=en|volume=10|issue=2|pages=185–215|doi=10.1023/A:1008660827609|s2cid=20955969|issn=0925-9902}}</ref> and ORBWork.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Das|first1=S.|last2=Kochut|first2=K.|last3=Miller|first3=John|last4=Sheth|first4=Amit|last5=Worah|first5=D.|year=1996|title=ORBWork: A Reliable Distributed CORBA-based Workflow Enactment System for METEOR2}}</ref> He founded Taalee, Inc. in 1999 based on licensing VideoAnywhere technology<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sheth|first1=Amit|last2=Bertram|first2=Clemens|last3=Shah|first3=Kshitij|date=March 1999|title= Video anywhere: a system for searching and managing distributed heterogeneous video assets |journal= ACM SIGMOD Record|volume=28|issue=1|pages=104–114|doi=10.1145/309844.310067|s2cid=14275737|issn=0163-5808}}</ref> based on the research he led at the University of Georgia. The first product from Taalee was a semantic search engine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.streamingmediaworld.com/gen/reviews/searchassociation/|title=The Streaming Search Engine That Reads Your Mind|last=Townley|first=John|date=August 10, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206030927/http://streamingmediaworld.com/gen/reviews/searchassociation/|archive-date=December 6, 2008|url-status=}} [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265181047_The_Streaming_Search_Engine_That_Reads_Your_Mind Alt URL]</ref><ref>{{cite patent|title=System and method for creating a semantic web and its applications in browsing, searching, profiling, personalization and advertising|pubdate=Oct 30, 2001|inventor-last=Sheth|inventor2-last=Avant|inventor3-last=Bertram|inventor-first=Amit|inventor2-first=David|inventor3-first=Clemens|country=US|number=6311194}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Amit Sheth|date=2009-11-26|title=Semantic Web & Information Brokering: Opportunities, Commercializatio…|url=https://www.slideshare.net/apsheth/semantic-web-info-brokering-opportunities-commercialization-and-challenges}}</ref> Taalee became Voquette<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sheth|first1=A.|last2=Bertram|first2=C.|last3=Avant|first3=D.|last4=Hammond|first4=B.|last5=Kochut|first5=K.|last6=Warke|first6=Y.|date=July 2002|title=Managing semantic content for the Web|journal=IEEE Internet Computing|volume=6|issue=4|pages=80–87|doi=10.1109/MIC.2002.1020330|issn=1089-7801|url=https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1931&context=knoesis|url-access=subscription}}</ref> after merger in 2002, and then Semagix in 2004.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=http://www.cs.jyu.fi/ai/OntoGroup/IASW-2005/|chapter=Enterprise Applications of Semantic Web: The Sweet Spot of Risk and Compliance|last=Sheth|first=Amit|title=Industrial Applications of Semantic Web|s2cid=7941137|date=August 25, 2005|website=Industrial Applications of Semantic Web 2005|series=IFIP — the International Federation for Information Processing|volume=188|pages=47–62|doi=10.1007/0-387-29248-9_3|isbn=0-387-28568-7}}</ref> In 2016, Cognovi Labs was founded based on the Twirtis technology<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Sheth|first1=A.|last2=Purohit|first2=H.|last3=Smith|first3=G. A.|last4=Brunn |first4=J.|last5=Jadhav|first5=A.|last6=Kapanipathi|first6=P.|last7=Lu|first7=C.|last8=Wang|first8=W.|title=Encyclopedia of Social Network Analysis and Mining |chapter=Twitris: A System for Collective Social Intelligence |date=May 2017|volume=2nd Edition|pages=1–23|doi=10.1007/978-1-4614-7163-9_345-1|isbn=978-1-4614-7163-9}}</ref> resulting from the research he led at the Kno.e.sis Center of the Wright State University.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.daytondailynews.com/business/local-start-hails-big-investments/ih3ZFHXdzMZJDQRXsxeewM/|title=Local start-up hails big investments|work=daytondailynews|access-date=2017-07-06}}</ref> He also served as its chief innovator and serves on the board. The technology was successfully used to predict Brexit<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/06/29/the-twitris-sentiment-analysis-tool-by-cognovi-labs-predicted-the-brexit-hours-earlier-than-polls/|title=The Twitris sentiment analysis tool by Cognovi Labs predicted the Brexit hours earlier than polls {{!}} TechCrunch|last=Donovan|first=Jay|date=29 June 2016 |access-date=2017-07-07}}</ref> and the US 2016 presidential election.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/cognovi-labs-twitter-analytics-startup-181700129.html|title=Cognovi Labs: Twitter Analytics Startup Predicts Trump Upset in Real-Time|access-date=2017-07-06|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017094333/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/cognovi-labs-twitter-analytics-startup-181700129.html|archive-date=2017-10-17|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Awards==
* IEEE Computer Society W. Wallace McDowell Award 2023 “For pioneering and enduring contributions to information integration, data and service semantics, and knowledge-enhanced computing.<ref name="Amit Sheth Recipient of IEEE Computer Society W. Wallace McDowell Award">
{{cite web|author = University of South Carolina
|title= Amith Sheth Recipient of IEEE Computer Society W. Wallace McDowell Award
|url=https://cse.sc.edu/news/dr-sheth-recipient-ieee-computer-society-w-wallace-mcdowell-award
|access-date= 2023-06-13
}}</ref><ref name="2023 W. Wallace McDowell Award">
{{cite web|author = IEEE Computer Society
|title= Amit Sheth - Award Recipient
|date= 26 January 2023
|url=https://www.computer.org/profiles/amit-sheth
|access-date= 2023-06-13
}}</ref>
* Selected 2020 ACM Fellow “For contributions to data semantics and knowledge-enhanced computing.<ref name="I2020 ACM Fellow">
{{cite web|author = ACM
|title= ACM Fellow Award
|url=http://tab.computer.org/tcsvc/activities/
|access-date= 2020-12-21
}}</ref><ref name="recognition of his pioneering and enduring research">
{{cite web|author = University of South Carolina
|title= All Award Winners
|url=https://awards.acm.org/award_winners?year=2020&award=158
|access-date= 2021-01-16
}}</ref>
* IEEE TCSVC Research Innovation Award, “in “recognition of his pioneering and enduring research, applications and adoption of distributed workflow processes and semantics in services computing,” 2020.<ref name="IEEE TCSVC Research Innovation Award">
{{cite web|author = IEEE
|title= IEEE TCSVC Awards
|url=http://tab.computer.org/tcsvc/activities/
|access-date= 2020-12-21
}}</ref><ref name="recognition of his pioneering and enduring research2">
{{cite web|author = University of South Carolina
|title= Dr. Sheth wins IEEE TCSVC Research Innovation Award 2020
|url=https://www.cse.sc.edu/news/dr-sheth-wins-ieee-tcsvc-research-innovation-award-2020
|access-date= 2020-12-21
}}</ref>
*Distinguished Alumni Award for Academic Excellence, College of Engineering, Ohio State University, 2019.<ref name="Distinguished Alumni Award">
{{cite web|author = Ohio State University
|title= College recognizes 22 elite alumni for achievement, service
|date= 4 October 2019
|url=https://engineering.osu.edu/news/2019/10/college-recognizes-22-elite-alumni-achievement-service
|access-date= 2020-12-21
}}</ref>
* Elected [[AAAS Fellow]] (Class of 2018) for his pioneering and enduring contributions on information integration, distributed workflow, and semantics and knowledge-based big data analytics.<ref name="AAAS Fellow Award">
{{cite web|author = AAAS
|title= AAAS Honors Accomplished Scientists as 2018 Elected Fellows
|url=https://www.aaas.org/news/aaas-honors-accomplished-scientists-2018-elected-fellows
|access-date= 2018-11-28
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web|author = Wright State University Newsroom
|title= Wright State professor Amit Sheth elected a Fellow of American Association for the Advancement of Sciences
|url=http://webapp2.wright.edu/web1/newsroom/2018/11/27/wright-state-professor-amit-sheth-elected-a-fellow-of-american-association-for-the-advancement-of-sciences/
|access-date= 2018-11-28
}}</ref>
* Elected [[AAAI Fellow]] (Class of 2018) for significant and enduring contribution to semantics and knowledge-based techniques to transform diverse data into insights and actions.<ref name="AAAI Fellow Award">
{{cite web|author = AAAI
|title= Elected AAAI Fellows - 2018
|url=https://www.aaai.org/Awards/fellows-list.php
|access-date= 2018-10-28
}}</ref>
* 2017 Ohio Faculty Council Technology Commercialization Award (runner-up)<ref>
{{cite web|author = Ohio Faculty Council
|title= Ohio Faculty Council - Technology Commercialization Award
|url=https://www.ohiofacultycouncil.org/technology-commercialization-award
|access-date= 2018-10-28
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web|author = Wright State University Newsroom
|title= Citizen Sensing to Insights, Predictions and Decisions
|url=http://webapp2.wright.edu/web1/newsroom/2017/11/13/computer-command/
|access-date= 2018-10-28
}}</ref>
* Elected [[IEEE Fellow]] (Class of 2006) for contributions to [[information integration]] and [[workflow management]].<ref name="ieee_fellow">
{{cite web|author = IEEE
|title= Fellow Class of 2006
|website= [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] (IEEE)
|url=http://www.ieee.org/web/membership/fellows/Chronology/2006.html#S
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214052941/http://www.ieee.org/web/membership/fellows/Chronology/2006.html#S
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=December 14, 2007
|access-date= 2008-05-28
}}</ref>
* Received the [[Trustees]] Award for Faculty Excellence, the highest award given by [[Wright State University]].<ref name="trustees_award">
{{cite web|author = WSU
|title= Faculty Award Winners
|url=http://www.wright.edu/ctl/faculty/awards/
|access-date= 2012-08-06
}}</ref>
* IBM Faculty Award 2004.<ref>{{cite web|title=Amit Sheth homepage|url=http://amit.aiisc.ai|access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sheth, Amit}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian computer scientists]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Ohio State University College of Engineering alumni]]
[[Category:Wright State University faculty]]
[[Category:American Jains]]
[[Category:Fellows of the IEEE]]
[[Category:American academics of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Semantic Web people]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science]]
[[Category:American people of Gujarati descent]]

Aligarh

2026-03-10T07:26:38Z

Advanced Academy: Improved readability and structure

{{About|the municipality in Uttar Pradesh, India|its namesake district|Aligarh district|the 2015 Hindi film|Aligarh (film)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Aligarh
| settlement_type = City
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 275
| image_style =
| perrow = 2/2/2
| image1 = Wisdom_public_school.jpg
| image2 = AMU Masjid - panoramio.jpg
| image3 = Aligarh clock house.jpg
| image4 = Bab E Syed - panoramio.jpg
| image5 = Church of ascension.jpg
|image6 = Aligarh Habitat Center.jpg
|image7 = Kennedy House.jpg
}}
| image_caption = From top, left to right: [[Sir Syed Mosque]]; [[Aligarh Clock Tower]]; Bab-e-Syed, Church of Ascension; Aligarh Habitat Centre; Kennedy House Complex
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.88|N|78.08|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of Uttar Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Aligarh division|Aligarh]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Aligarh district|Aligarh]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1753 as Aligarh
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal corporation|Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Aligarh Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name = Prashant Singhal ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/bjp-dominates-municipal-elections-wins-aligarh-mayor-seat-by-a-massive-margin-of-over-50-000-votes-101684006436050.html |title=BJP wrests Aligarh, continues winning streak in Agra |work=Hindustan Times |date=14 May 2023 |access-date=22 May 2023}}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 178
| population_total = 874408
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census2011"/>
| population_density_km2 =
| population_rank = 53
| population_demonym = Aligarian
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=20 December 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional&nbsp;official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]<ref name="langoff"/>
| demographics1_title3 = Regional
| demographics1_info3 = [[Braj Bhasha]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN Code]]
| postal_code = 202001, 202002
| area_code = 0571
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = UP-81
| website = {{URL|https://aligarh.nic.in/}}
| official_name =
}}

'''Aligarh''' ({{IPA|hi|əliːgəɽʱ}}; formerly known as '''Koil'''<ref name="Chandra">{{Cite book |author=Satish Chandra |author-link=Satish Chandra (historian) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&pg=PA27 |title=Medieval India:From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |year=2004 |isbn=978-8-12411-064-5 |volume=1 |pages=27 |quote=The areas of Meerut, Baran (modern Buland sher) and Koil (modern Aligarh) in upper doab had been under the control of Dor Rajputs, had been occupied by the Turks shortly after the battle of Tarain}}</ref>) is a city in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] in [[India]]. It is the administrative headquarters of [[Aligarh district]] and lies {{convert|342|km}} northwest of state capital [[Lucknow]] and approximately {{convert|130|km|mi|abbr=}} southeast of the capital, [[New Delhi]]. The cities and districts which adjoin Aligarh are: [[Gautam Buddha Nagar district|Gautam Buddha Nagar]], [[Bulandshahr district|Bulandshahr]], [[Sambhal district|Sambhal]], [[Badaun district|Badaun]], [[Kasganj district|Kasganj]], [[Hathras district|Hathras]], [[Etah district|Etah]] and [[Mathura district|Mathura]], as well as [[Palwal district]] of [[Haryana]]. As of 2011, Aligarh is the [[List of cities in India by population|53rd]] most populous city in [[India]].{{cn|date=April 2025}}

The [[recorded history]] of Aligarh begins in the 12th century, under the name Kol.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kol to Aligarh to Harigarh: Name-Changing Moments of the UP District {{!}} 12th Century to 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/india/kol-to-aligarh-to-harigarh-the-name-changing-moments-of-uttar-pradesh-district-12th-century-to-2023-8653770.html |access-date=11 April 2025 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Kol was a major city of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] and [[Mughal Empire]], serving as both a political and economic centre. Beginning with a major rebuilding of the [[Aligarh Fort]] in the 16th century, the city was renamed several times before eventually settling on the current name, Aligarh, in the mid-1700s. It is notable as the seat of [[Aligarh Muslim University]], which was founded here as [[Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College|Mohammadan Anglo-Oriental College]] in 1875, initiating the [[Aligarh Movement]].

==History==
Written references to the city commence only from 12th century onward; however, archaeological records suggest that the town used to be inhabited by [[Jainism|Jains]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Rezavi|first=Syed Ali Nadeem|date=24 September 2021|title=Aligarh or Harigarh?|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/communalism/politics-of-renaming-aligarh-or-harigarh/article36287567.ece|journal=Frontline|pages=60–62|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102010712/https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/communalism/politics-of-renaming-aligarh-or-harigarh/article36287567.ece|archive-date=2 January 2022}}</ref> The area of Aligarh before the [[Ghurid conquest of Khorasan|Ghurid conquest]] of the region was under the sway of [[Dor Rajputs]] in 12th century.<ref name="Chandra" />

In 1194, [[Qutb-ud-din Aibak]] mounted a successful invasion of the region and Hisam-ud-din Ulbak was installed as the first Muslim governor; court-historian [[Hasan Nizami]] noted Kol to be "one of the most celebrated fortresses of Hind".<ref name=":0" /> Beginning the 13th century, the place featured — as Kol or Koil — in multiple [[Persian language|Persian]] (as well as non-Persian) [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultanate]] sources as a center of economic prominence, especially for production of distilled wine.<ref name="Chandra" /><ref name=":0" />By the mid-13th century, the town commanded enough importance for (would-be Sultan) [[Ghiyas ud din Balban]] to erect a minaret.<ref name=":0" />

Under the [[Khalji dynasty|Khiljis]] and [[Tughlaq dynasty|Tughlaqs]], the prominence continued unabated; it had become an ''[[Iqta'#Mamluk sultanate of Delhi|Iqta]]'' by the times of [[Alauddin Khalji]].<ref name=":0" />

===Battle of Aligarh (1803)===
[[File:Gerard Lake.jpg|thumbnail|150px|right|General [[Gerard Lake, 1st Viscount Lake|Lord Gerard Lake]] who oversaw the [[Siege of Aligarh]]]]
The [[Battle of Aligarh]] was fought on 1 September 1803 during the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] (1803–1805) at [[Aligarh Fort]]. The British [[76th Regiment of Foot|76th Regiment]], now known as the [[The Duke of Wellington's Regiment|Duke of Wellington's Regiment]] besieged the fort, which was under the control of the French officer [[Pierre Cuillier-Perron|Perron]], and established British rule. In 1804, the Aligarh district was formed by the union of the second, third and fourth British divisions with the addition of Anupshahr from [[Moradabad|Muradabad]] and Sikandra Rao from [[Etawah|Etawa]]. On 1 August 1804, Claude Russell was appointed the first Collector of the new district.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O54IAAAAQAAJ&q=aligarh+russell&pg=PA348 |title=Descriptive and Historical Account of the Aligarh District |author=Edwin T. Atkinson |page=348 |year=1875 |access-date=13 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705125841/http://books.google.com/books?id=O54IAAAAQAAJ&dq=aligarh+russell&as_brr=1&pg=PA348&ci=131,1035,783,115&source=bookclip |archive-date=5 July 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Administration==
[[Aligarh district]] is divided into five [[tehsil]]s, namely [[Kol Tehsil]], [[Khair|Khair Tehsil]], [[Atrauli]], [[Gabhana]] and [[Iglas]]. These tehsils are further divided into 12 blocks.

The city is administered by Nagar Nigam Aligarh (Municipal Corporation), which is responsible for performing civic administrative functions administered by Mayor and Municipal Commissioner (PCS Officer). Infrastructure development of the city is looked after by the Aligarh Development Authority (ADA) administered by Divisional Commissioner (chairman) and vice-chairman (PCS Officer).

The Uttar Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act-1959 is the Municipal Act under which the city is administered. [[Aligarh Municipal Corporation|AMC]] covers an area of 40 km².<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aligarh Nagar Nigam: नगर निगम चार जोन में बंटा, पहला जोन कार्यालय हुआ शुरू |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/aligarh/aligarh-municipal-corporation-divided-into-four-zones-first-zone-office-started-2023-11-04 |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-06 |title=Aligarh News: 35 गांव शामिल होने से अलीगढ़ नगर निगम में बढ़ेंगे 20 वार्ड, चुने जाएंगे 90 पार्षद |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/up/35-villages-were-added-in-aligarh-municipal-corporation-now-20-wards-will-be-increased-sht |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref>

Aligarh division has four districts : [[Aligarh district|Aligarh]], [[Hathras district|Hathras]], [[Kasganj district|Kasganj]] and [[Etah district|Etah]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Administrative Setup {{!}} District Aligarh, Government of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://aligarh.nic.in/administrative-setup/ |access-date=2025-12-19 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Aligarh is the headquarters of Aligarh Police Range and [[Aligarh Division]].

As per the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, the Aligarh Municipal Corporation reported a revenue of ₹365 crore and an expenditure of ₹257 crore in 2022–23. Taxes contributed to 35.1% of the revenue, with 64.9% of the income coming from other sources.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aligarh Municipal Data |url=https://www.cityfinance.in/municipal-data/city/aligarh |publisher=Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India |access-date=1 April 2025}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Aligarh city (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Uttar Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11394/download/14507/DDW09C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|55.36}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Uttar Pradesh|Islam]]|green|42.64}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Uttar Pradesh|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.53}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.47}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}

According to the 2011 Census, Aligarh has a total population of 874,408, of which 461,772 are males and 412,636 are females. Population in the age range 0–6 years is 119,543. The literacy rate is 59.15%, of which the male literacy rate is 63.42% and female literacy rate is 54.37%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Aligarh was 68.5%, of which male literacy rate was 62.9% and the female literacy rate was 70.8%. The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] have a population of 138,184 and 332 respectively. There were 147,363 households in Aligarh as of 2011.<ref name="Census2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India: Search Details |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=140882 |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |access-date=29 September 2019}}</ref> The city lies in the cultural region of [[Braj]].<ref name="LuciaMichelutti1">{{cite web | url=http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2106/1/U613338.pdf | title=Sons of Krishna: the politics of Yadav community formation in a North Indian town | publisher=London School of Economics and Political Science University of London | work=PhD Thesis Social Anthropology | date=2002 | access-date=20 May 2015 | author=Lucia Michelutti | pages=49}}</ref>
<gallery>
File:Khalifa Daud, Aligarh.png|Sunni Muslim, Aligarh
File:Meer Inayut Hosein, Shiah Mahomedan, a Syud or descendant of Mahomed, Allyghur.png|Shia Muslim, Aligarh
</gallery>

{{pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = Languages in Aligarh (2011)<ref name="Lang"/>
|label1 = [[Hindi]] |value1 = 81.50 |color1 = orange
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 17.20 |color2 = green
|label3 = Others |value3 = 1.20 |color3 = grey
}}

[[Hindi]] is the most spoken language. Urdu is the second-largest language.<ref name="Lang">{{cite web |title=2011 Census of India, Population By Mother Tongue - Uttar Pradesh (Town Level) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10235/download/13347/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-0900.XLSX |access-date=27 June 2022 |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Geography==
===Location===
Aligarh is located at the coordinates {{coord|27.88|N|78.08|E|}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/36/Aligarh2.html |title=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc – Aligarh |publisher=Fallingrain.com |access-date=13 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011080051/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/36/Aligarh2.html |archive-date=11 October 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> It has an elevation of approximately 178 metres (587 feet). The city is in the middle portion of the [[Doab#The Doab|doab]], the land between the [[Ganges River|Ganges]] and the [[Yamuna River|Yamuna]] rivers. The [[Grand Trunk Road]] passes through it via NH-91 is 134&nbsp;km from capital of India.

==Climate==
Aligarh has a [[hot semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''BSh'') a little too dry to be a monsoon-influenced [[humid subtropical climate]] (''Cwa''). Summers start in April and are hot with temperatures peaking in May. The average temperature range is {{convert|28|-|38|C|F}}. The monsoon season starts in late June, continuing until early October, bringing high humidity. Aligarh gets most of its annual rainfall of {{convert|800|mm|in}} during these months. Temperatures then decrease, and winter sets in December, and continues until February. Temperatures range between {{convert|2|-|11|C|F}}. Winters in Aligarh are generally mild, but 2011–12 experienced the lowest temperature of 1&nbsp;°C. The fog and cold snaps are extreme.

{{Weather box
| location = Aligarh (1991–2020, extremes 1932–2011)
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| Jan record high C = 30.7
| Feb record high C = 33.3
| Mar record high C = 41.7
| Apr record high C = 44.8
| May record high C = 47.5
| Jun record high C = 46.7
| Jul record high C = 44.5
| Aug record high C = 42.1
| Sep record high C = 40.2
| Oct record high C = 41.7
| Nov record high C = 36.1
| Dec record high C = 32.8
|year record high C = 47.5
| Jan record low C = 0.0
| Feb record low C = 1.7
| Mar record low C = 3.9
| Apr record low C = 10.9
| May record low C = 15.5
| Jun record low C = 18.6
| Jul record low C = 19.9
| Aug record low C = 19.9
| Sep record low C = 14.8
| Oct record low C = 11.0
| Nov record low C = 2.9
| Dec record low C = 1.2
|year record low C = 0.0
|Jan high C = 19.1
|Feb high C = 23.5
|Mar high C = 30.2
|Apr high C = 37.1
|May high C = 40.2
|Jun high C = 38.6
|Jul high C = 34.9
|Aug high C = 33.2
|Sep high C = 33.3
|Oct high C = 32.8
|Nov high C = 27.5
|Dec high C = 22.0
| year high C = 31.1
|Jan low C = 7.3
|Feb low C = 10.4
|Mar low C = 15.0
|Apr low C = 20.5
|May low C = 24.6
|Jun low C = 26.5
|Jul low C = 26.2
|Aug low C = 25.5
|Sep low C = 23.9
|Oct low C = 19.2
|Nov low C = 13.2
|Dec low C = 8.6
| year low C = 18.4
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 15.2
| Feb rain mm = 16.5
| Mar rain mm = 10.4
| Apr rain mm = 12.0
| May rain mm = 27.2
| Jun rain mm = 66.2
| Jul rain mm = 217.7
| Aug rain mm = 216.3
| Sep rain mm = 107.7
| Oct rain mm = 17.2
| Nov rain mm = 2.7
| Dec rain mm = 3.7
| year rain mm = 712.8
| Jan rain days = 1.4
| Feb rain days = 1.4
| Mar rain days = 1.3
| Apr rain days = 1.0
| May rain days = 2.7
| Jun rain days = 4.0
| Jul rain days = 9.3
| Aug rain days = 10.3
| Sep rain days = 5.5
| Oct rain days = 1.0
| Nov rain days = 0.3
| Dec rain days = 0.4
| year rain days =
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 66
| Feb humidity = 57
| Mar humidity = 46
| Apr humidity = 33
| May humidity = 34
| Jun humidity = 48
| Jul humidity = 68
| Aug humidity = 75
| Sep humidity = 67
| Oct humidity = 52
| Nov humidity = 57
| Dec humidity = 62
|year humidity = 72
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240408025145/https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| archive-date = 8 April 2024
| url = https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Station: Aligarh Climatological Table 1991–2020
| work = Climatological Normals 1991–2020
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| access-date = 7 July 2024}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M210
| access-date = 27 April 2020}}</ref>
}}

==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of Aligarh}}

The city is an agricultural trade centre.<ref name="india9">{{cite web|url=http://www.india9.com/i9show/Aligarh-46874.htm|title=India9.com|publisher=India9.com|date=7 June 2005|access-date=13 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825080103/http://www.india9.com/i9show/Aligarh-46874.htm|archive-date=25 August 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Agricultural product processing and manufacturing are important.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9005730/Aligarh|title=Britannica|publisher=Britannica|access-date=13 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081118131848/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9005730/Aligarh|archive-date=18 November 2008|url-status=live}}</ref>

Aligarh is an important business center of Uttar Pradesh and is most famous for its [[Lock (security device)|lock]] industry. Aligarh locks are exported across the world. In 1870, Johnson & Co. was the first English lock firm in Aligarh. In 1890, the company initiated production of locks on a small scale here.<ref>{{cite news|author=Pawan Jain|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Locked-out/articleshow/2601.cms|title=Locked out|date=3 June 2003|access-date=3 November 2020|website=Times of India}}</ref>

Aligarh is famous for its brass hardware and sculptures. The city has many manufacturers, exporters, and suppliers involved in the brass, bronze, iron and aluminium industries.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sengar |first=Resham |date=5 March 2018 |title=When in Aligarh, do not miss these unique experiences |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/when-in-aligarh-do-not-miss-these-unique-experiences/articleshow/64465042.cms |access-date=12 September 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Indian Diecasting Industries which manufactures aluminium and zinc die-casting parts is located at Sasni Gate in Aligarh.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Diecasting Industries - Manufacturer of Aluminium Die Cast Components for Automotive Industry & Zinc Die Cast Component for Automobile Industry from Aligarh |url=https://www.diecastingindia.com/ |website=diecastingindia.com |access-date=9 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref>{{better source needed|reason=Need third party WP:Independent source|date=June 2022}}

[[Harduaganj Thermal Power Station]] (also referred as [[Kasimpur Power House]]) is 15&nbsp;km from the city. [[Narora Atomic Power Station]] is located 50&nbsp;km from Aligarh.

==Education==
===Universities and colleges===
[[File:Bab-e-Sayyad.jpg|thumb|right| The main entrance gate of [[Aligarh Muslim University]], founded and centralised in 1920.]]


* [[Aligarh Muslim University]] campus is spread over 467.6 hectares in the city.
* [[Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences]]
* [[Jamia Al-Barkaat]]
* [[Mangalayatan University]]

===Schools===

* [[Our Lady of Fatima Senior Secondary School, Aligarh]]
* [[STS School]]

== Art and craft ==
Aligarh is associated with an [[appliqué|applique]] and [[Embroidery of India|embroidery]] art known as ''[[Phool Patti ka Kaam|phool patti ka kaam]]''.
{{Further|Phool Patti ka Kaam}}

==Locations==

===Cultural landmarks===
[[File:Church of ascension.jpg|thumb|Church of Ascension]]
Aligarh has several popular landmarks. Most notable few of them are [[Aligarh Fort]], Jama Masjid,<ref>{{cite news |title=मुल्क की ही नहीं एशिया की भी सबसे ज़्यादा महंगी है यह मस्जिद |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zeesalaam/special/a-huge-quantity-gold-use-in-asia-number-one-mosque-situated-in-aligarh/644070 |access-date=6 January 2021 |work=Zee Salaam |date=21 February 2020}}</ref> Khereshwar Temple which is the birthplace of [[Swami Shree Haridas Ji|Swami Shri Haridas Ji]], Dor fortress (1524), which is now in ruins, lies at the city's centre, its site is in the area now called Upper Fort (Balai Qila) and is occupied by an 18th-century mosque. The area Shah Jamal is very famous for a Sufi saint Syed Shah Jamal is also known as Shamsul Arifeen, of whom the tomb is located at Shahjamal area and surrounded by a graveyard. The Sufi Saint is mentioned by Ibn Battuta in his book ''The Travels of Ibn Battuta''. The saint is said to be of Sufi Chishtiya order.

[[File:Aligarh Numaish Ground.jpg|thumb|Aligarh Numaish Ground]]
The Annual Cultural Exhibition, popularly known as Numaish, is held at the exhibition ground in January and February. The land Numaish Ground was donated by [[Bhikampur and Datawali (Aligarh) State|Nawab Rehmat Ullah Khan Sherwani]]. The cultural shows take place at three grand stages (Kohinoor, Krishnanjali and Muktakash). In all, more than 150 stage events featuring artists from across [[India]] take place during a period of 28–30 days.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.epaper.jagran.com/epaper/29-jan-2015-36-aligarh-archive-edition-aligarh-city-Page-4.html |title=Dainik Jagran |publisher=Epaper.jagran.com |date=29 January 2015 |access-date=29 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521192726/http://epaper.jagran.com/epaper/29-jan-2015-36-aligarh-archive-edition-aligarh-city-Page-4.html |archive-date=21 May 2015 }}</ref>

==Historical places==
[[File:Aligarh Fort 1.JPG|thumb|[[Aligarh Fort]]]]
[[File:Aligarh Muslim University Masjid.jpg|thumb|Sir Syed Mosque beside Strachey Hall, Aligarh Muslim University]]
* [[Shekha Jheel]], Bird Sanctuary
* [[Maulana Azad Library]], AMU (Estd 1875)
*Naqvi Park.
* [[Sir Syed Masjid]] in [[Aligarh Muslim University]]'s campus.

===Aligarh Muslim University===
[[Aligarh Muslim University]] (AMU) is one of the oldest central universities. It was established by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan as Madrasatul Uloom Musalmanan-e-Hind in 1875–78 which later became Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College (MAO College). It was designed to train Muslims for government services in India and prepare them for advanced training in British universities. The Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College became Aligarh Muslim University in 1920. It is famous for its Law, Medical, and Engineering courses.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=20 April 2024 |title=In Aligarh, the city of locks, Urdu as the key to a brighter future |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uttar-pradesh/in-aligarh-the-city-of-locks-urdu-as-the-key-to-a-brighter-future/article68087889.ece |access-date=12 September 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

===Museums===
[[Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences]] maintains 'Museum on History of Medicine and Sciences' and 'Museum on Arts, Culture and Orientalism'. It was established by a family [[Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman]] and [[Syed Ziaur Rahman]] at the heart of the city and near a busy market of Dodhpur.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.cnn.com/2013/05/16/travel/world-medical-museums/| title =World's 10 weirdest medical museums| publisher =Bryan Pirolli for [[CNN]], Travel (24 May 2013)| access-date =17 December 2017| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170314192625/http://www.cnn.com/2013/05/16/travel/world-medical-museums/| archive-date =14 March 2017| url-status =live| df =dmy-all| date =16 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.news18.com/newstopics/ibn-sina-academy.html/| title=Ibn Sina Academy| publisher=Eram Agha for [[News18]], (5 November 2017)| access-date=17 December 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110133510/http://www.news18.com/newstopics/ibn-sina-academy.html| archive-date=10 November 2017| url-status=live| df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Transport ==

===By rail===
{{See also|Aligarh railway station}}

Aligarh Junction railway station is the primary station for Aligarh city and is a major stop on the Delhi-Kolkata route. It is an A-Class railway station. It is one of the oldest railway station of this route. It connects Aligarh to the states of [[West Bengal]], [[Odisha]], [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], north-east and most of Uttar Pradesh, and important stations of cities such as [[New Delhi railway station]], [[Mumbai Central]], [[Kolkata]], [[Bhopal Junction railway station]], [[Indore]], [[Jammu]], [[Gwalior]], [[Lucknow]], [[Jhansi]], [[Puri]], [[Kanpur Central railway station]], [[Etawah Junction railway station]], [[Tundla Junction railway station]], [[Agra Cantonment railway station]] and [[Varanasi]]. Aligarh railway station handles over 136 trains daily (in both directions) and serves around 204,000 passengers every day. Aligarh has one Branch Railway Line to Bareily.
[[File:Aligarh Railway Station in the morning - panoramio.jpg|thumb|right|[[Aligarh Junction railway station]]]]

Aligarh City has following railway stations:
*[[Aligarh railway station|Aligarh Junction]]: an A-Class Railway Station
*Somna (Gabhana) railway station
*Mahrawal railway station
*Kalua railway station
*Daudkhan railway station
*Mandrak railway station
*Harduaganj railway station (Satha, near Kasimpur Power House)
*Manjoorgarhi railway station (Chherat)

===By road===
Aligarh is 140&nbsp;km from New Delhi. It is one of the Division of Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation(UPSRTC). UPSRTC buses serve cities all over the state and cities in [[Uttarakhand]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Haryana]].

Aligarh City has three [[UPSRTC]] bus stations:
*Aligarh Depot (Old Bus Station/Gandhi Park Bus Station) bus station
*Masoodabad (est. 2000) (Budh Vihar Bus Station/New Bus Station/Workshop Bus Station/Raghuveerpuri Bus Station/Mathura Bus Station)
*Depot bus station(non-functional from 2018 to 2021) (now functioning since 2021 post renovation into a well facilitated Bus Station)
* Aligarh Satellite Bus Stand(New Bus Station/Sootmill Bus Station/Sarsaul Bus Station)(functioning since 2018 due to sudden non-functioning of Masoodabaad Bus Station during 2018-2021 period)

There are buses plying from Aligarh to Delhi at frequent intervals via

1) Khair, Tappal, Palval, Faridabad, Delhi - The route is under construction between Khair and Palval and should be strictly avoided by cars. No toll charges.

2) Khair, Tappal, Yamuna expressway, Noida, Greater Noida, Delhi, Gurgaon - Best and recommended route for Delhi, Noida, Gurgaon. Toll Charges are ₹120 between Aligarh and Delhi.

3) Old GT Road, Bulandshahr, Ghaziabad, Delhi - NH 91 - It is a 6-lane highway. Toll charges are ₹285.

Following Highways are connected to Aligarh:
*[[National Highway 91]] - It connects [[Kolkata]] to national capital [[New Delhi]]. Ghaziabad-Bulandshahr-Aligarh section is a 6-Lane Highway.
*[[National Highway 93]] - It connects Moradabad to Taj Nagri [[Agra]] via Aligarh. Aligarh-Agra section is constructed as Brijbhoomi Expressway.
*[[Yamuna Expressway]] - It is a 6-Lane Expressway connecting Greater Noida with Agra.

Aligarh City has Mahanagar Bus Service (City Bus Service) which provides local transport to Aligarh.
*Route-1 J N Medical College-Uperkot
*Route-2 Gandhi Park-Sarsaul/Sootmill
*Route-3 Ghantabagh-Quarsi
*Route-4 Gandhi Park-Boner
*Route-5 Etah Chungi-Collectrate

Apart from this an Air-conditioned Electronic Bus Service has been running within the city since January 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 January 2022 |title=पहली बार अलीगढ़ की सड़कों पर फर्राटा भरती नजर आएंगी "इलेक्ट्रिक बस सेवा" |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/aligarh-for-the-first-time-electric-bus-service-will-be-seen-on-the-streets-of-aligarh-3940227.html |access-date=18 April 2022 |work=News18 |language=hi}}</ref>

===By air===
[[File:Aligarh-airport.webp|thumb|alt=ALIGARH AIRPORT|ALIGARH AIRPORT]]
[[Aligarh Airport]], Situated on NH 91, Dhanipur, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh. It is Also known as Dhanipur Air Strip/Dhanipur Hawai Patti. This airport is also used as flying Club. The Government of Uttar Pradesh signed a memorandum of understanding with the Airports Authority of India in February 2014 for the development of the airport.

At this time direct flight started by the regional airline Flybig from Lucknow to Aligarh and vice versa under the RCS-UDAN scheme.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://flybig.in/documents/Flight_Schedule_Apr_2024.pdf |title=Flybig }}</ref>

The nearest international airport from Aligarh is [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]], [[New Delhi]]. It is 140&nbsp;km from Aligarh. Another nearest airport from Aligarh (65&nbsp;km) will be [[Noida International Airport]].

Another airport located close to Aligarh is [[Agra Airport]] in [[Agra]]. It is about 98 kilometres from Aligarh.

==Notable people==

=== Businessmen and entrepreneurs ===


* [[Sheela Gautam]], founder of [[Sheela Foam Limited]]-Sleepwell
* [[Vijay Shekhar Sharma]], founder of [[Paytm]]
* [[Khwaja Abdul Hamied]], Pharmacist, founder of [[Cipla]]

===Educationalists===
[[File:Faculty of Arts, AMU by Sarim Ashrafi.jpg|thumb|Faculty of Arts, [[Aligarh Muslim University]]]]


* [[Ziauddin Ahmad]], mathematician, M.L.A. (Central), Vice-Chancellor of [[Aligarh Muslim University]] Movement. He established several institution including J.N. Medical College
*[[Roshan Ara Bokhari]], dancer, choreographer and dance teacher<ref>{{cite news |title=International Dance Day: National Performing Arts Group pays tribute to Roshan Ara Bokhari |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/84970/international-dance-day-national-performing-arts-group-pays-tribute-to-roshan-ara-bokhari/ |work=Daily Times |date=1 May 2016}}</ref>
* [[Masud Husain Khan]], linguist, the fifth Vice-Chancellor of [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] and the first Professor Emeritus in Social Sciences at [[Aligarh Muslim University]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Parekh |first=Rauf |date=3 February 2009 |title=DAWN - Features; February 03, 2009 |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1071962/dawn-features-february-03-2009 |access-date=13 April 2021 |work=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Syed Ahmad Khan]], founder of [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
* [[Shafey Kidwai]], academic, bilingual critic, translator, columnist, author, professor in the Department of Mass Communications at Aligarh Muslim University

===Writers, poets and publishers===


* [[A.R. Akela]], Dalit author and publisher, owner of "Anand Sahitya Sadan
* [[Syed Amin Ashraf]], Urdu poet and professor of English at AMU
* [[Qurratulain Hyder]], Padma Bhushan, Urdu novelist, writer, and journalist
* [[Akhlaq Mohammed Khan]], pen name Shaharyar, Urdu poet, [[Bollywood]] lyricist and served as Professor at [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
* [[Munshi Nawal Kishore]], book publisher
* [[Jainendra Kumar]], Hindi writer
* [[Gopaldas Neeraj]], poet, recipient of [[Padma Bhushan]]
* [[Saghar Nizami]], Urdu Poet
* [[Prem Kishore Patakha]], Hindi Humorous Poet
* [[Maitreyi Pushpa]], Hindi fiction writer
* [[Gafil Swami]] (born 1953), Hindi poet

===Historians===
[[File:Victoria gate.jpg|thumb|Victoria gate]]


* [[Irfan Habib]], eminent Indian historian and Professor Emeritus at [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
* [[Mohammad Habib]] (1895–1971), noted Indian historian and served as Professor Emeritus at [[Aligarh Muslim University]]

===Film actors===
[[File:ZHCET's View at Night.JPG|thumb|ZHCET's View at Night]]


* [[Shamim Ara]], Pakistani film actress<ref>{{cite web | url=https://upperstall.com/profile/luminary/shamim-ara/ | title=Shamim Ara | date=5 August 2016 }}</ref>
* [[Pooja Banerjee]], Indian television actress
* [[Bharat Bhushan]], Bollywood actor
* [[Aadesh Chaudhary]], Indian television actor
* [[Nitin Chauhaan]], Indian television actor
* [[Ravindra Jain]], Bollywood music director
* [[Kanika Maheshwari]], Indian television actress
* [[Alka Nupur]], former actress, kathak dancer
* [[Chandrachur Singh]], Bollywood actor
* [[Hasan Zaidi]], Indian television actor
* [[Zarina (artist)|Zarina]], Indian artist

===Sports persons===


* [[Piyush Chawla]], Indian cricketer
* [[Zafar Iqbal (field hockey)|Zafar Iqbal]], Former hockey captain of India
* [[Annu Raj Singh]], international shooter
* [[Rinku Singh (cricketer)|Rinku Singh]], Indian Cricketer

===Politicians===


* [[Mukta Raja]], MLA of Aligarh
* [[Zafar Alam (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Zafar Alam]] ex-MLA from [[Aligarh (Assembly constituency)]]
* [[Dalbir Singh Chaudhary]], MLA from Baruli vidhansabha constituency
* [[Mohammad Furqan]], Former mayor of Aligarh
* [[Satish Kumar Gautam]], MP from [[Aligarh (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
* [[Sheela Gautam]], ex MP and ex chairperson of [[Sleepwell]]
* [[Zameer Ullah Khan]] ex MLA from [[Koil (Assembly constituency)]] and [[Aligarh (Assembly constituency)]]
* [[Jamal Khwaja]], ex MP
* [[Sanjeev Raja]], ex MLA
* [[Bijendra Singh]], ex MP
* [[Chaudhary Sunil Singh]], ex MLC
* [[Kalyan Singh]], ex governor and ex Chief Minister of [[Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[Rajendra Singh]], ex Agriculture and Irrigation Minister, Govt of [[Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[Sandeep Singh (politician)|Sandeep Singh]], MLA [[Atrauli]], grandson of [[Kalyan Singh]] former Chief Minister of [[Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[Thakur Jaivir Singh]], ex MLA (Now MLC)
* [[Roohi Zuberi]], advocate

===Medical professionals===


* [[Khwaja Abdul Hamied]], pharmacist, founder of [[Cipla]] (pharmaceutical company)
* [[Prerna Kohli]], clinical [[psychologist]], social worker and author
* [[Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman]], Unani physician and author
* [[Syed Ziaur Rahman]], [[Pharmacology|pharmacologist]], researcher and author
* [[Ashok Seth]], an Indian [[interventional cardiologist]]

=== Social activists ===


* [[Javed Abidi]], born with [[spina bifida]], he was an activist working for the disabled community and served as the first director of the [[National Centre for Promotion of Employment for Disabled People]] (NCPEDP)<ref>{{cite news |title=Demand made for legal recognition of sign language |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Demand-made-for-legal-recognition-of-sign-language/Article1-634161.aspx |access-date=16 July 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |agency=PTI |date=4 December 2010 |archive-date=26 January 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126011941/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Demand-made-for-legal-recognition-of-sign-language/Article1-634161.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> and founded [[Disability rights movement|Disability Rights]] in India
* [[Jai Kishan Das]], a close associate of [[Sir Syed Ahmad Khan]]
* [[Rajiv Dixit]], Promotor of [[Ayurveda|Yoga]], [[Ayurveda]] and Swadeshi-economics

==See also==
*[[Jamia Millia Islamia]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Aligarh in My Days (Interviews of former Vice-Chancellors of Aligarh Muslim University), Ed. [[Syed Ziaur Rahman]], Non-Resident Students' Centre, [[Aligarh Muslim University]], Aligarh, 1997.
* {{cite book|title=Descriptive And Historical Account of the Aligarh District|first=Edward|last= Atkinson|isbn=978-1-147-42719-6|publisher=Nabu Press|orig-year=1875|year=2010}}
{{Subject bar|portal1=India|auto=yes}}{{Aligarh district}}
{{Uttar Pradesh}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Aligarh| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Aligarh district]]
[[Category:Cities in Uttar Pradesh]]

Orient Blackswan

2026-03-09T18:08:39Z

Advanced Academy: expanded article and cleaned formatting as per guidelines

{{Short description|Publisher based in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox publisher
| image = Orient BlackSwan logo.png
| parent =
| status = Active
| founded = {{start date and age|1948}}
| founder = Thomas Longman
| successor =
| country = [[India]]
| headquarters = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]
| distribution = World wide
|owner = [[J. Rameshwar Rao]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b2J2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT233|title=From a Shepherd Boy to an Intellectual: My Memoirs|author=Kancha Ilaiah Shepherd|publisher=SAGE Publications India|access-date=5 November 2018|page=233|isbn=9789381345429|date=19 March 2019}}</ref>
| keypeople = J. Nandini Rao (Md)<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LclscNCTz9oC&pg=PA496|title=The Far East and Australasia 2003|author=Eur|publisher=Psychology Press|year=2002|page=496|isbn=9781857431339}}</ref> J. Krishnadeva Rao (Director)<ref>{{cite news|title=Narayana students excel in Spell Bee contest|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Young-Hans/2018-03-12/Narayana-students-excel-in-Spell-Bee-contest/365432|publisher=The Hans India|access-date=12 March 2018}}</ref>
| publications = Books and [[academic journals]]
| topics = Humanities, social science, behavioral science, education
| imprints =
| revenue =
| numemployees =
| nasdaq =
| url = {{URL|orientblackswan.com}}
}}

'''Orient Blackswan Pvt. Ltd.''', formerly '''Orient Longman India''', commonly referred to as '''Orient Longman''', is an Indian [[publishing house]] headquartered in [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Orient Longman reborn as Orient Blackswan|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/orient-longman-reborn-as-orient-blackswan/376134/|first=Purabi|last=Bora|date=19 October 2008| newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=9 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Orient Blackswan Private Limited Details|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/company/orient-blackswan-private-limited/U22110TG1948PTC003663|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=9 June 2019}}</ref>

The company publishes academic, professional and general works as well as school textbooks, of which the "Gul Mohar" series of English-language school books grew popular. It also publishes low cost reprints of foreign titles.<ref>{{cite web|title=about Orient Blackswan|url=https://www.orientblackswan.com/aboutus|publisher=Orient Blackswan}}</ref>

==History==
Established in 1948 as '''Longman Green''' by the [[United Kingdom|UK]] publishing company [[Longman]], it was taken over by [[J. Rameshwar Rao]], who bought the majority shareholding and became the company chairman in 1968.<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Book Industry, Volume 24, Issues 3-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CPbiAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Sterling Publishers|year=1995|page=32}}</ref> Rao retained the majority holding till 1984. The company's board included [[Khushwant Singh]] and the [[Patwardhan]]s of [[Pune]].<ref>{{cite book|title= he Collected Short Stories of Khushwant Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V_gOp_Kr358C|author=Khushwant Singh|publisher=Orient Blackswan|year=2005|page=4|isbn = 9788175300446}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8txBDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT130|title=Knocking at the Open Door: My Years with J. Krishnamurti|author=R.E. Mark Lee|publisher=Balboa Press|access-date=30 September 2016|page=130|isbn=9781504365031|date=30 September 2016}}</ref>

The "Indianisation" of Orient Longman's management during this period was also reflected in its product, where Indian writers found an increasingly prominent place. Also during this period various subsidiaries came about such as Orion Books, and Gyan Publishings which sprang up as entrepreneurial enterprises from individuals based in Delhi, Chennai, Mumbai, and Kolkata such as B.K. Todi, Saugat Biswas, Varun Tamble and many others.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

==Disputes==
In 2006, the [[Pearson Education]] group, which holds a minority stake in Orient Longman as well as the rights to the "Longman" brand worldwide, sued Orient Longman asserting its claim on the brand. In 2008, Orient Longman agreed to drop the "Longman" suffix in an out-of-court settlement, and the company was renamed Orient Blackswan.<ref>{{cite news | title = Orient loses Longman | publisher = The Telegraph | date = 15 January 2008 | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080115/jsp/nation/story_8783841.jsp| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110525204654/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080115/jsp/nation/story_8783841.jsp| url-status = dead| archive-date = 25 May 2011}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite news | title = Symbol of old business | author = S. Muthiah | date = 24 September 2003 | url = http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/09/24/stories/2003092400240200.htm| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040422163406/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/09/24/stories/2003092400240200.htm| url-status = dead| work = [[The Hindu]] | archive-date = 22 April 2004}}

==External links==
*{{official website|orientblackswan.com/}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Orient BlackSwan}}
[[Category:Book publishing companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:1948 establishments in India]]

Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Rural Film

2026-03-08T00:15:33Z

Advanced Academy: Started Basic Entry Added Tags

{{Short description|Indian film award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film award
| name = Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Rural Film
| image =
| alt =
| caption = is the recent winner in 2018
| awarded_for = Best film in Marathi cinema
| sponsor =
| firstawarded = 1993
| lastawarded = 2024
| reward =
| former name =
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder = ''Gypsy''
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner =
| award2_type = First winner
| award2_winner = ''Sai Baba'' (1993)
| award3_type = Last winner
| award3_winner =
| website =
| previous =
| next =
}}
The '''Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Film''' is an award presented annually at the [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]] of India to the best film in [[Marathi cinema]]. The awards are managed directly by the [[Government of Maharashtra|Maharashtra Government]] under the [[Ministry of Cultural Affairs (Maharashtra)|Department of Cultural Affairs]] of the [[Government of Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Winners at the 51st Maharashtra State Awards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/photofeatures/winners-at-the-51st-maharashtra-state-awards/photostory/40284322.cms?pcode=other#:~:text=The%20highest%20grossing%20Marathi%20film,the%20Best%20Supporting%20Actress%20category. |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Winners==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="2%" | Year
! width="12%" | Films
! width="35%" | Recipient(s)
! width="8%" | Ref.
|-
|1993
|''Sai Baba''
|Babasaheb S. Fattelal
|
|-
|1998
|''Satva Pariksha''
|Ramesh Salgaonkar
|
|-
|1999
|''Maherchi Pahuni''
|Prakash Higle
|
|-
|2000
|''Barkha Satarkar''
|Abhay Kirti
|
|-
|2001
|''Tambvyacha Vishnubala''
|Pitambar Kale
|
|-
|2003
|''Bapu Biru Vategaonkar''
|Pitambar Kale
|
|-
|2004
|''Pandhar''
|[[Gajendra Ahire]]
|
|-
|2005
|''Kunku Zale Vairi''
|Nagesh Darak
|
|-
|2006
|''Balirajacha Rajya Yeu De''
|Satish Randive
|
|-
|2007
|''[[Tingya]]''
|[[Mangesh Hadawale]]
|
|-
|2008
|''Gho Mala Asla Hava''
|[[Sumitra Bhave–Sunil Sukthankar]]
|
|-
|2009
|''Agnidivya''
|Ajit Shirole
|
|-
|2010
|''[[Baboo Band Baaja]]''
|Rajesh Pinjani
|
|-
|2011
|''Jan Gan Man''
|Ajit Abhyankar
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Dhag]]''
|[[Shivaji Lotan Patil]]
|
|-
|2013
|''[[72 Miles]]''
| [[Rajiv Patil]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-08-29 |title=A hat-trick for 72 Miles Ek Pravas at Maharashtra State Film Awards |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/a-hat-trick-for-72-miles-ek-pravas-at-maharashtra-state-film-awards/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2014
|''[[Khwada]]''
| [[Bhaurao Karhade]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-04-27 |title=Maharashtra government announces annual film awards |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra-government-announces-annual-film-awards/article7147328.ece |access-date= |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|''[[Rangaa Patangaa]]''
| Prasad Namjoshi
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Matkari |first=Ganesh |date=2016-04-01 |title=FILM REVIEW: RANGA PATANGA |url=https://punemirror.com/entertainment/marathi-reviews/film-review-ranga-patanga/cid5087997.htm |access-date= |website=punemirror.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|''Bandookya''
| Rahul Chaudhari
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Award winning film ‘Bandookya’ slated for release on September 1 |url=https://www.bytesofindia.com/newsdetails/https%3a%2f%2fwww.bytesofindia.com%2fP%2fYZEMBE |access-date= |website=www.bytesofindia.com}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|''Idak: The Goat''
|Deepak Gawade
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-17 |title=Sharad Kelkar turns producer |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/my-goal-is-to-make-a-film-that-gets-selected-in-the-competition-category-in-cannes-sharad-kelkar/story-InA5B7e4PWZFy5VAOqL84J.html |access-date= |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''[[Bhonga]]''
| [[Shivaji Lotan Patil]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Unreleased films strike gold at state film awards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/unreleased-films-strike-gold-at-state-film-awards/articleshow/69517421.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''Taj Mahal''
|Niyaj Mujawar
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Sumi (film)|Sumi]]''
|Amol Gole
|
|-
|2021
|''Ye Re Ye Re Pausa''
|Shafaq Khan
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Gaabh]]''
|Anup Jatratkar
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=जगताप |first=नामदेव |title=राज्य चित्रपट पुरस्कार सोहळा; हिंदी, मराठी सिनेसृष्टीतील कलाकारांचा सन्मान; पाहा संपूर्ण यादी |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/maharashtra-state-film-awards-diamond-jubilee-held-in-mumbai-see-all-winners-list-kajol-bhimrao-panchale-anupam-kher-mukta-barve-bollywood-news-1375148 |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=ABP Majha |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''Gypsy''
|Shashi Khandare
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
* {{IMDb event|0015478|Maharashtra State Film Awards}}

[[Category:Maharashtra State Film Awards|Rural Film]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Awards established in 2013]]

Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum

2026-03-05T23:07:30Z

Advanced Academy: Done

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum
| image = Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Dileesh Pothan]]
| story = Sajeev Pazhoor
| producer = Sandip Senan Anish M. Thomas
| writer = {{plainlist|
* '''Screenplay:''' [[Sajeev Pazhoor]]
* '''Dialogues :''' [[Syam Pushkaran]]}}
| starring = [[Fahadh Faasil]] [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] [[Nimisha Sajayan]]
| music = [[Bijibal]]
| cinematography = [[Rajeev Ravi]]
| editing = [[Kiran Das]]
| studio = Urvasi Theatres
| distributor = Urvasi Theatres Tricolor Entertainment<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.moviebuff.com/thondimuthalum-driksakshiyum | title=Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum | publisher=MovieBuff | access-date=11 August 2019 | archive-date=11 January 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111055839/https://www.moviebuff.com/thondimuthalum-driksakshiyum | url-status=live }}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|06|30|India}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = {{INR|65 million|link=yes}} <ref name="TD Budget and 1st Weekend Collection">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/thondimuthalum-driksakshiyum-scores-big-multiplexes-64773|title=Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum made on a budget of Rs. 6.50 crores|website=The News Minute|date=6 July 2017|access-date=16 May 2020|archive-date=27 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927194543/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/thondimuthalum-driksakshiyum-scores-big-multiplexes-64773|url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross = 
}}

'''''Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum''''' ({{Translation|The mainour and the [[witness]]}}) is a 2017 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Crime Drama|crime drama]] film directed by [[Dileesh Pothan]] and written by [[Sajeev Pazhoor]]. The film stars [[Fahadh Faasil]], [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]], and [[Nimisha Sajayan]] in lead roles, with [[Alencier Ley Lopez]], [[Vettukili Prakash]], and [[Sibi Thomas]] in supporting roles. [[Syam Pushkaran]] served as a [[creative director]] of the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/oct/28/syam-pushkaran-the-poster-boy-of-realism-1684118.html|title=Syam Pushkaran: The poster boy of realism|website=The New Indian Express|date=28 October 2017|access-date=23 May 2020|archive-date=26 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926015317/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/oct/28/syam-pushkaran-the-poster-boy-of-realism-1684118.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Bijibal]] composed the music<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/thondimuthalum-driksakshiyum-song-is-hit-news-malayalam-rg0lRcdhchfaf.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627090704/http://www.sify.com/movies/thondimuthalum-driksakshiyum-song-is-hit-news-malayalam-rg0lRcdhchfaf.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 June 2017|title='Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum' song is hit|website=[[Sify]]|date=26 June 2017|access-date=23 May 2020}}</ref> and [[Rajeev Ravi]] handled the cinematography.

''Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum'' was produced on a budget of {{INR}}65 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/thondimuthalum-driksakshiyum-scores-big-multiplexes-64773|title=Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum made on a budget of Rs. 6.50 crores|website=The News Minute|date=6 July 2017|access-date=26 May 2020|archive-date=27 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927194543/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/thondimuthalum-driksakshiyum-scores-big-multiplexes-64773|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was released on 30 June 2017 in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/thondimuthalum-drisksakshiyum-releases-on-jun-30-news-malayalam-rg2uM6dacibfg.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629080103/http://www.sify.com/movies/thondimuthalum-drisksakshiyum-releases-on-jun-30-news-malayalam-rg2uM6dacibfg.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 June 2017|title=Thondimuthalum Drisksakshiyum releases on Jun 30|website=[[Sify]]|date=29 June 2017|access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref> It was a critical and commercial success, grossing {{INR}}500.3 million at the Kerala box office alone.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.apherald.com/Movies/Read/282330/70-Days-Box-Office-collections-of-Thondimuthalum-Driksakshiyum|title=Box Office collections of Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum|website=APHerald|date=13 September 2017|access-date=26 May 2020|archive-date=13 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913221013/https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/282330/70-Days-Box-Office-collections-of-Thondimuthalum-Driksakshiyum|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' included the film in their "Top 5 Malayalam movies in 2017"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/top-5-malayalam-movies-in-2017/article22291601.ece|title=Top 5 Malayalam movies in 2017|website=The Hindu|date=28 December 2017|access-date=23 May 2020|archive-date=24 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224051751/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/top-5-malayalam-movies-in-2017/article22291601.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> and "The 25 best Malayalam films of the decade".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-25-best-malayalam-films-of-the-decade-premam-maheshinte-prathikaram-kumbalangi-nights-and-more/article30349548.ece|title=The 25 best Malayalam films of the decade|website=The Hindu|date=19 December 2019|access-date=23 May 2020|archive-date=10 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110115120/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-25-best-malayalam-films-of-the-decade-premam-maheshinte-prathikaram-kumbalangi-nights-and-more/article30349548.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

The film won three [[65th National Film Awards|National Film Awards]], two [[48th Kerala State Film Awards|Kerala State Film Awards]], four [[65th Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]], three [[7th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]], eight [[Asianet Film Awards]], six [[CPC Cine Awards]], four [[Vanitha Film Awards]], three [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]], two [[Asiavision Awards]] and one award at [[International Film Festival of Kerala]].

== Plot ==
The story follows Sreeja and Prasad, a newly married couple from [[Cherthala]], but living in [[Kasaragod]] due to the opposition of their [[inter-caste marriage]] by Sreeja's family. While riding a bus, Sreeja's gold nuptial chain is stolen, then swallowed by the thief. Sreeja alerts the other passengers, who beat the suspect and turn him in to the police.

When questioned by police, the thief gives his name as Prasad, the same as Sreeja's husband, but does not produce any identification. He claims to work in a hotel at Mangalore and repeatedly denies having stolen the chain. The other Prasad (her husband) explains that they were planning to sell the chain for funds to drill a [[Tube well|borewell]] on their land, and start a [[tobacco]] farm. The police privately contemplate dropping the case due to the thief's lack of ID, but decide against it, as the incident happened in public. [[Assistant sub-inspector of police|ASI]] Chandran asks Sreeja for her testimony, which he downplays to show her that the grounds are too weak to register a complaint. He suggests that they keep the thief at the station overnight, until he passes the chain, and the couple agrees. While sending Sreeja on a bus back home, Prasad offends her by saying that she should have been more careful.

Prasad stays at the police station to watch the thief, who seems carefree: He eats happily and enjoys the inauguration of a neighboring temple. The next morning, the police accompany the thief to the toilet but don't find the chain in his feces. An [[x-ray]] confirms the chain is still in his stomach, prompting the police to register an [[First information report|FIR]] against him.

Meanwhile, ASI Chandran asks Sreeja and Prasad to exaggerate their case against the thief, which the thief would later realize. The next morning, escorted again to the toilet, the thief attempts to escape. Police chase him through a [[Photovoltaic power station|solar farm]]—but the husband Prasad catches him. They struggle at a [[canal]] before the thief is apprehended by police. He is returned to the police station, where he claims that ASI Chandran had told him to escape, and to leave the chain at a bus stop. Another x-ray is taken, revealing that the chain is gone. Realizing his job is in danger, ASI Chandran replaces the original gold chain with another, to settle the matter. He asks Sreeja to play along in a bid to charge the thief.

Complying, Sreeja signs a document the next day, falsely affirming that the substituted chain is hers. However, the thief convinces Sreeja and Prasad to tell the court that the chain is not theirs, and he reveals that he actually left the chain near the canal. Prasad searches that area, eventually finding the original gold chain.

The thief, now free, writes a thank you note to Sreeja, presumably for telling the truth which freed him. ASI Chandran is shown spending time with his grandchildren, suggesting that he took an early retirement. Sreeja and Prasad celebrate when they find water in their borewell: Their tobacco farm is now ready.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Fahadh Faasil]] as Prasad, a thief.
* [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] as Prasad, the [[farmer]]
* [[Nimisha Sajayan]] as Sreeja (voice over by [[Srinda Arhaan]])
* [[Alencier Ley Lopez]] as [[Assistant sub-inspector of police|A.S.I]] Chandran
* [[Vettukili Prakash]] as Sreekandan, Sreeja's father
* Mini K. S. as Sreeja's mother
* [[Sibi Thomas]] as [[Sub Inspector|S.I]] Sajan Mathew
* [[Unnimaya Prasad]] as Thaatha, the woman in the bus
* [[Srikant Murali]] as Murali
* [[Civil Police Officer|SCPO]] Sadhanandan as [[Civil Police Officer]]
* P. Sivadas as Police Writer
* K. T. Sudhakaran as Sudhakaran
* Shahi Kabir as Shahi
* K. T. Balachandran as Babu Sir
* Unniraj Chervathur as Rajesh Ambalathara
* Aravindan as Faizal
* Sarath Kovilakam as Sarath
* Shince Mathew
{{colend}}

== Production ==
Pazhoor initially thought of directing the film himself, before Pothan came on board.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Praveen|first1=S. R.|title=In conversation with Sajeev Pazhoor, this year's National Award winner for original screenplay|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/in-conversation-with-sajeev-pazhoor-this-years-national-award-winner-for-original-screenplay/article23526385.ece|access-date=14 April 2018|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=13 April 2018|archive-date=22 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922165310/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/in-conversation-with-sajeev-pazhoor-this-years-national-award-winner-for-original-screenplay/article23526385.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> About the genre of the film, Pothan said that he is not sure which genre the film falls in, but it has the elements of a "family drama".<ref>{{cite news|last1=James|first1=Anu|title=Exclusive: Dileesh Pothan opens up on Fahadh Faasil-starrer 'Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum'|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/exclusive-dileesh-pothan-opens-fahadh-faasil-starrer-thondimuthalum-driksakshiyum-687829|access-date=13 April 2018|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=25 July 2016|archive-date=13 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413190249/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/exclusive-dileesh-pothan-opens-fahadh-faasil-starrer-thondimuthalum-driksakshiyum-687829|url-status=live}}</ref> For some of the police roles, the film features real-life police officers in the cast. Newcomer Nimisha Sajayan was selected from general auditions. Principal photography commenced from 7 December 2016 in [[Kasaragod]]. Other locations include [[Vaikom]] and [[Cherthala]].<ref name="onlookersmedia">{{cite news|title=Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum starts rolling|url=https://onlookersmedia.in/latestnews/thondimuthalum-driksakshiyum-start-rolling/|access-date=17 December 2016|work=onlookersmedia|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220143925/http://onlookersmedia.in/latestnews/thondimuthalum-driksakshiyum-start-rolling/amp/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Bijibal]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 28 June 2017
| recorded = 2017
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature Film Soundtrack]]
| length = 10:02
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| label = [[Muzik 247]]
| producer = [[Bijibal]]
| prev_title = [[Ramante Edanthottam]]
| prev_year = 2017
| next_title = [[Thrissivaperoor Kliptham]]
| next_year = 2017
}}

The music and background score for the film is composed by [[Bijibal]], who has previously worked with [[Dileesh Pothan]] in ''[[Maheshinte Prathikaaram]]''.<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite news|title=Bjibal to compose for Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/bjibal-to-compose-for-thondimuthalum-driksakshiyum/articleshow/56001563.cms|access-date=17 December 2016|work=indiatimes|archive-date=18 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161218162701/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/bjibal-to-compose-for-thondimuthalum-driksakshiyum/articleshow/56001563.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{track listing
| all_writing = [[Rafeeq Ahamed]]
| all_music = [[Bijibal]]
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kannile Poika
| length1 = 3:16
| extra1 = [[Ganesh Sundaram]], [[Soumya Ramakrishnan]]
| title2 = Aayilyam
| length2 = 3:07
| extra2 = [[Sithara (singer)|Sithara]], [[Govind Menon]]
| title3 = Varum Varum
| length3 = 3:39
| extra3 = [[Bijibal]]
| total_length = 10:02
}}

== Release ==
''Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum'' was released in India on 30 June 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2017/06/30/thondimuthalum-driksakshiyum-review-the-good-bad-and-the-ugly.html|title=Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum review: magically realistic|work=OnManorama|access-date=2017-07-01|archive-date=30 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630160224/http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2017/06/30/thondimuthalum-driksakshiyum-review-the-good-bad-and-the-ugly.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical reception ===
Critic Veeyen noted that sardonic wisecracks and continuous cackles carry the charm of an otherwise unexciting film and praised its intelligent, gracefully flowing narrative.<ref>{{cite news|title=Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum Malayalam Movie Review|url=http://veeyen.com/film-reviews/thondimuthalum-driksakshiyum-2017-malayalam-movie-review-veeyen/|access-date=30 June 2017|publisher=Veeyen Unplugged|date=30 June 2017|archive-date=5 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705215655/http://veeyen.com/film-reviews/thondimuthalum-driksakshiyum-2017-malayalam-movie-review-veeyen/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Bharadwaj, in his review of the film, stated that "Fahadh Faasil's equal parts lazy and wily trickster acting and Alencier Ley Lopez's character acting as luminously exceptional." He praises the beauty of police office politics that Dileesh and Sajeev were able to portray as the drive that calibrates the film. Manorama praises real-life police officer Sibi Thomas for his comedic and yet balanced performance.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2017/06/30/thondi-muthalum-driksakshiyum-original-poice-in-theatre.html | title=തൊണ്ടിമുതലിന് കയ്യടി; കാസർകോട്ടെ പൊലീസുകാർ 'ദൃക്സാക്ഷികൾ' | access-date=29 October 2017 | archive-date=29 October 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029173336/http://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2017/06/30/thondi-muthalum-driksakshiyum-original-poice-in-theatre.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Baradwaj Rangan]] of Film Companion South wrote "Simply put, Pothan's films aren't about the incidents suggested by the titles, but around them. Instead of zooming in, narratively speaking, he goes for the wide shot. This is a generous approach to filmmaking. It says that the main characters are a part of the world around them, and this world needs to be acknowledged as well."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/thondimuthalum-driksakshiyum-movie-review|title=Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum Movie Review|publisher=[[Film Companion]]|date=3 July 2017|access-date=2 September 2023|archive-date=2 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902015614/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/thondimuthalum-driksakshiyum-movie-review|url-status=live}}</ref>

Director [[Shekhar Kapur]], jury chairman of [[65th National Film Awards]] commented: "Brilliant film, impressive performance. First you will think it is a simple film with usual romance and elopement. But how subtle are the things introduced in the film? The movie takes a serious turn by the end, leaving you appalled. I have never seen such an excellent performance by actors."<ref>Deepak Joy, "'Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum', a film that redefines concept of right and wrong" ''The Week'' 14 April 2018 [https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2018/04/14/thondimuthalum-driksakshiyum-a-film-that-redefines-concept-of-right-wrong.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526041101/https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2018/04/14/thondimuthalum-driksakshiyum-a-film-that-redefines-concept-of-right-wrong.html|date=26 May 2018}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum'' earned {{INR}}50 million in its opening weekend<ref name="TD Budget and 1st Weekend Collection" /> and {{INR}}173 million in [[Kerala]] over 50 days.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/thondimuthalum-driksakshiyum-collection-report-in-50-days/articleshow/60143304.cms|title='തൊണ്ടിമുതലും ദൃക്സാക്ഷിയും' 20 കോടി ക്ലബ്ബിലേക്ക് അടുക്കുന്നു|website=The Times of India|date=20 August 2017|access-date=16 May 2020|archive-date=31 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031160902/https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/thondimuthalum-driksakshiyum-collection-report-in-50-days/articleshow/60143304.cms|url-status=live}}(in [[Malayalam]])</ref> It ultimately grossed {{INR}}175 million from the [[Kerala]] box office, marking a commercial success.<ref>{{cite news|last=M. K.|first=Surendhar|title=Devadas earns Rs 29 cr in four-day opening weekend; Fahadh Faasil's Varathan rakes in record breaking numbers|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/devadas-earns-rs-29-cr-in-four-day-opening-weekend-fahadh-faasils-varathan-rakes-in-record-breaking-numbers-5322471.html|access-date=10 November 2018|work=[[Firstpost]]|date=5 October 2018|archive-date=10 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181110200008/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/devadas-earns-rs-29-cr-in-four-day-opening-weekend-fahadh-faasils-varathan-rakes-in-record-breaking-numbers-5322471.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{{Main|List of accolades received by Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt5906392}}
{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Malayalam}}
{{Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Film}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Film – Malayalam}}
{{SIMMA Award for Best Film - Malayalam}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 crime drama films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:2017 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films about theft]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Kerala Police]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dileesh Pothan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bijibal]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor National Film Award–winning performance]]
[[Category:Films whose writer won the Best Original Screenplay National Film Award]]
[[Category:Best Malayalam Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films shot in Alappuzha]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kasaragod]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kottayam]]

Kaarni

2026-03-04T04:39:07Z

Advanced Academy: added article!

{{Short description|2018 Indian Kannada-language thriller drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Kaarni poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = Vini
| writer = Vini
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Govindaraju A.H. Alur
| starring = [[Rashmi (actress)|Duniya Rashmi]] Niranth
| narrator =
| cinematography =
| editing = Vinay G Alur
| music = Arindam Goswamy
| studio = Gokula Entertainers
| distributor = Kaivalya
| released = {{Film date|2018|9|14|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Kaarni''''' is a 2018 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[thriller drama film]] directed by Vini and starring [[Rashmi (actress)|Duniya Rashmi]] and Niranth. The film was released to mixed reviews.

== Cast ==
*[[Rashmi (actress)|Duniya Rashmi]] as Tanu
*Niranth as Shankar
*Rajesh Ramakrishna as the police inspector
*Karan Gaja

== Production ==
The film was shot in Bengaluru, Chikkmagalur, and Shivamogga.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/duniya-rashmi-gets-her-first-psychological-thriller/articleshow/65166382.cms|title=Duniya Rashmi gets her first psychological thriller|date=July 27, 2018|work= The Times of India}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The film features no songs and its score is composed by Arindam Goswamy.<ref name="TNIE"/><ref name="TNM"/>

== Reception ==
Sunayana Suresh of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 2.5/5 and wrote, "This is an interesting premise and has its moments. If you like thrillers that employ some of the regular tropes then this might just pique your interest. But be warned that there are some parts that might not be on par with the genre and can be a let down in terms of consistency".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/kaarni/movie-review/65807405.cms|title=Kaarni Movie Review|work=The Times of India}}</ref> A Sharadhaa of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote, "The film’s story mostly lies in the second half, when the director explains the reason behind the missing girl. Unfortunately, by that point, the attention of audience is lost".<ref name="TNIE">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/Sep/15/kaarni-movie-review-with-overarching-theme-of-homosexuality-film-loses-plot-in-execution-1872035.html|title='Kaarni' movie review: With overarching theme of homosexuality, film loses plot in execution|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa|date=September 15, 2018|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=May 12, 2025|archive-date=September 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911110256/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/sep/15/kaarni-movie-review-with-overarching-theme-of-homosexuality-film-loses-plot-in-execution-1872035.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Aravind Shwetha of ''[[The News Minute]]'' wrote, "Overall, the movie loses steam quickly. There are some pacing issues too, especially in the beginning, and paired with the choppy editing, it makes for a slow ride".<ref name="TNM">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/kaarni-review-duniya-rashmi-saving-grace-thriller-88346|title='Kaarni' review: Duniya Rashmi is the saving grace of this thriller|first=Aravind|last=Shwetha|date=September 14, 2018|website=The News Minute}}</ref> A critic from ''chitratara.com'' rated the film 3/5 and wrote, "
Another haunting film with dark shade in the capture of scenes keeps you engaged especially in the second half and the search for missing heroines and revenge saga is crux of the film".<ref>https://m.chitratara.com/show-content.php?key=Kannada%20Film%20Latest%20News,%20Kannada%20New%20Movies,%20Latest%20Kannada%20Films&title=KAARNI%20IN%20SEARCH%20OF%20MISSING-%20Rating:3/5%20***&id=11453&ptype=Reviews</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|9049486}}

[[Category:Kannada-language drama films]]
[[Category:2018 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Kannada-language thriller films]]
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]
[[Category:2018 thriller films]]
[[Category:2018 drama films]]

Harivillu

2026-03-03T18:05:47Z

Advanced Academy: added a article

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Harivillu
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[B. Narsing Rao]]
| producer = [[D. Rama Naidu]]
| writer =
| story = B. Narsing Rao
| screenplay = T. Patanjali Sastri
| narrator =
| starring = Master Sai Subhakar [[Bhanuchander]] [[Nitya Shetty|Baby Nitya]] Haritha [[Bhoopal Reddy]]
| music = [[B. Narsing Rao]]
| cinematography = [[Apurba Kishore Bir]]
| editing = [[S. V. Krishna Reddy|Krishna Reddy]]
| studio = [[Suresh Productions]]
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=y|2003|4|2}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| budget =
}}
'''''Harivillu''''' (English title: [[Rainbow]]) is a 2003 [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] [[drama film]] written and directed by [[B. Narsing Rao]]. The film is produced by [[D. Rama Naidu]] of [[Suresh Productions]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-harivillu.html|title=Telugu Cinema - Review - Harivillu - Subhakar, Nitya - B Narsing Rao - D Rama Naidu - AK Bir|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=5 March 2024|date=2 April 2003}}</ref> This 2003 film is based on the story of a child suffering from [[cancer]] and his desires of love and friendship. The film was premiered International Critics' Week-Spotlight on India section at the [[2003 Cannes Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rrtd.nic.in/Film%20Bulletin-Apl03.htm |title=BULLETIN ON FILM|access-date=18 October 2014 |archive-date=3 September 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030903121353/http://rrtd.nic.in/Film%20Bulletin-Apl03.htm |url-status=dead|work=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Research Reference and Training Division]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
Ravi Babu (Master Subhakar) is son of a rich businessman (Bhanu Chander). He is a brilliant student, good painter and talented musician. He is known to be suffering from [[cancer]] and knows that death would embrace him any day. His parents caring and sympathetic for him. Ravi needs love, and the way the parents are providing it is not satisfactory enough to him. A few words of his parents and the lady psychiatrist make him get some solace. But the parents are still unable to find the way to pacify their restlessness son. Gowri(Baby Nitya) enters their house as child servant. Ravi makes good friends with her and forgets all the pains. His parents does not like Ravi to move around with a poor girl. The girl gives happiness to Ravi. He sees a peaceful and new world with Gowri. He brings out his fantasies and fulfills them in her companionship.

==Cast==
* Master Sai Subhakar as Ravi Babu
* [[Nitya Shetty|Baby Nitya]] as Gowri
* [[Bhanu Chander]] as Ravi's father
* Haritha as Ravi's mother
* Bhoopal Reddy

== Reception ==
Gudipoodi Srihari of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "The film is neatly made. The visuals are pretty good. Sai Subhakar and Nitya make a good pair. Director Narsing Rao contrasts the playful behaviour of Ravi with his bad mood".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/07/stories/2003040700580400.htm|title=Touching tale|date=7 April 2003|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030730183623/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/07/stories/2003040700580400.htm|archive-date=30 July 2003|access-date=5 March 2024|work=[[The Hindu]]|first=Gudipoodi|last=Srihari}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0354620|Harivillu}}

{{B. Narsing Rao}}

[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:2003 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by B. Narsing Rao]]
[[Category:Suresh Productions films]]

{{2000s-Telugu-film-stub}}

The Slum Stars

2026-03-02T09:47:06Z

Advanced Academy: Done

{{short description|2017 film by Sandeep Singh Bawa}}
{{Orphan|date=September 2023}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}

{{Infobox film
| name = The Slum Stars
| image =
| director = Sandeep Singh Bawa<ref name="punjabkesari">{{cite web |title=फिल्म ‘द स्लम स्टार’ में शहर के नन्हें कलाकार, 500 थिएटरों में होगी रिलीज |url=https://www.punjabkesari.in/chandigarh/news/the-city--s-little-artist-in---the-slum-star---599942 |website=punjabkesari |accessdate=29 December 2018 |date=31 March 2017}}</ref>
| producer = Harpreet Kaur Dhillon<ref name="Cinestaan">{{cite web |title=The Slum Stars (2017) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/the-slum-stars-25198/cast-crew |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230092229/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/the-slum-stars-25198/cast-crew |url-status=live |archive-date=30 December 2018 |website=Cinestaan |access-date=29 December 2018}}</ref>
| screenplay = Sheel Choudhary Anashwar Chopra Aishwarya Nidhi Gaur<ref name="Cinestaan" />
| story = Sheel Choudhary Anashwar Chopra Aishwarya Nidhi Gaur<ref name="Cinestaan" />
| starring = Survinder Vicky Gurpreet Singh Tuti Abhiraj Singh Thakur<ref name="Times of India" />
| music = Asheem Mangoli<ref name="Chandigarh City News">{{cite web |last1=SHARMA |first1=ANU |title=The Slum Stars Movie is all set to release on 7th July 2017. |url=http://www.chandigarhcitynews.com/the-slum-stars-movie-is-all-set-to-release-on-7th-july-2017/ |website=Chandigarh City News |date=6 July 2017}}</ref>
| cinematography = Uttan Dhakal<ref name="Cinestaan" />
| editing = Ashok Shrivastva and Puneet Asp<ref name="Cinestaan" />
| studio = Dhillon Records Entertainment Pvt Ltd<ref name="www.bhaskar.com">{{cite web |last1=Bhaskar |first1=Dainik |title=ह्यूमन ट्रैफिकिंग पर करारा कटाक्ष द स्लम स्टार |trans-title= The Slum Star on Human Trafficking |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/c-3-the-film-slum-star-will-be-released-in-500-theaters-across-india-in-may-or-june-ch0491-NOR.html?version=2 |website=www.bhaskar.com |accessdate=29 December 2018 |language=hi |date=31 March 2017}}{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|07|07|}}<ref name="Times of India">{{cite web |title=The Slum Stars Movie |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/the-slum-stars/movieshow/61307257.cms |publisher=Times of India |accessdate=29 December 2018}}</ref>
| country = India<ref name="Times of India" />
| language = Hindi<ref name="Times of India" />
}}

'''''The Slum Stars''''' is a 2017 Indian [[children's film]] directed by Sandeep Singh Bawa and produced by Harpreet Kaur Dhillon. The film has a multiple cast of debuting child-artists. The film was shot in and around [[Chandigarh]], and in the [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Rajasthan]].<ref name="punjabkesari" />

==Plot==
The film is about a gang of innocent abandoned kids named ''Kahaniya, Gudiya and Chandu'' who lead troubled lives in slums. The Child trafficker; ''Ghutan'', a local don and his keep ''Surma'' use their terror to sell these kids.<ref name="soopinio.com">{{cite web |title=The Slum Stars (2017) - Movie Review |url=http://soopinio.com/movies/bollywood/slum-stars/ |website=soopinio.com |accessdate=29 December 2018 |date=10 July 2017}}</ref> Ghutan is controlled by a bogus ''Swami'' a criminal who fakes himself as a spiritual leader.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cast of ‘The Slum Stars’ comes calling |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/bathinda/cast-of-the-slum-stars-comes-calling/431771.html |website=www.tribuneindia.com |accessdate=29 December 2018 |date=5 July 2017}}</ref> ''Swami'' is led by ''Netaji,'' a greedy politician who has an upper hand in all the crimes.<ref name="Chandigarh City News" />

When ''Gudiya'' becomes one of the victim forced by ''Surma'' into sexual exploitation, these kids decide to run away from these people who are trying destroying their lives. They somehow travel from the city through dusty roads that lead them into a village in Rajasthan where they meet a Ghost. This ghost then helps the kids to teach ''Ghutan, Surma, Netaji'' and other criminal a lesson through his powers.<ref name="soopinio.com" />

== Cast ==
* Chiragdeep Gill as Kahaniya
* Ridhima Malhotra as Gudiya
* Yashwan Chopra as Chandu
* GurpreetSingh Tuti as Dharam Guru
* Abhiraj Singh Thakur as Kala Dhan
* Survinder Vicky as MLA
* Balkar Singh Dhillon as Retired Army Officer
* Naginder as Sekh
* Amrit Pal Chotu as Ghost
* KapilKalyan as Koyla
* Rakshit as Genda
* Harpreet Singh as Sursand
* Harry Sachdev as Ghutan
* GoniSagoo as Surma
* Daman PreetKuar as KhaniyaMaa
* Nitin Arora as Gunda
* DarshanGharoo as Dhaba Owner
* Bhuwan Azad as Surdass
* JagdeepLamba as Truck Driver
* Nikk Arora as Truck Driver asst.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Facebook|theslumstars|Official page}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9xz8Pgtuvmw Official Trailer] on [[YouTube]]
*{{cite web|url=http://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/chandigarh/film-slum-star-will-be-released-in-500-theaters-across-india |title=Film Slum Star Will Be Released In 500 Theaters Across India - इंसान भी बिकते हैं यहां बाज़ारों में, 'स्लम स्टार' के ज़रिए ये बच्चे करवाएंगे सच से सामना, Chandigarh Photo Gallery |publisher=Amar Ujala |date=2017-04-01 |accessdate=2017-07-17}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Slum Stars, The}}
[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:Films set in slums]]
[[Category:2017 children's films]]
[[Category:Indian children's films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:2017 Hindi-language films]]

S. V. C. Aiya

2026-02-27T22:13:17Z

Advanced Academy: New a stub w/ sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = S. V. Chandrashekhar Aiya
| image = Prof SVC Aiya 1.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Prof S. V. C. Aiya in Cambridge
| birth_date = {{birth date|1911|03|06|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mysore]], [[Mysore State]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1992|06|15|1911|03|6}}
| death_place = [[New Jersey]], United States
| resting_place_coordinates =
| other_names =
| honorific_prefix =
| workplaces =
| alma_mater = [[Caius College]], Cambridge
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students =
| known_for = Research on [[Atmospheric noise|Atmospheric Noise]] Engineering Education
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
| spouse = Meenakshi Belavady
| children = Jagadish C. Aiya Leela S. Rao
| field = Meteorology Electrical & Telecommunications Engineering
| honorific_suffix =
}}

'''S.V. Chandrashekhar Aiya''' (1911–1992) was an Indian scientist and engineer who mathematically demonstrated the effect of thunderstorms and lightning on television and radio broadcasting signals (RF signals).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chandrashekhar Aiya |first1=S. V. |title=Noise Power Radiated by Tropical Thunderstorms |journal=Proceedings of the IRE |date=August 1955 |volume=43 |issue=8 |pages=966–974 |doi=10.1109/JRPROC.1955.278204 |bibcode=1955PIRE...43..966C |s2cid=51655267 |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4055530/authors#authors |access-date=27 June 2021 |issn=2162-6634|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Model published in Nature">{{cite journal |last1=Chandrashekhar Aiya |first1=S. V. |title=Noise Radiation from Tropical Thunderstorms in the Standard Broadcast Band |journal=Nature |date=December 1956 |volume=178 |issue=4544 |pages=1249 |doi=10.1038/1781249a0 |bibcode=1956Natur.178.1249C |s2cid=186242557 |language=en |issn=1476-4687|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="JATP Vol5 1954">{{cite journal |title=Measurement of atmospheric noise interference to broadcasting |journal=Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics |date=1954-01-01 |volume=5 |issue=1–6 |pages=230–242 |doi=10.1016/0021-9169(54)90039-2 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0021916954900392 |access-date=28 June 2021 |language=en |issn=0021-9169|last1=Aiya |first1=S.V.Chandrashekhar |bibcode=1954JATP....5..230A |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

He was the second Chairman of the Department of Electrical and Communications Engineering in the [[Indian Institute of Science]] (1959-1969).<ref name="Past Chairs of ECE">{{cite web |title=Past Chairs - Department of Electrical Communication Engineering - IISc Bangalore, India. |url=https://ece.iisc.ac.in/index.php/people/past-chairs |website=ece.iisc.ac.in |access-date=28 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="IISC first PhD - 1963">{{cite web |title=Milestones - Department of Electrical Communication Engineering - IISc Bangalore, India. |url=https://ece.iisc.ac.in/index.php/about-us/milestones |website=ece.iisc.ac.in |access-date=28 June 2021 |archive-date=27 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627160312/https://ece.iisc.ac.in/index.php/about-us/milestones |url-status=dead }}</ref> The S.V.C. Aiya award is named after him.<ref>{{cite web |title=SVC Aiya Medal (sec. 2.8) |url=https://iete.org/IETE-Awards.htm#:~:text=2.8%20IETE%20-%20Prof%20SVC%20Aiya,last%205%20(five)%20years. |website=iete.org |access-date=27 June 2021 |archive-date=5 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205143051/https://www.iete.org/IETE-Awards.htm#:~:text=2.8%20IETE%20-%20Prof%20SVC%20Aiya,last%205%20(five)%20years. |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was also the first full time director of the [[NCERT|National Council of Educational Research and Training]].<ref name="Notes on SVC Aiya">{{cite journal |last1=Aiya |first1=S. V. C. |title=Elimination of Electronics and Metals From Telecommunications by 2000 AD |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09747338.1991.11436340 |journal=IETE Journal of Education |pages=121–128 |doi=10.1080/09747338.1991.11436340 |date=1991-10-01|volume=32 |issue=4 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Personal life and education ==
S. V. Chandrashekhar Aiya was born in 1911. His father, S. Vishkant Aiya, was a lawyer in service with the [[Maharaja of Mysore]]. He relocated with his family to what is now the Maharashtra region when Professor Aiya was still young.

He completed his early schooling in the Esplande High School in Bombay, earned his degree from [https://www.wilsoncollege.edu/ Wilson College] and completed his master's degree at [[Caius College]], Cambridge.<ref name="Notes on SVC Aiya" />

He was married to Meenakshi Belavady,<ref name="Aiya & Meenakshi">{{cite book |last1=Bhairappa |first1=Es. El |title=Bhitti |date=2002 |publisher=Kitābaghara Prakāśana |location=Nayī Dillī |isbn=9788170165491 |pages=Chap 8 |edition=1. saṃskaraṇa}}</ref> the sister of Dr. Bhavani Belavady. Dr. Bhavani was an Indian nutrition researcher.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=BHAT |first1=K. SEETHARAM |last2=BELAVADY |first2=BHAVANI |title=Biochemical Studies in Phrynoderma (Follicular Hyperkeratosis): II. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Levels in Plasma and Erythrocytes of Patients Suffering from Phrynoderma |journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |date=1967-05-01 |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=386–392 |doi=10.1093/ajcn/20.5.386 |pmid=6023849 |url=https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article-abstract/20/5/386/4787749?redirectedFrom=fulltext |access-date=27 June 2021 |issn=0002-9165|doi-access=free |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Belavady |first1=Bhavani |title=Collaborative Research Support Proposal Grain Sorghum And Pearl Millet |date=March 1978 |page=53 |url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PDAAS608.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208095404/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PDAAS608.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 February 2017 |access-date=27 June 2021}}</ref> The novelist [[S. L. Bhyrappa]] described his exchanges with S.V.C Aiya in his autobiography [[Bhitti]]. In his book, S. L. Bhyrappa recounts his positive interactions with the professor and his wife, during a time when the novelist was also employed with NCERT.<ref name="Aiya & Meenakshi" />

== Career ==
He is credited with starting the BE, ME and PhD programs at the [[College of Engineering, Pune|College of Engineering, Poona]] (COEP) and setting up electronics and telecommunications engineering laboratories from scratch. COEP is the third oldest engineering college in Asia and was the only Engineering college in Pune at the time. Aiya also acted as the Dean in the Universities of Bombay, Poona and Ahmedabad.<ref name="Notes on SVC Aiya" /><ref name="COEP History">{{cite web |title=College of Engineering Pune (COEP) |url=http://www.punepages.com/college-of-engineering-pune-coep |website=www.punepages.com |access-date=18 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

He was the second chairman<ref name="Past Chairs of ECE" /> (1959-1969) of the department of Electrical and Communications Engineering in the Indian Institute of Science. The bust of [[Heinrich Hertz]] installed at the entrance of the Department is said to have been gifted by the Govt. of [[West Germany]] during his tenure.<ref name="IISE ECE history">{{cite web |title=History - Department of Electrical Communication Engineering - IISc Bangalore, India. |url=https://ece.iisc.ac.in/index.php/about-us/history |website=ece.iisc.ac.in |access-date=28 June 2021}}</ref>

The Indian Institute of Science's first PhD<ref name="IISC first PhD - 1963" /> was granted to Aiya's student [https://accsindia.org/prof-b-s-sonde-passed-away/ BS Sonde]. Dr. Sonde went on to become the Chairman of the Department in 1981.<ref name="Past Chairs of ECE" />

He was also the first full time director of NCERT in Delhi, contributing to the education of a renewed India.<ref name="Notes on SVC Aiya" />

== Positions held ==
*Member of the Bombay Education Service Class 1<ref name="Notes on SVC Aiya" />
*Chairman Department of Electrical Communications Engineering IISC, Bangalore<ref name="Notes on SVC Aiya" />
*Director of the [[NCERT]]<ref name="Notes on SVC Aiya" />
*Distinguished Fellow and President of the [[Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers]], New Delhi (1959–60)<ref name="Notes on SVC Aiya" /><ref name="IETE Past Presidents">{{cite web |title=IETE - PRESIDENTS |url=https://www.iete.org/presidents1.html |website=www.iete.org |access-date=6 July 2021 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
*Fellow of the [[Institution of Engineers (India)|Institution of Engineers India]]; Fellow of the [[Institution of Electrical Engineers]], London (Now merged with [[Institution of Engineering and Technology|Institution of Engineering and technology]]); Honorary Fellow of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India|National Academy of Sciences]], India<ref name="Notes on SVC Aiya" />
*Served on several committees of the Government of India and the Government of Bombay<ref name="Notes on SVC Aiya" />

== Research ==

In the early 1950s, Professor Aiya developed a mathematical model<ref name="Formu">{{cite journal |last1=Aiya |first1=S. V. Chandrashekhar |title=Noise Radiation from Tropical Thunderstorms in the Standard Broadcast Band |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/1781249a0.pdf |journal=Nature |date=1956 |volume=178 |issue=4544 |page=1249 |doi=10.1038/1781249a0 |bibcode=1956Natur.178.1249C |access-date=8 July 2021}}</ref> that showed how thunderstorms and lightning impacted radio and TV broadcasting.<ref name="Model published in Nature" /><ref name="JATP Vol5 1954" />
He gave lectures on lightning and radio noise in several international Universities and research establishments.

He also collaborated with [[Homi J. Bhabha]] (his fellow alumnus from Cambridge) co-authoring 3 research publications with him between 1945 and 1946. During this period, he also helped Dr. Bhabha in creating a cost effective Geiger counter telescope and a GM telescope necessary for conducting his research <ref name="Homi Bhabha Bio - Chintamani Deshmukh">{{cite book |last1=Deśamukha |first1=Cintāmaṇī. |title=Homi Jehangir Bhabha |date=2003 |publisher=National Book Trust, India |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-8123741062 |page=16 |edition=1st |url=https://www.arvindguptatoys.com/arvindgupta/homibhabha.pdf |access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="Homi Bhabha Cosmic ray research">{{cite web |title=Homi Bhabha |url=https://studyres.com/doc/8056471/homi-bhabha |website=studyres.com |access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="Royal society - Homi Bhabha">{{cite journal |last1=Penney |first1=William George |title= Homi Jehangir Bhabha, 1909-1966|journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society |pages=35–55 |language=en |doi=10.1098/rsbm.1967.0002 |doi-access=free|date=November 1967|issue=13 |s2cid=72524347 }}</ref>

Aiya's areas of interest included technological forecasting, tropicalization and design enhancements. He was also interested in education (including engineering education) and is said to have written extensively on the subject.<ref name="Notes on SVC Aiya" />

== See also ==
* [[Atmospheric noise]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aiya, S. V. C.}}

[[Category:Indian scientists]]
[[Category:Engineers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Educators from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science]]
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]

Seshu KMR Ponnapalli

2026-02-27T16:10:28Z

Advanced Academy: Made!

{{unreliable sources|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Seshu KMR Ponnapalli
| image =
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1976}} 
| birth_place = India
| organization =
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Sound Engineer]]|Author|Film Director|Composer}}
| years_active = 2002{{endash}}present
| known_for =
| website =
| signature =
}}

'''Seshu KMR Ponnapalli''' is a sound designer, film director, researcher music composer, and writer from Hyderabad, India.<ref name="tc">{{cite news |title=127 B' mystery raising a lot of curiosity |url=https://www.telugucinemas.in/2017/12/127-b-mystery-raising-lot-of-curiosity.html |work=TeluguCinemas.in: The Best Source for Latest Telugu Movie News, Reviews,Trending and News Updates in |date=3 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=H |first1=Murali Krishna C. |title=Seshu KMR to direct three projects on the trot |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2022/Jan/27/seshu-kmr-to-direct-three-projects-on-the-trot-2411670.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=27 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="dchr">{{cite news |last1=C. |first1=D. |title=Vedic Secrets Propel India's Cosmic Odyssey in Dr.Seshu KMR's ANTHARA-1 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/general/vedic-secrets-propel-indias-cosmic-odyssey-in-drseshu-kmrs-anthara-1-1878135 |work=www.deccanchronicle.com |date=11 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="tt">{{cite news |last1=Today |first1=Telangana |title=Suchitra Krishnamoorthi, Seshu KMR team up for patriotic song 'Vande Mataram' |url=https://telanganatoday.com/suchitra-krishnamoorthi-seshu-kmr-team-up-for-patriotic-song-vande-mataram |work=Telangana Today |date=6 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> He created the Flowsound system, which mixes sound, music, and background layers to create strong emotions in movies. World Records India calls it the world's first innovation of its kind.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Adivi |first1=Sashidhar |title=Dakhini films to get a makeover |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/050617/dakhini-films-to-get-a-makeover.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=WORLD'S FIRST TO INNOVATE FLOW SOUND SYSTEM |url=https://www.worldrecordsindia.com/2015/04/10/worlds-first-to-innovate-flow-sound-system/}}</ref>

Working with scientist V. Vasudeva Rao, Seshu developed bio-acoustics tools for farming to scare away wildlife using sound.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nanisetti |first1=Serish |title=Sounds to keep birds at bay |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/Sounds-to-keep-birds-at-bay/article17063445.ece |work=The Hindu |date=19 January 2017 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

He directed the film 127B and music videos like Kala (2022)<ref>{{cite news |title=Telugu actress Heena was bitten by a Scorpion, here is what happened next! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/telugu-actress-heena-was-bitten-by-a-scorpion-here-is-what-happened-next/articleshow/88707292.cms |work=The Times of India |date=5 January 2022}}</ref>, Haal-e-Dil (2023), and Jaan-e-Jahan (2023), which was a project between India and Turkey. He wrote books such as Ghost of Golkonda and Anthara-1.<ref name="tc"/> He has authored books like Ghost of Golkonda and Anthara-1.

He received an honorary doctorate from the University of Cuneo in [[Italy]], for his work related to sound in Indian films.<ref>{{cite news |last1=C. |first1=D. |title="From Silence to Sonic Wisdom" — Dr. Seshu KMR Honoured by University of Cuneo, Italy |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/general/from-silence-to-sonic-wisdom-dr-seshu-kmr-honoured-by-university-of-cuneo-italy-1894777 |work=www.deccanchronicle.com |date=31 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref> He also holds an HPhD in Sonic Psychology from the United Theological Research University, based on his studies of sound's influence on emotions in cinema.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dr. Seshu KMR Receives Italian Doctorate for Redefining Sonic Futures in Indian Cinema – The India Times Online |url=https://theindiatimesonline.co.in/dr-seshu-kmr-receives-italian-doctorate-for-redefining-sonic-futures-in-indian-cinema/ |date=31 July 2025}}</ref>

Seshu served as creative head at Ram Gopal Varma's production company.<ref name="cb"/><ref>{{cite news |last1= C. |first1=D. |title=Guntur Seshu's B'town connection {{!}} Guntur Seshu's B'town connection |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150226/entertainment-tollywood/article/guntur-seshu%E2%80%99s-b%E2%80%99town-connection |work=www.deccanchronicle.com |date=26 February 2015 |language=en}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* '''Anthara-1'''<ref name="dchr"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=KMR |first1=Seshu |title=ANTHARA-1 |isbn=9370184341 }}</ref>
* Playback: A Century of Telugu Cinema Soundtrack<ref>{{cite book |last1=KMR |first1=Seshu |title=Playback: A Century Of Telugu Cinema Soundtrack |publisher=Bluerose Publishers Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=9789367832646 |url=https://www.flipkart.com/playback-century-telugu-cinema-soundtrack/p/itm2a7b9053659ff}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Nature of the Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2002
|''[[Nee Thodu Kavali]]''
| Film
| Sound Designer
|
|-
|2014
|''Ice Cream''
| Film
| Sound Designer
|<ref>{{cite web |title=365 Days (2015) |url=https://letterboxd.com/film/365-days-2015/crew/ |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|''[[Anukshanam]]''
| Film
| Sound Designer
|<ref name="cb">{{cite news |title=18 Music Directors Who Were Introduced In Telugu By RGV! |url=https://www.chaibisket.com/blogs/blog/rgv-music-directors |work=Chai Shots Private Limited |date=18 February 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|''[[365 Days (2015 film)|365 Days]]''
| Film
| Music Director
|
|-
|2015
|''[[Singham 123]]''
| Film
| Music Director
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Singham 123 |url=https://www.24framesfactory.com/singham-123/ |website=24 Frames Factory |language=en |date=30 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|''Affair''
| Film
| Music Director
|
|-
|2015
|''Inspector Gullu''
| Film
| Music Director
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Inspector Gullu on Moviebuff.com |url=https://www.moviebuff.com/inspector-gullu |website=Moviebuff.com}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|''127B''
| Film
| Director, screenwriter
|<ref name="tc"/>
|-
|2020
|''RedZone''
| Short Film
| Director
|<ref>{{cite news |title={{!}} |url=https://archive.telugucinema.com/news/red-zone-movie-made-during-lockdown |work=archive.telugucinema.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''Kala ''
| Music video
| Director
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Poland child is in love with this Telugu melody 'Kala' |url=https://www.telugucinemas.in/2022/01/poland-child-is-in-love-with-this.html |work=TeluguCinemas.in: The Best Source for Latest Telugu Movie News, Reviews,Trending and News Updates in |date=22 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''Haal-e-Dil''
| Music video
| Director
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tollywoodtimes |first1=M. D. ABDUL- |title=Yet another huge achievement for Seshu KMR's musical Haal E Dil |url=https://tollywoodtimes.in/yet-another-huge-achievement-for-seshu-kmrs-musical-haal-e-dil/ |work=www.tollywoodtimes.co |date=18 January 2023}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''Jaan-e-Jahan''
| Music video
| Director
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=RAJU |first1=SIRIGADHI |title=Award-Winning Director Seshu KMR Unveils Groundbreaking Hindi-Turkish Musical Masterpiece: "Jaan e Jahan" |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/award-winning-director-seshu-kmr-unveils-groundbreaking-hindi-turkish-musical-masterpiece-jaan-e-jahan-831209 |work=www.thehansindia.com |date=20 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''Vande Mataram''
| Music video
| Director
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Vande Mataram Teaser Unveiled – August 15, 2025 is Release Date |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/movies/vande-mataram-teaser-unveiled-august-15-2025-release-date-437814 |work=Sakshi Post |date=7 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Indian sound designers]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Indian composers]]
[[Category:Indian film score composers]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:People from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male musicians]]
[[Category:1976 births]]

Kalyaani Singh

2026-02-17T20:35:05Z

Advanced Academy: added bio!

{{Short description|Indian film producer, director (born 1966)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kalyaani Singh
| image =
| alt =
| caption = Kalyaani Singh
| birth_name = Kalyaani Singh
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1966|03|11|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Patna]], Bihar, India
| occupation = [[Film Producer]], [[Film Director]]
| parent_name =
| spouse = Maann Singh
| children = 1
}}
'''Kalyaani Singh''' (born 11 March 1966) is an Indian film [[Film producer|producer]] and director who works in Hindi cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bollyy |title=An Exclusive Interview with Kalyaani Singh: A Pioneer in Indian Cinema |url=https://bollyy.com/interview/an-exclusive-interview-with-kalyaani-singh-a-pioneer-in-indian-cinema-4593119 |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=bollyy.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=इंटरव्यू : फिल्म "नानक नाम जहाज है" मेरे जीवन की सबसे महत्वपूर्ण फिल्म है, बोलीं फिल्म निर्माता - निर्देशक कल्याणी सिंह |url=https://outlookhindi.com/face/general/nanak-nam-jahaj-hai-producer-director-kalayani-singh-interview-69367 |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=outlookhindi.com/ |language=en-US}}</ref> She has produced several Bollywood films namely [[Gunehgar]], [[Jurmana (1996 film)|Jurmana]], [[Raja Bhaiya (film)|Raja Bhaiya]], [[Krishan Avtaar]], [[Kranti Kshetra]], [[Why I Killed Gandhi]], Gehri Chaal and Nanak Naam Jahaz Hai.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-07-31 |title=After half a century, 'Nanak Naam Jahaz Hai' is all set to get a remake; details inside |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/after-half-a-century-nanak-naam-jahaz-hai-is-all-set-to-get-a-remake-details-inside/articleshow/70463393.cms |access-date=2024-05-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amidst discussions: Director Kalyani Singh CorporateNews :: pressnote.in |url=https://www.pressnote.in/-Corporate-News-_496296.html |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=www.pressnote.in |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=24 मई को रिलीज होगी फिल्म "नानक नाम जहाज है", फिल्म की निर्देशक कल्याणी सिंह ने दी फिल्म से जुड़ी अहम जानकारी |url=https://outlookhindi.com/cinema/regional/film-nanak-nam-jahaz-hai-will-be-released-on-24-may-2024-86198 |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=outlookhindi.com/ |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Mayapuri |title=फिल्म 'नानक नाम जहाज है' चौबीस मई को होगी रिलीज़ |url=https://mayapuri.com/photos/entertainment/the-film-nanak-naam-jahaz-hai-will-be-released-on-24th-may-4550095 |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=mayapuri.com |language=hi}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Kalyaani Singh worked in many advertisement films apart from Doordarshan serial Aashiyana.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-01-18 |title="Nanak Naam Jahaz Hai" is set to grace the silver screen once again |url=https://digicorporate70.com/nanak-naam-jahaz-hai-is-set-to-grace-the-silver-screen-once-again/ |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=Corporate Impact |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalyaani Singh - Biography |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1525060/bio/ |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref> Later she came into film production and produced films like Gunehgar, Raja Bhaiya and Why I Killed Gandhi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bollyy |title=An Exclusive Interview with Kalyaani Singh: A Pioneer in Indian Cinema |url=https://bollyy.com/interview/an-exclusive-interview-with-kalyaani-singh-a-pioneer-in-indian-cinema-4593119 |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=bollyy.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-23 |title='सत्य परिस्थिती सर्वांसमोर आणायचीय', Why I Killed Gandhi च्या निर्मात्यांचं मत |url=https://lokmat.news18.com/maharashtra/why-i-killed-gandhi-film-producer-kalyani-singh-appeal-to-watch-movie-who-oppose-amol-kolhe-mhcp-660420.html |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=News18 लोकमत |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=author/online-lokmat |date=2022-01-30 |title=Why I Killed Gandhi सिनेमा पंतप्रधान मोदी व अमित शाहांनी पाहिलाय का? निर्मात्या म्हणतात... |url=https://www.lokmat.com/mumbai/producer-kalyani-singh-told-about-did-pm-narendra-modi-and-amit-shah-watched-the-movie-why-i-killed-gandhi-a719/ |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-22 |title=I believe in Gandhian thoughts, played Godse's role to challenge myself as an actor: Amol Kolhe |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/i-believe-in-gandhian-thoughts-played-godses-role-to-challenge-myself-as-an-actor-amol-kolhe/articleshow/89053503.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-05-27 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

In 2022, The film '[[Why I Killed Gandhi]]' produced by Kalyaani had created a controversy, NCP MP [[Amol Kolhe]] played the role of [[Nathuram Godse]] in the film,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-22 |title=I believe in Gandhian thoughts, played Godse's role to challenge myself as an actor: Amol Kolhe |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/i-believe-in-gandhian-thoughts-played-godses-role-to-challenge-myself-as-an-actor-amol-kolhe/articleshow/89053996.cms |access-date=2024-05-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> which created a controversy and NCP president [[Sharad Pawar]] supported Kolhe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Utkarsh |title=Believe in Gandhi: NCP leader facing flak for playing Godse |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/believe-in-gandhi-says-actor-facing-flak-for-playing-godse/20220122.htm |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-22 |title=I believe in Gandhian thoughts, played Godse's role to challenge myself as an actor: Amol Kolhe |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/i-believe-in-gandhian-thoughts-played-godses-role-to-challenge-myself-as-an-actor-amol-kolhe/articleshow/89053503.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-05-27 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

Kalyaani is married to producer Maann Singh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Kalyaani |date=27 May 2024 |title=Maan Singh Deep |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/maan-singh-deep/36919 |website=www.bookmyshow.com}}</ref>

Nanak Naam Jahaz Hai, produced and directed by Kalyaani, will release in cinemas across the country on May 24, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalyani Singh's Film "Nanak Naam Jahaz Hai" Set to Rock the Silver Screen Once Again! Glamourworld :: pressnote.in |url=https://www.pressnote.in/-Glamour-world-_495594.html |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=www.pressnote.in |language=hi}}</ref> the film stars [[Mukesh Rishi]], [[Vindu Dara Singh]], [[Gavie Chahal]] and Sardar Sohi in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mediawala |date=2023-07-23 |title=New Film : Nanak Naam Jahaz Hai-कल्याणी सिंह ने कहा 'नानक नाम जहाज है मेरे दिल के करीब!' {{!}} Mediawala |url=https://mediawala.in/new-film-nanak-naam-jahaz-hai-kalyani/ |access-date=2024-05-27 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Roll
!References
|-
|1993
|''[[Krishan Avtaar|Krishan Avataar]]''
|''Co - Producer''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalyaani Singh |url=https://watch.plex.tv/en-GB/person/kalyani-singh |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=watch.plex.tv |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
|1994
|''[[Kranti Kshetra]]''
|''Co - Producer''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cast – Kranti Kshetra (1994) |url=https://en.kinorium.com/168211/cast/ |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=Kinorium |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|1995
|''[[Gunehgar]]''
|''Producer''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gunehgar |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/gunehgar/cast/2030192604/ |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=TVGuide.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|1996
|''[[Jurmana (1996 film)|Jurmana]]''
|''Producer''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amidst discussions: Director Kalyani Singh CorporateNews :: pressnote.in |url=https://www.pressnote.in/-Corporate-News-_496296.html |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=www.pressnote.in |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|2003
|''[[Raja Bhaiya (film)|Raja Bhaiya]]''
|''Producer''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2003-10-24 |title=Raja Bhaiya Review 1/5 {{!}} Raja Bhaiya Movie Review {{!}} Raja Bhaiya 2003 Public Review {{!}} Film Review |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/raja-bhaiya/critic-review/raja-bhaiya-movie-review/ |access-date=2024-05-27 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Why I Killed Gandhi]]''
|''Producer''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Plea In Supreme Court Seeks Ban On Publication Of Film 'Why I Killed Gandhi' |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/plea-in-supreme-court-seeks-ban-on-exhibition-publication-of-film-why-i-killed-gandhi-2734725 |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''Nanak Naam Jahaz Hai''
|''Writer & Director''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-23 |title=आज रिलीज़ हुई फ़िल्म नानक नाम जहाज है को लेकर जसलीन है बेहद उत्साहित - Bharat Times |url=https://bharattimenews.com/2024/05/23/jasleen-is-very-excited-about-the-film-nanak-naam-jahaz-hai-released-today/ |access-date=2024-05-27 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

== References ==

<references />

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|1525060}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Kalyaani}}
[[Category:Indian women film directors]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women film producers]]
[[Category:Film producers from Bihar]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Indian women television directors]]
[[Category:Indian television directors]]
[[Category:Indian women television producers]]
[[Category:Indian television producers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Film directors from Bihar]]

Anirban Chakraborty

2026-02-15T11:40:51Z

Advanced Academy: creating initial article and citations

{{Short description|Indian film director and writer}}
{{distinguish|Anirban Chakrabarti}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|Biography|date=January 2025}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2025}}
}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anirban Chakraborty
| image = Anirban Chakraborty.jpg
| caption = Chakraborty in 2014
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = 
| occupation = Film Director, Writer
| years_active = 
| notable_works = ''Mullickbari'', ''Piklur Janala'', ''Jah Kala'', ''Bonosundari'', ''Nonte Fonte'', ''O Abhagi'', ''Khacha''
}}

'''Anirban Chakraborty''' is an Indian film director and writer. He has been active in filmmaking for over a decade, creating feature films, short films, documentaries, and web series.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

== Career ==
Anirban Chakraborty's debut feature film, ''Mullickbari'', marked the beginning of a prolific career. His works include several critically acclaimed films:
* ''[[Piklur Janala]]''
* ''[[Jah Kala]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/ena-saha-in-a-social-satire/articleshow/67438104.cms|title=Ena Saha in a social satire|date=January 8, 2019|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
* ''[[Bonosundari]]''
* ''[[Nonte Fonte (film)]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2023/May/19/nonte-fonte-film-creators-anirban-chakraborty--amlan-majumder-take-us-on-a-trip-back-to-childhood-49208.html|title=Nonte Fonte film creators Anirban Chakraborty & Amlan Majumder take us on a trip, back to childhood|first=Dharitri|last=Ganguly|date=May 19, 2023|website=Indulgexpress}}</ref>
* ''[[O Abhagi]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/o-abhagi-brings-sarat-chandra-chattopadhyayas-work-to-life-on-screen/articleshow/108293773.cms|title='O Abhagi' brings Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyaya's work to life on screen|date=March 7, 2024|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
* ''[[Khacha]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/cinebap-mrinmoy-s-new-movie-khacha-is-coming-starring-mir-and-rajtav-dutt-31736395368803.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122213505/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/cinebap-mrinmoy-s-new-movie-khacha-is-coming-starring-mir-and-rajtav-dutt-31736395368803.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 22, 2025|title=Cinebap Mrinmoy's new movie 'Khacha' is coming starring Mir and Rajtav Dutt|date=January 2025|work=Hindustan Times Bangla}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/director-anirban-chakraborty-has-come-up-with-his-new-film-khancha-after-o-abhagi-dgtl/cid/1573281|title=New Film | Director Anirban Chakraborty has come up with his new film Khancha after O Abhagi dgtl|work=Anandabazar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/first-look-revealed-of-bengali-movie-khachaa-which-starring-rajatava-dutta-pratyusha-paul-mir-afsar-ali-ent-111516|title=First look revealed of Bengali movie Khachaa starring Rajatava Dutta, Pratyusha Paul, Mir Afsar Ali|work=Aajkaal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/popular-youtuber-mrinmoy-on-the-big-screen-this-time/200335915.cms|title=Popular YouTuber Mrinmoy on the big screen this time|work=Ei Samay}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://epaper.puberkalom.com/epaper/edition/1473/jan/page/5|title=Puberkalom Newspaper Reference for Khacha|work=Puberkalom}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Feature films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Filmography of Anirban Chakraborty
|-
! Year !! Title !! Genre !! Notes
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Mullickbari]]'' || Drama || Debut Feature Film
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Piklur Janala]]'' || Drama ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Jah Kala]]'' || Thriller ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Bonosundari]]'' || Mystery ||
|-
| 2019 || ''Nonte Fonte'' || Comedy || Based on the popular comic series. See [[Nonte Fonte (film)]]
|-
| 2021 || ''[[O Abhagi]]'' || Drama || Based on [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]]'s Obhagir sworgo.
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Khacha]]'' || Drama || Starring Mir and Rajatava Dutta and YouTuber cinebapmrinmoy.
|}

=== Other Works ===
* Short films
* Documentaries
* Ad films
* Corporate films
* Web series

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{external links|date=January 2025}}
* {{IMDb name|14196263}}
* [https://www.anandalok.in/storydetails?catid=33211&link=204471&fbclid=IwY2xjawHrSvdleHRuA2FlbQIxMQABHTdBGqqbWXRQopmFT0gAZzBY0WNzxKIzsy0Uzn48ok49S-4jThce3hZFig_aem_tALGctWicU0vTE4fuWNzTA&sfnsn=wiwspwa Anandalok Article]
* [https://bengali.news18.com/news/entertainment/mithila-wins-best-actress-at-the-14th-dadasaheb-phalke-film-festival-24-for-o-abhagi-ss-1639821.html?fbclid=IwY2xjawHrSzNleHRuA2FlbQIxMQABHbCN17PucsH94W1Kux645u9Bgrwp0qRMu4q08T4CKaZ-590im7bPQeJ5dw_aem_oGWVHqnxxMeoctjjakWQwg&sfnsn=wiwspwa News18 Article]
* [https://eisamay.com/entertainment/cinema/srijit-mukherji-wife-rafiath-rashid-mithila-wins-as-best-actress-dadasaheb-phalke-award-for-o-abhagi/articleshow/109816221.cms?fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAR1sEKWgu6aqGr1tH7wLVFh9cv38EjATP0VuHvkiQnDKFpImrUS-MX1EgRs_aem_YDijut0QhNHHZQjPlpNzBQ&sfnsn=wiwspwa Ei Samay Article]
* [https://www.hindustantimes.com/bangla?fbclid=IwY2xjawHrS51leHRuA2FlbQIxMQABHWqFQYkz4Ds3wo921PC32BnO-yjOLxL_ZqauAgDypYg0V0RmPborrSMoGQ_aem_RgID8YW-1K__4whVW4qgOA&sfnsn=wiwspwa Hindustan Times Article]
* [https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/rafiath-rashid-mithila-o-obhagi-dadashaheb-falke-film-festival-best-actress-award-success-story-1064699?fbclid=IwY2xjawHrS9lleHRuA2FlbQIxMQABHYkORpEx_u2oiMSF706DkF8AwiNrjblA6beV3o-23FD9dyVzhZHHC9oJDA_aem__9cgWrFlDRqbWQbEyMU7dw&sfnsn=wiwspwa ABP Live Article]
* [https://bengali.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/khachaa-bengali-movie-directed-by-anirban-chakraborty-first-look-revealed-ss-2012805.html News18 Article for Khacha]
* [https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/cinebap-mrinmoy-das-now-in-bengali-cinema-new-film-coming-with-rajatabha-dutta-and-kanchana-maitra-1115434 ABP Ananda Article for Khacha]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakraborty, Anirban}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

Ram Chandra Vidyabagish

2026-02-10T02:52:34Z

Advanced Academy: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Indian academic (1786–1845)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Ram Chandra Vidyabagish
|native_name = রামচন্দ্র বিদ্যাবাগিস
|birth_date =1786
|birth_place = Palpara, [[Nadia district]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]] (present day in [[West Bengal]], [[India]])
|death_date = 2 March 1845(aged 58)
|death_place =
|occupation = Writer, Professor, Academics, Sanskrit scholars
}}
'''Ramchandra Vidyabagish''' ({{langx|bn|রামচন্দ্র বিদ্যাবাগীশ}}; 1786 – 2 March 1845) was an Indian lexicographer and Sanskrit scholar. His ''Bangabhashabhidhan'', the first monolingual [[Bengali language|Bengali]] dictionary, was published in 1817. He taught at the Vedanta College established by [[Ram Mohan Roy|Raja Rammohun Roy]], and later at [[Sanskrit College]] from 1827 to 1837. Closely associated with the work of Rammohun Roy in Kolkata, he was the first secretary of the Brahmo Sabha, established in 1828, and initiated [[Debendranath Tagore]] and 21 other young men into [[Brahmo Samaj]] in 1843.

==References==
* Sengupta, Subodh Chandra and Anjali Bose (1988) (ed.) ''Sansad Bangali Charitabhidhan'' (Biographical dictionary) (in Bengali), Calcutta: Sahitya Sansad, p. 472.

{{Bengal Renaissance}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vidyabagish, Ramchandra}}
[[Category:Brahmos]]
[[Category:Hindu revivalists]]
[[Category:1786 births]]
[[Category:1845 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:19th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Bengali educators]]
[[Category:Bengali-language writers]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Educators from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian educators]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Sanskrit scholars from Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian lexicographers]]

{{India-academic-bio-stub}}

K. Jayakumar

2026-02-07T23:10:27Z

Advanced Academy: Article updated with improved flow

{{short description|Indian civil servant}}
{{Indian patronymic|Jayakumar|Krishnan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = K. Jayakumar
| image = Jayakumar IAS at Kollam 2025 1.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1952|10|6}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Travancore-Cochin]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| known_for =
| notable works =
| occupation = {{hlist|Poet|lyricist|screenwriter|bureaucrat}}
| parents = [[M. Krishnan Nair (director)|M. Krishnan Nair]] (Father) Sulochana Devi (Mother) [[Sreekumar Krishnan Nair]] (Brother)
| awards = [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] [[Asan Smaraka Kavitha Puraskaram|Asan Poetry Prize]]
}}
'''Krishnan Jayakumar''' (born 6 October 1952) is an Indian civil servant, writer, poet, lyricist, translator, painter, and public speaker. He retired as the Chief Secretary of Kerala and later served as the founding Vice-Chancellor of the Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University. Over a career spanning more than four decades, he has contributed extensively to administration, literature, art, and the promotion of the Malayalam language.

== Personal life and education ==
K. Jayakumar is the son of Malayalam film director [[M. Krishnan Nair (director)|M. Krishnan Nair]] and Sulochana Devi. He has two younger brothers, K. Harikumar and [[Sreekumar Krishnan Nair|K. Sreekumar]] (K. Sreekuttan), the latter being a popular film director himself.

He is married to Meera, and the couple has two children, a son named Anand and a daughter named Aswathi.

He completed his Master’s degree in English Literature from '''[[Nagpur University]]''', where he was a gold medalist.

== Career ==
'''Civil Service'''

Jayakumar joined the '''[[Indian Administrative Service|Indian Administrative Service (IAS)]]''' in 1978 in the Kerala cadre and went on to serve the state and central governments in a variety of roles for more than three decades. He began his career as Sub-Collector of Kozhikode and later served as General Manager of the District Industries Centre in Alappuzha and as Managing Director of the Kerala State Coir Corporation. He was appointed District Collector of Kozhikode in 1986. He also renovated the EMS Stadium to host the Nehru Trophy International Football Tournament. During this tenure, he initiated modernization programmes in Kozhikode, including improvements to roads and urban infrastructure.

Over the years, he held several key administrative positions including Managing Director of the Kerala State Cashew Development Corporation and the Kerala State Film Development Corporation; Secretary of Tourism, Information and Culture, Water Resources, Higher Education, School Education, Encyclopedic Publications, and Devaswoms; Director of the Department of Tourism; Registrar of Mahatma Gandhi University; and later Acting Vice-Chancellor of Mahatma Gandhi University. As Secretary, Devaswoms and the Chairman of the High Power Committee appointed by the Kerala High Court from 2011 to 2017, he was responsible for the implementation of Sabarimala Master Plan which was instrumental in improving pilgrims' facilities. He served as a member on the Supreme Court appointed Committee for inventorization of the treasuries of Sree Padmanabha Swamy Temple.

As Director and later Secretary of Kerala Tourism between 1988 and 1995, Jayakumar was instrumental in transforming the sector. He pioneered imaginative promotion strategies, innovative product design, and public-private partnerships that laid the foundation of modern tourism in the state and helped brand Kerala internationally as ''“God’s Own Country.”''

In the field of education, Jayakumar served as Director of Public Instruction and later as Secretary of School Education from 1995 to 2001. He emphasized quality improvements in school education and launched the IT@School programme, which introduced information technology into classrooms across Kerala. At the Government of India level, he was appointed Joint Secretary in the Ministry of Culture, where he provided leadership to the National Manuscripts Mission and contributed to the drafting of UNESCO Conventions on the Safeguarding of Intangible Heritage and the Protection of Cultural Diversity.

In his later years in service, Jayakumar rose to senior roles such as Agricultural Production Commissioner, Additional Chief Secretary (Water Resources and Devaswoms, Home, and Vigilance), and finally Chief Secretary of Kerala, the highest-ranking civil service position in the state, before retiring in 2012.

'''Vice-Chancellor, Malayalam University'''

On retirement from the IAS in 2012, Jayakumar was appointed by the Government of Kerala as the founding Vice-Chancellor of the [[Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University]], Tirur, where he served until 2017. His mandate was to establish the new university as an alternative academic centre dedicated to the enrichment of the Malayalam language, literature, culture, history, and society.

During his five-year tenure, Jayakumar oversaw the creation of the university’s academic and administrative framework. He recruited the first cohort of faculty members, set up Boards of Studies, and established governing bodies such as the Academic Council and Research Council. Under his leadership, the university launched five postgraduate programmes in 2013 and introduced additional courses and a doctoral programme in 2015, with theses written in Malayalam. He also ensured the construction of new buildings, including a modern library and dedicated blocks for teaching and research.

Jayakumar promoted Malayalam studies through initiatives such as the establishment of a literary archive to preserve manuscripts and rare books, a heritage museum, and the creation of facilities for sound recording and film editing. He initiated a publication programme to reprint and publish works of academic value, including titles overlooked by commercial publishers, and he spearheaded the development of a comprehensive Online Malayalam Dictionary Project. Under his leadership, Malayalam University also undertook translation and international outreach programmes, including participation in the Frankfurt Book Fair in 2016, which led to the publication of Malayalam works in German and French. He was instrumental in creating the Gundert Chair at the University of Tübingen, Germany in 2015, the first such international chair established by a Kerala university, enabling faculty and student exchanges.

He also established a series of annual memorial lectures, including the Ezhuthachan, Vallathol, Chandu Menon, and Elamkulam Kunjan Pillai lectures, and organized literary and film festivals such as ''Sahiti'' and ''Darshini''. Beyond institutional development, Jayakumar played a decisive role in securing the recognition of Malayalam as a Classical Language in 2013, drawing on his earlier experience as Joint Secretary in the Ministry of Culture when Tamil was granted classical status.

Through these initiatives, Jayakumar positioned the university as a centre of excellence for the study of Malayalam and demonstrated the viability of higher education and research in the medium of Malayalam.

'''Literary''' '''and art contributions'''

Jayakumar is a prolific author in both Malayalam and English, with a body of work that spans poetry, literary criticism, biography, and translation. He has published 44 books, including 37 in Malayalam and seven in English. His poetry collections include more than 400 poems compiled across seven anthologies in Malayalam and three in English. His English works include ''Kerala: A Poem in Green and Gold'' (2005) and ''Malabar: The Gateway to India'' (2019).[[File:Jayakumar IAS at Kollam 2025 2.jpg|thumb|Jayakumar IAS speaking at Prof Adinadu Gopi award at Kollam function 2025|248x248px]]As a translator, he has rendered into Malayalam the works of world poets and thinkers such as Rabindranath Tagore, Kahlil Gibran, Rumi, Omar Khayyam, and Kabir. He also translated ''Geet Govindam'' into English and seventy poems of O. N. V. Kurup into English, which were published by Orient BlackSwan. His translations extend to international voices such as the Russian poet Bella Akhmadulina, and his efforts have contributed to widening the accessibility of world literature for Malayalam readers.

Alongside his literary career, Jayakumar has been a prominent lyricist in Malayalam music and cinema. He has written over 500 songs, including lyrics for more than 100 Malayalam films He has also written scripts for documentaries and television serials, as well as plays, most notably ''Samrat'', a drama based on the life of Emperor Ashoka, which was translated into Hindi and staged over 250 times across India. In addition, he directed a children’s film, ''Varnachirakukal'', and scripted an English feature film directed by Rajeevnath (''Mama is Waiting'').

A self-taught painter, Jayakumar has pursued art alongside his literary and administrative career. He has held 15 solo exhibitions of his paintings in India and abroad, with shows in Seoul, Delhi, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Chennai, and Kochi. His visual works often explore themes of culture, nature, and spirituality, complementing his poetic sensibilities.

'''Public Speaking'''

Jayakumar is also known as a public speaker and cultural ambassador. He has delivered more than 100 lectures across India and abroad on the value and relevance of the Malayalam language, addressing audiences in Kerala, the Middle East, Europe, and the United States. In 2019, he delivered around twenty talks on the relevance of Mahatma Gandhi in the 21st century, reflecting on the continuing importance of Gandhian ideals of truth, non-violence, and morality in contemporary public life. His talks, particularly those addressing the Malayali diaspora, have been influential in inspiring initiatives to translate Malayalam literature into world languages and to promote Malayalam globally.

==Awards and recognition==
Jayakumar has been the recipient of numerous awards across literature, poetry, translation, music, and public service. For his contributions as a poet, he received the Mahakavi Kuttamath Award, the Kunjunni Master Award, and the Asianet Award. As a lyricist, he was honoured with the Kerala Sangeet Nataka Akademi Award for drama songs, the P. Bhaskaran Award, and several recognitions for his extensive body of work in Malayalam cinema and albums.[[File:Jayakumar IAS at Kollam 2025 3.jpg|thumb|Jayakumar IAS receiving Prof Adinadu Gopi award at Kollam 2025]]His translations have also won critical acclaim, earning him the Sergey Yesenin Award for translation and the V. Abdulla Award, among others. In recognition of his distinguished career in public service, he received the K. P. S. Menon Award for excellence in administration, the Vayala Vasudevan Pillai Award for creatively blending administration with literature and art, and the Outstanding Malayali Award from the World Malayali Council.

He has also been conferred with honours by Malayali associations abroad, including the Qatar Malayali Association Vaikom Muhammed Basheer Award (shared with Malayalam University), the Muscat Malayali Association Award, and the Malayala Patashala Award for promoting Malayalam language and culture. Other distinctions include the Mar Gregorios Award for positive contributions to public life, the Sukumar Azhikode Award, the Kurooramma Puraskaram, and the Bharanikkavu Sivakumar Award.

In 2024, K. Jayakumar received the [https://www.onmanorama.com/lifestyle/news/2024/12/18/k-jayakumar-wins-kendra-sahitya-akademi-award.html Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award] in the Malayalam category for his poetry anthology ''Pingalakeshini'', selected from nine shortlisted works for its contemplative exploration of the erosion of moral values, earning a cash prize of ₹1 lakh, a citation, and a memento.

==Selected Books==

* ''Lalitha Jeevitham (Malayalam)''
* ''Simple Life (English)''
* ''Ahalyashila (collection of essays)''
* ''Pingalakeshini (2020) (Anthology of poems)''
* ''Ezhuthachan Ezhuthumpol (2022) (Long poem)''
* ''Soochikalillatha Clock(2024) (Anthology of poems) ''
* ''Sancharathinte Sangeetham (2024) (Memoirs)''
* ''Orpheus (2024) (English Translation of ONV's poems)''
* ''Pranayathinte Adharamudrakal (2025) Poems''

==See also==

* [[Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|K. Jayakumar}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110726053229/http://www.thehinduimages.com/hindu/photoDetail.do?photoId=1699406 An image] of K. Jayakumar
{{Sahitya Akademi Award For Malayalam}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jayakumar, K.}}
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Poets from Kerala]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]

Second Tamang ministry

2026-02-05T04:47:44Z

Advanced Academy: Made

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}} {{Short description|Second Prem Singh Tamang ministry}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
| cabinet_type = Ministry
| cabinet_number = 12th
| jurisdiction = [[Sikkim]]
| flag = Seal of Sikkim.svg
| flag_border = true
| incumbent =
| image = [[File:Prem Singh Tamang, Chief Minister of Sikkim.jpg]]
| image_size = 150px
| caption = [[Prem Singh Tamang]] [[Chief Minister of Sikkim|Hon'ble Chief Minister of Sikkim]]
| date_formed = 10 June 2024

| government_head_title = Chief Minister
| state_head_title = Governor | date_dissolved =
| government_head = [[Prem Singh Tamang]]
| government_head_history =
| state_head = [[Om Prakash Mathur]]
| members_number =
| former_members_number =
| total_number =
| political_parties = '''[[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha]]'''
| legislature_status = [[Majority government|Majority]]
| opposition_cabinet =
| opposition_party = ''None''
| opposition_leader =
| election = [[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| last_election =
| legislature_term = 5 years
| budget =
| advice_and_consent1 =
| advice_and_consent2 =

| incoming_formation =
| outgoing_formation =
| previous = [[First Tamang ministry]]
| successor =
}}
This is a list of ministers from [[Prem Singh Tamang]] cabinet starting from 10 June 2024.

Tamang is the leader of [[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha]], who was sworn in as the 6th Chief Minister of Sikkim on 10 June 2024 for the second time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SKM Chief Prem Singh Tamang Sworn In As Sikkim Chief Minister For Second Consecutive Term {{!}} Watch |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/india/skm-chief-prem-singh-tamang-sworn-in-as-sikkim-chief-minister-for-second-consecutive-term-watch-10166212 |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PS Tamang-Golay takes oath as Sikkim CM for second consecutive term |url=https://m.nenow.in/article/ps-tamang-golay-oath-sikkim-cm-second-consecutive-term/370617 |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=NORTHEAST NOW |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=swearing-in-ceremony-of-sikkim-cm-ps-golay-and-council-of-ministers-held |url=https://assamtribune.com/north-east/swearing-in-ceremony-of-sikkim-cm-ps-golay-and-council-of-ministers-held-1539569|work=Assam Tribune |date=10 June 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Council of Ministers==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!S.No
!Name
!Constituency
!Department
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Party
|-
|1.
| '''[[Prem Singh Tamang]]''' [[Chief Minister of Sikkim|Chief Minister]]
|[[Rhenock (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rhenock]]
|
* Home Department
* Finance Department
* Planning and Development Department
* Department of Personnel
* Power Department
* Excise Department
* Land Revenue and Disaster Management Department
* Transport Department
* Information and Public Relations Department
* Information Technology Department
* Skill Development Department
*'''Other departments not allotted to other Ministers.'''
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|-
| style="text-align: center;" colspan=6|'''Cabinet Ministers'''
|-
|2.
|'''[[Sonam Lama]]'''
|[[Sangha Assembly constituency|Sangha]]
|
*Public Health Engineering Department
*Water Resources Department
*Ecclesiastical Department
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|-
|3.
|'''[[Arun Kumar Upreti]]'''
|[[Arithang Assembly constituency|Arithang]]
|
* Rural Development Department
* Cooperation Department
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|-
|4.
|'''[[Samdup Lepcha]]'''
|[[Lachen-Mangan Assembly constituency|Lachen-Mangan]]
|
* Social Welfare Department
* Women and Child Development Department
* Printing and Stationery Department
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|-
|5.
|'''[[Bhim Hang Limboo]]'''
|[[Yangthang Assembly constituency|Yangthang]]
|
* Buildings & Housing Department
* Labour Department
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|-
|6.
|'''[[Bhoj Raj Rai]]'''
|[[Poklok-Kamrang Assembly constituency|Poklok-Kamrang]]
|
* Urban Development Department
* Food & Civil Supplies Department
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|-
|7.
|'''[[G.T. Dhungel]]'''
|[[Upper Tadong Assembly constituency|Upper Tadong]]
|
* Health & Family Welfare Department
* Culture Department
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|-
|8.
|'''[[Puran Kumar Gurung]]'''
|[[Chujachen Assembly constituency|Chujachen]]
|
* Agriculture Department
* Horticulture Department
* Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Services Department
* Fisheries Development Department
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|-
|9.
|'''[[Pintso Namgyal Lepcha]]'''
|[[Djongu Assembly constituency|Djongu]]
|
* Forest & Environment Department
* Mines and Geology Department
* Science & Technology Department
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|-
|10.
|'''[[Nar Bahadur Dahal]]'''
|[[Khamdong-Singtam Assembly constituency|Khamdong-Singtam]]
|
* Roads & Bridges Department
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|-
|11.
|'''[[Raju Basnet (politician)|Raju Basnet]]'''
|[[Namchaybong Assembly constituency|Namchaybong]]
|
* Education Department
* Sports & Youth Affairs Department
* Law Department
* Parliamentary Affairs Department
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|-
|12.
|'''[[Tshering Thendup Bhutia]]'''
|[[Yoksam–Tashiding Assembly constituency|Yoksam–Tashiding]]
|
* Tourism and Civil Aviation Department
* Commerce & Industries Department
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|+
Source<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-12 |title=Sikkim Governor allocates portfolios to council of ministers |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/sikkim/story/sikkim-governor-allocates-portfolios-to-council-of-ministers-1027127-2024-06-12 |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=India Today NE |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Demographics==
'''<big>Ministers by District</big>'''
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+
!S.No
!District
!Ministers
!Name of Ministers
|-
|1
|'''[[Gyalshing district|Gyalshing]]'''
|2
|
* '''[[Bhim Hang Limboo]]'''
* '''[[Tshering Thendup Bhutia]]'''
|-
|2
|'''[[Soreng district|Soreng]]'''
| -
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
*
|-
|3
|'''[[Namchi district|Namchi]]'''
|1
|
* '''[[Bhoj Raj Rai]]'''
|-
|4
|'''[[Gangtok district|Gangtok]]'''
|3
|
* '''[[Arun Kumar Upreti]]'''
* '''[[G.T. Dhungel]]'''
* '''[[Nar Bahadur Dahal]]'''
|-
|5
|'''[[Pakyong district|Pakyong]]'''
|3
||
* '''[[Prem Singh Tamang]]''' ([[Chief Minister of Sikkim|Chief Minister]])

*'''[[Puran Kumar Gurung]]'''
*'''[[Raju Basnet]]'''
|-
|6
|'''[[Mangan district|Mangan]]'''
|2
|
* '''[[Samdup Lepcha]]'''
* '''[[Pintso Namgyal Lepcha]]'''
|-
|7
|'''[[Sangha Assembly constituency|Sangha]]'''
|1
|
* '''[[Sonam Lama]]'''
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Current Indian ministries}}

[[Category:2024 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:Sikkim ministries]]
[[Category:Lists of current Indian state and territorial ministries]]
[[Category:Sikkim Krantikari Morcha]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 2024|Tamang II]]

Paiks

2026-01-31T09:00:49Z

Advanced Academy:

{{other uses|Paik (disambiguation)}}
{{Short description|Labour system of medieval Assam}}
The '''Paiks''' or '''Paik''' (from Sanskrit '''padatika''' or foot soldiers) people worked in various system on which the economy of the [[Ahom kingdom]] & [[Mallabhum kingdom]] of medieval [[Assam]] & [[Bengal]] depended. In Paik system, adult and able males, called ''paiks'' were obligated to render service to the state and form its [[militia]] in return for a piece of land for cultivation owned by the kingdom<ref>"It follows, then, that paddy lands belonged to the community, i.e. to the king as representative of the community. This medieval Thai practice is a key to the understanding of the Ahom system of land rights in Assam." {{harvcol|Guha|1966|p=222}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Das |first1=Binod Sankar |title=Changing Profile of the Frontier Bengal, 1751-1833 |date=1984 |publisher=Mittal Publications |pages=86 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UGTxUHzhYXwC&q=paiks&pg=PA86 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Samira |last2=Biswas |first2=Rabiranjan |last3=Mallik |first3=Gautam Kumar |title=Heritage Tourism: An Anthropological Journey to Bishnupur |date=2009 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-8324-294-3 |pages=19–20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_0_o9Qj1LOEC |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Adivasi resistance in the Jungle Mahals 1767-1799 |url=https://www.wbnsou.ac.in/openjournals/Issue/1st-Issue/January2020/Amrita-final.pdf |website=Netaji Subhas Open University}}</ref> But it wasn't the Ahom kingdom alone that used a corvee system like this in [[Northeast India]]—[[Manipur_(princely_state)|Kingdom of Manipur]] and in a simpler form [[Jaintia kingdom]] and the [[Kachari kingdom]] too used similar systems that had tribal origins.<ref>"Despite some later modifications, the military-administrative system of the Ahoms remained essentially the same till 1826 and thus betrayed its tribal origin. It resembled very much that of medieval Thailand and also that of Manipur, Cachar and Jaintia." {{harvcol|Guha|1966|p=225}}</ref> The mature structure was designed by [[Momai Tamuli Borbarua]] in 1608, and extensively and exhaustively implemented by 1658 during the reign of Sutamla Jayadhwaj Singha.<ref>{{harvcol|Sharma|1996|p=34}}</ref> The system continued to evolve over time to meet the needs of the Ahom state and in time began to accumulate contradictions. By the end of the [[Moamoria rebellion]] (1769–1805) the Paik system had collapsed.<ref>{{harvcol|Sharma|1996|p=51}}</ref>

==History==

===Northeast India===
===''Paik'' system===
Every male in the Ahom kingdom between the ages of fifteen and fifty who was not a noble, a priest, a high caste or a slave was a ''paik''.<ref>{{harvcol|Sharma|1996|p=34}}</ref> The paiks were organized into four-member groups called ''got''s.<ref>{{harvcol|Sharma|1996|p=34}}</ref>

The [[Koch dynasty|Koch kings]] also followed a similar system in [[Koch Bihar]] and [[Koch Hajo]], following the Ahoms.<ref>"Kuch society consisted of a number of clan-based tribes loosely organized around a king to whom local landholders owed fealty, and to whom their subordinate clansmen owed tribute. This tribute was paid not in cash or crops but in corvée labor, a system apparently modeled after the practice of the Ahom kings in neighboring Assam. Peasants known as paiks belonged to units of four cultivators and owed service to the king in turn by rotation within these units." {{harvcol|Eaton|1993|p=188}}</ref>

====Land holdings====
The duty of a ''paik'' was to render service to the Ahom state in exchange for which he was granted 2 ''puras'' (2.66 acres) of [[usufruct]] cultivable land (''gaa mati''), which was neither hereditary nor transferable.<ref>{{harvcol|Sharma|1996|p=35}}</ref>

====Royal service====
{{See also|Paik (soldier)}}
The royal services that the ''paiks'' tended to were defense (the Ahom kingdom did not have a standing army till the beginning of 19th century and its army consisted of the [[militia]] formed of ''paiks''), civil construction (embankments, roads, bridges, tanks, etc.), military production (boats, arrows, muskets), etc. There were two major classes of ''paiks'': ''kanri paik'' (archer) who rendered his service as a soldier or as a laborer and ''chamua paik'' who rendered non-manual service and had a higher social standing. Some other minor classes were: ''bilatiyas'' (tenants at the estates of nobles), ''dewaliyas'' (attached to temples and [[sattra]]s) and ''bahatiyas'' (attached to hill masters). ''Kanri paiks'' could move up to ''chamua''. Most of the lower paik officers—Bora, Saikia, Hazarika, Tamuli, Pachani—belonged to the ''chamua'' class.<ref>{{harv|Baruah|1993|p=17}}</ref>
===Bengal===
{{See also|Chuar Rebellion|Paika Rebellion}}
In the [[Jungle Mahals|jungle estates]], zamindars employed members of the [[Bhumij people|Chuar community]] as village police, known as paiks. The leaders of the paiks were referred to as sardars. Instead of paying them a regular salary, the zamindars provided these paiks with rent-free chakran lands (also called paikan lands) as compensation. The paiks viewed this land allocation as their "ancient right." Rather than cultivating these lands themselves, the paiks typically hired landless Chuars to work the land. As a result, the hired Chuars became tenants of the paiks. These tenants were distinct from the non-tribal peasants living in the nearby villages. Although the Chuars worked the paikan lands, there was no strong sense of unity between them and the non-Chuar peasants.<ref>{{cite web |title=Adivasi resistance in the Jungle Mahals 1767-1799 |url=https://www.wbnsou.ac.in/openjournals/Issue/1st-Issue/January2020/Amrita-final.pdf |website=Netaji Subhas Open University}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation| last=Baruah | given=S. L. | title=Last Days of Ahom Monarchy | publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt Ltd, New Delhi | year=1993 |isbn=978-8-121-50462-1}}
* {{cite book |last1=Eaton |first1=Richard M. |author-link=Richard M. Eaton |year=1993 |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760 |url= |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0-520-08077-7}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Guha |first=Amalendu |year=1966 |title=Land Rights and Social Classes in Medieval Assam |journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review |volume=3 |issue=3 | pages=217–239 |doi=10.1177/001946466600300301|s2cid=143537835 }}
* {{Citation| surname=Guha | given=Amalendu | title=Medieval and Early Colonial Assam: Society, Polity and Economy | publisher=South Asia Books | year=1991}}
* {{Citation| surname=Kakoty | given=Sanjeeb | title=Technology, Production and Social Formation in the Evolution of the Ahom State | publisher=Regency Publication | year=2003}}
* {{Cite journal| last1=Sharma| first1=Chandan Kumar|title =Socio-Economic Structure and Peasant Revolt : The Case of Moamoria Upsurge in the Eighteenth Century Assam | journal= Indian Anthropologist| volume=26 |number=2 | year=1996| pages= 33–52| jstor=41919803}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Social history of India]]
[[Category:Economic history of India]]
[[Category:Ahom kingdom]]

List of works by Rabindranath Tagore

2026-01-30T22:07:20Z

Advanced Academy: small changes

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
[[File:Tagore family boat Padma.jpg|thumb|The Padma, the houseboat ("[[Budgerow|Bajra]]") of the Tagore family, at [[Shilaidaha Kuthibadi]], where Tagore wrote many of his short stories and other works.]]
Below is a chronological '''list of works by [[Rabindranath Tagore]]''' between 1877 and 1941. Tagore wrote most of his short stories, novels, drama, poems and [[Rabindra sangeet|songs]] in [[Bengali language|Bengali]]; later he translated some of them into English.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bengali|url=http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/Bengali.html|access-date=2021-05-16|website=www.visvabharati.ac.in|archive-date=2021-04-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427172501/http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/Bengali.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Chakraborty|first=Dr. Dulal|title=History of Bengali Literature (in Bengali)|publisher=Bani Bitan|year=2007|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chronological representation of Rabindranath Tagore's biography.|url=http://www.rabindratirtha-wbhidcoltd.co.in/Rabisarani/search|access-date=2021-05-16|website=www.rabindratirtha-wbhidcoltd.co.in|archive-date=2021-05-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516071221/http://www.rabindratirtha-wbhidcoltd.co.in/Rabisarani/search|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rabindranath Tagore|url=https://poetrabindranathtagore.tripod.com/wc.html|access-date=2021-05-16|website=poetrabindranathtagore.tripod.com|archive-date=2021-01-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113045203/https://poetrabindranathtagore.tripod.com/wc.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=TwoCircles.net|date=2011-05-08|title=Life of Rabindranath Tagore at a glance|url=http://twocircles.net/2011may08/life_rabindranath_tagore_glance.html|access-date=2021-05-16|website=TwoCircles.net|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-05-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516134705/http://twocircles.net/2011may08/life_rabindranath_tagore_glance.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==List of works==
{{Incomplete list|date=July 2020}}
With many of Tagore's stories, there has been more than one translation by more than one translator. For instance, ''The Supreme Night'', ''One Night'' and ''A Single Night'' are all translations of the same story. Note that not all translations are of the same quality.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mXJKSul32ZsC|title=Celebrating Tagore: a collection of essays|last1=Datta |first1=Rama|last2=Seely|first2=Clinton|date=2009|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=9788184244243|oclc=623263320|pages=6}}</ref><ref name="Ghosh">{{cite book|last=Ghosh|first=Arijit |title=Three Translations in English of Rabindranath Tagore's Three Short Stories: A Comparative Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k_AfFC8zls4C|year=2012|publisher=Smashwords|isbn=978-1-301-13583-7}}</ref><ref name="Ray2008">{{cite book|editor=Ray, Mohit K.|title=Studies in Translation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Puy3WGwVWXoC|year=2008|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-269-0922-3}}</ref> Tagore wrote approximately 2,232 [[Rabindra Sangeet|songs]].<ref name="DasguptaGuha2013">{{cite book|author1=Sanjukta Dasgupta|author2=Chinmoy Guha|title=Tagore-At Home in the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8zfX4llLjyUC|date=2013|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-81-321-1084-2|page=254}}</ref> In the below list, only the most notable are shown.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|+Works by Rabindranath Tagore
|-
!scope="col"| Type
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Bengali title
!scope="col"| English translation(s)
|-
|Short story
|1877
|''[[Bhikarini]]''
|
*''The Beggar Woman''
*''The Beggar Girl''

|-
|Short story
|1877-1878
|''Korunna'' (or ''Karuna'')
|
|-
|Poetry
|1878
|''[[Kabi-Kahini]]''
|
*''The Tale of the Poet''

|-
|Letters
|1879
|''Yurop Prabasir Patra''
|
*''Letters from an expatriate in Europe''<ref name="Tagore2013">{{cite book|author=Rabindranath Tagore|title=Letters from an Expatriate in Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lXbmnQEACAAJ|year=2013|publisher=Ansuman Datta|isbn=978-93-5126-592-4}}</ref>
*''Letters of a sojourner in Europe''
*''Letters of a visitor to Europe''
*''Letters of an exile in Europe''

|-
|Poetry
|1877
|''Bana-Phul''
|
*''The Flower of the Woods''

|-
|Musical drama
|1881
|''[[Valmiki Pratibha]]''
|
*''The Genius of Valmiki''

|-
|Lecture
|1881
|''Sangeet o Bhab''
|
*''Music and Feeling''

|-
|Poetry
|1881
|''[[Bhagna Hriday]]''
|
*''The Broken Heart''

|-
|Poetry
|1881
|''[[Sandhya Sangeet]]''
|
*''Evening Songs''

|-
|Poetry
|1881
|''[[Prabhat Sangeet]]''
|
*''Morning Songs''

|-
|Drama
|1881
|''Rudrachanda''
|
|-
|Musical drama
|1882
|''Kal Mrigaya''
|
*''The Fatal Hunt''

|-
|Novel
|1883
|''Bou Thakuranir Haat''
|
*''The Young Queen's Market''

|-
|Essays
|1883
|''Bibidha Prashanga''
|
*''Miscellaneous Topics''

|-
|Drama
|1884
|''Nalini''
|
|-
|Drama
|1884
|''[[Prakritir Pratisodh]]''
|
*''Nature's Revenge''

|-
|Poetry
|1884
|''[[Bhanusimha Thakurer Padabali]]''
|
*''The Songs of Bhanushingho Thakur''

|-
|Poetry
|1884
|''Shaishab Sangeet''
|
*''Poems of Childhood''

|-
|Poetry
|1884
|''Chhabi o Gan''
|
*''Pictures and Songs''

|-
|Songs
|1885
|''Rabi Chhaya''
|
*''The Shadow of the Sun''

|-
|Essays
|1885
|''Alochona''
|
*''Discussions''

|-
|Pamphlet
|1885
|''Rammohan Roy''
|
*A pamphlet on [[Ram Mohan Roy]]

|-
|Poetry
|1886
|''[[Kari o Komal]]''
|
*''Sharps and Flats''

|-
|Short story
|1886
|''Ghater Katha'' (or ''Rajpathar Katha'')
|
* ''The Ghat's Story''<ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" /><ref name="Chaudhuri2008" />
*''The River Stairs''<ref name="mashi">Various translators (1918). ''[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Mashi_and_Other_Stories Mashi and Other Stories] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121174821/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Mashi_and_Other_Stories |date=2016-11-21 }}''.</ref><ref name=TextMashi group=Stories />
*''The Bathing Ghat's Tale''<ref name=Tagore2017 group=Stories /><ref name=Bhattacharya2009 group=Stories>{{cite book|last=Bhattacharya |first=Sipra|title=Return Of Khokababu: The Best Of Tagore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TDwIiTHRYUEC|year=2009|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers |location=India|isbn=978-93-5029-493-2}}</ref>

|-
|Novel
|1887
|''Rajarshi''
|
*''The Royal Sage''

|-
|Essays
|1888
|''Samalochana''
|
*''Reviews''

|-
|Musical drama
|1888
|''Mayar Khela''
|
*''The Play of Illusions''

|-
|Drama
|1889
|''Raja o Rani''
|
*''King and Queen''<ref group=Drama>{{Citation|title=The King and the Queen (1889 drama)|publisher=Tagoreweb|url=http://www.tagoreweb.in/Render/ShowContent.aspx?ct=Plays&bi=72EE92F5-BE50-40D7-0E6E-0F7410664DA3&ti=72EE92F5-BE50-4FE7-5E6E-0F7410664DA3&ch=c|access-date=2017-05-05|archive-date=2017-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907142903/http://tagoreweb.in/Render/ShowContent.aspx?ct=Plays&bi=72EE92F5-BE50-40D7-0E6E-0F7410664DA3&ti=72EE92F5-BE50-4FE7-5E6E-0F7410664DA3&ch=c|url-status=live}}</ref>

|-
|Drama
|1890
|''Visarjan'' (or ''Bisarjan''; adaptation of ''Rajarshi'')
|
*''Sacrifice''<ref group=Drama>{{Citation|title=Sacrifice (1890 drama)|publisher=Tagoreweb|url=http://www.tagoreweb.in/Render/ShowContent.aspx?ct=Plays&bi=72EE92F5-BE50-40C7-FE6E-0F7410664DA3&ti=72EE92F5-BE50-4FE7-EE6E-0F7410664DA3&ch=c|access-date=2017-05-05|archive-date=2017-09-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908075537/http://tagoreweb.in/Render/ShowContent.aspx?ct=Plays&bi=72EE92F5-BE50-40C7-FE6E-0F7410664DA3&ti=72EE92F5-BE50-4FE7-EE6E-0F7410664DA3&ch=c|url-status=live}}</ref>

|-
|Poetry
|1890
|''[[Manasi (poetry collection)|Manasi]]''
|
*''The Heart's Desire''
*''Mental Images''

|-
|Lecture
|1890
|''Mantri Abhishek''
|
*Lecture on [[Lord Cross's India Bill]]

|-
|Travelogue
|1891
|''Europe Jatrir Diary'' (part I)
|
*''Diary of a traveller to Europe''

|-
|Short story
|1891<ref name="radice1991" />
|''Byabadhan'' (or ''Byabodhan'')
|
*''The Rift''<ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" />
*''The Divide''<ref name="radice1991">[[William Radice|Radice, William]] (tr.), 1991.''[https://books.google.com/books?id=TUcLTARmOnkC Selected Short Stories]''. pp. 295-302.</ref>

|-
|Short story
|1891 (probably)<ref name="radice1991" />
|''Khata''
|
*''Exercise-book''<ref name="radice1991" /><ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" /><ref name="Chaudhuri2008" /><ref name=Tagore2017 group=Stories />
*''The Copybook''<ref name="radice1991" />
*''The Notebook''<ref name="radice1991" /><ref name="lago1991" />

|-
|Short story
|1891<ref name="radice1991" />
|''Ginni''
|
*''The Matronly Boy''<ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" />
*''The Housewife''<ref name="radice1991" />

|-
|Short story
|1891<ref name="radice1991" />
|''Khokababur Pratyabartan''
|
*''Little Master's Return''<ref name="radice1991" />
*''Return of the Little Master''<ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" />
*''The Return of Khokababu''<ref name="radice1991" /><ref name="lago1991" />
*''The Child's Return''<ref name=TextST group=Stories />
*''My Lord, the Baby''<ref name="andrews1916" /><ref name=TextHungry group=Stories />

|-
|Short story
|1891<ref name="radice1991" />
|''Post Master''
|
*''The Postmaster''<ref name="mashi" /><ref name="radice1991" /><ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" /><ref name="lago1991" /><ref name=TextMashi group=Stories /><ref name=radice1991 group=Stories />

|-
|Short story
|1891<ref name="radice1991" />
|''[[Denapaona]]'' (or ''Dena-Paona'' or ''Dena-Paaona'')
|
*''The Matrimonial Deal''<ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" />
*''Profit and Loss''<ref name="radice1991" /><ref name=radice1991 group=Stories />
*''Debts and Dues''<ref name="radice1991" />

|-
|Short story
|1891<ref name="radice1991" />
|''Taraprasanner Kirti''
|
*''Taraprasanna's Achievement''<ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" />
*''Taraprasanna's Fame''<ref name="radice1991" />
*''Taraprasanna's Masterpiece''<ref name="radice1991" />

|-
|Short story
|1891-1892<ref name="radice1991" />
|''Sampatti Samarpan''
|
*''A Bequest of Property''<ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" />
*''Wealth Surrendered''<ref name="radice1991" />
*''The Trust Property''<ref name="mashi" /><ref name=TextMashi group=Stories />

|-
|Short story
|1892
|''Daliya''
|
*''Dalia''

|-
|Short story
|1892
|''Ekti Ashare Golpo'' (or ''Ekta Asharhe Galpa'' or ''Tasher Desh'')
|
*''A Tale of Fantasy''<ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" />
*''A Fanciful Story''<ref name="Chaudhuri2008" />
*''An Absurd Story''
*''The Kingdom of Cards''<ref name="andrews1916" /><ref name=TextHungry group=Stories />

|-
|Short story
|1892<ref name="radice1991" />
|''Svarnamrig'' (or ''Swarnamriga'')
|
*''The Golden Deer''<ref name="Chaudhuri2008" /><ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" />
*''Fool's Gold''<ref name="radice1991" />
*''The Golden Mirage''<ref name="radice1991" />
*''The Fugitive Gold''<ref name= "broken1925" /><ref name=TextBroken group=Stories />

|-
|Short story
|1892<ref name="radice1991" />
|''[[Kabuliwala (short story)|Kabuliwallah]]''
|
*''The Pedlar from Kabul''<ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" />
*''Kabuliwallah''<ref name="radice1991" /><ref name="andrews1916" /><ref name=TextHungry group=Stories />
*''Kabuliwala''<ref name="Chaudhuri2008" />
*''Kabuli''<ref name="radice1991" />
*''The Fruitseller''<ref name="radice1991" />

|-
|Short story (ghost story)
|1892
|''[[Jibita o Mrita]]''
|
*''The Living and the Dead''<ref name="radice1991" /><ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" /><ref name="Chaudhuri2008" /><ref name=radice1991 group=Stories>{{Citation|title=Selected Short Stories (1991)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TUcLTARmOnkC|isbn=9780141962207|last1=Tagore|first1=Rabindranath|date=2005-09-01| publisher=Penguin UK }}</ref>
*''Alive and Dead''<ref name="radice1991" />
*''Living or Dead?''<ref name="andrews1916" /><ref name=TextHungry group=Stories />

|-
|Short story
|1892<ref name="radice1991" />
|''Ek Ratri''
|
*''A Single Night''<ref name="radice1991" /><ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" /><ref name="Chaudhuri2008" />
*''The Supreme Night''<ref name="mashi" /><ref name=TextMashi group=Stories />
*''One Night''

|-
|Short story (ghost story)
|1892<ref name="radice1991" />
|''Kankal'' (or ''Konkaal'')
|
*''The Skeleton''<ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" /><ref name="radice1991" /><ref name="mashi" /><ref name=TextMashi group=Stories />
*''A Study in Anatomy''<ref name="radice1991" />

|-
|Short story
|1892
|''Joy Parajay'' (or ''Joy Porajoy'')
|
*''The Victory''<ref name="andrews1916" /><ref name=TextHungry group=Stories />

|-
|Short story
|1892
|''Subha'' (or ''Shuvashini'')
|
*''The Silent Girl''<ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" />
*''Subha''<ref name="mashi" /><ref name="Chaudhuri2008" /><ref name=TextMashi group=Stories />
*''The Dumb Girl''

|-
|Short story
|1892
|''Tyaga'' (or ''Tyag'' or ''Tyaag'')
|
*''The Renunciation''<ref name="andrews1916" /><ref name=TextHungry group=Stories />
*''Outcast''
*''Sacrifice''

|-
|Short story
|1892-1893<ref name="radice1991" />
|''Chuti'' (or ''Chhuti'')
|
*''Holiday''<ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" /><ref name="radice1991" /><ref name=Tagore2017 group=Stories />
*''The School Closes''<ref name="radice1991" />
*''The Home-Coming''<ref name="andrews1916" /><ref name=TextHungry group=Stories />

|-
|Drama
|1892
|''Goray Galad'' (or ''Goday Galad'')
|
*''Wrong at the Start''

|-
|Drama
|1892
|''Chitrangada''
|
*''Emancipation''<ref name= "broken1925" /><ref name=TextBroken group=Stories />

|-
|Travelogue
|1893
|''Europe Jatrir Diary'' (part II)
|
*''Diary of a traveller to Europe''

|-
|Lecture
|1893
|''Ingrej o Bharatbashi''
|
*''The Englishmen and the Indians''<ref name="Khan2015">{{cite book|first=Jalal Uddin|last=Khan|title=Readings in Oriental Literature: Arabian, Indian, and Islamic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfymBgAAQBAJ|year=2015|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-7516-5|pages=221}}</ref>

|-
|Short story
|1893<ref name = "anth1997">Dutta, Krishna; Robinson, Andrew (1997). Rabindranath Tagore: An Anthology. 1997. pp. 408.</ref>
|''Shamapti'' (or ''Samapti'')
|
*''The Ending''<ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" />
*''The Conclusion''<ref name = "anth1997" /><ref name="lago1991" />

|-
|Short story
|1893<ref name="radice1991" />
|''Sampadak''
|
*''The Editor''<ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" /><ref name="radice1991" /><ref name= "broken1925" /><ref name=TextBroken group=Stories />

|-
|Short story
|1893
|''Samasya Paran'' (or ''Samasyapuran'')
|
*''A Problem Solved''<ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" /><ref name="radice1991" />
*''The Solution of the Problem''<ref name="radice1991" />
*''The Riddle Solved''<ref name="mashi" /><ref name=TextMashi group=Stories />

|-
|Short story
|1893<ref name="radice1991" />
|''Shasti'' (or ''Sasti'')
|
*''Punishment''<ref name="radice1991" /><ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" /><ref name="Chaudhuri2008" />
*''The Sentence''<ref name="radice1991" /><ref group=Stories>{{Citation|title=Sentence (1893 short story)|publisher=Parabaas|url=https://www.parabaas.com/rabindranath/articles/gCarolyn_shasti.html|access-date=2017-05-15|archive-date=2017-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302210318/http://parabaas.com/rabindranath/articles/gCarolyn_shasti.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

|-
|Short story
|1893
|''Asambhava Katha'' (or ''Asombhob Katha'')
|
*''Once there was a King''<ref name="andrews1916" /><ref name=TextHungry group=Stories />

|-
|Short story
|1893
|''Daan Pratidan'' (or ''Danprotidan'' or ''Daan-Pratidaan'')
|
*''Reciprocation''<ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" />
*''Gift and Return''

|-
|Short story
|1893
|''Madhyabartini''
|
*''The Intervening Woman''<ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" />
*''The Girl Between''<ref name="lago1991" />
*''The In-between Girl''

|-
|Songs
|1893
|''Ganer Bahi o Valmiki Pratibha''
|
* Collection of songs incorporating Valmiki Pratibha

|-
|Short story
|1894<ref name="radice1991" />
|''Anadhikar Prabes''
|
*''Forbidden Entry''<ref name="radice1991" />
*''Trespass''<ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" />
*''The Trespass''<ref name="radice1991" /><ref name="Chaudhuri2008" />

|-
|Short story (ghost story)
|1894<ref name="radice1991" />
|''Nisithe'' (or ''Nishithe'')
|
*''At Dead of Night''<ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" />
*''In the Middle of the Night''<ref name="radice1991" />
*''At Midnight''<ref name="radice1991" />
*''In the Night''<ref name= "broken1925" /><ref name=TextBroken group=Stories />

|-
|Short story
|1894
|''Bicharok'' (or ''Bicarak'')
|
*''Judge''<ref group=Stories>{{Citation|title=The Judge (1894 short story)|publisher=Parabaas|url=https://www.parabaas.com/rabindranath/articles/gSaurav_judge.html|access-date=2017-05-14|archive-date=2017-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704221319/https://parabaas.com/rabindranath/articles/gSaurav_judge.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

|-
|Short story
|1894
|''Prayascitta'' (or ''Prayashchitta'' or ''Prayaschita'')
|
*''Atonement''<ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" /><ref name="lago1991" />

|-
|Dance drama
|1894
|''Biday Abhshap''
|
*''Farewell Curse''

|-
|Poetry
|1895
|''[[Sonar Tori|Sonar Tari]]''
|
*''The Golden Boat''

|-
|Nursery rhymes
|1895
|''Chhele-bhulano Chhara''
|
|-
|Short story (ghost story)
|1895<ref name="radice1991" />
|''[[Kshudhita Pashaan]]'' (or ''Ksudita Pasan'' or ''Khudito Pashan'')
|
*''Hungry Stones''<ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" />
*''Hungry Stone''<ref name="Chaudhuri2008" />
*''The Hunger of Stones''<ref name="GhoshAmitav2008">{{cite book|last=Ghosh|first=Amitav |title=The Imam & the Indian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RCroKe0Y2D4C|year=2008|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-306873-0}}</ref>
*''The Hungry Stones''<ref name="radice1991" /><ref name="andrews1916">Andrews, C.F. (1916). ''[http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2518 The Hungry Stones and other stories] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728234728/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2518 |date=2017-07-28 }}''.</ref><ref name=TextHungry group=Stories >{{Gutenberg|bullet=none|no=2518|name=The Hungry Stones (1916)}}</ref>
*''The Spirit of the Marble Palace''<ref name="radice1991" />

|-
|Short story
|1895<ref name="radice1991" />
|''Didi''
|
*''Elder Sister''<ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" />
*''The Elder Sister''<ref name="mashi" /><ref name="radice1991" /><ref name=TextMashi group=Stories />

|-
|Short story
|1895<ref name="radice1991" />
|''Manbhanjan''
|
*''Resentment Appeased''<ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" />
*''Fury Appeased''<ref name="radice1991" />
*''Appeasement''<ref name="radice1991" />
*''Giribala''<ref name= "broken1925" /><ref name=TextBroken group=Stories />

|-
|Short story
|1895<ref name="radice1991" />
|''Atithi''
|
*''The Visitor''<ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" />
*''Visitor''<ref name="Chaudhuri2008" />
*''Guest''<ref name="radice1991" />
*''The Guest''<ref name="radice1991" />
*''The Wandering Guest''<ref name="radice1991" />
*''The Runaway''<ref name="radice1991" />

|-
|Short story
|1895<ref name="radice1991" />
|''Thakurda''
|
*''Grandfather''<ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" /><ref name="Chaudhuri2008" />
*''Thakurda''<ref name="radice1991" />
*''The Babus of Nayanjore''<ref name="andrews1916" /><ref name=TextHungry group=Stories />

|-
|Short story
|1895<ref name="radice1991" />
|''Apad'' (or ''Aapad'', or ''Apada'')
|
*''Nuisance''<ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" />
*''The Nuisance''<ref name="lago1991" />
*''Unwanted''<ref name="radice1991" /><ref name=Tagore2017 group=Stories />
*''The Troublemaker''<ref name="radice1991" />
*''The Castaway''<ref name="mashi" /><ref name=TextMashi group=Stories />

|-
|Short story
|1895<ref name="radice1991" />
|''Icchapuran'' (or ''Ichchhapuran'')
|
*''Wish-fulfilment''<ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" />
*''Wishes Granted''<ref name="radice1991" />

|-
|Drama
|1896
|''Malini''
|
*''Malini''<ref group=Drama>{{Citation|title=Malini (1896 drama)|publisher=Tagoreweb|url=http://www.tagoreweb.in/Render/ShowContent.aspx?ct=Plays&bi=72EE92F5-BE50-40C7-EE6E-0F7410664DA3&ti=72EE92F5-BE50-4FE7-4E6E-0F7410664DA3&ch=c|access-date=2017-05-05|archive-date=2017-09-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908101016/http://tagoreweb.in/Render/ShowContent.aspx?ct=Plays&bi=72EE92F5-BE50-40C7-EE6E-0F7410664DA3&ti=72EE92F5-BE50-4FE7-4E6E-0F7410664DA3&ch=c|url-status=live}}</ref>

|-
|Poetry
|1896
|''[[Chitra (play)|Chitra]]''
|
|-
|Poetry
|1896
|''[[Chaitali (poetry collection)|Chaitali]]''
|
|-
|Poem
|1896
|''Nadi''
|
*''River''

|-
|Text book
|1896
|''Sanskrita Siksha'' (part I and II)
|
|-
|Essays
|1897
|''Pancha Bhut''
|
*''Five Elements''

|-
|Drama
|1897
|''Baikunther Khata''
|
*''Manuscripts of Baikuntha''

|-
|Drama
|1897
|''Laksmirpariksa''
|
*''The Trial''<ref group=Drama>{{Citation|title=The Trial (drama)|publisher=Tagoreweb|url=http://www.tagoreweb.in/Render/ShowContent.aspx?ct=Plays&bi=72EE92F5-BE50-40D7-2E6E-0F7410664DA3&ti=72EE92F5-BE50-4FE7-7E6E-0F7410664DA3&ch=c|access-date=2017-05-05|archive-date=2017-09-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908065441/http://tagoreweb.in/Render/ShowContent.aspx?ct=Plays&bi=72EE92F5-BE50-40D7-2E6E-0F7410664DA3&ti=72EE92F5-BE50-4FE7-7E6E-0F7410664DA3&ch=c|url-status=live}}</ref>

|-
|Short story
|1898
|''Adhyapak'' (or ''Adhayapok'')
|
*''Professor''

|-
|Short story
|1898
|''Detective''
|
*''The Detective''

|-
|Short story (ghost story)
|1898
|''Manihara'' (or ''Monihara'')
|
*''Woman Bereft of Jewels''<ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" />
*''The Lost Jewels''<ref name= "broken1925" /><ref name=TextBroken group=Stories />
*''Missing My Bejeweled''<ref name = "anth1997" />

|-
|Short story (ghost story)
|1898<ref name="radice1991" />
|''Durasa'' (or ''Durasha'')
|
*''Forlorn Hope''<ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" />
*''False Hope''<ref name="radice1991" />
*''False Hopes''<ref name="radice1991" />
*''A Shattered Dream''<ref name="radice1991" />

|-
|Short story
|1898
|''Rajtika''
|
*''The Royal Mark''<ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" />
*''Royal Mark''<ref name="Chaudhuri2008" />
*''The Raj Seal''<ref name = "anth1997" />
*''We Crown Thee King''<ref name="andrews1916" /><ref name=TextHungry group=Stories />

|-
|Short story
|1898<ref name="radice1991" />
|''Putrayajna''
|
*''Fertility Sacrifice''
*''Son-sacrifice''<ref name="radice1991" />

|-
|Short story
|1898-1899<ref name="radice1991" />
|''Dristidan'' (or ''Drishtidan'')
|
*''The Gift of Sight''<ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" /><ref name="radice1991" />
*''The Gift of Vision''<ref name=Tagore2017 group=Stories />

|-
|Poetry
|1899
|''Kanika''
|
*A collection of short poems and epigrams

|-
|Short story
|1900
|''Subhadristi''
|
*''The Auspicious Vision''<ref name="mashi" /><ref name=TextMashi group=Stories />

|-
|Short story
|1900
|''Sadar o Andar''
|
*''Raja and Rani''<ref name="mashi" /><ref name=TextMashi group=Stories />

|-
|Short story
|1900
|''Uddhar''
|
*''Saved''<ref name="mashi" /><ref name=TextMashi group=Stories />

|-
|Short story
|1900<ref name="radice1991" />
|''Durbuddhi''
|
*''Folly''<ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" /><ref name="Chaudhuri2008" />
*''Thoughtlessness''<ref name="radice1991" />
*''A Lapse of Judgement''<ref name="radice1991" /><ref name="lago1991" />

|-
|Short story
|1900
|
|
*''Failure''
*''Fail''
*''F is for Fail''<ref group=Stories>{{Citation|title=F is for Fail (short story)|publisher=Parabaas|url=https://www.parabaas.com/rabindranath/articles/gSreejata_fail.html|access-date=2017-05-14|archive-date=2017-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704212147/https://parabaas.com/rabindranath/articles/gSreejata_fail.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

|-
|Short story
|1900
|''Pratibesini'' (or ''Protibeshini'')
|
*''My Fair Neighbour''<ref name="mashi" /><ref name=TextMashi group=Stories />

|-
|Drama
|1900
|''Kahini''
|
*''Tales''

|-
|Poetry
|1900
|''Kshanika''
|
*''The Fleeting One''

|-
|Poetry
|1900
|''[[Kalpana (poetry)|Kalpana]]''
|
*''Imagination''

|-
|Songs
|1900
|''Katha''
|
*''Stories''

|-
|Essay
|1900
|''Brahma Upanishad''
|
*A religious essay

|-
|Essay
|1901
|''Aupanishad Brahma''
|
*A religious essay

|-
|Essay
|1901
|''Brahma-mantra''
|
*A religious essay

|-
|Novel
|1901
|''[[Nastanirh]]'' (or ''Nashtaneer'' or ''Nashtanir'')
|
*''The Broken Nest''<ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" /><ref name="lago1991" /><ref group=Novels>{{Citation|title=Nashtaneer - The Broken Nest (1901 novel)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1pHGim8LgaoC|isbn=9788184002454|last1=Tagore|first1=Rabindranath|date=2016-08-15| publisher=Penguin UK }}</ref>

|-
|Novel
|1901
|''[[Chokher Bali (novel)|Chokher Bali]]''
|
*''A Grain of Sand''<ref group=Novels>{{Citation|title=Chokher Bali (1901 novel)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DuJf3fvUfM8C|isbn=9788184758405|last1=Tagore|first1=Rabindranath|date=2003-09-24| publisher=Penguin UK }}</ref><ref name=TagoreOmnibus1 group=Novels>{{cite book|author=Rabindranath Tagore|title=Tagore Omnibus - Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=umdBAgAAQBAJ|year=2005|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-81-8475-112-3}}</ref>
*''Speck in the Eye''
*''Eye Sore''

|-
|Poetry
|1901
|''[[Naibedya]]''
|
*''Offerings''

|-
|Text book
|1901
|''Bangla Kriyapader Taalika''
|
*List of Bengali verbs

|-
|Poetry
|1903
|''Shishu''
|
*''Child''

|-
|Poem
|1903
|''[[Birpurush (poem)|Birpurush]]''
|
*''Hero''<ref name=crescent group=Poetry/>

|-
|Short story
|1903
|''Darpaharan'' (or ''Darpa Haran'')
|
*''Pride Surrendered''

|-
|Short story
|1903
|''Karmaphal'' (or ''Kormo Fol'')
|
*''Nemesis''

|-
|Novel
|1904
|''Chirakumar Sabha'' (or ''Cira Kuma Sabha''; later published as ''Prajapatir Nirbandha'')
|
*''The Bachelor's Club''

|-
|Text book
|1904
|''Ingraji Sopan'' (Part I)
|
|-
|Song
|1905
|''[[Amar Sonar Bangla]]''
|
*''My Golden Bengal''

|-
|Song
|1905
|''[[Ekla Chalo Re]]''
|
*''If no one responds to your call, then go your own way alone''

|-
|Songs
|1905
|''Baul''
|
|-
|Essays
|1905
|''Atmasakti''
|
*Collection of political essays and lectures

|-
|Novel
|1906
|''[[Noukadubi]]'' (or ''Nauka Dubi'')
|
*''The Wreck''<ref group=Novels>{{Citation|title=The Wreck (1906)|publisher=Internet Archive|url=https://archive.org/details/wreck00tagogoog|year=1921}}</ref>
*''Ship Wreck''
*''Boat Accident''<ref group=Novels>{{Citation|title=Boat Accident (1906 novel)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hqpYDgAAQBAJ|isbn=9789352618781|last1=Tagore|first1=Rabindranath|date=2017-03-15| publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt }}</ref>

|-
|Poetry
|1906
|''[[Kheya (poetry)|Kheya]]''
|
*''Ferry''

|-
|Essays
|1906
|''Bharatbarsha''
|
*''India'' (collection of political essays and lectures)

|-
|Essay
|1906
|''Deshnayak''
|
*Political essay

|-
|Essay
|1906
|''Rajbhakti''
|
*Political essay

|-
|Text book
|1906
|''Ingraji Sopan'' (Part II)
|
|-
|Short story
|1907
|''Gupta Dhon'' (or ''Guptadhan'')
|
*''Hidden Treasure''<ref name="HiddenTreasure2002" /><ref group=Stories>{{Citation|title=Hidden treasure (1907 short story)|publisher=YouthaffairZ|url=http://www.youthaffairz.in/fiction.html|access-date=2017-05-19|archive-date=2022-05-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529050340/https://www.youthaffairz.in/fiction.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''The Hidden Treasure''
*''Buried Treasure''

|-
|Short story
|1907
|''Master Moshayi'' (also ''Mastermoshai'' or ''Master Mashai'')
|
*''Master Mashai''<ref name=TextST group=Stories >{{Gutenberg|bullet=none|no=33525|name=Stories from Tagore (1918)}}</ref>
*''Mr. Teacher''

|-
|Essays
|1907
|''Sahitya''
|
*''Literature''

|-
|Essays
|1907
|''Prachin Sahitya''
|
*''Ancient Literature''

|-
|Essays
|1907
|''Adhunik Sahitya''
|
*''Modern Literature''

|-
|Essays
|1907
|''Loka Sahitya''
|
*''Literature of the People''

|-
|Essays
|1907
|''Bichitra Prabandha''
|
|-
|Essays
|1907
|''Charitrapuja''
|
*''Tributes to Great Lives''

|-
|Sketches
|1907
|''Hasya-Kautuk''
|
|-
|Sketches
|1907
|''Byanga-Kautuk''
|
|-
|Essays
|1908
|''Raja Praja''
|
*''The King and his Subjects'' (collection of political essays)

|-
|Essays
|1908
|''Samuha''
|
*Collection of political essays

|-
|Essays
|1908
|''Swadesh''
|
*''My Country'' (collection of political and sociological essays)

|-
|Essays
|1908
|''Swamaj''
|
*''Society''

|-
|Essay
|1908
|''Path o Patheya''
|
*''Ends and Means''

|-
|Drama
|1908
|''Sharadotsab'' (or ''Sharadotsav'')
|
*''Autumn Festival''<ref name=Tagore2007 group=Drama>{{cite book|last=Tagore|first=Rabindranath |title=Plays, stories|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VROGc3b-XEAC|year=2007|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-269-0756-4}}</ref>

|-
|Drama
|1908
|''Mukut''
|
*''The Crown''<ref name=Tagore2007 group=Drama />

|-
|Songs
|1908
|''Gan''
|
|-
|Songs
|1909
|''Brahma Sangeet''
|
|-
|Songs
|1909
|''Dharma Sangeet''
|
|-
|Essays
|1909
|''Dharma''
|
|-
|Essays
|1909
|''Vidyasagar-charit''
|
*Two essays on [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]] printed before in ''Charitrapuja''

|-
|Essays
|1909
|''Sabdatattwa''
|
*On Bengali [[philology]]

|-
|Drama
|1909
|''Prayschitta''
|
*''Penance''

|-
|Poetry
|1909
|''Chayanika''
|
*An anthology of poems

|-
|Novel
|1909
|''[[Gora (novel)|Gora]]''
|
*''Fair-Faced''<ref group=Novels>{{Citation|title=Gora (1909 novel)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jifdxSPGx8C|isbn=9788126018017|last1=Tagore|first1=Rabindranath|year=2006| publisher=Sahitya Akademi }}</ref>

|-
|Short story
|1910
|''Rasmanir Chhele''
|
*''Rasmani's Son''<ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" />
*''Rashmoni's Son''<ref name="lago1991" />
*''The Son of Rashmani''<ref name=TextST group=Stories />

|-
|Drama
|1910
|''[[Raja (play)|Raja]]''
|
*''The King of the Dark Chamber''<ref group=Drama>{{Gutenberg|bullet=none|no=6521|name=The King of the Dark Chamber (1910 drama)}}</ref>

|-
|Poetry
|1910
|''[[Gitanjali]]''
|
|-
|Poem
|1910
|''[[Chitto Jetha Bhayshunyo]]''
|
*''Where the Mind is Without Fear''

|-
|Song
|1911
|''[[Bharot Bhagyo Bidhata]]'' (includes ''[[Jana Gana Mana]]'')
|
*''Dispenser of the Destiny of India''

|-
|Memoirs
|1911
|''Jivan Smriti''
|
*''My Reminiscences''<ref group=Memoirs>{{Gutenberg|bullet=none|no=22217|name=My Reminiscences (1912 memoirs)}}</ref>

|-
|Drama
|1912
|''Dak Ghar''
|
*''[[The Post Office (play)|The Post Office]]''<ref group=Drama>{{Gutenberg|bullet=none|no=6523|name=The Post Office (1912 drama)}}</ref>

|-
|Drama
|1912
|''Achalayatan''
|
*''The Immovable''

|-
|Poetry
|1912
|
|
*''[[Gitanjali|Gitanjali (Song Offerings)]]'' (103 poems translated by Tagore from ''Gitanjali'' (51), ''Gitimalya'' (17), ''Naivedya'' (16), ''Kheya'' (11), ''Sishu'' (3), ''Chaitali'' (1), ''Smaran'' (1), ''Kalpana'' (1), ''Utsarga'' (1), ''Achalayatana'' (1))<ref group=Poetry>{{Gutenberg|bullet=none|no=7164|name=Gitanjali (1912 poetry collection)}}</ref>

|-
|Letters
|1912
|''Chhinnapatra''
|
*''Glimpses of Bengal''<ref group=Letters>{{Gutenberg|bullet=none|no=7951|name=Glimpses of Bengal - Letters 1885-1895}}</ref>
*''Torn Leaves''

|-
|Essay
|1912
|''Dharmasiksha''
|
|-
|Essay
|1912
|''Dharmer Adhikar''
|
|-
|Text book
|1912
|''Patha Sanchay''
|
|-
|Essays
|1913
|
|
*''Sadhana: The Realisation of Life''<ref group=Essays>{{Gutenberg|bullet=none|no=6842|name=Sadhana: The Realisation of Life (1913 essays)}}</ref>

|-
|Poetry
|1913
|
|
*''The Gardener'' (poems translated by Tagore from ''Kshanika, Kalpana, Sonar Tari, Chaitali, Utsarga, Chitra, Manasi, Mayar Khela, Khaya, Kari o Kamal, Gitali'' and ''Saradotsav'')<ref group=Poetry>{{Gutenberg|bullet=none|no=6686|name=The Gardener (1913 poetry collection)}}</ref>

|-
|Poetry
|1913
|
|
*''The Crescent Moon'' (40 poems translated by Tagore)<ref name=crescent group=Poetry>{{Gutenberg|bullet=none|no=6520|name=The Crescent Moon (1913 poetry collection}}</ref>

|-
|Drama
|1913
|
|
* ''[[Chitra (play)|Chitra]]'' (translation of ''Chitrangada'')<ref group=Drama>{{Gutenberg|bullet=none|no=2502|name=Chitra (1913 play)}}</ref>

|-
|Dance drama
|1914
|''[[Chitra (play)|Chitra]]''
|
|-
|Poetry
|1914
|''Gitimalya''
|
*''A Garland of Songs''

|-
|Poetry
|1914
|''Gitali''
|
|-
|Poetry
|1914
|''[[Utsarga (poetry book)|Utsarga]]''
|
*''Dedication''

|-
|Short story
|1914
|''Boshtomi'' (or ''Bostomi'')
|
*''The Devotee''<ref name="andrews1916" /><ref name=TextHungry group=Stories />
*''The Baishnav Woman''

|-
|Short story
|1914
|''Haimanti''
|
*''Haimanti: Of Autumn''<ref name=Tagore2017 group=Stories />

|-
|Short story
|1914
|''Shesher Ratri''
|
*''Last Night''
*''Mashi''<ref name="mashi" /><ref name=TextMashi group=Stories>{{Gutenberg|bullet=none|no=34757|name=Mashi and Other Stories (1918)}}</ref>

|-
|Short story
|1914
|''Strir Patra'' (or ''Streer Patra'')
|
*''A Wife's Letter''<ref group=Stories>{{Citation|title=A Wife's Letter (1914 short story)|publisher=Parabaas|url=http://ebookoftagore.weebly.com/a-wifes-letter.html|access-date=2017-05-14|archive-date=2017-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429181426/http://ebookoftagore.weebly.com/a-wifes-letter.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''The Wife's Letter''<ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" /><ref name="Chaudhuri2008" />

|-
|Translation
|1915
|
|
*''[[Songs of Kabir]]''<ref group=Translations>{{Gutenberg|bullet=none|no=6519|name=Songs of Kabir (1915 translation)}}</ref>

|-
|Poetry and drama
|1915
|''Kavyagrantha''
|
*Ten volumes

|-
|
|1915
|Bichitra Path
|
*Selection for the use of students

|-
|Short story
|1916
|''Aparichita'' (or ''Aparichita'')
|
*''The Inscrutable Woman''<ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" />
*''The Unknown Woman''<ref group=Stories>{{Citation|title=Aparichita (1916 short story)|publisher=Manushi-india.org|url=http://www.manushi-india.org/pdfs_issues/PDF%20files%2069/aparichita-short_story-rabindranath_tagore.pdf|access-date=2017-05-11|archive-date=2017-05-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516200355/http://www.manushi-india.org/pdfs_issues/PDF%20files%2069/aparichita-short_story-rabindranath_tagore.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Woman Unknown''<ref name="Chaudhuri2008" />

|-
|Poetry
|1916
|''[[Balaka (Bengali poetry)|Balaka]]''
|
*''The Flight of Cranes''
*''A Flight of Swans''
*''Wild Geese''
*''The Swan''

|-
|Poetry
|1916
|
|
*''Fruit-Gathering'' (poems translated by Tagore from ''Gitali, Gitimalya, Balaka, Utsarga, Katha, Kheya, Smarana, Chitra'' etc.)<ref group=Poetry>{{Gutenberg|bullet=none|no=6522|name=Fruit-Gathering (1916 poetry collection)}}</ref>

|-
|Poetry
|1916
|
|
*''Stray Birds'' (325 epigrams)<ref group=Poetry>{{Gutenberg|bullet=none|no=6524|name=Stray Birds (1916 poetry collection)}}</ref>

|-
|Novel
|1916
|''[[Chaturanga (Tagore novel)|Chaturanga]]''
|
*''[[Chaturanga (Tagore novel)|Chaturanga]]''<ref group=Novels>{{Citation|title=Chaturanga (1916 novel)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iOb8voE_d9UC|isbn=9788172014001|last1=Tagore|first1=Rabindranath|year=2006| publisher=Sahitya Akademi }}</ref>
*''Quartet''<ref name=TagoreOmnibus1 group=Novels/>
*''Broken Ties''<ref name= "broken1925">''{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20161122223236/http://wikilivres.ca/wiki/Broken_Ties_and_Other_Stories Broken Ties and Other Stories]}}'' (1925).</ref><ref name=TextBroken group=Stories >{{Citation|title=Broken Ties and Other Stories (1925)|publisher=Wikilivres.ca|url=https://wikilivres.ca/wiki/Broken_Ties_and_Other_Stories|access-date=2017-05-05|archive-date=2017-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314132432/http://www.wikilivres.ca/wiki/Broken_Ties_and_Other_Stories|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

|-
|Novel
|1916
|''[[The Home and the World|Ghare Baire]]''
|
*''The Home and the World''<ref group=Novels>{{Gutenberg|bullet=none|no=7166|name=The Home and the World (1916 novel)}}</ref><ref name=TagoreOmnibus1 group=Novels/>

|-
|Drama
|1916
|''Phalguni''
|
*''Cycle of Spring''<ref group=Drama>{{Gutenberg|bullet=none|no=24607|name=The Cycle of Spring (1916 drama)}}</ref>

|-
|Essays
|1916
|''Sanchaya''
|
|-
|Lecture
|1916
|
|
*''The Spirit of Japan''<ref group=Lectures>{{Gutenberg|bullet=none|no=33131|name=The Spirit of Japan (1916 lecture)}}</ref>

|-
|Short story
|1917
|''Patra o Patri''
|
*''In Quest of a Bride''<ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" />
*''Bride and Bridegroom''<ref name="lago1991" />

|-
|Short story
|1917
|''Tapaswini'' (or ''Taposwini'')
|
*''The Austere Woman''<ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" />
*''The Austere Wife''<ref name="lago1991" />

|-
|Lecture
|1917
|''Kartar Ichchhay Karma''
|
*''As the Master Wills''

|-
|Lectures
|1917
|
|
*''Personality'' (lectures delivered in America)<ref group=Essays>{{Citation|title=Personality (1917)|publisher=Internet Archive|url=https://archive.org/details/personality00tagorich|year=1917}}</ref>

|-
|Text book
|1917
|''Anubad-charcha''
|
|-
|Short story
|1918<ref name = "anth1997" />
|''Tota Kahini''
|
*''The Parrot's Training''<ref name=TextParrot group=Stories />

|-
|Short story
|1918
|''Ghoda'' (or ''Ghora'')
|
*''The Trial of the Horse''<ref name=TextParrot group=Stories />

|-
|Short story
|1918
|''Kartar Bhut''
|
*''Old Man's Ghost''<ref name=TextParrot group=Stories />

|-
|Poetry
|1918
|''[[Palataka Poetry|Palataka]]''
|
*''The Runaway'' (stories in verse)

|-
|Poetry
|1918
|
|
*''Crossing''<ref group=Poetry>{{Citation|title=Crossing (poetry)|publisher=Tagoreweb|url=http://www.tagoreweb.in/Render/ShowBook.aspx?ct=Verses&bi=72EE92F5-BE50-40C7-3E6E-0F7410664DA3|access-date=2017-05-05|archive-date=2017-05-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516162626/http://tagoreweb.in/Render/ShowBook.aspx?ct=Verses&bi=72EE92F5-BE50-40C7-3E6E-0F7410664DA3|url-status=live}}</ref> (from ''Naivedya, Kheya, [https://www.mylifehistory.online/rabindranath-tagore-biography Gitanjali], Gitimalya'' and ''Gitali'')

|-
|Poetry
|1918
|
|
*''Lover's Gift''<ref group=Poetry>{{Citation|title=Lover's Gift (poetry)|publisher=Tagoreweb|url=http://www.tagoreweb.in/Render/ShowBook.aspx?ct=Verses&bi=72EE92F5-BE50-40C7-2E6E-0F7410664DA3|access-date=2017-05-05|archive-date=2017-05-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516161352/http://tagoreweb.in/Render/ShowBook.aspx?ct=Verses&bi=72EE92F5-BE50-40C7-2E6E-0F7410664DA3|url-status=live}}</ref> (from ''Naivedya, Kheya, Gitanjali, Gitimalya'' and ''Gitali'')

|-
|Drama
|1918
|''Guru''
|
*Stage version of ''Achalayatan''

|-
|Essays
|1918
|
|
*''Nationalism'' (in the West, Japan and India)<ref group=Essays>{{Gutenberg|bullet=none|no=40766|name=Nationalism (1918 essays)}}</ref>

|-
|Essay
|1919
|
|
*''The Centre of Indian Culture''<ref group=Essays>{{Citation|title=The Centre Of Indian Culture (1919)|publisher=Internet Archive|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.36111|year=1919}}</ref>

|-
|Travelogue
|1919
|''Japan Jatri''
|
*''Travel in Japan''

|-
|Short story
|1920
|''Poila Nombor'' (or ''Poila Nambar'' or ''Payla Nambar'')
|
*''House Number One''<ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" /><ref name="Chaudhuri2008" />

|-
|Drama
|1920
|''Arupratan''
|
*Stage version of ''Raja''

|-
|Drama
|1921
|''Rinsodh''
|
*Stage version of ''Saradotsav''

|-
|Short story
|1921
|''Notun Potul''
|
*''New Doll''<ref group=Stories>{{Citation|title=New Doll (1921 short story)|publisher=Parabaas|url=https://www.parabaas.com/rabindranath/articles/gBhaswati_newdoll.html|access-date=2017-05-14|archive-date=2017-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704201603/https://parabaas.com/rabindranath/articles/gBhaswati_newdoll.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

|-
|Short story
|1921
|''Bhul Swarga''
|
*''The Wrong Heaven''<ref group=Stories>{{Citation|title=The Wrong Heaven (1921 short story)|publisher=Parabaas|url=https://www.parabaas.com/translation/database/translations/stories/gRabindranath_wrongheaven.html|access-date=2017-05-14|archive-date=2017-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704220932/https://parabaas.com/translation/database/translations/stories/gRabindranath_wrongheaven.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

|-
|Poetry
|1921
|
|
*''Fugitive''<ref group=Poetry>{{Gutenberg|bullet=none|no=7971|name=The Fugitive (1921 poetry collection)}}</ref>

|-
|Essays
|1921
|
|
*''Thought Relics'' (short meditative texts)<ref group=Essays>{{Citation|title=Thought Relics (1921)|publisher=Internet Sacred Text Archive|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/tagore/tr/tr01.htm|access-date=2017-05-05|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185523/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/tagore/tr/tr01.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

|-
|Lectures
|1921
|
|
*''Greater India'' (four lectures 1902-1908)<ref group=Lectures>{{Citation|title=Greater India (1917)|publisher=Internet Archive|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.351198|year=1921}}</ref>

|-
|Lecture
|1921
|''Sikshar Milan''
|
*''Meeting of Cultures''

|-
|Lecture
|1921
|''Satyer Ahovaan''
|
*''Call of Truth''

|-
|Dance drama
|1921
|Barsa-mangal
|
*''Rain Festival''
*''Welcome to the Rains''

|-
|Poetry
|1922
|''Lipika''
|
*''Letter''<ref group=Poetry>{{Citation|title=Lipika (1922 poetry)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sREFtFSvm1sC|isbn=9781908095718|last1=Tagore|first1=Rabindranath|year=2013| publisher=John Catt Educational }}</ref>

|-
|Poetry
|1922
|''[[Sishu Bholanath]]''
|
|-
|Drama
|1922
|''Muktadhara''
|
*''The Waterfall''<ref group=Drama>{{Citation|title=The Waterfall (1922 drama)|publisher=Tagoreweb|url=http://www.tagoreweb.in/Render/ShowContent.aspx?ct=Plays&bi=72EE92F5-BE50-40D7-3E6E-0F7410664DA3&ti=72EE92F5-BE51-4087-2E6E-0F7410664DA3&ch=c|access-date=2017-05-05|archive-date=2017-09-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906220749/http://tagoreweb.in/Render/ShowContent.aspx?ct=Plays&bi=72EE92F5-BE50-40D7-3E6E-0F7410664DA3&ti=72EE92F5-BE51-4087-2E6E-0F7410664DA3&ch=c|url-status=live}}</ref>

|-
|Lectures
|1922
|
|
*''Creative Unity''<ref group=Lectures>{{Gutenberg|bullet=none|no=23136|name=Creative Unity (1922 lectures)}}</ref>

|-
|Musical drama
|1923
|''Boshonto''
|
*''Spring''

|-
|Drama
|1923
|''Bisharjan''
|
|-
|Drama
|1924
|''[[Raktakarabi (play)|Raktakaravi]]''
|
*''Red Oleanders'' (or ''Blood Oleanders'')<ref group=Drama>{{Citation|title=Red Oleanders (1924 drama)|publisher=Tagoreweb|url=https://www.tagoreweb.in/Plays/red-oleanders-212/red-oleanders-4072|access-date=2025-09-29|url-status=live}}</ref>

|-
|Essay
|1925
|
|
*''[[The Cult of the Charkha]]''<ref group=Essays>{{Citation|title=Cult of the Charkha (1925 essay)|publisher=Swaraj.org|url=http://www.swaraj.org/tagorecult.htm|access-date=2017-05-05|archive-date=2017-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213233516/http://www.swaraj.org/tagorecult.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

|-
|Poetry
|1925
|''Purabi''
|
|-
|Poetry
|1925
|''Sankalan''
|
|-
|Drama
|1925
|''Griha Prabesh''
|
|-
|Musical drama
|1925
|''Sesh Barshan''
|
*''The Last Shower''

|-
|Songs
|1926
|''Prabahini''
|
|-
|Poetry (epigrams)
|1926
|''Lekhon''
|
*''Fireflies''<ref group=Poetry>{{Citation|title=Fireflies (1928 poetry collection (epigrams))|publisher=Tagoreweb|url=http://www.tagoreweb.in/Render/ShowBook.aspx?ct=Verses&bi=72EE92F5-BE50-40C7-8E6E-0F7410664DA3|access-date=2017-05-05|archive-date=2017-05-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516162050/http://tagoreweb.in/Render/ShowBook.aspx?ct=Verses&bi=72EE92F5-BE50-40C7-8E6E-0F7410664DA3|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Autographs''

|-
|Comedy
|1926
|''Sodh Bodh''
|
*''All Square''

|-
|Drama
|1926
|''Chirakumar Sabha''
|
*Stage version of ''Prajapatir Nirbandha''

|-
|Dance drama
|1926
|''Natir Puja''
|
*''The Dancing Girl's Worship''

|-
|Dance drama
|1926
|''Nataraj''
|
*''The King of Dance''

|-
|Dance drama
|1927
|''Riturangashala''
|
*''The Play of the Seasons''

|-
|Drama
|1926-1929
|''Shesh Raksha'' (or ''Sesh Raksha'')
|
*Stage version of ''Goray Galad'' (''The Last-Ditch Dave'' or ''Saved at Last'')

|-
|Travelogue
|1927
|''Java Jatrir Patra''
|
*''Letters from Java''

|-
|Short story
|1928<ref name = "anth1997" />
|''Shangskar'' (or ''Sanskar'')
|
*''The Patriot''<ref group=Stories>{{Citation|title=The Patriot (1928 short story)|publisher=Tagoreweb|url=http://www.tagoreweb.in/Render/ShowContent.aspx?ct=Stories&bi=4A57AB73-A4A0-40D5-551D-9502E9CD11FD&ti=4A57AB73-A4A0-4FB5-151D-9502E9CD11FD&ch=1|access-date=2017-05-05|archive-date=2015-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405022717/http://tagoreweb.in/Render/ShowContent.aspx?ct=Stories&bi=4A57AB73-A4A0-40D5-551D-9502E9CD11FD&ti=4A57AB73-A4A0-4FB5-151D-9502E9CD11FD&ch=1|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Purification''<ref name = "anth1997" />
*''Ritual and Reform''<ref group=Stories>{{Citation|title=Ritual and Reform (1928 short story)|publisher=Tagore's Ebook|url=http://ebookoftagore.weebly.com/ritual--reform.html|access-date=2017-05-14|archive-date=2017-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617214707/http://ebookoftagore.weebly.com/ritual--reform.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

|-
|Short story
|1928
|Bolai
|
*''Nature's Child''<ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" />
*''Balai''<ref name="Chaudhuri2008" />
*''Bolai''<ref group=Stories>{{Citation|title=Bolai (1928 short story)|publisher=Parabaas|url=http://ebookoftagore.weebly.com/bolai.html|access-date=2017-05-14|archive-date=2017-05-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170526130023/http://ebookoftagore.weebly.com/bolai.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

|-
|Lecture
|1928
|''Palliprakriti''
|
*''On the anniversary of Sriniketan''

|-
|Short story
|1929
|''Chitrakar'' (or ''Chitrokor'')
|
*''The Artist''

|-
|Novel
|1929
|''[[Jogajog (novel)|Jogajog]]'' (or ''Yogayog'')
|
*''Relationships''
*''Crosscurrents''
*''Nexus''<ref name=TagoreOmnibus1 group=Novels/>

|-
|Novel
|1929
|''[[Shesher Kobita]]''
|
*''Farewell Song''<ref group=Novels>{{Citation|title=Farewell Song (1929 novel)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=liQiAvRiNY8C|isbn=9780143414032|last1=Tagore|first1=Rabindranath|date=May 2011| publisher=Penguin Books India }}</ref>
*''Farewell, My Friend''
*''The Last Poem''

|-
|Drama
|1929
|''Paritran''
|
*Stage version of ''Prayaschitta''

|-
|Drama
|1929
|''Tapati''
|
|-
|Poetry
|1929
|''Mahua''
|
|-
|Poetry
|1929
|
|
*''Sheaves''<ref group=Poetry>{{Citation|title=Sheaves (1929 poetry collection)|publisher=Internet Archive|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.470219|year=1929}}</ref>

|-
|Travelogue
|1929
|''Ratri''
|
*''Traveller''

|-
|Lecture
|1929
|
|
*''The Philosophy of Leisure''

|-
|Text book
|1930
|''Sahaj Path'' (parts I & II)
|
|-
|Text book
|1930
|''Ingreji Sahaj Siksha'' (parts I & II)
|
|-
|Text book
|1930
|''Patha Parichay'' (parts II -IV)
|
|-
|Dance drama
|1931
|''Shap Mochan''
|
|-
|Drama
|1931
|''Nabeen''
|
|-
|Poetry
|1931
|''Banabani''
|
|-
|Lectures
|1931
|''Manusher Dhormo''
|
*''[[The Religion of Man]]''<ref group=Lectures>{{Citation|title=The Religion of Man (1931 lectures)|publisher=Internet Archive|url=https://archive.org/details/religionofmanbei027987mbp|year=1931}}</ref>

|-
|Songs
|1931-1932
|''[[Gitabitan]]'' (sorted chronologically)
|
*''Garden of Songs''

|-
|Travelogue
|1931
|''Russiar Chithi'' (or ''Rashiar Chithi'')
|
*''Letters from Russia''<ref group=Travelogue>{{Citation|title=Letters from Russia (1931 travelogue)|publisher=Digital Library of India|url=http://dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/39351}}</ref>

|-
|Travelogue
|1932
|''Parashya Jatri''
|
*''Journey to Persia''

|-
|Film
|1932
|''Natir Puja'' (a recording of the 1926 stage dance-drama)
|
*''The Dancing Girl's Worship''

|-
|Drama
|1932
|''Kaler Jatra''
|
|-
|Poetry
|1932
|''Parisesh''
|
|-
|Poetry
|1932
|''[[Punascha (poetry)|Punascha]]''
|
|-
|Lecture
|1932
|
|
*''Man the Artist''<ref group=Lectures>{{Citation|title=Man the Artist (1932 lecture)|publisher=Parabaas|url=https://www.parabaas.com/rabindranath/articles/pRabindranath_MantheArtist.html|access-date=2017-05-19|archive-date=2017-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704202614/https://parabaas.com/rabindranath/articles/pRabindranath_MantheArtist.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

|-
|Short story
|1933
|''Choraidhon'' (or ''Chorai Dhan'')
|
*''The Stolen Treasure''

|-
|Dance drama
|1933
|''Tasher Desh''
|
*''Land of Cards'' (based on the 1892 short story ''Ekti Ashare Golpo'')
*''Kingdom of Cards''

|-
|Drama
|1933
|''Bansari''
|
*''The Flute''

|-
|Drama
|1933
|''Chandalika''
|
*''The Untouchable Woman''

|-
|Novel
|1933
|''Dui Bon''
|
*''Two Sisters''<ref group=Novels>{{Citation|title=Dui Bon - The Two Sisters (1933 novel)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1pHGim8LgaoC|isbn=9788184002454|last1=Tagore|first1=Rabindranath|date=2016-08-15| publisher=Penguin UK }}</ref>

|-
|Novel
|1934
|''Malancha''
|
*''The Garden''<ref name=TagoreOmnibus1 group=Novels/>
*''The Arbour''<ref group=Novels>{{Citation|title=Malancha - The Arbour (1934 novel)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1pHGim8LgaoC|isbn=9788184002454|last1=Tagore|first1=Rabindranath|date=2016-08-15| publisher=Penguin UK }}</ref>

|-
|Novel
|1934
|''Char Adhyay'' (or ''Char Odhay'')
|
*''Four Chapters''<ref group=Novels>{{Citation|title=Four Chapters (1934 novel)|publisher=Internet Archive|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.515358|year=1937}}</ref>

|-
|Songs
|1934
|''Sraban Gatha''
|
|-
|Poetry
|1934 or 1935
|''Bithika''
|
*''Avenue''

|-
|Poetry
|1935
|''[[Shes Saptak]]''
|
|-
|Poetry
|1935 or 193
|''Patraput''
|
|-
|Poetry
|1936
|''Shyamali''
|
|-
|Dance drama
|1936
|''Chitrangada''
|
|-
|Songs
|1936
|''Swarabitan'' (64 volumes until 1955; with musical scores)
|
|-
|Essays
|1936
|''Chhanda''
|
*Essays on Bengali [[Prosody (linguistics)|prosody]]

|-
|Poetry
|1937
|''Khapchhara''
|
|-
|Poetry
|1937
|''Chharar Chhobi''
|
|-
|Essays
|1937
|''Visva-Parichay''
|
|-
|Essays
|1937
|''Kalantar''
|
|-
|Article
|1937
|''Biswaparichay''
|
*Article on modern [[astronomy]]

|-
|Poetry
|1938
|''Senjuti''
|
|-
|Poetry
|1938
|''[[Prantik (poetry book)|Prantik]]''
|
* The Borderland<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-08|title=Rabindranath Tagore|url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/rabindranath-tagore|access-date=2020-07-09|website=Poetry Foundation|language=en|archive-date=2020-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603122212/https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/rabindranath-tagore|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Dance drama
|1938
|''Chandalika''
|
|-
|Dance drama
|1939
|''Shyama''
|
|-
|Poetry
|1939
|''Prahasini''
|
*''The Smiling One''

|-
|Poetry
|1939
|''Akash Pradip''
|
|-
|Poetry
|1940
|''Nabajatak''
|
*''The Newly Born''

|-
|Poetry
|1940
|''Sanai''
|
*''The Pipe''

|-
|Memoirs
|1940
|''Chhelebela''
|
*''My Boyhood Days''

|-
|Paintings
|1940
|''Chitralipi''
|
|-
|Short story
|1940-1941
|''Laboratory''
|
*''The Laboratory''<ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" />
*''Laboratory''<ref name="Chaudhuri2008" />

|-
|Short story
|1940-1941
|''Robibar'' (or ''Rabibar'')
|
*''Sunday''<ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" />

|-
|Short story
|1940-1941
|''Shesh Katha''
|
*''The Epilogue''<ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" />
*''The Final Word''

|-
|Poetry
|1940-1941
|''[[Rogshajyay]]''
|
*''From the Sick Bed''

|-
|Poetry
|1941
|''Arogyo''
|
*''Recovery''

|-
|Short story
|1941
|''Badnaam'' (also ''Badnam'' or ''Bodnam'')
|
*''Ill-repute''

|-
|Short story
|1941
|''Musulman Golpo'' (or ''Musolmanir Galpo'' or ''Mussalmanir Galpa'')
|
*''The Story of a Mussalmani''<ref name="Chaudhuri2008" />
*''The Story of a Muslim Woman''<ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" /><ref group=Stories>{{Citation|title=The Story of a Muslim Woman (1941 short story)|publisher=Parabaas|url=https://www.parabaas.com/rabindranath/articles/gSwapan_musolmani.html|access-date=2017-05-14|archive-date=2017-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704220837/https://parabaas.com/rabindranath/articles/gSwapan_musolmani.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

|-
|Short story
|1941
|''Bado Khabar''
|
*''Great News''<ref name=TextParrot group=Stories />

|-
|Songs
|1941
|''[[Gitabitan]]'' (revised; sorted by theme)
|
*''Garden of Songs''

|-
|Essay
|1941
|''Sabhyatar Sankat''
|
*''Crisis in Civilization''<ref group=Essays>{{Citation|title=Crisis in Civilization (1941 essay)|work=Rediff.com|url=http://specials.rediff.com/news/2007/aug/06slide1.htm|access-date=2017-05-05|archive-date=2017-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512210146/http://specials.rediff.com/news/2007/aug/06slide1.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

|-
|Poetry
|1941
|''Janmadine''
|
*''Birthday''

|-
|Poetry
|1941
|''Shesh Lekha''
|
*''Last Writings''

|-
|Dance drama
|
|''Rituranga''
|
|-
|Dance drama
|
|''Prakritir Protoso''
|
|-
|Drama
|
|''Arup Ratan''
|
|-
|Drama
|
|''Chirakumar Sabha''
|
|-
|Drama
|
|''Sanyasi''
|
*''The Ascetic''<ref group=Drama>{{Citation|title=Sanyasi or The Ascetic (drama)|publisher=Tagoreweb|url=http://www.tagoreweb.in/Render/ShowContent.aspx?ct=Plays&bi=72EE92F5-BE50-40C7-DE6E-0F7410664DA3&ti=72EE92F5-BE50-4FE7-9E6E-0F7410664DA3&ch=c|access-date=2017-05-05|archive-date=2017-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907190526/http://tagoreweb.in/Render/ShowContent.aspx?ct=Plays&bi=72EE92F5-BE50-40C7-DE6E-0F7410664DA3&ti=72EE92F5-BE50-4FE7-9E6E-0F7410664DA3&ch=c|url-status=live}}</ref>

|-
|Drama
|
|
|
*''Autumn-Festival''<ref group=Drama>{{Citation|title=Autumn-Festival (drama)|publisher=Tagoreweb|url=http://www.tagoreweb.in/Render/ShowContent.aspx?ct=Plays&bi=72EE92F5-BE50-40D7-1E6E-0F7410664DA3&ti=72EE92F5-BE50-4FE7-6E6E-0F7410664DA3&ch=c|access-date=2017-05-05|archive-date=2017-09-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908144421/http://tagoreweb.in/Render/ShowContent.aspx?ct=Plays&bi=72EE92F5-BE50-40D7-1E6E-0F7410664DA3&ti=72EE92F5-BE50-4FE7-6E6E-0F7410664DA3&ch=c|url-status=live}}</ref>

|-
|Drama
|
|
|
*''King and Rebel''<ref name=Tagore2007 group=Drama />

|-
|Lectures
|
|
|
*''Talks in China''<ref name=Tagore2007 group=Lectures>{{cite book|last=Tagore|first=Rabindranath |title=Plays, stories|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VROGc3b-XEAC|year=2007|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-269-0756-4}}</ref>

|-
|Poetry
|
|''Mahuya''
|
|-
|Short story
|
|''Dhan ki Bhent''
|
|-
|Short story
|
|''Dristi'' (or ''Drishti'')
|
*''Vision''<ref name="andrews1916" /><ref name=TextHungry group=Stories />

|-
|Short story
|
|''Epher Baluarte''
|
|-
|Short story
|
|''Haldargoshthi''
|
*''The Haldar Family''<ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" /><ref name="Chaudhuri2008" />

|-
|Short story
|
|''Idurer Bhoj''
|
*''A Feast for Rats''<ref name=Tagore2017 group=Stories>{{cite book|last=Tagore|first=Rabindranath |title=The Collected Works of Rabindranath Tagore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WbY8DgAAQBAJ|year=2017|edition=Illustrated |publisher=General Press|isbn=978-81-8032-079-8}}</ref>

|-
|Short story
|
|''Jajneshwarer Jajna''
|
*''Jajneshwar's Offering''<ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" />

|-
|Short story
|
|''Jogesworer Jogyo''
|
|-
|Short story
|
|''Kadambini''
|
|-
|Short story
|
|''Mahamaya'' (or ''Sudha Mahamaya'')
|
*''Mahamaya''

|-
|Short story
|
|''Malyadan'' (or ''Malyadaan'')
|
*''The Wedding Garland''<ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" /><ref name="Chaudhuri2008" />
*''The Garlanding''
*''Exchange of Garlands''

|-
|Short story
|
|''Manager Babu''
|
|-
|Short story
|
|''Master Ji''
|
*''Master Ji'' or ''Master Zi''

|-
|Short story
|
|''Megha o Raudra'' (or ''Megh O Roudra'')
|
*''Cloud and Sunshine''<ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" />
*''Clouds and Sunshine''

|-
|Short story
|
|''Muktir Upaay''
|
*''Means of Freedom''<ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" />

|-
|Short story
|
|''Namanjur Galpo'' (or ''Namanjur Galpo'')
|
*''An Unapproved Story''<ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" />
*''The Unapproved Story''<ref name="Chaudhuri2008" />
*''The Rejected Story''<ref name="lago1991" />

|-
|Short story
|
|''Pragatisanghar''
|
*''Throttling Progress''

|-
|Short story
|
|''Pratihimsa'' (or ''Pratihinsa'')
|
*''Retaliation''<ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" />
*''Revenge''

|-
|Short story
|
|''Ramakanaier Nirbudhwita'' (or ''Ramkanaiyer Nirbuddhita'')
|
*''Ramkanai's Folly''<ref name="Chattopadhyay2010" /><ref name="Chaudhuri2008" />

|-
|Short story
|
|''Tucch Bheet''
|
|-
|Short story
|
|''Yagneswarer Yagna''
|
*''Yagneswar's Ceremony''

|-
|Short story
|
|
|
*''Finally''<ref name=Tagore2017 group=Stories />

|-
|Short story
|
|
|
*''Inheritance''<ref name="Chaudhuri2008" />

|-
|Short story
|
|
|
*''The Middle One''

|}

==Collections of Short Stories==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|-
! Type
! Year
! Bengali title
! English translation(s)

|-
|Short Stories
|1894
|''Chhoto Galpo''
|
*Collection of fifteen short stories

|-
|Short Stories
|1894
|''Katha-Chatustaya''
|
*Collection of four short stories

|-
|Short Stories
|1894
|''Vichitra Galpa (Parts I & II)''
|
|-
|Short Stories
|1895
|''Galpa-Dasak''
|
*Collection of ten short stories

|-
|Short stories
|1898 or 1899
|''Katha o Kahini''
|
*''Lores and Legends''

|-
|Short stories
|1900
|''Galpoguchha'' (or ''Galpo-guchchha'')
|
*''A Bouquet of Stories''

|-
|Short stories
|1901
|''Galpa''
|
*''Stories'' (part II of Galpoguchha)

|-
|Short stories
|1911
|''Aatti Galpa''
|
*Collection of eight short stories

|-
|Short stories
|1912
|''Galpa Chaariti''
|
*Collection of four short stories

|-
|Short Stories
|1913
|
|
*''Glimpses of Bengal''. Includes 13 stories: ''The Fruit-Seller, The School Closes, A Resolve Accomplished, The Dumb Girl, The Wandering Guest, The Look Auspicious, A Study in Anatomy, The Landing Stairway, The Sentence, The Expiation, The Golden Mirage, The Trespass, The Hungry Stone''.

|-
|Short Stories
|1916
|
|
*''The Hungry Stones and other stories''. Includes 13 stories: ''The Hungry Stones, The Victory, Once There Was a King, The Home-Coming, My Lord, The Baby, The Kingdom of Cards, The Devotee, Vision, The Babus of Nayanjore, Living or Dead?, "We Crown Thee King", The Renunciation, The Cabuliwallah'')<ref name=TextHungry group=Stories />

|-
|Short Stories
|1918
|
|
*''Mashi and Other Stories''. Includes 14 stories: ''Mashi, The Skeleton, The Auspicious Vision, The Supreme Night, Raja and Rani, The Trust Property, The Riddle solved, The Elder Sister, Subha, The Postmaster, The River Stairs, The Castaway, Saved, My Fair Neighbour''.<ref name=TextMashi group=Stories />

|-
|Short Stories
|1918
|
|
*''Stories from Tagore''. Includes 10 stories: ''The Cabuliwallah, The Home-Coming, Once there was a King, The Child's Return, Master Mashai, Subha, The Postmaster, The Castaway, The Son of Rashmani, The Babus of Nayanjore''.<ref name=TextST group=Stories />

|-
|Short Stories
|1925
|
|
*''Broken Ties and Other Stories''. Includes the novel ''Broken Ties'' (''Chaturanga'') and 6 stories: ''In the Night, The Fugitive Gold, The Editor, Giribala, The Lost Jewels, Emancipation''.<ref name=TextBroken group=Stories />

|-
|Children's stories
|1937
|''Shay''
|
*''He''

|-
|Short stories
|1940
|''Tin Sangi''
|
*''Three Stories'' (''Laboratory, Rabibar, Shesh Katha'')

|-
|Children's stories
|1941
|''Galpo Salpa''
|
|-
|Short stories
|1944
|
|
*''The Parrot’s Training and Other Stories'' Includes 4 stories ''The Parrot’s Training, The Trial of the Horse, Old Man’s Ghost, Great News''.<ref name=TextParrot group=Stories>{{Citation|title=The Parrot's Training and Other Stories (1944)|publisher=Internet Archive|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.34325|year=1944}}</ref>

|-
|Short stories
|1959
|
|
*''The Runaway and Other Stories.''<ref>Tagore, Rabindranath (1959). (tr. Somnath Maitra) ''he Runaway and Other Stories''. Visva-Bharati, Calcutta.</ref> Translated by Somnath Maitra.

|-
|Short stories
|1965
|
|
*''The Housewarming and Other Selected Writings''. Translated by Mary Lago, Amiya Chakravarty and Tarun Gupta.<ref name="Lago1965">Mary Lago, Tarun Gupta, Amiya Chakravarty (1965). ''The housewarming, and other selected writings''.</ref>

|-
|Short stories
|1991
|
|
*''Selected Short Stories''. Translated by William Radice; includes 30 stories from the 1890s: ''The Living and the Dead, The Postmaster, Profit and Loss, Housewife, Little Master's Return, The Divide, Taraprasanna's Fame, Wealth Surrendered, Skeleton, A Single Night, Fool's Gold, Holiday, Kabuliwallah, The Editor, Punishment, A Problem Solved, Exercise-Book, Forbidden Entry, In the Middle of the Night, Unwanted, Elder Sister, Fury Appeased, Thakurda, Guest, Wishes Granted, False Hope, Son-sacrifice, The Hungry Stones, Thoughtlessness, The Gift of Sight''.<ref name=radice1991 group=Stories />

|-
|Short stories
|1991
|
|
*''Selected Stories''<ref name="lago1991">Tagore, Rabindranath (1991) (tr. Krishna Dutta and Mary Lago). ''Selected short stories of Rabindranath Tagore''. Macmillan, London.</ref> Translated by Krishna Dutta and Mary Lago; includes 14 stories: ''The Girl Between, The Broken Nest, The Atonement, The Punishment, The Notebook, The Postmaster, The Return of Khokababu, The Conclusion, The Nuisance, A Lapse of Judgment, Rashmoni’s Son, The Austere Wife, Bride and Bridegroom, The Rejected Story''.

|-
|Short stories
|2005
|
|
*''The Hidden Treasure & Other Stories''<ref name="HiddenTreasure2002">{{cite book|author=Rabindranath Tagore|title=The Hidden Treasure & Other Stories|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kLDbAAAACAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Rupa & Company|isbn=978-81-7167-846-4}}</ref> Includes 8 stories: ''The Hidden Treasure, Cloud and Sun, Mahamaya, The Conclusion, The Parrot’s Training, The Trial of the Horse, Old Man’s Ghost'' and ''Great News''.

|-
|Short stories
|2005
|
|
*''Selected Short Stories''.<ref name="Chaudhuri2008">{{Cite book|title=Selected short stories|last=Chaudhuri|first=Sukanta|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press, UK|isbn=978-0195658293|oclc=699049172|url=https://archive.org/details/selectedshortsto0000tago|url-access=registration}}</ref> Various translators; ed. Sukanta Chaudhuri; includes 26 stories: ''The Ghat's Story, Ramkanai's Folly, The Exercise-Book, Inheritance, A Single Night, A Fanciful Story, The Living and the Dead, The Golden Deer, Kabuliwala, Subha, Punishment, Trespass, Grandfather, Hungry Stone, The Visitor, The Royal Mark, Folly, The Wedding Garland, The Haldar Family, The Wife's Letter, Woman Unknown, House Number One, The Unapproved Story, Balai, The Laboratory, The Story of a Mussalmani''.

|-
|Short stories
|2010
|
|
*''Selections from Galpaguchchha'' (3 volumes; translated by Ratan Kumar Chattopadhyay)<ref name="Chattopadhyay2010">{{cite book|last=Tagore|first=Rabindranath|editor=Chattopadhyay, Ratan Kumar|title=Selections from Galpaguchchha (3 volumes)|url=https://www.orientblackswan.com/details?id=9788125040477|year=2010|publisher=Orient Blackswan}}</ref> Includes 61 stories:
*Volume 1: ''The Postmaster, Return of the Little Master, Chhuti, the Visitor, The Exercise Book, The Pedlar from Kabul, The Living and the Dead, The Golden Deer, A Bequest of Property, Trespass, Punishment, Means of Freedom, The Austere Woman, The Silent Girl, A Single Night, Jajneshwar's Offering, Taraprasanna's Achievement, A Tale of Fantasy, Forlorn Hope, Broken Nest.''
* Volume 2: ''Cloud and Sunshine, The Ghat's Story, The Matrimonial Deal, Ramkanai's Folly, Grandfather, Nuisance, The Matronly Boy, The Skeleton, Folly, Wish-fulfilment, The Rift, Reciprocation, Retaliation, Resentment Appeased, The Wedding Garland, The Intervening Woman, The Haldar Family, Rasmani's Son, Fertility Sacrifice, Nature's Child, Woman Bereft of Jewels, The Ending.''
* Volume 3: ''Hungry Stones, Hidden Treasure, The Editor, The Gift of Sight, Elder Sister, At Dead of Night, A Problem Solved, Atonement, The Inscrutable Woman, The Royal Mark, The Wife's Letter, An Unapproved Story, House Number One, In Quest of a Bride, The Laboratory, Throttling Progress, Sunday, The Story of a Muslim Woman, The Epilogue.''

|}

==Texts==
===Online texts in English===

;Stories
{{Reflist|group=Stories|liststyle=disc}}

;Novels
{{Reflist|group= Novels |liststyle=disc}}

;Poetry
{{Reflist|group= Poetry |liststyle=disc}}

;Drama
{{Reflist|group= Drama |liststyle=disc}}

;Essays
{{Reflist|group= Essays |liststyle=disc}}

;Lectures
{{Reflist|group= Lectures |liststyle=disc}}

;Letters
{{Reflist|group= Letters |liststyle=disc}}

;Memoirs
{{Reflist|group= Memoirs |liststyle=disc}}

;Translations
{{Reflist|group= Translations |liststyle=disc}}

;Travelogue
{{Reflist|group= Travelogue |liststyle=disc}}

==See also==
* [[Works of Rabindranath Tagore]]
* [[Adaptations of works of Rabindranath Tagore in film and television]]
*''[[An Artist in Life]]'' — biography by [[Niharranjan Ray]]
* ''[[Stories by Rabindranath Tagore]]'' (2015 TV series)
* [[Political views of Rabindranath Tagore]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Alam, Fakrul; Chakravarty, Radha (2011). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=5Ih-TOTwfogC The Essential Tagore]''.
* {{cite book|last1=Bhattacharya|first1=Sabyasachi|title=Rabindranath Tagore: an interpretation|date=2011|publisher=Viking, Penguin Books India|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-0670084555|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xYpkWGHGkwYC}}
* {{cite book|last=Ghose|first=Sisirkumar |title=Rabindranath Tagore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uWYEFtuO-TgC|year=2007|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1994-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Henn|first=Katherine|title=Rabindranath Tagore: A Bibliography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbJjAAAAMAAJ|year=1985|publisher=American Theological Library Association|isbn=978-0-8108-1790-6}}
* Paul, S.K. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=0g3H7eY5K6MC Rabrindranath Tagore's Prose and Drama: An Evaluation of His Literary Contribution to South-Asian Studies]''. in: Paul, Samiran Kumar; Prasad, Amar Nath (2006). ''Recritiquing Rabindranath Tagore''. Sarup & Sons, New Delhi. {{ISBN|8176256617}}. pp. 117–141.
* {{cite book|last=Radhakrishnan|first=Dr. S. |title=Rabindranath Tagore: A Centenary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9x-Peh32rw8C|year=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-7201-332-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Shamsud Doulah|first=A. B. M. |title=Rabindranath Tagore, the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913, and the British Raj: Some Untold Stories|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m6-xCwAAQBAJ|year=2016|publisher=Partridge Publishing Singapore|isbn=978-1-4828-6403-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Som |first=Reba|author-link=Reba Som|publication-date=26 May 2010|year=2010|title=Rabindranath Tagore: The Singer and His Song|publisher=Viking|isbn=978-0-670-08248-3|ol=23720201M}}
* {{cite book|last=Tagore|first=Rabindranath|title=Selected Letters of Rabindranath Tagore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v08xxlHuWtUC|year=1997|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-59018-1}}

==External links==
{{Wikisource|Author:Rabindranath Tagore}}
* [http://bichitra.jdvu.ac.in Bichitra: Online Tagore Variorum]
* [http://tagoreweb.in Tagore Web: The Complete Works of Rabindranath Tagore]
* [https://archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3A%22Tagore%2C+Rabindranath Internet Archive Collection] (English and Bengali)
* Rabindra Rachanabali (collected Works of Rabindranath Tagore in Bengali; 30 volumes): available at [https://rabindra-rachanabali.nltr.org/node/1 NLTR website] and [https://archive.org/details/RABINDRARACHANABALI Internet Archive]
* For the songs, see ''[[Gitabitan]]''
* [https://www.banglalovestory.in/2020/03/bangla-love-story-valobasar-golpo.html Ek Ratri By Rabindranath Tagore]
{{Rabindranath Tagore}}

[[Category:Works by Rabindranath Tagore| Stories]]
[[Category:Lists of stories|Tagore, Rabindranath]]
[[Category:Indian short stories|Tagore]]
[[Category:Bibliographies of Indian writers]]

Nikol Assembly constituency

2026-01-18T07:47:52Z

Advanced Academy: small changes

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nikol
| mla = [[Jagdish Vishwakarma]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Ahmedabad East Lok Sabha constituency|Ahmedabad East]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:257046}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 46
}}

'''Nikol''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]] district and it came into existence after 2008 delimitation.

==List of segments==

This assembly seat represents the following segments<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# Ahmedabad City Taluka (Part) – [[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]] (Part) Ward No. – 31, 34, 35.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Name
!Image
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Jagdish Vishwakarma]] ||rowspan="3" | [[File:Jagdish_Vishwakarma.png|75px]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Panchal|first=Jagdish|title=24 Gujarat ministers take oath; Nimaben Acharya is new Speaker|work=[[India Today]]|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/manisha-vakil-nareshbhai-patel-mlas-take-oath-gujarat-ministers-1853364-2021-09-16}}</ref>
|-
| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]: Nikol Assembly constituency }}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Jagdish Vishwakarma]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 93,714
|percentage = 61.73%
|change = {{increase}}5.33%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ahir Ranjitsinh Barad
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 38516
|percentage = 25.37
|change = {{decrease}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ashokbhai Gajera<ref>{{cite news |title=Gujarat Assembly elections 2022: AAP releases list of 12 candidates. Read here |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/gujarat-assembly-elections-2022-aap-releases-list-of-12-candidates-read-here-11665913787737.html |access-date=16 October 2022 |work=mint |date=16 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 14811
|percentage = 9.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 1939
|percentage = 1.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 55,198
|percentage = 36.36
|change = {{increase}}20.37%
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:253932}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

===2017===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Nikol<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Jagdish Panchal
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes =93,172

|percentage = 56.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Indravijaysinh Gohil
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 62,884
|percentage = 40.41
|change = +12.93
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 30,288
|percentage = 15.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,55,622
|percentage = 67.20
|change = -0.58
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: Nikol}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Jagdish Panchal
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 88,286
|percentage = 61.31
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Narsinhbhai Ghori
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 39,574
|percentage = 27.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 48,712
|percentage = 33.83
|change = New
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,44,001
|percentage = 67.78
|change = New
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
Source<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election 2012 |access-date=9 June 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Ahmedabad district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|23.05|72.67|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Ahmedabad district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Gujarat]]

Shrenik Rao

2026-01-17T21:10:48Z

Advanced Academy: Stub!

{{BLP sources|date=May 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{short description| Indian film-maker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shrenik Rao
| image = Shrenik - Rao.jpeg
| caption =
| birthname = Shrenik Rao
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater = [[London School of Economics]]
| occupation = Director, producer, screenwriter
| years_active = 2007–present
| parents = {{UBL| Vijayalakshmi Rao (née Tavitiki) | N Prabhakar Rao }}
}}

[[File:Shrenik Rao at Harvard University.jpg|thumb|Shrenik Rao at [[Harvard University]], 2007.]]
'''Shrenik Rao''' is an Indian film-maker, academic, and broadcaster. He is the founder and chief executive of Dolsun Media (2005) and 7MB – 7 Media Broadcasting Pvt Ltd (2010). He was a Fellow at the University of Oxford’s Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (2016) & an alumnus of the London School of Economics.

He wrote, directed, and produced the [[documentary films]] ''Denied – This Bit of Truth'', ''[[Mugabe's Zimbabwe]]'', ''[[7 Notes to Infinity]]'' and ''[[The Monsoon Oracle]]'', which have been distributed to 52 countries around the world.<ref name="DeccanC"/>

==Films==

The global premier of his first factual film titled ''Denied – This Bit of Truth'' took place at The [[London School of Economics]] in October 2007 and was quickly followed by a premier at [[Harvard University]]'s Kennedy School of Government in November 2007. The factual film has also been featured on [[BBC World Service]]'s ''[[Outlook (radio programme)|Outlook]]''.

He created an environmental initiative in association with [[United Nations Environment Programme]] for which he cycled for 4800 kilometres from [[Kanyakumari]], the southernmost tip of India to [[Kashmir]] – India's northernmost state. Along his journey, he gathered pledges for planting trees to spread environmental awareness about offsetting the effects of global warming.<ref>{{cite web | title = Treecycle | publisher = Gaiam TV | url = http://www.gaiamtv.com/tv/treecycle | accessdate = 7 November 2013}}</ref>
This epic journey was made into a six-part Television series titled ''TreeCycle with Shrenik Rao'' which has been licensed to [[Gaiam]] TV in the United States, Canada and Puerto Rico.
Snippets of his journey were broadcast on [[NDTV]]. The series also features celebrated authors, environmentalists and other prominent personalities such as [[Maneka Gandhi]], [[Shashi Tharoor]], [[Gurcharan Das]], [[Daggubati Purandeswari]] and [[Sunita Narain]].

His factual film titled ''[[Mugabe's Zimbabwe]]'', charts three decades of [[Robert Mugabe]]'s rule as the President of Zimbabwe. The film examines Mugabe's transition from liberator to dictator, and of Zimbabwe from a state of hope to one of desolation.<ref>{{cite news | title =
Indian docu-maker captures Mugabe's Zimbabwe | publisher = Bulawayo24 News | last = Paul | first = Ndou | date = 23 April 2011 | url = http://bulawayo24.com/index-id-entertainment-sc-movies-byo-3039-article-Indian+docu-maker+captures+Mugabe's+Zimbabwe.html}}</ref> The film was taken up for worldwide distribution by [[TVF International]] and was featured as one of the 'Hot Picks of 2011' by Real Screen at [[Cannes]].<ref>{{cite news | last = Salvadore | first = Sarah | title = Shrenik Rao at Cannes | newspaper = The Times of India | date = 30 April 2011 | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Shrenik-Rao-at-Cannes/articleshow/8125411.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last = Verma | first = Anupam Kant | title = The Cannes India package | newspaper = Live Mint | date = 11 May 2011 | url = http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/Uh7l8PeSCW4re1BuVxe0aI/The-Cannes-India-package.html}}</ref> The film was critically acclaimed by media across the world and translated to multiple languages.<ref>{{cite news | title = Indian filmmaker finds acclaim at Cannes | newspaper = The Hindu | date =1 May 2011 | url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/indian-filmmaker-finds-acclaim-at-cannes/article1982532.ece}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Film maker Shrenik Rao Behind the Headlines (Interview) | work = Nehanda Radio | date = 11 June 2011 | url = http://nehandaradio.com/2011/06/11/film-maker-shrenik-rao-behind-the-headlines/}}</ref><ref name="TheHindu2013-02-03"/><ref>{{cite news | title = TVF International picks up Indian film Mugabe's Zimbabwe for worldwide distribution | newspaper = Business of Cinema | url = http://businessofcinema.com/bollywood-news/tvf-international-picks-up-indian-film-mugabes-zimbabwe-for-worldwide-distribution}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = New documentary on Mugabe | work = TheSouthAfrican.com | date = 28 April 2011 | url = http://www.thesouthafrican.com/new-documentary-on-mugabe/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last = Udgirkar | first = Trushna | title = Behind-the-scenes enquiry into Zimbabwe's collapse | newspaper = Financial Chronicle | date = 25 April 2011 | url = http://www.mydigitalfc.com/leisure-writing/behind-scenes-enquiry-zimbabwe%E2%80%99s-collapse-110 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192311/http://www.mydigitalfc.com/leisure-writing/behind-scenes-enquiry-zimbabwe%E2%80%99s-collapse-110| url-status = dead | archivedate = 4 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | title = Indian film gets international distributor | work = Indiantelevision.com | date = 30 April 2011 | url = http://www.indiantelevision.com/aac/y2k11/aac454.php}}</ref> Pulitzer Prize–winning journalist [[Barry Bearak]] of the New York Times wrote,<ref>{{cite news | title = Indian Film Maker Makes Waves with a film on Mugabe's rule | work = Bulawayo24 News| date = 2011-04-30 | url = http://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-national-byo-3238-article-Indian+Film+Maker+Makes+Waves+with+a+film+on+Mugabe's+rule.html}}</ref> <blockquote>'The film seems a primer to the situation, something of value especially to those not yet familiar with Zimbabwe and its recent history'.</blockquote>

In 2012, Rao produced and directed ''[[7 Notes to Infinity]]'', a musical factual film which pays tribute to Indian Classical Music. It tries to explore the universality of music through infinite musical compositions created from 7 Notes to the scale – Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Da Ni.
Legendary musicians, the likes of "[[Chevalier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]]" – Dr [[M. Balamuralikrishna]], [[Padma Bhushan]], [[T.V.Gopalakrishnan]], Prince of the Royal family of Travancore, [[Aswathi Thirunal Rama Varma]], the direct descendant of the great king Maharaja Swathi Thirunal and [[Sanjay Subrahmanyan]] feature prominently in the film.
The film was produced and launched on the World Music day in Kerala, in association with Saptaparani and [[State Bank of Travancore]].<ref>{{cite news | first = Saraswathy | last = Nagarajan | title = Infinite compositions | newspaper = The Hindu | date = 7 June 2012 | url = http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article3500269.ece}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first = Suanshu | last = Khurana | title = A Note of Appreciation | newspaper = The Financial Express | date = 20 June 2012 | url =http://www.financialexpress.com/news/a-note-of-appreciation/964127/2 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20131103130351/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/a-note-of-appreciation/964127/2 | url-status = dead | archivedate = 3 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Paens to the 7 notes | newspaper = The New Indian Express | date =14 June 2012 | url = http://newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article542153.ece| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131106093818/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article542153.ece| url-status = dead| archive-date = 6 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | author =IANS | title = Here Comes '7 Notes to Infinity' | newspaper = ZeeNews | date =9 June 2012 | url = http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/musicindia/here-comes-7-notes-to-infinity-film-on-indian-classical-music_113040.html}}</ref>

He produced and directed ''[[The Monsoon Oracle]]'', a factual film on the ritualistic practices performed every year in Hyderabad to predict the Monsoons and keep infectious diseases at bay.<ref name="DeccanC">{{cite news | author = Samyuktha K. | title = Make way for the rain man | newspaper = Deccan Chronicle | publisher = Deccan Chronicle | date = 28 January 2013 | url = http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130128/lifestyle-booksart/article/make-way-rain-man | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20131103084807/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130128/lifestyle-booksart/article/make-way-rain-man | archivedate = 3 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="TheHindu2013-02-03">{{cite news | first = Vishnupriya | last = Bhandaram | title = Getting on with the facts | newspaper = The Hindu | date = 3 February 2013 | url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/getting-on-with-facts/article4373681.ece}}</ref> The film focuses on people who dedicate their lives to playing the role of oracle to the goddess or to the role of ''[[Pothuraju]]'', the goddess's whip wielding brother. The film narrates stories of hope, faith and uncertainty and presents the psychological and emotional dimensions of assuming these roles.

''The Monsoon Oracle'' has been critically acclaimed and screened at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]<ref>{{cite web | title =The Monsoon Oracle – Movie Screening | publisher = MIT Sangam | url =https://www.facebook.com/events/681034838618751/ | date = 22 January 2014}}</ref> and [[University of Chicago]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Film Screening Monsoon Oracle | publisher = Committee on South Asian Studies | url = http://southasia.uchicago.edu/node/1161 | date = 31 January 2014}}</ref>

==Early life and education==

He earned his master's degree from the [[London School of Economics]] specialising in political communication and new media information and knowledge systems. His first master's degree was in anthropology from the [[University of Hyderabad]], where he was awarded the University Gold Medal and University Merit Scholarship for Academic Excellence.

==Career==
{{BLP sources section|date= May 2020}}
Prior to founding Dolsun Media and 7MB, Rao worked as the vice-president (programming) at [[MAA TV]] Network Pvt Ltd, where he conceptualised and worked on several top-rated shows.

Rao also taught 'Information and Politics', 'International Media Development', 'Information Communication and Society', 'Information Technology and Communication' to Masters level students at [[Napier University]], Edinburgh, UK. He has given guest lectures at the [[University of Westminster]], London, UK and at the [[University of Hyderabad]], India, [[Indian School of Business]], [[Microsoft]] (India) and so on. He was also associated with the Indian School of Business, where he was instrumental in conceptualising and creating a digital content platform called 'ISB Knowledge 360'.

In 2008, he was awarded the ''[[Karmaveer Puraskaar]]'', a high civilian honour, for commitment to Social Justice and the Environment.

In October 2016 Rao revived the ''[[Madras Courier]]'' as an online publication.<ref name="reuters-inst-rao">{{cite web |title=Shrenik Rao |url=https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/people/shrenik-rao |website=reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk |publisher=Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism |accessdate=30 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==Ad-Films==

Rao has made several ad-films. Prominent among them are 'APIIC' [[Andhra Pradesh Industrial Infrastructure Corporation]] and 'Experience Himachal Pradesh', for [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Ministry of Tourism]], Government of India.

As part of his productions, he has interviewed several heads of states and prominent personalities.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film
|-
| 2013 || ''The Monsoon Oracle''
|-
| 2012 || ''7 Notes to Infinity''
|-
| 2011 || ''TreeCycle with Shrenik Rao''
|-
| 2010 || ''Mugabe's Zimbabwe''
|-
| 2007 || ''Denied – This bit of Truth''
|}

==References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131103101812/http://www.shrenik.org/index.php Official site]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Shrenik}}
[[Category:Academics of Edinburgh Napier University]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Alumni of the London School of Economics]]
[[Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian broadcasters]]
[[Category:Indian documentary filmmakers]]

Rajasthan Accounts Service

2026-01-17T15:02:28Z

Advanced Academy:

{{Short description|State civil service in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{No footnotes|date=July 2021}}
{{Cleanup|date=July 2021|reason=some sections look like they were copied from a job listing.}}
{{Infobox
| title = Rajasthan Accounts Service {{small|{{IAST|Rājasthāna Lekha Sevā}}}}
| headerstyle = background:#800080; color:white;
| header1 = Service Overview
| label3 = Also known as
| data3 = R.A.S.(Accounts)
| label4 = [[Date of establishment|Founded]]
| data4 = 1954
| label5 = State
| data5 = [[Rajasthan]]
| label6 = Staff College
| data6 = [[HCM Rajasthan State Institute of Public Administration]], [[Jaipur]], Rajasthan
| label7 = Cadre Controlling Authority
| data7 = Finance Department, [[Government of Rajasthan]]
| label8 = Minister Responsible
| data8 = [[Bhajanlal Sharma]], [[Chief Minister of Rajasthan]]
| label9 = Legal personality
| data9 = [[Governmental]]; civil service
| label10 = Duties
| data10 = Representative of Finance Department Financial Advisor Chief Controller of Budget Chief Accounting Authority Chief Internal Auditor
| label12 = [[En cadre|Current Cadre Strength]]
| data12 = 1371 members
| label13 = Selection
| data13 = Rajasthan State and Subordinate Combined Services Competitive Examination
| label14 = Association
| data14 = RAcS Association
| header15 = Head of the State Civil Services
| label16 = [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]]
| data16 = Rajeev Swaroop, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
}}

'''Rajasthan Accounts Service R.A.S.(Accounts)''' formed in 1954, is a premier [[civil service|state civil service]] of Rajasthan. Accounts/Finance officers of the Service posted in all Government departments, government undertakings, autonomous bodies, Urban Local Bodies and Panchayati Raj institutions etc. manage their financial administration.

The Accounts/Finance officers are posted to assist the Head of Departments in attaining a reasonable high standard of financial administration so that financial regularity may be secured all-round by enforcing implicit, observance of rule and orders relating to financial procedure and propriety, and to ensure that the accounts of the departments are maintained efficiently.

The officers of the cadre are known for their knowledge, wisdom and integrity; and are considered as watchdogs of the state exchequer. The members of the service working at higher levels of the government set-up render consultation support regarding maintenance of the financial discipline, to the heads of departments or institutions and administrative Secretaries, as the case may be. The administrative control of RAS(Accounts) cadre is with the Department of Finance, Government of Rajasthan and the officers are governed by [[Rajasthan Accounts Service Rules 1954]].

== Recruitment ==
The recruitment of officers in this service is made through competitive examination held by [[Rajasthan Public Service Commission]] [[Ajmer]] on the pattern of [[Union Public Service Commission]] New Delhi. The examination is conducted annually and is known as Rajasthan State Administrative and Subordinate Services combined competitive examination. The examination is conducted to select officers for [[Rajasthan Administrative Service]], [[Rajasthan Police Service]] and Rajasthan Accounts Service and number of other civil services.

== Promotion ==
The first posting in Junior/Ordinary scale is as Accounts Officer in various departments and as Additional Treasury Officer in District Treasury Office. After sufficient experience officer is promoted in Senior scale as Senior Accounts Officer/Treasury Officer and in Selection scale as Chief Accounts Officer and as Comptroller in state universities and in Super-time Scale as Joint Secretary in Finance (Excise) Department, Finance (EAD & Finance Commission) Department, Finance (Budget) Department, Finance (Ways & Means) Department, Finance (Rules), Finance (Revenue) etc. and Financial Advisors (FA) in various departments and in Higher Super-time Scale as Director, Treasuries and Accounts Department; Director, Inspection Department; Director, Local Fund Audit Department; Director, Pension and Pensioners' Welfare Department; Director (Budget), Finance Department etc and as Joint Secretary in Finance (Expenditure-3) Department, Secretariat, Finance (Expenditure-4) Department, Finance (Expenditure-5) Department, Finance (Rules) Department, Finance (Audit) Department; etc. Some officers of outstanding performance get a promotion in [[Indian Administrative Service]].

==References==
*https://web.archive.org/web/20090719021729/http://racsassociation.com/
*http://finance.rajasthan.gov.in/TRANSFERS/F1(2)2000-25.02.09.pdf
*http://finance.rajasthan.gov.in/

*https://web.archive.org/web/20030325154802/http://rpsc.gov.in/
*http://finance.rajasthan.gov.in/apps/m_apps/ASM/civillist.aspx
*http://finance.rajasthan.gov.in/PDFDOCS/GT/F-GT-7961-04022019.pdf

[[Category:Government of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Accounting in India]]
[[Category:State civil services of India]]
[[Category:1954 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Ratan Devi (witness)

2026-01-13T17:28:43Z

Advanced Academy: New some bio w/ infobox

{{Infobox person
| name = Ratan Devi
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = c. 1891
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| known_for = Witness testimony of [[Jallianwala Bagh Massacre]] aftermath
| notable_works =
}}
'''Ratan Devi''', sometimes spelled '''Rattan Devi''' (born c. 1891), was an Indian [[witness|eyewitness]] to the aftermath of the [[Jallianwala Bagh Massacre]], which took place on 13 April 1919 in [[Amritsar]], Punjab, India.<ref name=Kaur2022>{{cite journal |last1=Kaur |first1=Gagandeep |title=Literature on Women during Jallianwala Bagh Massacre |journal=Journal of Software Engineering and Simulation |date=2022 |volume=8 |issue=7 |pages=67-70 |url=https://www.questjournals.org/jses/papers/Vol8-issue-7/I08076770.pdf |publisher=Quest Journals |issn=2321-3809}}</ref><ref name=Indiagram>{{cite book |title=Indiagram: Week's News |date=1961 |publisher=Information Service, Embassy of India |page=10 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y7wHdGuLCQAC&pg=PT373|language=en}}</ref>

==Amritsar 1919==
Upon hearing gunfire on 13 April 1919, Devi went to search for her husband Chhaju Bhagat

Devi told the Congress inquiry;
<blockquote>I found a bamboo stick which I kept in my hand to keep off dogs. I saw three men writhing in agony, a buffalo struggling in great pain, and a boy, about 12 years old, in agony, entreated me not to leave the place. I told him that I could not go anywhere, leaving the dead body of my husband. I asked him if he wanted any wrap, and if he was feeling cold I could spread it over him. He asked for water, but water could not be procured at that place.<ref name=Wagner2019.9>{{cite book |last1=Wagner |first1=Kim A. |title=Amritsar, 1919 : an empire of fear and the making of a massacre |date=2019 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-3002-0035-5 |pages=176-177 |language=en |chapter=9. Massacre |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bziIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT176}}</ref></blockquote>

Devi declined any compensation for her loss.<ref name=Indiagram/>{{efn|In 1921 the Punjab government quietly distributed ₹500 for each death and about ₹300 for permanent injuries at Jallianwala Bagh.<ref name=Dhillon2024>{{cite journal |last1=Dhillon |first1=Hardeep |title=Imperial Violence, Law, and Compensation in the Age of Empire, 1919–1922 |journal=The Historical Journal |date=June 2024 |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=512–537 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X23000560 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/historical-journal/article/imperial-violence-law-and-compensation-in-the-age-of-empire-19191922/87CA76CCDC42510B5D5497BE6469141D#fn17 |language=en |issn=0018-246X|doi-access=free }}</ref>}} Her account was later recorded by historian [[Vishwa Nath Datta]], and she has been commemorated in a painting at the Jallianwala Bagh Memorial, portrayed in a stage production, and cited in historical accounts of the massacre.<ref name=Kaur2022/><ref name=Datta1967>{{cite book |last1=Datta |first1=V. N. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.533737/page/n91/mode/2up?q=rattan |title=Amritsar Past And Present |date=1967 |page=76}}</ref><ref name=Gupta2024>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Sarmistha Dutta |title=Punjabi women missing from discussions on Jallianwala Bagh—as if they didn’t suffer at all |url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/punjabi-women-missing-from-discussions-on-jallianwala-bagh-as-if-they-didnt-suffer-at-all/2241891/ |access-date=29 April 2025 |work=ThePrint |date=1 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429073426/https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/punjabi-women-missing-from-discussions-on-jallianwala-bagh-as-if-they-didnt-suffer-at-all/2241891/ |archive-date=29 April 2025}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Ratan}}
[[Category:Women Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:1890s births]]
[[Category:Jallianwala Bagh massacre]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

Chavan

2025-12-24T17:41:47Z

Advanced Academy: Starting New Data

{{short description |Maratha clan in India}}
{{disputed|date=July 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
'''Chavan''' or '''Chavhan''' is a [[Maratha clan system|Maratha clan]] found largely in [[Maharashtra]], India, and neighbouring states.<ref name="CommissionerGait1903">{{cite book|author=Edward Albert Gait|title=Census of India, 1901|url=https://archive.org/details/censusindia21rislgoog|accessdate=16 July 2011|year=1903|publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India}}</ref><ref name="Enthoven1990">{{cite book|author=Reginald Edward Enthoven |authorlink=Reginald Edward Enthoven|title=The tribes and castes of Bombay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FoT6gPrbTp8C&pg=PA183|year=1990|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0630-2|page=183}}</ref>

== Origin ==

Chavan Maratha is a part of the 96 Maratha Clans (Chandravanshi) descendants of Prithivraj Chauhan. They were Generals and Nobles in the Swaraj of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dailyo.in/arts/rajputs-marathas-maratha-rajputs-chhatrapati-shivaji-history-mughal-empire-kshatriyas-aurungzeb-mughals-british-maratha-warriors-30079 | title=Who are 96 Kuli Maratha Kshatriyas, also called Maratha Rajputs by some? }}</ref> There are claims that they are Somvanshi, a larger category to which Agnivansh belong.<ref name="Gordon1993">{{cite book|author=Stewart Gordon|title=The Marathas 1600-1818|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&pg=PA46|accessdate=16 July 2011|year=1993|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26883-7|page=46}}</ref><ref>Maratha Kshatriyancha Itihaas By K.B.Deshmukh</ref>

== Branches ==
Aatle, Achar, Ankushrao, Ambirrao, Esapute, Pachpute, Satpute, Kabhandh, Kalbhor, Kanojiya, Karkre, Kisab, Kaspale, Kalbhar, Kapde, Karbharee, Kedar, Kharkhare, Kharpate, Khartope, Khandekar, Khamkar, Khulale, Gund, Dhagdh, Chandawle, Chudawala, Dang, Dafle, Dhawle, Dhakle, Hambirrao, Sardesai, Tirkhunde, Titway, Tibe, Tegle, Temkar, Topsule, Tablkar, Thorad, Dare, Desai, Dhahibe, Dalpate, Dusing, Dewge, Dhadam, Dhopte, Dhoran, Prabhudesai, Prabhu, Parthe, Parwarkar, Phalke, Phage, Bache, Warge, Bhandare, Bhaykar, Bhobaskar, Bhalsinh, Bhonwar, Bhoyar, Bhorrdar, Randiwe, Langthe, Lotankar, Majalkar, Wadkar, Sinab, Hawle, Dhipule, Takwe, Dagde, Dangle, Date, Dhadpade, Dhadote, Dhekre, Zambre, Ugale.<ref>Bahuvidha Gotravali. By A.D. Date and Sons. {{in lang|mr}}</ref><ref>Maratha Kshatra Dharma. Shree Swami Samartha Seva Kendra, Vani Dindori, District Nashik {{in lang|mr}}</ref><ref>Shahannav Kule va Sadhya Aadanave. Ashok Vasu.{{in lang|mr}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
===Nobles===
*[[Udaji Chavan]] (1696–1745), Senapati to Sambhaji II of Kolhapur.

===Politicians===

* [[Ashok Chavan]] (born 1958), 21st Chief Minister of Maharashtra, India
* [[Harischandra Devram Chavan]] (born 1951), Indian politician and Lok Sabha member
* [[Madhukarrao Chavan]], Indian politician and a Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha Deputy Speaker
* [[Prithviraj Chavan]] (born 1946), 22nd Chief Minister of Maharashtra, India
* [[Shankarrao Chavan]], (1920–2004), Chief Minister of Maharashtra, India during 1975–1977 and 1986–1988
* [[Vandana Chavan]] (born 1963), Indian politician and Rajya Sabha member
* [[Yashwantrao Chavan]] (1913–1984), first Chief Minister of Maharashtra, India

===Other===

* [[Ajay Chavan]] (born 1957), Indian cricketer
* [[Ankeet Chavan]] (born 1985), Indian cricketer
* [[Pushkaraj Chavan]], Indian cricketer
* [[Nitish Chavan]] (born 1990), Indian actor
* [[Sulochana Chavan]], Indian Marathi-language singer
* [[Usha Chavan]] (born 1955), Indian actress

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==

===Marathi===
*{{cite book|author1=Balagi Nathugi Gavand|author2=Govind Moroba Karlekar|title=Kshytriya Marathyanchi Vanshavali and Shannavkuli aani Surya, Som, Bhramh and Sheshvant|year=1997|publisher=Tukaram book Depo, Madhavbag, Mumbai 4}}
*{{cite book|author=Bhramibhoot sadguru param pujya Moredada
|title=Shree Shatradharma, Prachalit and pramikh kshtravansh and tyanche gotra, pravar, kuldaivat, kuldevata a Devak|date=11 July 2002|publisher=Shree Swami Samarth Seva And Adhyatmik vikas pradhan kendra District Nasik, Taluka Dindori, Maharashtra state}}
*{{cite book|author=Gopal Dajiba Dalwi|title=Maratha Kulancha Etihas|volume=1-6|year=1912|publisher=Induprakash Press, Mumbai}}

===English===
*{{cite book|author=Kamal K Chavan|title=Maratha Murals Late Medieval Paintings Of The Deccan, 1650-1850 A.D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPeycQAACAAJ|accessdate=18 May 2011|date=1 September 1983|publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation|isbn=978-81-7018-097-5}}
*{{cite book|author1=Shibani Roy|author2=S. H. M. Rizvi|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian surnames|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xVZmAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=18 May 2011|date=1 January 2002|publisher=B.R. Pub. Corp.|isbn=978-81-7646-247-1}}
*{{cite book|author=Reginald E. Enthoven|title=The tribes and castes of Bombay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=04MTKQEACAAJ|year=1975|publisher=Cosmo Publ.}}
*{{cite book|author=Stewart Gordon|title=The Marathas 1600-1818|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C|accessdate=18 May 2011|volume=Part 2, Volume 4|year=1993|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26883-7}}
* {{cite book|author=Sir Herbert Hope Risley|title=Census of India, 1901: Volume I. India [Part 2] Ethnographic appendices, being the data upon which the caste chapter of the Report [part 1] is based|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8-lEAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=18 May 2011|volume=1|year=1903|publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Govt. Print., India}}
* {{cite book|author=Govind Sakharam Sardesai|title=New History of the Marathas: The expansion of the Maratha power, 1707-1772|date=1948 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tTJuAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=18 May 2011|publisher=Phoenix Publications}}
* {{cite book|author=G. T. Kulkarni|title=The Mughal-Maratha relations: twenty five fateful years, 1682-1707|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qA1BAAAAMAAJ|year=1983|publisher=Dept. of History, Deccan College Post-Graduate Research Institute}}
* {{cite book|author=K. G. Pitre|title=The Second Anglo-Maratha War, 1802-1805: a study in military history|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I49HAAAAMAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Dastane Ramchandra & Co.|isbn=978-81-85080-30-7}}
*{{cite book|author=Edward James Rapson|title=The Cambridge history of India|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory03rapsuoft|accessdate=18 May 2011|year=1922|publisher=CUP Archive|page=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory03rapsuoft/page/297 297]|id=GGKEY:FP2CEFT2WJH}}
* {{cite book|author=Rajaram Vyankatesh Nadkarnia|title=The rise and fall of the Maratha Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7pw5AQAAIAAJ|year=1966|publisher=Popular Prakashan}}
*{{cite book|author=A. Rā Kulakarṇī|title=Marathas and the Marathas Country: The Marathas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kyBuAAAAMAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Books & Books}}
* {{cite book|author=V. D. Divekar|title=Survey of material in Marathi on the economic and social history of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9EobAAAAMAAJ|year=1981|publisher=Bharata Itihasa Samshodhaka Mandala}}
*{{cite book|author=Vishvanath Govind Dighe|title=Peshwa Bajirao I & Maratha expansion|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.511795|accessdate=18 May 2011|year=1944|publisher=Karnatak publishing house}}
* {{cite book|author=T. T. Mahajan|title=Maratha administration in the 18th century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QTImAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=18 May 2011|date=1 January 1990|publisher=Commonwealth Publishers|isbn=978-81-7169-081-7}}
* Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Ahmadnagar, Maharashtra (India), Maharashtra (India). Gazetteers Dept.
*https://www.dailyo.in/arts/rajputs-marathas-maratha-rajputs-chhatrapati-shivaji-history-mughal-empire-kshatriyas-aurungzeb-mughals-british-maratha-warriors-30079

[[Category:Maratha clans]]
[[Category:Surnames]]

Hindustan Zinc Limited Ground

2025-12-23T16:14:50Z

Advanced Academy: improved article

{{Short description|Cricket ground in Visakhapatnam, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox venue
| name = Hindustan Zinc Limited Ground
| nickname =
| logo_image =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| caption =
| coordinates = {{Coord|17.69130|N|83.21989|E|display=inline,title}}
| fullname = Hindustan Zinc Limited Ground
| former_names =
| location = [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| broke_ground = 2002
| built =
| opened = 2002
| renovated =
| expanded =
| closed =
| demolished =
| owner = [[Hindustan Zinc Limited]]
| operator = [[Hindustan Zinc Limited]]
| surface =
| scoreboard =
| cost =
| architect =
| project_manager =
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| general_contractor =
| main_contractors =
| capacity = n/a
| suites =
| record_attendance =
| dimensions =
| acreage =
| volume =
| tenants =
| embedded =
| website = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/58188.html ESPNcricinfo]
| public_transit =
}}
'''Hindustan Zinc Limited Ground''' is a cricket ground in [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is owned by [[Hindustan Zinc Limited]] and was established in 2002.
In 2007, the hosted five [[Inter-State T20 Championship]] matches since then it has been specialist ground for [[Twenty20]] cricket.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/6/Inter_State_Twenty-20_Tournament_2006-07.html Inter State Twenty-20 Tournament 2006/07]</ref>
In 2009, the hosted four [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]] matches since the ground was not being used for top level cricket.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/12/Syed_Mushtaq_Ali_Trophy_2009-10.html Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy 2009/10]</ref><ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/3694_tt.html Twenty20 Matches]</ref>
The ground is a regular host for under-age cricket in the state.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/3694_misc.html Other matches]</ref>

==References==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/3694.html cricketarchive]
* [http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/290518.html ESPNcricinfo]
* [http://www.hzlindia.com/ Hindustan Zinc Limited]

{{Visakhapatnam}}

[[Category:Cricket grounds in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Multi-purpose stadiums in India]]
[[Category:Sport in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 2002]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Visakhapatnam]]

{{India-sports-venue-stub}}
{{India-cricket-ground-stub}}

Jayendra Thakur

2025-12-19T07:30:48Z

Advanced Academy:

{{Short description|Indian gangster (born 1953)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox criminal
| name = Jayendra Thakur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = mr
| image =
| birth_name = Jayendra Vishnu Thakur
| birth_date = {{bya|1953|12}}
| birth_place = [[Vasai-Virar]], [[Palghar]]
| nickname = BHAI THAKUR
| known_for = Smuggling, [[extortion]], political killings
| occupation = Politics, crime
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] {{small|(1970-1995)}}, [[Bahujan Vikas Aghadi]] {{small|(2009-Present)}}
| relatives = MLA [[Hitendra Thakur]] (Brother)
}}
'''Jayendra Vishnu Thakur''' most commonly known as '''Bhai Thakur''' is a former underworld gangster who has been in jail multiple times under several charges including smuggling, murder and amongst various other cases. He hails from palghar. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main1.asp?filename=Ne041704players.asp&id=2 |title=Bhai Thakur on Tehlka |access-date=18 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819082211/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main1.asp?filename=Ne041704players.asp&id=2 |archive-date=19 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/New-case-against-Bhai-Thakur/articleshow/15704071.cms | location=Mumbai, India | work=[[Mumbai Mirror]] | title=New case against Bhai Thakur | date=3 May 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ed-conducts-viva-trust-controlled-by-underworld-don-bhai-thakur-pmc-bank-case-1761637-2021-01-22 | work=[[India Today]] | title=ED conducts raids on Viva Trust controlled by underworld don Bhai Thakur in PMC bank case | date=22 January 2021}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He is elder brother of politician and chairman of regional political party [[Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi]] (BVA), [[Hitendra Thakur]], a MLA from [[Vasai]]. His nephew, [[Kshitij Thakur]] is a MLA from [[Nalasopara]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/vasai-residents-beat-up-mla-hitendra-thakur/article1-442019.aspx| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814001722/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/vasai-residents-beat-up-mla-hitendra-thakur/article1-442019.aspx| url-status=dead| archive-date=14 August 2014| location=Mumbai | work=[[Hindustan Times]]| title=Vasai residents beat up MLA Hitendra Thakur | date=11 August 2009 }}</ref>

== Career ==
He wields enormous influence within the [[Vasai-Virar]] belt owing to his former criminal background, his brother's political party and the [[Viva Group]], owned by his family which controls multiple construction projects in the region. He has allegedly lost an eye in attack by a rival gang during his gangster days. In 1990, he is alleged to have helped in successfully fielding his brother, [[Hitendra Thakur]] in [[Vidhan Sabha]] elections. It is also said that Petroleum Minister [[Ram Naik]] took his help in the last two [[Lok Sabha]] polls through his brother [[Hitendra Thakur|Hitendra]].<ref>{{cite news |title=News |url=http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main1.asp?filename=Ne041704players.asp&id=2 |accessdate=12 December 2019 |work=Tehelka |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206184347/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main1.asp?filename=Ne041704players.asp&id=2 |archivedate=6 February 2016}}</ref>

== Crimes and conviction ==
He was accused in the Suresh Dube and Nizam Ansari murder case in 1989.<ref>[http://indiankanoon.org/docfragment/799818/?formInput=bhai%20thakur S.N. Dube vs N.B. Bhoir & Ors on 12 January 2000]</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai/from-school-dropout-to-gangster/article1-798750.aspx |location=Mumbai, India |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |title=From school dropout to gangster |date=18 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817211456/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai/from-school-dropout-to-gangster/article1-798750.aspx |archivedate=17 August 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/old/ie/daily/19970820/23250803.html |location=Mumbai, India |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]] |title=Bhai Thakur gang claims responsibility |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819090230/http://www.financialexpress.com/old/ie/daily/19970820/23250803.html |archivedate=2014-08-19 }}</ref>

The list of cases against Jayendra alia is long - [[extortion]], [[criminal intimidation]], [[attempt to murder]], [[murder]].

He was put behind bars after [[Sudhakarrao Naik]] took over as Chief Minister.<ref name="dons">
{{cite news | title = The States: Dons in a new role | author = Dionne Bunsha | work = [[The Hindu]] | url = http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2125/stories/20041217001704400.htm | date = 2004-12-17 | accessdate = 2007-03-24 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2001/jun/12448.htm | location=Mumbai, India | work=[[Mid-Day]] | title=Mumbai gangsters: Made in Dubai | date=2001-06-27 | archive-date=19 August 2014 | access-date=18 August 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085948/http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2001/jun/12448.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ed-conducts-viva-trust-controlled-by-underworld-don-bhai-thakur-pmc-bank-case-1761637-2021-01-22|title = ED conducts raids on Viva Trust controlled by underworld don Bhai Thakur in PMC bank case| date=22 January 2021 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Organised crime in India|Jayendra Thakur=Jayendra Thakur}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thakur, Jayendra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Thane district]]
[[Category:People from Virar]]
[[Category:Gang members]]
[[Category:Crime in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Criminals from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1953 births]]

Anamika (2012 TV series)

2025-12-18T13:27:04Z

Advanced Academy: creating new stub basic info

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}{{Infobox television
| image = Anamika Promotional Logo.png
| caption = Inter-title
| genre = [[Indian soap opera]] [[Mystery film|Mystery]] [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]] [[Romantic thriller]]
| creator = [[Sony Entertainment Television India|SET Team]]
| developer =
| story = Mahesh Pandey Kamlesh Kunti Singh Vinit Vyas Vandana Sharma
| screenplay = Jainesh Ejardar '''Dialogues''' Dheeraj Sarna Anukalp Goswami
| director = Ravi Raj Glen Barretto Ankush Mohla
| creative_director = Udayan Pradeep Shukla
| presenter =
| starring = [[Mudit Nayar]] [[Simran Kaur]] [[Annie Gill]] [[Shivani Surve]]
| theme_music_composer =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 206
| executive_producer =
| producer = Vikas Seth Mahesh Pandey
| editor = Tarun Sunil Babbar
| location = [[India]]
| cinematography = Raju Halasagi
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = Approx. 20 minutes
| company = Trishula Productions
| channel = [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2012|11|26}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2013|09|13}}
}}

'''''Anamika''''' is an [[Indian soap opera]] that aired on [[Sony Entertainment Television]]. It premiered on 26 November 2012<ref>{{cite web|title=Anamika's time slot|url=http://setindia.com/shows.php|publisher=SET India|accessdate=22 November 2012}}</ref> and went off-air on 13 September 2013.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Anamika-on-Sony-Entertainment-Television-completes-its-200-episodes-today-The-entire-cast-and-crew-of-the-serial-celebrated-this-feat-but-with-a-heavy-heart-/articleshow/22328731.cms|title=Sony TV's Anamika hits a double century - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=5 September 2013 |language=en|access-date=2019-08-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/chhanchhan-anamika-axed-on-sony-tv/|title='Chhanchhan' & 'Anamika' axed on Sony TV|last=Baddhan|first=Raj|date=2013-08-29|website=BizAsia {{!}} Media, Entertainment, Showbiz, Events and Music|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-08-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-anamika-to-go-off-air-1862539|title='Anamika' to go off air|last=Unnikrishnan|first=Chaya|date=2013-07-18|website=DNA India|language=en|access-date=2019-08-07}}</ref> It is Vikas Seth's debut show as a producer on Sony Television and tells the love story of Anamika and Jeet.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bhopatkar|first=Tejashree|title=Sony launches another love story but with a supernatural touch|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Simran-Kaur-as-Anamika-on-Sony-TV/articleshow/17002778.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920044923/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-29/tv/34797425_1_simran-kaur-unique-love-story-anamika|url-status=live|archive-date=20 September 2013|access-date=2 November 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 October 2012}}</ref>

==Plot==
Jeet Saluja starts encountering a mysterious woman. Her identity is later revealed as Anamika, an extremely beautiful woman who lives alone in a large bungalow in the forest.

Anamika loves Jeet and he is strangely attracted to her. He discovers that it is in fact a negative energy that is trying to win him over and he stops meeting her. Eventually, he realises his love for Rano, his childhood best friend.

Anamika, revealed to be a witch, abducts Jeet and takes him to her house where bodies of the different men she married and killed, hang. Rano tries to save him but fails. Jeet manages to escape and is finally reunited with his family. Anamika is shown to have committed suicide.

After many difficulties, Jeet and Rano get married. Anamika’s spirit returns and begins to haunt the family. In trying to defeat Anamika, Rano dies but her spirit does not attain salvation and can communicate only with a girl named Chhavi.

=== After some time ===
Jeet has left boxing and starts working at his father's company with Chhavi as his secretary. Anamika returns in human form. Chhavi and Jeet become close. At the same time Jeet gets close to Anamika. Rano’s spirit communicates to Chhavi that she must marry Jeet. Jeet's family get them married much to Anamika's discontent.

Anamika starts living with Jeet and Chhavi and causes conflicts between them. Realising Anamika's truth, Chhavi throws her out of the house but Anamika makes the family suspect Chhavi of practising black magic and they oust her.

Chhavi finally succeeds in bringing out Anamika's truth but Jeet is forced to go to Anamika's house to rescue his mother, Pushpa. Pushpa is saved but at the cost of Jeet's soul. Anamika makes her house disappear and buries Jeet but his family succeeds in finding his body. Meanwhile, Anamika manages to take Jeet's soul to the netherworld and puts him in a trance and they copulate. Anamika's wish comes true, as she becomes pregnant with Jeet's child.

Chhavi, desperate to save Jeet, gives up her own soul and goes to the netherworld. She manages to get her hands on a trident, the only thing which could destroy Anamika. Anamika wishes to keep Jeet with her forever and to make this happen Jeet has to be transformed into one of them, but Chhavi confronts Anamika ending Jeet's trance. Anamika is stabbed with the trident by Jeet and loses her powers and dies. Finally, the souls of Jeet and Chhavi return to their respective bodies. They are reunited with the family. Later that night, Jeet and Chhavi consummate their marriage.

In a past life, it is revealed that Jeet and Chhavi were king and queen but Jeet was in a relationship with Anamika. Chhavi curses Anamika to live till the end of time. Time passes and Chhavi and Jeet die but Anamika doesn't. She waits for Jeet and has been marrying and killing Jeet in each of his births since.

=== 2 months later ===
Chhavi is two months pregnant. One day, the family find a baby girl at their doorstep. They decide to keep the baby with them until they find her parents. Unbeknownst to them, the baby is Anamika and Jeet’s daughter and Anamika's supernatural powers now reside in her baby.

== Cast ==
* [[Simran Kaur]] as Anamika Malhotra/Chandralekha, a witch cursed to live till the end of time<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Simran-Kaur-as-Anamika-on-Sony-TV/articleshow/17002778.cms|title=Simran Kaur as Anamika on Sony TV? - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=30 October 2012 |language=en|access-date=2019-08-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/No-saas-bahu-drama-in-Anamika-Simran-Kaur/articleshow/19341208.cms|title=No saas-bahu drama in 'Anamika': Simran Kaur - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=2 April 2013 |language=en|access-date=2019-08-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/no-saas-bahu-drama-in-anamika-simran-kaur/story-oP9phqp38c1k0cuOHiDyLM.html|title=No saas-bahu drama in Anamika: Simran Kaur|date=2013-04-02|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-08-07}}</ref>
* [[Mudit Nayar]] as Jeet Saluja<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/tv-actor-mudit-enjoys-real-characters/story-OoMRo1VRoeTqySEvQM60hP.html|title=TV actor Mudit enjoys real characters|date=2013-03-02|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-08-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/anamika-is-not-copy-of-any-film-mudit-nayar-602757.html|title='Anamika' is not copy of any film: Mudit Nayar|website=News18|date=13 April 2013 |access-date=2019-08-07}}</ref>
* [[Annie Gill]] as Rano Walia, Jeet's first wife<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/all-night-shoot-leaves-us-with-no-personal-life-annie-gill-7267.html|title=All-night shoot leaves us with no personal life: Annie Gill|last=|first=|date=2013-04-14|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en|access-date=2019-08-07}}</ref>
* [[Shivani Surve]] as Chhavi Gupta, Jeet's second wife<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-anamika-s-rano-takes-backseat-for-chhavi-1831378|title='Anamika's' Rano takes backseat for Chhavi|last=Unnikrishnan|first=Chaya|date=2013-05-07|website=DNA India|language=en|access-date=2019-08-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Shivani-Surve-the-new-lead-in-Anamika/articleshow/19896214.cms|title=Shivani Surve the new lead in Anamika - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=5 May 2013 |language=en|access-date=2019-08-07}}</ref>
* Madhumalti Kapoor as Harmeet "Bebe" Saluja, Jeet's grandmother<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Anamika-gets-two-renowned-names/articleshow/17254817.cms|title=Anamika gets two renowned names! - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=17 November 2012 |language=en|access-date=2019-08-07}}</ref>
* Deepak Dutta as Pratap Saluja, Jeet's father
* Sonika Gill as Pushpa Pratap Saluja, Jeet's mother<ref name=":0" />
* Hemant Chaddha as Balraj Saluja, Jeet's elder brother
* Sonia Kaur as Jasleen Balraj Saluja, Balraj's wife
* Namrata Dhamija as Ritu Walia
* Anisha Vora as Guddi Walia
* [[Manmohan Tiwari]] as Inspector Abhay Gupta
* Savita Bajaj as Paatalika
* [[Pushkar Goggiaa]] as Anand Kumar
* [[Papiya Sengupta]] as Shalaka

==See also==
* [[List of programs broadcast by Sony Entertainment Television]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb title|id=2767796}}
{{Sony Entertainment Television India Shows}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:2012 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2013 Indian television series endings]]

Internal structure of the Moon

2025-12-17T17:44:43Z

Advanced Academy: cleanup

{{Short description|none}} 
{{see also|Geology of the Moon}}
[[File:Return of the moon diagram.svg|thumb|400px|Moon's internal structure.]]
[[File:Lunar Olivine Basalt 15555 from Apollo 15 in National Museum of Natural History.jpg|thumb|350px|[[Olivine]] [[basalt]] collected by [[Apollo 15]].]]
[[File:Thermal state of the Moon at age 100 Ma.jpg|thumb|300px|Thermal state of the Moon at age 100 Ma.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Maurice |first1=M. |last2=Tosi |first2=N. |last3=Schwinger |first3=S. |last4=Breuer |first4=D. |last5=Kleine |first5=T. |title=A long-lived magma ocean on a young Moon |journal=Science Advances |date=1 July 2020 |volume=6 |issue=28 |article-number=eaba8949 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aba8949|pmid=32695879 |pmc=7351470 |bibcode=2020SciA....6.8949M |language=en |issn=2375-2548|doi-access=free }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text and images are available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License].</ref>]]
Having a mean density of 3,346.4 [[Kilogram per metre cubed|kg/m3]],<ref>Making it the second densest satellite in the [[Solar System]] after [[Io (moon)|Io]]</ref> the [[Moon]] is a [[Planetary differentiation|differentiated]] body, being composed of a [[Geochemistry|geochemically]] distinct [[Crust (geology)|crust]], [[Mantle (geology)|mantle]], and [[planetary core]]. This structure is believed to have resulted from the [[Fractional crystallization (geology)|fractional crystallization]] of a [[Lunar magma ocean|magma ocean]] shortly after its formation about 4.5 billion years ago. The energy required to melt the outer portion of the Moon is commonly attributed to a [[Giant-impact hypothesis|giant impact]] event that is postulated to have formed the Earth-Moon system, and the subsequent [[Accretion_(astrophysics)|reaccretion]] of material in Earth orbit. Crystallization of this magma ocean would have given rise to a [[mafic]] mantle and a [[plagioclase]]-rich crust.

Geochemical mapping from orbit implies that the crust of the Moon is largely [[Anorthosite|anorthositic]] in composition,<ref name="L06">{{cite journal |last1=P. Lucey and 12 coauthors |title=Understanding the lunar surface and space-Moon interactions |journal=Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=83–219 |date=2006 |doi=10.2138/rmg.2006.60.2 |first1=P.|bibcode=2006RvMG...60...83L }}</ref> consistent with the magma ocean hypothesis. In terms of elements, the lunar crust is composed primarily of [[oxygen]], [[silicon]], [[magnesium]], [[iron]], [[calcium]], and [[aluminium]], but important minor and trace elements such as [[titanium]], [[uranium]], [[thorium]], [[potassium]], [[Sulfur|sulphur]], [[manganese]], [[chromium]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-30 |title=What Chandrayaan 3 has found on moon so far: Oxygen, sulphur, iron, silicon |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/what-chandrayaan-3-has-found-on-moon-so-far-oxygen-sulphur-iron-silicon-101693360903346.html |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> and [[hydrogen]] are present as well. Based on geophysical techniques, the crust is estimated to be on average about 50 km thick.<ref name="W06">{{cite journal |url=http://scripts.mit.edu/~paleomag/articles/60_03_Wieczorek_etal.pdf |last1=Mark Wieczorek and 15 coauthors |title=The constitution and structure of the lunar interior |journal=Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=221–364 |date=2006 |doi=10.2138/rmg.2006.60.3 |first1=M. A. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221063318/http://scripts.mit.edu/~paleomag/articles/60_03_Wieczorek_etal.pdf |archive-date=2014-12-21 |bibcode=2006RvMG...60..221W }}</ref>

Partial melting within the mantle of the Moon gave rise to the eruption of mare basalts on the lunar surface. Analyses of these basalts indicate that the mantle is composed predominantly of the minerals [[olivine]], [[orthopyroxene]] and [[clinopyroxene]], and that the lunar mantle is more iron-rich than that of the Earth. Some lunar basalts contain high abundances of titanium (present in the mineral [[ilmenite]]), suggesting that the mantle is highly heterogeneous in composition. [[Quake (natural phenomenon)|Moonquakes]] have been found to occur deep within the mantle of the Moon about 1,000 km below the surface. These occur with monthly periodicities and are related to tidal stresses caused by the eccentric orbit of the Moon about the Earth. A few shallow moonquakes with hypocenters located about 100 km below the surface have also been detected, but these occur more infrequently and appear to be unrelated to the lunar tides.<ref name="W06"/>

==Core==
[[File:Moon Schematic Cross Section.svg|right|thumb|350px|Schematic illustration of the internal structure of the Moon.]]
Several lines of evidence imply that the lunar core is small, with a radius of about 350 km or less.<ref name="W06"/> The diameter of the lunar core is only about 20% the diameter of the Moon itself, in contrast to about 50% as is the case for most other terrestrial bodies. The composition of the lunar core is not well constrained, but most believe that it is composed of metallic iron alloy with a small amount of [[sulfur]] and [[nickel]]. Analyses of the Moon's time-variable rotations indicate that the core is at least partly molten.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=J. G. Williams |author2=S. G. Turyshev |author3=D. H. Boggs |author4=J. T. Ratcliff |title=Lunar laser ranging science: Gravitational physics and lunar interior and geodesy |journal=Advances in Space Research |date=2006 |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=67–71 |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2005.05.013|arxiv = gr-qc/0412049 |bibcode=2006AdSpR..37...67W |s2cid=14801321 }}</ref> Within the giant-impact formation scenario, the core formation of Moon could have occurred within the initial 100–1000 years from the commencement of its accretion from its moonlets.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=S. Sahijpal |author2=V. Goyal |title=Thermal evolution of the early Moon |journal=Meteoritics and Planetary Science Journal |date=2018 |volume=53 |issue=10 |pages=2193–2211 |doi=10.1111/maps.13119| arxiv=2001.07123 |bibcode=2018M&PS...53.2193S |s2cid=134291699 }}</ref>

In 2010, a reanalysis of the old [[Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package|Apollo]] seismic data on the deep moonquakes using modern processing methods confirmed that the Moon has an iron rich core with a radius of {{nowrap|330 ± 20 km}}. The same reanalysis established that the solid inner core made of pure iron has a radius of {{nowrap|240 ± 10 km}}. The core is surrounded by the partially (10 to 30%) melted layer of the lower mantle with a radius of {{nowrap|480 ± 20 km}} (thickness ~150 km). These results imply that 40% of the core by volume has solidified. The density of the liquid outer core is about 5 g/cm3 and it could contain as much as 6% [[sulfur]] by weight. The temperature in the core is probably about 1600–1700 K (1330–1430 °C).<ref name=Weber2010/>
{{multiple image|total_width=600|align=center
|header=Moon – [[Oceanus Procellarum]] ("Ocean of Storms")|width1=614 |height1=228 |image1=14-236-LunarGrailMission-OceanusProcellarum-Rifts-Overall-20141001.jpg|caption1=Ancient [[rift valley]]s – rectangular structure (visible – topography – [[Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory|GRAIL gravity gradients]]) (October 1, 2014).|width2=1500 |height2=1500 |image2=PIA18822-LunarGrailMission-OceanusProcellarum-Rifts-Overall-20141001.jpg|caption2=Ancient [[rift valley]]s – context.|width3=1546 |height3=905 |image3=PIA18821-LunarGrailMission-OceanusProcellarum-Rifts-Closeup-20141001.jpg|caption3=Ancient [[rift valley]]s – closeup (artist's concept).}}

In 2019, a reanalysis of nearly 50 years of data collected from the [[Lunar Laser Ranging experiment]] with lunar gravity field data from the [[GRAIL]] mission, shows that for a relaxed lunar fluid core with non-hydrostatic lithospheres, the core [[flattening]] is determined as {{val|2.2|0.6|e=-4}} with the radii of its core-mantle boundary as {{val|381|12|u=km}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Viswanathan |first1=V. |last2=Rambaux |first2=N. |last3=Fienga |first3=A. |last4=Laskar |first4=J. |last5=Gastineau |first5=M. |title=Observational Constraint on the Radius and Oblateness of the Lunar Core-Mantle Boundary |journal=[[Geophysical Research Letters]]|volume=46 |date=9 July 2019 |issue=13 |pages=7295–7303 |doi=10.1029/2019GL082677|arxiv=1903.07205 |bibcode=2019GeoRL..46.7295V |s2cid=119508748 }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Solar System}}
*[[Lunar resources]]
*[[Structure of the Earth]]

==References==
<references>
<ref name=Weber2010>{{Cite journal | last1 = Weber | first1 = R. C. | last2 = Lin | first2 = P.-Y. | last3 = Garnero | first3 = E. J. | last4 = Williams | first4 = Q. | last5 = Lognonne | first5 = P. | title = Seismic Detection of the Lunar Core | doi = 10.1126/science.1199375 | journal = Science | volume = 331 | issue = 6015 | pages = 309–312 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21212323|bibcode = 2011Sci...331..309W | s2cid = 206530647 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1230912 }}</ref>
</references>

==External links==
*[http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Archive/Archive-Moon.html Moon articles in Planetary Science Research Discoveries], including articles about internal structure of the Moon

{{The Moon}}
{{Planetary Geology}}

[[Category:Geology of the Moon]]

A. Seema

2025-12-15T04:39:58Z

Advanced Academy: updated details

{{short description|Indian scientist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = A. Seema
| image = Dr A Seema getting the Nari Shakti Puraskar (cropped).jpg
| caption = A. Seema receiving the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kozhikode]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| other_names =
| known_for = creating a portable device to indicate breast cancer
| education = M.Tech and PhD
| employer = [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology#Autonomous Societies of MeitY|Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology]] (C-MET)
| occupation = scientist
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''A. Seema''' is an Indian scientist from [[Kerala]] who led a team that developed a bra that indicates whether the person wearing it has breast cancer. After it was sent for commercial development, she was awarded the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] in 2019 for her (and her team's) work.

==Life==
Seema comes from [[Kozhikode]], a large city in the Indian state of [[Kerala]]. She studied to obtain a master's degree in technology before going on to gain her doctorate. After this she joined the publicly funded research facility in Kerala named the [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology#Autonomous Societies of MeitY|Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology]] (C-MET).<ref name=detail/>

She led a team who were challenged by the [[Malabar Cancer Centre, Thalassery]]<ref name=detail>{{Cite web|last=Thomas|first=Elizabeth|date=2019-05-12|title=Guts and glory!|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sunday-chronicle/headliners/120519/guts-and-glory-1.html|access-date=2021-01-11|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref> to find a device that was more portable than an x-ray machine that could be used to diagnose whether a woman had breast cancer.<ref name=itimesbra>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-17|title=This Kerala Scientist Won The Nari Shakti Puraskar For Devising A Bra To Detect Breast Cancer|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/human-interest/this-kerala-scientist-won-the-nari-shakti-puraskar-for-devising-a-bra-to-detect-breast-cancer-363862.html|access-date=2021-01-11|website=IndiaTimes|language=en-IN}}</ref> The device they created looks like a [[sports bra]] and can be worn for a short time to gain a diagnosis. Not only is the device much easier than submitting to a mammogram, the new device does not require a radiologist to supervise the procedure.<ref name=detail/> The new device also has the advantage that it can be used by women and girls as young as fifteen. Body shape is not an issue and the device is expected to cost about R$450.<ref name=itimesbra/>

Seema was recognised with the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]], presented by [[Ram Nath Kovind]], the [[President of India]]. She went to [[New Delhi]] as the award ceremony was held at the President's palace, [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]], on [[International Women's Day]] in 2019. 41 women received the award and three were given to groups.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Pandit|first=Ambika|date=8 March 2019|title=From masons, barbers to creators of forests and sustainable homes, nari shakti takes charge|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/from-masons-barbers-to-creators-of-forests-and-sustainable-homes-nari-shakti-takes-charge/articleshow/68325852.cms|access-date=2023-05-13|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The Minister of Women and Child Development [[Maneka Gandhi]] was there and afterwards the awardees met the Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]].<ref name=sg>{{Cite web|last=Mohammed|first=Irfan|date=2019-03-20|title=India president confers Manju with Nari Shakti Puraskar award|url=http://saudigazette.com.sa/article/561605|access-date=2021-01-09|website=Saudigazette|language=English}}</ref>

== References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nari Shakti Puraskar}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Seema, A}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Nari Shakti Puraskar winners]]
[[Category:Breast cancer]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

William Happer

2025-12-11T06:01:42Z

Advanced Academy: Stub!

{{Short description|American physicist (born 1939)}}
{{about|the physicist|the pro-wrestler|William Murray Happer}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = William Happer
| image = William Happer by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg
| caption = Happer in 2018
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1939|7|27}}
| birth_place = [[Vellore]], [[British India|India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education = [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill|University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]]) [[Princeton University]] ([[Master of Science|MS]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])
| awards = [[Davisson–Germer Prize in Atomic or Surface Physics]]
| fields = [[Optical pumping]] [[Atomic physics]]
| workplaces = [[Princeton University]]
| thesis_title = Frequency shifts in atomic beams resonances
| thesis_url = https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/632659656
| thesis_year = 1964
| doctoral_students = [[John W. Farley|John Farley]]
| notable_students = [[Julia Hsu]]
}}
'''William Happer''' (born July 27, 1939<ref name=aip/>) is an American [[physicist]] who has specialized in the study of [[atomic physics]], [[optics]] and [[spectroscopy]].<ref name= Shaw>{{citation |url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=10984|title=University research centers of excellence for homeland security |author=Alan Shaw |year=2004 |publisher=National Academies Press |isbn=978-0-309-09236-4|doi=10.17226/10984 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> He is the Cyrus Fogg Brackett<ref>[http://etcweb.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/brackett_cyrus_fogg.html Brackett, Cyrus Fogg (1833-1915)], first [[Joseph Henry]] Professor of Physics and founder of the Electrical Engineering Department at Princeton</ref> Professor of Physics, emeritus, at [[Princeton University]],<ref name=Shaw/> and a long-term member of the [[JASON (advisory group)|JASON advisory group]],<ref name=aip>{{cite web| url=http://www.aip.org/history/acap/biographies/bio.jsp?happerw |title=William Happer |work=Array of Contemporary American Physicists |publisher=[[American Institute of Physics]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124125114/http://history.aip.org/history/acap/biographies/bio.jsp?happerw |archive-date=2017-01-24 |access-date=2019-06-10 |url-status=dead}}</ref> where he pioneered the development of [[adaptive optics]]. From 1991 to 1993, Happer served as director of the [[United States Department of Energy|Department of Energy]]'s [[Office of Science]] as part of the [[George HW Bush|George H.W. Bush]] [[Presidency of George H. W. Bush|administration]]. He was dismissed from the [[United States Department of Energy|Department of Energy]] in 1993 by the Clinton Administration after disagreements on the [[Ozone depletion|ozone hole]].<ref name=ozone>{{citation | title=Happer Leaves DOE Under Ozone Cloud for Violating Political Correctness |journal=Physics Today |volume=46 |pages = 89–91|number=6 |year=1993|doi = 10.1063/1.2808934|last1 = Goodwin|first1 = Irwin|bibcode = 1993PhT....46f..89G}}</ref>

Happer, who is not formally trained as a climate scientist,<ref name=":0" /> [[Climate change denial|rejects the scientific consensus on climate change]]. In 2018, [[Donald Trump]] appointed him to the [[United States National Security Council|National Security Council]] to counter evidence linking [[carbon dioxide emissions]] to [[global warming]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/white-house-readies-panel-to-assess-if-climate-change-poses-a-national-security-threat/2019/02/19/ccc8b29e-3396-11e9-af5b-b51b7ff322e9_story.html |title=White House readies panel to assess if climate change poses a national security threat |date=February 20, 2019 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref><ref name=TRUMPphysicistEmails>Niina Farah and Robin Bravender, [https://www.eenews.net/climatewire/stories/1060081341 Emails reveal behind-the-scenes plans for climate debate], ''ClimateWire'', May 10, 2018.</ref> He resigned from the council in 2019.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.aaz4845 |doi-access=free|title=Why a high-profile climate science opponent quit Trump's White House |year=2019 |last1=Waldman |first1=Scott |journal=Science }}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Happer was born in [[Vellore]], [[British India]], the son of William Happer, a Scottish medical officer in the [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]], and Gladys Morgan Happer, a medical missionary for the Lutheran Church of North Carolina. Happer spent the years of [[World War II]] with his mother in [[Oak Ridge, Tennessee]]. After the war and a return to India, his family emigrated to [[North Carolina]].<ref>Ann Finkbeiner, ''The Jasons: The Secret History of Science's Postwar Elite'', pp. 222-225. Viking/Penguin, 2006, {{ISBN|0-670-03489-4}}</ref> He studied physics at the [[University of North Carolina]], graduating in 1960. He earned his doctorate at [[Princeton University]] in 1964.<ref name=Shaw/>

==Career==
Happer's academic career began at [[Columbia University]], where he eventually became a full [[professor]] and director of the Columbia Radiation Laboratory.<ref name = Shaw />

Happer joined the [[JASON (advisory group)|JASON advisory group]] in 1976, and was still active there in 2005.<ref name=aip/>

In 1980, he left Columbia to go to Princeton.<ref name= Shaw/> He is credited with a key insight in 1982 that made [[adaptive optics]] possible: there is a layer of [[sodium]] in the [[mesosphere]], at around 90 to 100 km of elevation, which could be lit by a laser beam to make an artificial [[guide star]]. His idea was tested successfully by [[DARPA]] but [[Classified information|classified]] for possible military applications. The military-designed technology was partially unclassified in 1991, after the same idea was independently proposed by two French astronomers. In 1994, Happer and co-authors published a declassified version of the JASON reports on adaptive optics.<ref>Ann Finkbeiner, ''The Jasons'', pp. 157-167</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Happer |first1=W. |last2=MacDonald |first2=G. J. |last3=Max |first3=C. E. |last4=Dyson |first4=F. J. |title=Atmospheric-turbulence compensation by resonant optical backscattering from the sodium layer in the upper atmosphere |journal= Journal of the Optical Society of America A|year=1994 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=263–276 |doi=10.1364/JOSAA.11.000263|bibcode=1994JOSAA..11..263H }}</ref> Happer was chairman of the steering committee for JASON, from 1987 to 1990,<ref name=aip/> and was the Class of 1909 Professor of Physics at Princeton University from 1988 to 1991.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Professorships {{!}} Dean of the Faculty|url=https://dof.princeton.edu/about/faculty/professorships|access-date=2020-06-12|website=dof.princeton.edu}}</ref> In 1991, he joined the [[United States Department of Energy]] as director of energy research.<ref name = Shaw /> He served in that position until being dismissed in 1993 for his views on the [[ozone layer]],<ref name=ozone/> after which he returned to his position at Princeton.<ref name=Shaw/> He co-founded Magnetic Imaging Technologies Inc. in 1994.<ref name=Shaw/> He held the [[Cyrus Fogg Brackett Professorship of Physics]] from 2003 until his retirement in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=William Happer, Ph.D.|website=The Heartland Institute|url=https://climateconference.heartland.org/speakers/william-happer/}}</ref>

Happer has served as a trustee of the [[MITRE Corporation]], the [[Richard Lounsbery Foundation]], and the [[Marshall Institute]],<ref name = Shaw /> of which he was chairman from 2006 until it was disbanded in 2015.<ref name= GMI1>{{citation |url=http://www.marshall.org/pdf/materials/405.pdf |title=Happer Named Institute Chairman |year=2006 |publisher=[[George C. Marshall Institute]] |access-date=2011-01-24 |archive-date=2011-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721211518/http://www.marshall.org/pdf/materials/405.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Happer is a co-founder and board member of an advocacy group called the [[CO2 Coalition|CO2 Coalition]], established in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cole |first1=Devan |title=Washington Post: Climate skeptic may lead WH panel to study climate change and national security |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/02/20/politics/white-house-climate-panel-william-happer/index.html |website=[[CNN]] |date=20 February 2019 |access-date=29 May 2019}}</ref> He has described the group as aiming to "educate the public that increased atmospheric levels of CO2 will benefit the world".<ref name=ZH>{{cite web |last1=Hirji |first1=Zahra |title= Here's How Much Money The Mercer Family Donated To Climate Misinformation Groups In 2016 |url= https://www.buzzfeednews.com/amphtml/zahrahirji/mercers-gop-climate-change-denial |website=[[BuzzFeed]] |access-date=22 July 2021}}</ref> The group has been funded by donations of over $100,000 from the [[Sarah Scaife]] Foundation and the [[Mercer Family Foundation]] of [[Robert Mercer]] and [[Rebekah Mercer]], as well as $50,000 each from the [[Searle Freedom Trust]], the Thomas W. Smith Foundation, the [[Lynde & Harry Bradley Foundation]], and the Achelis and Bodman Foundation.<ref name=ZH />

==Views==
===Climate change position===
Happer disagrees with the [[scientific consensus on climate change]], stating that "Some small fraction of the 1 °C warming during the past two centuries must have been due to increasing CO2, which is indeed a greenhouse gas", but argues that "most of the warming has probably been due to natural causes".<ref name=tbsinterview/> [[Michael Oppenheimer]], co-founder of the Climate Action Network, said that Happer’s claims are "simply not true" and that the preponderance of evidence and majority of expert opinion points to a strong anthropogenic influence on rising global temperatures.<ref name=APS3>{{citation|url=http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/article/2009/01/professor-denies-global-warming-theory | title = Professor denies global warming theory | first=Raymond | last = Brusca |year=2009|publisher = The Daily Princetonian| access-date = May 11, 2017}}</ref> Climate Science Watch published a point-by-point rebuttal to one of Happer’s articles.<ref>[http://www.climatesciencewatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/The-Real-Truth-About-Greenhouse-Gases-and-Climate-Change.pdf Michael MacCraken's response, "The Real Truth about Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change: Paragraph-by-Paragraph Comments on an Article by Dr. William Happer"] at Climate Science Watch, September 2011</ref> A petition that he coauthored to change the official position of the American Physical Society to a version that raised doubts about global warming was overwhelmingly rejected by the APS Council.<ref name=APS2>{{citation |url= https://www.aps.org/newsroom/pressreleases/climatechange.cfm |title=APS Council Overwhelmingly Rejects Proposal to Replace Society's Current Climate Change Statement |year=2009}}</ref>{{Verify source|date=August 2023|reason=The source does not seem to state that the proposal was coauthored by Happer}} Happer has no formal training as a climate scientist,<ref name=":0" /> and says that his beliefs about climate change come from his experience at the Department of Energy, at which he supervised all non-weapons energy research, including climate change research.<ref name=APS3/>

In 2014, Happer said that the "demonization of carbon dioxide is just like the demonization of the poor Jews under Hitler".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/02/20/reuters-america-white-house-readies-panel-to-question-security-risks-of-climate.html|title=White House readies panel to question security risks of climate|last=Gardner|first=Timothy|date=2019-02-20|website=www.cnbc.com|access-date=2019-02-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a26446092/carbon-dioxide-hitler-jews-william-happer-climate-change-trump/|newspaper=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]|access-date=February 25, 2019|first=Jack|last=Holmes|date=February 21, 2019|title=The Head Honcho on Trump's New Climate Change Panel Compared Carbon Dioxide to Jewish People: Both, he said, have been wrongly persecuted}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/trump-climate-change-panel-william-happer-co2-jews-nazi-germany-hitler-a8789966.html|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|access-date=February 25, 2019|date=February 21, 2019|title=Trump climate change panel set to be led by scientist who compared 'demonisation' of carbon dioxide to Holocaust|first=Chris|last=Baynes}}</ref>

In December 2015, Happer was targeted in a sting operation by the environmental activist group [[Greenpeace]]. Posing as consultants for a Middle Eastern oil and gas company, they asked Happer to write a report touting the benefits of rising carbon emissions. Happer declined a fee for his work, calling it a "labor of love", but said that they could donate to the "objective evidence" climate-change organization [[CO2 Coalition|CO2 Coalition]], which suggested that he contact the [[Donors Trust]] to keep the source of the funds secret as requested by the Greenpeace sting operation. Hiding the sources of funding in this way is lawful under U.S. law. Happer further acknowledged that his report would probably not pass peer-review with a scientific journal.<ref name=GuardianGreenpeace>Suzanne Goldenberg, "[https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/dec/08/greenpeace-exposes-sceptics-cast-doubt-climate-science Greenpeace exposes sceptics hired to cast doubt on climate science]", ''The Guardian'', December 8, 2015.</ref> In an interview, Happer responded to the sting operation: "I was only interested in helping the 'client' to publicize my long-held views, not to peddle whatever message the 'client' had in mind ... I have never taken a dime for any of my activities to educate the public that more CO2 will benefit the world."<ref name=tbsinterview>{{cite web |title=William Happer Interview |url=https://thebestschools.org/special/karoly-happer-dialogue-global-warming/william-happer-interview/ |website=The Best Schools |access-date=29 May 2019 |date=2016-02-12 |archive-date=2019-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608025613/https://thebestschools.org/special/karoly-happer-dialogue-global-warming/william-happer-interview/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Political===
In 2017 following the election of [[Donald Trump]] into office, Happer met with Trump to discuss potentially becoming the [[Science Advisor to the President]], and said that he would take the job if it was offered. Happer described Trump as "very attentive" and that the president's concerns "were that of a technically literate person".<ref name=TRUMPadviser>Hannah Devlin, [https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/feb/15/trump-science-adviser-william-happer-climate-change-cult Trump's likely science adviser calls climate scientists 'glassy-eyed cult'], ''The Guardian'', February 15, 2017.</ref> They discussed the president's uncle [[John Trump]], whom Happer had known.<ref name="thomas20181019">{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=William |date=2018-10-19 |title=A profile of John Trump, Donald's oft-mentioned scientist uncle |url=https://pubs.aip.org/physicstoday/Online/30972/A-profile-of-John-Trump-Donald-s-oft-mentioned |journal=Physics Today |issue=10 |doi=10.1063/PT.6.4.20181019a|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Hannah Devlin of ''[[The Guardian]]'' wrote that Happer "supports a controversial crackdown on the freedom of federal agency scientists to speak out about their findings, arguing that mixed messages... have led to people disregarding all public health information."<ref name=TRUMPadviser/>

In early September 2018 it was announced that Happer would be appointed senior director of the [[United States National Security Council|National Security Council]] office for emerging technologies.<ref name="Hill9418">{{cite news |author1=Miranda Green |title=Climate skeptic to join NSC, advise Trump on emerging technologies |url=https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/405043-noted-climate-skeptic-to-advise-trump-on-emerging-technologies/ |access-date=September 5, 2018 |work=The Hill |date=September 4, 2018 |quote=President Trump is appointing William Happer, a well-known climate skeptic, to his National Security Council (NSC).}}</ref> He resigned from the Council in September 2019, reportedly because his plan to review climate science did not receive sufficient support from the White House. It was shelved as some members of the administration, including [[Kelvin Droegemeier]], believed it could harm Trump in his 2020 re-election campaign.<ref name=":1" />

==Honors==
Happer is a fellow of the [[American Physical Society]]. Happer was elected as a member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 1995 and a member of the [[National Academy of Sciences]] in 1996.<ref>{{Cite web|title=William Happer|url=https://www.amacad.org/person/william-happer|website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences|language=en|access-date=2020-05-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=William Happer|url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/54879.html|website=www.nasonline.org|access-date=2020-05-14}}</ref> He received a [[Sloan Research Fellowship]] in 1967, the [[Herbert P. Broida Prize]] in 1997, the [[Davisson–Germer Prize in Atomic or Surface Physics|Davisson-Germer Prize]] and the [[Research and Development Council of New Jersey#Thomas Alva Edison Patent Awards|Thomas Alva Edison Patent Award]] in 2000.<ref name= Shaw /> In 2003, he was named the Cyrus Fogg Brackett Professor of Physics at [[Princeton University]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Happer and Ong named to endowed professorships | publisher= Princeton Weekly Bulletin | date= 2003-02-24| url= http://www.princeton.edu/pr/pwb/03/0224/2b.shtml}}</ref> Currently, he is a Professor Emeritus.

==Selected publications==
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.69.629|title=Spin-exchange optical pumping of noble-gas nuclei |year=1997 |last1=Walker |first1=Thad G. |last2=Happer |first2=William |journal=Reviews of Modern Physics |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=629–642 |bibcode=1997RvMP...69..629W }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Happer |first1=W. |last2=MacDonald |first2=G. J. |last3=Max |first3=C. E. |last4=Dyson |first4=F. J. |title=Atmospheric-turbulence compensation by resonant optical backscattering from the sodium layer in the upper atmosphere |journal= Journal of the Optical Society of America A|year=1994 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=263–276 |doi=10.1364/JOSAA.11.000263|bibcode=1994JOSAA..11..263H }}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.44.169|title=Optical Pumping |year=1972 |last1=Happer |first1=William |journal=Reviews of Modern Physics |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=169–249 |bibcode=1972RvMP...44..169H }}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1142/S0217751X14600033|title=Why has global warming paused? |year=2014 |last1=Happer |first1=William |journal=International Journal of Modern Physics A |volume=29 |issue=7 |bibcode=2014IJMPA..2960003H }}

== See also ==
*[[Ozone depletion]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20161216063808/http://dof.princeton.edu/about/clerk-faculty/emeritus/william-happer William Happer Professor Emeritus biography] at Princeton University
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20111008125055/http://www.princeton.edu/physics/people/display_person.xml?netid=happer&display=faculty William Happer faculty page] at Physics Dept., Princeton University

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Happer, William}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:20th-century American physicists]]
[[Category:21st-century American physicists]]
[[Category:People from Vellore]]
[[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Princeton University faculty]]
[[Category:Columbia University faculty]]
[[Category:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Physical Society]]
[[Category:Princeton University alumni]]

Jeyankondanilai

2025-12-10T20:54:06Z

Advanced Academy: added a stub!

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jeyankondanilai
| official_name =
| native_name =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| nickname = karumathur
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flagicon|IND}} [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Tamil Nadu|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sivaganga district|Sivaganga]]
| subdivision_type3 = Former name
| subdivision_name3 = Mailrayankottai Nadu
| subdivision_type4 = [[Languages of India|Native Language]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|10.0488952|N|78.4721876|E|region:IN-TN|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_label_position = left
| leader_party =
| government_type = [[Gram panchayat|Panchayat]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| population_total = 2,059
| blank_name = {{nowrap|[[Official language]]}}
| blank_info = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| blank1_name = {{nowrap|[[Spoken languages]]}}
| blank1_info = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[English language|English]], Hindi
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Pincode(s)]]
| postal_code = 630566
| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91-4577]]
| registration_plate = '''TN-63'''
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Jeyankondanilai''' is a head village in singampunari taluk, [[Sivaganga district]] in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]].

This village is predominantly Kallar village with a minor section of SC community and a couple of families of other castes. This village is a close knit community with almost all families inter related to each other in one way or other. Outside influence has been minimal.

As of the 2011 census, it had a total population of 2,059; 1,082 males and 977 females, of which 269 were children aged 0–6. The literacy rate was 81.01%; 89.14% for males and 72.03% for females.<ref name="Census2011">{{cite web |title=Jeyankondanilai Population - Sivaganga, Tamil Nadu |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/640045-jeyankondanilai-tamil-nadu.html |publisher=census2011.co |accessdate=3 January 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Sivaganga district]]

Karol Bagh

2025-12-03T03:15:55Z

Advanced Academy: added data!

{{Advert|discussion of the neighbourhood's markets and food offerings|date=February 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement



| name = Karol Bagh
| official_name =
| native_name = Qarol Bagh
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood

| image_skyline = Karol Bagh, 2008 (6).JPG
| caption = Ajmal Khan Road, Karol Bagh (November 2008)
| nickname =
| motto =

| pushpin_map = India New Delhi
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Delhi, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.6629|N|77.210|E|region:IN-DL|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Delhi]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Central Delhi]]
| established_title = Settled
| established_date =
| government_type =

| government_footnotes =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| total_type = 

| area_footnotes =
| area_total_sq_mi =
| area_land_sq_mi =
| area_water_sq_mi =
| area_water_percent =

| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m =
| elevation_max_m =
| elevation_min_m =

| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 505242
| population_as_of =
| population_density_sq_mi =
| population_note =

| timezone = GMT + 0530
| utc_offset =
| timezone_DST =
| utc_offset_DST =

| postal_code_type = PIN Code
| postal_code = 110005
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[New Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|New Delhi]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Karol Bagh (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Karol Bagh]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Municipal Corporation Of Delhi|MCD]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:River of lights.JPG|thumb|River of lights at Karol Bagh]]

'''Karol Bagh''' (also spelled '''Qarol Bagh''', {{IPA|hns|qəroːl baːɣ|pron}}) is a neighborhood in [[Central Delhi district|Central District of Delhi]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fārūqī |first1=Z̤iāʼulḥasan |title=Dr. Zakir Hussain, Quest for Truth |date=1999 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-7648-056-7 |page=105 |language=English|quote=In August 1925 , the Jamia had been shifted from Aligarh to Delhi and was located in Qarol Bagh, Delhi.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Report on the Administration of the Delhi Province for 1928-29 |date=1930 |publisher=Government Of India Central Publication Branch |page=106 |language=English|location=[[Calcutta]]}}</ref><ref name="Rekhta2022"/> It is a mixed residential and commercial neighborhood known for shopping streets, such as the Ghaffar Market and Ajmal Khan Road.

It was home to the [[Karol Bagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karol Bagh Lok Sabha constituency]] until it was abolished in 2008.

Residential areas W.E.A, Beadon Pura, Reghar Pura, Dev Nagar, and Bapa Nagar have a mix of commercial activities such as wholesale markets Tank Road Garment Market and Hardhyan Singh Road Leather market.

Tank Road wholesale garment market came into existence with a few shopkeepers at the end of the 1980s. It offers multiple stores for ethnic women's wear i.e. suits, sarees, and lehengas.

==Etymology==
The name Karol Bagh, also spelled Qarol Bagh, derives from the [[Hindi-Urdu]] words "Qarol" (क़रोल, قرول) meaning "curved like green chilly" and "Bagh" (बाग़, باغ) meaning "garden".<ref name="Arora2012">{{cite book |last1=Arora |first1=Shilpi |title=Quintessential Delhi |date=2012 |publisher=Friday Gurgaon |page=15 |language=English |quote=Karol Bagh got its name from a number of herbal gardens in the area. It was once spelled as “Qarol Bagh” – “Qarol” means “curved like green chilly”.}}</ref><ref name="TFE2007"/><ref name="Rekhta2022">{{cite web |title=क़रोल-बाग़ |url=https://rekhta.org/urdudictionary?keyword=%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BC |publisher=[[Rekhta (website)|Rekhta]] |access-date=5 January 2022 |language=English|quote=qarol-baaG क़रोल-बाग़ قرول باغ ''a place in Delhi''}}</ref> The place was named for the numerous herbal gardens in the area.<ref name="Arora2012"/><ref name="TFE2007">{{cite web |title=When the spoken word changes meaning |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/when-the-spoken-word-changes-meaning/102895/ |publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |access-date=5 January 2022 |language=English |date=25 March 2007 |quote=It is not Karol baagh but Qarol (meaning curved like a green chilly) baagh.}}</ref>

==History==
In the 1920s, the villages of Madhoganj, Jaisingh Pura, Raja ka Bazaar, and others were evacuated to build [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]] and nearby areas. The villagers were relocated once to the west of Karol Bagh, then to a second rocky area populated by trees and bushes.<ref>{{cite news|title=A tale of two cities |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/A-tale-of-two-cities/Article1-740282.aspx |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=1 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702164816/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/A-tale-of-two-cities/Article1-740282.aspx |archive-date=2 July 2015 }}</ref>

Karol Bagh was primarily populated with [[Muslim]]s until the mass exodus to [[Pakistan]] at the time of the [[Partition of India]] in 1947,<ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Andrea |title=Neighbourhood and Social Networks In Urban India |publisher=Marwah Publications |year=1976 |page=67}}</ref> which also resulted in an influx of refugees from [[West Punjab]] and [[Sindh]], many of whom were traders. There is a sizable [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-speaking population, a [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-speaking population,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Ubiquitous-Madrasi-in-Delhi/articleshow/22297939.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021190158/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-09-15/delhi/27305840_1_tamils-karol-bagh-temple |url-status=live |archive-date=2012-10-21 |title= Ubiquitous 'Madrasi' in Delhi|access-date=2008-09-14 |first=Narayani | last=Ganesh |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=2002-09-15 }}</ref> and a large [[Bengali people|Bengali]] community, most of whom are employed in jewellery manufacturing. Karol Bagh hosts one of the oldest [[Durga Puja]] in the city.

There were incidents at Karol Bagh during the [[1984 anti-Sikh riots]], including burning of shops.<ref>{{cite book|last=Das|first=Veena|title=Life and words: violence and the descent into the ordinary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xNp0sBcfF0wC&q=%22Karol+Bagh%22+-inpublisher%3Aicon&pg=PA137|year=2007|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-24745-1|page=137}}</ref> Karol Bagh was the target of a terrorist bomb blast in Ghaffar Market in October 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title=Karol Bagh's markets live in constant fear of a terrorist attack|url=http://m.hindustantimes.com/delhi/karol-bagh-s-markets-live-in-constant-fear-of-a-terrorist-attack/story-uiB6KheIWbccBn2foizZTP.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=17 October 2015}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Education==
[[File:Gaffar Market,Karol Bagh, Delhi.JPG|thumb|180px|Entrance to the Ghaffar Market, Karol Bagh]]
The historic [[Tibbia College|Ayurvedic and Unani Tibbia College]] was inaugurated here by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in 1921,<ref name="history_hindu">{{cite news|access-date=2007-12-15|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/12/25/stories/2003122501080300.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041112093024/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/12/25/stories/2003122501080300.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2004-11-12
|title= Old medicine, new learners|last=Sah|first=Ram Swarth|date=2003-12-25|newspaper= [[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and [[Sri Guru Nanak Dev Khalsa College]] of [[Delhi University]] is situated here.

Faith Academy Senior Secondary School is a Christian minority school on John L Dorsey Road. The school was founded in East Patel Pragar in 1964.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-07 |title=The Journey |url=https://faithacademy.co.in/elementor-1939/ |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=Faith Academy |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Markets==
{{AI-generated|date=December 2025|section=Markets}}
Karol Bagh is a popular shopping destination for affluent residents of West and Central Delhi. Known for its bustling markets, Karol Bagh features prominent shopping areas such as Ajmal Khan Road and Arya Samaj Road. The market is one of the oldest shopping centers in Delhi, offering a wide variety of goods from large air-conditioned showrooms to small, quaint shops in narrow alleys.

=== Specialized Market Areas ===
Several areas within Karol Bagh are known for their specialization in particular types of goods:

* '''Ajmal Khan Road''': Initially famous for inexpensive ready-made garments, cotton yarn, and embroidered garments, Ajmal Khan Road now boasts large stores and international labels, alongside traditional Indian snacks and spices.
* '''Arya Samaj Road''': This road is renowned for its second-hand bookshops, attracting book lovers and collectors.
* '''Bank Street''': Known for its numerous jewelry shops, Bank Street is particularly famous for bridal trousseau jewelry.
* '''Ghaffar Market''': A diverse market offering a wide range of products, including cosmetics, watches, cell phones, and footwear.

Karol Bagh's diverse shopping options and specialized market areas make it a prominent and attractive destination for shoppers in Delhi.
*

==Transport==
[[File:Delhi Metro station Karol bagh signal July 2009.jpg|right|180px|thumb| [[Karol Bagh (Delhi Metro)|Karol Bagh Metro Station]]]]
The nearest railway stations are [[Delhi Sarai Rohilla railway station|Delhi Sarai Rohilla]] and [[Delhi Kishanganj railway station|Delhi Kishanganj]], both about a kilometer from Central Karol Bagh. Karol Bagh is situated at a distance of 20 – 22 km. from the [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]], and 4.1 km. from [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi Railway Station]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.roaddistance.in/delhi/new-delhi-railway-station-bhavbhuti-marg-to-karol-bagh-distance/by-road/|title=New Delhi Railway Station Bhavbhuti Marg and Karol Bagh by Road, Distance Between New Delhi Railway Station Bhavbhuti Marg and Karol Bagh , Distance by Road from New Delhi Railway Station Bhavbhuti Marg and Karol Bagh with Travel Time, Karol Bagh Distance from New Delhi Railway Station Bhavbhuti Marg, Driving Direction Calculator from new delhi railway station bhavbhuti marg and karol bagh}}</ref>
It is also serviced by the [[Karol Bagh (Delhi Metro)|Karol Bagh Metro station]], located on the [[Blue Line (Delhi Metro)|Blue Line]] of the [[Delhi Metro]].

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Karol Bagh Market - Revitalized 2019.jpg|Karol Bagh Market
File:Karol Bagh Market New Look.jpg|Karol Bagh Market
File:Karol Bagh.jpg|Karol Bagh 2019
File:Karol Bagh Metro Station - Revitalized 2019.jpg|Karol Bagh Metro Station
File:Karol Bagh Without Traffic.jpg|Karol Bagh Market
File:Karol Bagh Modern Look.jpg|Karol Bagh Market
</gallery>

==In popular culture==
* A TV series shown on [[Zee TV]], ''[[12/24 Karol Bagh]]'' (2009–2010), was shot and produced in Delhi. Its subsequent success started the trend for many TV serials being set in Delhi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv-/Delhis-driving-TV-content/articleshow/7111379.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104065109/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-17/tv/28214279_1_karol-bagh-soaps-smaller-cities|url-status=live|archive-date=4 November 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Delhi's driving TV content|date=17 December 2010}}</ref>
* Zoya Singh Solanki, the central character in the [[romantic comedy]] novel by [[Anuja Chauhan]], ''[[The Zoya Factor]]'' (2008) lives in Karol Bagh, who ends up becoming the lucky mascot for the [[India national cricket team|Indian cricket team]] in the novel.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/books--the-zoya-factor-chicklit-cricket--interview/74229-19.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090511150818/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/books--the-zoya-factor-chicklit-cricket--interview/74229-19.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 May 2009|title=Books: The Zoya Factor: Chick-lit cricket, Interview|date=21 October 2008|publisher=CNN-IBN}}</ref>
* In recent years the 108-foot Hanuman statue has become an iconic landmark marking the entrance to Karol Bagh and is seen regularly featured in Bollywood movies showcasing New Delhi.
* In the 2021 movie ''[[Bell Bottom (2021 film)|Bell Bottom]]'', [[Akshay Kumar]]'s character lived in Gurudwara Road, Karol Bagh.
* In the movie ''[[Befikre]]'', [[Ranveer Singh]]'s character lived in Karol Bagh. There's a dialogue that says "you might have left Karol Bagh, but Karol Bagh hasn't left you".

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Neighborhoods of Delhi}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Delhi]]
[[Category:District subdivisions of Delhi]]
[[Category:Central Delhi district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Central Delhi district]]

Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William

2025-12-02T17:39:01Z

Advanced Academy: Stub

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox high court
| image = Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William The New Court House and Chandpam Ghaut from the Views of Calcutta.jpg
| imagesize = 250px
| caption = Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William, {{Circa|1787}}
| image2 = Seal of Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William.jpg
| court_name = Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William
| imagesize2 = 100px
| caption2 = Seal of Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William
| established = {{start date and age|1774|10|22}}
| dissolved = {{start date and age|1862}}
| jurisdiction = [[India]]
| location = [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[Company rule in India|British India]]
| authority = [[Regulating Act of 1773]]
| appealsto = [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council]]
| terms = Life tenure
| positions = 4 by statute
}}

The '''Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William''' in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], was founded in 1774 by the [[Regulating Act 1773]]. It replaced the [[Mayor's Court]] of Calcutta and was [[Company rule in India|British India]]'s highest court from 1774 until 1862, when the [[High Court of Calcutta]] was established by the [[Indian High Courts Act 1861]].

From 1774 to the arrival of [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament's]] [[Bengal Judicature Act 1781]] in June 1782, the Court claimed jurisdiction over any person residing in [[Bengal]], [[Bihar]] or [[Odisha|Orissa]]. These first years were known for their conflict with the [[Supreme Council of Bengal]] over the Court's jurisdiction. The conflict came to an end with Parliament's passing of the Bengal Judicature Act 1781 which restricted the Supreme Court's jurisdiction to either those who lived in Calcutta, or to any [[British subject]] in [[Bengal]], [[Bihar]] and [[Orissa]], thereby removing the court's jurisdiction over any person residing in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.

The courthouse itself was a two storied building with Ionic columns and an urn-topped balustrade and stood by the side of the Writers’ Buildings. The building also served as the Town Hall of Calcutta at one time. It was demolished in 1792 and replaced by the present building in 1832.

==List==
{{for|Chief Justices after 1862| High Court of Calcutta}}

;The court's first judges were:
* [[Sir Elijah Impey]], Chief justice from 1774 to 1783 on his recall to England for impeachment.
* [[Stephen Caesar Le Maistre]], [[Puisne judge]] from 1774 to 1777 on his death.
* [[John Hyde (judge)]], Puisne judge from 1774 to 1796 on his death.
* [[Robert Chambers (English judge)|Robert Chambers]], Puisne judge from 1774 to 1783, Acting Chief Justice from 1783 to 1791. Chief Justice from 1791-1798, on his resignation.<ref>{{cite book |isbn=0299151506 |url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/sirrobertchamber0000curl |title=Sir Robert Chambers: Law, Literature, and Empire in the Age of Johnson |first=Thomas M. |last=Curley |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin Press]] |year=1998}}</ref>
* [[Sir William Jones]], Puisne judge from 1783 to 1794 on his death.
* [[Sir William Dunkin]], Puisne judge from August 14, 1791 to unknown.

===Chief Justices===
{| class="wikitable" width="80%"
!Chief Justice
!Term
!Notes
|-
| [[Sir Elijah Impey]]<ref name = CJ>{{cite book|title= An Analysis of the Constitution of the East-India Company|first = Peter|last = Auber|page= 758}}</ref>
|16 March 1774–1791
| Recalled 1783
|-
| [[Robert Chambers (English judge)|Sir Robert Chambers]]<ref name = CJ/>
|1791–1 Aug 1798
|previously Acting Chief Justice 1783–1791
|-
| [[Sir John Anstruther, 4th Baronet|Sir John Anstruther, Bt]]<ref name = CJ/>
|1798–22 Feb 1806
|
|-
| [[Sir Henry Russell, 1st Baronet|Sir Henry Russell]]<ref name = CJ/>
|1807–9 Nov 1813
|
|-
| [[Sir Edward East, 1st Baronet|Sir Edward Hyde East]]<ref name = CJ/>
|1813–July 1822
|
|-
| [[Robert Henry Blosset|Sir Robert Henry Blosset]]<ref name = CJ/>
| 1822–1 Feb 1823
| (died in office)
|-
| [[Christopher Puller|Sir Christopher Puller]]<ref name = CJ/>
|1823–26 May 1824
| (died in office)
|-
| [[Charles Edward Grey|Sir Charles Grey]]<ref name = CJ/>
|1825–1832
|
|-
| [[William Oldnall Russell|Sir William O. Russell]]
|22 Feb 1832–1833
| (died in office)
|-
| [[Edward Ryan (barrister)|Sir Edward Ryan]]
|1833–1842
|
|-
| [[Lawrence Peel (judge)|Sir Lawrence Peel]]
|1842–1855
|
|-
| [[James William Colvile|Sir James William Colvile]]
|1855–1859
|
|-
|[[Barnes Peacock|Sir Barnes Peacock]]
|1859–1862
|afterwards Chief Justice of the High Court of Calcutta
|}

===Justices===
{| class="wikitable" width="80%"
!Puisne judge
!Term
!Notes
|-
| [[Stephen Caesar Le Maistre]]
|22 October 1774–4 Nov 1777
| Died
|-
| [[John Hyde (judge)|John Hyde]]<ref name = CJ/>
|22 October 1774–8 July 1796
| Died
|-
| [[William Jones (philologist)|William Jones]]<ref name = CJ/>
|22 Oct 1783–27 Apr 1791
| Died
|-
| [[William Dunkin]]<ref name = CJ/>
|3 Sept 1791–1 Aug 1797
| Resigned
|-
| James Watson<ref name = CJ/>
|1 Mar 1796–2 May 1796
| Died
|-
| [[John Royds]]<ref name = CJ/>
| 23 Oct 1797–26 Sept 1816
| Died
|-
| William Burroughs<ref name = CJ/>
|3 Nov 1806–20 Dec 1815
| Resigned
|-
| [[Francis Maonaghten]]<ref name = CJ/>
|1 Mar 1816–2 Mar 1825
| Resigned
|-
| [[Anthony Buller (West Looe MP)|Anthony Buller]]
|26 Sept 1816–1 Jan 1827
| Resigned
|-
| [[John Franks (judge)|John Franks]]
|6 Oct 1825–15 Mar 1831
| Resigned
|-
| [[John Peter Grant]]<ref>{{Cite ODNB|title=Grant, Sir John Peter, of Rothiemurchus (1774–1848), politician and judge|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-11273|access-date=2021-02-03|year=2004|language=en|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/11273|last1=Stearn|first1=Roger T.}}</ref>
|17 Oct 1833–1848
|
|-
| [[Benjamin Heath Malkin]]
|6 Oct 1835–21 Oct 1837
| Died
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of judges|Bengal]]
[[Category:High courts of India]]
[[Category:1774 establishments in the British Empire]]
[[Category:1862 disestablishments in Asia]]
[[Category:18th century in Kolkata]]