https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=AdvAcademy01 2026-07-31T16:03:00Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhokardan_Assembly_constituency&diff=491259 2026-05-06T20:36:11Z

<p>AdvAcademy01: Stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Bhokardan<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | map_image = 103-Bhokardan.svg<br /> | map_caption = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> | district = [[Jalna district|Jalna]]<br /> | division = [[Aurangabad Division|Aurangabad]]<br /> | state = [[Maharashtra]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Jalna Lok Sabha constituency|Jalna]]<br /> | constituency_no = 103<br /> | established = <br /> | reservation = &lt;!-- SC, ST or None --&gt;<br /> | abolished = <br /> | mla = [[Santosh Danve]]<br /> | party = [[BJP]]<br /> | alliance = <br /> | latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br /> | electors = 322,736<br /> | preceded_by = [[Chandrakant Danve]], [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Bhokardan Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in western [[India]].&lt;ref name=ceo&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |access-date=3 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archive-date=18 March 2010 |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Overview==<br /> Bhokardan is one of the Vidhan Sabha constituency of Jalna lok sabha constituency along with five other Vidhan Sabha segments, namely [[Jalna Assembly constituency|Jalna]] and [[Badnapur Assembly constituency|Badnapur]] in Jalna district and [[Sillod Assembly constituency|Sillod]], [[Phulambri Assembly constituency|Phulambri]] and [[Paithan Assembly constituency|Paithan]] in [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra]].&lt;ref name=ceo/&gt; It covers the entire [[Jafrabad, Jalna|Jafarabad]] [[tehsil]] and part of Bhokardan tehsil.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=275}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Bhokardan Vidhan Sabha constituency Delimitation History ===<br /> Following areas are included in Bhokardan Vidhan Sabha constituency during delimitation every time.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; <br /> |- <br /> ! S.No !! Delimitation implemented Year !! Assembly constituencies Included <br /> |-<br /> |1 <br /> | 2008<br /> | 1. [[Jafrabad, Jalna|Jafferabad Tehsil]], 2. [[Bhokardan|Bhokardan Tehsil]] (Part), Revenue Circle Dhawada, Pimpalgaon (Renukai), Sipora Bazar, Bhokardan and Bhokardan (MC). <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Election<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#BB8ED0&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Dhondiraj Kamble || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Bhao Rao Dagdu Rao || {{Full party name with color|People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad)}}<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#FFB2B2&quot; | [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Gade Bhagwant Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Bhaurao Narsingrao || {{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || B. J. Kale || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || B. Rao Narsingrao Gawande<br /> |-<br /> | [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Vithalrao Ramsing Patil || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Rangnath Shivram Patil || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Santoshrao Valuba Despute || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Raosaheb Danve]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || Vitthalrao Ramsingh Patil Sapkal<br /> |-<br /> | [[2003 elections in India#Maharashtra|2003 By-election]] || rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Chandrakant Danve]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Santosh Danve]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> === Assembly Election 2024 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhokardan }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Santosh Danve]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 128,480 |percentage = 51.33% |change = {{decrease}}3.73 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandrakant Pundlikrao Danave |party = Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar |votes = 105,301 |percentage = 42.07% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Keshav Anandrao Janjal |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,699 |percentage = 1.48% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vaishali Suresh Dabhade |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,370 |percentage = 0.95% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dipak Bhimrao Borhade |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 2,031 |percentage = 0.81% |change = {{decrease}}3.04 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Keshav Ramkisan Dethe |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,544 |percentage = 0.62% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 727 |percentage = 0.29% |change = {{decrease}}0.47 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,179 |percentage = 9.26% |change = {{decrease}}5.83 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 251,035 |percentage = 77.78% |change = {{increase}}7.02 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 250,308}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 322,736 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.23 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}3.73 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2019 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhokardan &lt;ref name=&quot;election2019&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Santosh Danve]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 118,539 |percentage = 55.06% |change = {{increase}}19.58 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandrakant Pundlikrao Danave |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 86,049 |percentage = 39.97% |change = {{increase}}7.93 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dipak Bhimrao Borhade |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 8,298 |percentage = 3.85% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,629 |percentage = 0.76% |change = {{decrease}}0.28 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 32,490 |percentage = 15.09% |change = {{increase}}11.65 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 217,019 |percentage = 70.76% |change = {{decrease}}3.22 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 215,296}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 306,696 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.41 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}19.58 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2014 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhokardan &lt;ref name=&quot;election2014&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Santosh Danve]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 69,597 |percentage = 35.48% |change = {{decrease}}4.88 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandrakant Pundlikrao Danave |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 62,847 |percentage = 32.04% |change = {{decrease}}9.32 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gavhad Ramesh Patilba |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 36,298 |percentage = 18.50% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gavali Suresh Damodhar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 5,286 |percentage = 2.69% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pathan Shafikha Mahetabkha |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,762 |percentage = 2.43% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Goutam Laxman Mhaske |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 4,617 |percentage = 2.35% |change = {{increase}}1.28 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Wagh Dilip Sheshrao |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 3,163 |percentage = 1.61% |change = {{decrease}}2.07 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dalvi Laxmanrao Khanduji |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,587 |percentage = 1.32% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 2,041 |percentage = 1.04% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,750 |percentage = 3.44% |change = {{increase}}2.44 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 198,316 |percentage = 73.98% |change = {{increase}}2.94 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 196,169}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 268,076 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.73 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{decrease}}5.88 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2009 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhokardan &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Chandrakant Danve]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 67,480 |percentage = 41.36% |change = {{decrease}}4.12 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Danve Nirmalabai Raosaheb |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 65,841 |percentage = 40.36% |change = {{decrease}}3.18 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shinde Sarjerao Vithoba |party = Independent politician |votes = 11,163 |percentage = 6.84% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pungale Sandu Santukrao |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 6,001 |percentage = 3.68% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhav Aarun Digambar |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,185 |percentage = 1.95% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lahane Bhagwanrao Nagorao |party = Lok Bharati |votes = 2,974 |percentage = 1.82% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = She. Rauf Isub |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,750 |percentage = 1.07% |change = {{decrease}}4.31 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raju Bhagwan Pote |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,369 |percentage = 0.84% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,639 |percentage = 1.00% |change = {{decrease}}0.94 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 163,141 |percentage = 71.04% |change = {{decrease}}1.76 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 163,141}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 229,652 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.30 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{decrease}}4.12 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2004 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhokardan }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Chandrakant Danve]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 73,611 |percentage = 45.48% |change = {{decrease}}7.00 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thote Shivajirao Dhondiba |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 70,472 |percentage = 43.54% |change = {{increase}}2.74 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dalvi Laxmanrao Khanduji |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 8,701 |percentage = 5.38% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sayyad Mahemad A. Aalam |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,951 |percentage = 2.44% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gaikwad Madhukar Digambar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,714 |percentage = 1.06% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhikaji Rangnath Inche |party = Kranti Kari Jai Hind Sena |votes = 1,681 |percentage = 1.04% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,139 |percentage = 1.94% |change = {{decrease}}9.74 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 161,845 |percentage = 72.80% |change = {{increase}}6.16 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 161,845}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 222,325 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.41 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{decrease}}7.00 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly By-election 2003 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2003 elections in India#Maharashtra|2003 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Bhokardan &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeSep2003/index.htm |title=Key Statistics - Bye Elections - Sep. 2003 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Chandrakant Danve]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 74,918 |percentage = 52.48% |change = {{increase}}28.52 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. Shivajirao Dhondiba |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 58,242 |percentage = 40.80% |change = {{decrease}}0.90 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sk. Rauf Sk. Yasuf |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,329 |percentage = 2.33% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Vitthal Punjaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,224 |percentage = 1.56% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Vitthalrao Ratnaparkhe |party = Republican Party of India (Democratic) |votes = 2,150 |percentage = 1.51% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashok Namdeo Sable |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,121 |percentage = 0.79% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,676 |percentage = 11.68% |change = {{decrease}}6.05 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 143,268 |percentage = 66.64% |change = {{decrease}}6.12 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 142,751}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 215,000 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.74 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}10.78 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1999 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhokardan &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Vitthalrao Ramsingh Patil Sapkal |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 52,456 |percentage = 41.70% |change = {{decrease}}3.01 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dalvi Laxmanrao Khanduji |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 30,149 |percentage = 23.96% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Janjal Shrirangrao Rangnathrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 26,705 |percentage = 21.23% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Daspute Santoshrao Waluba |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,497 |percentage = 13.11% |change = {{decrease}}16.79 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 22,307 |percentage = 17.73% |change = {{increase}}2.92 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 141,261 |percentage = 72.76% |change = {{decrease}}6.97 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 125,807}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 194,156 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.58 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}3.01 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1995 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhokardan &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Raosaheb Danve]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 63,561 |percentage = 44.71% |change = {{decrease}}8.55 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Janjal Patil Shrirangrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 42,506 |percentage = 29.90% |change = {{decrease}}1.69 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dalvi Laxmanrao Khanduji |party = Janata Dal |votes = 21,024 |percentage = 14.79% |change = {{increase}}10.09 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dandge Kashinath Dhondiba |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 6,226 |percentage = 4.38% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vithal Dhondiba Chinchpure |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,613 |percentage = 3.24% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kailash Laximan Jagtap |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,307 |percentage = 0.92% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Deshmukh Uttamrao Kautikrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 885 |percentage = 0.62% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,055 |percentage = 14.81% |change = {{decrease}}6.87 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 148,020 |percentage = 79.73% |change = {{increase}}10.16 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 142,163}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 185,658 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.93 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}8.55 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1990 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhokardan &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Raosaheb Danve]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 62,684 |percentage = 53.26% |change = {{increase}}5.23 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ranganathrao Shivram Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 37,174 |percentage = 31.59% |change = {{decrease}}18.43 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhaskar Sadashiv |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,504 |percentage = 5.53% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gavhad Ramesh Patilba |party = Janata Dal |votes = 5,529 |percentage = 4.70% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhagaji Daulat Gavali |party = Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |votes = 2,487 |percentage = 2.11% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Babasaheb Uttamrao Patil Shinde |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,314 |percentage = 1.12% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mule Kondiba Govindrao |party = Doordarshi Party |votes = 914 |percentage = 0.78% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 25,510 |percentage = 21.68% |change = {{increase}}19.69 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 120,790 |percentage = 69.57% |change = {{increase}}10.50 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 117,688}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 173,618 |ref = |change = {{increase}}27.03 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}3.24 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1985 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhokardan &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Santoshrao Valuba Despute |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 39,446 |percentage = 50.02% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raosaheb Dadarao Danve |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 37,878 |percentage = 48.03% |change = {{increase}}36.98 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rambhau Vithoba Phuse |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,532 |percentage = 1.94% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,568 |percentage = 1.99% |change = {{decrease}}4.73 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 80,740 |percentage = 59.07% |change = {{increase}}2.12 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 78,856}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 136,674 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.34 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (U) |swing = {{increase}}2.19 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1980 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhokardan &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Rangnath Shivram Patil |party = Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 31,889 |percentage = 47.83% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Santoshrao Valuba Despute |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 27,408 |percentage = 41.11% |change = {{increase}}16.40 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vithalrao Ramsing Patil |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 7,368 |percentage = 11.05% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,481 |percentage = 6.72% |change = {{decrease}}16.01 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 68,671 |percentage = 56.95% |change = {{decrease}}7.84 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 66,665}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 120,584 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.03 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (U) |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}0.39 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1978 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhokardan &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Vithalrao Ramsing Patil |party = Janata Party |votes = 32,990 |percentage = 47.44% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hanumantrao Gawanji Sawant |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 17,185 |percentage = 24.71% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mukundrao Vitthalrao Mirker |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,809 |percentage = 21.29% |change = {{decrease}}46.25 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Uttamrao Tukaram Salve |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,334 |percentage = 3.36% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Babu Kalidas Laxmikantrao Waghmare |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,225 |percentage = 3.20% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,805 |percentage = 22.73% |change = {{decrease}}12.36 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 72,320 |percentage = 64.79% |change = {{increase}}16.97 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 69,543}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 111,621 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.60 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}20.10 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1972 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhokardan &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. Rao Narsingrao Gawande |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,817 |percentage = 67.54% |change = {{increase}}16.15 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pundlik Hari |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 14,809 |percentage = 32.46% |change = {{increase}}4.99 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,008 |percentage = 35.09% |change = {{increase}}11.17 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 47,401 |percentage = 47.82% |change = {{decrease}}3.95 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 45,626}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 99,131 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.65 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}16.15 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1967 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhokardan &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. J. Kale |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,566 |percentage = 51.39% |change = {{increase}}20.58 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. H. Danve |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 12,063 |percentage = 27.47% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Gangaram |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 4,838 |percentage = 11.02% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Mothombre |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,741 |percentage = 3.96% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. R. Kureel |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,461 |percentage = 3.33% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. B. Salve |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,241 |percentage = 2.83% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,503 |percentage = 23.92% |change = {{decrease}}7.59 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 46,807 |percentage = 51.77% |change = {{decrease}}7.04 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 43,910}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,407 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}3.81 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = {{decrease}}10.93 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1962 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhokardan &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Bhaurao Narsingrao |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 32,161 |percentage = 62.32% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhagwantrao Gambhirrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,899 |percentage = 30.81% |change = {{decrease}}19.59 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gangaram Waman |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,550 |percentage = 6.88% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,262 |percentage = 31.51% |change = {{increase}}12.57 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 55,275 |percentage = 58.81% |change = {{increase}}19.61 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 51,610}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 93,985 |ref = |change = {{increase}}31.14 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}11.92 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1957 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhokardan &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Gade Bhagwant Rao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,161 |percentage = 50.40% |change = {{increase}}8.02 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhao Rao Dagdu Rao |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,840 |percentage = 31.46% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dagdu Sataji |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,094 |percentage = 18.13% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,321 |percentage = 18.94% |change = {{increase}}14.12 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 28,095 |percentage = 39.20% |change = {{decrease}}44.18 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 28,095}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,668 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}35.58 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}26.80 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1952 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhokardan &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161433/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2016|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Dhondiraj Kamble |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,895 |percentage = 23.60% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Bhao Rao Dagdu Rao |party = People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad) |votes = 21,024 |percentage = 22.66% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vankat Rao Jadhav |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 17,420 |percentage = 18.78% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Balkrishna Shivaram |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 15,955 |percentage = 17.20% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Saheb Rao Ganga Rao |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,576 |percentage = 6.01% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Eknath Narsinh |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 4,865 |percentage = 5.24% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dhakaleswar Maccaji |party = Hyderabad State Depressed Classes Association |votes = 3,380 |percentage = 3.64% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Devi Das Viswanath |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,646 |percentage = 2.85% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,475 |percentage = 4.82% |change = }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 92,761 |percentage = 41.69% |change = }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 92,761}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 111,250 |ref = |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Bhokardan]]<br /> * [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Jalna district topics}}<br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}<br /> {{coord|20.25|75.77|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Jalna district]]</div>

AdvAcademy01 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=L2:_Empuraan&diff=511432 2026-05-03T11:15:46Z

<p>AdvAcademy01: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2025 Indian film by Prithviraj Sukumaran}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = L2: Empuraan<br /> | image = L2 - Empuraan poster.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | alt = <br /> | director = [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]]<br /> | writer = [[Murali Gopy]]<br /> | based_on = <br /> | producer = {{ubl|[[Antony Perumbavoor]]|[[Subaskaran Allirajah]]|Gokulam Gopalan}}<br /> | starring = {{ubl|[[Mohanlal]]|[[Prithviraj Sukumaran]]|[[Indrajith Sukumaran]]|[[Tovino Thomas]]|[[Abhimanyu Singh]]|[[Manju Warrier]]|[[Jerome Flynn]]|[[Andrea Tivadar]]|[[Eriq Ebouaney]]}}<br /> | cinematography = [[Sujith Vaassudev]]<br /> | editing = Akhilesh Mohan<br /> | music = [[Deepak Dev]]<br /> | studio = {{ubl|[[Aashirvad Cinemas]]|[[Lyca Productions]]|Sree Gokulam Movies}}<br /> | distributor = [[#Distribution|see below]]<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|03|27}}<br /> | runtime = 179 minutes{{efn|The film's original runtime was 179 minutes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 March 2025 |title=Empuraan (Lucifer 2) |url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwOTAzMDMyMDI1MDAwNDY= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250306162402/https://www.cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwOTAzMDMyMDI1MDAwNDY= |archive-date=6 March 2025 |access-date=26 March 2025 |website=[[Central Board of Film Certification]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, due to controversy the film was re-edited and trimmed by around 2 minutes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |title=Mohanlal-starrer L2: Empuraan gets 24 'voluntary cuts' totalling 2.08 minutes after right-wing backlash |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mohanlal-starrer-l2-empuraan-gets-24-voluntary-cuts-totalling-208-minutes-after-right-wing-backlash/article69399728.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250401101616/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mohanlal-starrer-l2-empuraan-gets-24-voluntary-cuts-totalling-208-minutes-after-right-wing-backlash/article69399728.ece |archive-date=1 April 2025 |access-date=1 April 2025 |website=The Hindu|date=April 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Exclusive: Complete list of 24 cuts imposed by CBFC in L2 Empuraan after controversy; 2002 reference removed; Baba Bajrangi's name changed to Baldev |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-complete-list-24-cuts-imposed-cbfc-l2-empuraan-controversy-2002-reference-removed-baba-bajrangis-name-changed-baldev/ |access-date=1 April 2025 |website=Bollywood Hungama|date=April 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Malayalam<br /> | budget = {{INR|150–175 crore}}{{Efn|''[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]'' reported ₹150 crore,&lt;ref name=&quot;:TFE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-07-26 |title=Saiyaara becomes 2nd biggest movie of 2025; THESE are top 10 highest-grossing films of the year |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment/saiyaara-becomes-2nd-biggest-movie-of-2025-these-are-top-10-highest-grossing-films-of-the-year/3927364/ |access-date=2025-07-26 |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[The Hindu]]'' and ''[[The Indian Express]]'' reported ₹175 crore.&lt;ref name=&quot;hindu&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tie&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-04-27 |title=Empuraan budget revealed; Mohanlal-Prithviraj's actioner is March's only profitable Malayalam film among 15 releases |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/mohanlal-prithvirajs-actioner-empuraan-budget-revealed-9968599/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250427113717/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/mohanlal-prithvirajs-actioner-empuraan-budget-revealed-9968599/ |archive-date=2025-04-27 |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> | gross = {{INR|268.05{{ndash}}325 crore}}{{Efn|''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'' reported ₹265 crore,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Thudarum OTT release date: When and where to watch Malayalam blockbuster movie starring Mohanlal online |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/thudarum-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-malayalam-blockbuster-movie-starring-mohanlal-online-11748307396455.html |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=27 May 2025 |archive-date=27 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250527024910/https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/thudarum-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-malayalam-blockbuster-movie-starring-mohanlal-online-11748307396455.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[DNA India]]'' and ''[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]'' reported ₹268 crore&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wadhwa |first=Aman |title=Thudarum OTT release date: When, where to watch Mohanlal-starrer blockbuster Malayalam film |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-thudarum-ott-release-date-when-where-to-watch-mohanlal-blockbuster-malayalam-film-jio-hotstar-3154617 |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=DNA India |language=en |archive-date=27 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250527030751/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-thudarum-ott-release-date-when-where-to-watch-mohanlal-blockbuster-malayalam-film-jio-hotstar-3154617 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:TFE&quot; /&gt; and ''[[Asianet News]]'' reported ₹268.05 crore.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Amrita |date=2025-09-08 |title=Mohanlal's Box Office Collections: Check records of this Malayali actor |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/mohanlal-2025-boxoffice-records-malayalam-films-articleshow-agtqido |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=[[Asianet News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''L2: Empuraan'''''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;titled as '''''L2: Empuraan - Lucifer 2''''' ; {{Translation|Overlord}}; marketed as '''''L2E''''' &lt;/ref&gt; is a 2025 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Political fiction|political]] [[Gangster film|gangster]] [[action thriller film]] directed by [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]], written by [[Murali Gopy]] and jointly produced by [[Antony Perumbavoor]], [[Subaskaran Allirajah]] and Gokulam Gopalan through [[Aashirvad Cinemas]], [[Lyca Productions]] and Sree Gokulam Movies. It is the sequel to the ''[[Lucifer (2019 Indian film)|Lucifer]]'' (2019) and also the second installment in the ''Lucifer'' ''Franchise,'' starring [[Mohanlal]] in the lead role, along with an [[ensemble cast]] including Prithviraj Sukumaran, [[Indrajith Sukumaran]], [[Abhimanyu Singh]], [[Tovino Thomas]], [[Manju Warrier]], [[Jerome Flynn]], [[Andrea Tivadar]], [[Eriq Ebouaney]] and [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] while [[Rick Yune]] and [[Pranav Mohanlal]] made cameo appearances. The film follows an international criminal Khureshi-Ab'raam, who seeks to return to [[Kerala]] after the state is threatened by a [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] extremist Balraj Patel, alias Baba Bajrangi, while also extending his influence in the [[Geopolitics|global geopolitics]].<br /> <br /> ''Lucifer'' was conceived as a three-part film series from the outset. The first film's success led to the decision to proceed with the second in the series. It was announced in June 2019, and production, originally planned for mid-2020, faced delays due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. Murali took the opportunity to expand the scale and scope of the film. The screenplay was finalised in July 2022, and pre-production began the next month. Lyca joined in September 2023, and in March 2025, Gopalan joined as a co-producer, following financial disputes with Lyca. [[Deepak Dev]] composed the [[L2: Empuraan (soundtrack)|original soundtrack and the background score]].<br /> <br /> [[Principal photography]] took place from October 2023 to December 2024, spanning 145 days across sporadic schedules in India, the [[United Kingdom]], the [[United States]], and the [[United Arab Emirates]]. Made on a {{INR|150{{ndash}}175}} crore budget,&lt;ref name=&quot;tie&quot; /&gt; ''L2: Empuraan'' was released in theatres on 27 March 2025 in standard, [[IMAX]], [[Qube Cinema Technologies#EPIQ|EPIQ]] formats and being the first Malayalam movie to release on IMAX. It is the most expensive Malayalam film to date. Upon release, it received mixed reviews from critics. However, ''L2: Empuraan'' was the first Malayalam film to cross ₹250 crore (grossed over {{Indian rupee|268.05{{ndash}}325 crore}}) and was [[List of highest-grossing Malayalam films|highest-grossing Malayalam film of all time]], before being overtaken by ''[[Lokah Chapter 1: Chandra]]''. It is currently the second highest-grossing Malayalam film of all time and was the [[List of Indian films of 2025|tenth highest-grossing Indian film of 2025]].<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> During the Gujarat riots in 2002, thousands of Indian Muslims are killed forcing a young Zayed Masood and his family to flee. They seek refuge with Subhadra Ben, a kind lady and the head of a large royal family. She entrusts their safety to her nephew, Munna. However, Munna, harbouring a deep hatred towards Muslims, informs his elder brother and hindu extremist leader, Balraj Patel. Balraj leads a mob that massacres Zayed's family, including his father, Masood, and his mother, Bahija Begum. Zayed's elder sister, Haniya, is brutally raped and killed by Munna. Subhadra Ben is also killed by Balraj for &quot;betraying&quot; her community. Zayed takes his younger brother Zaheer and flees, only to later discover him dead. Devastated, Zayed vows revenge. <br /> <br /> In the present, six years into his tenure as the [[Chief Minister of Kerala]], Jathin Ramdas, who has become extremely selfish, dishonest, and corrupt to the core, finds himself under investigation by several intelligence agencies for corruption and involvement in money-laundering scams. Priyadarshini, Jathin's elder sister, worries about his behavioural change as a politician and as a son. Akhanda Shakthi Morcha (ASM), a new political front gains prominence in [[Kerala]]. Unexpectedly, Jathin announces his resignation from the IUF to form a new faction, IUF (PKR), which is allied with ASM, whose leader is Balraj, now operating under the alias Baba Bajrangi. <br /> <br /> Balraj plans to amass his wealth and create support for his party under the guise of public service, through exploiting Kerala's political landscape by creating communalism in Kerala. Meanwhile, Govardhan has been investigating Stephen Nedumpally, P. K. Ramdas' adopted son, who disappeared from politics after Jathin took office.<br /> <br /> In the UK, [[MI6]] chief Boris Oliver has been pursuing the infamous International [[secret society]] Khureshi Ab'raam nexus. On the other hand, [[Interpol]] officer Robert McCarthy covertly conspires with Kabuga, an African crime lord, and Sergei Leonov, a former associate of Khureshi, to traffic drugs from [[Senegal]] to [[Guinea]]. Khureshi, who opposes drug trafficking, intercepts the operation along the Senegal-Guinea-Bissau border and eliminates Robert and Leonov. He arranges a meeting with Kabuga at [[Qaraqosh]]. Boris assigns his colleague, MI6 agent Michele Menuhin, Robert's friend, to track Khureshi Ab'raam. Unbeknownst to Menuhin, Boris has been secretly affiliated with Khureshi Ab'raam Nexus and leaks the information to him.<br /> <br /> In India, Govardhan's search leads him to Daniel Rawther, a friend of Stephen, who drugs and transports him to [[New York City]]. There, he discovers that Stephen has been living under his alternate identity, Khureshi Ab'raam. Stephen assures Govardhan of his return to [[India]], before leaving for [[Iraq]] to eliminate the Kabuga Cartel with the help of his [[deputy]] Zayed Masood. After killing the Kabuga Cartel, he fakes his death with the help of Govardhan, Boris, and the NPTV channel, plunging Kerala's political landscape into uncertainty. It is also revealed that Stephen had done the agencies a favour as Robert was a [[double agent]]. <br /> <br /> Priya protests against the construction of a controversial [[check dam]] in Nedumpally. During the protest, she is attacked by assailants arranged by Balraj, but manages to escape into a forest, where she is rescued by Stephen, who has returned to India. He convinces her to step forward as IUF's new Chief Ministerial candidate. Priya agrees and assumes the post of the party leader, thereby making her entry into active politics. <br /> <br /> The next day, a large meeting was held at the party's head office, PKR Bhavan. As Priya is addressing the gathering and the other leaders, the Central Investigation Agencies, upon the orders of the [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Union Home Minister]] arrive to arrest Priya upon a non-bailable arrest warrant based on money laundering charges. As Priya cooperates and is arrested, it leads to widespread public support for her from all sides. On the other hand, Jathin meets with Munna and proceeds to meet Balraj, but is kidnapped and held hostage by Ab'raam's mercenaries until Priya is cleared of false money laundering charges{{Dash}} charges that were linked to Jathin's past crimes as the IUF party leader. <br /> <br /> In a flashback, it is revealed that after he lost his family, Zayed fell into the hands of the [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]]. At [[Khyber Pass]], [[Pakistan]], he was saved by Ab'raam, who took him under his wing and promised to help him seek revenge. Upon Priya's release, Stephen and Zayed orchestrate a showdown against Balraj and Munna at the site where Zayed's family was massacred, ultimately killing them and fulfilling Zayed's long-awaited revenge.<br /> <br /> Priyadarshini launches her political campaign. Khureshi Ab'raam gives Jathin an ultimatum: support Priya's rise to power or face death; Jathin reluctantly agrees to support Priya. Khureshi Ab'raam receives a call from Shenlong Shen, the powerful leader of world famous [[Afro-Asians|Afro-Asian]] crime syndicate, [[Triad (organized crime)|Shen Triad]], which was aligned with Kabuga. Shen kills Boris in revenge for Kabuga. As Ab'raam is still talking to Shen, a bomb detonates, exploding the helicopter escorting Jathin back home. <br /> <br /> In the [[post-credits scene]], Shenlong Shen states his intention to learn how Stephen became Khureshi-Ab’raam. A young Stephen is then shown in the streets of 1980's [[Mumbai|Bombay]].<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{castlist|<br /> * [[Mohanlal]] as Khureshi Ab'raam 'KA' / Stephen Nedumpally alias &quot;Esthappan&quot; <br /> ** [[Pranav Mohanlal]] as teenage Khureshi Ab'raam / Stephen Nedumpally (cameo appearance) <br /> *** Adarsh as young Khureshi Ab'raam / Stephen Nedumpally (Archive Footage from ''[[Lucifer (2019 Indian film)|Lucifer]]'')<br /> * [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] as Zayed Masood<br /> ** Karthikeya Dev as young Zayed Masood<br /> * [[Indrajith Sukumaran]] as Govardhan<br /> * [[Tovino Thomas]] as [[Chief Minister of Kerala|Chief Minister]] Jathin Ramdas, the former leader of Indian Union Front and leader of IUF (PKR); Stephen's younger brother<br /> * [[Abhimanyu Singh]] as Balraj Patel / Baba Bajrangi (Baba Baldev; based on [[Babu Bajrangi]] and [[Balraj Madhok]])<br /> * [[Manju Warrier]] as Priyadarshini Ramdas &quot;Priya&quot;; Stephen's younger sister and Member Of IUF<br /> * [[Jerome Flynn]] as Boris Oliver, a [[MI6]] agent and KA's Partner<br /> * [[Andrea Tivadar]] as Michelle Menuhin, Boris' assistant<br /> * [[Eriq Ebouaney]] as Kabuga, an [[Demographics of Africa|African]] drug and gold smuggler<br /> * [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] as Karthik, a corrupt [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|IB]] officer and Partner of Baba Baldev <br /> * [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Saikumar]] as [[Home Minister of India|Home Minister]] Mahesh Varma, Member Of IUF<br /> * [[Baiju Santhosh]] as Murugan, Member Of IUF<br /> * [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] as Sajanachandran, the leader of ASM in Kerala<br /> * Sukant Goel as Munna, Baldev's Brother and Member of ASM<br /> * [[Fazil (director)|Fazil]] as Father Nedumpally<br /> * [[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]] as Financial Minister P. S. Peethambaran, Member of IUF<br /> * [[Shivaji Guruvayoor]] as Medayil Rajan, RPI(M) Party Leader of Kerala <br /> * [[Aneesh G. Menon]] as Sumesh, Member of IUF<br /> * [[Manikuttan]] as Mani, Member of ASM<br /> * [[Nyla Usha]] as Arundhathi Sanjeev, NPTV Editor <br /> * [[Giju John]] as Sanjeev Kumar, NPTV Manager <br /> * Murugan Martin as Muthu<br /> * [[Nikhat Khan]] as Subhadra Ben<br /> * [[Alexx O'Nell]] as Robert McCarthy, An Interpol Officer<br /> * Mikhail Novikov as Sergei Leonov<br /> * [[Satyajit Sharma]] as Masood<br /> * Oziel Jivani as Zaheer Masood<br /> * Aishwarya Ohja as Haniya<br /> * Nayan Bhatt as Suraiya Bibi<br /> * [[Shubhangi Latkar]] as Bahija Begum<br /> * Behzaad Khan as Salabath Hamza<br /> * Jaise Jose as Xavier<br /> * Aadam as Chief NIA Officer<br /> * Caroline Koziol as Clara<br /> '''Cameo appearances:'''<br /> &lt;br/&gt;<br /> * [[Rick Yune]] as Shenlong Shen, the leader of Shen Triad<br /> * [[Kalabhavan Shajohn]] as Aloshy Joseph (flashback appearance)<br /> * [[Sachin Khedekar]] as former [[Chief Minister of Kerala|Chief Minister]] P. K. Ramdas (flashback appearance)<br /> * [[Sshivada]] as Sreelekha, Govardhan's Wife<br /> * [[Saniya Iyappan]] as Jhanvi, Priya's Daughter <br /> * [[Antony Perumbavoor]] as Daniel Rawuther<br /> * Aashish Joe Antony as Antony Rawuther, Rawuther's son<br /> * Shaun Romy as Aparna<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> <br /> === Development ===<br /> No official announcement of a follow-up was made for ''[[Lucifer (2019 Indian film)|Lucifer]]'' (2019), despite its open ending. The possibility of a continuation was confirmed by writer [[Murali Gopy]] in an interview in April 2019, shortly after the release of ''Lucifer''. He clarified that &quot;''Lucifer'' is definitely designed as a franchise, and it is very evident from its structure and progression.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Narayanan |first=Nirmal |date=4 April 2019 |title=Exclusive: Murali Gopy talks about Lucifer sequel, artistic freedom and Illuminati link |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/exclusive-murali-gopy-talks-about-lucifer-sequel-artistic-freedom-illuminati-link-795275 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518200213/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/exclusive-murali-gopy-talks-about-lucifer-sequel-artistic-freedom-illuminati-link-795275 |archive-date=18 May 2023 |access-date=18 May 2023 |work=[[International Business Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The official announcement of a second film and its title took place during a press conference on 18 June 2019. Shedding light on the meaning of the title, [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] said that &quot;Empuraan&quot; signifies &quot;someone more than a king, but less than a god&quot;, with a more literal translation being &quot;overlord&quot;. Murali revealed that ''Lucifer'' was conceived as a series right from its inception. The success of the first film gave them confidence to proceed with ''L2: Empuraan'', said Prithviraj. Production was planned to commence in the second half of 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;cinema express-2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=19 June 2019 |title=Lucifer-sequel Empuraan to follow Mohanlal's directorial debut Barroz |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/jun/19/lucifer-sequel-empuraan-to-follow-mohanlals-directorial-debut-barroz-12408.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006194844/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/jun/19/lucifer-sequel-empuraan-to-follow-mohanlals-directorial-debut-barroz-12408.html |archive-date=6 October 2022 |access-date=18 May 2023 |work=[[Cinema Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In September 2019, Prithviraj further revealed that ''L2: Empuraan'' is part of a three-film series.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=26 September 2019 |title=From Lucifer trilogy to Barroz's 13 year old music composer, Mohanlal sets new benchmarks of excellence |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/from-lucifer-trilogy-to-barrozs-13-year-old-music-composer-mohanlal-sets-new-benchmarks-of-excellence/1718216/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518200212/https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/from-lucifer-trilogy-to-barrozs-13-year-old-music-composer-mohanlal-sets-new-benchmarks-of-excellence/1718216/ |archive-date=18 May 2023 |access-date=18 May 2023 |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The trilogy was originally envisioned as a three-season web series, the first season was transformed into the film ''Lucifer'', while the second and third seasons were adapted for the subsequent instalments.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chopra |first=Anupama |author-link=Anupama Chopra |date=5 August 2021 |title=Prithviraj On A Potential Hindi Spinoff For Lucifer |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/prithviraj-sukumaran-movies-kuruthi-malayalam-on-a-potential-hindi-spinoff-for-lucifer |access-date=17 November 2023 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prithviraj clarified that ''L2: Empuraan'' does not continue the story of ''Lucifer'' but rather delves into the events that occurred before and after it, and that they have built &quot;a franchise structure that visits every aspect of the story&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;george-2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=George |first=Anjana |date=24 June 2019 |title=Prithviraj on Zayed Masood's role in Empuraan? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/prithviraj-on-zayed-masoods-role-in-empuraan/articleshow/69925872.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518200712/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/prithviraj-on-zayed-masoods-role-in-empuraan/articleshow/69925872.cms |archive-date=18 May 2023 |access-date=18 May 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Murali hinted that ''L2: Empuraan'' would unveil more layers of the narrative.&lt;ref name=&quot;cinema express-2019&quot; /&gt; Although it maintains continuity, the film was conceived as a standalone entry, not requiring viewers to have seen the first film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=25 March 2025 |title='L2: Empuraan' is a stand-alone film: director Prithviraj Sukumaran |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2025/03/25/l2-empuraan-is-a-stand-alone-film-director-prithviraj-sukumaran.html |access-date=26 March 2025 |work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The onset of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in 2020 led to the postponement of the production.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=30 September 2020 |title=Prithviraj Sukumaran's 'Empuraan' might be bigger than 'Lucifer', here's why |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/prithviraj-sukumarans-empuraan-might-be-bigger-than-lucifer-heres-why/articleshow/78404315.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518201224/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/prithviraj-sukumarans-empuraan-might-be-bigger-than-lucifer-heres-why/articleshow/78404315.cms |archive-date=18 May 2023 |access-date=18 May 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In September 2020, Murali presented a comprehensive design brief of ''L2: Empuraan'' to Prithviraj, who stated that it assisted him in visualising an edited and colour-corrected version of the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Mathews |first=Anna |date=30 September 2020 |title=Prithviraj: I cannot wait to get Empuraan started |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/prithviraj-i-cannot-wait-to-get-empuraan-started/articleshow/78410327.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508192527/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/prithviraj-i-cannot-wait-to-get-empuraan-started/articleshow/78410327.cms |archive-date=8 May 2023 |access-date=18 May 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pre-production, that was set to begin in 2021, was again delayed due to the pandemic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=18 April 2022 |title=Mohanlal's 'Empuraan': Murali Gopy is planning to complete the bound script by May |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlals-empuraan-murali-gopy-is-planning-to-complete-the-bound-script-by-may/articleshow/90905877.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518201224/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlals-empuraan-murali-gopy-is-planning-to-complete-the-bound-script-by-may/articleshow/90905877.cms |archive-date=18 May 2023 |access-date=18 May 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the meantime, Prithviraj directed another film, ''[[Bro Daddy]]'' (2022), in the third quarter of 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=8 September 2021 |title=Prithviraj completes second directorial 'Bro Daddy' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/sep/08/prithviraj-completessecond-directorialbro-daddy-2355636.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206094732/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/sep/08/prithviraj-completessecond-directorialbro-daddy-2355636.html |archive-date=6 February 2023 |access-date=18 May 2023 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In October 2021, Prithviraj disclosed that they were still waiting for the pandemic situation to subside, as they could not proceed with [[location scouting]] under that situation and expressed hope to start filming by mid-2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Korah |first=Nikhil Skaria |date=6 October 2021 |title=Prithiviraj reveals details about Bhramam, and plans for Empuran and Aadujeevitham {{!}} Interview |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interviews/2021/10/06/prithviraj-interview-bhramam-andhadhun-remake.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518200221/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interviews/2021/10/06/prithviraj-interview-bhramam-andhadhun-remake.html |archive-date=18 May 2023 |access-date=18 May 2023 |work=[[Onmanorama]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2022, Murali revealed plans to &quot;scale up the magnitude and scope&quot; of ''L2: Empuraan''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=26 May 2022 |title=Mohanlal's 'L2: Empuraan' is ready for 'Launch'; Murali Gopy shares an update |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlals-l2-empuraan-is-ready-for-launch-murali-gopy-shares-an-update/articleshow/91810090.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018201056/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlals-l2-empuraan-is-ready-for-launch-murali-gopy-shares-an-update/articleshow/91810090.cms |archive-date=18 October 2022 |access-date=18 May 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was in the process of writing the screenplay in May 2022,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=6 May 2022 |title='Empuraan': 'The writE cause', Murali Gopy shares a quirky update on the Mohanlal starrer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/empuraan-the-write-cause-murali-gopy-shares-a-quirky-update-on-the-mohanlal-starrer/articleshow/91368697.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117040111/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/empuraan-the-write-cause-murali-gopy-shares-a-quirky-update-on-the-mohanlal-starrer/articleshow/91368697.cms |archive-date=17 January 2023 |access-date=18 May 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; which he completed that month.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=27 May 2022 |title=Murali Gopy completes scripting 'Empuraan' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/may/27/murali-gopy-completes-scripting-empuraan-2458342.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518200212/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/may/27/murali-gopy-completes-scripting-empuraan-2458342.html |archive-date=18 May 2023 |access-date=18 May 2023 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In July, Prithviraj announced the completion of ''L2: Empuraan''{{'s}} final script and informed lead actor [[Mohanlal]] and producer [[Antony Perumbavoor]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=12 July 2022 |title=Prithviraj on Empuraan: Script is ready, shoot next year |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/prithviraj-on-empuraan-script-is-ready-shoot-next-year-8024879/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518201626/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/prithviraj-on-empuraan-script-is-ready-shoot-next-year-8024879/ |archive-date=18 May 2023 |access-date=18 May 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The following month, the team officially announced through social media that they had entered the pre-production phase, &quot;we are starting the actual process of making the film from today (17 August 2022)&quot;, Prithviraj described the film as a &quot;commercial entertainer&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=17 August 2022 |title='Empuraan', The Second Installment Of Superhit 'Lucifer', Announced |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/-empuraan-the-second-installment-of-superhit-lucifer-announced-news-217014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518200207/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/-empuraan-the-second-installment-of-superhit-lucifer-announced-news-217014 |archive-date=18 May 2023 |access-date=18 May 2023 |work=[[Outlook India]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In September 2023, the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] film production company [[Lyca Productions]] announced their involvement in the production of ''L2: Empuraan'', marking their debut in Malayalam cinema, along with [[Aashirvad Cinemas]], the producer of ''Lucifer''. Additionally, Prithviraj's company [[Prithviraj Productions]] is credited for &quot;project design&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=30 September 2023 |title='He's coming back!' much-awaited announcement is here, along with another surprise; 'Empuraan' launch video is out |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1160136&amp;u=hes-coming-back!-much-awaited-announcement-is-here-along-with-another-surprise-empuraan-launch-video-is-out |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112165159/https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1160136&amp;u=hes-coming-back!-much-awaited-announcement-is-here-along-with-another-surprise-empuraan-launch-video-is-out |archive-date=12 November 2023 |access-date=12 November 2023 |work=[[Kerala Kaumudi]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In March 2025, Sree Gokulam Movies joined the project as a co-producer, reportedly due to a financial dispute between Lyca Productions and Aashirvad Cinemas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Reports: 'L2: Empuraan': Initial producers exit as new banner takes over Mohanlal &amp; Prithviraj Sukumaran's film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/reports-l2-empuraan-initial-producers-exit-as-new-banner-takes-over-mohanlal-prithviraj-sukumarans-film/articleshow/119043820.cms |access-date=15 March 2025 |website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 March 2025 |title=L2: Empuraan set for early morning premiere as Sree Gokulam Movies joins production |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Mar/16/l2-empuraan-set-for-early-morning-premiere-as-sree-gokulam-movies-joins-production |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250316084350/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Mar/16/l2-empuraan-set-for-early-morning-premiere-as-sree-gokulam-movies-joins-production |archive-date=16 March 2025 |access-date=16 March 2025 |website=Cinema Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Casting ===<br /> [[Mohanlal]] reprises his role of Khureshi Ab'raam/Stephen Nedumpally. During the film's announcement, it was revealed that Prithviraj's character Zayed Masood would have more prominence in ''L2: Empuraan''.&lt;ref name=&quot;cinema express-2019&quot; /&gt; Prithviraj said that Zayed's role in Stephen's life is bigger than what was shown in ''Lucifer''.&lt;ref name=&quot;george-2019&quot; /&gt; Several actors from ''Lucifer'' return to reprise their roles—[[Tovino Thomas]], [[Manju Warrier]], [[Indrajith Sukumaran]], [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Saikumar]], [[Fazil (director)|Fazil]], [[Baiju Santhosh]], [[Saniya Iyappan]], [[Sachin Khedekar]], [[Shivaji Guruvayoor]], [[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]], [[Nyla Usha]], and [[Giju John]], among others.&lt;ref name=&quot;the new indian express-2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=20 March 2025 |title=L2: Empuraan Trailer: Mohanlal returns in this high-octane extravaganza |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Mar/20/l2-empuraan-trailer-mohanlal-returns-in-this-high-octane-extravaganza |access-date=2 April 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Kalabhavan Shajohn]], whose character Aloshy Joseph was killed off in ''Lucifer'', made an unannounced appearance in the trailer. Following this, he personally confirmed his presence in the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Alexander |first=Princy |date=21 March 2025 |title='This is Prithviraj's brilliance': Kalabhavan Shajon on his single hazy appearance in 'Empuraan' trailer {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/03/21/prithviraj-brilliance-in-empuraan-trailer-kalabhavan-shajon-on-his-presence-in-his-movie.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250409181317/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/03/21/prithviraj-brilliance-in-empuraan-trailer-kalabhavan-shajon-on-his-presence-in-his-movie.html |archive-date=9 April 2025 |access-date=2 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In a December 2023 interview, [[Abhimanyu Singh]] confirmed his role as the antagonist opposite Mohanlal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Saxena |first=Deepa |date=3 December 2023 |title=Mom actor Abhimanyu Singh: Selfiee started a colourful chapter in my career |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/mom-actor-abhimanyu-singh-selfiee-started-a-colourful-chapter-in-my-career-101701542814535.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305001733/https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/mom-actor-abhimanyu-singh-selfiee-started-a-colourful-chapter-in-my-career-101701542814535.html |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=2 April 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Describing his character, Singh stated, &quot;Balraj is a really complex character. He is not just one thing. There are many layers to him.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=25 February 2025 |title=Mohanlal unveils Abhimanyu Singh's character in L2: Empuraan ahead of its release on March 27 |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/malayalam-ott-movie-releases-in-april-pravinkoodu-shappu-abhyanthara-kuttavali-check-mollywoods-line-up-here-11743577578122.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250402092359/https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/malayalam-ott-movie-releases-in-april-pravinkoodu-shappu-abhyanthara-kuttavali-check-mollywoods-line-up-here-11743577578122.html |archive-date=2 April 2025 |access-date=2 April 2025 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] portrays politician Sajanachandran. He revealed that he personally expressed his desire to be cast in the film while working with Prithviraj on the sets of ''[[Driving Licence (film)|Driving Licence]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=21 February 2025 |title='L2: Empuraan' actor Suraj Venjaramoodu reveals a mistake in the Mohanlal starrer 'Lucifer' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/l2-empuraan-actor-suraj-venjaramoodu-reveals-a-mistake-in-the-mohanlal-starrer-lucifer/articleshow/118443522.cms |access-date=27 February 2025 |work=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Karthikeya Dev, who portrayed the younger version of Prithviraj's character in ''[[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire]]'', was similarly cast as the younger Masood (Prithviraj).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=23 February 2025 |title=Kaarthikeyaa Dev plays younger version of Zayed Masood in L2: Empuraan |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Feb/23/kaarthikeyaa-dev-plays-younger-version-of-zayed-masood-in-l2-empuraan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250405144554/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Feb/23/kaarthikeyaa-dev-plays-younger-version-of-zayed-masood-in-l2-empuraan |archive-date=5 April 2025 |access-date=2 April 2025 |work=[[Cinema Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Nikhat Khan]] appears as Subhadra Ben, a regal woman who owns a [[haveli]]. Prithviraj revealed that at the time of casting, he was unaware she was [[Aamir Khan]]'s sister and selected her based solely on her audition.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 March 2025 |title=Prithviraj Reveals He Didn't Know Nikhat Khan Was Aamir Khan's Sister Before L2: Empuraan Casting |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/prithviraj-reveals-he-didnt-know-nikhat-khan-was-aamir-khans-sister-before-l2-empuraan-casting-72275.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250409010336/https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/prithviraj-reveals-he-didnt-know-nikhat-khan-was-aamir-khans-sister-before-l2-empuraan-casting-72275.html |archive-date=9 April 2025 |access-date=2 April 2025 |publisher=[[Filmfare]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sukant Goel plays the role of Balraj's brothet Munna, who is an accomplice to Balraj in his crimes and political career.<br /> <br /> British-Romanian actress [[Andrea Tivadar]] joined the cast as Michele Menuhin, an [[Special Air Service|SAS]] operative working for [[MI6]] and tasked with pursuing Ab'raam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=24 February 2025 |title=Mohanlal introduces Andrea Tivadar as Michele Menuhin in 'L2: Empuraan' |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2025/Feb/24/mohanlal-introduces-andrea-tivadar-as-michele-menuhin-in-l2-empuraan |access-date=2 April 2025 |work=[[Indulge Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; British actor [[Jerome Flynn]] was cast as Boris Oliver, a significant figure in Ab'raam's journey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=23 February 2025 |title=Game of Thrones actor Jerome Flynn talks about being cast in Mohanlal's L2 Empuraan, his spiritual connection to India |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/game-of-thrones-actor-jerome-flynn-talks-about-being-cast-in-mohanlals-l2-empuraan-his-spiritual-connection-to-india-101740321944377.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223154953/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/game-of-thrones-actor-jerome-flynn-talks-about-being-cast-in-mohanlals-l2-empuraan-his-spiritual-connection-to-india-101740321944377.html |archive-date=23 February 2025 |access-date=2 April 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; French actor [[Eriq Ebouaney]] plays Kabuga, a character with negative shades.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=22 February 2025 |title=French actor Eriq Ebouaney plays Kabuga in Mohanlal's 'L2: Empuraan' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Feb/22/french-actor-eriq-ebouaney-plays-kabuga-in-mohanlals-l2-empuraan |access-date=2 April 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prithviraj revealed that several foreign actors they had initially considered were unable to sign due to the [[2023 SAG-AFTRA strike]], &quot;we were in limbo for a while and kept waiting, but the strike just would not end and we had to move on&quot;. As a result, the team restarted the casting process with non-[[SAG-AFTRA]] actors.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Joy |first=Prathibha |date=26 March 2025 |title=Prithviraj Sukumaran on how the SAG strike affected the casting of Empuraan |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/prithviraj-sukumaran-the-sag-strike-affected-the-casting-of-empuraan/28e7e78e99899 |access-date=2 April 2025 |publisher=[[OTT Play]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> There were speculations about American actor [[Rick Yune]]'s involvement, but his casting remained undisclosed until the film's release. Yune portrays Shenlong Shen, the leader of the Shen Triad nexus, a rival syndicate to Khureshi's Indo-Arab nexus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=27 March 2025 |title=Empuraan villain mystery solved and you it's not what you were thinking |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/empuraan-villain-mystery-solved-and-you-its-not-what-you-were-thinking/articleshow/119578848.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250402152853/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/empuraan-villain-mystery-solved-and-you-its-not-what-you-were-thinking/articleshow/119578848.cms |archive-date=2 April 2025 |access-date=2 April 2025 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Also, several other actors such as [[Aamir Khan]] and [[Ma Dong-seok]] were rumored to play the role until the release. Similarly, [[Pranav Mohanlal]]'s role was kept under wraps, only revealed through a flashback scene in which he plays a young Stephen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Pavithran |first=Lekshmy |date=1 April 2025 |title=L2 Empuraan: Prithviraj Sukumaran confirms Pranav Mohanlal as young Stephen Nedumpally |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/l2-empuraan-prithviraj-sukumaran-confirms-pranav-mohanlal-as-young-stephen-nedumpally-1.500079786 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250401184827/https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/l2-empuraan-prithviraj-sukumaran-confirms-pranav-mohanlal-as-young-stephen-nedumpally-1.500079786 |archive-date=1 April 2025 |access-date=2 April 2025 |work=[[Gulf News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The other new additions include [[Manikuttan]], [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]], [[Satyajit Sharma]], Oziel Jivani, Aishwarya Ojha, Nayan Bhatt, [[Shubhangi Latkar]], and Behzaad Khan.&lt;ref name=&quot;the new indian express-2025&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Filming ===<br /> Following a six-month-long [[location scouting]] process in India, which concluded in February 2023, the film crew embarked on a [[Recce (filmmaking)|recce]] across several international locations.&lt;ref name=&quot;kerala kaumudi-2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=5 May 2023 |title=എമ്പുരാന് പൃഥ്വിരാജ് വിദേശത്ത് |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=1060299&amp;u=cinema |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519072611/https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=1060299&amp;u=cinema |archive-date=19 May 2023 |access-date=19 May 2023 |work=[[Kerala Kaumudi]] |language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Principal photography]] was originally scheduled to commence on 15 August,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sidhardhan |first=Sanjith |date=21 February 2023 |title=Empuraan update: Prithviraj Sukumaran completes recce of Mohanlal-starrer, to shoot in 6 countries |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/empuraan-update-prithviraj-sukumaran-completes-recce-of-mohanlal-starrer-to-shoot-in-6-countries/bcad5e8576971 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113093619/https://www.ottplay.com/news/empuraan-update-prithviraj-sukumaran-completes-recce-of-mohanlal-starrer-to-shoot-in-6-countries/bcad5e8576971 |archive-date=13 November 2023 |access-date=13 November 2023 |publisher=[[OTT Play]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; however, it was postponed after Prithviraj sustained an injury on the sets of ''[[Vilayath Buddha]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;the new indian express-2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=6 October 2023 |title=Mohanlal-Prithviraj film Empuraan starts rolling |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2023/oct/06/mohanlal-prithviraj-film-empuraan-starts-rolling-2621183.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103160033/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2023/oct/06/mohanlal-prithviraj-film-empuraan-starts-rolling-2621183.html |archive-date=3 November 2023 |access-date=13 November 2023 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Production eventually began with a customary [[muhurtam shot]] on 5 October in [[Faridabad]] on the outskirts of Delhi and [[Haryana]]. It primarily featured foreign actors and [[Extra (acting)|extras]]. Filming was moved to [[Shimla]], Himachal Pradesh, following a day of shooting in [[Faridabad]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 October 2023 |title=എമ്പുരാന് ഫരീദാബാദില്‍ തുടക്കം. പൂജാചടങ്ങില്‍ പങ്കുകൊള്ളാന്‍ മോഹന്‍ലാല്‍ എത്തി |trans-title=Empuraan started in Faridabad. Mohanlal came to participate in the puja ceremony |url=https://www.canchannels.com/empuran-started-in-faridabad-mohanlal-came-to-participate-in-the-puja-ceremony/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113095121/https://www.canchannels.com/empuran-started-in-faridabad-mohanlal-came-to-participate-in-the-puja-ceremony/ |archive-date=13 November 2023 |access-date=13 November 2023 |publisher=Canchannels.com |language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=6 October 2023 |title=ഫരീദാബാദിലേത് തുടക്കം മാത്രം, ചിത്രീകരണം 20 രാജ്യങ്ങളില്‍; യഥാര്‍ഥ 'പാന്‍ ഇന്ത്യന്‍' ആവാന്‍ എമ്പുരാന്‍ |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/empuraan-to-be-filmed-in-20-countries-will-be-a-true-pan-indian-movie-mohanlal-prithviraj-sukumaran-lyca-productions-nsn-s23hn1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113093619/https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/empuraan-to-be-filmed-in-20-countries-will-be-a-true-pan-indian-movie-mohanlal-prithviraj-sukumaran-lyca-productions-nsn-s23hn1 |archive-date=13 November 2023 |access-date=13 November 2023 |work=[[Asianet News]] |language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt; Filming also took place in [[Leh]], [[Ladakh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Soujannya |date=8 November 2023 |title=Khufiya actor Alexx O'Nell: 'I'm fortunate that I've done enough work for filmmakers to know me' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/khufiya-actor-alexx-onell-im-fortunate-that-ive-done-enough-work-for-filmmakers-to-know-me/cid/1978558 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113093618/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/khufiya-actor-alexx-onell-im-fortunate-that-ive-done-enough-work-for-filmmakers-to-know-me/cid/1978558 |archive-date=13 November 2023 |access-date=13 November 2023 |work=[[Telegraph India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The first schedule was completed in Ladakh on 28 October.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=29 October 2023 |title=Prithviraj Sukumaran wraps first schedule of 'L2 Empuraan' in Ladakh, shares location pic |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/prithviraj-sukumaran-wraps-first-schedule-of-l2-empuraan-in-ladakh-shares-location-pic/articleshow/104794046.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113093618/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/prithviraj-sukumaran-wraps-first-schedule-of-l2-empuraan-in-ladakh-shares-location-pic/articleshow/104794046.cms |archive-date=13 November 2023 |access-date=13 November 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The crew began location scouting in the [[United Kingdom]] in November 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=7 November 2023 |title=Mohanlal's 'L2: Empuraan' location scouting in the UK; details inside |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlals-l2-empuraan-location-scouting-in-the-uk-details-inside/articleshow/105030481.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113093618/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlals-l2-empuraan-location-scouting-in-the-uk-details-inside/articleshow/105030481.cms |archive-date=13 November 2023 |access-date=13 November 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The location scouting process for the entire film spanned 18 months.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=24 March 2024 |title=Prithviraj spent 18 months searching for perfect filming locations for Mohanlal-starrer Empuraan: 'Yet, the cinema is not just about those things…' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/prithviraj-spent-18-months-searching-perfect-filming-locations-mohanlal-empuraan-cinema-9231659/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404053650/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/prithviraj-spent-18-months-searching-perfect-filming-locations-mohanlal-empuraan-cinema-9231659/ |archive-date=4 April 2024 |access-date=26 March 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The second schedule started in the UK in January 2024&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Akhila |date=15 December 2023 |title=Mohanlal says L2 Empuraan has a 'brilliant' script; drops major updates on release date and shooting schedules |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/mohanlal-says-l2-empuraan-has-a-brilliant-script-drops-major-updates-on-release-date-and-shooting-schedules/9f5050b70f683 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619181856/https://www.ottplay.com/news/mohanlal-says-l2-empuraan-has-a-brilliant-script-drops-major-updates-on-release-date-and-shooting-schedules/9f5050b70f683 |archive-date=19 June 2024 |access-date=2 November 2024 |publisher=[[OTT Play]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; and concluded later that month.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 January 2024 |title=Prithviraj Sukumaran Wraps The UK Schedule Of His Upcoming Project L2: Empuraan |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/prithviraj-sukumaran-wraps-the-uk-schedule-of-his-upcoming-project-l2-empuraan-8750425.html |website=News18}}&lt;/ref&gt; In late February, filming shifted to the United States,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=17 February 2024 |title=എമ്പുരാൻ 27ന് യു.എസിൽ |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=1250332&amp;u=empuran-1250332 |access-date=2 November 2024 |work=[[Kerala Kaumudi]] |language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt; covering various locations including New York, [[New Mexico]], [[Louisiana]], [[San Francisco]], and [[Atlanta]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sidhardhan |first=Sanjith |date=18 March 2024 |title=Prithviraj Sukumaran on L2 Empuraan: Don't know if it's the Lucifer sequel people expect |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/prithviraj-sukumaran-on-l2-empuraan-dont-know-if-its-the-sequel-people-expect-of-lucifer/2406e11d88933 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203183948/https://www.ottplay.com/news/prithviraj-sukumaran-on-l2-empuraan-dont-know-if-its-the-sequel-people-expect-of-lucifer/2406e11d88933 |archive-date=3 December 2024 |access-date=24 January 2025 |publisher=[[OTT Play]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Akhila |date=3 March 2024 |title=L2 Empuraan – Prithviraj Sukumaran shells out major 'Gotham' vibes in the new location pics |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/l2-empuraan-prithviraj-sukumaran-shells-out-major-gotham-vibes-in-the-new-location-pics/985f986e05997 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328202825/https://www.ottplay.com/news/l2-empuraan-prithviraj-sukumaran-shells-out-major-gotham-vibes-in-the-new-location-pics/985f986e05997 |archive-date=28 March 2025 |access-date=24 January 2025 |publisher=[[OTT Play]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; This schedule featured the principal cast members, Mohanlal, Tovino, Prithviraj, and Indrajith, and continued until the second week of March.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=8 March 2024 |title=It's a wrap for third schedule of Mohanlal's Empuraan |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Mar/08/its-a-wrap-for-third-schedule-of-mohanlals-empuraan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328224847/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Mar/08/its-a-wrap-for-third-schedule-of-mohanlals-empuraan |archive-date=28 March 2025 |access-date=2 November 2024 |work=[[Cinema Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; By this time, approximately 20 percent of the film had been completed.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=5 April 2024 |title=Prithviraj Sukumaran interview on 'Aadujeevitham': A breakdown of the survival drama's making and how it nearly broke the actor |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/prithviraj-sukumaran-interview-on-aadujeevitham-a-breakdown-of-the-survival-dramas-making-and-how-it-nearly-broke-the-actor/article68032062.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816085022/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/prithviraj-sukumaran-interview-on-aadujeevitham-a-breakdown-of-the-survival-dramas-making-and-how-it-nearly-broke-the-actor/article68032062.ece |archive-date=16 August 2024 |access-date=2 November 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The subsequent phase of production began in April on specially constructed sets in [[Chennai]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bollywood Hungama News Network |date=18 April 2024 |title=Prithviraj Sukumaran shares pictures from the sets of Mohanlal starrer L2: Empuraan |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/prithviraj-sukumaran-shares-pictures-sets-mohanlal-starrer-l2-empuraan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522061552/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/prithviraj-sukumaran-shares-pictures-sets-mohanlal-starrer-l2-empuraan/ |archive-date=22 May 2024 |access-date=2 November 2024 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; concluding within the same month.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=മനോരമ ലേഖകൻ |date=18 April 2024 |title='എമ്പുരാൻ' ഇനി തിരുവനന്തപുരത്ത്; പുതിയ അപ്ഡേറ്റുമായി പൃഥ്വിരാജ് |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2024/04/18/prithviraj-sukumaran-is-back-to-home-turf-for-l2-empuraans-next-schedule.html |access-date=24 January 2025 |work=[[Manorama Online]] |language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt; This phase involved Mohanlal, Tovino, Warrier, and Saniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=16 March 2024 |title=എമ്പുരാൻ ചെന്നൈയിലേക്ക്, കൊച്ചിയിലും തിരുവനന്തപുരത്തും ചിത്രീകരണം |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=1268571&amp;u=empuran |access-date=2 November 2024 |work=[[Kerala Kaumudi]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> By May, the production had moved to [[Thiruvananthapuram]], where scenes were filmed at two schools with the participation of 2,000 extras, along with cast members Warrier, Suraj, Saikumar, Baiju, and Nandu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=20 May 2024 |title=2000 ജൂനിയർ ആർട്ടിസ്റ്റുകൾ, ഒപ്പം സുരാജും മഞ്ജുവും: 'എമ്പുരാൻ' തിരുവനന്തപുരത്ത് |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2024/05/20/behind-the-scenes-of-empuraan-prithvirajs-direction-goes-viral.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721202510/https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2024/05/20/behind-the-scenes-of-empuraan-prithvirajs-direction-goes-viral.html |archive-date=21 July 2024 |access-date=28 September 2024 |work=[[Manorama Online]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In June, the crew filmed in [[Kochi]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=3 June 2024 |title=Rolex avan peru Stephen: Tamil actor Arjun Das joins Mohanlal's 'L2: Empuraan' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/rolex-avan-peru-stephen-tamil-actor-arjun-das-joins-mohanlals-l2-empuraan/articleshow/110660709.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904163201/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/rolex-avan-peru-stephen-tamil-actor-arjun-das-joins-mohanlals-l2-empuraan/articleshow/110660709.cms |archive-date=4 September 2024 |access-date=2 November 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; before relocating to [[Gujarat]] by mid-June for the longest schedule of the production.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=19 June 2024 |title=എമ്പുരാൻ‌ ഗുജറാത്തിൽ |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=1327310 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328204057/https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=1327310 |archive-date=28 March 2025 |access-date=24 January 2025 |work=[[Kerala Kaumudi]] |language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=18 June 2024 |title=L2 Empuraan: Mohanlal starrer kicks off Gujarat schedule |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/l2-empuraan-mohanlal-starrer-kicks-off-gujarat-schedule/articleshow/111077194.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Gujarat schedule included scenes depicting Zayed's younger years, with Mohanlal joining the shoot.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Akhila |date=13 July 2024 |title=L2 Empuraan: Mohanlal joins the Gujarat schedule of Prithviraj Sukumaran's film, to shoot with this actor |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/l2-empuraan-mohanlal-joins-the-gujarat-schedule-of-prithviraj-sukumaran-film/1fda5afaae803 |access-date=24 January 2025 |publisher=[[OTT Play]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Filming took place at a palace and on custom-built sets, covering both past and present timelines. However, [[Cyclone Asna|heavy downpour]] caused delays.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Akhila |date=9 September 2024 |title=Mohanlal praises L2 Empuraan director Prithviraj Sukumaran; drops major updates on the project |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/mohanlal-praises-l2-empuraan-director-prithviraj-sukumaran-drops-updates/34f0a1c06b510 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241015115721/https://www.ottplay.com/news/mohanlal-praises-l2-empuraan-director-prithviraj-sukumaran-drops-updates/34f0a1c06b510 |archive-date=15 October 2024 |access-date=2 November 2024 |publisher=[[OTT Play]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Production resumed in [[Rajkot]] during the fourth week of September.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=23 September 2024 |title=ഖുറേഷി അബ്രാം വീണ്ടും ഗുജറാത്തിൽ |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=1388760&amp;u=mohanlal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328182127/https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=1388760&amp;u=mohanlal |archive-date=28 March 2025 |access-date=2 November 2024 |work=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=23 September 2024 |title=Prithviraj Sukumaran drops new update on Mohanlal's 'L2: Empuraan' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/prithviraj-sukumaran-drops-new-update-on-mohanlals-l2-empuraan/articleshow/113582371.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250116125029/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/prithviraj-sukumaran-drops-new-update-on-mohanlals-l2-empuraan/articleshow/113582371.cms |archive-date=16 January 2025 |access-date=24 January 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The team shifted to [[Hyderabad]] in October for a brief schedule, reportedly at [[Ramoji Film City]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Akhila |date=5 October 2024 |title=L2 Empuraan: Prithviraj Sukumaran and team move to THIS location for the next schedule of Mohanlal's film |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/l2-empuraan-prithviraj-sukumaran-and-team-move-to-this-location-for-the-next-schedule-of-mohanlals-film/12842791c0724 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241107054535/https://www.ottplay.com/news/l2-empuraan-prithviraj-sukumaran-and-team-move-to-this-location-for-the-next-schedule-of-mohanlals-film/12842791c0724 |archive-date=7 November 2024 |access-date=2 November 2024 |publisher=[[OTT Play]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=7 October 2024 |title=Empuraan wraps Hyderabad schedule |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Oct/07/empuraan-wraps-hyderabad-schedule |access-date=7 October 2024 |work=[[Cinema Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Later in October, the production team returned to [[Thiruvananthapuram]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Akhila |date=8 October 2024 |title=L2 Empuraan: Everything to know about Mohanlal-Prithviraj Sukumaran film's upcoming schedules |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/l2-empuraan-mohanlal-prithviraj-sukumaran-film-upcoming-schedules/d933fce5ed124 |access-date=24 January 2025 |publisher=[[OTT Play]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Filming was held at [[Kanakakkunnu Palace]], [[The Leela]] Kovalam, [[Adimalathura]] Beach, and [[Pallippuram, Thiruvananthapuram|Pallippuram]]. This phase concluded within the same month.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Panikker |first=Rohit |date=24 October 2024 |title=Thiruvananthapuram Schedule Of L2: Empuraan Wrapped Up, Prithviraj Posts Picture With Direction Team |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/thiruvananthapuram-schedule-of-l2-empuraan-wrapped-up-prithviraj-posts-picture-with-direction-team-article-114587924 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241108083448/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/thiruvananthapuram-schedule-of-l2-empuraan-wrapped-up-prithviraj-posts-picture-with-direction-team-article-114587924 |archive-date=8 November 2024 |access-date=24 January 2025 |work=[[Times Now]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Additional scenes were shot in places such as [[Thammanam]], [[Kuttikkanam]], and [[Vandiperiyar]] during October. In November, the production moved to the [[United Arab Emirates]] and [[Mumbai]] before returning to Kerala to film in [[Ernakulam]], [[Chalakudy]], and [[Palakkad]]. Filming was [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] on 1 December 2024, on the banks of the [[Malampuzha Dam|Malampuzha Reservoir]], marking the conclusion of 14 months of production.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=1 December 2024 |title=Mohanlal wraps shooting of Prithviraj's 'L2: Empuraan': The film has been a remarkable chapter |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mohanlal-wraps-shooting-of-prithvirajs-l2-empuraan-the-film-has-been-a-remarkable-chapter/article68934155.ece |work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=1 December 2024 |title=Mohanlal, Tovino Thomas wrap up shoot for Prithiviraj's L2: Empuraan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mohanlal-tovino-thomas-wrap-up-shoot-for-prithivirajs-l2-empuraan-2643062-2024-12-01 |work=[[India Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''L2: Empuraan'' was completed in 145 days, which was 28 days shorter than the originally planned schedule.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=30 January 2025 |title=Prithviraj Sukumaran on pan-Indian appeal of his 'small film' Empuraan: 'For the first half hour, it would feel like a Hindi film…' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/prithviraj-sukumaran-on-pan-indian-appeal-of-his-small-film-empuraan-for-the-first-half-hour-it-would-feel-like-a-hindi-film-9808259/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328183525/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/prithviraj-sukumaran-on-pan-indian-appeal-of-his-small-film-empuraan-for-the-first-half-hour-it-would-feel-like-a-hindi-film-9808259/ |archive-date=28 March 2025 |access-date=26 March 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Empuraan'' was filmed using the [[anamorphic format]] with a 2.8:1 [[Aspect ratio (image)|aspect ratio]], ensuring visual consistency with the first film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=24 January 2025 |title=Prithviraj Sukumaran confirms anamorphic format for 'L2: Empuraan' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/prithviraj-sukumaran-confirms-anamorphic-format-for-l2-empuraan/articleshow/117511187.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319014252/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/prithviraj-sukumaran-confirms-anamorphic-format-for-l2-empuraan/articleshow/117511187.cms |archive-date=19 March 2025 |access-date=16 March 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prithviraj confirmed the third instalment will follow the same approach.&lt;ref name=&quot;santhosh-2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=23 January 2025 |title=Prithviraj Sukumaran confirms L2: Empuraan as part of a planned trilogy |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jan/23/prithviraj-sukumaran-confirms-l2-empuraan-as-part-of-a-planned-trilogy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123150702/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jan/23/prithviraj-sukumaran-confirms-l2-empuraan-as-part-of-a-planned-trilogy |archive-date=23 January 2025 |access-date=24 January 2025 |work=[[Cinema Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; He mostly utilised [[practical effect]]s for the action sequences.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=13 June 2024 |title='L2: Empuraan' poster secret unveiled: Objects including helicopter are real |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/l2-empuraan-poster-secret-unveiled-objects-including-helicopter-are-real/articleshow/110965196.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614014408/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/l2-empuraan-poster-secret-unveiled-objects-including-helicopter-are-real/articleshow/110965196.cms |archive-date=14 June 2024 |access-date=13 June 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=28 September 2024 |title=L2 Empuraan: Deepak Dev reveals the Mohanlal, Prithviraj Sukumaran film surprised him; Here's why |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/l2-empuraan-deepak-dev-reveals-mohanlal-prithviraj-sukumaran-film-surprised-him/b8bc937853846 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005223908/https://www.ottplay.com/news/l2-empuraan-deepak-dev-reveals-mohanlal-prithviraj-sukumaran-film-surprised-him/b8bc937853846 |archive-date=5 October 2024 |access-date=28 September 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The fight sequences were choreographed by [[Stunt Silva]].&lt;ref name=&quot;the new indian express-2023&quot; /&gt; [[Sujith Vaassudev]] and Mohandas were retained as the cinematographer and art director, respectively.&lt;ref name=&quot;kerala kaumudi-2023&quot; /&gt; [[Nirmal Sahadev]] served as the film's creative director.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=11 November 2023 |title='Empuraan' 1st look: Prithviraj shares poster of Mohanlal's 'Lucifer' sequel |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/l2e-empuraan-first-look-mohanlal-lucifer-sequel-first-look-2461820-2023-11-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113093621/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/l2e-empuraan-first-look-mohanlal-lucifer-sequel-first-look-2461820-2023-11-11 |archive-date=13 November 2023 |access-date=13 November 2023 |work=[[India Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Suresh Balaje]] and George Pius of Wide Angle Creations served as the film's [[line producer]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Warrier |first=Unni. K. |date=21 February 2023 |title='എംപുരാൻ' ഓഗസ്റ്റ് 15 ന് തുടങ്ങും; ലൊക്കേഷൻ‍‍‍‍‍‍ ഹണ്ട് അവസാനിച്ചു |trans-title='Empuraan' will start in August 15; location hunting completed |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2023/02/21/empuraan-rolling-from-august.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113095120/https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2023/02/21/empuraan-rolling-from-august.html |archive-date=13 November 2023 |access-date=13 November 2023 |work=[[Manoramaonline.com]] |language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Music ==<br /> {{Main|L2: Empuraan (soundtrack)}}<br /> The film's original soundtrack and background score was composed by [[Deepak Dev]], a frequent collaborator of Prithviraj.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=L2 Empuraan – Deepak Dev opens up about working with Prithviraj Sukumaran; drops major updates on Mohanlal starrer |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/l2-empuraan-deepak-dev-opens-up-about-working-with-prithviraj-sukumaran/406215a87d505 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618113648/https://www.ottplay.com/news/l2-empuraan-deepak-dev-opens-up-about-working-with-prithviraj-sukumaran/406215a87d505 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |access-date=26 March 2025 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Composer Jakes Bejoy has sung a song. Usha Uthup has recorded a track. It features a theme song by Prarthana Indrajith which has English-language lyrics written by Prithviraj.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=18 March 2025 |title=Jakes Bejoy turns singer for Empuraan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Mar/18/jakes-bejoy-turns-singer-for-empuraan |access-date=26 March 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The first single, &quot;Phir Zinda&quot; was released on 25 March 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 March 2025 |title=L2: Empuraan's 'Phir Zinda' drops and fans can't get enough: 'Ente moone... oru toofan vibe!' |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/first-single-of-empuraan-out-phir-zinda-1.10454127 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250325090628/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/first-single-of-empuraan-out-phir-zinda-1.10454127 |archive-date=25 March 2025 |access-date=25 March 2025 |website=Mathrubhumi English}}&lt;/ref&gt; The second single, &quot;Kaavalaai Chekavar,&quot; was released on 29 March 2025. The third single titled &quot;Azrael&quot; was released on 3 April 2025.<br /> <br /> == Marketing ==<br /> Within a week of wrapping production, the team confirmed that the first cut was finished and that [[post-production]] was progressing at a brisk pace.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=L2 Empuraan: Prithviraj Sukumaran wraps up the first cut; character posters to be out soon? |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/l2-empuraan-prithviraj-sukumaran-wraps-up-the-first-cut-character-posters-to-be-out-soon/1715a2ade5486 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250116130934/https://www.ottplay.com/news/l2-empuraan-prithviraj-sukumaran-wraps-up-the-first-cut-character-posters-to-be-out-soon/1715a2ade5486 |archive-date=16 January 2025 |access-date=8 December 2024 |work=OTT Play |publisher=OTT Play}}&lt;/ref&gt; The release date was announced on [[Kerala Day|Kerala Piravi]] with a poster featuring a mysterious figure dressed in white and adorned with a red [[Dragon]], which sparked widespread discussion among fans regarding the identity and background of the character.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Empuraan release date: On Kerala Piravi day, Mohanlal and Prithviraj announce the devil's return |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/empuraan-release-date-on-kerala-piravi-day-mohanlal-and-prithviraj-announce-the-devils-return-9648107/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241107102446/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/empuraan-release-date-on-kerala-piravi-day-mohanlal-and-prithviraj-announce-the-devils-return-9648107/ |archive-date=7 November 2024 |access-date=1 November 2024 |work=Indian Express |publisher=Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title='Empuraan' to hit theatres on this date! Intriguing poster with mysterious figure sparks excitement |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/l2-empuraan-release-date-mohanlal-prithviraj-1.10038813 |access-date=1 November 2024 |work=Mathrubhumi |publisher=Mathrubhumi}}&lt;/ref&gt; Birthday posters were released for [[Mohanlal]] as Khureshi Abraam, [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]] as Zayed Masood and [[Indrajith Sukumaran|Indrajith]] as Govardhan, the latter two characters reportedly having more prominent screen presence with regards to the first instalment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=L2 Empuraan: Mohanlal unveils Prithviraj's powerful look as Zayed Masood |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/l2-empuraan-mohanlal-unveils-prithvirajs-powerful-look-as-zayed-masood-article-12843345.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250111012013/https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/l2-empuraan-mohanlal-unveils-prithvirajs-powerful-look-as-zayed-masood-article-12843345.html |archive-date=11 January 2025 |access-date=16 October 2024 |work=Money Control}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=ഹാപ്പി ബർത്ത്ഡേ ഗോവർദ്ധൻ; ഇന്ദ്രജിത്ത് സുകുമാരന്റെ ജന്മദിനത്തിൽ ക്യാരക്ടർ പോസ്റ്ററുമായി 'എമ്പുരാൻ' ടീം |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/character-poster-of-indrajith-sukumaran-from-l2-empuraan-movie-released-on-his-birthday-mm-704922.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217071402/https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/character-poster-of-indrajith-sukumaran-from-l2-empuraan-movie-released-on-his-birthday-mm-704922.html |archive-date=17 December 2024 |access-date=17 December 2024 |work=Malayalam News 18 |publisher=Malayalam News 18}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film's teaser was released on 26 January 2025 in [[Kochi]], coinciding with the [[Republic Day (India)|Indian Republic Day]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Mohanlal, Prithviraj Sukumaran's L2 Empuraan teaser to be launched in Kochi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mohanlal-prithviraj-sukumaran-l2-empuraan-teaser-launch-january-26-kochi-2668910-2025-01-23 |access-date=23 January 2025 |website=India Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 January 2025 |title=L2 Empuraan teaser: Mohanlal returns as Ab'raam Qureshi in Prithviraj Sukumaran's action-packed film. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/l2-empuraan-teaser-mohanlal-returns-as-abraam-qureshi-in-prithviraj-sukumarans-action-packed-film-watch-101737954753821.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250127055430/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/l2-empuraan-teaser-mohanlal-returns-as-abraam-qureshi-in-prithviraj-sukumarans-action-packed-film-watch-101737954753821.html |archive-date=27 January 2025 |access-date=27 January 2025 |website=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Similar to ''Lucifer'', an 18-day character reveal campaign revealing the 36 principal cast members was launched as part of the film's promotional strategy. The campaign began on 9 February 2025 and concluded on 28 February 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 February 2025 |title=Mohanlal's L2E Empuraan Team To Release 36 Character Introductions Over 18 Days |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/mohanlals-l2e-empuraan-team-to-release-36-character-introductions-over-18-days-article-118093106 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328201203/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/mohanlals-l2e-empuraan-team-to-release-36-character-introductions-over-18-days-article-118093106 |archive-date=28 March 2025 |access-date=27 March 2025 |website=Times Now |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film's trailer was released on 20 March 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 March 2025 |title=L2: Empuraan trailer – Mohanlal is the 'ultimate saviour' in Prithviraj's 'Lucifer' sequel |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/l2-empuraan-trailer-mohanlal-ultimate-saviour-prithvirajs-lucifer/article69351972.ece |access-date=20 March 2025 |website=The Hindu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> <br /> === Theatrical ===<br /> ''L2: Empuraan'' was theatrically released worldwide on 27 March 2025, coinciding with [[Eid al-Fitr]], [[Gudi Padwa]] and [[Ugadi]] weekend and clashing with the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Veera Dheera Sooran]]'' and [[Hindi]] film ''[[Sikandar (2025 film)|Sikandar]]''. Unlike the first part, the film was released in Tamil, [[Telugu language|Telugu]], Hindi and [[Kannada]] languages besides from its original Malayalam release.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=11 November 2023 |title=Prithviraj Sukumaran unveils 'L2E: Empuraan' first poster |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/prithviraj-sukumaran-unveils-l2e-empuraan-first-poster20231111191951/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115034836/https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/prithviraj-sukumaran-unveils-l2e-empuraan-first-poster20231111191951/ |archive-date=15 November 2023 |access-date=13 November 2023 |work=[[ANI News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=11 November 2023 |title=Empuraan first look: Mohanlal all set to mark his return as Khureshi Ab'ram from Lucifer |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/empuraan-first-look-mohanlal-all-set-to-mark-his-return-as-khureshi-abram-lucifer-101699711436548.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112201606/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/empuraan-first-look-mohanlal-all-set-to-mark-his-return-as-khureshi-abram-lucifer-101699711436548.html |archive-date=12 November 2023 |access-date=13 November 2023 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=16 August 2024 |title=L2 Empuraan release date: This crew member drops a major update on Mohanlal, Prithviraj Sukumaran's film |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/l2-empuraan-release-date-major-update-on-mohanlal-prithviraj-sukumaran-film/d744a73b2b444 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918053443/https://www.ottplay.com/news/l2-empuraan-release-date-major-update-on-mohanlal-prithviraj-sukumaran-film/d744a73b2b444 |archive-date=18 September 2024 |access-date=16 August 2024 |work=OTTPlay |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=4 October 2024 |title=Naslen's Alappuzha Gymkhana Vs Mohanlal's L2 Empuraan: A heavyweight clash in March 2025? |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/naslens-alappuzha-gymkhana-vs-mohanlal-l2-empuraan-a-heavyweight-clash-in-march-2025/761a49f6df134 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004181743/https://www.ottplay.com/news/naslens-alappuzha-gymkhana-vs-mohanlal-l2-empuraan-a-heavyweight-clash-in-march-2025/761a49f6df134 |archive-date=4 October 2024 |access-date=4 October 2024 |work=OTTPlay |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was also the first [[Malayalam]] film to be released in [[IMAX]] and [[Qube Cinema Technologies#EPIQ|EPIQ]] formats.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=18 March 2025 |title=L2: Empuraan becomes first Malayalam movie to release in IMAX |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/l2-empuraan-first-malayalam-imax-movie-1.10434020 |access-date=18 March 2025 |work=Mathrubhumi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;the times of india-2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=27 March 2025 |title=Mohanlal and Prithviraj's L2E: Empuraan is now the highest opening for Malayalam film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/box-office/mohanlal-and-prithvirajs-l2e-empuraan-is-now-the-highest-opening-for-malayalam-film/articleshow/119586008.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327184830/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/box-office/mohanlal-and-prithvirajs-l2e-empuraan-is-now-the-highest-opening-for-malayalam-film/articleshow/119586008.cms |archive-date=27 March 2025 |access-date=30 March 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Distribution ===<br /> [[AA Films]] acquired the distribution rights for [[North India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;nyayapati-2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=20 March 2025 |title=L2 Empuraan trailer: Mohanlal returns to save 'God's own country'; Rajinikanth, SS Rajamouli, Ram Gopal Varma all praise |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/l2-empuraan-trailer-mohanlal-returns-to-save-gods-own-country-rajinikanth-ss-rajamouli-ram-gopal-varma-all-praise-101742180834310.html |access-date=6 April 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Dil Raju]] acquired the distribution rights for [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]] under his banner [[Sri Venkateswara Creations]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 March 2025 |title=Dil Raju Picks Up Mohanlal, Prithviraj Sukumaran's Malayalam Film L2E: Empuraan In Telugu |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/dil-raju-picks-up-mohanlal-prithviraj-sukumarans-malayalam-film-l2e-empuraan-in-telugu-article-119119544 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250317190152/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/dil-raju-picks-up-mohanlal-prithviraj-sukumarans-malayalam-film-l2e-empuraan-in-telugu-article-119119544 |archive-date=17 March 2025 |access-date=27 March 2025 |website=Times Now |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hombale Films]] acquired the distribution rights for [[Karnataka]]. Sree Gokulam Movies distributed the film in [[Tamil Nadu]] through Dream Big Films.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyayapati-2025&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The overseas rights for the film, excluding the [[Gulf Cooperation Council|GCC]] and [[US]], were acquired by Cyber Systems Australia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-05-17 |title=എമ്പുരാൻ: ഗള്‍ഫും യുഎസും ഒഴികെയുള്ള വേൾഡ് വൈഡ് റൈറ്റ്സ് സൈബർസിസ്റ്റംസിന്! |trans-title=Cyber Systems Australia acquired the worldwide overseas rights for the film Empuraan |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/cybersystems-australia-acquired-the-worldwide-overseas-rights-for-the-film-empuran-st93yb |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=[[Asianet News]] |archive-date=17 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250317064806/https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/cybersystems-australia-acquired-the-worldwide-overseas-rights-for-the-film-empuran-st93yb |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Phars Film distributed the film in the GCC regions. Aashirvad Hollywood and Prime Media acquired the distribution rights in the USA while Hamsini Entertainments acquired the [[Canada]] distribution rights.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 March 2025 |title=L2: Empuraan First Day First Show Timings Announced; Mohanlal Thanks Fans For 'Fantastic Flash Mob' At Times Square |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!entertainment/l2-empuraan-first-day-first-show-timings-announced-mohanlal-thanks-fans-for-fantastic-flash-mob-at-times-square-enn25031701807 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250317101459/https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!entertainment/l2-empuraan-first-day-first-show-timings-announced-mohanlal-thanks-fans-for-fantastic-flash-mob-at-times-square-enn25031701807 |archive-date=17 March 2025 |access-date=17 March 2025 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=16 March 2025 |title=Mohanlal's 'L2: Empuraan' sets overseas rights record, surpasses Dulquer Salmaan's 'King of Kotha' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlals-l2-empuraan-sets-overseas-rights-record-surpasses-dulquer-salmaans-king-of-kotha/articleshow/119069510.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250316103430/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlals-l2-empuraan-sets-overseas-rights-record-surpasses-dulquer-salmaans-king-of-kotha/articleshow/119069510.cms |archive-date=16 March 2025 |access-date=16 March 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; RFT Entertainment acquired the distribution rights in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] and other parts of [[Europe]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-03-29 |title=L2 Empuraan Box Office Collection Day 2: Fastest Malayalam Film to Hit Rs 100 Cr Globally, But Mohanlal Starrer Drops 44.05% in India |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!entertainment/l2-empuraan-box-office-collection-day-2-fastest-malayalam-film-to-hit-rs-100-cr-globally-but-mohanlal-starrer-drops-44-dot-05-percent-in-india-enn25032901260 |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=[[ETV Network|ETV Bharat]] |archive-date=29 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250329064158/https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!entertainment/l2-empuraan-box-office-collection-day-2-fastest-malayalam-film-to-hit-rs-100-cr-globally-but-mohanlal-starrer-drops-44-dot-05-percent-in-india-enn25032901260 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Home media ===<br /> The film's OTT rights was acquired by [[Disney+ Hotstar|JioHotstar]] for over {{Indian rupee|60-70 crores}} (USD $6-7 million) from 24 April 2025 in Malayalam and other versions of Tamil, Telugu and Kannada languages, breaking the record of ''[[King of Kotha]]'' which had an OTT deal of about {{Indian rupee|40 crores}} (USD $4 million) in the same platform&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=L2 Empuraan OTT release: When and where to watch Mohanlal, Prithviraj Sukumaran film |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/l2-empuraan-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-mohanlal-prithviraj-sukumaran-film-101744943909094.html |access-date=18 April 2025 |website=Hindustan Times |date=18 April 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Sounak |date=18 April 2025 |title=''L2: Empuraan'' OTT release date: Mohanlal-starrer makes record being the biggest-ever deal for a Malayalam movie; breaking previous Dulquer Salmaan-starrer ''King of Kotha'' |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/l2-empuraan-ott-release-date-mohanlal-s-movie-grabs-biggest-ever-deal-for-malayalam-films-check-how-to-watch-online-11744954024428.html |website=Mint.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;. The Hindi version began streaming on the same platform from 23 May 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |access-date=23 May 2025 |title=L2: Empuraan out on OTT in Hindi: Here's where you can stream Mohanlal's action thriller in dubbed version |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/l2-empuraan-out-on-ott-in-hindi-where-stream-mohanlal-action-thriller-in-dubbed-version/debed5ac7e38 |work=ottplay.com |archive-date=24 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250524091346/https://www.ottplay.com/news/l2-empuraan-out-on-ott-in-hindi-where-stream-mohanlal-action-thriller-in-dubbed-version/debed5ac7e38 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The satellite rights of the film is acquired by [[JioStar]] network and the original Malayalam version premiered on 17 August 2025 on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=എമ്പുരാൻ ശരിക്കും എത്ര നേടി?, മോഹൻലാല്‍ പടം ഇനി ടെലിവിഷനിലേക്ക്|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/mohanlal-starrer-empuraan-film-television-premiere-announcement-articleshow-tzmg06o |access-date=20 September 2025|website=Asianet News|date=13 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Pre-sales ===<br /> Pre-sales began overseas on 18 March 2025. In Australia, the film generated pre-sales of more than $100,000 for its opening day, surpassing ''[[The Goat Life]]'' with $69,590 on day 1. In Germany,&amp;nbsp; the film generated €50,000 on its opening day, as no Malayalam film has opened above €10,000, with the highest opener previously held by ''The Goat Life'' which had an opening weekend of €45,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 March 2025 |title=L2 Empuraan Box Office: The Mohanlal starrer rages towards a record Malayalam opening in overseas |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/l2-empuraan-box-office-the-mohanlal-starrer-rages-towards-a-record-malayalam-opening-in-overseas-1378215 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328052704/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/l2-empuraan-box-office-the-mohanlal-starrer-rages-towards-a-record-malayalam-opening-in-overseas-1378215 |archive-date=28 March 2025 |access-date=28 March 2025 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In India, pre-sales began from 21 March 2025. The film registered the highest hourly pre-sales ever recorded in Indian cinema, with 96,140 tickets sold per hour on BookMyShow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Empuraan advance booking: Mohanlal's thriller sees record-breaking ticket sales, trumps Pushpa 2 and Leo |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/empuraan-advance-booking-mohanlal-thriller-sees-record-breaking-ticket-sales-trumps-pushpa-2-leo/26c414469d27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250407221642/https://www.ottplay.com/news/empuraan-advance-booking-mohanlal-thriller-sees-record-breaking-ticket-sales-trumps-pushpa-2-leo/26c414469d27 |archive-date=7 April 2025 |access-date=7 April 2025 |website=OTTPlay}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Aishwarya |date=21 March 2025 |title=Pre-Booking soars for Mohanlal starrer L2: Empuraan, 25,000 tickets sold within hours of opening |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/pre-booking-soars-for-l2-empuraan-25000-tickets-sold-hourly/article69357572.ece |website=BusinessLine |access-date=18 April 2025 |archive-date=6 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406182401/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/pre-booking-soars-for-l2-empuraan-25000-tickets-sold-hourly/article69357572.ece |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; As of 2 PM on 21 March 2025, the film sold 3,10,000 tickets on [[Book My Show|BookMyShow]] across all Indian theatres; the highest for a Malayalam film surpassing ''[[The Goat Life]]'' which sold 3,09,000 tickets in advance bookings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 March 2025 |title=L2 Empuraan Box Office: Mohanlal and Prithviraj Sukumaran movie shows historic advances for a Mollywood film |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/l2-empuraan-box-office-mohanlal-and-prithviraj-sukumaran-movie-shows-historic-advances-for-a-mollywood-film-1378570?amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328201859/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/l2-empuraan-box-office-mohanlal-and-prithviraj-sukumaran-movie-shows-historic-advances-for-a-mollywood-film-1378570?amp |archive-date=28 March 2025 |access-date=28 March 2025 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mohanlal's 'L2: Empuraan' Sets Pre-Sale Records Before Debut &amp;#124; EasternEye |url=https://www.easterneye.biz/mohanlals-l2-empuraan-records-debut/ |website=www.easterneye.biz}}&lt;/ref&gt; In [[Canada]], the film made $500,000 in bookings by 23 March 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 March 2025 |title=L2 Empuraan Advance Booking Update: Mohanlal's movie set for a historic Rs 50 crore box office opening |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/l2-empuraan-advance-booking-update-mohanlals-movie-set-for-a-historic-rs-50-crore-box-office-opening-1378806 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328052704/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/l2-empuraan-advance-booking-update-mohanlals-movie-set-for-a-historic-rs-50-crore-box-office-opening-1378806 |archive-date=28 March 2025 |access-date=28 March 2025 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The film is slated for screenings at [[Ragam Theatre]] in [[Thrissur]] for a 24-hour continuous run from 27 March 6 AM to 31 March 4 AM. As of 10 PM on Sunday, 24 March 2025, the film's weekend worldwide advance sales surpassed ₹53 crore. In Germany, its four-day weekend advance booking exceeded €251,000 surpassing ''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule|Pushpa 2]].'' In Australia, the film made pre-sales of more than $601,000 by 24 March 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 March 2025 |title=Box Office: L2 Empuraan Weekend advance sales cross over 53 crores Worldwide |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/box-office-l2-empuraan-weekend-advance-sales-cross-over-53-crores-worldwide-1378903 |access-date=28 March 2025 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; By 26 March 2025, with over 1.1 million tickets sold on BookMyShow, it is among India's highest pre-release ticket sales films. With 11.29 lakh pre-sales, it surpassed other major releases such as ''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]'', ''[[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire|Salaar]]'', and ''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 March 2025 |title=L2 Empuraan Box Office hype soars; Over 1.1 Million tickets Sold on BookMyShow |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/l2-empuraan-box-office-hype-soars-over-1-1-million-tickets-sold-on-bookmyshow-1379262 |access-date=29 March 2025 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film headed for its release with the final pre-sales closing at ₹85 crore worldwide for the opening weekend (27–30 March), with ₹36 crore from India and ₹49 crore from overseas. For the opening day, the film made over ₹52.50 crore worldwide in bookings. In Kerala, the film made over ₹12.40 crore in bookings for the opening day, surpassing ''[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]]'' that earlier attained the top spot at the Kerala opening day box-office.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 March 2025 |title=L2 Empuraan Final Advance Booking Worldwide: Mohanlal's much-hyped movie scores BANGER pre-sales; grosses Rs 85 crore for opening weekend |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/l2-empuraan-final-advance-booking-worldwide-mohanlals-much-hyped-movie-scores-banger-pre-sales-grosses-rs-85-crore-for-opening-weekend-1379369 |access-date=29 March 2025 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> === Box office ===<br /> On its opening day, the film grossed ₹68.25 crore worldwide, which was the highest opening day gross for a Malayalam film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=29 March 2025 |title=MBox Office: How big is the L2 Empuraan Day 1 collection compared to the prequel Lucifer? |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/box-office-how-big-is-the-l2-empuraan-day-1-collection-compared-to-the-prequel-lucifer-1379686 |work=[[Pinkvilla]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film continued to gross ₹34 crore on its second day, hence crossing the ₹100 crore mark in 2 days.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 March 2025 |title=L2 Empuraan worldwide box office collection day 2: Mohanlal film is the fastest Malayalam film to cross ₹100 crore |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/12-empuraan-worldwide-box-office-collection-day-2-mohanlal-film-is-the-fastest-malayalam-film-to-cross-100-crore-101743229690067.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''L2: Empuraan'' moved on towards its first weekend grossing ₹35 crore on Saturday and ₹38 crore on Sunday to a worldwide gross of ₹174 crore (4 days).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=30 March 2025 |title=Mohanlal's L2 Empuraan rakes in Rs 35 crores on Day 3 Worldwide; Surpasses Lucifer and targets to emerge the number one Mollywood movie |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/mohanlals-l2-empuraan-rakes-in-rs-41-crores-on-day-3-worldwide-surpasses-lucifer-and-targets-to-emerge-the-number-one-mollywood-movie-1379821 |work=[[Pinkvilla]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=30 March 2025 |title=L2 Empuraan Day 4 Box Office: Mohanlal film cements its top grosser spot with Rs 38 crore worldwide gross |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/l2-empuraan-day-4-box-office-mohanlal-film-cements-its-top-grosser-spot-with-rs-45-crore-worldwide-gross-1379896 |work=[[Pinkvilla]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; It debuted third at the [[Comscore]] Global opening weekend grossing around $20M worldwide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jason Statham's abduction thriller 'A Working Man' dethrones 'Snow White' at the weekend box office |url=https://ew.com/a-working-man-dethrones-snow-white-at-the-weekend-box-office-11705838 |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=EW.com |language=en |archive-date=18 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250418191345/https://ew.com/a-working-man-dethrones-snow-white-at-the-weekend-box-office-11705838 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tartaglione |first=Nancy |date=2025-03-30 |title='Snow White' At $143M Global After 2nd Frame; 'A Working Man' Builds $30M WW Bow – International Box Office |url=https://deadline.com/2025/03/snow-white-working-man-empuraan-global-international-box-office-1236354214/ |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=Deadline |language=en-US |archive-date=31 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531153708/https://deadline.com/2025/03/snow-white-working-man-empuraan-global-international-box-office-1236354214/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; It secured the second place at the Comscore [[United Kingdom|U.K]]/[[Ireland]] opening weekend with a $1.5 million making it one of the biggest regional Indian film debuts in U.K. in recent years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2025-04-01 |title='Snow White' Holds No. 1 as Mohanlal's 'L2: Empuraan' and Jason Statham's 'A Working Man' Make Strong Debuts at U.K. and Ireland Box Office |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/box-office/snow-white-no-1-uk-ireland-box-office-1236353631/ |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=Variety |language=en-US |archive-date=6 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506191624/https://variety.com/2025/film/box-office/snow-white-no-1-uk-ireland-box-office-1236353631/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The first four day Kerala weekend gross was ₹42.55 crore. In 5 days, the film grossed ₹54.55 crore in Kerala; the fastest ₹50 crore entry in the state surpassing ''Leo.'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-03-31 |title=L2 Empuraan Kerala Box Office: Mohanlal's Eid release continues STRONG run; makes FASTEST entry into Rs 50 crore club |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/l2-empuraan-kerala-box-office-mohanlals-eid-release-continues-strong-run-makes-fastest-entry-into-rs-50-crore-club-1380021 |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It crossed ₹200 crore worldwide within the same period.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-03-31 |title=L2 Empuraan Worldwide Box Office: Mohanlal, Prithviraj Sukumaran's movie STORMS PAST Rs 200 crore club in just 5 days |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/l2-empuraan-worldwide-box-office-mohanlal-prithviraj-sukumarans-movie-storms-past-rs-200-crore-club-in-just-5-days-1380020 |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=6 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506191624/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/l2-empuraan-worldwide-box-office-mohanlal-prithviraj-sukumarans-movie-storms-past-rs-200-crore-club-in-just-5-days-1380020 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The film grossed ₹228.75 crore completing its first week of run&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 April 2025 |title=L2 Empuraan Updated Week 1 Worldwide Box Office: Mohanlal and Prithviraj Sukumaran's movie grosses staggering Rs 228.75 crore in just 7 days |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/l2-empuraan-updated-week-1-worldwide-box-office-mohanlal-and-prithviraj-sukumarans-movie-grosses-staggering-rs-228-75-crore-in-just-7-days-1380655 |website=PINKVILLA}}&lt;/ref&gt; also taking its 7-day Kerala gross to ₹68.50 crore.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 April 2025 |title=L2 Empuraan Kerala Box Office Day 7: Mohanlal, Prithviraj Sukumaran movie clocks Rs 7 crore; approaches Rs 70 crore mark |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/l2-empuraan-kerala-box-office-day-7-mohanlal-prithviraj-sukumaran-movie-clocks-rs-7-crore-approaches-rs-70-crore-mark-1380375 |website=PINKVILLA}}&lt;/ref&gt; On its 9th day of release, it surpassed ''[[Manjummel Boys]]'' to become the All Time top grossing Malayalam film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Syed |first=Shanaz |date=4 April 2025 |title=L2 Empuraan Box Office Update: Mohanlal-Prithviraj movie becomes highest-grossing Malayalam film of all time on Day 9, beats Manjummel Boys |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/l2-empuraan-box-office-update-mohanlal-prithviraj-movie-becomes-highest-grossing-malayalam-film-of-all-time-on-day-9-beats-manjummel-boys-1380761 |access-date=5 April 2025 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film crossed ₹250 crore globally in 11 days.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dixit |first=Mohit |date=6 April 2025 |title=L2 Empuraan Worldwide Box Office: Mohanlal, Prithviraj Sukumaran movie hits HISTORIC milestone; surpasses Rs 250 crore mark |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/l2-empuraan-worldwide-box-office-mohanlal-prithviraj-sukumaran-movie-hits-historic-milestone-surpasses-rs-250-crore-mark-1380991 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250407074422/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/l2-empuraan-worldwide-box-office-mohanlal-prithviraj-sukumaran-movie-hits-historic-milestone-surpasses-rs-250-crore-mark-1380991 |archive-date=7 April 2025 |access-date=7 April 2025 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The worldwide gross was ₹258 crore in 14 days,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/box-office-mohanlals-empuraan-enters-3rd-thursday-tomorrow-hype-still-running-high-1381560 |title=Box Office: Mohanlal's Empuraan enters its third Thursday tomorrow; hype still running high &amp;#124; PINKVILLA |date=9 April 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |archive-date=6 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506191624/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/box-office-mohanlals-empuraan-enters-3rd-thursday-tomorrow-hype-still-running-high-1381560 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; was at ₹262.75 crore in 16 days, including ₹120 crore gross (₹103 crore net) in India, and ₹142 crore from overseas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wadhwa |first=Aman |title=L2 Empuraan is highest-grossing Malayalam film globally but still lags behind this Malayalam film in India that earned Rs... |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-l2-empuraan-is-highest-grossing-malayalam-film-globally-but-still-lags-behind-this-malayalam-film-in-india-manjummel-boys-earned-rs-140-crore-3145306 |access-date=17 April 2025 |website=DNA India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film has collected {{INR}}86.30 crore from Kerala box office, becoming the second highest grossing film in Kerala, behind ''[[2018 (film)|2018]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sawlani |first=Kush |date=2025-05-06 |title=Box Office: Mohanlal starrers L2 Empuraan and Thudarum sell over 1 crore tickets cumulatively in Kerala alone; a HISTORIC feat |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/box-office-mohanlal-starrers-l2-empuraan-and-thudarum-sell-over-1-crore-tickets-cumulatively-in-kerala-alone-a-historic-feat-1386264 |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |archive-date=8 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508001548/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/box-office-mohanlal-starrers-l2-empuraan-and-thudarum-sell-over-1-crore-tickets-cumulatively-in-kerala-alone-a-historic-feat-1386264 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The film completed its global theatrical run with a total gross collection of {{INR}}268.21 crore, with {{INR}}141.80 crore from overseas, ₹86 crore from Kerala and ₹41 crore from Rest of India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dixit |first=Mohit |date=2025-05-09 |title=L2 Empuraan Final Overseas Box Office: Mohanlal's political actioner storms HISTORIC Rs 145 crore in foreign territories |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/l2-empuraan-final-overseas-box-office-mohanlals-political-actioner-storms-historic-rs-145-crore-in-foreign-territories-1386729 |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |archive-date=9 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509024534/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/l2-empuraan-final-overseas-box-office-mohanlals-political-actioner-storms-historic-rs-145-crore-in-foreign-territories-1386729 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to the Kerala Film Producers' Association ''L2: Empuraan'' was made on a budget of {{INR}}175.66 crore and was deemed a profitable film. They said that the film made {{INR}}24.65 crore theatre share from Kerala alone in the five days of its release and worldwide over 100 crores share which was the first in the Malayalam cinema.&lt;ref name=&quot;hindu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-04-27 |title=All March releases, except Empuraan, flopped at box office, as per producers' association's figures |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/all-march-releases-except-empuraan-flopped-at-box-office-as-per-producers-associations-figures/article69497040.ece |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Critical response ===<br /> L2: Empuraan received mixed to positive reviews from critics. On the [[review aggregator]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], 70% of 8 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 6.2/10.<br /> <br /> S. R. Praveen of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that &quot;Mohanlal, rich production design fail to save this sequel&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=27 March 2025 |title=Empuraan movie review: Mohanlal, rich production design fail to save this sequel |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/l2-empuraan-movie-review-mohanlal-prithviraj-sukumaran-lucifer/article69381354.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327153521/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/l2-empuraan-movie-review-mohanlal-prithviraj-sukumaran-lucifer/article69381354.ece |archive-date=27 March 2025 |access-date=27 March 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anna Mathews of ''[[The Times of India|Times of India]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote that &quot;''L2: Empuraan'' doesn't quite match the punch of Lucifer&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=L2: Empuraan Movie Review: Empuraan doesn't quite match the punch of Lucifer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/l2-empuraan/movie-review/119585684.cms |access-date=27 March 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ganesh Aaglave of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote &quot;Mohanlal &amp; Prithviraj Sukumaran starrer action-thriller is high on swag, charisma &amp; technical brilliance&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 March 2025 |title=L2: Empuraan movie review: Mohanlal &amp; Prithviraj Sukumaran starrer action-thriller is high on swag, charisma &amp; technical brilliance |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/l2-empuraan-movie-review-mohanlal-prithviraj-sukumaran-starrer-action-thriller-is-high-on-swag-charisma-technical-brilliance-13874843.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327085309/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/l2-empuraan-movie-review-mohanlal-prithviraj-sukumaran-starrer-action-thriller-is-high-on-swag-charisma-technical-brilliance-13874843.html |archive-date=27 March 2025 |access-date=27 March 2025 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pooja Pillai of ''[[Eastern Eye]]'' wrote that &quot;Despite its storytelling flaws, the film remains a grand theatrical spectacle best experienced on the big screen with all its cinematic flair.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='L2: Empuraan' Review – A Visual Spectacle or Just Style? {{!}} EasternEye |url=https://www.easterneye.biz/l2-empuraan-review-spectacle-style/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327110542/https://www.easterneye.biz/l2-empuraan-review-spectacle-style/ |archive-date=27 March 2025 |access-date=27 March 2025 |website=www.easterneye.biz |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanjith Sidhardhan of ''[[OTTplay]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote &quot;Prithviraj Sukumaran elevates the stakes with an ambitious but less nuanced follow-up to ''Lucifer''&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Empuraan review: Prithviraj's Lucifer follow-up is ambitious but heavy-handed |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/l2-empuraan-movie-review-prithviraj-sukumaran-elevates-the-stakes-with-an-ambitious-but-less-nuanced-follow-up-to-lucifer/0b4199ae9e192 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328184026/https://www.ottplay.com/review/l2-empuraan-movie-review-prithviraj-sukumaran-elevates-the-stakes-with-an-ambitious-but-less-nuanced-follow-up-to-lucifer/0b4199ae9e192 |archive-date=28 March 2025 |access-date=27 March 2025 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sajin Shrijith of ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' rated 3/5 and wrote, &quot;The second chapter of 'Lucifer' is too pre-occupied with eyeball-catching visualisation than storytelling prowess, and suffers a little as a result.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;the week&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Goutham S of ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' gave 4/5 stars and wrote &quot;Mohanlal starrer acts as mirror to socio-political narrative with string of new foes lining up to vanquish Khureshi&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 March 2025 |title=L2 Empuraan Movie Review: Mohanlal starrer acts as mirror to socio-political narrative with string of new foes lining up to vanquish Khureshi |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/l2-empuraan-movie-review-mohanlal-starrer-acts-as-mirror-to-socio-political-narrative-with-string-of-new-foes-lining-up-to-vanquish-khureshi-1379417 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327084616/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/l2-empuraan-movie-review-mohanlal-starrer-acts-as-mirror-to-socio-political-narrative-with-string-of-new-foes-lining-up-to-vanquish-khureshi-1379417 |archive-date=27 March 2025 |access-date=27 March 2025 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; BVS Prakash of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote that &quot;''L2: Empuraan'' struggles to match the impact of its predecessor but remains an intriguing watch for fans of Lucifer&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=B. V. S. |date=27 March 2025 |title=L2 Empuraan Review: Mohanlal shines in politically charged thriller |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-review/l2-empuraan-review-mohanlal-shines-in-politically-charged-thriller-1869335 |access-date=27 March 2025 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote &quot;Director Prithviraj Sukumaran's ''L2: Empuraan'' is a fitting sequel to ''Lucifer''. Mounted on a grand scale, the film displays convenient writing but makes up with stunning visuals.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 March 2025 |title=L2 Empuraan review: Convenient writing aside, Mohanlal-Prithviraj actioner delivers |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/l2-empuraan-movie-review-mohanlal-prithviraj-sukumaran-action-thriller-2699951-2025-03-27 |access-date=27 March 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anandu Suresh of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote &quot;Prithviraj Sukumaran's Mohanlal-starrer is certainly not another run-of-the-mill pan-Indian film that exists solely to scream &quot;look what our star can do!&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-03-27 |title=Empuraan movie review: Mohanlal and Prithviraj's visual spectacle could have benefitted from better writing |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/empuraan-review-mohanlal-prithvirajs-visual-spectacle-could-have-benefitted-from-better-writing-9907468/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327175239/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/empuraan-review-mohanlal-prithvirajs-visual-spectacle-could-have-benefitted-from-better-writing-9907468/ |archive-date=27 March 2025 |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kirubhankar Purushothaman of ''[[News18]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote &quot;Prithviraj Effectively Scales Up Mohanlal's ''Lucifer'' To Greater Heights&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=L2 Empuraan Movie Review: Prithviraj Effectively Scales Up Mohanlal's Lucifer To Greater Heights |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/l2-empuraan-movie-review-prithviraj-effectively-scales-up-mohanlals-lucifer-to-greater-heights-9277041.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327105119/https://www.news18.com/movies/l2-empuraan-movie-review-prithviraj-effectively-scales-up-mohanlals-lucifer-to-greater-heights-9277041.html |archive-date=27 March 2025 |access-date=27 March 2025 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Rohit Panikker of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote &quot;''L2: Empuraan'' is a befitting addition to the Lucifer universe, and entertains you through and through despite its extra run-time and extensive world-building.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 March 2025 |title=L2 Empuraan Review: An Action-Packed Visual Spectacle That Expands The Lucifer Universe |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/malayalam/l2-empuraan-review-an-action-packed-visual-spectacle-that-expands-the-lucifer-universe-review-119591695 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327111405/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/malayalam/l2-empuraan-review-an-action-packed-visual-spectacle-that-expands-the-lucifer-universe-review-119591695 |archive-date=27 March 2025 |access-date=27 March 2025 |website=Times Now |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote &quot;''L2: Empuraan'' boasts mass appeal, grandeur, and stellar performances.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=27 March 2025 |title=L2E: Empuraan Movie Review: L2: Empuraan boasts mass appeal, grandeur, and stellar performances |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/l2e-empuraan/critic-review/l2e-empuraan-movie-review/l2-empuraan-boasts-mass-appeal-grandeur-and-stellar-performances/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327091547/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/l2e-empuraan/critic-review/l2e-empuraan-movie-review/l2-empuraan-boasts-mass-appeal-grandeur-and-stellar-performances/ |archive-date=27 March 2025 |access-date=27 March 2025 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Arjun Menon of ''[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote &quot;''L2: Empuraan'' is an ambitious sequel that is bigger, bolder and timid in equal measure&quot;'''.'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Arjun |title=Empuraan Review: Return Of The King |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/empuraan-review-return-of-the-king/20250327.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327231800/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/empuraan-review-return-of-the-king/20250327.htm |archive-date=27 March 2025 |access-date=27 March 2025 |website=Rediff |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pratyusha Sista of ''[[Telangana Today]]'' wrote &quot;''L2: Empuraan'' is a gripping political thriller that delivers on all fronts—story, action, and performances. It's a well-connected sequel that avoids unnecessary drama, keeping audiences hooked for the entire 180-minute runtime. Whether you're a Lucifer fan or a newcomer, this film is a must-watch in theatres for its larger-than-life experience&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=27 March 2025 |title=Movie Review: Prithviraj Sukumaran's L2: Empuraan – A thrilling sequel that expands beyond borders |url=https://telanganatoday.com/movie-review-prithviraj-sukumarans-l2-empuraan-a-thrilling-sequel-that-expands-beyond-borders |access-date=27 March 2025 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Accolades ===<br /> ;[[Mazhavil Entertainment Awards]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-08-18 |title=Mazhavil Entertainment Awards: Mohanlal wins Entertainer of the Year for 'Thudarum' |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/08/18/mazhavil-entertainment-awards-malayalam-cinema-star-studded-event.html |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=[[Malayala Manorama|OnManorama]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Box Office Cinema of the Year – [[Antony Perumbavoor]], [[Subaskaran Allirajah]], Gokulam Gopalan<br /> * Best Stunt Director – [[Stunt Silva]]<br /> <br /> == Themes and analysis ==<br /> <br /> ''L2: Empuraan'' delves into themes of power, identity, and vengeance, interweaving Kerala's political turbulence with elements of global crime. The film follows Khureshi Ab'raam ([[Mohanlal]]) as he navigates a dual persona, while Zayed Masood ([[Prithviraj Sukumaran]]) embarks on a quest for retribution connected to the fictionalised [[2002 Gujarat riots]]. Its socio-political commentary—featuring a Hindutva-inspired antagonist and depictions of communal violence—has sparked controversy, resulting in scene cuts due to backlash from right-wing groups. Nevertheless, some critics have praised the film for its bold stance against communalism. While critics recognised the film's technical prowess and Mohanlal's compelling performance, they noted that the writing lacked consistency, with the &quot;L&quot; motif's symbolism seen as overly heavy-handed. As a midpoint in the trilogy, ''L2: Empuraan'' presents a divisive mix of spectacle and depth.&lt;ref name=&quot;the week&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title='L2: Empuraan' review: Mohanlal, Prithviraj deliver an ambitious film that's more of a scale-flaunter than a promise-keeper |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2025/03/27/l2-empuraan-review-mohanlal-prithviraj-deliver-an-ambitious-film-that-s-more-of-a-scale-flaunter-than-a-promise-keeper.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250403104427/https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2025/03/27/l2-empuraan-review-mohanlal-prithviraj-deliver-an-ambitious-film-that-s-more-of-a-scale-flaunter-than-a-promise-keeper.html |archive-date=3 April 2025 |access-date=2 April 2025 |website=The Week |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=27 March 2025 |title=L2 Empuraan movie review: Mohanlal, rich production design fail to save this sequel |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/l2-empuraan-movie-review-mohanlal-prithviraj-sukumaran-lucifer/article69381354.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327153521/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/l2-empuraan-movie-review-mohanlal-prithviraj-sukumaran-lucifer/article69381354.ece |archive-date=27 March 2025 |access-date=2 April 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Piracy ==<br /> <br /> Shortly after its theatrical release on 27 March 2025, a pirated copy of ''L2: Empuraan'' began circulating on notorious websites and [[Telegram (software)|Telegram]] groups, prompting swift action from the film's team.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 March 2025 |title=Empuraan leaked online hours after release; Kerala police launch probe |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/empuraan-leaked-online-hours-after-release-kerala-police-launch-probe/articleshow/119634669.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250329172308/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/empuraan-leaked-online-hours-after-release-kerala-police-launch-probe/articleshow/119634669.cms |archive-date=29 March 2025 |access-date=5 April 2025 |website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Kerala Film Producers' Association intensified its anti-piracy efforts in response to the leak of high-definition (HD) prints of the film. In a press release, the association announced the appointment of [[White hat (computer security)|ethical hackers]] to monitor and track piracy activities using advanced digital tracking tools, with a focus on identifying individuals downloading pirated versions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 March 2025 |title=Producers' Association intervene to tackle film piracy, appoint ethical hackers |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/03/29/producers-association-intervene-to-tackle-film-piracy-appoint-ethical-hackers.html |access-date=5 April 2025 |website=Onmanorama}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 March 2025 |title=L2 Empuraan movie leak: Producers' Association steps up fight against piracy |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Mar/29/l2-empuraan-movie-leak-producers-association-steps-up-fight-against-piracy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250402175335/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Mar/29/l2-empuraan-movie-leak-producers-association-steps-up-fight-against-piracy |archive-date=2 April 2025 |access-date=5 April 2025 |website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt; The association also urged the government to establish a special team to enforce copyright laws and address the growing issue of illegal distribution of theatrical and HD prints of new releases. [[Antony Perumbavoor]], the film's producer, filed a complaint with the Kerala cyber police, which subsequently launched an investigation into the unauthorised online distribution. Filmmakers highlighted piracy as a significant concern, particularly for [[Pan-Indian film|pan-Indian]] and global releases like ''L2: Empuraan''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 March 2025 |title=Mohanlal's Empuraan leaked online, police take action |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mohanlal-empuraan-leaked-online-police-action-2700348-2025-03-28 |access-date=5 April 2025 |website=India Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In a related development, on 2 April 2025, [[Kerala Police|Kerala police]] sealed an [[Internet café|internet cafe]] in [[Pappinisseri]], [[Kannur district|Kannur]], after discovering it was involved in downloading and distributing a pirated version of ''the movie''. The operation followed a tip-off received by the social media monitoring cell of Kannur City Police, leading to a joint investigation by local police and the cyber cell that uncovered the pirated file. The café was shut down, and authorities indicated that a case would be registered, though no arrests were reported at the time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 April 2025 |title=Pirated copy of 'Empuraan' found; police shut down internet café in Kannur |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2025/04/02/kannur-internet-cafe-sealed-for-piracy-of-empuraan.html |access-date=5 April 2025 |website=Onmanorama |archive-date=7 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250407130242/https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2025/04/02/kannur-internet-cafe-sealed-for-piracy-of-empuraan.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 April 2025 |title=Internet cafe sealed for downloading, distributing pirated version of 'Empuraan' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/kerala/internet-cafe-sealed-for-downloading-distributing-pirated-version-of-empuraan-3473023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250401183329/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/kerala/internet-cafe-sealed-for-downloading-distributing-pirated-version-of-empuraan-3473023 |archive-date=1 April 2025 |access-date=5 April 2025 |website=Deccan Herald}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Sequel ==<br /> As announced by the team, ''Lucifer'' is a trilogy, implying the existence of a third film as a continuation of the series. During a September 2019 event, Prithviraj mentioned that the third film will explore a much darker theme in the series.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=24 September 2019 |title=Mohanlal's Lucifer will be a trilogy, reveals Prithviraj |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/mohanlal-lucifer-will-be-a-trilogy-reveals-prithviraj-6023740/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518201627/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/mohanlal-lucifer-will-be-a-trilogy-reveals-prithviraj-6023740/ |archive-date=18 May 2023 |access-date=18 May 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In January 2025, while talking about the cinematographic techniques used in ''L2: Empuraan'', Prithviraj confirmed that the same techniques would be used in the third film as well.&lt;ref name=&quot;santhosh-2025&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In the film's [[post-credits scene]], the third and final installment in the trilogy, ''L3: The Beginning'', was announced.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 March 2025 |title=REVEALED: Mohanlal-Prithviraj Sukumaran starrer L2 Empuraan ends with the promise of a sequel L3 The Beginning |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/revealed-mohanlal-prithviraj-sukumaran-starrer-l2-empuraan-ends-promise-sequel-l3-beginning/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327092006/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/revealed-mohanlal-prithviraj-sukumaran-starrer-l2-empuraan-ends-promise-sequel-l3-beginning/ |archive-date=27 March 2025 |access-date=27 March 2025 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film's story would revolve around the conflict between Khureshi Abr'aam and the leader of the Shen triad group, played by [[Rick Yune]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=27 March 2025 |title=Empuraan villain mystery solved and you it's not what you were thinking |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/empuraan-villain-mystery-solved-and-you-its-not-what-you-were-thinking/articleshow/119578848.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327073120/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/empuraan-villain-mystery-solved-and-you-its-not-what-you-were-thinking/articleshow/119578848.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=27 March 2025 |access-date=27 March 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later, the title of the film was revealed by the music director of the film, [[Deepak Dev]] as ''L3: Azrael''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |access-date=2 April 2025 |title='Empuraan' music composer Deepak Dev hints at 'L3' title: Will it be 'Azrael'? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/empuraan-music-composer-deepak-dev-hints-at-l3-title-will-it-be-azrael/articleshow/119892958.cms |website=Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> After the release of ''Lucifer,'' Murali Gopy announced a [[Mammootty]]-starrer project, written by himself, directed by debutant Shibu Basheer and produced by Vijay Babu under Friday Film House and rumours began spread that the film was potentially to be set in the ''Lucifer Universe.'' The film's shooting was intended to begin after ''L2: Empuraan'' but however, no status or updates of the film was unveiled till now.<br /> <br /> == Controversies ==<br /> Following its release, the film was met with immediate criticism from right-wing political groups like [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), who objected to the name of the villain as well as the portrayal of [[Hindutva]] leaders in a negative shade. One of the antagonistic characters in film was named &quot;Baba Bajrangi&quot;, which some viewers interpreted as an allusion to [[Bajrang Dal]] leader [[Babu Bajrangi]], a convicted figure involved in the [[2002 Gujarat riots]] who was sentenced to life imprisonment for masterminding the [[Naroda Patiya massacre]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=30 March 2025 |title='L2: Empuraan': Political controversy over cuts and backlash against movie; CM, Opposition leader express solidarity |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/l2-empuraan-political-controversy-over-cuts-and-backlash-against-movie-cm-opposition-leader-express-solidarity/article69392909.ece#:~:text=The%20makers%20of%20Empuraan,during%20the%202002%20pogrom. |access-date=30 March 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mohanlal]], who holds the honorary rank of [[Lieutenant Colonel]] in the [[Indian Army]], faced criticism for acting in the film, with people calling for his rank to be revoked.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=29 March 2025 |title='Empuraan' controversy: CBFC had cleared the movie with minor cuts only |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/empuraan-controversy-cbfc-had-cleared-the-movie-with-minor-cuts-only/articleshow/119698378.cms |access-date=29 March 2025 |work=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Das |first1=Tina |date=28 March 2025 |title=Mohanlal fans are feeling betrayed by 'Empuraan'. 'He has backstabbed Modi' |url=https://theprint.in/feature/mohanlal-fans-are-feeling-betrayed-by-empuraan-he-has-backstabbed-modi/2569596/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328143040/https://theprint.in/feature/mohanlal-fans-are-feeling-betrayed-by-empuraan-he-has-backstabbed-modi/2569596/ |archive-date=28 March 2025 |access-date=28 March 2025 |website=ThePrint}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was criticised by RSS mouthpiece [[Organiser (magazine)|''Organiser'']] as using the [[2002 Gujarat riots]] to push an &quot;anti-Hindu political agenda.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='Prithviraj a deeply polarising figure': RSS mouthpiece slams Empuraan |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2025/03/29/empuraan-rss-mouthpiece-organiser-slams-prithviraj-mohanlal.html |access-date=29 March 2025 |website=Onmanorama}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mohanlal-starrer 'Empuraan' a medium to spread anti-Hindu, anti-BJP narrative: RSS-linked magazine |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/mohanlal-starrer-empuraan-a-medium-to-spread-anti-hindu-anti-bjp-narrative-rss-linked-magazine-3468871 |access-date=29 March 2025 |website=Deccan Herald}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Tamil Nadu Rajya Sabha MP [[Vaiko]] demanded a ban on the film or removal of scenes about the [[Mullaperiyar Dam]], citing safety and misrepresentation concerns.&lt;ref name=&quot;the indian express-2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 April 2025 |title=L2 Empuraan controversy: Tamil Nadu politicians Vaiko, O Panneerselvam demand new edits, call for ban |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/l2-empuraan-controversy-tamil-nadu-politicians-vaiko-o-panneerselvam-demand-new-edits-call-for-ban-9921998/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406154841/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/l2-empuraan-controversy-tamil-nadu-politicians-vaiko-o-panneerselvam-demand-new-edits-call-for-ban-9921998/ |archive-date=6 April 2025 |access-date=3 April 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film portrays the dam as &quot;Nedumpally dam&quot; and shows it at risk of collapsing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Radhakrishnan |first=Manjusha |date=1 April 2025 |title=Mohanlal's Empuraan controversy: Top developments from backlash to protests against Prithviraj |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/mohanlals-empuraan-controversy-top-developments-from-backlash-to-protests-against-prithviraj-1.500078944 |access-date=1 April 2025 |website=Gulf News: Latest UAE news, Dubai news, Business, travel news, Dubai Gold rate, prayer time, cinema |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 April 2025 |title='Nedumpally dam' references cause uproar: Farmers demand cuts in 'Empuraan' over Mullaperiyar link |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/l2-empuraan-mullaperiyar-dam-controversy-1.10473808 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250401104124/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/l2-empuraan-mullaperiyar-dam-controversy-1.10473808 |archive-date=1 April 2025 |access-date=1 April 2025 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Former Chief Minister [[O. Panneerselvam]] also criticised the film, arguing it could harm relations between Tamil Nadu and Kerala.&lt;ref name=&quot;the indian express-2025&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=The Hindu Bureau |date=3 April 2025 |title=Mohanlal's L2: Empuraan: Panneerselvam demands cuts concerning Mullaperiyar dam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/panneerselvam-demands-cuts-to-l2-empuraan/article69404578.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250403065243/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/panneerselvam-demands-cuts-to-l2-empuraan/article69404578.ece |archive-date=3 April 2025 |access-date=3 April 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 4 April, the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu Assembly]] debated about the film's controversies. Water Resources Minister [[Durai Murugan]] expressed concerns about a scene, despite not having seen the film. [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]], [[M. K. Stalin|M K Stalin]] noted that the film had passed censorship without objections, with protests emerging only after its release.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 April 2025 |title=Tamil Nadu leaders want Empuraan's dam scenes cut over Mullaperiyar echo |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/tamil-nadu/story/tamil-nadu-leaders-see-mullaperiyar-in-empuraans-nedumpally-dam-demand-cuts-2704178-2025-04-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404142340/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/tamil-nadu/story/tamil-nadu-leaders-see-mullaperiyar-in-empuraans-nedumpally-dam-demand-cuts-2704178-2025-04-04 |archive-date=4 April 2025 |access-date=4 April 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Legal actions ===<br /> <br /> On 4 April 2025, the [[Enforcement Directorate]] (ED) raided Gokulam Gopalan's offices in Chennai and Kochi, a producer of ''L2: Empuraan'', over alleged [[Foreign Exchange Management Act]] (FEMA) violations. The raids, amid the film's existing controversies over its depiction of the [[2002 Gujarat riots]] and right-wing politics, fuelled speculation of a link to its content.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Probe Agency Raids 'L2: Empuraan' Producers In Rs 1,000 Crore Case |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/l2-empuraan-news-enforcement-directorate-searches-gokul-chit-funds-offices-8084009 |access-date=4 April 2025 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, ED officials clarified that the raid concerns FEMA violations, not the film controversy. This added further complexity to the ongoing debates and protests surrounding the movie.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=4 April 2025 |title=L2: Empuraan: ED searches against producer Gokulam Gopalan in Chennai and Kochi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/ed-searches-against-empuraan-producer-gopalan/article69411585.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404075425/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/ed-searches-against-empuraan-producer-gopalan/article69411585.ece |archive-date=4 April 2025 |access-date=4 April 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=4 April 2025 |title=ED searches premises of 'Empuraan' producer Gokulam Gopalan in Chennai, Kochi over alleged foreign exchange violations |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/ed-searches-premises-of-empuraan-producer-gokulam-gopalan-in-chennai-kochi-over-alleged-foreign-exchange-violations/articleshow/119968319.cms |access-date=4 April 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=4 April 2025 |title=ED searches Empuraan producer Gokulam Gopalan office in Chennai over FEMA violation probe |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2025/Apr/04/ed-searches-empuraan-producer-gokulam-gopalan-office-in-chennai-over-fema-violation-probe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404073638/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2025/Apr/04/ed-searches-empuraan-producer-gokulam-gopalan-office-in-chennai-over-fema-violation-probe |archive-date=4 April 2025 |access-date=4 April 2025 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The current raids are part of an investigation into the suspected money laundering through exaggerated collection reports of films produced and distributed by his firm, Sree Gokulam Movies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=4 April 2025 |title=Enforcement Directorate carried out raids on Gokulam Movies |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/kerala/ed-raid-at-empuraan-producer-gokulam-gopalans-offices-3477802 |access-date=4 April 2025 |work=Deccan Herald |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As part of an investigation into alleged financial irregularities, the ED seized ₹1.5 crore in cash and incriminating documents during searches at 10 locations across Tamil Nadu and Kerala.&lt;ref name=&quot;india today-2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 April 2025 |title=ED seizes Rs 1.5 crore in cash during raids at Empuraan producer, chit fund offices |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ed-seize-crore-in-cash-seized-during-raids-at-empuraan-producer-chit-fund-offices-2704462-2025-04-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250405075559/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ed-seize-crore-in-cash-seized-during-raids-at-empuraan-producer-chit-fund-offices-2704462-2025-04-05 |archive-date=5 April 2025 |access-date=5 April 2025 |website=India Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 April 2025 |title=ED recovers Rs 1.5 crore from Empuraan producer after raids, intensifies probe |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/ed-recovers-rs-1-5-crore-from-empuraan-producer-after-raids-intensifies-probe-ws-l-9287869.html |access-date=5 April 2025 |website=News18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 April 2025 |title=ED seizes Rs1.5 crore in raids at Empuraan producer Gokulam Gopalan premises |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/ed-seizes-rs1-5-crore-in-raids-at-empuraan-producer-gokulam-gopalan-premises-19585100.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250405121034/https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/ed-seizes-rs1-5-crore-in-raids-at-empuraan-producer-gokulam-gopalan-premises-19585100.htm/ |archive-date=5 April 2025 |access-date=5 April 2025 |website=CNBC TV18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 April 2025 |title=ED seizes ₹1.5 crore cash, documents in FEMA violation during raids at Empuraan producer Gokulam Gopalan's premises |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/ed-seizes-15-crore-cash-documents-in-fema-violation-during-raids-at-empuraan-producer-gokulam-gopalans-premises/article69415886.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250405153357/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/ed-seizes-15-crore-cash-documents-in-fema-violation-during-raids-at-empuraan-producer-gokulam-gopalans-premises/article69415886.ece |archive-date=5 April 2025 |access-date=5 April 2025 |website=The Hindu}}&lt;/ref&gt; The investigation intensified following the seizures.&lt;ref name=&quot;india today-2025&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Following the controversy, the [[Income Tax Department]] issued a notice to actor and filmmaker [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] regarding discrepancies in the payment details of films co-produced by him. The notice sought clarification on certain aspects of his income declarations related to these productions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 April 2025 |title=Payment issues: I-T Dept issues notice to actor-filmmaker Prithviraj |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/income-tax-notice-actor-prithviraj-1.10484884 |access-date=5 April 2025 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Enforcement Directorate|ED]] had also issued a notice to producer Antony Perumbavoor, seeking a detailed clarification into the financial transactions of the ''Lucifer'' franchise and ''[[Marakkar: Lion of the Arabian Sea]]'' (2021). The notice specifically addressed overseas distribution rights and an alleged payment made to Mohanlal in Dubai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=6 April 2025 |title=Mohanlal in Dubai'; ED seeks clarification from producer Antony Perumbavoor |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1512486&amp;u=rs-2.5-crore-to-mohanlal-in-dubai-ed-seeks-clarification-from-producer-antony-perumbavoor |access-date=6 April 2025 |work=[[Kerala Kaumudi]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 April 2025 |title=Antony Perumbavoor, seeking clarification on the financial transactions related to his films |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/it-dept-notice-empuraan-producer-antony-perumbavoor-1.10487690 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Re-edit ===<br /> Due to the [[L2: Empuraan#Controversies|controversies]] surrounding the film, the makers announced over 17 voluntary changes in the film including edits to riots sequences, portrayal of violence against women, the antagonist's name as well as muting of some of the dialogues.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 March 2025 |title=L2 Empuraan Makers Opt For Voluntary Cuts Amid Controversy, Modified Version To Hit Theaters Next Week: Report |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/l2-empuraan-makers-opt-for-voluntary-cuts-amid-controversy-mohanlal-prithviraj-films-modified-version-to-hit-theatres-next-week-report-article-151314341/ |access-date=29 March 2025 |website=Times Now}}&lt;/ref&gt; Subsequently, three minute of visuals were said to be removed for exhibitions with effect from 31 March.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=30 March 2025 |title='Empuraan' makers remove 3-minute visuals; re-edited version likely in theatres from tomorrow |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/03/30/empuraan-reedited-version-release-cbfc-axes-controversial-scene.html |work=Onmanorama |archive-date=30 March 2025 |access-date=2 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250330161811/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/03/30/empuraan-reedited-version-release-cbfc-axes-controversial-scene.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Confirming the changes to film, Mohanlal expressed 'regret' for the political and social themes in the film and said that it is his duty as an artist to ensure that none of his films harbour hatred towards any political movement, ideology, or religious sect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 March 2025 |title=L2 Empuraan: Why Mohanlal's latest film has sparked a controversy |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4g2djqxjj7o |access-date=31 March 2025 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mohanlal expresses 'regret' for political, social themes in L2: Empuraan; confirms cuts to film |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mohanlal-expresses-regret-for-political-social-themes-in-l2-empuraan-confirms-cuts-to-film/article69392955.ece |access-date=30 March 2025 |website=[[The Hindu]]|date=30 March 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> However, two days later, 24 cuts amounting to 2 minutes and 8 seconds of visuals were certified by the [[Central Board of Film Certification|CBFC]], with changes made to various scenes, character names, and visuals.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 April 2025 |title='Empuraan' row: Mohanlal-starrer undergoes 24 cuts, antagonist's name changed from Bajrangi to Baldev |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Apr/01/empuraan-row-mohanlal-starrer-undergoes-24-cuts-antagonists-name-changed-from-bajrangi-to-baldev |access-date=1 April 2025 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the re-censored version of the film, which was re-released on 2 April, significant changes were made to address sensitive content. One of the major alterations involved the character of Balraj, alias Baba Bajrangi, the antagonist who leads a mob. This character, originally resembling [[Bajrang Dal]] leader [[Babu Bajrangi]]—who was sentenced to life imprisonment for his involvement in the [[2002 Gujarat riots|2002 Gujarat Riots]]—had been renamed Baldev. Additionally, the display card that originally stated &quot;India 2002&quot; had been changed to &quot;a few years ago&quot; to avoid direct reference to the 2002 riots. Several graphic visuals, including those of vehicles passing in front of a religious structure, violence against women, and dead bodies during riot scenes, had been removed. A conversation between a young Zayed Masood (played by director [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]]) and his father during the riots was also cut.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 April 2025 |title=L2: Empuraan makers cut 24 scenes after Hindutva backlash over Gujarat riots depiction |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/l2-empuraan-makers-cut-24-scenes-after-hindutva-backlash-over-gujarat-riots-depiction |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250401094301/https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/l2-empuraan-makers-cut-24-scenes-after-hindutva-backlash-over-gujarat-riots-depiction |archive-date=1 April 2025 |access-date=1 April 2025 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 April 2025 |title=24 cuts in Mohanlal's Empuraan, villain's name changed in revised version |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/24-cuts-in-mohanlal-empuraan-villain-name-changed-2702262-2025-04-01 |access-date=1 April 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Censor Board reveals 24 cuts in 'Empuraan,' including villain's name change |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/04/01/empuraan-24-cuts-new-version-censor-board-prithviraj-mohanlal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250409211616/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/04/01/empuraan-24-cuts-new-version-censor-board-prithviraj-mohanlal.html |archive-date=9 April 2025 |access-date=1 April 2025 |website=Censor Board reveals 24 cuts in 'Empuraan,' including villain's name change |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Further cuts were made to remove references to the [[National Investigation Agency]] (NIA), particularly in scenes where the agency was shown as being misused by the ruling party to target political opponents. Audio mutes were employed to eliminate any mention of the [[National Investigation Agency|NIA]]. The &quot;Special Thanks&quot; section of the film credits also saw some changes, with the names of actor and Union Minister of State for Petroleum [[Suresh Gopi]] and IRS officer Jyothis Mohan being removed.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 April 2025 |title='Empuraan' undergoes 24 cuts: Villain renamed Baldev, Suresh Gopi removed from thanks card |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/l2-empuraan-edited-changes-proposed-to-censor-board-1.10473841 |access-date=1 April 2025 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=1 April 2025 |title=Full list of cuts made to Mohanlal and Prithviraj's L2: Empuraan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/full-list-of-cuts-made-to-mohanlal-and-prithvirajs-l2-empuraan/articleshow/119862605.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250401105632/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/full-list-of-cuts-made-to-mohanlal-and-prithvirajs-l2-empuraan/articleshow/119862605.cms |archive-date=1 April 2025 |access-date=1 April 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> While the re-edited version was intended for screening in India, the uncut version of the film continued to be shown internationally. However, the streaming release, via [[JioHotstar]], incorporated the same cuts made for the theatrical domestic version.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=1 April 2025 |title=Mohanlal-starrer L2: Empuraan gets 24 'voluntary cuts' totalling 2.08 minutes after right-wing backlash |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mohanlal-starrer-l2-empuraan-gets-24-voluntary-cuts-totalling-208-minutes-after-right-wing-backlash/article69399728.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250401101616/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mohanlal-starrer-l2-empuraan-gets-24-voluntary-cuts-totalling-208-minutes-after-right-wing-backlash/article69399728.ece |archive-date=1 April 2025 |access-date=1 April 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{Notelist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|10505918}}<br /> <br /> {{Prithviraj Sukumaran}}<br /> {{Aashirvad Cinemas}}<br /> {{Lyca Productions}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Aashirvad Cinemas films]]<br /> [[Category:Action films based on actual events]]<br /> [[Category:Art works that caused riots]]<br /> [[Category:Censored films]]<br /> [[Category:Fictional portrayals of police departments in India]]<br /> [[Category:Film censorship in India]]<br /> [[Category:Films about assassinations]]<br /> [[Category:Films about forced migration]]<br /> [[Category:Films about gang rape]]<br /> [[Category:Films about genocide]]<br /> [[Category:Films about intelligence agencies]]<br /> [[Category:Films about internal migration]]<br /> [[Category:Films about Interpol]]<br /> [[Category:Films about Islamic terrorism in India]]<br /> [[Category:Films about MI6]]<br /> [[Category:Films about politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Films about rape]]<br /> [[Category:Films about rape in India]]<br /> [[Category:Films about religious violence in India]]<br /> [[Category:Films about terrorism]]<br /> [[Category:Films about the 2002 Gujarat riots]]<br /> [[Category:Films about the illegal drug trade]]<br /> [[Category:Films about the Illuminati]]<br /> [[Category:Films postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Deepak Dev]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in London]]<br /> [[Category:Films set on the London Underground]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Ladakh]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in London]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in the United States]]<br /> [[Category:Films with screenplays by Murali Gopy]]<br /> [[Category:Indian action drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian action thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Army in films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian films about revenge]]<br /> [[Category:Indian IMAX films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian political action films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian political thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian rape and revenge films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian sequel films]]<br /> [[Category:Islam-related controversies in Asia]]<br /> [[Category:Lyca Productions]]<br /> [[Category:Films subject to a lawsuit]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Himachal Pradesh]]</div>

AdvAcademy01 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Early_Times_(newspaper)&diff=498058 2026-05-02T23:24:25Z

<p>AdvAcademy01: data...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|English-language daily newspaper}}{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}{{Infobox newspaper<br /> | name = Early Times<br /> | logo = File:Early Times.png<br /> | image = File:ET Cover 2022.jpg<br /> | caption = Front Page of ''Early Times'' (14 January 2022)<br /> | type = Daily newspaper<br /> | format = Broadsheet<br /> | founded = {{start date|2002|07|24}}<br /> | language = English<br /> | headquarters = Jammu, [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India<br /> | owner = Manish Gupta<br /> | founder = Bansi Lal Gupta <br /> | editor = Munish Gupta <br /> | publishing_city = Jammu<br /> | publishing_country = India<br /> | website = {{URL|https://earlytimes.in}}&lt;br&gt;{{URL|https://epaper.earlytimes.in}}<br /> | RNI = JKENG/2002/7815<br /> | ISSN = <br /> | OCLC = <br /> }}<br /> '''''Early Times''''' is an English-language daily newspaper published from Jammu in the Indian union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It was established on 24 July 2002.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Early Times ePaper |url=https://www.epapersland.com/india/early-times.html |website=EPapers Land |access-date=26 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Early Times |url=https://www.epaper-hub.com/india/early-times.aspx |website=ePaper Hub |access-date=26 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The newspaper maintains multiple editions covering districts such as Jammu, Srinagar, Leh, Anantnag, Baramulla, Udhampur, and Kargil.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Early Times Newspaper |url=https://www.epapersland.com/india/early-times.html |website=EPapers Land |access-date=26 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Early Times |url=https://catalog.in/companies/early-times-newspaper-jammu |website=Catalog.in |access-date=26 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Early Times'' is registered with the [[Registrar of Newspapers for India]] (RNI) under title code JKENG/2002/7815.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Registered Title {{!}} Press Registrar General of India |url=https://prgi.gov.in/registration-title-details-data/2e98c043-e74b-11ee-ab0e-00155d022d0b |website=Press Registrar General of India |publisher=Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |access-date=26 November 2025 |quote=JKENG/2002/7815}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It has received government advertisements from the central government,&lt;ref name=&quot;Newslaundry-2025&quot;&gt;{{cite news | last= Mittal|first=Sumedha |title=Modi govt spent Rs 70 cr on print ads in Kashmir |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2025/08/06/modi-govt-spent-rs-70-cr-on-print-ads-in-kashmir-tracking-the-front-pages-of-top-recipients |website=Newslaundry |date=6 August 2025 |access-date=26 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; and is listed among newspapers empanelled by the Department of Information and Public Relations, Jammu and Kashmir (via the PIB Jammu &amp; Kashmir media list).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=J&amp;K Media List |url=https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/CMS/JnK.pdf |website=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |access-date=26 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The newspaper has been cited in legal proceedings&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Early Times Newspaper Jammu And Ors. vs State Of J&amp;K And Ors. |url=https://www.casemine.com/judgement/in/56092c8fe4b01497111f9f40 |website=CaseMine |date=23 September 2015 |access-date=26 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; and referenced by other regional and national outlets.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Refugees twice over: Why Rohingya who had found shelter in Jammu are fleeing again |url=https://scroll.in/article/912146/refugees-twice-over-why-rohingya-who-had-found-shelter-in-jammu-are-fleeing-again |website=Scroll.in |date=20 March 2019 |access-date=26 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=J&amp;K editors urge LG's intervention to align advertisement rates with DAVP norms |url=https://risingkashmir.com/jk-editors-urge-lgs-intervention-to-align-advertisement-rates-with-davp-norms/ |website=Rising Kashmir |date=2024 |access-date=26 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2016, the Directorate of School Education in Kashmir suspended two government teachers who had been moonlighting as journalists for Early Times, as part of a broader crackdown on civil servants working simultaneously in J&amp;K's media organisations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://asu.thehoot.org/media-watch/regional-media/jammu-kashmirs-moonlighting-babus-9436 |title=Jammu-Kashmir's moonlighting babus |first=Moazum |last=Mohammad |website=The Hoot |date=20 June 2016 |access-date=22 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2018, Asif Iqbal Naik, a reporter with Early Times, published a report alleging custodial torture of a Kishtwar resident by police. Following publication, the police registered an FIR against Naik in May 2018. The Jammu and Kashmir High Court subsequently quashed the FIR, observing that the manner in which it was lodged reflected mala fide intent and described it as a &quot;unique method of silencing the journalist&quot; and an attack on press freedom. The court held that publishing a news item based on statements from identifiable sources does not constitute an offence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2021/08/26/unique-method-of-silencing-the-press-jk-high-court-quashes-2018-fir-against-journalist |title=Unique method of silencing the press: J&amp;K High Court quashes 2018 FIR against journalist |work=[[Newslaundry]] |date=26 August 2021 |access-date=22 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Maqbool|first=Umer|url=https://m.thewire.in/article/law/abuse-jk-hc-calls-2018-fir-against-journalist-unique-method-of-silencing-press |title=J&amp;K HC Calls 2018 FIR Against Journalist 'Unique Method of Silencing Press' |work=The Wire |date=26 August 2021 |access-date=22 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ganai |first=Naseer|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/india-news-attack-on-press-freedom-jk-hc-quashes-fir-against-journalist-for-reporting-police-torture-news-392664 |title=Attack On Press Freedom: JK HC Quashes FIR Against Journalist For Reporting Police Torture |work=Outlook India |date=26 August 2021 |access-date=22 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2019, the Jammu and Kashmir Public Service Commission issued an official rejoinder in response to a report published by Early Times regarding the conduct of the KCS Mains examination, contesting the factual claims made in the newspaper's coverage.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://jkpsc.nic.in/pdf/rejionder_2019.pdf |title=Rejoinder regarding the news item carried by one of local newspaper of the State |publisher=[[Jammu and Kashmir Public Service Commission]] |date=27 June 2019 |access-date=22 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2021, editor Manish Gupta testified before a Press Council of India fact-finding committee that government advertisements to Early Times were suspended for three days following its report that the J&amp;K Shrine Board and its website had become non-functional. The PCI committee, formed on a complaint by former Chief Minister [[Mehbooba Mufti]], found that the J&amp;K Information Department had suspended advertisements to 26 publications in the Jammu region without ascribing reasons.&lt;ref name=&quot;Newslaundry-2025&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The DIPR itself conceded before the FFC that advertising had been withdrawn from Early Times on the basis of a recommendation by the Deputy Director Information (PR), Jammu, vide a letter dated 26 August 2021, following complaints registered of &quot;harassment, abuse and torture&quot; against the publication. Gupta further testified that Principal Secretary Niteshwar Kumar, who also served as Shrine Board CEO, was behind the drive to throttle the newspaper, and that the administration had faced discrimination in advertising for over a year, with pressure being exerted on newspapers not to cover issues such as early elections.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.presscouncil.nic.in/Pdf/ROTC19122022.pdf |title=Report of the Fact Finding Committee on the State of Media in Jammu &amp; Kashmir |publisher=[[Press Council of India]] |date=2022 |access-date=22 March 2026 |page=10}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In October 2025, during a session of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]], ruling National Conference MLA [[Tanvir Sadiq]] specifically named Early Times alongside [[Greater Kashmir]] and [[Kashmir Times]] as newspapers that had been denied government advertisements without stated reasons for six to seven years, describing the practice as a direct assault on press freedom. The debate saw members across party lines, including from the PDP and CPIM, call for a transparent media advertisement policy in J&amp;K.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/jk-lawmakers-decry-systematic-assault-on-press-freedom-demand-fair-ads-end-to-harassment-1913650 |title=J&amp;K Lawmakers Decry 'Systematic Assault' on Press Freedom, Demand Fair Ads, End to Harassment |first=Yusuf |last=Jameel |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=30 October 2025 |access-date=22 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:English-language newspapers published in India]]<br /> [[Category:Daily newspapers published in India]]<br /> [[Category:Newspapers established in 2002]]<br /> [[Category:Mass media in Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> [[Category:Publications established in 2002]]<br /> [[Category:2002 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> <br /> {{India-newspaper-stub}}</div>

AdvAcademy01 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chandreyee_Ghosh&diff=493492 2026-05-01T15:17:15Z

<p>AdvAcademy01: adding...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian actress}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Chandreyee Ghosh<br /> | image = Chandrayee Ghosh.png<br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_place = <br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | caption = <br /> | othername = <br /> | occupation = {{hlist|Actress|Director}}<br /> | years_active = 2004{{ndash}}present<br /> | notable_works = [[Montu Pilot]], [[Kiranmala (TV series)|Kiranmala]], [[Behula]]<br /> | spouse = <br /> | domesticpartner = <br /> | children = <br /> | mother = <br /> | website = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Chandreyee Ghosh''' is an Indian Bengali actress who predominantly works in the [[Bengali film industry]]. Ghosh made her on-screen debut with the film ''[[Mahulbonir Sereng]]'' in 2004. She made her television debut with the lead role in the [[Zee Bangla]] television soap ''Labonner Sansar'' in 2007. She gained further recognition after portraying the role of [[Manasa]] in [[Behula (TV series)|''Behula'']] aired on [[Star Jalsha]] in 2010. With a pivotal role in ''[[Montu Pilot]]'', she made her web series debut in 2019.<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Ghosh made her film debut in [[Sekhar Das]]'s ''[[Mohulbanir Sereng]]'', followed by ''[[Tista]]'' in 2005, ''Manush Bhut'' and ''[[Dosar]]'' in 2006 and ''[[Kaal (2007 film)|Kaal]]'' in 2007. In 2008/09, she announced the beginning of her directorial venture with ''Sama''. The film, which dwells on [[homosexuality]], was, according to her, based on her own story, and the music was to be composed by the actor [[Parambrata Chatterjee]]. She said, &quot;I was mentally preparing myself to step into direction for a long time,&quot; and &quot;I now have the confidence to go ahead with this independent project.&quot; However, the film was never completed or released.<br /> <br /> She has also been in several television serials, such as ''[[Raat Bhor Brishti]]'', ''Uttaron'' and ''Mohona''. She was next scheduled to appear in a mega-serial, ''[[Dushaha Bash]]'', based on [[Taslima Nasreen]]’s work, which dealt with the lives of three sisters. However, the serial was shelved before airing due to controversy and never made it to broadcast.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-12-19 |title=State of free speech: Taslima Nasreen-scripted TV serial Dusahobas' telecast deferred after Muslim groups object |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/east/story/telecast-of-taslima-serial-stopped-after-muslims-groups-object-221302-2013-12-18 |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; She also had a successful stint with comedy in the serial ''Labonor Sansar'', which was telecast on [[Zee Bangla]]. <br /> <br /> She is currently active with a number of serials, among them the major ones include [[Behula (TV series)|''Behula'']] (as the Hindu Goddess [[Manasa]]), [[Ekhane Aakash Neel]], Sindoorkhela, [[Kiranmala (TV series)|Kiranmala]], [[Debipaksha]], [[Bodhu Kon Alo Laaglo Chokhe]], [[Ami Sirajer Begum]] and [[Jai Kali Kalkattawali]] all eight telecast on Free-to-Air Channel [[Star Jalsa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-11-18/news-interviews/27991681_1_character-shades-small-screen |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022024127/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-11-18/news-interviews/27991681_1_character-shades-small-screen |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-10-22 |title=Chandreyee's different shades -India Buzz-Entertainment |accessdate=2008-10-25 |last= |first= |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2007-11-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Title<br /> !Notes<br /> |-<br /> |2004<br /> |''[[Mahulbonir Sereng]]'' <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2005<br /> |''[[Tista]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2006<br /> |''[[Dosar]]'' <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Manush Bhut'' <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2007<br /> |''[[Kaal (2007 film)|Kaal]]'' <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2009<br /> |''Kaaler Rakhal'' <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2013<br /> |''[[Tiyasha]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2016<br /> |''Kuheli''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2017<br /> |''[[61 Garpar Lane]]'' <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2011<br /> |''Necklace'' <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Hatey Roilo Pistol'' <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2020<br /> |''Cheeni'' <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2021<br /> |''[[Mukhosh (2021 film)|Mukhosh]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2021<br /> |''[[Binisutoy]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2023<br /> |''[[Mayar Jonjal]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2023<br /> |''[[Binodiini (film)|Binodini: Ekti Natir Upakhyan]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2025<br /> |''[[Lokkhikantopur Local]]''<br /> | Malati<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Television ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Title<br /> !Role<br /> !Channels<br /> |-<br /> |2007–2009<br /> |''Labonner Sansar''<br /> |Labonnyo<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Zee Bangla]]<br /> |-<br /> |2008<br /> |''Raat Bhor Brishti''<br /> |Riya<br /> |-<br /> |2008–2010<br /> |''[[Ekhane Aakash Neel]]''<br /> | Dr.Deepa<br /> | rowspan=&quot;9&quot; |[[Star Jalsha]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2010–2011<br /> |[[Behula (TV series)|''Behula'']]<br /> |[[Manasa]]<br /> |-<br /> |''Sindoorkhela''<br /> |Debi Roy Chowdhury<br /> |-<br /> |2012–2014<br /> |''[[Bodhu Kon Alo Laaglo Chokhe]]''<br /> |Debjani Moitra / Debi<br /> |-<br /> |2014–2016<br /> |''[[Kiranmala (TV series)|Kiranmala]]''<br /> |Rakshashi Rani Kotkoti<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2017<br /> |[[Debipaksha (TV series)|''Debipakshya'']]<br /> |Rajrajeshwari Deb Burman / Amma<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Jai Kali Kalkattawali]]''<br /> |Jyotishrani Radharani<br /> |-<br /> |2018–2019<br /> |''[[Ami Sirajer Begum]]''<br /> |[[Ghaseti Begum]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2019<br /> |''Thakumar Jhuli''<br /> |Rakshasi Konkoni<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Nishir Daak]]''<br /> |Jorasondhi<br /> |[[Colors Bangla]]<br /> |-<br /> |2021<br /> |''Agnishikha''<br /> |Rekha Chakraborty<br /> |[[Sun Bangla]]<br /> |-<br /> |2022–2023<br /> |''[[Gouri Elo]]'' <br /> |Shailaja Ghoshal: aka Shailamaa<br /> |[[Zee Bangla]]<br /> |-<br /> |2022–2024<br /> |''[[Phaguner Mohona]]''<br /> |Madhumita Sen<br /> |[[Sun Bangla]]<br /> |-<br /> |2024<br /> |''[[Tumi Ashe Pashe Thakle (TV series)|Tumi Ashe Pashe Thakle]]''<br /> |Lady Police officer<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Star Jalsha]]<br /> |-<br /> |2024-Present<br /> |''[[Rangamati Tirandaj]]''<br /> | Promita Basu<br /> |-<br /> |2026-Present<br /> |''[[Saat Paake Bandha (TV series)|Saat Paake Bandha]]''<br /> | Ranjini<br /> |[[Zee Bangla]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Web series==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Title<br /> !Role<br /> !Language<br /> !Network<br /> !Notes<br /> |-<br /> |2019<br /> |''[[Montu Pilot]]''<br /> |Bibijan<br /> |Bengali<br /> |[[MX Player]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2020<br /> |''Kark Rogue''<br /> |Indulekha Agarwal<br /> |Hindi, Bengali<br /> |[[List of ZEE5 original web series|ZEE5]]<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Sharma |date=23 December 2019 |title=Kark Rogue: Zee5's new medical thriller |url=https://theenvoyweb.com/news/kark-rogue-zee5s-new-medical-thriller/ |url-status=live |access-date=9 July 2021 |website=Theenvoyweb.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184146/https://theenvoyweb.com/news/kark-rogue-zee5s-new-medical-thriller/ |archive-date=9 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2020<br /> |[[Damayanti web series|''Damayanti'']]<br /> |Munia Roy<br /> |Bengali<br /> |MX Player<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2020<br /> |[[Black Widows (web series)|''Black Widow'']]<br /> |Silvia<br /> |Hindi<br /> |ZEE5 <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2020<br /> |''Break Up Story''<br /> |Aparna<br /> |Bengali<br /> |Hoichoi<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2022<br /> |[https://www.hoichoi.tv/shows/watch-montu-pilot-bengali-web-series-online ''Montu Pilot (Season 2)'']<br /> |Bibijan<br /> |Bengali<br /> |[https://www.hoichoi.tv/shows/watch-montu-pilot-bengali-web-series-online Hoichoi]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2023<br /> |''[[P I Meena]]''<br /> | Health Secretary<br /> |Hindi<br /> |[[Amazon Prime Video]]<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Awards ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year !! Award !! Category !! Character !! Film/TV show <br /> |-<br /> | 2005<br /> | BFJA Award<br /> | [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association - Most Promising Actress Award|Most Promising Actress]]<br /> | Saheli<br /> | [[Mahulbonir Sereng]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/200467.htm |title=69th &amp; 70th Annual Hero Honda BFJA Awards 2007 |publisher=www.bfjaawards.com |accessdate=2008-10-24 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100108092124/http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/200467.htm |archivedate=8 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2015<br /> | Star Jalsha Parivar Awards 2015<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Sera Khalnayika<br /> | Kotkoti<br /> | [[Kiranmala (TV series)|Kiranmala]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2023<br /> | Zee Bangla Sonar Sansar Awards 2023<br /> | Shoilo Maa<br /> | [[Gouri Elo]]<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 2025<br /> | Star Jalsha Parivar Awards 2025<br /> | Priyo Maa<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| Promita<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| Rangamati Tirandaj<br /> |-<br /> | Tele Academy Awards 2025<br /> | Priyo Sashuri<br /> |-<br /> | TV 9 Bangla Ghorer Bioscope Awards 2025<br /> | Best Supporting Actress TV Serial<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 2026<br /> | BFJA Award<br /> | [[West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role|Best Actress in a Supporting Role]]<br /> | Malati<br /> | Lokkhikantapur Local<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Star Jalsha Parivar Awards 2026<br /> | Priyo Sashuri<br /> | Promita<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Rangamati Tirandaj<br /> |-<br /> | Priyo Misti Somporko<br /> | Promita-Rangamoti<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{IMDb name|id=1983339}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Ghosh, Chandrayee}}<br /> [[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Indian television actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses from Kolkata]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award winners]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali television actresses]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>

AdvAcademy01 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Awadhi_cuisine&diff=488481 2026-05-01T13:18:03Z

<p>AdvAcademy01: New...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Culinary traditions of Awadh}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}<br /> {{Indian cuisine}}<br /> '''Awadhi cuisine''' ({{langx|hi|अवधी पाक-शैली}}, {{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|اودھی کھانے}}}}) is a cuisine native to the [[Awadh]] region in [[North India|northern India]] and southern [[Nepal]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/food-wine/heaven-on-your-plate-4624078/|title=Heaven on Your Plate: From kebabs to biryani, food is serious business in Lucknow|date=23 April 2017|access-date=24 April 2017|archive-date=24 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424180913/http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/food-wine/heaven-on-your-plate-4624078/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Awadhi cuisine can be divided into traditional Awadhi cuisines and Nawabi cuisines. The cooking styles of [[Lucknow district|Lucknow]] are similar to those of [[Central Asia]], the [[Middle East]], and northern India and [[Western India]] with the cuisine comprising both [[Vegetarians in India|vegetarian]] and [[Non-vegetarian food in India|non-vegetarian]] dishes. The [[Ayodhya district|Awadh]] region has been influenced by [[Mughlai cuisine|Mughal cooking techniques]] and the cuisine of Lucknow, which bears similarities to those of [[Central Asian Cuisine|Central Asia]], [[Kashmiri cuisine|Kashmir]], [[Punjabi cuisine|Punjab]] and [[Hyderabadi cuisine|Hyderabad]]. The city is also known for its [[Nawab of Awadh|Nawabi]] foods.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v-2TyjzZhZEC&amp;pg=PA10 |title=Royal Mughal Ladies and Their Contributions|access-date=6 March 2015|isbn=9788121207607|last1=Mukherjee|first1=Soma|year=2001|publisher=Gyan Books }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Nawabi cuisine ==<br /> <br /> {{multiple image<br /> | align = right<br /> | image1 = Galouti Kabab from Tunday Kababi Lucknow 2009-01-06.jpg<br /> | width1 = {{#expr: (100 * 800 / 763) round 0}}<br /> | caption1 = Galouti jabab<br /> | image2 = Shamikebab.jpg<br /> | width2 = {{#expr: (100 * 2048 / 1536) round 0}}<br /> | caption2 = [[Shami kebab]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The ''bawarchis'' (chefs) and ''rakabdars'' (gourmet cooks) of Awadh invented the [[Dum Pukht|dum style of cooking]], or the art of cooking over a slow fire, which is strongly associated with Lucknow today.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030713/spectrum/main2.htm The Sunday Tribune – Spectrum – Lead Article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614192620/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030713/spectrum/main2.htm |date=14 June 2013 }}. ''The Tribune''. (13 July 2003). Retrieved 2012-08-06.&lt;/ref&gt; Their meals consisted of elaborate dishes such as [[kebabs]], [[korma]]s, [[biryani]]s, kaliyas, [[Kulcha|nahari-kulchas]], zarda, sheermal, [[rumali roti]]s, and [[Paratha|warqi parathas]]. The richness of Awadh cuisine lies not only in the variety of cuisine but also in the ingredients used like [[mutton]], [[paneer]], and rich spices, which include [[cardamom]] and [[saffron]].{{citation needed|date=May 2026}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Machli Kababs With Tomato Dip.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Awadh]] ''machli kababs'' (with fish) ]]<br /> <br /> [[Kebabs]] are an integral part of Awadhi cuisine. There are several varieties of well-known kebabs in Awadhi cuisine, including kakori kebabs, galawat ke kebabs, shami kebabs, boti kebabs, patili ke kebabs, ghutwa kebabs and seekh kebabs.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}}<br /> <br /> The kebabs of Awadhi cuisine are distinct from the kebabs of Punjab insofar as Awadhi kebabs are grilled on a [[Improved cookstove|chula]] and sometimes in a skillet as opposed to grilled in a [[tandoor]] in Punjab. Awadhi kebabs are also called &quot;chula&quot; kebabs whereas the kebabs of Punjab are called &quot;tandoori&quot; kebabs.{{citation needed|date=May 2026}}<br /> <br /> Awadhi cuisine, although similar to [[Mughlai cuisine]], differs in its approach to cooking. Where Mughal dishes are rich in fats due to extensive use of milk, cream and spices, Awadhi food is more subtle.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fisher 1977&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Fisher |first=Michael H. |date=February 1977 |title=Lucknow: The Last Phase of an Oriental Culture. By Abdul Halim Sharar, Translated and Edited By E. S. Harcourt and Fakhir Hussain. London: Paul Elek, 1975. 295 pp. Illustrations, Maps, Notes, Bibliography, Index. £12.50 |journal=[[The Journal of Asian Studies]] |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=366–367 |doi=10.2307/2053751|issn=0021-9118 |jstor=2053751}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Dishes ==<br /> <br /> === Kebabs ===<br /> <br /> Awadhi kebabs include:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.cityhunt.co.in/2017/01/04/yatra-royal-modern-cuisines-awadh/ |title=Yatra of Royal &amp; Modern Cuisines of Awadh |access-date=8 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109134650/http://www.cityhunt.co.in/2017/01/04/yatra-royal-modern-cuisines-awadh/ |archive-date=9 January 2017 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The ''seekh kebab'' was introduced by the [[Mughal era|Mughals]]; it was originally prepared from beef mince on [[skewer]]s and cooked on charcoal fires. Now lamb mince is preferred for its soft texture.{{citation needed|date=May 2026}}<br /> <br /> Established in 1905, ''[[tunde ke kabab]]'' in Chowk is the most famous outlet for kababs even today.&lt;ref&gt;[http://week.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/theWeekContent.do?sectionName=Business&amp;contentId=5873768&amp;programId=1073754899&amp;pageTypeId=1073754893&amp;contentType=EDITORIAL&amp;BV_ID=@@@ The Week] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413125254/https://www.theweek.in/ |date=13 April 2023 }}. Week.manoramaonline.com. Retrieved 2012-08-06.&lt;/ref&gt; The tunde kabab is so named because it was the speciality of a one-armed chef. The tunde kabab claims to be unique because of the zealously guarded family secret recipe for the masala (homemade spices), prepared by women in the family. It is said to incorporate 160 spices.<br /> <br /> The ''kakori kabab'' is considered blessed since it was said to be originally made in the place by the same name in the [[dargah]] of Shah Abi Ahder Sahib with divine blessings. The meat used is from the tendon of the leg of mutton, combined with [[khoya]] and spices.<br /> The ''[[shami kebab]]'' is made from mincemeat, usually with chopped onion, coriander, and green chillies added. The kebabs are round patties filled with spicy mix and tangy raw green [[mango]]. The best time to have them is in May, when mangoes are young. When mangoes are not in season, kamrakh or karonda may be substituted for kairi, as both have a tart flavour reminiscent of raw mango.<br /> A variant made without any admixture or binding agents and comprising just the minced meat and the spices is the ''galawat kabab''.<br /> An unusual offering is the ''pasanda kebab'', [[piccata]] of lamb marinated and then [[sautéed]] on a [[griddle]].<br /> The ''boti kebab'' is lamb marinated in yoghurt and cooked on skewers in a tandoor oven.<br /> Vegetarian kebabs include ''dalcha kebab'', ''kathal ke kebab'', ''arbi ke kebab'', ''rajma galoti kebab'', and ''zamikand ke kebab'', among others.{{citation needed|date=May 2026}}<br /> <br /> === Curries ===<br /> <br /> {{multiple image<br /> | footer = <br /> | align = right<br /> <br /> | image1 = Navratan Korma.jpg<br /> | width1 = {{#expr: (100 * 800 / 672) round 0}}<br /> | alt1 = <br /> | caption1 = Navratan korma<br /> <br /> | image2 = Chicken Curry.JPG<br /> | width2 = {{#expr: (100 * 2816/ 2112) round 0}}<br /> | alt2 =<br /> | caption2 = Shahi korma<br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[Korma]] is the Indian name for the technique of braising meat. It originated in Mughlai cuisine wherein lamb or chicken was braised in velvety, spiced sauces, enriched with ground nuts, cream and butter. While kormas are rich, they are also mild, containing little or no cayenne or chillies.&lt;ref&gt;Jennifer Brennan, ''Curries and Bugles: A Memoir and a Cookbook of the British Raj'', Tuttle, 2000, {{ISBN|9625938184}}&lt;/ref&gt; There are both vegetarian (''navratan korma'') and non-vegetarian (chicken, lamb, beef and fish korma) varieties of korma. Murgh Awadhi korma is a classic from Lucknow.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20121107174515/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/07/19/stories/2008071952961100.htm Tastes of royalty]. ''The Hindu''. (19 July 2008). Retrieved 2012-08-06.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Rice dishes ===<br /> <br /> [[File:Nawabi Chicken Dum Biryani.jpg|thumb|Nawabi chicken dum [[biryani]]]]<br /> <br /> [[Biryani]] is widespread in Awadhi cuisine. When cooking it, [[Pilaf|pilau]] is first made by cooking basmati rice in [[ghee]] with warm, aromatic spices and then layered with meat curry or marinade (depending on the type of biryani), sealed, and [[Dum pukht|cooked over low heat (dum cooking)]] until done.{{citation needed|date=May 2026}}<br /> <br /> === Breads ===<br /> <br /> As wheat is the staple food of the state, breads are significant. Breads are generally flatbreads baked in a pan; only a few varieties are raised breads. Improvisations of the roti (or bread) are of different types and made in various ways and include the rumaali roti, tandoori roti, [[naan]] (baked in a [[tandoor]]), [[kulcha]], lachha [[paratha]], sheermaal and [[bakarkhani]]. Breads made of other grains have descriptive names only, such as ''makai ki roti'', ''jowar ki roti'' ([[barley]] flour roti), ''bajre ki roti'' ([[pearl millet]] roti), and ''chawal ki roti'' (roti of [[rice flour]]).{{citation needed|date=May 2026}}<br /> <br /> *[[Chapati]] is eaten for breakfast, lunch, or dinner.<br /> *[[Puri (food)|Puri]] are small and deep-fried so they puff up.<br /> *Paratha is a common roti variant that is flaky, layered and lightly fried. It is frequently stuffed with vegetables, pulses, cottage cheese, or mincemeat.<br /> *[[Rumali roti]] is a thin bread baked on a convex metal pan. The Hindi word ''rumaali'' means 'handkerchief'.<br /> *Tandoori roti is thicker bread baked in a tandoor, and can be crispy or chewy depending on its thickness. <br /> *Naan is a pan-baked soft thick bread.<br /> *[[Sheermaal]] is a sweet baked yeast naan made with flour, milk, sugar, and saffron.<br /> *Baqarkhani is a variation of sheermaal cooked on a griddle rather than baked.<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=200 heights=200&gt;<br /> Indian naan bread.jpg|Indian [[naan]]<br /> Avadhi breakfast sabji paratha 1q.jpg|Sabji with [[paratha]]<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> === Desserts ===<br /> <br /> [[File:Halva1.jpg|thumb|Halvas including ''sooji'', ''chana'', and ''gajar halva'']]<br /> <br /> [[Halwa]]s of all kinds are a common dessert within the cuisine, particularly in winter. There are several varieties of these, prepared from different [[cereal]]s, such as gram flour, sooji, wheat, nuts, and eggs. The special halwa or halwa sohan, has four varieties: Papadi, Jauzi, Habshi, and Dudhiya.{{citation needed|date=May 2026}}<br /> <br /> === Chaats ===<br /> <br /> {{multiple image<br /> | footer = <br /> | align = right<br /> <br /> | image1 = Awadhi chaat corner.jpg<br /> | width1 = {{#expr: (100 * 976 / 729) round 0}}<br /> | alt1 = <br /> | caption1 = A chaat corner<br /> <br /> | image2 = Awadhi chaat 2b.jpg<br /> | width2 = {{#expr: (100 * 640 / 480) round 0}}<br /> | alt2 =<br /> | caption2 = A chaat dish<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{multiple image<br /> | align = right<br /> <br /> | image1 = Awadhi chaat.jpg<br /> | width1 = {{#expr: (100 * 640 / 480) round 0}}<br /> | caption1 = Paani kay batashey<br /> <br /> | image2 = Aloo Tikki served with chutneys.jpg<br /> | width2 = {{#expr: (100 * 1600 / 1200) round 0}}<br /> | caption2 = Aloo tikki served with chutneys<br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[Chaat]] originated in Uttar Pradesh but are now popular across South Asia as a staple of street food. The chaat variants are based on fried dough, with added ingredients. The original chaat is a mixture of potato, chickpeas, spices, chilli, [[Sooth (chutney)|saunth]] (dried ginger and tamarind sauce), coriander leaves, and yogurt, but other popular variants include [[aloo tikki]]s (garnished with onion, coriander, hot spices and a dash of curd), [[dahi puri]], [[golgappa]], [[dahi vada]] and [[papri chaat]].{{citation needed|date=March 2015}}<br /> <br /> There are common elements among these variants including [[Yogurt|dahi]], or yogurt; chopped onions and [[coriander]]; sev (small dried yellow salty [[noodles]]); and [[chaat masala]], a [[spice mix]] typically consisting of [[amchoor]] (dried [[mango]] powder), [[cumin]], [[kala namak]] (rock salt), [[coriander]], dried [[ginger]], salt, [[black pepper]], and [[Capsicum|red pepper]]. The ingredients are combined and served on a small metal plate or a banana leaf, dried and formed into a bowl.{{citation needed|date=May 2026}}{{-}}<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180 caption=&quot;Traditional vegetarian Awadhi dishes&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Tehri With Kachumbar Salad.JPG|Tehri<br /> File:Pilav.JPG|Pilao<br /> File:Aalu gobhi avadhi cuisine.jpg|Alu gobhi<br /> File:Avadhi breakfast sabji paratha 1q.jpg|Breakfast<br /> File:Vegetarian Curry.jpeg|Uttar Pradeshi thali<br /> File:Vegthali.jpg|Vegetarian thali<br /> File:Halva Poori.JPG|Halva poori<br /> File:Chana masala.jpg|Chhola<br /> File:Naan with fish curry avadhi cuisine.jpg|Naan with fish curry<br /> File:Samosachutney.jpg|Samosa served with chutney<br /> File:Aloo Tikki served with chutneys.jpg|[[Aloo tikki]], [[chutney]]s, and [[Yogurt|dahi]]<br /> File:Indian naan bread.jpg|[[Naan]] a staple bread of Awadh<br /> File:Teaparatha.jpg|Paratha served with tea<br /> File:Poori wih accompaniments.jpg|Puri with accompaniments<br /> File:Khatte Mithe Aloo ( sweet &amp; sour potato curry ) with Maida Poori ( Deep Fried Puffy Bread).jpg|Puri Sabji<br /> File:Kulchachole.jpg|Kulcha with [[chhole]]<br /> File:Mint lassi.jpg|Mint salted [[lassi]]<br /> File:Samosas and pakoras in Jaipur, India.jpg|Awadhi samosa<br /> File:Awadhi jalebi.jpg|Awadhi jalebi<br /> File:Awadhi kheema.jpg|Awadhi kheema<br /> File:Raj kachauri.jpg|Bharwa Kachaudi<br /> File:Awadhi gobhi.jpg|Awadhi gobhi<br /> File:Awadhi chaat.jpg|Awadhi chaat<br /> File:Awadhi awadhi gobhi roti.jpg|Awadhi gobhi roti<br /> File:Awadhi chana 2b.jpg|Awadhi chana <br /> File:Awadhi chaat corner.jpg|Awadhi chaat<br /> File:Awadhi light 2b.jpg|Awadhi light<br /> File:Awadhi daal rice.jpg|Awadhi daal rice<br /> File:Awadhi chaat 2b.jpg|Awadhi chaat <br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180 caption=&quot;Awadhi Non-Vegetarian and Nawabi dishes&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Awadhi mutton biryani.jpg|Awadhi mutton biryani<br /> File:Awadhi seekh kebab.jpg|Awadhi seekh kebab<br /> File:Shamikebab.jpg|[[Shami kebab]]<br /> File:Dum Biryani Plate.jpg|Awadhi chicken Dum Biryani<br /> File:Chicken Curry.JPG|Chicken curry<br /> File:Tanduri chicken avadhi cuisine.jpg|Tanduri chicken<br /> File:Haleem.JPG|Haleem (Khichda)<br /> File:Chicken Ginger.JPG|Chicken Ginger<br /> File:Chicken Tikka.jpg|Chicken tikka<br /> File:Indian Curry Chicken.jpg|Chicken curry with [[chapati]]s<br /> File:Chicken pakauda avadhi cuisine 1q.jpg|Chicken pakauda <br /> File:Spicy fried King Prawns.jpg|Awadhi prawns.<br /> File:Punjabi pullao.JPG|Pullao<br /> File:Fish Curry.JPG|Fish curry<br /> File:Fried Fish.JPG|Fried Fish<br /> File:Naan with fish curry avadhi cuisine.jpg|Naan with fish curry<br /> File:Awadhi oven chicken.jpg|Awadhi oven chicken<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> <br /> * [[Cuisine of Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> * [[Desi cuisine]]<br /> * [[Faizabad]]<br /> * [[Indian cuisine]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> <br /> {{Commons category|Awadhi cuisine}}<br /> <br /> * [http://www.indiamarks.com/biryani-their-kings-and-kinds Biryani : Their Kings and Kinds]<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100905215030/http://www.ameinfo.com/196530.html Indian Ambassador opens The thirteen-day Indian Food Festival 'Awadhi 'Lucknowi' in Doha]<br /> * [http://www.happydiwali.org/Almond_Seera.aspx 'Almond Seera'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222062441/http://www.happydiwali.org/Almond_Seera.aspx |date=22 February 2020 }}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Awadhi cuisine| ]]<br /> [[Category:Indian cuisine by city|Lucknow]]<br /> [[Category:North Indian cuisine]]<br /> [[Category:South Asian cuisine]]<br /> [[Category:Mughlai cuisine]]<br /> [[Category:Uttar Pradeshi cuisine]]<br /> [[Category:Muhajir cuisine]]</div>

AdvAcademy01 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aditi_Chatterjee&diff=484629 2026-04-30T13:21:09Z

<p>AdvAcademy01: Started...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Bengali film actress}}<br /> {{Distinguish|Aditi Chattopadhyay}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Aditi Chatterjee<br /> | image = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1976|09|26|df=y}}&lt;ref name=&quot;TK&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Ashistaru |title=Tarader Katha |publisher=Bangiya Sahitya Samsad |isbn=9789383590360 |location=Kolkata |language=Bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | birth_place = Kolkata, India<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place =<br /> | other_names = <br /> | spouse = Divorced<br /> | father = Suniti Chatterjee&lt;ref name=&quot;TK&quot; /&gt;<br /> | mother = Manju Chatterjee&lt;ref name=&quot;TK&quot; /&gt;<br /> | awards = <br /> | alma_mater = [[South Point School]]<br /> | occupation = Actress<br /> | years_active = 1987—2000&lt;br/&gt;2011—present<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Aditi Chatterjee''' (also known as '''Adetee Chatterjee''')&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Drishyam 2, Kothamrito, She Said, Smile, The Menu, Ogo Bideshini: Hindi, English and Bengali films to hit theatres this Friday |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/drishyam-2-kothamrito-she-said-smile-the-menu-ogo-bideshini-hindi-english-and-bengali-films-to-hit-theatres-this-friday/cid/1898655 |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; is an Indian actress who is known for her work in Bengali cinema and television.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=সংবাদদাতা |first=নিজস্ব |title=Aditi: বড় পর্দায় অভিনয় করতে গিয়ে অদিতি বললেন, আমারও সম্পর্ক ভেঙেছে |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/aditi-chatterjee-coming-backing-big-screen-with-jiit-chakrabortys-amrito-kotha-after-25-years-dgtl/cid/1341961 |access-date=2023-05-27 |website=www.anandabazar.com |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> When she was in her fifth standard in [[South Point School]], Chatterjee was spotted by [[Meenakshi Goswami]] who offered her a role in a Bengali TV series.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-12-22 |title='আরও সুন্দর লাগছে, বয়স তো কমছে', সৌরভের সঙ্গে ফ্লার্ট অদিতির, 'ডোনা বৌদি মারবে' |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/aditi-chatterjee-says-sourav-ageing-backwards-at-dadagiri-netizen-warns-actress-about-dona-31703260251747.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225155617/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/aditi-chatterjee-says-sourav-ageing-backwards-at-dadagiri-netizen-warns-actress-about-dona-31703260251747.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was followed by a string of roles in Television. She made her Bollywood debut with her role as [[Shrutakirti]] in ''[[Lav Kush]]'' (1997).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-01-22 |title=বাংলা সিনেমায় রাম জিতেন্দ্র, সীতা জয়াপ্রদা! প্রতিবাদ ছিল 'লব কুশ' নিয়ে |url=https://www.thewall.in/entertainment/in-bengali-cinema-jitendra-is-always-lord-ram-and-jaya-prada-is-sita-controversies-made-regarding-luv-kush/tid/121784 |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=TheWall}}&lt;/ref&gt; She portrayed Trina in [[Rituparno Ghosh]]'s ''[[Dahan (1997 film)|Dahan]]'' (1997).&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Her first starring role was opposite [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] in [[Swapan Saha]]'s Bengali drama film ''Nayaner Alo'' (1998).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://epaper.sangbadpratidin.in/ |title=চরণ ধরিতে দিয়ো গো আমারে নিয়ো না নিয়ো না সরায়ে |website=Epaper Sangbad Pratidin |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409072758/https://epaper.sangbadpratidin.in/ |archive-date=9 April 2020 |access-date=4 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was widely adulated for her role as Nandini opposite [[Saswata Chatterjee]] in Ravi Ojha's ''[[Ek Akasher Niche]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-03-30 |title=Ek Akasher Niche: 'এক আকাশের নীচে'র আম্মার স্মৃতি দু'দশক পেরিয়েও অম্লান, যৌথ পরিবারের আয়না ছিল এই সিরিয়াল |url=https://www.thewall.in/entertainment/ek-akasher-niche-serial-of-sumitra-mukherjee/ |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=TheWall |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jana |first=Sudeshna |date=2022-05-04 |title=২৫ বছর বাদে ফের বড়পর্দায় ফিরছেন 'এক আকাশের নিচে' খ্যাত অদিতি চট্টোপাধ্যায় |url=https://progotirbangla.com/after-25-years-aditi-chatterjee-is-returning-to-the-big-screen/ |access-date=2023-06-09 |website=Progotir Bangla |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; At the peak of her career she abruptly quit her career and went abroad.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |title=সুন্দরী হয়েও মিলেছে মা-কাকিমার রোল! কেন আজও ভালো চরিত্রে ব্রাত্য অদিতি চ্যাটার্জী? রইল কারণ |url=https://bongtrend.com/why-tollywood-actress-aditi-chatterjee-not-seen-often-on-screen-psm |access-date=2023-05-27 |website=Bong Trend |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-08-10 |title=বয়স ৪০ ও পেরোয়নি এখনো অপরূপ সুন্দরী অদিতি চ্যাটার্জী! তবে কেনো মা কাকিমার চরিত্রেই দেখা মেলে জনপ্রিয় অভিনেত্রী অদিতির? |url=https://www.kolkatajournal.com/entertainment-news/bengali-serial/age-40-and-not-passed-but-why-does-the-popular-actress-aditi-chatterjee-in-the-role-of-mother-in-law-and-auntys-24365 |access-date=2023-05-28 |website=Kolkata Journal |language=en-US |archive-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528044647/https://www.kolkatajournal.com/entertainment-news/bengali-serial/age-40-and-not-passed-but-why-does-the-popular-actress-aditi-chatterjee-in-the-role-of-mother-in-law-and-auntys-24365 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; She made her comeback with a role in Babu Banik's Bengali TV series ''Raashi'', in 2011. She has also appeared in popular Bengali TV series such as ''Trishna'', ''Rupkatha'', ''Akashchoyan'', ''[[Kiranmala (TV series)|Kiranmala]]'', ''[[Goyenda Ginni]]'', ''[[Jai Kali Kalkattawali]]'', ''[[Karunamoyee Rani Rashmoni]]'', ''[[Ki Kore Bolbo Tomay]]'', ''[[Mithai (Bengali TV series)|Mithai]]'' to name few.<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Chatterjee made her acting debut when she was in her fifth standard. She was a trainee of Indian Life Saving Society, formerly known as Anderson Club. There she appeared in a water ballet directed by [[Meenakshi Goswami]], and it was broadcast on [[Doordarshan]]. Goswami then offered her a small role in her directorial venture ''Giribala'' (1987).&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; She, later became a deft actress when she hit her teenage.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Riya |date=2022-10-10 |title=সংসারের টানে ছেড়েছিলেন অভিনয়, ভাগ্যের ফেরে আজ নায়িকা থেকে সহশিল্পী অদিতি |url=https://ichorepaka.in/all-you-need-to-know-about-bengali-television-actress-aditi-chatterjee/ |access-date=2023-05-27 |website=Entertainment News in Bengali, Latest Tollywood and Bollywood news in Bangla |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanjib Dey cast her as Kabita in Bengali drama film ''Bhalobasar Ashroy'' (1994). In 1997, She appeared in a host of films landing prominent roles. She starred as Mukta opposite [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] in [[Swapan Saha]]'s [[love triangle]] film ''Tomake Chai'' (1997).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |title=সময়ের আগেই মায়ের চরিত্র কেন? প্রায় ২৫ বছর পর্দা থেকে সরে থাকার কারণ জানালেন 'পিলু' অভিনেত্রী |url=https://1minutenewz.in/why-was-actress-aditi-chatterjee-behind-the-scenes-for-almost-25-years-sm/ |access-date=2023-07-23 |website=1Minute Newz |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; She accepted the role of [[Shrutakirti]] in ''[[Lav Kush]]'' (1997).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lab Kush (Dubbed) |url=https://www.bengalfilmarchive.com/filmography-details.php?t=MjEwNA== |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=Bengal Film Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lav Kush |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/lav-kush/cast/2000094884/ |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=TVGuide.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Rituparno Ghosh]] cast her as Trina in his [[National Film Award|National Award]] winning film ''[[Dahan (1997 film)|Dahan]]'' (1997), alongside [[Rituparna Sengupta]] portraying Romita and [[Indrani Haldar]] portraying Shrabana. It is based on [[Suchitra Bhattacharya]]'s novel of the same name.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2015-05-17 |title=Farewell Suchitra |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/farewell-suchitra/article7214249.ece |access-date=2023-06-08 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film bespeaks the contemporary social affliction that the women underwent. Trina wants to quit her engagement with her fiancé as he is accused of molesting a woman. Anyway her mother says that such accusations are often made against people who are financially very successful.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Banerjee |first=Trina Nileena |date=2014-06-01 |title=The Impossible Collective: A Review of Rituparno Ghosh's Dahan (1997) • In Plainspeak |url=https://www.tarshi.net/inplainspeak/reel-review-the-impossible-collective-a-review-of-rituparno-ghoshs-dahan-1997/ |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=In Plainspeak |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> She once again collaborated with Swapan Saha and Prosenjit Chatterjee in the romantic drama film ''Nayaner Alo'' (1998). It is based on Belal Ahmed's ''[[Noyoner Alo]]'' (1984) which itself was a major financial success. She portrayed Alo whereas Prosenjit Chatterjee portrayed the role of Jiban. She has been interrogated for numerous times as to why she did not feature opposite Prosenjit Chatterjee any more. Aditi did not unfurl anything in this regard. Instead, she said that she was satisfied with her roles in small screen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-01-14 |title=টেলিভিশনের ছোট পর্দায় হামেশাই তাকে মা কাকিমার চরিত্রেই দেখা যায়, ২৫ বছর পর আবার বড় পর্দায় ফিরছেন জনপ্রিয় অভিনেত্রী অদিতি চ্যাটার্জীর |url=https://www.kolkatajournal.com/entertainment-news/bengali-serial/popular-actress-aditi-chatterjee-is-returning-to-the-big-screen-after-25-years-30715 |access-date=2023-06-09 |website=Kolkata Journal |language=en-US |archive-date=9 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609073928/https://www.kolkatajournal.com/entertainment-news/bengali-serial/popular-actress-aditi-chatterjee-is-returning-to-the-big-screen-after-25-years-30715 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Moumita |date=2022-08-12 |title=তুখোড় অভিনয়, অসাধারণ সুন্দরী, তবুও বড়ো পর্দায় মেলেনি সুযোগ, ইন্ডাস্ট্রি নিয়ে মন্তব্য অদিতি চ্যাটার্জীর |url=https://newzshort.com/age-40-and-not-passed-but-why-does-the-popular-actress-aditi-chatterjee-in-the-role-of-mother-in-law-and-auntys-mm/ |access-date=2023-06-09 |website=Newz short |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2000, she was offered to portray Nandini opposite [[Saswata Chatterjee]] in Rabi Ojha's megaserial ''[[Ek Akasher Niche]]''. The role catapulted her to stardom. Anyway she was later replaced by [[Debolina Dutta]]{{efn-la|[[Debolina Dutta]] also claimed to widespread fame for her role as Nandini in ''[[Ek Akasher Niche]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='এখন ধারাবাহিকের মান পড়ে গিয়েছে' |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/an-interview-with-actor-debolina-dutta-1.704101 |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=www.anandabazar.com |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} as she abruptly quit her acting career in 2000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-01-12 |title=সময়ের আগেই মায়ের চরিত্রে অভিনয়, কেরিয়ারের মধ্যগগন থেকে হঠাৎ উধাও হয়ে যান অদিতি – SangbadTimes |url=https://www.sangbadtimes.com/know-some-truth-about-aditi-chatterjees-life-and-career/entertainment-5980/ |access-date=2023-06-09 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After she separated from her husband, she made her acting comeback with the role of Paroma in Babu Banik's Bengali TV series ''Raashi'', in 2011. The series attained major popularity and ran till 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ভট্টাচার্য |first=স্বরলিপি |title='রাশি'কে মনে আছে? তিনি এখন কী করছেন জানেন? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/do-you-remember-rashi-dgtl-1.778779 |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=www.anandabazar.com |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; She portrayed Nandini Mitra in ''[[Goyenda Ginni]]''. Her role as Reboti Roy in ''[[Mithai (Bengali TV series)|Mithai]]'' received wider attention from viewers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chowdhury |first=Sangita |date=2021-05-29 |title=কেন মিঠাইয়ের বিয়ে ভাঙ্গাতে তৎপর রেবতী, দর্শকরা খুঁজে পেলেন নতুন কারণ |url=https://banglaxp.com/the-audience-of-mithai-serial-got-angry-at-rebati/ |access-date=2023-06-09 |website=Banglaxp |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; She accepted a role in Jit Chakraborty's ''Kathamrita'' (2022).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-10-17 |title=দাম্পত্য সুখের হয় কার গুণে? উত্তর দিতে পারবেন কৌশিক আর অপরাজিতা? জানাবে 'কথামৃত' |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/kothamrito-release-date-starred-by-kaushik-ganguly-aparajita-adhya-a-family-drama-31665998326883.html |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt; She received viewer's adulation for her role in ''Panchami''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Calcutta Story |date=2022-12-07 |title='নায়ক নায়িকার মায়ের চরিত্র থেকে বেরিয়ে ইচ্ছাধারী নাগিন চরিত্রে অদিতি ম্যামকে অসাধারন লাগছে!'-পঞ্চমীতে অভিনেত্রী অদিতি চ্যাটার্জীর নাগিন লুক দেখে মুগ্ধ দর্শক! – |url=https://www.calcuttastory.com/entertainment-news/bengali-serial-news/people-make-happy-to-see-aditi-chatterjees-snake-look-5110/ |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=Calcutta Story |language=bn-BD |archive-date=8 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708170518/https://www.calcuttastory.com/entertainment-news/bengali-serial-news/people-make-happy-to-see-aditi-chatterjees-snake-look-5110/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Chatterjee was cast in the role of a [[shapeshifting]] [[nāga|nagin]] in ''Panchami''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jana |first=Sudeshna |date=2022-12-06 |title=আর মায়ের চরিত্রে নয়, 'পিলু'র পর এবার 'ইচ্ছাধারী নাগিন' হয়ে পর্দায় ফিরলেন অভিনেত্রী অদিতি চট্টোপাধ্যায় |url=https://progotirbangla.com/actress-aditi-chatterjee-returned-to-the-screen-as-ichchadhari-nagin-after-pilu-and-not-as-a-mother/ |access-date=2023-06-09 |website=Progotir Bangla |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Filmography ==<br /> {{Incomplete list|date=May 2023}}<br /> <br /> === Films ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Title<br /> !Role<br /> !Note<br /> !{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}<br /> |-<br /> |1994<br /> |''Bhalobasar Ashroy''<br /> |Kabita<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bhalobasar Ashroy |url=https://www.bengalfilmarchive.com/filmography-details.php?t=MTk4OQ== |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=Bengal Film Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |1997<br /> |''[[Dahan (1997 film)|Dahan]]''<br /> |Trina<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Lav Kush]]''<br /> |[[Shrutakirti]]<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''Matir Manush''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Matir Manush |url=https://www.bengalfilmarchive.com/filmography-details.php?t=MjExMA== |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=Bengal Film Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Mittir Barir Chhoto Bou]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Sabar Upare Maa]]''<br /> |Sumi/Riya<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Tomake Chai''<br /> |Mukta<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1998<br /> |''Maayer Dibyi''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Nayaner Alo''<br /> |Alo<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nayaner Alo |url=https://www.bengalfilmarchive.com/filmography-details.php?t=MjE2Mg== |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=Bengal Film Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2000<br /> |''Kalankini Badhu''<br /> |Mou<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2022<br /> |''Kathamrita''<br /> |Ananya<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2022-07-01 |title=Kaushik Ganguly plays a mute person in Jiit Chakraborty's next |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/kaushik-ganguly-plays-a-mute-person-in-jiit-chakrabortys-next/articleshow/92598338.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-28 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Telefilms ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Title<br /> !Role<br /> !Note<br /> !{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |''Pather Dabi''<br /> |Bharati<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == TV series ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Title<br /> !Role<br /> !Channel<br /> !Note<br /> !{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}<br /> |-<br /> |1987<br /> |''Giribala''<br /> |Young Giribala<br /> |[[DD Bangla]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1996<br /> |''Trishna''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |''Rupkatha''<br /> |Kabita<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |''Bhalobasa Mandobasa''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |''Akashchoyan''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2000<br /> |''[[Ek Akasher Niche]]''<br /> |Nandini<br /> |[[Zee Bangla|Alpha Bangla]]<br /> |Later replaced by [[Debolina Dutta]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-10-10 |title=Actress Aditi Chatterjee The Wall Puja Adda |url=https://www.thewall.in/entertainment/actress-aditi-chatterjee-the-wall-puja-adda/ |access-date=2023-05-27 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527194756/https://www.thewall.in/entertainment/actress-aditi-chatterjee-the-wall-puja-adda/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2011–2015<br /> |''Raashi''<br /> |Paroma<br /> |[[Zee Bangla]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2013–2014<br /> |''Dutta Barir Chhoto Bou''<br /> |<br /> |ETV Bangla<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2012<br /> |''[[Checkmate (Indian TV series)|Checkmate]]''<br /> |Shampa Dasgupta<br /> |[[Star Jalsha]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2014<br /> |''[[Byomkesh (TV series)|Byomkesh]]''<br /> |Damayanti Sen<br /> |[[Colors Bangla]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2014–2016<br /> |''[[Kiranmala (TV series)|Kiranmala]]''<br /> |Rani Rupmati<br /> |[[Star Jalsha]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2015–2016<br /> |''[[Goyenda Ginni]]''<br /> |Nandini Mitra<br /> |[[Zee Bangla]]<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-03-11 |title=ফিরে আসছে কি গোয়েন্দা গিন্নি? কবে থেকে পর্দায় আবার ইন্দ্রাণীর গোয়েন্দাগিরি |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/goyenda-ginny-is-coming-back-in-season-2-indrani-haldar-is-going-to-be-a-detective-again-31646992273334.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313001052/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/goyenda-ginny-is-coming-back-in-season-2-indrani-haldar-is-going-to-be-a-detective-again-31646992273334.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 March 2022 |access-date=2023-05-28 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2016<br /> |''Rudrani''<br /> |<br /> |[[Colors Bangla]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2016–2019<br /> |''[[Rakhi Bandhan]]''<br /> |Rikhiya<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Star Jalsha]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2017<br /> |''[[Debipaksha (TV series)|Debipaksha]]''<br /> |Madhavi Dev Barman<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2017–2019<br /> |''[[Jai Kali Kalkattawali]]''<br /> |Sarbani Mukherjee<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2019-03-09 |title=Jai Kali Kalkattawali: Abhaya to lose her eyesight? |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/jai-kali-kalkattawali-abhaya-to-lose-her-eyesight/articleshow/68333527.cms?_gl=1*wrc7bj*_ga*YW1wLVN6UjBlX2g2M04wVWJhUjNtWTNvTEM2amk2TkFMbXQ3X3haNWZfTXBpVkJJZkVfWVlRbmhQRmVKMnNFZVdzdjk.*_ga_FCN624MN68*MTY4NTIxMjEwMC4zNy4xLjE2ODUyMTIxMTkuNDEuMC4w#_ga=2.89414683.1234430618.1685110170-amp-SzR0e_h63N0UbaR3mY3oLC6ji6NALmt7_xZ5f_MpiVBIfE_YYQnhPFeJ2sEeWsv9 |access-date=2023-05-27 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2018–2019<br /> |''Manasa''<br /> |[[Chandi|Devi Chandi]]<br /> |[[Colors Bangla]]<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2019-08-27 |title=Telly serial Manasa draws to an end |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/telly-serial-manasa-draws-to-an-end/articleshow/70856997.cms |access-date=2023-05-27 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2019–2020<br /> |''[[Ekhane Aakash Neel (2019 TV series)|Ekhane Aakash Neel]]''<br /> |Basobi Chatterjee <br /> |[[Star Jalsha]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2019–2021<br /> |''[[Ki Kore Bolbo Tomay]]''<br /> |Anuradha Sen<br /> |[[Zee Bangla]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2019–2022<br /> |''[[Mahapeeth Tarapeeth]]''<br /> |Rajkumari<br /> |[[Star Jalsha]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2021<br /> |''[[Karunamoyee Rani Rashmoni]]''<br /> |Bhairavi<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Zee Bangla]]<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-07-08 |title=মায়ের আসনে বসিয়ে সারদাকে পুজো করছেন গদাধর, লুক দেখে মুগ্ধ দর্শক |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/entertainment/rani-rashmoni-uttorparbo-ramkrishna-saradama-look-viral_391621.html |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=Zee24Ghanta.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2021<br /> |''[[Mithai (Bengali TV series)|Mithai]]''<br /> |Reboti Roy<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=qhkabir |date=2022-05-10 |title=জানুন মিঠাই সিরিয়ালের অভিনেতা অভিনেত্রীদের আসল পরিচয় |url=http://www.nationalnews24bd.com/জানুন-মিঠাই-সিরিয়ালের-অভ/ |access-date=2023-06-09 |website=NationalNews |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2022<br /> |''[[Pilu (TV series)|Pilu]]''<br /> |Sohini Basu Mullick<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |title=আর মায়ের চরিত্র নয়! পিলু শেষ হতেই ছক ভেঙে নতুন চরিত্রে হাজির অদিতি চট্টোপাধ্যায় |url=https://bongtrend.com/after-pilu-aditi-chatterjee-comeback-in-a-new-role-on-star-jalshas-panchami-serial-anm |access-date=2023-06-09 |website=Bong Trend – Bangla Entertainment News and Viral News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2022–2023<br /> |''Panchami''<br /> |Shonkhini/Kamini<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Star Jalsha]]<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2023–2024<br /> |''[[Sandhya Tara|Sandhyatara]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2023–2024<br /> |''Jol Thoi Thoi Bhalobasha''<br /> |Anusuya<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2023 – 2025<br /> |''[[Kon Gopone Mon Bheseche]]''<br /> |Aparajita Mallick<br /> |[[Zee Bangla]]<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-12-17 |title=Dadagiri 10: 'এবার এসে কেন জানিনা…', সুন্দরী অদিতির কথায় ক্লিন বোল্ড সৌরভ! কী এমন বললেন অভিনেত্রী? |url=https://bongtrend.com/dadagiri-10-aditi-chatterjee-compliments-sourav-ganguly-sp |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=Bongtrend.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2024<br /> |''Kolonko''<br /> |Tithi<br /> |Hoichoi<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Review: স্বামী-স্ত্রীর মধ্যে কিছু মিথ্যের পরত সংসার টিকিয়ে রাখার পাসওয়ার্ড? |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/story/7340/review_of_hoichoi_web_series_kolonko |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201185402/https://www.aajkaal.in/story/7340/review_of_hoichoi_web_series_kolonko |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 February 2024 |access-date=2025-09-05 |website=www.aajkaal.in |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2024 – 2025<br /> |''Dui Shalik''<br /> |<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Star Jalsha]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2025 –Present<br /> |''Lokkhi Jhnapi''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2026 –Present<br /> |''Ganga''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Mahalaya ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Title<br /> !Role<br /> !Channel<br /> !{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}<br /> |-<br /> |2018<br /> |''Jayang Dehi''<br /> |[[Chandi]]<br /> |[[Colors Bangla]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2018-10-06 |title='Goyenda Ginni' fame Aditi Chatterjee to play Maa Chandi |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/goyenda-ginni-fame-aditi-chatterjee-to-play-maa-chandi/articleshow/66097783.cms?_gl=1*10csohh*_ga*YW1wLTZWMmtxTDBFVnRfTTZHbmtxUWJhOWtaM1ZLVm1lLU80cGZ4VGhGR29EdUZjRWVPTmphcWNJX3RsTlRGSmNkTXk.*_ga_FCN624MN68*MTY5ODMxNjAyNC4xMS4xLjE2OTgzMTYwNTguMjYuMC4w#_ga=2.255908994.825624950.1698316023-amp-6V2kqL0EVt_M6GnkqQba9kZ3VKVme-O4pfxThFGoDuFcEeONjaqcI_tlNTFJcdMy |access-date=2023-10-26 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2021<br /> |''Nanarupe Mahamaya''<br /> |Khullana<br /> |[[Zee Bangla]]<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Award<br /> ! Category<br /> ! Character<br /> ! Name<br /> |-<br /> | 2016<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Zee Bangla Sonar Sansar<br /> | Priyo Jaa<br /> | Nonda<br /> |''[[Goyenda Ginni]]''<br /> |-<br /> | 2025<br /> | Priyo Sashuri<br /> | Aparajita<br /> |''[[Kon Gopone Mon Bheseche]]''<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{notelist-la}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *{{IMDb name|9131788}}<br /> *{{Instagram|chatterjiadetee}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Chatterjee, Aditi}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses from Kolkata]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Indian television actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali Hindus]]<br /> [[Category:1976 births]]</div>

AdvAcademy01 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Mysore_wars&diff=486543 2026-04-29T23:01:05Z

<p>AdvAcademy01: Done</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|1747-1799 armed conflicts in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}<br /> {{Wars of Great Britain}}<br /> The '''Anglo-Mysore wars''' were a series of four wars fought during the last three decades of the 18th century between the [[Kingdom of Mysore#Under Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan|Kingdom of Mysore]] on the one hand, and the British [[East India Company]] ('''represented chiefly by the neighbouring [[Madras Presidency]]'''), [[Maratha Empire]], [[Kingdom of Travancore]], and the [[Hyderabad State|Kingdom of Hyderabad]] on the other. [[Hyder Ali]] and his succeeding son [[Tipu Sultan]] fought the wars on four fronts: with the British attacking from the west, south and east and the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]]'s forces attacking from the north.&lt;ref name=Naravane&gt;{{Cite book |last=Naravane |first=M. S. |title=Battles of the Honourable East India Company: Making of the Raj |place=New Delhi |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |year=2014 |isbn=978-81-313-0034-3 |pages=172–181}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War|fourth war]] resulted in the overthrow of the house of Hyder Ali and Tipu (the latter was killed in the fourth war, in 1799), and the dismantlement of Mysore to the benefit of the East India Company, which [[Company rule in India|took control]] of much of the Indian subcontinent.<br /> <br /> == The four wars ==<br /> <br /> === First Anglo-Mysore War ===<br /> {{Main|First Anglo-Mysore War}}<br /> [[File:Haidar Ali commandant en chef des Mahrattes gravure 1762.jpg|thumb|right|348x348px|Hyder Ali in 1762, incorrectly described as &quot;Commander in Chief of the Marathas. At the head of his army in the war against the British in India&quot; (French painting).]]<br /> In the [[First Anglo-Mysore War]] (1767–1769), Haider Ali enjoyed some measure of success against the British, almost capturing Madras. The British convinced [[Nizam Ali Khan, Asaf Jah II|Nizam Mir Nizam Ali Khan]] to attack Ali. That was temporary, however, and the Nizam signed a new treaty with the British in February 1768. Ali had to contend with a [[Bombay Army]] attacking from the west and a [[Madras Army]] attacking from the northeast. However, Ali's attack towards Madras resulted in the Madras government suing for peace, and the resultant [[Treaty of Madras]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Naravane&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Second Anglo-Mysore War ===<br /> {{main|Second Anglo-Mysore War}}<br /> The [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]] (1780–1784) witnessed bloodier battles with fortunes fluctuating between the contesting powers. Tipu defeated [[William Baillie (East India Company officer)|William Baillie]] at the [[Battle of Pollilur]] in September 1780, and [[Sir John Braithwaite, 1st Baronet|John Braithwaite]] at [[Kumbakonam]] in February 1782, both of whom were taken prisoner to [[Srirangapattana|Srirangapatana]]. This war saw the comeback of [[Sir Eyre Coote]], the British commander who defeated Ali at the [[Battle of Porto Novo]] and Arni. Tipu continued the war following his father's death. Finally, the war ended with the signing of the [[Treaty of Mangalore]] on 11 March 1784, which restored the ''[[status quo ante bellum]]''. The Treaty of [[Gajendragarh|Gajendraghad]] in April 1787 ended the conflict with the Marathas. Warren Hastings (1772–1785) was Governor-General of India during the Second Anglo-Mysore War.&lt;ref name=&quot;Naravane&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Third Anglo-Mysore War ===<br /> {{Main|Third Anglo-Mysore War}}<br /> In the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]] (1790–1792), Tipu Sultan, now an ally of [[Compagnie de Calonne|France]], invaded the nearby [[Travancore|Kingdom of Travancore]], a British ally, in 1789. The British forces were commanded by [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Charles Cornwallis]]. The resulting war lasted three years and was a nearly defeat for Mysore. The war ended after the 1792 siege of Srirangapatana and the signing of the Treaty of Srirangapatana, according to which Tipu Sultan had to surrender some part of his kingdom to the [[British East India Company]] and its allies.<br /> <br /> === Fourth Anglo-Mysore war ===<br /> {{Main|Fourth Anglo-Mysore War}}<br /> The [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] (1798–1799) saw the death of Tipu Sultan and further reductions in Mysorean territory.&lt;ref name=&quot;Naravane&quot; /&gt; Mysore's alliance with the French was seen as a threat to the East India Company, and Mysore was attacked from all four sides. Mysore had 35,000 soldiers, whereas the British commanded 60,000 troops. [[Sikander Jah, Traitor Asaf Jah III|Nizam Akbar Ali Khan]] and the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] launched an invasion from the north. The British won a decisive victory at the [[siege of Seringapatam (1799)]]. Tipu Sultan was killed during the defence of the city. Much of the remaining Mysorean territory was annexed by the British, the Nizam, and the Marathas. The remaining core, around [[Mysore]] and [[Seringapatam]], was restored to the Indian prince [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar III|Yuvaraja Krishnaraja Wadiyar III]] (later Maharaja Krishnaraja Wadiyar III) under [[Lakshmi Ammani Devi|his grandmother]]'s regency. Members of the [[Wadiyar dynasty|Wodeyar dynasty]] had been in power before Ali became the de facto ruler. The Wodeyars ruled the remnant [[Kingdom of Mysore]] until 1947, when it joined the [[Dominion of India]].<br /> <br /> === Aftermath ===<br /> After the Battles of [[Battle of Plassey|Plassey (1757)]], the [[Bengal War]] (1763-1765), the passing of The Regulating Act of 1773, which established British dominion over parts of East India, the Anglo-Mysore Wars (1767–1799), the [[Anglo-Maratha Wars (disambiguation)|Anglo–Maratha Wars]] (1775–1819), the [[Anglo-Nepalese War]] (1814–1816) and finally the [[Anglo-Sikh War (disambiguation)|Anglo-Sikh War]]s (1845–1849), consolidated the British claim over large part of [[South Asia]], resulting in the [[British Raj|British Empire in India]], though resistance among various groups such as the [[Demographics of Afghanistan|Afghans]] and the [[Burma|Burmese]] would last well into the early twentieth century.<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=packed heights=160&gt;<br /> File:Anglo-Mysore War 1 and 2.png|The [[First Anglo-Mysore War|First]] and the [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]].<br /> File:Anglo-Mysore War 3.png|The [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]]<br /> File:Anglo-Mysore War 4.png|The [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]]<br /> File:1793 Faden Wall Map of India - Geographicus - India-faden-1793.jpg|1793 map<br /> File:1800 Map of Peninsular India-1795.jpg |1800 map<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> == Rockets ==<br /> {{main|Mysorean rockets}}<br /> The Mysorean rockets used by [[Tipu Sultan|Tipu]] during the [[Battle of Pollilur]] were much more advanced than any that the British [[East India Company]] had previously seen, chiefly because of the use of iron tubes for holding the propellant. This enabled higher thrust and a longer range for the missile (up to {{convert|2|km}}). After Tipu's eventual defeat in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War and the capture of a number of Mysorean iron rockets, they were influential in British rocket development, inspiring the [[Congreve rocket]], which was soon put into use in the [[Napoleonic Wars]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Narasimha|first=Roddam |author-link=Roddam Narasimha |date=May 1985 |url=http://www.nal.res.in/pdf/pdfrocket.pdf |title=Rockets in Mysore and Britain, 1750–1850 A.D. |place=Bangalore, India |publisher=National Aeronautical Laboratory and Indian Institute of Science|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303205010/http://www.nal.res.in/pdf/pdfrocket.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Mysorean invasion of Malabar]]<br /> * [[Battle of Nedumkotta]]<br /> * [[Regiment de Meuron]]<br /> * [[Garrison Cemetery, Seringapatam]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * {{cite book |last=Brittlebank |first=Kate |year=1997 |title=Tipu Sultan's Search for Legitimacy: Islam and Kingship in a Hindu Domain |place=Delhi |publisher=Oxford University Press}}<br /> * {{cite journal |last=Cooper |first=Randolf G. S. |date=September 2005 |title=Culture, Combat, and Colonialism in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century India |journal=[[The International History Review]] |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=534–549 |doi=10.1080/07075332.2005.9641071 |s2cid=154707328}}<br /> * {{cite journal |last1=Jaim |first=H. M. Iftekhar |last2=Jaim |first2=Jasmine |date=Autumn 2011 |title=The Decisive Nature of the Indian War Rocket in the Anglo-Mysore Wars of the Eighteenth Century |journal=Arms &amp; Armour |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=131–138 |doi=10.1179/174962611X13097916223244 |s2cid=161374846}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Kaliamurthy |first=G. |year=1987 |title=Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780–1884) |publisher=Mittal Publications}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Roy |first=Kaushik |year=2011 |title=War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740–1849 |publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Gidwani |first=Regan S. |year=2014 |title=The Sword of Tipu Sultan}} – a novel linked to TV series<br /> <br /> {{Mysore}}<br /> {{Indian Independence Movement}}<br /> {{Princely states of India}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Anglo-Mysore War 00}}<br /> [[Category:18th-century conflicts]]<br /> [[Category:18th century in India]]<br /> [[Category:Kingdom of Travancore]]<br /> [[Category:Military history of British India]]<br /> [[Category:Mysorean invasion of Malabar]]<br /> [[Category:Wars involving the Kingdom of Great Britain]]<br /> [[Category:Wars involving the Kingdom of Mysore]]</div>

AdvAcademy01 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=LMU_Munich&diff=549471 2026-04-25T14:48:06Z

<p>AdvAcademy01: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Public university in Munich, Germany}}<br /> {{Redirect|University of Munich|other universities known by a similar name|Technical University of Munich|and|University of the Bundeswehr Munich}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox university<br /> | name = LMU Munich<br /> | native_name = {{lang|de|Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München}}<br /> | native_name_lang = de<br /> | latin_name = Universitas Ludovico-Maximilianea Monacensis&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Search |url=https://archive.org/search?query=%22Universitas+Ludovico-Maximilianea+Monacensis%22&amp;sin=TXT |website=[[Internet Archive]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | other_name = University of Munich<br /> | former_name = [[University of Ingolstadt]] (1472–1800)<br /> | established = {{start date and age|26 June 1472|df=yes}}<br /> | type = [[Public university|Public]]<br /> | budget = [[EUR]] 879 million &lt;small&gt;(2024)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=facts_and_figures/&gt;<br /> | president = [[Matthias H. Tschöp]]<br /> | academic_staff = 840 professors&lt;br /&gt;6,241.5 other &lt;small&gt;(2024)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=facts_and_figures/&gt;<br /> | administrative_staff = 10,626.2 &lt;small&gt;(2024)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=facts_and_figures/&gt;<br /> | students = 52,658 &lt;small&gt;(WS 2025/26)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=facts_and_figures&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.lmu.de/en/about-lmu/lmu-at-a-glance/facts-and-figures/students |title=Facts and Figures |website=LMU Munich |access-date=18 January 2026 |archive-date=22 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251122080037/https://www.lmu.de/en/about-lmu/lmu-at-a-glance/facts-and-figures/students/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | city = [[Munich]]<br /> | state = Bavaria<br /> | country = Germany<br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|48|09|03|N|11|34|49|E|region:DE-BY_type:edu|display=inline, title}}<br /> | mapframe-zoom = 12<br /> | campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]<br /> | free_label = [[Nobel Laureates]]<br /> | free = 50 &lt;small&gt;(January 2026)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | colours = Green and white&lt;br /&gt;{{Color box|#009440}} {{Color box|white}}<br /> | website = {{URL|https://www.lmu.de/en/|lmu.de}}<br /> | logo = [[File:LMU Muenchen Logo.svg|200px|University of Munich logo]]<br /> | image_name = Sigillum Universitatis Ludovico-Maximilianeae.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert<br /> | image_size = 166px<br /> | affiliations = [[German Excellence Universities]], [[Europaeum]], [[LERU]], [[U15 (German universities)|U15]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München''' ('''LMU Munich'''), commonly referred to as the '''University of Munich''', is a [[public university|public]] [[research university]] in [[Munich]], Bavaria, Germany. Originally established as the [[University of Ingolstadt]] in 1472 by Duke [[Ludwig IX of Bavaria-Landshut]], it is Germany's [[List of universities in Germany|sixth-oldest university]] in continuous operation.{{efn|In modern Germany, only [[Heidelberg University]] (1386), [[Leipzig University]] (1409), the [[University of Rostock]] (1419), the [[University of Greifswald]] (1456) and the [[University of Freiburg]] (1457) are older. Although Cologne, Erfurt and Würzburg were originally founded earlier than LMU Munich, they shut down for longer periods.}}<br /> <br /> In 1800, the university was moved from Ingolstadt to [[Landshut]] by King [[Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria]] when the city was threatened by the French, before being transferred to its present-day location in Munich in 1826 by King [[Ludwig I of Bavaria]]. In 1802, the university was officially named '''Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität''' by King Maximilian I of Bavaria in honor of himself and Ludwig IX.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.uni-muenchen.de/ueber_die_lmu/profil/geschichte/landshut/index.html |title=Landshut (1800–1826) – LMU München |publisher=Uni-muenchen.de |access-date=28 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930192142/http://www.uni-muenchen.de/ueber_die_lmu/profil/geschichte/landshut/index.html |archive-date=30 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> LMU is currently the second-largest (and largest on-site) university in Germany in terms of student population; in the 2025/26 winter semester, the university had a total of 52,658 matriculated students. Of these, 7,451 were freshmen, while international students totaled 11,658 or approximately 22% of the student population. As for the operating budget, the university recorded in 2024 a total of 879.0 million euros in funding without the university hospital; with the university hospital, the total university funding for that year amounted to approximately 2.25 billion euros.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Facts and Figures – LMU Munich |url=https://www.lmu.de/en/about-lmu/lmu-at-a-glance/facts-and-figures/ |access-date=18 January 2026 |website=www.lmu.de |language=en |archive-date=25 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251225065750/https://www.lmu.de/en/about-lmu/lmu-at-a-glance/facts-and-figures/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{As of|2023|post=,}} LMU Munich is associated with [[List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation|50 Nobel laureates]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nobel Prize – LMU Munich |url=https://www.lmu.de/en/about-lmu/lmu-at-a-glance/awards/nobel-prize/ |access-date=18 January 2026 |website=www.lmu.de |language=en |archive-date=7 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260207105316/https://www.lmu.de/en/about-lmu/lmu-at-a-glance/awards/nobel-prize/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Among these were [[Ferenc Krausz]], [[Gerhard Ertl]], [[Theodor W. Hänsch]], [[Gerd Binnig]], [[Ernst Otto Fischer]], [[Karl von Frisch]], [[Feodor Lynen]], [[Otto Hahn]], [[Adolf Butenandt]], [[Werner Heisenberg]], [[Thomas Mann]], [[Heinrich Otto Wieland]], [[Max Planck]], [[Richard Willstätter]], [[Max von Laue]], [[Wilhelm Wien]], [[Adolf von Baeyer]], and [[Wilhelm Röntgen]]. Notable alumni, faculty and researchers include [[Pope Benedict XVI]], [[Rudolf Peierls]], [[Josef Mengele]], [[Richard Strauss]], [[Walter Benjamin]], [[Joseph Campbell]], [[Muhammad Iqbal]], [[Marie Stopes]], [[Wolfgang Pauli]], [[Bertolt Brecht]], [[Max Horkheimer]], [[Karl Loewenstein]], [[Carl Schmitt]], [[Gustav Radbruch]], [[Ernst Cassirer]], [[Ernst Bloch]], [[Hermann Göring]], and [[Konrad Adenauer]]. LMU has recently been conferred the title of &quot;University of Excellence&quot; under the [[German Universities Excellence Initiative]], and is a member of [[U15 (German universities)|U15]] as well as the [[League of European Research Universities|LERU]].<br /> <br /> {{TOC limit|3}}<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> <br /> === 1472–1800 ===<br /> [[File:Ingolstadt, Pfründnerhaus.jpg|thumb|University buildings in [[Ingolstadt]]]]<br /> {{Main|University of Ingolstadt}}<br /> <br /> The university was founded with papal blessing in 1472 as the [[University of Ingolstadt]] (foundation right of [[Louis IX, Duke of Bavaria|Louis IX the Rich]]), with faculties of philosophy, medicine, jurisprudence and theology. Its first rector was [[Christopher I Mendel of Steinfels|Christopher Mendel of Steinfels]], who later became [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chiemsee|bishop of Chiemsee]].<br /> <br /> In the period of [[Renaissance humanism in Northern Europe|German humanism]], the university's academics included names such as [[Conrad Celtes]] and [[Petrus Apianus]]. The theologian [[Johann Eck]] also taught at the university. From 1549 to 1773, the university was influenced by the [[Society of Jesus|Jesuits]] and became one of the centres of the [[Counter-Reformation]]. The Jesuit [[Petrus Canisius]] served as rector of the university.<br /> <br /> At the end of the 18th century, the university was influenced by the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]], which led to a stronger emphasis on [[natural science]].<br /> <br /> === 1800–1933 ===<br /> <br /> [[File:Moritz Kellerhoven, König Max I. von Bayern.jpg|upright|left|thumb|Portrait of [[Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria]], after whom the University of Munich was renamed in 1802]]<br /> [[File:Baeyer-Volhard LMU 1877.jpg|thumb|[[Adolf von Baeyer]], [[Hermann Emil Fischer|Emil Fischer]], [[Jacob Volhard]] and other chemists at LMU in 1877]]<br /> <br /> In 1800, the Prince-Elector Maximilian IV Joseph (the later [[Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria|Maximilian I, King]] of [[Bavaria]]) moved the university to [[Landshut]], due to French aggression that threatened Ingolstadt during the [[Napoleonic Wars]]. In 1802, the university was renamed the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München in honour of its two founders, [[Louis IX, Duke of Bavaria]] and [[Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria]]. The Minister of Education, [[Maximilian von Montgelas]], initiated a number of reforms that sought to modernize the rather conservative and Jesuit-influenced university. In 1826, it was moved to [[Munich]], the capital of the [[Kingdom of Bavaria]]. The university was situated in the [[Old Academy (Munich)|Old Academy]] until a new building in the [[Ludwigstraße (Munich)|Ludwigstraße]] was completed. The locals were somewhat critical of the number of Protestant professors Maximilian and later Ludwig I invited to Munich. They were dubbed the &quot;Nordlichter&quot; (northern lights), and especially physician [[Johann Nepomuk von Ringseis]] was quite angry about them.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Wortgewaltiger Gegner der Nordlichter: Der Mediziner Johann Nepomuk von Ringseis&quot;, in: Ulrike Leutheusser, Heinrich Nöth (Hg.), &quot;Dem Geist alle Tore öffnen&quot;. König Maximilian II. von Bayern und die Wissenschaft, München 2009, pp. 142–153; 2. Aufl. München 2011, pp. 142–153.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:München Amalienstraße bei Universität.jpg|thumb|View of LMU Munich from Amalienstrasse around 1900]]<br /> <br /> In the second half of the 19th century, the university rose to great prominence in the European scientific community, attracting many of the global leading scientists. It was also a period of great expansion. From 1903, women were allowed to study at Bavarian universities, and by 1918, the female proportion of students at LMU had reached 18%. In 1918, [[Adele Hartmann]] became with her [[habilitation]] (higher doctorate) at this university the first woman in Germany to earn a habilitation.<br /> <br /> During the [[Weimar Republic]], the university continued to be one of the world's leading universities, with professors such as [[Wilhelm Röntgen]], [[Wilhelm Wien]], [[Richard Willstätter]], [[Arnold Sommerfeld]] and [[Ferdinand Sauerbruch]].<br /> <br /> === 1933–1945 ===<br /> {{See also|University education in Nazi Germany}}<br /> During the [[Nazi Germany|Third Reich]], academic freedom was severely curtailed. In 1943, the [[White Rose]] group, consisting of anti-Nazi students, carried out a campaign opposing the National Socialists at this institution. The university subsequently removed Kurt Huber, a Nazi opposition fighter, from his position and revoked his doctorate upon his arrest.<br /> <br /> Between 1933 and 1936, [[Karl Escherich]] served as rector at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, followed by [[Leopold Kölbl]] from 1936 to 1938, [[Philipp Broemser]] from 1938 to 1941, and finally, [[Walther Wüst]] from 1941 to 1945.<br /> <br /> === 1945–present ===<br /> {{Panorama<br /> |image = 2017 LMU 1-4 rectlinear.jpg<br /> |height = 200px<br /> |width = <br /> |alt = View of the main building of LMU from Professor-Huber-Platz in 2017<br /> |caption = View of the main building of LMU from Professor-Huber-Platz in 2017<br /> |dir = <br /> |align = center<br /> }}<br /> [[File:Lmu lichthof treppe.jpg|thumb|The ''Lichthof'' (atrium)]] <br /> [[File:LMU, Gang 1. OG.JPG|upright|thumb|Colonnade in the first floor]]<br /> <br /> The university has continued to be one of the leading universities of [[West Germany]] during the [[Cold War]] and in the post-reunification era. In the late 1960s, the university was the scene of protests by radical students.<br /> <br /> Today, LMU Munich is part of 24 Collaborative Research Centers funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) and is host university of 13 of them. It also hosts 12 DFG Research Training Groups and three international doctorate programs as part of the Elite Network of Bavaria, an educational policy concept of [[Bavaria]] for the promotion of gifted pupils and students in the higher education sector. It attracts an additional 120 million euros per year in outside funding and is intensively involved in national and international funding initiatives.<br /> <br /> LMU Munich has a wide range of degree programs, with 150 subjects available in numerous combinations. 15% of the 45,000 students who attend the university come from abroad.<br /> <br /> In 2005, Germany's state and federal governments launched the [[German Universities Excellence Initiative]], a contest among its universities. With a total of 1.9 billion euros, 75 percent of which comes from the federal state, its architects aim to strategically promote top-level research and scholarship. The money is given to more than 30 research universities in Germany.<br /> <br /> The initiative will fund three project-oriented areas: graduate schools to promote the next generation of scholars, clusters of excellence to promote cutting-edge research, and &quot;future concepts&quot; for the project-based expansion of academic excellence at universities as a whole. In order to qualify for this third area, a university had to have at least one internationally recognized academic [[center of excellence]] and a new graduate school. After the first round of selections, LMU Munich was invited to submit applications for all three funding lines. It entered the competition with proposals for two graduate schools and four clusters of excellence.<br /> <br /> On Friday 13 October 2006, a blue-ribbon panel announced the results of the Germany-wide Excellence Initiative for promoting top university research and education. The panel, composed of the [[Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft|German Research Foundation]] and the German Science Council, has decided that LMU Munich will receive funding for all three areas covered by the Initiative: one graduate school, three &quot;excellence clusters&quot; and general funding for the university's &quot;future concept&quot;.<br /> <br /> In January 2012, scientists at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München published details of the most sensitive listening device known so far. This has led to the college being inducted into the Guinness Book of World Records.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Guinness Book of World Records|last=Glenday|first=Craig|isbn=978-1-908843-15-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec0000unse_r3e7/page/194 194]|url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec0000unse_r3e7/page/194|year=2013|publisher=Guinness World Records Limited }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In September 2018, the Munich public prosecutor's office investigated a university vice president on suspicion of embezzlement. The vice president should have claimed &quot;excessive travel expenses&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Knoll|first=Günther|title=Untreue-Verdacht gegen einen der LMU-Vizepräsidenten|url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/untreue-verdacht-teure-dienstreisen-ermittlungen-an-der-lmu-1.4115779|access-date=11 February 2023|website=Süddeutsche.de|date=4 September 2018|language=de|archive-date=31 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531014729/https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/untreue-verdacht-teure-dienstreisen-ermittlungen-an-der-lmu-1.4115779|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The following year, veterinary students reported that the LMU violated animal welfare standards. According to them, the LMU keeps pigs in tight grid boxes, so that some animals showed scratches, bumps and respiratory diseases from lying down. Students who reported these circumstances said that they were threatened with deregistration from the university.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Scherf|first=Martina|title=Eingepfercht für die Forschung|url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/muenchen-lmu-tiermedizin-schweine-tierquaelerei-1.4708209|access-date=11 February 2023|website=Süddeutsche.de|date=3 December 2019|language=de|archive-date=22 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922064011/https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/muenchen-lmu-tiermedizin-schweine-tierquaelerei-1.4708209|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the beginning of 2020, the LMU locked around 80 students in a room who wanted to discuss the topic &quot;Climate Burns, University Burns,&quot; about why universities are doing research for companies that are harmful to the [[climate]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Buchwald|first=Sabine|title=In der Großen Aula eingesperrt|url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/muenchen-lmu-klimaschutz-studenten-eingesperrt-1.4769236|access-date=11 February 2023|website=Süddeutsche.de|date=24 January 2020|language=de|archive-date=13 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213204553/https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/muenchen-lmu-klimaschutz-studenten-eingesperrt-1.4769236|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Campus ==<br /> [[File:LMU Muenchen Standortkarte.png|thumb|left|LMU's institutes and research centers are spread throughout Munich.]]<br /> [[File:Entrance to LMU Munich main building.jpg|thumb|Entrance to LMU's main building]]<br /> [[File:München- U-Bahnhof Universität- auf Bahnsteig zu Gleis 2 1.4.2010.jpg|thumb|[[Universität (Munich U-Bahn)|Underground station Universität]] serves LMU's main campus via lines [[Munich U-Bahn#U3|U3]]/[[Munich U-Bahn#U6|U6]].]]<br /> [[File:Klinikum Grosshadern Sued.png|thumb|[[Klinikum Großhadern|LMU Klinikum – Campus Großhadern]], the hospital]]<br /> LMU's institutes and research centers are spread throughout Munich, with several buildings located in the suburbs of [[Oberschleißheim|Oberschleissheim]] and [[Garching bei München|Garching]] as well as [[Maisach]] and [[Bad Tölz]]. The university's main buildings are grouped around Geschwister-Scholl-Platz and Professor-Huber-Platz on [[Ludwigstrasse]], extending into side streets such as Akademiestraße, Schellingstraße, and Veterinärstraße. Other large campuses and institutes are located in [[Großhadern]] ([[Klinikum Großhadern]]), [[Martinsried]] (chemistry and biotechnology campus), the Ludwigsvorstadt (Klinikum Innenstadt) and in the [[Altstadt-Lehel#Lehel|Lehel]] ([[Institutsgebäude am Englischen Garten|Institut am Englischen Garten]]), across from the main buildings, through the [[Englischer Garten]].<br /> <br /> The university's main building is situated in [[Geschwister-Scholl-Platz]] and the university's main campus is served by the [[Munich U-Bahn|Munich subway]]'s [[Universität (Munich U-Bahn)|Universität]] station.<br /> <br /> === Great Assembly Hall (Große Aula) ===<br /> [[File:Lmu grosse aula.jpg|thumb|Große Aula]]<br /> The große Aula is located in the university main building at Ludwigstraße in Munich. The Aula was constructed as part of the main building by [[Friedrich von Gärtner]] and completed in 1840. The hall is situated in the first [[Storey#European scheme|floor]] and extends to the second floor.<br /> <br /> The Aula was not destroyed during [[World War II]] and, thus, is one of few usable pre war venues in [[Munich]]. The Aula was used for the first performances of concerts after the war. Furthermore, it was venue for the constituent assembly of the state of [[Bavaria]], where the current Bavarian constitution was enacted.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.innovations-report.de/html/profile/profil-262.html | title=Geschichte der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München | publisher=innovations-report.de | access-date=5 October 2010 | archive-date=18 March 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318012946/https://www.innovations-report.de/html/profile/profil-262.html | url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Today, the Aula hosts mainly concerts, talks and lectures.<br /> <br /> == Academics ==<br /> <br /> === Fields of study ===<br /> Despite the [[Bologna Process]] which saw the demise of most traditional academic-degree courses such as the ''[[Diplom]]'' and ''[[Master of Arts|Magister Artium]]'' in favour of the more internationally known [[Bachelor's degree|Bachelors]] and [[Master's degree|Masters]] system, LMU Munich continues to offer more than 100 areas of study with numerous combinations of majors and minors.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.uni-muenchen.de/ueber_die_lmu/index.html |title=Herzlich willkommen! – LMU München |publisher=Uni-muenchen.de |access-date=28 October 2011 |archive-date=26 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026064754/http://www.uni-muenchen.de/ueber_die_lmu/index.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In line with the university's internationalisation as a popular destination for tertiary studies, an increasing number of courses mainly at the graduate and post-graduate levels are also available in English to cater to international students who may have little or no background in the German language.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.en.uni-muenchen.de/students/degree/index.html |title=Degree Students – LMU Munich |publisher=En.uni-muenchen.de |access-date=28 October 2011 |archive-date=31 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031095315/http://www.en.uni-muenchen.de/students/degree/index.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Some notable subject areas which currently offer programmes in English include various fields of [[psychology]], [[physics]] as well as business and management.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.uni-muenchen.de/studium/studienangebot/studiengaenge/studienfaecher/index.html |title=Studienfächer und Studiengänge von A bis Z – LMU München |publisher=Uni-muenchen.de |access-date=28 October 2011 |archive-date=26 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026063412/http://www.uni-muenchen.de/studium/studienangebot/studiengaenge/studienfaecher/index.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Faculties ===<br /> [[File:Edificio principal, Jardín Botánico, Múnich, Alemania 2012-04-21, DD 04.JPG|thumb|LMU's Institute of Systematic Botany is located at [[Botanischer Garten München-Nymphenburg]].]]<br /> [[File:Chemistry faculty of the LMU 2003.JPG|thumb|Faculty of chemistry buildings at the [[Martinsried]] campus of LMU Munich]]<br /> The university consists of 18 faculties which oversee various departments and institutes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.en.uni-muenchen.de/about_lmu/academics/faculties/index.html |title=Faculties – LMU Munich |publisher=En.uni-muenchen.de |access-date=28 October 2011 |archive-date=18 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018081344/http://www.en.uni-muenchen.de/about_lmu/academics/faculties/index.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The official numbering of the faculties and the missing numbers 06 and 14 are the result of breakups and mergers of faculties in the past. The Faculty of Forestry Operations with number 06 has been integrated into the [[Technical University of Munich]] in 1999 and faculty number 14 has been merged with faculty number 13.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.forst.wzw.tum.de/index.php?id=29 | title=Geschichte der forstwissenschaftlichen Ausbildung in Bayern | publisher=Technische Universität München | access-date=6 January 2010 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504174835/http://www.forst.wzw.tum.de/index.php?id=29 | archive-date=4 May 2014 | df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.uni-muenchen.de/lmu/fakultaeten.html |title=Fakultäten |access-date=6 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302121800/http://www.uni-muenchen.de/lmu/fakultaeten.html |archive-date=2 March 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|last=Hofmann|first=Andreas C.|title=Warum die LMU München (keine) 20 Fakultäten hat. Zur Ausdifferenzierung des Wissens an der Ludovico-Maximilianea im Spiegel der Geschichte ihrer Fakultäten|url=https://www.aventinus-online.de/bavarica/bildungsgeschichte/art/Warum_die_LMU_M/html/ca/6ea08aa7e6bef50e8d5fb959715193d7/indexee27.html|access-date=11 February 2023|language=de-DE|magazine=aventinus bavarica|issue=15|date=29 May 2010|archive-date=24 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024085753/http://www.aventinus-online.de/no_cache/persistent/artikel/7838/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{reliable source?|date=September 2023}}<br /> * 01 Faculty of [[Catholic Church|Catholic Theology]]<br /> * 02 Faculty of [[Protestantism|Protestant Theology]]<br /> * 03 Faculty of Law<br /> * 04 Faculty of [[Business administration|Business Administration]]<br /> * 05 Faculty of Economics<br /> * 07 Faculty of Medicine<br /> * 08 Faculty of [[Veterinary medicine|Veterinary Medicine]]<br /> * 09 Faculty for History and the Arts<br /> * 10 Faculty of Philosophy, Philosophy of Science and Study of Religion<br /> * 11 Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences<br /> * 12 Faculty for the Study of Culture<br /> * 13 Faculty for Languages and Literatures<br /> * 15 Faculty of [[Social Sciences]]<br /> * 16 Faculty of Mathematics, [[Computer science|Computer Science]] and Statistics<br /> * 17 Faculty of [[Physics]]<br /> * 18 Faculty of [[Chemistry]] and [[Pharmacy]]<br /> * 19 Faculty of [[Biology]]<br /> * 20 Faculty of [[Earth science|Geosciences]] and [[Environmental science|Environmental Sciences]]<br /> <br /> === Research centres ===<br /> [[File:LMU München - Audimax2.JPG|thumb|Audimax]]<br /> In addition to its 18 faculties, LMU Munich also maintains numerous research centres involved in numerous cross-faculty and transdisciplinary projects to complement its various academic programmes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.en.uni-muenchen.de/about_lmu/academics/research_centers/index.html |title=Research Centers – LMU Munich |publisher=En.uni-muenchen.de |access-date=28 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103163450/http://www.en.uni-muenchen.de/about_lmu/academics/research_centers/index.html |archive-date=3 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some of these research centres were a result of cooperation between the university and renowned external partners from academia and industry; the [[Rachel Carson Center for Environment and Society]], for example, was established through a joint initiative between LMU Munich and the [[Deutsches Museum]], while the Parmenides Center for the Study of Thinking resulted from the collaboration between the [[Parmenides Foundation]] and LMU Munich's Human Science Center.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.parmenides-foundation.org/education/eunice/about-eunice/mca/apply/about-us/ |title=About us &quot; MCA &quot; EUNICE &quot; Education &quot; Parmenides Foundation |publisher=Parmenides-foundation.org |access-date=28 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928044421/http://www.parmenides-foundation.org/education/eunice/about-eunice/mca/apply/about-us/ |archive-date=28 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Some of the research centres which have been established include:<br /> * [[Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich]] (CIPSM)<br /> * [[Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences]] (GSN)<br /> * [[Helmholtz Zentrum München]] – German Research Center for Environmental Health<br /> * [[Nanosystems Initiative Munich]] (NIM)<br /> * [[Parmenides Foundation|Parmenides]] Center for the Study of Thinking<br /> * [[Rachel Carson Center for Environment and Society]]<br /> * The Munich School of Ancient Philosophy (MUSAΦ)<br /> <br /> === Tuition and fees ===<br /> <br /> Universities in Bavaria do not charge tuition fees. Instead, a mandatory semester fee has to be paid that is fully transferred to the student union for providing, amongst other services, housing and lunch options for students.<br /> <br /> === Rankings ===<br /> {{Infobox Germany university rankings<br /> | QS = 58<br /> | QS_change = Rise<br /> | QS_N = 2<br /> | QS_N_change = Same position<br /> | QS_year = 2026<br /> | QS_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;QS&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings?countries=de|title=QS World University Rankings 2026|access-date=15 August 2025|website=[[QS World University Rankings]]|archive-date=18 August 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250818040026/https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings?countries=de|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | THE = 34<br /> | THE_change = rise<br /> | THE_N = 2<br /> | THE_N_change = Same position<br /> | THE_year = 2026<br /> | THE_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;THE&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2026/world-ranking|title=World University Rankings 2026|access-date=25 April 2026|website=[[Times Higher Education World University Rankings]]|date=27 September 2024|archive-date=16 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251016165317/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2025/world-ranking|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | ARWU = 42<br /> | ARWU_change = Rise<br /> | ARWU_N = 1<br /> | ARWU_N_change = Same position<br /> | ARWU_year = 2025<br /> | ARWU_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;ARWU&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2025|title=2025 Academic Ranking of World Universities|website=[[Academic Ranking of World Universities]]|access-date=15 August 2025|archive-date=15 August 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250815055209/https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2025|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> The 2026 [[QS World University Rankings]] rank LMU Munich 58th overall in the world and 2nd in Germany.&lt;ref name=&quot;QS&quot;/&gt; In the 2024 QS Subject Rankings, the university is highly ranked in the arts and humanities, natural sciences, and life sciences and medicine.&lt;ref name=&quot;QSSubject&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/subject-rankings/2024|title=QS World University Rankings by Subject|access-date=10 April 2024|website=[[QS World University Rankings]]|archive-date=8 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908182006/https://www.topuniversities.com/subject-rankings|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Times Higher Education World University Rankings|Times Higher Education Ranking]] 2024 ranks LMU Munich 2nd in Germany, and 38th in the world.&lt;ref name=&quot;THE&quot;/&gt; In the 2023 THE subject rankings, LMU is ranked first in Germany in the arts and humanities, law, and psychology.&lt;ref name=&quot;THESubject&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/by-subject|title=World University Rankings by subject|access-date=27 October 2023|website=[[Times Higher Education World University Rankings]]|archive-date=1 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301164410/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/by-subject|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Academic Ranking of World Universities]] ranks LMU Munich 1st nationally and 42nd in the world as of 2025.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWU&quot;/&gt; In the subjects of physics, education, communication, public administration, and hospitality, it is ranked first in Germany.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWUSubject&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/gras/2023|title=ShanghaiRanking's Global Ranking of Academic Subjects 2023|website=[[Academic Ranking of World Universities]]|access-date=27 October 2023|archive-date=10 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240210222318/https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/gras/2023|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2018 and 2019, the LMU took 1st place based on the number of [[DAX]] [[board of management]] members.&lt;ref&gt;Michael Proft. (2018). 7. DAX-Vorstands-Report&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Klaus Hansen&quot;&gt;Klaus Hansen. (2019). 8. DAX-Vorstands-Report&lt;/ref&gt; The top 3 universities in 2019 were the LMU Munich, the [[RWTH Aachen University|RWTH Aachen]] and the [[Technische Universität Darmstadt]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Klaus Hansen&quot;/&gt; According to the funding report of the [[Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft|German Research Foundation]] (DFG) of 2021, which breaks down the grants from 2017 to 2019, LMU Munich ranked 1st among German universities. By area, it ranked 1st in the [[List of life sciences|life sciences]], 2nd in the [[humanities]] and [[social science]]s, and 6th in the [[natural science]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|title=Förderatlas 2021|date=2021|author=Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft|edition=1st|location=Bonn|publisher=Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft e.V.|language=de|isbn=978-3-96827-003-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; In November 2018 Expertscape recognized it as one of the top ten institutions in the world in [[pancreatic cancer]].&lt;ref name=&quot;rank_pancreatic_neoplasms&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.expertscape.com/the-leaders/pancreatic+neoplasms |title=Expertscape: Pancreatic Neoplasms, November 2018 |publisher=expertscape.com |date=November 2018 |access-date=26 November 2018 |archive-date=23 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323035813/http://www.expertscape.com/the-leaders/pancreatic+neoplasms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{col-begin}}<br /> {{col-break}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; font-size: 90%&quot;<br /> |+ [[QS World University Rankings|QS]] World University Rankings by Subject 2024&lt;ref name=&quot;QSSubject&quot; /&gt;<br /> ! Subject !! Global !! National<br /> |-<br /> ! {{Left|Arts &amp; Humanities}}<br /> ! data-sort-value=&quot;38&quot; | {{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;=38<br /> ! data-sort-value=&quot;2&quot; | {{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;2<br /> |-<br /> | Linguistics<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;65&quot; | {{Center|1={{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;=65}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;2–3&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;2–3}}<br /> |-<br /> | Theology, Divinity and Religious Studies<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;24&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;24}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;4&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;4}}<br /> |-<br /> | Archaeology<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;36&quot; | {{Center|1={{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;=36}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;5&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;5}}<br /> |-<br /> | Classics and Ancient History<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;8&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;8}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;3&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3}}<br /> |-<br /> | English Language and Literature<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;59&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;59}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;3&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3}}<br /> |-<br /> | History<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;27&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;27}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;2&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;2}}<br /> |-<br /> | Modern Languages<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;45&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;45}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;3&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3}}<br /> |-<br /> | Philosophy<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;6&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;6}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;1}}<br /> |-<br /> ! {{Left|Engineering and Technology}}<br /> ! data-sort-value=&quot;216&quot; | {{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;=216<br /> ! data-sort-value=&quot;8&quot; | {{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;8<br /> |-<br /> | Computer Science and Information Systems<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;90&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;90}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;3&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3}}<br /> |-<br /> ! {{Left|Life Sciences &amp; Medicine}}<br /> ! data-sort-value=&quot;46&quot; | {{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;=46<br /> ! data-sort-value=&quot;2&quot; | {{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;2<br /> |-<br /> | Anatomy and Physiology<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;37&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;37}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;1}}<br /> |-<br /> | Biological Sciences<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;26&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;26}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;1}}<br /> |-<br /> | Dentistry<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;51–100&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–100}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;1–4&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;1–4}}<br /> |-<br /> | Medicine<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;38&quot; | {{Center|1={{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;=38}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;2&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;2}}<br /> |-<br /> | Pharmacy and Pharmacology<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;55&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;55}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;2&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;2}}<br /> |-<br /> | Psychology<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;47&quot; | {{Center|1={{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;=47}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;1}}<br /> |-<br /> | Veterinary Science<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;39&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;39}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;1}}<br /> |-<br /> ! {{Left|Natural Sciences}}<br /> ! data-sort-value=&quot;42&quot; | {{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;=42<br /> ! data-sort-value=&quot;2&quot; | {{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;2<br /> |-<br /> | Chemistry<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;48&quot; | {{Center|1={{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;=48}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;3&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3}}<br /> |-<br /> | Earth and Marine Sciences<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;51–100&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–100}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;1–7&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;1–7}}<br /> |-<br /> | Environmental Sciences<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;151–200&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;151–200}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;7–11&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;7–11}}<br /> |-<br /> | Geography<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;3–6&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3–6}}<br /> |-<br /> | Geology<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;51–100&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–100}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;1–6&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;1–6}}<br /> |-<br /> | Geophysics<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;51–100&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–100}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;1–7&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;1–7}}<br /> |-<br /> | Materials Sciences<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;7–8&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;7–8}}<br /> |-<br /> | Mathematics<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;114&quot; | {{Center|1={{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;=114}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;5&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;5}}<br /> |-<br /> | Physics and Astronomy<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;32&quot; | {{Center|1={{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;=32}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;3&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3}}<br /> |-<br /> ! {{Left|Social Sciences &amp; Management}}<br /> ! data-sort-value=&quot;93&quot; | {{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;=93<br /> ! data-sort-value=&quot;2&quot; | {{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;2<br /> |-<br /> | Accounting and Finance<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;92&quot; | {{Center|{{New entry|size=16}}&amp;nbsp;92}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;2&quot; | {{Center|{{New entry|size=16}}&amp;nbsp;2}}<br /> |-<br /> | Anthropology<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;51–100&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–100}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;2–5&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;2–5}}<br /> |-<br /> | Business and Management Studies<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;151–200&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;151–200}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;4&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;4}}<br /> |-<br /> | Communication and Media Studies<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;23&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;23}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;1}}<br /> |-<br /> | Economics and Econometrics<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;41&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;41}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;1}}<br /> |-<br /> | Education and Training<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;2–4&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;2–4}}<br /> |-<br /> | Law and Legal Studies<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;43&quot; | {{Center|1={{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;=43}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;1}}<br /> |-<br /> | Politics<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;51–100&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–100}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;2–4&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;2–4}}<br /> |-<br /> | Social Policy and Administration<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;101–130&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–130}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;4&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;4}}<br /> |-<br /> | Sociology<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;77&quot; | {{Center|1={{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;=77}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;3&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3}}<br /> |-<br /> | Statistics and Operational Research<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;51–100&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–100}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;3–5&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3–5}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; font-size: 90%&quot;<br /> |+ [[Times Higher Education World University Rankings|THE]] World University Rankings by Subject 2024&lt;ref name=&quot;THESubject&quot; /&gt;<br /> ! Subject !! Global !! National<br /> |-<br /> | Arts &amp; humanities<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;15&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;15}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;1}}<br /> |-<br /> | Business &amp; economics<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;36&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;36}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;2&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;2}}<br /> |-<br /> | Clinical &amp; health<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;50&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;50}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;3&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3}}<br /> |-<br /> | Computer science<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;62&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;62}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;4&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;4}}<br /> |-<br /> | Education<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;61&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;61}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;3&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3}}<br /> |-<br /> | Law<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;25&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;25}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;1}}<br /> |-<br /> | Life sciences<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;41&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;41}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;3&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3}}<br /> |-<br /> | Physical sciences<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;27&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;27}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;2&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;2}}<br /> |-<br /> | Psychology<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;23&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;23}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;1}}<br /> |-<br /> | Social sciences<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;61&quot; | {{Center|1={{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;=61}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;4&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;4}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> {{col-break|gap=0.5em}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; font-size: 90%&quot;<br /> |+ [[Academic Ranking of World Universities|ARWU]] Global Ranking of Academic Subjects 2023&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWUSubject&quot; /&gt;<br /> ! Subject !! Global !! National<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Natural Sciences<br /> |-<br /> | Mathematics<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;6–9&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;6–9}}<br /> |-<br /> | Physics<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;36&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;36}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;1}}<br /> |-<br /> | Chemistry<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;5–9&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;5–9}}<br /> |-<br /> | Earth Sciences<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;76–100&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;76–100}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;3–4&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3–4}}<br /> |-<br /> | Geography<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;201–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–300}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;10–15&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;10–15}}<br /> |-<br /> | Ecology<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;201–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–300}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;17–27&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;17–27}}<br /> |-<br /> | Atmospheric Science<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;6–9&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;6–9}}<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Engineering<br /> |-<br /> | Electrical &amp; Electronic Engineering<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;401–500&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;401–500}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;12–16&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;12–16}}<br /> |-<br /> | Biomedical Engineering<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;151–200&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;151–200}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;6–10&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;6–10}}<br /> |-<br /> | Computer Science &amp; Engineering<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;301–400&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;301–400}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;8–10&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;8–10}}<br /> |-<br /> | Materials Science &amp; Engineering<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;151–200&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;151–200}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;6–7&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;6–7}}<br /> |-<br /> | Nanoscience &amp; Nanotechnology<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;3–5&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3–5}}<br /> |-<br /> | Environmental Science &amp; Engineering<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;301–400&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;301–400}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;13–18&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;13–18}}<br /> |-<br /> | Biotechnology<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;201–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–300}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;10–16&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;10–16}}<br /> |-<br /> | Remote Sensing<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;76–100&quot; | {{Center|{{New entry|size=16}}&amp;nbsp;76–100}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;3&quot; | {{Center|{{New entry|size=16}}&amp;nbsp;3}}<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Life Sciences<br /> |-<br /> | Biological Sciences<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;51–75&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–75}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;4&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;4}}<br /> |-<br /> | Human Biological Sciences<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;41&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;41}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;3&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3}}<br /> |-<br /> | Agricultural Sciences<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;401–500&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;401–500}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;20–22&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;20–22}}<br /> |-<br /> | Veterinary Sciences<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;76–100&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;76–100}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;3–4&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3–4}}<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Medical Sciences<br /> |-<br /> | Clinical Medicine<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;76–100&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;76–100}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;4&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;4}}<br /> |-<br /> | Public Health<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;4&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;4}}<br /> |-<br /> | Dentistry &amp; Oral Sciences<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;8–14&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;8–14}}<br /> |-<br /> | Medical Technology<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;16&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;16}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;3&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3}}<br /> |-<br /> | Pharmacy &amp; Pharmaceutical Sciences<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;51–75&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–75}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;5–8&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;5–8}}<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Social Sciences<br /> |-<br /> | Economics<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;51–75&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–75}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;2&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;2}}<br /> |-<br /> | Statistics<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;101–150&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;101–150}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;2–6&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;2–6}}<br /> |-<br /> | Law<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;201–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–300}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;3–6&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3–6}}<br /> |-<br /> | Political Sciences<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;51–75&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–75}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;3–4&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3–4}}<br /> |-<br /> | Sociology<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;76–100&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;76–100}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;4–5&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;4–5}}<br /> |-<br /> | Education<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;51–75&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–75}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;1}}<br /> |-<br /> | Communication<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;16&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;16}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;1}}<br /> |-<br /> | Psychology<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;51–75&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;51–75}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;1–4&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;1–4}}<br /> |-<br /> | Business Administration<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;201–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–300}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;4–8&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;4–8}}<br /> |-<br /> | Management<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;201–300&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;201–300}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;3–7&quot; | {{Center|{{Fall|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;3–7}}<br /> |-<br /> | Public Administration<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;26&quot; | {{Center|{{Rise|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;26}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot; | {{Center|{{Same position|size=9}}&amp;nbsp;1}}<br /> |-<br /> | Hospitality &amp; Tourism Management<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;151–200&quot; | {{Center|{{New entry|size=16}}&amp;nbsp;151–200}}<br /> | data-sort-value=&quot;1&quot; | {{Center|{{New entry|size=16}}&amp;nbsp;1}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> {{col-end}}<br /> <br /> === ''One Munich Strategy Forum'' ===<br /> <br /> The LMU and the [[Technical University of Munich]] have come together to work on &quot;One Munich Strategy Forum&quot;, with a €2.5 million fund from the state of [[Bavaria]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ONE MUNICH Strategy Forum: TUM and LMU to jointly explore new research fields|url=https://www.lmu.de/en/newsroom/news-overview/news/one-munich-strategy-forum-tum-and-lmu-to-jointly-explore-new-research-fields.html|access-date=10 November 2021|website=www.lmu.de|language=en|archive-date=10 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110125505/https://www.lmu.de/en/newsroom/news-overview/news/one-munich-strategy-forum-tum-and-lmu-to-jointly-explore-new-research-fields.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Munich International Summer University ===<br /> The Munich International Summer University (MISU at LMU) is the Summer University by LMU, which takes place annually in Munich and depending on the course also involves stays at different European cities. MISU invites international students to attend short-term programs at the LMU Munich in order to progress academically even in winter or summer breaks at their home university. MISU hereby offers two course formats: On the one hand German Language classes are held at different times over the year. On the other hand, MISU offers 16 subject-specific Summer Schools and Winter Schools covering a wide range of academic fields. Around 1000 students from nearly 90 countries joined MISU short-term programs in 2019.&lt;ref&gt;Munich International Summer University: &quot;MISU at LMU Annual Report 2019&quot;, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Germany has a long tradition of hosting summer programs for international students.&lt;ref&gt;Joachim Hoffmann: ''Zur Geschichte der Universitätsferienkurse''. In: ''Informationen Deutsch als Fremdsprache'', Nr. 12,4, 1985, p. 341–352.&lt;/ref&gt; The LMU Munich organised its Summer University for the first time in 1927. Labelled as ''Sommerkurse für Ausländer'' (''Summer Courses for Foreigners'') the Summer University ran annually until 1934 and primarily consisted of German Language courses for international students.&lt;ref&gt;Ulrich Bauer: ''Sommerschulen für Interkulturelle Deutschstudien. Geschichte-Konzeptualisierung-Modellbildung. Ein Beitrag zur Angewandten Lehrforschung Interkultureller Germanistik'', IUDICIUM Verlag, 2002, p. 73.&lt;/ref&gt; After a longer intermittence period, LMU's Summer University resumed as ''Internationaler Münchner Sommer'' (''International Summer in Munich''). Since then the number of courses has increased and the range of subject-specific Summer Schools was extended to further academic disciplines. From 2008 onwards LMU's Summer University operates under the name Munich International Summer University (MISU).&lt;ref&gt;Munich International Summer University: ''MISU at LMU Annual Report 2019'', 2019, p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A central aim of MISU is to boost the internationality of the LMU Munich in terms of research and teaching.&lt;ref&gt;LMU Munich: [http://www.en.uni-muenchen.de/about_lmu/research/excellence_initiative/institutional_strategy/internationality/index.html ''Internationality of LMU Munich''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206101139/http://www.en.uni-muenchen.de/about_lmu/research/excellence_initiative/institutional_strategy/internationality/index.html |date=6 February 2020}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Compared to semester-based [[student exchange programs]], short-term programs such as Summer Schools have the advantage for international students to receive a very intensive and concise insight into the research areas and campus at the LMU Munich.&lt;ref&gt;Kathleen Campbell: ''Short-term study abroad programs: objectives and accomplishments''. In: ''Journal of International Mobility'', Nr. 4, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; MISU hereby has the objective to combine excellent academic education with extra-curricular activities. Participants are thus not only supervised intensively by established researchers on selected topics but are also introduced to the history, culture and politics of Munich, Bavaria and Germany. Moreover, the Summer University allows the LMU Munich to intensify cooperation with international partner universities. MISU's short-term programs therefore strengthen the LMU's international visibility as one of the highest ranked universities in Europe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=20 August 2019|title=World University Rankings|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2020/world-ranking|access-date=11 February 2023|website=Times Higher Education (THE)|language=en|archive-date=18 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918163456/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2020/world-ranking|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{fv|date=September 2023}}<br /> <br /> == Notable alumni and faculty members ==<br /> {{Main|List of Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München people|List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation}}<br /> <br /> The alumni of Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München played a major role in the development of [[quantum mechanics]]. [[Max Planck]], the founder of [[Quantum mechanics|quantum theory]] and Nobel laureate in [[Physics]] in 1918, was an alumnus of the university. Founders of [[quantum mechanics]] such as [[Werner Heisenberg]], [[Wolfgang Pauli]], and others were associated with the university.<br /> Most recently, to honor the Nobel laureate in [[Chemistry]] [[Gerhard Ertl]], who worked as a professor at LMU Munich from 1973 to 1986, the building of the [[Physical Chemistry]] was named after him.<br /> <br /> Pakistani philosopher and poet Sir [[Muhammad Iqbal]], regarded as the &quot;Poet of the East&quot; and &quot;The Thinker of Pakistan&quot;, earned his PhD degree from the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, [[Munich]] in 1908. Working under the guidance of [[Fritz Hommel|Friedrich Hommel]], Iqbal published his doctoral thesis in 1908, entitled ''[[The Development of Metaphysics in Persia]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;pktoday73&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Allama Iqbal's 73rd death anniversary observed with reverence|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/04/allama-iqbal%E2%80%99s-73rd-death-anniversary-observed-with-reverence/|first=Imran|last=Sharif|work=[[Pakistan Today]]|date=21 April 2011|access-date=6 August 2012|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216054601/http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/04/allama-iqbal%E2%80%99s-73rd-death-anniversary-observed-with-reverence/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;phdthesis&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The development of metaphysics in persia|url=http://www.h-net.msu.edu/~bahai/diglib/books/F-J/I/Iqbal/metaphys/iqbfn.pdf|work=London Luzac and Company|first1=East|last1=Lansing|first2=Mi.|last2=H-Bahai|orig-year=1908|year=2001|access-date=1 May 2012|archive-date=7 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007023154/http://www.h-net.msu.edu/~bahai/diglib/books/F-J/I/Iqbal/metaphys/iqbfn.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mustansir Mir2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Tulip in the desert: A selection of the poetry of Muhammad Iqbal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Okxr1alsVqIC|publisher=c.Hurts and Company, Publishers Ltd|location=London|first=Mustansir|last=Mir|page=2|isbn=978-967-5-06267-4|year=1990}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Roy Jackson&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Fifty key figures in Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w6flsOIT5PsC|first=Roy|last=Jackso|page=181|isbn=978-0-415-35467-7|year=2006| publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Anti-fascism|anti-Nazi]] resistance [[White Rose]] was based in this university.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.weisse-rose-stiftung.de/fkt_standard.php?aktion=cs&amp;ma=cs&amp;c_id=mamura&amp;topic=070&amp;mod=11&amp;page=1&amp;lang=de |title=DenkStätte Weiße Rose |publisher=Weisse rose Stiftung e.V. |access-date=22 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407050426/http://www.weisse-rose-stiftung.de/fkt_standard.php?aktion=cs&amp;ma=cs&amp;c_id=mamura&amp;topic=070&amp;mod=11&amp;page=1&amp;lang=de |archive-date=7 April 2016 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Pope Benedict XVI 2.jpg|[[Pope Benedict XVI]] was a student and professor at LMU Munich.<br /> File:Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (1888-1900), 88374 p.jpg|[[Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen]] received the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] in 1901.<br /> File:Ferenc Krausz (cropped).jpg|[[Ferenc Krausz]] received the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] in 2023.<br /> File:Theodor Haensch.jpg|[[Theodor W. Hänsch]] received the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] in 2005.<br /> File:Otto Hahn (Nobel).jpg|[[Otto Hahn]] received the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] in 1944.<br /> File:Bundesarchiv Bild183-R57262, Werner Heisenberg.jpg|[[Werner Heisenberg]] received the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] in 1932.<br /> File:Max Planck 1933.jpg|[[Max Planck]] received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918.<br /> File:Hans Bethe.jpg|[[Hans Bethe]] received the 1967 Nobel Prize in Physics.<br /> File:Thomas Mann in 1926.jpg|[[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]]-winning novelist [[Thomas Mann]] gave numerous lectures at LMU Munich.<br /> File:Karl Jaspers 1946.jpg|[[Karl Jaspers]] was a German-Swiss psychiatrist and philosopher.<br /> File:Iqbal in 1931.jpg|Philosopher, Persian and Urdu poet Sir [[Muhammad Iqbal]] studied philosophy at LMU Munich.<br /> File:Hans-Werner Sinn 17Jan2008 .jpg|[[Hans-Werner Sinn]], professor of economics at LMU Munich<br /> File:Dean Blake Van Leer.jpg|[[Blake Ragsdale Van Leer]], United States Army officer and president of [[Georgia Institute of Technology]]<br /> File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F078072-0004, Konrad Adenauer.jpg|[[Konrad Adenauer]] was [[Chancellor of Germany (1949–present)|Chancellor of Germany]] from 1949 to 1963.<br /> File:Valdas Adamkus 16072008.jpg|[[Valdas Adamkus]], President of Lithuania 1998–2003 and 2004–2009<br /> File:Bertolt-Brecht.jpg|[[Bertolt Brecht]], poet, playwright and theatre director<br /> File:Max Weber 1894.jpg|The sociologist [[Max Weber]] was a professor at LMU Munich.<br /> File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1987-0313-507, Rudolf Hess.jpg|[[Rudolf Hess]] was the Deputy Führer of [[Nazi Germany|National Socialist Germany]] from 1933 to 1941.<br /> File:Josef Mengele, Auschwitz. Album Höcker (cropped) b.jpg|[[Josef Mengele]] was a [[Schutzstaffel]] (SS) officer.<br /> File:Hermann Göring - Röhr.jpg|[[Hermann Göring]] was one of the most powerful figures in the [[Nazi Party]].<br /> File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1989-0630-504, Heinrich Brüning.jpg|[[Heinrich Brüning]] served as [[Chancellor of Germany]] during the [[Weimar Republic]] from 1930 to 1932.<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Education in Germany]]<br /> * [[List of forestry universities and colleges]]<br /> * [[List of modern universities in Europe (1801–1945)]]<br /> * [[List of universities in Germany]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{reflist|group=n}}<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Commons category|Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München}}<br /> <br /> *{{Official website}}<br /> *[http://www.panorama-cities.net/munich/universitaet.html 360° Panorama at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München]<br /> *[http://www.en.uni-muenchen.de/misu Munich International Summer University (MISU at LMU Munich)]{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}<br /> <br /> {{LMU Munich}} <br /> {{Navboxes|list=<br /> {{Munich universities}}<br /> {{German U15}}<br /> {{German Excellence Universities}}<br /> {{Europaeum}}<br /> {{League of European Research Universities}}<br /> {{Universities in Germany}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in Munich}}<br /> [[Category:LMU Munich| ]]<br /> [[Category:Universities and colleges in Munich]]<br /> [[Category:Public universities and colleges in Germany|Munich]]<br /> [[Category:Educational institutions established in 1826]]<br /> [[Category:Universities and colleges established in the 1820s]]<br /> [[Category:1826 establishments in Bavaria]]<br /> [[Category:Historicist architecture in Munich]]<br /> [[Category:Munich]]</div>

AdvAcademy01 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Hamid_(Indian_politician)&diff=484191 2026-04-24T19:49:10Z

<p>AdvAcademy01: Started...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1950|01|02}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Chapar, Dhubri]], Assam, India<br /> | education = [[Master of Arts]]<br /> | alma_mater = [[Bholanath College]]<br /> | office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]<br /> | term_start = 10 October 1999<br /> | term_end = 6 February 2004<br /> | constituency = [[Dhubri Lok Sabha constituency|Dhubri]]<br /> | constituency1 = [[Dhubri Lok Sabha constituency|Dhubri]]<br /> | constituency2 = [[Dhubri Lok Sabha constituency|Dhubri]]<br /> | term_end1 = 26 April 1999<br /> | term_start1 = 10 March 1998<br /> | term_end2 = 1989<br /> | term_start2 = 1984<br /> }}<br /> '''Abdul Hamid''' (2 January 1950, Chapar, [[Dhubri district]], Assam) is a leader of [[Indian National Congress]] from [[Assam]]. He served as a member of the [[Lok Sabha]] representing [[Dhubri (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. He was elected to the 8th, 12th and 13th Lok Sabha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Members : Lok Sabha|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/memberbioprofile.aspx?mpsno=562&amp;lastls=13|access-date=2021-08-04|website=loksabhaph.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Hamid, Abdul}}<br /> [[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]<br /> [[Category:People from Dhubri district]]<br /> [[Category:1950 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]<br /> [[Category:India MPs 1984–1989]]<br /> [[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]<br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha members from Assam]]<br /> <br /> {{Assam-INC-politician-stub}}</div>

AdvAcademy01 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Liberation_of_Sita&diff=540586 2026-04-24T04:36:20Z

<p>AdvAcademy01: added!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2016 novel by P. Lalita Kumari}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox book &lt;!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Novels or Wikipedia:WikiProject_Books --&gt;<br /> | name = The Liberation of Sita<br /> | title_orig = <br /> | translator = T. Vijay Kumar&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The liberation of Sita / Volga; translated from the Telugu by T. Vijay Kumar, C. Vijayasree. |url=https://discover.libraryhub.jisc.ac.uk/id/167610936 |access-date=22 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | image = The Liberation of Sita.jpg<br /> | author = [[P. Lalita Kumari]]<br /> | cover_artist = <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = English<br /> | series = <br /> | genre = <br /> | publisher = [[Harper Perennial]]<br /> | release_date = 2016<br /> | media_type = Print (hardback &amp; paperback)<br /> | pages = <br /> | isbn = 9351772489<br /> | oclc = <br /> | preceded_by = <br /> | followed_by = <br /> }}<br /> '''''The Liberation of Sita''''' is a 2016 collection of short-stories by Volga, the pen name of the Telugu poet and writer [[P. Lalita Kumari]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last=Butalia |first=Urvashi |author-link=Urvashi Butalia |date=October 2019 |title=Sacrificial Fires |url=https://tankmagazine.com/issue-79/books/the-liberation-of-sita |magazine=[[Tank (magazine)|Tank]] |issue=79 |access-date=22 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Liberation of Sita, The}}<br /> [[Category:2016 Indian novels]]<br /> [[Category:HarperCollins books]]<br /> [[Category:Indian English-language novels]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{2010s-novel-stub}}</div>

AdvAcademy01 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vijay_Laxmi_Gautam&diff=544398 2026-04-22T03:33:46Z

<p>AdvAcademy01: new</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | honorific_prefix =<br /> | name = Vijay Laxmi Gautam<br /> | honorific_suffix = <br /> | image = Vijay Laxmi Gautam.jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | office = [[Second Yogi Adityanath ministry#Minister of State|State Minister of Rural Development]]<br /> | governor = [[Anandiben Patel]]<br /> | predecessor = <br /> | successor = <br /> | term_start = {{start date|df=yes|2022|03|25}}<br /> | term_end = <br /> | constituency1 = [[Salempur Assembly constituency|Salempur]]<br /> | office1 = Member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|18th Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | term_start1 = March 2022<br /> | term_end1 = <br /> | predecessor1 = Manbodh<br /> | successor1 = <br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_place = <br /> | resting_place = <br /> | resting_place_coordinates = <br /> | birth_name = <br /> | parents = <br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> | spouse = <br /> | partner = <br /> | relations = <br /> | children = <br /> | alma_mater = <br /> | profession = [[Politician]] <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Vijay Laxmi Gautam''' is an Indian politician and [[Union Council of Ministers#Ministers of State|Minister of State]] in the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Minister&quot;/&gt; and a member of [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://upcmo.up.nic.in/state_minister.htm|title=Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Office, Lucknow|website= upcmo.up.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; She represents the [[Salempur Assembly constituency|Salempur]] constituency of Uttar Pradesh.&lt;ref name=&quot;Minister2022&quot;/&gt; She is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].&lt;ref name=&quot;MLA election 2022&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Minister2022&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/gorakhpur-city-yogi-adityanath-cabinet-2-0-vijay-lakshmi-gautam-latest-hindi-news-22570145.html|title=UP Govt 2022: Know who is Vijay Lakshmi Gautam who came into limelight as soon as she became MLA for the first time|publisher=[[Dainik Jagran]]|language=Hindi|access-date=2022-03-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/news/suryapratap-shahi-and-vijay-laxmi-gautam-became-ministers-in-yogi-cabinet/articleshow/90447620.cms|title=Surya Pratap Shahi gets another chance in Yogi 2.0 government, Jayaprakash's card cut, Vijay Lakshmi Gautam becomes minister, only woman MLA in Gorakhpur division|publisher=Navbhart Times|language=Hindi|access-date=2022-03-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Political career==<br /> Following the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]],&lt;ref name=&quot;MLA election 2022&quot;/&gt; she was elected as an MLA from the Salempur Assembly constituency, defeating Manbodh Prasad, the candidate from the [[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party]] (SBSP), by the margin of 16,608 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;MLA election 2022&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS24341.htm?ac=341|title=GEN ELECTION TO VIDHAN SABHA TRENDS &amp; RESULT MARCH-2022|publisher=results.eci.gov.in|access-date=2022-03-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 25 March 2022, the [[List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]], [[Yogi Adityanath]], appointed Vijay Laxmi Gautam as the Minister of Rural Development in [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh government]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Minister&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2022-03-28|title=Uttar Pradesh: Ministries allotted to ministers of Yogi government, know who got which department, this is the complete list|url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/india/article/portfolio-allocated-to-ministers-of-yogi-government/396132 |work=[[Times Now]] Hindi |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Gautam Laxmi, Vijay}}<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]<br /> [[Category:Women members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> [[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:People from Deoria district]]<br /> <br /> {{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}</div>

AdvAcademy01 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tokhan_Sahu&diff=541625 2026-04-22T00:40:35Z

<p>AdvAcademy01: done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1969)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Tokhan Sahu<br /> | image = Tokhan Sahu.jpg<br /> | caption =<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1969|10|15|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = Dindori, [[Mungeli District|Mungeli]], [[Chhattisgarh]]<br /> | birth_name = Tokhan Sahu<br /> | office = [[Minister of State]] in [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]]<br /> | term_start = 11 June 2024<br /> | term_end = <br /> | prime_minister = [[Narendra Modi]]<br /> | minister = [[Manohar Lal Khattar]]<br /> | predecessor = [[Kaushal Kishore (politician)|Kaushal Kishore]]<br /> | office1 = [[Member of Parliament]]<br /> | constituency1 = [[Bilaspur Lok Sabha constituency|Bilaspur]]<br /> | term_start1 = 4 June 2024<br /> | predecessor1 = [[Arun Sao]]<br /> | successor1 = <br /> | office2 = Member of [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | term_start2 = 8 December 2013<br /> | term_end2 = 11 December 2018<br /> | predecessor2 = [[Dharmjeet Singh Thakur|Dharmjeet Singh]]<br /> | successor2 = [[Dharmjeet Singh Thakur|Dharmjeet Singh]]<br /> | constituency2 = [[Lormi Assembly constituency|Lormi]]<br /> | party = {{flagicon image|BJP flag.svg}} [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]<br /> | occupation = [[Politician]]<br /> | spouse = Smt. Lilawati Sahu<br /> | children = 2 (1 son, 1 daughter)<br /> | education = [[M.Com]]<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> | date = <br /> | year = <br /> | source = <br /> }}<br /> '''Tokhan Sahu''' (born 15 October 1969) is an Indian politician and a member of parliament to the [[18th Lok Sabha]] from [[Bilaspur Lok Sabha constituency|Bilaspur]]. He is currently serving as Minister of State for [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]]. He was also a member of 4th legislative assembly of Chhattisgarh from [[Lormi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lormi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | date=2024-06-10 |title=Tokhan Sahu from Chhattisgarh sworn in as Minister of State in Modi cabinet |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/tokhan-sahu-from-chhattisgarh-sworn-in-as-minister-of-state-in-modi-cabinet-1503308668.html |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ex-legislators {{!}} In the major league now&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=India Today |date=13 July 2024 |title=Ex-legislators {{!}} In the major league now |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-ex-legislators-in-the-major-league-now-2565848-2024-07-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806121923/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-ex-legislators-in-the-major-league-now-2565848-2024-07-13 |archivedate=6 August 2024 |accessdate=6 August 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Political career ==<br /> Sahu has been elected as a Member of Parliament from [[Bilaspur Lok Sabha constituency]] in the [[2024 Indian general election]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Bilaspur Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Lok Sabha Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MP, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/bilaspur-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-lok-sabha-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mp-margin-8916859.html |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He defeated [[Devendra Yadav]] of [[Indian National Congress]] by a margin of 164618 votes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Highlights: Tokhan Sahu Secures Seat by 64618 Votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/bilaspur-chhattisgarh-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-clse-2548109-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-06-04 |title=Bilaspur election results 2024 live updates: BJP's Tokhan Sahu wins against Congress' Devendra Yadav with a margin of 164558 votes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bilaspur-election-results-2024-chhattisgarh-bilaspur-lok-sabha-elections-poll-result-updates-tokhan-sahu-bjp-devendra-yadav-cong/articleshow/110674780.cms |access-date=2024-06-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Minister in Third Modi ministry===<br /> [[File:The President, Smt Droupadi Murmu administering the oath as Minister of State to Shri Tokhan Sahu at a Swearing-in Ceremony at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on June 09, 2024.jpg|thumb|President of India Droupadi Murmu administering the oath as Minister of State in Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs in third Narendra Modi ministry to Shri Tokhan Sahu at a Swearing-in Ceremony at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on June 09, 2024.]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Bharatiya Janata Party|state=collapsed}}<br /> {{Third Modi ministry|state=collapsed}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category}}<br /> * {{Twitter|Tokhansahu2}}<br /> {{s-start}}<br /> {{s-par|in-lwr}}<br /> {{s-bef|before=[[Arun Sao]]}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament&lt;br /&gt;for [[Bilaspur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bilaspur]] |years=2024–present}}<br /> {{s-inc}}<br /> |-<br /> {{s-off}}<br /> {{s-bef|before=[[Kaushal Kishore (politician)|Kaushal Kishore]]}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs]]|years= 11 June 2024 – Present}}&lt;br /&gt;'''Ministers of State'''<br /> {{s-inc}}<br /> {{s-bef|before=[[Dharmjeet Singh Thakur]]}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]]&lt;br /&gt;for [[Lormi Assembly constituency|Lormi]]|years=2013–2018}}<br /> {{s-aft|after=[[Dharmjeet Singh Thakur]]}}<br /> {{s-end}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sahu, Tokhan}}<br /> [[Category:1969 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Chhattisgarh]]<br /> [[Category:People from Mungeli district]]<br /> [[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]<br /> [[Category:Narendra Modi ministry]]<br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha members from Chhattisgarh]]</div>

AdvAcademy01 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shubhanand_Mukesh&diff=535486 2026-04-21T12:14:12Z

<p>AdvAcademy01: entry</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Shubhanand Mukesh<br /> | image =<br /> | caption = <br /> | office = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | term_start = 14 November 2025<br /> | term_end = Incumbent<br /> | constituency = [[Kahalgaon Assembly constituency|Kahalgaon]]<br /> | predecessor = [[Pawan Kumar Yadav]]<br /> | successor = Incumbent<br /> | birth_place = Bihar<br /> | birth_date = <br /> | spouse = <br /> | party = [[File:JanataDalUnitedFlag.PNG|30px]] [[Janata Dal (United)]]<br /> | other_party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> | alma_mater = <br /> | profession = Politician<br /> | website = <br /> | parents = <br /> }}<br /> '''Shubhanand Mukesh''' is an Indian politician from [[Bihar]]. He is elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] in [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Kahalgaon Assembly constituency|Kahalgaon]] constituency.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bihar Assembly Election Results 2025: Constituency-wise winners and runners-up2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bihar-assembly-election-results-2025-constituency-wise-winners-and-runners-up-10366461/|title=Bihar Assembly Election Results 2025: Constituency-wise winners and runners-up|date=15 November 2025|access-date=15 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115035930/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bihar-assembly-election-results-2025-constituency-wise-winners-and-runners-up-10366461/|archive-date=15 November 2025|publisher=The Indian Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bihar Election Result 2025: Full list of winners in 243 constituencies2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/bihar-election-result-2025-full-list-of-winners-in-243-constituencies-13675947.html|title=Bihar Election Result 2025: Full list of winners in 243 constituencies|date=15 November 2025|access-date=15 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115040110/https://www.moneycontrol.com/europe/?url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/bihar-election-result-2025-full-list-of-winners-in-243-constituencies-13675947.html|archive-date=15 November 2025|publisher=Money Control}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life and education==<br /> Shubhanand Mukesh was born in Bihar to [[Sadanand Singh]].<br /> <br /> He did his schooling at [[G D Birla Memorial School]], (Class of 1994) a boarding hostel in [[Ranikhet]], [[Uttarakhand]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theindiansun.com.au/2025/10/23/shubhanand-mukesh-to-contest-kahalgaon-as-jdu-candidate-in-bihar-polls/|title= Shubanand Mukesh |publisher= The Indian Sun|date=23 Oct 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://uditvani.in/english-news/shubhanand-mukesh-declared-jdu-candidate-for-kahalgaon/|title= Shubanand Mukesh Steel City |publisher= Udit Vaani|date=4 Nov 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Political career==<br /> Shubhanand Mukesh won from [[Kahalgaon Assembly constituency|Kahalgaon]] constituency representing [[Janata Dal (United)]] in the [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 1,30,767 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Rajnish Bharti of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]], by a margin of 50,112 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kahalgaon Constituency Election Results 2015 - 20252&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/kahalgaon|title=Kahalgaon Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025|date=14 November 2025|accessdate=16 December 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251217044542/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/kahalgaon|archivedate=17 December 2025|publisher=The Times of India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Kahalgaon2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04155.htm|title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Kahalgaon|date=14 November 2025|work=|accessdate=16 December 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251216070144/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04155.htm|archivedate=16 December 2025|publisher=Election Commission of India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Earlier he contested in the [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] as [[Indian National Congress]] and lost to his nearest rival [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'s [[Pawan Kumar Yadav]] by a margin of 42,893 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bihar election result 2020: Seat wise full list of winners&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/bihar-assembly-polls-2020/story/bihar-election-result-full-list-of-winners-1739762-2020-11-10|title=Bihar election result 2020: Seat wise full list of winners|last1=India Today|date=11 November 2020|accessdate=17 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317112503/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/bihar-assembly-polls-2020/story/bihar-election-result-full-list-of-winners-1739762-2020-11-10|archivedate=17 March 2023|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Mukesh, Shubhanand}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]<br /> [[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians from Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>

AdvAcademy01 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manju_Baghmar&diff=516113 2026-04-20T01:56:58Z

<p>AdvAcademy01: Starting Basic Stub Initial Version</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Manju Baghmar<br /> | image =<br /> | caption = Dr. Baghmar in 2023<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1970|04|03}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Beawar]], [[Ajmer district]], India<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | spouse = Rugha Ram Panwar<br /> | children = 2<br /> | education = M.Com.&lt;br&gt;PhD&lt;br&gt;L.L.B. &amp; LL.M.&lt;br&gt;PG Diploma in Human Rights<br /> | alma_mater = [[Maharshi Dayanand Saraswati University]], [[Mohanlal Sukhadia University]]<br /> | profession = [[Professor]]<br /> | occupation = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]<br /> | office1 = [[Bhajan Lal Sharma ministry|Minister of State]], [[Government of Rajasthan]]<br /> | term_start1 = 30 December 2023<br /> | governor1 = [[Haribhau Bagade]]<br /> | 1blankname1 = Chief Minister<br /> | 1namedata1 = [[Bhajan Lal Sharma]]<br /> | predecessor1 = [[Mamta Bhupesh]]<br /> | 2blankname1 = Ministry and Departments<br /> | 2namedata1 = {{Collapsible list|<br /> * Public Works<br /> * Women &amp; Child Development<br /> * Child Empowerment}}<br /> | office2 = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | term_start2 = 3 December 2023<br /> | predecessor2 = [[Manju Meghwal]]<br /> | constituency2 = [[Jayal Assembly constituency|Jayal]]<br /> | term_start3 = 11 December 2013<br /> | term_end3 = 10 December 2018<br /> | successor3 = [[Manju Meghwal]]<br /> | predecessor3 = <br /> | constituency3 = [[Jayal Assembly constituency|Jayal]]<br /> | footnotes = {{URL|https://assembly.rajasthan.gov.in/Containers/Members/ConstituencyWise.aspx|Rajasthan Assembly}} <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Dr. Manju Baghmar''' (born 3 April 1970) is an Indian politician serving as a Minister of State in the [[Government of Rajasthan]], overseeing the Public Works, Women &amp; Child Development, and Child Empowerment departments.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jayal Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Dr. Manju Baghmar with 70,468 defeats INC's Dr. Manju Devi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/jayal-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470723-2023-12-03 |access-date=31 December 2023 |website=India Today |date=3 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> She is a two-time elected member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Jayal Assembly constituency]], representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S20108.htm |access-date=3 December 2023 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Political career==<br /> Baghmar was first elected to the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly in 2013 and served until 2018. In the 2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election, she returned to the Assembly by defeating Indian National Congress candidate Dr. Manju Devi by a margin of 1,565 votes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=जयाल विधानसभा चुनाव परिणाम 2023 लाइव अपडेट |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/jayal-rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1830491-2023-12-03 |website=Aaj Tak |language=hi |access-date=20 May 2025 |date=3 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=राजस्थान की महिला एवं बाल विकास मंत्री मंजू बघमार ने कहा- सीएम जो कहेंगे, वह करेंगे |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/rajasthan-by-election-2024-result-women-and-child-development-minister-manju-baghmar-on-cm-rajasthan-news-rjs24112703427 |website=ETV Bharat |language=hi |access-date=20 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Ministry==<br /> In the [[Bhajan Lal Sharma ministry]], Dr. Manju Baghmar serves as Minister of State with independent charge of the following departments:<br /> * Public Works<br /> * Women &amp; Child Development<br /> * Child Empowerment<br /> <br /> She assumed office on 30 December 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=राजस्थान में मंत्रियों के विभागों का बंटवारा, देखें किस मंत्री को मिला कौन सा विभाग |url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/rajasthan/story/rajasthan-cabinet-ministers-portfolio-2023-list-in-hindi-bhajanlal-sharma-government-1627944-2023-12-30 |website=Aaj Tak |language=hi |access-date=20 May 2025 |date=30 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=राजस्थान मंत्रिमंडल में सिर्फ दो महिला मंत्री, जानिए कौन हैं डॉ. मंजू बाघमार जो बनीं मंत्री |url=https://rajasthan.ndtv.in/rajasthan-news/only-two-women-ministers-in-rajasthan-cabinet-who-is-manju-baghmar-who-took-oath-as-minister-4769789 |website=NDTV Rajasthan |date=30 December 2023 |access-date=20 May 2025 |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan Cabinet List 2023: नई कैबिनेट में इकलौती महिला मंत्री, जानिए कौन हैं विधायक डॉ. मंजू बाघमार |url=https://www.patrika.com/jaipur-news/only-woman-minister-in-rajasthan-new-cabinet-list-2023-mla-dr-manju-baghmar-profile-8659150 |website=Patrika |date=30 December 2023 |access-date=20 May 2025 |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=राजस्थान की नई सरकार में मंत्री बने कौन? जानिए 22 मंत्रियों का प्रोफाइल |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/news/profile-of-all-22-ministers-of-rajasthan-kirodilal-surendrapal-tt-manju-baghmar-132367690.html |website=दैनिक भास्कर |publisher=Bhaskar.com |language=hi |date=30 December 2023 |access-date=20 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Electoral record==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:90%; text-align: center;&quot;<br /> |+Election results<br /> !Year<br /> !Office<br /> !Constituency<br /> !colspan=2|Party<br /> !Votes (Manju Baghmar)<br /> !%<br /> !Opponent<br /> !colspan=2|Opponent Party<br /> !Votes<br /> !%<br /> !Result<br /> !Ref<br /> |-<br /> |[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br /> |[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]<br /> |[[Jayal (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Jayal]]<br /> |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> |[[File:Bharatiya Janata Party (icon).svg|21px]]<br /> |70,468<br /> |38.33<br /> |Manju Devi<br /> |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |[[File:Hand INC.svg|21px]]<br /> |68,903<br /> |37.50<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Jayal Election Result 2023|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/jayal-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470723-2023-12-03|access-date=31 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=indiatimes&gt;https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/constituency-show/jayal&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<br /> |[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]<br /> |[[Jayal (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Jayal]]<br /> |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> |[[File:Bharatiya Janata Party (icon).svg|21px]]<br /> |72,738<br /> |51.68<br /> |Manju Devi<br /> |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |[[File:Hand INC.svg|21px]]<br /> |59,629<br /> |42.37<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Jayal Election Result 2013|url=https://www.elections.in/rajasthan/assembly-constituencies/jayal.html|access-date=20 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=indiatimes /&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|India}}<br /> * [[Politics of India]]<br /> * [[Parliament of India]]<br /> * [[Government of India]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028}}<br /> {{Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Baghmar, Manju}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]<br /> [[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2013–2018]]<br /> [[Category:1970 births]]<br /> <br /> {{Rajasthan-BJP-politician-stub}}</div>

AdvAcademy01 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Denechandra_Meitei_Yendrembam&diff=496136 2026-04-18T00:32:05Z

<p>AdvAcademy01: entry...</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian footballer (born 1994)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}<br /> {{Western name order|Yendrembam Denechandra Meitei}}<br /> {{Meitei name|Yendrembam|Denechandra|Meitei}}<br /> {{Infobox football biography<br /> | name = Denechandra Meitei<br /> | image = <br /> | fullname = Denechandra Meitei Yendrembam<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1994|3|28|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Manipur]], India<br /> | height = {{height|m=1.73}}<br /> | position = [[Defender (association football)#Full-back|Left-back]]<br /> | currentclub = <br /> | clubnumber = <br /> | youthyears1 = 2008–2009<br /> | youthclubs1 = [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]<br /> | youthyears2 = 2009<br /> | youthclubs2 = Sambhalpur Academy<br /> | youthyears3 = 2011–2013<br /> | youthclubs3 = [[Pune FC|Pune]]<br /> | years1 = 2013–2014<br /> | clubs1 = [[Pune FC|Pune]]<br /> | caps1 = 1<br /> | goals1 = 0<br /> | years2 = 2016–2017<br /> | clubs2 = [[Ozone FC|Ozone]]<br /> | caps2 = 1<br /> | goals2 = 0<br /> | years3 = 2017<br /> | clubs3 = Sagolband United<br /> | caps3 = <br /> | goals3 = <br /> | years4 = 2017–2018<br /> | clubs4 = [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]<br /> | caps4 = 15<br /> | goals4 = 0<br /> | years5 = 2018–2019<br /> | clubs5 = [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]<br /> | caps5 = 4<br /> | goals5 = 0<br /> | years6 = 2019–2020<br /> | clubs6 = [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]<br /> | caps6 = 12<br /> | goals6 = 0<br /> | years7 = 2020–2023<br /> | clubs7 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]<br /> | caps7 = 9<br /> | goals7 = 0<br /> | years8 = 2022–2023<br /> | clubs8 = → [[Odisha FC|Odisha]] (loan)<br /> | caps8 = 14<br /> | goals8 = 0<br /> | years9 = 2023–2025<br /> | clubs9 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]<br /> | caps9 = 0<br /> | goals9 = 0<br /> | nationalyears1 = <br /> | nationalteam1 = [[India national under-23 football team|India U23]]<br /> | nationalcaps1 = <br /> | nationalgoals1 = <br /> | club-update = 21:34, 4 March 2023 (UTC)<br /> | ntupdate = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Denechandra Meitei Yendrembam''' ({{langx|mni|Yendrembam Denechandra Meitei}}, born 28 March 1994) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Defender (association football)#Full-back|defender]].<br /> <br /> ==Club career==<br /> ===Early career===<br /> Born in [[Manipur]], Meitei started playing [[association football|football]] from the age of 10 years.&lt;ref name=PFCProfile&gt;{{cite web|title=14. Y. Denechandra Meitei|url=http://punefc.com/?player=denechandra-meitei|work=Pune Football Club|accessdate=12 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; He initially trained at a local stadium to improve his technical ability.&lt;ref name=PFCProfile/&gt; He eventually managed to make it into his district team and then the [[Manipur football team]] in the youth nationals.&lt;ref name=PFCProfile/&gt; Then in 2008 he was signed by [[Mohun Bagan A.C.]] to join their academy.&lt;ref name=PFCProfile/&gt; After a one-year stay at the academy, Meitei joined the Sambhalpur Academy in [[Orissa, India|Orissa]].&lt;ref name=PFCProfile/&gt; However, due to problems with both academies in terms of how they taught academics, Meitei dropped out of both.&lt;ref name=PFCProfile/&gt; He then went back to Manipur to play for a local club.&lt;ref name=PFCProfile/&gt;<br /> <br /> Then, after going back to Manipur, James Singh of [[Mumbai F.C.]] recommended Meitei to trial at [[Pune F.C.]] for a spot in the [[Pune F.C. Academy]].&lt;ref name=PFCProfile/&gt; Meitei trialed for the spot in the academy and passed.&lt;ref name=PFCProfile/&gt; While with the Pune F.C. Academy Meitei had won the [[I-League U19]] twice.&lt;ref name=PFCProfile/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Pune Football Club===<br /> On 10 October 2013, Meitei made his professional debut for [[Pune F.C.]] in the [[I-League]] against [[Mohun Bagan A.C.]] at the [[Balewadi Sports Complex]] in which he came on in the 89th minute for [[Pierre Djidjia Douhou|Pierre Douhou]] as Pune won the match 2–0.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Pune vs Mohun Bagan 2 - 0|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/10/10/india/i-league/pune-fc/mohun-bagan-ac/1585300/|work=Soccerway|accessdate=12 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Kerala Blasters===<br /> On 5 August 2020, it was announced that Meitei would join [[Kerala Blasters]] from [[TRAU FC]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Denechandra Meitei joins Kerala Blasters |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/denechandra-meitei-joins-kerala-blasters20200805224532/ |date=5 August 2020|accessdate=11 October 2020|work=ANI News}}&lt;/ref&gt; He made his first appearance for the club on 29 November 2021, against [[Chennaiyin FC]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=29 November 2020|title=ISL 2020-21 highlights, Chennaiyin FC vs Kerala Blasters FC: Albino penalty save helps KBFC earn point vs CFC|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/cfc-vs-kbfc-chennaiyin-fc-vs-kerala-blasters-fc-isl-live-score-streaming-updates/article33203373.ece|website=Sportstar|access-date=6 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 6 May 2021, Metei signed a new three-year contract with Kerala Blasters, keeping him at the club until 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-05-06|title=Denechandra Meitei extends contract with KBFC till 2024|url=https://keralablastersfc.in/denechandra-meitei-extends-contract-with-kbfc-till-2024/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-11|website=Kerala Blasters FC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506121726/https://keralablastersfc.in/denechandra-meitei-extends-contract-with-kbfc-till-2024/ |archive-date=6 May 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Meitei was included in the Kerala Blasters squad for the [[2021 Durand Cup]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Durand Cup 2021: Kerala Blasters FC announces squad|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/durand-cup-2021-kerala-blasters-fc-announces-squad-fixtures-ivan-vukomanovic-jeakson-singh/article36254591.ece|access-date=2021-11-21|website=Sportstar|date=2 September 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and played his first match against arch-rivals [[Bengaluru FC]] on 15 September, where he received a red card and the match ended in a 2–0 defeat for the Blasters.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Durand Cup: Bengaluru FC beat eight-men Kerala Blasters 2-0|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/2021/sep/15/durand-cup-bengaluru-fc-beat-eight-men-kerala-blasters-2-0-2359208.html|access-date=2021-11-21|website=The New Indian Express|date=15 September 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; He played his first match of the [[2021–22 Indian Super League]] season as a substitute for [[Nishu Kumar]] against Bengaluru itself in the 88th minute of the, which they lost 0–1.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-01-30|title=ISL 2021-22 Highlights, Kerala Blasters vs Bengaluru FC: KBFC 0-1 BFC|url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/indian-super-league-2021-22-live-score-and-updates-kerala-blasters-vs-bengaluru-fc-isl-8-kbfc-v-bfc-livenews-4715063.html|access-date=2022-01-30|website=News18|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Odisha FC (loan)===<br /> On 6 July 2022, [[Odisha FC]] announced the signing of Meitei on a season long loan deal from the Blasters.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2022 |first=Sourav |last=Modak |title=ISL: Odisha FC sign Denechandra Meitei on loan from Kerala Blasters {{!}} Football News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/isl-odisha-fc-sign-denechandra-meitei-on-loan-from-kerala-blasters/articleshow/92703188.cms |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==International career==<br /> Meitei has represented India at the under-23 level in which he played for them in a tournament held at [[Bangladesh]].&lt;ref name=PFCProfile/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career statistics==<br /> ===Club===<br /> {{updated|23 August 2024}}&lt;ref&gt;{{soccerway|yendrembam-denechandra-meitei/316592}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Club<br /> !rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Season<br /> !colspan=&quot;3&quot;|League<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Cup<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Total<br /> |-<br /> !Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals<br /> |-<br /> |[[Pune FC|Pune]]<br /> |{{nowrap|[[2013–14 I-League|2013–14]]}}<br /> |[[I-League]]<br /> |1||0||0||0|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—||1||0<br /> |-<br /> |[[Ozone FC|Ozone]]<br /> |[[2016–17 I-League 2nd Division|2016–17]]<br /> |[[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]]<br /> |1||0||0||0|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—||1||0<br /> |-<br /> |[[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]<br /> |[[2017–18 I-League|2017–18]]<br /> |I-League<br /> |15||0||2{{efn|name=SuperCup|Appearance(s) in [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]}}||0|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—||17||0<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |[[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]<br /> |[[2018–19 I-League|2018–19]]<br /> |I-League<br /> |4||0||0||0|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—||4||0<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |[[TRAU FC|TRAU]]<br /> |[[2019–20 I-League|2019–20]]<br /> |I-League<br /> |12||0||0||0|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—||12||0<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]<br /> |[[2020–21 Kerala Blasters FC season|2020–21]]<br /> |[[Indian Super League]]<br /> |6||0||0||0|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—||6||0<br /> |-<br /> |[[2021–22 Kerala Blasters FC season|2021–22]]<br /> |[[Indian Super League]]<br /> |3||0||1{{efn|name=DurandCup|Appearance(s) in [[Durand Cup]]}}||0|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—||4||0<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total<br /> !9!!0!!1!!0!!0!!0!!10!!0<br /> |-<br /> |[[Odisha FC|Odisha]] (loan)<br /> |[[2022–23 Indian Super League|2022–23]]<br /> |Indian Super League<br /> |14||0||4{{efn|name=DurandCup}}{{efn|name=SuperCup}}||0||1{{efn|name=QAFCCL|Appearance(s) in [[Indian club qualifiers for 2023–24 AFC competitions#Qualification for the AFC Cup group stage|play-offs for AFC Cup]]}}||0||19||0<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|[[Punjab FC|Punjab]]<br /> |[[2023–24 Indian Super League|2023–24]]<br /> |Indian Super League<br /> |0||0||0||0|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—||0||0<br /> |-<br /> |[[2024–25 Indian Super League|2024–25]]<br /> |Indian Super League<br /> |0||0||2{{efn|name=DurandCup}}||0|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—||2||0<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Total<br /> !0!!0!!2!!0!!0!!0!!2!!0<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total<br /> !56!!0!!9!!0!!1!!0!!66!!0<br /> |}<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> == Honours ==<br /> <br /> === Club ===<br /> <br /> ==== Kerala Blasters FC ====<br /> <br /> * [[Indian Super League]] runner up: [[2021–22 Indian Super League|2021–22]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-03-21 |title=ISL final: Hyderabad give Kerala the blues |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/isl-final-hyderabad-gives-kerala-the-blues-7828652/ |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{Soccerway|316592}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Meitei, Denechandra}}<br /> [[Category:1994 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian men's footballers]]<br /> [[Category:Pune FC players]]<br /> [[Category:TRAU FC players]]<br /> [[Category:Men's association football full-backs]]<br /> [[Category:Footballers from Manipur]]<br /> [[Category:I-League players]]<br /> [[Category:Kerala Blasters FC players]]<br /> [[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant players]]<br /> [[Category:Churchill Brothers FC players]]<br /> [[Category:NEROCA FC players]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Super League players]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]<br /> [[Category:Odisha FC players]]<br /> [[Category:Punjab FC players]]</div>

AdvAcademy01 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonam_Wangchuk_(soldier)&diff=536631 2026-04-13T13:01:54Z

<p>AdvAcademy01: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian army Colonel; Maha Vir Chakra recipient (1964–2026)}}<br /> {{for|the Ladakhi social reformer|Sonam Wangchuk}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox military person<br /> | honorific_prefix = [[Colonel]]<br /> | name = Sonam Wangchuk<br /> | honorific_suffix = [[Maha Vir Chakra|MVC]]<br /> | image = <br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1964|5|11}}<br /> | birth_place = Sankar, [[Leh district]], Ladakh, India<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2026|4|10|1964|5|11}}<br /> | death_place = <br /> | nickname =<br /> | birth_name =<br /> | allegiance = India<br /> | branch = [[Indian Army]]<br /> | serviceyears = 1987–2018<br /> | rank = [[Colonel]]<br /> | servicenumber = IC-45952M<br /> | unit = 4 [[Assam Regiment]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Ladakh Scouts]]<br /> | commands =<br /> | battles = [[Kargil War]]<br /> | awards = [[Maha Vir Chakra]]<br /> | spouse = Padma Angmo<br /> | signature =<br /> | website = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;<br /> | module =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[Colonel]] '''Sonam Wangchuk''', [[Maha Vir Chakra|MVC]] (11 May 1964 – 10 April 2026) was an [[Indian Army]] veteran, who served with the [[Assam Regiment]] and the [[Ladakh Scouts]]. He was awarded the [[Maha Vir Chakra]], India's second highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy, during his successful operation in the [[Kargil War]]. Due to his exemplary feat as a Major during the Kargil War, he is known as the '''Lion of Ladakh''' in the Indian Army.<br /> <br /> ==Early life and education==<br /> <br /> Born on 11 May 1964 in [[Sankar Monastery|Sankar]] suburb of [[Leh]], Wangchuk was a native of Khakshal suburb of Leh of the Indian union territory of [[Ladakh]]. His mother was the sister of India Politician [[Thupstan Chhewang]] and niece of [[Lama|Buddhist monk]] [[19th Kushok Bakula Rinpoche|Kushok Bakula Rinpochhey]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/jun/18kash5.htm Rediff On The NeT Special: On an icy ridge, sipping sattu, ready to move in for the kill&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt; In 1969, at the age of about five years, he moved to [[Solan]] in [[Himachal Pradesh]], where he studied at St. Luke's School till the fourth standard. Later in 1973, his family moved to [[Dharamsala|Dharamshala]] where he studied at [[Sacred Heart High School|Sacred Heart High School]]. Here he had close interactions with the [[Dalai Lama]] as his father was serving as the security officer of the [[14th Dalai Lama]].<br /> <br /> In 1975, his father was transferred to Delhi. In Delhi he was educated at The [[Modern School (New Delhi)|Modern School Barakhamba Road]], and took a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in History, from the [[Sri Venkateswara College]], [[University of Delhi]].<br /> <br /> He cited a relative, Colonel Wangdus, as the inspiration for his joining the Indian Army, although his father desired him to become a civil servant.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.reachladakh.com/in-conversation-with-col-sonam-wangchuk/2466.html |title =In Conversation with Col. Sonam Wangchuk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812052528/http://www.reachladakh.com/in-conversation-with-col-sonam-wangchuk/2466.html |archive-date=2014-08-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Military career==<br /> Wangchuk attended the [[Officers Training Academy]] in [[Chennai]] and was commissioned into the 4th battalion of the [[Assam Regiment]] as a Second Lieutenant.&lt;ref name=&quot;rediff&quot;&gt;[http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/jun/18kash5a.htm Rediff On The NeT Special: Ladakh Scouts: The Heroes of Batalik&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt; He was posted to Ukrul in northeast India as a company commander. He then served in Sri Lanka as a part of the [[Indian Peace Keeping Force]]. He was later posted to the Indus Wing of the [[Ladakh Scouts]]. In 1999, at the outbreak of the [[Kargil War]], then Major Wangchuk led an operation against [[Pakistani]] troops in the Chorbat La pass, on 31 May which was the first successful operation of the war, for which he was awarded the [[Maha Vir Chakra]]. On 21 August 2017, President [[Ram Nath Kovind]] released a documentary named &quot;Lion of Ladakh&quot; about the troops under Wangchuk who repelled enemy forces from Chorbat La.&lt;ref name=&quot;SSBToSuccess&quot;&gt;[http://www.ssbtosuccess.com/2017/08/resident-ramnath-kovind-lion-of-ladakh-col-sonam-wangchuk-mahavir-chakra.html President Kovind Released &quot;Lion of Ladakh&quot; on Col Sonam Wangchuk (MVC)]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Death==<br /> Wangchuk died from a heart attack on 10 April 2026, at the age of 61.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Colonel Sonam Wangchuk, Renowned Kargil War Hero, Dies of Heart Attack |url=https://shop.ssbcrack.com/blogs/blog/colonel-sonam-wangchuk-renowned-kargil-war-hero-dies-of-heart-attack |access-date=10 April 2026 |publisher=SSB Crack |date=10 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Maha Vir Chakra citation==<br /> Sonam Wangchuk's Maha Vir Chakra citation reads:<br /> <br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;<br /> '''Mahavir Chakra (MVC) Awardee: Maj Sonam Wangchuk, MVC'''<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> Gazette Notification: 17 Pres/2000,15.8.99<br /> Operation: Vijay - Kargil<br /> Date of Award: 1999<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> '''Citation:'''<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> On 30 May 1999, Major Sonam Wangchuk was leading a column of The Indus Wing, Ladakh Scouts as a part of ongoing operations in Op VIJAY in the Batalik Sector. The column was tasked to occupy Ridge Line on the [[Line of Control]] in a glaciated area at a height of about 5,500 metres. This was essential so as to pre-empt its occupation by the enemy and any subsequent infiltration.<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> While moving towards the Line of Control, the enemy ambushed the column by firing from a vantage position. In the process, one NCO&lt;ref&gt;Havildar Tsewang Rigzin,VrC&lt;/ref&gt; of The Ladakh Scouts was killed. Major Sonam Wangchuk held his column together and in a daring counter ambush, led a raid on the enemy position from a flank, killing two enemy soldiers. The officer also recovered one heavy machine gun and one Universal machine gun, ammunition, controlled stores and three dead bodies of the enemy personnel.<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> Thereafter, the officer took stock of all forces along the Chorbatla axis in the Batalik Sector and cleared the axis up to the Line of Control of all enemy intrusions at great risk to his life.<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> Major Sonam Wangchuk displayed exceptional bravery and gallantry of the highest order in the presence of enemy fire and in extreme climatic conditions in the glaciated area.&lt;ref&gt;[http://twdi.in/node/1489 Mahavir Chakra (MVC), Awardee: Lt Col Sonam Wangchuk, MVC @ TWDI&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Awards and decorations==<br /> {| style=&quot;margin:1em auto; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |[[File:Maha Vir Chakra ribbon.svg|105px]]<br /> |[[File:IND Samanya Seva medal.svg|105px]]<br /> |[[File:IND Special Service Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]<br /> |[[File:IND Operation Vijay star.svg|105px]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[File:IND Siachen Glacier Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]<br /> |[[File:IND Operation Vijay medal.svg|105px]]<br /> |[[File:IND Sainya Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]<br /> |[[File:IND High Altitude Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[File:IND Videsh Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]<br /> |[[File:IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|105px]]<br /> |[[File:IND 20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105px]]<br /> |[[File:IND 9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105px]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin:1em auto; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |[[Maha Vir Chakra]]<br /> |[[Samanya Seva Medal]]<br /> |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Special Service Medal]]<br /> |[[Operation Vijay Star]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Siachen Glacier Medal]]<br /> |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Operation Vijay]]<br /> |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Sainya Seva Medal]]<br /> |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|High Altitude Service Medal]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Videsh Seva Medal]]<br /> |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|50th Anniversary of Independence Medal]]<br /> |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|20 Years Long Service Medal]]<br /> |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|9 Years Long Service Medal]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Wangchuk, Sonam}}<br /> [[Category:1964 births]]<br /> [[Category:2026 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:People from Leh district]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Buddhists]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Army personnel]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Maha Vir Chakra]]<br /> [[Category:Kargil War]]<br /> [[Category:Modern School (New Delhi) alumni]]</div>

AdvAcademy01 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajesh_Dharmani&diff=528590 2026-04-11T20:36:32Z

<p>AdvAcademy01: added a data</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Rajesh Dharmani<br /> | image = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1972|04|02|df=yes}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Ghumarwin]], [[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]], Himachal Pradesh<br /> | occupation = Politician, engineer, [[agriculturist]]<br /> | profession = <br /> | party = [[File:Indian National Congress hand logo.svg|20px]] [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> | office = [[Sukhu ministry|Cabinet Minister]]&lt;br&gt;[[Government of Himachal Pradesh]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Council of Ministers – Government of Himachal Pradesh, India |url=https://himachal.nic.in/en-IN/council-of-ministers.html |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=himachal.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | predecessor = <br /> | successor = <br /> | governor = [[Rajendra Arlekar]] {{small|(2022–2023)}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Shiv Pratap Shukla]] {{small|(2023–2026)}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Kavinder Gupta]] {{small|(2026–present)}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=BN |first=UNI |date=6 March 2026 |url=https://www.uniindia.com/news/north/himachal-new-governor/3763730.html |title=Kavinder Gupta to take over as Himachal Pradesh Governor |work=United News of India |access-date=7 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 1blankname = Chief minister<br /> | 1namedata = [[Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu]]<br /> | subterm = '''Cabinet'''<br /> | suboffice = [[Sukhu ministry]]<br /> | 2blankname = Ministry and Departments<br /> | 2namedata = * Technical education<br /> * Vocational and industrial training<br /> | term_start = 12 December 2023<br /> | office2 = [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | term_start2 = 8 December 2022<br /> | term_end2 = <br /> | predecessor2 = [[Rajinder Garg]]<br /> | constituency2 = [[Ghumarwin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ghumarwin]]<br /> | term_start3 = 2007<br /> | term_end3 = 2017<br /> | predecessor3 = Karam Dev Dharmani<br /> | successor3 = [[Rajinder Garg]]<br /> | constituency3 = [[Ghumarwin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ghumarwin]]<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> | date = <br /> | year = <br /> | source = https://hpvidhansabha.nic.in/Member/Details/54<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Rajesh Dharmani''' (born 2 April 1972) is an Indian politician from [[Himachal Pradesh]]. He is current member of [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Ghumarwin Assembly constituency|Ghumarwin]] and cabinet minister in [[Government of Himachal Pradesh]], India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ghumarwin Election Result 2022: Congress' Rajesh Dharmani Wins| editor-first = Sunny | editor-last = Daud | work = India.com | date = 2022-12-08 | url=https://www.india.com/news/india/live-hp-ghumarwin-himachal-pradesh-assembly-election-result-2022-updates-bjp-congress-aap-winner-list-himachal-pradesh-vidhan-sabha-chunav-counting-and-result-incs-rajesh-dharmani-wins-5788794/amp/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=हिमाचल: 16 साल बाद कांग्रेस सरकार में बिलासपुर को मिला मंत्री पद, राजेश धर्माणी तीसरी बार बने हैं विधायक|url=https://www.amarujala.com/amp/shimla/himachal-bilaspur-gets-ministerial-post-in-congress-govt-after-16-years-rajesh-dharmani-becomes-mla-for-the-2023-12-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/dharmani-goma-inducted-as-ministers-571404|title=Rajesh Dharmani, Yadvinder Goma inducted as ministers in Himachal}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Members of the 11th Vidhan Sabha from Himachal Pradesh}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Dharmani, Rajesh}}<br /> [[Category:1972 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 2007–2012]]<br /> [[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 2012–2017]]<br /> [[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]<br /> [[Category:People from Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Himachal Pradesh]]</div>

AdvAcademy01 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajapattai&diff=528422 2026-04-09T14:43:30Z

<p>AdvAcademy01: added stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|2011 film by Suseenthiran}}<br /> {{Unreliable sources|date=January 2026}}<br /> {{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Rajapattai<br /> | image = Rajapattai.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = [[Suseenthiran]]<br /> | producer = [[Prasad V. Potluri]]<br /> | writer = Bhaskar Sakthi &lt;small&gt;'''(Dialogues)'''&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | story = Aasim Tiger<br /> | screenplay = [[Suseenthiran]]<br /> | based_on = <br /> | starring = {{plainlist|<br /> *[[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]<br /> *[[Deeksha Seth]]<br /> *[[K. Viswanath]]<br /> }}<br /> | narrator = <br /> | music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]<br /> | cinematography = [[R. Madhi]]<br /> | editing = [[Kasi Viswanathan]]<br /> | studio = [[PVP cinema]]<br /> | distributor = [[Gemini Film Circuit]]&lt;ref name=&quot;indiaglitz3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title='Rajapattai': Under Gemini Film Circuit|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/74604.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129202549/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/74604.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | runtime = 133 minutes<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|12|23|[[India]]}}&lt;ref name=&quot;indiaglitz3&quot;/&gt;<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> | budget = {{INR}}40 crore&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated2&quot; /&gt;&lt;!--Must be attributed to a reliable published source with an established reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb.--&gt;<br /> <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Rajapattai''''' ({{translation|King's path}}) is a 2011 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[masala film]] co-written and directed by [[Suseenthiran]] based on a story by Seenu Vasan. The film stars [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] and [[Deeksha Seth]]. The music was composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], the film is produced by [[Prasad V Potluri|Prasad V. Potluri]]'s newly launched PVP Cinema.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/rajapattai-taken-over-by-pvp-cinemas-news-tamil-ljqmT8jhfgj.html?scategory=tamil |title=Rajapattai taken over by PVP Cinemas! |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=19 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122092554/http://www.sify.com/movies/rajapattai-taken-over-by-pvp-cinemas-news-tamil-ljqmT8jhfgj.html?scategory=tamil|archive-date=22 January 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The story revolves around the issue of [[land grabbing]] and how the protagonist becomes involved in it.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_tough-guy-vikram_1590226 |title=Tough guy, Vikram! |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=22 September 2011 |access-date=19 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The film was also dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and was released as ''Veedinthe'' on 30 December 2011 and into [[Hindi language|Hindi]] as ''Main Hoon Dada No.1'' in 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/gemini-film-circuit-snaps-rajapattai-news-tamil-ll2ny6fhjcf.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130230531/http://www.sify.com/movies/gemini-film-circuit-snaps-rajapattai-news-tamil-ll2ny6fhjcf.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 November 2011|title=Gemini Film Circuit snaps Rajapattai |website=[[Sify]] |date=25 November 2011 |access-date=25 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> {{More plot|date=July 2022}}&lt;!--per [[WP:FILMPLOT]], plot summaries should be between 400 and 700 words--&gt;<br /> 'Anul' Murugan, a gym boy who dreams of becoming a successful villain in films, lives along with Shanmugham and his gym co-boys. He bumps into an old man Dakshinamoorthy who is under pressure from his son Chidambaram to sell his orphanage to a scheming lady politician Ranganayaki, who is majorly into land grabbing along with her hatchet man 'Vaappa' Abdul Kadhir. Murugan eventually falls in love with Dharshini. Murugan becomes Dakshinamoorthy's savior as Ranganayaki and her men are after them. How Murugan single-handedly fights Ranganayaki and brings her to light forms the rest of the story.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> {{colbegin}}<br /> * [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] as Anal Murugan <br /> * [[Deeksha Seth]] as Dharshini<br /> * [[K. Viswanath]] as Dakshanamurthy<br /> * [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] as Abdul Kadhir alias Vaappa<br /> * [[Shanoor Sana]] as Ranganayaki alias Akka<br /> * [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Chidambaram<br /> * [[Thambi Ramaiah]] as Shanmugham<br /> * [[Yogi Babu]] as Azhagu<br /> * [[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as Director<br /> * [[Chaams]] as Funny Actor<br /> * [[Aruldoss]] as goon<br /> * [[Narsing Yadav]] as goon<br /> * [[Mayilsamy]] as watchman<br /> * [[Theepetti Ganesan]] as Vethala<br /> * [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] in a guest appearance<br /> * [[Saloni Aswani]] as an item number (&quot;Viladhi Villain&quot;)<br /> * [[Shriya Saran]] as an item number (&quot;Laddu Laddu Rendu Laddu&quot;)<br /> * [[Reema Sen]] as an item number (&quot;Laddu Laddu Rendu Laddu&quot;)<br /> * [[Anal Arasu]] as himself<br /> {{colend}}<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> <br /> ===Development===<br /> In early 2007, it was reported that director [[Boopathy Pandian]] would direct a film written by his assistant, Seenu Vasan, with [[Ajith Kumar]] expected to play the lead role.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/30328.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070408003149/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/30328.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 April 2007 |title=Ajith on the move – Tamil Movie News |website=IndiaGlitz |date=5 April 2007 |access-date=9 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was briefly postponed as Ajith had to complete his remaining projects and soon Boopathy Pandian confirmed otherwise and revealed that the film would actually be made by Rajakaliamman Films with [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] and [[Nayantara]] in the lead roles.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/33489.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913035628/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/33489.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 September 2007 |title=Nayantara opposite Vikram – Tamil Movie News |website=IndiaGlitz |date=10 September 2007 |access-date=9 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.videos.behindwoods.com/videos-q1-09/director-interview/suseendiran-22-12-2011.html |title=Suseendiran - Tamil Cinema Director Interview - Suseendiran &amp;#124; Rajapattai &amp;#124; Vikram &amp;#124; Deeksha Seth |website=Behindwoods.com |access-date=9 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; However Vikram's commitment to ''[[Kanthaswamy]]'' and ''[[Raavanan (2010 film)|Raavanan]]'' resulted in the film eventually becoming shelved. In late 2010, Vikram was forced to pull out of his film with director [[Selvaraghavan]] after the project was shelved too and gave dates to a new venture produced by the same studio, for a film to be directed by [[Suseenthiran]].&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vikram-drops-selva-grabs-suseendran-news-tamil-km5l6Xbbfie.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103021958/http://www.sify.com/movies/vikram-drops-selva-grabs-suseendran-news-tamil-km5l6Xbbfie.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 January 2011 |title=Vikram drops Selva, grabs Suseendran |website=Sify.com |date=31 December 2010 |access-date=3 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Reports emerged that the film would be titled ''Vendhan'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/66564.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511110421/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/66564.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 May 2011 |title=Yuvan to score Chiyaan's ''Vendhan'' |website=IndiaGlitz |date=10 May 2011 |access-date=3 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; but this was dismissed by the director.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/66822.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519223506/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/66822.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 May 2011 |title=Not ''Vendhan''... |website=IndiaGlitz |date=18 May 2011 |access-date=3 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The director initially wanted to experiment with a new script but to make use of the actor's tight schedules he chose to use Seenu's original script. The new title of the film, &quot;''Rajapattai''&quot; was eventually released in May 2011,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/67266.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603065823/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/67266.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 June 2011 |title=Vikram walks on ''Raja Pattai'' |website=IndiaGlitz |date=2 June 2011 |access-date=3 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Vikram-to-shoot-in-Chennai/articleshow/8691708.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130418040551/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-02/news-interviews/29612443_1_vikram-film-chennai |url-status=live |archive-date=18 April 2013 |title=Vikram to shoot in Chennai |date=2 June 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=3 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; with the first schedule planned to begin in early June.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Vikram-goes-back-to-romance/articleshow/8722620.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716040857/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-04/news-interviews/29620490_1_vikram-mani-ratnam-s-raavan-raavanan |url-status=live |archive-date=16 July 2012 |title=Vikram goes back to romance |date=4 June 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=3 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; A first press meet was held on 6 June 2011 with the entire crew being present. Kanakaratna Ramesh was to produce the film,&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;/&gt; however his teenage sons Pratish and Santosh were eventually revealed to be producers, launching their own banner named SP Creations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/raja-pattai-team-meets-the-press-news-tamil-lghlnWajcag.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610122106/http://www.sify.com/movies/raja-pattai-team-meets-the-press-news-tamil-lghlnWajcag.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 June 2011 |title=Raja Pattai team meets the press |website=Sify.com |date=20 June 2007 |access-date=3 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suseenthiran disclosed that the film would be a &quot;full-fledged commercial&quot; [[masala film]], with action, comedy and romance,&lt;ref name=&quot;indiaglitz1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/67416.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609233412/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/67416.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 June 2011 |title=FIR on Vikram's ''Rajapattai'' |website=IndiaGlitz |date=7 June 2011 |access-date=3 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jun-11-01/rajapattai-vikram-07-06-11.html |title=Vikram On Rajapaattai |website=Behindwoods.com |date=7 June 2011 |access-date=3 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; further adding that the dialogues would be penned by Bhaskar Sakthi.&lt;ref name=&quot;indiaglitz1&quot;/&gt; By September 2011, reports confirmed that the film had been taken over by Prasad V. Potluri's PVP Cinemas, after Ramesh faced financial restraints.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated2&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Casting===<br /> Reports suggested that the film would depict the relationship between a grandfather, played by [[K. Vishwanath]] and his grandson played by Vikram. Furthermore, the film was supposed to feature Vikram in dual roles as father and son,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/may-11-05/vikram-dheeksha-seth-31-05-11.html |title=Vikram's Latest Gimmick! |website=Behindwoods.com |date=31 May 2011 |access-date=3 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/67181.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603062048/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/67181.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 June 2011 |title=Vikram to don dual roles in Suseendran's next |website=IndiaGlitz |date=31 May 2011 |access-date=3 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; however the news was denied by sources, which confirmed that Vikram was to essay dual roles initially, but since the script had been reworked, he would play only one character.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/No-dual-role-for-Vikram/articleshow/8678717.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120726092545/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-01/news-interviews/29607973_1_vikram-dual-role-honorary-doctorate |url-status=live |archive-date=26 July 2012 |title=No dual role for Vikram |date=1 June 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=3 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://reviews.in.88db.com/index.php/movie/movie-news/10135-vikrams-vendhan-is-now-raja-pattai |title=Vikram's ''Vendhan'' is now 'Raja Pattai' |publisher=Reviews.in.88db.com |access-date=3 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vikram was revealed to play a [[stunt man]] who aspires to become a noted [[villain]] in the film industry,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/sep-11-03/vikram-rajapattai-17-09-11.html |title=The Other Side Of Vikram Revealed! |website=Behindwoods.com |date=17 September 2011 |access-date=19 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; with the makers adding that his character had negative shades.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/sep-11-04/vikram-suseenthiran-26-09-11.html |title=The Latest On Vikram Film |website=Behindwoods.com |date=26 September 2011 |access-date=19 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|first=Anupama |last=Subramanian |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/vikram-aspiring-villain-924 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930152737/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/vikram-aspiring-villain-924 |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 September 2011 |title=Vikram is an aspiring villain |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=29 September 2011 |access-date=19 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/73384.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309065953/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/73384.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 March 2014 |title=Latest on Vikram's 'Rajapattai' |website=IndiaGlitz |access-date=19 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; In March 2011, [[Deeksha Seth]] confirmed her presence in the film,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Deeksha-to-begin-Kollywood-career/articleshow/7595083.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120612050052/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-01/news-interviews/28642965_1_kollywood-deeksha-seth-film |url-status=live |archive-date=12 June 2012 |title=Deeksha to begin Kollywood career |date=1 March 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=3 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; citing that she would portray the leading female role of an [[IT professional]].&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2082863.ece |title=Off-beat film maker Suseendran changes tack |work=The Hindu|date=7 June 2011 |access-date=3 August 2011 |location=Chennai, India}}&lt;/ref&gt; For a parallel lead female role, [[Amala Paul]] was signed on, but was forced to pull out due to schedule problems.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/an-ace-up-amala-s-sleeve-news-tamil-lbzrJLahjih.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128024213/http://www.sify.com/movies/an-ace-up-amala-s-sleeve-news-tamil-lbzrJLahjih.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 January 2011 |title=An ace up Amala's sleeve! |website=Sify.com |date=25 January 2011 |access-date=3 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sources reported that [[Mithra Kurian]] was then signed on for the film for her second big Tamil venture after ''[[Kaavalan]]'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|first=Anupama |last=Subramanian |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/others/mithra-kurien-team-chiyaan-vikram-324 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408064305/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/others/mithra-kurien-team-chiyaan-vikram-324 |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 April 2011 |title=Mithra Kurien to team up with Chiyaan Vikram |work=Deccan Chronicle|date=7 April 2011 |access-date=3 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; after discussions with [[Abhinaya (actress)|Abhinaya]] were unsuccessful.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cinefundas.com/2011/01/11/vikram-trilingual-flick-with-singanamala-ramesh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112220454/http://www.cinefundas.com/2011/01/11/vikram-trilingual-flick-with-singanamala-ramesh |url-status=usurped |archive-date=12 January 2011 |title=Vikram Trilingual flick with Singanamala Ramesh |publisher=Cinefundas.com |date=11 January 2011 |access-date=3 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the reports turned out to be false. [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]], best known for his performance in ''[[Ghajini (2005 film)|Ghajini]]'', was selected to play the main [[antagonist]] in the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Action-all-the-way-for-Pradeep-Rawat/articleshow/10137443.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111220011753/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-27/news-interviews/30207703_1_dual-role-films-kollywood |url-status=live |archive-date=20 December 2011 |title=Action all the way for Pradeep Rawat |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 September 2011 |access-date=19 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Actresses [[Shriya Saran]] and [[Reemma Sen]], who had both worked together with Vikram earlier, were roped in to perform an [[item number]] together,&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vikram-to-sizzle-with-reema-shriya-news-tamil-ljtqJXeigah.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923172135/http://www.sify.com/movies/vikram-to-sizzle-with-reema-shriya-news-tamil-ljtqJXeigah.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 September 2011 |title=Vikram to sizzle with Reema &amp; Shriya! |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=19 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; after attempts to sign [[Hansika Motwani]], who was reportedly offered {{INR}} 12&amp;nbsp;million for the role,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|first=Anupama|last=Subramanian|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/hansika-motwani-offered-rs-12cr-item-song-102 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916154858/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/hansika-motwani-offered-rs-12cr-item-song-102 |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 September 2011 |title=Hansika Motwani offered Rs 1.2cr for item song |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=17 September 2011 |access-date=19 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; had failed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Hansika-turns-down-1cr-for-item-song/articleshow/10019960.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011010402/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-18/news-interviews/30169511_1_song-hansika-meher-ramesh |url-status=live |archive-date=11 October 2011 |title=Hansika turns down '1cr for item song |work=[[The Times of India]] |date= 18 September 2011|access-date=19 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; In late October, [[National Film Award (India)|National Film Award]]-winner [[Thambi Ramaiah]] as well as cinematographer-turned-actor Aruldass, who had also played a pivotal role in the director's ''[[Naan Mahaan Alla (2010 film)|Naan Mahaan Alla]]'', were roped in for other supporting roles.&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu1&quot;/&gt; Suseenthiran also confirmed that he would rejoin with the ''Naan Mahaan Alla'' crew, with [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], [[R. Madhi]] and Mu. Kasi Viswanathan taking care of the music, cinematography and editing, respectively.<br /> <br /> ===Filming===<br /> Filming began in June 2011, with the first schedule, during which filming was held in and around Chennai, lasting for 60 days.&lt;ref name=&quot;indiaglitz2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/67266.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603065823/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/67266.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 June 2011 |title=Vikram walks on 'Raja Pattai' |website=IndiaGlitz |access-date=19 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; In August 2011, the first song was shot for five days in [[Mahabalipuram]], with Vikram, Deeksha Seth and fifty back-up dancers participating.&lt;ref name=&quot;indiatimes1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Deeksha-Vikram-hit-the-beach/articleshow/9793940.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104114844/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-30/news-interviews/29944904_1_deeksha-seth-vikram-gym-instructor |url-status=live |archive-date=4 January 2013 |title=Deeksha, Vikram hit the beach! |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=30 August 2011 |access-date=19 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The team subsequently shot scenes in a set worth {{INR}} 4&amp;nbsp;million that was erected at Senthil Studios in Saligramam, Chennai,&lt;ref name=&quot;indiatimes1&quot;/&gt; while the next schedule was to be shot in [[Thiruvannaamalai]] and [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]].&lt;ref name=&quot;indiatimes1&quot;/&gt; In October 2011, filming was held near the [[Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute|Ramachandra Medical College]] in [[Chennai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/oct-11-02/vikram-11-10-11.html |title=Raja Pattai Team Spotted! |website=Behindwoods.com |date=11 October 2011 |access-date=19 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Few days later, the crew was shooting a song and several stunt sequences near [[Karaikudi]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Vikram-Suseenthiran-shoot-near-Karaikudi/articleshow/10366681.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714093616/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-15/news-interviews/30283443_1_vikram-and-deeksha-seth-film-music |url-status=live |archive-date=14 July 2012 |title=Vikram &amp; Suseenthiran shoot near Karaikudi |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=15 October 2011 |access-date=19 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; and later in [[Kumbakonam]].&lt;ref name=&quot;indiatimes2&quot;&gt;{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Rs-3-crore-climax-for-Rajapattai/articleshow/10399193.cms | work=The Times of India | title=Rs 3 crore climax for Rajapattai}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[wikt:climax#Noun|climax]] scene that was canned for eight days at the Binny Mills in Chennai,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vikram-s-rajapattai-nears-completion-news-tamil-lkvj7dffefd.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111023182447/http://www.sify.com/movies/vikram-s-rajapattai-nears-completion-news-tamil-lkvj7dffefd.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 October 2011 |title=Vikram's Rajapattai nears completion! |website=Sify.com |access-date=19 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; had reportedly cost approximately {{INR}} 30&amp;nbsp;million.&lt;ref name=&quot;indiatimes2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|first= Nidhi R.|last= Daiya|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/chennai/kollywoods-urge-splurge-111 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102162140/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/chennai/kollywoods-urge-splurge-111 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 November 2011 |title=Kollywood's urge to splurge |work=Deccan Chronicle|date=1 November 2011 |access-date=19 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the last week of October and early November, [[Saloni Aswani]], who had previously starred in ''[[Madurai Veeran]]'', was shooting for the song &quot;Villadhi Villain&quot; along with Vikram at the [[AVM Studios]], Chennai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/saloni-shakes-a-leg-with-vikram-for-rajapattai-news-tamil-llbrgkdeeeb.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103195451/http://www.sify.com/movies/saloni-shakes-a-leg-with-vikram-for-rajapattai-news-tamil-llbrgkdeeeb.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 November 2011 |title=Saloni shakes a leg with Vikram for Rajapattai |website=Sify.com |access-date=19 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[item number]], featuring [[Shriya Saran]] and [[Reemma Sen]], was initially to be filmed in Japan,&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated3&quot;/&gt; however, since Suseenthiran was not satisfied with the locations, he decided to can it in [[Lucca]], Italy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Suseenthirans-Italian-job/articleshow/10578208.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130418040625/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-01/news-interviews/30350709_1_vikram-italian-job-director-suseenthiran |url-status=live |archive-date=18 April 2013 |title=Suseenthiran's Italian job |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=1 November 2011 |access-date=19 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=https://www.variety.com/article/VR1118047607 | work=Variety | first=Nick | last=Vivarelli | title=Tuscany welcomes Chinese soap opera | date=17 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other locations in Italy where filming was held include [[Volterra]], [[Monteriggioni]] and [[Montecatini Terme]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=iakké |title=Toscana: set cinematografici, due mega produzioni da Cina e India {{!}} Radiocor, giovedi' 1 dicembre 2011 (articolo 1004990) |url=http://archivio-radiocor.ilsole24ore.com/articolo-1004990/toscana-set-cinematografici-due-mega/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20111202203823/http://archivio-radiocor.ilsole24ore.com/articolo-1004990/toscana-set-cinematografici-due-mega/ |archive-date=2011-12-02 |website=archivio-radiocor.ilsole24ore.com |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Music==<br /> {{Main|Rajapattai (soundtrack)}}<br /> ''Rajapattai''{{'s}} score and soundtrack are composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], becoming his first work for a [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]-starrer.&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu1&quot; /&gt; The album's Telugu version was launched first on 21 November 2011 at Taj Deccan in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 November 2011 |title=Veedinthe music launched |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/veedinthe-music-launched-news-news-lmim54cebia.html?scategory=telugu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411230218/http://www.sify.com/movies/veedinthe-music-launched-news-news-lmim54cebia.html?scategory=telugu |archive-date=11 April 2014 |access-date=9 November 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 November 2011 |title=Veedinthe (by birth) music launch – Telugu cinema |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-veedinthe.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208154318/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-veedinthe.html |archive-date=8 December 2011 |access-date=9 November 2012 |publisher=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The original Tamil version was released two days later at the [[Anna Centenary Library|Anna Centenary Auditorium]] in [[Kotturpuram]], [[Chennai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 November 2011 |title=Rajapattai audio launched |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/rajapattai-audio-launched-news-tamil-lmkjFzgbggf.html?scategory=tamil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109011501/http://www.sify.com/movies/rajapattai-audio-launched-news-tamil-lmkjFzgbggf.html?scategory=tamil |archive-date=9 January 2012 |access-date=9 November 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-11-24 |title=A musical affair! |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/Dec/13/a-musical-affair-319754.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250220132709/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/Dec/13/a-musical-affair-319754.html |archive-date=2025-02-20 |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Release==<br /> In early November 2011, reports confirmed that [[Sun Pictures]] had bought the domestic distribution rights of the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/sun-snaps-vikram-s-rajapattai-news-tamil-llckmhgbiaf.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104135033/http://www.sify.com/movies/sun-snaps-vikram-s-rajapattai-news-tamil-llckmhgbiaf.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 November 2011 |title=Sun snaps Vikram's Rajapattai |website=Sify.com |date=3 November 2011 |access-date=9 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; However two weeks later, Sun Pictures cancelled the deal and opted out.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/sun-pictures-opts-out-of-rajapattai-news-tamil-llrlG4dcegi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120010552/http://www.sify.com/movies/sun-pictures-opts-out-of-rajapattai-news-tamil-llrlG4dcegi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 November 2011 |title=Sun Pictures opts out of Rajapattai! |website=Sify.com |date=18 November 2011 |access-date=9 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Subsequently, [[Gemini Film Circuit]] acquired the theatrical release rights, confirming the film' release for the Christmas weekend on 23 December 2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;sify.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/gemini-film-circuit-snaps-rajapattai-news-tamil-ll2ny6fhjcf.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130230531/http://www.sify.com/movies/gemini-film-circuit-snaps-rajapattai-news-tamil-ll2ny6fhjcf.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 November 2011 |title=Gemini Film Circuit snaps Rajapattai |website=Sify.com |date=28 November 2011 |access-date=9 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Telugu version would be released one week later, distributed by Suresh Movies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vikram-s-veedinthe-on-dec-30-news-news-lmnjERchehi.html?scategory=telugu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924213137/http://www.sify.com/movies/vikram-s-veedinthe-on-dec-30-news-news-lmnjERchehi.html?scategory=telugu |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 September 2015 |title=Vikram's Veedinthe on Dec 30 |website=Sify.com |date=13 December 2011 |access-date=9 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> <br /> ===Critical response===<br /> ''Behindwoods'' gave the film 2.5 out of 5 and wrote that it was &quot;only for Vikram's fans and action lovers&quot; and also stated 'Rajapattai is popcorn in its flavor'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=RAJAPATTAI MOVIE REVIEW|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/dec-11-04/rajapattai-review.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pavithra Srinivasan from ''[[Rediff]]'' described the film as bland, adding that it was &quot;just an actor's quest for superstardom, and is a disappointing fare&quot;, giving it 2 out of 5.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Movie Review: Rajapattai|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-rajapattai/20111223.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Sify]]'' wrote: &quot;This old-fashioned masala entertainer is enjoyable in parts. It is vintage Vikram coupled with rich production values that makes ''Rajapattai'' watchable, despite its obvious flaws&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/rajapattai-review-tamil-14986546.html |title=Movie Review:Rajapattai |website=Sify.com |access-date=9 November 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628032228/http://www.sify.com/movies/rajapattai-review-tamil-14986546.html|archive-date=28 June 2013|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; CNN-IBN rated 2 out of 5 and wrote that it was a &quot;road unfit to travel&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tamil-review-rajapattai--a-road-unfit-for-travel/214771-8-68.html |title=Tamil Review: 'Rajapattai' - a road unfit for travel - Movies News - Tamil - ibnlive |website=ibnlive.in.com |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107195322/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tamil-review-rajapattai--a-road-unfit-for-travel/214771-8-68.html |archive-date=7 January 2012 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chennaionline noted: &quot;Had Suseenthiran managed to keep an element of suspense somewhere in the script, the film could have been more watchable&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://chennaionline.com/movies/movie-reviews/20114224024221/Movie-Review--Rajapattai.col |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108072524/http://chennaionline.com/movies/movie-reviews/20114224024221/Movie-Review--Rajapattai.col |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 January 2012 |title=Movie Review : 'Rajapattai' |publisher=ChennaiOnline |access-date=9 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{Official website}}<br /> * {{IMDb title}}<br /> * {{Rotten Tomatoes}}<br /> {{Suseenthiran}}<br /> [[Category:2010s masala films]]<br /> [[Category:2011 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2011 films]]<br /> [[Category:2011 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Suseenthiran]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Madurai]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Tiruchirappalli]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Tuscany]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>

AdvAcademy01 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liceu_Nacional_Afonso_de_Albuquerque&diff=512149 2026-04-09T12:04:12Z

<p>AdvAcademy01: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Portuguese school in Portuguese India}}<br /> {{Cleanup translation|Portuguese|type=check|listed=nolist}}<br /> <br /> The '''Liceu Nacional Afonso de Albuquerque''' (1854-1961), initially called the '''Liceu Central de Nova Goa''', was a Portuguese public secondary educational institution in [[Nova Goa]], [[Portuguese India]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Faria |first=Alice Santiago |title=Afonso de Albuquerque Lyceum |url=https://hpip.org/en/Heritage/Details/581 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250906074355/https://hpip.org/en/Heritage/Details/581 |archive-date=2025-09-06 |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=hpip.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; created by decree on 9 November 1854. The decree was issued by then [[Governor of Portuguese India]] Joaquim José Januário Lapa, the first Viscount of Vila Nova de Ourem.<br /> <br /> The institution celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2004.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.goanobserver.com/archive/20-11-2004/history.htm |title=Independent Goa Observer |website=www.goanobserver.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050105215318/http://www.goanobserver.com/archive/20-11-2004/history.htm |archive-date=2005-01-05}} &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Current status==<br /> <br /> With the end of [[Portuguese India]], the institution joined the Indian system of education, to become extinct in its earlier form.<br /> <br /> Following the end of Portuguese rule in Goa, and with the absorption of the region into the Indian Union, &quot;this prime educational institution suffered a quick demise&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Memories p.3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://pt.scribd.com/document/115064360/Goa-Liceu-Nacional-Afonso-de-Albuquerque-1961-2011-memories|title=Goa Liceu Nacional Afonso de Albuquerque, 1961-2011 memories|website=Scribd}}&lt;/ref&gt; It survived for another year or two. The last batch of ''Finalistas'' (final year students) completed their studies after the Portuguese rule ended.&lt;ref name=&quot;Memories p.3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The institution's sprawling facilities were made available to different other institutions that were being set up—the Dhempe College of Arts and Science, a private teachers' training college, a government higher secondary school, the local institution for training children (Bal Bhavan), a law college, the Dempo College of Commerce, and alike. Its former campus, now refurbished, has since become the home of the Goa Bench of the [[Bombay High Court]].<br /> <br /> ==Notable alumni==<br /> * [[Jack de Sequeira]], Indian politician and businessman&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fernandes |first=Maximiano Jose |title=Profile |url=http://drjackdesequeira.com/profile.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815065238/http://drjackdesequeira.com/profile.html |archive-date=2011-08-15 |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=drjackdesequeira.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Aquino de Bragança]], Mozambican physicist and journalist<br /> * [[Al Jerry Braganza]], Indian filmmaker and actor&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Feeling speci(AL) on his day |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa-Social/Feeling-speci(AL)-on-his-day/87697 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305062911/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa-Social/Feeling-speci(AL)-on-his-day/87697 |archive-date=2024-03-05 |access-date=2026-03-24 |work=oHeraldo}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Agostinho Fernandes]], writer and cardiologist&lt;ref name=&quot;NTForgottenLourdes15&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |author-link=Maria de Lourdes Bravo da Costa Rodrigues |last=Bravo da Costa Rodrigues |first=Maria de Lourdes |date=2015-07-05 |title=Agostinho Fernandes: The forgotten man of letters |work=The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2015/07/05/magazines/panorama/agostinho-fernandes-the-forgotten-man-of-letters/ |access-date=2025-03-26 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Vinayak Sadashiv Sukhthankar]], Indian writer&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Page:Konkani Vishwakosh - Volume 4 Released.pdf/888 - Wikisource |url=https://wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Konkani_Vishwakosh_-_Volume_4_Released.pdf/888 |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=wikisource.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Janardan Shinkre]], Indian freedom fighter and politician&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Page:Konkani Vishwakosh - Volume 4 Released.pdf/739 - Wikisource |url=https://wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Konkani_Vishwakosh_-_Volume_4_Released.pdf/739 |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=wikisource.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Julião Menezes]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Almeida |first=José Julião do Sacramento |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=xzaU1vfRyQwC&amp;q=juliao+menezes+liceu&amp;dq=juliao+menezes+liceu&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_search&amp;ovdme=1&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjKhvqz3OCTAxU-e_UHHRp_BZsQ6AF6BAgNEAM |title=A aldeia de Assolnã: esboço histórico--arquiológico e biográfico |date=1958 |publisher=Pe. J.C.E. Almeida |language=pt-BR|pages=183}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://www.scribd.com/doc/115064360/Goa-Liceu-Nacional-Afonso-de-Albuquerque-1961-2011-memories The 1961-1962 years of the Liceu Nacional Afonso de Albuquerque, Pangim, Goa]<br /> * [https://www.facebook.com/pages/Liceu-Nacional-Afonso-de-Albuquerque-em-GOA/318765361544546 Liceu Nacional Afonso de Albuquerque, Goa, group on Facebook]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Education in Goa]]<br /> [[Category:1961 disestablishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:1850s establishments in Portuguese India]]<br /> [[Category:1854 establishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:1854 establishments in the Portuguese Empire]]<br /> [[Category:Educational institutions established in 1854]]<br /> [[Category:Educational institutions disestablished in 1961]]</div>

AdvAcademy01 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arora_(surname)&diff=487538 2026-04-09T05:39:02Z

<p>AdvAcademy01: New</p> <hr /> <div>Notable people with the surname '''Arora,''' sometimes spelt Aurora, include:<br /> <br /> * [[Aman Arora]] (born 1974), Indian politician<br /> * [[Amandeep Kaur Arora]], Indian politician<br /> * [[Amrik Singh Arora]] (1943–2011), Indian musician<br /> * [[Amrita Arora]] (born 1981), Indian actress, model, presenter and VJ<br /> * [[Anil Arora]], Canadian statistician<br /> * [[Ankit Arora]] (born 1984), Indian actor<br /> * [[Ankush Arora]], Indian actor and singer<br /> * [[Apoorva Arora]], Indian actress and model<br /> * [[Arun Arora]] (born 1971), British Anglican priest and solicitor<br /> * [[Ashish Arora]], Indian structural biologist<br /> * [[Ashok Kumar Arora]], Indian politician<br /> * [[Bhumika Arora]], Indian model<br /> * [[Bhuvan Arora]], Indian actor<br /> * [[Bobby Arora]] (born 1972), British billionaire businessman<br /> * [[Chandan Arora]], Indian film editor and director<br /> * [[Damodar Das Arora]], 16th-century Punjabi poet<br /> * [[David Arora]] (born 1953), American mycologist, naturalist, and writer<br /> * [[Dinesh Arora]] (born 1976), Indian bureaucrat<br /> * [[Gabo Arora]], American filmmaker<br /> * [[Gagan Arora]], Indian actor<br /> * [[Garima Arora]] (born 1986), Indian chef<br /> * [[Gaurav Arora]], Indian actor and model<br /> * Geeta Arora, alias [[Sonu Punjaban]] (born 1981), Indian convicted sex trafficker<br /> * [[Ghanshyam Dass|Ghanshyam Dass Arora]] (born 1952), Indian politician<br /> * [[Harjit Singh Arora]] (1961–2023), Indian air marshal and the second-highest-ranking officer of the [[Indian Air Force]] <br /> * [[Harry Arora]] (born 1969), American politician<br /> * [[Harshad Arora]] (born 1987), Indian actor<br /> * [[Jagjit Singh Arora]] (1916–2005), Indian general and commander of the Indian Army on the Eastern front in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971<br /> * [[Jas Arora]], model and actor<br /> * [[Jayshree Arora]], Indian actress<br /> * [[Jyoti Arora]] (born 1977), Indian author and blogger<br /> * [[Kary Arora]] (born 1960), Indian DJ<br /> * [[Kainaat Arora]] (born 1982), Indian actress<br /> * [[Kush Arora]], American music producer<br /> * [[Malaika Arora]] (born 1973), Indian model and actress<br /> * [[Manish Arora]], Indian fashion designer<br /> * [[Manish Arora (officer)|Manish Arora]], Indian Air Force officer<br /> * [[Meenakshi Arora]], Indian lawyer<br /> * [[Munish Arora]] (born 1971), Indian-born Singaporean cricketer<br /> * [[Namit Arora]], Indian writer<br /> * [[Nikesh Arora]] (born 1968), Indian-American executive and chief executive officer at Palo Alto Networks<br /> * [[Paras Arora]] (born 1994), Indian actor<br /> * [[Payal Arora]], Indian anthropologist, author and processor<br /> * [[Prerna Arora]] (born 1987), Indian producer and director<br /> * [[Punita Arora]] (born 1946), first woman Lieutenant General of the Indian Armed Forces and Vice admiral of the Indian Navy<br /> * [[Rachita Arora]], Indian singer and music composer<br /> * [[Rajat Arora]] (born 1975), Indian screenwriter in the film and television industry<br /> * [[Jaani (songwriter)|Jaani]] (born Rajiv Arora in 1989), Indian songwriter and music composer<br /> * [[Raj Singh Arora]], Indian actor<br /> * [[Raman Arora]], Indian politician<br /> * [[Ram Behari Arora]] (1917–1997), Indian cardiovascular pharmacologist<br /> * [[Ramesh Singh Arora]] (born 1979), Pakistani politician and social worker<br /> * [[Raveena Aurora]] (born 1993), American singer and songwriter<br /> * [[Ritesh Arora]], Indian entrepreneur and angel investor<br /> * [[Ritvik Arora]] (born 1997), Indian actor<br /> * [[Robin Arora]] (born 1985), British billionaire businessman<br /> * [[Rohini Arora]], Canadian labour organizer and politician<br /> * [[Roma Arora]] (born 1987), Indian actress<br /> * [[Universe (gamer)|Saahil Arora]] (born 1989), American esports player<br /> * [[Sam Arora]] (born 1981), American politician and businessman<br /> * [[Samir Arora]] (born 1965), Indian-American businessperson<br /> * [[Sanjay Arora]], Indian filmmaker and actor<br /> * [[Sanjay Arora (officer)]] (born 1965), Police Commissioner of Delhi<br /> * [[Sanjeev Arora (computer scientist)]] (born 1968), American theoretical computer scientist<br /> * [[Sanjeev Arora (politician)]] (born 1963), Indian politician, businessman and Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha (India)<br /> * [[Sanjeev Arora (physician)]] (born 1956), Indian American physician<br /> * [[Shakti Arora]] (born 1986), Indian actor<br /> * [[Shalini Arora]] (born 1971), Indian television actress<br /> * [[Shashank Arora]] (born 1989), Indian actor, writer and musician<br /> * [[Shiv Arora]], Indian politician<br /> * [[Siddharth Arora]], Indian television actor<br /> * [[Simon Arora]] (born 1969), British billionaire businessman<br /> * [[Sudha Arora]] (born 1946), Indian author<br /> * [[Sumit Arora]], Indian writer, screenwriter and director<br /> * [[Sunder Sham Arora]] (born 1958), Indian politician<br /> * [[Sunil Arora]] (born 1953), Chief election commissioner of India<br /> * [[Suresh Arora]], Chief of the Punjab Police (2014–2019)<br /> * [[Surinder Arora]] (born 1958), Punjabi English businessman<br /> * [[Tarun Arora]], Indian model and actor<br /> * [[Trishneet Arora]] (born 1993), Indian ethical hacker, entrepreneur and Forbes Asia 30 under 30 (2018), Fortune India 40 under 40 (2019)<br /> * [[Udai Prakash Arora]] (born 1944), Indian historian, pioneer in Graeco-Indian Studies<br /> * [[Vaibhav Arora]] (born 1997), Indian cricketer<br /> * [[Vardaan Arora]] (born 1992), Indian recording artist, songwriter and actor<br /> * [[Vijay Arora]] (1944&amp;ndash;2007), Indian actor<br /> * [[Vijay Kumar Arora]], Indian filmmaker and cinematographer<br /> * [[Vineet M. Arora]], American medical researcher<br /> * [[Vinny Arora]] (born 1991), Indian actress<br /> * [[Vishal Arora]], Indian journalist<br /> * [[Vivaan Arora]] (born 1987), Indian actor<br /> * [[Yash Arora]] (born 1993), Indian cricketer<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Arora]], a community haling from Punjab.&lt;ref name=&quot;one&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Hanks|first1=Patrick|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0AyDDQAAQBAJ&amp;q=Aror|title=The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland|last2=Coates|first2=Richard|last3=McClure|first3=Peter|date=17 November 2016|isbn=9780192527479|via=books.google.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{surname}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> [[Category:Surnames of Hindu origin]]<br /> [[Category:Punjabi-language surnames]]</div>

AdvAcademy01 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shaitaan_(1974_film)&diff=534353 2026-03-30T13:31:54Z

<p>AdvAcademy01: new</p> <hr /> <div>{{distinguish|Shaitan (film)}}<br /> {{More citations needed|date=March 2026}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = '''Shaitaan'''<br /> | image = <br /> | caption = <br /> | producer = A.A. Nadiadwala<br /> | director = [[Firoz Chinoy]]<br /> | writer = K.A. Narayan<br /> | screenplay = Kaushal Bharati<br /> | story = K.A. Narayan<br /> | starring = [[Shatrughan Sinha]]&lt;br&gt;[[Anil Dhawan]]&lt;br&gt;[[Sharmila Tagore]]&lt;br&gt;[[D.K. Sapru]]&lt;br&gt;[[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]]&lt;br&gt;[[Aruna Irani]]&lt;br&gt;[[Jagdeep]]&lt;br&gt;Padma Khanna&lt;br&gt;Nivedita<br /> | released = {{Film date|1974|01|16|df=yes}}<br /> | music = [[R. D. Burman]]<br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | language = [[Hindi]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Shaitaan''''' ({{translation|Devil/[[Satan]]}}) is a 1974 [[Hindi]] [[thriller film]], directed by [[Firoze Chinoy]] starring [[Shatrughan Sinha]] and [[Sharmila Tagore]] in main roles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shaitaan: पांच साल के थे अजय देवगन, जब पहली बार आया 'शैतान', शत्रुघ्न सिन्हा की जिंदगी में आ गया था तूफान - Ajay Devgn Movie Shaitaan Title Was Used in 1974 Movie Staring Shatrughan Sinha Sharmila Tagore And Then in 2011 by Anurag Kashyap |url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/bollywood-ajay-devgn-movie-shaitaan-title-was-used-in-1974-movie-staring-shatrughan-sinha-sharmila-tagore-and-then-in-2011-by-anurag-kashyap-23667994.html |access-date=2026-03-30 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-03-13 |title=A tale of 3 'Shaitaan'! While Shatrughan Sinha &amp; Rajeev Khandelwal failed, Ajay scored big |url=https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/bollywood/157474-3-films-with-same-name-shaitaan-ajay-devgn-r-madhavan-shatrughan-sinha-rajeev-khandelwal.html |access-date=2026-03-30 |website=MensXP |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]] wrote the songs for this film while [[Rahul Dev Burman]] was the music director.<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> Anand (Shatrughan Sinha) and Munish (Anil Dhawan) are two best friends. Anand is an honest police officer whereas Munish is the most famous lawyer of the city. Munish's sister Nisha is in love with Anand.<br /> <br /> There are series of rapes and murders in the film. Anand discovers that all the victim girls were connected with Munish. One girl Shabnam, miraculously escapes from the hands of Munish. Anand arrests Munish on the charges of rape and murder but Shabnam identifies Anand as the killer and the rapist. The confusion arose because the actual killer is Anand's lookalike Ashok.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> * [[Shatrughan Sinha]] as Inspector Anand / Ashok (Double Role)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Sonakshi Sinha On Shatrughan Sinha's Reaction to Dahaad: 'I Tell Him, Papa Dekh Lo Na' {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/sonakshi-sinha-on-dad-shatrughans-reaction-to-dahaad-he-still-hasnt-finished-it-because-exclusive-7953133.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230606060326/https://www.news18.com/movies/sonakshi-sinha-on-dad-shatrughans-reaction-to-dahaad-he-still-hasnt-finished-it-because-exclusive-7953133.html |archive-date=2023-06-06 |access-date=2026-03-30 |work=News18 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Sharmila Tagore]] as Nisha (Special Appearance)<br /> * [[Anil Dhawan]] as Advocate Munish<br /> * [[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]] as Sabrina<br /> * [[Kumud Chuggani]] as Lily Fernandes (Air Hostess)<br /> * [[Aruna Irani]] as Banjaran<br /> * [[D.K. Sapru]] as Police Commissioner<br /> * [[Tun Tun]] as Meena Advani<br /> * [[Sulochana Latkar]] as Radha<br /> * [[Padma Khanna]] as Shabnam<br /> * [[Jagdeep]] as Maqtulla<br /> * [[Poonam Sinha|Komal]] as Munish's Date<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Song !! Singer<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Apna Samajhke Chali Aayi&quot;<br /> | [[Lata Mangeshkar]]<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Meri Aankh Phadakti Hai&quot;<br /> | '''[[Asha Bhosle]]'''<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Woh Jo Kal Gaye The&quot;<br /> | '''[[Asha Bhosle]]'''<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Dil To Maane Na, Meri Jaan, Meri Jaan, Tan To Maane Na&quot;<br /> | '''[[Asha Bhosle]]''', [[R. D. Burman]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|0398320|Shaitaan}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1974 films]]<br /> [[Category:1974 Hindi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1974 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian slasher films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by R. D. Burman]]<br /> [[Category:1974 thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:1970s slasher films]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi-language thriller films]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}<br /> {{1970s-thriller-film-stub}}</div>

AdvAcademy01 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cattle_in_religion_and_mythology&diff=475446 2026-03-29T17:41:46Z

<p>AdvAcademy01: quick reworked section based on references per standard format</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}<br /> [[File:Cow_and_its_calf.jpg|alt=cow and a calf|thumb|An [[Indian cow]] and its calf— a late 7th century sculpture from [[Uttar Pradesh]] ]]<br /> There are varying beliefs about cattle in societies and [[religion]]s.<br /> <br /> Cattle are considered sacred in the [[Indian religions]] of [[Hinduism]], [[Jainism]] and [[Buddhism]], as well as in some [[Chinese folk religion]] and in [[traditional African religions]]. Cattle played other major roles in many religions, including those of [[ancient Egypt]], [[ancient Greece]], [[Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|ancient Israel]], and [[ancient Rome]].<br /> <br /> In some regions, especially most [[Cattle slaughter in India|states of India]], the slaughter of cattle is prohibited and their meat ([[beef]]) may be [[food and drink prohibitions|taboo]].<br /> <br /> == In Indian religions ==<br /> {{anchor|Hinduism}}<br /> <br /> Legislation against the slaughter of cattle is in place throughout most states of India except [[Kerala]] and parts of the [[Northeast India|North-East]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://dahd.nic.in/hi/related-links/annex-ii-8-gist-state-legislations-cow-slaughter|title=ANNEX II (8) Gist of State Legislations on Cow Slaughter &amp;#124; Department of Animal Husbandry &amp; Dairying|website=dahd.nic.in|accessdate=6 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Hinduism ===<br /> [[File:Cow bas relief in Mamallapuram.jpg|thumb|upright|A bull [[bas relief]], [[Mamallapuram]]]]<br /> <br /> Modern [[Hinduism]] specifically considers the [[zebu]] (''Bos indicus'') to be sacred&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|doi=10.3390/ani8050064|title=The Sheltering of Unwanted Cattle, Experiences in India and Implications for Cattle Industries Elsewhere|author=Uttara Kennedy, Arvind Sharma and Clive J.C. Philips|journal=Animals|year=2018|volume=8|issue=5|page=64|pmid=29701646|pmc=5981275|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=India's sacred cow|url=http://spraakdata.gu.se/taraka/SacredCow.pdf|author=Marvin Harris}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/import/downloads/preliminary_literature_review_on_sacred_species__3_.pdf|title=Preliminary Literature Review On Sacred Species|author=Dr Gloria Pungetti, Dr Anna Maclvor|access-date=24 July 2021|archive-date=24 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724135557/https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/import/downloads/preliminary_literature_review_on_sacred_species__3_.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;, but there is historical evidence&lt;ref&gt;https://doi.org/10.64628/AAI.9jhej3qtp&lt;/ref&gt; for the slaughter and consumption&lt;ref&gt;https://www.versobooks.com/products/1789-the-myth-of-the-holy-cow&lt;/ref&gt; of beef in ancient India. Indian historian [[Romila Thapar]] specifically points to Vedic scriptures, ritual, and cultural practice&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/books?id=-5irrXX0apQC&amp;q=beef#v=snippet&amp;q=beef&amp;f=false&lt;/ref&gt;. Indian sociologist [[M. N. Srinivas]] has argued that beef-eating ''became'' a widespread taboo in the Vedic period &lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/books?id=Mf1PtqYBaQAC&amp;q=beef#v=snippet&amp;q=beef&amp;f=false&lt;/ref&gt; as non-[[Aryans]] became increasingly &quot;[[Sanskritized]]&quot; in order to elevate their [[caste]] status.<br /> <br /> Respect for the lives of animals including cattle, [[diet in Hinduism]] and [[vegetarianism in India]] are based on the [[Hindu ethics]]. The Hindu ethics are driven by the core concept of [[Ahimsa]], i.e. non-violence towards all beings, as mentioned in the [[Chandogya Upanishad]] (~ 800 BCE).&lt;ref name=&quot;Chapple10&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Christopher Chapple|title=Nonviolence to Animals, Earth, and Self in Asian Traditions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Y00Q0_mOkAC |year=1993|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-1497-2|pages=10–18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Tähtinen, Unto (1976), ''Ahimsa. Non-Violence in Indian Tradition'', London: Rider, {{ISBN|978-0091233402}}, pp. 1–6, 107-109.&lt;/ref&gt; By mid 1st millennium BCE, all three major religions – Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism – were championing non-violence as an ethical value, and something that impacted one's rebirth. By about 200 CE, food and feasting on animal slaughter were widely considered as a form of violence against life forms, and became a religious and social taboo.&lt;ref name=harris201&gt;[[Marvin Harris]] (1990), [http://academic.regis.edu/rlumpp/PDF%20files/RT%20201%20India%27s%20Sacred%20Cow.pdf India's sacred cow] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329091317/http://academic.regis.edu/rlumpp/PDF%20files/RT%20201%20India%27s%20Sacred%20Cow.pdf |date=29 March 2017 }}, Anthropology: contemporary perspectives, 6th edition, Editors: Phillip Whitten &amp; David Hunter, Scott Foresman, {{ISBN|0-673-52074-9}}, pages 201–204&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kemmerer2011p59&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Lisa Kemmerer|title=Animals and World Religions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fidwAgAAQBAJ|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-979076-0|pages=59–68 (Hinduism), pp. 100–110 (Buddhism)}}&lt;/ref&gt; India, which has [[Demographics of India#Religious demographics|79.80% Hindu population]] as of ([[2011 Census of India|2011 census]]),&lt;ref name=khao1&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|title=Census of India – India at a Glance : Religious Compositions|website=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=25 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; had the lowest rate of meat consumption in the world according to the 2007 [[UN]] [[FAO]] statistics,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/91840616/Meat-Consumption-Per-Person|title=Meat Consumption Per Person|via=Scribd|access-date=23 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; and India has more vegetarians than the rest of the world put together.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Food Science, An Ecological Approach|last=Edelstein|first=Sari|publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Publishers|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4496-0344-1 |page=281|quote=...India has more vegetarians than everywhere else in the world combined.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Despite the ethical commitment to nonviolence towards ''animals'', in contemporary India, the beef-eating [[taboo]] is a core tenet of [[Hindu nationalism]] and is regularly used as justification for [[cow vigilante violence in India]] particularly targeting Muslims&lt;ref&gt;https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/03/inside-bishari-indian-village-where-mob-killed-man-for-eating-beef&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-43496017&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/11/india-arrests-suspects-after-man-killed-for-carrying-beef&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2015/10/13/448182574/indias-ban-on-beef-leads-to-murder-and-hindu-muslim-friction&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-36518974&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/30/it-was-his-birthday-muslim-lynched-over-beef-in-western-india&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> According to [[Ludwig Alsdorf]], &quot;Indian vegetarianism is unequivocally based on ''ahimsa'' (non-violence)&quot; as evidenced by ancient ''[[smriti]]s'' and other ancient texts of Hinduism.&quot; He adds that the endearment and respect for cattle in Hinduism is more than a commitment to vegetarianism and has become integral to its theology.&lt;ref name=alsdorf2/&gt; The respect for cattle is widespread but not universal. Animal sacrifices have been rare among the Hindus outside a few eastern states.&lt;ref name=alsdorf2/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Christopher John Fuller|author-link=Chris Fuller (academic)|title=The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=To6XSeBUW3oC |year=2004|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-12048-X|pages=46, 83–85, 141}}&lt;/ref&gt; To the majority of modern Indians, states Alsdorf, respect for cattle and disrespect for slaughter is a part of their ethos and there is &quot;no ''ahimsa'' without renunciation of meat consumption&quot;.&lt;ref name=alsdorf2&gt;{{cite book|last= Alsdorf|first= Ludwig|title=The History of Vegetarianism and Cow-Veneration in India|year =2010|publisher= Routledge|isbn=978-11351-66-410|pages=2–4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHKMAgAAQBAJ }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[cow]] in Hindu society is traditionally identified as a caretaker and a maternal figure,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Walker |first=Benjamin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6zj3DwAAQBAJ |title=The Hindu world: an encyclopaedic survey of Hinduism |publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis |year=1968 |isbn=9780429624650 |pages=257, 272}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Hindu society honors the cow as a symbol of unselfish giving,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; selfless sacrifice, gentleness and tolerance&lt;!-- See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism#cite_note-ajai16P_pg62-515 --&gt;.<br /> <br /> Several scholars explain the veneration for cows among Hindus in economic terms, including the importance of dairy in the diet, the use of cow dung as fuel and fertilizer, and the importance that cattle have historically played in agriculture.&lt;ref name=&quot;Margo&quot;&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=92Ct9iD1QTYC Animals and Society: An Introduction to Human-animal Studies], Margo DeMello, p.314, Columbia University Press, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Ancient texts such as [[Rig Veda]], [[Purana]]s highlight the importance of cattle.&lt;ref name=&quot;Margo&quot; /&gt; The scope, extent and status of cows throughout ancient India is a subject of debate. Cattle, including cows, were neither inviolable nor as revered in ancient times as they were later.&lt;ref&gt;Jha, Dwijendra Narayan. ''The Myth of the Holy Cow''. London/New York: Verso 2002&lt;/ref&gt; A ''[[Grhyasutra|Gryhasutra]]'' recommends that beef be eaten by the mourners after a funeral ceremony as a ritual rite of passage.{{sfn|Achaya|2002|pp=16–17}} In contrast, the [[Vedas|Vedic]] literature is contradictory, with some suggesting ritual slaughter and meat consumption, while others suggesting a taboo on meat eating.&lt;ref name=harris201/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Sacred status of cow ====<br /> {{anchor | cow | Sacred cow | Hindu cow | Holy cow}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Sri Mariamman Temple Singapore amk.jpg|thumb|The Hindu god [[Krishna]] is often shown with cows listening to his music.]]<br /> [[File:Mahimsyat.sarva.bhutani(veda).jpg|thumbnail|The [[calf (animal)|calf]] is compared with the [[dawn]], in [[Hinduism]]. Here, with a [[sadhu]].]]<br /> <br /> Many ancient and medieval Hindu texts debate the rationale for a voluntary stop to cow slaughter and the pursuit of [[Vegetarianism in Hinduism|vegetarianism]] as a part of a general abstention from violence against others and all killing of animals.&lt;ref name=&quot;Alsdorf2010p32&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Ludwig Alsdorf|title=The History of Vegetarianism and Cow-Veneration in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHKMAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA32|year=2010|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-16641-0|pages=32–44 with footnotes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=mclane271&gt;{{cite book|author=John R. McLane|title=Indian Nationalism and the Early Congress|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efp9BgAAQBAJ |year=2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-7023-3|pages=271–280 with footnotes}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The interdiction of the meat of the bounteous cow as food was regarded as the first step to total vegetarianism.{{sfn|Achaya|2002|p=55}} Dairy cows are called ''aghnya'' &quot;that which may not be slaughtered&quot; in the [[Rigveda]]. [[Yaska]], the early commentator of the Rigveda, gives nine names for cow, the first being &quot;aghnya&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;V.M. Apte, ''Religion and Philosophy, The Vedic Age''&lt;/ref&gt; The literature relating to cow veneration became common in 1st millennium CE, and by about 1000 CE vegetarianism, along with a taboo against beef, became a well accepted mainstream Hindu tradition.&lt;ref name=harris201/&gt; This practice was inspired by the beliefs in Hinduism that a soul is present in all living beings, life in all its forms is interconnected, and non-violence towards all creatures is the highest ethical value.&lt;ref name=harris201/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kemmerer2011p59&quot;/&gt; The god [[Krishna]] and his Yadava kinsmen are associated with cows, adding to its endearment.&lt;ref name=harris201/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kemmerer2011p59&quot;/&gt;<br /> [[File:Cow in Chennai , India.jpg|thumb|Revered cow in the streets of Chennai, India]]<br /> The cow veneration in ancient India during the Vedic era, the religious texts written during this period called for non-violence towards all bipeds and quadrupeds, and often equated killing of a cow with the killing of a human being specifically a [[Brahmin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |last=Krishna |first=Nanditha |title=Sacred Animals of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DF_af8_547EC |year=2014 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-81-8475-182-6 |pages=80, 101–108}}&lt;/ref&gt; The hymn 8.3.25 of the Hindu scripture ''Atharvaveda'' (~1200–1500 BCE) condemns all killings of men, cattle, and horses, and prays to god [[Agni]] to punish those who kill.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |last=Krishna |first=Nanditha |title=Sacred Animals of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DF_af8_547EC&amp;pg=PT108 |year=2014 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-81-8475-182-6 |pages=15, 33}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/ऋग्वेद:_सूक्तं_१०.८७ ऋग्वेद: सूक्तं १०.८७], Wikisource, Quote: &quot;यः पौरुषेयेण क्रविषा समङ्क्ते यो अश्व्येन पशुना यातुधानः। यो अघ्न्याया भरति क्षीरमग्ने तेषां शीर्षाणि हरसापि वृश्च॥१६॥&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Prithu - Crop.jpg|thumb|[[Prithu]] chasing [[Prithvi]], who is in the form of a cow. Prithu milked the cow to generate crops for humans.]]<br /> <br /> In the [[Puranas]], which are part of the [[Hindu texts]], the earth-goddess [[Prithvi]] was in the form of a cow, successively milked of beneficent substances for the benefit of humans, by deities starting with the first sovereign: [[Prithu]] milked the cow to generate crops for humans to end a famine.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://texts.00.gs/milking_the_Earth-cow.htm |title=milking of the Earth |publisher=Texts.00.gs |access-date=13 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Kamadhenu]], the miraculous &quot;cow of plenty&quot; and the &quot;mother of cows&quot; in certain versions of the [[Hindu mythology]], is believed to represent the generic sacred cow, regarded as the source of all prosperity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yves&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Biardeau|first=Madeleine |author-link=Madeleine Biardeau|editor=Yves Bonnefoy|title=Asian mythologies|year=1993|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=0-226-06456-5|page=99|chapter=Kamadhenu: The Mythical Cow, Symbol of Prosperity}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the 19th century, a form of Kamadhenu was depicted in poster-art that depicted all major gods and goddesses in it.&lt;ref name=&quot;smith&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Frederick M.|title=The self possessed: Deity and spirit possession in South Asian literature and civilization |url=https://archive.org/details/selfpossesseddei00smit|url-access=limited|year=2006 |publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-13748-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/selfpossesseddei00smit/page/n433 404], pp. 402–3 (Plates 5 and 6 for the two representations of Kamadhenu)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;venu&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=R. Venugopalam|title=Rituals and Culture of India|year=2003|publisher=B. Jain Publishers|isbn=81-8056-373-1|pages=119–120|chapter=Animal Deities}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Govatsa Dwadashi]], which marks the first day of [[Diwali]] celebrations, is the main festival connected to the veneration and worship of cows as chief source of livelihood and religious sanctity in India, wherein the symbolism of motherhood is most apparent with the sacred cows [[Kamadhenu]] and her daughter [[Nandini]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.drikpanchang.com/festivals/govatsa-dwadashi/govatsa-dwadashi-date-time.html|title=2019 Govatsa Dwadashi &amp;#124; Vasu Baras date and time for New Delhi, NCT, India|first=Adarsh Mobile Applications|last=LLP|website=Drikpanchang}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Historical significance ===<br /> {{Main|Cattle slaughter in India|Cow protection movement}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Sacred cow2.jpg|thumb|A pamphlet protesting cow slaughter, first created in 1893. A meat eater (''mansahari'') is shown as a demon with sword, with a man telling him &quot;don't kill, cow is life-source for all&quot;. It was interpreted by Muslims in [[British Raj]] to be representing them.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author1=Raminder Kaur|author2=William Mazzarella|title=Censorship in South Asia: Cultural Regulation from Sedition to Seduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yeTCSK8MZqQC |year=2009|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-22093-6|pages=36–38}}&lt;/ref&gt; Redrawn the [[Raja Ravi Varma]] (c. 1897).]]<br /> <br /> The reverence for the cow played a role in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] against [[Company rule in India]]. Hindu and Muslim [[sepoy]]s in the [[Presidency armies]] came to believe that their [[paper cartridge]]s, which held a measured amount of gunpowder, were greased with cow and pig fat. The consumption of swine is forbidden in [[Islam]] and [[Judaism]]. Because loading the gun required biting off the end of the paper cartridge, they concluded that the [[East India Company]] was forcing them to break edicts of their religion and eventually mutinied.&lt;ref name=chambers&gt;{{Cite book|title=Chambers's Encyclopaedia: A Dictionary of Universal Knowledge for the People |author=W. and R. Chambers |page=719 |volume=8 |year=1891 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vUJMAAAAMAAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A historical survey of major communal riots in India between 1717 and 1977 revealed that 22 out of 167 incidents of [[Religious violence in India|rioting between Hindus and Muslims]] were attributable directly to cow slaughter.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Banu|first=Zenab|title=Politics of Communalism|pages=175–193|chapter=Appendix IV}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.dahd.nic.in/dahd/reports/report-of-the-national-commission-on-cattle/chapter-ii-executive-summary.aspx#it10A |title=Report of the National Commission on Cattle – Chapter II (10 A. Cow Protection in pre-Independence India) |publisher=[[Ministry of Agriculture (India)|DAHD]] |access-date=2013-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109002416/http://www.dahd.nic.in/dahd/reports/report-of-the-national-commission-on-cattle/chapter-ii-executive-summary.aspx#it10A |archive-date=9 November 2013 |url-status=dead}} {{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== In Gandhi's teachings ====<br /> The cow protection was a symbol of animal rights and of non-violence against all life forms for [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. His eclectic religious views included the Indian veneration of cows, and suggested ending cow slaughter to be the first step to stopping violence against all animals.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gandhi&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://dahd.nic.in/ch2/an2.6.htm |title=Compilation of Gandhi's views on Cow Protection |publisher=Dahd.nic.in |date=7 July 1927 |access-date=13 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125093504/http://dahd.nic.in/ch2/an2.6.htm |archive-date=25 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; He said: &quot;I worship it and I shall defend its worship against the whole world&quot;, and stated that &quot;The central fact of Hinduism is cow protection.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gandhi&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Jainism===<br /> {{See also|Ahimsa in Jainism}}<br /> [[Jainism]] is against violence to all living beings, including cattle. According to the Jaina sutras, humans must avoid all killing and slaughter because all living beings are fond of life, they suffer, they feel pain, they like to live, and long to live. All beings should help each other live and prosper, according to Jainism, not kill and slaughter each other.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author1=Susan J. Armstrong|author2=Richard G. Botzler|title=The Animal Ethics Reader|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=qiQlDwAAQBAJ |year= 2016|publisher= Taylor &amp; Francis|isbn= 978-1-317-42197-9|page=44}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Paul Dundas|author-link=Paul Dundas|title= The Jains|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8iAAgAAQBAJ |year=2003| publisher=Routledge|isbn= 978-04152-66-055|pages= 160–162}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the Jain religious tradition, neither monks nor laypersons should cause others or allow others to work in a [[slaughterhouse]].&lt;ref name=kemmerer57&gt;{{cite book|author1=Lisa Kemmerer|author2=Anthony J. Nocella|title=Call to Compassion: Reflections on Animal Advocacy from the World's Religions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lq70lgRwlRQC |year=2011|publisher=New York: Booklight |isbn=978-1-59056-281-9|pages=57–60}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jains believe that vegetarian sources can provide adequate nutrition, without creating suffering for animals such as cattle.&lt;ref name=kemmerer57/&gt; According to some Jain scholars, slaughtering cattle increases ecological burden from human food demands since the production of meat entails intensified grain demands, and reducing cattle slaughter by 50 percent would free up enough land and ecological resources to solve all malnutrition and hunger worldwide. The Jain community leaders, states Christopher Chapple, have actively campaigned to stop all forms of animal slaughter including cattle.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chapple2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Christopher Chapple|title=Jainism and ecology: nonviolence in the web of life|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=oIHXAAAAMAAJ|year= 2002|publisher= Harvard Divinity School|isbn=978-0-945454-33-5|pages=7–14}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Kotagiri 87a, Ooty, India.jpg|thumbnail|Cattle at a temple, in [[Ooty]], India]]<br /> [[File:FreeRangeUrbanCowsJaipur2010.jpg|thumb|Cattle making themselves at home on a city street in Jaipur, Rajasthan]]<br /> <br /> === Meitei religion and mythology ===<br /> {{Further|Meitei religion}}<br /> [[File:Khamba and Thoibi (The Capture of the Wild Bull).jpg|thumb|A painting depicting [[Kao (bull)|Kao]], being captured by hero [[Khuman Khamba]]]]<br /> In ancient [[Meitei mythology]] and [[Meitei folklore|folklore]] of [[Ancient Kangleipak|Ancient Manipur]] ([[Kangleipak]]), [[Kao (bull)|Kao]] is a divine cattle that plays a significant role in the legend of the [[Khamba Thoibi]] epic of ancient [[Moirang]] realm. [[:simple:Nongban|Nongban Kongyamba]], a nobleman, acting as an [[oracle]]r, prophesied that calamities would arrive at the kingdom of Moirang, if the powerful [[Kao (bull)|Kao]] roaming freely in the [[Khuman Salai|Khuman]] kingdom, wasn't offered to God [[Thangjing]] ({{langx|omp|[[Thangching]]}}), the guardian deity of [[Moirang]]. Spreading the rumour, Nongban chose [[Khuman Khamba|Khamba]], the orphan [[Khuman Salai|Khuman]] prince, on purpose to eliminate him, as the two were rivals. Before encountering the dangerous divine bull, Khamba's elder sister [[:simple:Khamnu|Khamnu]] disclosed to Khamba the secrets of the bull, with whose help he succeeded in capturing the bull.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4NowAQAAMAAJ&amp;dq=khamba+bull&amp;pg=PA222|title=Indian Antiquary|date=1877|publisher=Popular Prakashan|pages=222|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=announcements.Ann_2011.Ann_Kao_play_by_Laibui_20110223|title=&quot;Kao - the sacred bull&quot; by Laihui|website=e-pao.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=reviews.theatre.Kao_-_A_Glimpse_of_Manipuri_Opera|title=KAO - A Glimpse of Manipuri Opera|website=e-pao.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Buddhism===<br /> The texts of [[Buddhism]] state [[ahimsa]] to be one of five [[Ethics|ethical]] precepts, which requires a practicing Buddhist to &quot;refrain from killing living beings&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kemmerer2011p100&quot;/&gt; Slaughtering cow has been a taboo, with some texts suggesting that taking care of a cow is a means of taking care of &quot;all living beings&quot;. Cattle are seen in some Buddhist sects as a form of reborn human beings in the endless rebirth cycles in [[samsara]], protecting animal life and being kind to cattle and other animals is good [[karma]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Kemmerer2011p100&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Lisa Kemmerer|title=Animals and World Religions|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=fidwAgAAQBAJ| year=2011| publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn= 978-0-19-979076-0|pages=100–101, 110}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name= Stewart187&gt;{{Citation | last =McFarlane| first =Stewart | year =2001 | editor =Peter Harvey| title= Buddhism| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oZCvAwAAQBAJ |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-1-4411-4726-4| pages=187–191}}&lt;/ref&gt; Not only do some, mainly Mahayana, Buddhist texts state that killing or eating meat is wrong, it urges Buddhist laypersons to not operate slaughterhouses, nor trade in meat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Harvey |first=Peter |title=An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u0sg9LV_rEgC |year=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |edition=2nd |isbn=978-05216-767-48 |pages=83, 273–274}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Thich Nhat Hanh|title=The Heart of the Buddha's Teaching: Transforming Suffering into Peace, Joy, and Liberation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XJkmCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA115 |year=2015|publisher=Potter |isbn=978-1-101-90573-9|page=115}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Martine Batchelor|title=The Spirit of the Buddha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fL3mykqlOJcC&amp;pg=PT59 |year=2014|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-17500-4 |page=59 }}; Quote: These five trades, O monks, should not be taken up by a lay follower: trading with weapons, trading in living beings, trading in meat, trading in intoxicants, trading in poison.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Indian Buddhist texts encourage a plant-based diet.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kemmerer2011p59&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=harris201/&gt;<br /> <br /> According to Saddhatissa, in the ''Brahmanadhammika Sutta'', the Buddha &quot;describes the ideal mode of life of Brahmins in the Golden Age&quot; before him as follows:&lt;ref name= Saddhatissa33/&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Blockquote|<br /> &lt;poem&gt;<br /> Like mother (they thought), father, brother or any other kind of kin,<br /> cows are our kin most excellent from whom come many remedies.<br /> <br /> Givers of good and strength, of good complexion and the happiness of health,<br /> having seen the truth of this cattle they never killed.<br /> <br /> Those Brahmins then by Dharma did what should be done, not what should not,<br /> and so aware they graceful were, well-built, fair-skinned, of high renown.<br /> While in the world this lore was found these people happily prospered.<br /> &lt;/poem&gt;<br /> |[[Buddha]], ''Brahmanadhammika Sutta'' 13.24, ''Sutta Nipāta''&lt;ref&gt;R Ganguli (1931), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41694026 Cattle and Cattle-rearing in Ancient India], Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Vol. 12, No. 3 (1931), pp. 216–230&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name= Saddhatissa33&gt;{{cite book|author=H. Saddhatissa|title=The Sutta-Nipata: A New Translation from the Pali Canon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9U3fAQAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-77293-1|page=33}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://suttacentral.net/en/snp2.7 How Brahmins Lived by the Dharma], ''Early Buddhist texts, translations, and parallels'', Sutta Central&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> Saving animals from slaughter for meat, is believed in Buddhism to be a way to acquire merit for better rebirth.&lt;ref name= Stewart187/&gt; According to Richard Gombrich, there has been a gap between Buddhist precepts and practice. Vegetarianism is admired, states Gombrich, but often it is not practiced. Nevertheless, adds Gombrich, there is a general belief among Theravada Buddhists that eating beef is worse than other meat and the ownership of cattle slaughterhouses by Buddhists is relatively rare.&lt;ref name=gombrich303&gt;{{cite book|author=Richard Gombrich|title=Buddhist Precept &amp; Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lqp4LuZQnHsC |year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-15623-6|pages=303–307}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn|group=note|The protection of cattle and prevention of cattle slaughter is not limited to Buddhists in India, but found in other Theravada countries such as Sri Lanka, Myanmar and others.&lt;ref name=gombrich303/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Matthew J. Walton|title=Buddhism, Politics and Political Thought in Myanmar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QdhsDQAAQBAJ |year=2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-15569-5|pages=34–35}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> Meat eating remains controversial within Buddhism, with most [[Theravada]] sects allowing it, reflecting early Buddhist practice, and most [[Mahayana]] sects forbidding it. Early [[suttas]] indicate that the Buddha himself ate meat and was clear that no rule should be introduced to forbid meat eating to monks. The consumption, however, appears to have been limited to pork, chicken and fish and may well have excluded cattle.&lt;ref&gt;Buddhism and Vegetarianism The Rationale for the Buddha's Views on the Consumption of Meat by Dr V. A. Gunasekara&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Sikhism ===<br /> [[File:'Sikh cowherds and their cattle', Singapore, ca.1938–39.jpg|thumb|'Sikh cowherds and their cattle', Singapore, ca.1938–39]]<br /> During the 1860s, the [[Namdhari]] [[Sikhs]] opposed cattle-slaughter.&lt;ref name=&quot;metcalf152&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Barbara D. Metcalf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c7UgAwAAQBAJ |title=A Concise History of Modern India |author2=Thomas R. Metcalf |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-139-53705-6 |pages=152–153}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Veer1994p90&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Peter van der Veer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p29ArJ7j6zgC |title=Religious Nationalism: Hindus and Muslims in India |publisher=University of California Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-520-08256-4 |pages=90–91}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to a ''Khalsa Bahadur (Lahore)'' article dated to 5 September 1903, the Sikhs consider cattle to be a useful animal but do not go to the lengths of the Hindus by considering it to be sacred.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Myrvold |first=Kristina |title=Sikh News in India, 1864-1924: Colonial Reports on Vernacular Newspapers of Punjab |publisher=Brill |date=Dec 2, 2024 |isbn=9789004707085 |volume=2: Religious Places, Practices, and Relations |pages=712 |chapter=2 |quote=What he meant to say was that the Sikhs were not quite so sensitive as the Hindus in regard to the slaughter of cows. For instance, the latter would not even eat certain vegetables the names of which being with ''gaf'', the first letter in ''gai'' (cow). In the same way some of them abstain from the use of ''masur'' pulse because it is the colour of blood. They also regard cow-dung and cow urine as sacred. The Sikhs, on the contrary, do not go to such lengths in their reverence for this animal, although they agree with the Hindus in considering it a very useful one.}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair, many Sikhs refrain from eating beef as cows, oxen, and buffalo are a central part of the livelihood of rural Sikhs, with many Sikhs coming from agricultural-backgrounds.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Mandair |first=Arvind-Pal Singh |title=Sikh Philosophy: Exploring gurmat Concepts in a Decolonizing World |date=Jul 14, 2022 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |pages=189–190 |chapter=Diet, drugs, alcohol, tobacco}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thus, Sikhs generally respect cattle and do not slaughter them for food.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Abrahamic religions==<br /> ===Judaism===<br /> According to {{bibleverse|Exodus|32:4}}, the Israelites worshipped a cult image of a [[golden calf]] when the prophet [[Moses]] went up to [[Mount Sinai]]. Moses considered this a great offense against God. As a result of their abstention from the act, the [[Levite]] tribe attained a priestly role. A cult of golden calves re‑appears later, during the rule of [[Jeroboam]].<br /> <br /> According to the [[Hebrew Bible]], an unblemished [[red heifer|red cow]] was an important part of ancient Jewish rituals. The cow was sacrificed and burned in a precise ritual, and the ashes were added to water used in the [[ritual purification]] of a person who had come in to contact with a human corpse. The ritual is described in the [[Book of Numbers]] in Chapter&amp;nbsp;19, verses&amp;nbsp;1–14.&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite book<br /> |last = Carmichael |first = Calum<br /> |year = 2012<br /> |title = The Book of Numbers: A critique of Genesis<br /> |publisher = [[Yale University Press]]<br /> |location = New Haven, CT<br /> |pages = 103–121<br /> |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6uy6LVXGOxkC&amp;q=%22Red+heifer%22+Numbers&amp;pg=PA106<br /> |isbn = 9780300179187<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Observant Jews study this passage every year as part of the [[weekly Torah portion]] called [[Chukat]]. A contemporary Jewish organization called the [[Temple Institute]] is trying to revive this ancient religious observance.&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite news<br /> |title = Apocalypse cow<br /> |newspaper = [[The New York Times]]<br /> |date = 30 March 1997<br /> |url = https://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/30/magazine/apocalypse-cow.html<br /> |access-date = 21 December 2013<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Traditional Judaism considers beef [[kosher]] and permissible as food,&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite book<br /> |last = Hersh |first = June<br /> |year = 2011<br /> |title = The Kosher Carnivore: The ultimate meat and poultry cookbook<br /> |publisher = [[Macmillan Publishers]]<br /> |pages = 19–21<br /> |isbn = 9781429987783<br /> |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=g73sRottbmkC&amp;q=kosher+beef<br /> |via = Google<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> as long as the cow is slaughtered in a religious ritual called ''[[shechita]]'', and the meat is not served in a meal that [[Milk and meat in Jewish law|includes any dairy foods]].&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite book<br /> |last = Goldman |first = Ari L.<br /> |year = 2007<br /> |title = Being Jewish: The spiritual and cultural practice of Judaism today<br /> |publisher =[[Simon &amp; Schuster]]<br /> |page = 234<br /> |isbn = 9781416536024<br /> |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Smnm85rsWi8C&amp;q=kosher+separation+meat+milk&amp;pg=PA234<br /> |via = Google<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Some Jews committed to [[Jewish vegetarianism]] believe that Jews should refrain from slaughtering animals altogether&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite press release<br /> |title=Rabbinic statement<br /> |website=Jewish Veg (jewishveg.org)<br /> |url=https://www.jewishveg.org/rabbinic-statement<br /> |access-date=2017-10-16<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> and have condemned widespread cruelty towards cattle on factory farms.&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite book<br /> |last1=Labendz |first1=Jacob Ari<br /> |last2=Yanklowitz |first2=Shmuly<br /> |date = 25 March 2019<br /> |title=Jewish Veganism and Vegetarianism: Studies and new directions<br /> |isbn=9781438473611<br /> |location = Albany, NY<br /> |oclc = 1041228582<br /> |page = 206<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Islam===<br /> {{Further|Animals in Islam}}<br /> <br /> [[Islam]] allows for the slaughter of cows for the consumption of [[beef]], as long as the cow is slaughtered in a religious ritual called [[dhabihah|''dhabīḥah'' or ''zabiha'']], [[comparison of Islamic and Jewish dietary laws#Similarities 2|similar]] to the Jewish ''[[shechita]]''.<br /> <br /> The sacrificial slaughter, or ''[[qurban]]'', of a livestock animal&lt;ref&gt;https://www.muslimaid.org/media-centre/blog/what-animals-are-used-for-qurbani-and-why/&lt;/ref&gt; [[Qurban_(Islamic_ritual_sacrifice)|to feed the poor]] plays a role in a major Muslim holiday, ''[[Eid al-Adha]]'', commemorating the [[Abraham in Islam|sacrifice of Abraham]]. It is ''not'' Islamically required to sacrifice a [https://islamic-relief.org/qurbani/qurbani-rules/ cow] in particular, but it is common in South Asia. Many Muslim rulers of the [[Mughal Empire]] imposed a ban on the slaughter of cows owing to the large Hindu and Jain populations living under their rule.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Nussbaum|first=Martha Craven|title=The Clash Within: Democracy, Religious Violence, and India's Future|page=224}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The second and longest [[surah]] of the [[Quran]] is named [[Al-Baqara]] (&quot;The Cow&quot;). Out of the 286 verses of the surah, 7 mention cows (Al Baqarah 67–73).&lt;ref&gt;https://corpus.quran.com/search.jsp?q=cow&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url= https://archive.org/details/essentialislamco0000morg|url-access= registration|title= Essential Islam: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practice|author= Diane Morgan|publisher= [[ABC-CLIO]]|year= 2010|page= [https://archive.org/details/essentialislamco0000morg/page/27 27]|isbn= 9780313360251}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=O84eYLVHvB0C&amp;pg=PA364|title= Dictionary of Islam|author= Thomas Hughes|publisher= [[Asian Educational Services]]|year= 1995|orig-year=first published in 1885|page= 364|isbn= 9788120606722|author-link= Thomas Hughes (priest, born 1838)}}&lt;/ref&gt; The name of the surah derives from the story of the [[red heifer]] offering. In the Qurʾānic telling, [[Moses in Islam|Moses]] orders his people to sacrifice a cow in order to resurrect a man murdered by an unknown person.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=9GTnBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA127|title= Constructing the Image of Muhammad in Europe|author= Avinoam Shalem|publisher= [[Walter de Gruyter]]|year= 2013|page= 127|isbn= 9783110300864}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Israelites|Children of Israel]], or the believers of Moses' time,&lt;ref&gt;https://aboutislam.net/reading-islam/understanding-islam/the-children-of-israel-as-mentioned-in-the-quran/&lt;/ref&gt; quibbled disingenuously over what kind of cow was meant when the sacrifice was ordered:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YYxSAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA38 |title= Logic, Rhetoric and Legal Reasoning in the Qur'an: God's Arguments|author= Rosalind Ward Gwynne|publisher= [[Routledge]]|year= 2014|page= 38|isbn= 9781134344994}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|And ˹remember˺ when Moses said to his people, “God commands you to sacrifice a '''cow'''.” They replied, “Are you mocking us?” Moses responded, “I seek refuge in God from acting foolishly!” They said, “Call upon your Lord to clarify for us what type it should be!” He replied, “God says, ‘The '''cow''' should neither be old nor young but in between. So do as you are commanded!’” They said, “Call upon your Lord to specify for us its colour.” He replied, “God says, ‘It should be a bright yellow cow—pleasant to see.’” Again they said, “Call upon your Lord so that He may make clear to us which '''cow''', for all '''cows''' look the same to us. Then, God willing, we will be guided ˹to the right one˺.” He replied, “God says, ‘It should have been used neither to till the soil nor water the fields; wholesome and without blemish.’” They said, “Now you have come with the truth.” Yet they still slaughtered it hesitantly! ˹This is˺ when a man was killed and you disputed who the killer was, but God revealed what you concealed. So We instructed, “Strike the dead body with a piece of the '''cow'''.” <br /> &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;This is how ˹easily˺ God brings the dead to life, showing you His signs so that you may understand. Even then your hearts became hardened like a rock or even harder, for some rocks gush rivers; others split, spilling water; while others are humbled in awe of God. And God is never unaware of what you do. Do you ˹believers still˺ expect them to be true to you, though a group of them would hear the word of God then knowingly corrupt it after understanding it? When they meet the believers they say, “We believe.” But in private they say ˹to each other˺, “Will you disclose to the believers the knowledge God has revealed to you, so that they may use it against you before your Lord? Do you not understand?” (Qurʾān 2:67-76)&lt;ref&gt;https://quran.com/2?startingVerse=67&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> Classical Sunni and Shia commentators recount several variants of this tale. Per some of the commentators, though any cow would have been acceptable, but after they &quot;created hardships for themselves&quot; and the cow was finally specified, it was necessary to obtain it at any cost.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=sIXpFtvp2JYC&amp;pg=PA117 |title= The Qur'an and Its Interpreters, Volume 1|author= [[Mahmoud M. Ayoub]]|publisher= [[SUNY Press]]|year= 1984|page= 117|isbn= 9780873957274}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Earlier in the surah, the worship of the [[golden calf]] is mentioned in disparaging terms:<br /> {{blockquote|And ˹remember˺ when We appointed forty nights for Moses, then you worshipped the calf in his absence, acting wrongfully. Even then We ˹still˺ forgave you so perhaps you would be grateful. And ˹remember˺ when We gave Moses the Scripture—the decisive authority‎—‎that perhaps you would be ˹rightly˺ guided. And ˹remember˺ when Moses said to his people, “O my people! Surely you have wronged yourselves by worshipping the calf, so turn in repentance to your Creator and execute ˹the calf-worshippers among˺ yourselves. That is best for you in the sight of your Creator.” Then He accepted your repentance. Surely He is the Accepter of Repentance, Most Merciful. (Qurʾān 2:51–54) &lt;ref&gt;https://quran.com/2?startingVerse=51&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> ===Christianity===<br /> The [[red heifer]] or red cow is a particular kind of cow brought to [[priest]]s for [[animal sacrifice|sacrifice]] in the [[Hebrew Bible]]. [[Jews]] and some [[Christians|Christian]] fundamentalists believe that once a red heifer is born they will be able to rebuild the [[Third Temple]] on the Temple Mount in [[Jerusalem]].{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}<br /> <br /> [[Bull sacrifice|Oxen]] are one of the [[animal sacrifice|animals sacrificed]] by [[Greek Orthodox]] believers in some villages of Greece. It is specially associated to the feast of Saint [[Charalambos]]. This practice of [[kourbania]] has been repeatedly criticized by church authorities.<br /> <br /> The ox is the symbol of [[Luke the Evangelist]].<br /> <br /> Among the [[Visigoths]], the oxen [[translation (religion)|pulling the wagon with the corpse]] of [[Emilian of Cogolla|Saint Emilian]] lead to the correct burial site ([[San Millán de la Cogolla, La Rioja]]).<br /> <br /> ==Zoroastrianism==<br /> {{further|Vohu Manah|Gavaevodata}}<br /> The Zoroastrian term ''geush urva'' means &quot;the spirit of the cow&quot;; it is interpreted as the soul of the Earth. In the [[Gathas|Ahunavaiti Gatha]], [[Zoroaster]] accuses some of his co-religionists of abusing the cow&lt;ref name=autogenerated1&gt;Clark, ''Zoroastrianism'', p.&amp;nbsp;13.&lt;/ref&gt; whereas [[Ahura Mazda]] had told Zoroaster to protect {{clarify|date=August 2025|reason=Who is &quot;them&quot;? If &quot;cows&quot; text may need minor grammar fix.|text=them}}. After fleeing from Iran into India, many Zoroastrians stopped eating beef out of respect for the sensibilities of the Hindus they were living with.&lt;ref name=autogenerated1/&gt;<br /> <br /> Cattle breeding was a principle occupation in the lands occupied by [[Vedic]] priests and by Zoroaster.&lt;ref&gt;Vogelsang, ''The Afghans'', p.&amp;nbsp;63&lt;/ref&gt; The 9th&amp;nbsp;chapter of the ''[[Vendidad]]'' of the ''[[Avesta]]'' expounds the purificatory power of cow urine:&lt;ref name=autogenerated2&gt;Bhandarkar, ''Some Aspects of Ancient Indian Culture'', p.&amp;nbsp;72.&lt;/ref&gt; It is declared to be a [[panacea]] for all bodily and moral evils&lt;ref name=autogenerated2/&gt; and features prominently in the 9&amp;nbsp;night purification ritual called ''[[Barashnûm]]''.<br /> <br /> ==Ancient societies==<br /> <br /> === Egypt ===<br /> In [[ancient Egyptian religion]], bulls symbolized strength and male sexuality and were linked with aggressive deities such as [[Montu]] and virile deities such as [[Min (god)|Min]]. Some Egyptian cities kept [[sacred bull]]s that were said to be incarnations of divine powers, including the [[Mnevis bull]], [[Buchis bull]], and the [[Apis bull]], which was regarded as a manifestation of the god [[Ptah]] and was the most important sacred animal in Egypt. Cows were connected with fertility and motherhood. One of several [[ancient Egyptian creation myths]] said that a cow goddess, [[Mehet-Weret]], who represented the primeval waters that existed before creation, gave birth to the sun at the beginning of time. The sky was sometimes envisioned as a goddess in the form of a cow, and several goddesses, including [[Hathor]], [[Nut (goddess)|Nut]], and [[Neith]], were equated with this celestial cow.&lt;ref&gt;Pinch, Geraldine (2004). ''Egyptian Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Goddesses, and Traditions of Ancient Egypt''. Oxford University Press. pp. 105, 123–125, 163&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Egyptians did not regard cattle as uniformly positive. Wild bulls, regarded as symbols of the forces of chaos, could be hunted and ritually killed.&lt;ref&gt;Pinch, Geraldine (2004). ''Egyptian Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Goddesses, and Traditions of Ancient Egypt''. Oxford University Press. p. 124&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Nubia ===<br /> As cattle were a central part of the [[Pastoralism|pastoralist]] economy of Ancient Nubia, [[Africa]], they also played a prominent role in their culture and mythology, as evidenced by their inclusion in burials and [[rock art]]. Starting in the Neolithic period, cattle skulls, also known as [[Bucranium|bucrania]], were often placed alongside human burials. Bucrania were a status symbol, and they were used frequently in adult male burials, occasionally in adult female burials, and rarely in child burials.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dubosson |first=Jerome |title=The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Nubia |publisher=Oxford Academic |year=2021 |isbn=9780190496272 |editor-last=Emberling |editor-first=Geoff |pages=908–926 |chapter=Cattle Cultures in Ancient Nubia}}&lt;/ref&gt; In cemeteries at [[Kerma]], there is a strong correlation between the number of bucrania and the quantity and lavishness of other grave goods.&lt;ref&gt;Chaix, L., &amp; Grant, A. (1992). Cattle in ancient Nubia.&lt;/ref&gt; Dozens if not hundreds of cattle were often slaughtered as tribute for the burial of one individual; 400 bucrania were found at one tumulus alone at Kerma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chaix |first=Louis |date=2012 |title=Bucrania from the Eastern Cemetery at Kerma (Sudan) and the practice of cattle horn deformation |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265759481 |journal=Studies in African Archaeology |volume=11 |pages=189–212}}&lt;/ref&gt; The use of cattle skulls rather than those of sheep or goats reveals the importance of cattle in their pastoral economy, as well as the cultural associations of cattle with wealth, prosperity, and passage into the afterlife. Sometimes complete cattle were buried alongside their owner, symbolic of their relationship continuing into the afterlife.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dubosson |first=Jérôme |date=2018-09-04 |title=The Deformation of Cattle Horn in Past and Present Societies |doi=10.2307/J.CTV1Q26WT1.85 |url=https://www.academia.edu/76674877}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Beginning in the third millennium BCE, cattle became the most popular motif in Nubian rock art.&lt;ref&gt;Paner, Henryk. &quot;Nubian Rock Art.&quot; in Geoff Emberling, and Bruce Beyer Williams (eds). The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Nubia (2021); online edn, Oxford Academic,13 Jan. 2021, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190496272.013.51.&lt;/ref&gt; The bodies are usually depicted in profile, while the horns are facing forward. The length and shape of the horns and the pattern on the hide varied widely. Human silhouettes are often drawn alongside the cattle, symbolic of the important symbiotic relationship between cattle and humans. For pastoralists, drawing cattle may have also been a way to ensure the health of their herd. The role of cattle in Nubian mythology is more covert than in [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]] to the north, where several gods are often depicted as cattle; however, the significance of cattle in Nubian culture is evident in burial practices, understandings of the afterlife, and rock art.<br /> <br /> === Ancient Mediterranean Europe ===<br /> {{further|Mithraism}}<br /> In [[Greek mythology]], [[the Cattle of Helios]] pastured on the island of [[Thrinacia]], which is believed to be modern [[Sicily]]. [[Helios]], the sun god, is said to have had seven herds of oxen, and seven flocks of sheep, each numbering fifty head. A [[hecatomb]] was a sacrifice of 100&amp;nbsp;cattle (''hekaton'' means &quot;one hundred&quot;) to the gods Apollo, Athena, Hera, or Zeus.<br /> <br /> The Greek gods also transformed themselves or others into cattle for deception or punishment, such as in the myths of [[Io (mythology)|Io]] and [[Europa (consort of Zeus)|Europa]].<br /> In the myth of [[Pasiphaë]], she &quot;falls in love&quot; with a bull as punishment by [[Poseidon]], and consequently gives birth to the [[Minotaur]], a violent human-bull hybrid.<br /> <br /> In the [[Prehistory of Anatolia|ancient Anatolian]] civilization [[Hattians|Hatti]], the [[Taru (god)|storm god]] was closely linked to a bull.&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite journal<br /> |last=Ornan |first=Tallay<br /> |year=2001<br /> |title=The bull and its two masters: Moon and storm deities in relation to the bull in ancient Near Eastern art<br /> |journal=[[Israel Exploration Journal]]<br /> |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=14–16<br /> |jstor=27926951 |issn=0021-2059<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Ancient northern and central Europe ===<br /> [[File:Tain Bo Cuailnge Mural (Desmond Kinney) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Finnbhennach (left) and Donn Cuailnge (right)]]<br /> [[Tarvos Trigaranus]] (the &quot;bull with three cranes&quot;) is pictured on ancient [[Gauls|Gaulish]] reliefs alongside images of gods. There is evidence that ancient [[Celtic peoples]] sacrificed animals, which were almost always cattle or other livestock.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Green |first=Miranda |author-link=Miranda Aldhouse-Green |title=Animals in Celtic Life and Myth |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge |pages=94–96}}&lt;/ref&gt; Early medieval Irish texts mention the ''tarbfeis'' (bull feast), a shamanistic ritual in which a bull would be sacrificed and a seer would sleep in the bull's hide to have a vision of the future king.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Davidson |first=Hilda Ellis |author-link=Hilda Ellis Davidson |title=Myths and Symbols in Pagan Europe: Early Scandinavian and Celtic Religions |date=1988 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |page=51}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Cattle appear often in [[Irish mythology]]. The [[Glas Gaibhnenn]] is a mythical prized cow that could produce plentiful supplies of milk, while [[Donn Cuailnge]] and [[Finnbhennach]] are prized bulls that play a central role in the epic ''[[Táin Bó Cúailnge]]'' (&quot;The [[Cattle raiding|Cattle Raid]] of Cooley&quot;). The mythical lady [[Flidais]], the main figure in the ''[[Táin Bó Flidhais]]'', owns a herd of magical cattle.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Monaghan, Patricia |title=The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2004 |page=197}}&lt;/ref&gt; The name of the goddess of the [[River Boyne]], [[Boann|Bóinn]], comes from [[Archaic Irish]] ''*Bóu-vinda'' meaning the &quot;bright or white cow&quot;;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ó hÓgáin |first=Dáithí |author-link=Dáithí Ó hÓgáin |title=Myth, Legend &amp; Romance: An encyclopaedia of the Irish folk tradition |publisher=Prentice Hall |year=1991 |page=49}}&lt;/ref&gt; while the name of the [[Corcu Loígde]] means &quot;tribe of the calf goddess&quot;.<br /> <br /> In [[Norse mythology]], the primeval cow [[Auðumbla]] suckled [[Ymir]], the ancestor of the [[frost giant]]s, and licked [[Búri]], [[Odin]]'s grandfather and ancestor of the [[Æsir|gods]], out of the ice.<br /> <br /> ==Modern day==<br /> [[File:Gosala in Guntur, India.jpg|thumb|A cow shelter (''[[goshala]]'') at [[Guntur]], India]]<br /> [[File:Well-loved cow, Delhi.jpg|thumb|A cow walking in Delhi]]<br /> Today, in [[Hindu]]-majority countries like India and Nepal, bovine milk holds a key part of religious rituals. For some, it is customary to boil milk on a stove or lead a cow through the house as part of a housewarming ceremony.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}<br /> <br /> ===In India===<br /> {{Main|Cattle slaughter in India}}<br /> <br /> The Constitution of India mandates the protection of cows in India.&lt;ref name=&quot;Margo&quot; /&gt; The slaughter of cattle is allowed with restrictions (like a 'fit-for-slaughter' certificate which may be issued depending on factors like age and gender of cattle, continued economic viability, etc.), but only for bulls and buffaloes and not cows in fourteen states. It is completely banned in six states with pending litigation in the supreme court to overturn the ban, while there is no restriction in many states.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.dahd.nic.in/dahd/reports/report-of-the-national-commission-on-cattle/chapter-ii-executive-summary/annex-ii-8.aspx |title=ANNEX II (8) |publisher=Dahd.nic.in |date=30 August 1976 |access-date=13 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109104315/http://www.dahd.nic.in/dahd/reports/report-of-the-national-commission-on-cattle/chapter-ii-executive-summary/annex-ii-8.aspx |archive-date=9 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Gopastami]], a holiday celebrated by the [[Hinduism|Hindus]] once a year, is one of the few instances where cows receive prayers in modern-day India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Tadeusz|first1=Margul|title=Present Day Worship of the Cow in India|journal=ATLA Religion Database with ATLASerials|year=1968|volume=15|issue=1|pages=63–80|publisher=Numen}}&lt;/ref&gt; While the cow is still respected and honored by most of the Indian population, there has been controversy over the treatment of the cows during the holiday.<br /> <br /> ===In Nepal===<br /> {{Rough translation|listed=yes|date=March 2023}}<br /> [[File:The Cow Worship.jpg|alt=A Nepali couple worships a cow and calf as Lakshmi on the day of Tihar festival.|thumb|A Nepali couple worships a cow at [[Tihar (festival)|Tihar Festival.]]]]<br /> In Nepal, a Hindu-majority country, slaughtering of cows and bulls is completely banned.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110703033241/http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=4+held+for+violating+ban+on+cow+slaughter&amp;NewsID=293225 4 held for violating ban on cow slaughter], The Himalayan Times&lt;/ref&gt; Cows are associated with the Goddess [[Lakshmi]] (goddess of wealth and prosperity). The Nepalese have a festival called [[Tihar (festival)|Tihar]] (Diwali) during which, on one day called Gaipuja, they perform prayers for cows.<br /> <br /> According to a ''[[Lodi News-Sentinel]]'' news story written in the 1960s, in then contemporary [[Nepal]] an individual could serve three months in jail for killing a pedestrian, but one year for injuring a cow, and life imprisonment for killing a cow.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=oegzAAAAIBAJ&amp;dq=india%20cow%20killing%20life-imprisonment&amp;pg=6924%2C2401380 |title=Injured cow in Nepal is serious matter |publisher=[[Yahoo! News]] |access-date=19 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Better source needed|date=January 2016}}<br /> <br /> Cows roam freely and are sacred. Buffalo slaughtering was done in Nepal [[Animal sacrifice in Hinduism|at specific Hindu events]], such as at the [[Gadhimai festival]], last held in 2014.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8375591.stm | title = Devotees flock to Nepal animal sacrifice festival | author-link = Joanna Jolly | last = Jolly | first = Joanna | date = 24 November 2009 | work = [[BBC News]] | access-date = 24 November 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nn&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.nepalnews.com/index.php/politics-archive/19-news/general/2577-over-20000-buffaloes-slaughtered-in-gadhimai-festival|title=Over 20,000 buffaloes slaughtered in Gadhimai festival|date=25 November 2009|work=NepalNews.com|access-date=25 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701064943/http://www.nepalnews.com/index.php/politics-archive/19-news/general/2577-over-20000-buffaloes-slaughtered-in-gadhimai-festival|archive-date=1 July 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2015, Nepal's temple trust on announced to cancel all future animal sacrifice at the country's Gadhimai festival.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Ram Chandra|first1=Shah|title=Gadhimai Temple Trust Chairman, Mr Ram Chandra Shah, on the decision to stop holding animal sacrifices during the Gadhimai festival|url=http://www.hsi.org/assets/pdfs/gadhimai-temple-trust-statement-ram-chandra-shah.pdf|website=Humane Society International|access-date=29 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===In Myanmar===<br /> The beef taboo is fairly widespread in Myanmar, particularly in the Buddhist community. In Myanmar, beef is typically obtained from cattle that are slaughtered at the end of their working lives (16 years of age) or from sick animals.&lt;ref name=&quot;dev&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Devendra|first=C.|author2=Devendra, C.|author3=Thomas, D.|author4=Jabbar, M.A.|author5=Kudo, H.|author6=Thomas, D.|author7=Jabbar, M.A.|author8=Kudo, H.|title=Improvement of livestock production in crop-animal systems in rainfed agro-ecological zones of South-East Asia|publisher=ILRI|page=33}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cattle is rarely raised for meat; 58% of cattle in the country is used for draught animal power (DAP).&lt;ref name=&quot;dev&quot;/&gt; Few people eat beef, and there is a general dislike of beef (especially among the [[Bamar]] and [[Burmese Chinese]]),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Gesteland|first=Richard R.|author2=Georg F. Seyk|title=Marketing across cultures in Asia|publisher=Copenhagen Business School Press DK|year=2002|page=156|isbn=978-87-630-0094-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=U Khin Win|title=A century of rice improvement in Burma|publisher=International Rice Research Institute|year=1991|pages=27, 44|isbn=978-971-22-0024-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; although it is more commonly eaten in regional cuisines, particularly those of ethnic minorities like the [[Kachin people|Kachin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Meyer |first=Arthur L.|author2=Jon M. Vann|title=The Appetizer Atlas: A World of Small Bites|url=https://archive.org/details/appetizeratlaswo00meye_331 |url-access=limited |publisher=John Wiley and Sons|year=2003|page=[https://archive.org/details/appetizeratlaswo00meye_331/page/n293 276]|isbn=978-0-471-41102-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Buddhists, when giving up meat during the Buddhist ([[Vassa]]) or [[Uposatha]] days, will forego beef first.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Simoons|first=Frederick J.|title=Eat not this flesh: food avoidances from prehistory to the present|publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press|year=1994|page=120|isbn=978-0-299-14254-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Almost all butchers are Muslim because of the Buddhist doctrine of [[ahimsa]] (no harm).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Buddhism and society: a great tradition and its Burmese vicissitudes |last=Spiro |first=Melford |year=1982 |page=46 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0-520-04672-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During the country's last dynasty, the [[Konbaung dynasty]], habitual consumption of beef was punishable by public [[flogging]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Hardiman|first=John Percy|title=Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan States|publisher=Government of Burma|year=1900|volume=2|pages=93–94}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1885, [[Ledi Sayadaw]], a prominent [[Buddhist monk]] wrote the ''Nwa-myitta-sa'' ({{lang|my|နွားမေတ္တာစာ}}), a poetic prose letter that argued that Burmese Buddhists should not kill cattle and eat beef, because Burmese farmers depended on them as beasts of burden to maintain their livelihoods, that the marketing of beef for human consumption threatened the extinction of buffalo and cattle, and that the practice was ecologically unsound.&lt;ref name=&quot;mc&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Charney|first=Michael|title=A history of natural resources in Asia: the wealth of nature|url=https://archive.org/details/historynaturalre00bank|url-access=limited|editor=Greg Bankoff, P. Boomgaard|publisher=MacMillan|year=2007|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historynaturalre00bank/page/n252 236]–40|chapter=Demographic Growth, Agricultural Expansion and Livestock in the Lower Chindwin in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries|isbn=978-1-4039-7736-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; He subsequently led successful beef boycotts during the colonial era, despite the presence of beef eating among locals, and influenced a generation of Burmese nationalists in adopting this stance.&lt;ref name=&quot;mc&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> On 29 August 1961, the [[Hluttaw|Burmese Parliament]] passed the State Religion Promotion Act of 1961, which explicitly banned the slaughtering of cattle nationwide (beef became known as ''todo tha'' ({{lang|my|တိုးတိုးသား}}); lit. hush hush meat).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=King|first=Winston L.|title=In the hope of Nibbana: the ethics of Theravada Buddhism|publisher=Pariyatti|year=2001|volume=2|page=295|isbn=978-1-928706-08-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Religious groups, such as Muslims, were required to apply for exemption licenses to slaughter cattle on religious holidays. This ban was repealed a year later, after [[Ne Win]] led a [[1962 Burmese coup d'état|coup d'état]] and declared martial law in the country.<br /> <br /> ===In Sri Lanka===<br /> In [[Sri Lanka]], in May 2013, 30-year-old Buddhist monk Bowatte Indrarathana Thera of the Sri Sugatha Purana Vihara self immolated to protest the government allowing religious minorities to slaughter cows.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.dailymirror.lk/print/opinion/fervour-that-ended-in-a-fatal-fire/172-30146 | title=Fervour that ended in a fatal fire }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===China===<br /> [[File:Miao zhuiniu ritual 2016 03.jpg|thumb|Cattle sacrifice ceremony in [[Miao folk religion]]]]<br /> A beef taboo in [[History of China|ancient China]] was historically a dietary restriction, particularly among the [[Han Chinese]], as oxen and buffalo (bovines) are useful in farming and are respected.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Katz|first=Paul R.|title=Divine justice: religion and the development of Chinese legal culture|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis US|year=2008|series=Academia Sinica on East Asia|page=56|isbn=978-0-415-44345-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the [[Zhou dynasty]], they were not often eaten, even by emperors.&lt;ref&gt;[[Classic of Rites]]&lt;/ref&gt; Some emperors banned killing cows.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://economy.guoxue.com/article.php/9477|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813121422/http://economy.guoxue.com/article.php/9477|url-status=dead|title=民間私營養牛業(附私營牧駝業)|archivedate=13 August 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.eywedu.com/Huizuyanjiu/hzyj2007/hzyj20070208.html Huizuyanjiu] eywedu.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710213250/http://www.eywedu.com/Huizuyanjiu/hzyj2007/hzyj20070208.html |date=10 July 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Beef is not recommended in [[Chinese medicine]], as it is considered a hot food and is thought to disrupt the body's internal balance.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Hutton|first=Wendy|title=Singapore food|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|year=2007|page=144|isbn=978-981-261-321-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In written sources (including anecdotes and Daoist liturgical texts), this taboo first appeared in the 9th to 12th centuries ([[Tang dynasty|Tang]]-[[Song dynasty|Song]] transition, with the advent of pork meat.&lt;ref name=&quot;ster&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Sterckx|first=Roel|title=Of tripod and palate: food, politics and religion in traditional China – Chapter 11, The Beef Taboo and the Sacrificial Structure of Late Imperial Chinese Society, Vincent Goossaert|url=https://archive.org/details/tripodpalatefood00ster|url-access=limited|publisher=Macmillan|year=2005|pages=[https://archive.org/details/tripodpalatefood00ster/page/n245 237]–248|isbn=978-1-4039-6337-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;) By the 16th to 17th centuries, the beef taboo had become well accepted in the framework of Chinese morality and was found in morality books (善書), with several books dedicated exclusively to this taboo.&lt;ref name=&quot;ster&quot;/&gt; The beef taboo came from a Chinese perspective that relates the respect for animal life and vegetarianism (ideas shared by [[Buddhism]], [[Confucianism]], and [[Daoism]], and state protection for draught animals.&lt;ref name=&quot;ster&quot;/&gt;) In Chinese society, only ethnic and religious groups not fully assimilated (such as the Muslim [[Hui people|Huis]] and the [[Miao people|Miao]]) and foreigners consumed this meat.&lt;ref name=&quot;ster&quot;/&gt; This taboo, among Han Chinese, led [[Islam in China|Chinese Muslims]] to create a niche for themselves as butchers who specialized in slaughtering oxen and buffalo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Elverskog|first=Johan |title=Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road|url=https://archive.org/details/buddhismislamons00elve|url-access=limited|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year=2010|page=[https://archive.org/details/buddhismislamons00elve/page/n245 240]|isbn=978-0-8122-4237-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Occasionally, some cows seen [[crying|weeping]] before slaughter are often released to temples nearby.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://hk.news.yahoo.com/article/090423/4/bu1m.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605000305/http://hk.news.yahoo.com/article/090423/4/bu1m.html|url-status=dead|title=慈雲閣——看靈牛遊地獄|archivedate=5 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.superwork.com/ox1.htm |title=公牛拜人图 |publisher=Superwork.com |access-date=13 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cnbuddhism.com/Article/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=163136 生命的跪拜] {{dead link|date=November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.foshu.net/books2/1283.htm |title=萬善先資集 |publisher=Foshu.net |access-date=13 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://中國淨土宗.net/因果感應事蹟/物猶如此/孝友鑒第一.aspx 孝友鑒第一]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fengshui-chinese.com/discuz/viewthread.php?action=printable&amp;tid=42046 |title=一段觸目驚心的故事－震驚 |publisher=Fengshui-chinese.com |access-date=13 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fomen123.com/fo/new/lunhui/lhsl/8733.html 发生在我身边的真实轮回]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lPEDAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA26 |title=Bighearted butchers spare weeping water buffalo |publisher=Google Books |date=28 May 1996 |access-date=13 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.xuefo.net/znxg_183968_2.htm 因果_惭愧佛子正道：我身边的因果实例_学佛网关于“因果”的资料]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.chinareviewnews.com/crn-webapp/doc/docDetailCreate.jsp?coluid=6&amp;kindid=29&amp;docid=100079940&amp;mdate=0911123624 重慶民工欲宰狗下酒　通靈小狗跪地乞命]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20071205011759/http://news.xinhuanet.com/society/2007-08/10/content_6508019.htm 小狗车流中冒死奋力救出被撞同伴真情动人(组图) – 新华网]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dhammarain.org.tw/canon/cy-6--17-Jaataka.pdf 一八死者供物本生譚]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.shixiu.net/wenhua/tuijian/shouming/4766.html 老天爷没眼?]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.chinavegan.com/aixin/chen 寿命是自己一点一滴努力来的]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://sushi.515888.net/html/ms/3906.html 10岁老牛为救女孩 舍身堵住井口-新闻资讯-妙音素食网]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.qingshuiren.com.cn/?106/viewspace-579.html 好一头有情有义的母猪。。。 – 天亮晚安- 清水人- Powered by X-Space]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.people.com.cn/GB/paper39/2388/372844.html 母爱情怀（动物话题———它们我们）]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.zhibeidy.com/2011/1104/9034.php 它们为何流泪？谁是世间最残暴的动物！]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://bbs.jcedu.org/archiver/?tid-24851.html 放生杀生因果报—发生在自己身边的几个真实的事例]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://theweek.com/article/index/249631/this-photo-of-an-elephant-weeping-will-ruin-your-friday {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/cow-begs-to-be-spared-from-slaughter-in-heartbreaking-video-2161325|title=Cow 'Begs' To Be Spared From Slaughter In Heartbreaking Video|website=NDTV.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Taiwan===<br /> Due to water buffalo being the primary working animal for farming, beef consumption was generally considered a taboo in early 20th century. This gradually changed with [[Taiwan under Japanese rule|Japanese rule]], the [[retreat of the Republic of China to Taiwan]], the mechanization of farming, and the economy transitioning away from farming. Most Taiwanese people today consume beef, although some have maintained the tradition.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2018-05-14|title=From Taboo to Treasure: Beef in Taiwan|publisher=The News Lens|access-date=2021-02-13|author=Steven Crook, Katy Hui-wen Hung|url=https://international.thenewslens.com/article/95435}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Japan===<br /> [[File:Shingyu.jpg|thumb|Shingyu (divine-ranking bulls) statue in Kyoto, Japan]]<br /> Historically, there was a beef taboo in [[ancient Japan]], as a means of protecting the livestock population and due to Buddhist influence.&lt;ref name=&quot;cwi&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Cwiertka|first=Katarzyna Joanna|title=Modern Japanese cuisine: food, power, and national identity|publisher=Reaktion Books|year=2006|isbn=978-1-86189-298-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meat-eating had long been taboo in Japan, beginning with a decree in 675 that banned the consumption of cattle, horses, dogs, monkeys, and chickens, influenced by the Buddhist prohibition of killing.&lt;ref name=&quot;lien&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Lien|first=Marianne E.|author2=Brigitte Nerlich|title=The politics of food|url=https://archive.org/details/politicsfood00lien|url-access=limited|publisher=Berg|year=2004|pages=[https://archive.org/details/politicsfood00lien/page/n136 125]–127|isbn=978-1-85973-853-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1612, the shōgun declared a decree that specifically banned the killing of cattle.&lt;ref name=&quot;lien&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> This official prohibition was in place until 1872, when it was officially proclaimed that [[Emperor Meiji]] consumed beef and mutton, which transformed the country's dietary considerations as a means of modernizing the country, particularly with regard to consumption of beef.&lt;ref name=&quot;lien&quot;/&gt; With contact from Europeans, beef increasingly became popular, even though it had previously been considered barbaric.&lt;ref name=&quot;cwi&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Several shrines and temples are decorated with cow figurines, which are believed to cure illnesses when stroked.<br /> <br /> ===Indonesia===<br /> In [[Kudus Regency|Kudus]], Indonesia, [[Muslim]]s still maintain the tradition of not slaughtering or eating cows, out of respect for their ancestors, some of whom were [[Hindu]]s, allegedly imitating [[Sunan Kudus]] who also did as such.<br /> <br /> ==Leather==<br /> In religiously diverse countries, leather vendors are typically careful to clarify the kinds of leather used in their products. For example, leather shoes will bear a label identifying the animal from which the leather was taken. In this way, a [[Muslim]] would not accidentally purchase [[leather|pigskin]] leather,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Global Business Strategies: Text and Cases&quot; by U.C. Mathur, p.219&lt;/ref&gt; and a [[Hindu]] could avoid [[cow]] leather. Many Hindus who are vegetarians will not use any kind of leather.<br /> <br /> [[Judaism]] forbids the wearing of shoes made with leather on [[Yom Kippur]], [[Tisha B'Av]], and during mourning.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url=http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/281605/jewish/Wearing-Shoes.htm<br /> |title=Wearing Shoes – Mourning Observances of Shiva and Sheloshim<br /> |publisher=Chabad.org<br /> |access-date=2009-10-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Jainism]] prohibits the use of leather because it is obtained by killing cattle.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Div col|colwidth=22em}}<br /> *[[1966 anti-cow slaughter agitation]]<br /> *[[Ahir]]<br /> *[[Bat (goddess)]]<br /> *[[Bull (mythology)]]<br /> *[[Bull-leaping]]<br /> *[[Bull of Heaven]]<br /> *{{annotated link|Bull worship}}<br /> *[[El (deity)]]<br /> *[[Etiquette of Indian dining]]<br /> *[[Food and drink prohibitions]]<br /> *[[Gangotri (cow)]]<br /> *[[Kamadhenu]]<br /> *[[Khnum]]<br /> *[[Minotaur]]<br /> *[[Nandi (bull)]]<br /> *[[Naqada III]]<br /> *[[Cow Hugging Therapy]]<br /> *[[Ophiotaurus]]<br /> *[[Panchamrita]]<br /> *[[Shambo]]<br /> *[[Táin Bó Cúailnge]]<br /> *[[Tarvos Trigaranus]]<br /> *[[Vegetarianism and religion]]<br /> *[[Zebu]], the common breed of cow from India<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{reflist|group=note}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ===Bibliography===<br /> *{{ Citation |last= Achaya |first= K. T. |title= A Historical Dictionary of Indian Food |year= 2002 |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn= 0-19-565868-X}}<br /> *{{ Citation |last= Sethna |first= K. D. |author-link= K. D. Sethna |title= The Problem of Aryan Origins |year= 1980 |publication-date= 1992 |isbn= 81-85179-67-0|title-link= The Problem of Aryan Origins }}<br /> *{{ Citation |last= Shaffer |first= Jim G. |author-link= Jim Shaffer |chapter= Cultural tradition and Palaeoethnicity in South Asian Archaeology |title= The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia |editor-last= Erdosy |editor-first= George |year= 1995 |publisher= Walter de Gruyter |isbn= 3-11-014447-6}}<br /> *{{ Citation |last= Shaffer |first= Jim G. |author-link= Jim Shaffer |chapter= Migration, Philology and South Asian Archaeology |title= The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia |editor-last= Bronkhorst |editor-first= Johannes | editor-link = Johannes Bronkhorst |editor2-last= Deshpande |editor2-first= Madhav |year= 1999 |publisher= Harvard University, Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies | isbn= 1-888789-04-2}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{Commons category-inline}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Cattle in Religion}}<br /> [[Category:Animal worship]]<br /> [[Category:Hinduism and cattle]]<br /> [[Category:Cattle in religion| ]]<br /> [[Category:Mammals in Buddhism]]<br /> [[Category:Vegetarianism and religion]]</div>

AdvAcademy01 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uttarpara&diff=542988 2026-03-26T17:28:11Z

<p>AdvAcademy01: </p> <hr /> <div>{{multiple issues|<br /> {{original research|date=March 2016}}<br /> {{more citations needed|date=July 2015}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}<br /> &lt;!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details --&gt;{{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Uttarpara<br /> | other_name = Uttarpara Kotrung<br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = City<br /> | image_skyline = File:College Ghat.jpg<br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = College Ghat, Uttarpara<br /> | pushpin_map = India Kolkata#India West Bengal#India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = <br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|22.67|N|88.35|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Burdwan division|Burdwan]]<br /> | subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name3 = [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]<br /> | established_title = Established<br /> | established_date = 1853<br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipality]]<br /> | governing_body = [[Uttarpara Kotrung Municipality]]<br /> | leader_title = Municipality Chairperson<br /> | leader_name = Dilip Yadav ([[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/trinamul-set-to-keep-uttarpara/cid/876771|newspaper=The Telegraph|location=Calcutta|title=Trinamul set to keep Uttarpara|date=18 June 2005|access-date=1 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = 11.75<br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = 159,147<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=29 August 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wblangoff&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=29 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | demographics1_title2 = Additional&amp;nbsp;official<br /> | demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]]&lt;ref name=&quot;wblangoff&quot;/&gt;<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 712258<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone code<br /> | area_code = +91 33<br /> | registration_plate = WB<br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = [[Sreerampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Serampore]]<br /> | blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank2_info_sec1 = [[Uttarpara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Uttarpara]]<br /> | website = {{URL|www.uttarparamunicipality.in}}<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> '''Uttarpara''' or '''Uttarpara Kotrung''' is a city and a municipality of [[Hooghly district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is a part of the area covered by [[Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority]] (KMDA).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cmdaonline.com/kma.html |title=Base Map of Kolkata metropolitan area |access-date=3 September 2007 |publisher=Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307095440/http://www.cmdaonline.com/kma.html |archive-date=7 March 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Uttarpara is located at {{Coord|22.67|N|88.35|E|}}, within 10&amp;nbsp;km from [[Kolkata]], the capital of the state of West Bengal. It is located along the [[Hooghly River|Hooghly river]], across from the [[Dakshineswar Kali Temple]]. Uttarpara is home to the [[Uttarpara Public Library|Uttarpara Jayakrishna Public Library]], Asia's oldest free public library.<br /> [[File:Map of uttarpara kotrung municipality.jpg|thumb|right|Map of [[Uttarpara Kotrung Municipality]]]]<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> {{OSM Location map<br /> | width=230| height=270| zoom=11<br /> | coord={{coord|22|42|50|N|88|19|50|E}}| float=left|caption=Cities and towns in the Sreerampur Uttarpara CD Block in Srirampore subdivision in Hooghly district&lt;br/&gt;M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town,&lt;br/&gt;Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly.<br /> |mark-coord1={{coord|23|0|45|N|88|19|11|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1=Baidyabati | numbered1=M| mark-title1= [[Baidyabati]] (M)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2<br /> |mark-coord2={{coord|22|45|15|N|88|20|24|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Serampore| numbered2=M| mark-title2= [[Serampore]] (M)<br /> |mark-coord3={{coord|22|42|36|N|88|21|0|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Rishra| numbered3=M| mark-title3= [[Rishra]] (M)<br /> |mark-coord4={{coord|22|41|50|N|88|19|20|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4=Konnagar| numbered4=M| mark-title4= [[Konnagar]] (M)<br /> |mark-coord5={{coord|22|40|57|N|88|20|0|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Uttarpara Kotrung| numbered5=M| mark-title5= Uttarpara Kotrung (M)<br /> |mark-coord6={{coord|22|45|3|N|88|17|34|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6=Belumilki| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Belumilki]] (CT)| shape-color6=#A40000<br /> |mark-coord7={{coord|22|45|36|N|88|19|12|E}} | label-pos7=top|label7=Dakshin|labela7= Rajyadharpur| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Dakshin Rajyadharpur]] (CT)| shape-color7=#A40000<br /> |mark-coord8={{coord|22|43|34|N|88|19|38|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= Rishra| numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Rishra, Sreerampur Uttarpara]] (CT)| shape-color8=#A40000<br /> |mark-coord9={{coord|22|43|10|N|88|18|45|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9=Bamunari| numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Bamunari]] (CT)| shape-color9=#A40000<br /> |mark-coord10={{coord|22|42|40|N|88|19|38|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10=Nawapara| numbered10=CT| mark-title10= [[Nawapara]] (CT)| shape-color10=#A40000<br /> |mark-coord11={{coord|22|42|10|N|88|20|0|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11=Nabagram Colony| numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Nabagram Colony]] (CT)| shape-color11=#A40000<br /> |mark-coord12={{coord|22|42|12|N|88|19|10|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12=Basai| numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Basai, Hooghly|Basai]] (CT)| shape-color12=#A40000<br /> |mark-coord13={{coord|22|41|30|N|88|19|38|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13=Kanaipur| numbered13=CT| mark-title13= [[Kanaipur]] (CT)| shape-color13=#A40000<br /> |mark-coord14={{coord|22|40|10|N|88|18|46|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14=Raghunathpur| numbered14=CT| mark-title14= [[Raghunathpur (PS-Dankuni)]] (CT)| shape-color14=#A40000<br /> |mark-coord15={{coord|22.7312|88.3652}}| label15=Hooghly |labela15=River| label-color15 = #77A1CB| label-angle15=0| label-pos15=right| label-size15=10| mark-size15=0| mark-title15 =none}}<br /> Uttarpara is at the southernmost part of [[Hooghly district]]. It is separated from [[Bally, Howrah]] by Bally Canal (Bally Khal). The old name of Uttarpara was &quot;North Bally&quot;. A bridge was constructed in 1846 over the canal to connect Uttarpara with Bally.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Importance of Bally Khal|url=https://www.ballyonline.in/city-guide/bally-khal-the-historic-canal|access-date=11 May 2020|archive-date=24 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924134901/https://www.ballyonline.in/city-guide/bally-khal-the-historic-canal|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> [[File:Pancharatna Temple of Uttarpara-Uttarpara-West Bengal-DSC 0037.jpg|thumb|upright|Pancharatna Temple of Uttarpara]]<br /> <br /> As per the [[2011 Census of India]] Uttarpara had a total population of 159,147 of which 81,410 (51%) were males and 77,737 (49%) were females. Population below 6 years was 11,760. The total number of literates in Uttarpara Kotrung was 133,610 (90.65% of the population over 6 years).&lt;ref name=census3-2011&gt;{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 15 June 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{As of|2001}} India [[census]],&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&amp;state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&amp;state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uttarpara Kotrung had a population of 150,204. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Uttarpara Kotrung has an average literacy rate of 79%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 82% and female literacy is 76%. In Uttarpara Kotrung, 8% of the population is under 6 years of age.<br /> <br /> ===Kolkata Urban Agglomeration===<br /> The following municipalities and census towns in Hooghly district were part of Kolkata Urban Agglomeration in 2011 census: [[Bansberia]] (M), [[Hugli-Chuchura|Hugli-Chinsurah]] (M), Bara Khejuria ([[Out Growth]]), [[Shankhanagar]] (CT), [[Amodghata]] (CT), [[Chak Bansberia]] (CT), [[Naldanga, Hooghly|Naldanga]] (CT), [[Kodalia]] (CT), [[Kulihanda]] (CT), [[Simla, West Bengal|Simla]] (CT), [[Dharmapur, West Bengal|Dharmapur]] (CT), [[Bhadreswar, Hooghly|Bhadreswar]] (M), [[Champdani]] (M), [[Chandannagar]] (M Corp.), [[Baidyabati]] (M), [[Serampore]] (M), [[Rishra]] (M), [[Rishra, Sreerampur Uttarpara|Rishra]] (CT), [[Bamunari]] (CT), [[Dakshin Rajyadharpur]] (CT), [[Nabagram Colony]] (CT), [[Konnagar]] (M), Uttarpara Kotrung (M), [[Raghunathpur (PS-Dankuni)]] (M), [[Kanaipur]] (CT) and [[Keota, Hooghly|Keota]] (CT).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_4_PR_UAs_1Lakh_and_Above_Appendix.pdf | title= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 | work= Constituents of Urban Agglomeration Having Population Above 1 Lakh |publisher= Census of India 2011 | access-date = 16 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ===Languages===<br /> {{Pie chart<br /> |thumb = right<br /> |caption = Languages spoken in Uttarpara Kotrung city (2011)&lt;ref&gt;[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16T/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX 2011 census data] censusindia.gov.in&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |label1= [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br /> |value1= 73.9<br /> |color1 = orange <br /> |label2= [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br /> |value2 = 23.3<br /> |color2 = green<br /> |label3 = [[Odia language |Odia]]<br /> |value3 = 0.61<br /> |color3 = pink<br /> |label4 = [[Santali language| Santali ]]<br /> |value4 = 0.44<br /> |color4 = red<br /> |label5 = [[ Marwari language | Marwari ]]<br /> |value5 = 0.30<br /> |color5 = yellow <br /> |label6 = Others <br /> |value6 = 1.31<br /> |color6 = white<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Economy==<br /> <br /> ===Hindustan Motors===<br /> Uttarpara was home to India's first car factory, in Hindmotor neighbourhood, the [[Hindustan Motors factory, Uttarpara|Hindustan Motors Uttarpara factory]], which produced the legendary [[Hindustan Ambassador|Ambassador cars]].&lt;ref&gt;{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20050403210912/http://www.hmutp.com/index.asp Hindustan Motors website]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The plant was closed in 2014 when production of the Ambassador was scrapped.<br /> <br /> ===Titagarh Wagons===<br /> [[Titagarh Wagons]] is considered one of the leading wagon manufacturers in India. After the acquisition of Italy-based Firema Trasporti, the company encouraged the modernisation of its coach making plant at Uttarpara, which now produces ultra-modern India-made aluminum metro coaches.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Hiranandani Group===<br /> The Hiranandani Group entered into an MoU in the state of West Bengal. The group acquired a 100-acre land at Uttarpara, Kolkata from Hindustan Motors to set up an integrated logistics and hyperscale datacentre park by Hiranandani group companies GreenBase and Yotta respectively. The combined investment by the group and their customers is estimated to cross Rs 10,000 crore.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Transport==<br /> ===Roadways===<br /> [[State Highway 6 (West Bengal)|State Highway 6]]/ [[Grand Trunk Road]] (G.T. Road) passes through Uttarpara.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | access-date = 15 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Bus service===<br /> * 2 [[Chunchura]] Court - [[Dakshineswar]]<br /> * 285 [[Serampore]] - [[Salt Lake, Kolkata|Salt Lake]] Sector-5<br /> *3 Serampore - Bagbazar/Salt Lake<br /> <br /> ===Railways===<br /> [[Uttarpara railway station]] is situated in the [[Howrah-Bardhaman main line]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/howrah-barddhaman-jn-local-37815/14449/581/2 |title = 37815 Howrah Bardhaman Jn Local |work = Time Table | publisher= indiarailinfo | access-date = 13 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is part of the [[Kolkata Suburban Railway#Howrah Eastern Section|Kolkata Suburban Railway]] system.<br /> <br /> ==Culture==<br /> [[File:Uttarparajkl.gif|thumb|[[Uttarpara Public Library|Uttarpara Joykrishna Library]]]]<br /> [[File:Uttarpara C. A. Math Durga Puja 2022.jpg|thumb|Uttarpara C. A. Math [[Durga Puja]], 2022]]<br /> Uttarpara boasts of a rich cultural heritage. The town once boasted of sylvan peace, beautiful buildings, epitome of great architectural works and steeped in cultural heritage. Bengali poet [[Michael Madhusudan Dutt]] spent his last days in [[Uttarpara Public Library|Uttarpara Joykrishna Library]]. Uttarpara is also the home of numerous temples and is a destination site for tourists during [[Durga Puja]] for its majestic Balaka pandal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Chattopadhyay |first=Amit |title=Uttarpara - History, Sociology, Culture and lots more |url=https://uttarpara.com/uttarpara-jaykrishna-public-library-a-treasure-house-of-knowledge |access-date=18 October 2016 |website=uttarpara.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Education==<br /> ===Colleges===<br /> * [[Swami Niswambalananda Girls' College]]<br /> * [[Raja Peary Mohan College]]<br /> <br /> ===High schools===<br /> * [[Debiswari Vidyaytan]]<br /> * [[Little Flowers' School]]<br /> * [[Uttarpara Amarendra Vidyapith]]<br /> * [[Uttarpara Govt. High School]]<br /> {{Cleanup-list|section|date=June 2025}}<br /> * [[Dream Land School]] <br /> * [[Hindmotor High School]]<br /> * [[Uttarpara Children's Own Home]]<br /> * [[Uttarpara Girls High School|Uttarpara Girls' High School]]<br /> * [[Vision International School]]<br /> '''Primary Schools'''<br /> <br /> * [[Kamala Pathsala, Uttarpara]]<br /> * Adarsha Vidyamandir<br /> * Bapuji Primary School<br /> * Bhadrakali Urban Junior Basic School<br /> * Bibekdal Sishu Vidyapith<br /> * Debiswari Siksha Niketan<br /> * Deshapriya Balika Vidyamandir<br /> * Dharsa Dedar Boksh <br /> * Dipchand Vidyapith <br /> * Dr Rajendra Sikshaniketan<br /> * Haranathpur Primary School<br /> * Jatindra Sishu Vidyapith<br /> * Kartick Smriti UP Vidyalaya<br /> * Kortong Bhupendra Smrity GSFP School<br /> * Makhla GSFP<br /> * Makhla Makaltala Primary School<br /> * Makhla Pankajini Primary School<br /> * Makhla Sitalatala Primary School<br /> * Netaji Subhas Vidyalaya<br /> * Parma Balika Vidyalaya<br /> * Rabindra Bidya Bithi Primary School<br /> * Sabuj Sathi Prathamik Vidyalaya<br /> * Shree Shankar Vidyalaya<br /> * Shri Shri Gourimata Prathamik Vidyalaya<br /> * Sishu Tirtha Primary School<br /> * [[Uttarpara Amarendra Vidyapith]]<br /> * Uttarpara Girls' High School<br /> <br /> == Governance ==<br /> Uttarpara Kotrung is governed by the Uttarpara Kotrung Municipality, one of the oldest civic bodies in West Bengal, established in 1853.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharya |first=Akash |url=https://perspectivia.net/receive/pnet_mods_00004078 |title=Urbanizing Uttarpara: Philanthropy, Improvement, Education, c.1846 to c.1865 |date=2021 |publisher=Max Weber Stiftung |language=en |doi=10.25360/01-2021-00002}}&lt;/ref&gt; This municipality is responsible for the administration and development of the region, providing essential civic services such as water supply, sanitation, solid waste management, street lighting, and upkeep of public infrastructure.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Uttarpara-Kotrung Municipality |url=https://www.uttarparamunicipality.in/oganization-structure.html |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=www.uttarparamunicipality.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The municipality is divided into 24 wards.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Uttarpara-Kotrung Municipality |url=https://www.uttarparamunicipality.in/ |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=www.uttarparamunicipality.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; The chairperson, Dilip Kumar Yadav, oversees the overall development of Uttarpara, Kotrung, Bhadrakali, and Makhla areas. He is affiliated with the All India Trinamool Congress party. <br /> <br /> Electorally, Uttarpara Kotrung is included in the Uttarpara Assembly constituency, which is part of the No. 27 Sreerampur Lok Sabha constituency. According to the orders of the Delimitation Commission, the Uttarpara Assembly constituency comprises the Uttarpara Kotrung Municipality, Konnagar Municipality, and the Nabagram, Kanaipur, and Raghunathpur gram panchayats of the Sreerampur Uttarpara community development block. In the 2021 Assembly elections, Mr. Kanchan Mullick of the TMCP was elected as the MLA.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; For law and order, the area falls under the jurisdiction of the Uttarpara Police Station, which is part of the Chandannagar Police Commissionerate.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Hooghly District Police |url=http://www.policewb.gov.in/wbp/district/Hooghly/hglyphone.php |access-date=20 June 2017 |publisher=West Bengal Police |archive-date=5 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705234600/http://policewb.gov.in/wbp/district/Hooghly/hglyphone.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Notable people==<br /> &lt;!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their OWN article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---&gt;<br /> &lt;!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦---&gt;<br /> *[[Pramada Charan Banerjee]], judge in the [[Allahabad High Court]]<br /> *[[Amarendranath Chatterjee]], [[list of Indian independence activists|freedom fighter]]<br /> *[[Malay Roy Choudhury]], founder of the [[Hungry generation]] movement<br /> *[[Pritam Kotal]], footballer ([[India national football team|India]], [[Mohun Bagan A.C.]], [[Delhi Dynamos FC]])<br /> *[[Manilal Nag]], [[sitar in popular music|sitar player]]<br /> *[[Samir Roychoudhury]], member of [[Krittibas (magazine)|Krittibas]] group and co-founder of the &quot;[[Hungry generation|Hungryalist]]&quot; movement<br /> *[[Babul Supriyo]], politician, singer and actor<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Uttarpara Public Library]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://uttarparamunicipality.com/ Website of Uttarpara Municipality]<br /> * [http://www.uttarpara.com/ Website of Uttarpara]<br /> <br /> {{Hooghly District}}<br /> {{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}<br /> {{Municipalities of West Bengal}}<br /> {{Hooghly topics}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Hooghly district]]<br /> [[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]<br /> [[Category:Kolkata Metropolitan Area]]<br /> [[Category:Cities in West Bengal]]</div>

AdvAcademy01 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Defence_of_India_Act,_1915&diff=496017 2026-03-25T16:26:02Z

<p>AdvAcademy01: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Emergency criminal law in British India}}<br /> {{other uses|Defence of India Act (disambiguation)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox legislation<br /> | short_title = Defence of India (Criminal Law Amendment) Act, 1915<br /> | image = File:Star of the Order of the Star of India (gold).svg<br /> | imagesize = 150<br /> | imagelink = <br /> | imagealt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | long_title = An Act to provide for special measures to secure the public safety and the defence of British India and for the more speedy trial of certain offences.<br /> | citation = Act No. IV of 1915<br /> | territorial_extent = Whole of [[British Raj|British India]]<br /> | enacted_by = The Governor-General in Council<br /> | date_enacted = <br /> | date_assented = <br /> | date_signed = 19 March 1915<br /> | date_commenced = 19 March 1915<br /> | bill = <br /> | bill_citation = <br /> | bill_date = <br /> | introduced_by = <br /> | 1st_reading = <br /> | 2nd_reading = <br /> | 3rd_reading = <br /> | white_paper = <br /> | committee_report = <br /> | amendments = <br /> | repeals = <br /> | related = <br /> | summary = <br /> | keywords = <br /> | repealed_by = Act 4 of 1922<br /> | status = repealed<br /> }}<br /> The '''Defence of India Act, 1915''' (Act IV of 1915), also referred to as the '''Defence of India Regulations Act, 1915''' or the '''Defence of India (Criminal Law Amendment) Act, 1915''', was an emergency [[criminal law]] enacted by the [[Governor-General of India]] in 1915 with the intention of curtailing the nationalist and revolutionary activities during and in the aftermath of the First World War.&lt;ref name=Horniman44&gt;{{Harvnb|Horniman|1984|p=44}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was similar to the British [[Defence of the Realm Acts]], and granted the Executive very wide powers of preventive detention, internment without trial, restriction of writing, speech, and of movement. However, unlike the English law which was limited to persons of hostile associations or origin, the Defence of India Act could be applied to any subject of the king,&lt;ref name=Horniman44/&gt; and was used to an overwhelming extent against Indians.<br /> The passage of the act was supported unanimously by the non-official Indian members in the Viceroy's legislative council, and was seen as necessary to protect against British India from [[Revolutionary movement for Indian independence|subversive nationalist violence]]. The act was first applied during the [[First Lahore Conspiracy trial]] in the aftermath of the failed [[Ghadar Conspiracy]] of 1915, and was instrumental in crushing the [[Ghadar Movement|Ghadr movement]] in Punjab and the ''[[Anushilan Samiti]]'' in Bengal.&lt;ref name=Bates118&gt;{{Harvnb|Bates|2007|p=118}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Popplewell210/&gt; However its widespread and indiscriminate use in stifling genuine political discourse made it deeply unpopular, and became increasingly reviled within India. The extension of the law in the form of the [[Rowlatt Act]] after the end of World War I was opposed unanimously by the non-official Indian members of the Viceroy's council. It became a flashpoint of political discontent and nationalist agitation, culminating in the [[Rowlatt Satyagraha]]. The act was re-enacted during World War II as [[Defence of India act 1939]]. Independent India retained the law in a number of amended forms, which have seen use in proclaimed states of national emergency including [[Sino-Indian War]], [[Bangladesh Liberation War|Bangladesh crisis]], [[The Emergency (India)|The Emergency of 1975]] and subsequently the [[Khalistan movement|Punjab insurgency]].<br /> <br /> ==Background==<br /> {{See also|Revolutionary movement for Indian independence}}<br /> [[Punjab]] and [[Bengal]], along with [[Maharashtra]], became hotbeds of revolutionary nationalist violence against British rule in India in the first decade of the 20th century. The [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|1905 partition of Bengal]] and the [[Punjab Land Colonization Act 1906|1906 Punjab Land Colonization Act]] fed growing discontent.<br /> <br /> In Bengal, revolutionary organisations like ''[[Anushilan Samiti]]'' and ''[[Jugantar]]'' drew young recruits from the educated middle-class ''[[Bhadralok]]'' ranks, and engaged in a number of prominent attacks on both figures in the administration as well as the local police investigating incidents of robbery, violence and murder linked to these groups. These included assassinations and attempted assassinations of civil servants, prominent public figures and Indian informants. In 1907 attempts were made on the life of the Bengal Lieutenant-Governor Sir [[Andrew Fraser (Governor of Bengal)|Andrew Fraser]]. In 1908, a failed assassination attempt by ''Jugantar'' on the life of Presidency Magistrate Douglas Kingsford led to death of two European women. In 1909, a failed assassination attempt saw two bombs thrown at the [[Viceroy of India]] [[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto|Lord Minto]]. In December that year the magistrate of [[Nasik]] [[A. M. T. Jackson]] was shot dead by [[Anant Kanhere]], and suspicion fell on links to [[India House]] in London which was at the time being led by [[V. D. Savarkar]], whose elder brother Ganesh had been convicted by Jackson of seditious conspiracy. India House was also held responsible for the murder in London of [[William Hutt Curzon Wyllie]], the political ADC to the [[Secretary of State for India]]. A number of assassinations were also carried out of approvers who had turned crown-witnesses. In 1909 Naren Gossain, crown-witness for the prosecution in [[Alipore bomb case]], was shot dead within [[Alipore Jail]]. Ashutosh Biswas, an advocate of [[Calcutta High Court]] in charge of prosecution of Gossain murder case, was shot dead within the court in 1909. In 1910, Shamsul Alam, [[Deputy Superintendent]] of [[Bengal Police]] responsible for investigating the Alipore Bomb case, was shot dead on the steps of Calcutta High Court.<br /> <br /> In Punjab, agitation against the 1906 colonisation bill, which the protagonists falsely believed was attempting to introduce law of primogeniture, led to [[1907 Punjab unrest|widespread unrest]]. Punjab police had become aware of nuclei of nationalist movements arising across the state in the form of a nascent Ghadr movement, fed by resources and the efforts of emigrant Sikh communities living in Canada.&lt;ref name=Riddick92&gt;{{Harvnb|Riddick|2006|p=92}}&lt;/ref&gt; Investigations during 1912 into an [[Delhi conspiracy case|attempt to assassinate]] the then viceroy, [[Charles Hardinge]], promulgated the discovery of links between Bengal revolutionaries commanded by erstwhile Jugantar member [[Rash Behari Bose]], and the Ghadr movement in Punjab.<br /> <br /> ==Early laws==<br /> <br /> ===Preventive detention===<br /> The Bengal Regulation of 1812 and [[Bengal Regulation III of 1818|Regulation III of 1818]] were some of the earliest laws in British India to incorporate the provisions of [[Preventive detention]], without having to commit the detainee to trial.&lt;ref name=Hindu&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/op/2004/09/07/stories/2004090700101500.htm |title=The Hindu : Preventive detention an anachronism |website=www.thehindu.com |access-date=27 January 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150308120948/http://www.thehindu.com/op/2004/09/07/stories/2004090700101500.htm |archive-date=8 March 2015 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the Presidencies of [[Presidency of Madras|Madras]] and [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]], similar laws had been enacted in 1819 and 1827 respectively.&lt;ref name=V.B.Patel553&gt;{{Harvnb|Patel|1995|p=532}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prisoners under these regulations had no right of ''[[habeas corpus]]''.&lt;ref name=Ghosh398&gt;{{Harvnb|Ghosh|1995|p=398}}&lt;/ref&gt; Section 491 of the Criminal Procedure Code introduced the writ of Habeas Corpus in 1882.&lt;ref name=Ghosh398/&gt; In 1907, emergency ordinances were issued in Punjab and in Eastern Bengal and Assam on the fiftieth anniversary of the 1857 mutiny. This allowed abolishment of public meetings, and the Indian press was subjected to controls to limit seditious material being published.&lt;ref name=Riddick92/&gt; The Explosive Substances Act and the Newspaper Act were passed in June 1908 to try and arrest agitation.<br /> <br /> In June 1907 local governments were further authorised to initiate proceedings against local press publishing seditious material amongst civilian population or the army.&lt;ref name=Riddick92/&gt; ''[[The Indian Sociologist]]'' was banned in India in September 1907 and in November that year the [[Prevention of Seditious Meetings Act, 1907|Prevention of Seditious Meetings Act]] was passed.&lt;ref name=Riddick93&gt;{{Harvnb|Riddick|2006|p=93}}&lt;/ref&gt; February 1910 saw the introduction of [[Indian Press Act, 1910|Indian Press Act]] which allowed Provincial governments to ask for punitive securities of up to Rs 5,000 from newspapers likely to incite sedition and violence. This act resulted in a number of nationalist publications closing down unable to provide such a surety.&lt;ref name=Riddick93/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Criminal law amendment 1908===<br /> Failure of prosecution in a number of cases under the Criminal procedures act 1898 led to a special act whereby crimes of nationalist violence were to be tried by a special tribunal composed of three high-court judges. December 1908 saw the passage of the Criminal Law amendments under the terms of Regulation III of 1818 and to suppress associations formed for seditious conspiracies.&lt;ref name=Riddick93/&gt; The act was first applied to deport nine Bengali revolutionaries to [[Mandalay prison]] in 1908.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} Despite these measures however, high standards of evidence demanded by the [[Calcutta High Court]], insufficient investigations by police, and at times outright fabrication of evidence led to persistent failure to tame nationalist violence.&lt;ref name=Horniman42&gt;{{Harvnb|Horniman|1984|p=42}}&lt;/ref&gt; Police forces felt unable to deal with the operations of secretive nationalist organisations, leading to demands for special powers. These were opposed vehemently in the Indian press, which argued against any extension of already wide powers enjoyed by the police forces in India, and which it was argued was being used to oppress Indian people.&lt;ref name=Horniman43&gt;{{Harvnb|Horniman|1984|p=43}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==World War I==<br /> {{Main article|Hindu-German Conspiracy|Niedermayer-Hentig Expedition|Silk Letter Conspiracy}}<br /> The [[World War I|First World War]] began with an unprecedented outpouring of support towards Britain from within the mainstream political leadership, contrary to initial British fears of an Indian revolt. India contributed massively to the British war effort by providing men and resources. About 1.3 million Indian soldiers and labourers served in Europe, Africa and the Middle East, while both the Indian government and the princes sent large supplies of food, money and ammunition. However, [[Bengal]] and [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]] remained hotbeds of [[Revolutionary movement for Indian independence|anti colonial activities]]. After the onset of the First World War, plague, rising grain prices, dissatisfaction with immigration policies within the British empire (highlighted by the ''[[Komagata Maru]]'' affair), and rumours of British misfortunes in the war meant by 1914, Punjab was in an unsettled state.&lt;ref name=Popplewell171&gt;{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=171}}&lt;/ref&gt; India lay considerably far away from the Central Powers, with only feasible routes of invasion being through Persia and Afghanistan. The Indian Government at the outset of the war anticipated that India would remain safe as long as Afghanistan maintained neutrality, and the tribes of NWFP were under control.&lt;ref name=Popplewell165&gt;{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=165}}&lt;/ref&gt; The worst situation would be from a combination of war with Afghanistan and internal unrest fomented by either the Bengali revolutionary network, the Ghadr in Punjab or Indian Muslims who may sympathise with Ottoman ''[[Umma]]''.&lt;ref name=Popplewell166&gt;{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=166}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Ghadr===<br /> British intelligence in North America indicated early in the war that the [[Ghadr Party]], co-ordinating with the [[Berlin Committee]] in Germany, and the [[Revolutionary movement for Indian independence|Indian revolutionary underground]] was [[Hindu–German Conspiracy|attempting to transport]] men and arms from United States and East Asia into India, intended for a revolution and mutiny in the British Indian Army. From August 1914, a large number of Sikh expatriates began leaving Canada and USA under the plans of the Ghadr leadership for fomenting mutiny in India, whilst in Bengal nationalist crime also increased.&lt;ref name=Popplewell160&gt;{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=160}}&lt;/ref&gt; Department of Criminal Intelligence chief [[Charles Cleveland (rugby union)|Charles Cleveland]] noted that the threat to India should be dealt with by dealing with Ghadr activists who were already in India and those who were returning.&lt;ref name=Popplewell161&gt;{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=161}}&lt;/ref&gt; To this end, [[Ingress into India Ordinance, 1914]] was passed to limit the influx of Ghadarites,&lt;ref name=KannabiranandSingh235&gt;{{Harvnb|Kannabiran|Singh|2009|p=235}}&lt;/ref&gt; but failed to stem the inflow. The [[Ghadr mutiny|planned mutiny]] for February 1915 was averted at the last minute.<br /> <br /> ===Bengal===<br /> In the meantime, the situation in Bengal worsened considerably following the [[Rodda Company raid]] by Jugantar, which handed large amount of firearms to Bengal revolutionaries. There were 36 outrages in 1915, climbing steeply from 13 in 1913 and 14 in 1914. The revolutionaries launched what has been described by some historians as &quot;a reign of terror in both the cities and the countryside&quot; that &quot;came close to achieving their key goal of paralysing the administration.&quot; A general atmosphere of fear encompassed the police and the law courts, severely affecting the moral.&lt;ref name=Popplewell201&gt;{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=201}}&lt;/ref&gt; In entire 1915, only six revolutionaries were successfully brought to trial.<br /> <br /> ==Defence of India act==<br /> On 19 March 1915, [[Sir Reginald Craddock]], home member in the Viceroy's council introduced the law and it passed in a single sitting. It was enacted as a temporary legislation in effect for the duration of World War I and for six months afterwards. The act gave the Governor General in Council the power to make rules {{blockquote|for the purpose of securing the public safety and the defence of British India and as to the powers and duties of public servants and other persons in furtherance of that purpose...}}<br /> Considerable pressure for the passage of the act was from [[Michael O'Dwyer]] particularly in light of the Ghadr threat. Answering to Sir [[Surendranath Bannerjee]] in the legislative assembly, Craddock denied any necessity or propriety for the government to constitute an advisory board of judicial character that would deal with the applications of the act.&lt;ref name=Samaddara94&gt;{{Harvnb|Samaddara|2007|p=94}}&lt;/ref&gt; In this regard the law differed from the Defence of the Realm act. Craddock explained to the assembly that the lack of judicial oversight and advice were acceptable since the restrictive measures in the act were &quot;preventive and not punitive in measures&quot;.&lt;ref name=Samaddara94/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Scope===<br /> The law was to be valid for the duration of the war and for six months thereafter &quot;for public safety&quot; and &quot;the defence of British India&quot;. The main object of the law made it illegal to communicate with the enemy, obtaining information, spreading false reports, as well as any activities that the government saw prejudicial to the war effort. The act allowed local governments to make rules detain indefinitely,&lt;ref name=Bates118/&gt; without representation, and to try by special tribunals persons &quot;''reasonably suspected''&quot; of being of hostile origin or acting in a manner prejudicial to the safety of the empire.&lt;ref name=HallidayKarpikFeeley63&gt;Halliday, Karpik &amp; Feeley(2012), pp. 63&lt;/ref&gt; committing or conspiring to commit crimes either described in the act, or crimes which maybe punishable by death, transportation or at least seven year imprisonment.&lt;ref name=IndianlawMinistrytextofcentralacts&gt;{{cite web |url= http://lawmin.nic.in/legislative/textofcentralacts/1915.pdf |title= A collection of the acts passed by the Governor General of Indian in Council in the year 1915. Records of Indian Law Ministry |author= &lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |date= 1916 |website= Indian Ministry of Law &amp; Justice |publisher= Superintendent Government Printing |access-date= 2015-05-09 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140726072015/http://lawmin.nic.in/legislative/textofcentralacts/1915.pdf |archive-date= 26 July 2014 |url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Power of detention, unlike under DORA, was carried by subordinate officers. For Trials already initiated under the Criminal procedures act 1898 or the 1908 Criminal law amendment were exempt from the act. Prosecution was to follow the procedures prescribed in the criminal procedures act 1898, but was superseded by the special powers and discretion of court. Crucially however, the Commissioners could take direct cognisance of the offences alleged and therefore preliminary procedures could be disposed off with.<br /> <br /> ===Implementation===<br /> The act gave powers to local government to appoint three commissioners for trials who may be below the status of high-court judges. At least two would be Sessions judges or additional sessions judges for at least three years, were qualified for appointment as Judges of a High Court, or [[advocate]]s of a Chief Court or [[pleader]]s of ten years' standing. A majority verdict was acceptable.<br /> <br /> The act allowed the commissioners to accept as evidence statements recorded by a magistrates without scrutiny to cross examination and superseded the standards of evidence proscribed in the Indian evidence act 1872. Further the act allowed commissioners to accept such recorded evidence where the witness was unavailable or dead. This measure was intended to secure and safeguard against intimidation and assassinations by revolutionaries of approvers. There was no right to trial by jury.<br /> The act excluded from appeal or judicial review the decisions of the commissioners appointed under the Defence of India act.<br /> <br /> Although designed to maintain order and curtail revolutionary movement, the law was in practice used in widespread scale from limiting revolutionaries, through arresting perpetrators of religious violence, to curtailing the voice of moderate political leaders.&lt;ref name=Horniman45&gt;{{Harvnb|Horniman|1984|p=45}}&lt;/ref&gt; Unlike the Defence of the Realm Act (which was limited in scope to people of Hostile origin or associations, i.e. enemy citizens or collaborators), the act could be applied against any subject of the King. By June 1917, 705 were under home-arrest under the act, along with 99 imprisonments under Regulation III.&lt;ref name=Popplewell210/&gt; Through the war, more than 1400 people were interned in India under the Defence of India Act alone, and a further three hundred subjected to minor restrictions, while more than two thousand were subjected to the restrictions of the [[Ingress into India Ordinance]].&lt;ref name = Hansard&gt;{{cite hansard |title=PERSONS INTERNED. |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1919/oct/22/persons-interned |house=House of Commons |date=22 October 1919 |column= 52-3W|speaker= |position=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Impact==<br /> At the time of its enactment, the Defence of India act received universal support from Indian non-officiating members in the Governor General's council, from moderate leaders within Indian Political Movement. The British war effort had received popular support within India and the act received support on the understanding that the measures enacted were necessary in the war-situation. Its application saw a significant curtailment in revolutionary violence in India. However, the wide scope and widespread use amongst general population and against even moderate leaders led to growing revulsion within Indian population.<br /> <br /> ===Revolutionary violence===<br /> The enactment of the law saw 46 executions and 64 life sentences handed out to revolutionaries in Bengal and Punjab in the [[Lahore Conspiracy Trial]] and [[Benares Conspiracy Trial]], and in tribunals in Bengal,&lt;ref name=Bates118/&gt; effectively crushing the revolutionary movement. The power of preventive detention were however applied more particularly to Bengal. By March 1916 widespread arrests helped Bengal Police crush the ''[[Dhaka Anushilan Samiti]]'' in Calcutta.&lt;ref name=Popplewell210&gt;{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=210}}&lt;/ref&gt; Regulation III and Defence of India act was applied to Bengal from August 1916 on a wide scale. In Bengal, revolutionary violence in Bengal plummeted to 10 in 1917.&lt;ref name=Bates118/&gt; By the end of the war there were more than eight hundred interned in Bengal under the act.<br /> <br /> ===Moderate dissent===<br /> The application of the act was not limited to those suspected of revolutionary crimes. It gradually came to be used in coercing and suppressing the voice of many nationalist leaders, even of moderate views, where regional administration felt their opinion or views were seditious to British rule in India, or dangerous to the administration.&lt;ref name=Bates119&gt;{{Harvnb|Bates|2007|p=119}}&lt;/ref&gt; A number of prominent moderate leaders were interned or deported under the Defence of India act. Most notable of these leaders was Mrs [[Annie Besant]]. Beasant had set up branches of the [[Home Rule League]] in major towns and cities at the time [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] was establishing the league in Bombay and in Western India. Although these amounted to little more than debating societies (having been modelled on the [[Fabian Society|Fabian Societies]]), the leagues were noted to be publishing political pamphlets, selling almost 46000 of these in 1916. Libraries were also established where political treatises were made available. Beasant's league had 27000 members by 1917, and that same year both Tilak and Beasant were interned under the act on the grounds their activities were becoming subversive. India. [[Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar]] and [[Maulana Shaukat Ali]] were arrested and interned after they were found to have been in liaison with [[Niedermayer-Hentig expedition|individuals in Kabul]] linked to the German mission, which the administration suspected may have been to promulgate a pan-Indian Islamic revolution.&lt;ref name=Bates119/&gt; [[Abul Kalam Azad]] was deported from Bengal and placed under house arrest in Ranchi for his writing in ''[[Al Balagh (newspaper)|Al Balagh]]''.<br /> <br /> ===Post-WWI===<br /> The Defence of India Act, in its implementation, was increasingly reviled. The unpopularity was such that the Lucknow session of the Indian National Congress in 1917 passed a resolution expressing alarm at the extensive use of the act, and urged the Government that its use be under same principles as the Defence of the Realm Act.{{CN|date=January 2023}} Immediately after the war, [[Benjamin Horniman]] was deported from the [[Presidency of Bombay]] for his reporting on the [[Amritsar massacre]].<br /> <br /> ==Later laws==<br /> <br /> ===Rowlatt act===<br /> With the impending lapse of the 1915 act, the [[Rowlatt Committee]] was appointed to recommend measures to deal with the threat from the revolutionary movement. Rowlatt recommended an extension of the provisions of the Defence of India act for a further three years with removal of ''habeas corpus'' provisions. It was met with universal opposition by the Indian members of the Viceroy's council, as well within the population in general, earning the title of &quot;The Black Bills&quot; from Mohandas Gandhi. [[Mohammed Ali Jinnah]] left the Viceroy's council in protest, after having warned the council of the dangerous consequences of enacting an extension of such an unpopular bill. Rowlatt's recommendations were enacted in the [[Rowlatt Bills]]. The agitations against the proposed Rowlatt bills took shape as the [[Rowlatt Satyagraha]] under the leadership of Gandhi, one of the first Civil disobedience movements that he would lead the [[Indian independence movement]]. The protests saw hartals in Delhi, public protests in Punjab as well as other protest movements across India. In Punjab, protests against the bills, along with a perceived threat of a Ghadrite uprising by the Punjab regional government culminated in the [[Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre]] in April 1919. After nearly three years of agitation, the government finally repealed the Rowlatt act and its component sister acts.<br /> <br /> ===1939 act===<br /> {{main article|Defence of India Act, 1939}}<br /> The Defence of India act 1915 was re-enacted in a more severe form at the onset of World War II as the Defence of India act 1939. Although enacted on 29 September 1939 it was deemed to come into force from 3 September 1939, the day when the Second World War began. The act was used notoriously during the war in subduing the independence movement. It expired six months after the termination of the war and was ultimately repealed by the Repealing and Amending Act, 1947 (Act II of 1948).<br /> <br /> ===Independent India===<br /> {{see also|Maintenance of Internal Security Act|Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act|Defence of India act, 1962|Internment of Chinese Indians}}<br /> The [[Indian Constitution]] retained the principles of preventive detention encapsulated in the Defence of India act, making one of the few countries where citizens of the country may be subjected to such measures. In Independent India, the law retained in legislations in the form of Preventive Detention act 1950, and has seen implementation as the [[Defence of India Rules 1962]] during the [[Sino-Indian War]] of 1962, and the Defence of India Act, 1971 during the [[1971 Indo-Pak war]]. The 1962 act gained notoriety for its use in internment of Chinese immigrants in India, most notably Calcutta. Other similar laws enacted in independent India include the [[Maintenance of Internal Security Act]] (MISA) during ''[[The Emergency (India)|The Emergency]]'', and {{CN|date=January 2023}} [[Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act]] (enacted during the [[Punjab insurgency]]) which carry very similar provisions.<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> * {{Citation |last=Bates |first=Crispin |year=2007 |title=Subalterns and Raj: South Asia since 1600 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-21483-4}}.<br /> * {{Citation<br /> | last1 = Ghosh | first1 = S.K. | year = 1995 | title = Terrorism, World Under Siege | publisher = Ashish Publishing House | isbn = 8170246652}}<br /> * {{Citation |last=Horniman |first=B. G. |author-link=B. G. Horniman |year=1984 |title=British Administration &amp; The Amritsar Massacre |location=Delhi |publisher=Mittal Publications |oclc=12553945}}<br /> * {{Citation<br /> | surname1 = Lovett<br /> | given1 = Sir Verney<br /> | year = 1920<br /> | title = A History of the Indian Nationalist Movement<br /> | publisher = New York, Frederick A. Stokes Company<br /> | isbn = 81-7536-249-9<br /> }}<br /> * {{Citation<br /> | last1 = Kannabiran<br /> | first1 = Kalpana<br /> |last2 = Singh<br /> |first2 =Ranbir<br /> | year = 2009<br /> | title = Challenging The Rules(s) of Law: Colonialism, Criminology and Human Rights in India.<br /> | publisher = SAGE Publications Inc.<br /> | isbn = 9780761936657<br /> }}<br /> * {{Citation<br /> | surname1 = Ilbert<br /> | given1 = Courtenay<br /> | year = 1917<br /> | title = British India (in Review of Legislation, 1915; British Empire).Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation, New Ser., Vol. 17. (1917), pp. 132-139.<br /> | journal = Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law<br /> | publisher = New York, Frederick A. Stokes Company<br /> | issn = 1479-5973<br /> }}<br /> * {{Citation<br /> | last1 = Patel<br /> | first1 = Vitalbhai J.<br /> | year = 1995<br /> | title = Selected Works of Vithalbhai J. Patel: 1925-1926<br /> | publisher = Mittal Publications<br /> | isbn = 8170994209<br /> }}<br /> * {{Citation<br /> | last1 = Popplewell<br /> | first1 = Richard J.<br /> | year = 1995<br /> | title = Intelligence and Imperial Defence: British Intelligence and the Defence of the Indian Empire 1904–1924<br /> | url = http://www.routledge.com/shopping_cart/products/product_detail.asp?sku=&amp;isbn=071464580X&amp;parent_id=&amp;pc=<br /> | publisher = Routledge<br /> | isbn = 0-7146-4580-X<br /> | access-date = 11 May 2015<br /> | archive-date = 26 March 2009<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090326193437/http://www.routledge.com/shopping_cart/products/product_detail.asp?sku=&amp;isbn=071464580X&amp;parent_id=&amp;pc=<br /> | url-status = dead<br /> }}<br /> * {{Citation<br /> | surname1 = Riddick<br /> | given1 = John<br /> | year = 2006<br /> | title = The History of British India: A Chronology<br /> | publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group<br /> | isbn = 9780313322808<br /> }}<br /> * {{Citation<br /> | surname1 = Samaddara | given1 = Ranbir | year = 2007<br /> | title = The Materiality of Politics. Vol. 1 <br /> | publisher = Anthem Press | isbn = 9781843312512}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Halliday|first=Terrence C.|title=Fates of Political Liberalism in Post-British Colony: The Politics of the Legal Complex|year=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press, 2012|isbn=978-1-107-01278-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3j4JtL4b3ggC&amp;q=Shaukat+Aziz+Finance+minister&amp;pg=PA348|edition=1|author2=Lucien Karpik |editor=Malcolm M. Feeley|access-date=6 June 2012|format=google books}}<br /> {{Hindu-German Conspiracy}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Defence Of India Act 1915}}<br /> [[Category:Legislation in British India]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu–German Conspiracy]]<br /> [[Category:1915 in India]]<br /> [[Category:1915 in law]]<br /> [[Category:World War I legislation]]<br /> [[Category:Emergency laws in India]]<br /> [[Category:1915 in British law]]</div>

AdvAcademy01 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jamkhandi_Assembly_constituency&diff=456105 2026-03-25T11:30:40Z

<p>AdvAcademy01: correct layout also to improve readability</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Jamkhandi<br /> | state = [[Karnataka]]<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 21<br /> | map_image = 21-Jamkhandi constituency.svg<br /> | map_caption = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> | mla = [[Jagadish Gudagunti]]<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br /> | preceded_by =[[Anand Nyamagouda]]<br /> | district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Bagalkot (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bagalkot]]<br /> | established = 1951<br /> | electors = {{formatnum:214797}}&lt;ref name=election2023&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{update after|2028|7}}<br /> | reservation = None<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Jamkhandi Assembly constituency''' is one of 224 assembly constituencies in [[Karnataka]] in India.&lt;ref name=delimitation2008&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary &amp; Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 12 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=14assemblymemberslist&gt;{{cite web |url=http://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/14assemblymemberslist.htm |title=Fourteenth Karnataka Legislative Assembly |website=kla.kar.nic.in |publisher=[[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] |access-date= 3 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is part of [[Bagalkot Lok Sabha constituency]].<br /> <br /> [[Jagadish Gudagunti]] is the current MLA from Jamkhandi.<br /> <br /> ==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Election<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#FFB2B2&quot; | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[B. D. Jatti|Basappa Danappa Jatti]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#FFF58A&quot; | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#FFF58A&quot; | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#FFF58A&quot; | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#FFF58A&quot; | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Bangi Pavadeppa Mallappa<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#FFF58A&quot; | [[1972 elections in India#Mysore|1972 By-election]] || A. S. Malappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Pattar Venkappa Veerappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Bagalkot Gurupadappa Shivappa || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Kaluti Ramappa Maleppa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || [[Siddu Savadi]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || Kulkarni Shrikant Subrao<br /> |-<br /> | [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Siddu Nyamagouda]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2018 elections in India#Karnataka|2018 By-election]] {{efn|Due to death of sitting MLA}} || [[Anand Nyamagouda]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Jagadish Gudagunti]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |}<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> === Assembly Election 2023 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Jamkhandi &lt;ref name=election2023/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Jamkhandi&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Jamkhandi |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1021.htm?ac=21 |access-date=21 November 2024 |date=8 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241121043731/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1021.htm?ac=21 |archive-date=21 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Jagadish Gudagunti]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 81,937 |percentage = 48.86% |change = {{increase}}12.05 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anand Siddu Nyamagouda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 77,221 |percentage = 46.05% |change = {{decrease}}16.02 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Belagali Sushilkumar |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,975 |percentage = 3.56% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 984 |percentage = 0.59% |change = {{increase}}0.13 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,716 |percentage = 2.81% |change = {{decrease}}22.45 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 168,002 |percentage = 78.21% |change = {{increase}}1.10 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 167,688}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 214,797 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.44 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}13.21 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly By-election 2018 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2018 elections in India#Karnataka|2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Jamkhandi &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/detailed-bye-election-results/ |title=Bye-Election Results - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Anand Nyamagouda]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 97,017 |percentage = 62.07% |change = {{increase}}30.01 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kulkarni Shrikant Subrao |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 57,537 |percentage = 36.81% |change = {{increase}}6.57 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 724 |percentage = 0.46% |change = {{increase}}0.21 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 39,480 |percentage = 25.26% |change = {{increase}}23.44 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 157,089 |percentage = 77.11% |change = {{increase}}1.60 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 156,292}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 203,709 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}0.05 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}30.01 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2018 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Jamkhandi &lt;ref name=election2018&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election -2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=7 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=karCeoResults2018&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/GenELC_2018/ResultsACWise.PDF |title=Karnataka 2018 - Candidate-wise Votes Details |date=2018-05-16 |access-date=7 September 2021 |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Election Office - Karnataka}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Siddu Nyamagouda]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 49,245 |percentage = 32.06% |change = {{decrease}}5.24 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kulkarni Shrikant Subrao |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 46,450 |percentage = 30.24% |change = {{increase}}14.31 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nirani Sangmesh Rudrappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 24,461 |percentage = 15.92% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dalawai Shrishail Murari |party = Independent politician |votes = 19,753 |percentage = 12.86% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Parashuram Maharajanavar |party = Praja Parivartan Party |votes = 5,167 |percentage = 3.36% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Komar Muttappa Hanamappa |party = Jana Samanyara Party (Karnataka) |votes = 1,524 |percentage = 0.99% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Parathanahalli Toufiq |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,200 |percentage = 0.78% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 379 |percentage = 0.25% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,795 |percentage = 1.82% |change = {{decrease}}14.23 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 153,898 |percentage = 75.51% |change = {{increase}}0.87 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 153,608}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 203,821 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.34 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}5.24 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2013 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Jamkhandi &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Siddu Nyamagouda]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 49,145 |percentage = 37.30% |change = {{increase}}0.47 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Jagadish Gudagunti]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 27,993 |percentage = 21.25% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shrikant Kulkarni |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 20,982 |percentage = 15.93% |change = {{decrease}}38.93 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Umesh Mahabalashetti |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 18,211 |percentage = 13.82% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basagond Shivagond Sindhur |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 10,326 |percentage = 7.84% |change = {{increase}}5.76 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ravindra Dhanavant Halingali |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,415 |percentage = 1.07% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sangamesh. Kamble |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,076 |percentage = 0.82% |change = {{decrease}}1.60 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Makabul Rajesab Sayyad |party = Independent politician |votes = 994 |percentage = 0.75% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basappa Siddappa Kokatanur |party = Independent politician |votes = 950 |percentage = 0.72% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,152 |percentage = 16.05% |change = {{decrease}}1.97 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 131,899 |percentage = 74.64% |change = {{increase}}6.94 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 131,750}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 176,718 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.39 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}17.56 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2008 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Jamkhandi &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kulkarni Shrikant Subrao |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 59,930 |percentage = 54.86% |change = {{increase}}2.44 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Siddu Nyamagouda]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 40,240 |percentage = 36.83% |change = {{increase}}8.26 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Upaddya Parshwanath Tavanappa |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,642 |percentage = 2.42% |change = {{decrease}}0.47 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramesh Kallappa Naik |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 2,274 |percentage = 2.08% |change = {{decrease}}9.66 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bodali Pandit Shivappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,988 |percentage = 1.82% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shiraguppi Sadashiv Gurappa |party = Rashtriya Hindustan Sena Karnataka |votes = 1,122 |percentage = 1.03% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nanajagi Suresh Satyappa |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 1,049 |percentage = 0.96% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,690 |percentage = 18.02% |change = {{decrease}}5.84 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 109,365 |percentage = 67.70% |change = {{increase}}1.12 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 109,245}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 161,554 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}22.99 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}2.44 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2004 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Jamkhandi &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Siddu Savadi]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 73,223 |percentage = 52.42% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kaluti Ramappa Maleppa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 39,902 |percentage = 28.57% |change = {{decrease}}25.96 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dalawai Shrishail Murari |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 16,402 |percentage = 11.74% |change = {{increase}}10.56 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ravi Babaleshwar |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 4,036 |percentage = 2.89% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Madannavar Shrishail Nagappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 2,557 |percentage = 1.83% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhadranavar Shankareppa Kadappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,733 |percentage = 1.24% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hugar Shankar Manohar |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 1,134 |percentage = 0.81% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 33,321 |percentage = 23.86% |change = {{increase}}11.43 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 139,690 |percentage = 66.58% |change = {{decrease}}5.42 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 139,679}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 209,794 |ref = |change = {{increase}}20.77 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}2.11 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1999 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Jamkhandi &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kaluti Ramappa Maleppa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 66,018 |percentage = 54.53% |change = {{increase}}13.49 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shah Arunkumar Manikchand |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 50,964 |percentage = 42.09% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sayyad Altaf Tajuddin Airani |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,423 |percentage = 1.18% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chalawadi Chandrakant Basappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 988 |percentage = 0.82% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,054 |percentage = 12.43% |change = {{increase}}10.99 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 125,077 |percentage = 72.00% |change = {{increase}}4.00 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 121,074}}<br /> {{Election box rejected |votes = 3,793 |percentage = 3.03% |change = {{decrease}}0.02 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 173,709 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.55 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}13.49 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1994 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Jamkhandi &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kaluti Ramappa Maleppa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 42,505 |percentage = 41.04% |change = {{decrease}}14.50 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bagalkot Gurupadappa Shivappa |party = Janata Dal |votes = 41,011 |percentage = 39.59% |change = {{decrease}}0.79 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Savadi Siddu Kallappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 11,408 |percentage = 11.01% |change = {{increase}}10.32 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mallappa Parappa Nyamagoudar |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 3,173 |percentage = 3.06% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mali Shivappa Ningappa |party = Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha |votes = 2,268 |percentage = 2.19% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ravindra Dhanavant Halingali |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 1,857 |percentage = 1.79% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,494 |percentage = 1.44% |change = {{decrease}}13.72 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 106,843 |percentage = 68.00% |change = {{decrease}}3.11 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 103,577}}<br /> {{Election box rejected |votes = 3,261 |percentage = 3.05% |change = {{decrease}}1.24 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 157,131 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.20 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}14.50 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1989 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Jamkhandi &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kaluti Ramappa Maleppa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 55,927 |percentage = 55.54% |change = {{increase}}10.57 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bagalkot Gurupadappa Shivappa |party = Janata Dal |votes = 40,662 |percentage = 40.38% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Devaravar Ningappa Sagreppa |party = Janata Party |votes = 2,547 |percentage = 2.53% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Renake Suresh Subhan |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 691 |percentage = 0.69% |change = {{decrease}}0.24 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,265 |percentage = 15.16% |change = {{increase}}6.47 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 105,211 |percentage = 71.11% |change = {{decrease}}0.77 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 100,701}}<br /> {{Election box rejected |votes = 4,510 |percentage = 4.29% |change = {{increase}}2.57 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 147,964 |ref = |change = {{increase}}27.06 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}1.87 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1985 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Jamkhandi &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Bagalkot Gurupadappa Shivappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 44,150 |percentage = 53.67% |change = {{decrease}}3.41 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nyamagouda Guralingappa Sangappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 36,998 |percentage = 44.97% |change = {{increase}}20.76 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bagalkot Shakuntala Chandrashekhar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 766 |percentage = 0.93% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,152 |percentage = 8.69% |change = {{decrease}}24.18 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 83,704 |percentage = 71.88% |change = {{decrease}}0.58 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 82,267}}<br /> {{Election box rejected |votes = 1,437 |percentage = 1.72% |change = {{decrease}}0.50 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 116,452 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.64 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}3.41 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1983 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Jamkhandi &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Bagalkot Gurupadappa Shivappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 41,445 |percentage = 57.08% |change = {{increase}}14.60 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. D. Jatti|Basappa Danappa Jatti]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 17,580 |percentage = 24.21% |change = {{increase}}19.86 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Airani Syed Altaf Tajuddin |party = Independent politician |votes = 11,168 |percentage = 15.38% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kittur Bhimappa Shivalingappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,104 |percentage = 1.52% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hugar Kallappa Murteppa |party = Independent politician |votes = 524 |percentage = 0.72% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Konnur Gurbasappa Kadappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 459 |percentage = 0.63% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,865 |percentage = 32.87% |change = {{increase}}26.90 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 74,258 |percentage = 72.46% |change = {{decrease}}1.49 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 72,613}}<br /> {{Election box rejected |votes = 1,645 |percentage = 2.22% |change = {{decrease}}0.32 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 102,478 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.25 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}8.62 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1978 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Jamkhandi &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Pattar Venkappa Veerappa |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 32,461 |percentage = 48.46% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bagalkot Gurupadappa Shivappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 28,460 |percentage = 42.48% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hugar Kallappa Murteppa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 2,914 |percentage = 4.35% |change = {{decrease}}42.18 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Awati Shamshoddin Sydusaheb |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,510 |percentage = 3.75% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gondi Mahalingappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 647 |percentage = 0.97% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,001 |percentage = 5.97% |change = {{increase}}2.63 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 68,736 |percentage = 73.95% |change = }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 66,992}}<br /> {{Election box rejected |votes = 1,744 |percentage = 2.54% |change = }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,953 |ref = |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |swing = {{decrease}}1.41 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly By-election 1972 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1972 elections in India#Mysore|1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Jamkhandi &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2511-details-of-bye-elections-from-1952-to-1995/ |title=Details of Bye Elections from 1952 to 1995 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = A. S. Malappa |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 22,393 |percentage = 49.87% |change = {{increase}}8.19 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. P. Mallappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,895 |percentage = 46.53% |change = {{decrease}}9.36 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. B. Venkareddi |party = Sanghata Socialist Party |votes = 1,617 |percentage = 3.60% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,498 |percentage = 3.34% |change = {{decrease}}10.87 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 44,905}}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}6.02 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1972 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Jamkhandi &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Bangi Pavadeppa Mallappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,029 |percentage = 55.89% |change = {{increase}}2.27 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. G. Desai |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 19,411 |percentage = 41.68% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Y. C. Shindlingappa |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,128 |percentage = 2.42% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,618 |percentage = 14.21% |change = {{increase}}6.97 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 47,657 |percentage = 66.45% |change = {{decrease}}10.21 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 46,568}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,718 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.97 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}2.27 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1967 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Jamkhandi &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. D. Jatti|Basappa Danappa Jatti]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,578 |percentage = 53.62% |change = {{decrease}}10.09 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. M. Shivappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 21,261 |percentage = 46.38% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,317 |percentage = 7.24% |change = {{decrease}}23.34 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 47,411 |percentage = 76.66% |change = {{increase}}8.11 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 45,839}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,843 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.29 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}10.09 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1962 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Jamkhandi &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. D. Jatti|Basappa Danappa Jatti]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,776 |percentage = 63.71% |change = {{increase}}8.55 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Murgod Mahadevappa Shivappa |party = Lok Sewak Sangh |votes = 11,844 |percentage = 33.13% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gurusangappa Chandramappa Malagar |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,127 |percentage = 3.15% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,932 |percentage = 30.58% |change = {{increase}}20.27 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 37,421 |percentage = 68.55% |change = {{increase}}5.27 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 35,747}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,586 |ref = |change = {{increase}}23.06 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}8.55 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1957 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Jamkhandi &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. D. Jatti|Basappa Danappa Jatti]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,481 |percentage = 55.16% |change = {{decrease}}7.72 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Murgod Mahadevappa Shivappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 12,587 |percentage = 44.84% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,894 |percentage = 10.31% |change = {{decrease}}35.24 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 28,068 |percentage = 63.28% |change = {{increase}}2.66 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 28,068}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 44,357 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}29.61 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}7.72 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1952 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Jamkhandi &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. D. Jatti|Basappa Danappa Jatti]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,020 |percentage = 62.88% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Murgod Mahadevappa Shivappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,618 |percentage = 17.32% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bangi Pawadayappa Mallappa |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 5,500 |percentage = 14.40% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bokhare Anna Babaji |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 2,064 |percentage = 5.40% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,402 |percentage = 45.55% |change = }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 38,202 |percentage = 60.62% |change = }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 38,202}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 63,020 |ref = |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}<br /> {{coord|16.51|75.29|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Bagalkot district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Constituencies established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]</div>

AdvAcademy01 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maddipadu_mandal&diff=514333 2026-03-20T01:10:07Z

<p>AdvAcademy01: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Maddipadu mandal<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = te <br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = [[Mandal]]<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh<br /> | pushpin_label_position = <br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|15|59|N|80|02|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = [[India]]<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Prakasam district|Prakasam]]<br /> | seat_type = Headquarters<br /> | seat = [[Maddipadu]]<br /> | parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]<br /> | parts_style = para<br /> | parts = <br /> | leader_title = [[MRO]]<br /> | leader_name = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = 52353<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=population&gt;{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=630081|publisher=The Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India|access-date=25 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = <br /> | registration_plate = <br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> | mapframe = yes<br /> | mapframe-point = none<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Maddipadu mandal''' is a [[mandal]] in [[Prakasam district]] of the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. Its headquarters are located at [[Maddipadu]]. The mandal is bounded by [[Naguluppalapadu]], [[Ongole]], [[Santhanuthlapadu]], and [[Chimakurthi]] mandals. The mandals lies on the shore of [[Bay of Bengal]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Mandals in Prakasam district |url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/prakasam.html |publisher=aponline.gov.in |access-date=10 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606034217/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/prakasam.html |archive-date=6 June 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=map&gt;{{cite web|title=Chittoor District Mandals |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part32.pdf|publisher=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2015|pages=145, 175–76}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Demographics ==<br /> <br /> {{As of|2011}} [[Census of India|census]], the mandal had a population of 52,353. The total population constitute, 26,155 males and 26,198 females —a sex ratio of 1002 females per 1000 males. 5,220 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 2,731 are boys and 2,489 are girls —a ratio of 911 per 1000. The average literacy rate stands at 64.51% with 30,406 literates.&lt;ref name=population /&gt; in maddipadu oldest temple is Sri Ramalayam constructed nearly 100 years back. In the last 10 years temple is developed lot by Ramalaya Committee. Three festivels conducted in temple every year goda devi vratham and godadevi kalyanam on bhogi and sriramanavami, vaikuntaekadasi are famous festivals in temple<br /> <br /> == Towns and villages ==<br /> <br /> The mandal has 23 revenue villages, that includes:&lt;ref name=sub&gt;{{cite web|title=Sub-District Details of Prakasam District|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=28&amp;district_code=18|publisher=The Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India|access-date=25 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|style=width:450px;|<br /> #[[Annangi]]<br /> # Basavannapalem<br /> # Burepalli<br /> # Doddavaram<br /> # Doddavarappadu<br /> # Edugundlapadu<br /> # Gadiyapudi<br /> # Garlapadu<br /> # Gundla Palli<br /> # Inamanamellur<br /> # Keerthi Padu<br /> # Kolachanakota<br /> # Lingamgunta<br /> # [[Maddipadu]]<br /> # Mallavaram<br /> # Nagannapalem<br /> # Nandipadu<br /> # Nelatur<br /> # Peda Kotha Palle<br /> # [[Rachavaripalem]]<br /> # Seetharampuram<br /> # Tellabadu<br /> # Vellam Palle<br /> # Venkatarajupalem<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> *[[Prakasam district]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Geographic location<br /> |Centre = Maddipadu mandal<br /> |North = [[Chimakurthi]] mandal<br /> |East = [[Naguluppalapadu]] mandal<br /> |South = [[Ongole]] mandal<br /> |West = [[Santhanuthlapadu]] mandal<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Prakasam district}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Mandals in Prakasam district]]</div>

AdvAcademy01 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rukhmabai&diff=531052 2026-03-15T04:15:21Z

<p>AdvAcademy01: added details.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|One of the first practicing women doctors in colonial India}}<br /> {{redirect|Doctor Rakhmabai|the film based on her life|Doctor Rakhmabai (film)}}<br /> {{pp-move-indef|small=yes}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name =Rukhmabai<br /> | image = Rukhmabai.jpg<br /> | caption =<br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1864|11|22}}<br /> | birth_place =<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age |1955|09|25 |1864|11|22 |df=yes}}<br /> | death_place =<br /> | occupation = Doctor, women's emancipation<br /> | spouse =<br /> | alma_mater =<br /> }}<br /> &lt;!-- if you have come here to add a caste-based surname to her, please read the talk page first --&gt;<br /> '''Rukhmabai''' (22 November 1864 – 25 September 1955) was an Indian [[physician]] and [[Feminism|feminist]]. She is best known for being one of the first practicing women doctors in [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|colonial India]] (the first being Dr. [[Kadambini Ganguly]] who started practicing in 1886) as well as being involved in a landmark legal case involving her marriage as a [[child bride]] between 1884 and 1888. The case raised significant [[public debate]] across several topics, which most prominently included [[law]] vs [[tradition]], [[Reform movement|social reform]] vs [[conservatism]] and [[feminism]] in both [[British Raj|British-ruled India]] and [[England]]. This ultimately contributed to the ''[[Age of Consent Act, 1891|Age of Consent Act]]'' in 1891.<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Rukhmabai was born to Janardhan Pandurang and Jayantibai in a [[Marathi people|Marathi]] family. Janardhan Pandurang died when Rukhmabai was aged between two and six years. After her husband's demise, Jayantibai married the widower [[Sakharam Arjun]], an eminent physician and social activist in Bombay. Remarriage of widows was permitted among the ''[[Suthar]]'' (carpenter) community - the caste to which Rukhmabai's mother belonged.&lt;ref name=&quot;oxford_journal1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |first=Sudhir |last=Chandra |title=Enslaved Daughters: Colonialism, Law and Women's Rights |url=http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195695731.001.0001/acprof-9780195695731 |language=en |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195695731.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-569573-1 |year=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Two and a half years later, 11-year-old Rukhmabai was married to the 19 year old Dadaji Bhikaji, a cousin of her step-father. It was agreed that deviating from the contemporary social norms, Dadaji would stay with Rukhmabai's family as a ''[[Gharjamai|gharjawai]]'' and be fully provided for by them. The expectation was for him to acquire education in due course and &quot;become a good man&quot;. Six months into the marriage, Rukhmabai having reached puberty, the traditional event of ''[[Garbhadhana|Garbhadhan]]'' was held signalling the time for ritual [[consummation]] of marriage. But Dr Sakharam Arjun, being an eminent physician of reformist tendencies, did not permit early consummation.&lt;ref name=&quot;oxford_journal1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> This displeased Bhikaji, now aged 20, who also resented the attempts of Rukhmabai's family to make him &quot;''a good man''&quot;. In addition to his aversion for education, the compulsion to go to sixth standard of school at an age when he should have been at the university was particularly distressing. In the meanwhile, Bhikaji lost his mother and against the advice of Sakharam Arjun, took to living with his maternal uncle Narayan Dhurmaji. The environment of Dhurmaji's home pushed Bhikaji further into a life of [[Laziness|indolence]] and waywardness. He eventually accumulated [[debt]]s which he hoped to clear using the property that accompanied Rukhmabai into the house. Rukhmabai refused to move in to the household of Dhurmaji to live with Bhikaji, a decision supported by her step-father.&lt;ref name=&quot;oxford_journal1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In contrast, in the same years Rukhmabai studied at home using books from a Free Church Mission library. Because of her father's association with religious and social reformers she also came into contact with prominent names like Vishnu Shastri Pandit, a strong proponent of women's causes in Western India at the time, along with European men and women exposing her to liberal [[reformism]]. With her mother, she also regularly attended the weekly meetings of the [[Prarthana Samaj|Prarthanä Samäj]] and Arya Mahilä Samäj.&lt;ref name=consent&gt;{{cite journal|doi=10.1177/026272809201200202|title=The Age of Consent Act (1891) Reconsidered: Women's Perspectives and Participation in the Child-Marriage Controversy in India|journal=South Asia Research|volume=12|issue=2|pages=100–118|year=1992|last1=Anagol-Mcginn|first1=Padma |s2cid=144336522| author-link = Padma Anagol }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;oxford_journal1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KCdeI2FMsp0C|title=At the Heart of the Empire: Indians and the Colonial Encounter in Late-Victorian Britain|last=Burton|first=Antoinette|author-link=Antoinette Burton|date=1998-03-30|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-91945-7|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === &quot;Restitution of conjugal rights&quot; case by Bhikaji ===<br /> In March 1884, Bhikaji sent a legal notice to Sakharam Arjun via his [[lawyer]]s Chalk and Walker, asking him to desist from preventing Rukhmabai from joining him. Eventually Sakharam Arjun sought legal help and via lawyers Payne-Gilbert, and Sayani provided grounds for Rukhmabai's refusal to join Bhikaji.&lt;ref name=case&gt;{{cite book|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195695731.003.0001|chapter=Rukhmabai and Her Case|publisher=Oxford University Press|author=Chandra, Sudhir|title=Enslaved Daughters|pages=15–41|year=2008|editor=Chandra, Sudhir|isbn=9780195695731}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1885, the case of Bhikaji seeking &quot;[[restitution of conjugal rights]]&quot; titled &quot;''Bhikaji vs. Rukhmabai, 1885''&quot; came up for hearing and the judgement was passed by Justice [[Robert Hill Pinhey]]. Pinhey stated that English precedents on [[Restitution of conjugal rights|restitution]] did not apply to the case as the [[English law]] applied to consenting adults. He also found fault with the English law cases and found no precedent in [[Hindu law]]. He declared that Rukhmabai had been wed in her &quot;helpless infancy&quot; and that he could not compel a young lady. Justice Pinhey [[Retirement|retired]] soon after. In 1886, the case was brought up for [[New trial|retrial]]. Rukhmabai's [[counsel]]s included [[John Duncan Inverarity|J.D. Inverarity Jr.]] and [[Kashinath Trimbak Telang]]. The case drew criticisms from various sections of the society, in some cases claims that the law did not respect the sanctity of Hindu customs.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lahiri2013&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Lahiri|first=Shompa|title=Indians in Britain: Anglo-Indian Encounters, Race and Identity, 1880-1930|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sfGOAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA13|access-date=4 March 2014|date=2013-10-18|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135264468|pages=13–}}&lt;/ref&gt; Specifically, criticism of Justice Pinhey's decision came from the ''Native Opinion'', an Anglo-Marathi weekly run by [[Vishwanath Narayan Mandlik]] (1833–89) who supported Bhikaji. A Pune weekly run by [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak|Balgangadhar Tilak]], the ''Mahratta'', wrote that Justice Pinhey did not understand the spirit of Hindu laws and that he sought reforms by &quot;violent means&quot;. In the meantime, a series of articles appearing before and during the trial, in the ''[[The Times of India|Times of India]]'' penned under the [[pseudonym]] ''a Hindu Lady'' also caused public reactions. Later on it was revealed that the author was none other than Rukhmabai. The public debate revolved around multiple points of contention - Hindu versus English Law, reform from the inside versus outside and whether ancient customs deserved respect or not. The first appeal against the case was made on 18 March 1886 and was upheld by Chief Justice Sir Charles Sargent and Justice [[Lyttleton Bayley|L.H. Bayley]]. On 4 March 1887, Justice Farran, using interpretations of Hindu laws, ordered Rukhmabai to &quot;''go live with her husband or face six months of imprisonment''&quot;. Rukhmabai responded that she would rather face imprisonment than obey the verdict. This resulted in further upheaval and social debate.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Rukhmabai: Debate over Woman's Right to Her Person| author=Chandra, Sudhir| journal=Economic and Political Weekly| volume=31| issue=44| year=1996| pages=2937–2947| jstor=4404742}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak|Balgangadhar Tilak]] wrote in the ''[[Kesari (Marathi newspaper)|Kesari]]'' that Rukhmabai's defiance was the result of an English education and declared that Hinduism was in danger.&lt;ref name=consent /&gt; On the other hand, [[Max Müller]] responded writing that the legal route was not the solution to the problem of Rukhmabai's case and that it was Rukhmabai's education that had made her the best judge of her own choices.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Disorder in the Court: Trials and Sexual Conflict at the Turn of the Century|author1=Robb, George| author2=Erber, Nancy| publisher=Springer| year=1999| pages=42–44}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Dissolution of Marriage ===<br /> After the series of court cases which resulted in the [[Affirmation in law|affirmation]] of the marriage, she appealed to [[Queen Victoria]]. <br /> {{Quote box<br /> |quote = Everywhere it is considered one of the greatest blessings of God that we are under the protection of our beloved Queen Victoria's Government, which has its world wide fame for best administration. If such a Government cannot help unyoke us Hindu woman, what Government on earth has the power to relieve the daughters of Ind from their present miseries? This 50th year of our Queen's accession to the most renowned throne is the jubilee year in which every town and every village in her dominions is to show their loyalty in the best way it can, and wish the mother Queen a long happy life, to rule over us for many years with peace and prosperity. At such an unusual occasion will the mother listen to an earnest appeal from her millions of Indian daughters and grant them a few simple words of change into the book on Hindu law- that 'marriages performed before the respective ages of 20 in boys and 15 in girls shall not be considered legal in the eyes of the law if brought before the Court.' This mere sentence will be sufficient for the present to have enough check on [[child marriage]]s, without creating a great vexation among the ignorant masses. This jubilee year must leave some expression on us Hindu women, and nothing will be more gratefully received than the introduction of this mere sentence into our law books. It is the work of a day if God wished it, but without His aid every effort seems to be in vain. So far, dear lady, I have dwelt on your patience, for which an apology is necessary. With best compliments -I remain yours very sincerely, Rukhmabai.<br /> |source = [http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/149538620 Rukhmabai's Testimony to the Government of India. Daily Telegraph, 15 July 1887. page 2.]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> It has been claimed that Queen Victoria overruled the court and dissolved the marriage.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rappaport2003&quot;/&gt; However no primary documentary evidence has been provided to support Queen Victoria's direct intervention in the case.<br /> <br /> In July 1888, a settlement was reached with Bhikaji and he relinquished his claim on Rukhmabai for a payment of two thousand rupees. Bhikaji remarried in 1889&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Florence Nightingale on Social Change in India: Collected Works of Florence Nightingale, Volume 10|editor=Vallée, Gérard | publisher=Wilfrid Laurier University Press|year=2007|pages=775–776}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Rukhmabai went on to become a widely revered feminist and medical practitioner.<br /> <br /> === Influence on Age of Consent Act, 1891 ===<br /> {{Main|Age of Consent Act, 1891}}<br /> The case generated a great deal of debate both within India and England. It drew written commentaries from reformers like [[Behramji Malabari]] (1853-1912), [[Balgangadhar Tilak]], journalistic opinion pieces from prominent names like [[Rudyard Kipling]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lifelifeworkofbe00shahiala#page/112/mode/2up/|author=Malabari, Behramji M.|chapter=&quot;A Hindu Lady&quot;- and her woes|pages=113–117 |title=The Life and Life-work of Behramji M. Malabari|editor=Giduma, Dayaram| year=1888|publisher=Education Society|place=Bombay}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lifelifeworkofbe00shahiala#page/132/mode/2up/|chapter=Rukhmabai and Damayanti|pages=132–134, 222–248|author=Malabari, Behramji M.|title=The Life and Life-work of Behramji M. Malabari|editor=Giduma, Dayaram| year=1888|publisher=Education Society|place=Bombay}}&lt;/ref&gt; and broader feminist discussions in British women's magazines.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Empire in Question: Reading, Writing, and Teaching British Imperialism| author=Burton, Antoinette| publisher=Duke University Press|year= 2011 |pages=199–201}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Disorder in the Court|last=Burton|first=Antoinette|date=1999|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan, London|isbn=9781349405732|pages=33–56|language=en|doi=10.1057/9781403934314_3|chapter = Conjugality on Trial: The Rukhmabai Case and the Debate on Indian Child-Marriage in Late-Victorian Britain}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rappaport2003&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLGhimIiFPoC&amp;pg=PA429|title=Queen Victoria: A Biographical Companion|last=Rappaport|first=Helen|author-link=Helen Rappaport|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2003|isbn=9781851093557|page=429}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=consent /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;openacuk1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/rukhmabai|title=Rukhmabai {{!}} Making Britain|website=www.open.ac.uk|access-date=2017-11-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Antoinette|first=Burton|date=1998-10-01|title=From Child Bride to &quot;Hindoo Lady&quot;: Rukhmabai and the Debate on Sexual Respectability in Imperial Britain|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=103|issue=4|doi=10.1086/ahr/103.4.1119|issn=0002-8762}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Ultimately, the publicity and debate generated by this case helped influence the enactment of the &quot;[[Age of Consent Act, 1891|Age of Consent Act]]&quot; in 1891, which changed the age of consent from 10 to 12 years across British India.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rappaport2003&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> [[File:Rukhmabai Raut c1892.png|thumb|Rukhmabai and others c 1892, LSMW]]<br /> Rukhmabai received support from the likes of [[Edith Pechey]] (then working at the [[Cama Hospital]]) who not only encouraged her but helped raise funds for her further education.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jayawardena, Kamari 2014&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=White Women's Other Burden: Western Women and South Asia during British Rule.|publisher=Routledge|year=2014|author=Jayawardena, Kamari}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other supporters included [[Shivajirao Holkar]] who donated 500 [[Indian rupee|Rupees]] for &quot;''demonstrating courage to intervene against traditions''&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/207760007|newspaper=The Express and Telegraph | date=21 January 1888|page=2|title=Latest Telegrams}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[suffrage]] activists like [[Eva McLaren]] and Walter McLaren, the Countess of Dufferin's Fund for Supplying Medical Aid to the Women of India, [[Adelaide Manning]] and others who helped establish &quot;The Rukhmabai Defence Committee&quot; to help gather fund towards supporting her cause of continuing education. In 1889, Rukhmabai set sail to study medicine in England.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|doi=10.1177/025764309200800203|title=Whose laws?: Notes on a legitimising myth of the colonial Indian state|journal=Studies in History|volume=8|issue=2|pages=187–211|year=1992|last1=Chandra|first1=Sudhir|s2cid=159894938}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1894, she received her [[Doctor of Medicine]] from the [[London School of Medicine for Women]] (LSMW) having also studied at the [[Royal Free Hospital]]. Doctors [[Kadambini Ganguly]] and [[Anandi Gopal Joshi]] were the first Indian women to have received medical degrees in 1886.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://m.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/google-doodle-for-rukhmabai-raut-but-india-s-first-woman-doctor-kadambini-ganguly-remains-forgotten/story-FhKVY8OS4WFWY8PoQ9phBM.html|title=Google doodle for Rukhmabai Raut, but India's first woman doctor Kadambini Ganguly remains forgotten|date=23 November 2017|access-date=24 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; But only [[Kadambini Ganguly|Ganguly]] went on to practice medicine, making Rukhmabai the second woman to both receive a medical degree and practice medicine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/113789/kadambini-ganguly-one-of-indias-first-women-graduates-doctors/|title=The Phenomenal Story of Kadambini: One of India's First Women Graduates &amp; Doctors|last=Jovita Aranha|date=2017-08-31|access-date=22 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1895, she returned to India and worked as the Chief [[Physician|Medical Officer]] at the Women's Hospital in [[Surat]]. In 1918, she turned down the offer of a role in the [[The Women’s Medical Service for India|Woman's Medical Service]], opting instead to work at the [[Zenana]] (Woman's) State Hospital in [[Rajkot]] until her retirement in 1929. She established the Red Cross Society at Rajkot. Rukhmabai chose to settle in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] after her retirement.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jayawardena, Kamari 2014&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rpuSzowmIkgC|title=Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers|last=Rappaport|first=Helen|date=2001|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781576071014|language=en|pages=599}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;openacuk1&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Later life ==<br /> In 1929 after her retirement, she published a pamphlet titled &quot;''[[Purdah]] - the need for its abolition''&quot; arguing that young widows were being denied the chance to actively contribute to Indian society.&lt;ref name=&quot;Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sorabji2010&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Sorabji|first=Richard|title=Opening Doors: The Untold Story of Cornelia Sorabji, Reformer, Lawyer and Champion of Women's Rights in India.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Death ==<br /> Rukhmabai died, aged 90, from [[lung cancer]] on 25 September 1955.<br /> <br /> ==In popular culture==<br /> * In 2008, the specifics of the legal case between Rukhmabai and her husband were published as a book titled ''Enslaved Daughters: Colonialism, Law and Women's Rights'' ({{ISBN|9780195695731}}) by author Sudhir Chandra.&lt;ref name=&quot;oxford_journal1&quot;/&gt;<br /> * In 2016, the story of Rukhmabai was adapted into a Marathi film titled ''[[Doctor Rakhmabai (film)|Doctor Rakhmabai]]'' starring [[Tannishtha Chatterjee]] directed by [[Anant Mahadevan]] and produced by Dr [[Swapna Patker]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Royal Maratha Entertainment|title=Doctor Rakhmabai {{!}} Official Teaser {{!}} Tannishtha Chatterjee|date=2017-03-03|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JxUpy0fNzh4|access-date=2017-11-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''Rukhmabai'' by Sudhir Chandra explores the life and times of a child bride turned rebel-doctor. Published by Pan Macmillan India in 2024, the book is a biography based on decades of research.<br /> <br /> == Recognition ==<br /> * 19?? - A hospital in Surat was named after her&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V57qLrUcbfAC&amp;pg=PA32|access-date=25 November 2015|date=2010-06-15|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=9781848853751|page=32|title=Opening Doors}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rappaport2003&quot; /&gt;<br /> * On 22 November 2017, Google commemorated Rukhmabai's 153rd Birthday with a [[Google Doodle]] on their [[Google|Indian front page]]. Although this gave her name as &quot;Rukhmabai Raut&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://doodles.google/doodle/rukhmabai-rauts-153rd-birthday/ Rukhmabai Raut’s 153rd Birthday] - Google - 22 November 2017&lt;/ref&gt; there is no evidence that she ever used the surname of her father, step-father or of Dadaji. She signed herself as &quot;Rukhmabai&quot; in her medical writings&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Rukhmabai|last2=Bennett|first2=B. H.|date=May 1909|title=A Case of Myxoma|journal=The Indian Medical Gazette|volume=44|issue=5|pages=180|issn=0019-5863|pmc=5167930|pmid=29005240}}&lt;/ref&gt; and her registration with the Registrar of the General Medical Council also only uses &quot;Rukhmabai&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(01)22801-3|title=Medical Register: Untraceable Practitioners|journal=The Lancet|volume=198|issue=5118|pages=732–734|year=1921}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Feminism in India]]<br /> *[[Anandi Gopal Joshi]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Commons category|Rukhmabai}}<br /> * [https://scalar.lehigh.edu/kiplings/the-case-of-rukhmibai-march-10-1887 Kipling's report on the case]<br /> * [https://deepdives.in/rukhmabai-39029235cd35 A visual piece on Rukhmabai's story]<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1864 births]]<br /> [[Category:1955 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]<br /> [[Category:Alumni of the University of London]]<br /> [[Category:People from Bombay Presidency]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian women medical doctors]]<br /> [[Category:Marathi people]]<br /> [[Category:Prarthana Samaj]]<br /> [[Category:Medical doctors from British India]]<br /> [[Category:19th-century Indian women medical doctors]]<br /> [[Category:19th-century Indian medical doctors]]</div>

AdvAcademy01 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kunchacko_Boban&diff=460707 2026-03-11T08:31:28Z

<p>AdvAcademy01: expand details and added references based on references</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian actor and film producer}}<br /> {{Indian patronymic|Kunchacko|Boban}}<br /> {{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Kunchacko Boban<br /> | image = Kunchacko boban.JPG<br /> | caption = Kunchacko Boban in 2008<br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_place = [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]], [[Kerala]], India<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1976|11|2|df=y}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151102/entertainment-mollywood/article/chackochan-gets-birthday-surprise-sets|title=Chackochan gets a birthday surprise on sets|date=3 November 2015|time={{time needed |date=November 2016}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | alma mater = {{ubl|[[St. Berchmans College]], [[Changanassery]]|[[Sanatana Dharma College]], [[Alappuzha]] ([[B. Com.]])}}<br /> | occupation = {{hlist|Actor|producer|businessman}}<br /> | years_active = 1981 (child artist);&lt;br/&gt;1997–present<br /> | works = [[Kunchacko Boban filmography|Full list]]<br /> | other_names = Chackochan&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/chackochan<br /> |title=Latest News, Videos and Photos of Chackochan<br /> |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;Youth Icon<br /> | spouse = {{marriage|Priya Ann Samuel|2005}}<br /> | children = 1<br /> | father = [[Boban Kunchacko]]<br /> | relatives = {{ubl|[[Kunchacko]] (grandfather)|[[Jijo Punnoose]] (uncle)|[[Navodaya Appachan]] (granduncle)|[[Rohan Biju]] (Nephew)| [[Sarah Biju]] (Niece)}}<br /> | family = See [[List of South Indian film families#Kunchacko family|Kunchacko family]]<br /> | awards = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Kunchacko Boban''' (born 2 November 1976) is an Indian actor and film producer who works in the [[Malayalam film industry]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/interview/2017/08/09/kunchacko-boban-on-changing-roles-varnyathil-ashanka.html |title=Four decades of Kunchacko Boban |access-date=10 November 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811125029/https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/interview/2017/08/09/kunchacko-boban-on-changing-roles-varnyathil-ashanka.html |archivedate=11 August 2017 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is referred to as '''Chackochan''', and during the early 2000s, he was called &quot;chocolate boy&quot; because of his romantic image.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-07-13 |title=Kunchacko Boban: 'I used to unwind myself by reading Padmini's script during the filming of the highly-challenging Ariyippu' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/actor-kunchacko-boban-script-padmini-romance-cinema-senna-hegde-ariyippu-8826960/ |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Romance is more complex: Kunchacko Boban |date=28 November 2017 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/281117/romance-is-more-complex-kunchacko-boban.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; He has acted in more than 100 films in more than two decades. He is a member of the [[List of South Indian film families#Kunchacko family|Kunchacko family]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/back-in-the-reckoning/article8334707.ece |title=Back in the reckoning |newspaper=The Hindu |date=10 March 2016 |access-date=23 June 2016|last1=Anand |first1=Shilpa Nair }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Kunchacko's debut was as a child in the film ''[[Dhanya (film)|Dhanya]]'' (1981) produced by his father [[Boban Kunchacko]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=George|first=Anjana|title=Mollywood stars recall their stint as child artistes|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Mollywood-stars-recall-their-stint-as-child-artistes/articleshow/55410938.cms|access-date=29 November 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 January 2017|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20171129152413/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Mollywood-stars-recall-their-stint-as-child-artistes/articleshow/55410938.cms|archivedate=29 November 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Ramachandran|first=Mythily|title=Kunchako Boban revives family banner 'Udhaya Pictures'|url=http://gulfnews.com/life-style/celebrity/desi-news/south-india/kunchako-boban-revives-family-banner-udhaya-pictures-1.1911739|access-date=29 November 2017|work=[[Gulf News]]|date=12 October 2016|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20171129152647/http://gulfnews.com/life-style/celebrity/desi-news/south-india/kunchako-boban-revives-family-banner-udhaya-pictures-1.1911739|archivedate=29 November 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He debuted as an adult leading role in [[Fazil (director)|Fazil]]'s 1997 romantic drama ''[[Aniyathipraavu]]'' opposite [[Shalini (actress)|Shalini]], which became the [[List of highest-grossing Malayalam films|highest-grossing Malayalam film]] till that point, establishing him as a bankable actor overnight.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kunchacko-boban-turns-nostalgic-while-travelling-through-this-lane/articleshow/79722728.cms|title=Kunchacko Boban turns nostalgic while travelling through THIS lane!|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-keralakollywood-script/article7453288.ece|title=The Kerala-Kollywood script|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/offscreen-tales-of-box-office-hits/article6417673.ece|title=Off-screen tales of box office hits|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; He appeared in a brief role in ''[[Harikrishnans]]'' (1998) starring [[Mohanlal]] and [[Mammootty]], which was the top Malayalam box office grosser of the year. Kunchacko and Shalini joined again in the successful romantic films ''[[Nakshatratharattu]]'' (1998), ''[[Niram]]'' (1999) and ''[[Prem Poojari]]'' (1999).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Edison |date=21 July 2014 |title=I'm taking my films more seriously now: Kunchacko Boban |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/im-taking-my-films-more-seriously-now-kunchacko-boban/articleshow/38743585.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Niram]]'' (2000) emerged as one of the highest-grossing films of the year, spawning several remakes. By then he had created a &quot;romantic hero&quot; image in Malayalam cinema, nevertheless, he also had success in other genres, as a villager in the [[Comedy film|comedy]] ''[[Narendran Makan Jayakanthan Vaka]]'' (2001) and as a son to a debt-ridden family in the drama ''[[Kasthooriman]]'' (2003). His career took a setback after few box office failures during the mid-2000s. He took a break from films in 2006 and moved on to business.<br /> <br /> Post a hiatus of three years he returned to films with the 2009 comedy ''[[Gulumal: The Escape]]'', a commercial success.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Gayathry |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2013/jayasurya-kunchacko-boban-movie-locals-120982.html |title=Jayasurya And Kunchacko Boban in Locals – Oneindia Entertainment |publisher=Oneindia |date=28 September 2013 |access-date=25 October 2013 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191813/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/news/2013/jayasurya-kunchacko-boban-movie-locals-120982.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; After his comeback, Kunchacko completely changed his romantic hero image and he proved his versatility as an actor by doing various different roles.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/220718/breaking-the-filmy-mould.html |title=Breaking the filmy mould |access-date=22 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; He regained his stardom with commercially successful films and reestablished himself as one of the popular lead actors of [[Malayalam cinema]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://onlookersmedia.in/latestnews/kunchacko-boban-says-he-do-not-deserve-the-title-of-a-superstar |title=Kunchacko Boban says he does not deserve the title of a Superstar |date=4 September 2015 |access-date=25 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; His roles in critically and commercially acclaimed films like [[Traffic (2011 film)|''Traffic'']] (2011), [[How Old Are You? (film)|''How Old Are'' ''You?'']] (2014), [[Take Off (2017 film)|''Take Off'']] (2017), ''[[Vettah]]'' (2016), [[Virus (2019 film)|''Virus'']] (2019), ''[[Anjaam Pathiraa]]'' (2020), [[Nayattu (2021 film)|''Nayattu'']] (2021), [[Pada (film)|''Pada'']] (2022), ''[[Nna Thaan Case Kodu]]'' (2022), ''[[2018 (film)|2018]]'' (2023), ''[[Bougainvillea (film)|Bougainvillea]]'' (2024) and ''[[Officer on Duty]]'' (2025) were widely appreciated. He won the [[Kerala State Film Awards|Kerala State Film Award]] for his performance in the satire, ''Nna Thaan Case Kodu'' and the ensemble survival thriller ''2018'' (2023) became the highest grossing Malayalam film up to that point. He is also known for his dancing skills.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2018/kunchacko-boban-is-at-his-best-kuttanadan-marpappa-song-272542.html |title=Kunchacko Boban Is at His Best in This New Dance Number! |date=22 March 2018 |access-date=22 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2016, Kunchacko produced the comedy drama film ''[[Kochavva Paulo Ayyappa Coelho]]'' through [[Udaya Studios]], in the process of reviving the studio after a 30-year hiatus.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2016/kunchacko-boban-with-kochavva-paulo-ayyappa-coelho-218385.html |title=Kunchacko Boban With 'Kochavva Paulo Ayyappa Coelho' |date=7 March 2016 |access-date=15 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also launched another production house, Kunchacko Boban Productions, debuting with the Mahesh Narayanan directorial, ''[[Ariyippu]]'' (2022), which premiered in the ''Concorso internazionale'' of the [[75th Locarno Film Festival]] on 4 August 2022, where it was nominated for [[Golden Leopard]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2022-12-07 |title=Mahesh Narayanan's 'Ariyippu' to premiere December 16 on Netflix |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mahesh-narayanans-ariyippu-to-premiere-december-16-on-netflix/article66234776.ece#:~:text=The%20film%20is%20directed%20by,Netflix%20from%2016th%20December%202022. |access-date=2025-04-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life and family==<br /> &lt;!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Chackochan&amp;Priya.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Boban with his wife Priya]] --&gt;<br /> Kunchacko Boban (also known as Chackochan)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Chackochan shows off his cooking skills, prepares health drink |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/movie-actor-kunchacko-boban-8148a3ce?utm_source=chatgpt.com |work=@mathrubhumi |date=2 August 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{AI-retrieved source|date=March 2026|checked=no}} was born in [[Alappuzha]], [[Kerala]]. He hails from the Maliampurakal family, which is credited for owning the first film studio in Kerala, [[Udaya Studios]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=archive |first1=From our online |title=Kerala's famed Udaya studio to be a memory soon |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2019/May/06/keralas-famed-udaya-studio-to-be-a-memory-soon-1973404.html#:~:text=The%20studio%20that%20was%20set,industry%2C%22%20Director%20Blessy%20said. |work=The New Indian Express |date=6 May 2019 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pycker&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://pycker.com/celebrities/kunchacko-boban/biography|title=Kunchacko Boban Biography|access-date=23 June 2012|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805124731/https://pycker.com/celebrities/kunchacko-boban/biography|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; considered the ancestral home of the Malayalam film industry. His great-grandfather, M. M. Chacko, started the first boat service in [[Kuttanad]].<br /> <br /> He was named after his grandfather, the legendary film producer [[Kunchacko]], who established Udaya Studios. He is the grand-nephew&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Happy Birthday Kunchacko Boban |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/happy-birthday-kunchacko-boban/articleshow/66472736.cms#:~:text=Mollwood's%20all%20time%20chocolate%20hero,Allu%20Ramendran%20and%20Thattinpurath%20Achyuthan. |work=The Times of India |date=2 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; of [[Navodaya Appachan]] of [[Navodaya Studio]]s. His father, Boban Kunchako, is the cousin of [[Jijo Punnoose|Jijo Punnose]], also a film director.&lt;ref name=&quot;pycker&quot;/&gt; His father, [[Boban Kunchacko]], was also an actor, director, and producer who was part of a few films produced by Udaya. Kunchacko’s mother, Molly, is a housewife and has two younger sisters, Anu and Minu.&lt;ref name=&quot;pycker&quot;/&gt; <br /> <br /> After completing his pre-degree&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=‘പഠിക്കാനാണ് പോയത്, കളിച്ചു നടക്കാനല്ല’, ഒരിക്കൽ മാത്രം ക്ലാസ് കട്ട് ചെയ്ത് സിനിമയ്ക്ക് പോയി; എസ്ബി ഓർമകളുമായി കുഞ്ചാക്കോ ബോബൻ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/career-education/education-news/2021/06/21/kunchacko-boban-share-his-memoirs-about-sb-college-changanacherry.html |work=‘പഠിക്കാനാണ് പോയത്, കളിച്ചു നടക്കാനല്ല’, ഒരിക്കൽ മാത്രം ക്ലാസ് കട്ട് ചെയ്ത് സിനിമയ്ക്ക് പോയി; എസ്ബി ഓർമകളുമായി കുഞ്ചാക്കോ ബോബൻ |language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt; from [[St. Berchmans College|SB College, Changanacherry]], in 1996, he graduated with a first-class in [[Bachelor of Commerce|B.Com]] from [[SD College, Alappuzha]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Kunchacko Boban revisits his college days |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kunchacko-boban-revisits-his-college-days/articleshow/62523605.cms |work=The Times of India |date=16 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; in 1997.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Im-taking-my-films-more-seriously-now-Kunchacko-Boban/articleshow/38743585.cms |title=Kunchacko Boban's degree |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=25 July 2014|last1=Thomas |first1=Edison }}&lt;/ref&gt; Being an avid sports enthusiast, he plays various games like [[cricket]], [[table tennis]], [[basketball]], and [[badminton]], with [[badminton]] being the one he is best at. He was trained in [[Bharatanatyam]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=ഡാൻസ് കളിക്കാൻ പഠിപ്പിച്ചത് അമ്മച്ചിയാണെന്ന് ചാക്കോച്ചൻ |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/celebrity-news/my-grandmother-teach-me-to-dance-well-says-kunchacko-boban/articleshow/70410399.cms |work=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt; during his childhood.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Shrijith |first1=Sajin |title=INTERVIEW {{!}} I just want to be known as 'The Actor', says Malayalam actor Kunchacko Boban |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/Sep/01/interview-i-just-want-to-be-known-as-the-actor-says-malayalam-actor-kunchacko-boban-2493509.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=2 September 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/malayalam/kunchacko-boban-uses-lockdown-to-perfect-his-shuttle-skills/videoshow/74911954.cms|title=Kunchacko Boban is a fantastic badminton player |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=30 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> Kunchacko Boban married his fan-turned long-term sweetheart, Priya Ann Samuel, on April 2, 2005, at the Little Flower Syro-Malabar Catholic Church in Ernakulam.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/KunchackoBoban/photos/pb.289882494497562.-2207520000../1590385624447236/?type=3&amp;theater|website = [[Facebook]] | title = Facebook Photo }}{{better source needed|date=June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/kunchacko-boban-celebrates-14th-wedding-anniversary-says-this-year-is-extra-special--1.3696272|title=Kunchacko Boban celebrates 14th wedding anniversary|access-date=2 April 2019|archive-date=4 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804174748/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/kunchacko-boban-celebrates-14th-wedding-anniversary-says-this-year-is-extra-special--1.3696272|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; They became parents to Izahaak Boban Kunchacko on April 16, 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/kunchacko-boban-priya-ann-samuel-blessed-with-baby-boy-5681587/|title=Kunchacko Boban and Priya Ann Samuel blessed with a baby boy |access-date=16 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kunchacko-boban-names-his-son-izahaak/articleshow/69304929.cms|title=Kunchacko Boban names his son Izahaak |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=13 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; His son's baptism took place on 30 June 2019, and the event was attended by prominent personalities of the Malayalam film industry.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/meet-izahaak-actor-kunchacko-posts-video-his-babys-baptism-105600|title=Izahaak Boban Kunchacko baptism |date=17 July 2019 |access-date=17 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Acting career==<br /> ===1997–2006===<br /> Kunchacko Boban was introduced into the Malayalam film industry by versatile director [[Fazil (director)|Fazil]]. His debut film, ''[[Aniathipravu]]'' (1997), co-starring [[Shalini Kumar|Shalini]], and directed by Fazil,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.metromatinee.com/artist/Kunchacko%20Boban-1042 |title=kunchacko boban |date=8 June 2011 |access-date=2 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609145104/http://www.metromatinee.com/artist/Kunchacko%20Boban-1042 |archive-date=9 June 2012 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; turned out to be [[List of highest-grossing Malayalam films|the highest-grossing Malayalam film]] ever and Kunchacko Boban's performance as Sudhi, the lead character was well received by young audiences and families. The Kunchacko Boban - Shalini pair was considered one of the best star pairs of the Malayalam film industry.|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/20-years-of-aniyathi-pravu-kunchako-boban-shalini-actress-1.1680371|title=നല്ല സിനിമ മരിക്കില്ല; അനിയത്തിപ്രാവ് തെളിവ്...|date=24 January 2017 |access-date=24 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Following the success of ''Aniathipravu'', Kunchacko Boban was cast in hit films such as ''[[Nakshathrathaarattu]]'' (1998), ''[[Mayilpeelikkavu]]'' (1998) and ''[[Niram]]'' (1999), which was among 1999's [[List of highest-grossing Malayalam films|highest-grossing Malayalam films]] and songs of &quot;Niram&quot; are still very popular.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}} The actor reunited with his debut film's director Fazil in ''[[Harikrishnans]]'', where he played a cameo, which marked the reunion of [[Mohanlal]] and [[Mammootty]] after eight years and it was [[List of highest-grossing Malayalam films|the highest-grossing Malayalam film]] of the year.|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2017/mammootty-mohanlal-s-harikrishnans-location-stills-throwback-263245.html|title=THROWBACK: Mammootty &amp; Mohanlal's Harikrishnans Location |date=14 June 2017 |access-date=15 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Then he appeared in commercially successful films such as ''[[Priyam (2000 film)|Priyam]]'' (2000), ''[[Sathyam Sivam Sundaram (2000 film)|Sathyam Sivam Sundaram]]'' (2000), ''[[Dhosth (2001 Malayalam film)|Dosth]]'' (2001), ''[[Narendran Makan Jayakanthan Vaka]]'' (2001) and ''[[Kalyanaraman (2002 film)|Kalyanaraman]]'' (2002).<br /> <br /> In 2005, after his marriage, he took a break from films.<br /> <br /> ===2008–present===<br /> Kunchacko Boban returned to films in 2008 with a special appearance in a song in ''[[Twenty:20 (film)|Twenty:20]]'' and later acted in [[Shafi (director)|Shafi]]'s ''[[LollyPop]]''. His real comeback was in 2009 with comedy film ''[[Gulumal: The Escape]]'', directed by popular ad filmmaker and director [[V. K. Prakash]]. ''Gulumal'' was followed by a string of successful films which established him as one of the most successful actors of the last decade and he made a complete makeover of his screen image in his comeback.<br /> <br /> In 2010 he played the lead role in the films such as [[Jeethu Joseph]]'s ''[[Mummy &amp; Me]]'', ''[[Sakudumbam Shyamala]]'' and [[Lal Jose]]'s ''[[Elsamma Enna Aankutty]]'', all of which were commercial successes and reviewers praised Kunchacko Boban for his performance in ''Elsamma Enna Aankutty''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/top-10-malayalam-grossers-of-2010-imagegallery-10-malayalam-lbfk9Ueijffsi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418150721/http://www.sify.com/movies/top-10-malayalam-grossers-of-2010-imagegallery-10-malayalam-lbfk9Ueijffsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2019 |website=[[Sify]] |title=top-10-malayalam-grossers-of-2010 |access-date=15 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2011, he played the central character in the road thriller film ''[[Traffic (2011 film)|Traffic]]''. The film's success and wide critical acclaim ushered in a trend that followed in Malayalam cinema, dubbed the ''New generation movies''. This was followed by another film ''[[Seniors (film)|Seniors]]'' where for the first time he took on a negative role playing a criminal, which was commercial success at the box office&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://m.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14971482 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320194845/http://m.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14971482 |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 March 2018 |title=Kerala has a sunny summer box office! |work=[[Sify]] |date=31 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; and he won [[SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role - Malayalam]]. In the same year he acted again in films like ''[[Three Kings (2011 film)|Three Kings]]'', ''[[Sevens (film)|Sevens]]'' and ''[[Doctor Love (film)|Doctor Love]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeverdicts.blogspot.com/2012/01/kerala-box-office-review-2011.html |title=List of {{sic|succ|esful|nolink=y}} Films in 2011 |access-date=10 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also won the Youth Icon award at [[Asianet Film Awards]].<br /> <br /> In 2012, he was featured in three films, [[Lal Jose]]'s ''[[Spanish Masala]]'', ''[[Ordinary (film)|Ordinary]]'' and ''[[Mallu Singh]]''. In ''[[Spanish Masala]]'' he played a full-length negative role which had [[Dileep]] as main lead. ''[[Ordinary (film)|Ordinary]]'' had a high opening at the Kerala box office and had 10,000 showings in theatres before reaching the 50-day mark.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/81774.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508031714/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/81774.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 May 2012 |title=&quot;Ordinary&quot; completes 10000 shows |website=IndiaGlitz.com |date=4 May 2012 |access-date=28 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Mallu Singh]]'' is credited as 50th film of Kunchacko Boban.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Paresh C Palicha|title=Review: Nothing original about Mallu Singh|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-mallu-singh/20120507.htm|date=7 May 2012|work=[[Rediff.com]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Ordinary (film)|Ordinary]]'' and ''[[Mallu Singh]]'' both films became major commercial success at the box office.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.movies-malayalam.com/p/malayalam-box-office-2012.html |title=Kerala box office 2012 |access-date=20 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> His started 2013 with comedy thriller ''[[Romans (2013 film)|Romans]]'', which was a blockbuster at the box office and later, ''[[3 Dots]]'', ''[[God for Sale: Bhakthi Prasthanam]]'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Thomas |first=Pramod |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/A-badly-made-movie-built-on-a-weak-script/2013/10/16/article1660135.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191340/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/A-badly-made-movie-built-on-a-weak-script/2013/10/16/article1660135.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 October 2013 |title=A badly made movie built on a weak script |work=The New Indian Express |date=16 October 2013 |access-date=25 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Kadhaveedu]]'', ''[[Vishudhan]]'', and ''[[Pullipulikalum Aattinkuttiyum]]'', a commercial success.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/reviews/2013/pullipulikalum-aattinkuttiyum-movie-review-116840.html|title=Pullipulikalum Aattinkuttiyum - Movie Review|date=9 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Kunchacko Boban also gained critical acclaim for his performance, in films such as ''[[God for Sale: Bhakthi Prasthanam]]'' (2013), ''[[Vishudhan]]'' (2013), ''[[Kadhaveedu]]'' (2013), ''[[How Old Are You? (film)|How Old Are You]]'' (2014), ''[[Madhura Naranga]]'' (2015), ''[[Valiya Chirakulla Pakshikal]]'' (2015) and ''[[Vettah]]'' (2016).<br /> <br /> He was also a part of ''[[Valiya Chirakulla Pakshikal]]'', directed by Dr. Biju, was an eye-opener on how the use of [[endosulfan]] affected Northern Kerala villages.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/environment/killing-fields-of-kasaragod-1.1830104 |title=Killing fields of Kasaragod |date=18 May 2016 |access-date=25 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was screened at the United Nations and was also selected for many world-famous film festivals including the Toronto Film Festival, New York Indian Film Festival, and International Film Festival of India. ''[[Valiya Chirakulla Pakshikal]]'' earned the national award for Best Film made on environmental preservation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/63rd-National-Film-Awards-List-of-winners/articleshow/51580133.cms |title=63rd National Film Awards: List of winners |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=15 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2016, Kunchacko revamped Udaya Pictures, the iconic Malayalam production house. ''[[Kochauvva Paulo Ayyappa Coelho]]'' marked his debut as a producer under this new film outfit.<br /> <br /> The year 2017 saw three films, ''[[Take Off (2017 film)|Take Off]]'', ''[[Ramante Eden Thottam]]'' and ''[[Varnyathil Aashanka]]'', earned him numerous accolades as a mature and versatile actor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2017/kunchacko-boban-movies-2017-yet-another-fantastic-year-the-actor-in-him-270611.html |title=Kunchacko Boban's 2017: Yet Another Fantastic Year for the Actor in Him! |date=28 December 2017 |access-date=2 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Take Off (2017 film)|Take Off]]'' was produced in memory of the late director [[Rajesh Pillai]] and earned several awards in State, National and International competitions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/national-film-awards-jury-praises-standard-malayalam-films-and-quality-acting-79519 |title=65th National Film Awards: List of winners |date=13 April 2018 |access-date=20 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/international-film-festival-of-india-1096545-2017-11-29 |title=48th International Film Festival of India |date=29 November 2017 |access-date=29 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The characters of these films earned him the Family Hero award at the [[Vanitha Film Awards]] and Best Actor critics award at the [[Asianet Film Awards]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://regional.pinkvilla.com/malayalam/news/vanitha-film-awards-2018-winners |title=Vanitha Film Awards 2018: Here are the winners |access-date=26 February 2018 |archive-date=12 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812085214/https://regional.pinkvilla.com/malayalam/news/vanitha-film-awards-2018-winners/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The film also happened to release on the 20th anniversary of his film debut ''[[Aniyathipravu]]''.<br /> <br /> He began 2018 with back-to-back successful films, ''[[Shikkari Shambhu]]'', ''[[Kuttanadan Marpappa]]'' and ''[[Panchavarnathatha]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2018/kunchacko-boban-has-scored-hat-trick-hits-2018-so-far-273439.html|title=Kunchacko Boban Has Already Scored A Hat-trick Of Hits in 2018 So Far!|date=30 April 2018|access-date=30 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; His next two releases were ''[[Mangalyam Thanthunanena]]'' and ''[[Johny Johny Yes Appa]]''. His final release of the year was [[Lal Jose]]'s ''[[Thattumpurath Achuthan]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/list/ls026078272/|title=2018:All Malayalam Movies Box Office Verdict |website=[[IMDb]] |access-date=9 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> His releases of 2019 were comedy-thriller ''[[Allu Ramendran]]'' and a medical thriller ''[[Virus (2019 film)|Virus]]''. Allu Ramendran met with a positive response and was a commercial success. [[Virus (2019 film)|Virus]] received critical acclaim and was a major box office success of 2019. His performance in both films was highly praised. His first release of 2020 was crime thriller ''[[Anjaam Pathiraa]]'', in which he played the central character, Anwar Hussain. The film received highly positive reviews and becomes the first blockbuster film of 2020 in Malayalam Film Industry. The film considered the highest-grossing Malayalam films of the year grossed ₹50 crores worldwide &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/malayalam-film-anjaam-pathira-gets-hindi-remake-132090|title=Malayalam film 'Anjaam Pathiraa' gets a Hindi remake|work=[[The News Minute]]|date=1 September 2020|access-date=18 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; and also the highest TRP rated Malayalam film of the year across all channels as well as [[Surya Tv]]'s all-time biggest TRP rated film ever.<br /> <br /> He started 2021 with three movies. ''[[Nayattu (2021 film)|Nayattu]]'',&lt;ref name=&quot;techradar.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.techradar.com/news/malayalam-movie-nayattu-is-a-big-winner-on-indian-ott-platform|title = Malayalam movie Nayattu is a big winner on Indian OTT platform|date = 10 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; which was released in theatres on 8 April, was critically acclaimed for showing the truth of the political circus. The movie was later released on Netflix.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/nayattu-movie-review-kunchako-boban-joju-george-and-nimisha-sajayan-starrer-thriller-shows-the-truth-of-political-circus-7309008/|title = Nayattu movie review: Kunchako Boban, Joju George, Nimisha Sajayan's thriller shows the truth of political circus|date = 10 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The other two, ''[[Nizhal (2021 film)|Nizhal]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;indianexpress.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/nizhal-movie-review-nayanthara-kunchacko-boban-starrer-thriller-is-disappointing-7311024/|title=Nizhal movie review: Nayanthara, Kunchacko Boban thriller is high on promise and low on delivery|date=12 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; and ''[[Mohan Kumar Fans]]'', were also released in theatres.'[[Mohan Kumar Fans]]' was praised for their effective blend of satire and emotional drama.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/malayalam/2021/mar/19/mohan-kumar-fans-movie-review-a-fairly-effective-blend-of-satire-and-emotional-drama-23451.html|title = Mohan Kumar Fans Movie Review: A fairly effective blend of satire and emotional drama| website=[[Cinema Express]] | date=19 March 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; He ended 2021 with ''[[Bheemante Vazhi]]'', which saw a theatre release on 3 December 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/mobile/movies-music/news/kunchacko-boban-chemban-vinod-ashraf-hamsa-movie-bheemante-vazhi-release-date-announced-1.6149468|title=കുഞ്ചാക്കോ ബോബന്റെ 'ഭീമന്റെ വഴി' ഡിസംബറിൽ തീയേറ്ററുകളിൽ|date=5 November 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; After four weeks of theatrical run, the film was released in [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 30 December 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://getindianews.com/bheemante-vazhi-ott-release-date-and-time-on-amazon-prime-video-confirmed/|title=Bheemante Vazhi OTT Release Date and Time on Amazon Prime Video Confirmed|date=15 January 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/bheemante-vazhi-on-amazon-prime-video-ott-release-kunchacko-boban-chemban-vinod-jose-r4x9zl|title=Bheemante Vazhi on Prime Video : ചാക്കോച്ചന്‍റെ വേറിട്ട കഥാപാത്രം; 'ഭീമന്‍റെ വഴി' ആമസോണ്‍ പ്രൈമില്‍}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He started 2022 with political social-thriller film ''[[Pada (film)|Pada]]'' and starred in ''[[Ariyippu]]'' and ''[[Nna Thaan Case Kodu]]'' later that year. All three films opened to highly positive reviews.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/pada-movie-review-captivating-thriller-on-a-real-life-fight-for-adivasi-rights-and-the-fury-of-the-oppressed-10546411.html|title=Pada movie review: Captivating thriller on a real-life fight for Adivasi rights and the fury of the oppressed|author=Anna M. M. Vetticad|website=Firstpost|date=12 April 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/aug/11/ariyippu-review-mahesh-narayanan-examines-a-volatile-situation-in-his-finest-2486238.html|title='Ariyippu' review: Mahesh Narayanan examines a volatile situation in his finest|first=Sajin |last=Shrijith |date=11 August 2022|access-date=12 August 2022|website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2022-08-11 |title='Nna Thaan Case Kodu' movie review: An earnest Kunchacko Boban in a biting satire |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nna-thaan-case-kodu-movie-review-an-earnest-kunchacko-boban-in-a-biting-satire/article65757600.ece |access-date=2023-07-21 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kunchako was a part of the multistarrer ''[[2018 (film)|2018]]'' (2023) based on the [[2018 Kerala floods]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='2018' is a well-made film that recreates one of Kerala's worst moments in recent memory |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2023/05/05/jude-anthany-joseph-2018-movie-review-tovino-thomas.html |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=OnManorama |archive-date=20 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520185901/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2023/05/05/jude-anthany-joseph-2018-movie-review-tovino-thomas.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> {{Main|Kunchacko Boban filmography}}<br /> <br /> ==Other works==<br /> Besides films and business, Kunchacko support [[social causes]]. In 2014 Kunchacko Boban, launched Celebrity Cricket Club (C3). He is the chairman of the organisation C3, and a group of celebrities came together to pledge their time and effort for charity initiative. The club stands for cricket, charity and comradeship.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://fwdlife.in/celebrity-cricket-club|title=FWD launches CELEBRITY CRICKET CLUB |date=18 July 2014 |access-date=18 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2015, he opened Al Fasht Medical Centre in [[Sharjah]], a medical centre providing comparatively low-cost health care for [[child development|child behaviour]], [[autism]], and adult [[psychiatry]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/general/film-star-kunchako-boban-on-a-social-mission|title = Film star Kunchako Boban on a social mission}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/kunchako-boban-to-celebrate-wedding-anniversary-in-a-special-way-1.1482698|title = Kunchako Boban to celebrate wedding anniversary in a special way| date=31 March 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/malayalam-star-kunjchako-boban-opens-autism-centre-in-uae-2015-03-03-1.582889|title = Malayalam star Kunjchako Boban opens autism centre in UAE - Entertainment - Emirates24&amp;#124;7| date=3 March 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Television ==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year !! Title !! Role !! Channel !!Notes !! Ref<br /> |-<br /> | 2018 || ''[[Nayika Nayakan]]'' || Mentor || [[Mazhavil Manorama]] || Reality Show || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/nayika-nayakan-fame-meenakshi-shares-a-candid-photo-with-actor-kunchako-boban/articleshow/66243150.cms|title=Nayika Nayakan fame Meenakshi shares a candid photo with actor Kunchako Boban|work=The Times of India|date=16 October 2018|access-date=23 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2019 || ''Mazhavil Entertainment Awards'' || Host || [[Mazhavil Manorama]] || Award Show || <br /> |-<br /> |2020 ||''Star Magic'' || Himself on Onam Celebration || [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]] ||Special Guest ||<br /> |-<br /> |2020 ||''Changanu Chackochan'' || Himself on Christmas Celebration || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] ||Special Show ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/mollywood-star-kunchacko-boban-is-back-with-a-christmas-special-show-on-tv/articleshow/79742253.cms|title=Mollywood star Kunchacko Boban is back with a Christmas special show on TV|work=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2021||''Funs Upon a Time''||Judge||[[Amrita TV]]||Reality show||<br /> |-<br /> |2021||''E-Classil Njanumund ''||Host||Amrita TV||Happiness Challenge: Social service show||<br /> |-<br /> |2021||''Anjinodu Injodinju''||Contestant||Surya TV||Game show||<br /> |-<br /> |2023||''Dancing stars''||Grand finale judge||Asianet||reality show||<br /> |-<br /> |2023 ||''Pullipulikalum Chackochanum'' || Himself on Onam Celebration || [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]] ||Special Guest ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Awards and nominations==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Award<br /> ! Category<br /> ! Film<br /> ! Result<br /> ! Ref<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |<br /> [[Kerala State Film Awards]] <br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2022<br /> | Best Actor<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''[[Nna Thaan Case Kodu]]''<br /> |{{Nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | Special Jury Award (Acting)<br /> | {{Won}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | 2004<br /> | Special Jury Mention (Acting)<br /> | ''[[Ee Snehatheerathu]]''<br /> | {{Won}}<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Locarno Film Festival]] <br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2022<br /> | Best Actor <br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''[[Ariyippu]]''<br /> |{{Nom}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | Best Film <br /> |{{Nom}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | [[South Indian International Movie Awards]]<br /> | 2012<br /> | Best Actor in a Negative Role (Malayalam)<br /> | ''[[Seniors (film)|Seniors]]''<br /> | {{Won}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2020<br /> | Best Actor (Malayalam)<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''[[Anjaam Pathiraa]]''<br /> |{{Nom}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dhanush-manju-warrier-chetan-kumar-others-siima-awards-announces-nominees-154502|title=Dhanush, Manju Warrier, Chetan Kumar, others: SIIMA Awards announces nominees|work=The News Minute|date=28 August 2021|access-date=27 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Best Actor Critics (Malayalam)<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2021/09/20/siima-awards-malayalam-winners-list-2019-2020-films.html|title=SIIMA awards: Check out Malayalam winners of 2019 and 2020|date=20 September 2021 |access-date=27 September 2021|work=Onmaorama}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2022<br /> | Best Actor (Malayalam)<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''[[Nna Thaan Case Kodu]]''<br /> |{{Nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | Best Actor Critics (Malayalam)<br /> | {{Won}}<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | [[Filmfare Awards]]<br /> | 2010<br /> | Best Actor – Malayalam<br /> | ''[[Elsamma Enna Aankutty]]''<br /> | {{Nominated}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2018<br /> | Best Supporting Actor - Malayalam<br /> | ''[[Take Off (2017 film)|Take Off]]''<br /> | {{Nominated}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2022<br /> | Best Actor - Malayalam<br /> | ''[[Anjaam Pathiraa]]''<br /> | {{Nominated}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2023<br /> | Best Actor – Malayalam<br /> | ''[[Nna Thaan Case Kodu]]''<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2023<br /> | Best Movie – Malayalam<br /> | ''[[Nna Thaan Case Kodu]]''<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2023<br /> | Best Movie (Critics) – Malayalam<br /> | ''[[Ariyippu]]''<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]]<br /> | 2022<br /> | Best Actor<br /> | ''[[Nna Thaan Case Kodu]]'', ''[[Ariyippu]]'' and ''[[Pada (film)|Pada]]''<br /> | {{Won}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[J. C. Daniel Award]]<br /> | 2022 <br /> | Best Actor<br /> | ''[[Nna Thaan Case Kodu]]'', ''[[Ariyippu]]''<br /> | {{Won}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Asiavision Awards]]<br /> | 2016<br /> | Man of the Year<br /> | ''[[Kochavva Paulo Ayyappa Coelho]]'' and ''[[Vettah]]''<br /> | {{Won}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[IIFA Utsavam]]<br /> | 2016<br /> | Best Actor in a Negative Role – Malayalam<br /> | ''[[Chirakodinja Kinavukal]]''<br /> | {{Nominated}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | [[Asianet Film Awards]]<br /> | 2010<br /> | Best Star Pair<br /> | ''[[Mummy &amp; Me]]''<br /> | {{Won}}<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.keralatv.in/2011/01/13th-ujala-asianet-film-award-winners/ |title=13th Ujala Asianet Film Award Winners &amp;#124; Malayalam Television Channels |publisher=Keralatv.in |access-date=12 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021111704/http://www.keralatv.in/2011/01/13th-ujala-asianet-film-award-winners/ |archive-date=21 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2011<br /> | Youth Icon of the Year<br /> | ''Various films''<br /> | {{Won}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2012<br /> | Special Jury Award<br /> | ''[[Pullipulikalum Aattinkuttiyum]]'' and ''[[Romans (2013 film)|Romans]]''<br /> | {{Won}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2014<br /> | Youth Icon of the Year<br /> | ''Various films''<br /> | {{Won}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2018<br /> | Best Actor critics<br /> | ''[[Take Off (2017 film)|Take Off]]'', ''[[Ramante Edanthottam]]'' and ''[[Varnyathil Aashanka]]''<br /> | {{Won}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Vanitha Film Awards]]<br /> | 2010<br /> | Best Star Pair<br /> | ''[[Mummy &amp; Me]]''<br /> | {{Won}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2018<br /> | Best Family Hero<br /> | ''[[Take Off (2017 film)|Take Off]]'' and ''[[Ramante Edanthottam]]''<br /> | {{Won}}<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://regional.pinkvilla.com/malayalam/news/vanitha-film-awards-2018-winners |title=Vanitha Film Awards 2018: Here are the winners |access-date=26 February 2018 |archive-date=12 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812085214/https://regional.pinkvilla.com/malayalam/news/vanitha-film-awards-2018-winners/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2020<br /> | Socially Responsible Actor <br /> | ''[[Virus (2019 film)|Virus]]''<br /> | {{Won}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Asianet Comedy Awards]]<br /> | 2017<br /> | Versatile Actor<br /> | ''Various films''<br /> | {{Won}}<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.keralatv.in/asianet-comedy-awards-2017-winners/|title=Asianet Comedy Awards 2017 Winners List |access-date=23 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[JaiHind TV|Jai Hind TV]] Awards<br /> | 2013<br /> | Popular Actor<br /> | ''Various films''<br /> | {{Won}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Kerala Kaumudi]] Awards <br /> | 2010<br /> | Youth Icon<br /> | ''Various films''<br /> | {{Won}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[CPC Cine Awards]] <br /> | 2020<br /> | Special Honorary Award<br /> | ''Udaya Studios''<br /> | {{Won}}<br /> | <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Commons category|Kunchacko Boban}}<br /> * {{IMDb name|0090283}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Boban, Kunchacko}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors from Alappuzha]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors from Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br /> [[Category:Malayalam film producers]]<br /> [[Category:Film producers from Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholics]]<br /> [[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br /> [[Category:People from Alappuzha district]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Christians]]<br /> [[Category:1976 births]]<br /> [[Category:Kerala Film Critics Awards winners]]<br /> [[Category:Artists from Kerala]]</div>

AdvAcademy01 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=M._A._Mannan_(neurologist)&diff=462315 2026-03-10T13:32:47Z

<p>AdvAcademy01: adjust layout additionally and cleaned formatting for accuracy</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Bangladeshi politician}}<br /> {{similar names||Abdul Mannan (disambiguation)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br /> {{infobox officeholder<br /> |name=M. A. Mannan<br /> |constituency_MP=[[Kishoreganj-2]]<br /> |term_start=2001<br /> |term_end=2013<br /> |predecessor=Habibur Rahman Daulal<br /> |successor=[[Md. Suhrab Uddin]]<br /> |party=[[Bangladesh Awami League]]<br /> |occupation=Educator, politician<br /> |awards=[[Ekushey Padak]] (2015)<br /> |nationality=Bangladeshi<br /> |birth_date=c. 1932<br /> |death_date={{death date and given age|2016|7|16|df=y|84}}<br /> |death_place=[[Dhaka]], Bangladesh<br /> |resting_place=Banani Graveyard, Dhaka<br /> }}<br /> '''M. A. Mannan''' (c. 1932 – 16 July 2016)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/neurologist-and-former-awami-league-mp-abdul-mannan-dies-at-84 |title=Neurologist and former Awami League MP Abdul Mannan dies at 84|work=bdnews24.com|access-date=2019-09-25|date=2016-07-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; was a Bangladeshi educator. He was a [[Bangladesh Awami League]] Advisory Council member and former lawmaker. He was awarded [[Ekushey Padak]] in 2015 by the [[government of Bangladesh]] for his contribution to education.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2015/02/08/poet-nurul-huda-among-15-named-for-ekushey-padak-2015 | title=Poet Nurul Huda among 15 named for Ekushey Padak 2015 | work=bdnews24.com | date=8 February 2015 | access-date=25 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; His home town is Kazirchar Uttorpara.<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> M. A. Mannan was born on 2 December 1932 in [[Katiadi Upazila]] of [[Kishoreganj District]], His father's name was Amber Ali and his mother's name was Sakhina Begum. He obtained his FCPS degree in internal medicine from the [[Bangladesh College of Physicians and Surgeons]] in 1987.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=M. A. Mannan {{!}} International Growth Centre |url=https://www.theigc.org/people/m-mannan |website=M. A. Mannan {{!}} International Growth Centre |access-date=19 March 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; His College is [[Sagardi College]].<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Mannan was an elected Awami League member of parliament (MP) from the [[Kishoreganj-2]] (Katiadi-Pakundia) constituency in 2001 and 2008.&lt;ref name=bss&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.bssnews.net/newsDetails.php?cat=0&amp;id=590482&amp;date=2016-07-18 | title=Language Movement veteran Prof Dr MA Mannan's burial tomorrow | work=Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha | date=18 July 2016 | access-date=26 July 2016 | archive-date=20 July 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160720171002/http://bssnews.net/newsDetails.php?cat=0&amp;id=590482&amp;date=2016-07-18 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; He was the founding head of the Department of Neurology of Institute of Post Graduation and Medical Research (now named BSMMU). He was the founder-president of Neurology Foundation, Dhaka and Epilepsy Association of Bangladesh.&lt;ref name=bss/&gt; He was also the founder of Bangladesh Tourism.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.bssnews.net/newsDetails.php?cat=0&amp;id=590059$date=2016-07-16&amp;dateCurrent=2016-07-20 | title=Ex-MP Dr Mannan passes away | work=Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha | date=16 July 2016 | access-date=26 July 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822225441/http://www.bssnews.net/newsDetails.php?cat=0&amp;id=590059$date=2016-07-16&amp;dateCurrent=2016-07-20 | archive-date=22 August 2016 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Mannan founded ''Dr Abdul Mannan Mohila College''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.bssnews.net/newsDetails.php?cat=0&amp;id=590251&amp;date=2016-07-17 | title=President mourns death of Abdul Mannan | work=Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha | date=17 July 2016 | access-date=26 July 2016 | archive-date=18 July 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718150431/http://www.bssnews.net/newsDetails.php?cat=0&amp;id=590251&amp;date=2016-07-17 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Mannan, MA}}<br /> [[Category:1932 births]]<br /> [[Category:2016 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Bangladeshi neurologists]]<br /> [[Category:Awami League politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Ekushey Padak]]<br /> [[Category:Burials at Banani Graveyard]]<br /> [[Category:Date of birth missing]]<br /> [[Category:Place of birth missing]]<br /> [[Category:9th Jatiya Sangsad members]]<br /> [[Category:8th Jatiya Sangsad members]]<br /> [[Category:People from Kishoreganj District]]<br /> [[Category:Politicians from Dhaka Division]]<br /> <br /> {{Bangladesh-academic-bio-stub}}<br /> {{Dhaka-AL-politician-stub}}</div>

AdvAcademy01 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Periyar_Dasan&diff=525225 2026-03-07T12:57:32Z

<p>AdvAcademy01: added new pg.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian scholar (1949–2013)}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Dr. Abdullah or Dr. Periyar Dasan<br /> | image = Periyar Dasan.jpg<br /> | caption = Center Mediater<br /> | birth_name = Seshachalam&lt;ref name=&quot;ref2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://chennaionline.com/movies/star-track/20134123124137/Actor-Periyardasan-passes-away.col|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209233456/http://chennaionline.com/movies/star-track/20134123124137/Actor-Periyardasan-passes-away.col|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 December 2014|title=Actor Periyardasan passes away|access-date=2014-12-09|publisher=chennaionline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1949|8|21}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Periyardasan-takes-final-bow-after-multiple-roles/2013/08/20/article1742658.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020050318/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Periyardasan-takes-final-bow-after-multiple-roles/2013/08/20/article1742658.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 October 2013|title=Periyardasan takes final bow after multiple roles|access-date=2014-12-09|publisher=newindianexpress.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | birth_place = [[Madras]], [[Madras Province]], [[Dominion of India]] (now [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India)<br /> | occupation = Philosophy Professor, Actor<br /> | employer = [[Pachaiyappa's College]]<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2013|8|19|1949|8|21}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;/&gt;<br /> | death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India<br /> | parents = <br /> | party = [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MDMK]]<br /> | spouse = Vasantha&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;/&gt;<br /> | children = 2&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;/&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Dr. Periyar Dasan''' or '''Dr. Abdullah''' (born '''Seshachalam'''; 21 August 1949 – 19 August 2013) was an Indian scholar, professor, eminent speaker, and activist from [[Tamil Nadu]]. He propagated [[atheism]] and [[rationalism|rationalist]] ideologies for most part of his life and later converted to [[Islam]]. He has also appeared in around 15 Tamil-language films.<br /> <br /> ==Early life and background==<br /> Seshachalam was born in a [[Shaivism|Shaivite]] family on 21 August 1949 at [[Agaram]] in [[Perambur]], a neighbourhood in present-day [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India. He was attracted towards the rationalist ideals of [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy]], the founder of the [[Dravidian movement]]. During his days in [[Pachaiyappa’s College]], he changed his original name to Periyar Dasan (ardent follower of Periyar).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.radianceweekly.com/197/5131/dump-the-nuclear-liability-bill/2010-03-28/from-darkness-to-light/story-detail/from-slave-of-periyar-to-slave-of-allah.html|title=FROM 'SLAVE OF PERIYAR' TO 'SLAVE OF ALLAH'|access-date=2014-12-09|publisher=radianceweekly.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722181135/http://www.radianceweekly.com/197/5131/dump-the-nuclear-liability-bill/2010-03-28/from-darkness-to-light/story-detail/from-slave-of-periyar-to-slave-of-allah.html|archive-date=22 July 2015|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was well-versed in Tamil literature, various religious studies, and English. He has authored around 120 books. He served as a professor in his [[alma mater]], [[Pachaiyappa's College|Pachaiyappa’s College]], for 34 years and as a corporate trainer, psychologist, psychotherapist, and students counsellor for many years.&lt;ref name=&quot;newindianexpress.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Periyardasan takes final bow after multiple roles|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2013/aug/20/periyardasan-takes-final-bow-after-multiple-roles-508445.html|access-date=2021-04-21|website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1991, Dasan embraced [[Buddhism]] and added Siddhartha as a prefix to his name. He translated [[The Buddha and His Dhamma]], a history of the life of [[Gautama Buddha]] and a compilation of Buddhist virtues, authored by [[B. R. Ambedkar]], into [[Tamil language|Tamil]]. This took him to learn [[Pali]] and [[Sanskrit]].<br /> <br /> Taking everyone by surprise, he embraced [[Islam]] as his way of life on 11 March 2010 during a visit to [[Mecca]] and rechristened his name as Abdullah, and his wife Vasantha was given the name Fathima.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Buddy's words turned Periyar Dasan into Dr Abdul|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2010/apr/12/buddys-words-turned-periyar-dasan-into-dr-abdul-145412.html|access-date=2021-04-21|website=The New Indian Express|archive-date=21 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421032249/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2010/apr/12/buddys-words-turned-periyar-dasan-into-dr-abdul-145412.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thereafter, he started giving a series of lectures on Islam.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Periyar Dasan Dr. Abdullah|url=http://www.milligazette.com/news/9164-periyar-dasan-dr-abdullah|publisher=milligazette.com|access-date=10 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Before embracing Islam, he spent 10 years knowing the key aspects of that religion and learning the [[Quran]] and the [[Arabic]] language.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=\\\'Periyar Dasan's conversion not a surprise\\\' - The New Indian Express|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2010/apr/13/periyar-dasans-conversion-not-a-surprise-145723.amp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701135930/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2010/apr/13/periyar-dasans-conversion-not-a-surprise-145723.amp|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 July 2020|access-date=2020-07-01|website=www.newindianexpress.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Publications ==<br /> <br /> === Tamil ===<br /> <br /> * Translator: [[B. R. Ambedkar|Dr. Ambedkar]]'s புத்தரும் அவரது தம்மமும் - Buddharum avarathu dhammamum - Buddha and his Dhamma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=புத்தரும் அவரது தம்மமும் (கருத்து=பட்டறை)|url=https://www.commonfolks.in/books/d/buddharum-avarathu-dhammamum-karuththu-pattarai|access-date=2021-04-21|website=CommonFolks}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Author: இந்திய மரபும் பார்ப்பன திரிபும் - Indhiya marabum paarpana thiriyum - Indian practice and Brahminical fudging.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=இந்திய மரபும் பார்ப்பன திரிபும்|url=https://www.commonfolks.in/books/d/india-marabum-paarppana-thiribum|access-date=2021-04-21|website=CommonFolks}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Author: கல்வி கற்கும் பிள்ளையே கேளாய்... - Kalvi karkum pillaye kelaai... - Oh child being educated, listen...&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> {{Inc-film|date=January 2015}}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> !Film<br /> !Role<br /> !class=unsortable|Notes<br /> |-<br /> | 1994 || ''[[Karuththamma]]'' || Mokkaiyan || Debut film and National Award winning production&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 1996 || ''[[Tamizh Selvan]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1996 || ''[[Aavathum Pennale Azhivathum Pennale]]'' || Amavasai ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1996 || ''[[Mappillai Manasu Poopola]]'' || Dr. Kayalventhan ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1999 || ''[[Kadhalar Dhinam]]'' || Raja's father ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2001 || ''[[Azhagi (2002 film)|Azhagi]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2001 || ''[[Anandham]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2003 || ''[[Amma Appa Chellam]]'' || Kannaiah ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2005 || ''[[Ayya (2005 Tamil film)|Ayya]]'' || || <br /> |-<br /> | 2005 || ''[[Oru Kalluriyin Kathai]]'' || College Peon ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2008 || ''[[Arai En 305-il Kadavul]]'' || Mokkai's Father ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2008 || ''[[Dindigul Sarathy]]'' || Sarathy's grandfather ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2008 || ''[[Malarinum Melliya]]'' || Cartman ||<br /> |-<br /> |2009-2011 || Vasantham || || Tamil TV Serial<br /> |-<br /> | 2010 || ''[[Tamizh Padam]]'' || Mokkai ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2013 || ''[[Periyar Islathai Ettrara ? Ethirthara ?|Periyar Islathai Ettrara Ethirthara ?]]'' || Abdullah Periyardasan || Documentary&lt;ref name=&quot;ref2&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2014 || ''[[Veeram (2014 film)|Veeram]]'' || Bhai || Posthumous appearance<br /> <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Death==<br /> Dasan died on 19 August 2013 at the age of 63, after fighting liver cancer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Periyar Dasan Passes Away|url=http://www.kollytalk.com/cinenews/periyar-dasan-passes-away-107806.html|publisher=kollytalk.com|access-date=10 December 2014|archive-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730170921/http://www.kollytalk.com/cinenews/periyar-dasan-passes-away-107806.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is survived by wife Vasantha and two sons Valavan and Suratha.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kollywood Movie Actor Periyar Dasan Biography, News, Photos, Videos|url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/movie-actor/periyar-dasan|access-date=2021-04-21|website=nettv4u|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; As per his last wish, his body was given to the [[Madras Medical College|Madras Medical College for Research]] on August 20. Immediately after death, his eyes were donated to [[Sankara Nethralaya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;newindianexpress.com&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> * [http://abdullahperiyardasan.blogspot.com/ Blog] on [[Blogger (service)|Blogger]].<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Dasan, Periyar}}<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br /> [[Category:1949 births]]<br /> [[Category:2013 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Converts to Islam from atheism or agnosticism]]<br /> [[Category:Islam in Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil Muslims]]<br /> [[Category:Converts to Buddhism from Hinduism]]</div>

AdvAcademy01 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gopi_(2006_Kannada_film)&diff=500918 2026-03-04T07:32:24Z

<p>AdvAcademy01: details...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2006 Indian film}}<br /> <br /> {{No plot|date=August 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Gopi<br /> | image = Gopi (2006 Kannada film).jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | native_name = &lt;!-- {{Infobox name module|language|title}} or {{Infobox name module|title}} --&gt;<br /> | director = G K Mudduraj<br /> | writer = B A Madhu (dialogue)<br /> | screenplay = <br /> | story = <br /> | based_on = ''[[Murari (2001 film)|Murari]]'' (Telugu)<br /> | producer = Byre Gowda<br /> | starring = [[Sriimurali|Murali]] &lt;br /&gt;[[Gowri Munjal]]<br /> | narrator = <br /> | cinematography = M R Seenu<br /> | editing = Vinod Manohar<br /> | music = &lt;small&gt;'''Songs:'''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Mani Sharma]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;'''Score:'''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[K. Kalyan]]<br /> | studio = Bhavya Cine Creations<br /> | distributor = &lt;!-- or: | distributors = --&gt;<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2006|2|22}}<br /> | runtime = <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Kannada<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Gopi''''' is a 2006 Indian Kannada-language family drama film directed by G K Mudduraj and starring [[Sriimurali|Murali]] and [[Gowri Munjal]]. The film is a remake of ''[[Murari (2001 film)|Murari]]'' (2001).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_gopi.asp|title=Telugu 'Murari' is 'Gopi' in Kannada|work=Viggy|year=2005|access-date=27 March 2023|archive-date=15 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315104110/http://www.viggy.com/english/current_gopi.asp|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{Cast listing|<br /> *[[Sriimurali|Murali]] as Gopi<br /> *[[Gowri Munjal]]<br /> *[[Loknath]]<br /> *[[Ashok (Kannada actor)|Ashok]]<br /> *[[Doddanna]]<br /> *[[Sathyajith (Kannada actor)|Sathyajith]]<br /> *[[Umashree]]<br /> *[[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]]<br /> *[[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]]<br /> *[[Sarigama Viji]]<br /> *[[Karibasavaiah]]<br /> *[[Tennis Krishna]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> The songs were composed by [[Mani Sharma]], who reused all tunes from the original film.&lt;ref name=&quot;S&quot;/&gt; The background score was done by [[K. Kalyan]], who also wrote the lyrics.&lt;ref&gt;https://chiloka.com/movie/gopi-2006#movie_crew_list&lt;/ref&gt; The audio rights were bagged by [[Anand Audio]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}<br /> <br /> {{Track listing<br /> | headline = Track listing&lt;ref name=&quot;S&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/7kwjyCQII8QyDz3kj034XG|title=Gopi|work=[[Spotify]]|year=2006|access-date=27 March 2023|archive-date=27 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327223502/https://open.spotify.com/album/7kwjyCQII8QyDz3kj034XG|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | total_length = 30:10<br /> | title1 = Dum Dum Dholu<br /> | extra1 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]<br /> | length1 = 4:44<br /> | title2 = Mister Mister <br /> | extra2 = [[Manjula Gururaj]], Vijay Aras<br /> | length2 = 4:31<br /> | title3 = Mallige Mallige <br /> | extra3 = Badri Prasad, Vidya<br /> | length3 = 6:13<br /> | title4 = Yenaithu Yenaithu<br /> | extra4 = Ramya <br /> | length4 = 4:50<br /> | title5 = Rangena Halli <br /> | extra5 = [[Udit Narayan]]<br /> | length5 = 5:02<br /> | title6 = Maleyu Idhe <br /> | extra6 = Shankar Mahadevan<br /> | length6 = 4:47<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> [[R. G. Vijayasarathy]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote that &quot;Give it a miss if you're not an ardent Murali Dev fan&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/mar/07gopi.htm|title=Gopi: Even Murali fails to save it|publisher=[[Rediff.com]]|date=7 March 2006|author-link=R. G. Vijayasarathy|first=R. G.|last=Vijayasarathy|access-date=27 March 2023|archive-date=10 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210102327/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/mar/07gopi.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was reviewed by ''[[Deccan Herald]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/Mar52006/movies174819200634.asp|title=Gopi|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=5 March 2006}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links==<br /> *{{IMDb title|14338552}}<br /> [[Category:Kannada remakes of Telugu films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian supernatural films]]<br /> [[Category:Paranormal films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Mani Sharma]]<br /> [[Category:2006 Kannada-language films]]</div>

AdvAcademy01 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saranga_(1961_film)&diff=460445 2026-03-04T04:00:08Z

<p>AdvAcademy01: improved references further and corrected details for consistency</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|1961 film from India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Saranga<br /> | image = <br /> | caption = <br /> | director = Dhirubhai Desai<br /> | producer = Dhirubhai Desai, [[Kanjibhai Rathod]]<br /> | writer = <br /> | starring = Sudesh Kumar&lt;br&gt;[[Jayshree Gadkar]]<br /> | music = [[Sardar Malik]]<br /> | cinematography = [[Soumendu Roy]]<br /> | editing = Bhaidas Kewalram<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|1961}}<br /> | runtime = <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> }}<br /> '''''Saranga''''', is a [[List of Bollywood films of 1961|1961]] [[Bollywood]] film starring Sudesh Kumar and [[Jayshree Gadkar]], and directed by Dhirubhai Desai, produced by Dhirubhai Desai and [[Kanjibhai Rathod]].&lt;ref name=citwf&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.citwf.com/film305748.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 September 2019|website=Complete Index To World Film (CITWF) website|title=Saranga (1961 film)|access-date=15 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927233952/https://www.citwf.com/film305748.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=MySwar&gt;{{cite web|url=http://myswar.co/album/saranga-1960 |title=Film Saranga |website=MySwar.com website|access-date=10 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> * [[Jayshree Gadkar]] as Saranga&lt;ref name=citwf/&gt;<br /> * Sudesh Kumar as Prince Sadabaksh&lt;ref name=citwf/&gt;<br /> * [[B. M. Vyas]] as Nagar Seth&lt;ref name=citwf/&gt;<br /> * Nilofar as Nagar Sethani&lt;ref name=citwf/&gt; <br /> * Niranjan Sharma as Raja of Ambavati<br /> * Sadiq as Gyanchand<br /> * Jankidas as Nagar Seth's Munim <br /> * Parsuram as Senapati <br /> * Jaya Devi as Ganga Maa<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> All the film songs&lt;ref name=hindigeetmala&gt;[http://www.hindigeetmala.net/movie/saranga.htm Film songs of Saranga (1961 film) on hindigeetmala.net website] Retrieved 27 September 2019&lt;/ref&gt; were composed by music director [[Sardar Malik]] and lyrics were penned by [[Bharat Vyas]].&lt;ref name=hindigeetmala/&gt;&lt;ref name=MySwar/&gt;&lt;ref name=citwf/&gt;<br /> <br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%;&quot;<br /> ! Song !! Singer<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Haan Diwana Hoon Mein&quot;<br /> |[[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]]<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Saranga Teri Yaad Mein&quot; <br /> |Mukesh<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Saranga Teri Yaad Mein&quot; <br /> |[[Mohammad Rafi]]<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Piya Kaise Miloon&quot;<br /> |Mohammad Rafi, [[Lata Mangeshkar]]<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Likh De Piya Ka Naam&quot;<br /> |[[Suman Kalyanpur]]<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Aa Aaja Mere Saathi Aaja&quot;<br /> |Mohammad Rafi, Asha Bhosle<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Koi Ghar Aayega&quot;<br /> |Lata Mangeshkar<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Lagi Tumse Lagan&quot;<br /> |Mukesh, Lata Mangeshkar<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Na Ja Mere Saath&quot;<br /> |Mohammad Rafi<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Daiya Re Daiya Ek&quot;<br /> |Lata Mangeshkar<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Chali Re Chali Main&quot;<br /> |[[Asha Bhosle]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{IMDb title|id=0214082|title=Saranga}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Saranga (1961 film)}}<br /> [[Category:1961 films]]<br /> [[Category:1961 Hindi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Sardar Malik]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Dhirubhai Desai]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{1960s-Hindi-film-stub}}</div>

AdvAcademy01 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Byaspur_Shiva_Temple&diff=492601 2026-02-26T22:00:19Z

<p>AdvAcademy01: new...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Hindu temple in West Bengal, India}}<br /> {{Infobox Mandir<br /> |name= Byaspur Shiva Temple<br /> |image= Byaspur Shiva Temple at Cossimbazar in Murshidabad district 02.jpg<br /> |caption=<br /> |deity= Byasa Dev ([[Shiva]])<br /> |country= [[India]]<br /> |state= [[West Bengal]]<br /> |district= [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]<br /> |locale= Byaspur, Kashimbazar<br /> |creator= Pandit Ramkeshava Devasharman<br /> |established= 1811 &lt;br /&gt;<br /> 1918 (renovated) &lt;br /&gt;<br /> 1995 (renovated)<br /> |festival= [[Maha Shivaratri]]<br /> |temple_board = <br /> |governing_body = <br /> }}<br /> '''Byaspur Shiva Temple''' ({{langx|bn|ব্যাসপুর শিব মন্দির}}) is a famous [[Shiva temple]] located at Byaspur in Kashimbazar, [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]] district.&lt;ref name=&quot;bengali-indianexpress&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ব্যাসপুরের শিবমন্দির, কাশিমবাজার, মুর্শিদাবাদ |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rRx6EscLHMY |access-date=5 April 2023 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; The worshiped in this temple is Byasa Dev, a form of [[Shiva]] – one of Hinduism's [[Trimurti|trinity of supreme divinity]]. The temple was built in 1811, and renovated in 1918 and 1995.<br /> <br /> The temple is sacred to the [[Shaivism|Shaiva tradition]] of Hindus.<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> The temple was built in 1811 by Pandit Ramkeshava Devasharman. Many say the temple was inspired by the [[Baranagar]] temple built by [[Rani Bhabani]], the queen of Natore. However, the temple gradually fell into disrepair due to lack of maintenance. The Rai Bahadur of Lalgola, Maharaja Jogindranarayan Roy renovated this temple in 1918. At that time, lawyer and nationalist leader Rai Bahadur [[Baikuntha Nath Sen]] was supervising the renovation of this temple. Then again this temple was renovated in 1995. That reform was led by Amitkumar Bhosle from [[Maharashtra]].&lt;ref name=&quot;bengali-indianexpress&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=দুই শতাব্দীরও প্রাচীন জাগ্রত শিবমন্দির, দূর-দূরান্ত থেকে এখানে ছুটে আসেন ভক্তরা |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/lifestyle/vyaspur-shiv-temple-in-kashimbazar-murshidabad-476385/ |website=bengali.indianexpress.com |access-date=5 April 2023 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Deity ==<br /> The ''[[Garbhagriha]]'' (sanctum) of the temple has a [[Lingam|Shiva linga]] made of Touchstone.. The Shiva linga is known as byasa Dev to devotees. The height of this Shiv linga is 5 feet.&lt;ref name=&quot;bengali-indianexpress&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> === Temple architecture ===<br /> The temple is made up of a mixture of different architectural styles. The temple has a chala with a cornice, eight petals of a lotus flower, an eight-cornered pinnacle in the temple. At the top of the temple there are three kalas and a [[Trishula|trishul]], the kalas look like upside down lotuses.&lt;ref name=&quot;bengali-indianexpress&quot;/&gt; <br /> <br /> In front of the main temple is the huge &quot;Nat Mandir&quot;. The &quot;Nat Mandir&quot; serves as a waiting place for devotees before the ''puja''. There is a huge idol of &quot;Hargauri&quot; ([[Shiva]]-[[Parvati]]) next to the entrance of the temple.&lt;ref name=&quot;bengali-indianexpress&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> === Terracotta ===<br /> {{multiple image|perrow=4/1|total_width=360<br /> | align = left<br /> | image_style = border:none;<br /> | image1 = Byaspur Shiva Temple at Cossimbazar in Murshidabad district 05.jpg<br /> | caption1 = <br /> | image2=Byaspur Shiva Temple at Cossimbazar in Murshidabad district 09.jpg<br /> | caption2 = <br /> | image3=Byaspur Shiva Temple at Cossimbazar in Murshidabad district 07.jpg<br /> | caption3 = <br /> | image4=Byaspur Shiva Temple at Cossimbazar in Murshidabad district 06.jpg<br /> | caption4 = <br /> }}<br /> [[Durga]], [[Kali]], [[Radha Krishna|Radhamadhav]], [[Ganesha]], [[lion]], [[elephant]], [[snake]] etc. are painted on the temple. At the entrance of the temple, the [[Ramayana|battle of Rama-Ravana]], [[Krishna|Krishna Leela]], Vishnu Dashavatar, [[Durga|Mahishasura Mardini]], flowers and foliage are painted on the temple. Some of the terracotta has been damaged due to temple renovations.&lt;ref name=&quot;bengali-indianexpress&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> === Worship, festivals and fairs ===<br /> Devotees worship Baba byasa Dev or Baba byaseshwar daily. [[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]] is performed twice daily in the temple. [[Arti (Hinduism)|Aarti]] and [[Kirtan]] are performed in the temple in the evening. A 7-day fair is held in the temple on [[Maha Shivaratri|Shivaratri]].&lt;ref name=&quot;bengali-indianexpress&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{coord missing|West Bengal}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Shiva temples in West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu temples in Murshidabad district]]<br /> [[Category:19th-century Hindu temples]]<br /> [[Category:Bengal temple architecture]]</div>

AdvAcademy01 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhawanisinhji&diff=491104 2026-02-24T11:24:35Z

<p>AdvAcademy01: New...</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Maharana of Danta (1925–1948)}}<br /> {{infobox royalty<br /> | title = [[Maharana]]<br /> | succession = [[Maharana]] of [[Danta State|Danta]]<br /> | reign = 19 November 1925 – 30 January 1948<br /> | predecessor = [[Hamirsinhji]]<br /> | successor = Prithvirajsinhji<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|1899|09|13|df=yes}}<br /> | death_date = {{circa|1961}}<br /> | house = {{flagicon image|Danta-estat.PNG}} [[Danta State|Danta]]<br /> | father = [[Hamirsinhji]]<br /> | dynasty = [[Parmar (clan)|Parmar]]<br /> | module = {{Infobox person | embed=yes<br /> | education = {{ubl|[[Mayo College]]}}<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> '''Bhawanisinhji''' (13 September 1899 – 1961) was the [[Maharana]] of [[Danta State|Danta]] from 1925 until 1948.<br /> <br /> ==Early life, family and education==<br /> He was born to [[Hamirsinhji]] on 13 September 1899, and was educated at [[Mayo College]], [[Ajmer]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=&lt;!-- Not Available --&gt; |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35717 |title=Report Of The Administration Of The Danta State For The Years 1941-42 Amp 1942-43 |date=1943 |pages=6–7}}&lt;/ref&gt; He married firstly, in 1914, Vijay Kanwar, a daughter of Mool Singh, the [[Rao (title)|Rao]] of Dattigaon, secondly a daughter of Bhagwant Raj Bahadur Singh, the [[Raja]] of [[Sohawal State|Sohawal]], and thirdly a daughter of Pratap Singh of [[Auwa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; He had three sons, namely Prithvirajsinhji, Madhu Sudan Singh, and Raghubir Singh, and seven daughters, including Jitendra Kumari and Krishna Kumari.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> While he was heir-apparent of [[Danta State|Danta]], he was associated with the administration of the State and inaugurated a number of useful reforms.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Solomon |first=R. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Bond |first2=J. W. |date=2006 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |pages=669–674 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1921, when the [[Bhil|Bhils]] of [[Kingdom of Mewar|Udaipur]] and the nearby states broke into revolt, the Bhils of Danta joined them.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Seeing this, his father sent him to negotiate peace between the Bhils of their state.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Following his father’s orders, he went into the hills to meet the Bhils and reminded them of the friendly relations that existed between their ancestors.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; He assured them that his father was not associated or connected in any way with the oppression that their fellows had faced and promised to resolve their issues.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; He fulfilled his word, and the Bhils of Danta returned to peace.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Reign==<br /> Upon the death of his father, on 19 November 1925, he succeeded him as the [[Maharana]] of Danta, but it was not until 10 March 1926 that he ascended the throne.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Bombay_a_Review_of_the_Administration_of/zmvRo5hTUTEC |title=Bombay, a Review of the Administration of the Presidency |date=1927 |publisher=Printed at the Government Central Press |pages=xxvi |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He instituted three orders in 1935–36, namely the Order of the Rajya Ratna Mandal, the Order of the Rajyalankar Mandal, and the Order of the Gunadarsha Mandal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/eesc_indian-princely-medals-by-tony-mc-clenagan-1996-new-delhi-lancer-publishers |title=Indian Princely Medals By Tony Mc Clenagan 1996 New Delhi Lancer Publishers |pages=115}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the [[Second World War]], he offered his personal services and the entire resources of his state at the disposal of [[His Majesty's Government]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bureau Of Public Information Government Of India |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208550 |title=Indian Information Series July- Dec Vol-iii |date=1938 |pages=146–147}}&lt;/ref&gt; Upon the [[partition of India]], he acceded his state to the [[Dominion of India]] by signing the [[Instrument of Accession|instrument of accession]] on 14 August 1947.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Constituent_Assembly_of_India_Legisl/RbKWcuF8HqEC |title=The Constituent Assembly of India (Legislative) Debates: Official Report |date=1947 |publisher=Manager of Publications |pages=214 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He used to treat his subjects equally, without distinction of religion, caste, or creed, and it was due to his efforts that there were no communal tensions in his state at the time of the partition of India.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Abdication ==<br /> When all the states in [[Gujarat]] were merged with [[Bombay]], leaving only Danta, Bhawanisinhji, who did not wish to renounce kingship, which he felt was entrusted to him by the Ambaji, after much thought informed [[V. K. Krishna Menon]] that, because of his religious inclinations and reduced interest in worldly matters, he was renouncing his throne in favour of his eldest son, Prithvirajsinhji.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Mankekar |first=D. R. |url=http://archive.org/details/accessiontoextin0000mank |title=Accession to extinction : the story of Indian princes |date=1974 |publisher=Delhi : Vikas Pub. House |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7069-0300-3 |pages=132}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 30 January 1948, he [[abdicated]] in favour of Prithvirajsinhji, who accordingly succeeded him.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Prithvirajsinhji, on 16 October 1948, merged [[Danta State|Danta]] into [[Bombay]], and the following month handed over the administration to the provincial government.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Personal interests ==<br /> <br /> === Religion ===<br /> He was a deeply religious man.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/History_Today/ebtmAAAAMAAJ |title=History Today |date=1995 |publisher=History Today Limited |pages=41–45 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; When his father, his first two wives, and two brothers died one after another, he began, in his spare moments, to compose [[hymn]]s to Ambaji, the tutelary goddess of his family.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; For his religious devotion, the [[Varanasi]] based Great Council of the Hindu Faith named him Ornament of the Hindu Faith in 1934.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Following his abdication, he devoted himself to worshipping Ambaji.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Scholastic ===<br /> He was elected as a member of the working committee of [[Mayo College]], [[Ajmer]], on 26 August 1937, and was to remain in this office for three years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=&lt;!-- Not Available --&gt; |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.115655 |title=Annual Report On The Working Of Mayo College 1937 |pages=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was again elected to the office on 26 August 1943, for a further three years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Wingate |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.115650 |title=Report On The Mayo College Ajmer, Rajputana |date=1941 |pages=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Death ==<br /> He died in 1961.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=DANTA |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/d/danta.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803184937/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/d/danta.html |archive-date=2017-08-03 |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Honours ==<br /> <br /> === Orders and decorations ===<br /> He was created a [[Knight Commander]] of the [[Order of the Star of India]] on 2 January 1939.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |publisher=Manager of Publications Delhi |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275348 |title=Memoranda On The Indian States 1939 |pages=300–301}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Country<br /> !Year<br /> !Honour<br /> !Class/Grade<br /> !Ribbon<br /> !Post-nominal letters<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagu|United Kingdom|name=United Kingdom}}<br /> |1939<br /> |[[Order of the Star of India]]<br /> |[[Knight Commander]]<br /> |[[File:UK Order of the Star of India ribbon.svg|70x70px]]<br /> |KCSI<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon image|Danta-estat.PNG}} [[Danta State|Danta]]<br /> |1935–36<br /> |Order of the Rajya Ratna Mandal<br /> |Sovereign <br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon image|Danta-estat.PNG}} [[Danta State|Danta]]<br /> |1935–36<br /> |Order of the Rajyalankar Mandal<br /> |Sovereign <br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon image|Danta-estat.PNG}} [[Danta State|Danta]]<br /> |1935–36<br /> |Order of the Gunadarsha Mandal<br /> |Sovereign<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Category:1899 births]]<br /> [[Category:1961 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Indian monarchs]]<br /> [[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]<br /> [[Category:Mayo College alumni]]<br /> [[Category:People from British India]]<br /> [[Category:People from Gujarat]]</div>

AdvAcademy01 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nankana_massacre&diff=520415 2026-02-23T02:46:00Z

<p>AdvAcademy01: Starting Initial Data From Scratch</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|1921 massacre at Gurdwara Janam Asthan, Nankana Sahib}}<br /> {{Multiple issues|<br /> {{Tone|date=November 2020}}<br /> {{More footnotes|date=November 2020}}<br /> }}{{Infobox civilian attack<br /> | title = Nankana massacre<br /> | location = [[Nankana Sahib]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]] &lt;br /&gt; (now in [[Pakistan]])<br /> | date = 20 February 1921<br /> | partof = [[Akali movement]]<br /> | image = Photograph of the remains of charred Sikh victims in the aftermath of the Nankana massacre ('Saka Nankana'), February 1921.jpg<br /> | caption = Photograph of the remains of charred Sikh victims in the aftermath of the Nankana massacre ('Saka Nankana'), February 1921<br /> | map = <br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = ur<br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|31|27|0|N|73|42|24|E|type:city_region:PK|display=inline,title}}<br /> | target = [[Sikhs]]<br /> | type = [[Mass shooting]], [[religious violence]]<br /> | fatalities = 140-260 Sikhs<br /> | victim = [[Sikhs]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Nankana massacre''' (also known as '''Saka Nankana Sahib''') occurred on the premises of [[Gurdwara Janam Asthan]], [[Nankana Sahib]] on 20 February 1921, then part of the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]] of [[British Raj|British India]], and today in modern-day [[Pakistan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Sikh24.com 2016&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=95th Anniversary Of Nankana Massacre Observed At Gurdwara Nankana Sahib | website=Sikh24.com | date=23 February 2016 | url=https://www.sikh24.com/2016/02/23/95th-anniversary-of-nankana-massacre-observed-at-gurdwara-nankana-sahib/ | accessdate=20 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Between 140&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Dictionary of Martyrs – India's Freedom Struggle (1857–1947) Vol. 1 Delhi, Haryana, Punjab and Himachal Pradesh (1920-1947) Part II |year=2011 |publisher=Indian Council of Historical Research/Manak Publications |isbn=978-81-7831-298-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; and 260&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 21, 2021 |first=IP |last=Singh |title=Revisiting Nankana Sahib massacre after 100 years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/revisiting-nankana-sahib-massacre-after-100-years/articleshow/81130566.cms |access-date=2022-07-20 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sikhs]] were killed, including children, by the [[Udasi]] Custodian Narayan Das and his mercenaries,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/martyrs-of-nankana-sahib-massacre-remembered-in-pak/articleshow/57280793.cms|title = Martyrs of Nankana Sahib massacre remembered in Pakistan| website=[[The Times of India]] }}&lt;/ref&gt; in retaliation for a confrontation between him and members of the reformist [[Akali movement]], who accused him of both corruption and sexual impropriety. The event constitutes an important part of [[Sikh history]]. In political significance, it comes next only to the [[Amritsar Massacre|Jallianwala Bagh massacre]] of April 1919. The saga constitutes the core of the [[Gurdwara Reform Movement]] started by the Sikhs in the early twentieth century.<br /> <br /> ==Background==<br /> [[File:Photograph of Mahant Narayan Das, perpetrator of the Nankana massacre.jpg|thumb|Photograph of Mahant Narayan Das, the last [[Udasi]] custodian of Nankana Sahib and accused perpetrator of the Nankana massacre]]<br /> At the time of the massacre, there was a growing demand in Sikhism that the traditional hereditary custodians hand over their control of the gurdwaras to democratically elected committees. As part of that movement, the [[Shiromani Committee]] decided on its own to meet the Mahant on 3 March 1921 to advise him to hand over the charge of gurdwara Nankana Sahib to the committee. But the Committee got the information from its own intelligence that Mahant was planning to invite the Sikh leaders to Nanakana Sahib and have them killed by hired [[Goonda|goondas]]. This greatly angered [[Kartar Singh Jhabbar]] and others. A meeting of the Sikh leaders was called at Gurdwara Khara Sauda on 16 February 1921 to chalk out the future course of action. It was decided that Sangat would go in [[Jatha]]s (troops) and take charge of the Gurdwara. Sikh leaders learned that Mahant was going to [[Lahore]] on 20 February 1921. Bhai Kartar Singh Jhabbar and Bhai Lachaman Singh Dharowali decided to take their jathas to Nanakana Sahib on 20 February.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}<br /> <br /> == Lead-up ==<br /> The combined Jatha took a [[Hukamnama]] and started for the [[Gurdwara]] at about 10 PM on that night so as to reach there by early morning at [[Amrit Velā]] (the holy time of prayer). On the way 50 more Sikhs joined the Shaheedi Jatha and the total number swelled to about 200.<br /> At Chanderkot Jhal, Jathedar Lachhman Singh decided to wait for Kartar Singh Jhabber and his Jatha. They waited for a while in vain and finally, Jathedar Dharowali decided to cancel the plan for further march to Nankana Sahib. But at this very moment, [[jathedar Bhai Tehal Singh Dhanju |Jathedar Tehal Singh]] came forward and addressed the Shaheedi Jatha not to vacillate even for a moment from the forward march since &quot;the prayers having already been said and the action plan having already been decided with Guru's word, it is now imperative for now to move forward&quot;. Advising further that &quot;all the members shall keep cool even under extreme provocations&quot;. From here-on, Jathedar Tehal Singh took over the supreme command of the Shaheedi Jatha and resumed the march to Nankana.<br /> <br /> By almost at Amrit Velā, the Shaheedi Jatha reached the railway crossing near Nankana Sahib. Some of the Jatha members raced towards Darshani Deori to take possession of the Gurdawara, but at this very moment, Chaudhury Paul Singh Lyallpuri showed up with the latest decision of the Shiromani Committee advising to postpone the action for taking possession of the Gurdwara. Having conveyed the information, Bhai Paul Singh grabbed Jathedar Lachhman Singh from his waist behind and persuaded him not to proceed further. Once again, Jathedar Tehal Singh took the initiative and shaking Chaudhury Paul Singh forcefully off from the person of Jathedar Lachhman Singh, he once more challenged the Shaheedi Jatha to get ready for the sublime action. He once again spoke: &quot;Khalsa ji, the time is not to stop now, but to act. We have come here to achieve martyrdom under Guru's word. This is very un-Sikh-like to back out{{sic}} from one's commitment at the last moment&quot;. Saying this, Tehal Singh walked with the Jatha towards the Gurdwara. Lachhman Singh and others repeatedly requested him to relent, but Tehal Singh stuck to his [[Ardās]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sikhstudies.org/Periodicals.asp?TtlCod=811 Sikh Gurdwaras in History and Role of Jhabbar, Karnail Singh See Link] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615202825/http://www.sikhstudies.org/Periodicals.asp?TtlCod=811 |date=2007-06-15 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==The massacre==<br /> Enthused by the speech of Jathedar Tehal Singh, the entire Shaheedi Jatha followed him. By this time, another horseman messenger, Bhai Ram Singh, arrived. In vain he tried to persuade Jathedar Tehal Singh and the Jatha to return. The Jatha soon entered ''Darshni Deohri'' of the Gurdwara and shut the main door from inside. While some of the devotees took their seats inside the ''Prakash Asthan'', others sat on the platform and the ''Baran dari''. Bhai Lachhman Singh Dharowali sat on Guru's tabia. Mahant Narayan Das learned of the situation through the ''Jaikaras'' (victory slogans) of the Shaheedi Jatha. At first, he was utterly shocked thinking that the game was over, but he soon recovered and ordered his mercenaries to kill everyone in the Jatha. They fired bullets at the Sangat in Gurdwara Hall. Several bullets pierced [[Sri Guru Granth Sahib]]. The hired goondas armed with swords, spears, hatchets, and other lethal [[weapon]]s mercilessly slaughtered the peaceful Sikhs within the very premises of the Gurdwara. The dead and dying Singhs were then dragged to a pile of logs that had been collected earlier and consigned to flame. By the time the police and local Sikhs arrived, all the dead men had been consumed by the fire.<br /> <br /> ==Response==<br /> Bhai Lachhman Singh Dharowali who was wounded by a gunshot was tied to a Jand tree and burnt alive.<br /> <br /> The news spread and Sikhs from throughout Punjab marched towards [[Nankana Sahib]]. Bhai Kartar Singh Jhabber reached the next day with 2200 Singhs armed with shastrs (weapons). Fearing more trouble, Mr. King, [[Commissioner]] [[Lahore]], handed over the keys of Nankana Sahib to the Shiromani Committee and arrested Mahant Narayan Das and his Pashtun mercenaries and charged them with murder, but only Das and some of the mercenaries were sentenced to death.<br /> <br /> ==Statistics on fatalities==<br /> Officially, 86 Sikhs died.&lt;ref&gt;Shamsher Gurbakash Singh, Shaheedi Jeewan, 1938, p 356; Sher Singh Sher, Glimpses of Sikhism and Sikhs, 1982, p 207&lt;/ref&gt; Other sources give the figures of Sikh fatalities as either 140&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; or 260.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Legacy==<br /> [[File:Photograph of Gurdwara Janam Asthan in Nankana Sahib, 1935.jpg|thumb|Photograph of Gurdwara Janam Asthan in Nankana Sahib, 1935. The Janam Asthan [sacred birthplace that is marked by the main shrine], Shahid Ganj [place of martyrdom], and Shahidi Jand [martyrs' tree], from which many Sikhs were tied upside-down and were burnt-alive during the Nankana massacre of 1921, are visible.]]<br /> Every year on 20 February at this Shaheedi Asthan, [[Sri Guru Granth Sahib|Guru Granth Sahib]]'s Saroop with bullet marks is brought to Deewan (assembly) from 2 pm to 4 pm for darshan of the Sikh Sangat.<br /> <br /> ==Film, books and periodicals==<br /> * [[Saka – The Martyrs of Nankana Sahib]]<br /> * Gurdwara Reform Movement, and The Sikh Awakening, 1984, Teja Singh<br /> * Akali, Lahore, October 8, 1920<br /> * Akali Morchian Da Itihaas, 1977, Sohan Singh Josh<br /> * Meri Aap Beeti, Master Sunder Singh Lyalpuri (unpublished)<br /> * Gurdwara Arthaat Akali Lehir, 1975, Giani Pratap Singh<br /> * Struggle for Reform in Sikh Shrines, (Ed Dr Ganda Singh)<br /> * Khushwant Singh: A History of the Sikhs, 1966.<br /> * Shaheedi Jeewan, 1938, Gurbaksh Singh Shamsher<br /> * Glimpses of Sikhism and Sikhs, 1982, Sher Singh Sher<br /> * Encyclopedia of Sikhism, Vol I, II, Harbans Singh<br /> <br /> == Gallery ==<br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> File:Remains of slaughtered Sikh victims in the aftermath of the Nankana massacre ('Saka Nankana'), February 1921.jpg|Remains of slaughtered Sikh victims in the aftermath of the Nankana massacre ('Saka Nankana'), February 1921<br /> File:Charred remains of Sikhs murdered in the Nankana massacre (Saka Nankana) of 1921.jpg|Charred remains of Sikhs murdered in the Nankana massacre<br /> File:Photograph of the mass funeral of Sikh martyrs of the Nankana massacre ('Saka Nankana'), ca.1921.jpg|Photograph of the mass funeral of Sikh martyrs of the Nankana massacre ('Saka Nankana'), ca.1921<br /> File:The Tribune newspaper article reporting on the events of the Nankana massacre ('Saka Nankana') on 22 February 1921.jpg|''[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]'' newspaper article reporting on the events of the Nankana massacre ('Saka Nankana') on 22 February 1921<br /> File:Photograph of Mahant Narayan Das after courting arrest.jpg|Photograph of Mahant Narayan Das after courting arrest<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|35em}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160414153140/http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/events/nankana.html ''Massacre at Nankana Sahib'']<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070615202825/http://www.sikhstudies.org/Periodicals.asp?TtlCod=811 ''Sikh Gurdwaras in History and Role of Jhabbar'']<br /> <br /> [[Category:Persecution of Sikhs]]<br /> [[Category:Sikhism in Pakistan]]<br /> [[Category:Nankana Sahib District]]</div>

AdvAcademy01 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)&diff=460472 2026-02-19T23:44:36Z

<p>AdvAcademy01: fixed lead per standard format and improved wording per standard format</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Ancient Greek kingdom in the southern Balkans}}<br /> {{redirect|Macedon}}<br /> {{About|the ancient kingdom||Macedonia (disambiguation){{!}}Macedonia}}<br /> {{featured article}}<br /> {{pp-semi-indef}}<br /> {{protection padlock|small=yes}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox former country<br /> |native_name = {{lang|grc|Μακεδονία}}<br /> |conventional_long_name = Macedonia<br /> |common_name = Macedon<br /> |era = [[Classical Antiquity]]<br /> |government_type = [[Hereditary monarchy]]<br /> |year_start = 7th century BC<br /> |year_end = 168 BC<br /> |life_span = {{plainlist|<br /> *{{circa|7th century}} – 168 BC<br /> *150–148 BC}}<br /> |event_start = Legendary [[Founding myth|foundation]] by [[Caranus (king)|Caranus]] or [[Perdiccas I of Macedon|Perdiccas I]]<br /> |date_start =<br /> |event_end = [[Battle of Pydna]]<br /> |date_end =<br /> |event1 = [[Vassal]] of [[Achaemenid Persia|Persia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;sprawski 135–138 olbrycht 342–345&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Sprawski|2010|pp=135–138}}; {{harvnb|Olbrycht|2010|pp=342–345}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |date_event1 = 512/511–493 BC<br /> |event2 = [[Achaemenid Macedonia|Incorporated into the Persian Empire]]&lt;ref name=&quot;sprawski 135–138 olbrycht 342–345&quot;/&gt;<br /> |date_event2 = 492–479 BC<br /> |event3 = [[Rise of Macedon]]<br /> |date_event3 = 359–336 BC<br /> |event4 = [[League of Corinth|Founding of the Hellenic League]]<br /> |date_event4 = 338–337 BC<br /> |event5 = [[Wars of Alexander the Great]]<br /> |date_event5 = 336–323 BC<br /> |event6 = [[Partition of Babylon]]<br /> |date_event6 = 323 BC<br /> |event7 = [[Wars of the Diadochi]]<br /> |date_event7 = 322–272 BC<br /> |event8 = [[Macedonian Wars]]<br /> |date_event8 = 214–148 BC<br /> |event_pre =<br /> |date_pre =<br /> |event_post =<br /> |date_post =<br /> |p1 = Greek Dark Ages<br /> |p2 =<br /> Achaemenid Macedonia<br /> |p3 =<br /> League of Corinth<br /> |p4 =<br /> Achaemenid Empire<br /> |p5 =<br /> Pauravas<br /> |s1 = Lysimachian Empire<br /> |s2 = Seleucid Empire<br /> |s3 = Ptolemaic Kingdom<br /> |s4 = Attalid kingdom<br /> |s5 = Macedonia (Roman province){{!}}Macedonia province<br /> |image_coat = Vergina Sun WIPO.svg<br /> |coa_size = 100px<br /> |symbol_type = Vergina Sun<br /> |symbol_type_article = Vergina Sun<br /> |image_map = Map Macedonia 336 BC-en.svg<br /> |image_map_caption = The Kingdom of Macedonia in 336 BC (orange)<br /> |capital = {{plainlist|<br /> *[[Aegae (Macedonia)|Aigai]]&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Hatzopoulos|1996|pp=105–106}}; {{harvnb|Roisman|2010|p=156}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(before 399 BC)<br /> *[[Pella]]&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Engels|2010|p=92}}; {{harvnb|Roisman|2010|p=156}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(399–168 BC)}}<br /> |latd= |latm= |latNS= |longd= |longm= |longEW=<br /> |common_languages = [[Ancient Macedonian language|Ancient Macedonian]], [[Attic Greek|Attic]], [[Koine Greek]]<br /> |religion = [[Ancient Greek religion|Greek polytheism]], [[Hellenistic religion]]<br /> |currency = [[Tetradrachm]]<br /> |leader1 = [[Alexander I of Macedon|Alexander I]]<br /> |leader2 = [[Perdiccas II of Macedon|Perdiccas II]]<br /> |leader3 = [[Archelaus of Macedon|Archelaus]]<br /> |leader4 = [[Philip II of Macedon|Philip II]]<br /> |leader5 = [[Alexander the Great]]<br /> |leader6 = [[Cassander]]<br /> |leader7 = [[Demetrius I Poliorcetes|Demetrius I]]<br /> |leader8 = [[Pyrrhus of Epirus|Pyrrhus]] and [[Lysimachus]]<br /> |leader9 = [[Antigonus II Gonatas|Antigonus II]]<br /> |demonym = [[Ancient Macedonians|Macedonian]], Makedon&lt;ref&gt;E. Kapetanopoulos. &quot;Alexander's Patrius Sermo in the Philotas Affair&quot;, ''The Ancient World'' 30 (1999), pp. 125.&quot; If Xennias was a Makedon, then the phrase...&quot; ([http://www.history.ccsu.edu/elias/PhilotasPatriusSermo.pdf PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716201824/http://www.history.ccsu.edu/elias/PhilotasPatriusSermo.pdf|date=2011-07-16}} or [http://www.history.ccsu.edu/elias/AlexandrosPatrius.htm HTM] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821205308/https://www.ccsu.edu/history/|date=2022-08-21}})&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |leader10 = [[Antigonus III Doson|Antigonus III]]<br /> |leader11 = [[Philip V of Macedon|Philip V]]<br /> |leader12 = [[Perseus of Macedon|Perseus]] (last)<br /> |year_leader1 = 498/497–454 BC<br /> |year_leader2 = 454–413 BC<br /> |year_leader3 = 413–399 BC<br /> |year_leader4 = 359–336 BC<br /> |year_leader5 = 336–323 BC<br /> |year_leader6 = 305–297 BC<br /> |year_leader7 = 294–288 BC<br /> |year_leader8 = 288–284 BC<br /> |year_leader9 = 272–239 BC<br /> |year_leader10 = 229–221 BC<br /> |year_leader11 = 221–179 BC<br /> |year_leader12 = 179–168 BC<br /> |title_leader = [[List of kings of Macedon|Basileus]]<br /> |legislature = [[Synedrion]]<br /> |<br /> |stat_year1 = 323 BC&lt;ref name=&quot;Turchin&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Turchin|first1=Peter|last2=Adams|first2=Jonathan M.|last3=Hall|first3=Thomas D. | title = East-West Orientation of Historical Empires | journal = Journal of World-Systems Research|date=December 2006 |volume=12|issue=2 |page=223 |url =http://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/view/369/381|access-date=12 September 2016 |issn= 1076-156X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Taagepera&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Taagepera|first1=Rein|title=Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.|journal=Social Science History|date=1979|volume=3|issue=3/4|page=121|doi=10.2307/1170959|jstor=1170959}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OxfordArea&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Bang|first1=Peter Fibiger|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mkLEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA92|title=The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume One: The Imperial Experience|last2=Bayly|first2=C. A.|last3=Scheidel|first3=Walter|year=2020|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-977311-4|pages=92–94|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |stat_area1 = 5200000<br /> |stat_pop1 =<br /> |footnotes =<br /> }}<br /> &lt;!-- Please do not change the following text without first discussing it on the talk page. --&gt;<br /> '''Macedonia''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Macedonia.ogg|ˌ|m|æ|s|ᵻ|ˈ|d|oʊ|n|i|ə}} {{respell|MASS|ih|DOH|nee|ə}}; {{langx|el|Μακεδονία}}, {{lang|el-latn|Makedonía}}), also called '''Macedon''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|æ|s|ᵻ|d|ɒ|n}} {{respell|MASS|ih|don}}), was an [[Classical antiquity|ancient]] [[monarchy|kingdom]] on the periphery of [[Archaic Greece|Archaic]] and [[Classical Greece]],&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Hornblower|2008|pp=55–58}}.&lt;/ref&gt; which later became the dominant state of [[Hellenistic Greece]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Austin|2006|pp=1–4}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The [[History of Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|kingdom was founded]] and initially ruled by the royal [[Argead dynasty]], which was followed by the [[Antipatrid dynasty|Antipatrid]] and [[Antigonid dynasty|Antigonid]] dynasties. Home to the [[ancient Macedonians]], the earliest kingdom was centred on the northeastern part of the [[Greek peninsula]],&lt;ref name=britannica&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/354266/Macedonia|title=Macedonia|date=23 October 2015|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Online|access-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208092317/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/354266/Macedonia|archive-date=8 December 2008}}.&lt;/ref&gt; and bordered by [[Epirus (ancient state)|Epirus]] to the southwest, [[Illyria]] to the northwest, [[Paeonia (kingdom)|Paeonia]] to the north, [[Thrace]] to the east and [[Ancient Thessaly|Thessaly]] to the south.<br /> <br /> Before the 4th century BC, Macedonia was a small kingdom with its capital at [[Aegae (Macedonia)|Aigai]], outside of the area dominated by the great [[city-states]] of [[Classical Athens|Athens]], [[Sparta]] and [[Classical Thebes|Thebes]], and [[Achaemenid Macedonia|briefly subordinate]] to the [[Achaemenid Empire]]. During the reign of the Argead king [[Philip II of Macedon|Philip{{nbsp}}II]] (359–336 BC), Macedonia with its capital at [[Pella]], [[Rise of Macedon|subdued]] mainland Greece and the Thracian [[Odrysian kingdom]] through conquest and diplomacy. With a reformed [[Ancient Macedonian army|army]] containing [[Macedonian phalanx|phalanxes]] wielding the ''[[sarissa]]'' pike, Philip{{nbsp}}II defeated the old powers of [[Second Athenian League|Athens]] and [[Theban hegemony|Thebes]] in the [[Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC)|Battle of Chaeronea]] in 338{{nbsp}}BC. Philip{{nbsp}}II's son [[Alexander the Great]], leading a [[League of Corinth|federation of Greek states]], accomplished his father's objective of commanding the whole of Greece when he [[Battle of Thebes|destroyed Thebes]] after the city revolted. During Alexander's subsequent [[Chronology of the expedition of Alexander the Great into Asia|campaign of conquest]], he [[Wars of Alexander the Great|overthrew]] the Achaemenid Empire and conquered territory that stretched as far as the [[Indus River]]. For a brief period, his '''Macedonian Empire''' was the most powerful in the world – the definitive [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic]] state, inaugurating the transition to a new period of [[Culture of ancient Greece|Ancient Greek civilization]]. [[Hellenistic art|Greek arts]] and [[Hellenistic literature|literature]] flourished in the new conquered lands and advances in [[Ancient Greek philosophy|philosophy]], [[Ancient Greek engineering|engineering]], and [[Ancient Greek science|science]] spread across the empire and beyond. Of particular importance were the contributions of [[Aristotle]], tutor to Alexander, [[Aristotelianism|whose writings]] became a keystone of [[Western philosophy]].<br /> <br /> After [[death of Alexander the Great|Alexander's death]] in 323{{nbsp}}BC, the ensuing [[wars of the Diadochi]], and the partitioning of Alexander's short-lived empire, Macedonia remained a Greek cultural and political centre in the Mediterranean region along with [[Ptolemaic Egypt]], the [[Seleucid Empire]], and the [[Attalid kingdom]]. Important cities such as its capital [[Pella]], [[Pydna]], and [[Amphipolis]] were involved in power struggles for control of the territory. New cities were founded, such as [[Thessalonica]] by the usurper [[Cassander]] (named after his wife [[Thessalonike of Macedon]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;Adams 2010 215&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Adams|2010|p=215}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Macedonia's decline began with the [[Macedonian Wars]] and [[Rise of Rome|the rise]] of [[ancient Rome|Rome]] as the leading [[Mediterranean region|Mediterranean]] power. At the end of the [[Third Macedonian War]] in 168{{nbsp}}BC, [[Greece in the Roman era|the Macedonian monarchy was abolished]] and replaced by Roman [[client state]]s. A short-lived revival of the monarchy during the [[Fourth Macedonian War]] in 150–148{{nbsp}}BC ended with the establishment of the [[Roman province]] of [[Macedonia (Roman province)|Macedonia]].<br /> <br /> The Macedonian kings, who wielded [[Absolute monarchy|absolute power]] and commanded [[State ownership|state resources]] such as gold and silver, facilitated mining operations to [[Mint (facility)|mint]] [[Ancient Greek coinage|currency]], finance [[Antigonid Macedonian army|their armies]] and, by the reign of Philip{{nbsp}}II, a Macedonian navy. Unlike the other ''[[diadochi]]'' [[successor state]]s, the [[imperial cult]] fostered by Alexander was never adopted in Macedonia, yet Macedonian rulers nevertheless assumed roles as [[high priest]]s of the kingdom and leading patrons of domestic and international [[Ancient Greek religion|cults]] of the [[Hellenistic religion]]. The authority of Macedonian kings was theoretically limited by the institution of the army, while [[Government of Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|a few municipalities]] within the [[Koinon of Macedonians|Macedonian commonwealth]] enjoyed a high degree of autonomy and even had [[History of democracy|democratic governments]] with [[popular assemblies]].<br /> <br /> ==Etymology==<br /> {{see also|Makedon (mythology)|Macedonia (terminology)}}<br /> The name Macedonia ({{langx|el|Μακεδονία}}, ''{{lang|grc-Latn|Makedonía}}'') comes from the [[ethnonym]] {{lang|grc|Μακεδόνες}} ({{Transliteration|grc|Makedónes}}), which itself is derived from the [[ancient Greek]] adjective [[Makednos|μακεδνός]] ({{Transliteration|grc|makednós}}), meaning 'tall, slim', also the name of a people related to the [[Dorians]] ([[Herodotus]]), and possibly descriptive of [[Ancient Macedonians]].{{Sfn|Beekes|2009|p=894}} It is most likely [[cognate]] with the adjective {{lang|grc|μακρός}} ({{Transliteration|grc|makrós}}), meaning 'long' or 'tall' in [[Ancient Greek]].{{Sfn|Beekes|2009|p=894}} The name is believed to have originally meant either 'highlanders', 'the tall ones', or 'high grown men'.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Engels|2010|p=89}}; {{harvnb|Borza|1995|p=114}}; [[Eugene N. Borza]] writes that the &quot;highlanders&quot; or &quot;Makedones&quot; of the mountainous regions of western Macedonia are derived from northwest Greek stock; they were akin to those who at an earlier time may have migrated south to become the historical &quot;Dorians&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; Linguist [[Robert S. P. Beekes]] claims that both terms are of [[Pre-Greek substrate]] origin and cannot be explained in terms of [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] morphology;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Beekes|2009|p=894}}&lt;/ref&gt; however Filip De Decker rejects Beekesʼ arguments as insufficient.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=De Decker |first1=Filip |title=An Etymological Case Study On The And Vocabulary In Robert Beekes's New Etymological Dictionary Of Greek: M |journal=Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis |date=2016 |volume=133 |issue=2 |doi=10.4467/20834624SL.16.006.5152}}&lt;/ref&gt; The shorter English name variant ''Macedon'' developed in Middle English, based on a borrowing from the French form of the name, ''Macédoine''.&lt;ref&gt;''Oxford English Dictionary'', s.v. 'Macedon'&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> {{main|History of Macedonia (ancient kingdom)}}<br /> <br /> ===Early history and legend===<br /> {{main|Achaemenid Macedonia|Argead dynasty}}<br /> {{further|List of ancient Macedonians#Kings}}<br /> [[File:Vergina2.jpg|thumb|The entrance to one of the royal tombs at [[Vergina]], a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]]]<br /> The [[Classical Greece|Classical]] [[Greek historiography|Greek historians]] [[Herodotus]] and [[Thucydides]] reported the [[Origin myth|legend]] that the [[List of Macedonian kings|Macedonian kings]] of the [[Argead dynasty]] were descendants of [[Temenus]], king of [[Argos, Peloponnese|Argos]], and could therefore claim the mythical [[Heracles]] as one of their [[ancestor]]s as well as [[Family tree of the Greek gods|a direct lineage]] from [[Zeus]], chief god of the [[Greek mythology|Greek pantheon]].&lt;ref name=&quot;king 376 sprawski 127 errington 2 3&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|King|2010|p=376}}; {{harvnb|Sprawski|2010|p=127}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=2–3}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Contradictory legends state that either [[Perdiccas I of Macedon]] or [[Caranus of Macedon]] were the founders of the Argead dynasty, with either five or eight kings before Amyntas{{nbsp}}I.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|King|2010|p=376}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=3, 251}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The assertion that the Argeads descended from Temenus was accepted by the ''[[Hellanodikai]]'' authorities of the [[Ancient Olympic Games]], permitting [[Alexander I of Macedon]] ({{reign|498|454|era=BC}}) to enter the competitions owing to his perceived Greek heritage.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Badian|1982|p=34}}; {{harvnb|Sprawski|2010|p=142}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Little is known about the kingdom before the reign of Alexander{{nbsp}}I's father [[Amyntas I of Macedon]] ({{reign|547|498|era=BC}}) during the [[Archaic Greece|Archaic period]].&lt;ref name=&quot;king 2010 376&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[History of Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|kingdom of Macedonia]] was initially situated along the [[Haliacmon]] and [[Loudias]] rivers in [[Lower Macedonia]], north of [[Mount Olympus]], east of the [[Vermio Mountains|Vermio]] and [[Pierian Mountains|Pierian]] mountain ranges, stretching along the coast of the [[Thermaic Gulf]]. Historian [[Robert Malcolm Errington]] suggests that one of the earliest Argead kings established [[Aegae (Macedonia)|Aigai]] (modern [[Vergina]]) as their capital in the mid-7th century{{nbsp}}BC.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=2}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Before the 4th century{{nbsp}}BC, the kingdom covered a region corresponding roughly to the [[Western Macedonia|western]] and [[Central Macedonia|central]] parts of the [[Macedonia (Greece)|region of Macedonia]] in modern [[Greece]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Thomas|2010|pp=67–68, 74–78}}.&lt;/ref&gt; It gradually expanded into the regions of [[Emathia (Macedonia)|Emathia]], [[Pieria (regional unit)|Pieria]], [[Bottiaea]], [[Almopia]], [[Eordaea]], [[Mygdonia]], [[Crestonia]], and [[Bisaltia]], which were inhabited by various peoples such as [[Thracians]] and [[Phrygians]], and into the region of [[Upper Macedonia]], inhabited by the Greek tribes of [[Lyncestae]], [[Orestae]], and [[Elimiotae]].&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Lewis|Boardman|1994|pp=723–724}}, see also {{harvnb|Hatzopoulos|1996|pp=105–108}} for the Macedonian expulsion of original inhabitants such as the [[Phrygians]].&lt;/ref&gt; Macedonia's non-Greek neighbours included Thracians, inhabiting territories to the northeast, [[Illyrians]] to the northwest, and [[Paeonians]] to the north, while the lands of [[Thessaly]] to the south and [[Epirus]] to the west were inhabited by Greeks with similar cultures to that of the Macedonians.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Anson|2010|pp=5–6}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Oktadrachm of Alexander I 498 – 454 BCE.jpg|thumb|left|A silver ''[[drachm|octadrachm]]'' of [[Alexander I of Macedon]] ({{reign|498|454|era=BC}}), [[Mint (facility)|minted]] {{circa|465–460 BC}}, showing an [[equestrianism|equestrian]] figure wearing a ''[[chlamys]]'' (short cloak) and ''[[petasos]]'' (head cap) while holding two spears and leading a horse]]<br /> {{multiple image<br /> | align = right<br /> | footer_align = center<br /> | image1 = Xerxes I tomb Ionian with petasos or kausia soldier circa 480 BCE cleaned up.jpg<br /> | width1 = 106<br /> | image2 = Xerxes tomb Ionian with petasos.jpg<br /> | width2 = 150<br /> | footer = The &quot;Ionians with shield-hats&quot; ([[Old Persian cuneiform]]: [[Wikt:𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎣𐎲𐎼𐎠|𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠𐏐𐎫𐎣𐎲𐎼𐎠]], ''Yaunā takabarā'')&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.livius.org/sources/content/achaemenid-royal-inscriptions/dna/?|title=DNa – Livius|website=www.livius.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; depicted on the tomb of [[Xerxes I]] at [[Naqsh-e Rustam]], were probably Macedonian soldiers in the service of the [[Achaemenid army]], wearing the [[petasos]] or [[kausia]], {{Circa|480 BC}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Olbrycht|2010|pp=343–344}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> A year after [[Darius I of Persia]] ({{reign|522|486|era=BC}}) launched [[European Scythian campaign of Darius I|an invasion]] into Europe against the [[Scythians]], [[Paeonians]], [[Thrace|Thracians]], and several Greek city-states of the [[Balkans]], the Persian general [[Megabazus]] used diplomacy to convince Amyntas{{nbsp}}I to submit as a [[Vassal state|vassal]] of the [[Achaemenid Empire]], ushering in the period of [[Achaemenid Macedonia]].&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Olbrycht|2010|pp=342–343}}; {{harvnb|Sprawski|2010|pp=131, 134}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=8–9}}. &lt;br /&gt;Errington is skeptical that at this point [[Amyntas I of Macedon]] offered any submission as a vassal at all, at most a token one. He also mentions how the Macedonian king pursued his own course of action, such as inviting the exiled Athenian [[tyrant]] [[Hippias (tyrant)|Hippias]] to take refuge at [[Anthemous]] in 506{{nbsp}}BC.&lt;/ref&gt; Achaemenid Persian [[hegemony]] over Macedonia was briefly interrupted by the [[Ionian Revolt]] (499–493{{nbsp}}BC), yet the Persian general [[Mardonius (general)|Mardonius]] brought it back under Achaemenid [[suzerainty]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Olbrycht|2010|p=344}}; {{harvnb|Sprawski|2010|pp=135–137}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=9–10}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Although Macedonia enjoyed a large degree of [[autonomy]] and was never made a [[satrap]]y (i.e. province) of the Achaemenid Empire, it was expected to provide troops for the [[Achaemenid army]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Olbrycht|2010|pp=343–344}}; {{harvnb|Sprawski|2010|p=137}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=10}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Alexander{{nbsp}}I provided Macedonian military support to [[Xerxes I]] ({{reign|486|465|era=BC}}) during the [[Second Persian invasion of Greece]] in 480–479 BC, and Macedonian soldiers fought on the side of the Persians at the 479{{nbsp}}BC [[Battle of Platea]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|King|2010|p=376}}; {{harvnb|Olbrycht|2010|pp=344–345}}; {{harvnb|Sprawski|2010|pp=138–139}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Following the [[Battle of Salamis|Greek victory at Salamis]] in 480{{nbsp}}BC, Alexander{{nbsp}}I was employed as an Achaemenid diplomat to propose a peace treaty and alliance with [[Classical Athens|Athens]], an offer that was rejected.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Sprawski|2010|pp=139–140}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Soon afterwards, the Achaemenid forces were [[Wars of the Delian League|forced to withdraw from mainland Europe]], marking the end of Persian control over Macedonia.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Olbrycht|2010|p=345}}; {{harvnb|Sprawski|2010|pp=139–141}}; see also {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=11–12}} for further details.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Involvement in the Classical Greek world===<br /> {{further|Delian League|Spartan hegemony|Theban hegemony}}<br /> [[File:Map Peloponnesian War 431 BC-en.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Macedon (orange) during the [[Peloponnesian War]] around 431{{nbsp}}BC, with [[Classical Athens|Athens]] and the [[Delian League]] (yellow), [[Sparta]] and [[Peloponnesian League]] (red), independent states (blue), and the Persian [[Achaemenid Empire]] (purple)]]<br /> Although initially a Persian vassal, Alexander{{nbsp}}I of Macedon fostered friendly diplomatic relations with his former Greek enemies, the Athenian and [[Sparta]]n-led coalition of Greek city-states.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Sprawski|2010|pp=141–143}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=9, 11–12}}.&lt;/ref&gt; His successor [[Perdiccas II of Macedon|Perdiccas{{nbsp}}II]] ({{reign|454|413|era=BC}}) led the Macedonians to war in four separate conflicts against Athens, leader of the [[Delian League]], while incursions by the Thracian ruler [[Sitalces]] of the [[Odrysian kingdom]] threatened Macedonia's [[territorial integrity]] in the northeast.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Roisman|2010|pp=145–147}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The Athenian statesman [[Pericles]] promoted colonization of the [[Strymon River]] near the Kingdom of Macedonia, where the colonial city of [[Amphipolis]] was founded in 437/436{{nbsp}}BC so that it could provide Athens with a steady supply of silver and gold as well as [[timber]] and [[Pitch (resin)|pitch]] to support the [[Athenian navy]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Roisman|2010|pp=146–147}}; {{harvnb|Müller|2010|p=171}}; {{harvnb|Cawkwell|1978|p=72}}; see also {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=13–14}} for further details.&lt;/ref&gt; Initially Perdiccas II did not take any action and might have even welcomed the Athenians, as the Thracians were foes to both of them.&lt;ref name=&quot;roisman 2010 146 147&quot;/&gt; This changed due to an Athenian alliance with a brother and cousin of Perdiccas{{nbsp}}II who had rebelled against him.&lt;ref name=&quot;roisman 2010 146 147&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Roisman|2010|pp=146–147}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Thus, two separate wars were fought against Athens between 433 and 431{{nbsp}}BC.&lt;ref name=&quot;roisman 2010 146 147&quot;/&gt; The Macedonian king retaliated by promoting the rebellion of Athens' allies in [[Chalcidice]] and subsequently won over the strategic city of [[Potidaea]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Roisman|2010|pp=146–147}}; see also {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=18}} for further details.&lt;/ref&gt; After capturing the Macedonian cities [[Therma]] and [[Veria|Beroea]], Athens besieged Potidaea but failed to overcome it; Therma was returned to Macedonia and much of Chalcidice to Athens in a [[peace treaty]] brokered by Sitalces, who provided Athens with military aid in exchange for acquiring new Thracian allies.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Roisman|2010|pp=147–148}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=19–20}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Perdiccas{{nbsp}}II sided [[Peloponnesian League|with Sparta]] in the [[Peloponnesian War]] (431–404 BC) between Athens and Sparta, and in 429 BC Athens retaliated by persuading Sitalces to invade Macedonia, but he was forced to retreat owing to a shortage of provisions in winter.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Roisman|2010|pp=149–150}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=20}}.&lt;/ref&gt; In 424 BC, [[Arrhabaeus]]&lt;!-- This is intentionally linked to a disambiguation page, at least until an article is made about this individual. --&gt;, a local ruler of [[Lynkestis]] in Upper Macedonia, rebelled against his [[suzerain|overlord]] Perdiccas, and the Spartans agreed to help in putting down the revolt.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Roisman|2010|pp=150–152}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=21–22}}.&lt;/ref&gt; At the [[Battle of Lyncestis]] the Macedonians panicked and fled before the fighting began, enraging the Spartan general [[Brasidas]], whose soldiers looted the unattended Macedonian [[baggage train]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Roisman|2010|p=152}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=22}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Perdiccas then changed sides and supported Athens, and he was able to put down Arrhabaeus's revolt.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Roisman|2010|pp=152–153}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=22–23}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Didrachm of Archelaos I King of Macedonia.jpg|thumb|left|A Macedonian [[didrachm]] minted during the reign of [[Archelaus I of Macedon]] ({{reign|413|399|era=BC}})]]<br /> Brasidas died in 422 BC, the year Athens and Sparta struck an accord, the [[Peace of Nicias]], that freed Macedonia from its obligations as an Athenian ally.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Roisman|2010|p=153}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=22–23}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Following the 418{{nbsp}}BC [[Battle of Mantinea (418 BC)|Battle of Mantinea]], the victorious Spartans formed an alliance with [[History of Argos|Argos]], a military pact Perdiccas{{nbsp}}II was keen to join given the threat of Spartan allies remaining in Chalcidice.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Roisman|2010|pp=153–154}}; see also {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=23}} for further details.&lt;/ref&gt; When Argos suddenly switched sides as a pro-Athenian [[democracy]], the Athenian navy was able to form a [[blockade]] against Macedonian [[seaport]]s and invade Chalcidice in 417{{nbsp}}BC.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Roisman|2010|p=154}}; see also {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=23}} for further details.&lt;/ref&gt; Perdiccas{{nbsp}}II sued for peace in 414{{nbsp}}BC, forming an alliance with Athens that was continued by his son and successor [[Archelaus I of Macedon|Archelaus{{nbsp}}I]] ({{reign|413|399|era=BC}}).&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Roisman|2010|p=154}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=23–24}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Athens then provided naval support to Archelaus{{nbsp}}I in the 410{{nbsp}}BC Macedonian siege of [[Pydna]], in exchange for timber and naval equipment.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Roisman|2010|pp=154–155}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=24}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Although Archelaus I was faced with some internal revolts and had to fend off an invasion of Illyrians led by [[Sirras]] of Lynkestis, he was able to project Macedonian power into Thessaly where he sent military aid to his allies.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Roisman|2010|pp=155–156}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Although he retained Aigai as a ceremonial and religious centre, Archelaus{{nbsp}}I moved the [[capital city|capital]] of the kingdom north to [[Pella]], which was then positioned by a lake with a river connecting it to the [[Aegean Sea]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Roisman|2010|p=156}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=26}}.&lt;/ref&gt; He improved Macedonia's [[currency]] by minting [[coin]]s with a [[Silver coin|higher silver content]] as well as issuing separate [[Coinage metals|copper coinage]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Roisman 2010 156 157&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Roisman|2010|pp=156–157}}.&lt;/ref&gt; His royal court attracted the presence of well-known intellectuals such as the Athenian [[playwright]] [[Euripides]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Roisman|2010|pp=156–157}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=26}}.&lt;/ref&gt; When Archelaus{{nbsp}}I was assassinated (perhaps following a [[Homosexuality in ancient Greece|homosexual]] love affair with [[royal page]]s at his court), the kingdom was plunged into chaos, in an era lasting from 399 to 393{{nbsp}}BC that included the reign of four different monarchs: [[Orestes of Macedon|Orestes]], son of Archelaus{{nbsp}}I; [[Aeropus II of Macedon|Aeropus{{nbsp}}II]], uncle, [[regent]], and murderer of Orestes; [[Pausanias of Macedon|Pausanias]], son of Aeropus{{nbsp}}II; and [[Amyntas II of Macedon|Amyntas{{nbsp}}II]], who was married to the youngest daughter of Archelaus{{nbsp}}I.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Roisman|2010|pp=157–158}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=28–29}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Very little is known about this turbulent period; it came to an end when [[Amyntas III of Macedon|Amyntas{{nbsp}}III]] ({{reign|393|370|era=BC}}), son of Arrhidaeus and grandson of Amyntas{{nbsp}}I, killed Pausanias and claimed the Macedonian throne.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Roisman|2010|p=158}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=28–29}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Coin of Amyntas III-161113.jpg|thumb|A silver ''[[stater]]'' of [[Amyntas III of Macedon]] ({{reign|393|370|era=BC}})]]<br /> Amyntas III was forced to flee his kingdom in either 393 or 383{{nbsp}}BC (based on conflicting accounts), owing to a massive invasion by the [[Illyrians]] led by [[Bardylis]].&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Roisman|2010|pp=158–159}}; see also {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=30}} for further details; the Greek historian [[Diodorus Siculus]] provided a seemingly conflicting account about Illyrian invasions occurring in 393{{nbsp}}BC and 383{{nbsp}}BC, which may have been representative of a single invasion led by the Illyrian king [[Bardylis]].&lt;/ref&gt; The [[pretender]] to the throne [[Argaeus II of Macedon|Argaeus]] ruled in his absence, yet Amyntas{{nbsp}}III eventually returned to his kingdom with the aid of Thessalian allies.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Roisman|2010|p=159}}; see also {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=30}} for further details.&lt;/ref&gt; Amyntas{{nbsp}}III was also nearly overthrown by the forces of the Chalcidian city of [[Olynthos]], but with the aid of [[Teleutias]], brother of the Spartan king [[Agesilaus II]], the Macedonians forced Olynthos to surrender and dissolve their [[Chalcidian League]] in 379{{nbsp}}BC.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Roisman|2010|pp=159–160}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=32–33}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Alexander II of Macedon|Alexander II]] ({{reign|370|368|era=BC}}), son of [[Eurydice I of Macedon|Eurydice{{nbsp}}I]] and Amyntas{{nbsp}}III, succeeded his father and immediately invaded Thessaly to wage war against the ''[[Tagus (title)|tagus]]'' (supreme Thessalian military leader) [[Alexander of Pherae]], capturing the city of [[Larissa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Roisman|2010|p=161}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=34–35}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The Thessalians, desiring to remove both Alexander{{nbsp}}II and Alexander of Pherae as their [[overlord]]s, appealed to [[Pelopidas]] of [[Thebes, Greece|Thebes]] for aid; he succeeded in recapturing Larissa and, in the peace agreement arranged with Macedonia, received aristocratic [[hostage]]s including Alexander{{nbsp}}II's brother and future king [[Philip II of Macedon|Philip{{nbsp}}II]] ({{reign|359|336|era=BC}}).&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Roisman|2010|pp=161–162}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=35–36}}.&lt;/ref&gt; When Alexander was assassinated by his brother-in-law [[Ptolemy of Aloros]], the latter acted as an overbearing regent for [[Perdiccas III of Macedon|Perdiccas{{nbsp}}III]] ({{reign|368|359|era=BC}}), younger brother of Alexander{{nbsp}}II, who eventually had Ptolemy executed when reaching the [[age of majority]] in 365{{nbsp}}BC.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Roisman|2010|pp=162–163}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=36}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The remainder of Perdiccas III's reign was marked by political stability and financial recovery.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Roisman|2010|pp=162–163}}.&lt;/ref&gt; However, an Athenian invasion led by [[Timotheus (general)|Timotheus]], son of [[Conon]], captured [[Methoni, Pieria|Methone]] and Pydna, and an Illyrian invasion led by Bardylis succeeded in killing Perdiccas{{nbsp}}III and 4,000 Macedonian troops in battle.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Roisman|2010|pp=163–164}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=37}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Rise of Macedon===<br /> {{Main|Expansion of Macedonia under Philip II}}<br /> {{further|Argead dynasty|Amyntas IV of Macedon|League of Corinth}}<br /> {{multiple image<br /> | align = right<br /> | image1 = Filip II Macedonia.jpg<br /> | width1 = 185<br /> | alt1 =<br /> | caption1 =<br /> | image2 = Philip-ii-of-macedon.jpg<br /> | width2 = 200<br /> | alt2 =<br /> | caption2 =<br /> | footer = Left, a bust of [[Philip II of Macedon]] ({{reign|359|336|era=BC}}) from the [[Hellenistic period]], located at [[Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek]]. Right, another bust of Philip&amp;nbsp;II, a 1st-century AD [[Hellenistic art#Later Roman copies|Roman copy]] of a [[Hellenistic art|Hellenistic Greek]] original, now in the [[Vatican Museums]].<br /> }}<br /> [[File:Expansion of Macedon (English).svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Map of the Kingdom of Macedon at the death of [[Philip II of Macedon|Philip{{nbsp}}II]] in 336{{nbsp}}BC (light blue), with the original territory that existed in 431{{nbsp}}BC (red outline), and [[dependent state]]s (yellow)]]<br /> <br /> Philip II was twenty-four years old when he acceded to the throne in 359{{nbsp}}BC.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Müller|2010|pp=166–167}}; {{harvnb|Buckley|1996|pp=467–472}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Through the use of deft diplomacy, he was able to convince the Thracians under [[Berisades]] to cease their support of [[Pausanias (pretender)|Pausanias]], a pretender to the throne, and the Athenians to halt their support of [[Argaeus II of Macedon|another pretender]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Müller|2010|pp=167–168}}; {{harvnb|Buckley|1996|pp=467–472}}.&lt;/ref&gt; He achieved these by bribing the Thracians and their [[Paeonia (kingdom)|Paeonian]] allies and establishing a treaty with Athens that relinquished his claims to Amphipolis.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Müller|2010|pp=167–168}}; {{harvnb|Buckley|1996|pp=467–472}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=38}}.&lt;/ref&gt; He was also able to make peace with the Illyrians who [[Battle of Erigon Valley|had threatened his borders]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Müller|2010|p=167}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Philip II spent his initial years radically transforming the [[Ancient Macedonian army|Macedonian army]]. A reform of its organization, equipment, and training, including the introduction of the [[Macedonian phalanx]] armed with [[Pike (weapon)|long pikes]] (i.e. the ''[[sarissa]]''), proved immediately successful when tested against his Illyrian and Paeonian enemies.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Müller|2010|p=168}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Confusing accounts in ancient sources have led modern scholars to debate how much Philip{{nbsp}}II's royal predecessors may have contributed to these reforms and the extent to which his ideas were influenced by his [[Adolescence|adolescent]] years of captivity in Thebes as a political hostage during the [[Theban hegemony]], especially after meeting with the general [[Epaminondas]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Müller|2010|pp=168–169}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Macedonians, like the other Greeks, traditionally practised [[monogamy]], but Philip{{nbsp}}II practised [[polygamy]] and married seven wives with [[Cleopatra Eurydice|perhaps only one]] that did not involve the loyalty of his aristocratic subjects or new allies.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Müller|2010|pp=169–170, 179}}. &lt;br /&gt;Müller is skeptical about the claims of [[Plutarch]] and [[Athenaeus]] that Philip{{nbsp}}II of Macedon married [[Cleopatra Eurydice of Macedon]], a younger woman, purely out of love or due to his own [[midlife crisis]]. Cleopatra was the daughter of the general [[Attalus (general)|Attalus]], who along with his father-in-law [[Parmenion]] were given command posts in [[Asia Minor]] (modern [[Turkey]]) soon after this wedding. Müller also suspects that this marriage was one of political convenience meant to ensure the loyalty of an influential Macedonian noble house.&lt;/ref&gt; His first marriages were to [[Phila of Elimeia]] of the Upper Macedonian aristocracy as well as the Illyrian princess [[Audata]] to ensure a marriage alliance.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Müller|2010|p=169}}.&lt;/ref&gt; To establish an alliance with Larissa in Thessaly, he married the Thessalian noblewoman [[Philinna]] in 358{{nbsp}}BC, who bore him a son who would later rule as [[Philip III Arrhidaeus]] ({{reign|323|317|era=BC}}).&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Müller|2010|p=170}}; {{harvnb|Buckler|1989|p=62}}.&lt;/ref&gt; In 357{{nbsp}}BC, he married [[Olympias]] to secure an alliance with [[Arybbas of Epirus|Arybbas]], the [[king of Epirus]] and the [[Molossians]]. This marriage would bear a son who would later rule as Alexander{{nbsp}}III (better known as [[Alexander the Great]]) and claim descent from the legendary [[Achilles]] by way of his [[Aeacidae|dynastic heritage from Epirus]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Müller|2010|pp=170–171}}; {{harvnb|Gilley|Worthington|2010|p=187}}.&lt;/ref&gt; It is unclear whether or not the Achaemenid Persian kings influenced Philip{{nbsp}}II's practice of polygamy, although his predecessor Amyntas{{nbsp}}III had three sons with a possible second wife Gygaea: Archelaus, Arrhidaeus, and [[Menelaus (son of Amyntas III)|Menelaus]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Müller|2010|pp=167, 169}}; {{harvnb|Roisman|2010|p=161}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Philip{{nbsp}}II had Archelaus put to death in 359{{nbsp}}BC, while Philip{{nbsp}}II's other two half brothers fled to Olynthos, serving as a ''[[casus belli]]'' for the [[Olynthian War]] (349–348{{nbsp}}BC) against the Chalcidian League.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Müller|2010|pp=169, 173–174}}; {{harvnb|Cawkwell|1978|p=84}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=38–39}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> While Athens was preoccupied with the [[Social War (357–355 BC)]], Philip{{nbsp}}II retook Amphipolis from them in 357{{nbsp}}BC and the following year recaptured Pydna and Potidaea, the latter of which he handed over to the Chalcidian League as promised in a treaty.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Müller|2010|p=171}}; {{harvnb|Buckley|1996|pp=470–472}}; {{harvnb|Cawkwell|1978|pp=74–75}}.&lt;/ref&gt; In 356{{nbsp}}BC, he took [[Crenides (Macedonia)|Crenides]], refounding it as [[Philippi]], while his general [[Parmenion]] defeated the Illyrian king [[Grabos II]] of the [[Grabaei]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Müller|2010|p=172}}; {{harvnb|Hornblower|2002|p=272}}; {{harvnb|Cawkwell|1978|p=42}}; {{harvnb|Buckley|1996|pp=470–472}}.&lt;/ref&gt; During the 355–354{{nbsp}}BC siege of Methone, Philip{{nbsp}}II lost his right eye to an arrow wound, but managed to capture the city and treated the inhabitants cordially, unlike the Potidaeans, who had been enslaved.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Müller|2010|pp=171–172}}; {{harvnb|Buckler|1989|pp=63, 176–181}}; {{harvnb|Cawkwell|1978|pp=185–187}}. &lt;br /&gt;Cawkwell contrarily provides the date of this siege as 354–353 BC.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Philip II then involved Macedonia in the [[Third Sacred War]] (356–346{{nbsp}}BC). It began when [[Phocis (ancient region)|Phocis]] captured and plundered the temple of [[Apollo]] at [[Delphi]] instead of submitting unpaid fines, causing the [[Amphictyonic League]] to declare war on Phocis and a [[civil war]] among the members of the [[Thessalian League]] aligned with either Phocis or Thebes.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Müller|2010|pp=171–172}}; {{harvnb|Buckler|1989|pp=8, 20–22, 26–29}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Philip{{nbsp}}II's initial campaign against [[Pherae]] in Thessaly in 353{{nbsp}}BC at the behest of Larissa ended in two disastrous defeats by the Phocian general [[Onomarchus]].&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Müller|2010|pp=172–173}}; {{harvnb|Cawkwell|1978|pp=60, 185}}; {{harvnb|Hornblower|2002|p=272}}; {{harvnb|Buckler|1989|pp=63–64, 176–181}}. &lt;br /&gt;Conversely, Buckler provides the date of this initial campaign as 354{{nbsp}}BC, while affirming that the second Thessalian campaign ending in the [[Battle of Crocus Field]] occurred in 353{{nbsp}}BC.&lt;/ref&gt; Philip{{nbsp}}II in turn defeated Onomarchus in 352{{nbsp}}BC at the [[Battle of Crocus Field]], which led to Philip{{nbsp}}II's election as leader (''[[archon]]'') of the Thessalian League, provided him a seat on the Amphictyonic Council, and allowed for a marriage alliance with Pherae by wedding [[Nicesipolis]], niece of the tyrant [[Jason of Pherae]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Müller|2010|p=173}}; {{harvnb|Cawkwell|1978|pp=62, 66–68}}; {{harvnb|Buckler|1989|pp=74–75, 78–80}}; {{harvnb|Worthington|2008|pp=61–63}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Philip II had some early involvement with the Achaemenid Empire, especially by supporting [[satraps]] and mercenaries who rebelled against the central authority of the Achaemenid king. The satrap of [[Hellespontine Phrygia]] [[Artabazos II]], who was in rebellion against [[Artaxerxes III]], was able to take refuge as an exile at the Macedonian court from 352 to 342 BC. He was accompanied in exile by his family and by his mercenary general [[Memnon of Rhodes]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Howe |first1=Timothy |last2=Brice |first2=Lee L. |title=Brill's Companion to Insurgency and Terrorism in the Ancient Mediterranean |date=2015 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-28473-9 |page=170 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=248DCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA170}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EDC&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Carney |first1=Elizabeth Donnelly |title=Women and Monarchy in Macedonia |date=2000 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=978-0-8061-3212-9 |page=101 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZbI2hZBy_EkC&amp;pg=PA101}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Barsine]], daughter of Artabazos, and future wife of Alexander the Great, grew up at the Macedonian court.&lt;ref name=&quot;EDC&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> After campaigning against the Thracian ruler [[Cersobleptes]], in 349{{nbsp}}BC, Philip{{nbsp}}II began his war against the Chalcidian League, which had been reestablished in 375{{nbsp}}BC following a temporary disbandment.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Müller|2010|p=173}}; {{harvnb|Cawkwell|1978|p=44}}; {{harvnb|Schwahn|1931|loc=col. 1193–1194}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Despite an Athenian intervention by [[Charidemus]],&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Cawkwell|1978|p=86}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Olynthos was captured by Philip{{nbsp}}II in 348{{nbsp}}BC, and its inhabitants were [[Slavery in ancient Greece|sold into slavery]], including some [[Athenian citizenship|Athenian citizens]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Müller|2010|pp=173–174}}; {{harvnb|Cawkwell|1978|pp=85–86}}; {{harvnb|Buckley|1996|pp=474–475}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The Athenians, especially in a series of speeches by [[Demosthenes]] known as the ''[[Olynthiacs]]'', were unsuccessful in persuading their allies to counterattack and in 346{{nbsp}}BC concluded a treaty with Macedonia [[Peace of Philocrates|known as the Peace]] of [[Philocrates]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Müller|2010|pp=173–174}}; {{harvnb|Worthington|2008|pp=75–78}}; {{harvnb|Cawkwell|1978|pp=96–98}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The treaty stipulated that Athens would relinquish claims to Macedonian coastal territories, the Chalcidice, and Amphipolis in return for the release of the enslaved Athenians as well as guarantees that Philip{{nbsp}}II would not attack Athenian settlements in the [[Thracian Chersonese]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Müller|2010|p=174}}; {{harvnb|Cawkwell|1978|pp=98–101}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile, Phocis and [[Thermopylae]] were captured by Macedonian forces, the [[Pythia|Delphic temple]] robbers were executed, and Philip{{nbsp}}II was awarded the two Phocian seats on the Amphictyonic Council and the position of [[master of ceremonies]] over the [[Pythian Games]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Müller|2010|pp=174–175}}; {{harvnb|Cawkwell|1978|pp=95, 104, 107–108}}; {{harvnb|Hornblower|2002|pp=275–277}}; {{harvnb|Buckley|1996|pp=478–479}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Athens initially opposed his membership on the council and refused to attend the games in protest, but they eventually accepted these conditions, perhaps after some persuasion by Demosthenes in his oration ''[[On the Peace]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Müller|2010|p=175}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{multiple image<br /> | align = left<br /> | image1 = Philip II of Macedon CdM.jpg<br /> | width1 = 200<br /> | alt1 =<br /> | caption1 =<br /> | image2 = Olympia (12).jpg<br /> | width2 = 252<br /> | alt2 =<br /> | caption2 =<br /> | footer = Left, a ''Niketerion'' (victory medallion) bearing the effigy of king [[Philip II of Macedon]], 3rd century{{nbsp}}AD, probably minted during the reign of [[Roman Emperor]] [[Alexander Severus]]. Right, the ruins of the [[Philippeion]] at [[Olympia, Greece]], which was built by [[Philip II of Macedon]] to celebrate his victory at the [[Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC)|Battle of Chaeronea]] in 338{{nbsp}}BC.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=227}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Over the next few years, Philip II reformed local governments in Thessaly, campaigned against the Illyrian ruler [[Pleuratus I]], deposed Arybbas in [[Epirus (ancient state)|Epirus]] in favour of his brother-in-law [[Alexander I of Epirus|Alexander{{nbsp}}I]] (through Philip{{nbsp}}II's marriage to Olympias), and defeated Cersebleptes in Thrace. This allowed him to extend Macedonian control over the [[Hellespont]] in anticipation of an invasion into [[Classical Anatolia|Achaemenid Anatolia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Müller|2010|pp=175–176}}; {{harvnb|Cawkwell|1978|pp=114–117}}; {{harvnb|Hornblower|2002|p=277}}; {{harvnb|Buckley|1996|p=482}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=44}}.&lt;/ref&gt; In 342{{nbsp}}BC, Philip{{nbsp}}II conquered [[History of Plovdiv|a Thracian city]] in what is now [[Bulgaria]] and renamed it [[Philippopolis (Thracia)|Philippopolis]] (modern [[Plovdiv]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Mollov|Georgiev|2015|p=76}}.&lt;/ref&gt; War broke out with Athens in 340{{nbsp}}BC while Philip{{nbsp}}II was engaged in two ultimately unsuccessful sieges of [[Perinthus]] and [[Byzantion]], followed by a successful campaign against the Scythians along the [[Danube]] and Macedonia's involvement in the [[Fourth Sacred War]] against [[Amphissa (city)|Amphissa]] in 339{{nbsp}}BC.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Müller|2010|p=176}}; {{harvnb|Cawkwell|1978|pp=136–142}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=82–83}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Thebes ejected a Macedonian garrison from [[Nicaea, Locris|Nicaea (near Thermopylae)]], leading Thebes to join Athens, [[Megara]], Corinth, [[Achaea]], and [[Euboea]] in a final confrontation against Macedonia at the [[Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC)|Battle of Chaeronea]] in 338{{nbsp}}BC.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Müller|2010|pp=176–177}}; {{harvnb|Cawkwell|1978|pp=143–148}}.&lt;/ref&gt; After the Macedonian victory at Chaeronea, Philip{{nbsp}}II installed an [[oligarchy]] in Thebes, yet was lenient toward Athens, wishing to utilize their navy in a planned invasion of the Achaemenid Empire.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Müller|2010|p=177}}; {{harvnb|Cawkwell|1978|pp=167–168}}.&lt;/ref&gt; He was then chiefly responsible for the formation of the [[League of Corinth]] that included the major Greek city-states except Sparta. Despite the Kingdom of Macedonia's official exclusion from the league, in 337{{nbsp}}BC, Philip{{nbsp}}II was elected as the leader (''[[hegemon]]'') of its council (''[[synedrion]]'') and the [[commander-in-chief]] (''[[strategos]] [[autokrator]]'') of a forthcoming campaign to invade the Achaemenid Empire.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Müller|2010|pp=177–179}}; {{harvnb|Cawkwell|1978|pp=167–171}}; see also {{harvnb|Hammond|Walbank|2001|p=16}} for further details.&lt;/ref&gt; Philip's plan to punish the Persians for the suffering of the Greeks and to liberate the Greek cities of Asia Minor&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Davis Hanson|first1=Victor|title=Makers of Ancient Strategy: From the Persian Wars to the Fall of Rome|url=https://archive.org/details/makersancientstr00hans|url-access=limited|date=2010|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-13790-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/makersancientstr00hans/page/n131 119]|quote=Afterwards he [Alexander] revived his father's League of Corinth, and with it his plan for a pan-Hellenic invasion of Asia to punish the Persians for the suffering of the Greeks, especially the Athenians, in the Greco-Persian Wars and to liberate the Greek cities of Asia Minor.}}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as perhaps the panhellenic fear of another Persian invasion of Greece, contributed to his decision to invade the Achaemenid Empire.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Olbrycht|2010|pp=348, 351}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Persians offered aid to Perinthus and Byzantion in 341–340{{nbsp}}BC, highlighting Macedonia's strategic need to secure Thrace and the Aegean Sea against increasing Achaemenid encroachment, as the Persian king [[Artaxerxes III]] further consolidated his control over satrapies in [[Geography of Anatolia|western Anatolia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Olbrycht|2010|pp=347–349}}&lt;/ref&gt; The latter region, yielding far more wealth and valuable resources than the Balkans, was also coveted by the Macedonian king for its sheer economic potential.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Olbrycht|2010|p=351}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> When Philip II married [[Cleopatra Eurydice of Macedon|Cleopatra Eurydice]], niece of general [[Attalus (general)|Attalus]], talk of providing new potential heirs at the wedding feast infuriated Philip{{nbsp}}II's son Alexander, a veteran of the Battle of Chaeronea, and his mother Olympias.&lt;ref name=&quot;muller 179–180 cawkwell 170&quot;/&gt; They fled together to Epirus before Alexander was recalled to Pella by Philip{{nbsp}}II.&lt;ref name=&quot;muller 179–180 cawkwell 170&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Müller|2010|pp=179–180}}; {{harvnb|Cawkwell|1978|p=170}}.&lt;/ref&gt; When Philip{{nbsp}}II arranged a marriage between his son Arrhidaeus and [[Ada of Caria]], daughter of [[Pixodarus]], the Persian satrap of [[Caria]], Alexander intervened and proposed to marry Ada instead. Philip{{nbsp}}II then cancelled the wedding altogether and exiled Alexander's advisors [[Ptolemy I|Ptolemy]], [[Nearchus]], and [[Harpalus]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Müller|2010|pp=180–181}}; see also {{harvnb|Hammond|Walbank|2001|p=14}} for further details.&lt;/ref&gt; To reconcile with Olympias, Philip{{nbsp}}II had their daughter [[Cleopatra of Macedon|Cleopatra]] marry Olympias' brother (and Cleopatra's uncle) Alexander{{nbsp}}I of Epirus, but Philip{{nbsp}}II was assassinated by his bodyguard, [[Pausanias of Orestis]], during their wedding feast and succeeded by Alexander in 336{{nbsp}}BC.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Müller|2010|pp=181–182}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=44}}; {{harvnb|Gilley|Worthington|2010|p=186}}; see {{harvnb|Hammond|Walbank|2001|pp=3–5}} for details of the arrests and judicial trials of other suspects in the conspiracy to assassinate [[Philip II of Macedon]].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Alexander's Empire&lt;!--'Macedonian Empire' redirects here--&gt;===<br /> {{further|Wars of Alexander the Great|Wars of the Diadochi|Chronology of the expedition of Alexander the Great into Asia}}<br /> {{multiple image<br /> | align = right<br /> | image1 = ACMA 1331 Alexander 2.JPG<br /> | width1 = 160<br /> | alt1 =<br /> | caption1 =<br /> | image2 = AlexandreLouvre.jpg<br /> | width2 = 150<br /> | alt2 =<br /> | caption2 =<br /> | footer = Left, Bust of [[Alexander the Great]] by the Athenian sculptor [[Leochares]], 330{{nbsp}}BC, [[Acropolis Museum]], Athens. Right, Bust of Alexander the Great, a [[Roman sculpture|Roman copy]] of the [[Roman Empire|Imperial Era]] (1st or 2nd century{{nbsp}}AD) after an original [[bronze sculpture]] made by the [[Ancient Greek sculpture|Greek sculptor]] [[Lysippos]], [[Louvre]], Paris.<br /> }}<br /> [[File:MacedonEmpire.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Alexander's empire and his route]]<br /> <br /> Modern scholars have argued over the possible role of [[Alexander III of Macedon|Alexander{{nbsp}}III &quot;the Great&quot;]] and his mother Olympias in the assassination of Philip{{nbsp}}II, noting the latter's choice to exclude Alexander from his planned invasion of Asia, choosing instead for him to act as regent of Greece and deputy ''hegemon'' of the League of Corinth, and the potential bearing of another male heir between Philip{{nbsp}}II and his new wife, Cleopatra Eurydice.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Gilley|Worthington|2010|pp=189–190}}; {{harvnb|Müller|2010|p=183}}. &lt;br /&gt;Without implicating [[Alexander III of Macedon]] as a potential suspect in the plot to assassinate [[Philip II of Macedon]], [[N. G. L. Hammond]] and [[F. W. Walbank]] discuss possible Macedonian as well as foreign suspects, such as [[Demosthenes]] and [[Darius III]]: {{harvnb|Hammond|Walbank|2001|pp=8–12}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Alexander{{nbsp}}III ({{reign|336|323|era=BC}}) was immediately proclaimed king by [[Popular assembly|an assembly]] of the army and leading aristocrats, chief among them being [[Antipater]] and Parmenion.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Gilley|Worthington|2010|p=190}}; {{harvnb|Müller|2010|p=183}}; {{harvnb|Renault|2001|pp=61–62}}; {{harvnb|Fox|1980|p=72}}; see also {{harvnb|Hammond|Walbank|2001|pp=3–5}} for further details.&lt;/ref&gt; By the end of his reign and military career in 323{{nbsp}}BC, Alexander would rule over an empire consisting of [[mainland Greece]], [[Asia Minor]], the [[Levant]], [[ancient Egypt]], [[Mesopotamia]], [[Persia]], and much of [[Central Asia|Central]] and [[South Asia]] (i.e. modern [[Pakistan]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Gilley|Worthington|2010|p=186}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Among his first acts was the burial of his father at Aigai.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Gilley|Worthington|2010|p=190}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The members of the League of Corinth revolted at the news of Philip{{nbsp}}II's death, but were soon quelled by military force alongside persuasive diplomacy, electing Alexander as ''hegemon'' of the league to carry out the planned invasion of Achaemenid Persia.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Gilley|Worthington|2010|pp=190–191}}; see also {{harvnb|Hammond|Walbank|2001|pp=15–16}} for further details.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 335 BC, Alexander [[Alexander's Balkan campaign|fought against the Thracian tribe]] of the [[Triballi]] at [[Haemus Mons]] and along the [[Danube]], forcing their surrender on [[Peuce Island]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Gilley|Worthington|2010|p=191}}; {{harvnb|Hammond|Walbank|2001|pp=34–38}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Shortly thereafter, the Illyrian chieftain [[Cleitus (son of Bardylis)|Cleitus]], son of [[Bardylis]], threatened to attack Macedonia with the aid of [[Glaucias of Taulantii|Glaucias]], king of the [[Taulantii]], but Alexander took the initiative and [[Siege of Pelium|besieged the Illyrians]] at [[Pelion (Illyria)|Pelion]] (in modern [[Albania]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Gilley|Worthington|2010|p=191}}; {{harvnb|Hammond|Walbank|2001|pp=40–47}}.&lt;/ref&gt; When Thebes had once again revolted from the League of Corinth and was besieging the Macedonian garrison in the [[Cadmea]], Alexander left the Illyrian front and marched to Thebes, which he [[Battle of Thebes|placed under siege]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Gilley|Worthington|2010|p=191}}; see also {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=91}} and {{harvnb|Hammond|Walbank|2001|p=47}} for further details.&lt;/ref&gt; After breaching the walls, Alexander's forces killed 6,000 Thebans, took 30,000 inhabitants as [[prisoners of war]], and burned the city to the ground as a warning that convinced all other Greek states except Sparta not to challenge Alexander again.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Gilley|Worthington|2010|pp=191–192}}; see also {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=91–92}} for further details.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Throughout his military career, Alexander won every battle that he personally commanded.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Gilley|Worthington|2010|pp=192–193}}.&lt;/ref&gt; His first victory against the Persians in Asia Minor at the [[Battle of the Granicus]] in 334{{nbsp}}BC used a small cavalry contingent as a distraction to allow his infantry to cross the river followed by a [[cavalry charge]] from his [[companion cavalry]].&lt;ref name=&quot;gilley worthington 2010 193&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Gilley|Worthington|2010|p=193}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Alexander led the cavalry charge at the [[Battle of Issus]] in 333{{nbsp}}BC, forcing the Persian king [[Darius III]] and his army to flee.&lt;ref name=&quot;gilley worthington 2010 193&quot;/&gt; Darius{{nbsp}}III, despite having superior numbers, was again forced to flee the [[Battle of Gaugamela]] in 331{{nbsp}}BC.&lt;ref name=&quot;gilley worthington 2010 193&quot;/&gt; The Persian king was later captured and executed by his own satrap of [[Bactria]] and kinsman, [[Bessus]], in 330{{nbsp}}BC. The Macedonian king subsequently hunted down and executed Bessus in what is now [[Afghanistan]], securing the region of [[Sogdia]] in the process.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Gilley|Worthington|2010|pp=193–194}}; {{harvnb|Holt|2012|pp=27–41}}.&lt;/ref&gt; At the 326{{nbsp}}BC [[Battle of the Hydaspes]] (modern-day [[Punjab]]), when the [[war elephant]]s of [[King Porus]] of the [[Pauravas]] threatened Alexander's troops, he had them form open ranks to surround the elephants and dislodge their handlers by using their ''sarissa'' pikes.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Gilley|Worthington|2010|pp=193–194}}.&lt;/ref&gt; When his Macedonian troops threatened [[mutiny]] in 324{{nbsp}}BC at [[Opis]], [[Babylonia]] (near modern [[Baghdad]], [[Iraq]]), Alexander offered Macedonian military titles and greater responsibilities to Persian officers and units instead, forcing his troops to seek forgiveness at a staged banquet of reconciliation between Persians and Macedonians.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Gilley|Worthington|2010|p=194}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=113}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Stag hunt mosaic, Pella.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Stag Hunt Mosaic]], c.{{nbsp}}300{{nbsp}}BC, from [[Pella]]; the figure on the right is possibly [[Alexander the Great]] due to the date of the [[mosaic]] along with the depicted upsweep of his centrally-parted hair (''anastole''); the figure on the left wielding a double-edged axe (associated with [[Hephaistos]]) is perhaps [[Hephaestion]], one of Alexander's loyal companions.]]<br /> Alexander perhaps undercut his own rule by demonstrating signs of [[wiktionary:megalomania|megalomania]].&lt;ref name=&quot;gilley worthington 2010 195&quot;/&gt; While utilizing effective propaganda such as the cutting of the [[Gordian Knot]], he also attempted to portray himself as a [[Sacred king|living god]] and son of Zeus following his visit to the [[oracle]] at [[Siwah]] in the [[Libyan Desert]] (in modern-day Egypt) in 331{{nbsp}}BC.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Gilley|Worthington|2010|pp=194–195}}.&lt;/ref&gt; His attempt in 327{{nbsp}}BC to have his men prostrate before him in [[Bactra]] in an act of ''[[proskynesis]]'' borrowed from the Persian kings was rejected as religious blasphemy by his Macedonian and Greek subjects after his court historian [[Callisthenes]] refused to perform this ritual.&lt;ref name=&quot;gilley worthington 2010 195&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Gilley|Worthington|2010|p=195}}.&lt;/ref&gt; When Alexander had Parmenion murdered at [[Ecbatana]] (near modern [[Hamadan]], [[Iran]]) in 330{{nbsp}}BC, this was &quot;symptomatic of the growing gulf between the king's interests and those of his country and people&quot;, according to Errington.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=105–106}}.&lt;/ref&gt; His murder of [[Cleitus the Black]] in 328{{nbsp}}BC is described as &quot;vengeful and reckless&quot; by Dawn L. Gilley and Ian Worthington.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Gilley|Worthington|2010|p=198}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Continuing the polygamous habits of his father, Alexander encouraged his men to marry native women in Asia, leading by example when he wed [[Roxana]], a Sogdian princess of Bactria.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Holt|1989|pp=67–68}}.&lt;/ref&gt; He then married [[Stateira II]], eldest daughter of Darius{{nbsp}}III, and [[Parysatis II]], youngest daughter of [[Artaxerxes III]], at the [[Susa weddings]] in 324{{nbsp}}BC.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Gilley|Worthington|2010|p=196}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Meanwhile, in Greece, the [[Spartan king]] [[Agis III]] attempted to lead a rebellion of the Greeks against Macedonia.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Gilley|Worthington|2010|p=199}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=93}}.&lt;/ref&gt; He was defeated in 331{{nbsp}}BC at the [[Battle of Megalopolis]] by Antipater, who was serving as regent of Macedonia and deputy ''hegemon'' of the League of Corinth in Alexander's stead.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Gilley|Worthington|2010|pp=199–200}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=44, 93}}. &lt;br /&gt;Gilley and Worthington discuss the ambiguity surrounding the exact title of [[Antipater]] aside from deputy ''[[hegemon]]'' of the [[League of Corinth]], with some sources calling him a regent, others a governor, others a simple general.&lt;br /&gt;[[N. G. L. Hammond]] and [[F. W. Walbank]] state that Alexander the Great left &quot;Macedonia under the command of Antipater, in case there was a rising in Greece.&quot; {{harvnb|Hammond|Walbank|2001|p=32}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Before Antipater embarked on his campaign in the [[Peloponnese]], Memnon, the governor of Thrace, was dissuaded from rebellion by use of diplomacy.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Gilley|Worthington|2010|pp=200–201}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=58}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Antipater deferred the punishment of Sparta to the League of Corinth headed by Alexander, who ultimately pardoned the Spartans on the condition that they submit fifty nobles as hostages.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Gilley|Worthington|2010|p=201}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Antipater's hegemony was somewhat unpopular in Greece due to his practice (perhaps by order of Alexander) of exiling malcontents and garrisoning cities with Macedonian troops, yet in 330{{nbsp}}BC, Alexander declared that the [[tyrannies]] installed in Greece were to be abolished and Greek freedom was to be restored.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Gilley|Worthington|2010|pp=201–203}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Diadochi LA.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Kingdoms of the [[Diadochi]] c.{{nbsp}}301{{nbsp}}BC, after the [[Battle of Ipsus]]<br /> {{legend|#787CAD|Kingdom of [[Ptolemy I Soter]]}}<br /> {{legend|#50A249|Kingdom of [[Cassander]]}}<br /> {{legend|#C38833|Kingdom of [[Lysimachus]]}}<br /> {{legend|#C3B933|Kingdom of [[Seleucus I Nicator]]}}<br /> {{legend|#AF3662|[[Epirus]]}}<br /> Other<br /> {{legend|#A361BD|[[Carthage]]}}<br /> {{legend|#70A9BE|[[Roman Republic]]}}<br /> {{legend|#85AB54|[[Ancient Greece|Greek States]]}}]]<br /> [[File:Coins of Philip III Arrhidaeus. 323-317 BC.jpg|thumb|A golden ''[[stater]]'' of [[Philip III Arrhidaeus]] ({{reign|323|317|era=BC}}) bearing images of [[Athena]] (left) and [[Nike (mythology)|Nike]] (right)]]<br /> When [[Death of Alexander the Great|Alexander the Great died]] at [[Babylon]] in 323{{nbsp}}BC, his mother Olympias immediately accused Antipater and his faction of poisoning him, although there is no evidence to confirm this.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Gilley|Worthington|2010|p=204}}; see also {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=44}} for further details.&lt;/ref&gt; With no official [[heir apparent]], the Macedonian military command split, with one side proclaiming Alexander's half-brother Philip{{nbsp}}III Arrhidaeus ({{reign|323|317|era=BC}}) as king and the other siding with the infant son of Alexander and Roxana, [[Alexander IV of Macedon|Alexander{{nbsp}}IV]] ({{reign|323|309|era=BC}}).&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Gilley|Worthington|2010|p=204}}; see also {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=115–117}} for further details.&lt;/ref&gt; Except for the Euboeans and Boeotians, the Greeks also immediately rose up in a rebellion against Antipater known as the [[Lamian War]] (323–322{{nbsp}}BC).&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Gilley|Worthington|2010|p=204}}; {{harvnb|Adams|2010|p=209}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=69–70, 119}}.&lt;/ref&gt; When Antipater was defeated at the 323{{nbsp}}BC [[Battle of Thermopylae (323 BC)|Battle of Thermopylae]], he fled to [[Lamia (city)|Lamia]] where he was besieged by the Athenian commander [[Leosthenes]]. A Macedonian army led by [[Leonnatus]] rescued Antipater by lifting the siege.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Gilley|Worthington|2010|pp=204–205}}; {{harvnb|Adams|2010|pp=209–210}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=69, 119}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Antipater defeated the rebellion, yet his death in 319{{nbsp}}BC left a power vacuum wherein the two proclaimed kings of Macedonia became pawns in [[Wars of the Diadochi|a power struggle]] between the ''[[diadochi]]'', the former generals of Alexander's army.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Gilley|Worthington|2010|p=205}}; see also {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=118}} for further details.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A [[Partition of Babylon|council of the army convened in Babylon]] immediately after Alexander's death, naming Philip{{nbsp}}III as king and the [[chiliarch]] [[Perdiccas]] as his regent.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Adams|2010|pp=208–209}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=117}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Antipater, [[Antigonus Monophthalmus]], [[Craterus]], and Ptolemy formed a coalition against Perdiccas in a civil war initiated by Ptolemy's [[Tomb of Alexander the Great|seizure of the hearse of Alexander the Great]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Adams|2010|pp=210–211}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=119–120}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Perdiccas was assassinated in 321{{nbsp}}BC by his own officers during a failed campaign in Egypt against Ptolemy, where his march along the [[Nile River]] resulted in the drowning of 2,000 of his men.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Adams|2010|p=211}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=120–121}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Although [[Eumenes of Cardia]] managed to kill Craterus in battle, this had little to no effect on the outcome of the 321{{nbsp}}BC [[Partition of Triparadisus]] in [[Syria (region)|Syria]] where the victorious coalition settled the issue of a new regency and territorial rights.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Adams|2010|pp=211–212}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=121–122}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Antipater was appointed as regent over the two kings. Before Antipater died in 319{{nbsp}}BC, he named the staunch Argead loyalist [[Polyperchon]] as his successor, passing over his own son [[Cassander]] and ignoring the right of the king to choose a new regent (since Philip{{nbsp}}III was considered mentally unstable), in effect bypassing the council of the army as well.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Adams|2010|pp=207 n. #1, 212}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=122–123}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Forming an alliance with Ptolemy, Antigonus, and [[Lysimachus]], Cassander had his officer [[Nicanor (Antipatrid general)|Nicanor]] capture the [[Munichia]] fortress of Athens' port town [[Piraeus]] in defiance of Polyperchon's decree that Greek cities should be free of Macedonian garrisons, sparking the [[Second War of the Diadochi]] (319–315{{nbsp}}BC).&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Adams|2010|pp=212–213}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=124–126}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Given a string of military failures by Polyperchon, in 317{{nbsp}}BC, Philip{{nbsp}}III, by way of his politically engaged wife [[Eurydice II of Macedon]], officially replaced him as regent with Cassander.&lt;ref name=&quot;adams 213 errington 126–127&quot;/&gt; Afterwards, Polyperchon desperately sought the aid of Olympias in Epirus.&lt;ref name=&quot;adams 213 errington 126–127&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Adams|2010|p=213}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=126–127}}.&lt;/ref&gt; A joint force of Epirotes, Aetolians, and Polyperchon's troops invaded Macedonia and forced the surrender of Philip{{nbsp}}III and Eurydice's army, allowing Olympias to execute the king and force his queen to commit suicide.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Adams|2010|pp=213–214}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=127–128}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Olympias then had Nicanor and dozens of other Macedonian nobles killed, but by the spring of 316{{nbsp}}BC, Cassander had defeated her forces, captured her, and placed her on trial for murder before sentencing her to death.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Adams|2010|p=214}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=128–129}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Cassander married Philip II's daughter [[Thessalonike of Macedon|Thessalonike]] and briefly extended Macedonian control into Illyria as far as [[Epidamnos]] (modern [[Durrës]], Albania). By 313{{nbsp}}BC, it was retaken by the Illyrian king [[Glaucias of Taulantii]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Adams|2010|pp=214–215}}.&lt;/ref&gt; By 316{{nbsp}}BC, Antigonus had taken the territory of Eumenes and managed to eject [[Seleucus Nicator]] from his Babylonian satrapy, leading Cassander, Ptolemy, and Lysimachus to issue a joint ultimatum to Antigonus in 315{{nbsp}}BC for him to surrender various territories in Asia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adams 2010 215&quot;/&gt; Antigonus promptly allied with Polyperchon, now based in Corinth, and issued an ultimatum of his own to Cassander, charging him with murder for executing Olympias and demanding that he hand over the royal family, King Alexander{{nbsp}}IV and the [[queen mother]] Roxana.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Adams|2010|pp=215–216}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The conflict that followed lasted until the winter of 312/311{{nbsp}}BC, when a new peace settlement recognized Cassander as general of Europe, Antigonus as &quot;first in Asia&quot;, Ptolemy as general of Egypt, and Lysimachus as general of Thrace.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Adams|2010|p=216}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Cassander had Alexander{{nbsp}}IV and Roxana put to death in the winter of 311/310{{nbsp}}BC, and between 306 and 305{{nbsp}}BC the ''diadochi'' were declared kings of their respective territories.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Adams|2010|pp=216–217}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=129}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Hellenistic era===<br /> {{further|Antipatrid dynasty|Antigonid dynasty|Hellenistic period|Pyrrhic War|Chremonidean War|Cleomenean War}}<br /> {{multiple image|right||perrow=2|total_width=300|<br /> |image1=Pyrrhus MAN Napoli Inv6150 n03.jpg|width1=100<br /> |image2=Demetrios Poliorketes MAN Napoli Inv6149.jpg|width2=100|<br /> |image3=Seleuco I 2.JPG|width3=100|<br /> |image4=Lisimaco (c.d.), copia augustea (23 ac-14 dc) da orig. del II sec ac. 6141.JPG|width4=76|<br /> |footer=The portrait busts of [[Pyrrhus of Epirus]] (top left), [[Demetrius I of Macedon]] (top right), [[Seleucus I Nicator]] (bottom left), and [[Lysimachus]] (bottom right), [[Roman portraiture|Roman-era copies]] of [[Hellenistic sculpture|Hellenistic Greek originals]] from the [[Villa of the Papyri]] at [[Herculaneum]], [[Naples National Archaeological Museum]]}}<br /> <br /> The beginning of [[Hellenistic Greece]] was defined by the struggle between the [[Antipatrid dynasty]], led first by [[Cassander]] ({{reign|305|297|era=BC}}), son of Antipater, and the [[Antigonid dynasty]], led by the Macedonian general [[Antigonus I Monophthalmus]] ({{reign|306|301|era=BC}}) and his son, the future king [[Demetrius I of Macedon|Demetrius{{nbsp}}I]] ({{reign|294|288|era=BC}}). Cassander besieged Athens in 303{{nbsp}}BC, but was forced to retreat to Macedonia when Demetrius invaded [[Boeotia]] to his rear, attempting to sever his path of retreat.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Adams|2010|p=217}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=145}}.&lt;/ref&gt; While Antigonus and Demetrius attempted to recreate Philip{{nbsp}}II's [[League of Corinth|Hellenic league]] with themselves as dual hegemons, a revived coalition of Cassander, [[Ptolemy I Soter]] ({{reign|305|283|era=BC}}) of Egypt's [[Ptolemaic dynasty]], [[Seleucus I Nicator]] ({{reign|305|281|era=BC}}) of the [[Seleucid Empire]], and Lysimachus ({{reign|306|281|era=BC}}), [[List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia|King of Thrace]], defeated the Antigonids at the [[Battle of Ipsus]] in 301{{nbsp}}BC, killing Antigonus and forcing Demetrius into flight.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Adams|2010|p=217}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=145–147}}; {{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|p=61}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Cassander died in 297 BC, and his sickly son [[Philip IV of Macedon|Philip{{nbsp}}IV]] died the same year, succeeded by Cassander's other sons [[Alexander V of Macedon]] ({{reign|297|294|era=BC}}) and [[Antipater II of Macedon]] ({{reign|297|294|era=BC}}), with their mother [[Thessalonike of Macedon]] acting as regent.&lt;ref name=&quot;adams 2010 218&quot;/&gt; While Demetrius fought against the Antipatrid forces in Greece, Antipater{{nbsp}}II killed his own mother to obtain power.&lt;ref name=&quot;adams 2010 218&quot;/&gt; His desperate brother Alexander{{nbsp}}V then requested aid from [[Pyrrhus of Epirus]] ({{reign|297|272|era=BC}}),&lt;ref name=&quot;adams 2010 218&quot;/&gt; who had fought alongside Demetrius at the Battle of Ipsus, but was sent to Egypt as a hostage as part of an agreement between Demetrius and Ptolemy{{nbsp}}I.&lt;ref name=&quot;bringmann 2007 61&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|p=61}}.&lt;/ref&gt; In exchange for defeating the forces of Antipater{{nbsp}}II and forcing him to flee to the court of Lysimachus in Thrace, Pyrrhus was awarded the westernmost portions of the Macedonian kingdom.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Adams|2010|p=218}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=153}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Demetrius had his nephew Alexander{{nbsp}}V assassinated and was then proclaimed king of Macedonia, but his subjects protested against his aloof, Eastern-style [[autocracy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;adams 2010 218&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Adams|2010|p=218}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> War broke out between Pyrrhus and Demetrius in 290{{nbsp}}BC when [[Lanassa (wife of Pyrrhus)|Lanassa, wife of Pyrrhus]], daughter of [[Agathocles of Syracuse]], left him for Demetrius and offered him her [[dowry]] of [[Corcyra]].&lt;ref name=&quot;adams 218–219 bringmann 61&quot; /&gt; The war dragged on until 288{{nbsp}}BC, when Demetrius lost the support of [[Ancient Macedonians|the Macedonians]] and fled the country. Macedonia was then divided between Pyrrhus and Lysimachus, the former taking [[western Macedonia]] and the latter eastern Macedonia.&lt;ref name=&quot;adams 218–219 bringmann 61&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Adams|2010|pp=218–219}}; {{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|p=61}}.&lt;/ref&gt; By 286{{nbsp}}BC, Lysimachus had expelled Pyrrhus and his forces from Macedonia.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Adams|2010|p=219}}; {{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|p=61}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=155}}. &lt;br /&gt;Conversely, Errington dates [[Lysimachus]]' reunification of Macedonia by expelling [[Pyrrhus of Epirus]] as occurring in 284{{nbsp}}BC, not 286{{nbsp}}BC.&lt;/ref&gt; In 282{{nbsp}}BC, a new war erupted between Seleucus{{nbsp}}I and Lysimachus; the latter was killed in the [[Battle of Corupedion]], allowing Seleucus{{nbsp}}I to take control of Thrace and Macedonia.&lt;ref name=&quot;adams 219 bringmann 61&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Adams|2010|p=219}}; {{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|p=61}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=156–157}}.&lt;/ref&gt; In two dramatic reversals of fortune, Seleucus{{nbsp}}I was assassinated in 281{{nbsp}}BC by his officer [[Ptolemy Keraunos]], son of Ptolemy{{nbsp}}I and grandson of Antipater, who was then proclaimed king of Macedonia before being killed in battle in 279{{nbsp}}BC by [[Galatians (people)|Celtic invaders]] in the [[Gallic invasion of Greece]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Adams|2010|p=219}}; {{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|pp=61–63}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=159–160}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The Macedonian army proclaimed the general [[Sosthenes of Macedon]] as king, although he apparently refused the title.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=160}}.&lt;/ref&gt; After defeating the [[Gauls|Gallic]] ruler [[Bolgios]] and driving out the raiding party of [[Brennus (3rd century BC)|Brennus]], Sosthenes died and left a chaotic situation in Macedonia.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=160–161}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The Gallic invaders ravaged Macedonia until [[Antigonus Gonatas]], son of Demetrius, defeated them in Thrace at the 277{{nbsp}}BC [[Battle of Lysimachia]] and was then proclaimed king [[Antigonus II of Macedon]] ({{reign|1=277|2=274|3=272|4=239|era=BC}}).&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Adams|2010|p=219}}; {{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|p=63}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=162–163}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 280 BC, Pyrrhus embarked on a campaign in [[Magna Graecia]] (i.e. [[southern Italy]]) against the [[Roman Republic]] known as the [[Pyrrhic War]], followed by his [[Siege of Syracuse (278 BC)|invasion of Sicily]].&lt;ref name=&quot;adams 219–220 bringmann 2007 63&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Adams|2010|pp=219–220}}; {{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|p=63}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ptolemy Keraunos secured his position on the Macedonian throne by giving Pyrrhus five thousand soldiers and twenty [[war elephant]]s for this endeavor.&lt;ref name=&quot;bringmann 2007 61&quot;/&gt; Pyrrhus returned to Epirus in 275{{nbsp}}BC after the ultimate failure of both campaigns, which contributed to the [[rise of Rome]] because [[Colonies in antiquity|Greek cities in southern Italy]] such as [[Taranto|Tarentum]] now became Roman allies.&lt;ref name=&quot;adams 219–220 bringmann 2007 63&quot;/&gt; Pyrrhus invaded Macedonia in 274{{nbsp}}BC, defeating the largely mercenary army of Antigonus{{nbsp}}II at the 274{{nbsp}}BC [[Battle of the Aous (274 BC)|Battle of Aous]] and driving him out of Macedonia, forcing him to seek refuge with his naval fleet in the Aegean.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Adams|2010|pp=219–220}}; {{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|p=63}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=164}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Ancient Mieza, Macedonian tombs of Lefkadia, Tomb of Lyson and Kallikles a72b9b998c2e98a1390dbae9e032ea1c.jpg|thumb|Paintings of [[Hellenistic]]-era military arms and armor from a tomb in ancient [[Mieza, Macedonia|Mieza]] (modern-day Lefkadia), [[Imathia]], [[Central Macedonia]], [[Greece]], 2nd century{{nbsp}}BC]]<br /> Pyrrhus lost much of his support among the Macedonians in 273{{nbsp}}BC when his unruly Gallic mercenaries plundered the royal cemetery of Aigai.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Adams|2010|p=220}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=164–165}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Pyrrhus pursued Antigonus{{nbsp}}II in the Peloponnese, yet Antigonus{{nbsp}}II was ultimately able to recapture Macedonia.&lt;ref name=&quot;adams 2010 220&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Adams|2010|p=220}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Pyrrhus was killed while besieging [[Argos, Peloponnese|Argos]] in 272{{nbsp}}BC, allowing Antigonus{{nbsp}}II to reclaim the rest of Greece.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Adams|2010|p=220}}; {{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|p=63}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=167}}.&lt;/ref&gt; He then restored the Argead dynastic graves at Aigai and annexed the [[Paeonia (kingdom)|Kingdom of Paeonia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Adams|2010|p=220}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=165–166}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Aetolian League]] hampered Antigonus{{nbsp}}II's control over [[Central Greece (geographic region)|central Greece]], and the formation of the [[Achaean League]] in 251{{nbsp}}BC pushed Macedonian forces out of much of the Peloponnese and at times incorporated Athens and Sparta.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Adams|2010|p=221}}; see also {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=167–168}} about the resurgence of [[Sparta]] under [[Areus I]].&lt;/ref&gt; While the Seleucid Empire aligned with Antigonid Macedonia against Ptolemaic Egypt during the [[Syrian Wars]], the Ptolemaic navy heavily disrupted Antigonus{{nbsp}}II's efforts to control mainland Greece.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Adams|2010|p=221}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=168}}.&lt;/ref&gt; With the aid of the Ptolemaic navy, the Athenian statesman [[Chremonides]] led a revolt against Macedonian authority known as the [[Chremonidean War]] (267–261{{nbsp}}BC).&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Adams|2010|p=221}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=168–169}}.&lt;/ref&gt; By 265{{nbsp}}BC, Athens was surrounded and besieged by Antigonus{{nbsp}}II's forces, and a Ptolemaic fleet was defeated in the [[Battle of Cos]]. Athens finally surrendered in 261{{nbsp}}BC.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Adams|2010|p=221}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=169–171}}.&lt;/ref&gt; After Macedonia formed an alliance with the Seleucid ruler [[Antiochus II]], a peace settlement between Antigonus{{nbsp}}II and [[Ptolemy II Philadelphus]] of Egypt was finally struck in 255{{nbsp}}BC.&lt;ref name=&quot;adams 2010 221&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Adams|2010|p=221}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Apollon Tempel im antiken Korinth.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Ancient Greek temple|Temple]] of [[Apollo]] at [[Corinth]], built c.{{nbsp}}540{{nbsp}}BC, with the [[Acrocorinth]] (i.e. the [[acropolis]] of Corinth that once held a [[Antigonid Macedonian army|Macedonian garrison]])&lt;ref name=&quot;adams 2010 222&quot;/&gt; seen in the background]]<br /> In 251 BC, [[Aratus of Sicyon]] led a rebellion against Antigonus{{nbsp}}II, and in 250{{nbsp}}BC, Ptolemy{{nbsp}}II declared his support for the self-proclaimed King [[Alexander of Corinth]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Adams|2010|pp=221–222}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=172}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Although Alexander died in 246{{nbsp}}BC and Antigonus was able to score a naval victory against the Ptolemies [[Battle of Andros (246 BC)|at Andros]], the Macedonians lost the [[Acrocorinth]] to the forces of Aratus in 243{{nbsp}}BC, followed by the induction of Corinth into the Achaean League.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Adams|2010|p=222}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=172–173}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Antigonus{{nbsp}}II made peace with the Achaean League in 240{{nbsp}}BC, ceding the territories that he had lost in Greece.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Adams|2010|p=222}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=173}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Antigonus{{nbsp}}II died in 239{{nbsp}}BC and was succeeded by his son [[Demetrius II of Macedon]] ({{reign|239|229|era=BC}}). Seeking an alliance with Macedonia to defend against the Aetolians, the [[queen mother]] and regent of Epirus, [[Olympias II of Epirus|Olympias II]], offered her daughter [[Phthia of Macedon]] to Demetrius{{nbsp}}II in marriage. Demetrius II accepted her proposal, but he damaged relations with the Seleucids by divorcing [[Stratonice of Macedon]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Adams|2010|p=222}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=174}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Although the Aetolians formed an alliance with the Achaean League as a result, Demetrius{{nbsp}}II was able to invade Boeotia and capture it from the Aetolians by 236{{nbsp}}BC.&lt;ref name=&quot;adams 2010 222&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Adams|2010|p=222}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Achaean League managed to capture [[Megalopolis, Greece|Megalopolis]] in 235{{nbsp}}BC, and by the end of Demetrius{{nbsp}}II's reign most of the Peloponnese except Argos was taken from the Macedonians.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Adams|2010|p=223}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=173–174}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Demetrius{{nbsp}}II also lost an ally [[Epirus (ancient state)|in Epirus]] when the [[Deidamia II of Epirus|monarchy was toppled]] in a [[Epirote League|republican revolution]].&lt;ref name=&quot;adams 223 errington 174&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Adams|2010|p=223}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=174}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Demetrius{{nbsp}}II enlisted the aid of the [[Illyria]]n king [[Agron of Illyria|Agron]] to defend [[Acarnania]] against Aetolia, and in 229{{nbsp}}BC, they managed to defeat the combined navies of the Aetolian and Achaean Leagues at the [[Battle of Paxos]].&lt;ref name=&quot;adams 223 errington 174&quot;/&gt; Another Illyrian ruler, [[Longarus]] of the [[Dardanian Kingdom]], invaded Macedonia and defeated an army of Demetrius{{nbsp}}II shortly before his death in 229{{nbsp}}BC.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Adams|2010|p=223}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=174–175}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Although his young son [[Philip V of Macedon|Philip]] immediately inherited the throne, his regent [[Antigonus III Doson]] ({{reign|229|221|era=BC}}), nephew of Antigonus{{nbsp}}II, was proclaimed king by the army, with Philip as his heir, following a string of military victories against the Illyrians in the north and the Aetolians in Thessaly.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Adams|2010|p=223}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=175–176}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Tetradrachm, 229-221, Antigonos Doson.jpg|thumb|A ''[[tetradrachm]]'' minted during the reign of [[Antigonus III Doson]] ({{reign|229|221|era=BC}}), possibly at [[Amphipolis]], bearing the portrait image of [[Poseidon]] on the [[obverse]] and on the reverse a scene depicting [[Apollo]] sitting on the [[Hellenistic-era warships|prow of a ship]]]]<br /> Aratus sent an embassy to Antigonus III in 226{{nbsp}}BC seeking an unexpected alliance now that the reformist king [[Cleomenes III]] of Sparta was threatening the rest of Greece in the [[Cleomenean War]] (229–222{{nbsp}}BC).&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Adams|2010|pp=223–224}}; {{harvnb|Eckstein|2013|p=314}}; see also {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=179–180}} for further details.&lt;/ref&gt; In exchange for military aid, Antigonus{{nbsp}}III demanded the return of Corinth to Macedonian control, which Aratus finally agreed to in 225{{nbsp}}BC.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Adams|2010|pp=223–224}}; {{harvnb|Eckstein|2013|p=314}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=180–181}}.&lt;/ref&gt; In 224{{nbsp}}BC, Antigonus{{nbsp}}III's forces took [[Arcadia (ancient region)|Arcadia]] from Sparta. After forming a Hellenic league in the same vein as Philip{{nbsp}}II's League of Corinth, he managed to defeat Sparta at the [[Battle of Sellasia]] in 222{{nbsp}}BC.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Adams|2010|p=224}}; {{harvnb|Eckstein|2013|p=314}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=181–183}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Sparta was occupied by a foreign power for the first time in its history, restoring Macedonia's position as the leading power in Greece.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Adams|2010|p=224}}; see also {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=182}} about the Macedonian military's occupation of Sparta following the [[Battle of Sellasia]].&lt;/ref&gt; Antigonus died a year later, perhaps from [[tuberculosis]], leaving behind a strong [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic kingdom]] for his successor Philip{{nbsp}}V.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Adams|2010|p=224}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=183–184}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Philip V of Macedon]] ({{reign|221|179|era=BC}}) faced immediate challenges to his authority by the Illyrian [[Dardani]] and Aetolian League.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|p=229}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=184–185}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Philip{{nbsp}}V and his allies were successful against the Aetolians and their allies in the [[Social War (220–217 BC)]], yet he made peace with the Aetolians once he heard of incursions by the Dardani in the north and the [[History of Carthage|Carthaginian]] victory over [[History of the Roman Republic|the Romans]] at the [[Battle of Lake Trasimene]] in 217{{nbsp}}BC.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|p=229}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=185–186, 189}}.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Demetrius of Pharos]] is alleged to have convinced Philip{{nbsp}}V to first [[Illyrian Wars|secure Illyria]] in advance of an invasion of the [[Italian peninsula]].&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|pp=229–230}}; see also {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=186–189}} for further details. &lt;br /&gt;Errington is skeptical that Philip&amp;nbsp;V at this point had any intentions of invading southern Italy via Illyria once the latter was secured, deeming his plans to be &quot;more modest&quot;, {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=189}}.&lt;/ref&gt; In 216{{nbsp}}BC, Philip{{nbsp}}V sent a hundred [[Hellenistic-era warships|light warships]] into the [[Adriatic Sea]] to attack Illyria, a move that prompted [[Scerdilaidas]] of the [[Ardiaean Kingdom]] to appeal to the Romans for aid.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|p=230}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=189–190}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Rome responded by sending ten heavy [[quinquereme]]s from [[Roman Sicily]] to patrol the Illyrian coasts, causing Philip{{nbsp}}V to reverse course and order his fleet to retreat, averting open conflict for the time being.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|pp=230–231}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=190–191}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Conflict with Rome===<br /> {{main|Macedonian Wars}}<br /> {{further|Lyttian War|Cretan War (205–200 BC)|Punic Wars|Macedonian–Carthaginian Treaty}}<br /> [[File:Macedonia and the Aegean World c.200.png|thumb|upright=1.2|The Kingdom of Macedonia (orange) under [[Philip V of Macedon|Philip{{nbsp}}V]] ({{reign|221|179|era=BC}}), with Macedonian [[dependent state]]s (dark yellow), the [[Seleucid Empire]] (bright yellow), [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] [[protectorate]]s (dark green), the [[Kingdom of Pergamon]] (light green), independent states (light purple), and possessions of the [[Ptolemaic Empire]] (violet purple)]]<br /> In 215 BC, at the height of the [[Second Punic War]] with the [[Carthaginian Empire]], [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] authorities intercepted a ship off the [[Calabria]]n coast holding a Macedonian envoy and a Carthaginian ambassador in possession of a treaty composed by [[Hannibal]] declaring an alliance with Philip{{nbsp}}V.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|p=79}}; {{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|p=231}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=192}}; also mentioned by {{harvnb|Gruen|1986|p=19}}.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Macedonian–Carthaginian Treaty|The treaty]] stipulated that [[History of Carthage|Carthage]] had the sole right to negotiate the terms of Rome's hypothetical surrender and promised mutual aid if a resurgent Rome should seek revenge against either Macedonia or Carthage.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|p=80}}; see also {{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|p=231}} and {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=191–193}} for further details.&lt;/ref&gt; Although the Macedonians were perhaps only interested in safeguarding their newly conquered territories in Illyria,&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=191–193, 210}}.&lt;/ref&gt; the Romans were nevertheless able to thwart whatever grand ambitions Philip{{nbsp}}V had for the Adriatic region during the [[First Macedonian War]] (214–205{{nbsp}}BC). In 214{{nbsp}}BC, Rome positioned a [[Roman navy|naval fleet]] at [[Oricus]], which was assaulted along with [[Apollonia (Illyria)|Apollonia]] by Macedonian forces.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|p=82}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=193}}.&lt;/ref&gt; When the Macedonians captured [[Lissus (Illyria)|Lissus]] in 212{{nbsp}}BC, the [[Roman Senate]] responded by inciting the Aetolian League, Sparta, [[Ancient Elis|Elis]], [[Messenia]], and [[Attalus I]] ({{reign|241|197|era=BC}}) of [[Pergamon]] to wage war against Philip{{nbsp}}V, keeping him occupied and away from Italy.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|p=82}}; {{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|pp=232–233}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=193–194}}; {{harvnb|Gruen|1986|pp=17–18, 20}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Aetolian League concluded a [[peace agreement]] with Philip{{nbsp}}V in 206{{nbsp}}BC, and the [[Roman Republic]] negotiated the [[Treaty of Phoenice]] in 205{{nbsp}}BC, ending the war and allowing the Macedonians to retain some captured settlements in Illyria.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|p=83}}; {{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|pp=233–234}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=195–196}}; {{harvnb|Gruen|1986|p=21}}; see also {{harvnb|Gruen|1986|pp=18–19}} for details on the [[Aetolian League]]'s treaty with [[Philip V of Macedon]] and Rome's rejection of the second attempt by the Aetolians to seek Roman aid, viewing the Aetolians as having violated the earlier treaty.&lt;/ref&gt; Although the Romans rejected an Aetolian request in 202{{nbsp}}BC for Rome to declare war on Macedonia once again, the Roman Senate gave serious consideration to the similar offer made by Pergamon and its ally [[Rhodes]] in 201{{nbsp}}BC.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|p=85}}; see also {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=196–197}} for further details.&lt;/ref&gt; These states were concerned about Philip{{nbsp}}V's alliance with [[Antiochus III the Great]] of the Seleucid Empire, which invaded the war-weary and financially exhausted Ptolemaic Empire in the [[Fifth Syrian War]] (202–195{{nbsp}}BC) as Philip{{nbsp}}V captured Ptolemaic settlements in the Aegean Sea.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|pp=234–235}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=196–198}}; see also {{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|p=86}} for further details.&lt;/ref&gt; Although Rome's envoys played a critical role in convincing Athens to join the anti-Macedonian alliance with Pergamon and Rhodes in 200{{nbsp}}BC, the ''[[comitia centuriata]]'' (people's assembly) rejected the Roman Senate's proposal for a declaration of war on Macedonia.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|pp=85–86}}; {{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|pp=235–236}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=199–201}}; {{harvnb|Gruen|1986|p=22}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile, Philip{{nbsp}}V conquered territories in the [[Hellespont]] and [[Bosporus]] as well as Ptolemaic [[Samos]], which led Rhodes to [[Cretan War (205–200 BC)|form an alliance with Pergamon]], [[Byzantium]], [[Cyzicus]], and [[Chios]] against Macedonia.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|p=86}}; see also {{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|p=235}} for further details.&lt;/ref&gt; Despite Philip{{nbsp}}V's nominal alliance with the Seleucid king, he lost the naval [[Battle of Chios (201 BC)|Battle of Chios]] in 201{{nbsp}}BC and was blockaded at [[Bargylia]] by the Rhodian and Pergamene navies.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|p=86}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=197–198}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Philip V. 221-179 BCE.jpg|thumb|left|A [[tetradrachm]] of [[Philip V of Macedon]] ({{reign|221|179|era=BC}}), with the king's portrait on the [[obverse]] and [[Athena Alkidemos]] brandishing a thunderbolt on the reverse]]<br /> While Philip V was busy fighting Rome's Greek allies, Rome viewed this as an opportunity to punish this former ally of Hannibal with a war that they hoped would supply a victory and require few resources.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|pp=86–87}}. &lt;br /&gt;{{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=202–203}}: &quot;Roman desire for revenge and private hopes of famous victories were probably the decisive reasons for the outbreak of the war.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; The Roman Senate demanded that Philip{{nbsp}}V cease hostilities against neighbouring Greek powers and defer to an international arbitration committee for settling grievances.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|p=87}}.&lt;/ref&gt; When the ''comitia centuriata'' finally voted in approval of the Roman Senate's declaration of war in 200{{nbsp}}BC and handed their [[ultimatum]] to Philip{{nbsp}}V, demanding that a [[tribunal]] assess the damages owed to Rhodes and Pergamon, the Macedonian king rejected it. This marked the beginning of the [[Second Macedonian War]] (200–197{{nbsp}}BC), with [[Publius Sulpicius Galba Maximus]] spearheading [[military operation]]s in Apollonia.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|pp=87–88}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=199–200}}; see also {{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|pp=235–236}} for further details.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Eumene II, fondatore della biblioteca di pergamo, copia romana (50 dc ca) da orig,. ellenistico su busto moderno, MANN 02.JPG|thumb|upright|Bronze bust of [[Eumenes II]] of [[Pergamon]], a [[Roman sculpture|Roman copy]] of a [[Hellenistic art|Hellenistic]] [[Ancient Greek sculpture|Greek original]], from the [[Villa of the Papyri]] in [[Herculaneum]]]]<br /> The Macedonians successfully defended their territory for roughly two years,&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|p=236}}.&lt;/ref&gt; but the [[Roman consul]] [[Titus Quinctius Flamininus]] managed to expel Philip{{nbsp}}V from Macedonia in 198{{nbsp}}BC, forcing his men to take refuge in Thessaly.&lt;ref name=&quot;bringmann 2007 88&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|p=88}}.&lt;/ref&gt; When the Achaean League switched their loyalties from Macedonia to Rome, the Macedonian king sued for peace, but the terms offered were considered too stringent, and so the war continued.&lt;ref name=&quot;bringmann 2007 88&quot;/&gt; In June 197{{nbsp}}BC, the Macedonians were defeated at the [[Battle of Cynoscephalae]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|p=88}}; {{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|p=236}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=203}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Rome then ratified a treaty that forced Macedonia to relinquish control of much of its Greek possessions outside of Macedonia proper, if only to act as a buffer against Illyrian and Thracian incursions into Greece.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|p=88}}; {{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|pp=236–237}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=204}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Although some Greeks suspected Roman intentions of supplanting Macedonia as the new hegemonic power in Greece, Flaminius announced at the [[Isthmian Games]] of 196{{nbsp}}BC that Rome intended to preserve Greek [[liberty]] by leaving behind no garrisons and by not exacting [[tribute]] of any kind.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|pp=88–89}}; {{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|p=237}}.&lt;/ref&gt; His promise was delayed by negotiations with the Spartan king [[Nabis of Sparta|Nabis]], who had meanwhile captured Argos, yet Roman forces evacuated Greece in 194{{nbsp}}BC.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|pp=89–90}}; see also {{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|p=237}} and {{harvnb|Gruen|1986|pp=20–21, 24}} for further details.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Encouraged by the Aetolian League and their calls to liberate Greece from the Romans, the [[Seleucid dynasty|Seleucid king]] Antiochus{{nbsp}}III landed with his army at [[Demetrias]], Thessaly, in 192{{nbsp}}BC, and was elected ''strategos'' by the Aetolians.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|pp=90–91}}; {{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|pp=237–238}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Macedonia, the Achaean League, and other Greek city-states maintained their alliance with Rome.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|p=91}}; {{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|p=238}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The Romans [[Roman–Seleucid War|defeated the Seleucids]] in the 191{{nbsp}}BC [[Battle of Thermopylae (191 BC)|Battle of Thermopylae]] as well as the [[Battle of Magnesia]] in 190{{nbsp}}BC, forcing the Seleucids to pay a [[war indemnity]], dismantle most of its navy, and abandon its claims to any territories north or west of the [[Taurus Mountains]] in the 188{{nbsp}}BC [[Treaty of Apamea]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|pp=91–92}}; {{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|p=238}}; see also {{harvnb|Gruen|1986|pp=30, 33}} for further details.&lt;/ref&gt; With Rome's acceptance, Philip{{nbsp}}V was able to capture some cities in central Greece in 191–189{{nbsp}}BC that had been allied to Antiochus{{nbsp}}III, while Rhodes and [[Eumenes II]] ({{reign|197|159|era=BC}}) of Pergamon gained territories in Asia Minor.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|p=92}}; {{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|p=238}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Failing to please all sides in various territorial disputes, the Roman Senate decided in 184/183{{nbsp}}BC to force Philip{{nbsp}}V to abandon [[Aenus (Thrace)|Aenus]] and [[Maroneia|Maronea]], since these had been declared free cities in the Treaty of Apamea.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|pp=93–97}}; {{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|p=239}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=207–208}}. &lt;br /&gt;Bringmann dates this event of handing over [[Aenus (Thrace)|Aenus]] and [[Maroneia|Maronea]] along the [[Thracian]] coast as 183{{nbsp}}BC, while Eckstein dates it as 184{{nbsp}}BC.&lt;/ref&gt; This assuaged the fear of Eumenes{{nbsp}}II that Macedonia could pose a threat to his lands in the Hellespont.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|p=97}}; see also {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=207–208}} for further details.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Perseus of Macedon]] ({{reign|179|168|era=BC}}) succeeded Philip{{nbsp}}V and executed [[Demetrius (son of Philip V)|his brother Demetrius]], who had been favoured by the Romans but was charged by Perseus with [[high treason]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|p=97}}; {{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|pp=240–241}}; see also {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=211–213}} for a discussion about Perseus's actions during the early part of his reign.&lt;/ref&gt; Perseus then attempted to form marriage alliances with [[Prusias II of Bithynia]] and [[Seleucus IV Philopator]] of the Seleucid Empire, along with renewed relations with Rhodes that greatly unsettled Eumenes{{nbsp}}II.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|pp=97–98}}; {{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|p=240}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Although Eumenes{{nbsp}}II attempted to undermine these diplomatic relationships, Perseus fostered an alliance with the [[Boeotian League]], extended his authority into Illyria [[Abrupolis|and Thrace]], and in 174{{nbsp}}BC, won the role of managing the Temple of Apollo at Delphi as a member of the [[Amphictyonic Council]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|p=98}}; {{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|p=240}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=212–213}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{multiple image<br /> | align = left<br /> | image1 = Perseus of Macedon BM.jpg<br /> | width1 = 170<br /> | alt1 =<br /> | caption1 =<br /> | image2 = The Triumph of Aemilius Paulus (detail).jpg<br /> | width2 = 245<br /> | alt2 =<br /> | caption2 =<br /> | footer = Left, a [[tetradrachm]] of [[Perseus of Macedon]] ({{reign|179|168|era=BC}}), [[British Museum]]. Right, ''The Triumph of [[Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus|Aemilius Paulus]]'' (detail) by [[Carle Vernet]], 1789.<br /> }}<br /> Eumenes II came to Rome in 172 BC and delivered a speech to [[Senate of the Roman Republic|the Senate]] denouncing the alleged crimes and transgressions of Perseus.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|pp=98–99}}; {{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|pp=241–242}}.&lt;/ref&gt; This convinced the Roman Senate to declare the [[Third Macedonian War]] (171–168{{nbsp}}BC).&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|pp=98–99}}; see also {{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|p=242}}, who says that &quot;Rome&amp;nbsp;... as the sole remaining superpower&amp;nbsp;... would not accept Macedonia as a peer competitor or equal.&quot; &lt;br /&gt;[[Klaus Bringmann]] asserts that negotiations with Macedonia were completely ignored due to Rome's &quot;[[Realpolitik|political calculation]]&quot; that the Macedonian kingdom had to be destroyed to ensure the elimination of the &quot;supposed source of all the difficulties which Rome was having in the Greek world&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; Although Perseus's forces were victorious against the Romans at the [[Battle of Callinicus]] in 171{{nbsp}}BC, the Macedonian army was defeated at the [[Battle of Pydna]] in June 168{{nbsp}}BC.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|p=99}}; {{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|pp=243–244}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=215–216}}; {{harvnb|Hatzopoulos|1996|p=43}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Perseus fled to [[Samothrace]] but surrendered shortly afterwards, was brought to [[Rome]] for the [[Roman triumph|triumph]] of [[Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus]], and was placed under [[house arrest]] at [[Alba Fucens]], where he died in 166{{nbsp}}BC.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|p=99}}; {{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|p=245}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=204–205, 216}}; see also {{harvnb|Hatzopoulos|1996|p=43}} for further details.&lt;/ref&gt; The Romans abolished the Macedonian monarchy by installing four separate allied [[republic]]s in its stead, their capitals located at [[Amphipolis]], [[Thessalonica]], [[Pella]], and [[Pelagonia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;bringmann 99–100 eckstein 245&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|pp=99–100}}; {{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|p=245}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=216–217}}; see also {{harvnb|Hatzopoulos|1996|pp=43–46}} for further details.&lt;/ref&gt; The Romans imposed severe laws inhibiting many social and economic interactions between the inhabitants of these republics, including the banning of marriages between them and the (temporary) prohibition on gold and silver mining.&lt;ref name=&quot;bringmann 99–100 eckstein 245&quot;/&gt; A certain [[Andriscus]], claiming Antigonid descent, rebelled against the Romans and was pronounced king of Macedonia, defeating the army of the Roman [[praetor]] Publius Juventius Thalna during the [[Fourth Macedonian War]] (150–148{{nbsp}}BC).&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|p=104}}; {{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|pp=246–247}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Despite this, Andriscus was defeated in 148{{nbsp}}BC at the [[Battle of Pydna (148 BC)|second Battle of Pydna]] by [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus]], whose forces occupied the kingdom.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|pp=104–105}}; {{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|p=247}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=216–217}}.&lt;/ref&gt; This was followed in 146{{nbsp}}BC by the Roman [[destruction of Carthage]] and victory over the Achaean League at the [[Battle of Corinth (146 BC)|Battle of Corinth]], ushering in the era of [[Roman Greece]] and the gradual establishment of the [[Roman province of Macedonia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Bringmann|2007|pp=104–105}}; {{harvnb|Eckstein|2010|pp=247–248}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=203–205, 216–217}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Institutions==<br /> {{main|Government of Macedonia (ancient kingdom)}}<br /> <br /> ===Division of power===<br /> {{further|Ancient Greek law}}<br /> [[File:Phillip Museum.jpg|thumb|The [[Vergina Sun]], the 16-ray star covering the royal burial [[larnax]] of [[Philip II of Macedon]] ({{reign|359|336|era=BC}}), discovered in the tomb of [[Vergina]], formerly ancient [[Aegae (Macedonia)|Aigai]]]]<br /> At the head of [[Government of Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonia's government]] was [[List of Macedonian kings|the king]] (''[[basileus]]'').&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;Written evidence about Macedonian governmental institutions made before [[Philip II of Macedon]]'s reign is both rare and non-Macedonian in origin. The main sources of early Macedonian historiography are the works of [[Herodotus]], [[Thucydides]], [[Diodorus Siculus]], and [[Justin (historian)|Justin]]. Contemporary accounts given by those such as [[Demosthenes]] were often hostile and unreliable; even [[Aristotle]], who lived in Macedonia, provides us with terse accounts of its governing institutions. [[Polybius]] was a contemporary historian who wrote about Macedonia; later historians include [[Livy]], [[Quintus Curtius Rufus]], [[Plutarch]], and [[Arrian]]. The works of these historians affirm Macedonia's [[hereditary monarchy]] and basic institutions, yet it remains unclear if there was an established [[constitution]] for Macedonian government. See: {{harvnb|King|2010|pp=373–374}}. &lt;br /&gt;However, [[N. G. L. Hammond]] and [[F. W. Walbank]] write with apparent certainty and conviction when describing the Macedonian constitutional government restricting [[Kings of Macedon|the king]] and involving a [[popular assembly]] of the army. See: {{harvnb|Hammond|Walbank|2001|pp=12–13}}. &lt;br /&gt;The main textual primary sources for the organization of [[Ancient Macedonian army|Macedonia's military]] as it existed under Alexander the Great include Arrian, Curtis, Diodorus, and Plutarch; modern historians rely mostly on Polybius and [[Livy]] for understanding detailed aspects of [[Antigonid Macedonian army|the Antigonid-period military]]. On this, {{harvnb|Sekunda|2010|pp=446–447}} writes: &quot;...&amp;nbsp;to this we can add the evidence provided by two magnificent archaeological monuments, the '[[Alexander Sarcophagus]]' in particular and the '[[Alexander Mosaic]]'...&amp;nbsp;In the case of the [[Antigonid Macedonian army|Antigonid army]]&amp;nbsp;... valuable additional details are occasionally supplied by [[Diodorus Siculus|Diodorus]] and [[Plutarch]], and by a series of inscriptions preserving sections of two sets of army regulations issued by [[Philip V of Macedon|Philip V]].&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; From at least the reign of Philip{{nbsp}}II, the king was assisted by the [[royal page]]s (''basilikoi paides''), bodyguards (''[[somatophylakes]]''), companions (''[[hetairoi]]''), friends (''[[philoi]]''), an assembly that included members of the military, and (during the Hellenistic period) [[magistrate]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|King|2010|p=374}}; see also {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=220–221}} for further details.&lt;/ref&gt; Evidence is lacking regarding the extent to which each of these groups shared authority with the king or if their existence had a basis in a formal constitutional framework.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|King|2010|p=374}}; for an argument about the [[absolute monarchy|absolutism]] of the Macedonian monarchy, see {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=220–222}}. &lt;br /&gt;However, [[N. G. L. Hammond]] and [[F. W. Walbank]] write with apparent certainty and conviction when describing the Macedonian constitutional government restricting [[Kings of Macedon|the king]] and involving a [[popular assembly]] of the army. {{harvnb|Hammond|Walbank|2001|pp=12–13}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Before the reign of Philip{{nbsp}}II, the only institution supported by textual evidence is the monarchy.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|King|2010|p=375}}. &lt;br /&gt;In 1931 Friedrich Granier was the first to propose that by the time of Philip&amp;nbsp;II's reign, Macedonia had a constitutional government with laws that delegated rights and [[Uncodified constitution|customary privileges]] to certain groups, especially to its citizen soldiers, although the majority of evidence for the army's alleged right to [[Elective monarchy|appoint a new king]] and judge cases of [[treason]] stems from the reign of [[Alexander III of Macedon]]. See {{harvnb|Granier|1931|pp=4–28, 48–57}} and {{harvnb|King|2010|pp=374–375}}. &lt;br /&gt;[[Pietro De Francisci]] was the first to refute Granier's ideas and advance the theory that the Macedonian government was an [[autocracy]] ruled by the whim of the monarch, although this issue of kingship and governance is still unresolved in academia. See: {{harvnb|de Francisci|1948|pp=345–435}} as well as {{harvnb|King|2010|p=375}} and {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=220}} for further details.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Kingship and the royal court===<br /> The earliest known government of ancient Macedonia was that of its [[monarchy]], lasting until 167{{nbsp}}BC when it was abolished by the Romans.&lt;ref name=&quot;king 2010 373&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|King|2010|p=373}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The Macedonian hereditary monarchy existed since at least the time of [[Archaic Greece]], with Homeric aristocratic roots in [[Mycenaean Greece]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|King|2010|pp=375–376}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Thucydides wrote that in previous ages, Macedonia was divided into small tribal regions, each having its own [[petty king]], the tribes of [[Lower Macedonia]] eventually coalescing under one great king who exercised power as an [[overlord]] over the lesser kings of [[Upper Macedonia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;king 2010 376&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|King|2010|p=376}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The direct line of [[Order of succession|father-to-son succession]] was broken after the assassination of [[Orestes of Macedon]] in 396{{nbsp}}BC (allegedly by his [[regent]] and successor [[Aeropus II of Macedon]]), clouding the issue of whether [[primogeniture]] was the established custom or if there was a constitutional right for an assembly of the army or [[Popular assembly|of the people]] to choose another king.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|King|2010|pp=376–377}}.&lt;/ref&gt; It is unclear if the male offspring of Macedonian queens or [[Queen consort|consorts]] were always preferred over others given the accession of [[Archelaus I of Macedon]], son of [[Perdiccas II of Macedon]] and a [[Slavery in ancient Greece|slave woman]], although Archelaus succeeded the throne after murdering his father's designated [[heir apparent]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|King|2010|p=377}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Hades abducting Persephone.jpg|thumb|left|[[Hades]] abducting [[Persephone]], fresco in the small Macedonian royal tomb at [[Vergina]], [[Macedonia, Greece]], c.{{nbsp}}340{{nbsp}}BC]]<br /> It is known that Macedonian kings before Philip{{nbsp}}II upheld the privileges and carried out the responsibilities of hosting foreign diplomats, determining the kingdom's foreign policies, and negotiating alliances with foreign powers.&lt;ref name=&quot;king 2010 378&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|King|2010|p=378}}.&lt;/ref&gt; After the Greek victory at [[Battle of Salamis|Salamis]] in 480{{nbsp}}BC, the Persian commander [[Mardonius (general)|Mardonius]] had [[Alexander I of Macedon]] sent to Athens as a chief envoy to orchestrate an alliance between the Achaemenid Empire and [[History of Athens|Athens]]. The decision to send Alexander was based on his [[Marriage of state|marriage alliance]] with a noble Persian house and his previous formal relationship with the city-state of Athens.&lt;ref name=&quot;king 2010 378&quot;/&gt; With their ownership of natural resources including gold, silver, timber, and [[royal land]], the early Macedonian kings were also capable of [[Bribery|bribing]] foreign and domestic parties with impressive gifts.&lt;ref name=&quot;king 2010 379&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|King|2010|p=379}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Little is known about the [[Judiciary|judicial system]] of ancient Macedonia except that the king acted as the [[wikt:chief judge|chief judge]] of the kingdom.&lt;ref name=&quot;errington 1990 222&quot;/&gt; The Macedonian kings were also [[Commander-in-chief|supreme commanders]] of the military.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|King|2010|p=379}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=221}}; early evidence for this includes not only Alexander&amp;nbsp;I's role as a commander in the [[Greco-Persian Wars]] but also the city-state of [[Potidaea]]'s acceptance of [[Perdiccas II of Macedon]] as their [[commander-in-chief]] [[Battle of Potidaea|during their rebellion]] against the [[Delian League]] of Athens in 432&amp;nbsp;BC.&lt;/ref&gt; Philip{{nbsp}}II was also highly regarded for his acts of piety in serving as the [[high priest]] of the nation. He performed daily [[ritual sacrifice]]s and led [[religious festival]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;king 2010 380&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|King|2010|p=380}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Alexander imitated various aspects of his father's reign, such as granting land and gifts to loyal aristocratic followers,&lt;ref name=&quot;king 2010 380&quot;/&gt; but lost some core support among them for adopting some of the trappings of an Eastern, Persian monarch, a &quot;lord and master&quot; as Carol J. King suggests, instead of a &quot;comrade-in-arms&quot; as was the traditional relationship of Macedonian kings with their companions.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|King|2010|p=380}}; for further context, see {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=220}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Alexander's father, Philip{{nbsp}}II, was perhaps influenced by Persian traditions when he adopted institutions similar to those found in the Achaemenid realm, such as having a [[Royal Secretary|royal secretary]], royal archive, royal pages, and a seated [[throne]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Olbrycht|2010|pp=345–346}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Royal pages===<br /> {{multiple image<br /> | align = right<br /> | image1 = Dionysos on a cheetah, Pella, Greece.jpg<br /> | width1 = 249<br /> | alt1 =<br /> | caption1 =<br /> | image2 = Framentuary votive relief representing a youth ladling wine for a krater and a round table with vases, from the Agora, end of 4th&amp;nbsp;c.&amp;nbsp;BC, Archaeological Museum, Pella (7065345633).jpg<br /> | width2 = 180<br /> | alt2 =<br /> | caption2 =<br /> | footer = Left, the god [[Dionysos]] riding a [[cheetah]], [[mosaic]] floor in the &quot;House of Dionysos&quot; at [[Pella]], Greece, c.&amp;nbsp;330–300&amp;nbsp;BC. Right, a framentary [[Votive offering|votive]] [[relief]] depicting a youth [[Ladle (spoon)|ladling]] [[History of wine|wine]] from a ''[[krater]]'' next to a round table with vases, from the [[agora]] of [[Pella]], end of 4th&amp;nbsp;century&amp;nbsp;BC, [[Archaeological Museum of Pella]].<br /> }}<br /> The [[royal page]]s were adolescent boys and young men [[conscripted]] from aristocratic households and serving the kings of Macedonia perhaps from the reign of Philip{{nbsp}}II onward, although more solid evidence dates to the reign of Alexander the Great.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Sawada|2010|pp=403–405}}. &lt;br /&gt;According to Carol J. King, there was no &quot;certain reference&quot; to this institutional group until the [[military campaigns of Alexander the Great]] in Asia.{{harvnb|King|2010|pp=380–381}}. &lt;br /&gt;However, [[N. G. L. Hammond]] and [[F. W. Walbank]] state that the [[royal page]]s are attested to as far back as the reign of [[Archelaus I of Macedon]]. {{harvnb|Hammond|Walbank|2001|p=13}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Royal pages played no direct role in high politics and were conscripted as a means to introduce them to political life.&lt;ref name=&quot;king 2010 381&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|King|2010|p=381}}.&lt;/ref&gt; After a period of training and service, pages were expected to become members of the king's companions and personal retinue.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sawada 2010 403&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Sawada|2010|p=403}}.&lt;/ref&gt; During their training, pages were expected to guard the king as he slept, supply him with horses, aid him in mounting his horse, accompany him on royal hunts, and serve him during ''[[symposium|symposia]]'' (i.e. formal drinking parties).&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Sawada|2010|pp=404–405}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Although there is little evidence for royal pages in the Antigonid period, it is known that some of them fled with [[Perseus of Macedon]] to [[Samothrace]] following [[Battle of Pydna|his defeat]] by the Romans in 168{{nbsp}}BC.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Sawada|2010|p=406}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Bodyguards===<br /> Royal bodyguards served as the closest members to the king at court and on the battlefield.&lt;ref name=&quot;king 2010 381&quot;/&gt; They were split into two categories: the ''[[agema]]'' of the ''[[hypaspistai]]'', a type of ancient [[special forces]] usually numbering in the hundreds, and a smaller group of men handpicked by the king either for their individual merits or to honor the noble families to which they belonged.&lt;ref name=&quot;king 2010 381&quot;/&gt; Therefore, the bodyguards, limited in number and forming the king's inner circle, were not always responsible for protecting the king's life on and off the battlefield; their title and office was more a mark of distinction, perhaps used to quell rivalries between aristocratic houses.&lt;ref name=&quot;king 2010 381&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Companions, friends, councils, and assemblies===<br /> {{further|Synedrion}}<br /> {{multiple image<br /> | align = right<br /> | image1 = &quot;An der Wende vom 5. zum 4. Jahrhundert v.Chr. wurde Pella Hauptstadt des Königreichs Makedonien.&quot; 6.jpg<br /> | width1 = 212<br /> | alt1 =<br /> | caption1 =<br /> | image2 = Fragmentary inscription bearing the names of 6 city archons (politarchs), 2nd c. BC, Archaeological Museum, Pella (6929923448).jpg<br /> | width2 = 188<br /> | alt2 =<br /> | caption2 =<br /> | footer = Left, an [[atrium (architecture)|atrium]] with a pebble-[[mosaic]] paving, in [[Pella]], Greece. Right, a fragmentary [[inscription]] bearing the names of six city ''[[archon]]s'' (''[[politarch]]s''), 2nd&amp;nbsp;century&amp;nbsp;BC, [[Archaeological Museum of Pella]].<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The companions, including the elite [[companion cavalry]] and ''[[pezhetairoi]]'' infantry, represented a substantially larger group than the king's bodyguards.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|King|2010|p=382}}. &lt;br /&gt;The ranks of the companions were greatly increased during the reign of Philip&amp;nbsp;II when he expanded this institution to include [[Upper Macedonia]]n aristocrats as well as Greeks. See: {{harvnb|Sawada|2010|p=404}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The most trusted or highest ranking companions formed a council that served as an advisory body to the king.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|King|2010|p=382}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=220}}.&lt;/ref&gt; A small amount of evidence suggests the existence of an assembly of the army during times of war and a [[Direct democracy|people's assembly]] during times of peace.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|King|2010|p=384}}: the first recorded instance dates to 359&amp;nbsp;BC, when Philip&amp;nbsp;II called together assemblies to address them with a speech and raise their morale following the death of [[Perdiccas III of Macedon]] in battle against the [[Illyria]]ns.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Members of the council had the right to speak freely, and although there is no direct evidence that they voted on affairs of state, it is clear that the king was at least occasionally pressured to agree to their demands.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Sawada|2010|pp=382–383}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The assembly was apparently given the right to judge cases of [[high treason]] and [[Sentence (law)|assign punishments]] for them, such as when Alexander the Great acted as [[prosecutor]] in the trial and conviction of three alleged conspirators in his father's assassination plot (while many others [[Acquittal|were acquitted]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Hammond|Walbank|2001|pp=5, 12}}.&lt;/ref&gt; However, there is perhaps insufficient evidence to allow a conclusion that councils and assemblies were regularly upheld or constitutionally grounded, or that their decisions were always heeded by the king.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|King|2010|pp=384–389}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=220}}.&lt;/ref&gt; At the death of Alexander the Great, the companions [[Partition of Babylon|immediately formed a council]] to assume control of his empire, but it was soon destabilized by [[Wars of the Diadochi|open rivalry and conflict]] between [[Diadochi|its members]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|King|2010|pp=383–384}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=220}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The army also used [[mutiny]] as a tool to achieve political ends.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;For instance, when [[Perdiccas]] had Philip&amp;nbsp;II's daughter [[Cynane]] murdered to prevent her own daughter [[Eurydice II of Macedon]] from marrying [[Philip III of Macedon]], the army revolted and ensured that the marriage took place. See {{harvnb|Adams|2010|p=210}} and {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=119–120}} for details.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Magistrates, the commonwealth, local government, and allied states===<br /> Antigonid Macedonian kings relied on various regional officials to conduct affairs of state.&lt;ref name=&quot;king 2010 390&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|King|2010|p=390}}.&lt;/ref&gt; This included high-ranking municipal officials, such as the military ''[[strategos]]'' and the [[politarch]], i.e. the elected governor (''[[archon]]'') of a large city (''[[polis]]''), as well as the politico-religious office of the ''[[epistates]]''.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|King|2010|p=390}}. &lt;br /&gt;Although these were highly influential members of local and regional government, Carol J. King asserts that they were not collectively powerful enough to formally challenge the authority of the Macedonian king or his right to rule.&lt;/ref&gt; No evidence exists about the personal backgrounds of these officials, although they may have been chosen among the same group of aristocratic ''philoi'' and ''hetairoi'' who filled vacancies for army officers.&lt;ref name=&quot;errington 1990 222&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=222}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{multiple image| align = left | direction = horizontal | header = | header_align = left/right/center | footer = Left, a silver [[tetradrachm]] issued by the city of [[Amphipolis]] in 364–363 BC (before its conquest by [[Philip II of Macedon]] in 357 BC), showing the head of [[Apollo]] on the [[obverse]] and [[Olympic flame|racing torch]] on the reverse. Right, a golden [[stater]] depicting Philip II, [[Mint (facility)|minted]] at Amphipolis in 340&amp;nbsp;BC (or later during Alexander's reign), shortly after its conquest by Philip&amp;nbsp;II and incorporation into the [[Koinon of Macedonians|Macedonian commonwealth]]| footer_align = left | image1 = Tetradrachm, 364-363 BC, Amphipolis.jpg | width1 = 280 | caption1 = | image2 = Anfipoli, statere di filippo II, 340 o 336-328 ac ca.JPG | width2 = 150| caption2 = }}<br /> In [[ancient Athens]], the [[Athenian democracy]] was restored on three separate occasions following the initial conquest of the city by Antipater in 322{{nbsp}}BC.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Amemiya|2007|pp=11–12}}.&lt;/ref&gt; When it fell repeatedly under Macedonian rule it was governed by a Macedonian-imposed [[oligarchy]] composed of the wealthiest members of the city-state.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Amemiya|2007|pp=11–12}}: under [[Antipater]]'s oligarchy, the lower value in terms of property for acceptable members of the oligarchy was 2,000 ''[[Ancient drachma|drachma]]''. [[Athenian democracy]] was restored briefly after Antipater's death in 319&amp;nbsp;BC, yet his son [[Cassander]] reconquered the city, which came under the regency of [[Demetrius of Phalerum]]. Demetrius lowered the property limit for oligarchic members to 1,000 ''drachma'', yet by 307&amp;nbsp;BC he was exiled from the city and [[direct democracy]] was restored. [[Demetrius I of Macedon]] reconquered Athens in 295&amp;nbsp;BC, yet democracy was once again restored in 287&amp;nbsp;BC with the aid of [[Ptolemy I of Egypt]]. [[Antigonus II Gonatas]], son of Demetrius&amp;nbsp;I, reconquered Athens in 260&amp;nbsp;BC, followed by a succession of Macedonian kings ruling over Athens until the [[Roman Republic]] conquered both Macedonia and then [[mainland Greece]] by 146&amp;nbsp;BC.&lt;/ref&gt; Other city-states were handled quite differently and were allowed a greater degree of [[autonomy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;errington 1990 231&quot;/&gt; After Philip{{nbsp}}II conquered Amphipolis in 357{{nbsp}}BC, the city was allowed to retain its [[democracy]], including its constitution, [[popular assembly]], [[city council]] (''[[Boule (ancient Greece)|boule]]''), and yearly [[election]]s for new officials, but a Macedonian garrison was housed within the city walls along with a Macedonian royal commissioner (''epistates'') to monitor the city's political affairs.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=229–230}}.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Philippi]], the city founded by Philip{{nbsp}}II, was the only other city in the Macedonian [[commonwealth]] that had a democratic government with popular assemblies, since the assembly (''[[Ecclesia (ancient Athens)|ecclesia]]'') of [[Thessaloniki]] seems to have had only a passive function in practice.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=230}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Some cities also maintained their own municipal [[revenue]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;errington 1990 231&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=231}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The Macedonian king and central government administered the revenues generated by [[Greek temple|temples]] and [[priesthood]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=231–232}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Within the [[Koinon of Macedonians|Macedonian commonwealth]], some evidence from the 3rd century{{nbsp}}BC indicates that foreign relations were handled by the central government. Although individual Macedonian cities nominally participated in [[Panhellenic]] events as independent entities, in reality, the granting of ''[[asylia]]'' (inviolability, [[diplomatic immunity]], and the [[right of asylum]] at [[sanctuaries]]) to certain cities was handled directly by the king.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Hatzopoulos|1996|pp=365–366}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Likewise, the city-states within contemporary Greek ''[[Koinon|koina]]'' (i.e., [[federation]]s of city-states, the ''[[sympoliteia]]'') obeyed the federal decrees [[vote]]d on collectively by the members of their league.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;Unlike the sparse Macedonian examples, ample textual evidence of this exists for the [[Achaean League]], [[Acarnanian League]], and [[Achaean League]]; see {{harvnb|Hatzopoulos|1996|pp=366–367}}.&lt;/ref&gt; In city-states belonging to a league or commonwealth, the granting of ''[[proxenia]]'' (i.e. the hosting of foreign ambassadors) was usually a right shared by local and central authorities.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Hatzopoulos|1996|pp=366–367}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Abundant evidence exists for the granting of ''proxenia'' as being the sole [[prerogative]] of central authorities in the neighbouring [[Epirote League]], and some evidence suggests the same arrangement in the Macedonian commonwealth.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Hatzopoulos|1996|pp=367–369}}.&lt;/ref&gt; City-states that were [[Alliance|allied]] with Macedonia issued their own decrees regarding ''proxenia''.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Hatzopoulos|1996|pp=368–369}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Foreign leagues also formed alliances with the Macedonian kings, such as when the [[Cretan League]] signed treaties with [[Demetrius II Aetolicus]] and [[Antigonus III Doson]] ensuring enlistment of Cretan mercenaries into the Macedonian army, and elected [[Philip V of Macedon]] as honorary protector (''[[prostates]]'') of the league.&lt;ref name=&quot;errington 1990 242&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=242}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Military===<br /> {{main|Ancient Macedonian army|Antigonid Macedonian army}}<br /> {{further|Hellenistic armies|Macedonian phalanx}}<br /> {{multiple image<br /> | align = right<br /> | image1 = Macedonian Army Pezetairos.jpg<br /> | width1 = 160<br /> | alt1 =<br /> | caption1 =<br /> | image2 = Македонски штит од Бонче.jpg<br /> | width2 = 178<br /> | alt2 =<br /> | caption2 =<br /> | footer = Left, a Macedonian infantryman, possibly a [[hypaspist]], equipped with an ''[[aspis]]'' shield and wearing a [[linothorax]] cuirass and [[Thracian helmet]]; [[bas relief]] from the [[Alexander Sarcophagus]], 4th&amp;nbsp;century&amp;nbsp;BC. Right, an ancient Macedonian bronze [[shield]] excavated from the archaeological site at [[Bonče]] in [[North Macedonia]], dated 4th&amp;nbsp;century&amp;nbsp;BC.<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ====Early Macedonian army====<br /> {{further|Government of Macedonia (ancient kingdom)}}<br /> The basic structure of the [[Ancient Macedonian army]] was the division between the companion cavalry (''[[hetairoi]]'') and the foot companions (''[[pezhetairoi]]''), augmented by various allied troops, foreign levied soldiers, and mercenaries.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Sekunda|2010|p=447}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=243–244}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The foot companions existed perhaps since the reign of [[Alexander I of Macedon]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Sekunda|2010|pp=447–448}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Macedonian cavalry, wearing [[muscled cuirass]]es, became renowned in Greece during and after their involvement in the [[Peloponnesian War]], at times siding with either Athens or Sparta.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Sekunda|2010|pp=448–449}}; see also {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=238–239}} for further details.&lt;/ref&gt; Macedonian infantry in this period consisted of poorly trained shepherds and farmers, while the cavalry was composed of noblemen.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=238–239; 243–244}}.&lt;/ref&gt; As evidenced by early 4th century BC artwork, there was a pronounced Spartan influence on the Macedonian army before Philip{{nbsp}}II.&lt;ref name=&quot;sekunda 2010 449&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Sekunda|2010|p=449}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Nicholas Viktor Sekunda states that at the beginning of Philip{{nbsp}}II's reign in 359{{nbsp}}BC, the Macedonian army consisted of 10,000 infantry and 600 cavalry,&lt;ref name=&quot;sekunda 2010 448 449&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Sekunda|2010|pp=448–449}}.&lt;/ref&gt; yet Malcolm Errington cautions that these figures cited by ancient authors should be treated with some skepticism.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=239–240}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Philip II and Alexander the Great====<br /> {{further|Military tactics in Ancient Greece|Thessalian cavalry}}<br /> <br /> After spending years as a political hostage in Thebes, Philip{{nbsp}}II sought to imitate the Greek example of [[Military exercise|martial exercises]] and the issuing of [[Ancient Greek military personal equipment|standard equipment]] for citizen soldiery, and succeeded in transforming the Macedonian army from a levied force of unprofessional farmers into a well-trained, [[professional army]].&lt;ref name=&quot;errington 1990 238&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=238, 247}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Philip{{nbsp}}II adopted some of the [[military tactics]] of his enemies, such as the ''[[embolon]]'' (flying wedge) cavalry formation of the [[Scythia]]ns.&lt;ref name=&quot;sekunda 2010 451&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Sekunda|2010|p=451}}.&lt;/ref&gt; His infantry wielded ''peltai'' shields that replaced the earlier ''[[aspis]]''-style shields, were equipped with [[Greek helmet (disambiguation)|protective helmets]]&lt;!--intentional link to DAB page--&gt;, [[greave]]s, and either [[cuirass]]es [[breastplate]]s or ''[[kotthybos]]'' stomach bands, and armed with ''[[sarissa]]'' [[Pike (weapon)|pikes]] and [[dagger]]s as secondary weapons.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;According to Sekunda, Philip&amp;nbsp;II's infantry were eventually equipped with heavier armor such as cuirasses, since the ''[[Third Philippic]]'' of [[Demosthenes]] in 341&amp;nbsp;BC described them as [[hoplite]]s instead of lighter [[peltast]]s: {{harvnb|Sekunda|2010|pp=449–450}}; see also {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=238}} for further details. &lt;br /&gt;However, Errington argues that breastplates were not worn by the [[phalanx]] [[pikemen]] of either Philip&amp;nbsp;II or Philip&amp;nbsp;V's reigns (during which sufficient evidence exists). Instead, he claims that breastplates were worn only by [[military officer]]s, while pikemen wore the ''[[kotthybos]]'' stomach bands along with their helmets and greaves, wielding a daggers as secondary weapons along with their shields. See {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=241}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The elite ''[[hypaspistai]]'' infantry, composed of handpicked men from the ranks of the ''pezhetairoi'', were formed during the reign of Philip{{nbsp}}II and saw continued use during the reign of Alexander the Great.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Sekunda|2010|p=450}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=244}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Philip{{nbsp}}II was also responsible for the establishment of the royal bodyguards (''[[somatophylakes]]'').&lt;ref name=&quot;sekunda 2010 452&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Sekunda|2010|p=452}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{multiple image| align = left | direction = vertical | header = | header_align = left/right/center | footer = An ancient fresco of Macedonian soldiers from the tomb of [[Agios Athanasios, Thessaloniki]], Greece, 4th century BC | footer_align = left | image1 = Agios Athanasios 1 fresco.jpg | width1 = 220 | caption1 = | image2 = Agios-Athanasios.jpg | width2 = 220| caption2 = }}<br /> <br /> For his lighter missile troops, Philip II employed mercenary [[Cretan archers]] as well as Thracian, Paeonian, and Illyrian [[javelin]] throwers, [[Sling (weapon)|slingers]], and archers.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Sekunda|2010|p=451}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=241–242}}.&lt;/ref&gt; He hired engineers such as [[Polyidus of Thessaly]] and [[Diades of Pella]], who were capable of building [[state of the art]] [[siege engine]]s and [[artillery]] that fired large [[Crossbow bolt|bolts]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sekunda 2010 451&quot;/&gt; Following the acquisition of the lucrative mines at [[Krinides]] (renamed [[Philippi]]), the royal treasury could afford to field a permanent, professional [[standing army]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Sekunda|2010|pp=449–451}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The increase in state revenues under Philip{{nbsp}}II allowed the Macedonians to build a small navy for the first time, which included [[trireme]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Sekunda|2010|p=451}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=247–248}}; {{harvnb|Hammond|Walbank|2001|pp=24–26}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The only Macedonian cavalry units attested under Alexander were the companion cavalry,&lt;ref name=&quot;sekunda 2010 452&quot;/&gt; yet he formed a ''[[Hipparchus (cavalry officer)|hipparchia]]'' (i.e. unit of a few hundred horsemen) of companion cavalry composed entirely of ethnic [[Persian people|Persians]] while campaigning in Asia.&lt;ref name=&quot;sekunda 2010 453&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Sekunda|2010|p=453}}.&lt;/ref&gt; When marching his forces into Asia, Alexander brought 1,800 cavalrymen from Macedonia, 1,800 [[Thessalian cavalry|cavalrymen from Thessaly]], 600 cavalrymen from the rest of Greece, and 900 ''[[prodromoi]]'' cavalry from [[Thrace]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sekunda 2010 454&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Sekunda|2010|p=454}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Antipater was able to quickly raise a force of 600 native Macedonian cavalry to fight in the [[Lamian War]] when it began in 323{{nbsp}}BC.&lt;ref name=&quot;sekunda 2010 454&quot;/&gt; The most elite members of Alexander's ''hypaspistai'' were designated as the ''[[agema]]'', and a new term for ''hypaspistai'' emerged after the [[Battle of Gaugamela]] in 331{{nbsp}}BC: the ''[[argyraspides]]'' (silver shields).&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Sekunda|2010|p=455}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=245}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The latter continued to serve after the reign of Alexander the Great and may have been of Asian origin.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Sekunda|2010|pp=455–456}}. &lt;br /&gt;{{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=245}}: in regards to both the ''[[argyraspides]]'' and ''[[chalkaspides]]'', &quot;these titles were probably not functional, perhaps not even official.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, his pike-wielding phalanx infantry numbered some 12,000 men, 3,000 of which were elite ''hypaspistai'' and 9,000 of which were ''pezhetairoi''.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Sekunda|2010|pp=455–457}}. &lt;br /&gt;However, in discussing the discrepancies among [[List of Greek historiographers|ancient historians]] about the size of [[Alexander the Great]]'s army, [[N. G. L. Hammond]] and [[F. W. Walbank]] choose [[Diodorus Siculus]]' figure of 32,000 infantry as the most reliable, while disagreeing with his figure for cavalry at 4,500, asserting it was closer to 5,100 horsemen. {{harvnb|Hammond|Walbank|2001|pp=22–23}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Alexander continued the use of Cretan archers and introduced native Macedonian archers into the army.&lt;ref name=&quot;sekunda 2010 458 459&quot;/&gt; After the Battle of Gaugamela, archers of West Asian backgrounds became commonplace.&lt;ref name=&quot;sekunda 2010 458 459&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Sekunda|2010|pp=458–459}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Antigonid period military====<br /> [[File:Thueros affresco.jpg|thumb|upright|Fresco of an ancient Macedonian soldier (''[[thorakitai|thorakites]]'') wearing [[chainmail]] armor and bearing a [[thureos]] shield, 3rd century{{nbsp}}BC, [[İstanbul Archaeology Museums]]]]<br /> [[Antigonid Macedonian army|The Macedonian army]] continued to evolve under the [[Antigonid dynasty]]. It is uncertain how many men were appointed as ''somatophylakes'', which numbered eight men at the end of Alexander the Great's reign, while the ''hypaspistai'' seem to have morphed into assistants of the ''somatophylakes''.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Sekunda|2010|p=459}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=245}}: &quot;Other developments in Macedonian army organization are evident after [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]]. One is the evolution of the ''[[hypaspistai]]'' from an elite unit to a form of [[military police]] or [[bodyguard]] under [[Philip V of Macedon|Philip&amp;nbsp;V]]; the only thing the two functions had in common was the particular closeness to the king.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; At the [[Battle of Cynoscephalae]] in 197{{nbsp}}BC, the Macedonians commanded some 16,000 phalanx pikemen.&lt;ref name=&quot;sekunda 2010 461&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Sekunda|2010|p=461}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Alexander the Great's royal squadron of companion cavalry contained 800 men, the same number of cavalrymen in the sacred squadron ([[Latin language|Latin]]: ''sacra ala''; [[Greek language|Greek]]: ''hiera ile'') commanded by [[Philip V of Macedon]] during the [[Social War (220–217 BC)|Social War]] of 219{{nbsp}}BC.&lt;ref name=&quot;sekunda 2010 460&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Sekunda|2010|p=460}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The regular Macedonian cavalry numbered 3,000 at Callinicus, which was separate from the sacred squadron and royal cavalry.&lt;ref name=&quot;sekunda 2010 460&quot;/&gt; While Macedonian cavalry of the 4th century BC had fought without shields, the use of shields by cavalry was adopted from the [[Celtic settlement of Eastern Europe|Celtic invaders]] of the 270s BC who settled in [[Galatia]], central Anatolia.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Sekunda|2010|p=469}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Thanks to [[Military Decree of Amphipolis|contemporary inscriptions]] from Amphipolis and Greia dated 218 and 181{{nbsp}}BC, respectively, historians have been able to partially piece together the organization of the Antigonid army under Philip{{nbsp}}V.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Sekunda|2010|pp=460–461}}; for the evolution of Macedonian military titles, such as its command by ''tetrarchai'' officers assisted by ''grammateis'' (i.e. secretaries or clerks), see {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=242–243}}.&lt;/ref&gt; From at least the time of [[Antigonus III Doson]], the most elite Antigonid-period infantry were the [[peltast]]s, lighter and more maneuverable soldiers wielding ''peltai'' [[javelin]]s, swords, and a smaller bronze shield than [[Macedonian phalanx]] pikemen, although they sometimes served in that capacity.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Sekunda|2010|pp=461–462}}; &lt;br /&gt;{{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=245}}: &quot;The other development, which happened at the latest under [[Antigonus III Doson|Doson]], was the formation and training of a special unit of ''[[peltast]]ai'' separate from the [[Macedonian phalanx|phalanx]]. This unit operated as a form of [[royal guard]] similar in function to the earlier ''[[hypaspistai]]''.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Among the peltasts, roughly 2,000 men were selected to serve in the elite ''agema'' [[vanguard]], with other peltasts numbering roughly 3,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;sekunda 2010 462&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Sekunda|2010|p=462}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The number of peltasts varied over time, perhaps never more than 5,000 men.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Sekunda|2010|p=463}}; the largest figure for elite Macedonian [[peltast]]s mentioned by ancient historians was 5,000 troops, an amount that existed in the [[Social War (220–217 BC)]].&lt;/ref&gt; They fought alongside the phalanx pikemen, divided now into ''[[chalkaspides]]'' (bronze shield) and ''[[leukaspides]]'' (white shield) regiments.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Sekunda|2010|pp=463–464}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Antigonid Macedonian kings continued to expand and equip [[Ancient navies and vessels|the navy]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=247–248}}.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Cassander]] maintained [[Hellenistic-era warships|a small fleet]] at [[Pydna]], [[Demetrius I of Macedon]] had one at Pella, and [[Antigonus II Gonatas]], while serving as a general for Demetrius in Greece, used the navy to secure the Macedonian holdings in [[Demetrias]], [[Chalkis]], [[Piraeus]], and [[Corinth]].&lt;ref name=&quot;errington 1990 248&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=248}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The navy was considerably expanded during the [[Chremonidean War]] (267–261{{nbsp}}BC), allowing the Macedonian navy to defeat the Ptolemaic Egyptian navy at the 255{{nbsp}}BC [[Battle of Cos]] and 245{{nbsp}}BC [[Battle of Andros (246 BC)|Battle of Andros]], and enabling Macedonian influence to spread over the [[Cyclades]].&lt;ref name=&quot;errington 1990 248&quot;/&gt; Antigonus{{nbsp}}III Doson used the Macedonian navy to invade [[Caria]], while Philip{{nbsp}}V sent 200 ships to fight in the [[Battle of Chios (201 BC)|Battle of Chios]] in 201{{nbsp}}BC.&lt;ref name=&quot;errington 1990 248&quot;/&gt; The Macedonian navy was reduced to a mere six vessels as agreed in the 197{{nbsp}}BC [[peace treaty]] that concluded the [[Second Macedonian War]] with the [[Roman Republic]], although [[Perseus of Macedon]] quickly assembled some ''[[lemboi]]'' at the outbreak of the [[Third Macedonian War]] in 171{{nbsp}}BC.&lt;ref name=&quot;errington 1990 248&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Society and culture==<br /> {{Main|Ancient Macedonians}}<br /> {{further|Culture of ancient Greece}}<br /> {{multiple image| align = right | direction = horizontal | header = | header_align = left/right/center | footer = Left, a Macedonian funerary [[stele]], with an [[epigram]] in [[Greek language|Greek]], mid-4th&amp;nbsp;century&amp;nbsp;BC, [[Vergina]]. Right, marble cult statue of [[Aphrodite Hypolympidia]], dated 2nd&amp;nbsp;century&amp;nbsp;BC, from the sanctuary of [[Isis]] at [[Dion, Pieria]], [[Central Macedonia]], Greece, now in the [[Archaeological Museum of Dion]].| footer_align = left | image1 = Relief inscribed stele, mid 4th century B.C., Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki.jpg | width1 = 160 | caption1 = | image2 = Marble cult statue of Aphrodite Hypolympidia, from the santuary of Isis, 2nd c. BC, Archaeological Museum, Dion (7079958443).jpg | width2 = 160| caption2 = }}<br /> <br /> ===Language and dialects===<br /> {{main|Ancient Macedonian language|Pella curse tablet|Attic Greek|Koine Greek}}<br /> {{further|History of Greek|Ancient Greek dialects|Northwest Greek|Proto-Greek}}<br /> <br /> Following its adoption as the court language of [[Philip II of Macedon]]'s regime, authors of ancient Macedonia wrote their works in [[Koine Greek]], the ''[[lingua franca]]'' of late [[Classical Greece|Classical]] and [[Hellenistic Greece]].&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Hatzopoulos|2011a|p=44}}; {{harvnb|Woodard|2010|p=9}}; see also {{harvnb|Austin|2006|p=4}} for further details. &lt;br /&gt;Edward M. Anson contends that the native [[spoken language]] of the Macedonians was a dialect of Greek and that in the roughly 6,300 Macedonian-period inscriptions discovered by archaeologists about 99% were written in the Greek language, using the [[Greek alphabet]]. {{harvnb|Anson|2010|p=17, n. 57, n. 58}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Rare textual evidence indicates that the native Macedonian language was either a dialect of [[Greek language|Greek]] similar to [[Thessalian Greek]] and [[Northwest Greek]],&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Crespo|2023|p=77}}; {{harvnb|Lamont|2023|p=121}}; {{harvnb|van Beek|2022|pp=190–191}}; {{harvnb|Hatzopoulos|2020|p=64}}; {{harvnb|Brixhe|2018|pp=1862–1867}}; {{harvnb|Crespo|2017|p=329}}; {{harvnb|Hatzopoulos|2017|p=299}}; {{harvnb|Giannakis|2017|p=18}}: &quot;Recent scholarship has established the position of (ancient) Macedonian within the dialect map of North-West Greek (see, among others, Méndez Dosuna 2012, 2014, 2015; Crespo 2012, 2015). Here belongs the study by M. Hatzopoulos, who offers a critical review of recent research on the Macedonian dialect, arguing that all available evidence points to the conclusion that this is a Greek dialect of the North-West group.&quot;; {{harvnb|Hatzopoulos|2011a|p=44}}; {{harvnb|Engels|2010|pp=94–95}}; {{harvnb|Woodard|2010|pp=9–10}}. &lt;br /&gt;{{harvnb|Hatzopoulos|2011a|pp=43–45}} states that the native language of the ancient Macedonians as preserved in the rare documents written in a language other than Koine Greek also betray a slight [[Phonetics|phonetic]] influence from the languages of the original inhabitants of the region who were [[Cultural assimilation|assimilated]] or expelled by the invading Macedonians; Hatzopoulos also asserts that little is known about these languages aside from [[Phrygian language|Phrygian]] spoken by the [[Bryges]] who migrated to [[Anatolia]]. &lt;br /&gt;{{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=3–4}} affirms that the Macedonian language was merely a dialect of Greek that used [[loanword]]s from [[Thracian language|Thracian]] and [[Illyrian languages]], which &quot;does not surprise modern [[philologist]]s&quot; but ultimately provided Macedonia's political enemies with the &quot;proof&quot; they needed to level the charge that Macedonians were not Greek.&lt;/ref&gt; or a [[Hellenic languages|language closely related to Greek]].&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Woodard|2004|pp=12–14}}; Hamp, Eric; Adams, Douglas (2013). &quot;[http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp239_indo_european_languages.pdf The Expansion of the Indo-European Languages] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222134950/http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp239_indo_european_languages.pdf |date=2014-02-22 }}&quot;, ''Sino-Platonic Papers'', vol 239. Accessed 16 January 2017. &lt;br /&gt;Joseph 2001: &quot;Ancient Greek is generally taken to be the only representative (though note the existence of different dialects) of the Greek or Hellenic branch of Indo-European. There is some dispute as to whether Ancient Macedonian (the native language of Philip and Alexander), if it has any special affinity to Greek at all, is a dialect within Greek (see below) or a sibling language to all the known Ancient Greek dialects. If the latter view is correct, then Macedonian and Greek would be the two subbranches of a group within Indo-European which could more properly be called Hellenic.&quot;&lt;br /&gt; {{harvnb|Georgiev|1966|pp=285–297}}: ancient Macedonian is closely related to Greek, and Macedonian and Greek are descended from a common Greek-Macedonian idiom that was spoken till about the second half of the 3rd millennium BC.&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Pella curse tablet]] has been forwarded as an argument that Ancient Macedonian was a variety of Northwest Greek.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Lamont|2023|p=121}}; {{Harvnb|Brixhe|2018|pages=1862–1867}}; {{Harvnb|Masson|2014|p=483}}; {{Harvnb|Méndez-Dosuna|2012|pp=141, 145}}; {{harvnb|Engels|2010|p=95}}; {{harvnb|Meier-Brügger|2003|p=28}}; {{harvnb|Hornblower|2002|p=90}}; {{harvnb|Masson|Dubois|2000|p=292}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Masson|2014|pp=905–906: &quot;we must now think of a link with North-West Greek (Locrian, Aetolian, Phocidian, Epirote). This view is supported by the recent discovery at *Pella of a curse tablet (4th century BC) which may well be the first 'Macedonian' text attested&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt; The vast majority of surviving inscriptions from ancient Macedonia were written in [[Attic Greek]] and its successor Koine Greek.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Anson|2010|p=17, n. 57, n. 58}}; {{harvnb|Woodard|2010|pp=9–10}}; {{harvnb|Hatzopoulos|2011a|pp=43–45}}; {{harvnb|Engels|2010|pp=94–95}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Attic (and later Koine) Greek was the preferred language of the [[Ancient Macedonian army]], although it is known that Alexander the Great once shouted an emergency order in Macedonian to his royal guards during the [[Symposium|drinking party]] where he killed [[Cleitus the Black]].&lt;ref name=&quot;engels 2010 95&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Engels|2010|p=95}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Macedonian became [[Extinct language|extinct]] in either the Hellenistic or the Roman period, and entirely replaced by Koine Greek.&lt;ref name=&quot;engels 2010 94&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Engels|2010|p=94}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;For instance, [[Cleopatra VII Philopator]], the last active ruler of the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt, spoke Koine Greek as a first language and by her reign (51–30 BC) or some time before it the Macedonian language was no longer used. See {{harvnb|Jones|2006|pp=33–34}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Religious beliefs and funerary practices===<br /> {{main|Ancient Greek religion|Greek mythology|Hellenistic religion}}<br /> {{further|Ancient Greek temple|Greek hero cult|Greco-Roman mysteries|Oracle of Delphi|Lion of Amphipolis|Lion of Chaeronea|Pella curse tablet}}<br /> <br /> [[File:The Abduction of Persephone by Pluto, Amphipolis.jpg|thumb|A [[mosaic]] of the [[Kasta Tomb]] in [[Amphipolis]] depicting the abduction of [[Persephone]] by [[Pluto (mythology)|Pluto]], 4th{{nbsp}}century{{nbsp}}BC]]<br /> [[File:Lion of Amphipolis BW 2017-10-05 09-38-25.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Lion of Amphipolis]] in [[Amphipolis]], [[northern Greece]], a 4th-century{{nbsp}}BC marble tomb sculpture&lt;ref name=&quot;Sansone 2017 223&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Sansone|2017|p=223}}.&lt;/ref&gt; erected in honor of [[Laomedon of Mytilene]], a general who served under [[Alexander the Great]]]]<br /> By the 5th century BC, the Macedonians and the southern Greeks worshiped more or less the [[List of Greek deities|same deities of the Greek pantheon]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Anson|2010|pp=17–18}}; see also {{harvnb|Christesen|Murray|2010|pp=428–445}} for ways in which Macedonian religious beliefs diverged from mainstream Greek polytheism, although the latter was hardly &quot;monolithic&quot; throughout the Classical Greek and Hellenistic world and Macedonians were &quot;linguistically and culturally Greek&quot; according to Christesen and Murray. {{harvnb|Christesen|Murray|2010|pp=428–429}}.&lt;/ref&gt; In Macedonia, political and religious offices were often intertwined. For instance, the head of state for the city of Amphipolis also served as the priest of [[Asklepios]], Greek god of medicine; a similar arrangement existed at [[Cassandreia]], where a cult priest honoring the city's founder [[Cassander]] was the nominal head of the city.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=225–226}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The main sanctuary of [[Zeus]] was maintained at [[Dion, Pieria|Dion]], while another at [[Veria]] was dedicated to [[Herakles]] and was patronized by [[Demetrius II Aetolicus]] ({{reign|239|229|era=BC}}).&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=226}}; {{harvnb|Christesen|Murray|2010|pp=430–431}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile, foreign [[Ancient Egyptian religion|cults from Egypt]] were fostered by the royal court, such as the temple of [[Sarapis]] at Thessaloniki.&lt;ref name=&quot;errington 1990 226&quot;/&gt; The Macedonians also had relations with &quot;international&quot; cults; for example, Macedonian kings [[Philip III of Macedon]] and [[Alexander IV of Macedon]] made [[votive offering]]s to the internationally esteemed [[Samothrace temple complex]] of the [[Cabeiri]] [[mystery cult]].&lt;ref name=&quot;errington 1990 226&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=226}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the three royal tombs at [[Vergina]], professional painters decorated the walls with a mythological scene of [[Hades]] abducting [[Persephone]] and royal hunting scenes, while lavish [[grave goods]] including [[Ancient Greek military personal equipment|weapons, armor]], drinking vessels, and personal items were housed with the dead, whose bones [[Cremation|were burned]] before [[Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices|burial in golden coffins]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Borza|1992|pp=257–260}}; {{harvnb|Christesen|Murray|2010|pp=432–433}}; see also {{harvnb|Hammond|Walbank|2001|pp=5–7}} for further details.&lt;/ref&gt; Some grave goods and decorations were common in other Macedonian tombs, yet some items found at Vergina were distinctly tied to royalty, including a [[diadem]], luxurious goods, and arms and armor.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Borza|1992|pp=259–260}}; see also {{harvnb|Hammond|Walbank|2001|pp=5–6}} for further details.&lt;/ref&gt; Scholars have debated about the identity of the tomb occupants since [[Manolis Andronikos|the discovery]] of their remains in 1977–1978,&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Borza|1992|pp=257, 260–261}}.&lt;/ref&gt; and recent research and forensic examination have concluded that at least one of the persons buried was Philip{{nbsp}}II.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Sansone|2017|p=224}}; {{harvnb|Hammond|Walbank|2001|p=6}}. &lt;br /&gt;Rosella Lorenzi (10 October 2014). &quot;[http://www.seeker.com/remains-of-alexander-the-greats-father-confirmed-found-1769168761.html Remains of Alexander the Great's Father Confirmed Found: King Philip II's bones are buried in a tomb along with a mysterious woman-warrior] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118215400/http://www.seeker.com/remains-of-alexander-the-greats-father-confirmed-found-1769168761.html |date=2017-01-18 }}.&quot; ''Seeker''. Retrieved 17 January 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Located near Tomb{{nbsp}}1 are the above-ground ruins of a ''[[heroon]]'', a shrine for [[Cult (religion)|cult worship]] of the dead.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Borza|1992|p=257}}.&lt;/ref&gt; In 2014, the ancient Macedonian [[Kasta Tomb]] was discovered outside of Amphipolis and is the largest ancient tomb found in Greece (as of 2017).&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Sansone|2017|pp=224–225}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Economics and social class===<br /> {{main|Economy of ancient Greece}}<br /> {{further|Slavery in ancient Greece|Prostitution in ancient Greece|Pederasty in ancient Greece}}<br /> <br /> Young Macedonian men were typically expected to engage in [[hunting]] and martial combat as a by-product of their [[transhumance]] lifestyle of herding [[livestock]] such as goats and sheep, while [[horse breeding]] and raising [[cattle]] were other common pursuits.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Hatzopoulos|2011a|pp=47–48}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=7}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Some Macedonians engaged in farming, often with [[irrigation]], [[land reclamation]], and [[horticulture]] activities supported by the Macedonian state.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Hatzopoulos|2011a|pp=47–48}}; for a specific example of [[land reclamation]] near [[Amphipolis]] during the reign of [[Alexander the Great]], see {{harvnb|Hammond|Walbank|2001|p=31}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The Macedonian economy and state finances were mainly supported by [[logging]] and by [[mining]] valuable [[mineral]]s such as copper, iron, gold, and silver.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Hatzopoulos|2011a|p=48}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=7–8, 222–223}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The conversion of these raw materials into finished products and the sale of those products encouraged the growth of urban centres and a gradual shift away from the traditional rustic Macedonian lifestyle during the course of the 5th{{nbsp}}century{{nbsp}}BC.&lt;ref name=&quot;hatzopoulos 2011a 48&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Hatzopoulos|2011a|p=48}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Macedonian king was an [[autocracy|autocratic]] figure at the head of both government and society, with arguably unlimited authority to handle affairs of state and public policy, but he was also the leader of a very personal regime with close relationships or connections to his ''[[hetairoi]]'', the core of the Macedonian [[aristocracy]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Anson|2010|pp=9–10}}.&lt;/ref&gt; These aristocrats were second only to the king in terms of power and privilege, filling the ranks of his administration and serving as commanding officers in the military.&lt;ref name=&quot;anson 2010 10&quot;/&gt; It was in the more bureaucratic regimes of the [[Hellenistic kingdoms]] that succeeded Alexander the Great's empire where greater [[social mobility]] for members of society seeking to join the aristocracy could be found, especially in Ptolemaic Egypt.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Anson|2010|pp=10–11}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Although governed by a king and martial aristocracy, Macedonia seems to have lacked the widespread [[History of slavery|use of slaves]] seen in contemporaneous Greek states.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Hammond|Walbank|2001|pp=12–13}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Visual arts===<br /> {{main|Ancient Greek art}}<br /> {{further|Hellenistic art|Music in ancient Greece|Pottery of ancient Greece|Ancient Greek sculpture}}<br /> {{multiple image| align = right | direction = horizontal | header = | header_align = left/right/center | footer = Left, a fresco of a [[Ancient Macedonian army|Macedonian soldier]] resting a spear and [[Kausia|wearing a cap]], from the tomb of [[Agios Athanasios, Thessaloniki]], 4th&amp;nbsp;century&amp;nbsp;BC. Right, fresco from the [[Tomb of Judgement, Lefkadia|Tomb of Judgement]] in ancient [[Mieza, Macedonia|Mieza]] (modern-day Lefkadia), [[Imathia]], [[Central Macedonia]], Greece, depicting religious imagery of [[Greek underworld|the afterlife]], 4th&amp;nbsp;century&amp;nbsp;BC.| footer_align = left | image1 = Fresco of a Macedonian soldier, from the Tomb of Agios Athanasios, 4th&amp;nbsp;century&amp;nbsp;BC.jpg | width1 = 145 | caption1 = | image2 = Ancient Mieza, Macedonian tombs of Lefkadia, The Tomb of Jugdement 545fddcedb8f434cdb346f41dbd838ec.jpg | width2 = 150| caption2 = }}<br /> <br /> By the reign of [[Archelaus I of Macedon|Archelaus{{nbsp}}I]] in the 5th century BC, the ancient Macedonian elite was importing customs and artistic traditions from other regions of Greece while retaining more archaic, perhaps [[Homer]]ic, funerary rites connected with the [[symposium]] that were typified by items such as the decorative metal [[krater]]s that held the ashes of deceased Macedonian nobility in their tombs.&lt;ref name=&quot;hardiman 2010 515&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Hardiman|2010|p=515}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Among these is the large bronze [[Derveni Krater]] from a 4th-century{{nbsp}}BC tomb of Thessaloniki, decorated with scenes of the Greek god [[Dionysus]] and [[Cult of Dionysus|his entourage]] and belonging to an aristocrat who had had a military career.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Hardiman|2010|pp=515–517}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Macedonian [[metalwork]] usually followed [[Pottery of ancient Greece|Athenian styles of vase shapes]] from the 6th{{nbsp}}century{{nbsp}}BC onward, with drinking vessels, jewellery, containers, crowns, [[diadem]]s, and [[Ancient Greek coinage|coins]] among the many metal objects found in Macedonian tombs.&lt;ref name=&quot;hardiman 2010 517&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Hardiman|2010|p=517}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Lion hunt mosaic from Pella.jpg|thumb|[[Alexander the Great|Alexander]] (left), wearing a ''[[kausia]]'' and fighting an [[Asiatic lion]] with his friend [[Craterus]] (detail); late 4th-century{{nbsp}}BC [[mosaic]],&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Palagia|2000|pp=182, 185–186}}.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Pella]] Museum.]]<br /> Surviving Macedonian painted artwork includes [[fresco]]es and [[mural]]s, but also decoration on [[Ancient Greek sculpture|sculpted artwork]] such as [[statue]]s and [[relief]]s. For instance, trace colours still exist on the [[bas-relief]]s of the late 4th-century BC [[Alexander Sarcophagus]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Head|2016|pp=12–13}}; {{harvnb|Piening|2013|p=1182}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Macedonian paintings have allowed historians to investigate the clothing fashions as well as military gear worn by the [[ancient Macedonians]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Head|2016|p=13}}; {{harvnb|Aldrete|Bartell|Aldrete|2013|p=49}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Aside from metalwork and painting, [[mosaic]]s are another significant form of surviving Macedonian artwork.&lt;ref name=&quot;hardiman 2010 517&quot;/&gt; The [[Stag Hunt Mosaic]] of Pella, with its three-dimensional qualities and illusionist style, show clear influence from painted artwork and wider Hellenistic art trends, although the rustic theme of hunting was tailored to Macedonian tastes.&lt;ref name=&quot;hardiman 2010 518&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Hardiman|2010|p=518}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The similar Lion Hunt Mosaic of Pella illustrates either a scene of Alexander the Great with his companion [[Craterus]], or simply a conventional illustration of the royal diversion of hunting.&lt;ref name=&quot;hardiman 2010 518&quot;/&gt; Mosaics with mythological themes include scenes of Dionysus riding a panther and [[Helen of Troy]] being abducted by [[Theseus]], the latter of which employs illusionist qualities and realistic shading similar to Macedonian paintings.&lt;ref name=&quot;hardiman 2010 518&quot;/&gt; Common themes of Macedonian paintings and mosaics include warfare, hunting, and aggressive masculine sexuality (i.e. abduction of women for rape or marriage); these subjects are at times combined within a single work and perhaps indicate a metaphorical connection.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;This metaphorical connection between warfare, hunting, and aggressive masculine sexuality seems to be affirmed by later [[Byzantine literature]], particularly in the [[Acritic songs]] about [[Digenes Akritas]]. See {{harvnb|Cohen|2010|pp=13–34}} for details.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Theatre, music and performing arts===<br /> {{Further|Theatre of ancient Greece|Music of ancient Greece}}<br /> <br /> Philip II was assassinated in 336 BC at the theatre of [[Aegae (Macedonia)|Aigai]], amid games and spectacles celebrating the marriage of his daughter [[Cleopatra of Macedon|Cleopatra]].&lt;ref name=&quot;muller 2010 182&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Müller|2010|p=182}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Alexander the Great was allegedly a great admirer of both theatre and music.&lt;ref name=&quot;errington 1990 224&quot;/&gt; He was especially fond of the [[Play (theatre)|plays]] by [[Classical Athenian]] [[tragedian]]s [[Aeschylus]], [[Sophocles]], and [[Euripides]], whose works formed part of a proper [[Education in ancient Greece|Greek education]] for his new eastern subjects alongside studies in the Greek language, including the [[Epic Cycle|epics]] of [[Homer]].&lt;ref name=&quot;worthington 2014 186&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Worthington|2014|p=186}}.&lt;/ref&gt; While he and his army were stationed at [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]] (in modern-day Lebanon), Alexander had his generals act as judges not only for athletic contests but also for stage performances of Greek tragedies.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Worthington|2014|p=185}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The contemporaneous famous actors [[Thessalus (actor)|Thessalus]] and Athenodorus performed at the event.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;The actor Athenodorus performed despite risking a fine for being absent from the simultaneous [[Dionysia]] festival of Athens where he was scheduled to perform (a fine that his [[patron]] Alexander agreed to pay). See{{harvnb|Worthington|2014|pp=185–186}} for details.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[History of music|Music]] was also appreciated in Macedonia. In addition to the [[agora]], the [[Gymnasium (ancient Greece)|gymnasium]], the [[theatre]], and [[Religious sanctuary|religious sanctuaries]] and [[Ancient Greek temple|temples]] dedicated to Greek gods and goddesses, one of the main markers of a true Greek city in the [[empire of Alexander the Great]] was the presence of an [[odeon (building)|odeon]] for [[Concert|musical performances]].&lt;ref name=&quot;worthington 2014 183 186&quot;/&gt; This was the case not only for [[Alexandria]] in [[History of Egypt|Egypt]], but also for cities as distant as [[Ai-Khanoum]] in what is now modern-day [[History of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;worthington 2014 183 186&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Worthington|2014|pp=183, 186}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Literature, education, philosophy, and patronage===<br /> {{further|Literature in ancient Greece|Education in ancient Greece|Philosophy in ancient Greece|Hellenistic philosophy|Ancient Greek medicine|Ancient Macedonian calendar}}<br /> [[File:Aristoteles Louvre.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Bust (sculpture)|Portrait bust]] of [[Aristotle]], an [[Roman Empire|Imperial Roman]] (1st or 2nd century{{nbsp}}AD) copy of a lost [[bronze sculpture]] made by [[Lysippos]]]]<br /> [[Perdiccas II of Macedon]] was able to host well-known Classical Greek intellectual visitors at his royal court, such as the lyric poet [[Melanippides]] and the renowned medical doctor [[Hippocrates]], and [[Pindar]]'s ''[[encomium|enkomion]]'' written for [[Alexander I of Macedon]] may have been composed at his court.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Hatzopoulos|2011b|p=58}}; {{harvnb|Roisman|2010|p=154}}; {{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=223–224}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Archelaus{{nbsp}}I received many more Greek scholars, artists, and celebrities at his court than his predecessors.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Hatzopoulos|2011b|pp=58–59}}; see also {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=224}} for further details.&lt;/ref&gt; His honored guests included the [[History of painting#Egypt, Greece and Rome|painter]] [[Zeuxis (painter)|Zeuxis]], the [[Ancient Greek architecture|architect]] [[Callimachus (sculptor)|Callimachus]], the poets [[Choerilus of Samos]], [[Timotheus of Miletus]], and [[Agathon]], as well as the famous Athenian [[playwright]] [[Euripides]].&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Hatzopoulos|2011b|p=59}}; {{harvnb|Sansone|2017|p=223}}; {{harvnb|Roisman|2010|p=157}}. &lt;br /&gt;Although [[Archelaus I of Macedon]] was criticized by the philosopher [[Plato]], supposedly hated by [[Socrates]], and the first known Macedonian king to be given the label of [[barbarian]], the historian [[Thucydides]] held the Macedonian king in glowing admiration, especially for his engagement in [[Panhellenic]] sports and fostering of literary culture. See {{harvnb|Hatzopoulos|2011b|p=59}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The philosopher [[Aristotle]], who studied at the [[Platonic Academy]] of Athens and established the [[Aristotelianism|Aristotelian school of thought]], moved to Macedonia, and is said to have tutored the young Alexander the Great, as well as serving as an esteemed diplomat for Philip{{nbsp}}II.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Chroust|2016|p=137}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Among Alexander's retinue of artists, writers, and philosophers was [[Pyrrho of Elis]], founder of [[Pyrrhonism]], the school of [[philosophical skepticism]].&lt;ref name=&quot;worthington 2014 186&quot;/&gt; During the Antigonid period, [[Antigonos Gonatas]] fostered cordial relationships with [[Menedemos of Eretria]], founder of the [[Eretrian school]] of philosophy, and [[Zeno of Citium|Zenon]], the founder of [[Stoicism]].&lt;ref name=&quot;errington 1990 224&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=224}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In terms of early [[Greek historiography]] and later [[Roman historiography]], [[Felix Jacoby]] identified thirteen possible ancient [[List of Greek historiographers|historians]] who wrote about Macedonia in his ''[[Fragmente der griechischen Historiker]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rhodes 2010 23&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Rhodes|2010|p=23}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Aside from accounts in [[Herodotus]] and Thucydides, the works compiled by Jacoby are only fragmentary, whereas other works are completely lost, such as the history of an [[Illyria]]n war fought by [[Perdiccas III of Macedon|Perdiccas III]] written by Antipater.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Rhodes|2010|pp=23–25}}; see also {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=224}} for further details.&lt;/ref&gt; The Macedonian historians [[Marsyas of Pella]] and [[Marsyas of Philippi]] wrote histories of Macedonia, the [[Ptolemaic Egypt|Ptolemaic]] king [[Ptolemy I Soter]] authored a history about Alexander, and [[Hieronymus of Cardia]] wrote a history about Alexander's royal successors.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=224–225}}. &lt;br /&gt;For [[Marsyas of Pella]], see also {{harvnb|Hammond|Walbank|2001|p=27}} for further details.&lt;/ref&gt; Following the [[Indian campaign of Alexander the Great]], the Macedonian military officer [[Nearchus]] wrote a work of his [[travel literature|voyage]] from the mouth of the [[Indus river]] to the [[Persian Gulf]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Errington 1990 225&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=225}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The Macedonian [[Craterus (historian)|historian Craterus]] published a compilation of decrees made by [[Ecclesia (ancient Athens)|the popular assembly]] of the [[Athenian democracy]], ostensibly while attending the school of Aristotle.&lt;ref name=&quot;Errington 1990 225&quot;/&gt; [[Philip V of Macedon]] had manuscripts of the history of Philip{{nbsp}}II written by [[Theopompus]] gathered by his court scholars and disseminated with further copies.&lt;ref name=&quot;errington 1990 224&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Sports and leisure===<br /> {{further|History of sport#Ancient Greece|Gymnasium (ancient Greece)|Ancient Olympic Games|Music in ancient Greece}}<br /> [[File:Hades and Persephone, Vergina.jpg|thumb|A fresco showing [[Hades]] and [[Persephone]] riding in a [[chariot]], from the tomb of Queen [[Eurydice I of Macedon]] at [[Vergina]], Greece, 4th{{nbsp}}century{{nbsp}}BC]]<br /> When Alexander I of Macedon petitioned to compete in the [[foot race]] of the ancient Olympic Games, the event organizers at first denied his request, explaining that only Greeks were allowed to compete. However, Alexander{{nbsp}}I produced proof of an Argead royal [[genealogy]] showing ancient [[Argive]] [[Temenid]] lineage, a move that ultimately convinced the Olympic ''[[Hellanodikai]]'' authorities of his Greek descent and ability to compete.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Badian|1982|p=34}}, {{harvnb|Anson|2010|p=16}}; {{harvnb|Sansone|2017|pp=222–223}}.&lt;/ref&gt; By the end of the 5th{{nbsp}}century{{nbsp}}BC, the Macedonian king Archelaus{{nbsp}}I was crowned with the [[olive wreath]] at both [[Olympia, Greece|Olympia]] and [[Delphi]] (in the [[Pythian Games]]) for winning [[chariot racing]] contests.&lt;ref name=&quot;hatzopoulos 2011b 59&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Hatzopoulos|2011b|p=59}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Philip{{nbsp}}II allegedly heard of the Olympic victory of his horse (in either an individual [[horse race]] or chariot race) on the same day his son Alexander the Great was born, on either 19 or 20{{nbsp}}July 356{{nbsp}}BC.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Nawotka|2010|p=2}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Non-royal Macedonians also competed in and won various Olympic contests by the 4th century BC.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Anson|2010|p=19}}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition to literary contests, Alexander the Great staged [[Music competition|competitions for music]] and athletics across his empire.&lt;ref name=&quot;worthington 2014 186&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Dining and cuisine===<br /> {{further|Ancient Greek cuisine|Wine in ancient Greece}}<br /> [[File:Banquet, tombe d'Agios Athanasios.jpg|thumb|A [[banquet]] scene from a Macedonian tomb of [[Agios Athanasios, Thessaloniki]], 4th{{nbsp}}century{{nbsp}}BC; shown are six men [[Symposium|reclining on couches]], with food arranged on nearby tables, a male servant in attendance, and female musicians providing entertainment.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Cohen|2010|p=28}}.&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> <br /> Ancient Macedonia produced only a few fine foods or beverages that were highly appreciated elsewhere in the Greek world, including [[eel]]s from the [[Strymonian Gulf]] and special [[History of wine|wine]] produced in [[Chalcidice]].&lt;ref name=&quot;dalby 1997 157&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Dalby|1997|p=157}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The earliest known use of flat bread as a plate for meat was made in Macedonia during the 3rd{{nbsp}}century{{nbsp}}BC, which perhaps influenced the later [[Trencher (tableware)|trencher bread]] of [[medieval Europe]].&lt;ref name=&quot;dalby 1997 157&quot;/&gt; [[Cattle]] and [[goat]]s were consumed, although there was no notice of Macedonian mountain [[History of cheese|cheeses]] in literature until the [[Middle Ages]].&lt;ref name=&quot;dalby 1997 157&quot;/&gt; The comedic playwright [[Menander]] wrote that Macedonian dining habits penetrated [[History of Athens|Athenian]] high society; for instance, the introduction of meats into the [[dessert]] course of a meal.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Dalby|1997|pp=155–156}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The Macedonians also most likely introduced ''mattye'' to Athenian cuisine, a dish usually made of chicken or other spiced, salted, and sauced meats served [[Full course dinner|during the wine course]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Dalby|1997|p=156}}.&lt;/ref&gt; This particular dish was derided and connected with licentiousness and drunkenness in a play by the Athenian comic poet [[Alexis (poet)|Alexis]] about the declining morals of Athenians in the age of [[Demetrius I of Macedon]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Dalby|1997|pp=156–157}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The ''[[symposium]]'' in the Macedonian and wider Greek realm was a banquet for the nobility and privileged class, an occasion for feasting, drinking, entertainment, and sometimes [[Symposium (Plato)|philosophical discussion]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Anson|2010|p=10}}; {{harvnb|Cohen|2010|p=28}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The ''[[hetairoi]]'', leading members of the Macedonian [[aristocracy]], were expected to attend such feasts with their king.&lt;ref name=&quot;anson 2010 10&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Anson|2010|p=10}}.&lt;/ref&gt; They were also expected to accompany him on royal hunts for the acquisition of [[game meat]] as well as for sport.&lt;ref name=&quot;anson 2010 10&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Ethnic identity===<br /> {{main|Ancient Macedonians#Identity}}<br /> {{see also|Macedonia (terminology)|Makedon (mythology)|Ethnography|Cultural anthropology}}<br /> {{Multiple image<br /> | total_width = 200<br /> | image1 = Macedonian boy BM 1906.10-19.1.jpg<br /> | caption1 = Athenian terracotta figurine, c.&amp;nbsp;300&amp;nbsp;BC.<br /> &lt;!--image 2--&gt;<br /> | image2 = Terrakota Statue eines Makedoniers 3 Jhdt v Chr.jpg<br /> | caption2 = Macedonian terracotta figurine, 3rd century&amp;nbsp;BC<br /> | footer = [[Terracotta]] statues depicting [[ancient Macedonians]] wearing the ''[[kausia]]'', a headgear that led the [[Persians]] to refer to the Macedonians as &quot;Yaunã Takabara&quot; (&quot;Greeks with hats that look like shields&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Engels|2010|p=87}}; {{harvnb|Olbrycht|2010|pp=343–344}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Ancient authors and modern scholars alike disagree about the precise ethnic identity of the ancient Macedonians. The predominant viewpoint supports that the Macedonians were &quot;truly Greeks&quot; who had just retained a more archaic lifestyle than those living in southern parts of Greece.&lt;ref name=&quot;Engels-2010-84&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Engels|2010|p=84}}.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ernst Badian]] notes however that nearly all surviving references to antagonisms and differences between Greeks and Macedonians exist in the written speeches of [[Arrian]], who lived at the time of the [[Roman Empire]], when any notion of an ethnic disparity between Macedonians and other Greeks was incomprehensible.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Badian|1982|p=51, n. 72}}; Johannes Engels comes to a similar conclusion. See: {{harvnb|Engels|2010|p=82}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Hatzopoulos argues that there was no real ethnic difference between Macedonians and the other Greeks, only a political distinction contrived after the creation of the [[League of Corinth]] in 337{{nbsp}}BC (which was led by Macedonia through the league's elected ''[[hegemon]]'' Philip{{nbsp}}II, when he was not a member of the league itself);&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Hatzopoulos|2011b|pp=69–71}}. &lt;br /&gt;Hatzopoulos stresses the fact that Macedonians and other peoples such as the [[Epirus (ancient state)|Epirotes]] and [[History of Cyprus|Cypriots]], despite speaking a Greek dialect, worshiping in Greek cults, engaging in Panhellenic games, and upholding traditional Greek institutions, nevertheless occasionally had their territories excluded from contemporary geographic definitions of &quot;[[Greece|Hellas]]&quot; and were even considered barbarians by some. See: {{harvnb|Hatzopoulos|2011b|pp=52, 71–72}}; Johannes Engels comes to a similar conclusion about the comparison between Macedonians and [[Epirotes]], saying that the &quot;Greekness&quot; of the Epirotes, despite them not being considered as refined as southern Greeks, never came into question. Engels suggests this perhaps because the Epirotes did not try to dominate the Greek world as [[Philip II of Macedon]] had done. See: {{harvnb|Engels|2010|pp=83–84}}.&lt;/ref&gt; [[N. G. L. Hammond]] asserts that ancient views differentiating Macedonia's ethnic identity from the rest of the Greek-speaking world should be seen as an expression of conflict between two different political systems: the democratic system of the city-states (e.g. Athens) versus the monarchy (Macedonia).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Hammond|first1=N.G.L.|title=The Genius of Alexander the Great|date=1997|publisher=The University of North Carolina Press|isbn=978-0-8078-2350-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/geniusofalexande00nglh/page/11 11]|quote=The other part of the Greek-speaking world extended from Pelagonia in the north to Macedonia in the south. It was occupied by several tribal states, which were constantly at war against Illyrians, Paeonians and Thracians. Each state had its own monarchy. Special prestige attached to the Lyncestae whose royal family, the Bacchiadae claimed descent from Heracles, and to the Macedonians, whose royal family had a similar ancestry. [...] In the opinion of the city-states these tribal states were backward and unworthy of the Greek name, although they spoke dialects of the Greek language. According to Aristotle, monarchy was the mark of people too stupid to govern themselves.|url=https://archive.org/details/geniusofalexande00nglh/page/11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other academics who concur that the difference between the Macedonians and Greeks was a political rather than a true ethnic discrepancy include Michael B. Sakellariou,&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Sakellariou|1983|p=52}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Malcolm Errington,&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=3–4}}. &lt;br /&gt;{{harvnb|Errington|1994|p=4}}: &quot;Ancient allegations that the Macedonians were non-Greek all had their origin in Athens at the time of the struggle with Philip{{nbsp}}II. Then as now, political struggle created the prejudice. The orator [[Aeschines]] once even found it necessary, to counteract the prejudice vigorously fomented by his opponents, to defend Philip on this issue and describe him at a meeting of the Athenian Popular Assembly as being 'entirely Greek'. [[Demosthenes]]' allegations were lent an appearance of credibility by the fact, apparent to every observer, that the life-style of the Macedonians, being determined by specific geographical and historical conditions, was different to that of a Greek city-state. This alien way of life was, however, common to western Greeks of Epirus, Akarnania and Aitolia, as well as to the Macedonians, and their fundamental Greek nationality was never doubted. Only as a consequence of the political disagreement with Macedonia was the issue raised at all.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; and Craige B. Champion.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Champion|2004|p=41}}: &quot;[[Demosthenes]] could drop the barbarian category altogether in advocating an Athenian alliance with the Great King against a power that ranked below any so-called barbarian people, the Macedonians. In the case of [[Aeschines]], Philip{{nbsp}}II could be 'a barbarian due for the vengeance of God', but after the orator's embassy to Pella in 346, he became a 'thorough Greek', devoted to Athens. It all depended upon one's immediate political orientation with Macedonia, which many Greeks instinctively scorned, was always infused with deep-seated ambivalence.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Anson argues that some Hellenic authors expressed complex or even ever-changing and ambiguous ideas about the exact ethnic identity of the Macedonians, who were considered by some as barbarians and others as semi-Greek or fully Greek.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Anson|2010|pp=14–17}}; this was manifested in the different [[Family tree of the Greek gods|mythological genealogies]] concocted for the Macedonian people, with [[Hesiod]]'s ''[[Catalogue of Women]]'' claiming that the Macedonians descended from [[Makedon (mythology)|Macedon]], son of [[Zeus]] and [[Thyia (mythology)|Thyia]], and was therefore a nephew of [[Hellen]], progenitor of the Greeks. See: {{harvnb|Anson|2010|p=16}}; {{harvnb|Rhodes|2010|p=24}}. &lt;br /&gt;By the end of the 5th century BC, [[Hellanicus of Lesbos]] asserted Macedon was the son of [[Aeolus]], the latter a son of Hellen and ancestor of the [[Aeolians]], one of the major [[tribe]]s of the Greeks. As well as belonging to tribal groups such as the Aeolians, [[Dorians]], [[Achaeans (tribe)|Achaeans]], and [[Ionians]], Anson also stresses the fact that some Greeks even distinguished their ethnic identities based on the ''[[polis]]'' (i.e. city-state) they originally came from. See: {{harvnb|Anson|2010|p=15}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Roger D. Woodard asserts that in addition to persisting uncertainty in modern times about the proper classification of the Macedonian language and its relation to Greek, ancient authors also presented conflicting ideas about the Macedonians.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;For instance, [[Demosthenes]] when labeling Philip{{nbsp}}II of Macedon as a barbarian whereas [[Polybius]] called Greeks and Macedonians as ''homophylos'' (i.e. part of the same race or [[Kinship|kin]]). See: {{harvnb|Woodard|2010|pp=9–10}}; Johannes Engels also discusses this ambiguity in ancient sources: {{harvnb|Engels|2010|pp=83–89}}.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Simon Hornblower]] argues on the Greek identity of the Macedonians, taking into consideration their origin, language, cults and customs related to ancient Greek traditions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author1=Simon Hornblower|editor1-last=Zacharia|editor1-first=Katerina|title=Hellenisms: Culture, Identity, and Ethnicity from Antiquity to Modernity|date=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-7546-6525-0|page=58|chapter=2: Greek Identity in the Archaic and Classical Periods|quote=The question &quot;Were the Macedonians Greeks?&quot; perhaps needs to be chopped up further. The Macedonian kings emerge as Greeks by criterion one, namely shared blood, and personal names indicate that Macedonians generally moved north from Greece. The kings, the elite, and the generality of the Macedonians were Greeks by criteria two and three, that is, religion and language. Macedonian customs (criterion four) were in certain respects unlike those of a normal apart, perhaps, from the institutions which I have characterized as feudal. The crude one-word answer to the question has to be &quot;yes.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt; Any preconceived ethnic differences between Greeks and Macedonians faded by 148{{nbsp}}BC soon after the [[Macedonian Wars|Roman conquest of Macedonia]] and then [[Macedonia (Roman province)|the rest of Greece]] with the defeat of the [[Achaean League]] by the [[Roman Republic]] at the [[Battle of Corinth (146 BC)]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Hatzopoulos|2011b|p=74}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Technology and engineering==<br /> {{further|Ancient Greek technology|History of science in classical antiquity|Ancient Greek astronomy|Greek mathematics|Medicine in ancient Greece}}<br /> <br /> ===Architecture===<br /> {{further|Architecture of ancient Greece}}<br /> {{multiple image|right||perrow=2|total_width=350|<br /> |image1=The facade of the the Tomb of the Palmettes, first half of the 3rd century BC, Ancient Mieza (7263674714).jpg|width1=100<br /> |image2=The Tomb of the Palmettes (photography of the pediment), first half of the 3rd century BC, Ancient Mieza (7263729086).jpg|width2=100|<br /> |image3=The facade of the the Tomb of the Palmettes, first half of the 3rd century BC, Ancient Mieza (7263705128).jpg|width3=100|<br /> |image4=The pediment of the the Tomb of the Palmettes, first half of the 3rd century BC, Ancient Mieza (7263694348).jpg|width4=100|<br /> |footer=The [[facade]] of the Macedonian [[Tomb of the Palmettes]] in [[Mieza, Macedonia]], [[Greece]], 3rd century BC; decorated by coloured [[Doric order|Doric]] and [[Ionic order|Ionic]] mouldings, the [[pediment]] is also painted with a scene of a man and woman reclining together.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Bolman|2016|pp=120–121}}.&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{multiple image| align = right | direction = horizontal | header = | header_align = left/right/center | footer = Left, fragments of ancient Macedonian painted [[roof tile]]s (raking, simas, pan-tiles), [[Archaeological Museum of Pella]], Greece. Right, the [[Ionic capital]] of a [[pilaster]] from the [[palace]] at [[Pella]], [[Archaeological Museum of Pella]]. | footer_align = left | image1 = Fragment of painted roof tiles (raking, simas, pan-tiles), Archaeological Museum, Pella (6919206262).jpg | width1 = 245 | caption1 = | image2 = Ionic pilaster capital from the palace, Archaeological Museum, Pella (6930003102).jpg | width2 = 175| caption2 = }}<br /> Macedonian architecture, although utilizing a mixture of different forms and styles from the rest of Greece, did not represent a unique or diverging style from other [[Architecture of ancient Greece|ancient Greek architecture]].&lt;ref name=&quot;hardiman 2010 518&quot;/&gt; Among the [[classical order]]s, Macedonian architects favoured the [[Ionic order]], especially in the [[peristyle]] courtyards of private homes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Winter 2006 163&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Winter|2006|p=163}}.&lt;/ref&gt; There are several surviving examples, albeit in ruins, of Macedonian palatial architecture, including a [[palace]] at the site of the capital Pella, the summer residence of [[Vergina]] near the old capital Aigai, and the royal residence at [[Demetrias]] near modern [[Volos]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Winter 2006 163&quot;/&gt; At Vergina, the ruins of three large [[banquet hall]]s with marble-[[tile]]d floors (covered in the debris of [[roof tiles]]) with floor plan dimensions measuring roughly 16.7 x 17.6&amp;nbsp;m (54.8 x 57.7&amp;nbsp;ft) demonstrate perhaps the earliest examples of monumental [[timber roof trusses|triangular roof trusses]], if dated before the reign of [[Antigonus II Gonatas]] or even the onset of the Hellenistic period.&lt;ref name=&quot;Winter 2006 164 165&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Winter|2006|pp=164–165}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Later Macedonian architecture also featured [[arch]]es and [[vault (architecture)|vaults]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Winter 2006 165&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Winter|2006|p=165}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The palaces of both Vergina and Demetrias had walls made of sundried [[brick]]s, while the latter palace had four corner [[tower]]s around a central courtyard in the manner of a fortified residence fit for a king or at least a military governor.&lt;ref name=&quot;Winter 2006 163&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Macedonian rulers also sponsored works of architecture outside of Macedonia proper. For instance, following his victory at the [[Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC)]], Philip{{nbsp}}II raised a round memorial building at [[Olympia, Greece|Olympia]] known as the [[Philippeion]], decorated inside with statues depicting him, his parents [[Amyntas III of Macedon]] and [[Eurydice I of Macedon]], his wife [[Olympias]], and his son Alexander the Great.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=227}}; see also {{harvnb|Hammond|Walbank|2001|pp=3, 7–8}} for further details.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:20100913 Ancient Theater Marwneia Rhodope Greece panoramic 3.jpg|thumb|Ruins of the [[Ancient Greek theatre|ancient theatre]] in [[Maroneia]], [[Rhodope (regional unit)|Rhodope]], [[East Macedonia and Thrace]], Greece]]<br /> The ruins of roughly twenty [[Greek theatre]]s survive in the present-day [[Decentralized Administration of Macedonia and Thrace|regions of Macedonia and Thrace in Greece]]: sixteen open-air theatres, three [[Odeon (building)|odea]], and a possible theatre in [[Veria]] undergoing excavation.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Koumpis|2012|p=34}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Military technology and engineering===<br /> {{further|Greek and Roman artillery|Ancient Greek warfare|Lithobolos|Siege ladder}}<br /> <br /> By the Hellenistic period, it became common for Greek states to finance the development and proliferation of ever more powerful [[torsion siege engine]]s, [[Naval warfare|naval ships]], and standardized designs for [[Ancient Greek military personal equipment|arms and armor]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Treister|1996|pp=375–376}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Under Philip{{nbsp}}II and Alexander the Great, improvements were made to [[siege artillery]] such as bolt-shooting [[ballista]]e and [[siege engine]]s such as huge rolling [[siege tower]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Humphrey|Oleson|Sherwood|1998|p=570}}.&lt;/ref&gt; E.{{nbsp}}W.{{nbsp}}Marsden and M.{{nbsp}}Y.{{nbsp}}Treister contend that the Macedonian rulers [[Antigonus I Monophthalmus]] and his successor [[Demetrius I of Macedon]] had the most powerful siege artillery of the Hellenistic world at the end of the 4th{{nbsp}}century{{nbsp}}BC.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Treister|1996|p=376, no. 531}}.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Battle of Salamis (306 BC)|The siege]] of [[Salamis, Cyprus]], in 306{{nbsp}}BC necessitated the building of large siege engines and drafting of craftsmen from parts of [[West Asia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;treister 1996 376&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Treister|1996|p=376}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The siege tower commissioned by Demetrius{{nbsp}}I for the Macedonian [[Siege of Rhodes (305–304 BC)]] and defended by over three thousand soldiers was built at a height of nine [[Storey|stories]].&lt;ref name=&quot;humphrey 1998 pp570 571&quot;/&gt; It had a base of {{convert|4300|sqft|0|abbr=off}}, eight wheels that were steered in either direction by pivots, three sides covered in iron plates to protect them from fire, and mechanically opened windows (shielded with wool-stuffed leather curtains to soften the blow of ballistae rounds) of different sizes to accommodate the firing of missiles ranging from arrows to larger bolts.&lt;ref name=&quot;humphrey 1998 pp570 571&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Humphrey|Oleson|Sherwood|1998|pp=570–571}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During the siege of [[Echinus (Phthiotis)|Echinus]] by [[Philip V of Macedon]] in 211{{nbsp}}BC, the besiegers built [[Mining (military)|tunnels]] to protect the soldiers and [[sapper]]s as they went back and forth from the camp to the siege works. These included two siege towers connected by a makeshift [[wickerwork]] [[curtain wall (fortification)|curtain wall]] mounted with stone-shooting ballistae, and sheds to protect the approach of the [[battering ram]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Humphrey|Oleson|Sherwood|1998|pp=570–572}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Despite the early reputation of Macedon as a leader in siege technology, [[Alexandria]] in [[Ptolemaic Egypt]] became the centre for technological improvements to the [[catapult]] by the 3rd{{nbsp}}century{{nbsp}}BC, as evidenced by the writings of [[Philo of Alexandria]].&lt;ref name=&quot;treister 1996 376&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Other innovations===<br /> {{further|Ancient Macedonian calendar}}<br /> Although perhaps not as prolific as other areas of Greece in regards to technological innovations, there are some inventions that may have originated in Macedonia aside from siege engines and artillery. The [[Rotation around a fixed axis|rotary-operated]] [[olive press]] for producing [[olive oil]] may have been invented in ancient Macedonia or another part of Greece, or even as far east as the [[Levant]] or [[Anatolia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Curtis|2008|p=380}}.&lt;/ref&gt; [[History of glass|Mould-pressed glass]] first appeared in Macedonia in the 4th{{nbsp}}century{{nbsp}}BC (although it could have simultaneously existed in the Achaemenid Empire); the first known clear, translucent glass pieces of the Greek world have been discovered in Macedonia and [[Rhodes]] and date to the second half of the 4th{{nbsp}}century{{nbsp}}BC.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Stern|2008|pp=530–532}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Greek technical and [[scientific literature]] began with [[Classical Athens]] in the 5th{{nbsp}}century{{nbsp}}BC, while the major production centres for technical innovation and texts during the Hellenistic period were [[Library of Alexandria|Alexandria]], [[Rhodian school|Rhodes]], and [[Pergamon]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Cuomo|2008|pp=17–20}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Currency, finances, and resources==<br /> {{main|Government of Macedonia (ancient kingdom)}}<br /> {{further|Ancient Greek coinage|Economy of ancient Greece}}<br /> [[File:Mints of Alexander the Great 1.jpg|thumb|[[Tetradrachm]]s (above) and [[drachm]]s (below) issued during the reign of [[Alexander the Great]], now in the [[Numismatic Museum of Athens]]]]<br /> The [[Mint (facility)|minting]] of silver coinage began during the reign of [[Alexander I of Macedon|Alexander{{nbsp}}I]] as a means to pay for royal expenditures.&lt;ref name=&quot;errington 1990 222&quot;/&gt; [[Archelaus I of Macedon|Archelaus{{nbsp}}I]] increased the silver content of his coins as well as minting copper coins to promote foreign and domestic commerce.&lt;ref name=&quot;Roisman 2010 156 157&quot;/&gt; The minting of coinage significantly increased during the reigns of Philip{{nbsp}}II and Alexander the Great, especially after the increase in state revenues following the seizure of the [[Pangaion Hills]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=246}}.&lt;/ref&gt; During the Hellenistic period the royal houses of Macedonia, [[Ptolemaic Egypt]], and the [[Attalid kingdom]] exercised [[State monopoly|full monopolistic control]] over [[mining]] activities, largely to ensure the funding of their armies.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Treister|1996|p=379}}.&lt;/ref&gt; By the end of the [[conquests of Alexander the Great]], nearly thirty mints stretching from Macedonia to [[Babylon]] produced standard coins.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Meadows|2008|p=773}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The right to mint coins was shared by [[Central government|central]] and some [[local government]]s, i.e. the [[autonomous]] [[municipal government]]s of Thessaloniki, Pella, and Amphipolis within the Macedonian [[commonwealth]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Hatzopoulos|1996|pp=432–433}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The Macedonians were also the first to issue different coins for [[Circulation (currency)|internal and external circulation]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Kremydi|2011|p=163}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> State revenues were also raised by collecting [[produce]] from [[arable land]]s, timber from forests, and [[Tax#History|taxes]] on [[import]]s and [[export]]s at [[harbor]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Hatzopoulos|1996|p=433}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Some mines, [[Grove (nature)|groves]], [[History of agriculture|agricultural lands]], and [[Logging|forests]] belonging to the Macedonian state were exploited by the Macedonian king, although these were often [[lease]]d as [[asset]]s or given as [[Grant (money)|grants]] to members of the [[nobility]] such as the ''[[hetairoi]]'' and ''[[philoi]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Hatzopoulos|1996|p=434}}.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Tariff]]s exacted on goods flowing in and out of Macedonian [[seaport]]s existed from at least the reign of [[Amyntas III of Macedon|Amyntas{{nbsp}}III]], and [[Callistratus of Aphidnae]] (d.{{nbsp}}c.{{nbsp}}350{{nbsp}}BC) aided [[Perdiccas III of Macedon|Perdiccas{{nbsp}}III]] in doubling the kingdom's annual profits on [[customs duties]] from 20 to 40 [[Talent (measurement)|talents]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Hatzopoulos|1996|pp=433–434}}; {{harvnb|Roisman|2010|p=163}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After the defeat of [[Perseus of Macedon|Perseus]] at [[Battle of Pydna|Pydna]] in 168{{nbsp}}BC, the [[Roman Senate]] allowed the reopening of iron and copper mines, but forbade the mining of gold and silver by the four newly established autonomous [[client state]]s that replaced the monarchy in Macedonia.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Treister|1996|pp=373–375}}; see also {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=223}} for further details.&lt;/ref&gt; The law may originally have been conceived by the Senate due to the fear that material wealth gained from gold and silver mining operations would allow the Macedonians to fund an armed rebellion.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Treister|1996|pp=374–375}}; see also {{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=223}} for further details.&lt;/ref&gt; The Romans were perhaps also concerned with stemming [[inflation]] caused by an increased [[money supply]] from Macedonian silver mining.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Treister|1996|p=374}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The Macedonians continued minting silver coins between 167 and 148{{nbsp}}BC (i.e. just before the establishment of the [[Roman province of Macedonia]]), and when the Romans lifted the ban on Macedonian silver mining in 158{{nbsp}}BC it may simply have reflected the local reality of this illicit practice continuing regardless of the Senate's decree.&lt;ref name=&quot;treister 1996 374 375&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Treister|1996|pp=374–375}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Legacy==<br /> {{further|Hellenic studies|Hellenistic religion|Hellenistic Judaism|Hellenism (neoclassicism)}}<br /> The reigns of Philip II and Alexander the Great witnessed the demise of Classical Greece and the birth of Hellenistic civilization, following the [[Hellenization|spread of Greek culture]] to the [[Near East]] during and after Alexander's conquests.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Anson|2010|pp=3–4}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Macedonians then migrated to Egypt and parts of Asia, but the intensive [[colonization]] of foreign lands sapped the available manpower in Macedonia proper, weakening the kingdom in its fight with other Hellenistic powers and contributing to its downfall and conquest by the Romans.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Anson|2010|pp=4–5}}.&lt;/ref&gt; However, the diffusion of Greek culture and language cemented by Alexander's conquests in West Asia and North Africa served as a &quot;precondition&quot; for the [[Mithridatic Wars|later Roman expansion]] into these territories and [[Byzantine Greeks|entire basis]] for the [[Byzantine Empire]], according to Errington.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Errington|1990|p=249}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Battle of Issos MAN Napoli Inv10020 n01.jpg|thumb|left|The ''[[Alexander Mosaic]]'', a [[Roman mosaic]] from [[Pompeii]], Italy, {{Circa|100 BC}}]]<br /> The ethnic Macedonian rulers of the Ptolemaic and Seleucid successor states accepted men from all over the Greek world as their ''hetairoi'' companions and did not foster a national identity like the Antigonids.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Asirvatham|2010|p=104}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Modern scholarship has focused on how these Hellenistic successor kingdoms were influenced more by their Macedonian origins than Eastern or southern Greek traditions.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Anson|2010|p=9}}.&lt;/ref&gt; While [[Spartan Constitution|Spartan society]] remained mostly insular and Athens continued placing [[Solonian Constitution|strict limitations on acquiring citizenship]], the [[Cosmopolitanism|cosmopolitan]] Hellenistic cities of Asia and northeastern Africa bore a greater resemblance to Macedonian cities and contained a mixture of subjects including natives, Greek and Macedonian colonists, and Greek-speaking Hellenized Easterners, many of whom were the product of intermarriage between Greeks and native populations.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Anson|2010|pp=11–12}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[deification]] of Macedonian monarchs perhaps began with the death of Philip{{nbsp}}II, but it was his son Alexander the Great who unambiguously claimed to be a [[Imperial cult|living god]].&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Worthington|2012|p=319}}. &lt;br /&gt;As [[pharaoh]] of the Egyptians, he was already titled [[Ra|Son of Ra]] and considered the living incarnation of [[Horus]] by his Egyptian subjects (a belief that the [[Ptolemaic kingdom|Ptolemaic successors]] of Alexander would foster for [[Ptolemaic dynasty|their own dynasty in Egypt]]). See: {{harvnb|Worthington|2014|p=180}} and {{harvnb|Sansone|2017|p=228}} for details.&lt;/ref&gt; Following his visit to the [[oracle]] of [[Didyma]] in 334{{nbsp}}BC that suggested his divinity, Alexander traveled to the [[Oracle of Ammon|Oracle]] of [[Zeus Ammon]]—the [[Interpretatio graeca|Greek equivalent]] of the Egyptian [[Amun-Ra]]—at the [[Siwa Oasis]] of the [[Libyan Desert]] in 332{{nbsp}}BC to confirm his [[Sacred king|divine status]].&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Worthington|2012|p=319}}; {{harvnb|Worthington|2014|pp=180–183}}. &lt;br /&gt;After the priest and [[Oracle of Ammon|Oracle]] of [[Zeus Ammon]] at the [[Siwa Oasis]] convinced him that Philip{{nbsp}}II was merely his mortal father and Zeus his actual father, Alexander began styling himself as the 'Son of Zeus', which brought him into contention with some of his Greek subjects who adamantly believed that living men could not be immortals. See {{harvnb|Worthington|2012|p=319}} and {{harvnb|Worthington|2014|pp=182–183}} for details.&lt;/ref&gt; Although the Ptolemaic and Seleucid empires [[Ptolemaic cult of Alexander the Great|maintained ancestral cults]] and deified their rulers, kings were not worshiped in the Kingdom of Macedonia.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Errington|1990|pp=219–220}}.&lt;/ref&gt; While Zeus Ammon was known to the Greeks prior to Alexander's reign, particularly at the [[Colonies in antiquity|Greek colony]] of [[Cyrene, Libya]], Alexander was the first Macedonian monarch to patronize [[Egyptian mythology|Egyptian]], [[Persian mythology|Persian]], and [[Babylonian religion|Babylonian priesthoods and deities]], strengthening the fusion of [[Ancient Mesopotamian religion|Near Eastern]] and Greek religious beliefs.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Christesen|Murray|2010|pp=435–436}}.&lt;/ref&gt; After his reign, the [[Mysteries of Isis|cult of Isis]] gradually spread throughout the Hellenistic and [[Religion in ancient Rome|Roman world]], while beliefs in the Egyptian god [[Sarapis]] were thoroughly Hellenized by the Ptolemaic rulers of Egypt before the spread of his cult to Macedonia and the Aegean region.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Christesen|Murray|2010|p=436}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The German historian [[Johann Gustav Droysen]] argued that the conquests of Alexander the Great and creation of the Hellenistic world allowed for the growth and [[History of Christianity|establishment of Christianity]] in the Roman era.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Anson|2010|p=3}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|History}}<br /> {{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|<br /> * [[Historiography of Alexander the Great]]<br /> * [[List of kings of Macedon]]<br /> * [[Macedonia (region)|Geographic region of Macedonia]]<br /> * [[Macedonia (Greece)|Macedonia region of Greece]]<br /> * [[Tomb of Alexander the Great]]<br /> *[[Museum of the Royal Tombs of Aigai (Vergina)]]<br /> }}<br /> {{clear}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> ===Notes===<br /> {{Reflist|group=note|30em}}<br /> <br /> ===Citations===<br /> {{reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ===Sources===<br /> ====Online====<br /> {{refbegin|35em}}<br /> * {{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/354266/Macedonia|title=Macedonia: Ancient Kingdom, Europe|date=23 October 2015|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Online|access-date=5 February 2017}}<br /> * Hamp, Eric; Adams, Douglas (2013). &quot;[http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp239_indo_european_languages.pdf The Expansion of the Indo-European Languages]&quot;, ''Sino-Platonic Papers'', vol 239. Accessed 16 January 2017.<br /> *{{cite book |last=Méndez-Dosuna |first=Julián |chapter=Ancient Macedonian as a Greek dialect: A critical survey on recent work (Greek, English, French, German text) |year=2012 |publisher=Centre for Greek language |title=Ancient Macedonia: Language, History, Culture |editor-last=Giannakis |editor-first=Georgios K. |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/2342614 |isbn=978-960-7779-52-6}}<br /> * Joseph, Brian D. (2001). &quot;[http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~bjoseph/articles/gancient.htm &quot;GREEK, ancient] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001113024/http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~bjoseph/articles/gancient.htm |date=1 October 2016 }}.&quot; [[Ohio State University]], Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures. 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B.|chapter=Macedonians and Other Greeks|title=Brill's Companion to Ancient Macedon: Studies in the Archaeology and History of Macedon, 650 BC – 300 AD|pages=51–78|location=Leiden|publisher=Brill|year=2011b|isbn=978-90-04-20650-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kjLPBsB2dIkC| editor-given = Robin J. | editor-surname = Lane Fox}}<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Hatzopoulos |first=Miltiades B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r-cIEAAAQBAJ |title=Ancient Macedonia |chapter=The speech of the ancient Macedonians |date=2020 |publisher=[[De Gruyter]] |isbn=978-3-11-071876-8 |pages=64, 77 |language=en}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Head|first=Duncan|title=Armies of the Macedonian and Punic Wars: 359 BC to 146 BC|publisher=Wargames Research Group Ltd.|year=2016|orig-year=1982|edition=reprint|isbn=978-1-326-25656-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-7n8CwAAQBAJ}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Holt|first=Frank L.|year=1989|title=Alexander the Great and Bactria: the Formation of a Greek Frontier in Central Asia|location=Leiden|publisher=[[E. J. Brill|Brill]]|isbn=978-90-04-08612-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VSA4AAAAIAAJ}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Holt|first=Frank L.|year=2012|orig-year=2005|title=Into the Land of Bones: Alexander the Great in Afghanistan|location=Berkeley|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-27432-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Im8Ujg_XAmIC}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Hornblower|first=Simon|author-link=Simon Hornblower|year=2002|orig-year=1983|title=The Greek World, 479–323 BC|location=London|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-16326-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wvtyijSRcKUC}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Hornblower|first=Simon|year=2008|chapter=Greek Identity in the Archaic and Classical Periods|title=Hellenisms: Culture, Identity, and Ethnicity from Antiquity to Modernity|url=https://archive.org/details/hellenismscultur00zach|url-access=limited|pages=[https://archive.org/details/hellenismscultur00zach/page/n53 37]–58|location=Aldershot|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|editor=Zacharia, Katerina|isbn=978-0-7546-6525-0|oclc=192048201}}<br /> * {{cite book|last1=Humphrey|first1=John W.|last2=Oleson|first2=John P.|last3=Sherwood|first3=Andrew N.|title=Greek and Roman Technology: a Sourcebook: Annotated Translations of Greek and Latin Texts and Documents|publisher=Routledge|location=London|year=1998|isbn=978-0-415-06136-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s92KAgAAQBAJ}}<br /> * {{Citation|last=Jones|first=Prudence J.|title=Cleopatra: a sourcebook|year=2006|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|location=Norman, OK|isbn=978-0-8061-3741-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GQZB28EegT4C|postscript=.}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=King|first=Carol J.|chapter=Macedonian Kingship and Other Political Institutions|title=A Companion to Ancient Macedonia|pages=373–391|location=Oxford|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4051-7936-2|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/AncientMacedonia/Ancient%20Macedonia#page/n401/mode/2up| editor-given1 = Joseph | editor-surname1 = Roisman| editor-given2 = Ian | editor-surname2 = Worthington}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Koumpis|first=Adamantios|title=Management Information Systems for Enterprise Applications: Business Issues, Research, and Solutions|location=Hershey, PA|publisher=Business Science Reference|year=2012|isbn=978-1-4666-0164-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gFXm3en91wMC}}<br /> * {{cite book|first=S.|last=Kremydi|editor1-last=Lane Fox|editor1-first=Robin James|chapter=Coinage and Finance|title=Brill's Companion to Ancient Macedon|url=https://archive.org/details/brillscompaniont00foxr|url-access=limited|date=2011|pages=[https://archive.org/details/brillscompaniont00foxr/page/n173 159]–178|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=978-90-04-20650-2}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Lamont |first1=Jessica |title=In Blood and Ashes, Curse Tablets and Binding Spells in Ancient Greece |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2023 |isbn=9780197517789 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J7rJEAAAQBAJ}}<br /> * {{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=D.M.|last2=Boardman|first2=John|title=The Cambridge Ancient History: The Fourth Century B.C. (Volume 6)|year=1994|location=Cambridge, UK|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-23348-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vx251bK988gC}}<br /> *{{cite book |last1=Masson |first1=Olivier |last2=Dubois |first2=Laurent |title=Onomastica Graeca Selecta |location=Geneva, Switzerland |publisher=Librairie Droz |year=2000 |isbn=2-600-00435-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DE6o-uTvdj0C}}<br /> *{{cite book |last=Masson |first=Olivier |chapter=Macedonian language |editor-last1=Spawforth |editor-first1=Antony |edition=2nd |editor-last2=Eidinow |editor-first2=Esther |editor-last3=Hornblower |editor-first3=Simon |title=The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=9780191016769 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TkW_BAAAQBAJ}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Meadows|first=Andrew|chapter=Technologies of Calculation, Part 2: Coinage|title=The Oxford Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World|pages=769–776|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-19-518731-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tjrRCwAAQBAJ| editor-given1 = John Peter | editor-surname1 = Oleson}}<br /> *{{cite book |last=Meier-Brügger |first=Michael |title=Indo-European Linguistics |year=2003 |location=Berlin |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-017433-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=49xq3UlKWckC}}<br /> * {{cite book|last1=Mollov|first1=Ivelin A.|last2=Georgiev|first2=Dilian G.|chapter=Plovdiv|title=Vertebrates and Invertebrates of European Cities:Selected Non-Avian Fauna|pages=75–94|location=New York|publisher=Springer|year=2015|isbn=978-1-4939-1697-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=It7HCgAAQBAJ| editor-given1 = John G. | editor-surname1 = Kelcey}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Müller |first=Sabine|chapter=Philip II|title=A Companion to Ancient Macedonia|pages=166–185|location=Oxford|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4051-7936-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lkYFVJ3U-BIC| editor-given1 = Joseph | editor-surname1 = Roisman| editor-given2 = Ian | editor-surname2 = Worthington}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Nawotka|first=Krzysztof|title=Alexander the Great|location=Newcastle Upon Tyne|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4438-1743-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NRQaBwAAQBAJ}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Olbrycht|first=Marck Jan|chapter=Macedonia and Persia|title=A Companion to Ancient Macedonia|pages=342–370|location=Oxford|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4051-7936-2|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/AncientMacedonia/Ancient%20Macedonia#page/n401/mode/2up| editor-given1 = Joseph | editor-surname1 = Roisman| editor-given2 = Ian | editor-surname2 = Worthington}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Palagia|first=Olga|chapter=Hephaestion's Pyre and the Royal Hunt of Alexander|title=Alexander the Great in Fact and Fiction|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2000|pages=167–198|editor-given1 = A. B. | editor-surname1 = Bosworth| editor-given2 = E. J. | editor-surname2 = Baynham|isbn=978-0-19-815287-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XcWD9idtjaMC}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Piening|first=H.|chapter=Mobile UV-VIS Absorption Spectrometry Investigations in the &quot;Alexander-Sarcophagus&quot; in Istanbul|title=Nondestructive Testing of Materials and Structures: Proceedings of NDTMS-2011, Istanbul Turkey, May 15–18 2011, Part 1|pages=1179–1186|location=Heidelberg|publisher=RILEM and Springer|year=2013|isbn=978-94-007-0722-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hwYObrHGMj4C| editor-given1 = Oral | editor-surname1 = Büyüköztürk| editor-given2 = Mehmet | editor-surname2 = Ali Taşdemir}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Renault|first=Mary|title=The Nature of Alexander the Great|year=2001|orig-year=1975|location=New York|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-14-139076-5}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Rhodes|first=P. J.|chapter=The Literary and Epigraphic Evidence to the Roman Conquest|title=A Companion to Ancient Macedonia|pages=23–40|location=Oxford|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4051-7936-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lkYFVJ3U-BIC| editor-given1 = Joseph | editor-surname1 = Roisman| editor-given2 = Ian | editor-surname2 = Worthington}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Roisman|first=Joseph|chapter=Classical Macedonia to Perdiccas III|title=A Companion to Ancient Macedonia|pages=145–165|location=Oxford|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4051-7936-2|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/AncientMacedonia/Ancient%20Macedonia#page/n401/mode/2up| editor-given1 = Joseph | editor-surname1 = Roisman| editor-given2 = Ian | editor-surname2 = Worthington}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Sakellariou|first=Michael B.|title=Macedonia: 4000 Years of Greek History and Civilization|chapter=Inhabitants|pages=[https://archive.org/details/macedonia4000yea00sake/page/44 44–63]|editor=Michael B. Sakellariou|location=Athens|publisher=Ekdotike Athenon S.A.|year=1983|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/macedonia4000yea00sake|chapter-url-access=registration}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Sansone|first=David|edition=3rd|title=Ancient Greek Civilization|year=2017|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]]|isbn=978-1-119-09815-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cVUWDQAAQBAJ}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Sawada|first=Noriko|chapter=Social Customs and Institutions: Aspects of Macedonian Elite Society|title=A Companion to Ancient Macedonia|pages=392–408|location=Oxford|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4051-7936-2|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/AncientMacedonia/Ancient%20Macedonia#page/n401/mode/2up| editor-given1 = Joseph | editor-surname1 = Roisman| editor-given2 = Ian | editor-surname2 = Worthington}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Sekunda|first=Nicholas Viktor|chapter=The Macedonian Army|title=A Companion to Ancient Macedonia|pages=446–471|location=Oxford|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4051-7936-2|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/AncientMacedonia/Ancient%20Macedonia#page/n401/mode/2up| editor-given1 = Joseph | editor-surname1 = Roisman| editor-given2 = Ian | editor-surname2 = Worthington}}<br /> * {{cite encyclopedia | last = Schwahn | first = Walther |title = Sympoliteia | encyclopedia = [[Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft]] | volume = Band IV, Halbband 7, Stoa-Symposion | year = 1931 | at=col. 1171–1266 |language=de }}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Sprawski|first=Slawomir|chapter=The Early Temenid Kings to Alexander I|title=A Companion to Ancient Macedonia|pages=127–144|location=Oxford|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4051-7936-2|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/AncientMacedonia/Ancient%20Macedonia#page/n401/mode/2up| editor-given1 = Joseph | editor-surname1 = Roisman| editor-given2 = Ian | editor-surname2 = Worthington}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Stern|first=E. Marianne|chapter=Glass Production|title=The Oxford Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World|pages=520–550|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-19-518731-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tjrRCwAAQBAJ| editor-given1 = John Peter | editor-surname1 = Oleson}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Thomas|first=Carol G.|chapter=The Physical Kingdom|title=A Companion to Ancient Macedonia|pages=65–80|location=Oxford|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4051-7936-2|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/AncientMacedonia/Ancient%20Macedonia#page/n401/mode/2up| editor-given1 = Joseph | editor-surname1 = Roisman| editor-given2 = Ian | editor-surname2 = Worthington}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Treister|first=Michail Yu|title=The Role of Metals in Ancient Greek History|year=1996|location=Leiden|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-10473-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dcTexDa4I0kC}}<br /> * {{Cite book |last=van Beek |first=Lucien |chapter=Greek |chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/D7ECB74210D90E01F00D41B9930BC70A/9781108499798c11_173-201.pdf/greek.pdf |editor-last=Olander |editor-first=Thomas |title=The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |date=2022 |pages=173–201 |isbn=978-1-108-49979-8 |doi=10.1017/9781108758666.011}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Winter|first=Frederick E.|title=Studies in Hellenistic Architecture|year=2006|location=Toronto|publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]]|isbn=978-0-8020-3914-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=03UNLhtEP1oC}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Worthington|first=Ian|title=Philip II of Macedonia|location=New Haven, CT|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|year=2008|isbn=978-0-300-12079-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CZsTAQAAIAAJ}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Worthington|first=Ian|title=Alexander the Great: a Reader|year=2012|edition=2nd|location=London|publisher=Routledge|isbn= 978-0-415-66742-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yxqpAgAAQBAJ}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Worthington|first=Ian|title=By the Spear: Philip II, Alexander the Great, and the Rise and Fall of the Macedonian Empire|year=2014|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn= 978-0-19-992986-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vnGVAwAAQBAJ}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Woodard|first=Roger D.|chapter=Introduction|title=The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages|pages=1–18|location=Oxford|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0-521-56256-0| editor-given1 = Roger D. | editor-surname1 = Woodard }}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Woodard|first=Roger D.|chapter=Language in Ancient Europe: an Introduction|title=The Ancient Languages of Europe|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages00roge/page/1 1–13]|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2010|orig-year=2008|isbn=978-0-521-68495-8|editor-given1=Roger D.|editor-surname1=Woodard|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages00roge/page/1}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> {{refbegin|35em}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Autenrieth|first=Georg|title=A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges|url=https://archive.org/details/ahomericdiction00unkngoog|year=1891|location=New York|publisher=Harper and Brothers}}<br /> * {{cite book|editor-last=Bard|editor-first=Kathryn A.|editor-link=Kathryn A. Bard |title=Encyclopaedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt|year=1999|location=New York|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-66524-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MH7sAgAAQBAJ}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Borza|first=Eugene N.|title=Before Alexander: Constructing Early Macedonia|year=1999|location=Claremont, CA|publisher=Regina Books|isbn=978-0-941690-97-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JdEHAAAACAAJ}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Bryant|first=Joseph M.|title=Moral Codes and Social Structure in Ancient Greece: A Sociology of Greek Ethics from Homer to the Epicureans and Stoics|location=Albany, NY|publisher=[[State University of New York Press]]|year=1996|isbn=978-0-7914-3042-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCM9D9fyCoQC}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Chamoux|first=François|title=Hellenistic Civilization|location=Oxford, UK|publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]]|year=2002|isbn=978-0-631-22241-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T1kr4YGTA2AC}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Degen|first=Julian|title=Alexander III. zwischen Ost und West. Indigene Traditionen und Herrschaftsinszenierung im makedonischen Weltimperium|year=2022|location=Stuttgart|publisher=Franz Steiner|isbn=978-3-515-13283-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h51zzwEACAAJ}}<br /> * {{cite journal|last=Errington|first=Robert M.|title=Macedonian 'Royal Style' and Its Historical Significance|journal=The Journal of Hellenic Studies|volume=94|year=1974|pages=20–37|jstor=630417|doi=10.2307/630417|s2cid=162629292 }}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Fine|first=John Van Antwerp|title=The Ancient Greeks: A Critical History|location=Cambridge, MA|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|year=1983|isbn=978-0-674-03314-6|url=https://archive.org/details/ancientgreeks00john|url-access=registration}}<br /> * {{cite book|last1=Hammond|first1=Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière|title=Collected Studies: Further Studies on Various Topics|location=Amsterdam|publisher=Hakkert|year=2001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eW0iAQAAIAAJ}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Hammond|first=Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière|title=Studies concerning Epirus and Macedonia before Alexander|location=Amsterdam|publisher=Hakkert|year=1993|isbn=978-90-256-1050-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TWwiAQAAIAAJ}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Hammond|first=Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière|title=The Macedonian State: Origins, Institutions, and History|location=Oxford, UK|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1989|isbn=978-0-19-814883-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4jRoAAAAMAAJ}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Jones|first=Archer|title=The Art of War in the Western World|location=Champaign, IL|publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]]|year=2001|isbn=978-0-252-06966-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z2FRzcz2W0oC}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Levinson|first=David|title=Encyclopedia of World Cultures|volume=1|year=1992|location=Boston, MA|publisher=G.K. Hall|isbn=978-0-8168-8840-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PnMYAAAAIAAJ}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Starr|first=Chester G.|title=A History of the Ancient World|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1991|isbn=978-0-19-506628-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bA3kgtZU1iMC}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Toynbee|first=Arnold Joseph|title=The Greeks and Their Heritages|location=Oxford, UK|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1981|isbn=978-0-19-215256-5|url=https://archive.org/details/greekstheirheri00toyn|url-access=registration}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Wilcken|first=Ulrich|title=Alexander the Great|year=1967|location=New York|publisher=W.W. Norton and Company, Inc.|isbn=978-0-393-00381-9|url=https://archive.org/details/alexandergreat0000wilc|url-access=registration}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category|Macedon}}<br /> {{EB1911 poster|Macedonian Empire}}<br /> {{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=yes |others=yes |about=yes |label=Ancient Macedonia<br /> |viaf= |lccn= |lcheading= |wikititle= }}<br /> * [https://www.livius.org/maa-mam/macedonia/macedonia.html Ancient Macedonia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183445/http://www.livius.org/maa-mam/macedonia/macedonia.html |date=3 March 2016 }} at [https://www.livius.org/ Livius], by Jona Lendering<br /> * [http://www.ashmolean.org/exhibitions/current/?timing=current&amp;id=57&amp;exhibitionYear=2011 Heracles to Alexander The Great: Treasures From The Royal Capital of Macedon, A Hellenic Kingdom in the Age of Democracy], [[Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology]], [[University of Oxford]]<br /> * [https://www.britannica.com/place/Macedonia-ancient-kingdom-Europe &quot;Macedonia, ancient kingdom&quot;], entry from the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''<br /> * [http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/alex/hd_alex.htm &quot;The Rise of Macedonia and the Conquests of Alexander the Great&quot;], from the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], Timeline of Art History<br /> <br /> {{MacedonKings}}<br /> {{Ancient Greece topics}}<br /> {{Greek Macedonia}}<br /> {{Diadochi}}<br /> {{Hellenistic colonies}}<br /> {{Ancient Greek Wars}}<br /> {{Ancient Syria and Mesopotamia}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> {{coord missing|Greece}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Macedonia (Ancient Kingdom)}}<br /> [[Category:Macedonia (ancient kingdom)| ]]<br /> [[Category:Ancient Macedonia]]<br /> [[Category:Hellenistic Macedonia]]<br /> [[Category:Hellenistic states]]<br /> [[Category:Kingdoms in Greek Antiquity|Macedon, Kingdom]]<br /> [[Category:Former monarchies of Europe|Macedonia Kingdom, Greek]]<br /> [[Category:146 BC]]<br /> [[Category:1st-millennium BC disestablishments in Greece]]<br /> [[Category:Ancient history]]<br /> [[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 2nd century BC]]<br /> [[Category:Places in the deuterocanonical books|Macedonia]]<br /> [[Category:Former transcontinental empires]]<br /> [[Category:7th-century BC establishments in Greece]]<br /> [[Category:States and territories established in the 7th century BC]]<br /> [[Category:Former empires]]</div>

AdvAcademy01 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Aitchison_Smith&diff=450791 2026-01-29T19:29:08Z

<p>AdvAcademy01: General cleanup and content improvements</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|British Army and Indian Army officer and administrator}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}<br /> Lieutenant-Colonel '''Charles Aitchison Smith''' [[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]] (12 September 1871 &amp;ndash; 26 January 1940) was a [[British Army]] and [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]] officer and administrator in [[India]].<br /> <br /> Smith was born in [[Leith]], the son of [[George Smith (1833–1919)|George Smith]], a well-known writer on India. His brothers were [[George Adam Smith|Sir George Adam Smith]] and [[James Dunlop Smith|Sir James Dunlop Smith]]. His sister was the mother of the politician [[Rab Butler]]. Smith was educated at the [[Royal High School, Edinburgh]], the [[University of Edinburgh]], and the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]].<br /> <br /> Smith was commissioned into the [[Essex Regiment]] in November 1891 and was posted to the 2nd Battalion, serving in [[Cyprus]] and then India, where he transferred to the [[Indian Staff Corps]] in January 1896 and served in the [[Tirah Campaign]] of 1897. He was promoted [[Captain (land)|captain]] in October 1901. He joined the [[Indian Political Department]] in 1902 and served in the remote areas of [[Gilgit]], [[Chilas]], [[Chitral]], and the [[Tochi Valley|Tochi]], all in the [[Himalayas]]. He was promoted [[Major (rank)|major]] in November 1909.<br /> <br /> In the [[First World War]], he served in the [[Indian Expeditionary Force]] in France and Flanders with [[Hodson's Horse]], fighting at [[Battle of Mons|Mons]]. He later transferred to [[Fane's Horse]], and also served as an intelligence officer.<br /> <br /> Returning to India in 1917, he served as Political Officer at Gilgit until 1920, although also serving in the [[Third Afghan War]] in 1919. He was then appointed Political Agent at [[Quetta]] until his retirement in 1923.<br /> <br /> Returning to the [[United Kingdom]], he was appointed publicity secretary of the Public Schools Cadet Association in 1926 and secretary of the British National Cadet Association in 1931, holding both posts until his death.<br /> <br /> He was appointed [[Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire]] (CIE) in the 1920 New Year Honours.&lt;ref&gt;{{London Gazette |issue=31712 |date=30 December 1919 |page=5 |supp=y}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Footnotes==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> *Obituary, ''[[The Times]]'', 21 August 1930<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Smith, Charles}}<br /> [[Category:1871 births]]<br /> [[Category:1940 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:People from Leith]]<br /> [[Category:People educated at the Royal High School, Edinburgh]]<br /> [[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]<br /> [[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst]]<br /> [[Category:Essex Regiment officers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War I]]<br /> [[Category:British military personnel of the Third Anglo-Afghan War]]<br /> [[Category:British military personnel of the Tirah campaign]]<br /> [[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Political Service officers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Staff Corps officers]]<br /> [[Category:Military personnel from Edinburgh]]<br /> [[Category:British people in British India]]<br /> [[Category:19th-century British Army personnel]]</div>

AdvAcademy01 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narasapuram_Lok_Sabha_constituency&diff=477859 2026-01-28T10:57:23Z

<p>AdvAcademy01: created article</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Andhra Pradesh}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | type = LS<br /> | name = Narasapuram<br /> | map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Andhra Pradesh/Narasapuram.map}}<br /> | map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Narasapuram Lok Sabha constituency<br /> | established = 1952<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br /> | mp = [[Bhupathi Raju Srinivasa Varma]]<br /> | preceded_by = [[Raghu Rama Krishna Raju]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | incumbent_image = BhSrinivasaVarma.jpg<br /> | state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> | electors = 11,74,441<br /> | assembly_cons = [[Achanta Assembly constituency|Achanta]]&lt;br&gt;[[Palakollu Assembly constituency|Palakollu]]&lt;br&gt;[[Narasapuram Assembly constituency|Narasapuram]]&lt;br&gt;[[Bhimavaram Assembly constituency|Bhimavaram]]&lt;br&gt;[[Undi Assembly constituency|Undi]]&lt;br&gt;[[Tanuku Assembly constituency|Tanuku]]&lt;br&gt;[[Tadepalligudem Assembly constituency|Tadepalligudem]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Narasapuram Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the twenty-five [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha#Andhra Pradesh (25)|lok sabha constituencies]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]]. It comprises seven assembly segments and belongs to [[West Godavari district]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |website=The Election Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=3 October 2018 |url-status=dead |page=30 |format=PDF |date=17 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Assembly Segments==<br /> Narasapuram Lok Sabha constituency presently comprises the following [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] segments:&lt;ref name=&quot;ceo&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=30}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !#<br /> !Name<br /> !District<br /> !Member<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> ! colspan=2 |Leading&lt;br/&gt;{{small|(in 2024)}}<br /> |-<br /> |56<br /> |[[Achanta Assembly constituency|Achanta]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |[[West Godavari district|West Godavari]]<br /> |[[Satyanarayana Pithani]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}<br /> |-<br /> |57<br /> |[[Palakollu Assembly constituency|Palakollu]]<br /> |[[Nimmala Ramanaidu]]<br /> |-<br /> |58<br /> |[[Narasapuram Assembly constituency|Narasapuram]]<br /> |[[Bommidi Narayana Nayakar]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Janasena Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |59<br /> |[[Bhimavaram Assembly constituency|Bhimavaram]]<br /> |[[Pulaparthi Ramanjaneyulu|Pulaparthi Ramanjaneyulu (Anjibabu)]]<br /> |-<br /> |60<br /> |[[Undi Assembly constituency|Undi]]<br /> |[[Kanumuru Raghu Rama Krishna Raju]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |61<br /> |[[Tanuku Assembly constituency|Tanuku]]<br /> |[[Arimilli Radha Krishna]]<br /> |-<br /> |62<br /> |[[Tadepalligudem Assembly constituency|Tadepalligudem]]<br /> |[[Bolisetti Srinivas]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Janasena Party}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Members of Parliament==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Member<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]<br /> |[[Uddaraju Ramam]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Datla Balaramaraju]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]<br /> |[[M. T. Raju]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Subhash Chandra Bose Alluri]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Indian National Congress (I)]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Bhupathiraju Vijayakumar Raju]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=4}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]<br /> |[[Kothapalli Subbarayudu]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]<br /> |[[Kanumuri Bapi Raju]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]<br /> |[[Krishnam Raju]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]<br /> |[[Chegondi Harirama Jogaiah]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<br /> |[[Kanumuri Bapi Raju]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<br /> |[[Gokaraju Ganga Raju]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<br /> |[[Raghu Rama Krishna Raju]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br /> |[[Bhupathi Raju Srinivasa Varma]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> ===General Election 1989===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Indian general election|General Election, 1989]]: Narasapuram}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Bhupathiraju Vijayakumar Raju]]|votes=334,215|percentage=50.31|change=-15.58}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Nachu Seshagiri Rao|votes=320,413|percentage=48.23|change=+17.64}}<br /> {{Election box majority|votes=13,802|percentage=2.08|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout|votes=664,308|percentage=71.29|change=-0.30}}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> | winner = Telugu Desam Party<br /> | swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===General Election 1991===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election|General Election, 1991]]: Narasapuram}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Bhupathiraju Vijayakumar Raju]]|votes=317,703|percentage=51.93|change=+ 1.62}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Krishnam Raju|Uppalapati Venkata Krishnam Raju]]|votes=259,154|percentage=42.36|change=-5.87}}<br /> {{Election box majority|votes=58,549|percentage=9.57|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout|votes=611,748|percentage=65.53|change=-5.76}}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> | winner = Telugu Desam Party<br /> | swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===General Election 1996===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election|General Election, 1996]]: Narasapuram}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Kothapalli Subbarayudu]]|votes=304,536|percentage=42.91|change=-9.02}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Kanumuri Bapiraju]]|votes=286,190|percentage=40.43|change=-1.97}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=NTR Telugu Desam Party (Lakshmi Parvathi)|candidate=Kalidini Krishnam Raju|votes=107,557|percentage=15.16|change=}}<br /> {{Election box majority|votes=17,626|percentage=2.48|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout|votes=709,640|percentage=69.53|change=+4.00}}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> | winner = Telugu Desam Party<br /> | swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===General Election 1998===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election|General Election, 1998]]: Narasapuram}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Indian National Congress<br /> | candidate = [[Kanumuri Bapiraju]]<br /> | votes = 368,630<br /> | percentage = 50.66<br /> | change = +10.23<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Telugu Desam Party<br /> | candidate = [[Kothapalli Subbarayudu]]<br /> | votes = 320,660<br /> | percentage = 44.07<br /> | change = +1.16<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> | votes = 47,970<br /> | percentage = 6.59<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> | votes = 727,594<br /> | percentage = 71.86<br /> | change = +2.33<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> | winner = Indian National Congress<br /> | loser = Telugu Desam Party<br /> | swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===General Election 1999===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election|General Election, 1999]]: Narasapuram}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Krishnam Raju|Uppalapati Venkata Krishnam Raju]]|votes=421,099|percentage=59.78|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Kanumuri Bapiraju]]|votes=255,151|percentage=36.22|change=}}<br /> {{Election box majority|votes=165,948|percentage=23.56|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout|votes=704,453|percentage=69.04|change=-2.82}}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> | winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> | loser = Indian National Congress<br /> | swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===General Election 2004===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: Narasapuram}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Chegondi Venkata Harirama Jogaiah]]|votes=402,761|percentage=52.41|change=+16.19}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Krishnam Raju|Uppalapati Venkata Krishnam Raju]]|votes=338,349|percentage=44.02|change=-15.76}}<br /> {{Election box candidate |party=PPoI|candidate=Yugandhara Alluri Raju|votes=27,427|percentage=3.57|change=}}<br /> {{Election box majority|votes=64,412|percentage=8.39|change=+31.95}}<br /> {{Election box turnout|votes=768,537|percentage=77.15|change=+8.11}}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> | winner = Indian National Congress<br /> | loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> | swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===General Election 2009===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general election]]: Narasapuram}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = [[Kanumuri Bapiraju]] <br /> |votes = 389,422<br /> |percentage = 39.30<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Telugu Desam Party<br /> |candidate = Thota Sita Rama Lakshmi<br /> |votes = 274,732<br /> |percentage = 27.72<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Praja Rajyam Party<br /> |candidate = Gubbala Tammaiah<br /> |votes = 267,058<br /> |percentage = 26.95<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Lok Satta Party<br /> | candidate = Manorama Sanku<br /> | votes = 13,972<br /> | percentage = 1.41<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> | candidate = [[Bhupathi Raju Srinivasa Varma]]<br /> | votes = 11,941<br /> | percentage = 1.20<br /> | change = -42.82<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> | votes = 114,690<br /> | percentage = 11.58<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 990,960<br /> |percentage = 84.47<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> | winner = Indian National Congress<br /> | swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===General Election 2014===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general election]]: [[Narasapuram]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Gokaraju Ganga Raju]]<br /> |votes = 540,306<br /> |percentage = 49.61<br /> |change = +48.40<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Vanka Ravindranath<br /> |party = YSR Congress Party<br /> |votes = 454,955<br /> |percentage = 41.77<br /> |change = +41.77<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = [[Kanumuri Bapiraju]] <br /> |votes = 27,083<br /> |percentage = 2.49<br /> |change = -36.81<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Gitadas Das<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |votes = 23,260<br /> |percentage = 2.14<br /> |change = +2.14<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Chintapalli Kanaka Rao<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |votes = 8,491<br /> |percentage = 0.78<br /> |change = -0.12<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above]]<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |votes = 8,004<br /> |percentage = 0.73<br /> |change = +0.73<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> | votes = 85,351<br /> | percentage = 7.84<br /> | change = -3.74<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 108,8947<br /> |percentage = 82.19<br /> |change = -2.28<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> | winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> | loser = Indian National Congress<br /> | swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===General Election 2019===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general election]]: [[Narasapuram]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[Raghu Rama Krishna Raju]]<br /> |party = YSR Congress Party<br /> |votes = 447,594<br /> |percentage = 38.11<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Telugu Desam Party<br /> |candidate = [[Vetukuri Venkata Siva Rama Raju]] <br /> |votes = 415,685<br /> |percentage = 35.39<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Janasena Party <br /> |candidate = [[Konidela Nagendra Babu]]<br /> |votes = 250,289<br /> |percentage = 21.31<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = [[Kanumuri Bapiraju]]<br /> |votes = 13,810<br /> |percentage = 1.18<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Pydikondala Manikyala Rao]]<br /> |votes = 12,378<br /> |percentage = 1.05<br /> |change = -48.56<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> | votes = 31,909<br /> | percentage = 2.72<br /> | change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 11,79,043<br /> |percentage = 81.90<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,39,691 <br /> |ref= }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> | winner = YSR Congress Party<br /> | loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> | swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===General Election 2024===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Narasapuram]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[Bhupathi Raju Srinivasa Varma]]<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party <br /> |votes = 707,343 <br /> |percentage = 57.46<br /> |change = {{increase}}56.41<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Guduri Umabala|party=YSR Congress Party|votes=4,30,541 |percentage=34.98|change={{decrease}}3.13}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=K. B. R. Naidu|votes=35,213 |percentage=2.86|change={{increase}}1.68}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=7,677 |percentage=0.62|change=}}<br /> {{Election box majority|votes=2,76,802|percentage=22.48|change={{up}}19.76}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=12,32,553|percentage=83.63|change={{up}}1.73}}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> | winner = BJP<br /> | loser =YSRCP<br /> | swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/andhra_pradesh/narsapuram/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Narsapuram lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]<br /> <br /> {{Lok Sabha constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}<br /> {{coords|16.4|81.7|display=title}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Narasapur Lok Sabha constituency}}<br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:West Godavari district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Palakollu]]</div>

AdvAcademy01 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hiranyagarbha&diff=472204 2026-01-22T23:59:31Z

<p>AdvAcademy01: slightly adjusted page based on references additionally and cleaned formatting</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Golden womb or egg in Hindu cosmogony}}<br /> {{for|the ritual|Hiranyagarbha (donation)}}<br /> [[File:Golden cosmic egg Hiranyagarbha by Manaku.jpg|thumb|Pahari painting of golden cosmic egg Hiranyagarbha by Manaku, c. 1740]]<br /> <br /> '''Hiranyagarbha''' ({{langx|sa|हिरण्यगर्भ|lit=golden womb}}, {{IAST3|Hiraṇyagarbha}}, poetically translated as 'universal womb')&lt;ref&gt;Ved aur SwasamVed, Ch 14 Atharv Veda, Dr. Buddhi Prakash Bajpayi, Diamond Books, India&lt;/ref&gt; is the source of the creation of the [[universe]] or the manifested [[cosmos]] in [[Vedic philosophy]]. It finds mention in one hymn of the [[Rigveda]] ([[Mandala 10|RV 10]].121), known as the '''[[Hiraṇyagarbha Sūkta]]''', suggesting a single creator deity (verse 8: ''{{IAST|yo deveṣv ādhi devā eka āsīt}}'', [[Ralph T. H. Griffith|Griffith]]: &quot;He is the God of gods, and none beside him.&quot;), identified in the hymn as [[Prajapati|Prajāpati]]. The concept of the &quot;golden womb&quot; is first mentioned in the Vishvakarma Sūkta (RV 10.82.5,6) which picturized the &quot;primeval womb&quot; as being rested set upon the navel of [[Vishvakarman]]. This imagery was later transferred to [[Vishnu]] and [[Surya]].{{cn|date=November 2022}}<br /> <br /> The [[Upanishads|Upanishad]] calls it the Soul of the Universe or [[Brahman]],&lt;ref&gt;''The Philosophy of the Upanishads'', by Paul Deussen, Alfred Shenington Geden. Published by T. &amp; T. Clark, 1906. ''Page 198''.&lt;/ref&gt; and elaborates that Hiraṇyagarbha floated around in emptiness and the darkness of the non-existence for about a year, and then broke into two halves which formed the ''[[Svarga]]'' and the ''[[Prithvi|Pṛthvi]]''.{{cn|date=September 2023}}<br /> <br /> In classical [[Puranic|Purāṇic]] Hinduism, Hiraṇyagarbha is the term used in the Vedanta for the &quot;creator&quot;. Hiraṇyagarbha is also [[Brahma|Brahmā]], so called because it is said he was born in a golden egg (''[[Manusmrti|Manu Smṛti]]'' 1.9),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author-last=Bühler |author-first=G. |author-link=Georg Bühler |year=1886 |chapter=Ch. 1, The Creation |editor-last=Müller |editor-first=F. Max |editor-link=Max Müller |title=The Laws of Manu: translated with extracts from seven commentaries |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/lawsofman00manu/page/n148/mode/1up |series=[[Sacred Books of the East]] |volume=XXV |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |page=5 (1.9) |quote=9. That (seed) became a golden egg, in brillance equal to the sun; in that (egg) he himself was born as Brahman [(Brahma)], the progenitor of the whole world.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author-last=Olivelle |author-first=Patrick |author-link=Patrick Olivelle |year=2005 |title=Manu's Code of Law |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PnHo02RtONMC |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |page=87 (1.9) |isbn=0-19-517146-2 |quote=9. That became a golden egg, as bright as the sun; and in it he himself took birth as Brahma, the grandfather of all the worlds.}}&lt;/ref&gt; while the ''[[Mahabharata|Mahābhārata]]'' calls it the Manifest.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m12/m12c002.htm The Mahābhārata, Book 12: Santi Parva. Kisari Mohan Ganguli, tr. ''Section CCCIII''] ''[[The Mahabharata]]''.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Some classical yoga traditions consider a person named Hiraṇyagarbha as the originator of [[yoga]], though this may also be a name for Sage [[Kapila]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last= Feuerstein |first= Georg |title= The Yoga Tradition: Its History, Literature, Philosophy and Practice |year= 2001 |publisher= Hohm Press|location= Arizona, USA |isbn= 978-1890772185 |page= Kindle Locations 7299–7300}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last= Aranya |first= Swami Hariharananda |authorlink= Swami Hariharananda Aranya |title= Yoga Philosophy of Patanjali with Bhasvati |year= 2000 |publisher= University of Calcutta |location= Calcutta, India |isbn= 81-87594-00-4|page=xxiii-xxiv | chapter = Introduction}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Creation==<br /> {{Hindu philosophy}}<br /> <br /> The [[Matsya Purana|Matsya Purāṇa]] (2.25–30) gives an account of initial creation. After [[Mahapralaya|Mahāprālaya]], the great dissolution of the Universe, there was darkness everywhere. Everything was in a state of sleep. There was nothing, either moving or static. Then [[Svayambhu]], self-manifested being arose, which is a form beyond senses. It created the primordial waters first and established the seed of creation into it. The seed turned into a golden womb, Hiraṇyagarbha. Then Svayambhu entered into that egg.{{cn|date=November 2022}}<br /> <br /> The [[Narayana sukta|Nārāyaṇa Sūkta]] exclaims that everything that is, visible or invisible, all this is pervaded by [[Narayana|Nārāyaṇa]] within and without.<br /> <br /> The [[Ishavasya Upanishad|Īśvara Upaniṣad]] says that the universe is pervaded by [[Ishvara|Īśvara]] (God), who is both within and without it. He is the moving and the unmoving, He is far and near, He is within all these and without all these.<br /> <br /> The [[Vedanta Sutra|Vedānta Sūtra]] further states that Brahman is That from Whom this Universe proceeds, in Whom it subsists, and to Whom, in the end, it returns.<br /> <br /> The [[Samkhya|Saṃkhya]] school holds that there are only two primary principles, [[Purusha|Puruṣa]] and [[Prakriti|Prākṛti]], and creation is only a manifestation or evolution of the constituents of [[Prakriti|Prākṛti]] due to the action of Puruṣa's Consciousness.{{cn|date=November 2022}}<br /> <br /> The [[Bhagavata]] states that [[Narayana|Nārāyaṇa]] alone was in the beginning, who was the pious of principles of creation, sustenance, and dissolution (also known as the Hindu Trinity of [[Brahma|Brahmā]], [[Vishnu|Viṣṇu]] and [[Shiva]]) - the Supreme god, multi-headed, multi-eyed, multi-footed, multi-armed, multi-limbed. This was the Supreme Seed of all creation, subtler than the subtlest, greater than the greatest, larger than the largest, and more magnificent than even the best of all things, more powerful, than even the wind and all the gods, more resplendent than the Sun and the Moon, and more internal than even the mind and the intellect. He is the Creator, the Supreme. The term can also mean as He who, having become first the Creator, has come to be considered as the womb of all objects.<br /> <br /> The Hiraṇyagarbha Sūkta of the [[Rigveda]] declares that God manifested Himself in the beginning as the Creator of the Universe, encompassing all things, including everything within Himself, the collective totality, as it were, of the whole of creation, animating it as the Supreme Intelligence.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Stephanie |last=Jamison |title=The Rigveda – Earliest Religious Poetry of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1LTRDwAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0190633394 |pages=121–122}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the Rigveda (RV 10.121) it is also mentioned that at the creation of the world the cosmic egg was separated in to two halves, one part became the sky and the other the sun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Constance |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&amp;dq=hiranyagarbha&amp;pg=PA188 |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |last2=Ryan |first2=James D. |date=2006 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |pages=188 |isbn=9780816075645 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|Hinduism|India}}<br /> *{{anli|Amrita}}<br /> *{{anli|Cosmic egg}}<br /> *{{anli|Elixir of life}}<br /> <br /> ==Citations==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> * {{cite book |title=Hiranyagarbha |first=Rekha |last=Dwivedi |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=81-88140-19-8 |ref=none}}<br /> * {{cite book |title=The Philosophy of the Upanishads and Ancient Indian Metaphysics: As Exhibited in a Series of Articles Contributed to the Calcutta Review |first=Archibald Edward |last=Gough |publisher=Trübner &amp; Co. |year=1882 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zADHuHhgeKIC&amp;dq=hiranyagarbha&amp;pg=PA152 164] |ref=none}}<br /> * {{cite web |title=Is our Universe shaped like an egg? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/videos/c3675x9893zo |publisher=BBC |access-date=20 April 2025 |ref=none}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{wikisource inline|The Rig Veda/Mandala 10/Hymn 121}}<br /> <br /> {{Brahmanda}}<br /> {{HinduMythology}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Creation myths]]<br /> [[Category:Eggs in culture]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu creation myths]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]<br /> [[Category:Rigveda]]<br /> [[Category:Vedic hymns]]<br /> [[Category:Yoga concepts]]</div>

AdvAcademy01 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Darul_Uloom_Deoband_alumni&diff=471710 2026-01-20T09:17:33Z

<p>AdvAcademy01: slightly cleaned up layout and added references</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}}<br /> {{dynamic list}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br /> &lt;!-- Note: The following pages were redirects to [[List of Darul Uloom Deoband alumni]] before draftification:<br /> * [[Notable Alumni of Darul Uloom Deoband]]<br /> --&gt;<br /> '''[[Darul Uloom Deoband]]''' is a major Islamic seminary in India. It was established by [[Fazlur Rahman Usmani]], [[Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi]], [[Sayyid Muhammad Abid]] and few other scholars in the town of [[Deoband]]. Its well known alumni include [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]], the founder of [[Jamia Millia Islamia]], and [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]], one of the founding figures of [[Pakistan]]. The following is a list of its alumni.<br /> <br /> ==Alumni==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Name !! Introduction !! Ref<br /> |-<br /> | [[Abdul Ghani Azhari]] (1922–2023) || He established the Dar al-‘Ulum Nizamiyya Madinatul Islam in Badshahibagh in Saharanpur. || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ahmad |first1=Naikzada Mehmood |title=The Untold legacy of Professor Mufti Abdul Ghani Al Azhari |journal=Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research |date=November 2022 |volume=9 |issue=11 |pages=995–1000|issn=2349-5162}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Abdul Haq Akorwi]] (1912–1988) || He was a Pakistani [[Islamic scholar]] and the founder, chancellor, and Shaykh al-Hadith of the Islamic seminary [[Darul Uloom Haqqania]]. He was involved in the politics as a member of the political party [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam]]. He served three times in the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] and was an active proponent of the Khatm-i Nabuwwat movement. || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sheikh-Ul-Hadith Moulana Abdul Haq |url=http://www.jamiahaqqania.edu.pk/index.php/abdul |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102194056/http://www.jamiahaqqania.edu.pk/index.php/abdul |access-date=7 June 2019|archive-date=2014-01-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ahmed Ali Assami|Ahmad Ali Badarpuri]] (1915–2000) || He was the former Shaykh al-Hadith of the [[Darul Uloom Banskandi]] and served as the president of the Assam State Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind from 1957 to 2000.|| &lt;ref name=&quot;raghibi&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|editor1-last=Raghibi|editor1-first=Abdul Jalil|editor2-last=Mustafi|editor2-first=A.R.|title=A special issue containing life story of Hazrat Moulana Sheikh Ahmed Ali|journal=Jnyan Sambhar|date=July–October 2000 |volume=2–3|issue=4–1|publisher=Markaz Sahitya Parishad|location=Hojai, Assam|pages=41–47, 51|language=as}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AQ&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Qasmi|first=Abdul Quadir|title=Sheikh Moulana Ahmed Ali, Jeevan Aru Karma|trans-title=The Life and Works of Shaikh Maulana Ahmed Ali|date=January 2010|publisher=Mufassil Ali|location=[[Hojai]], Assam|pages=17–21|language=as}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Abdul Haq Azmi]] (1928–2016) || He was former Shaykh al-Hadith of the [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] and taught ''[[Sahih al-Bukhari]]'' at the institution for 34 years. He is also known as Shaykh Saani.|| &lt;ref name=&quot;tadhkirah&quot;&gt;{{cite book |editor1-last=Madani |editor1-first=Muhammad Shakir Nisar |title=Tadhkirah Qutb-e-Zamaan |publisher=Idara Pasban Ilm-o-Adab |edition=July 2018 |language=ur |chapter=[[Darul Uloom Deoband]] Ke Shaykh Saani by Nur Alam Khalil Amini}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Abdul Khaliq Sambhali]] (1950–2021) || He was a vice-rector of the Darul Uloom Deoband. || {{Sfn|Qāsmi|2020|p=689}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Abdul Momin Imambari]] (1932–2020) || Amir of [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam Bangladesh]] (2005–2020) || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bhorerkagoj.com/2020/04/08/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%96-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2/|title=জমিয়তের আমীর শায়খ আব্দুল মুমিন মারা গেছেন|date=8 April 2020|language=bn|work=[[Bhorer Kagoj]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Mufti Abdul Razzaq]] (1932– 2021) || He was the vice-president of [[Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]]. ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=مفتی عبدالرزاق خان بھوپالی نائب صدر جمعیۃعلماءہند وفات پاگئے |trans-title=Mufti Abdul Razzaq Khan Bhopali, vice-president Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind, passes away |url=https://www.baseeratonline.com/147557 |access-date=26 May 2021 |work=Baseerat Online |date=27 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Abdul Matin Chowdhury (scholar)|Abdul Matin Chowdhury]] (1915–1990) || [[Bangladesh]]i religious scholar and political activist involved in the independence movements for both India and Bangladesh. Was influential in the [[Bangladesh Khilafat Andolan|Bangladesh Khilafat]] movement. || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=al-Mahmud |first1=A.H. |last2=Hasan |first2=Syed Mahmudul |title=সুন্নাতে নববীর মূর্ত প্রতীক: মাওলানা আব্দুল মতিন চৌধুরী শায়খে ফুলবাড়ী রাহ |year=2008 |pages=78–81 |url=https://archive.org/details/AllamaFulbari/page/n79}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Abdul Wahid Bengali]] (1850–1905) || He was one of the first Bengali students and co-founded [[Al-Jamiatul Ahlia Darul Ulum Moinul Islam|Hathazari Madrasa]]. || &lt;ref name=azmi/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Abdur Rahman (scholar)]] (1920–2015)|| He was a Bangladeshi religious scholar and wrote poetry in [[Farsi|Persian]]. || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.csbib.org/organization.php |title=Organization |website=Central Shariah Board for Islamic Banks of Bangladesh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907005508/http://csbib.org/organization.php |archive-date=7 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Abu Zafar Mohammad Saleh]] (1915–1990) || Bangladeshi Islamic scholar || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|language=ar|title=كتاب البدور المضية في تراجم الحنفية|author=al-Kumillai, Muhammad Hifzur Rahman|publisher=Dar al-Salih|location=[[Cairo]], [[Egypt]]|year=2018|chapter=الشيخ الفاضل العلامة أبو جعفر صالح بن مولانا نثار الدين بن الصوفي ظهير الدين أخوند، رحمه الله تعالى}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Abul Hasan Jashori]] (1918–1993) || Scholar of Hadith, freedom fighter and founding principal of [[Jamia Ejazia Darul Uloom Jessore]]. || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite Banglapedia|article=Jashori, Abul Hasan}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Abul Kalam Qasmi]] (1950–2021) || He was an [[Urdu]] critic and scholar who served as the chairman of [[Aligarh Muslim University]]'s Urdu department. || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Mushtaq Ahmad Sadaf |title=Abul Kalām Qāsmi: Shakhsiyāt awr Adbi khidmāt |page= 17 |publisher=Kitab Numa |date= June 2006 |location=[[New Delhi]] |language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ahmad Hasan Amrohi]] (1850–1915) || He was a [[muhaddith]] and jurist, who served as the first principal of [[Madrasa Shahi]] in Moradabad. || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Mansoorpuri |first1=Salman |title=Tehreek Azadi-e-Hind Mai Muslim Ulama aur Awaam ka Kirdar |date=2014 |publisher=Deeni Kitab Ghar |location=Deoband |page=156 |language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Athar Ali Bengali]] (1891–1976) || He was a Bangladeshi religious scholar and political activist who was involved in the independence movement of Pakistan. He was the founding president of the [[Nizam-e-Islam]] party. || &lt;ref name=&quot;dud1&quot;&gt;{{cite book|chapter=Memoir of the Graduates of the Dar al-Ulum, Deoband: Maulana Athar Ali Bengali|pages=101–102|title=History of the Dar Al-Ulum Deoband|volume=2|year=1980|publisher=Idara-e Ihtemam|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/DUDbook_64/DudVolTwo-Pg001-329/page/n101/mode/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Anwar Shah Kashmiri]] (1875–1933) || He was a scholar of ahadith. Former Shaikhul Hadith of [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]. || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Rizwi |first1=Syed Mehboob |translator=Murtaz Husain F Quraishi |author-link1=Syed Mehboob Rizwi |title= Tarikh Darul Uloom Deoband|trans-title= History of the Dar al-Ulum Deoband |volume = 2 |page=49|edition=1981}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Anzar Shah Kashmiri]] (1927–2008)|| He was a scholar of ahadith and the youngest son of [[Anwar Shah Kashmiri]]. He established [[Jamia Imam Muhammad Anwar Shah, Deoband]]. ||&lt;ref name=&quot;ilmgate1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author1=Muhammadullah Khalili Qasmi |title=Mawlana Anzar Shah Kashmiri: A Tribute to His Life and Services |url=http://www.ilmgate.org/mawlana-anzar-shah-kashmiri-a-tribute-to-his-life-and-services/ |website=IlmGate.org |date=28 October 2010 |access-date=7 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Arif Jameel Mubarakpuri]] (born 10 March 1971)|| He is a professor of Arabic language and literature at [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]. He is the current Editor-in-Chief of Arabic monthly, [[Al-Daie]]. ||&lt;ref name=&quot;PhD thesis&quot;&gt;{{Cite thesis<br /> |last=Rahman<br /> |first=Obaidur<br /> |title=مساهمة علماء ديوبند في اللغة العربية وآدابها ١٨٦٧م - ٢٠١٣م|trans-title=Contribution of Olamae of Deoband to Arabic Language and Literature from 1867 to 2013<br /> |publisher=Department of Arabic, [[Banaras Hindu University]]<br /> |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/536377<br /> |year=2021<br /> |location=India<br /> |language=ar<br /> |hdl=10603/536377<br /> |type=PhD<br /> |pages=191–193<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Asghar Hussain Deobandi]] (1877–1945)|| Generally, he used to teach the books of [[Tafsir]] and [[Hadith]], thus the management of the [[Darul Uloom Deoband|Darul Uloom]] assigned him the responsibility to teach the students ''Daurah Hadith'' (teaching the specific [[Hadith]] books Bukhari, Muslim, etc.) and [[Tafsir al-Jalalayn|Jalalayn]] and Durr-e-Mukhtar. || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Rizwi |first1=Syed Mehboob |translator=Murtaz Husain F Quraishi |author-link1=Syed Mehboob Rizwi |title= Tarikh Darul Uloom Deoband|trans-title= History of the Dar al-Ulum Deoband |volume = 2 |pages=61–62|edition=1981}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Abu Muhammad Maulana Sana'ullah Shujabadi |title=Ulama-e-Deoband Ke Aakhri Lamhaat |publisher=Maktaba Rasheediya [[Saharanpur]] |page=51 |edition=2015 |language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]] (1863–1943)|| He was a Sufi sheikh, known for his Quranic [[exegesis]], ''Bayanul Quran'', and ''Bahishti Zewar'' (about matters of Islamic jurisprudence specific to women). || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Rizwi |first1=Syed Mehboob |translator=Murtaz Husain F Quraishi |author-link1=Syed Mehboob Rizwi |title= Tarikh Darul Uloom Deoband|trans-title= History of the Dar al-Ulum Deoband |volume = 2 |pages=32–33|edition=1981}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Atiqur Rahman Usmani]] || He co-founded [[Nadwatul Musannifeen]] and [[All India Muslim Majlis-e-Mushawarat]]. || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Nayab Hasan Qasmi |title=[[Darul Uloom Deoband]] Ka Sahafati ManzarNama |publisher=Idara Tehqeeq-e-Islami, [[Deoband]] |pages=176, 198}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;millat&quot;&gt;{{cite book|editor-first= Jameel |editor-last=Mehdi |title=Mufakkir-e-Millat Number, Burhan |chapter=Atiqur Rahman Usmani (1901–1984)|edition=November 1987 |pages=506–507 |publisher=Nadwatul Musannifeen |location=Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Azizul Haq (scholar, born 1903)|Azizul Haq]] (1903–1961)|| Founder of [[Al Jamia Al Islamia Patiya]] || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Islam|first=Amirul |url=https://www.rokomari.com/book/110213/sonar-bangla-hirar-khoni-45-auliar-jiboni|language=bn|title=সোনার বাংলা হীরার খনি ৪৫ আউলিয়ার জীবনী |publisher=Kohinoor Library |year=2012 |pages=68–73}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Azizul Haque (scholar, born 1919)|Azizul Haque]] (1919–2012)|| Founder of the [[Khelafat Majlish]] and the first person to entirely translate [[Sahih al-Bukhari]] into the Bengali language. || &lt;ref name=azmi&gt;{{cite book |script-title=bn:হাদীছের তত্ত্ব ও ইতিহাস|pages=26–30|language=bn |publisher=Emdadia Library |chapter=2.2 বঙ্গে এলমে হাদীছ |author=Mawlana Nur Muhammad Azmi |trans-title=Information and history of Hadith |trans-chapter=2.2 Knowledge of Hadith in Bengal}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Aziz-ul-Rahman Usmani]] || He served as First Grand Mufti of Darul Uloom Deoband. || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Tazkirah Mashāhīr-e-Hind: Karwān-e-Rafta|author=[[Asir Adrawi]]|pages=197–198}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Badruddin Ajmal]] || Perfumer, founder of the [[All India United Democratic Front]] and president of [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]]'s Assam branch. || &lt;ref name=&quot;aj&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=4436 |title=Bioprofile of 15th Lok Sabha members, India |access-date=30 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161102003242/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=4436 |archive-date=2 November 2016 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Badre Alam Merathi]]<br /> |Compiler of ''[[Fayd al-Bari ala Sahih al-Bukhari]]''<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:Miftahi&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Miftahi |first=Zafeeruddin |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/mashaheer-e-ulama-e-darul-uloom-deoband-mohammad-zafeeruddin-ebooks |title=Mashaheer-e-Ulama-e-Darul Uloom Deoband |publisher=Daftar Ijalas-e-Sad Sala |year=1980 |edition=first |location=[[Deoband]] |pages=93–94 |language=ur |author-link=Zafeeruddin Miftahi |access-date=7 January 2024 |archive-date=29 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229040228/https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/mashaheer-e-ulama-e-darul-uloom-deoband-mohammad-zafeeruddin-ebooks |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Deen Muhammad Khan]]<br /> |He was a Bangladeshi Islamic scholar and known for interpreting the ''[[Quran]]'' in [[Urdu]]. He was one of the founders of [[Jamia Qurania Arabia Lalbagh]]. He taught for sometime in the Department of Islamic Studies at [[University of Dhaka]] and later at [[Government Madrasah-e-Alia]]. He was the General Secretary of [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam Bangladesh]].<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Khan, Deen Mohammad|author=Rafiqul Islam Rafiq}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Faizul Waheed]] || He wrote the first Gojri translation and exegesis of the Quran || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Mufti Faizul Waheed, who first translated Quran into Gojri, critical |url=https://thekashmirwalla.com/2021/05/mufti-faizul-waheed-who-first-translated-quran-into-gojri-critical/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524072814/https://thekashmirwalla.com/2021/05/mufti-faizul-waheed-who-first-translated-quran-into-gojri-critical/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=24 May 2021 |access-date=1 June 2021 |work=The Kashmir Walla |date=24 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Syed Fakhruddin Ahmad]] (1889–1972)|| He was a Shaykh al-Hadith, the patron of many hadith scholars. He also served as one of the principals of Darul Uloom Deoband. ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Rizwi |first1=Syed Mehboob |translator=Murtaz Husain F Quraishi |author-link1=Syed Mehboob Rizwi |title= Tarikh Darul Uloom Deoband|trans-title= History of the Dar al-Ulum Deoband |volume = 2 |page=158|edition=1981}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Fateh Muhammad Panipati]] (1905–1987) || Scholar of [[qira'at]] who authored ''Inayate Rahmani'', a commentary on al-Qasim ibn Firruh's ''Ḥirz alAmānī wa Wajh al-Tahānī'', commonly known as ''al-Shatibiyyah''. || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=al-Barmawi |first1=Ilyas ibn Ahmad |title=إمتاع الفضلاء بتراجم القراء فيما بعد القرن الثامن الهجري |pages=235–237|date=2000 |publisher=Dār al-Nadwah al-ʿĀlimiyyah |location=[[Medina]] |volume=1 |language=ar |chapter=فتح محمد}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Fuzail Ahmad Nasiri]] (born 1978) || Professor of hadith and Vice Administrator of Education at [[Jamia Imam Muhammad Anwar Shah, Deoband]]. ||&lt;ref name=&quot;ejaz&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Dr Ejaz Arshad Qasmi |title=Ulama-e-Deoband Ki Urdu Shayri |publisher=Creative Star Publications, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi |page=191 |edition= June 2017 |language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Ghulam Mustafa Qasmi]]<br /> || He was a Sindhi scholar and writer. ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author1=Shaikh Aziz |title=Allama Qasmi passes away |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/129004 |access-date=7 September 2020 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |date=11 December 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Habibur Rahman Azami|Habib Al-Rahman Al-Azmi]] (1900–1992)|| He was a scholar of ahadith. His efforts brought [[Musannaf of Abd al-Razzaq|Musannaf of Abd al-Razzaq al-San'ani]] back in original form. ||&lt;ref name=&quot;mashahir&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Dr Muhammad Ghitreef Shahbaz Nadwi |title=Aalam-e-Islam Ke Chand Mashaheer (Sawaneh wa Afkar ka Mutala) |publisher=Rahbar Book Service, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi |pages=216–217|edition=March 2017 |language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Habibullah Qurayshi]] (1865–1943) || He was the founding director-general of [[Al-Jamiatul Ahlia Darul Ulum Moinul Islam|Hathazari Madrasa]]. || &lt;ref name=azmi/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Habib-ur-Rehman Ludhianvi]] (1892–1956)|| He was the leader of [[Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam]]. ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Rizwi |first1=Syed Mehboob |translator=Murtaz Husain F Quraishi |author-link1=Syed Mehboob Rizwi |title= Tarikh Darul Uloom Deoband|trans-title= History of the Dar al-Ulum Deoband |volume = 2 |page=105|edition=1981}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Hafezzi Huzur]] (1895–1987)|| Founder of [[Bangladesh Khilafat Andolan]] and first religious figure to stand up for the highest state office in Bangladesh. || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Islam and Democracy in South Asia: The Case of Bangladesh|date=20 March 2020|publisher=[[Springer Publishing]]|author1=Islam, Muhammad Nazrul|author2=Islam, Muhammad Saidul|page=241|chapter=Islam, Islamism, and democracy in Bangladesh}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Hamid al-Ansari Ghazi]] (1909 – 16 October 1992) || He was the editor of [[Madina (Bijnor)|Madina]]. || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Qasmi |first1=Nayab Hasan |title=Darul Uloom Deoband Ka Sahafati Manzarnama |publisher=Idara Tahqeeq-e-Islami |location=[[Deoband]] |pages=197–200 |edition=2013 |language=Urdu |chapter=Mawlāna Hāmid al-Ansāri Ghāzi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Hifzur Rahman Seoharwi]] (1900 – 2 August 1962)|| He was an author in Urdu. He fought against British rule for about 25 years (1922–1947) and spent eight years in jail. He was a politician as well and served as member of Indian Parliament for the [[Indian National Congress]] from [[Amroha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amroha]] from 1952 to 1962. He wrote ''Islam ka iqtesadi Nizam'', ''Akhlaq aur Falsafa-e-Akhlaq'' and ''Qasas al-Quran''.|| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Rizwi |first1=Syed Mehboob |translator=Murtaz Husain F Quraishi |author-link1=Syed Mehboob Rizwi |title= Tarikh Darul Uloom Deoband|trans-title= History of the Dar al-Ulum Deoband |volume = 2 |page=107|edition=1981}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Maulana Hifzur Rahman and his Qasas-ul-Qur'an |url=http://www.arabnews.com/islam-perspective/maulana-hifzur-rahman-and-his-qasas-ul-qur%E2%80%99 |newspaper=Arab News |date=22 February 2013 |access-date=10 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Hussain Ahmad Madani]] (1879–1957)|| He was a former shaikhul hadith of Darul Uloom and an [[Islamic scholar]] from the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Contemporary Deobandis regard him with the titles of [[Shaykh al-Islām]] and Shaykh Ul Arab Wal Ajam to acknowledge his expertise in [[hadith]] and [[fiqh]]. Being the top leader of [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]], he wrote the book ''[[Composite Nationalism and Islam]]'' to refute [[Two Nation Theory]]. ||&lt;ref name=&quot;adrawi&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=[[Nizamuddin Asir Adrawi]] |title=Ma'asr Shaykh al-Islam |publisher=Darul Mo'allifeen Deoband |language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Ibrahim Balyawi]] (1887–1976)|| He served as the 6th Principal of [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]. He spent almost 50 years instructing [[Hadith]], [[Logic in Islamic philosophy|Mantiq]], [[Islamic philosophy]], and other subjects at Darul Uloom Deoband. ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Khalid Hossain |first=Abul Fayez Muhammad |title=[[Islami Bishwakosh]] |publisher=[[Islamic Foundation Bangladesh]] |year=2005 |isbn=984-06-0955-6 |volume=4 |location=Dhaka |pages=708–709 |language=bn |chapter=Ibrahim Balyawi |author-link=A F M Khalid Hossain |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/islamicbissokos/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80%20%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7%20%E0%A7%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%20%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1/page/n715}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis |last=Kaleem |first=Mohd |title=Contribution of Old boys of Darul uloom Deoband in Hadith Literature |publisher=Department of Sunni Theology, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |year=2017 |location=India |language=ur |hdl=10603/364028 |type=PhD |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/364028 |access-date=24 October 2023 |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024044219/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/364028 |url-status=live |pages=139–142}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Qasmi |first=Mazharul Islam Osman |url=https://www.rokomari.com/book/26343/bikhyato100-olama-mashayekher-chhatro-jibon |title=Student Life Of 100 Famous Scholars |publisher=Baad Comprint and Publications |year=2015 |location=Bangladesh |pages=94–96 |language=bn}} {{ISBN|((98483916605))}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Kafeel Ahmad Qasmi]] (born 1951) || He is an Indian Islamic scholar, academic, and litterateur of Arabic and Urdu.|| &lt;ref name=&quot;Amīn&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Mayurbhanji|first=Muhammad Rūhul Amīn|title=Prof. Maulana Sayed Kafeel Ahmed Qasmi: Biographical Sketch|url=https://qindeelonline.com/sayyad-kafeel-ahmad-qasmi/|website=qindeelonline.com|publisher=Qandeel Online|date=16 September 2023|access-date=6 October 2023|language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Khalid Saifullah Rahmani]] (born 1956) || He is the general secretary of [[Islamic Fiqh Academy, India]].|| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Aftāb Ghāzi Qāsmi |author2=Abdul Haseeb Qāsmi |title=Fuzala-e-Deoband Ki Fiqhi Khidmat|trans-title=Services of the Graduates of Deoband in Islamic Jurisprudence |publisher=Kutub Khana Naimia |location=[[Deoband]] |pages=395–410 |chapter = Khalid Saifullah Rahmani|date=February 2011 |language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Muhammad Idris Kandhlawi]] (1899–1974)|| He served as Shaykh-ut-Tafseer at [[Jamia Ashrafia Lahore]] and produced the books like ''Maariful Quran'', ''Seeratul Mustafa'', ''Hujjiyat-e-Hadees'', ''at-Ta’liq as-Sabih'' (Arabic commentary of: [[Mishkat al-Masabih]]). ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Rizwi |first1=Syed Mehboob |translator=Murtaz Husain F Quraishi |author-link1=Syed Mehboob Rizwi |title= Tarikh Darul Uloom Deoband|trans-title= History of the Dar al-Ulum Deoband |volume = 2 |page=99|edition=1981}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=[[Muhammad Idris Kandhlawi]] |title=Hujjiyat-e-Hadees |publisher=Areeb Publications, New Delhi |pages=9–18 |language=ur |chapter=Maulana Muhammad Idris Kandhlawi: Ahwaal-o-Aasaar by Muhammad Saad Siddiqui}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Muhammad Ilyas Kandhlawi]] (1885–1944)|| He was the founder of the [[Tabligh Jamaat]]. ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=[[Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi]] |title=Maulana Ilyas Aur Unki Deeni Dawat |publisher=Deeni Publications, Deoband |page=51 |language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Muhammad Ismail Katki]] (1914–2005)<br /> | He was associated with the Khatm-e-Nubuwwat movement in India, particularly in the state of [[Odisha]].<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;Zikr&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Mansoorpuri |first=Muhammad Salman |title=Zikr-e-Raftagan|publisher=Al Markaz Al Ilmi Lin Nashri Wat Tahqeeq|location=Lalbagh, [[Moradabad]]|pages=16–17|date=April 2020 |chapter=Hazrat Maulana Sayed Muhammad Ismail Sahab Katki|volume=2|language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ad-Dā'ī&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |editor1-last=Amini|editor1-first=Noor Alam Khalil|editor1-link=Noor Alam Khalil Amini|title=إلى رحمة الله.١. الشيخ السيد محمد إسماعيل الكتكي|trans-title= Sheikh Muhammad Ismail Katki passed away|url=http://www.darululoom-deoband.com/arabic/articles/tmp/1551002437%2019-Ila-Rahmatillah-03-04_1426_1.htm|journal=[[Al-Daie]]|publisher=[[Darul Uloom Deoband]]|location=Deoband|volume=29|issue=3–4|date=April–May 2005|language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Muhammad Wakkas]] (1952–2021)|| He established [[Jamia Imdadia Madaninagar]] and served as a member of parliament and state minister in Bangladesh, as well as secretary-general and president of [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam Bangladesh]]. || &lt;ref name=mahmud&gt;{{citation|author=Mahmudur Rahman|title=মুফতি মুহাম্মদ ওয়াক্কাস রহ. এর জীবন ও কর্ম|language=bn|year=2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | [[Imamuddin Punjabi]] (died 1916)|| He established the Jamia Miftahul Uloom.||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Adrawi |first1= Asīr |author-link1=Asir Adrawi |title=Wali-o-Shaykh: Mawlāna Imāmuddīn Punjabi |trans-title=The scholar and Friend of [[Allah|Allāh]]: Mawlāna Imāmuddīn Punjabi |publisher=Qamr al-Bāri M.Sc. |location=[[Deoria, Uttar Pradesh]] |language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ibrahim Ali Tashna]] (1872–1931)|| He established several madrasas in [[Sylhet District|northern Sylhet]] and wrote books and poetry in Bengali, Persian and Urdu.||&lt;ref name=shahid&gt;{{cite book|title=স্মৃতির পাতায় জালালাবাদ|author=Chowdhury, Shahid|publisher=Jalalabad Forum|location=[[Japan]]|year=1994|language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ishtiaque Ahmad Qasmi]] (born 1974)|| He is an Indian Islamic scholar, mufti, and writer. He has been serving as a teacher at Darul Uloom Deoband since 2008.||&lt;ref name=&quot;waqar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://qindeelonline.com/urdu-translation-of-mala-budda-minhu-review-by-waqar-ahmad/|title=&quot;Mā lā Budda Minhu Urdu&quot; is a masterpiece of translation|date=2 June 2022|access-date=12 December 2023|publisher=|last=Khagariawi|first=Muhammad Waqar Ahmad|work=قندیل - Qindeel |language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Izaz Ali Amrohi]] (died 1955)|| He served the [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] as [[Chief Mufti]] twice: first time from 1927 to 1928 and second time from 1944 to 1946. His students include [[Muhammad Shafi]]. His book ''Nafhatul Arab'' is taught in the [[Dars-e-Nizami]] syllabus in many madrassas including the [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]. || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Rizwi |first1=Syed Mehboob |translator=Murtaz Husain F Quraishi |author-link1=Syed Mehboob Rizwi |title= Tarikh Darul Uloom Deoband|trans-title= History of the Dar al-Ulum Deoband |volume = 2 |page=64|edition=1981}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;akabir&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=[[Muhammad Taqi Usmani|Justice Mufti Muhammad Taqi Usmani]] |title=Akabir-e-Deoband Kya Thy |publisher=Zamzam Book Depot, [[Deoband]] |page=71 |edition=May 1995 |language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;halaat2&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Muhammad Haneef Gangohi |title=Halaat Musannifeen Dars e Nizami |publisher=[[Karachi]], Darul Ishaat |pages=246–251 |edition=March 2000 |url=https://archive.org/download/HalaatMusannifeenEDarsENizamiByShaykhMuhammadHaneefGangohi/Halaat%20Musannifeen%20-e-%20Dars%20-e-%20Nizami%20By%20Shaykh%20Muhammad%20Haneef%20Gangohi.pdf |access-date=22 March 2020 |language=ur |chapter=Sahib-e-Nafhatul Arab}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Mahfoozur Rahman Nami]], (1911–1963) || He established [[Jamia Arabia Masoodia Noorul Uloom|Madrasa nūr-ul-ulūm]] and Azad Inter College in [[Bahraich]]. || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |editor1-last=Qasmi |editor1-first=Ameer Ahmad |title=Nur-ul-Ulum Ke Darakhshanda Sitāre |trans-title= Shining stars of the Nur-ul-Ulum seminary|publisher=Hafiz Zameer Ahmad |pages=27–35 |edition=2011 |language=Urdu |chapter=Bāni Jamia Masoodia Nur-ul-Ulum Bahraich}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Mahfuzul Haque]] (born 1969)<br /> |He is the vice-president of [[Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh]], secretary general of [[Befaqul Madarisil Arabia Bangladesh]], chancellor of [[Jamia Rahmania Arabia, Dhaka]]. He is also a member of the standing committee of [[Al Haiatul Ulya]] and was the secretary-general of [[Bangladesh Khelafat Majlish]].<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=3 October 2020|title=Qawmi Madrassah Education Board gets new chairman|work=[[New Age (Bangladesh)|New Age]]|url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/117976/qawmi-madrassah-education-board-gets-new-chairman}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Mahmood Hasan Deobandi]] (1851–1920) || He was known as Shaikh-al-Hind, the first student of [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] and leader of the anti-colonial [[Silk Letter Conspiracy]]. || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Rizwi |first1=Syed Mehboob |translator=Murtaz Husain F Quraishi |author-link1=Syed Mehboob Rizwi |title= Tarikh Darul Uloom Deoband|trans-title= History of the Dar al-Ulum Deoband |volume = 2 |page=19|edition=1981}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Mahmood Hasan Gangohi]], ( 1907–1996) || He is a former Grand Mufti of the [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]. Author of ''Fatawa Mahmoodiyyah'' (32 Volumes). Sheikh of Tasawwuf, disciple of [[Zakariyya Kandhlawi]]. ||&lt;ref&gt;(Biography of Faqeehul Ummah by Mufti Faruq Meeruthi.)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Majid Ali Jaunpuri]] (died 1935)|| He was the [[imam]] of logic and philosophy of his time. He was native of [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh]]. ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Rizwi |first1=Syed Mehboob |translator=Murtaz Husain F Quraishi |author-link1=Syed Mehboob Rizwi |title= Tarikh Darul Uloom Deoband|trans-title= History of the Dar al-Ulum Deoband |volume = 2 |page=55|edition=1981}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Manazir Ahsan Gilani]] (1892–1956)|| notable Urdu author and writer. He produced the books like ''Tadwin-e-Hadith'' and ''Tadwin-e-Fiqh''. He served the [[Osmania University]] as Dean of The Faculty of Theology during his career. ||&lt;ref name=&quot;ilmgate&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Distinguished Researcher and Litterateur: Mawlānā Manāzir Ahsan Gīlāni |url=https://www.ilmgate.org/biography-manazir-ahsan-gilani/ |website=IlmGate.org |date=27 February 2015 |access-date=7 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Muhammad Masihullah Khan]] (1912–1992)|| He was a Sufi Shaykh and a disciple of [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]]. ||&lt;ref name=&quot;wtp&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Maulana Masihullah Khan Sherwani |url=http://www.whitethreadpress.com/maulana-masihullah-khan-sherwani/ |website=White Thread Press |date=18 January 2011 |access-date=7 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Maqsudullah]] (1883–1924)|| He was a disciple of [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]] and Pir of Talgachhia in Barisal, Bangladesh. ||&lt;ref name=ei&gt;{{cite book|language=bn|title=এই সেই ঝালকাঠি|chapter=তালগাছিয়ার পীরসাহেব মকসুদুল্লাহ (রহ.)|year=2001|author=Abdur Rashid|publisher=Al-Islam Publications|location=[[Jhalokati District|Jhalakathi]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Mufti Mahmud]] (1919–1980)|| He was a member of [[Indian National Congress]] party, and one of the founding members of the [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam]] (JUI) in Pakistan. On 1 March 1972, he was elected as the [[Chief Minister]] of the province of [[Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa]] (then Northwest Frontier Province) during the [[Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto]] regime in Pakistan. ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Rizwi |first1=Syed Mehboob |translator=Murtaz Husain F Quraishi |author-link1=Syed Mehboob Rizwi |title= Tarikh Darul Uloom Deoband|trans-title= History of the Dar al-Ulum Deoband |volume = 2 |page=124|edition=1981}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Minnatullah Rahmani]] (7 April 1913 – 20 March 1991) || He was the first general secretary of [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]].||&lt;ref name=&quot;nooralam&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=[[Noor Alam Khalil Amini]] |title=Pas-e-Marg-e-Zindah |publisher=Idara Ilm-o-Adab |location=[[Deoband]] |pages=214–238 |edition=5th, February 2017 |language=ur |chapter=Mawlāna Jalīl-ul-Qadar Aalim-o-Qā'id Amīr-e-Shariat: Hadhrat Mawlāna Sayyid Minatullah Rahmani – Chand Yaadein|trans-chapter=The Great Scholar and Leader, Amīr-e-Shariat: Hadhrat Mawlāna Sayyid Minatullah Rahmani – Few Memories}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Mushahid Ahmad Bayampuri]] (1907–1971) || Member of the [[3rd National Assembly of Pakistan]] for Sylhet-II || &lt;ref name=azmi/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Muhammad Miyan Deobandi]] (1903–1975)|| He was an historian and author. ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Rizwi |first1=Syed Mehboob |translator=Murtaz Husain F Quraishi |author-link1=Syed Mehboob Rizwi |title= Tarikh Darul Uloom Deoband|trans-title= History of the Dar al-Ulum Deoband |volume = 2 |pages=109–110|edition=1981}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Murtaza Hasan Chandpuri]] (1868–1951)|| He is also known as Ibne Sher-e-Khuda. He was a disciple of [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]]. He refuted accusations and allegations [[Ahmad Raza Khan]] had made against scholars of [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]. He produced a number of articles published as ''Majmua Rasail-e-Chandpuri''. ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Rizwi |first1=Syed Mehboob |translator=Murtaz Husain F Quraishi |author-link1=Syed Mehboob Rizwi |title= Tarikh Darul Uloom Deoband|trans-title= History of the Dar al-Ulum Deoband |volume = 2 |page=42|edition=1981}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Muhammad Mustafa Al-A'zami]] (1930–2017)|| Despite being one of the recent [[Hadith]] scholars, he was the recipient of the [[King Faisal Foundation#King Faisal International Prize|King Faisal International Award]] 1980. He authored ''The History of the Qur'anic Text from Revelation to Compilation: A Comparative Study with the Old and New Testaments'', ''Hadith Methodology and Literature'', ''On Schacht's Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence'' etc.||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=[[Mohammad Najeeb Qasmi]] |title=Dr. Muhammad Mustafa Azmi &amp; His Contributions To Hadeeth |url=http://www.deoband.net/blogs/dr-muhammad-mustafa-azmi-his-contributions-to-hadeeth |website=Deoband.net |access-date=7 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Muhammad Sahool Bhagalpuri]] (died 1948) || He was fifth Grand Mufti of Darul Uloom Deoband. || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Tazkirah Mashāhīr-e-Hind: Karwān-e-Rafta|author=[[Asir Adrawi]]|page=115}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Nematullah Azami]] (born 24 December 1936)<br /> |is an Indian Islamic scholar, [[Hadith studies#Muhaddith: scholar of hadith|muhaddith]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-07-23|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Hadith studies#Muhaddith: scholar of hadith|reason= }}, a [[Tafsir|commentator on the Quran]] (mufassir), and a [[faqīh]] (Islamic jurist). He is the president of India's [[Islamic Fiqh Academy, India|Islamic Fiqh Academy]]. He has also been serving as a senior lecturer at [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] for forty years.<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;two circles&quot;&gt;{{cite news|author=&lt;!--not stated--&gt;|title=Maulana Nematullah Azmi elected as president of Islamic Fiqh Academy|url=https://twocircles.net/2011may31/maulana_nematullah_azmi_elected_president_islamic_fiqh_academy.html|work=[[Two Circles]]|location=|date=31 May 2011|access-date=11 November 2022|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;indianmuslimobserver&quot;&gt;{{cite news<br /> | author =&lt;!--not stated--&gt;<br /> | title = Maulana Mohammad Naimatullah Azmi Elected As The President Of Islamic Fiqh Academy-India<br /> | url = https://theindianawaaz.com/maulana-azmi-is-new-chief-of-fiqh-academy-2/<br /> | work = <br /> The Indian Awaaz<br /> | location = <br /> | date = 1 June 2011<br /> | access-date = 11 November 2022<br /> |language=en<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Deoband Online&quot;&gt;{{cite news|author=&lt;!--not stated--&gt;|title=Maulana Nematullah Azmi Elected President of Islamic Fiqh Academy|url=http://www.deoband.net/news/maulana-nematullah-azmi-elected-president-of-islamic-fiqh-academy|work=Deoband Online|location=|date=31 May 2011|access-date=11 November 2022|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nematullah Azami&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Khalili Qasmi|first=Muhammadullah|title=Darul Uloom Deoband Ki Jāme' o Mukhtasar Tareekh|trans-title=A comprehensive and brief history of Darul Uloom Deoband|publisher=Shaikhul Hind Academy|location=Deoband|pages=685, 767|edition=October 2020|chapter=Maulana Nematullah Azmi&quot;, &quot;Current Lecturers of Darul Uloom Deoband|language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Nur Hossain Kasemi]] (1945–2020)<br /> |He was the secretary general of [[Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh]] and [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam Bangladesh]], vice-president of [[Al-Haiatul Ulya Lil-Jamiatil Qawmia Bangladesh]], senior vice-president of [[Befaqul Madarisil Arabia Bangladesh]] and Shaykhul Hadith and rector of [[Jamia Madania Baridhara, Dhaka]] and [[Jamia Sobhania Mahmud Nagar]].<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020-12-14|title=Nur Hossain Kasemi passes away at 75|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/city/news/nur-hossain-kasemi-passes-away-75-2010981|access-date=2020-12-14|work=The Daily Star|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi]] (1897–1983)|| He was the grandson of [[Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi]], the founder of [[Deobandi]] movement. He served [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] as mohtamim/VC for more than half century from 1929 to 1981. ||&lt;ref name=&quot;life&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Dr. Mohammad Shakaib Qasmi |author2=Sheikh Ghulam Nabi Qasmi |title=The Life and Times of Hakimul Islam Mawlana Qari Muhammad Tayyib |publisher=Hujjat al-Islam Academy, Darul Uloom Waqf, Deoband |page=24 |url=https://dud.edu.in/images/pdf/The%20Life%20&amp;%20Times%20of%20Hakimul%20Islam%20%20Book%20Compressed%20(1).pdf |access-date=7 June 2019 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ilmgate1&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Muhammad Umar Palanpuri]] (1929–1997)|| He was an Indian Islamic scholar and preacher associated with the [[Tablighi Jamaat]]. ||&lt;ref name=&quot;Dā'ī&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |editor1-last=Amini|editor1-first=Noor Alam|editor1-link=Noor Alam Khalil Amini|title=The famous Islamic preacher Sheikh Muhammad Umar Palanpuri Gujarati passed away |url=https://search.mandumah.com/Record/366792 |journal= [[Al-Daie]]|date=August–September 1997| volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=27–36|publisher=[[Darul Uloom Deoband]]|location=Deoband|language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Mujahidul Islam Qasmi]] || He was a Muslim jurist. ||&lt;ref&gt;[[Zafar Ahmad Nizami]], Qalmi Khake&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Mohammad Najeeb Qasmi]]|| He is an author and writer as well as the founder of Al-Noor Public School in [[Sambhal]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. ||&lt;ref name=&quot;najeeb&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Profile of Mohammad Najeeb Qasmi |url=http://najeebqasmi.com/profile |website=NajeebQasmi.com |access-date=31 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Nazir Ahmad Qasmi]] (born 20 June 1964) || He is the Grand Mufti of [[Darul Uloom Raheemiyyah]]. ||&lt;ref name=&quot;gk&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Mufti Nazir for social reformist groups |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/more/news/mufti-nazir-for-social-reformist-groups/ |access-date=5 September 2020 |work=[[Greater Kashmir]] |date=14 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Noor Alam Khalil Amini]] (1952–2021) || He was a senior professor of Arabic language and literature at the Darul Uloom Deoband. He was a litterateur of Arabic and Urdu, and served as the chief editor of its monthly Arabic magazine ''Al-Dai''. || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=مولانا نور عالم خلیل امینی عربی و اردو کی مشترکہ لسانی روایت کے علم بردار تھے:ابرار احمد اجراوی |trans-title=Noor Alam Khalil Amini was well versed in the common linguistic tradition of Arabic and Urdu|url=https://qindeelonline.com/maulana-noor-alam-khaleel-ameeni-arabi-wa-urdu-ki-mushtarka-lisani-riwayat-ke-alam-bardar-the/ |access-date=4 May 2021 |work=Qindeel Online |date=3 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Nur Uddin Gohorpuri]] (1924–2005) || Chairman of [[Befaqul Madarisil Arabia Bangladesh]], founder of [[Gohorpur Hussainia Madrasa]]. ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Limited |first1=Shabaka Soft |title=আল্লামা গহরপুরী পরিচিতি|language=bn|url=http://jamiagohorpur.com/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%83%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190817162703/http://jamiagohorpur.com/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%83%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A/|website=গহরপুর হোসাইনিয়া মাদ্রাসা|date=2 October 2011 |access-date=2019-08-17|archive-date=17 August 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Rahmatullah Mir Qasmi]]|| He is the founder of [[Darul Uloom Raheemiyyah]], biggest Islamic [[madrasa]] in [[Kashmir]]. ||{{Sfn|Qasmi|2016|p=710}} <br /> |-<br /> |[[Saeed Ahmad Palanpuri]] (1942 – 19 May 2020)|| He was former Shaykh al-Hadith and principal of [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]||&lt;ref name=&quot;jamia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Introduction of Mufti Saeed Ahmed Palanpuri |url=http://jamianoorululoom.com/mufti-saeed-ahmed-palanpuri-db |website=jamianoorululoom.com |access-date=19 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Saleemullah Khan]] (1921 – 15 January 2017) || He was a Pakistani Islamic scholar and former president of [[Wifaq ul Madaris Al-Arabia, Pakistan]]. [[Taqi Usmani]] and [[Mufti Rafi Usmani]] are among his top known students. He established Jamia Farooqia in [[Karachi]] in 1967. || &lt;ref name=Dawn&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1308762|newspaper=Dawn (newspaper)|title=Maulana Saleemullah passes away|date=16 January 2017|access-date=13 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Sanaullah Amritsari]] (1868–1948) || He was a prominent scholar of Ahl-e-Hadith movement, and a co-founder of the [[Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]] ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Tijarwi |first1=Muhammad Mushtaq |title=Fuzala-e-Deoband ki Qur'ānī Khidmāt |date=2020 |publisher=Brown Book Publications |location=Aligarh |page=59}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Sayyid Mumtaz Ali]] (1860–1935) || The founder of &quot;Darul Isha'at&quot; and &quot;Rifah-e-Aam press&quot; in Lahore, Sayyid Mumtaz Ali was an advocate of women rights in the late nineteenth century. || &lt;ref name=&quot;sahafat11&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Shamsuddin Qasemi]] (1935–1996)|| Founder of numerous [[madrasa]]s in Bangladesh, and former secretary-general of the [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam Bangladesh]]. || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://www.kitabghor.com/books/the-handrede-bangla-mayer-kriti-sontan.html |title=দ্যা হান্ড্রেড (বাংলা মায়ের একশ কৃতিসন্তান) |last=Nizampuri|first=Ashraf Ali|year=2013|language=bn|publisher=Salman Prakashani|location=[[Hathazari]], [[Chittagong District]]|pages=326–328|isbn=978-112009250-2 |edition=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> |[[Shukrullah Mubarakpuri]] (1895,1896 – 23 March 1942)|| He was a notable scholar of rational sciences and second naazim (director) of ''Madrasa Ehya al-Ulum'', [[Mubarakpur, Azamghar|Mubarakpur]]. His notable students include [[Qazi Athar Mubarakpuri]] and former Grand Mufti of the [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], Mufti Nizamuddin Azmi. ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=[[Qazi Athar Mubarakpuri]] |title=Tadhkirah Ulama-e-Mubarakpur |publisher=Maktaba al-Faheem, [[Mau, Uttar Pradesh|Mau]] |pages=264–276 |edition=2010 |language=ur |chapter=Maulana Shukrullah Mubarakpuri}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sawaneh&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Muhammad Salim Mubarakpuri |title=Maulana Shukrullah Mubarakpuri Sawanehi Khaka |publisher=Maulana Shukrullah Mubarakpuri Academy, [[Mubarakpur, Azamghar|Mubarakpur]] |pages=3–13 |language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Sultan Ahmad Nanupuri]] || Founding principal of [[Al-Jamiah Al-Islamiah Obaidia Nanupur]] || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Ahmadullah |first1=Hafez |title=মাশায়েখে চাটগাম |last2=Qadir |first2=Ridwanul |publisher=Ahmad Publication |year=2018 |isbn=978-984-92106-4-1 |location=[[Dhaka]] |pages=162–185|language=bn |trans-title=Mashayekh-e Chatgam}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Syed Ahmad Hashmi]] (1932–2001) || He was the seventh general secretary of Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind, twice a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]] and the chairman of [[Passenger Amenities Committee]]. || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author1=Muhammad Arif Umari |title=مولانا سید احمد ہاشمی: ناظم عمومی جمعیۃ علماء ہند |trans-title=Mawlāna Syed Ahmad Hashmi: The general secretary of Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind|url=https://urdu.millattimes.com/archives/20388 |access-date=12 July 2021 |work=Millat Times |date=2 November 2017 |language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Saeed Ahmad Akbarabadi]] (1908–1985)|| He served as dean of the Faculty of Theology at [[Aligarh Muslim University]], principal at Madrasa-e-Aliya, Calcutta, and lecturer at [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]]. His books include ''Siddeeq-e-Akbar'', ''Fehm-e-Quran'' and ''Wahi-e-Ilahi'' to his credit. ||&lt;ref name=&quot;nida0&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Mufti Ubaid Anwar Shah Qaiser |title=Nida'e Darul Uloom Waqf |publisher=[[Darul Uloom Waqf, Deoband]] |page=49 |edition=Rabi-ut-Thaani, 1438|chapter=[[Saeed Ahmad Akbarabadi|Maulana Saeed Ahmad Akbarabadi]]: Ek Sahib-e-Qalam Shakhsiyat |language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Muhammad Salim Qasmi]] (1926–2018)|| He was the former Chief-Rector of [[Darul Uloom Waqf, Deoband]] and the son of [[Qari Muhammad Tayyib]]. He was the patron of [[Islamic Fiqh Academy, India]] and vice-president of [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]]. ||&lt;ref name=&quot;obituary&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Obituary: Maulana Muhammad Salim Qasmi, an ocean of knowledge |url=http://twocircles.net/2018apr28/422881.html |website=TwoCircles.net |date=28 April 2018 |access-date=7 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;salim&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Dr. Mohammad Shakaib Qasmi |author2=Sheikh Ghulam Nabi Qasmi |title=The Life and Times of Hakimul Islam Mawlana Qari Muhammad Tayyib |publisher=Hujjat al-Islam Academy, Darul Uloom Waqf, Deoband |page=194|url=https://dud.edu.in/images/pdf/The%20Life%20&amp;%20Times%20of%20Hakimul%20Islam%20%20Book%20Compressed%20(1).pdf |access-date=7 June 2019 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Muhammad Sarfaraz Khan Safdar]] (1914–2009)|| He was a Pakistani Islamic scholar and author. ||&lt;ref name=&quot;The Pride of Deoband: Shaykh Muhammad Sarfaraz Khan Safdar&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.deoband.org/2009/05/history/biographies-of-scholars/obituary-shaykh-muhammad-sarfaraz-khan-safdar/|publisher=deoband.org|title=The Pride of Deoband: Shaykh Muhammad Sarfaraz Khan Safdar|date=11 May 2009|access-date=20 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Muhammad Shafi]] (1897–1976) || He was a [[South Asian]] [[Sunni]] [[Islamic scholar]] of the [[Deobandi]] school of Islamic thought. A [[Hanafi]] [[faqih|jurist]] and [[mufti]], he was also an authority on [[shari'ah]], [[hadith]], ''[[tafsir]]'' (Qur'anic exegesis), and ''[[tasawwuf]]'' (Sufism). After the [[Partition of India|independence]] he moved to Pakistan, where he established [[Darul Uloom Karachi]] in 1951. Of his written works, his best-known is ''[[Ma'ariful Qur'an]]'', a ''tafsir'' of the [[Qur'an]]. ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Rizwi |first1=Syed Mehboob |translator=Murtaz Husain F Quraishi |author-link1=Syed Mehboob Rizwi |title= Tarikh Darul Uloom Deoband|trans-title= History of the Dar al-Ulum Deoband |volume = 2 |page=93|edition=1981}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Muhammad Sufyan Qasmi]] (born 1954)|| He is the incumbent rector of [[Darul Uloom Waqf, Deoband]]. || &lt;ref name=&quot;dud&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Maulana Mohammad Sufyan Qasmi, The Rector, Jamia Islamia Darul Uloom Waqf, Deoband |url=https://dud.edu.in/index.php/en?id=12 |website=dud.edu.in |access-date=7 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Muhammad Yunus (scholar)|Muhammad Yunus]]<br /> | Known as '''Shaykhul Arab wal Azam''' was a well-known international Islamic figure. He was the 2nd Rector of [[Al Jamia Al Islamia Patiya]] and the founding President of [[Befaqul Madarisil Arabia Bangladesh]].<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Qadir|first=Masudul|url=https://www.ebookmela.co.in/download/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B6-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%95|title=10 Cleric from Patiya|publisher=Al Manar Library|year=2009|edition=2nd|location=Anderkilla, Chittagong|pages=30–61}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Qazi Mu'tasim Billah]] (1933–2013)|| Introduced Bengali-medium in Qawmi madrasa system, longtime principal of [[Jamia Shariyyah Malibagh, Dhaka|Jamia Shariyyah Malibagh]] and former professor at the [[University of Dhaka]]. || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|url=https://monthlyalabrar.com/|title=হযরত আল্লামা কাজী মুতাসিম বিল্লাহ রহ.|last=Abu Naeem|first=Muinuddin|date=August 2013|journal=Monthly al Abrar|publisher=[[Islamic Research Center Bangladesh]]|location=[[Bashundhara Residential Area|Bashundhara]], [[Dhaka]]|pages=39–40|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026154856/https://monthlyalabrar.com/|archive-date=26 October 2020|language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]] (1887–1949)|| He was referred to by followers as Shaikhul Islam and was a former member in the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Rizwi |first1=Syed Mehboob |translator=Murtaz Husain F Quraishi |author-link1=Syed Mehboob Rizwi |title= Tarikh Darul Uloom Deoband|trans-title= History of the Dar al-Ulum Deoband |volume = 2 |page=68|edition=1981}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Shah Abdul Wahhab (scholar, born 1894)|Shah Abdul Wahhab]] (1894–1982) || He was the chief disciple of [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]] in [[Bengal]] and the 2nd Rector of [[Darul Uloom Hathazari]]. || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Nizampuri|first=Ashraf Ali|url=https://www.kitabghor.com/books/the-handrede-bangla-mayer-kriti-sontan.html|title=The Hundred (100 Great Scholars from Bangladesh)|publisher=Salman Publication|year=2013|isbn=978-112009250-2|edition=1st|location=[[Hathazari]], [[Chittagong District]]|pages=90–96}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Shah Ahmad Shafi]] (1916–2020) || He was the former chief of [[Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh]] and rector of [[Al-Jamiatul Ahlia Darul Ulum Moinul Islam Hathazari]] and former chairman of [[Bangladesh Qawmi Madrasah Education Board]]. || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Profile of Allama Ahmed Shafi |url=http://hifazat-e-islam.blogspot.com/p/allama-ahmed-shafi-ahmad-shafi-is.html |website=hifazat-e-islam |access-date=7 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Sirajussajidin Katki]] (1939–2006) || He was the 4th President of Jamiat Ulama Odisha and the second Amīr-e-Sharī'at of Imārat-e-Shar'ia, Odisha.||&lt;ref name=&quot;Sirajussajidin&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Mayurbhanji|first=Muhammad Rūhul Amīn|title=Bulbul-e-Odisha Munāzir-e-Islam Maulana Sayed Sirajussajidin Katki Qasmi (1939–2006): A short biographical sketch|url=https://www.baseeratonline.com/archives/204804|date=17 October 2023|access-date=24 November 2023|website=www.baseeratonline.com|publisher=Baseerat Online|language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Taha Karaan]] (d. 2021) || He was the head-mufti of [[Muslim Judicial Council]]. ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=If Only Someone Else Said it, Mufti Taha Karaan of South Africa |url=https://seekersguidance.org/scholar/mufti-taha-karaan/ |publisher=Seekers Guidance |access-date=11 June 2021 |date=11 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Ubaidul Haq]] (1928–2007)|| He was a former chief cleric of [[Baitul Mukarram]], the national mosque of [[Bangladesh]]. ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Khatib Obaidul Haq passes away |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-7094 |work=The Daily Star |date=8 October 2007 |access-date=7 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Ubaidullah Sindhi]] (1872–1944)|| He was a political activist of the [[Indian independence movement]] and one of its vigorous leaders. Ubaidullah Sindhi struggled for the independence of British India and for an exploitation-free society in India. ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Profile of MAULANA OBAIDULLAH SINDHI |url=http://www.findpk.com/pof/maulana_obaidullah_sindhi.html |website=FindPk.com |access-date=7 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Usman Mansoorpuri]] (1944–2021) || He was the national president of Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind from 2006 to May 2021. ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Muḥammadullah Qāsmi |title=Darul Uloom Deoband ki Jami' wa Mukhtasar Tārīkh |publisher=Shaykhul Hind Academy |location=Deoband |page=686 |edition=2020 |language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Uzair Gul Peshawari]]<br /> ||He was an [[Indian freedom struggle]] activist and a companion of [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]]. He was jailed in Malta for his role in the [[Silk Letter Movement]].||&lt;ref name=&quot;asiran&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Muhammad Miyan Deobandi |author-link1=Muhammad Miyan Deobandi |title=Asiran-e-Malta |trans-title = Prisoners of Malta |publisher=Naimia Book Depot |location=[[Deoband]] |pages=367–376 |edition=January 2002 |language=ur |chapter=Mawlāna Uzair Gul}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Yasir Nadeem al Wajidi]] (b. 1982) || He established the Darul Uloom Online. || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author1=Abdur-Rahmān Siddiqi |title=ڈاکٹر مفتی یاسر ندیم الواجدی اور سرجیکل اسٹرائک |trans-title=Dr. Mufti Yasir Nadeem al Wajidi and Surgical Strike |url=https://urduleaks.com/mutafariq-dr-mufti-yasir-nadeem-al-wajidi-and-surgical-strike-109189/ |access-date=4 June 2021 |work=Urdu Leaks |date=3 June 2021 |language=ur |archive-date=3 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603214714/https://urduleaks.com/mutafariq-dr-mufti-yasir-nadeem-al-wajidi-and-surgical-strike-109189/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Yusuf Karaan]]<br /> ||He was a South African scholar who served as head mufti of [[Muslim Judicial Council]].||&lt;ref name=&quot;footprints&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6AvgD9QTFzoC&amp;q=yousuf+karaan&amp;pg=PT278 |access-date=25 May 2020|title=Footprints|isbn=9781468908862|last1=Baderoen|first1=M. A.|date=July 2012|publisher=Booktango }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Zayn al-Abidin Sajjad Meerthi]] 1910–1991) ||He was head of the Islamic studies department of [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] and a professor of history. His book ''Tarikh-e-Millat'' is listed in the must read category in the syllabus of [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] and in other madrasas affiliated with it. || &lt;ref name=&quot;sahafat11&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Nayab Hasan Qasmi |title=Darul Uloom Deoband Ka Sahafati ManzarNama |publisher=Idara Tehqeeq-e-Islami |location=[[Deoband]] |pages=147–151, 195–197 |chapter=Mawlana Qazi Zayn al-Abidin Sajjad Meerthi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Omar Abedeen Qasmi Madani]] ||He is an Indian Islamic scholar, mufti, and writer. He is deputy director of [[Al Mahad Al Aali Al Islami, Hyderabad]]. || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Khalid |first=Obaidullah |date=April 2010 |title=Huqūq Aur Unki Kharīd-o-Farokht (a book review) |url=https://deobandi-books.aislam.org/book.php?b=500&amp;p=13 |journal=Monthly Al-Farooque |location=Karachi |publisher=[[Jamia Farooqia]] |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706013812/https://deobandi-books.aislam.org/book.php?b=500&amp;p=13 |archive-date=6 July 2024 |access-date=6 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Amin&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mayurbhanji |first=Muhammad Rūhul Amīn |date=25 May 2024 |title=Maulana Mufti Omar Abedeen Qasmi Madani: Mukhtasar Sawanihi Khaka |trans-title=Maulana Mufti Umar Abidin Qasmi Madani: A Brief Biographical Sketch |url=https://abulmahasin.com/مولانا-مفتی-عمر-عابدین-قاسمی-مدنی-مختص/ |access-date=6 July 2024 |website=abulmahasin.com |language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> ===Citations===<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ===Sources===<br /> {{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Qāsmi |first1=Muḥammadullah|title=Darul Uloom Deoband ki Jami' wa Mukhtasar Tārīkh|publisher=Shaykhul Hind Academy |location=Deoband |date=October 2020 |language=ur}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Qasmi |first1=Muhammadullah Khalili |title=Darul Uloom Deoband Ki Jami' wa Mukhtasar Tareekh |date=December 2016 |publisher=Shaykhul Hind Academy |location=Deoband |edition=2nd |author-link=Muhammadullah Khalili Qasmi |url=https://archive.org/details/darululoomdeobandkijameywmukhtasartareekh |access-date=16 February 2025 |language=ur}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Rizwi |first1=Syed Mehboob |translator=Murtaz Husain F Quraishi |author-link1=Syed Mehboob Rizwi |title= Tarikh Darul Uloom Deoband<br /> |trans-title= History of the Dar al-Ulum Deoband |volume = 2 |publisher=[[Darul Uloom Deoband]] |location=[[Deoband]] |date=1981}}<br /> * {{Cite book|title=Tazkirah Mashāhīr-e-Hind: Karwān-e-Rafta|author=[[Asir Adrawi]]|location=[[Deoband]]|publisher= Darul Muallifeen |language=ur |date = 2 April 2016}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> {{Darul Uloom Deoband}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Darul Uloom Deoband alumni}}<br /> [[Category:Lists of people by university or college in India|Darul Uloom Deoband]]<br /> [[Category:Darul Uloom Deoband alumni]]</div>

AdvAcademy01 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Byari_(film)&diff=462027 2026-01-16T19:53:56Z

<p>AdvAcademy01: added references for consistency and updated info for accuracy</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Byari<br /> | image = Byari_film.jpg<br /> | alt = Theatrical release poster<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = [[Suveeran|K. P. Suveeran]]<br /> | producer = T. H. Althaf Hussain<br /> | screenplay = Suveeran<br /> | starring = [[Mallika (actress)|Mallika]]&lt;br&gt;Althaf Hussain&lt;br&gt;[[Mamukkoya]]<br /> | music = Viswajith<br /> | cinematography = Muralikrishnan<br /> | editing = S. Manaohar<br /> | studio = Thanneer Films<br /> | distributor =<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|6|9|Mangalore}}&lt;ref name=&quot;'Byari' bags National Award for Best Film, 'Dirty' Balan Best Actress&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title='Byari' bags National Award for Best Film, 'Dirty' Balan Best Actress|url=http://www.coastaldigest.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=37228:byari-bags-national-award-for-best-film-dirty-balan-best-actress&amp;catid=57:news-stories&amp;Itemid=68|publisher=CoastalDigest}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | runtime = 100 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Byari/[[Beary dialect|Beary]]<br /> | budget = {{INRConvert|7|m}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Mangalore: 'Byari' the Movie Aims to Stress on Community Justice&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Mangalore: 'Byari' the Movie Aims to Stress on Community Justice |url=http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&amp;broadcastid=242845 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023901/http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&amp;broadcastid=242845 |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 March 2016 |publisher=Mangalorean.com |accessdate=6 June 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | gross =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Byari''''' is a 2011 Indian film in the [[Beary dialect]] of Malyalam, written and directed by [[Suveeran]]. It is the first feature film to be made in this dialect. The film was screened at various film festivals where it received positive reviews. It released in theatres in [[Dakshina Kannada]] region on 9 June 2011.<br /> <br /> ''Byari'' won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film]] while [[Malayalam]] actress [[Mallika (actress)|Mallika]] got a [[National Film Award – Special Mention (Feature Film)|special mention]] from the [[National Film Award (India)|National Film Award]] jury for her performance in the film.<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> The film depicts the culture, tradition and dialect of the [[Byari]] community. It highlights strict laws and regulations of marriage in the community, pros and cons of divorce in Islam and how it affects the women. The film, which is based on issues connected with ''[[Iddat]]'' (marriage) and ''[[Divorce (Islamic)|Talaq]]'' (divorce) in Islam, tries to bring such problems to the notice of Islamic lawmakers.<br /> It was on the same day as she gets her first periods that Nadira's ([[Mallika (actress)|Mallika]]) marriage is fixed. On that very disturbing day, it is to her childhood pal that she shares her concerns. Her husband who is thrice her age, despite the customs and traditions, loves her to the core. However, as she continues her content married life with her child, she gets divorced because of a dispute between her husband and her father.<br /> <br /> Nadira is made to spend her life at her father's place devoid of any contact with the outside world. In the meantime, her husband takes the child away. Eventually bypassing many hurdles, it turns out that Nadira can spend her life with her husband yet again. However, for that as per the dictates of the law, she must marry and divorce some other man.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> * [[Mallika (actress)|Mallika]] as Nadira<br /> * Althaf Hussain<br /> * [[Mamukkoya]]<br /> * [[Ambika Mohan]]<br /> * Majeed<br /> * K. T. S. Padannayil<br /> * Prajeesh<br /> * Aswathi<br /> * Asha<br /> * Rahim<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> The film was Directed by [[Suveeran]] and produced by T.H. Althaf Hussain under the banner of Thanneer films. The shooting of the film took place in Dakshin Kannada districts like Suratkal, Jokatte, Bajpe, Thokottu and parts of Karnataka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mangalore: 'Byari' the Movie Aims to Stress on Community Justice&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/hindi/256888/ |title=ബ്യാരി മികച്ച ചിത്രം: വിദ്യാ ബാലന്‍ നടി, Hindi – Mathrubhumi Movies |publisher=Mathrubhumi.com |date=7 March 2012 |accessdate=2012-03-16 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313224609/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/hindi/256888/ |archivedate=13 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=March 7, 2012 |title= |script-title=ml:വിദ്യാ ബാലൻ മികച്ച നടി, ഗിരീഷ് കുൽക്കർണി നടൻ &lt;!-- converted to Unicode using https://payyans.smc.org.in/ with the font set to &quot;Manorama&quot; --&gt; |url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=11178055&amp;programId=1073753760&amp;tabId=11&amp;contentType=EDITORIAL&amp;BV_ID=@@@ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309174410/http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=11178055&amp;programId=1073753760&amp;tabId=11&amp;contentType=EDITORIAL&amp;BV_ID=@@@ |archive-date=9 March 2012 |accessdate=2012-03-16 |website=Manorama Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?channelId=-1073751706&amp;programId=1073753767&amp;contentId=11175375&amp;BV_ID=@@@tabId=11 |title=Home &amp;#124; At a glance &amp;#124; |publisher=Manorama Online |accessdate=2012-03-16 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/national-awards-byari-devur-win-best-feature-film/237000-8.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309175400/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/national-awards-byari-devur-win-best-feature-film/237000-8.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-03-09 |title=National Awards for Vidya Balan, Onir's 'I AM' – Movies News News – IBNLive |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |accessdate=2012-03-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Byari-a-study-on-the-ethnic-community-K-P-Suveeran/articleshow/12175005.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130720045111/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-07/news-interviews/31131845_1_marathi-film-umesh-kulkarni-national-award |url-status=live |archive-date=20 July 2013 |title='Byari' a study on the ethnic community: K P Suveeran |date=7 March 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2012-03-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/heres-why-byari-won-the-national-award-for-best-film/20120307.htm |title=Here's why Byari won the National Award for Best Film |work=Rediff.com |date=7 March 2012 |accessdate=2012-03-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.domain-b.com/industry/Entertainment/20120307_girish_kulkarni.html |title=Byari, Deool share Best Feature Film award |publisher=domain-b.com |date=7 March 2012 |accessdate=2012-03-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_unexpected-overwhelmed-national-award-winners-react_1659556 |title=Unexpected, overwhelmed: National award winners react – Entertainment – DNA |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=7 March 2012 |accessdate=2012-03-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://dearcinema.com/news/deool-i-am-anhey-ghorey-da-daan-and-byari-win-national-film-awards/4224 |title=Complete list of National Film Awards Winners 2011 |publisher=DearCinema.com |date=7 March 2012 |accessdate=2012-03-16 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309074427/http://dearcinema.com/news/deool-i-am-anhey-ghorey-da-daan-and-byari-win-national-film-awards/4224 |archivedate=9 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> * 2011: [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film]]<br /> * 2011: [[National Film Award – Special Mention (Feature Film)|National Film Award – Special Mention]] – Mallika<br /> * 2012: SAARC film Bronze Award – (From [[Sri Lanka]])<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Beary dialect]]<br /> * [[Beary]]<br /> * [[59th National Film Awards]]<br /> * [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|2146054}}<br /> <br /> {{NationalFilmAwardBestFeatureFilm}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2011 drama films]]<br /> [[Category:2011 films]]<br /> [[Category:Best Feature Film National Film Award winners]]<br /> [[Category:Indian drama films]]</div>

AdvAcademy01 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rath,_Uttar_Pradesh&diff=529837 2026-01-15T14:26:50Z

<p>AdvAcademy01: added a article.</p> <hr /> <div>{{More citations needed|date=June 2011}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Rath<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = Town<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|25.58|N|79.57|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[List of states and union territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of Uttar Pradesh|Division]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Chitrakoot division|Chitrakoot]]<br /> | subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of Uttar Pradesh|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name3 = [[Hamirpur district, Uttar Pradesh|Hamirpur]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = [[Municipal council (India)|Municipal Council]]<br /> | governing_body = Rath Municipal Council<br /> | leader_title = Municipal Chairperson<br /> | leader_name = Srinivas Budhauliya ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://sec.up.nic.in/site/NewWinnerList2023.aspx|title=2023 UP Municipal Election results|work=ECI Uttar Pradesh|accessdate=22 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/up-nagar-palika-parishad-elections-live-updates-counting-results-uttar-pradesh-civic-polls-101683938006282.html |title=UP Nagar Palika Parishad elections LIVE updates: BJP dominates civic polls with lead in 98 seats, SP trails at 59 |work=Hindustan Times |date=14 May 2023 |access-date=22 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | leader_title1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha MP]]<br /> | leader_name1 = [[Pushpendra Singh Chandel]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])<br /> | leader_title2 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]]<br /> | leader_name2 = [[Manisha Anuragi]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])<br /> | leader_title3 = [[Sub-Divisional Magistrate]]<br /> | leader_name3 = Rambhuan Tiwari<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = 65,056<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages <br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]], [[Bundeli]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 210431<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone code<br /> | area_code = 05280<br /> | registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#UP.E2.80.94Uttar Pradesh|UP-91]]<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Rath''' is a town with a municipal board in [[Hamirpur District, Uttar Pradesh|Hamirpur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Rath is a [[Tehsil]] of [[Hamirpur District, Uttar Pradesh|Hamirpur District]]. It is situated 506&amp;nbsp;km southeast of [[New Delhi]].<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> {{unreferenced section|date=March 2022}}<br /> Rath is located at {{Coord|25.58|N|79.57|E|}}.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/36/Rath.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Rath]&lt;/ref&gt; It has an average elevation of 165&amp;nbsp;[[meter]]s (541&amp;nbsp;[[foot (length)|feet]]) above sea level. It has a minimum temperature of 10&amp;nbsp;°C and a maximum of 47&amp;nbsp;°C.<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> As of the [[2011 Census of India]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Census of India 2011: Data from the 2011 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&amp;state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&amp;state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|access-date=1 November 2008|publisher=Census Commission of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rath had a population of 65,056. Males constitute 54% of the people, and females 46%. Rath has an average literacy rate of 61%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 70%, and female literacy is 50%. In Rath, 15% of the population is under six years of age.<br /> <br /> ==Administration==<br /> {{unreferenced section|date=March 2022}}<br /> <br /> ===Local self-government===<br /> Rath is governed by a municipality under the Uttar Pradesh Municipal Act. It has a 25-member council. The council is chaired by a chairperson who is directly elected by more than 35,000 electorates. The council is called [[Nagar Palika]].<br /> <br /> ===Sub district administration===<br /> Rath is the headquarters of the subdivision, which is headed by a [[Sub-Divisional Magistrate]] (S.D.M.). The same officer holds the court of City Magistrate of Rath. SDM is assisted by four officers, one [[Tehsildar|Tehsil Magistrate]] and three Nayab Tehsil Magistrates. Tehsildar looks into the revenue matter of the whole of sub-district and is assisted by three nayabs who look after the three divisions of Rath, namely Majgawan, Amgaon, and Rath city.<br /> <br /> ===Police administration===<br /> Rath DSP maintains rath city's security. An officer of the cadre of [[Deputy Superintendent|Deputy Superintendent of Police]] (C.O.) heads the Rath's police administration. Rath Kotwali is headed by Kotwal, an officer of Inspector cadre. Rath police circle consists of 2 police stations, namely:[[File:tehsilrath.jpg|thumb|220px| Tehsil Bhawan, Rath]]<br /> * Rath City Kotwali<br /> * Majhgawan Thana<br /> * Hamirpur Chungi<br /> * Ramlila Maidan<br /> * Orai Road<br /> * Kot Bazar<br /> * Barakhamba<br /> * Bajariya<br /> * Chaupra Mandir<br /> * Padav (BUS STAND)<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:srd kot bazar.jpg|thumb|220px| Kot Bazar, Rani road, Rath]]<br /> <br /> == Transportation ==<br /> {{unreferenced section|date=March 2022}}<br /> [[File:bus terminal rath.jpg|thumb|220px|City Bus Terminal, Rath]]<br /> <br /> ===Airways===<br /> Rath is served by the [[Khajuraho]] airport (110&amp;nbsp;km). [[Kanpur]] (145&amp;nbsp;km) and [[Lucknow]] (225&amp;nbsp;km) airports are nearby.<br /> <br /> ===Roadways===<br /> [[File:chauraharathsrd.jpg|thumb|220px| Busiest Chauraha (Intersection/Chowk) of city]]<br /> Rath is connected with UPSH-21 (Bilaraya to Panwari) and UPSH-42 (Hamirpur to Jhansi). There are other roads like MDR-41B that link Rath to other parts of the state. [[Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation|UPSRTC]] and private bus services provide transportation to other cities. Rath has one [[Bus terminus|Bus Terminal]] and other bus stands, including [[Orai]], Charkhari bus stand (near Ramleela maidan), and Jalalpur Bus. Regular bus services are available to nearby towns like [[Mahoba]], [[Banda, Uttar Pradesh|Banda]], [[Maudaha]], [[Orai]], [[Chitrakoot district|Chitrakoot]], [[Hamirpur, Uttar Pradesh|Hamirpur]]. Rath is also well connected with [[Allahabad]], [[Varanasi]], [[Kanpur]], [[Lucknow]], [[Delhi]], [[Agra]], [[Jhansi]], [[Noida]], [[Jaipur]], [[Mathura]], and [[Ajmer]].<br /> <br /> ===Railways===<br /> Rath is not directly linked with railways. The nearest railway stations are Halparpur which is 45&amp;nbsp;km away, and [[Kulpahar]], which is 47&amp;nbsp;km away. Another nearby railway station is [[Orai]], at a distance of 55&amp;nbsp;km from Rath.<br /> <br /> ==Notable people==<br /> &lt;!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their OWN article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---&gt; <br /> &lt;!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by the LAST NAME ♦♦♦---&gt;<br /> * [[Ramchandra Shukla]], historian of [[Hindi literature]].<br /> * [[Yogesh Tripathi]], Indian television actor.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Commons category|Rath, Uttar Pradesh}}<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Hamirpur district, Uttar Pradesh}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Hamirpur district, Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Cities in Bundelkhand]]</div>

AdvAcademy01 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Test,_2007%E2%80%9308_Border%E2%80%93Gavaskar_Trophy&diff=533854 2026-01-12T17:00:22Z

<p>AdvAcademy01: details!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Cricket match}}<br /> <br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox cricket final<br /> | title = Second Test, 2007–08 Border–Gavaskar Trophy<br /> | partof = [[Australian cricket team in India in 2007–08]]<br /> | image = File:SteveBucknor.JPG<br /> | imagesize = <br /> | caption = [[Umpire (cricket)|Umpire]] [[Steve Bucknor]], whose decisions in the Test were controversial and led to him being dropped from officiating in the Third Test.<br /> | event = <br /> | team1 = [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]]<br /> | team1flag = {{flagicon|AUS|size=40px}}<br /> | team2 = [[India national cricket team|India]]<br /> | team2flag = {{flagicon|IND|size=40px}}<br /> | details = Australia won by 122 runs<br /> | team1score1 = 463<br /> | team1overs1 = 112.3 overs<br /> | team1score2 = 7/401[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]]<br /> | team1overs2 = 107 overs<br /> | team2score1 = 532 <br /> | team2overs1 = 138.2 overs<br /> | team2score2 = 210<br /> | team2overs2 = 70.5 overs<br /> | date = 2–6 January 2008<br /> | stadium = [[Sydney Cricket Ground]]<br /> | city = [[Sydney]]<br /> | man_of_the_match = [[Andrew Symonds]] (Aus) <br /> | umpires = [[Steve Bucknor]] (WI) and [[Mark Benson]] (Eng)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Second Test''' in the [[Indian cricket team in Australia in 2007–08|Indian cricket team's tour of Australia for the 2007–08 summer]] was a [[Test cricket]] match played over five days at the [[Sydney Cricket Ground]] from 2 to 6 January 2008. [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] won the match by 122 runs with minutes to spare at the end of the fifth day.<br /> <br /> The match attained notoriety owing to the number of controversial [[Umpire (cricket)|umpiring]] decisions given by international umpires [[Steve Bucknor]] and [[Mark Benson]] and accusations of poor sportsmanship against Australian players and [[Harbhajan Singh]]. However, twelve years after the match in 2020, in a podcast on Sky Cricket, Ricky Ponting admitted that India got the &quot;raw end of umpiring decisions&quot; and acknowledged that some key umpiring decisions went against India in the match.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ponting podcast 2020&quot; /&gt; In July 2020, Steve Bucknor, who was one of the field umpires in the match, said that he made two mistakes which cost India the match.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=&lt;!--not stated--&gt; |title=Allowed an Australian to score a century: Steve Bucknor admits his 'two mistakes' might have 'cost' India the Sydney Test in 2008 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/allowed-an-australian-to-score-a-century-steve-bucknor-admits-his-two-mistakes-might-have-cost-india-the-sydney-test-in-2008/story-jTL5U28QEwNxfMqJB755HI.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=2020-07-20 |access-date=2022-08-18}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The match ended in a dramatic defeat of the Indian team in the final ten minutes of the five-day match, with some commentators suggesting that the umpiring mistakes had a major impact on the course of the match.&lt;ref name=BBC7174992&gt;{{cite news | publisher = BBC | url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/7174992.stm | title=India to continue Australia tour | access-date=8 January 2008 | date=8 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The result ensured that Australia retained the [[Border–Gavaskar Trophy]], as well as taking [[Ricky Ponting]]'s team to 16 consecutive Test wins, equalling the previous Test record, also held by Australia under [[Steve Waugh]]. The controversy was termed by parts of the media as ''Bollyline'', a reference to the 1930s controversy [[Bodyline]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> | url = http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/sport/2008/01/08/spirit_issue_haunts_ponting_as.html<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080112103843/http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/sport/2008/01/08/spirit_issue_haunts_ponting_as.html<br /> | url-status = dead<br /> | archive-date = 12 January 2008<br /> | title = Spirit issue haunts Ponting as punters desert boorish Baggy Green<br /> | newspaper = The Guardian<br /> | access-date = 7 January 2008<br /> | date = 7 January 2008<br /> | author = Alex Brown<br /> | location=London<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; The name, a [[portmanteau]] of [[Bodyline]] and [[Bollywood]], is tongue in cheek, but by referencing Bodyline, hints at the potential seriousness of the rift between the Indians and Australians.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hobson |first=Richard |date=7 January 2008 |title=Cricket split by Bollyline tour |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/cricket-split-by-bollyline-tour-sppnpk55325 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222115514/https://www.thetimes.com/article/cricket-split-by-bollyline-tour-sppnpk55325 |archive-date=22 February 2025 |access-date=22 February 2025 |website=The Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indeed, according to [[Steve Waugh]], the affair &quot;now has the potential to affect relations between the countries&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dileep&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Controversies abounded; as well as the multiple umpiring incidents that were placed in the spotlight by the narrowness of the victory, Indian spinner [[Harbhajan Singh]] was charged with racial abuse in an altercation with [[Andrew Symonds]]. Harbhajan&lt;!--He is usually referred to by his given name, as he is a Sikh.--&gt; was banned by the match referee [[Mike Procter]] for three Test matches although the charges were downgraded on 29 January 2008 to the lesser charge of using abusive language and the ban was lifted. The Indian team had earlier protested and threatened to pull out of the tour.&lt;ref name=&quot;pressrelease&quot;&gt;{{cite press release | title=Harbhajan Singh found guilty of offence under ICC's Code of Conduct |publisher=ICC |date=7 January 2008 |url=http://icc-cricket.yahoo.com/media-release/2008/january/media-release20080107-7.html |access-date=8 January 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The match produced bitterness on both sides and an announcement by the Indian team that they would abandon their tour, followed by dramatic intervention by the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC).<br /> <br /> __TOC__<br /> <br /> ==Context==<br /> {{main|Indian cricket team in Australia in 2007–08}}<br /> Australia had won the first Test played the previous week at the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] by a margin of 337 runs, needing only four days to secure victory. Australia were seeking a 16th consecutive Test win to equal the record set by [[Steve Waugh]]'s team between late-1999 and early-2001.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=399 and counting for Gilchrist |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/399-and-counting-for-gilchrist-328102 |access-date=2 February 2021 |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=A century for Ganguly |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ganguly-reaches-100-test-milestone-327425 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2 February 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The first match, which was also [[Saurav Ganguly]]'s 100th match, had led to media consternation about the appropriateness of India's batting strategy. [[Rahul Dravid]] had been promoted up the batting order from number three to open along with [[Wasim Jaffer]], while regular opener [[Dinesh Karthik]] was dropped prior to the first Test. This was done to create a middle-order vacancy for [[Yuvraj Singh]], who had scored a century in India's previous Test, when he substituted for the injured [[Sachin Tendulkar]]. During the first Test, both Dravid and Jaffer failed to pass 20 in either innings, with the former attracting attention for his particularly slow and defensive approach. This allowed the Australian bowling to assert control over the Indian batsmen from the outset and prevent them from gaining the momentum at the outset. Yuvraj also failed; he was particularly fidgety in scoring 0 and 5. The failures of the rearranged line-up prompted calls for the return of [[Virender Sehwag]], who had been taken on tour as the reserve opener. Sehwag had been dropped from the side in early-2007 and had been unproductive in recent [[Ranji Trophy]] matches in India; however, his extremely aggressive approach had been successful against Australia in the past and cricket pundits felt that he could counter-attack the Australian bowlers, rather than letting their new ball attack seize the initiative. Jaffer, Dravid and Yuvraj were all mooted as possible omissions to make way for Sehwag.<br /> Australia fielded an unchanged XI, whereas India made one change: the injured [[Zaheer Khan]] was replaced by fellow paceman [[Ishant Sharma]], a 19-year-old playing in his third Test match.<br /> <br /> The match was preceded by speculation as to how attractive the play would be. The first Test was played on a pitch that was slow and somewhat irregular in behaviour, and the commentators were optimistic that the second Test would lead to more attractive batting, particularly from the Indians, who had amassed 7/705 and 2/211 in their previous outing in 2003–04. Tendulkar (148* in 1991–92, 241* in 2003–04) and [[V. V. S. Laxman]] (167 in 1999–2000, 178 in 2003–04) had both scored much-lauded Test centuries at the ground.<br /> <br /> ==Scorecard==<br /> <br /> ===Match officials===<br /> * '''On-field umpires''': [[Steve Bucknor]] (WI) and [[Mark Benson]] (Eng)<br /> * '''TV umpire''': [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Aus)<br /> * '''Reserve umpire''': [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)<br /> * '''Match referee''': [[Mike Procter]] (SA)<br /> <br /> === Summary ===<br /> {{Test match |<br /> date = 2–6 January | <br /> team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}} |<br /> team2 = {{cr|IND}} |<br /> <br /> score-team1-inns1 = 463 (112.3 overs) |<br /> runs-team1-inns1 = [[Andrew Symonds]] 162[[Not out|*]] (226) |<br /> wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Anil Kumble]] 4/106 (25.3 overs) |<br /> <br /> score-team2-inns1 = 532 (138.2 overs) |<br /> runs-team2-inns1 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 154[[Not out|*]] (243) |<br /> wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Brett Lee]] 5/119 (32.2 overs) |<br /> <br /> score-team1-inns2 = 7/401[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (107 overs) |<br /> runs-team1-inns2 = [[Michael Hussey]] 145[[Not out|*]] (259) |<br /> wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Anil Kumble]] 4/148 (40 overs) |<br /> <br /> score-team2-inns2 = 210 (70.5 overs)|<br /> runs-team2-inns2 = [[Sourav Ganguly]] 51 (56) |<br /> wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Michael Clarke (cricketer)|Michael Clarke]] 3/5 (1.5 overs) |<br /> <br /> result = Australia won by 122 runs |<br /> venue = [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]] |<br /> umpires = [[Mark Benson]] (Eng) and [[Steve Bucknor]] (WI) |<br /> motm = [[Andrew Symonds]] (Aus) |<br /> report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ausvind/engine/current/match/291352.html Scorecard] |<br /> rain = |<br /> notes = Australia equalled the record of sixteen consecutive test wins set by them in 2000-01<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===Australian innings===<br /> {| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 85%; border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: center; width: 100%;&quot; class=wikitable<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;1&quot; | {{cr|AUS}}<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | First Innings<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Second Innings<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Batsman]]<br /> ! [[Dismissal (cricket)|Method of dismissal]]<br /> ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]]<br /> ! [[Dismissal (cricket)|Method of dismissal]]<br /> ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Phil Jaques]] || [[Caught (cricket)|c]] [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni|Dhoni]] [[bowling (cricket)|b]] [[R. P. Singh]] || 0 || c [[Yuvraj Singh]] b [[Anil Kumble|Kumble]] || 42<br /> |-<br /> | [[Matthew Hayden]] || c [[Sachin Tendulkar|Tendulkar]] b [[R. P. Singh]] || 13 || c [[Wasim Jaffer|Jaffer]] b [[Anil Kumble|Kumble]] || 123<br /> |-<br /> | [[Captain (cricket)|*]] [[Ricky Ponting]] || [[Leg before wicket|lbw]] b [[Harbhajan Singh]] || 55 || c [[V. V. S. Laxman|Laxman]] b [[Harbhajan Singh]] || 1<br /> |-<br /> | [[Michael Hussey]] || c [[Sachin Tendulkar|Tendulkar]] b [[R. P. Singh]] || 41 || [[not out]] || 145<br /> |-<br /> | [[Michael Clarke (cricketer)|Michael Clarke]] || [[Leg before wicket|lbw]] b [[Harbhajan Singh]] || 1 || c [[Rahul Dravid|Dravid]] b [[Anil Kumble|Kumble]] || 0<br /> |-<br /> | [[Andrew Symonds]] || [[not out]] || 162 || c [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni|Dhoni]] b [[R. P. Singh]] || 61<br /> |-<br /> | [[Wicket-keeper|+]] [[Adam Gilchrist]] || c [[Sachin Tendulkar|Tendulkar]] b [[R. P. Singh]] || 7 || c [[Yuvraj Singh]] b [[Anil Kumble|Kumble]] || 1<br /> |-<br /> | [[Brad Hogg]] || c [[Rahul Dravid|Dravid]] b [[Anil Kumble|Kumble]] || 79 || c [[Rahul Dravid|Dravid]] b [[Harbhajan Singh]] || 1<br /> |-<br /> | [[Brett Lee]] || [[Leg before wicket|lbw]] b [[Anil Kumble|Kumble]] || 59 || [[not out]] || 4<br /> |-<br /> | [[Mitchell Johnson]] || c [[Saurav Ganguly|Ganguly]] b [[Anil Kumble|Kumble]] || 28 || || –<br /> |-<br /> | [[Stuart Clark]] || [[Leg before wicket|lbw]] b [[Anil Kumble|Kumble]] || 0 || || –<br /> |-<br /> | [[Extra (cricket)|Extras]] || || 18 || || 23<br /> |-<br /> | '''Total''' || (112.3 [[Over (cricket)|overs]]) || '''463''' || (7 wickets [[Declaration and forfeiture|declared]]; 107 overs) || '''401'''<br /> |}<br /> {| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 85%; border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: center; width: 100%;&quot; class=wikitable<br /> |-<br /> ! {{cr|IND}}<br /> ! colspan=&quot;4&quot; | First Innings<br /> !<br /> ! colspan=&quot;4&quot; | Second Innings<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Bowler (cricket)|Bowler]]<br /> ! [[Over (cricket)|Overs]]<br /> ! [[Maiden over|Maidens]]<br /> ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]]<br /> ! [[Wicket]]s<br /> !<br /> ! [[Over (cricket)|Overs]]<br /> ! [[Maiden over|Maidens]]<br /> ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]]<br /> ! [[Wicket]]s<br /> |-<br /> || [[R. P. Singh]] || 26 || 3 || 124 || 4 || || 16 || 2 || 74 || 1<br /> |-<br /> || [[Ishant Sharma]] || 23 || 3 || 87 || 0 || || 14 || 2 || 59 || 0<br /> |-<br /> || [[Sourav Ganguly]] || 6 || 1 || 13 || 0 || || – || – || – || –<br /> |-<br /> || [[Harbhajan Singh]] || 27 || 3 || 108 || 2 || || 33 || 6 || 92 || 2<br /> |-<br /> || [[Anil Kumble]] || 25.3 || 0 || 106 || 4 || || 40 || 3 || 148 || 4<br /> |-<br /> || [[Sachin Tendulkar]] || 5 || 0 || 14 || 0 || || 2 || 0 || 6 || 0<br /> |-<br /> || [[Yuvraj Singh]] || – || – || – || – || || 2 || 0 || 11 || 0<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===India innings===<br /> <br /> {| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 85%; border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: center; width: 100%;&quot; class=wikitable<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;1&quot; | {{cr|IND}}<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | First Innings<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Second Innings (target 333)<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Batsman]]<br /> ! [[Dismissal (cricket)|Method of dismissal]]<br /> ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]]<br /> ! [[Dismissal (cricket)|Method of dismissal]]<br /> ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Wasim Jaffer]] || [[bowling (cricket)|b]] [[Brett Lee|Lee]] || 3 || c [[Michael Clarke (cricketer)|Clarke]] b [[Brett Lee|Lee]] || 0<br /> |-<br /> | [[Rahul Dravid]] || c [[Matthew Hayden|Hayden]] b [[Mitchell Johnson (cricketer)|Johnson]] || 53 || c [[Adam Gilchrist|Gilchrist]] b [[Andrew Symonds|Symonds]] || 38<br /> |-<br /> | [[V. V. S. Laxman]] || c [[Michael Hussey|Hussey]] b [[Brad Hogg|Hogg]] || 109 || [[Leg before wicket|lbw]] b [[Stuart Clark|Clark]] || 20<br /> |-<br /> | [[Sachin Tendulkar]] || [[not out]] || 154 || b [[Stuart Clark|Clark]] || 12<br /> |-<br /> | [[Saurav Ganguly]] || c [[Michael Hussey|Hussey]] b [[Brad Hogg|Hogg]] || 67 || c [[Michael Clarke (cricketer)|Clarke]] b [[Brett Lee|Lee]] || 51<br /> |-<br /> | [[Yuvraj Singh]] || [[Leg before wicket|lbw]] b [[Brett Lee|Lee]] || 12 || c [[Adam Gilchrist|Gilchrist]] b [[Andrew Symonds|Symonds]] || 0<br /> |-<br /> | [[Wicket-keeper|+]] [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni|MS Dhoni]] || c [[Adam Gilchrist|Gilchrist]] b [[Brett Lee|Lee]] || 2 || [[Leg before wicket|lbw]] b [[Andrew Symonds|Symonds]] || 35<br /> |-<br /> | [[Captain (cricket)|*]] [[Anil Kumble]] || c [[Adam Gilchrist|Gilchrist]] b [[Brett Lee|Lee]] || 2 || [[not out]] || 45<br /> |-<br /> | [[Harbhajan Singh]] || c [[Michael Hussey|Hussey]] b [[Mitchell Johnson]] || 63 || c [[Michael Hussey|Hussey]] b [[Michael Clarke (cricketer)|Clarke]] || 7<br /> |-<br /> | [[R. P. Singh]] || c [[Adam Gilchrist|Gilchrist]] b [[Stuart Clark|Clark]] || 13 || [[Leg before wicket|lbw]] b [[Michael Clarke (cricketer)|Clarke]] || 0<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ishant Sharma]] || [[Caught and bowled|c &amp; b]] [[Brett Lee|Lee]] || 23 || c [[Michael Hussey|Hussey]] b [[Michael Clarke (cricketer)|Clarke]] || 0<br /> |-<br /> | [[Extra (cricket)|Extras]] || || 18 || || 23<br /> |-<br /> | '''Total''' || (138.2 [[Over (cricket)|overs]]) || '''532''' || (70.5 overs) || '''210'''<br /> |}<br /> {| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 85%; border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: center; width: 100%;&quot; class=wikitable<br /> |-<br /> ! {{cr|AUS}}<br /> ! colspan=&quot;4&quot; | First Innings<br /> !<br /> ! colspan=&quot;4&quot; | Second Innings<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Bowler (cricket)|Bowler]]<br /> ! [[Over (cricket)|Overs]]<br /> ! [[Maiden over|Maidens]]<br /> ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]]<br /> ! [[Wicket]]s<br /> !<br /> ! [[Over (cricket)|Overs]]<br /> ! [[Maiden over|Maidens]]<br /> ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]]<br /> ! [[Wicket]]s<br /> |-<br /> || [[Brett Lee]] || 32.2 || 5 || 119 || 5 || || 13 || 3 || 34 || 2<br /> |-<br /> || [[Mitchell Johnson]] || 37 || 2 || 148 || 2 || || 11 || 4 || 33 || 0<br /> |-<br /> || [[Stuart Clark]] || 25 || 3 || 80 || 1 || || 12 || 4 || 32 || 2<br /> |-<br /> || [[Andrew Symonds]] || 7 || 1 || 19 || 0 || || 19 || 5 || 51 || 3<br /> |-<br /> || [[Brad Hogg]] || 30 || 2 || 121 || 2 || || 14 || 2 || 55 || 0<br /> |-<br /> || [[Michael Clarke (cricketer)|Michael Clarke]] || 7 || 1 || 28 || 0 || || 1.5 || 0 || 5 || 3<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Progress of play==<br /> <br /> ===Day one===<br /> Australia won the toss and elected to bat on a pitch offering some moisture and grass on the first morning, but predicted to be a good batting track for days two to three and slowly develop into a spinner's track by day five. After bowling a maiden to start the day, [[R. P. Singh]] dismissed Jaques, who was trying to square cut uppishly on the back foot, for a [[duck (cricket)|duck]]. In the ninth over of the day Hayden edged Singh to the left of the wicket-keeper [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]], who was off balance and left the catch to [[slip (cricket)|first slip]] Tendulkar. Australia were 2/27 with Ponting and Hussey at the crease.&lt;ref name=&quot;CricinfoCommentary&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> An appeal for Ponting caught down the leg side by wicket-keeper Dhoni from Ganguly when he was on just 14 was turned down by umpire [[Mark Benson]] with Australia 2/55. Just prior to lunch, with Sharma hit for 10 runs off one over, the spinners [[Harbhajan Singh]] and [[Anil Kumble]] came into the attack. Harbhajan produced a stumping opportunity against Ponting in which the ball flicked the pad and was not gloved by Dhoni, running away for two [[bye (cricket)|byes]]. Ponting and Hussey survived to lunch with Ponting scoring a half century and Australia at 2/95.&lt;ref name=&quot;CricinfoCommentary&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Andrew symonds (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Andrew Symonds]] (pictured in the match), who charged Harbhajan with racial abuse towards him, scored 162 in the first innings and 61 in the second]]<br /> After lunch, Ponting began looking dangerous, scoring three fours off one R. P. Singh over before he was dismissed by Harbhajan Singh adjudged LBW despite getting an inside edge on the ball prior to the ball hitting the pad. Australia were 3/119 at the end of the 30th over. Hussey edged the first ball of the next over to Tendulkar who took a low catch at first slip, bringing [[Andrew Symonds]] to the crease. [[Michael Clarke (cricketer)|Michael Clarke]] fell in the over after, not offering a shot to a straight, full ball on leg stump and being adjudged [[leg before wicket|LBW]], leaving Australia at 5/121. Singh soon drew an edge from Gilchrist to Tendulkar at first slip once again, who had to dive forward to take the catch. With only one specialist batsman remaining, Australia were at 6/135, with India having the clear upper hand.&lt;ref name=&quot;CricinfoCommentary&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The new batsman [[Brad Hogg]] played his natural attacking game while Symonds started slowly. The two batsmen put the pressure back on India and took the score to 6/193 in the 47th over, having scored 56 off the last 10 overs. In that over by Sharma, Symonds, then on 30, nicked the ball to wicketkeeper Dhoni, however [[Steve Bucknor]] deemed the batsman not out. By tea, Australia were 6/214 with Hogg on 47 and Symonds on 38.&lt;ref name=&quot;CricinfoCommentary&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Immediately after tea, Hogg brought up his 50 with a boundary through the gully region. In the 56th over with Australia on 6/238, Symonds was given not out by the third umpire in a close stumping call when replays were inconclusive as to whether his back foot was off the ground.&lt;ref&gt;[http://in.sports.yahoo.com/080102/43/6p4t1.html Lucky to be given not out twice: Symonds]&lt;/ref&gt; India's frustration increased as Symonds increased his tempo and overtook Hogg, who had stalled in the 70s. Australia's run-rate continued to rise, with singles and boundaries coming frequently. Symonds reached his century in the 70th over with Australia on 6/305 and Hogg on 78. Hogg was out two overs later, edging to Dravid at slip. [[Brett Lee]] came in and survived until the end of the day. 19-year-old Sharma was jeered by the crowd for losing his run-up three times in one over. Australia finished the day at 7/376.<br /> <br /> ===Day two===<br /> [[File:Batsman crouches.jpg|thumb|[[Saurav Ganguly]] batting during the match.]]<br /> India began the day hoping to dismiss the Australian lower order quickly. A breeze had picked up speed through the ground and those bowling from the Paddington End had the advantage of running in with the breeze and bowling faster. However, Lee continued to resist, reaching 50 from 100 balls in the 98th over.&lt;ref name=&quot;CricinfoCommentary&quot;/&gt; Lee eventually fell five overs later for 59, leaving Australia at 8/421. [[Mitchell Johnson (cricketer)|Mitchell Johnson]] made a quick 28 from 29 balls before falling to Kumble, [[Stuart Clark]] fell two overs later and Australia were all out for 463.&lt;ref name=&quot;CricinfoCommentary&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Jaffer and Dravid began India's innings by successfully negotiating a tricky period of three overs prior to lunch. They did not score any runs in this period. Lee was controlled and bowled two short balls at Jaffer before trapping him with a low, swinging, yorker. Replays revealed that Lee had bowled a [[no-ball]] by overstepping the bowling mark, but the dismissal left India 1/8. Laxman and Dravid consolidated the fall of the early wicket and batted steadily, although Dravid survived a catch from a no-ball, this time from Johnson. Dravid was defensive while Laxman wristily pushed the ball to the cover and midwicket boundaries. At the end of the 15th over, a Johnson over that went for 19 runs, India were 1/69 and Laxman was on 45 from 31 balls.&lt;ref name=&quot;CricinfoCommentary&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> After his initial fast start, Laxman settled into a more sedate rate of scoring, while Dravid continued to go slowly. After one particularly long period without scoring a run, Dravid's next single was loudly greeted with ironic applause and he raised his bat to humorously acknowledge the crowd. Dravid made 55 while Laxman scored his third century in as many Tests at the SCG, but was fortunate to survive a close LBW call. The Australians took late wickets, removing both Laxman (109) and Dravid in quick succession to leave Tendulkar and Ganguly at the crease. The new pair survived to stumps with the score on 3/215.<br /> <br /> ===Day three===<br /> [[File:Tendulkar closup.jpg|thumb|[[Sachin Tendulkar]] celebrating his century in the match.]]<br /> The day started with Tendulkar and Ganguly in an aggressive mood with both batsmen lifting [[Brad Hogg]] for [[six (cricket)|sixes]] and scoring many boundaries. Ganguly was particularly successful, reaching 67 from 78 balls before lofting Hogg to mid-off against the run of play. Tendulkar was fortunate to survive a close LBW call. When Yuvraj replaced Ganguly at the crease, India's momentum slowed as he had difficulties dealing with the second new ball, before being trapped LBW. The lunch break came soon after, and Dhoni was quickly removed by Lee as was Kumble shortly after the resumption, leaving India seven wickets down and more than a hundred runs behind. Harbhajan joined Tendulkar and scored quickly to begin with, from a series of risky shots. He then settled down and began batting in a more orthodox manner, providing steady support to Tendulkar. Harbhajan and Tendulkar passed their half-century and century respectively after the tea break, as the eighth wicket partnership passed 100. It was after Harbhajan passed 50 that his altercation with Symonds occurred, leading umpire Benson to speak to Harbhajan. Harbhajan was then dismissed and India surpassed Australia's total. Singh and Sharma then scored 13 and 23 respectively before India were bowled out. Tendulkar finished with 154 not out and raised some eyebrows for continually taking the single from the first ball of the over and handing the strike to Singh and Sharma, the latter of whom had previously only scored 17 runs at Test level. India had a 68-run lead. Hayden and Jaques were unbeaten at stumps, having survived five overs.<br /> <br /> ===Day four===<br /> Australia started the day slowly as the Indian pace pair of R. P. Singh and Sharma bowled accurately. After a short rain delay, the Australians began to seize the initiative and soon wiped out their first innings deficit. Approaching lunch, Jaques was out to Kumble after a lofted sweep went to the fielder on the fence. Ponting came to the crease but was caught at silly point off the first ball he faced from Harbhajan, sparking major celebrations among the Indians, including two half-commando rolls from Harbhajan.&lt;ref name=&quot;CricinfoCommentary&quot;/&gt; After lunch, Hayden and Hussey rebuilt Australia's innings with the former scoring another hundred. Ponting acted as his runner due to an injury he collected while batting. Hayden was eventually dismissed by Kumble for 123 while attempting a reverse sweep. The very next ball Kumble claimed Clarke for a [[duck (cricket)|golden duck]]. On a hat trick, Kumble hit Symonds on the pads sparking a loud appeal which was turned down. Symonds and Hussey saw Australia to stumps with a healthy lead.<br /> <br /> ===Day five===<br /> Australia started the final day at a slower rate than had been expected. Hussey went on to make his first century against India and finished the innings on 145 not out. Symonds also scored a half century before being caught behind trying to lift the run rate. Australia declared setting India a target of 333 to win. Some commentators, such as [[Tony Greig]], believed that Ponting had declared too late in the innings. The situation of the game meant that India needed a run rate of well over 4, highly unlikely on the fifth-day SCG pitch. Australia needed 10 wickets to win in a minimum of 72 overs.<br /> <br /> Before lunch Jaffer fell in the first over to Lee yet again (just as in all of his innings so far on the tour). The innings resumed after lunch but India were unable to stabilise the innings, with Tendulkar and Laxman both falling cheaply, leaving Dravid and Ganguly at the crease. A crucial moment came when Dravid and Ganguly were both batting and Dravid padded up to a ball from Symonds. It was caught by Gilchrist and Dravid was given out caught behind although replays showed the ball only hitting his pad with his bat hidden behind. In the same over, the nervous Yuvraj was out for a duck, putting India five wickets down with more than a session remaining. Ganguly was the stand-out batsman scoring 51 until being adjudged caught at slips, with the replays inconclusive, and in accordance with a pre-series agreement between the two captains, the word of the fielder was relied upon.<br /> <br /> [[File:Pm cricket shots09 5995.jpg|thumb|[[Michael Clarke (cricketer)|Michael Clarke]] took three wickets with five minutes remaining to win a drawn match.]]<br /> For a period thereafter, Dhoni and Kumble began to steady India. After surviving a few appeals and inside edges that narrowly evaded the close-in fielders at the start of their innings, they began to deal with the bowling more solidly. Dhoni adopted a strategy of padding up to as many balls from the Australian spinners as possible outside off stump, but eventually, the umpire ruled against him with less than 40 minutes remaining. However, Harbhajan came in to join his captain and appeared comfortable.<br /> <br /> With either two or three overs remaining on day five (depending on how fast the overs were bowled) the game looked certain for a draw (as India still had three wickets in hand and were 122 runs behind). But Clarke, in just his second over, took two wickets in consecutive balls to be on a hat-trick. The first ball of his second over reared after drawing a puff of dust, caught the shoulder of Harbhajan's bat and flew to Hussey at slip, and R. P. Singh padded up to his first ball and was adjudged lbw. There was an extensive delay as the last batsman Sharma took to the field with two right-handed gloves and had to wait for the correct glove to be brought out to him. This led to suspicion that the Sharma's actions were not accidental but a time-wasting ploy. Clarke took the final wicket, Sharma, in the same over, giving Australia victory. Kumble finished the day unbeaten on 45.<br /> <br /> === Summary ===<br /> The test was tightly contested, setting up a fifth (final) day in which the match could have been won by either team, but was most likely to be drawn. The match featured [[century (cricket)|centuries]] by batsmen on every day of the match. Three four-wicket hauls were achieved and [[Brett Lee]] achieved a [[five-wicket haul]] in the first innings. Both [[Anil Kumble]] and [[Michael Clarke (cricketer)|Michael Clarke]] were, at individual points in the game, on a [[Hat-trick (cricket)|hat-trick]]. [[All-rounder]] [[Andrew Symonds]] was at the centre of much of the action, achieving 162[[not out|*]] and 61 with the bat and taking 3/51 in India's second innings. Symonds was awarded [[man of the match]].<br /> <br /> ==Team reactions==<br /> [[File:Ricky Ponting YM.jpg|thumb|Australian captain Ricky Ponting]]<br /> After the match ended the stadium erupted in cheering as the Indians walked off the field, and the Australians celebrated their record-equalling win, praising [[Michael Clarke (cricketer)|Michael Clarke]]. In an [[ABC Radio Grandstand|ABC radio]] interview on the ground, [[Ricky Ponting]] interrupted himself to tell Clarke to tell commentator [[Tony Greig]] that the [[declaration and forfeiture|declaration]] was timed exactly right. Gilchrist was also audibly heard shouting, &quot;How about that declaration, Tony Greig&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Declaration&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://content-www.cricinfo.com/baggygreen/content/story/329405.html|title=Kumble questions Australia's spirit|access-date=9 January 2008|archive-date=8 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080108070510/http://content-www.cricinfo.com/baggygreen/content/story/329405.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Though the teams later shook hands before heading into the dressing rooms, Kumble showed his displeasure by not shaking hands with the umpires.&lt;ref name=&quot;CricinfoCommentary&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> India expressed their resentment by boycotting the post-match presentation ceremony. In an on-ground interview immediately after the match had finished, [[Anil Kumble]] summed up his view of the game by stating, &quot;Only one team is playing in the spirit of the game&quot; – a statement that alluded to Australian captain [[Bill Woodfull]]'s leaked private admonishment of English manager Sir [[Pelham Warner]] during the [[Bodyline|1932–33 Bodyline series]]. [[Chetan Chauhan]], India's team manager said his players were &quot;agitated and upset by&amp;nbsp;... the incompetent umpires here&amp;nbsp;... [and hoped] that they will not officiate again in the series&quot;.<br /> <br /> Ponting was questioned over the umpiring decisions, the racism row, and the wicket of Ganguly, when he held his finger up to indicate to Benson that Ganguly has been caught. When interviewed later by Indian journalists, Ponting was upset, admonishing them for &quot;questioning my [Ponting's] integrity&quot;.<br /> <br /> The Indian media was skeptical of Ponting's comments about Clarke's disputed catch as well as another that he claimed to have caught but was rejected by the third umpire. Some media outlets questioned Ponting's integrity, with some Indian journalists calling for Ponting to be banned&lt;ref name=&quot;ban&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/01/08/2134267.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080112151804/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/01/08/2134267.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 January 2008|date=8 January 2008|title=Integrity the loser in ugly deadlock|publisher=ABC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ban2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/cricket/2008/jan/07prem.htm|date=7 January 2008|title=Why Ponting should be banned|publisher=Rediff}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ban3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://cricket.indiatimes.com/Former_India_stars_slam_Aussie_media/articleshow/2696599.cms|date=13 January 2008|title=Former India stars slam lopsided Australian media claim|work=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; for appealing for what [[Sunil Gavaskar]] claimed was a grassed catch off Dhoni and claiming Clarke's legal catch of Ganguly.<br /> <br /> The Australian players faced much questioning as a result of the fallout of the incident. They maintained that they played hard but fair. Lee outlined the competitive spirit in the team while Ponting insisted that the only player to have been outside the spirit of the game was on the Indian side.<br /> <br /> Gilchrist commenting on the match and responding to Kumble said:<br /> {{blockquote|Though I have not seen his comments or heard him, but that's what I have been told about. I think that's not right. Definitely we don't feel so and we are not sorry about anything. I do not know what he is referring to. We obviously enjoyed the end result. Both the teams at any point of time in the game could say that they have the upper hand and the other time forth back. So it's topsy-turvy and we just grabbed it from the jaws of the draw I guess. At the end it was thrill. At some of the controversial ground, there was lot of talking points but yeah look we got through.|[[Adam Gilchrist]] – Australian vice-captain&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/007200801071540.htm | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Gilchrist defends on-field behaviour | date=7 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> In regards to the racism issue, Ponting denied he had done anything wrong by singularly reporting Harbhajan. Ponting stated that he was obliged to refer any incidents of racism to officials, as it was widely agreed among the cricket community that racism is unacceptable.<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|When I heard what had taken place with Andrew I immediately informed the umpires and then left the field at the end of the over to inform our team manager, which is what we are instructed to do.<br /> Making this report is not something I wanted to do but something I had to do. I had nothing to gain personally from taking this action. I was doing the right thing by the game.|Ricky Ponting – Australian captain&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/SPORT/01/08/cricket.tour/index.html?section=cnn_latest |title=Cricket tour on despite race row |publisher=CNN |date=8 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080112150815/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/SPORT/01/08/cricket.tour/index.html |archive-date=12 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> Hussey defended his team and said:<br /> {{blockquote|We go out to play as hard as we can but as fair as we can. Ricky Pointing has the support of our team and I would think, every cricketer in Australia. The two teams actually get on very well which is why I've been so shocked by the whole situation. There were a lot of contentious decisions, but the way I was brought up in the game you've got to accept the umpire's decision whether you agree with it or not and it takes a discipline to accept the decision and walk off without showing dissent. I hope Ricky and Anil [Kumble] can get together or the Australian and Indian management can get together and sort something out. I hope that we can work through this and get to Perth. For me it's been hard, uncompromising, tough Test cricket – some of the toughest Test cricket I've faced in my career.|[[Michael Hussey]] – Australian cricketer&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/cricket/weve-nothing-to-be-sorry-about-hussey/2008/01/08/1199554633359.html | work=The Sydney Morning Herald | title=We've nothing to be sorry about: Hussey | date=8 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> After widespread criticism of the Australian team across various media continued, a shocked Ponting promised to ensure that his team's conduct is not seen to be arrogant in future matches. He also said:<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|I think it's important that we sit back and look at that footage. Look at our body language. See if there are areas that we can improve on. We'll look at some of the footage, its perception and the way people see things when they're off the field. I might be talking to opposition players on the field but it might be construed by people watching on television that you're in a slanging or sledging match when that's not the case. What I want is for the Australian cricket team to be the most loved and the most respected sporting side in this country. That’s always been one of my aims and it will continue to be. &lt;br/&gt;One thing I've been conscious of over the last five years I've been captain is that this team is going to be recognised as one of the all-time great Australian cricket teams. But what I've also been conscious of is making sure the guys are remembered as being good people to go along with being great cricketers. &lt;br/&gt;In the last two or three seasons especially, we've actually started to change the perception, the way in which the public see us. There have been less (players reported). We're ultra-conscious of how we play the game and the spirit of cricket which we all signed on to.|[[Ricky Ponting]] – Australian captain&lt;ref name=&quot;clean up&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/11/stories/2008011164222300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113063911/http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/11/stories/2008011164222300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 January 2008|title=Ponting promises to clean up the act|date=11 January 2008|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> Following a team meeting about the spirit of cricket and how to approach a game in which there is increased pressure, Ponting admitted the team needed to &quot;tighten up how we [the Australians] play&quot; although he also said &quot;there were no glaring issues&quot; that needed to be fixed up:<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|&quot;To be 6 for 130 and win a Test with eight or nine minutes to go on the last day, you have obviously played some great cricket, but it hasn't been mentioned very much. However, that's out of our control. All I remember from the game is playing and winning one of the all-time great Tests&quot;|[[Ricky Ponting]] – Australian captain&lt;ref name=&quot;Criticismdrivesponting&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ausvind/content/current/story/330796.html|title=Criticism drives Ponting to improve|date=14 January 2008|access-date=14 January 2008|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> However, twelve years after the match in 2020, in a podcast on Sky Cricket, Ricky Ponting admitted that India got the &quot;raw end of umpiring decisions&quot; and acknowledged that some key umpiring decisions went against India in the match.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ponting podcast 2020&quot;&gt;{{cite news |author=&lt;!--not stated--&gt; |title=India got the 'raw end of umpiring decisions': Ricky Ponting on 2008 Sydney Test |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/india-got-the-raw-end-of-umpiring-decision-ricky-ponting-on-2008-sydney-test/story-2HeOhnVZlLTewudh6mNKKO.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=2020-03-19 |access-date=2022-08-18}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Indian players released few statements about the issue. Kumble wrote in his column in the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' that Ponting was not willing to listen to his pleas that the issue should remain on the field. Kumble claimed that he knew through experience that such an allegation would have major ramifications both on and off the field. Tendulkar reportedly sent a text message to the BCCI saying &quot;Harbhajan is innocent and I can assure you on this&amp;nbsp;... In this hour of crisis, the board should stand by him&quot;. Tendulkar has reportedly denied sending an SMS to [[Sharad Pawar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Tendulkardenial&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/09/stories/2008010959542100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111091747/http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/09/stories/2008010959542100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 January 2008|title= Tendulkar denies sending SMS to Pawar|date=9 January 2008|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Both teams have expressed hope that this issue would not overshadow the cricket.<br /> <br /> ==List of umpiring controversies==<br /> Much of the criticism was attached to Bucknor; &quot;Bucknor had one of his worst matches as an umpire and, at 61, may be nearing the end of his career. [He made]&amp;nbsp;... several errors.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Times&quot;&gt;The Times, 7 January 2008, p. 56, &quot;India feeling hard done by as Clarke turns thrilling finale Australia's way&quot;, Geoffrey Dean&lt;/ref&gt; He had earlier also been the subject of a complaint by India for dubious decisions and inappropriate gestures.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://content-www.cricinfo.com/indvaus/content/story/137816.html|title=Bucknor riles the Indians|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=24 January 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Benson &quot;who had a good match in Melbourne, [the previous Test] did not endear himself for rejecting what looked a plumb leg-before appeal against [[Mike Hussey]]&amp;nbsp;... On 20 at the time, Hussey went on to make an [[not out|unbeaten]] 145.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Times&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Bucknor, from [[Jamaica]] and aged 61 at the time of the Test, was the most experienced umpire in international cricket history, having stood in a record 120 Tests, and is the only umpire to have officiated in over 100 Tests. He had also stood in 167 [[One Day International]]s including five [[Cricket World Cup]] finals up until the Sydney Test.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/51237.html|title=Steve Bucknor|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mark Benson|Benson]] is from [[England]] and aged 49, is a former international and first-class player and had stood in 21 Tests and 61 ODIs up to that point.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/9074.html|title=Mark Benson|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Both umpires were part of the ten-member [[Elite Panel of ICC Umpires]].<br /> <br /> According to [[Cricinfo]], published reports stated that as many as 8 out of 11 controversial umpiring decisions went against the Indians.&lt;ref&gt;[http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ausvind/content/current/story/331049.html Bucknor disappointed]&lt;/ref&gt; The major umpiring controversies were identified by Cricinfo, the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' and [[Star Cricket]] who were referring to live footage of the match:&lt;ref name=&quot;CricinfoCommentary&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ausvind/engine/current/match/291352.html?innings=1;view=commentary|title=Commentary – 2nd Test: Australia v India at Sydney|author=George Binoy and Jenny Thompson|date=2 January 2008|access-date=6 January 2008|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;HTFP&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://epaper.hindustantimes.com/ArticleImage.aspx?article=07_01_2008_001_006&amp;mode=1|date=6 January 2008|access-date=6 January 2008|first=Kadambari|last=Murali|title=Umpires beat India, ICC bans Bhajji |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080110100351/http://epaper.hindustantimes.com/ArticleImage.aspx?article=07_01_2008_001_006&amp;mode=1 |archive-date = 10 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;starsports1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ti9AFeF7zlY|date=6 January 2008|access-date=6 January 2008|title=Umpires win the match for Australia|website=[[YouTube]] }}{{cbignore}}{{Dead YouTube link|date=February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;starsports2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z125uLHDlUU|date=6 January 2008|access-date=6 January 2008|title=Umpire Goof Ups Collection|website=[[YouTube]] }}{{cbignore}}{{Dead YouTube link|date=February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Australian 1st Innings ===<br /> *'''[[Ricky Ponting]] (17) given not out by [[Mark Benson]]''' – Ponting attempted a leg glance off his pads while facing the medium pacers of [[Sourav Ganguly]]. He edged it back to [[wicketkeeper]] [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]]. The appeal was turned down by the umpire. Ponting went on to score 55 runs.<br /> *'''[[Ricky Ponting]] (55) given out by [[Mark Benson]]''' – Ponting inside edged bowler [[Harbhajan Singh]] back onto his back pad. He was adjudged [[leg before wicket|LBW]] after an Indian appeal to the umpire.<br /> *'''[[Andrew Symonds]] (30) given not out by [[Steve Bucknor]]''' – Symonds attempted a push outside off to the bowling of [[Ishant Sharma]], but managed to edge the ball to the wicketkeeper Dhoni. The Indian appeal for caught behind was turned down by Bucknor. Symonds went on to score 162*.<br /> *'''[[Andrew Symonds]] (48) given not out by third umpire [[Bruce Oxenford]]''' – Symonds lifted his back foot while beaten by [[Anil Kumble]], Dhoni appealed for a stumping which was referred to the [[third umpire]]. While analysing the video replays, [[Nine's Wide World of Sports|Channel Nine]] commentators [[Mark Taylor (cricketer)|Mark Taylor]], [[Michael Slater]] and [[Ian Healy]] speculated that it was out. The third umpire turned down the appeal, commentators at Cricinfo saying &quot;in by a whisker, make that half a whisker&quot;. Symonds went on to score 162*.<br /> *'''[[Andrew Symonds]] (148) given not out by [[Steve Bucknor]]''' – Symonds attempted to slide his back-foot into the crease when beaten by [[Harbhajan Singh]], Dhoni appealed for a stumping but Bucknor did not pass the request to the third umpire, adjudging Symonds not out. Cricinfo commentators said &quot;he just appeared to have some part of his foot grounded behind the line&quot;. Symonds went on to score 162*.<br /> <br /> === Indian 1st innings ===<br /> *'''[[Wasim Jaffer]] (3) given out by [[Mark Benson]]''' – Jaffer bowled by a yorker from Brett Lee. Replays show that Lee's front foot was close to outside the crease which would make it a [[no-ball]], however the evidence was not conclusive.&lt;ref name=&quot;starsports1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;starsports2&quot;/&gt;<br /> *'''[[VVS Laxman]] (16) given not out by [[Mark Benson]]''' – Laxman shaped to flick a full ball from Brett Lee down the leg side, further replays indicate the ball would probably have struck middle and leg or leg stump. Laxman went on to score 109.<br /> *'''[[Sachin Tendulkar]] (36) given not out by [[Steve Bucknor]]''' – Tendulkar was struck low on the pad in front of the stumps by the second ball of the 79th over of the Indian innings bowled by Michael Clarke. Bucknor adjudged it not out. Tendulkar went on to score 154 not out.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Lalor |first=Peter| url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/test-furore-just-lack-of-the-draw/story-fna7dq6e-1111115276386 |title=Test furore just lack of the draw | work=The Australian | date=9 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Lalor| url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/sydney-siege-one-slip-from-a-bloodbath/story-fna7dq6e-1111115275296 | title=Sydney siege one slip from a bloodbath | work=The Australian | date=9 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Australian 2nd Innings===<br /> *'''[[Michael Hussey]] (22) given not out by [[Mark Benson]]''' – Hussey is struck on the inside of the right pad deep in the crease off a ball that turned and kept low off the bowling of [[Anil Kumble]]. Hussey went on to score 145*.<br /> *'''[[Michael Hussey]] (45) given not out by [[Mark Benson]]''' – Hussey turns the full face of the bat to the leg side and gets a fine touch to wicket-keeper Dhoni off the bowling of [[R. P. Singh|Rudra Pratap Singh]]. Hussey went on to score 145*.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0,22049,23012604-5006069,00.html | work=The Sunday Telegraph | title=Umpires cruel India again | first=Jon | last=Pierik | date=6 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Indian 2nd innings===<br /> *'''[[Rahul Dravid]] (38) given out by [[Steve Bucknor]]''' – Dravid tucked bat and glove behind his pads as he successfully padded away a delivery from Andrew Symonds. [[Adam Gilchrist]] caught the ball and appealed for caught behind and Bucknor gave it out. Replays revealed a small deflection of the pads going almost straight into Gilchrist's hands.<br /> *'''[[Sourav Ganguly]] (51) given out by [[Mark Benson]]''' – While the TV evidence was inconclusive as to the correctness of the decision, the manner in which it was delivered has generated controversy. Sourav Ganguly edged the ball to [[Michael Clarke (cricketer)|Michael Clarke]] at slip who was engulfed by his teammates in celebration of an apparent catch. Umpire Benson appeared unsure as to whether it carried and instead of referring to third umpire asked captain [[Ricky Ponting]] for clarification.<br /> <br /> == Fallout ==<br /> <br /> ===Background of racism allegations===<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Under construction: Basic guidelines: Deal prior to series, Harbhajan-Symonds incident, Controversy over Ponting reporting it, Harbhajan hearing, [http://icc-cricket.yahoo.com/media-release/2008/january/media-release20080107-7.html] Resultant controversy in India, appeal and accusations of racism for Hogg --&gt;<br /> [[File:Harbhajan Singh bowling.jpg|thumb|Harbhajan Singh, accused of calling Andrew Symonds a monkey, bowling in the nets.]]<br /> &lt;!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Andrew Symonds.jpg|thumb|Andrew Symonds, in an earlier Test match]] --&gt;<br /> During Australia's previous tour of India for seven ODIs in October 2007, Symonds, the only non-white Australian player, was subjected to [[monkey chants]] from some members of the Indian crowd at the fifth ODI in [[Vadodara]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ourman&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Before the start of the tour, Symonds had expressed his displeasure over the celebrations in India over the Twenty20 World Cup win preceding the series.&lt;ref name=&quot;sparked&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/indvaus/content/current/story/312827.html |title='We have been humble, they have got carried away' Symonds sparked by Indian celebrations |date=28 September 2007|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The tournament was won by India after defeating Australia in the semi-finals and Pakistan in the final, and they were given a ticker-tape parade in Mumbai upon their return home.<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|Something has been sparked inside of me, watching them carry on over the last few days. We have had a very successful side and I think watching how we celebrate and how they celebrate, I think we have been pretty humble in the way we have gone about it. And personally, I think they have got far too carried away with their celebrations. It has definitely sparked passion inside of us. It has certainly spiced it up as well. Something gets triggered inside of you, something is burning inside of you – it is your will for success or your animal instinct that wants to bring another team down, We have been at the top for so long, it is like someone has taken the favourite thing you own from you and you want it back.|[[Andrew Symonds]], Australian cricket player.&lt;ref name=&quot;sparked&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> <br /> In an interview after second ODI at [[Kochi, India|Kochi]], Harbhajan criticized the Australian team as bad losers after their defeat to India in the semi-finals of the [[2007 T20 World Cup]], and referred to words that he had exchanged with them in the Kochi match.<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|They clearly did not like that [the Twenty20 loss to India]. They are a very good cricket side, but that does not mean that they can do whatever they want to do. They say they play the game in the right spirit, but they don't in reality. There is nothing gentlemanly about the way they play. I was responding to a lot of vulgar words that were said to me, I don't have any problem with chitchat on the field, so long as it is about the game. But when it is very personal and vulgar, that is not on. They think you cannot fight back and they do not like it when you do.|[[Harbhajan Singh]]&lt;ref name=&quot;vulgar&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/indvaus/content/story/313550.html |title=Harbhajan attacks 'vulgar' Australia |date=4 October 2007|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> During the Kochi match, the Indian paceman [[Sreesanth]] had several heated exchanges with Symonds when Australia were batting, and had to be pulled away from Symonds by teammates after dismissing him. However, Symonds's innings had already laid the platform for an eventual Australian victory.<br /> <br /> The issue regarding Symonds became controversial and came to a climax during the final ODI at the [[Wankhede Stadium]] in [[Mumbai]], where four men were arrested for taunting Symonds with monkey gestures and a large proportion of the crowd booed Symonds when he came out to bat. Symonds fell for a golden duck.<br /> <br /> It was reported in the media that Harbhajan had called Symonds a &quot;monkey&quot; in India, but that no further action was taken after the matter was resolved privately with a promise that it would not be repeated.&lt;ref name=bastard/&gt;<br /> <br /> Prior to this series, the two teams made a deal with the match referees to ensure good conduct. The nature of the deal has been contested by the two sides. The Australians insist that the deal stated that there would be no racism, including calling others monkeys,&lt;ref name=bastard&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2008/01/11/1199988590200.html | location=Melbourne | work=The Age | title='Bastard' not on banned words list | date=12 January 2008 | first=Chloe | last=Saltau}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Harbhajan was accused of breaking his promise to Symonds. The Indian officials believed that the deal also obligated the pair to additionally avoid exchanging words.&lt;ref name=&quot;Saltaulowdown&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/cricket/the-lowdown-on-the-showdown/2008/01/11/1199988590203.html|title=The lowdown on the showdown|last=Saltau|first=Chloe|date=12 January 2008|access-date=12 January 2008|work=[[The Age]] Australia | location=Melbourne}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Justice John Hansen who carried out the appeal for Harbhajan, the pact was broken by Symonds who swore at Harbhajan at the end of the 116th over.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hearing&quot;&gt;[http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2007-08/IND_IN_AUS/icc_commissioner_decision_30012008.pdf John Hansen's report]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Harbhajan banned ===<br /> <br /> During the third day, the controversy restarted. At the end of the 116th over of India's first innings, Harbhajan was batting with Tendulkar in a vital partnership for India, who had just lost a series of quick wickets. Lee was the bowler in that over and Harbhajan had just edged him over the slips for four. Harbhajan then tapped Lee on the backside with his bat, apparently saying &quot;hard luck&quot;, to which Lee did not react. Symonds says he needed to stand up for Lee so in his own words, he &quot;had a bit of a crack at Harbhajan, telling him exactly what I thought of his antics&quot;. Symonds went on to claim that Harbhajan then &quot;shot back&quot; by calling him a monkey.&lt;ref name=&quot;Saltaulowdown&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Symondsstory&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ausvind/content/story/329488.html|title=Symonds tells his side of the story|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|date=6 January 2008|access-date=9 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Symonds stated in the appeal hearing that he believed that Test cricket was no place to be friendly to opposition players, so he spoke to Harbhajan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hearing&quot;/&gt; Under questioning he admitted that he had provoked the incident and used the word &quot;fuck&quot; among other language against Harbhajan, who stated that he then became &quot;very angry&quot; because of the use of this word.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hearing&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Sachin Tendulkar, who was batting at the other end offered his inputs to the umpires, and in the ensuing hearing, and also writes in his autobiography, that he heard Symonds going after Harbhajan repeatedly in an aggressive verbal assault, even before the Brett Lee over, and after this particular incident. He said he heard Harbhajan use the north Indian swear phrase, &quot;Teri ma ki&quot;, which translates to &quot;your mother&quot; in a very derogative meaning.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/sport/sachin-tendulkar-blasts-michael-clarke-ricky-ponting-over-monkeygate/story-e6frg7mf-1227114270530|title=Sachin Tendulkar blasts Michael Clarke, Ricky Ponting over Monkeygate|newspaper=[[The Australian]]|author=Peter Lalor|date=6 November 2014|access-date=23 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Neither umpire heard the comment.&lt;ref name=&quot;NoConfirmFromUmpires&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/solpda/ukfs_sport/hi/newsid_7174000/7174122.stm?item=12032007news|title=No confirmation of Symond claims by umpires|work=[[BBC News]]|date=9 January 2008|access-date=9 January 2008}}{{dead link|date=September 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Following the alleged exchange, commensurate with ICC protocol Ponting reported the incident to Benson and Bucknor, who later reported Harbhajan to the match referee [[Mike Procter]] on the charge of &quot;Using language or gestures that offends, insults, humiliates, intimidates, threatens, disparages or vilifies another person on the basis of that person's race, religion, gender, colour, descent or national or ethnic origin.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0,22049,23008858-5001023,00.html?from=mostpop | work=The Daily Telegraph | title=Harbhajan cited over alleged race slurs towards Symonds | date=5 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kumble called Ponting at the end of the third day and asked him to not press charges against Harbhajan, wanting the issue not to leave the field. Kumble claimed &quot;Having played cricket for this long, [I knew] such an allegation would definitely spiral into what it has now. I anticipated that&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ausvind/content/current/story/330013.html|title=Ponting turned down request – Kumble|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Kumble said that he asked Harbhajan why he did it and received the reply &quot;he hadn't, Symonds did and goaded&quot;, and insisted he made no racist comment. Kumble asked Ponting whether an apology from himself for the on-field altercation, as captain, would suffice (as Harbhajan was not willing to apologise) but, according to Kumble, Ponting was &quot;not willing to listen&quot;. Kumble believed that the offer of an apology was interpreted by Ponting as an admission of guilt, although he explained to the Australian captain that no racist remarks were made.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pontingnotlistening&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Ponting was 'not willing to listen|date=11 January 2008|access-date=11 January 2008|url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ausvind/content/current/story/330300.html|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Australians have had a turbulent relationship with Harbhajan. In 1998, Harbhajan taunted Ponting when he dismissed him, resulting in the pair exchanging words directly in another's face, with both of them docked their match fees. In the historic [[Australian cricket team in India in 2000-01|2000–01 tour of India]], Harbhajan became the first Indian bowler to achieve a hat trick against Australia and also take two [[ten-wicket haul]]s against the Australians. Ponting made only 17 runs at 3.40 during the series, and was dismissed by Harbhajan on each of his five innings. During the 2007–08 particular tour, Harbhajan had claimed that he had the measure of Ponting, pointing to the fact that he has dismissed him six times in the last seven Tests. He claimed Ponting three times in the first four innings of the Australian tour.&lt;ref name=&quot;HarbhajanPonting&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,22996291-2882,00.html |title=Harbhajan has my number: Ponting |last=Pierik |first=Jon |newspaper=[[Herald Sun]] |date=2 January 2008 |access-date=9 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080105130526/http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,22996291-2882,00.html |archive-date=5 January 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The hearing for the incident was initially scheduled to be at the end of the fourth day's play, but it was postponed until after the match for fear that it would aggravate or distract the players.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cricinfohearingpostponed&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Harbhajan hearing postponed|url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/329129.html|date=5 January 2008|access-date=9 January 2008|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mike Procter]], who would be hearing the case, indicated that the umpires had not heard anything in relation to the allegations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cricinfohearingpostponed&quot;/&gt; On the evening after the end of day five, Procter, after listening to the testimony of Hayden, Symonds, Ponting and Gilchrist as well as that of Tendulkar and Harbhajan, declared that Harbhajan would be banned for three Test matches. Included in his final report were the words that &quot;I believe one group is telling the truth&quot;, implying that Tendulkar and Harbhajan were lying in their testimonies, and that the Australian contingent were telling the truth&lt;ref name=&quot;IndiansProcter&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ausvind/content/current/story/329742.html|title=Indians unhappy with Procter|last=Vaidyanathan|first=Siddhartha|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|date=8 January 2008|access-date=9 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Tit for tat ===<br /> <br /> Australian spinner [[Brad Hogg]] was later charged with the same offense as Harbhajan for calling Indian captain [[Anil Kumble]] and vice-captain [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]] &quot;bastards&quot;, a highly offensive term in India, after the BCCI lodged a complaint.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.smh.com.au/news/cricket/hogg-twist-to-abuse-hearing/2008/01/07/1199554494023.html Hogg twist to abuse hearing]&lt;/ref&gt; The term was not on a blacklist submitted by the Indians to match officials before the series, in line with ICC protocol.&lt;ref name=bastard/&gt; Hogg claimed that he did not mean to insult the Indians with the term. The term &quot;bastard&quot; in India is taken literally as someone born out of wedlock; such people often become outcastes and are frowned upon.<br /> <br /> The hearing for Hogg's case was to be held before Procter, and the preliminary date was set for 14 January.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ausvind/content/current/story/329815.html |title=Hogg charged for making 'offensive remark' |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=8 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2008/01/07/1199554494023.html |title=Hogg twist to abuse hearing |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=7 January 2008 |first=Alex |last=Brown |author2=Chloe Saltau }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/indexn12.asp?main_variable=SPORTS&amp;file_name=sprt3%2Etxt&amp;counter_img=3|title=Hogg charged with offence|work=The Pioneer|location=India|access-date=9 January 2008|last= PTI |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080101233456/http://www.dailypioneer.com/indexn12.asp?main_variable=SPORTS&amp;file_name=sprt3.txt&amp;counter_img=3 |archive-date = 1 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; The charges were dropped after the two captains met for peace talks along with ICC match referee [[Ranjan Madugalle]].&lt;ref name=hogg&gt;{{cite web |url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ausvind/content/current/story/330850.html|title=India withdraw charge against Hogg|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=14 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === BCCI suspends tour; ICC mediates ===<br /> <br /> After two test losses, the Indian team announced on 7 January 2008 that they were discontinuing the tour pending the outcome of the appeal against Harbhajan's three match ban.&lt;ref name=bbcban&gt;{{cite news<br /> | url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/7174122.stm<br /> | title = Tour at risk after Harbhajan ban<br /> | work = BBC Sport<br /> | date = 7 January 2008<br /> | access-date = 8 January 2008<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; Rather than travelling on to [[Canberra]], after spending several hours waiting on their tour bus, the Indian team disembarked and remained in Sydney.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> | url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/columnists/kevin_eason/article3149219.ece<br /> | title = The Insider – January&amp;nbsp;8<br /> | newspaper = The Times<br /> | author = Kevin Eason<br /> | access-date = 8 January 2008<br /> | date = 8 January 2008<br /> | location=London<br /> }}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] issued a statement in which they &quot;decided to challenge the unfair decision to suspend Harbhajan Singh&quot;, stating that the ban was &quot;patently unfair&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> | url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/other_international/india/7174821.stm<br /> | title = India cricket board statement<br /> | work = BBC Sport<br /> | date = 7 January 2008<br /> | access-date = 8 January 2008<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tendulkar was reported to have messaged Pawar, saying &quot;I suggest we should play in Perth only if the ban is lifted&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;TendulkarSMS&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://wwos.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=343200|title=Tendulkar SMS 'sparked tour suspension'|date=8 January 2008|access-date=8 January 2008|publisher=[[Nine's Wide World of Sport]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tendulkar denied advocating a boycott.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tendulkardenial&quot; /&gt; However, they went back on the suspension and proceeded to Canberra for their next outing.<br /> <br /> The racism allegation caused considerable backlash from within India. Many, including BCCI chairman [[Sharad Pawar]] have equated it to an attack on the country's people itself, based on the apparent misunderstanding that lead to such an escalation. Pawar told Cricinfo &quot;allegations of racism against a member of our cricket team is not acceptable&amp;nbsp;... We fight against racism. Our country supported anti-racism movements in South Africa.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ausvind/content/current/story/330296.html Pawar given power over tour future]&lt;/ref&gt; Kumble considered the allegation one that should not have been made lightly as the team is meant to be an ambassador for the country and an allegation of racism becomes an issue of honour.<br /> <br /> ICC chief executive [[Malcolm Speed]] announced that &quot;a commissioner will be appointed by Wednesday to hear the appeal, which could take place before the third Test starts in Perth on 16 January.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Row umpire&quot;&gt;{{cite news<br /> | url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/7174992.stm<br /> | title = Row umpire dropped for third Test<br /> | work = BBC Sport<br /> | access-date = 8 January 2008<br /> | date = 8 January 2008<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; The ICC also announced that chief referee [[Ranjan Madugalle]] has been appointed to mediate between Ponting and Kumble to reduce tensions between the two teams.&lt;ref name=&quot;Row umpire&quot;/&gt; One result of these talks was the dropping of the charges against Hogg.&lt;ref name=hogg/&gt; Speed also asked [[Cricket Australia]] to talk to Ponting and other players. Speed was quoted as saying that:<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|The team is being criticised, members of the team are being criticised and they need to be aware of that – they need to respond to that.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.smh.com.au/text/articles/2008/01/09/1199554741537.html |url-status=dead |title=Ponting's men need an image overhaul |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113094254/http://www.smh.com.au/text/articles/2008/01/09/1199554741537.html |archive-date=13 January 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;speed&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080110/jsp/sports/story_8765184.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525204801/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080110/jsp/sports/story_8765184.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 May 2011 |work=The Telegraph, Kolkata|date=10 January 2008|access-date=10 January 2008|title=ICC advice to CA|location=Calcutta, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> Afterwards it was announced by the ICC that an appeal could not be heard before the Third Test, so Harbhajan was free to play until then, regardless of the appeal's result. The ICC also confirmed the [[New Zealand]] High Court judge [[John Hansen (judge)|John Hansen]]'s appointment to oversee the appeal.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReutersHansen&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/topNews/idINIndia-31312020080109|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080112143102/http://in.reuters.com/article/topNews/idINIndia-31312020080109|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 January 2008|title=ICC appoints Hansen to hear Harbhajan appeal | work=[[Reuters]] |access-date=9 January 2008| date=9 January 2008}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 11 January, the BCCI president [[Sharad Pawar]], clarified that the tour would not be canceled even if Harbhajan's appeal failed.&lt;ref name=&quot;nopullout&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ausvind/content/current/story/330433.html|title=No question of a pullout – Pawar|date=12 January 2008|access-date=12 January 2008|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 14 January, the ICC chief executive Malcolm Speed announced that, the appeal would be heard on 29 and 30 January, after the fourth Test in Adelaide. He was quoted as saying that:<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|We would have preferred the appeal to be held earlier but it was not possible. Both [[Cricket Australia|CA]] and the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] have requested the hearing to be held after the Test series for logistical reasons and, following due consideration, Justice Hansen agreed.<br /> The reality is that it is likely to go into a second day as lawyers will be involved, so we needed to have two clear days to assign to it. With just three full days between the third and fourth Tests, we were conscious of the teams' travel arrangements and preparations for the match.&lt;ref name=&quot;AppealDate&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ausvind/content/story/330999.html|title= Harbhajan appeal to be held after Tests|work= Cricinfo|date=14 January 2008|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> Harbhajan did not play in the third Test in Perth as India opted to field only one spinner, Kumble, on what was expected to be a pace-friendly surface, but India opted to recall him for the fourth Test in Adelaide while his appeal was still pending.<br /> <br /> === Bucknor removed ===<br /> <br /> The BCCI called for the removal of Bucknor for the third Test in Perth, although they previously agreed not to interfere with the choice of umpire for any of the matches.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCSport&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/7174122.stm|title=Tour at risk after Harbhajan ban|date=7 January 2008|access-date=8 January 2008|publisher=[[BBC]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 8 January the ICC confirmed Bucknor would be dropped and replaced by New Zealand umpire [[Billy Bowden]],&lt;ref name=&quot;ABC 8Jan&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/01/08/2134298.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312095423/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/01/08/2134298.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 March 2008|title=Bucknor dropped for third Test|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|date=8 January 2008|access-date=8 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web<br /> | url = http://content-www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/329743.html<br /> | title = Bucknor removed from Perth Test<br /> | publisher = ESPNcricinfo<br /> | date = 8 January 2008<br /> | access-date = 8 January 2008<br /> | author = Brydon Coverdale<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; despite previously stating there were no plans to stand him down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web<br /> | url = http://www.stuff.co.nz/stuff/4347552a10133.html<br /> | title = ICC has no plans to stand down Bucknor<br /> | access-date = 8 January 2008<br /> | date = 8 January 2008<br /> | work = Stuff (company)<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Harbhajan acquitted ===<br /> <br /> On 28 January, after the appeal hearing at Adelaide by ICC appeals commissioner Judge [[John Hansen (judge)|John Hansen]], the racism charge on Harbhajan Singh was found to be &quot;not proved&quot;. Harbhajan's three-Test ban was therefore lifted. However, the lesser charge (Level 2.8 offense) of using abusive language was applied and Harbhajan was fined 50% of his match fee.&lt;ref name=&quot;cleared&quot;&gt;{{cite press release | title=Harbhajan Singh cleared of racism charges |publisher=ICC |date=29 January 2008 |url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ausvind/content/current/story/333986.html |access-date=29 January 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Hansen ruled a lack of sufficient evidence.&lt;ref name=&quot;friendly&quot;&gt;{{cite press release | title=Insufficient evidence against Harbhajan – Hansen |publisher=ICC |date=30 January 2008 |url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ausvind/content/story/334196.html |access-date=30 January 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; He was particularly perturbed by the fact the altercation stemmed from Symonds reacting angrily to Harbhajan patting Lee on the backside in recognition of a good delivery.&lt;ref name=&quot;view&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.foxsports.com.au/story/0,8659,23132961-23212,00.html |title=ICC stuff-up cleared Harbhajan |date=30 January 2008|work=[[Fox Sports (Australia)|Fox Sports]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Symonds' inability to conclusively say whether Harbhajan Singh had used the word monkey or a Hindi abuse, and his admission that the language did not fall under the requirements of a level 3.3 offence played a crucial part. Symonds was unable to state if he had heard Harbhajan use a term in his native tongue &quot;teri maa ki&quot; (an offensive Hindi term) which appears to be pronounced with an &quot;n&quot; and accepted that it was a possibility.<br /> <br /> Michael Clarke's account was critical, considering that it did not coincide favourably with the rest of the Australians.<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|It is not without significance that the Australian players maintain other than Mr Symonds that they did not hear any other words spoken, only the ones that are said to be of significance to this hearing. This is a little surprising in the context where there was a reasonably prolonged heated exchange. Indeed Mr Clarke went so far as to say that he did not hear Mr Symonds say anything. Given Mr Symonds' own acceptance that he initiated the exchange and was abusive towards Mr Singh, that is surprising. This failure to identify any other words could be because some of what they were hearing was not in English.|[[John Hansen (judge)|John Hansen]]&lt;ref name=&quot;friendly&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> <br /> In response to Symonds' comment that &quot;a Test match is no place to be friendly with an opposition player&quot;, Hansen said<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|If that is his view I hope it is not one shared by all international cricketers. |[[John Hansen (judge)|John Hansen]]&lt;ref name=&quot;view&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> <br /> Unlike Mike Procter, who thought Tendulkar was not in a position to hear what was uttered, Hansen said &quot;extensive video footage&quot; establishes that Tendulkar &quot;was within earshot and could have heard the words&quot;. According to Hansen, video replays from various camera angles showed that Tendulkar was the closest player to the conversation and was likely to have heard it. Tendulkar admitted words were spoken in both English and Hindi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hearing&quot;/&gt; Hansen also rejected the suggestion that the BCCI and Cricket Australia reached an agreement which he simply rubber-stamped.<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|It is incorrect to suggest that there was some sort of an agreement reached between Australian and Indian cricket authorities that I simply rubber-stamped, I also wish to add that while I was aware of the media furore surrounding this matter, no-one has attempted to apply direct pressure to obtain an outcome.|[[John Hansen (judge)|John Hansen]]&lt;ref name=&quot;influenced&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/7217203.stm |title=Harbhajan judge defends decision |date=30 January 2008|publisher=[[BBC]] | access-date=4 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> He was also critical of all parties involved in the confrontation in Sydney, saying &quot;their actions do not reflect well on them or the game&quot;.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}<br /> <br /> == Reaction in India ==<br /> [[Harsha Bhogle]], an Indian commentator of the channel [[Star Cricket]] said during the commentary when the game ended:<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|Australia won! But did they deserve it?&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first1=4CricketClub |last1=YT |title=The 8 horrendous umpiring errors made during the 2008 SCG Test - India vs Australia, 2nd Test |date=2 December 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l2GuRJkRoC8 |publisher=YouTube |access-date=3 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> During the Clarke's claimed catch and when Ponting held up his finger, the former Indian cricketer [[Sunil Gavaskar]] commented on air:<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|Why is Mr. Benson asking a person who didn't walk off when he was caught behind at 14, and it couldn't be possible that you are lying when you are batting and true while you are fielding. That is nonsense! Utter nonsense! I am sorry Mr. Benson, you got it all wrong.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=India laid low by Bucknor-Benson duo |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india-laid-low-by-bucknor-benson-duo/articleshow/2678856.cms?from=mdr |agency=The Times of India |date=6 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> Gavaskar strongly condemned Procter, accusing him of blatant racism for &quot;taking the 'white man's' word against that of the 'brown man{{'&quot;}} in handling the racism allegations and imposing the ban of three Tests on Harbhajan Singh. Gavaskar was also skeptical regarding the motivation of Australian team in reporting Harbhajan Singh, because he has dismissed Australian captain Ricky Ponting in three times in the current series. In his newspaper column to ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', Gavaskar wrote:<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|Millions of Indians want to know if it was a 'white man' taking the 'white man's' word against that of the 'brown man'. Quite simply if there was no audio evidence nor did the officials hear anything then the charge did not stand. This is what has incensed the millions of Indians who are flabbergasted that the word of one of the greatest players in the history of the game, Sachin Tendulkar, was not accepted. In effect, Tendulkar has been branded a liar by the match referee.<br /> The off spinner has denied having used the word which has caused offence and in the absence of any audio recording and most crucially with both umpires not having heard it, the charge should have been dropped straight away for lack of corroborating evidence. By accepting the word of the Australian players and not the Indian players, the match referee has exposed himself to the charge of taking a decision based not on facts, but on emotion.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/cricket/sunny-slams-ref-aussie-motives/2008/01/14/1200159286472.html|title= Sunny slams ref, Aussie motives|date=14 January 2008|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> [[Madan Lal]], another Indian former player, said Indian players felt umpiring in Australia had been biased against them in the past but was not expected in the era of neutral officials.<br /> {{blockquote|It always happened in the past in Australia, but now matches are televised, there are neutral umpires; it is sheer bad umpiring.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Doherty |first1=Ben |title=Captain, umpires burnt in effigy |date=8 January 2008 |url=https://www.theage.com.au/sport/cricket/captain-umpires-burnt-in-effigy-20080108-ge6l0y.html |access-date=8 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> Indian officials further went on to claim that because &quot;monkey&quot; was not a derogatory word in India it was acceptable.&lt;ref name=&quot;ourman&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2008/01/05/1198950132278.html |title=Our man seriously provoked: Indians |first=Chloe |last=Saltau |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=6 January 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Reaction in Australia==<br /> The Australian team were defended by [[Cricket Australia]], former retired players and sections of the media, but were lambasted by much of the media as well as Australian athletes representing the country in other sports.<br /> <br /> [[Cricket Australia]] chief executive [[James Sutherland (cricketer)|James Sutherland]] defended the Australian players' behaviour, claiming that there had been a &quot;marked improvement&quot; in their on-field attitude and behaviour in recent years.&lt;ref name=&quot;AkramFairfax&quot;/&gt; Paul Marsh, the chief of the Australian Cricketers Association, which represents the country's first-class cricketers, believed the issues to be an instance of &quot;[[tall poppy syndrome]]&quot;, claiming that the only reason Australia was being targeted by the media and opposition teams was that they had been dominating world cricket for too long.&lt;ref name=&quot;AkramFairfax&quot;/&gt; Later, in a ''Sydney Morning Herald'' article, Marsh pointed out that Australia was one of the four nominees to the ICC Spirit of Cricket awards, which occurred in September 2007. Marsh also pointed out that the Hogg incident was the first ICC Code of Conduct violation by the Australian team in 13 months. None of these comments, however approach directly the subject of Aussie sledging.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2008/01/10/1199554831780.html?page=fullpage | work=The Sydney Morning Herald | title=A team second to none, on and off the field | date=11 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Steve Waugh]] writing for [[The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)|''The Daily Telegraph'']] in his article titled &quot;Epic encounter's sour aftertaste&quot; said:<br /> {{blockquote|It's a real pity this magnificent Test match will probably be remembered for all the wrong reasons – and not for the outstanding quality, pressure and the excruciating drama it ultimately provided.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0,22049,23015170-5006069,00.html | work=The Daily Telegraph | title=Epic encounter's bad aftertaste | first=Steve | last=Waugh | date=6 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> He further said that the affair &quot;now has the potential to affect relations between the countries&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dileep&quot;&gt;{{cite news<br /> | url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/cricket/article3149155.ece<br /> | title = Australia finds little in which to glory<br /> | access-date = 8 January 2008<br /> | date = 8 January 2008<br /> | newspaper = The Times<br /> | author = Dileep Premachandran<br /> | location=London<br /> }}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waugh further offered to act as a mediator between the two sides.<br /> <br /> The English journalist and former captain of [[Somerset County Cricket Club]], [[Peter Roebuck]], a columnist for ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'' and ''[[The Age]]'', branded Ponting as &quot;arrogant&quot; and insisted that he be stripped of the captaincy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Peter Roebuck&quot;&gt;[http://www.smh.com.au/news/cricket/arrogant-ponting-must-be-fired/2008/01/07/1199554571883.html &quot;Arrogant Ponting must be fired&quot;], [[Peter Roebuck]] in ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]''&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|If Cricket Australia cares a fig for the tattered reputation of our national team in our national sport, it will not for a moment longer tolerate the sort of arrogant and abrasive conduct seen from the captain and his senior players&amp;nbsp;... Australia itself has been embarrassed. The notion that Ponting can hereafter take the Australian team to India is preposterous&amp;nbsp;... He has shown not the slightest interest in the well-being of the game, not the slightest sign of diplomatic skills, not a single mark of respect for his accomplished and widely admired opponents.&lt;ref name=&quot;Peter Roebuck&quot; /&gt;}}<br /> <br /> There was support for Ponting among some quarters of the media with ''[[The Australian]]''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s [[Malcolm Conn]] suggesting that he was being unfairly targeted.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Doherty |first1=Ben |title=Captain, umpires burnt in effigy |date=8 January 2008 |url=https://www.theage.com.au/sport/cricket/captain-umpires-burnt-in-effigy-20080108-ge6l0y.html |publisher=The Age |access-date=8 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Former player and now coach and commentator [[Geoff Lawson (cricketer)|Geoff Lawson]] was scathing in his description of the team. Speaking to the ''[[Herald Sun]]'', he said:<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|There's certainly been a lot of feeling from ex-players who think the baggy green has been disrespected. Some of these (current) players need to be spoken to. I just think a bit of counselling needs to be done with how these players perceive themselves. As an ex-Australian player I was pretty disappointed.|[[Geoff Lawson (cricketer)|Geoff Lawson]], former Australian player&lt;ref name=&quot;LawsonSun&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,23026855-2882,00.html|title=Former test player Geoff Lawson says Aussies are arrogant|date=9 January 2008|access-date=9 January 2008|newspaper=[[Herald Sun]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> [[America's Cup]]-winning yachtsman [[John Bertrand (Australian sailor)|John Bertrand]], Olympic 1500&amp;nbsp;m gold medal-winning runner [[Herb Elliott]] and world champion marathon runner [[Robert de Castella]], all members of the [[Sport Australia Hall of Fame]], accused the Australian cricket team of turning sport into war and thereby damaging international relations and placing the country in a negative light. John Bertrand, the Hall of Fame chairman, went on to say that:<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|We believe Australia's Test team moral compass needs to be retuned and we want Cricket Australia to know that&amp;nbsp;... We believe the No.1 rule is to show respect for your fellow competitors and currently this does not appear to be the case&amp;nbsp;... Their desire to win at all costs is beginning to blur their moral compass and it would appear that is what happening to the Australian Test team&amp;nbsp;... The fallout that we are seeing at the moment is not acceptable. It's clearly damaging international relations and clearly a lot of people are upset.&lt;ref name=&quot;hof&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/adelaidenow/story/0,22606,23020215-5006301,00.html?from=mostpop|work=Herald Sun|author=GLENN MITCHELL and AAP|title=Bucknor a necessary sacrifice, says ICC|date=9 January 2008|access-date=9 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> [[Kevin Bartlett (Australian rules footballer)|Kevin Bartlett]], former [[Australian rules football]] player, accused the Australian cricket team of bad sportsmanship towards its opponents by saying that:<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|You don't treat them with contempt, you treat them with respect – and I didn't see that from the Aussies&lt;ref name=&quot;hof&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> <br /> [[Glenn McGrath]], a recently retired Australian cricketer who played alongside most of Ponting's men, commented upon the decision to stand down [[Steve Bucknor]] by saying:<br /> {{blockquote|I think it is sad and disappointing that it gets to the stage where you have a bad game and they are calling for your head.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0,22049,23026742-5001023,00.html | title=Bucknor dumping 'ridiculous' says McGrath | date=9 January 2008 | agency=Australian Associated Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> The federal opposition leader in Australia [[Brendan Nelson]] defended Ponting and said:<br /> {{blockquote|It was great game that had all of the qualities, and strength of, any sporting match. Ricky Ponting has a really tough job as captain of the Australian cricket team, people should get off his back.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/cricket/get-off-pontings-back-nelson/2008/01/08/1199554631496.html | work=The Sydney Morning Herald | title=Get off Ponting's back: Nelson | date=8 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> [[Neil Harvey]], member of [[Don Bradman]]'s [[Australian cricket team in England in 1948|''Invincibles'']] as well as the [[Australian Cricket Board Team of the Century]] and [[Australian Cricket Hall of Fame]] inductee, blamed Ponting, saying that:<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|Ponting should have kept his mouth shut and nothing would have happened&amp;nbsp;... It is quite unheard of for a captain to dob on someone like this and it is quite an unsportsmanlike act. I think Ponting should be chastised by Australian cricket officials for his actions.&lt;ref name=&quot;neh&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> <br /> [[Jeff Thomson]], the former Australian fast bowler, harshly criticised the Australians by saying that:<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|The Aussies act like morons and bullies and they can't cop criticism from someone like myself. I think it was appalling that none of the Australians went over and shook Anil Kumble's hand at the end of the SCG Test. They just played up and carried on like idiots like they normally do.&lt;ref name=&quot;neh&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> <br /> On 10 January, following repetitive criticism of the Australian team, ''[[The Australian]]'' posted on their websites a video of the [[English cricket team in India in 2005-06#Sixth ODI: India v England .2812 April.29|sixth ODI in the 2006 English tour of India]], in which Harbhajan stands his ground after being clean bowled by [[Kevin Pietersen]], having an exchange with the bowler including swearing to him, before leaving. On the same day, [[Nine Network|Channel Nine]] posted videos of the Harbhajan incident as well as an instance in which Dhoni dived to his right and claimed a catch which had bounced at the base of his glove. Channel Nine claimed there was &quot;hypocrisy afoot&quot; under a headline of &quot;Holier-than-thou Indians are sinners too&quot;. In the same article it posted a 1981 video of Gavaskar ordering his partner Chetan Chauhan to leave the playing arena and stop the Test match after incorrectly being given out, in a bid to back up its argument.&lt;ref name=&quot;neh&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200801091757.htm|title=Scant support for under-fire Ponting|work=The Hindu|date=9 January 2008|access-date=9 January 2008|location=Chennai, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Indiansaresinners&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://wwos.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=344170|title=Holier than thou Indians are sinners too|date=10 January 2008|access-date=10 January 2008|publisher=[[NineMSN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==International reaction==<br /> &lt;!-- Guidelines: The public outrage, media reaction, Harbhajan's mother released a statement, the board's action. Also from other countries because some British newspapers have told their views and some players definitely have--&gt;<br /> <br /> {{flagicon|West Indies}} Former West Indian captain and match referee [[Clive Lloyd]] commenting on [[Steve Bucknor]] being stood down for the next test match in a [[BBC Radio 5 Live]] interview said:<br /> {{blockquote|You wonder what confidence this gives umpires. What happens now if Billy Bowden makes a few mistakes?&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/7178190.stm | work=BBC News | title=Support grows for umpire Bucknor | date=9 January 2008 | access-date=23 May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> {{flagicon|PAK}} Former Pakistani captain fast bowler [[Wasim Akram]] lashed out against the &quot;hypocritical&quot; Australians for reporting Harbhajan, despite being known for their [[sledging (cricket)|sledging]]&lt;ref name=&quot;AkramFairfax&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/cricket/australians-cry-babies-says-akram/2008/01/07/1199554570966.html|first=Chloe|last=Saltau|title=Australians cry babies, says Akram|date=8 January 2008|access-date=8 January 2008|publisher=[[The Age]], Australia | location=Melbourne}}&lt;/ref&gt; and despite a rumoured pre-series agreement not to refer to Symonds, Australia's only dark skinned player, using the word &quot;monkey&quot; as Indian cricket fans had done in their recent home series.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.theage.com.au/text/articles/2008/01/05/1198950130931.html |title=Harbhajan has form, say hosts |newspaper=The Age |first=Alex |last=Brown |author2=Chloe Saltau |date=6 January 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Akram further attacked them by calling them the &quot;worst sledgers&quot; in the world and labeling them as &quot;cry babies&quot;:<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|We did not behave like cry babies and drag it to the officials&amp;nbsp;... They do it constantly and much more than anyone else, so how they can go out and complain about other teams, I don't know.|[[Wasim Akram]], former [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistani cricket]] player&lt;ref name=&quot;AkramFairfax&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> <br /> However, [[Rashid Latif]], a former Pakistani cricketer who was accused of being a racist to [[Adam Gilchrist]] during the [[2003 Cricket World Cup]], noted that Harbhajan was renowned for having temper problems :<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|He has a short temper, he needs to control his emotions. He is a good guy, but he has some kind of problem with his temper. I think (Harbhajan) should have been given a warning on the field and if he does say something again, then give him a ban for two or three matches&amp;nbsp;... All of these things should stay on the field, it is better for the game.|[[Rashid Latif]], former Pakistani cricket player.&lt;ref name=&quot;Latif&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/cricket/complaint-uncalled-for-says-latif/2008/01/05/1198950130937.html|title=Complaint uncalled for says latif|date=5 January 2008|last=Pandaram|first=Jamie|access-date=8 January 2008|publisher=[[The Age]], Australia | location=Melbourne}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> {{flagicon|NZ}} [[John Morrison (cricketer)|John Morrison]], former [[New Zealand cricket team|New Zealand]] spin-bowler accused Australians of &quot;running off to the teacher&quot;, while his former teammate [[Dipak Patel (cricketer, born 1958)|Dipak Patel]], of Indian descent, said that he had been called &quot;a lot worse than a monkey&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;morr&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/4349149a1823.html|work=Stuff (company)|title=Racial taunts in the name of sport never on|author=Tony Smith|date=9 January 2008|access-date=9 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{flagicon|England}}<br /> [[Christopher Martin-Jenkins]], chief cricket correspondent for ''[[The Times]]'' in the United Kingdom defended the &quot;righteous indignation of India's players&quot; and suggested that the BCCI's adamance to give the issue the necessary publicity has been better for the game. Martin-Jenkins also described Australia as the &quot;nonpareils of world sledging&quot; and expressed the view that [[Michael Clarke (cricketer)|Michael Clarke]] would be less appropriate as a future captain than [[Mike Hussey]] based on Clarke's decision to stand his ground after being caught at first slip.&lt;ref name=&quot;Martin-Jenkins&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Martin-Jenkins|first=Christopher|title=India's sense of injustice wounded by heightened national pride|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/cricket/article3149363.ece|date=8 January 2008|access-date=10 January 2008 | work=The Times | location=London}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Former England cricketer and current [[Nine Network|Channel Nine]] commentator [[Tony Greig]], whose comments on air were criticised by Ricky Ponting stood by his observations saying:<br /> {{blockquote|I stand by what I said about the declaration. If the umpires had got it right (and Rahul Dravid had not been incorrectly given out caught behind) Ricky would have been found out on the declaration.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}}}<br /> Going on to comment on other issues of the game including umpiring and the ethics of walking, he said:<br /> {{blockquote|Ponting got an edge down the leg-side and was out (but didn't walk). Then he got a bad decision for an lbw and carried on about it. There are double standards. At the same time Ponting is trying to persuade opposition captains to take his word on catches&amp;nbsp;... they are all over the place. All I can tell you is the best umpiring I have ever experienced and the best relationships between umpires and players was in England in county cricket where we had former first-class players like Mark Benson umpiring. You were considered to be a cheat if you didn't walk.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0,22049,23025551-5001023,00.html | work=The Daily Telegraph | title=Greig returns serve to Ponting | first=Robert | last=Craddock | date=9 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> English journalist Simon Barnes writing for ''[[The Australian]]'' believed it was too late to draw a racism line in the sand. Barnes alleged that sledging is as much part of cricket as kicking in the shins is as part of rugby.&lt;ref name=&quot;Barnes&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23025204-16957,00.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121215174636/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23025204-16957,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 December 2012|title=Too late to draw a racism line in the sand|last=Barnes|first=Simon|newspaper=[[The Australian]]|date=9 January 2008|access-date=10 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Barnes &quot;Australia has long promoted mental disintegration; as a result, we are facing the disintegration of the game of cricket.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Barnes&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|The Asian teams come from a culture in which politeness is a more respected thing than it is in Australia or England, but many Asian cricketers have thought it appropriate to fight back in kind. Continuing escalation is inevitable. If I called you an idiot, again and again and again, you would eventually call me a bloody fool. What would you think if I then staggered back in horror. &quot;He called me a fool! He said bloody! This mustn't be allowed!&quot; That is what has happened. Australia led the way in insults and now, claiming that an India player used a racist term, it is saying that rude behaviour on a cricket pitch is terrible, rotten, awful, mustn't be allowed.|Simon Barnes – ''The Australian''&lt;ref name=&quot;Barnes&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> <br /> Oliver Brett of BBC Sport was sympathetic towards the Indians.&lt;ref name=&quot;Indiafriendless&quot;&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=8 January 2008|access-date=14 January 2008|url=https://www.h2g2.com/entry/A30769914|title=India friendless in Australia|last=Brett|first=Oliver}}&lt;/ref&gt; Brett claimed that Ponting's word should not have been taken as fact by Procter as Ponting had claimed a catch that was &quot;obviously grassed&quot; and had raised his finger to Benson to indicate certainty that a dubious catch had been taken.&lt;ref name=&quot;Indiafriendless&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The English journalist and former captain of [[Somerset County Cricket Club]], [[Peter Roebuck]], a columnist for ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'' and ''[[The Age]]'', branded Ponting as &quot;arrogant&quot; and insisted that he be stripped of the captaincy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Peter Roebuck&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|If Cricket Australia cares a fig for the tattered reputation of our national team in our national sport, it will not for a moment longer tolerate the sort of arrogant and abrasive conduct seen from the captain and his senior players&amp;nbsp;... Australia itself has been embarrassed. The notion that Ponting can hereafter take the Australian team to India is preposterous&amp;nbsp;... He has shown not the slightest interest in the well-being of the game, not the slightest sign of diplomatic skills, not a single mark of respect for his accomplished and widely admired opponents.&lt;ref name=&quot;Peter Roebuck&quot; /&gt;}}<br /> <br /> ==Aftermath==<br /> The issue was a highly volatile subject in media in both Australia and India. After the meeting of the captains prior to the third Test the teams appeared to be in better spirits, although some media outlets suggested the Australians had been trying to alter the way they play in response to the criticism and to fit in with the vague definition of the 'spirit of the game'. India won the next Test in Perth by a fair margin and drew the fourth match in Adelaide, giving Australia a 2–1 victory in the series. In the context of the series result, the Sydney Test ended up being pivotal. Steve Bucknor never again stood as an umpire in matches involving India and announced his retirement the next year. The [[Umpire Decision Review System]] for referring the on-field umpire's decision to a TV umpire gained momentum, although India did not formally adopt it for Test cricket until 2016.<br /> <br /> However, twelve years after the match in 2020, in a podcast on Sky Cricket, Ricky Ponting admitted that India got the &quot;raw end of umpiring decisions&quot; and acknowledged that some key umpiring decisions went against India in the match.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ponting podcast 2020&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In July 2020, Steve Bucknor, who was one of the field umpires in the match, said that he made two mistakes which cost India the match.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=&lt;!--not stated--&gt; |title=Allowed an Australian to score a century: Steve Bucknor admits his 'two mistakes' might have 'cost' India the Sydney Test in 2008 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/allowed-an-australian-to-score-a-century-steve-bucknor-admits-his-two-mistakes-might-have-cost-india-the-sydney-test-in-2008/story-jTL5U28QEwNxfMqJB755HI.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=2020-07-20 |access-date=2022-08-18}}.&lt;/ref&gt; In response, [[Irfan Pathan]] said, “As a cricketer, we’re used to getting bad decisions, sometimes in our bowling, sometimes in our batting. And we get frustrated by that and then we forget about it. But this Sydney Test match, it was not just one mistake. There were about seven mistakes that cost us the game. There were mistakes where Andrew Symonds was playing, and he got out nearly, I remember, three times, and the umpire didn’t give him out.”&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=&lt;!--not stated--&gt; |title='Seven mistakes? Are you kidding me?': Irfan Pathan lambasts Steve Bucknor for umpiring howlers in 2008 Sydney Test |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/seven-mistakes-are-you-kidding-me-irfan-pathan-lambasts-steve-bucknor-for-umpiring-howlers-in-2008-sydney-test/story-zL6AqPQiE2nmC0ebEPjcWK.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=2020-07-26 |access-date=2022-08-19}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Second Test, 2000–01 Border–Gavaskar Trophy]]<br /> * [[Fourth Test, 2022–23 Border–Gavaskar Trophy]]<br /> * [[2023 ICC World Test Championship final]]<br /> * [[2003 Cricket World Cup final]]<br /> * [[2023 Cricket World Cup final]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{commons category|Second Test, 2007–08 Border–Gavaskar Trophy}}<br /> * [http://icc-cricket.yahoo.com/media-release/2008/january/media-release20080104-4.html Harbhajan Singh charged with offence under ICC's Code of Conduct], ICC Media Release, Friday, 4 January 2008 9:15:31&amp;nbsp;pm<br /> * [http://icc-cricket.yahoo.com/media-release/2008/january/media-release20080107-7.html Harbhajan Singh found guilty of offence under ICC's Code of Conduct], ICC Media Release, Monday, 7 January 2008 10:11:50&amp;nbsp;am<br /> * [http://icc-cricket.yahoo.com/media-release/2008/january/media-release20080112-17.html Brad Hogg charged with offense under ICC's Code of Conduct], ''Date set for Brad Hogg's Code of Conduct hearing'', ICC Media Release, Saturday, 12 January 2008 6:12:57&amp;nbsp;pm<br /> * [http://icc-cricket.yahoo.com/media-release/2008/january/media-release20080129-55.html ICC statement following the conclusion of Harbhajan Singh's independent appeal hearing], ICC Media Release, Tuesday, 29 January 2008 03:07:50&amp;nbsp;pm<br /> * [http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2007-08/IND_IN_AUS/icc_commissioner_decision_30012008.pdf Full text of the judgement by Justice John Hansen]<br /> <br /> {{International cricket tours of Australia}}<br /> {{International cricket in 2007–08}}<br /> {{Portal bar|India|Australia|Cricket|Sports|World|Countries|2000s}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Second Test, 2007-08 Border-Gavaskar Trophy}}<br /> [[Category:Indian cricket tours of Australia|2007-08 Second Test]]<br /> [[Category:Cricket controversies]]<br /> [[Category:Test cricket matches]]</div>

AdvAcademy01 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Goa&diff=454215 2026-01-04T10:02:04Z

<p>AdvAcademy01: update references based on references and cleaned formatting as per guidelines</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}}<br /> {{One source|date=July 2021}}<br /> The Portuguese ruled territories of '''[[Goa]]''', Daman and Diu were invaded and successfully annexed through [[Annexation of Goa|Operation Vijay]] into the Republic of India on 19 December 1961. Since then, elections in the state are conducted in accordance with the Constitution of India to elect representatives of various bodies on national, state and district levels.<br /> <br /> ==Lok Sabha Elections==<br /> {{Main|Lok Sabha}}<br /> [[File:Goa Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|Lok Sabha constituencies of Goa|thumb]]<br /> Goa has two Lok Sabha constituencies; [[North Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)|North Goa]] and [[South Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Goa]], none of which are reserved for Scheduled Castes or Scheduled Tribes.<br /> <br /> '''Keys:'''<br /> {{legend2|#FBB917|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)]] |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br /> {{legend2|#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (INC)]] |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:85%&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | No.<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Constituency<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | 1999 elections<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2004 elections<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[2009 Indian general election in Goa|2009 elections]]<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[2014 Indian general election in Goa|2014 elections]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/2014-election-results.html | title=16th Lok Sabha Election results | publisher=Election Commission of India | accessdate=19 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[2019 Indian general election in Goa|2019 elections]]<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[2024 Indian general election in Goa|2024 elections]]<br /> |-<br /> ! MP<br /> ! Party<br /> ! MP<br /> ! Party<br /> ! MP<br /> ! Party<br /> ! MP<br /> ! Party<br /> ! MP<br /> ! Party<br /> ! MP<br /> ! Party<br /> |-<br /> ! 1 <br /> | [[North Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)|North Goa]]<br /> | [[Shripad Naik]]<br /> | bgcolor=#FBB917|BJP<br /> | [[Shripad Naik]]<br /> | bgcolor=#FBB917|BJP <br /> | [[Shripad Naik]]<br /> | bgcolor=#FBB917|BJP<br /> | [[Shripad Naik]]<br /> | bgcolor=#FBB917|BJP<br /> | [[Shripad Naik]]<br /> | bgcolor=#FBB917|BJP<br /> | [[Shripad Naik]]<br /> | bgcolor=#FBB917|BJP<br /> |-<br /> ! 2<br /> | [[South Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Goa]]<br /> | [[Ramakant Angle]]<br /> | bgcolor=#FBB917|BJP<br /> | [[Churchill Alemao]]<br /> | bgcolor=#00FFFF|INC<br /> | [[Francisco Sardinha]]<br /> | bgcolor=#00FFFF|INC<br /> | [[Narendra Keshav Sawaikar|Narendra Sawaikar]]<br /> | bgcolor=#FBB917|BJP<br /> | [[Francisco Sardinha]]<br /> | bgcolor=#00FFFF|INC<br /> | [[Viriato Fernandes]]<br /> | bgcolor=#00FFFF|INC<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Rajya Sabha ===<br /> {{Main|Rajya Sabha|List of Rajya Sabha members from Goa}}<br /> <br /> ==Vidhansabha Elections==<br /> {{Main|Goa Legislative Assembly||List of constituencies of the Goa Legislative Assembly|State Assembly elections in India}}<br /> The Goa Legislative Assembly has 40 constituencies of which only one is reserved for Scheduled Caste.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right; font-size:95%;&quot;<br /> |+ Summary of MLAs elected to the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]]<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Parties<br /> ! colspan=&quot;8&quot; | Seats won<br /> |-<br /> ! [[1989 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br /> ! [[1994 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1994]]<br /> ! [[1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1999]]<br /> ! [[2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2002]]<br /> ! [[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2007]]<br /> ! [[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2012]]<br /> ! [[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<br /> ! [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}&quot; |<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)<br /> |0<br /> |4<br /> |10<br /> |17<br /> |14<br /> |21<br /> |13<br /> |20<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Indian National Congress]] (INC)<br /> |20<br /> |18<br /> |21<br /> |16<br /> |16<br /> |9<br /> |17<br /> |11<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:inherit;background:{{party color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}&quot;|<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;| [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]] (MAG)<br /> |18<br /> |12 <br /> |4<br /> |2<br /> |2<br /> |3<br /> |3<br /> |2<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:inherit;background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}&quot;|<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;| [[Aam Aadmi Party]] (AAP)<br /> |{{dash}}<br /> |{{dash}}<br /> |{{dash}}<br /> |{{dash}}<br /> |{{dash}}<br /> |{{dash}}<br /> |0<br /> |2<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:inherit;background:{{party color|Goa Forward Party}}&quot;|<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;| [[Goa Forward Party]] (GFP)<br /> |{{dash}}<br /> |{{dash}}<br /> |{{dash}}<br /> |{{dash}}<br /> |{{dash}}<br /> |{{dash}}<br /> |3<br /> |1<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:inherit;background:{{party color|Revolutionary Goans Party}}&quot; |<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;| [[Revolutionary Goans Party]] (RGP)<br /> |{{dash}}<br /> |{{dash}}<br /> |{{dash}}<br /> |{{dash}}<br /> |{{dash}}<br /> |{{dash}}<br /> |{{dash}}<br /> |1<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:inherit;background:{{party color|Save Goa Front}}&quot;|<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;| [[Save Goa Front]] (SGF)<br /> |{{dash}}<br /> |{{dash}}<br /> |{{dash}}<br /> |{{dash}}<br /> |2<br /> |{{dash}}<br /> |{{dash}}<br /> |{{dash}}<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:inherit;background:{{party color|Goa Rajiv Congress Party}}&quot;|<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;| [[Goa Rajiv Congress Party]] (GRCP)<br /> |{{dash}}<br /> |{{dash}}<br /> |2<br /> |{{dash}}<br /> |{{dash}}<br /> |{{dash}}<br /> |{{dash}}<br /> |{{dash}}<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;orange&quot;|<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;| [[Goa Vikas Party]] (GVP)<br /> |{{dash}}<br /> |{{dash}}<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |{{dash}}<br /> |2<br /> |0<br /> |{{dash}}<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}&quot;|<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;| [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP)<br /> |{{dash}}<br /> |{{dash}}<br /> |{{dash}}<br /> |1<br /> |3<br /> |0<br /> |1<br /> |0<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:inherit;background:{{party color|United Goans Democratic Party}}&quot;|<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;| [[United Goans Democratic Party]] (UGDP)<br /> |{{dash}}<br /> |3<br /> |2<br /> |3<br /> |1<br /> |0<br /> |{{dash}}<br /> |{{dash}}<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:inherit;background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}&quot; |<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Independent (politician)|Independents]] (IND)<br /> |2<br /> |3<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |2<br /> |5<br /> |3<br /> |3<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;10&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#E9E9E9&quot; |<br /> |- style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | Total<br /> | 40<br /> | 40<br /> | 40<br /> | 40<br /> | 40<br /> | 40<br /> | 40<br /> | 40<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Political parties==<br /> {{Main|Political Parties in Goa}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Goan elections}}<br /> {{Indian elections}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Elections in Goa| ]]</div>

AdvAcademy01 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madhu_Neelakandan&diff=514437 2026-01-01T00:07:55Z

<p>AdvAcademy01: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian cinematographer, film producer}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Madhu Neelakandan<br /> | image = <br /> | birth_date = &lt;!-- must cite published reliable source(s) to verify birth date --&gt;<br /> | birth_place = &lt;!-- must cite published reliable source(s) to verify birth place --&gt;<br /> | alma_mater = &lt;!-- must cite published reliable source(s) to verify alma mater --&gt;<br /> | occupation = {{Hlist | [[Cinematographer]] | film producer}}<br /> | notable_works = <br /> | awards = [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Cinematography]] (2012, 2021)<br /> | spouse = &lt;!-- must cite published reliable source(s) to verify spouse --&gt;<br /> | yearsactive = 1998–present<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Madhu Neelakandan''' [[Indian Society of Cinematographers|ISC]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/as-real-as-it-gets/article4720602.ece |title=As real as it gets |last=Kumar |first=P. K. Ajith |date=16 May 2013 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |access-date=21 February 2018 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=21 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221162413/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/as-real-as-it-gets/article4720602.ece |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; sometimes spelled '''Madhu Neelakantan''' &lt;!-- must cite published reliable source(s) to verify birth date --&gt;is an Indian [[cinematographer]] and film producer who works predominantly in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] cinema. He won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Cinematography]] in 2012 for ''[[Annayum Rasoolum]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu.2013.02.23&quot; /&gt; and in 2021 for ''[[Churuli]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;indianexpress.2022.05.28&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Nagarajan |first=Saraswathy |date=2 December 2021 |title=Madhu Neelakandan: The challenge for cinematographers is to understand the director's vision |language=en-IN |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/interview-cinematographer-madhu-neelakandan/article37802478.ece |access-date=29 September 2023 |issn=0971-751X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202090652/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/interview-cinematographer-madhu-neelakandan/article37802478.ece |archive-date=2 December 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is a part of Collective Phase One,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Director Maju on his next, Appan |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/interviews/2022/apr/18/director-maju-on-his-next-appan-30970.html |access-date=29 September 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=18 April 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; a creative group that has produced films such as ''[[I.D. (2012 film)|ID]]'' and ''[[Njan Steve Lopez]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Lights-camera-action/article14412435.ece |title=Lights, camera, action |first=Saraswathy |last=Nagarajan |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=9 June 2016 |url-access=subscription |access-date=12 December 2017 |archive-date=14 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161214203559/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Lights-camera-action/article14412435.ece |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He completed his [[postgraduate diploma]] in cinematography from the [[Film and Television Institute of India]].<br /> <br /> == Filmography ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+ List of Madhu Neelakandan film credits<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Title<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Language<br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | Notes<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2003 <br /> | ''[[Ivar (2003 film)|Ivar]]''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Malayalam<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Saphalam]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2004 <br /> | ''[[Vajram (2004 film)|Vajram]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2009 <br /> | ''[[Chal Chala Chal]]''<br /> | Hindi<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2010 <br /> | ''[[Kushti (film)|Kushti]]''<br /> | Hindi<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2012 <br /> | ''[[Masters (film)|Masters]]''<br /> | Malayalam<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[I.D. (2012 film)|I.D.]]''<br /> | Hindi<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[The Hitlist]]''<br /> | Malayalam&lt;br /&gt;Kannada<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2013<br /> | ''[[Annayum Rasoolum]]''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Malayalam<br /> | {{Won}}—[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Cinematography]]&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu.2013.02.23&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=7 State awards for 'Celluloid' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/7-state-awards-for-celluloid/article4445409.ece |access-date=16 July 2016 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=23 February 2013 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831125147/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/7-state-awards-for-celluloid/article4445409.ece |archive-date=31 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kadal Kadannu Oru Maathukutty]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2014<br /> | ''[[Drishya]]''<br /> | Kannada<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2015 <br /> | ''[[Rani Padmini (film)|Rani Padmini]]''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Malayalam<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2016 <br /> | ''[[Kammatipaadam]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2017 <br /> | ''[[Solo (2017 film)|Solo]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/How-GREEN-was-my-city/article14380296.ece |title=How GREEN was my city |last1=Nagarajan |first1=Saraswathy |date=2 June 2016 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |access-date=21 February 2018 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=25 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725135812/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/How-GREEN-was-my-city/article14380296.ece |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | Malayalam&lt;br /&gt;Tamil<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Udaharanam Sujatha]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/sep/29/udhaharanam-sujata-review-the-manju-warrier-starrer-is-a-delightful-feel-good-entertainer-1664221.html |title=Udhaharanam Sujata review: The Manju Warrier-starrer is a delightful, feel-good entertainer |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |first1=Navamy |last1=Sudhish |orig-date=29 September 2017 |date=30 September 2017 |access-date=21 February 2018 |archive-date=22 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222043822/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/sep/29/udhaharanam-sujata-review-the-manju-warrier-starrer-is-a-delightful-feel-good-entertainer-1664221.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; | Malayalam<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ramante Edanthottam]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2018 <br /> | ''[[Aami]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2020 <br /> | ''Run Kalyani''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2021 <br /> | ''[[Churuli]]''<br /> | {{Won}}—[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Cinematography]]&lt;ref name=&quot;indianexpress.2022.05.28&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=28 May 2022 |title=52nd Kerala State Film Awards: The complete winners list |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/52nd-kerala-state-film-awards-the-full-winners-list-live-updates-7939205/ |access-date=1 June 2022 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616152044/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/52nd-kerala-state-film-awards-the-full-winners-list-live-updates-7939205/ |archive-date=16 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Sunny (2021 film)|Sunny]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2023<br /> | ''[[Thuramukham (2023 film)|Thuramukham]]''<br /> | Additional cinematography<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2024<br /> | ''[[Merry Christmas (2024 film)|Merry Christmas]]''<br /> | {{br list | Hindi | Tamil}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Malaikottai Vaaliban]]''<br /> | Malayalam<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb name|1258019}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Neelakandan, Madhu}}<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Film and Television Institute of India alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Malayalam film cinematographers]]<br /> [[Category:Film directors from Kochi]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian photographers]]<br /> [[Category:Cinematographers from Kerala]]</div>

AdvAcademy01 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thiruvanchikulam_Temple&diff=541003 2025-12-30T07:21:24Z

<p>AdvAcademy01: done!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox historic site<br /> | name = Thiruvanchikulam Temple തിരുവഞ്ചിക്കുളം ക്ഷേത്രം<br /> | native_language = [[Malayalam]]<br /> | image = Thiruvanchikulam3.jpg<br /> | image_size = 250px<br /> | caption = <br /> | designation1 = <br /> | designation1_date = <br /> | designation1_number = <br /> | designation1_criteria = <br /> | designation1_type = Cultural<br /> | designation1_free1name = State Party<br /> | designation1_free1value = India<br /> | designation1_free2name = Region<br /> | designation1_free2value = <br /> | location = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]], Kerala, India<br /> | elevation = 27.98<br /> | built = 9th century CE<br /> | architect = <br /> | architecture = <br /> | coordinates = {{coord|10.2103|76.2066|format=dms|display=inline,title}}<br /> | locmapin = Kerala#India<br /> | map_caption = Thiruvanchikulam Temple (Kerala)<br /> | visitation_num = <br /> | visitation_year = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Thiruvanchikulam''' '''Siva''' '''Temple''' (medieval '''Thiruvanchaikkalam Temple'''&lt;ref&gt;Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala: Brahmin Oligarchy and Ritual Monarchy: Political and Social Conditions of Kerala Under the Cēra Perumāḷs of Makōtai (c. AD 800 – AD 1124).'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 49.&lt;/ref&gt;''')''' is a [[Hindu]] temple situated in [[Kodungallur]] in [[Thrissur district]] of [[Kerala state]], India. <br /> Constructed in the [[Kerala architecture|Kerala style of architecture]], the temple is believed to have been built during the [[Chera]] period. Shiva is worshipped as Mahadeva and his consort [[Parvathi]] as Umadevi. There are 33 sub-deities in this temple, the highest number so in [[Kerala]].<br /> <br /> The presiding deity is revered in the 7th-century-CE Tamil Saiva canonical work, the ''[[Tevaram]]'', written by Tamil saint poets known as the [[Nayanmars]] and classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]'', one of the 276 temples that find mention in the canon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Rajarajan|first=R.K.K.|title=Vañcaikkaḷam Past and Present Rāmāyaṇa Panels in Kēraḷa-Mahādeva Temple.pdf|journal=Acta Orientalia |year=1970 |volume=76 |page=31 |doi=10.5617/ao.4454 |url=https://www.academia.edu/31468524|language=en|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the only temple in Kerala in the list. As per Periyapuranam, Sundara Murthi Nayanar, one of the four great saints in Tamil Shivism ascended to heaven from this place. Cheraman Perumal, the traditional legedary king of Kerala, is believed to went to ‘Kailasa’ with his companion Saiva saint, Sundaramoorthi Nayanar from this temple premises.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Thiruvanchikulam Mahadeva Temple |url=https://thiruvanchikulammahadevatemple.org/Mahadevacms |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=Mahadeva |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The temple is open from 4&amp;nbsp;am – 12 pm and 4–8:30&amp;nbsp;pm on all days except during festival days when it is open the full day. Four daily rituals and three yearly festivals are held at the temple, of which the eight-day [[Mahashivaratri]] festival in the Malayalam month of [[Kumbham]] (February–March) is the most prominent. The temple is maintained and administered by the Thiruvanchikulam Devaswom under the Cochin Devaswom Board. <br /> <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> [[File:Thiruvanchikkulam-Sivatemple.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Image of the temple]]<br /> This is the only Thevaram Paadal Petra Shiva sthalam in Kerala. Shiva is the family god of the [[Cochin Royal Family]] ([[Perumpadapu Swaroopam]]) after they came to power following the decline of Chera Empire). The temple has very good mural paintings and is a protected monument by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]]. The national anthem of erstwhile kingdom of [[Travancore]], [[Vanchi Bhumi]] refers to the deity of this temple, the official deity of imperial Chera Empire from whom the former claim lineage. The temple has the oldest reference in history in Thevaram Hymns sung by Sundara Murthi Nayanar (also known as [[Sundarar]] in Tamil), one of the four Saiva Acharyas. The images of Sundara Murthi Nayanar, and of [[Cheraman Perumal]] Nayanar can also be seen in the temple premises. It is one of the oldest Shiva temples in [[South India]], where Shiva is said to live along with his whole family. It was from here, Sundara Murthi Nayanar reached Kailash by sitting on a white elephant, sent by Lord Shiva on Adi Swathi day (July/August). He was followed on horse back by Seraman Perumal Nayanar. On his way to Kailash, Sundara Murthi Nayanar sang a Padhigam which was sent back to Thiruvanchikulam on his request. The temple is associated with [[Chidambaram]] temple in [[Tamil Nadu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url=https://www.india9.com/i9show/Thiruvanchikulam-Mahadeva-Temple-55656.htm<br /> |title=Thiruvanchikulam Mahadeva Temple<br /> |publisher=India9.com<br /> |access-date=2012-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url=http://www.mustseeindia.com/Kodungallur-Thiruvanchikulam-Mahadeva-Temple/attraction/13936<br /> |title=Thiruvanchikulam Mahadeva Temple<br /> |publisher=MustseeIndia<br /> |access-date=2012-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url=http://holyindia.org/temple/thiruvanchikulam<br /> |title=Thiruvanchikulam<br /> |publisher=HolyIndia<br /> |access-date=2012-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The capital city of the [[Kulasekhara dynasty (Second Cheras)|Kulasekharas]], [[Mahodayapuram]], was built around the temple; it was protected by high fortifications on all sides and had extensive pathways and palaces. This temple was attacked and damaged during [[Tipu Sultan]]'s invasion of Kerala; the copper roofing, gold and jewels were looted. Tipu's [[Muslim]] soldiers fled the temple complex only after the arrival of the [[Travancore Army]] of Dalawa Keshavadas Pillai. The temple was rebuilt by [[Paliath Achan]] of the [[Paliath Achan|Paliam Swaroopam]].<br /> <br /> ==Architecture==<br /> The temple is built in [[Kerala Architecture|Kerala style of architecture]] with entrance towers in all four sides. The sanctum occupies the centre portion of the temple, which is fortified. The sanctum is approached through a flagstaff, which is axial to the entrance tower and the sanctum. The flagstaff has images of Asthavidyesavara. The presiding deity is in the form of [[lingam]]. The image of [[Narasimha]] is sculpted on the [[vimana]]. The images of [[Sundarar]] and Ceramanperuman are maintained at Bhagavathi temple and brought to the temple during Svati festival during July – August. There are two temple tanks in the temple, located in the second precinct.&lt;ref name=R/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Religious importance and festivals==<br /> [[File:ThiruvanchikulamTemple.JPG|250px|thumb|Image of the entrance]]<br /> It is believed that it the temple where [[Parasurama]], an avatar of [[Vishnu]], worshiped Shiva to expiate his sin killing his mother Renuka.<br /> [[Sundarar]], a 7th-century Tamil ''Saivite'' poet, venerated Mahadeva in ten verses in ''[[Tevaram]]'', compiled as the ''[[Tirumurai|Seventh Tirumurai]]''. As the temple is revered in ''Tevaram'', it is classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]'', one of the 276 temples that find mention in the Saiva canon. The temple is believed to be the place where Sundarar and king Cheraman spent their last days and believed to have ascended to [[Kailasa]] in a white elephant.&lt;ref name=R/&gt;<br /> <br /> The temple priests perform the ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. The temple rituals are performed four times a day; ''Kalasanthi'' at 8:00&amp;nbsp;am, ''Uchikalam'' at 12:00&amp;nbsp;a.m. and ''Sayarakshai'' at 6:00&amp;nbsp;pm. There are weekly rituals like ''{{lang|te-Latn|somavaram}}'' (Monday) and ''{{lang|te-Latn|sukravaram}}'' (Friday), fortnightly rituals like ''[[pradosha]]m'', and monthly festivals like ''[[amavasya|amavasai]]'' (new moon day), ''kiruthigai'', ''[[pournami (festival)|pournami]]'' (full moon day) and ''sathurthi''. Brahmotsavam during the Malayalam month of ''Edavam'' (May – June) is the most important festivals of the temple.&lt;ref name=dinamalar&gt;{{cite news|title=Sri Mahadeva temple|url=http://temple.dinamalar.com/en/New_en.php?id=101|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804124702/http://temple.dinamalar.com/en/New_en.php?id=101|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 August 2016|newspaper=[[Dinamalar]]|year=2014|access-date=24 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=R&gt;{{cite book|title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy – Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZY2lZpy.TVA_BOK_0006115|last=R.|first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy|<br /> publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai|year=2001|edition=1st|pages=106–7}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Photogallery==<br /> &lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;<br /> Thiruvanchikulam temple1.jpg<br /> Thiruvanchikulam temple2.jpg<br /> Thiruvanchikulam temple3.jpg<br /> Thiruvanchikulam temple4.jpg<br /> Thiruvanchikulam temple5.jpg<br /> Thiruvanchikulam temple6.jpg<br /> Thiruvanchikulam temple7.jpg<br /> Thiruvanchikulam temple8.jpg<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> {{commons category|Thiruvanchikulam Temple}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:History of Thrissur]]<br /> [[Category:Padal Petra Stalam]]<br /> [[Category:Archaeological sites in Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu temples in Thrissur district]]<br /> [[Category:108 Shiva Temples]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu temples sacked in the Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent]]</div>

AdvAcademy01 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gurunath_Kelekar&diff=501607 2025-12-08T17:20:59Z

<p>AdvAcademy01: put up new entry</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian freedom fighter and author (1929–2021)}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox writer<br /> | name = Gurunath Kelekar<br /> | image = Gurunath Kelekar.jpg<br /> | caption = Kelekar in 2018<br /> | pseudonym = <br /> | birth_name = Gurunath Shivaji Kelekar<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date|1929|11|16|df=yes}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Priol]], [[Ponda taluka]], [[Portuguese Goa]]<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|2021|01|19|1929|11|16|df=yes}}<br /> | death_place = [[Taleigao]], [[Goa]], India<br /> | resting_place = <br /> | occupation =<br /> | language = <br /> | nationality = &lt;!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] --&gt;<br /> | citizenship = &lt;!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] --&gt;<br /> | education = <br /> | alma_mater = <br /> | period = <br /> | genre = &lt;!-- or: | genres = --&gt;<br /> | subject = &lt;!-- or: | subjects = --&gt;<br /> | movement = <br /> | notable_works = <br /> | spouse = Kumudini Kelekar<br /> | children = 3<br /> | relatives = <br /> | awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize]]<br /> | signature = <br /> | years_active = <br /> | module = <br /> | website = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.org}} --&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Gurunath Shivaji Kelekar''' (16 November 1929 – 19 January 2021) was an Indian freedom fighter and author from Goa.&lt;ref name=&quot;ToIMaadCrusader21&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kamat Maad |first=Govind |date=20 January 2021 |title=In Gurunath Shivaji Kelekar's demise, Konkani has lost a crusader |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/in-kelekars-demise-konkani-has-lost-a-crusader/articleshow/80354694.cms |access-date=30 July 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; He won the [[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize]] for his translation of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s ''[[The Story of My Experiments with Truth]]'' in [[Konkani language|Konkani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=20 December 2012 |title=Kashinath Shamba Lolienkar has won Sahitya Akademi award for poetry while Gurunath Kelekar has won the award for translation of Mahatma Gandhi's autobiography in Konkani. . Mahindra Ram also won Sahitya Academi prize for translation of Goan writer Damodar Mauzo's Konkani novel Karmelin into Maithili. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/kashinath-shamba-lolienkar-has-won-sahitya-akademi-award-for-poetry-while-gurunath-kelekar-has-won-the-award-for-translation-of-mahatma-gandhis-autobiography-in-konkani-mahindra-ram-also-won-sahitya-academi-prize-for-translation-of-goan-writer-damodar-mauzos-konkani-novel-karmelin-into-maithili-/articleshow/17698624.cms |access-date=30 July 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Life and career==<br /> Gurunath Shivaji Kelekar was born on 16 November 1929 in [[Priol]]. He completed his primary education from Bombay and was an active freedom fighter, even having been arrested multiple times.&lt;ref name=&quot;ToIMaadCrusader21&quot; /&gt; Notably, he was imprisoned in the [[Aguada jail]] for 13 months in 1954.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 January 2021 |title=FF and Marg founder Kelekar expires at 91 |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/FF-and-Marg-founder-Kelekar-expires-at-91/169988 |access-date=30 July 2024 |website=oHeraldo}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Following the [[Liberation of Goa]], Kelekar was active in the promotion of [[Konkani language]]. He ran a fortnightly magazine, ''Novem Goem'' ({{Translation|''New Goa''}}) from 1962 till 1970. From 1975 to 1982,&lt;ref name=&quot;NTVeteran21&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=20 January 2021 |title=Veteran freedom fighter Gurunath Kelekar dies at 91 |work=The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2021/01/20/goanews/veteran-freedom-fighter-gurunath-kelekar-dies-at-91/ |access-date=30 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; he ran a weekly magazine titled ''Goencho Mog'' ({{Translation|''Love of Goa''}}). Both these magazines were published in the Roman script. To fund this magazine when it was facing financial losses, Kelekar led a 67-day [[padayatra]] across the state to raise funds.&lt;ref name=&quot;ToIMaadCrusader21&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In the 1970s, Kelekar and his wife, Kumudini, ran a magazine for children titled, ''Maruti''. He also published about 30 books for children. He then organised Konkani Sahitya Yatra ({{Translation|Konkani Literature Trip}}) as a book fair across different parts of Goa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NTVeteran21&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> He had authored 25 books, including the Konkani translation of Gandhi's ''The Story of My Experiments with Truth'', which won him the [[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ToIMaadCrusader21&quot; /&gt; As a follower of [[Gandhism]], he also wrote a book about Gandhi in Konkani, titled, ''Kashe Ashille Gandhiji'' ({{Translation|''How was Gandhiji''}}) in 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 August 2020 |title=Gurunath Kelekar releases Konkani book 'Kashe Ashille Gandhiji.' |website=Business Goa |url=https://businessgoa.in/gurunath-kelekar-releases-konkani-book-kashe-ashille-gandhiji/ |access-date=30 July 2024 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was also a follower of Nehruvian philosophy and had a large collection of books dedicated to Gandhi and [[Nehru]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NTVeteran21&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In his later years, he lamented the divisions between different Konkani speakers and advocated for the equality of all Konkani speakers across India.&lt;ref name=&quot;ToIMaadCrusader21&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2000,&lt;ref name=&quot;GoanMARG21&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=20 January 2021 |title=MARG founder Gurunath Kelekar passes away |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/marg-founder-gurunath-kelekar-passes-away/64562.html |access-date=30 July 2024 |work=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; founded the Movement for Amity towards Roads in Goa (MARG) to spread road safety awareness among citizens.&lt;ref name=&quot;NTVeteran21&quot; /&gt; MARG would mainly conduct road safety awareness drives in schools so as to target younger audiences, reaching out to 70,000 students. Students were also taught Gandhian values through a programme titled Gandhiji's Children. Kelekar published a book titled ''MARG – Our Friend'' as a collection of road safety rules. MARG even had a branch outside Goa in [[Belgaum]].&lt;ref name=&quot;GoanMARG21&quot; /&gt; Kelekar later founded the Nehru Centre - Institute for Citizenship and Civic Sense Education at Raia to promote civic sense through awareness programmes.&lt;ref name=&quot;ToIMaadCrusader21&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Kelekar was also an activist, protesting against the government on multiple occasions. One significant issue highlighted by him was about the condition of ''badels'' (local Goan women porters), which led to then [[Chief Minister of Goa]] [[Digambar Kamat]] to present them with financial assistance.&lt;ref name=&quot;GoanFarewell21&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Citizens bid farewell to MARG founder Gurunath Kelekar |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/citizens-bid-farewell-to-marg-founder-gurunath-kelekar/64606.html |access-date=30 July 2024 |website=The Goan EveryDay}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kelekar never associated himself with any political parties, religious or spiritual organisations and advocated for &quot;a secular and liberal spirit of scientific enquiry&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;NTVeteran21&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> He had three children, a son named Samir and daughters Sanjeevani Keni and Chitra Zuvarkar. He lived in [[Margao]] city.&lt;ref name=&quot;ToIMaadCrusader21&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Kelekar died on 20 January 2021 at his daughter's house in [[Taleigao]] and was cremated at the Margao crematorium. His funeral was attended by prominent Goans like [[Vijai Sardesai]], [[Narendra Sawaikar]], [[Pundalik Naik]], [[Tomazinho Cardozo]], [[Sandesh Prabhudesai]] and [[Prashanti Talpankar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;GoanFarewell21&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Kelekar, Gurunath}}<br /> [[Category:1929 births]]<br /> [[Category:2021 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Writers from Goa]]<br /> [[Category:Gandhians]]<br /> [[Category:Indian independence activists from Goa]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Prize for Translation into Konkani]]</div>

AdvAcademy01 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=IRB_Infrastructure&diff=464104 2025-11-25T06:16:43Z

<p>AdvAcademy01: brief fix information to improve readability and updated info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian construction company}}<br /> {{Multiple issues|<br /> {{Promotional|date=November 2024}}<br /> {{Overly detailed|date=November 2024}}<br /> }}<br /> {{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox company<br /> | name = IRB Infrastructure Developers Limited<br /> | logo = IRB Infrastructure (logo).png<br /> | logo_size = 100px<br /> | type = Public company<br /> | traded_as = {{ubl|{{NSE|IRB}}|{{BSE|532947}}}}<br /> | founded = {{start date and age|27 July 1998}}<br /> | location_city = IRB Complex, Chandivali, Powai, [[Mumbai]]<br /> | location_country = India<br /> | area_served = <br /> | key_people = Virendra D. Mhaiskar &lt;br /&gt; {{small|(Chairman &amp; MD)}} &lt;br /&gt; <br /> | industry = [[Conglomerate (company)|Conglomerate]]<br /> | products = <br /> | services = [[Engineering, Procurement and Construction]] (EPC)&lt;br /&gt; <br /> [[Build, Operate and Transfer]] (BOT)<br /> | revenue = {{INRConvert|2750.27|c}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Stock share price of IRB Infrastructure |work=BSE India |url=https://www.bseindia.com/stock-share-price/irb-infrastructure-developers-ltd/irb/532947/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | revenue_year = 2021<br /> | net_income = {{INRConvert|188.51|c}}<br /> | net_income_year = 2021<br /> | assets =<br /> | equity = <br /> | num_employees = <br /> | parent = <br /> | divisions = <br /> | subsid = <br /> | caption = <br /> | homepage = {{URL|https://www.irb.co.in}} &lt;br&gt;<br /> {{URL|https://www.irbinvit.co.in/}}<br /> | footnotes = <br /> | intl = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''IRB Infrastructure Developers Limited''' (formerly ''IRB Infrastructure Developers Private Limited'', '''I'''deal '''R'''oad '''B'''uilders) is an Indian highway construction company.&lt;ref name=&quot;business-standard1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/irb-is-driving-infast-lanehighway-development/407348/ |title=IRB is driving in the fast lane of highway development |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=8 September 2010 |publisher=Business-standard.com |access-date=11 September 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was incorporated in 1998, with its headquarters in [[Mumbai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.irb.co.in/contact.asp |title=Contact Us – IRB Infrastructure Developers Ltd. &amp;#124; Roads &amp;#124; Bridges &amp;#124; Tunnels &amp;#124; Toll Plaza &amp;#124; Realty Business |publisher=Irb.co.in |access-date=6 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209065351/http://www.irb.co.in/contact.asp |archive-date=9 February 2010 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is part of the IRB Group and headed by Virendra Dattatraya Mhaiskar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=IRB Infrastructure Developers – Fortune 500 List 2020 – Fortune India|url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/fortune-500/company-list/irb-infrastructure-developers?year=2020|access-date=2021-01-12|website=www.fortuneindia.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The company primarily operates build-operate-transfer (BOT) road projects.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://m.thehindubusinessline.com/portfolio/firm-calls/irb-infrastructure-developers-on-the-growth-highway/article8206215.ece|title=IRB Infrastructure Developers: On the growth highway|publisher=Business-standard.com |access-date=11 September 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Currently, it has about 3,404 lane km operational and about 2,330 lane km under development.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/Markets/News/IRB-Infrastructure-Developers/3214016344 |title=IRB Infrastructure Developers |publisher=Indiainfoline.com |access-date=11 September 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among its notable projects are the [[Mumbai-Pune Expressway]] and the [[Ahmedabad-Vadodara Expressway]].&lt;ref name=&quot;business-standard1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IRBbid&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=IRB ties in record BOT road deal |url=http://www.pfie.com/irb-ties-in-record-bot-road-deal/21018416.article |year=2012 |agency=Thomson Reuters |access-date=21 July 2013 |archive-date=19 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419084217/http://www.pfie.com/irb-ties-in-record-bot-road-deal/21018416.article |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> IRB Infrastructure executed India's first ever BOT (build-operate-transfer) project, the [[Thane]]-[[Bhiwandi|Bhivandi]] Bypass. Over the years, its BOT portfolio (operational projects and projects under construction) in the country grew to a total length of around 12,000-lane km. IRB executed projects like the four-laning of the [[Goa]]-[[Karnataka]] border from [[Karwar]] to [[Kundapur]] section of [[National Highway 66 (India)|NH66]], [[Agra]]-[[Etawah]] Bypass project,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/irb-infrastructure-developers-provides-update-on-thane-bhiwandi-bypass-project-117051601426_1.html|title=IRB Infrastructure Developers provides update on Thane Bhiwandi Bypass Project|publisher=Business Standard|access-date=May 16, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Udaipur]]-[[Rajasthan]] [[NH-8|NH8]] project,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/irb-starts-work-on-udaipur-rajasthan-gujarat-highway-project-1037732-2017-09-04|title=IRB starts Work on Udaipur Rajasthan NH8 Project|date=4 September 2017 |publisher=India Today|access-date=September 4, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Kaithal]] to Rajasthan NH152 project.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/irb-infra-bags-rs-2300cr-kaithalrajasthan-project/article5985090.ece|title=IRB Infra bag ₹2,300-cr Kaithal-Rajasthan Project|date=7 May 2014 |publisher=The Hindu BusianessLine|access-date=May 7, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IRB&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.irb.co.in/toll_completed.aspx|title=Completed BOT Projects|publisher=IRB|access-date=2 November 2016|archive-date=4 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104000949/http://www.irb.co.in/toll_completed.aspx|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2009, IRB Infra won the bid to develop the [[Greenfield project|greenfield]] [[Sindhudurg Airport]] in the [[Sindhudurg]] district of Maharashtra on a build-operate-transfer basis.&lt;ref name=&quot;winsairport&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/irb-infra-wins-sindhudurg-airport-bid_409704.html|title=IRB Infra wins Sindhudurg airport bid|date=4 August 2009|access-date=18 July 2012|agency=MoneyControl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;irbairport&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.irb.co.in/airport.aspx|title=Development Greenfield Airport in Sindhudurg District|work=IRB Infra|access-date=18 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629053432/http://www.irb.co.in/airport.aspx|archive-date=29 June 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In July 2011, IRB Infrastructure signed an agreement to develop a 102.3&amp;nbsp;km section in the Ahmedabad-Vadodara [[National Highway 8 (India, old numbering)|NH8]] into six lanes from the existing four lanes. The project also included improvement of a 93.302&amp;nbsp;km section of the existing [[Ahmedabad–Vadodara Expressway|Ahmedabad – Vadodara Expressway]] (NE 1), on a Design Building Finance Operate and Transfer (DBFOT) basis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-top-story/irb-infra-preferred-bidder-for-ahmedabad-vadodara-highway-project-113101906612_1.html|title=IRB Infra preferred bidder for Ahmedabad-Vadodara highway project|work=IIFL}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/irb-infra-arm-inks-deal-for-ahmedabad-vadodara-expressway/article20309828.ece1|title=IRB Infra arm inks deal for Ahmedabad, Vadodara expressway|work=The Hindu Businessline}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2012, IRB acquired Tamil Nadu based [[build-operate-transfer|BOT]] road builder MVR Infrastructure and Tollways for {{INR}}130&amp;nbsp;[[crore]].&lt;ref name=&quot;mvr&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=IRB Infra buys MVR Tollways for Rs.130 cr| url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/article3401348.ece|date=9 May 2012|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|location=Mumbai|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=18 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mvr2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=IRB Infra acquires MVR Tollways for Rs 130 crore| url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-05-09/news/31641859_1_toll-collection-bot-construction-cost| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602200850/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-05-09/news/31641859_1_toll-collection-bot-construction-cost| url-status=dead| archive-date=2 June 2014|date=9 May 2012|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|location=Mumbai|work=Economic Times|access-date=21 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> IRB Infrastructure acquired the [[Mumbai–Pune Expressway|Mumbai-Pune Expressway]] and the Mumbai-Pune National Highway, which was concluded under the supervision of [[Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation]] (MSRDC).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ibef.org/news/irb-wins-mumbai-pune-expressway-contract|title=IRB wins Mumbai-Pune expressway contract|publisher=India Brand Equity Foundation|access-date=September 10, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlookmoney/investment-ideas/endeavors-of-irb-infrastructure-developers-2019|title=Endeavors of IRB Infrastructure Developers|publisher=Outlook India|access-date=July 28, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> IRB Infrastructure Developers Ltd. signed a contract worth ₹2,100 crore from NHAI for a six-lane project in Rajasthan and Gujarat. The project is to be developed on design, built, finance, operate and transfer (DBFOT) under the National Highways Development Programme (NHDP) phase V.&lt;ref name=&quot;Business Standard&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/irb-infra-bags-rs-2-100-crore-rajasthan-gujarat-nhai-project-116073100206_1.html|title= IRB infra bags Rs 2100 crore Rajasthan Gujarat Nhai project |newspaper= Business Standard India |date= 31 July 2016 |publisher=Business Standard}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> IRB achieved financial closure for its BOT project from [[Chittorgarh]] and [[Gulabpura]]. The project is an expansion of the 124.87-km section on NH79, converting from a four-lane to six-lane expressway. The concession period of this project is 20 years from the appointed date, including 910 days of construction, creating smoother transit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://millionclues.com/guest-posts/six-lane-highway-irb-infrastructure/|title=Six-Lane Highway By IRB Infrastructure Developers To Create Smoother Transit Between Chittorgarh And Gulabpura|date=10 December 2017|publisher=Millionclues|access-date=December 11, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; The total funding for the project by company will be ₹690 [[crore]] and by SPV (Special Public Vehicle) tied banks will be ₹1,400 crore.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/irb-infra-achieves-financial-closure-for-rajasthan-project/article9907262.ece|title=IRB Infra achieves financial closure for Rajasthan project|date=16 October 2017 |access-date=Jan 8, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> IRB Infrastructure developed the Kaithal-Rajasthan project (NH65). The 166.26&amp;nbsp;km-long highway became operational in 2017, and has 20.90&amp;nbsp;km of service road, 18 pedestrian underpasses, 5 vehicular underpasses, 5 flyovers, 13 small bridges, 71 intersections, 241 culverts and railways over bridges. The cost of production for project was ₹2,290 crore, including a viability gap funding of ₹234 crore.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://pressroom.today/press-release/irb-infrastructure-kaithal-rajasthan/|title=Kaithal-Rajasthan four-lane highway is now open for vehicular traffic|date=12 September 2017|publisher=Pressroom.today|access-date=Sep 12, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In March 2018, IRB Infrastructure won two hybrid annuity projects under NHDP phase IV in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], which included the four laning of NH-45A [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]] to Poondiyankuppam and Poondiyankuppam to Sattanathapuram at a cost of ₹2,169 crore at a cost of ₹1,296 crore.{{clarify|date=July 2020}} The construction period is 730 days and the operation period is 15 years for the said projects.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/stocks/irb-infrastructure-rises-3-on-projects-win-in-tamil-nadu-2527557.html|title=IRB Infrastructure rises 3% on projects win in Tamil Nadu|date=14 March 2018 |publisher=Moneycontrol|access-date=Mar 14, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/irb-infra-gains-after-bagging-two-projects-in-tamil-nadu-118031400372_1.html|title=IRB Infra gains after bagging two projects in Tamil Nadu|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=14 March 2018|publisher=Business Standard|access-date=Mar 14, 2018|last1=Market|first1=Capital}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The company also received a letter of award on from the [[National Highways Authority of India]] for a hybrid annuity project worth ₹1,640 crore under the National Highways Development Project phase VI in Gujarat. The order came after the company had emerged as the preferred bidder for the construction of the eight-lane [[Vadodara]] Kim expressway from Padra to Vadodara section of the Vadodara-Mumbai Expressway in Gujarat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/irb-infra-bags-road-project-worth-rs-2043-crore-from-nhai-in-gujarat/articleshow/63361817.cms|title=IRB Infra bags road project worth Rs 2,043 crore from NHAI in Gujarat|newspaper=Times of India|date=19 March 2018 |access-date=Mar 19, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/irb-infra-bags-road-project-worth-rs-2043-cr-from-nhai-in-guj/article23290813.ece|title=IRB Infra bags road project worth Rs 2,043 cr from NHAI in Gujarat|date=19 March 2018 |publisher=The Hindu BusinessLine|access-date=March 19, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The company got the contract (3 out of 12 packages) of [[Ganga Expressway]], the longest under-construction expressway in [[Uttar Pradesh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/ganga-e-way-to-be-built-by-adani-group-irb-infra/articleshow/88060103.cms|title = Adani: Uttar Pradesh: Ganga expressway to be built by Adani Group, IRB Infrastructure &amp;#124; Lucknow News - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=3 December 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == IRB InvIT Fund ==<br /> IRB InvIT is India's first Infrastructure [[Investment trust]] sponsored by IRB Infrastructure Developers Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=deepak|title=Sponsor &amp; Project Manager|url=https://www.irbinvit.co.in/about-us/sponsor-project-manager/|access-date=2021-03-07|website=IRB InvIT|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Projects managed by IRB InvIT include:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=deepak|title=Projects|url=https://www.irbinvit.co.in/projects/|access-date=2021-03-07|website=IRB InvIT|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Oberoi|first=Rahul|title=First ever InvIT listing: IRB InvIT debuts with small premium at Rs 103.25 on BSE|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/irb-invit-fund-lists-at-rs-103-25-on-bse/articleshow/58728276.cms|access-date=2021-03-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> # Surat– Dahisar NH 8 Project<br /> # Tumkur to Chitradurga NH 4 Project<br /> # Bharuch – Surat NH 8 Project<br /> # Jaipur – Deoli NH 12 Project<br /> # Omalur – Salem – Namakkal NH 7 Project<br /> # Talegaon – Amravati NH 6 Project<br /> # Pathankot – Amritsar (Punjab) NH 15 Project<br /> # Kishangarh – Gualbpura (Rajasthan) NH 79 Project<br /> # Gualbpura - Chittorgarh (Rajasthan) NH 79 Project<br /> # Palsit – Dankuni (West Bengal) NH 19 Project<br /> <br /> == Controversy ==<br /> In April 2018, Virendra Mhaiskar, the chairman and managing director of IRB Infrastructure, and all other officials got a clean chit from CBI&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/nation/rti-activists-murder-irb-infra-chief-others-get-clean-chit-from-cbi.html|title=RTI ACTIVIST'S MURDER: IRB INFRA CHIEF, OTHERS GET CLEAN CHIT FROM CBI|date=17 April 2018|work=The Daily Pioneer}}&lt;/ref&gt; with regards to any sort of involvement in the murder of RTI activist [[Satish Shetty]]. They were summoned in May 2012 by the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]], suspecting a connection with the case. During the investigation, CBI had asked Virendra Mhaiskar and other suspects to undergo a polygraph test. Mhaiskar along with the company officials had to undergo the polygraph test.&lt;ref name=&quot;summons&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/article3381030.ece|title=IRB Infra plunges as CBI summons its Chairman|date=3 May 2012|access-date=22 July 2012|agency=[[The Hindu]]|location=Mumbai}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Recognition==<br /> <br /> Virendra D. Mhaiskar, chairman and managing director of IRB, was conferred with the “''Young Turk of the Year''” award at the 6th Edition of CNBC TV 18 India Business Leader Awards on 11 December 2010 at Mumbai.&lt;ref name=&quot;bestmediainfo&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www.bestmediainfo.com/2010/12/cnbc-tv18-gives-away-india-business-leader-awards-2010/ |title= CNBC-TV18 Gives Away India Business Award 2010 |publisher=bestmediainfo.com|access-date=14 December 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The company was given the CNBC TV 18 Essar Steel Infrastructure Excellence Award for the second time for its high quality work implemented on the Bharuch to Surat section of NH-8 under Highways and Bridges Category. The company also won the CNBC TV 18 Essar Steel Infrastructure Excellence Award in the Highways &amp; Flyovers category for Mumbai-Pune section of NH-4 in 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;Indiamart&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiamart.com/irb-infrastructure/aboutus.html|title= About Irb Infrastructure Developers Limited |publisher=Indiamart|access-date = 20 December 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.leaderbiography.com/virendra-d-mhaiskars-journey-on-indian-road-and-highways/|title=Indian road and highways, Virendra D Mhaiskar's Journey|date=27 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> IRB Infrastructure Ltd won the Construction Times 2017 Award under the Best Executed Highway Project of the Year category for building the Ahmedabad–Vadodara Expressway Project.&lt;ref name=&quot;News Azure&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://newsazure.com/news/irb-infrastructures-ahmedabad-vadodara-expressway-project-34111.html|title=Another Jewel in the Crown: IRB Infrastructure's Ahmedabad-Vadodara expressway project conferred with Construction Times Award 2017 for the 'Best Executed Project of the Year'|publisher=News Azure|access-date=October 17, 2017|archive-date=12 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212193245/https://newsazure.com/news/irb-infrastructures-ahmedabad-vadodara-expressway-project-34111.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Irb Infrastructure}}<br /> [[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Construction and civil engineering companies of India]]<br /> [[Category:Construction and civil engineering companies established in 1998]]<br /> [[Category:Infrastructure in India]]<br /> [[Category:Indian companies established in 1998]]<br /> [[Category:1998 establishments in Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]<br /> [[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]</div>

AdvAcademy01 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kokrajhar_University&diff=477527 2025-11-08T10:41:49Z

<p>AdvAcademy01: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|College in Assam, India}}<br /> {{More citations needed|date=September 2007}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox university<br /> | name = Kokrajhar University<br /> | native_name = <br /> | logo = LogoKGC.png<br /> | image = Imagekgc.jpg<br /> | caption = <br /> | motto = Discipline and Excellence<br /> | established = 2024 {{small|as Kokrajhar University}} &lt;br&gt;{{start date and age|16 August 1959}} {{small|as Kokrajhar College}}<br /> | type = State University<br /> | endowment = <br /> | administrative_staff = 37<br /> | faculty = 90<br /> | president = <br /> | provost = <br /> | principal =<br /> | rector = <br /> | chancellor = [[Governor of Assam]] <br /> | vice_chancellor = Professor Ganesh Chandra Wary<br /> | dean = <br /> | head_label = <br /> | head = <br /> | students = 4200 &lt;ref&gt;https://www.kgc.edu.in/&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | undergrad = 3000&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kgc.edu.in/&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | postgrad = 200&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kgc.edu.in/&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | doctoral = 9&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kgc.edu.in/&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | profess = <br /> | city = [[Kokrajhar]] (BTR)<br /> | state = [[Assam]]<br /> | country = India<br /> | campus = Urban<br /> | free_label = <br /> | free = <br /> | colors = <br /> | colours = White and red<br /> | mascot = <br /> | fightsong = <br /> | nickname = KGCians<br /> | affiliations = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> | website = {{URL|https://kokrajharuniversity.ac.in/}}<br /> | forum = <br /> | address = Ward Number 6, College Road<br /> | publictransit = <br /> | coor = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Kokrajhar University''' formally known as '''Kokrajhar Government College''' (KGC) is a <br /> is a university located in [[Kokrajhar]], [[Assam]], [[India]]. It was established as Kokrajhar College in 1959 at the heart of the town. The college is promoted to the status of a university by [[Government of Assam]] by the Kokrajhar University Act 2024.<br /> <br /> ==Affiliating university and council==<br /> The college was affiliated to [[Gauhati University]] for degree level until 2019-20. Thereafter, the college was affiliated to Bodoland University till the academic session 2024-25. The Higher Secondary level is affiliated to [[Assam Higher Secondary Education Council]].<br /> <br /> ==Courses==<br /> Kokrajhar University offers the following courses:<br /> <br /> ===Regular Courses===<br /> <br /> ==== Two years HS Science ====<br /> Subjects offered in the science stream are:<br /> <br /> *[[Physics]]<br /> *[[Chemistry]]<br /> *[[Mathematics]]<br /> *[[Botany]]<br /> *[[Zoology]]<br /> *[[Statistics]] <br /> *[[Computer science|Computer Science]]<br /> <br /> ====Two years HS Arts ====<br /> The arts stream contains the following subjects:<br /> <br /> *[[English language|English]]<br /> *[[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br /> *[[Bodo language|Bodo]]<br /> *[[Assamese language|Assamese]]<br /> *[[Hindi]]<br /> *[[Political science|Political Science]]<br /> *[[Economics]]<br /> *[[Education]]<br /> *[[History]]<br /> *[[Geography]]<br /> *[[Philosophy]]<br /> *[[Sociology]]<br /> *[[Philosophy]]<br /> *[[Statistics]]<br /> <br /> ====Three years degree (TDC) courses====<br /> =====Three years B.Sc.=====<br /> Major subjects offered in B.Sc. are:<br /> <br /> *Physics<br /> *Chemistry<br /> *Mathematics<br /> *Botany<br /> *Zoology<br /> *Computer science<br /> *Statistics<br /> <br /> =====Three years BA=====<br /> Major subjects offered in the BA are:<br /> <br /> *Assamese<br /> *Bengali<br /> *Bodo<br /> *Economics<br /> *Education<br /> *English<br /> *Geography<br /> *Hindi<br /> *History<br /> *Philosophy<br /> *Political science<br /> *Sociology<br /> <br /> '''MIL subjects offered include:'''<br /> *Bodo<br /> *Assamese<br /> *Bengali<br /> *Hindi<br /> <br /> ===Certificate Courses===<br /> <br /> Three months certificate courses offered are:<br /> *Computer proficiency<br /> *Bodo<br /> <br /> ===Diploma Courses===<br /> Three months diploma course in translation proficiency.<br /> <br /> '''&lt;big&gt;Post Graduate Courses&lt;/big&gt;'''<br /> <br /> '''Science:-'''<br /> <br /> •Mathematics<br /> <br /> •Chemistry<br /> <br /> •Physics<br /> <br /> &lt;big&gt;'''Arts:-'''&lt;/big&gt;<br /> <br /> •Bodo<br /> <br /> •Assamese<br /> <br /> •English<br /> <br /> •History<br /> <br /> •Economics<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|26.4043|90.2761|type:edu_region:IN-AS|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Universities and colleges in Assam]]<br /> [[Category:Kokrajhar]]<br /> [[Category:Colleges affiliated to Gauhati University]]<br /> [[Category:Educational institutions established in 1959]]<br /> [[Category:1959 establishments in Assam]]<br /> [[Category:State universities in Assam]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Assam-university-stub}}</div>

AdvAcademy01 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flare_(Techno-Cultural_Fest)&diff=499210 2025-09-24T03:44:58Z

<p>AdvAcademy01: done...</p> <hr /> <div>'''Flare'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.flarepdpu.org/|title=Flare 2017 – The Annual Socio-Cultural Fest of PDPU|website=www.flarepdpu.org|language=en-US|access-date=2017-01-18|archive-date=2017-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308153720/http://flarepdpu.org/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; is the annual socio-cultural festival of the [[Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University]].&lt;ref name=&quot;indiatimes1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/PDPU-fest-concludes/articleshow/8008879.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103105351/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-18/ahmedabad/29443026_1_annual-techno-cultural-fest-pandit-deendayal-petroleum-university |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-01-03 |title=PDPU fest concludes |date=2011-04-18 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2011-12-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is a four-day festival at PDPU featuring music and dance. It is held in April every year. It was started in 2010 and since then has attendance of over 9,000 students from various colleges of India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.pdpu.ac.in/news/DNA2_210310.jpg |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204191912/http://pdpu.ac.in/news/DNA2_210310.jpg |archive-date=2011-12-04 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Pro-nites==<br /> In its first year, there were performances by the Pakistani band [[Jal (band)|Jal]] and several other bands like Antariksh&lt;ref name=&quot;dna1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/academy/report_robots-have-fun-at-pdpu-fest-in-ahmedabad_1361522|title=Robots have fun at PDPU fest in Ahmedabad - Academy - DNA|date=2010-03-21|publisher=Dnaindia.com|accessdate=2011-12-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; based on popular band [[Pink Floyd]]. In its second year, Flare hosted performances by [[Agnee (band)|Agnee]], Highway 61, and Jaipur Beats along with [[DJ Suketu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;indiatimes1&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Cultural events==<br /> <br /> * Ablaze- National-level group dance competition<br /> * AtMoshSphere- Battle of bands <br /> * Amethyst- National-level model hunt<br /> * Melodia- Music competition<br /> * Emotions- Drama competition<br /> * Zest- Solo and duet dance competition<br /> * Kavyanjali- Poetry competition<br /> * Literature events<br /> * Cooking events <br /> * Fine arts events<br /> * Flea market<br /> * Guest lectures<br /> * Special performances <br /> * Informals<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cultural festivals in India]]<br /> [[Category:College festivals in India]]<br /> [[Category:Pandit Deendayal Energy University]]</div>

AdvAcademy01