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The Times of India

2023-10-10T16:18:23Z

Advaiya: add original sources, remove secondary sources

{{Short description|Indian English-language daily newspaper}}

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = The Times of India
| motto = ''Let the Truth Prevail''
| logo = The_times_of_india.svg
| image = The Times of India cover 03-22-10.jpg
| caption = 20 August 2013 front page of ''The Times of India'' ([[Kolkata]] edition)
| type = [[Daily newspaper]]
| format = [[Broadsheet]]
| owners = [[The Times Group]]
| publisher =
| editor = Jaideep Bose
| staff =
| foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1838|11|03}}
| language = [[English language|English]]
| headquarters = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| publishing_country = India
| circulation = 1,872,442
| circulation_date = April 2023
| circulation_ref = <ref name=ABCIND>{{cite web|title=Highest Circulated Daily Newspapers (language wise)|url=http://www.auditbureau.org/files/JD%202022%20Highest%20Circulated%20(across%20languages).pdf|access-date=28 July 2023|publisher=[[Audit Bureau of Circulations (India)|Audit Bureau of Circulations (ABC)]]|url-status=live |archive-date=28 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728074928/http://www.auditbureau.org/files/JD%202022%20Highest%20Circulated%20(across%20languages).pdf }}</ref>
| sister newspapers = ''[[The Economic Times]]'' ''[[Navbharat Times]]'' ''[[Maharashtra Times]]'' ''[[Ei Samay]]'' ''[[Mumbai Mirror]]'' ''[[Vijaya Karnataka]]'' ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' ''[[Times Now News]]''
| ISSN = 0971-8257
| oclc = 23379369
| website = {{URL|timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}
| political =
}}
'''''The Times of India''''', also known by its abbreviation '''''TOI''''', is an Indian [[English language|English]]-language [[daily newspaper]] and digital news media owned and managed by [[The Times Group]]. It is the [[List of newspapers in India by circulation|fourth-largest newspaper in India by circulation]] and [[List of newspapers by circulation|largest selling English-language daily in the world]].<ref name=ABCIND/><ref>{{cite book|last=Natarajan|first=C. S.|year=2018|title=National Words: A Solution to the National Language Problem of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H91LDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA189|publisher=[[Notion Press]]|isbn=978-1-948147-14-9|page=189|access-date=11 June 2022|archive-date=29 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629112914/https://books.google.com/books?id=H91LDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA189|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Kaminsky|first1=Arnold P.|last2=Long, Ph.D.|first2=Roger D.|year=2011|title=India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic [2 volumes]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VVxlfDHGTFYC&pg=PA706|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|isbn=978-0-313-37463-0|page=706|access-date=11 June 2022|archive-date=29 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629112915/https://books.google.com/books?id=VVxlfDHGTFYC&pg=PA706|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Westhead|first=Rick|date=5 February 2010|title=It's the best of Times|newspaper=[[Toronto Star]]|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2010/02/05/its_the_best_of_times.html|access-date=20 April 2018|archive-date=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226005225/https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2010/02/05/its_the_best_of_times.html|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Auletta|2012|pp=52–61}}<ref>{{cite web|title=National Newspapers Total Circulation|year=2011|url=http://www.ifabc.org/site/assets/media/National-Newspapers_total-circulation_IFABC_17-08-2012.xls|access-date=10 November 2014|publisher=[[International Federation of Audit Bureaux of Circulations]] (IFABC)|archive-date=20 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820100451/http://www.ifabc.org/site/assets/media/National-Newspapers_total-circulation_IFABC_17-08-2012.xls|url-status=live}}</ref> It is the oldest English-language newspaper in India, and the second-oldest Indian newspaper still in circulation, with its first edition published in 1838.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bhattacherje|first=S. B.|year=2009|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Events & Dates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oGVSvXuCsyUC&pg=PA126|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-207-4074-7|page=A126|access-date=11 June 2022|archive-date=29 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629112915/https://books.google.com/books?id=oGVSvXuCsyUC&pg=PA126|url-status=live}}</ref> It is nicknamed as "The Old Lady of [[Bori Bunder]]",<ref>{{cite book|last=Joseph|first=Ammu|date=2005|title=Making News: Women in Journalism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KQRlAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA227|publisher=[[Penguin Books India]]|isbn=978-0-14-400057-9|page=227|access-date=11 June 2022|archive-date=29 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629112916/https://books.google.com/books?id=KQRlAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA227|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=24 April 2013|title=The old lady of Bori Bunder celebrates 175 yrs with panache|publisher=Exchange4Media|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-print-news/the-old-lady-of-bori-bunder-celebrates-175-yrs-with-panache-50681.html|access-date=9 March 2020|archive-date=22 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322004209/https://www.exchange4media.com/media-print-news/the-old-lady-of-bori-bunder-celebrates-175-yrs-with-panache-50681.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and is an Indian "[[newspaper of record]]".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Frost|first1=Corey|last2=Weingarten|first2=Karen|last3=Babington|first3=Doug|last4=LePan|first4=Don|last5=Okun|first5=Maureen|year=2017|title=The Broadview Guide to Writing: A Handbook for Students|edition=6th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7rGhDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA27|publisher=[[Broadview Press]]|isbn=978-1-55481-313-1|page=27|access-date=11 June 2022|archive-date=29 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629112957/https://books.google.com/books?id=7rGhDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA27|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Barton|first1=Greg|last2=Weller|first2=Paul|last3=Yilmaz|first3=Ihsan|year=2014|title=The Muslim World and Politics in Transition: Creative Contributions of the Gülen Movement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uZzNAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28|publisher=[[A & C Black]]|isbn=978-1-4411-5873-4|page=28|access-date=11 June 2022|archive-date=29 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629113502/https://books.google.com/books?id=uZzNAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28|url-status=live}}</ref>

Near the beginning of the 20th century, [[Lord Curzon]], the [[Viceroy of India]], called ''TOI'' "the leading paper in Asia".{{sfn|Menon Malhan|2013|p=212}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/A-daily-in-the-life-of-India/articleshow/19684884.cms|title=A daily in the life of India|last=Bose|first=Jaideep|newspaper=TOI|date=23 April 2013|access-date=23 July 2017|archive-date=5 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205125243/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/A-daily-in-the-life-of-India/articleshow/19684884.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1991, the [[BBC]] ranked ''TOI'' among the world's six best newspapers.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Baxi|first1=C. V.|last2=Prasad|first2=Ajit|year=2005|title=Corporate Social Responsibility: Concepts and Cases : the Indian Experience|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AB_u44-xJOUC&pg=PA167|publisher=Excel Books India|isbn=978-81-7446-449-1|page=167|access-date=11 June 2022|archive-date=29 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629113427/https://books.google.com/books?id=AB_u44-xJOUC&pg=PA167|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Aggarwal|first1=Vir Bala|last2=Gupta|first2=V. S.|year=2001|title=Handbook of Journalism and Mass Communication|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sCIf8MM1ZlAC&pg=PA128|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-880-6|page=128|access-date=11 June 2022|archive-date=29 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629113502/https://books.google.com/books?id=sCIf8MM1ZlAC&pg=PA128|url-status=live}}</ref>

It is owned and published by [[Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.]] (B.C.C.L.), which is owned by the [[Sahu Jain]] family. In the Brand Trust Report India study 2019, ''TOI'' was rated as the most trusted English newspaper in India.<ref>{{cite web|title=TRA's Brand Trust Report India Study 2019|url=https://trustadvisory.info/tra/fullReportPdf/BTR2019.pdf|access-date=29 July 2021|publisher=TRA Research Pvt. Ltd.|page=48|archive-date=29 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729003709/http://trustadvisory.info/tra/fullReportPdf/BTR2019.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In a 2021 survey, [[Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism|Reuters Institute]] rated ''TOI'' as the most trusted media news brand among English-speaking, online news users in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Digital News Report 2021 |url=https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/digital-news-report/2021 |url-status=live |website=Reuters Institute |page=135}}</ref> In recent decades, the newspaper has been criticised for establishing in the Indian news industry the practice of [[Paid news in India|accepting payments from persons and entities in exchange for positive coverage]].{{sfn|Auletta|2012|pp=52-61}}

==History==
[[File:TimesOf Buildings.jpg|thumb|left|Times of India Buildings, {{circa|1898}}]]

===Beginnings===
[[File:Machinemen, pressmen and sepoys, in The Times of India office in Bombay, November 1898.jpg|thumb|[[Diamond jubilee|Diamond Jubilee]], November 1898.]]
''TOI'' issued its first edition on 3 November 1838 as '''''The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce'''''.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|date=15 April 2013|title=The Times of India|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Times-of-India|access-date=10 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="televisionpoint2006">{{cite web|date=26 April 2006|title=''The Times of India'' turns the Times of Colour|url=http://www.televisionpoint.com/news2006/newsfullstory.php?id=1146042260|url-status=dead|access-date=16 October 2007|publisher=Televisionpoint.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012225524/http://www.televisionpoint.com/news2006/newsfullstory.php?id=1146042260|archive-date=12 October 2007}}</ref> The paper was published on Wednesdays and Saturdays under the direction of Raobahadur Narayan Dinanath Velkar, a Maharashtrian [[List of Marathi social reformers|social reformer]], and contained news from Britain and the world, as well as the [[Indian Subcontinent]]. J. E. Brennan was its first editor he died in 1839 and [[George Buist (journalist)|George Buist]] became the Editor. It became a daily in 1850 under him.[[George Buist (journalist)|George Buist]] had a pro British editorial policy and a [[Parsi]] shareholder Fardoonji Naoroji wanted him to change his editorial policy particularly in background of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] .However, Buist refused to change his editorial policy or give up his editorial independence. After a shareholder's meeting he was replaced by [[Robert Knight (editor)|Robert Knight]].<ref>{{citation|last=Parhi|first=Asima Ranjan|year=2008|title=Indian English Through Newspapers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-pPLnk1RyHEC&pg=PA32|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-507-0|page=32|access-date=6 October 2016|archive-date=29 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629113428/https://books.google.com/books?id=-pPLnk1RyHEC&pg=PA32|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Parthasarathy|first=Rangaswami|year=1989|title=Journalism in India: from the earliest times to the present day|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L_5kAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA273|publisher=Sterling Publishers|isbn=9788120708976|page=273|access-date=11 June 2022|archive-date=29 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629113430/https://books.google.com/books?id=L_5kAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA273|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Naqvi 2007 p. 58">{{cite book | last=Naqvi | first=H. | title=Journalism and Mass Communication | publisher=Upkar Prakashan | year=2007 | isbn=978-81-7482-108-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mhqnBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA58 | access-date=30 Mar 2023 | page=58 | archive-date=29 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629113503/https://books.google.com/books?id=mhqnBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA58 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/life-and-times-of-an-editor-108111301061_1.html | title=Life and times of an editor | publisher=[[Business Standard]] | work=Dileep Padgaonkar | date=29 January 2013 | access-date=5 December 2018 | last1=Padgaonkar | first1=Dileep | archive-date=5 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205193754/https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/life-and-times-of-an-editor-108111301061_1.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1860, editor [[Robert Knight (editor)|Robert Knight]] (1825–1892) bought the Indian shareholders' interests, merged with rival ''Bombay Standard'', and started India's first news agency. It wired ''Times'' dispatches to papers across the country and became the Indian agent for [[Reuters]] news service. In 1861, he changed the name from the Bombay ''Times and Standard'' to ''The Times of India''. Knight fought for a press free of prior restraint or intimidation, frequently resisting the attempts by governments, business interests and cultural spokesmen, and led the paper to national prominence.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hirschmann|first=Edwin|year=2008|title=Robert Knight: Reforming Editor in Victorian India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fpQLAQAAMAAJ|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-569622-6|access-date=11 June 2022|archive-date=29 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629113922/https://books.google.com/books?id=fpQLAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Lalvani|first=Kartar|year=2016|title=The Making of India: The Untold Story of British Enterprise|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|url={{GBurl|q4SlCwAAQBAJ|p=383}}|isbn=978-1-4729-2484-1|page=383}}</ref> In the 19th century, this newspaper company employed more than 800 people and had a sizeable circulation in India and Europe.

===Bennett and Coleman ownership===
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2021}}
Subsequently, ''TOI'' saw its ownership change several times until 1892 when an English journalist named [[Thomas Jewell Bennett]], along with Frank Morris Coleman (who later drowned in the 1915 sinking of the [[SS Persia (1900)|SS ''Persia'']]), acquired the newspaper through their new joint stock company, ''Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd''.

===Dalmia ownership===
Sir [[Stanley Reed (British politician)|Stanley Reed]] edited ''TOI'' from 1907 until 1924 and received correspondence from major figures of India such as [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. In all he lived in India for fifty years. He was respected in the United Kingdom as an expert on Indian current affairs.

[[The Times Group|Bennett Coleman & Co. Ltd]] was sold to sugar magnate [[Ramkrishna Dalmia]] of the industrial family, for {{INRConvert|20|m|year=1946}} in 1946, as India became independent and the British owners left.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kasbekar|first=Asha|year=2006|title=Pop Culture India!: Media, Arts, and Lifestyle|publisher=ABC-CLIO|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sv7Uk0UcdM8C&pg=PA112|isbn=978-1-85109-636-7|page=112|access-date=11 June 2022|archive-date=29 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629113922/https://books.google.com/books?id=Sv7Uk0UcdM8C&pg=PA112|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1955 the [[Vivian Bose]] Commission of Inquiry found that Ramkrishna Dalmia, in 1947, had engineered the acquisition of the media giant [[The Times Group|Bennett Coleman & Co.]] by transferring money from a bank and an insurance company of which he was the chairman. In the court case that followed, Ramkrishna Dalmia was sentenced to two years in [[Tihar Jail]] after having been convicted of embezzlement and fraud.{{sfn|Auletta|2012|pp=52-61}}

Most of the jail term he managed to spend in hospital. Upon his release, his son-in-law, [[Sahu Shanti Prasad Jain]], to whom he had entrusted the running of Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd., rebuffed his efforts to resume command of the company.{{sfn|Auletta|2012|pp=52-61}}

===Jain family (Shanti Prasad Jain)===
In the early 1960s, Shanti Prasad Jain was imprisoned on charges of selling newsprint on the black market.<ref>{{cite news|date=5 May 1964|title=Indian Millionaires arrested|newspaper=[[The Herald (Glasgow)]]|via=[[Reuters]]|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-2JAAAAAIBAJ&pg=3701,623038|access-date=6 May 2015|archive-date=11 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611052440/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-2JAAAAAIBAJ&pg=3701,623038|url-status=live}}</ref> And based on the Vivian Bose Commission's earlier report which found wrongdoings of the Dalmia – Jain group, that included specific charges against Shanti Prasad Jain, the [[Government of India]] filed a petition to restrain and remove the management of Bennett, Coleman and Company. Based on the pleading, the Justice directed the Government to assume control of the newspaper which resulted in replacing half of the directors and appointing a Bombay High Court judge as the chairman.<ref>{{cite book|last=Khandekar|first=Vanita Kohli|title=The Indian Media Business|year=2013|publisher=[[SAGE Publishing|SAGE Publications]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aeb3nQEACAAJ|location=Mumbai|isbn=978-8132113560|access-date=11 June 2022|archive-date=29 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629113922/https://books.google.com/books?id=aeb3nQEACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Under the Government of India===
[[File:The Times of India 1988 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|''TOI'' on a 1988 stamp]]
[[File:The Times of India 2013 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|''TOI'' on a 2013 stamp]]
Following the Vivian Bose Commission report indicating serious wrongdoings of the Dalmia–Jain group, on 28 August 1969, the Bombay High Court, under Justice J. L. Nain, passed an interim order to disband the existing board of Bennett, Coleman & Co and to constitute a new board under the Government. The bench ruled that "Under these circumstances, the best thing would be to pass such orders on the assumption that the allegations made by the petitioners that the affairs of the company were being conducted in a manner prejudicial to public interest and to the interests of the Company are correct".{{sfn|Menon Malhan|2013|p=212}} Following that order, Shanti Prasad Jain ceased to be a director and the company ran with new directors on board, appointed by the Government of India, with the exception of a lone stenographer of the Jains. The court appointed [[Nanasaheb Kunte|D K Kunte]] as chairman of the board. Kunte had no prior business experience and was also an opposition member of the [[Lok Sabha]].

===Back to the Jain family===
In 1976, during the [[Emergency (India)|Emergency]] in India, the Government transferred ownership of the newspaper back to [[Ashok Kumar Jain]], who was Sahu Shanti Prasad Jain's son and Ramkrishna Dalmia's grandson. He is the father of the current owners [[Samir Jain]] and [[Vineet Jain]]).<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Subramanian|first=Samanth|date=1 December 2012|title=Supreme Being: How Samir Jain created the modern Indian newspaper industry|magazine=[[The Caravan]]|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/supreme-being|access-date=10 November 2014}}</ref> The Jains too often landed themselves in various money laundering scams and [[Ashok Kumar Jain]] had to flee the country when the [[Enforcement Directorate]] pursued his case strongly in 1998 for alleged violations of illegal transfer of funds (to the tune of US$1.25 million) to an overseas account in [[Switzerland]].<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Mitra|first=Sumit|date=7 July 1997|title=Trying times: Editorial changes in ''The Times of India'' raise disturbing questions|magazine=[[India Today]]|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/media/story/19970707-a-b-vajpayee-accuse-i-k-gujral-of-shielding-tois-proprietor-ashok-jain-from-feras-case-830332-1997-07-07|access-date=10 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=4 July 1998|title=Ashok Jain arrested|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/ashok-jain-arrested/|access-date=18 May 2013|archive-date=11 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611052441/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/ashok-jain-arrested/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|first=Sudha|last=Mahalingam|date=18–31 July 1998|title=Ashok Jain is arrested by the Enforcement Directorate|magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|url=http://www.frontline.in/navigation/?type=static&page=flonnet&rdurl=fl1515/15151170.htm|url-status=dead|volume=15|issue=15|access-date=10 November 2014|issn=0970-1710|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514051123/http://www.frontline.in/navigation/?type=static&page=flonnet&rdurl=fl1515/15151170.htm|archive-date=14 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|date=6–19 June 1998|title=A newspaper scandal: Editorial changes in ''The Times of India'' raise disturbing questions|magazine=Frontline|url=http://www.frontline.in/navigation/?type=static&page=flonnet&rdurl=fl1512/15120860.htm|url-status=dead|volume=15|issue=12|access-date=10 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514045521/http://www.frontline.in/navigation/?type=static&page=flonnet&rdurl=fl1512/15120860.htm|archive-date=14 May 2014}}</ref>

===During the Emergency===
On 26 June 1975, the day after India declared [[The Emergency (India)|a state of emergency]], the [[Bombay]] edition of ''TOI'' carried an entry in its obituary column that read "D.E.M. O'Cracy, beloved husband of T.Ruth, father of L.I.Bertie, brother of Faith, Hope and Justice expired on 25 June".<ref name=austing>{{cite book|last=Austin|first=Granville|year=1999|title=Working a democratic constitution: the Indian experience|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r42bAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA295|isbn=978-0195648881|page=295|access-date=11 June 2022|archive-date=29 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629113923/https://books.google.com/books?id=r42bAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA295|url-status=live}}</ref> The move was a critique of Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]]'s 21-month state of emergency, which is now widely known as "the Emergency" and seen by many as a roundly [[authoritarian]] era of Indian government.<ref>{{cite news|date=30 May 2011|title=New book flays Indira Gandhi's decision to impose Emergency|publisher=[[CNN-IBN|IBN Live News]]|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/new-book-flays-indira-gandhis-decision-to-impose-emergency/706495.html|url-status=dead|access-date=10 November 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131123164002/http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/new-book-flays-indira-gandhis-decision-to-impose-emergency/706495.html|archive-date=23 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Desai|first=Akshayakumar Ramanlal|year=1986|title=Violation of Democratic Rights in India|publisher=Popular Prakashan|location=Bombay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9i5sNMNh_uIC&pg=PA208|isbn=978-0861321308|page=208|access-date=11 June 2022|archive-date=29 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629113922/https://books.google.com/books?id=9i5sNMNh_uIC&pg=PA208|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== ''Bombay Times'' ===
The Bombay Times is a free supplement of The Times of India, in the [[Mumbai]] (formerly [[Bombay]]) region. It covers celebrity news, news features, international and national music news, international and national fashion news, lifestyle and feature articles pegged on news events both national and international that have local interest value. The main paper covers national news. Over ten years of presence, it has become a benchmark for the Page 3 social scene.

''The Times of India'' - and thereby the ''Bombay Times'' - are market leaders in terms of [[Newspaper circulation|circulation]]. The name of this supplement contains the word Bombay, which is the older Portuguese name of the city. It is not retained in the new supplement ''[[Mumbai Mirror]]'' that comes with ''Times of India''.

=== ''The Times'' in the 21st century ===
In late 2006, Times Group acquired Vijayanand Printers Limited (VPL). VPL previously published two Kannada newspapers, ''Vijay Karnataka'' and ''Usha Kiran'', and an English daily, ''Vijay Times''. ''Vijay Karnataka'' was the leader in the Kannada newspaper segment then.<ref name=VPL>{{cite news|date=15 June 2006|title=Times Group acquires Vijayanand Printers|newspaper=TOI|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Times-Group-acquires-Vijayanand-Printers/articleshow/1651347.cms|access-date=10 November 2014|archive-date=29 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129134320/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Times-Group-acquires-Vijayanand-Printers/articleshow/1651347.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

The paper launched a Chennai edition, 12 April 2008.<ref>{{cite news|title=TN CM launches Chennai edition of Times of India|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/tn-cm-launches-chennai-edition-of-times-of-india/articleshow/2949306.cms|date=13 April 2008|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=10 November 2014|archive-date=19 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819234427/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/tn-cm-launches-chennai-edition-of-times-of-india/articleshow/2949306.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> It launched a Kolhapur edition, February 2013.

===TOIFA Awards===
Introduced in 2013<ref>{{cite news|title=TOIFA 2013 nominations|newspaper=TOI|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/category/media-center/articles-in/toifaarticle/18398495.cms|access-date=17 July 2016|archive-date=8 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408020918/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/category/media-center/articles-in/toifaarticle/18398495.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> and awarded for the second time in 2016,<ref>{{cite news|date=21 March 2016|title=TOIFA 2016: 'Bajirao Mastani' Bags 6 Awards, Celebs Have a Rocking Night|newspaper=IndiaWest|url=http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/toifa-bajirao-mastani-bags-awards-celebs-have-a-rocking-night/article_eb9c4f64-efba-11e5-a9e0-53e3fd5c3197.html|access-date=17 July 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522181810/http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/toifa-bajirao-mastani-bags-awards-celebs-have-a-rocking-night/article_eb9c4f64-efba-11e5-a9e0-53e3fd5c3197.html|archive-date=22 May 2016}}</ref> "[[Times of India Film Awards|The Times of India Film Awards]]" or the "TOIFA" is an award for the work in Film Industry decided by a global public vote on the nomination categories.<ref>{{cite web|title=About TOI Film Awards 2016|newspaper=TOI|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toi-film-awards-2016/about-us/toifaabout.cms|access-date=17 July 2016|archive-date=5 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160905034942/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toi-film-awards-2016/about-us/toifaabout.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Editions and publications ==
[[File:Times of India Building.jpg|thumb|''TOI''{{'}}s first office is opposite the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]] in [[Mumbai]], where it was founded.<ref name="televisionpoint2006"/>]]
''TOI'' is published by the [[media group]] Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. The company, along with its other group of companies, known as [[The Times Group]], also publishes ''[[Ahmedabad Mirror]]'', ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'', ''[[Mumbai Mirror]]'', ''Pune Mirror''; ''[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]]''; ''ET Panache'' ([[Mumbai]], [[Delhi]] and [[Bangalore]] on Monday to Friday) and ''ET Panache'' ([[Pune]] and [[Chennai]] on every Saturday); ''[[Ei Samay Sangbadpatra]]'', (a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] daily); ''[[Maharashtra Times]]'', (a [[Marathi language|Marathi]] daily); ''[[Navbharat Times]]'', (a [[Hindi language|Hindi]] daily).

''TOI'' has its editions in major cities such as [[Mumbai]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/mumbai|title=Online Mumbai Newspaper|newspaper=[[Mid Day]]|date=24 April 2014|access-date=24 April 2014|archive-date=21 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421234649/http://www.mid-day.com/news/mumbai|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Agra]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Allahabad]], [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], [[Bareilly]], [[Bangalore]], [[Belgaum]], [[Bhopal]], [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Chennai]], [[Dehradun]], [[Delhi]], [[Gorakhpur]], [[Gurgaon]], [[Guwahati]], [[Gwalior]], [[Hubli]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Indore]], [[Jabalpur]], [[Jaipur]], [[Jammu]], [[Kanpur]], [[Kochi]], [[Kolhapur]], [[Kolkata]], [[Lucknow]], [[Ludhiana]], [[Madurai]], [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]], [[Mangalore]], [[Meerut]], [[Mysore]], [[Nagpur]], [[Nashik]], [[Navi Mumbai]], [[Noida]], [[Panaji]], [[Patna]], [[Pondicherry]], [[Pune]], [[Raipur]], [[Rajkot]], [[Ranchi]], [[Shimla]], [[Surat]], [[Thane]], [[Tiruchirapally]], [[Trivandrum]], [[Vadodara]], [[Varanasi]], [[Vijayawada]] and [[Visakhapatnam]].{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

==Times Group Network==
*''[[The Speaking Tree]]'': A spiritual network intended to allow spiritual seekers to link spiritual seekers with established practitioners.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.exchange4media.com/Digital/Times-Internet-launches-Hindi-version-of-Speaking-Tree_55373.html|title=Times Internet launches Hindi version of 'Speaking Tree'|publisher=Exchange4Media|date=17 April 2014|access-date=1 November 2017|archive-date=28 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028183509/http://www.exchange4media.com/digital/times-internet-launches-hindi-version-of-speaking-tree_55373.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Healthmeup'': A health, diet, and fitness website.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.medianama.com/2011/03/223-indiatimes-launches-health-blog-healthmeup/|title=Indiatimes Launches Health Blog – HealthMeUp|first=Nikhil|last=Pahwa|publisher=Medianama|date=17 March 2011|access-date=1 November 2017|archive-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107011509/https://www.medianama.com/2011/03/223-indiatimes-launches-health-blog-healthmeup/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Cricbuzz]]'': In November 2014, Times Internet acquired Cricbuzz, a website focused on [[cricket]] news.<ref>{{cite news|date=10 November 2014|title=Times Internet acquires cricbuzz|newspaper=TOI|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Times-Internet-acquires-Cricbuzz-com/articleshow/45096951.cms|access-date=15 August 2015|archive-date=26 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026070915/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Times-Internet-acquires-Cricbuzz-com/articleshow/45096951.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Criticism and controversies==
{{recentism|date=December 2019}}

===Paid news===
{{main|Paid news in India}}

''TOI'' has been criticised for being the first to institutionalise the practice of paid news in India, where politicians, businessmen, corporations and celebrities can pay the newspaper and its journalists would carry the desired news for the payer.{{sfn|Auletta|2012|pp=52-61}}{{sfn|Rodrigues|Ranganathan|2014|pages=121–127}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Mudgal|first=Vipul|year=2015|title=Media Ethics and Justice in the Age of Globalization|chapter=News for Sale: 'Paid News', Media Ethics, and India's Democratic Public Sphere|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|location=London|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CkQOkAEACAAJ|isbn=978-1-349-50520-3|doi=10.1057/9781137498267_6|pages=100–120|access-date=11 June 2022|archive-date=29 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629113923/https://books.google.com/books?id=CkQOkAEACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> The newspaper offers prominence with which the paid news is placed and the page on which it is displayed based on the amount of the payment. According to this practice, a payment plan assures a news feature and ensures positive coverage to the payer.{{sfn|Auletta|2012|pp=52-61}} In 2005, ''TOI'' began the practice of "private treaties", also called as "brand capital", where new companies, individuals or movies seeking mass coverage and public relations, major brands and organisations were offered sustained positive coverage and plugs in its news columns in exchange for shares or other forms of financial obligations to [[The Times Group|Bennett, Coleman & Company, Ltd. (B.C.C.L.)]] – the owners of ''TOI''.{{sfn|Auletta|2012|pp=52-61}}{{sfn|Rodrigues|Ranganathan|2014|pages=121–127}} The B.C.C.L., with its "private treaties" program, acquired stakes in 350 companies and generated 15% of its revenues by 2012, according to a critical article in ''[[The New Yorker]]''. The "paid news" and "private treaties" practice started by ''TOI'' has since been adopted by ''[[The Hindustan Times]]'' group, the ''[[India Today]]'' group, the ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'' group, and other major media groups in India including Indian television channels.{{sfn|Auletta|2012|pp=52-61}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://specials.indiatoday.com/specials/slideshow/power_list/jainbrothers_9.htm|magazine=India Today|title=50 Powerful People|access-date=5 March 2019|archive-date=25 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025065525/http://specials.indiatoday.com/specials/slideshow/power_list/jainbrothers_9.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> This division of the company was later renamed Brand Capital and has contracts in place with many companies in diverse sectors.

The "paid news" and "private treaties" blur the lines between content and advertising, with the favourable coverage written by the staff reporters on the payroll of ''TOI''.{{sfn|Auletta|2012|pp=52-61}} The newspaper has defended its practice in 2012 by stating that it includes a note of disclosure to the reader – though in a small font – that its contents are "advertorial, entertainment promotional feature", that they are doing this to generate revenues just like "all newspapers in the world do advertorials" according to ''TOI'' owners.{{sfn|Auletta|2012|pp=52-61}}{{sfn|Rodrigues|Ranganathan|2014|pages=121–127}} According to Maya Ranganathan, this overlap in the function of a journalist to also act as a marketing and advertisement revenue seeker for the newspaper raises conflict of interest questions, a problem that has morphed into ever-larger scale in India and recognised by India's SEBI authority in July 2009.{{sfn|Rodrigues|Ranganathan|2014|pages=121–127}}

Under an ad sales initiative called Medianet, if a large company or Bollywood studio sponsored a news-worthy event, the event would be covered by ''TOI'' but the name of the company or studio that sponsored it will not be mentioned in the paper unless they paid ''TOI'' for advertising. In 2010, a report by a subcommittee of India's Press Council found that Medianet's paid news strategy had spread to a large number of newspapers and more than five hundred television channels.{{sfn|Auletta|2012|pp=52-61}}{{sfn|Rodrigues|Ranganathan|2014|pages=123–125}}

Critics state that the company's paid news and private treaties skew its coverage and shield its newspaper advertisers from scrutiny. ''The Hoot'', a media criticism website, has pointed out that when a lift in a 19-storey luxury apartment complex in Bangalore crashed killing two workers and injuring seven, all the English language and [[Kannada]] language newspapers with the exception of ''TOI'' called out the name of the construction company, Sobha Developers, which was a private-treaty partner. An article titled "reaping gold through bt cotton," which first appeared in the Nagpur edition of ''TOI'' in 2008, reappeared unchanged in 2011, this time with a small print alert that the article was a "marketing feature". In both cases, the article was factually incorrect and made false claims about the success of [[Monsanto]]'s genetically modified cotton. According to a critical article published in the Indian investigative news magazine ''[[The Caravan]]'', when the [[Honda]] Motors plant in Gurgaon experienced an eight-month-long conflict between management and non-unionised workers over wages and work conditions in 2005, the ''Times of India'' covered the concerns of Honda and the harm done to India's investment climate and largely ignored the issues raised by workers.{{sfn|Auletta|2012|pp=52-61}}

[[Vineet Jain]], managing director of B.C.C.L., has insisted that a wall does exist between sales and the newsroom, and that the paper does not give favorable coverage to the company's business partners. "Our editors don't know who we have," Jain said, although he later acknowledged that all private-treaty clients are listed on the company's Web site.{{sfn|Auletta|2012|pp=52-61}} Ravindra Dhariwal, the former CEO of B.C.C.L. had defended private treaties in a 2010 interview with the magazine ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'' and claims that the partners in the private treaties sign contracts where they agree to clauses that they will not receive any favourable editorial coverage.

===Anti-competitive behavior===
There have been claims that ''TOI'' would strike deals with advertisers only if they removed their advertisements from other competitor newspapers.{{sfn|Auletta|2012|pp=52-61}}

''TOI'' is also embroiled in an active lawsuit against the ''[[Financial Times]]''. In 1993, when the ''Financial Times'' was preparing to enter the Indian market, [[Samir Jain]], the vice-chairman of B.C.C.L., registered the term "Financial Times" as a trademark of his company and declared it his intellectual property in an attempt to stymie the ''Financial Times'' and prevent them from competing with ''[[The Economic Times]]'', which is owned by B.C.C.L.{{sfn|Auletta|2012|pp=52-61}}

In 1994, when the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' was the top-selling paper in New Delhi, ''TOI'' slashed their prices by a third, to one and a half rupees after having built up their ads sales force in preparation for the price drop to make up for the lost circulation revenue. By 1998, the ''Hindustan Times'' had dropped to second place in Delhi. ''TOI'' took a similar strategy in Bangalore where they dropped the price to one rupee despite protests from [[Siddharth Varadarajan]], one of the editors of the newspaper at the time, who called the strategy "predatory pricing".{{sfn|Auletta|2012|pp=52-61}}

===Cobrapost sting operation===
In 2018, [[Vineet Jain]], managing director of B.C.C.L., and Sanjeev Shah, executive president of B.C.C.L., were caught on camera as part of a [[Undercover journalism|sting operation]] by [[Cobrapost]] agreeing to promote right-wing content through the group's many media properties for a proposed spend of ₹500 crore, some of which the client said could only be paid with black money.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thewire.in/media/times-group-vineet-jain-sting-operation-cobrapost|publisher=[[The Wire (India)]]|title=At the Times Group, Cobrapost Sting Shows How Cash is King|access-date=5 March 2019|archive-date=4 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404072503/https://thewire.in/media/times-group-vineet-jain-sting-operation-cobrapost|url-status=live}}</ref> B.C.C.L. has responded to the sting claiming that the video that was released by [[Cobrapost]] was "doctored" and "incomplete" and that the CEO Vineet Jain was engaged in a "reverse-sting" of his own to expose the undercover reporter during the filming of the video.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thewire.in/media/times-group-says-vineet-jain-was-conducting-reverse-sting-on-cobrapost|publisher=The Wire (India)|title=Times Group Says Vineet Jain Was Conducting 'Reverse Sting' on Cobrapost|access-date=5 March 2019|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306111453/https://thewire.in/media/times-group-says-vineet-jain-was-conducting-reverse-sting-on-cobrapost|url-status=live}}</ref> The company is yet to release the video evidence.

==Notable employees==
* [[Sham Lal (journalist)|Sham Lal]], Editor
* [[Girilal Jain]], Editor and Scholar
* [[Samir Jain]], Vice-chairman
'''Publisher'''
* [[Vineet Jain]], MD
* [[Jug Suraiya]] (associate editor, columnist, "Jugular Vein," [[cartoonist]], ''Dubyaman II'')
* [[Swaminathan Aiyar]] (columnist, "Swaminomics")
* [[R. K. Laxman]] (''You Said It'' editorial cartoon, featuring the famous [[The Common Man|Common Man]])
* [[M J Akbar|M. J. Akbar]], Columnist, "The Siege Within" and former Editorial Team
* [[Chetan Bhagat]], Columnist, Sunday TOI
* [[Shashi Tharoor]], Columnist of "Shashi on Sunday"
* [[V. D. Trivadi]], Humorist
* [[Twinkle Khanna]], Columnist of "Mrs. Funnybones"
* [[Swapan Dasgupta]], Columnist, Sunday TOI

==See also==
*[[Times LitFest]], an annual literary festival in Delhi, organised by the Times in partnership with Rajnigandha

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite magazine|last=Auletta|first=Ken|author-link=Ken Auletta|date=8 October 2012|title=Citizens Jain – Why India's Newspaper Industry is Thriving.|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/08/citizens-jain|access-date=20 April 2018|pages=52–61}}
* {{cite book|last=Menon Malhan|first=Sangita P.|year=2013|title=THE TOI STORY: How A Newspaper Changed The Rules Of The Games|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India|location=Noida|url={{GBurl|ybzjAAAAQBAJ|p=212}}|isbn=978-9350296646}}
*{{cite book|first1=Usha M.|last1= Rodrigues|first2=Maya |last2=Ranganathan|title=Indian News Media: From Observer to Participant|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2RqJCwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-93-5150-158-9|pages=121–127|chapter=Paid News: Cocktail of Media, Business and Politics}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal|last=Hirschmann|first=Edwin|year=1986|title=An Editor Speaks for the Natives: Robert Knight in 19th Century India|journal=[[Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly|Journalism Quarterly]]|volume=63|issue=2|doi=10.1177/107769908606300202|pages=260–267|s2cid=145297377 }}
* Merrill, John C.; Fisher, Harold A. ''The world's great dailies: profiles of fifty newspapers'' (1980) pp. 330–333

==External links==
* {{Official website|timesofindia.indiatimes.com|mobile=http://m.timesofindia.com}}
* [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/ ''The Times of India'' ePaper] (E-Paper – Digital replica of the newspaper)

{{The Times Group}}
{{Newspapers in India}}
{{Media of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Times Of India}}
[[Category:The Times of India| ]]
[[Category:1838 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Asian news websites]]
[[Category:English-language newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:National newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Bangalore]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Chennai]]
[[Category:Mass media in Madurai]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Delhi]]
[[Category:Daily newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Kolkata]]
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[[Category:Newspapers published in Patna]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1838]]
[[Category:Publications of The Times Group]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Vijayawada]]

Din (Arabic)

2023-09-25T08:10:21Z

Advaiya: new

{{Short description|Arabic and Islamic term for "creed", "religion", or "(religious) lifestyle"}}
{{Distinguish|religion}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Islam and iman}}

'''Dīn''' ({{lang-ar|دين|Dīn}}, also anglicized as '''Deen''') is an Arabic word with three general senses: judgment, custom, and religion.<ref name=EI2>{{Cite encyclopedia|author=Gardet, L. |title= Dīn | year= 2012 |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam| edition=2nd|publisher=Brill |editor1=P. Bearman|editor2= Th. Bianquis|editor3= C.E. Bosworth|editor4= E. van Donzel|editor5= W.P. Heinrichs|doi= 10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0168 }}</ref> It is used by both [[Muslims]] and [[Arab Christians]].

In Islamic terminology, the word refers to the way of life Muslims must adopt to comply with [[Sharia|divine law]], encompassing beliefs, character and deeds.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title= Din |editor=John L. Esposito|encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2014|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e541|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The term appears in the Quran 98 times with different connotations, including in the phrase ''yawm al-din'' ({{lang-ar|يوم الدين}}), generally translated to "[[Day of Judgment]]" or the famous verse "La ikraha fid din" which translates to "Let there be no compulsion in religion." ([[Abdullah Yusuf Ali|Abdullah Yusuf Ali Translation]]).

==Etymology==
{{Islam|practices}}

According to [[Arthur Jeffery]] ''dīn "related to religion"'' and ''dīn "judgement, debt etc..."'' are two separate words of different origin, he derives the ''dīn'' related to religion from the [[Middle Persian]] ''den'', itself derived from the [[Zoroastrian]] [[Avestan]] notion ''[[daena]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Jeffery |first=Arthur |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.217779 |title=The Foreign Vocabulary Of The Quran (Gaekwad's Oriental Series; 79) |date=1938 |publisher=Baroda: Oriental Institute |pages=133 seqq}}</ref> Most scholars, such as [[Theodor Nöldeke|Nöldeke]], [[Karl Vollers|Vollers]], Mushegh Asatrian and Johnny Cheung are in agreement with this etymology.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Asatrian |first=Mushegh |date=2006 |title=Iranian Elements in Arabic: The State of Research |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4030944 |journal=Iran & the Caucasus |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=87–106 |doi=10.1163/157338406777979386 |issn=1609-8498 |jstor=4030944}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Cheung |first=Johnny |title=On the (Middle) Iranian borrowings in Qur'ānic (and pre-Islamic) Arabic |date=2016-06-06 |url=https://shs.hal.science/halshs-01445860 |access-date=2022-12-29 |language=en}}</ref> Others like [[Maurice Gaudefroy-Demombynes|Gaudefroy-Demombynes]] and [[Louis Gardet|Gardet]], have found this derivation unconvincing.<ref name="EI2" /> Nonetheless, Al Khafaji and Tha'ahbi have included the ''dīn'' that is related to religion in their list of foreign words, due to its lack of verbal root.<ref name=":0" />

The Arabic ''dīn "judgement, debt, etc.."'' has Semitic [[cognate|cognates]], including the [[Hebrew]] ''dīn'' ({{Script/Hebrew|דין}}), [[Aramaic]] ''dīnā'' ({{lang|arc|דִּינָא}}), [[Amharic]] ''dañä'' (ዳኘ) and [[Ugaritic]] ''dyn'' (𐎄𐎊𐎐). However none of these cognates carry any form of religious connotations, further supporting the etymological proposition made by Arthur Jeffery.<ref name=":0" />

The Arabic sense of judgment is likely analogous to the Hebraeo-Aramaic cognate root.<ref name="EI2" /> The Hebrew term "[[wikt:דין|דין]]", transliterated as "dīn", means either "law" or "judgement". In the [[Kabbalah]] of [[Judaism]], the term can, alongside "Gevurah" (cognate to the feminine form of Arabic adjective "''Jabārah'' <big>جَبَّارَة</big>"), refer to "power" and "judgement".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/Din.html|title = Ten Sefirot: Din, Gevurah}}</ref> In ancient Israel, the term featured heavily in administrative and legal proceedings i.e. [[Bet Din]], literally "the house of judgement," the ancient building block of the Jewish legal system.<ref>Fox, Tamar "The Bet Din" http://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/the-beit-din/ 9/5/2016</ref><ref>Rabbi Jonathan Reiss http://www.jlaw.com/Articles/divorcebeit.html Winter 1999</ref> The Arabic sense "custom, usage" has been derived by classical and modern lexicologists from the Arabic verbal forms ''dāna'' (<big>دانى</big>, "be indebted") and ''dāna li-'' (<big>-دانى لِ</big>, "submit to").<ref name="EI2" /> [[Louis Gardet]] sees the Hebraic and Arabic senses as related through the notions of retribution, debt, obligation, custom, and direction, prompting him to translate ''yawm al-din'' as "the day when God gives a direction to each human being".<ref name="EI2" /> This view is not supported by the majority of scholars, who translate ''yawm al-din'' as "the day of judgement".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wehr |first=Hans |date=1994 |year=1994 |title=A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic |url=http://ejtaal.net/aa/#hw4=365,ll=985,ls=5,la=1467,sg=400,ha=235,br=345,pr=59,vi=152,mgf=314,mr=239,mn=437,aan=196,kz=767,uqq=109,ulq=737,uqa=137,uqw=563,umr=379,ums=312,umj=262,bdw=334,amr=232,asb=304,auh=586,dhq=186,mht=306,msb=85,tla=50,amj=253,ens=1,mis=685 |url-status= |publisher=Spoken Language Services |pages=352 |language=English |isbn=0-87950-003-4}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

==Use in Islam==

It has been said that the word ''Dīn'' appears in as many as 79 verses in the Qur'an,<ref>Gulam Ahmed Parwez, "Exposition of the Qur'an", p. 12, Tolu-E-Islam Trust</ref> but because there is no exact English translation of the term, its precise definition has been the subject of some misunderstanding and disagreement. For instance, the term is often translated in parts of the [[Qur'an]] as "religion".<ref>For instance, translations of the Qur'an by Marmaduke Pickthall, Shakir, and others</ref>

Some Qur'anic scholars have translated ''Dīn'' in places as "faith".<ref>For instance, the translation by Abdullah Yusuf Ali, 60:9</ref> Others suggest that the term "has been used in various forms and meanings, e.g., system, power, supremacy, ascendancy, sovereignty or lordship, dominion, law, constitution, mastery, government, realm, decision, definite outcome, reward and punishment. On the other hand, this word is also used in the sense of obedience, submission and allegiance".<ref>''Lugh’at-ul-Quran'', Ghulam Ahmed Parwez, Tolu-e-Islam Trust, 1941</ref>

In addition to the two broad usages referred to so far, of sovereignty on the one hand and submission on the other, others have noted<ref>"Let Us Be Muslims, Abu Ala Maududi U.K.I.M. Dawah Center, 1960</ref> that the term ''Dīn'' is also widely used in translations of the Qur'an in a third sense. Most famously in its opening chapter, al-Fātiḥah, the term is translated in almost all English translations as "judgment":

{{Cquote|1:3 {{lang|ar|مَٰلِكِ يَوْمِ '''ٱلدِّينِ}}

transliterated as "Maliki yawmi '''ad-Dīn'''i," and (usually) translated as "Master of the Day of Judgment".}}

The well-known Islamic scholar, Fazlur Rahman Malik, suggested that Dīn is best considered as "the way-to-be-followed". In that interpretation, Dīn is the exact correlate of [[Shari'a]]: "whereas Shari'a is the ordaining of the Way and its proper subject is God, Dīn is the following of that Way, and its subject is man".<ref name="autoA">Rahman F, ''Islam'', p. 100, University of Chicago Press, 1979</ref> Thus, "if we abstract from the Divine and the human points of reference, Shari'a and Dīn would be identical as far as the 'Way' and its content are concerned".<ref name="autoA" />

In many hadith, the din has been described as a midway lifestyle:
{{quote|Narrated Abu Huraira, the Prophet said, "Religion (Dīn) is very easy and whoever overburdens himself in his religion will not be able to continue in that way. So you should not be extremists, but try to be near to perfection and receive the good tidings that you will be rewarded; and gain strength by worshipping in the mornings, the nights." |{{hadith-usc|usc=yes|bukhari|1|2|38}}, (Fath-ul-Bari, Page 102, Vol 1)}}

== See also ==
* [[Taqwa]]
* [[Daena]]
* [[List of Islamic terms in Arabic]]
* [[Sharia]]
* [[Christian worldview]]
* [[Halakha]]
* [[Kabbalah]]
* [[Wasatiyyah (Islamic term)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090317074105/http://www.learndeen.com/jm/deen-islam/aqueeda-a-tawheed/36/172-deen-ul-islam.html Definition of Deen]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Din}}
[[Category:Arabic words and phrases]]
[[Category:Islamic terminology]]

Bichu Devi Kharibam

2023-09-09T06:28:53Z

Advaiya: Just finished crafting a new article.

{{Short description|Indian field hockey player}}
'''Bichu Devi Kharibam''' (3 December 2000)<ref name="Bichu Devi Kharibam Profile">{{Cite web |title=Bichu Devi Kharibam Profile |url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/players/bichu-devi-kharibam-profile-1490 |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=Hockey India |language=en}}</ref> is an [[Indian people|Indian]] field hockey player and member of [[India women's national field hockey team|Indian women's hockey team]]. She hails from Manipur. She plays for [[Indian Oil Corporation Limited]] in the domestic hockey tournaments. She is a goalkeeper.

== Early life ==
Bichu Devi started as a football player. But when she did not make it to the local selections, her father persuaded her to go for hockey selections, and she was selected. That is how her switch to hockey happened and she initially continued playing the game with reluctance.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Razzaqui |first=Samreen |title=Hockey World Cup: Bichu Devi, the reluctant goalkeeper who fell in love with the sport |url=https://scroll.in/field/1027022/hockey-bichu-devi-the-reluctant-goalkeeper-who-fell-in-love-with-the-sport |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2015, after a good performance against Jharkhand, she was spotted by a coach and hockey umpire Napoleon Singh, and upon his suggestion, she moved to the Madhya Pradesh Hockey Academy in Gwalior, where she honed her skills under coach Paramjeet Singh.<ref name=":0" />

== Hockey career ==
2018: Goalkeeper Bichu Devi Kharibam played well at the 2018 under-18 Hockey5s 3rd Youth Olympics Games in Buenos Aires, Argentina, where India bagged a silver medal.<ref name="Bichu Devi Kharibam Profile"/>

2019: She played well and was awarded ‘Goalkeeper of the Tournament’ in the 4 Nations Junior Women Invitational in Dublin, Ireland and helped India win the gold.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kharibam Bichu Devi {{!}} India hockey player |url=https://www.fih.hockey/events/nations-cup/women/fih-hockey-womens-nations-cup-spain-2022-1438/player/kharibam-bichu-devi-20196 |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=International Hockey Federation |language=en}}</ref>

2019: She took part in the Test series against France and Belarus, and later in the same year she played well in Australia in the three-nation tournament.

In 2021, she was part of the Indian team that took part in the FIH 9th Hockey Women's Junior World Cup 2021, Potchefstroom, South Africa where India finished fourth.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=How Bichu Devi Kharibam Has Emerged as an Exciting Goalkeeping Option Alongside Savita Punia! - Latest Hockey News ,Hockey Passion,Hockey Analysis, Hockey Interviews |url=https://hockeypassion.in/hockey-perspectives/how-bichu-devi-kharibam-has-emerged-as-an-exciting-goalkeeping-option-alongside-savita-punia/ |access-date=2023-09-07 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2022, she made her debut for the Senior India team against Germany in the FIH Pro League held in Bhubaneswar, Odisha.<ref name=":1" />

In the Women's Junior World Cup match against Germany in April 2022, she bagged the 'Player of the Match' award.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Judge |first=Shahid |title=Women’s Junior World Cup, India vs Germany as it happened: India through to quarters after 2-1 win |url=https://scroll.in/field/1020981/womens-junior-world-cup-india-vs-germany-live-win-will-confirm-spot-in-quarterfinals |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Indian field hockey players]]
[[Category:Indian female field hockey players]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Manipur]]

Mal Benning

2023-08-21T18:52:48Z

Advaiya: Created page with '{{Infobox football biography | name = Malvind Benning | image = | fullname = Malvind Singh Benning<ref name="Search 1761 to 2006 – Bir...'

{{short description|English footballer (born 1993)}}
{{good article}}
{{Use British English}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Mal Benning
| image = Mal Benning on the ball.jpg
| caption = Benning playing for [[Port Vale F.C.|Port Vale]] in 2022
| full_name = Malvind Singh Benning<ref>{{cite web |title=EFL: Club retained and released lists published |url=https://www.efl.com/news/2016/june/efl-club-retained-and-released-lists-published/ |publisher=English Football League |date=23 June 2016 |access-date=17 January 2018}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993|11|2|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.11v11.com/players/mal-benning-239004/ |title=Mal Benning |website=11v11.com |publisher=AFS Enterprises |access-date=17 January 2018}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[West Bromwich]], England
| height = {{convert|1.78|m|order=flip}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mansfieldtown.net/teams/first-team/defender/malvind-benning/ |title=Malvind Benning |publisher=Mansfield Town F.C. |access-date=17 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117151423/https://www.mansfieldtown.net/teams/first-team/defender/malvind-benning/ |archive-date=17 January 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| position = [[Left-back]]
| currentclub = [[Shrewsbury Town F.C.|Shrewsbury Town]]
| clubnumber =
| youthyears1 = 2001–2011
| youthclubs1 = [[Walsall F.C.|Walsall]]
| years1 = 2011–2015
| clubs1 = [[Walsall F.C.|Walsall]]
| caps1 = 46
| goals1 = 2
| years2 = 2012
| clubs2 = → [[Evesham United F.C.|Evesham United]] (loan)
| caps2 = 5
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2015
| clubs3 = → [[York City F.C.|York City]] (loan)
| caps3 = 9
| goals3 = 0
| years4 = 2015–2021
| clubs4 = [[Mansfield Town F.C.|Mansfield Town]]
| caps4 = 214
| goals4 = 9
| years5 = 2021–2023
| clubs5 = [[Port Vale F.C.|Port Vale]]
| caps5 = 65
| goals5 = 2
| years6 = 2023–
| clubs6 = [[Shrewsbury Town F.C.|Shrewsbury Town]]
| caps6 = 3
| goals6 = 0
| club-update = 14:18, 18 August 2023 (UTC)
}}
'''Malvind Singh Benning''' (born 2 November 1993) is an English professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[left-back]] for {{English football updater|ShrewsbT}} club [[Shrewsbury Town F.C.|Shrewsbury Town]].

He began his career with [[Walsall F.C.|Walsall]] and had [[Loan (association football)|loan]] spells with [[Evesham United F.C.|Evesham United]] and [[York City F.C.|York City]]. He made his debut in the [[English Football League]] at Walsall in November 2012 and went on to feature 53 times in total, before signing with [[Mansfield Town F.C.|Mansfield Town]] in May 2015. He spent six seasons with Mansfield, making 251 appearances in all competitions. He signed with [[Port Vale F.C.|Port Vale]] in June 2021 and helped the club to win [[Promotion and relegation|promotion]] out of [[EFL League Two|League Two]] via the [[English Football League play-offs|play-offs]] in [[2022 EFL League Two play-off Final|2022]]. He [[Transfer (association football)|transfer]]red to Shrewsbury Town in August 2023.

==Early and personal life==
Benning, whose parents are Indian [[Sikhs]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Malvind Benning ready to prove his worth at Walsall |url=https://www.expressandstar.com/sport/football/walsall-fc/2013/01/18/malvind-benning-ready-to-prove-his-worth-at-walsall/ |access-date=2 July 2021 |work=Express and Star |date=18 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Chatterjee|first=Deepshikha|date=22 July 2016|title=5 lesser known footballers of Indian origin|work=Sportskeeda|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/5-lesser-known-footballers-indian-origin}}</ref> was born in [[West Bromwich]], West Midlands.<ref name="Hugman">{{Hugman|22288|Malvind Benning|access-date=10 April 2023}}</ref> He was educated at [[Queen Mary's Grammar School]] and is a [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] supporter.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/qmgs1554/status/288611969278300161 |website=Twitter |access-date=1 July 2021 |title=Congratulations to QM old boy Malvind Benning on signing a new contract with @WFCOfficial}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mansfield Town's Mal Benning set for proud moment against West Brom |url=https://www.chad.co.uk/sport/football/mansfield-towns-mal-benning-set-proud-moment-against-west-brom-262859 |access-date=2 July 2021 |work=www.chad.co.uk |date=27 August 2018}}</ref>

He was named on [[Kick It Out (organisation)|Kick It Out]]'s new advisory board in June 2021; Benning had been targeted for racist abuse on [[Twitter]] in January 2020, which was reported to the police by the [[Professional Footballers' Association]], though Benning stated that other than that he had "not experienced much 'racism' as one of [[British Asians in association football|very few Asian players in the professional game]]" (0.25% of the 3,700 professional players in 2020 were British Asian).<ref>{{cite news |title=Kick It Out names players advisory board |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/57399801 |access-date=1 July 2021 |work=BBC Sport |date=8 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Twitter abuse needs 'stronger action' – PFA|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/51109276 |access-date=1 July 2021 |work=BBC Sport |date=14 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ingle |first1=Sean |title=Why are there so few British Asian footballers at professional clubs? {{!}} Sean Ingle |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2020/jul/06/why-are-british-asian-footballers-still-regarded-as-a-gamble-by-many-clubs |access-date=3 September 2021 |work=The Guardian |date=6 July 2020}}</ref>

==Club career==
===Walsall===
[[File:Malvind Benning 28-02-2015 1.jpg|thumb|upright|Benning playing for [[York City F.C.|York City]] in 2015]]

Benning started his career with [[Walsall F.C.|Walsall]], progressing through the [[youth system]] from the under-8 side.<ref name="sirb">{{cite news |title=Port Vale agree one-year contract with Mal Benning |url=https://www.port-vale.co.uk/news/2021/june/port-vale-agree-terms-with-mal-benning/ |access-date=1 July 2021 |work=www.port-vale.co.uk |date=28 June 2021}}</ref> He played as a [[midfielder]] before gaining weight and being moved to [[left-back]] in his early teenage years.<ref name="passport"/> In January 2012, he joined [[Non-League football|Non-League]] club [[Evesham United F.C.|Evesham United]], who played in the [[Southern Football League|Southern League]] Premier Division, on a youth [[Loan (association football)|loan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Player profile: Malvind Benning |url=http://www.saddlers.co.uk/team/player-profile/index.aspx?playerid=482099&tcmuri=154090 |publisher=Walsall F.C. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130215015/http://www.saddlers.co.uk/team/player-profile/index.aspx?playerid=482099&tcmuri=154090 |archive-date=30 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He made his [[First team (association football)|first-team]] debut for Walsall at the [[Bescot Stadium]] on 6 November 2012, in a 4–1 defeat to [[Scunthorpe United F.C.|Scunthorpe United]] in [[EFL League One|League One]], coming on as a [[Substitute (association football)|substitute]] for [[James Chambers (English footballer)|James Chambers]].<ref name=sb1213/> He signed his first professional [[Association football contracts|contract]], of two-and-a-half years, in January 2013.<ref>{{cite news |title=Benning awarded Walsall contract |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/20909720 |access-date=1 July 2021 |work=BBC Sport |date=7 January 2013}}</ref> He went on to start seven games and make four substitute appearances in the [[2012–13 Walsall F.C. season|2012–13 season]].<ref name=sb1213/> On 5 March 2014, he scored his first goal in senior football in a 2–1 defeat at [[Coventry City F.C.|Coventry City]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Scott |first1=Ged |title=Coventry City 2–1 Walsall |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/26134252 |access-date=1 July 2021 |work=BBC Sport |date=5 March 2014}}</ref> He claimed another goal in a 3–2 defeat at [[Stevenage F.C.|Stevenage]] the following month, and ended the [[2013–14 Walsall F.C. season|2013–14 season]] with fifteen starts and three appearances from the bench.<ref>{{cite news |title=Stevenage 3–2 Walsall |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/27084506 |access-date=1 July 2021 |work=BBC Sport |date=26 April 2014}}</ref><ref name=sb1314/> He was played mainly at right-back in his early career, keeping the experienced [[Ben Purkiss]] out of the team.<ref>{{cite news |title=Purkiss eager to 'make difference' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/25318668 |access-date=1 July 2021 |work=BBC Sport |date=10 December 2013}}</ref>

Benning joined [[EFL League Two|League Two]] club [[York City F.C.|York City]] on 22 January 2015 on a one-month loan, with [[Manager (association football)|manager]] [[Russ Wilcox]] looking to provide competition for the ever-present [[Femi Ilesanmi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Malvind Benning: York sign Walsall defender on loan |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/30932680 |publisher=BBC Sport |date=22 January 2015 |access-date=5 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="Malvind Benning's appetite for a fight impresses York City boss Russ Wilcox">{{cite news |first=Dave |last=Flett |title=Malvind Benning's appetite for a fight impresses York City boss Russ Wilcox |url=http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/sport/11744190.Malvind_Benning_s_appetite_for_a_fight_impresses_York_City_boss_Russ_Wilcox/ |newspaper=The Press |location=York |date=22 January 2015 |access-date=24 January 2015}}</ref> He made his debut in a 1–1 [[Bootham Crescent|home]] draw with [[Burton Albion F.C.|Burton Albion]] two days later<ref name=sb1415/> and his loan was extended by a second month in February 2015.<ref>{{cite news |first=Dave |last=Flett |title=York City extend Malvind Benning's loan stay by a further month |url=http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/sport/11812417.York_City_extend_Malvind_Benning_s_loan_stay_by_a_further_month/ |newspaper=The Press |location=York |date=23 February 2015 |access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref> Having made nine appearances<ref name=sb1415/> he was recalled by Walsall on 16 March 2015 after an injury to [[Andy Taylor (footballer, born 1986)|Andy Taylor]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Dave |last=Flett |title=Luke Summerfield being lined up for surprise York City recall |url=http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/sport/11859058.Luke_Summerfield_being_lined_up_for_surprise_York_City_recall/ |newspaper=The Press |location=York |date=16 March 2015 |access-date=16 March 2015}}</ref> He made 13 starts and 11 substitute appearances for Walsall in the [[2014–15 Walsall F.C. season|2014–15]] season,<ref name=sb1415/> and was often played further up the [[Football pitch|pitch]] from his familiar left-back position by manager [[Dean Smith (footballer, born 1971)|Dean Smith]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Malvind Benning's future is with Walsall |url=https://www.expressandstar.com/sport/2015/01/24/mal-bennings-future-is-with-us-says-saddlers-dean-smith/ |access-date=1 July 2021 |work=Express and Star |date=24 January 2015}}</ref> Benning was released in May 2015.<ref>{{cite news |title=Walsall release quartet |url=http://www1.skysports.com/football/news/11095/9838145/walsall-release-quartet |publisher=Sky Sports |date=5 May 2015 |access-date=22 May 2015}}</ref>

===Mansfield Town===
Benning signed for League Two club [[Mansfield Town F.C.|Mansfield Town]] on 22 May 2015.<ref>{{cite news |title=Benning completes Stags switch |url=https://www.mansfieldtown.net/news/2015/may/benning-completes-stags-switch/ |publisher=Mansfield Town F.C. |date=22 May 2015 |access-date=17 January 2018}}</ref> He suffered a [[cruciate ligament|cruciate knee ligament]] injury in October 2015 and was out of action for four months; he tested his recovery from the injury by [[Tackle (football move)|tackling]] a brick wall.<ref>{{cite news |title=Returning Stag Benning hits the wall |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/35491455 |access-date=1 July 2021 |work=BBC Sport |date=4 February 2016}}</ref> Manager [[Adam Murray]] had initially worried that Benning could be ruled out for the whole of the [[2015–16 Mansfield Town F.C. season|2015–16]] season, but it transpired that no surgery was necessary to repair the damage as 12 weeks in a brace was sufficient to allow the body to heal itself.<ref>{{cite news |title=Benning could return by January |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/34658641 |access-date=1 July 2021 |work=BBC Sport |date=28 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Malvind Benning: injury update |url=https://www.mansfieldtown.net/news/2015/october/malvind-benning-injury-update/ |access-date=1 July 2021 |work=www.mansfieldtown.net |date=28 October 2015}}</ref> He signed a new contract of undisclosed length in May 2016, having scored four goals from 33 games.<ref>{{cite news |title=Defensive trio sign new Stags contracts |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/36320548 |access-date=1 July 2021 |work=BBC Sport |date=18 May 2016}}</ref><ref name=sb1516/> He missed just one league and one [[EFL Trophy]] game during the [[2016–17 Mansfield Town F.C. season|2016–17 season]], playing a total of 52 times and scoring one goal, as the club posted a 12th-place finish.<ref name=sb1617/> He told the media that new manager [[Steve Evans (footballer, born 1962)|Steve Evans]] had "made an impact instantly" and "made it clear that he's striving for [[Promotion and relegation|promotion]]", but that for Benning "the main focus is to keep my place in the team".<ref>{{cite news |title=Benning embracing the changing of the guard |url=https://www.mansfieldtown.net/news/2016/december/benning-embracing-the-changing-of-the-guard/ |access-date=2 July 2021 |work=www.mansfieldtown.net |date=22 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Benning enjoying education under Stags' boss |url=https://www.mansfieldtown.net/news/2017/january/benning-enjoying-education-under-stags-boss/ |access-date=2 July 2021 |work=www.mansfieldtown.net |date=26 January 2017}}</ref>

He signed a new one-year contract in February 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mansfield trio sign new one-year deals |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/43211316 |access-date=1 July 2021 |work=BBC Sport |date=27 February 2018}}</ref> However, he was [[Fouls and misconduct (association football)|sent off]] in a 1–0 defeat to [[Accrington Stanley F.C.|Accrington Stanley]] at [[Field Mill]] on 31 March, a lack of discipline which caused him to be criticised by newly-appointed manager [[David Flitcroft]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Davies |first1=Matt |title=Flitcroft furious with Benning as Mansfield slip out of play-off places |url=https://www.nottinghampost.com/sport/football/david-flitcroft-furious-mal-benning-1404681 |access-date=2 July 2021 |work=NottinghamshireLive |date=30 March 2018}}</ref> He scored a winning goal against local rivals [[Chesterfield F.C.|Chesterfield]] on 14 April, which earned him the nickname "Sir Mal" from supporters.<ref name="sirmal"/> This was his only goal from 34 appearances in the [[2017–18 Mansfield Town F.C. season|2017–18 season]], one in which Mansfield finished one place outside the [[English Football League play-offs|play-offs]].<ref name=sb1718/> Benning adapted well to the new manager's [[Wing-back (association football)|wing-back]] system and after he increased his running statistics towards the end of the season credited Flitcroft's work ethic in training for his improved fitness levels.<ref>{{cite news |title=Benning says Stags' boss is reason for improved fitness |url=https://www.mansfieldtown.net/news/2018/may/benning-pre-crawley-h/ |access-date=2 July 2021 |work=www.mansfieldtown.net |date=3 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="depth">{{cite news |title=Feature: Mal Benning in-depth interview |url=https://www.mansfieldtown.net/news/2018/october/mal-benning-feature/ |access-date=2 July 2021 |work=www.mansfieldtown.net |date=11 October 2018}}</ref>

Benning featured 55 times over the course of the [[2018–19 Mansfield Town F.C. season|2018–19 season]], missing just one league game.<ref name=sb1819/> Mansfield finished in fourth place but were beaten on [[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|penalties]] by [[Newport County A.F.C.|Newport County]] in the [[2019 English Football League play-offs|semi-finals of the play-offs]] despite Benning converting his [[Penalty kick (association football)|penalty]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Mansfield Town 0–0 (3–5 pens) Newport County |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48165959 |access-date=2 July 2021 |work=BBC Sport |date=12 May 2019}}</ref> Flitcroft was sacked after the defeat, though Benning said that he was ready to focus on football again after returning from holiday in Mexico and that he and the rest of the squad had had positive meetings with new manager [[John Dempster (footballer)|John Dempster]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Last season will fuel me heading into new term – Benning |url=https://www.mansfieldtown.net/news/2019/june/benning-04-june/ |access-date=2 July 2021 |work=www.mansfieldtown.net |date=4 June 2019}}</ref> However, the new season went poorly and Dempster was replaced by [[Graham Coughlan]] in December.<ref>{{cite news |title=Stags appoint Graham Coughlan |url=https://www.mansfieldtown.net/news/2019/december/stags-appoint-graham-coughlan/ |access-date=2 July 2021 |work=www.mansfieldtown.net |date=17 December 2019}}</ref> Benning played 39 games in the [[2019–20 Mansfield Town F.C. season|2019–20 season]], which saw Mansfield finish 21st on [[2019–20 EFL League Two|points per game]] after the season was curtailed early due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in England]].<ref name=sb1920/>

He lost his left-back position to [[Stephen McLaughlin]] during the [[2020–21 Mansfield Town F.C. season|2020–21 season]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lomas |first1=John |title=Mal Benning departure is best move for both parties says boss |url=https://www.chad.co.uk/sport/football/mal-benning-departure-is-best-move-for-both-parties-says-boss-3218545 |access-date=1 July 2021 |work=www.chad.co.uk |date=30 April 2021}}</ref> However, he would regain his first-team spot and earned praise for his consistency from manager [[Nigel Clough]] in January.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Browne |first1=Duncan |title=Nigel Clough praises Mansfield Town defender Mal Benning's 'loyalty' |url=https://www.chad.co.uk/sport/football/nigel-clough-praises-mansfield-town-defender-mal-bennings-loyalty-3102993 |access-date=2 July 2021 |work=www.chad.co.uk |date=17 January 2021}}</ref> On 27 April 2021, it was announced that he would leave Mansfield to "seek a new challenge" with the decision made "amicably and mutually", having made 251 appearances in a six-year stay at the club.<ref>{{cite news |title=Left-back Benning to leave Mansfield |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/56907181 |access-date=1 July 2021 |work=BBC Sport |date=27 April 2021}}</ref> He stated that "one massive regret is to not have been able to help get the club promoted"; he was the 18th highest appearance maker in [[History of Mansfield Town F.C.|the club's history]] at the time of his departure.<ref>{{cite news |title=Long-serving defender to seek new challenge |url=https://www.mansfieldtown.net/news/2021/april/long-serving-defender-to-seek-new-challenge |access-date=1 July 2021 |work=www.mansfieldtown.net |date=27 April 2021}}</ref>

===Port Vale===
[[File:Mal Benning.jpg|thumb|upright|Benning warming up for [[Port Vale F.C.|Port Vale]] in 2022]]

On 28 June 2021, Benning agreed a one-year contract with [[Port Vale F.C.|Port Vale]], to begin on 1 July; he was signed to compete with fellow new arrival [[Dan Jones (footballer, born 1994)|Dan Jones]].<ref name="sirb"/> He started five of the "Valiants" first seven League Two games of the [[2021–22 Port Vale F.C. season|2021–22]] season, but admitted that "I think there is a lot more to come from me... I feel like I can do a lot more".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Baggaley |first1=Michael |title=Mal Benning's message to Port Vale fans ahead of Harrogate game |url=https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/mala-benning-port-vale-mansfield-5933639 |access-date=17 September 2021 |work=StokeonTrentLive |date=17 September 2021}}</ref> He was dropped to the bench after [[James Gibbons (footballer)|James Gibbons]] returned from injury, but came on as a [[half-time]] substitute to score his first goal at [[Vale Park]] in a 3–1 win over [[Barrow A.F.C.|Barrow]] on 16 October.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Baggaley |first1=Michael |title=Mal Benning's message about Port Vale competition and Mansfield return |url=https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/mal-benning-port-vale-mansfield-6076614 |access-date=18 October 2021 |work=StokeonTrentLive |date=18 October 2021}}</ref> He was limited to 17 league starts in the [[2021–22 Port Vale F.C. season|2021–22]] campaign, but would score the winning [[penalty kick]] in the [[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|penalty shoot-out]] victory over [[Swindon Town F.C.|Swindon Town]] in the [[2022 English Football League play-offs|play-off semi-finals]].<ref name="2021–22"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Baggaley |first1=Michael |title=Port Vale heading to Wembley after dramatic shoot-out win over Swindon |url=https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/port-vale-heading-wembley-after-7105187 |access-date=20 May 2022 |work=StokeonTrentLive |date=19 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref> He started in the [[2022 EFL League Two play-off Final|play-off final]] at [[Wembley Stadium]] and scored Vale's final goal as they secured promotion with a 3–0 victory over former club Mansfield Town; Michael Baggaley of ''[[The Sentinel (Staffordshire)|The Sentinel]]'' wrote that Benning was "excellent" and he "set up [[Kian Harratt|Harratt]]’s opener, went close to scoring in the first half then confirmed Vale’s victory with a sliding [[Volley (association football)|volley]] for the third five minutes from time".<ref name="pof22"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Baggaley |first1=Michael |title=Port Vale player ratings from Wembley win over Mansfield |url=https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/port-vale-player-ratings-mansfield-7140348 |access-date=28 May 2022 |work=StokeonTrentLive |date=28 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref> He signed a new one-year contract in June 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mounteney |first1=Luke |title=Mal Benning signs contract extension |url=https://www.port-vale.co.uk/news/2022/june/mal-benning-signs-contract-extension/ |access-date=23 June 2022 |work=Port Vale F.C. |date=23 June 2022 |language=en-gb}}</ref>

He enjoyed an excellent run of form at the start of the [[2022–23 Port Vale F.C. season|2022–23]] season, maintaining a first-team place despite competition for the left-wing back position from [[Dan Jones (footballer, born 1994)|Dan Jones]], [[Liam McCarron]] and [[Thierry Small]], whilst [[Chris Hussey]] was allowed to leave the club.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Baggaley |first1=Michael |title=Mal Benning thanks Port Vale fans as he enjoys regular run |url=https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/it-tough-defender-thanks-port-7553868 |access-date=8 September 2022 |work=StokeonTrentLive |date=6 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Speaking in December, manager [[Darrell Clarke]] said that Benning "has defended very, very well; it hasn't been one of his main strengths but he has been good going forward, he has added that to his game and been ultra-consistent".<ref>{{cite news |title=Darrell Clarke {{!}} "Stay level-headed and keep on improving" |url=https://www.port-vale.co.uk/news/2022/december/darrell-clarke--stay-level-headed-and-keep-on-improving/ |access-date=9 December 2022 |work=www.port-vale.co.uk |date=9 December 2022 |language=en-gb}}</ref> He did though lose his first-team place to [[Sammy Robinson]] as the club's form tailed off in the second half of the campaign.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Baggaley |first1=Michael |title=Mal Benning says Port Vale can learn plenty from this season |url=https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/port-vale-defender-sets-target-8339484 |access-date=11 April 2023 |work=StokeonTrentLive |date=10 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref> His stay with the club was automatically extended by a year after he triggered an appearance-based clause.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fielding |first1=Rob |title=Contract extension - Port Vale clarify defender's status |url=https://www.onevalefan.co.uk/2023/07/contract-extension-port-vale-clarify-defenders-status/ |access-date=28 July 2023 |work=onevalefan.co.uk |date=28 July 2023}}</ref> However [[director of football]] David Flitcroft said that he "wouldn't get the regular game time that he would hope for and that a move away from Vale Park would be in his best interest".<ref>{{cite news |title=Mal Benning Leaves The Valiants |url=https://www.port-vale.co.uk/news/2023/august/mal-benning-leaves-the-valiants/ |access-date=4 August 2023 |work=www.port-vale.co.uk |date=3 August 2023 |language=en-gb}}</ref>

===Shrewsbury Town===
On 3 August 2023, Benning joined League One side [[Shrewsbury Town F.C.|Shrewsbury Town]] on a one-year deal.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shrewsbury sign defender Benning and striker Mata |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/66395746 |access-date=4 August 2023 |work=BBC Sport |date=3 August 2023}}</ref>

==International career==
Benning stated his desire to represent [[India national football team|India national team]] in August 2015 but said he was unable to as the nation's strict rules on eligibility meant he would have to first give up his [[British passport]] and get an [[Indian passport]].<ref name="passport">{{cite news |last1=Lomas |first1=John |title=Mansfield Town defender Mal Benning blazing a trail for Asian footballers |url=https://www.chad.co.uk/sport/football/mansfield-town/mansfield-town-defender-mal-benning-blazing-trail-asian-footballers-2207521 |access-date=1 July 2021 |work=www.chad.co.uk |date=27 August 2015}}</ref>

==Style of play==
Benning is an attacking [[left-back]], who is also able to play at left [[Wing-back (association football)|wing-back]].<ref name="sirmal">{{cite news |last1=Baggaley |first1=Michael |title=Port Vale's new signing is 'Sir Mal' to Mansfield Town fans |url=https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/mal-benning-aidan-stone-vale-5594965 |access-date=1 July 2021 |work=StokeonTrentLive |date=30 June 2021}}</ref> He has pace and good [[Cross (association football)|crossing]] ability, also boasting good [[Free kick (association football)|free kick]] and [[Volley (association football)|volleying]] skills.<ref name="sirmal"/>

==Career statistics==
{{Updated|match played 15 August 2023}}

{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
|-
!rowspan=2|Club
!rowspan=2|Season
!colspan=3|League
!colspan=2|[[FA Cup]]
!colspan=2|[[EFL Cup|League Cup]]
!colspan=2|Other
!colspan=2|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan=5|[[Walsall F.C.|Walsall]]
|[[2011–12 Walsall F.C. season|2011–12]]<ref>{{soccerbase season|63456|2011|name=Malvind Benning|access-date=27 July 2021}}</ref>
|[[EFL League One|League One]]
|0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|[[2012–13 Walsall F.C. season|2012–13]]<ref name=sb1213>{{soccerbase season|63456|2012|name=Malvind Benning|access-date=27 July 2021}}</ref>
|League One
|10||0||1||0||0||0||0||0||11||0
|-
|[[2013–14 Walsall F.C. season|2013–14]]<ref name=sb1314>{{soccerbase season|63456|2013|name=Malvind Benning|access-date=27 July 2021}}</ref>
|League One
|16||2||1||0||1||0||0||0||18||2
|-
|[[2014–15 Walsall F.C. season|2014–15]]<ref name=sb1415>{{soccerbase season|63456|2014|name=Malvind Benning|access-date=27 July 2021}}</ref>
|League One
|20||0||1||0||2||1||1{{efn|name=FLT|Appearance in [[Football League Trophy]]}}||0||24||1
|-
!colspan=2|Total
!46!!2!!3!!0!!3!!1!!1!!0!!53!!3
|-
|[[Evesham United F.C.|Evesham United]] (loan)
|[[2011–12 Southern Football League|2011–12]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eveshamunitedfc.com/first-team/player-appearances/ |title=Evesham United appearances |publisher=Evesham United F.C. |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819030828/http://www.eveshamunitedfc.com/first-team/player-appearances/ |archivedate=19 August 2012}}</ref>
|[[Southern Football League|Southern League Premier Division]]
|5||0||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||5||0
|-
|[[York City F.C.|York City]] (loan)
|[[2014–15 York City F.C. season|2014–15]]<ref name=sb1415/>
|[[EFL League Two|League Two]]
|9||0||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||9||0
|-
|rowspan=7|[[Mansfield Town F.C.|Mansfield Town]]
|[[2015–16 Mansfield Town F.C. season|2015–16]]<ref name=sb1516>{{soccerbase season|63456|2015|name=Malvind Benning|access-date=27 July 2021}}</ref>
|League Two
|31||4||0||0||1||0||1{{efn|name=FLT}}||0||33||4
|-
|[[2016–17 Mansfield Town F.C. season|2016–17]]<ref name=sb1617>{{soccerbase season|63456|2016|name=Malvind Benning|access-date=27 July 2021}}</ref>
|League Two
|45||1||1||0||1||0||5{{efn|name=EFLT|Appearances in [[EFL Trophy]]}}||0||52||1
|-
|[[2017–18 Mansfield Town F.C. season|2017–18]]<ref name=sb1718>{{soccerbase season|63456|2017|name=Malvind Benning|access-date=27 July 2021}}</ref>
|League Two
|28||1||3||0||1||0||2{{efn|name=EFLT}}||0||34||1
|-
|[[2018–19 Mansfield Town F.C. season|2018–19]]<ref name=sb1819>{{soccerbase season|63456|2018|name=Malvind Benning|access-date=27 July 2021}}</ref>
|League Two
|45||3||2||0||2||0||6{{efn|Four appearances and one goal in EFL Trophy, two appearances in [[EFL League Two play-offs|League Two play-offs]]}}||1||55||4
|-
|[[2019–20 Mansfield Town F.C. season|2019–20]]<ref name=sb1920>{{soccerbase season|63456|2019|name=Malvind Benning|access-date=27 July 2021}}</ref>
|League Two
|33||0||2||0||1||0||3{{efn|name=EFLT}}||0||39||0
|-
|[[2020–21 Mansfield Town F.C. season|2020–21]]<ref>{{soccerbase season|63456|2020|name=Malvind Benning|access-date=27 July 2021}}</ref>
|League Two
|32||0||3||0||1||0||2{{efn|name=EFLT}}||0||38||0
|-
!colspan=2|Total
!214!!9!!11!!0!!7!!0!!19!!1!!251!!10
|-
|rowspan=3|[[Port Vale F.C.|Port Vale]]
|[[2021–22 Port Vale F.C. season|2021–22]]<ref name="2021–22">{{soccerbase season|63456|2021|name=Malvind Benning|access-date=16 May 2022}}</ref>
|League Two
|26||1||2||0||1||0||7{{efn|Four appearances and one goal in EFL Trophy, three appearances and one goal in League Two play-offs}}||2||36||3
|-
|[[2022–23 Port Vale F.C. season|2022–23]]<ref name="2022–23">{{soccerbase season|63456|2022|name=Malvind Benning|access-date=16 May 2022}}</ref>
|League One
|39||1||1||0||1||1||3{{efn|name=EFLT}}||1||44||3
|-
!colspan=2|Total
!65!!2!!3!!0!!2!!1!!10!!3!!80!!6
|-
|[[Shrewsbury Town F.C.|Shrewsbury Town]]
|[[2023–24 Shrewsbury Town F.C. season|2023–24]]<ref name="2023–24">{{soccerbase season|63456|2023|name=Malvind Benning|access-date=16 May 2022}}</ref>
|League One
|3||0||0||0||1||0||0||0||4||0
|-
!colspan=3|Career total
!342!!13!!17!!0!!13!!2!!30!!4!!402!!19
|}

{{notelist}}

==Honours==
'''Port Vale'''
*[[EFL League Two play-offs]]: [[2022 English Football League play-offs#League Two|2022]]<ref name="pof22">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/61532410 |title=Mansfield Town 0–3 Port Vale |first=Andrew |last=Aloia |website=BBC Sport |date=28 May 2022 |access-date=28 May 2022}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Sikh footballers]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Shrewsbury Town F.C. squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Benning, Mal}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Footballers from West Bromwich]]
[[Category:English men's footballers]]
[[Category:Men's association football defenders]]
[[Category:Walsall F.C. players]]
[[Category:Evesham United F.C. players]]
[[Category:York City F.C. players]]
[[Category:Mansfield Town F.C. players]]
[[Category:Port Vale F.C. players]]
[[Category:Shrewsbury Town F.C. players]]
[[Category:Southern Football League players]]
[[Category:English Football League players]]
[[Category:British Asian footballers]]
[[Category:English Sikhs]]
[[Category:English people of Punjabi descent]]
[[Category:British sportspeople of Indian descent]]
[[Category:People educated at Queen Mary's Grammar School]]

Ordre des Arts et des Lettres

2023-07-24T16:07:17Z

Advaiya: Ordre des Arts et des Lettres

{{expand French|Ordre des Arts et des Lettres|date=January 2023|section=no|topic=}}

{{short description|French award given for contributions to the arts}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:{{lang|fr|Ordre des Arts et des Lettres|nocat=y}}}}
{{Infobox military award
| name = {{lang|fr|Ordre des Arts et des Lettres}}
| image = [[File:L'OrdreDesArtsOfficier.jpg|x100px]][[File:Chevalier_arts_et_lettres.jpg|x100px]]
| caption = Insignia of an {{lang|fr|Officier}} and a {{lang|fr|Chevalier}}
| presenter = [[Ministry of Culture (France)|French Minister of Culture]]
| type = [[Order of merit]] with 3 degrees: '''{{lang|fr|Commandeur}}''' (Commander) '''{{lang|fr|Officier}}''' (Officer) '''{{lang|fr|Chevalier}}''' (Knight)
| eligibility =
| awarded_for = Significant contribution to the enrichment of the French cultural inheritance
| status = Active
| established = 2 May 1957
| firstawarded =
| lastawarded =
| total_awarded =
| total_awarded_posthumously =
| total_recipients =
| individual =
| higher = {{lang|fr|[[Ordre du Mérite Maritime]]|italic=no}}
| lower = {{lang|fr|[[Escapees' Medal|Médaille des Évadés]]|italic=no}}
| image2 = [[File:Ordre des Arts et des Lettres Commandeur ribbon.svg|100px]] {{lang|fr|Commandeur}} [[File:Ordre des Arts et des Lettres Officier ribbon.svg|100px]] {{lang|fr|Officier}} [[File:Ordre des Arts et des Lettres Chevalier ribbon.svg|100px]] {{lang|fr|Chevalier}}
| caption2 = Ribbon bars of the Order
}}

The '''{{lang|fr|Ordre des Arts et des Lettres}}''' ('Order of [[Arts and letters|Arts and Letters]]') is an [[order (distinction)|order]] of France established on 2 May 1957 by the [[Ministry of Culture (France)|Minister of Culture]]. Its supplementary status to the {{lang|fr|[[Ordre national du Mérite]]}} was confirmed by [[President of France|President]] [[Charles de Gaulle]] in 1963. Its purpose is the recognition of significant contributions to the arts, literature, or the propagation of these fields.

Its origin is attributed to the [[Order of Saint Michael]] (established 1 August 1469), as acknowledged by French government sources.<ref name="acte2">{{cite web |title=Conseil de l’Ordre des Arts et des Lettres |url=https://www.culture.gouv.fr/Nous-connaitre/Organisation/Conseil-de-l-Ordre-des-Arts-et-des-Lettres |website=Ministère de la Culture |access-date=21 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109120635/https://www.culture.gouv.fr/Nous-connaitre/Organisation/Conseil-de-l-Ordre-des-Arts-et-des-Lettres |archive-date=9 November 2018 |language=fr |trans-title=Council of the Order of Arts and Letters |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="archives">[http://www.archivesdefrance.culture.gouv.fr/action-culturelle/celebrations-nationales/2007/arts/creation-de-l-ordre-des-arts-et-des-lettres Archives de France]{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416034749/http://www.archivesdefrance.culture.gouv.fr/action-culturelle/celebrations-nationales/2007/arts/creation-de-l-ordre-des-arts-et-des-lettres |date=2013-04-16 }}</ref><ref name="memodoc">[http://www.memodoc.fr/articles-num-57.html Mémodoc]</ref>

==Background==
To be considered for the award, French government guidelines stipulate that citizens of France must be at least thirty years old, respect French civil law, and must have "significantly contributed to the enrichment of the French cultural inheritance".

Membership is not, however, limited to French nationals; recipients include numerous foreign luminaries. Foreign recipients are admitted into the Order "without condition of age".

The Order has three grades:
* '''{{lang|fr|Commandeur}}''' (Commander) — medallion worn on a [[necklet]]; up to 20 recipients a year
* '''{{lang|fr|Officier}}''' (Officer) — medallion worn on a ribbon with [[rosette (decoration)|rosette]] on left breast; up to 60 recipients a year
* '''{{lang|fr|Chevalier}}''' (Knight) — medallion worn on a [[ribbon]] on left breast; up to 200 recipients a year

The {{lang|fr|médaille}} (medallion) of the Order is an eight-pointed, green-enameled [[asterisk]], in [[gilding|gilt]] for Commanders and Officers and in silver for Knights; the obverse central disc has the letters "A" and "L" on a white-enameled background, surrounded by a golden ring emblazoned with the phrase {{lang|fr|République Française}}. The reverse central disc features the head of [[Marianne]] on a golden background, surrounded by a golden ring bearing the words {{lang|fr|Ordre des Arts et des Lettres}}. The Commander's badge is topped by a gilt twisted ring.

The ribbon of the Order is green with four white stripes.

==Members of the Order==
{{main|List of members of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres}}
[[File:Ray Bradbury 2009.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Ray Bradbury]] wearing the Commander's badge in 2009]]

According to the statutes of the Order, French citizens must wait a minimum of 5 years before they are eligible to be upgraded from {{lang|fr|Chevalier}} to {{lang|fr|Officier}}, or {{lang|fr|Officier}} to {{lang|fr|Commandeur}}, and must have displayed additional meritorious deeds than just those that originally made them a {{lang|fr|Chevalier}}. However, in the statutes, there is a clause saying "{{lang|fr|Les Officiers et les Commandeurs de la Légion d'honneur peuvent être directement promus à un grade équivalent dans l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres}}". (Translation: "The officers and commanders of the Legion of Honour can be promoted directly to an equivalent grade in the Order of Arts and Letters".) This means that if someone were to be made {{lang|fr|Officier}} of the [[Legion of Honour]], then the next year, that person could be directly made {{lang|fr|Officier}} of the Order of Arts and Letters and bypass a nomination as a knight and the five-year rule.

==See also==
* [[Ribbons of the French military and civil awards]]
* {{lang|fr|[[Ordre des arts et des lettres du Québec]]}}, a Quebec order based in part on the {{lang|fr|Ordre des Arts et des Lettres}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |title=Nominations dans l'Ordre des Arts et Lettres |url=http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/artsetlettres |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (France)]] |year=2007 |access-date=6 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210084215/http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/artsetlettres/ |archive-date=10 February 2009 |url-status=dead |language=fr }}

{{French medals}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ordre Des Arts Et Des Lettres}}
[[Category:Awards established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in France]]
[[Category:Civil awards and decorations of France]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres| ]]
[[Category:Orders of merit]]

Kadapuraa Kalaikuzhu

2023-07-19T09:05:17Z

Advaiya: Added a new addition to the collection.

{{Short description|2023 Tamil film}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kaadapura Kalaikuzhu
| image = Kaadapura Kalaikuzhu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Raja Gurusamy
| writer = Raja Gurusamy
| screenplay =
| producer = {{Ubl| Dr.Muruganandam Veeraragavan
| Dr.Shanmugapriya Muruganandam}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Munishkanth]]
* [[Kaali Venkat]]
* [[Mime Gopi]]
}}
| cinematography = Vinoth Gandhi
| editing = Ram Gopi
| music = Henry
| studio = Sakti Ciinee Production
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|July|07}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}'''''Kaadapura Kalaikuzhu''''' is a 2023 Tamil language film written and directed by Raja Gurusamy. The film starring [[Munishkanth]], [[Kaali Venkat]], [[Mime Gopi]] and [[Hari Krishnan (Tamil actor)|Hari Krishnan]] in lead roles. The film is produced by Dr.Muruganandam Veeraragavan and Dr.Shanmugapriya Muruganandam under the banner Sakti Ciinee Productions. The film was released on 7 July 2023 in theatres.

== Cast ==

* [[Munishkanth]]
* [[Kaali Venkat]]
* [[Mime Gopi]]
* [[Hari Krishnan (Tamil actor)|Hari Krishnan]]
* Srilekha Rajendran
* Swathi muthu
* Super good Subramani
* Anthakudi ilayaraja

== Production ==

The film's cinematography was done by Vinoth Gandhi. The editing of the film was handled by Ram Gopi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=முனீஸ்காந்த் கரகாட்டம் ஆடும் 'காடப்புறா கலைக்குழு' |url=https://www.virakesari.lk/article/159126 |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=Virakesari.lk |language=en |archive-date=2023-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704063250/https://www.virakesari.lk/article/159126 |url-status=live }}</ref> The trailer of the film was released on 19 July 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=டிவி |first=தந்தி |title=காளி வெங்கட் - முனீஷ்காந்தின் நடிப்பில் வெளியான 'காடப்புறா கலைக்குழு' ட்ரைலர் |url=https://www.thanthitv.com/latest-news/kali-venkat-muneeshkanth-starrer-kadapura-kazhaikkuzhu-trailer-released-193903 |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=www.thanthitv.com |language=ta |archive-date=2023-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714054905/https://www.thanthitv.com/latest-news/kali-venkat-muneeshkanth-starrer-kadapura-kazhaikkuzhu-trailer-released-193903 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Music ==
The music for the film was composed by Henry.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ammaadi Ammaadi
| length1 = 4:35
| lyrics1 = Raja Gurusamy
| extra1 = Pradeep Kumar
| title2 = Naatu Kuthu
| length2 = 4:25
| lyrics2 = Raja Gurusamy
| extra2 = Mathichiyam Bala Anthakudi ilayaraja Folk star Lakshmi
| title3 = Rattakka Rattakka
| length3 = 3:45
| lyrics3 = Raja Gurusamy
| extra3 = Anthony Daasan
| total_length = 12:45
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Maalai Malar]]'' stated that "the Kaadapura Kalaikuzhu can be enjoyed."<ref>{{Cite web |last=maalaimalar |title=Kadapuraa Kalaikulu |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/kadapuraa-kalaikulu-26424 |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta |archive-date=2023-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714054842/https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/kadapuraa-kalaikulu-26424 |url-status=live }}</ref>. A critic from ''[[Dina Thanthi]]'' stated that "Director Raja Guruswamy has tried to tell a biographical story about the destruction of folk arts due to the arrival of western music and the livelihood of people who depend on it has become a concern."<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |title=காடப்புறா கலைக்குழு: சினிமா விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/Review/katapura-kalaikulu-cinema-review-1005343 |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta |archive-date=2023-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714054842/https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/Review/katapura-kalaikulu-cinema-review-1005343 |url-status=live }}</ref>. ''[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]]'' critic rated two point five out of five stars and wrote that "this group of artists is appealing because it speaks to the status of rural arts"<ref>{{Cite web |title=திரை விமர்சனம்: காடப்புறா கலைக்குழு |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1044871-kadappura-kalaikkuzhu-review.html |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta |archive-date=2023-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714054842/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1044871-kadappura-kalaikkuzhu-review.html |url-status=live }}</ref>.''[[Dinamalar]]'' critic gave two point five stars out of five and gave mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |title=காடப்புறா கலைக்குழு - விமர்சனம் {2.5/5} : காடப்புறா கலைக்குழு - கிராமிய மண் வாசம்... - Kadapura kalaikuzhu |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/3323/Kadapura-kalaikuzhu/ |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=cinema.dinamalar.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt28023607}}

Taroliya

2023-07-13T00:35:46Z

Advaiya: Just completed a new article.

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Taroliya
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.99225|N|79.0868|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Karhal]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 3.186
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1715
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 205268
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Taroliya''' ([[Devanagari]]: तरोलिया {{IAST|Taroliyā}}), also spelled '''Tarolia''', is a village in [[Karhal]] block of [[Mainpuri district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. As of 2011, it has a population of 1,715, in 297 households.

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Taroliya had a population of 1,715, in 297 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|149}} This population was 55.0% male (943) and 45.0% female (772). The 0-6 age group numbered 244 (141 male and 103 female), or 14.2% of the total population. 158 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 9.2% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1259/download/4050/DH_2011_0917_PART_B_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|118-9}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Taroliya (as "Taraulia") as comprising 3 hamlets, with a total population of 703 people (382 male and 321 female), in 130 households and 92 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 943 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (24 - Mainpuri District) |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28772/download/31954/22833_1961_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|lx}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Taroliya had 1 primary school; it did not have any kind of healthcare facility. Drinking water was provided by hand pump; there were no public toilets. The village did not have either a post office or public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1258/download/4046/DH_2011_0917_PART_A_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|149-54}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mainpuri district}}

[[Category:Villages in Mainpuri district]]

Union Carbide

2022-12-07T05:49:39Z

Advaiya: Contributed a new entry to the platform.

{{Short description|American chemical company}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Union Carbide Corporation
| logo = Union Carbide.svg
| logo_size =
| type = [[Subsidiary]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|1917}}
| industry = [[Chemical industry]]
| location = [[Seadrift, Texas]], US<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.unioncarbide.com/locations.html|title=Locations – Union Carbide Company}}</ref>
| key_people = Richard Wells (CEO & President)
| products ={{Plain list|
* Bulk chemicals
* Ethylene
* Ethylene derivatives
}}
| revenue = {{Decrease}} [[United States dollar|US$]]4.377 billion (2019)<ref name="UC19">{{Cite web|url=https://sec.report/Document/0000029915-20-000003/|title=Union Carbide Co Annual Report 2019|publisher=[[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission|10-K]]|access-date=24 December 2020}}</ref>
| operating_income = {{Decrease}} US$691 million (2019)<ref name="UC19" />
| net_income = {{Decrease}} US$523 million (2019)<ref name="UC19" />
| assets = {{Decrease}} US$5.278 billion (2019)<ref name="UC19" />
| equity = {{Decrease}} US$0.925 billion (2019)<ref name="UC19" />
| owner = [[Dow Inc.]]
| parent = [[Dow Chemical Company]]
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.unioncarbide.com/}}
}}
[[File:Gas Lighting.jpg|right|thumb|1922 advertisement for Union Carbide gas lighting. Electric lighting was not yet common in many rural areas of the United States.<ref name="RE">{{cite web
|url = http://naldc.nal.usda.gov/catalog/IND43893747
|title = Rural Electrification
|author = Robert T. Beall
|year = 1940
|work = United States Yearbook of Agriculture
|publisher = United States Department of Agriculture
|pages = 790–809
|format = PDF
|access-date = 2012-01-08
|quote = Of the more than 6.3 million farms in the country in January 1925, only 204,780, or 3.2 percent, were receiving central-station electrical service.
}}</ref>]]

'''Union Carbide Corporation''' is an American chemical corporation which is a wholly owned subsidiary (since February 6, 2001) by [[Dow Chemical Company]]. Union Carbide produces chemicals and polymers that undergo one or more further conversions by customers before reaching consumers. Some are high-volume commodities and others are specialty products meeting the needs of smaller markets. Markets served include paints and coatings, packaging, wire and cable, household products, personal care, pharmaceuticals, automotive, textiles, agriculture, and oil and gas. The company is a former component of the [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]].<ref>[https://www.globalfinancialdata.com/articles/dow_jones.html History of DJIA, globalfinancialdata.com] ({{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20060304155152/https://www.globalfinancialdata.com/articles/dow_jones.html }}).</ref>

Founded in 1917 as the '''Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation''', from a merger with [[National Carbon Company]], the company's [[research]]ers developed an economical way to make [[ethylene]] from [[natural gas]] liquids, such as [[ethane]] and [[propane]], giving birth to the modern [[petrochemical industry]]. The company divested consumer products businesses [[Eveready Battery Company|Eveready]] and [[Energizer Holdings|Energizer]] batteries, [[Glad (company)|Glad]] bags and wraps, [[Simoniz]] car wax and Prestone [[antifreeze]]. The company divested other businesses before being acquired by Dow including electronic chemicals, [[polyurethane]] intermediates, industrial gases (Linde) and carbon products.<ref>[http://www.unioncarbide.com/history/index.htm Union Carbide Corporation, History] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080718041136/http://www.unioncarbide.com/history/index.htm }}), accessed July 9, 2008.</ref>

==History==
The ''Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation'' was formed on November 1, 1917, from the merger of the Union Carbide Company founded in 1898, the [[National Carbon Company]] founded in 1886, [[Linde Air Products Factory|Linde Air Products Company]], a maker of liquid oxygen at [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]] confiscated from [[Linde plc|''Gesellschaft für Linde's Eismaschinen AG'']] under the [[Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917]], and the Prest-O-Lite company, manufacturer of [[calcium carbide]] in [[Indianapolis]].<ref name="presto">{{cite news |title=The Prest-O-lite Story: Union Carbide Corporation, Linde Division |url=https://www.firstsuperspeedway.com/sites/default/files/Prest-O-Lite.pdf |access-date=3 April 2021}}</ref> In 1920, the company set up a chemicals division which manufactured [[ethylene glycol]] for use as automotive [[antifreeze]]. The company continued to acquire related chemical producers, including the [[Bakelite|Bakelite Corporation]] in 1939. The company changed its name to "Union Carbide Corporation" in 1957 and was often referred to as Carbide. It operated [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]] from 1947 to 1984.<ref>{{cite web
|title = Swords to Plowshares: A Short History of Oak Ridge National Laboratory (1943–1993)
|publisher = Oak Ridge National Laboratory
|date = April 8, 2006
|url = http://www.ornl.gov/info/swords/swords.shtml
|access-date = November 11, 2012
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121201205140/http://www.ornl.gov/info/swords/swords.shtml
|archive-date = December 1, 2012
|df = mdy-all
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entries/oak-ridge/|title = Oak Ridge}}</ref>

During the [[Cold war era]], the company was active in the field of [[rocket propulsion]] [[research & development]] for [[aerospace]] and [[guided missile]] applications, particularly in the field of chemicals and plastics, [[solid rocket motor]]s, and [[Storable liquid-fuel rocket|storable liquid fuels]]. R&D was conducted at the Technical Center in [[South Charleston, West Virginia]].<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/missilesrockets1011unse#page/n273/mode/2up Union Carbide Expands Rocket Propulsion Activities]. // ''Missiles and Rockets'', June 4, 1962, v. 10, no. 23, p. 39.</ref> The Aerospace Materials Department was part of the company's Carbon Products Division.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/missilesrockets1617unse#page/n85/mode/2up New Activities]. // ''Missiles and Rockets'', May 10, 1965, v. 16, no. 19, p. 41.</ref>

''Ucar batteries'' was Carbide's industrial and consumer [[carbon–zinc battery|zinc chloride battery]] business. The business, including [[Energizer Holdings|Energizer]] [[alkaline battery|alkaline batteries]], was sold to [[Ralston Purina]] in 1986, following a hostile takeover attempt.

After the [[Bhopal disaster]], Union Carbide was the subject of repeated takeover attempts. In order to pay off its debt, Carbide sold many of its most familiar brands such as Glad Trashbags and Eveready Batteries. Dow Chemical announced the purchase of Carbide in 1999 for $8.89 billion in stock.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Warren|first=Susan|title=Dow Chemical to Acquire Union Carbide --- Deal, Valued at $8.89 Billion, Would Position Firm to Challenge DuPont|journal=The Wall Street Journal|page=A3}}</ref> The deal was consummated in 2001 and valued at $11.6 billion.

==Hawks Nest Tunnel disaster==
{{Main|Hawks Nest Tunnel Disaster}}
The Hawks Nest Tunnel disaster took place between 1927 and 1932 in a West Virginia tunnel project led by Union Carbide. During the construction of the tunnel, workers found the mineral [[silica]] and were asked to mine it for use in electroprocessing steel. The workers were not given masks or breathing equipment to use while mining. Due to silica dust exposure, many workers developed [[silicosis]], a debilitating lung disease. According to a marker on site, there were 109 admitted deaths. A [[congressional hearing]] placed the death toll at 476.<ref name="Historical Marker">{{cite web|url=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Hawks_Nest_Tunnel_Disaster.jpg|title=Hawk's Nest Tunnel Disaster|publisher=West Virginia Department of Culture and History|access-date=2008-11-25}}</ref>

==Asbestos mining and 'Calidria' brand fibers==
In the early 1960s, Union Carbide Corporation began mining a newly identified outcrop of chrysotile [[asbestos]] fibers near King City and [[New Idria, California]]. These fibers were sold under the brand name "Calidria", a combination of "Cal" and "Idria", and sold in large quantities for a wide variety of purposes, including addition into joint compound or drywall accessory products.<ref>[http://articles.latimes.com/2004/sep/26/business/fi-carbide26 LA Times, "Case Hinges on Material Witness", Lisa Gurion, September 26, 2004]</ref> Union Carbide sold the mine to its employees under the name KCAC ("King City Asbestos Mine") in the 1980s, but it only operated for a few more years.{{Citation needed}}

==1984 Bhopal Disaster==
{{Main|Bhopal disaster}}
[[File: Dow Chemical banner, Bhopal, India.jpg|thumb|Protest in Bhopal, India, 2010]]
[[Union Carbide India Limited]], owned by Union Carbide (50.9%) and Indian investors (49.1%), operated a pesticide plant in the Indian city of [[Bhopal]].<ref name="IB_2014">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KcSaBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA141|title=International Business|publisher=Pearson Australia|year=2014|isbn=978-1-4860-1138-4|page=141|authors=S. Tamer Cavusgil, Gary Knight, John R. Riesenberger, Hussain G. Rammal, Elizabeth L. Rose}}</ref> Around midnight on 3 December 1984, [[methyl isocyanate]] (MIC) gas was accidentally released from the plant, exposing more than 500,000 people to MIC and other chemicals. The main reason was the poorly managed safety measures, which were either malfunctioning or not working, and weren't repaired in order to cut costs. The government of Madhya Pradesh confirmed a total of 16,000 deaths related to the gas release. It left an estimated 40,000 individuals permanently disabled, maimed, or suffering from serious illness, making it the [[List of accidents and disasters by death toll#Industrial|world's worst industrial disaster]].
In 1982, Carbide's auditors warned of a possible 'runaway reaction'. Carbide insisted the accident was an act of sabotage by a rogue worker. Union Carbide was sued by the [[Government of India]] and agreed to an [[out-of-court settlement]] of US$470 million in 1989. The plant site has not yet been cleaned up.

[[Warren Anderson (American businessman)|Warren Anderson]], CEO at the time of the disaster, refused to answer to homicide charges and remained a fugitive from India's courts. The U.S. denied several extradition requests. Anderson died on 29 September 2014 in Florida. Seven UCC employees were convicted of criminal negligence in 2010 and fined $2,000 each.

==1985 West Virginia gas leak==
The year after the Bhopal disaster, a faulty valve at the UC plant in [[Institute, West Virginia]] caused a large cloud of gas that injured six employees and caused almost 200 nearby residents to seek medical treatment for respiratory and skin irritation. Union Carbide blamed the leak of aldicarb oxime (made from MIC but does not contain any MIC itself), the main ingredient in the popular farm pesticide [[Temik]], on a valve failure after a buildup of pressure in a storage tank containing 500 pounds of the chemical. A company spokesman insisted that the aldicarb oxime leak “never was a threat to the community.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-08-12-mn-3942-story.html#:~:text=Union%20Carbide%20blamed%20the%20leak,500%20pounds%20of%20the%20chemical.|title = Scores Hurt by Leaking Chemicals : Faulty Valve Cited at Union Carbide's West Virginia Plant| website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date = 12 August 1985}}</ref>

==Union Carbide in Australia==
Union Carbide's operations in Australia commenced in 1957, when it purchased the plant of the Australian-owned company Timbrol Ltd. The Timbrol factory was on the shore of [[Homebush Bay]] in the [[Sydney]] suburb of [[Rhodes, New South Wales|Rhodes]]. Homebush Bay is on the [[Parramatta River]] which flows into [[Sydney Harbour]]. Tibrol produced [[phenol]], the insecticides [[chlorobenzene]]/[[chlorophenol]]/[[Ddt|DDT]], and the herbicides [[2,4-D]] and [[2,4,5-T]]. Union Carbide continued the production of the 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T until 1976 and chlorobenzene/chlorophenol/DDT until 1983. Union Carbide also commenced the production of [[bisphenol A]] in 1960 and [[phenol formaldehyde]] resins in 1964.<ref name="RRRP6">{{cite web|title=Redevelopment and Remediation of the Rhodes Peninsula|url=http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/committee.nsf/0/e74c6e72c3afda00ca256cf4000a804c/$FILE/RRRP6.pdf|publisher=NSW Leglisative Council|access-date=26 June 2014}}</ref>{{rp|9}}

Union Carbide reclaimed land on neighboring properties by depositing spent lime and ash into the adjacent marshes in [[Homebush Bay]]. This practice, which had been approved by the Maritime Services Board, ceased in 1970.

Union Carbide ceased operations in Australia in 1985.<ref>{{cite web|title=Union Carbide Australia Ltd. (1950–1985)|url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1475987|publisher=National Library of Australia|access-date=21 June 2014}}</ref> In 1987, the New South Wales Pollution Control Commission ordered Union Carbide to remediate the site. This work, which cost Union Carbide $30 million, was conducted between 1988 and 1993. The work involved excavation and encapsulation of the contaminated soil.<ref>{{cite web|title=Environmental Impact Statement - Remediation of the Lednez site, Rhodes and Homebush Bay|url=http://www.rhodesremediation.com.au/files/downloads/Lednez/MAINEISREPORT.pdf|publisher=Parsons Brinckerhoff|access-date=27 June 2014}}</ref>

In 2004, the New South Wales Minister for Planning granted consent for additional remediation of the former Union Carbide site to proceed, including parts of Homebush Bay.<ref>{{cite web|title=Assessment Report|url=http://www.planning.nsw.gov.au/asp/pdf/da_437_12_2002_i_mod4_alliedfeeds_dg_asstreport.pdf|publisher=NSW Government - Department of Planning|access-date=29 June 2014}}</ref> Approximately 900,000 tons of soil were excavated from the site, 190,000 tons of soil from the adjacent Allied Feeds site, and approximately 50,000 tons of sediment from the bay. Remediation of the Allied Feeds Site was completed in August 2009, Homebush Bay sediments in August 2010, and the Union Carbide site in March 2011. The cost of the remediation work was $35M for the Allied Feeds site, and $100 million for Union Carbide site and Homebush Bay sediments.<ref>{{cite web|title=Former Lednez/Union Carbide Site & Homebush Bay Remediation|url=http://www.rhodesremediation.com.au/index.php?q=overview|publisher=Thiess Services|access-date=29 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Former Allied Feeds Site Remediation|url=http://www.rhodesremediation.com.au/index.php?q=overview/allied_feeds|publisher=Theiss Services|access-date=13 July 2014}}</ref>

==Demolition of former New York headquarters building==

The former Union Carbide headquarters building, at [[270 Park Avenue (1960–2021)|270 Park Avenue]] in New York City, was a 52-story modernist office building designed by architectural firm [[Skidmore, Owings & Merrill]] and completed in 1961. The company relocated its headquarters to [[Danbury, Connecticut]] in 1982, to a newly-built complex known as the [[The Summit at Danbury|Union Carbide Corporate Center]]. 270 Park Avenue later became the headquarters of [[JPMorgan Chase]]. In February 2018 it was announced that the building would be demolished and replaced with a new {{Convert|1200|ft|m|adj=mid|-tall}} tower serving as the consolidated headquarters for JPMorgan Chase. At {{Convert|700|ft|m|abbr=}} tall, the Union Carbide Building would be the [[List of tallest voluntarily demolished buildings|tallest building in the world ever voluntarily demolished]], as well as the third-tallest ever to be destroyed, after the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center Twin Towers]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/21/nyregion/jpmorgan-chase-headquarters.html|title=Out With the Old Building, in With the New for JPMorgan Chase|last=Bagli|first=Charles V.|work=The New York Times|access-date=February 22, 2018|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331 |at=Section A, Page 20}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Companies|Texas}}
*[[BASF]]
*[[National Carbon Company]]
*[[Carbide & Carbon Building]]
*[[Union Carbide Corporate Center]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.unioncarbide.com/}}
* [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=bmczbfVhfX0 Television Commercial]
* [https://bhopalgasdisaster.files.wordpress.com/2014/12/csir-report-on-scientific-studies-december-1985.pdf CSIR Bhopal Disaster Report (1985)]

{{Dow Chemical}}

[[Category:1898 establishments in Texas]]
[[Category:2001 mergers and acquisitions]]
[[Category:American companies established in 1898]]
[[Category:Chemical companies established in 1898]]
[[Category:Chemical companies of Australia]]
[[Category:Chemical companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Companies based in Houston]]
[[Category:Dow Chemical Company]]
[[Category:Former components of the Dow Jones Industrial Average]]
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in the United States]]
[[Category:Non-renewable resource companies established in 1898]]
[[Category:Petrochemical companies of India]]
[[Category:Petrochemical companies]]

Independence Day of India

2022-04-30T11:17:41Z

Advaiya: Created an influential manuscript.

#REDIRECT [[Independence Day (India)]]