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Think Music

2026-05-08T15:18:53Z

AdrianneKinne08: Creating A Info

{{Short description|Indian record label}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Think Music
| logo = Logo_of_Think_Music_India.png
| type = Private
| foundation = 2007
| founder = Swaroop Reddy
| location_city = [[Chennai]]
| location_country = India
| owner = SPI Music
| parent = Believe Music
| industry = Music & entertainment
}}

'''Think Music''' is an Indian [[music label]] headquartered in Chennai, [[Tamil Nadu]] that specialises in [[India]]n [[film soundtracks]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=138295040|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731183524/https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=138295040 |archive-date=2018-07-31|title=Company Overview of Think Music Digital Entertainment Private Limited |publisher=Bloomberg |access-date=2021-11-30}}</ref>

==History==
Think Music was established in 2007 by Elred Kumar and Jayaram, co-founders of RS Infotainment, as a [[Digital audio|digital]] first Tamil music label based in Chennai. The company focused on acquiring film audio rights during the Tamil film industry's rapid migration from physical to digital music distribution.<ref name="t611">{{cite web | last=Kandavel | first=Sangeetha | title=Sony Music buys 146 catalogues of Think Music but loses on Rajinikanth starrer Endhiran's rights | website=[[The Economic Times]]| date=2011-07-20 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/sony-music-buys-146-catalogues-of-think-music-but-loses-on-rajinikanth-starrer-endhiran-s-rights/articleshow/9291757.cms | access-date=2025-10-26}}</ref>

In 2011, [[The Economic Times]] reported that [[Sony Music|Sony Music Entertainment]] acquired 146 music titles from Think Music. The acquisition was described as part of Sony's strategy to expand its presence in the Tamil film music market. Some major titles, including the soundtrack of Endhiran (2010), were not part of the deal, reflecting Think Music's retention of selective rights.<ref name="t611"/>

==Filmography==

===Tamil===
*''[[Lesa Lesa]]'' (2003)
*''[[Aethiree]]'' (2004)
*''[[Enthiran]]'' (2010)
*''[[Uthamaputhiran (2010 film)|Uthamaputhiran]]'' (2010)
*''[[180 (2011 Indian film)|180]]'' (2011)
*''[[Deiva Thirumagal]]'' (2011)
*''[[Raja Rani (2013 film)|Raja Rani]]'' (2013)
*''[[Cuckoo (2014 film)|Cuckoo]]'' (2014)
*''[[Indru Netru Naalai]]'' (2015)
*''[[Papanasam (film)|Papanasam]]'' (2015)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/think-music-acquire-audio-rights-of-kamal-haasans-papanasam.html|title=Think Music acquire audio rights of Kamal Haasan's Papanasam|date=27 April 2015}}</ref>
*''[[36 Vayadhinile]]'' (2015)
*''[[Valiyavan]]'' (2015)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/think-music-are-back-with-two-interesting-choices.html|title = Think Music are back with two interesting choices}}</ref>
*''[[144 (film)|144]]'' (2015)
*''[[Thoongaavanam]]'' (2015)
*''[[Server Sundaram (unreleased film)|Server Sundaram]]'' (2016)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/server-sundaram-audio-rights-bagged-by-think-music/articleshow/54250458.cms|title = Server Sundaram audio rights bagged by Think Music|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
*''[[Tharai Thappattai|Tharai Thapattai]]'' (2016)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/think-music-to-release-balas-thara-thappattai-music.html|title=Think Music to release Bala's Thara Thappattai music|date=28 November 2015}}</ref>
*''[[Aranmanai 2]]'' (2016)
*''[[Kabali]]'' (2016)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/think-music-india-bags-audio-rights-of-kabali/article8662576.ece|title=Think Music India bags audio rights of Kabali|first=S.|last=Poorvaja|date=29 May 2016|access-date=7 December 2021|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref>
*''[[Theri (film)|Theri]]'' (2016)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/think-music-grabs-the-audio-rights-of-theri/articleshow/51373785.cms|title=Think Music grabs the audio rights of Theri|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=7 December 2021}}</ref>
*''[[Maragadha Naanayam]]'' (2017)
*''[[Vikram Vedha]]'' (2017)
*''[[Meesaya Murukku]]'' (2017)
*''[[Chennai 2 Singapore]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Sketch (2018 film)|Sketch]]'' (2018)
*''[[Oru Nalla Naal Paathu Solren]]'' (2018)
*''[['96 (film)|96]]'' (2018)
*''[[Imaikkaa Nodigal|Imaikka Nodigal]]'' (2018)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/nayanthara-and-atharvaas-imaikkaa-nodigal-audio-rights-acquired-by-think-music-india.html|title=Nayanthara and Atharvaa's Imaikkaa Nodigal audio rights acquired by Think Music India|date=9 June 2017|website=Behindwoods.com|access-date=7 December 2021}}</ref>
*''[[60 Vayadu Maaniram]]'' (2018)
*''[[Seemaraja]]'' (2018)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onlykollywood.com/audio-rights-of-seema-raja-acquired-by-think-music-india/|title=Audio rights of Seema Raja acquired by Think Music India|date=21 June 2018|website=Onlykollywood.com|access-date=7 December 2021}}</ref>
*''[[Natpe Thunai]]'' (2019)
*''[[Mr. Local]]'' (2019)
*''[[Mookuthi Amman]]'' (2020)
*''[[Maara]]'' (2021)
*''[[Karnan (2021 film)|Karnan]]'' (2021)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/27695/karnan-audio-rights-think-music-india-dhanush|title=Karnan audio rights bagged for a record breaking price, says producer!|website=Moviecrow.com|access-date=7 December 2021}}</ref>
*''[[Sivakumarin Sabadham]]'' (2021)
* ''[[Kathir (film)|Kathir]]'' (2022)
* ''[[D Block (film)|D Block]]'' (2022)
* ''[[The Legend (2022 film)|The Legend]]'' (2022)
* ''[[Naan Mirugamaai Maara]] (2022)''
* [[Bommai (2023 film)|''Bommai'']] (2023)
* ''[[Good Night (2023 film)|Good Night]]'' (2023)
* [[Jigarthanda DoubleX|''Jigarthanda Double X'']] (2023)
* [[Lover (2024 film)|''Lover'']] (2024)
* ''[[Maharaja (2024 film)|Maharaja]]'' (2024)
* ''[[Brother (2024 film)|''Brother'']]'' (2024)
* ''[[Bloody Beggar]]'' (2024)
* [[Dragon (2025 film)|''Dragon'']] (2025)
* ''[[Veera Dheera Sooran]]'' (2025)
* ''[[Tourist Family]]'' (2025)
* ''[[3BHK]]'' (2025)
* ''[[Thalaivan Thalaivii]]'' (2025)
* ''[[Dude (2025 film)|Dude]]'' (2025)
* ''[[Vaa Vaathiyaar]]'' (2026)
* ''[[My Lord (film)|My Lord]]'' (2026)
* ''[[Karuppu (film)|Karuppu]]'' (2026)

===Malayalam===
{{incomplete list|section=yes|date=May 2025}}
*''[[Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja (film)|Pazhassi Raja]]'' (2009)
*''[[Ohm Shanthi Oshaana|Ohm Shanti Oshaana]]'' (2014)
*''[[Hridayam (film)|Hridayam]]'' (2022)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ritzmagazine.in/through-hridayam-think-music-is-bringing-back-audio-cassettes/|title=Through 'Hridayam' Think Music is bringing back Audio cassettes | RITZ Through 'Hridayam' Think Music is bringing back Audio cassettes|website=Ritzmagazine.in|date=20 July 2021|access-date=7 December 2021}}</ref>
*''[[Saudi Vellakka]]'' (2022)
*''[[Vaashi (2022 film)|Vaashi]]'' (2022)
*''[[Christy (2023 film)|Christy]]'' (2023)
*''[[Falimy]]'' (2023)
*''[[Manjummel Boys]]'' (2024)
*''[[Aavesham (2024 film)|Aavesham]]'' (2024)
*''[[Varshangalkku Shesham]]'' (2024)
*''[[Vaazha: Biopic of a Billion Boys (soundtrack)|Vaazha: Biopic of a Billion Boys]]'' (2024)
* ''[[Ajayante Randam Moshanam]]'' (2024)
* ''[[I Am Kathalan]]'' (2024)
* ''[[Rifle Club (film)|Rifle Club]]'' (2024)
* ''[[Rekhachithram]]'' (2025)
*''[[Ponman]]'' (2025)
*''[[Painkili]]'' (2025)
*''[[Daveed (film)|Daveed]]'' (2025)
*''[[Get-Set Baby]]'' (2025)
*''Idi Mazha Kattu'' (2025)
*''[[Alappuzha Gymkhana]]'' (2025)
*''[[Maranamass]]'' (2025)
*''[[Balti (film)|Balti]]'' (2025)
*''Sarkeet'' (2025)
*''Aabhyanthara Kuttavaali'' (2025)
*''Haal'' (2025)
*''[[Vaazha II: Biopic of a Billion Bros (soundtrack)|Vaazha II: Biopic of a Billion Bros]]'' (2026)
*''Mohiniyaattam'' (2026)

===Telugu===
*''[[A1 Express]]'' (2021)

===Hindi===
*''[[Mahavatar Narsimha (soundtrack)|Mahavatar Narsimha]]'' (2025)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{YouTube|channel=https://youtube.com/@thinkmusicofficial?si=QK91vRi1Rn3zH5fP|title=Think Music}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Record label distributors]]
[[Category:Companies based in Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian record labels]]
[[Category:Indian music record labels]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Record labels established in 2007]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2007]]

Raipur Municipal Corporation

2026-05-05T06:56:11Z

AdrianneKinne08: put up new stub!

{{Short description|Administrative body for the city of Raipur, Capital of Chhattisgarh}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Raipur Municipal Corporation
| native_name = रायपुर नगर पालिक निगम
| native_name_lang = hi
| transcription_name =
| logo_pic = [[File:Raipur Municipal Corporation Logo.png|150px|]]
| house_type = Municipal Corporation
| term_limits = 5 years
| foundation = {{start date and years ago|1867|05|17}}
| leader1_type = Chairman of House (Speaker)
| leader1 = Suryakant Rathore<ref>{{cite web | last=Sahu | first=Tarunaa | title=सूर्यकांत राठौर बने रायपुर निगम के सभापति : भाजपा पार्षद दल की बैठक में नाम पर लगी मुहर | website=Haribhoomi | date=7 March 2025 | url=https://www.haribhoomi.com/state-local/chhattishgarh/news/suryakant-rathore-chairman-raipur-municipal-corporation-bjp-74592 | language=hi | access-date=2025-03-07}}</ref>
| party1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election1 = 7 March 2025
| leader2_type = Leader of House (Mayor)
| leader2 = [[Meenal Choubey]]
| party2 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election2 = 27 February 2025
| leader3_type = [[Leader of the Opposition (India)|Leader of the Opposition]]
| leader3 = Akash Tiwari
| party3 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| election3 = 28 October 2025
|leader3_term=| leader4_type = [[Leader of the Opposition (India)|Deputy Leader of the Opposition]]
| leader4 = Jaishree Nayak
| party4 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| election4 = 16 April 2025
| leader5_type = [[Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader5 = Vishwadeep
| party5 = [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| election5 = 5 March 2025
| structure1_res = 300px
|structure1=File:India Raipur, Chhattisgarh Municipal Corporation 2025.svg| political_groups1 =
'''Government (61)'''
:*{{Colour box|#FF9933}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (61)
'''Opposition (9)'''
:*{{Colour box|#00BBFF}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (8)
:*{{Colour box|#B2B2B2}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (1)
| term_length = 5 years
| authority =
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]]
| last_election1 = [[2025 Raipur Municipal Corporation election|11 February 2025]]
| next_election1 = 2030
| motto = स्वार्थो यस्य परार्थ एव: {{small|([[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]])}} ''This self-interest is only for the welfare of others''
| session_room =
| session_res =
| session_alt = Nagar Nigam Karyalay
| meeting_place = Mahatma Gandhi Sadan (White House), near Mahila Thana, Azad Chowk Road, Janta Colony, [[Raipur]]
| website = {{URL|https://nagarnigamraipur.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Raipur Municipal Corporation''', or '''RMC''', is the civic body responsible for the administration and development of [[Raipur]], the capital city of [[Chhattisgarh]], India. Established on 17 May 1867 as the Raipur Municipal Committee during [[British Raj|British rule]], it was later upgraded to a Municipal Corporation in 1973.

This civic administrative body administers the city's cleanliness and other public services like public health, clean streets and parks. The corporation ranked seventh in the Municipal Performance Index 2020 of the [[Government of India|Union Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]] (MoHUA).<ref>{{cite news |date=5 March 2021 |title=Raipur, Bilaspur excel in Municipal Performance Index |website=The Pioneer |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2021/state-editions/raipur--bilaspur-excel-in-municipal-performance-index.html |accessdate=14 September 2021}}</ref>

== History ==

=== British Raj ===
The Raipur Municipal Corporation originated as the Raipur Municipal Committee during British rule in India. Established in the late 19th century, its primary purpose was to ensure basic civic amenities in a rapidly growing urban settlement. The municipal committee was initially tasked with rudimentary responsibilities such as sanitation, road maintenance, and street lighting.

During this period, the committee operated under the [[Central Provinces and Berar]] administration, reflecting the administrative structures imposed by the British. Members were often nominated by the colonial administration, with only a small fraction being elected by property-owning residents under restrictive franchise rules. These elections were largely symbolic, with real power concentrated in the hands of the British-appointed officials.

Key initiatives included the establishment of water supply systems, waste disposal methods, and rudimentary public health facilities to cater to the growing population.

=== Post-Independence of India ===

==== As a part of Madhya Pradesh ====
After India gained independence in 1947, the municipal administration saw significant reforms. In 1956, with the reorganization of states, Raipur became part of the newly formed Madhya Pradesh state. This period marked the gradual expansion of the municipal body's responsibilities, including urban planning, housing, and infrastructure development.

The 1960s and 1970s were transformative years for the municipal administration. In 1973, the municipal committee was upgraded to a Municipal Corporation, a reflection of Raipur's growing significance and population by the cabinet of [[Arjun Singh (Congress politician)|Arjun Singh]]. in 1973, city was divided into 40 wards. This transition allowed the civic body to expand its jurisdiction and take on larger development projects.

==== After formation of Chhattisgarh ====
A defining moment in RMC's history came in 2000 when [[Chhattisgarh]] was carved out of [[Madhya Pradesh]], and [[Raipur]] was declared the capital of the new state. This change elevated the city's profile and brought about rapid urbanization. To cope with the growing administrative and developmental demands of a state capital, the corporation underwent structural and operational reforms.

In the 21st century, the Raipur Municipal Corporation embraced modernization and digital governance. With the introduction of the [[Smart Cities Mission|Smart City Mission]] in 2015, Raipur was selected as one of the cities for transformation into a [[smart city]]. The municipal corporation implemented projects aimed at improving urban mobility, traffic management, and environmental sustainability.

In recent years, RMC has focused on citizen-centric initiatives, such as online tax payment systems, e-governance platforms, and grievance redressal mechanisms. These efforts aim to enhance transparency and efficiency in municipal operations.

== Administration ==
RMC is headed by a mayor (head of Nigam) elected by the people and an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer, who serves as [[Municipal Commissioner of Mumbai|municipal commissioner]], named by the state's [[chief minister]]. Like other elections in India, in RMC the ''Parsahads'' (elected reprensentatives of wards) form the Nigam, and the elected leader of the majority party becomes mayor.

=== Mayor-in-Council (MIC) ===
The Mayor-in-Council (MIC) is the primary executive body of the [[Raipur Municipal Corporation]], functioning as a "city cabinet" to oversee urban governance. Under the [https://nagarnigamraigarh.com/Admin/Upload_Data/UploadFiles/03252017051332_mact1.pdf Chhattisgarh Municipalities Act, 1961], it is chaired by the Mayor, who nominates up to 14 elected councillors to lead specific departments such as Public Works (PWD), Water Supply, and Public Health. The council is responsible for policy implementation, approving financial expenditures, and preparing the annual municipal budget before it is presented to the general house for final approval.

==== MIC members ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Raipur Nagar Nigam - Mayor-in-Council (MIC) Members
|-
! S.No. !! Member Name !! Department / Portfolio
|-
| '''1''' || '''[[Meenal Choubey]]''' || '''Mayor'''
|-
| 2 || Deepak Jaiswal || [[Public Works Department]] (PWD)
|-
| 3 || Dr. Anamika Singh || General Administration
|-
| 4 || Manoj Verma || Urban Planning and Building Permission
|-
| 5 || Manoj Avatar Bagal || Revenue
|-
| 6 || Santosh Sahu || Water Works Department
|-
| 7 || Gayatri Chandrakar || Public Health and Sanitation Department
|-
| 8 || Suman Ashok Pandey || Electricity and Engineering
|-
| 9 || Mahendra Khodiyar || Finance, Accounts, and Audit Department
|-
| 10 || Khem Kumar Sen || Urban Poverty Alleviation and Social Welfare
|-
| 11 || Sarita Dubey || Women and Child Development
|-
| 12 || Sanjana Hiyal || Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (SC/ST)
|-
| 13 || Amar Gidwani || Culture Department
|-
| 14 || Nand Kishore Sahu || Sports and Youth Welfare
|-
| 15 || Bhola Sahu || Environment and Horticulture Department
|}

=== Parshads (Councillors) of all Wards (Zone wise) ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Zone-wise Ward List of Raipur Municipal Corporation
|-
! Zone !! Ward No. !! Ward Name !! Areas Included !! colspan="3" | Parshad (Councillor)
|-
| rowspan="7" | Zone 1 || 3 || [[Kabir|Sant Kabir Das]] Ward || Gogaon, Sitanagar, Suryanagar, Godanwara, Sukhram Nagar || Dr. Manmohan Manhare || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 4 || Yati Yatan Lal Ward || Vijay Nagar, Koyla Para, Timber Market, Govardhan Nagar, Ganga Nagar || Nand Kishore Sahu || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 5 || Banjari Mata Ward || Rameshwar Nagar, Kavilas Nagar, Sendhwar Para, Chandrakar Para || Ambika Sahu || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 15 || Kanhaiyalal Banjari Ward || Gudhiyari, Srinagar, Mahesh Colony, Deendayal Upadhyay Nagar, Gas Godam Area || Rajesh Kumar Dewangan || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 16 || [[Shivaji|Veer Shivaji]] Ward || Sahu Para, Santoshi Nagar, Sanyasi Para, Satnami Para, Shaheed Nagar || Gajju Sahu || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 17 || Thakkar Bapa Ward || Prem Nagar, Gulab Nagar, Diksha Nagar, Shivanand Nagar || Parmila Balla Ram Sahu || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 18 || [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] Ward || Ashok Nagar, Tilak Nagar, Ekta Nagar || Sohan Lal Sahu || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| rowspan="7" | Zone 2 || 6 || [[Avantibai|Virangana Avantibai]] Ward || Trimurti Nagar, Balmiki Nagar, Railway Colony, Ghaspara || Khagapati Soni || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 13 || [[Rajiv Gandhi]] Ward || Devendra Nagar Sector-3, Paras Nagar, Sahu Para, Indira Awas, Shastri Nagar || Mahendra Khodiyar || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 14 || Raman Mandir Ward || Chuna Bhatti, Narmada Para, Lodhipara, Raman Mandir, Kumhar Para, Jagriti Nagar, Patrakar Colony || Suryakant Rathore || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 26 || [[Bhamashah|Danveer Bhamashah]] Ward || Shukrawari Bazar, Mangal Bazar, Sahu Para Gudhiyari, Tulsi Nagar, Kukri Para || Ramhin Kurre || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 27 || [[Indira Gandhi]] Ward || Ganj Mandi, Jawahar Nagar, Kelkar Para, Jora Para, Raipur Railway Station, Nivedita School || Avatar Bharti Bagal || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 28 || Shaheed Hemu Kalyani Ward || Officer Colony, Sai Mandir Area, Devendra Nagar Sector-1, 2, 4, City Center Mall Area, Pandri Bus Stand Area || Smt. Kritika Jain || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 36 || Tatyapara Ward || Modhapara, Subhash Nagar Basti, Mekahara Hospital, Dental College, Shaheed Smarak Bhavan, Zone No. 2 Office, Afroz Bagh, Gujarati School Area, Sindhi Bazar || Smt. Shweta Vishwakarma || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| rowspan="7" | Zone 3 || 10 || [[Rani Laxmibai]] Ward || Ashoka Ratan, Karishma Tower, V.V. Vihar, L.I.C. Colony, Adarsh Nagar, Golden Homes, Aman Nagar, Prem Nagar, Indira Kusht Basti || Devdutt Dwivedi || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 11 || [[B. R. Ambedkar|Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar]] Ward || Khapra Bhatti, Anupam Nagar, Shakti Nagar, Rajiv Nagar, Pilati Kalinagar || Mohan Kumar Sahu || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 12 || Kalimata Ward || Narayana Hospital, Mandi Area, Sambleshwari Nagar, Chandrashekhar Nagar, Lodhipara, District Hospital (Kusht Basti), Devendra Nagar Sector-5, Ganga Nagar, Durga Nagar || Smt. Sadhna Pramod Sahu || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 29 || [[Guru Govind Singh]] Ward || Behera Colony, Jagannath Nagar, Taj Nagar, Mayur Club, Khadi Gram Udyog Area || Kailash Behera || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 30 || Shankar Nagar Ward || Shankar Nagar, Ishwari Nagar, New Shanti Nagar, Gorkha Colony || Rajesh Gupta || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 34 || [[Ravishankar Shukla]] Ward || Rajatalab, Anand Nagar, Vinoba Bhave Nagar, Kundrapara, Shanti Nagar || Akash Tiwari{{efn|Leader of Opposition in RMC; won as [[Independent politician|Independent]], but later joined INC}} || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 48 || Guru Ghasidas Ward || Dewar Basti, Telibandha B.S.U.P, Jal Vihar Colony, Gurudwara Shyam Nagar, Indra Chowk, Pritam Singh Saini School, Radha Krishna Mandir, Maharana Pratap Garden, Santoshi Nagar, Kapoor Hotel || Mahesh Kumar Dhruv || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| rowspan="7" | Zone 4 || 35 || Abdul Hameed Ward || Collectorate Area, Indravati Colony, Forest Colony, Ravi Nagar, Dhobipara, Noorani Masjid Area || Sheikh Musheer || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 44 || [[Swami Vivekanand]] Sadar Bazar Ward || Brahman Para, Kankali Para, Panchpath Para, Suhaga Mandir, Dhobipara, Sarthi Chowk || Murli Sharma || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 45 || Maulana Abdul Rauf Ward || Nayapara, Kamasi Para, Budhatalab, Sadar Bazar, Satti Bazar, Gol Bazar, Dani Bada, Budhapara, Shyam Talkies Area || Arruman Aijaz Dhebar || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 46 || Civil Lines Ward || Bans Tal, Ganeshram Nagar, Jawahar Bazar, Shastri Bazar, Chhotapara, Baidyanath Para, Nehru Nagar, Hanuman Nagar, Gandhi Nagar || Sanjana Hiyal || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 47 || [[Mother Teresa]] Ward || Civil Lines, Utkal Nagar, Panchsheel Nagar, Satbahaniya Nagar, Katora Para Durga Mandir Area || Santosh Kumar Sahu || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 57 || Bhagwati Charan Shukla Ward || Daga Chal, Gauli Mohalla, Chhoti Masjid, C.G. College, P. & T. Colony, Mahila Polytechnic, Prem Prakash Ashram, Punjabi Colony, Shailendra Nagar, Fun Fiesta Garden, Star Ground, Pension Bada Chaprasi Colony || Amar Gidwani || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 64 || Vipin Bihari Sur Ward || Mathpara, Kailashpuri, Dulari Nagar, Gabhra Para, Veerbhadra Nagar, Pujari Nagar, Adarsh Nagar || Manoj Verma || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| rowspan="4" | Zone 5 || 40 || Deendayal Upadhyay Ward || Shanti Vihar Colony, Danganiya, Rajkumar College Area, Krishna Nagar, Khadan Basti, Vivekananda Ashram Area || Ashu Chandravanshi || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 41 || Pt. Sundar Lal Sharma Ward || Pt. Deendayal Upadhyay Housing Board Colony, Rohinipuram, Vinayaka Vihar, Kuber Griha Nirman Samiti, Krishna Sakha || Sarita Akash Dubey || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 42 || Mahant Laxminarayan Das Ward || Sunder Nagar, Maitri Nagar, Bhim Nagar, Chandrashekhar Nagar, Hanuman Nagar, Amarpuri, Om Society || Ambar Agrawal || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 68 || Dr. Khubchand Baghel Ward || Changorabhatha, Vasundhara Nagar, F.C.I. Colony, Shri Ram Nagar, Ayodhya Nagar, Matkorwa Para || Durga Yaadram Sahu || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| rowspan="6" | Zone 6 || 58 || Shaheed Pankaj Vikram Ward || Dharam Nagar, Chhattisgarh Nagar, Sonjhar Para, Tagore Nagar, Vivekananda Nagar, Naraiya Talab, Police Line || Swapnil Mishra || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 59 || Moreshwar Rao Garde Ward || Laxmi Nagar, Durga Para, Pragati Vihar, Santoshi Nagar, Prince Colony, Shiv Nagar, Taj Nagar || Anjali Golchha Jain || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 60 || [[Chandrasekhar Azad]] Ward || Chaurasiya Colony, Manaspura, Simran City, Arjun Enclave, Bhairav Nagar, Bada Para Mathpuraina, B.S.U.P. Mathpuraina || Ramesh Sapaha || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 61 || [[Shyama Prasad Mukherjee]] Ward || Bhathagaon Basti, Awadhpuri, Dhebar City, Rawatpura Nagar, Jyoti Nagar, Shiva Homes, Chandra Society, Hanuman Vatika || Ravi Sonkar (Chand) || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 62 || Shaheed Rajiv Pandey Ward || Sanjay Nagar, Indira Nagar, Satnami Para, Umang Colony, Ravanbhatha Maidan, Filter Plant || Badri Prasad Gupta || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 63 || Brigadier Usman Ward || Hamid Nagar, Tikrapara, Hardevlal Mandir, Dhimar Par, Sahu Para, Satbahaniya, Buddha Vihar, Chhoti R.D.A. Colony, Sudama || Pramod Kumar Sahu || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| rowspan="7" | Zone 7 || 22 || Ishvari Charan Shukla Ward || Kukurbeda Basti, Dumartalab, Tiwari Colony, Madhura Nagar, Bengali Para, Kanchanganga Colony || Meena Thakur || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 23 || Shaheed Manmohan Singh Bakshi Ward || Shivaji Nagar, Maruti Vihar, Siddheshwari Nagar, Dhimar Para, Krishna Nagar, Moti Nagar, Rishikesh Nagar, Saraswati Nagar, Suyash || Ronita Prakash Jagat || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 24 || [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel|Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel]] Ward || Gokul Nagar, Laxman Nagar, Gopal Nagar, Sheetla Para, Rajiv Nagar || Deep Maniram Sahu || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 25 || Sant Ramdas Ward || Bharat Nagar, Krishna Nagar, Ram Nagar, F.C.I. Godown || Bhola Ram Sahu || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 37 || Shaheed Chudamani Nayak Ward || Tatyapara, Mominpara, Handipara, Nemichand Gali, Ramsagar Para, Kewat Gali || Deepak Jaiswal || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 38 || Swami Atmanand Ward || Samta Colony Part, Ramkund, Amapara, Bajrang Nagar || Anand Agrawal || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 39 || Thakur Pyarelal Ward || Geeta Nagar, Choubey Colony, Samta Colony, Rakhi Nagar, Arjun Nagar || Suman Ashok Pandey || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| rowspan="7" | Zone 8 || 1 || [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar|Veer Savarkar Nagar]] Ward || Hirapur, Atari, Jarway, Hirapur Housing Board Colony || Sandeep Sahu || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 2 || [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru]] Ward || Sondongri, Kabir Nagar, Ashiana, Balmiki Awas, Harshit Nagar, Patrakar Colony || Bhagatram Harvansh || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 19 || [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam]] Ward || Chhota Ashok Nagar, Vikas Nagar, Pritam Nagar || Pritam Singh || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 20 || [[Ramakrishna|Ramakrishna Paramahansha]] Ward || Bhawani Nagar, Teachers Colony, Shiv Vatika, Anuvrat Vihar, Housing Board Colony, Sainath Colony, Parmanand Nagar, Maruti Lifestyle || Aman Singh Thakur || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 21 || [[Bhagat Singh|Shaheed Bhagat Singh]] Ward || Housing Board Colony Tatibandh, Udaya Society, Rotary Nagar, Tatibandh Basti, Barsana || Gayatri Sunil Chandrakar || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 69 || Madhavrao Sapre Ward || Satyam Vihar, Raypura Basti, Ram Chabutra Area, Vikas Vihar, Devanagari, Mahadev Ghat, Agroha Colony, Kushal Griha Nirman Colony || Mahendra Ausar || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 70 || [[Ravidas|Sant Ravidas]] Ward || Sarona Basti, Bazar Para, Satnami Para, Sanjay Nagar, Chandanidih, Transport Nagar, Shriram Tower, AIIMS, Azad Nagar, Arihant Nagar, Rajiv Nagar || Arjun alias Arun Kumar Yadav || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| rowspan="4" | Zone 9 || 7 || [[Kushabhau Thakre]] Ward || Housing Board Saddu, Saddu Basti, Daldal Seoni, Daya Nagar, Green Orchid, Ambuja City Center, Capital City Phase-1, 2 || Khem Kumar Sen || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 8 || [[Mahatma Gandhi]] Ward || Kachna, Kachna Housing Board, Rajdhani Vihar, Amaseoni, Satyam Nagar, Bhathapara, Nala Para, Bhawani Nagar, Anandam City, Chandi Nagar, V.I.P. Colony, Sapphire Green || Savitri Dhiwar || {{party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| 9 || [[Motilal Nehru]] Ward || Dubey Colony, Ashoka Impression, Middle Vihar, Mowa, Kampa Basti, Anant Vihar Colony || Gopesh Kumar Sahu || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 31 || [[Subhas Chandra Bose|Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose]] Ward || Khamhardih Basti, Shriram Nagar, Gayatri Nagar, Ganesh Ram Nagar, Parvati Nagar, Sales Tax Colony, Bhavna Nagar || Pushpa Rohit Sahu || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Zone 10 || 56 || Arvind Dixit Ward || Purana Rajendra Nagar, Chanchal Vihar, New Bharat Nagar, Sai Nagar, Navkar Hospital, Vidhayak Vishram Griha, Priyadarshini || Sachin B. Meghani || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Electoral history ==
The initial decades of RMC elections saw national parties like the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) competing for control. The Congress, with its historical influence in [[central India]], often dominated local elections during this period. Initially, citizens directly elected the mayor. This allowed the electorate to choose a leader they felt would best represent Raipur's interests till 1973 to 2015. Between 2015 and 2025, the system changed, and councilors elect the mayor. This aligns with the practice in many other municipal corporations across India but the direct election of mayor re-continued in 2025 elections.

The first elections for the 40 wards of the Raipur Municipal Corporation (RMC) were held in 1973, with Swaroop Chand Jain of the INC becoming the city's mayor. Between 1985 and 1995, the municipal corporation was administered by a district magistrate or administrator appointed by the [[List of chief ministers of Madhya Pradesh|Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh]], following a delimitation process. In 1995, the number of wards was increased to 60 by [[Second Digvijaya Singh ministry|Digvijay Singh ministry]], and elections were held, with Balbeer S. Juneja elected as the mayor.

Following the passing of the [[Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000]], Raipur became part of the newly formed state of [[Chhattisgarh]] and was designated the largest municipal corporation in the state. [[Tarun Chatterji|Tarun Prasad Chatterjee]] was the first mayor of Raipur after Chhattisgarh's formation. In 2004, ahead of the local elections, the [[Second Raman Singh ministry|Raman Singh ministry]] approved the creation of seven additional wards, raising the total from 63 to 70. The first local body elections in the new state were held in 2004, where [[Sunil Kumar Soni]] of the BJP, who is currently the [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly#Members of Legislative Assembly#|Member of Legislative Assembly]] for [[Raipur City South Assembly constituency|Raipur South]], became the first non-Congress mayor of the city. By 2014, the RMC had created four more wards, leading to the current structure of 70 wards.

Elections for the Raipur Municipal Corporation were held in [[Raipur Municipal Corporation#2019–20 Raipur urban body elections|2019–20]], in which the INC emerged victorious, and Aijaz Dhebar became the mayor. However, due to the reservation and prolonged delimitation processes, local body elections were not conducted after the completion of the previous tenure, leading to the dissolution of the RMC. For the first time in 30 years, the collector was re-assigned as the administrator of RMC.

Elections for the Raipur Municipal Corporation were held in [[2025 Raipur Municipal Corporation election|2025]], in which the BJP emerged victorious, and [[Meenal Choubey]] became the mayor.

===2025===
{{Main|2025 Raipur Municipal Corporation election}}
After a [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|change in the state government]], the system of direct mayoral elections was reintroduced by [[Sai ministry]]. The elections were delayed due to the implementation of delimitation and reservation processes. Instead of extending the term of the outgoing body, an administrator was appointed to oversee the corporation.

Gaurav K. Singh, an [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer serving as [[District magistrate|District Collector]] of Raipur, was appointed as the administrator (after MPPSC officer G P Mishra in 1995), becoming the first such appointee after the [http://Madhya_Pradesh_(1956–2000)#Chhattisgarh_Movement formation of Chhattisgarh]. His tenure lasted approximately 40 days until the elections were conducted in [[2025 Raipur Municipal Corporation election|February 2025]].

The mayoral seat was reserved for women. [[Meenal Choubey]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] was elected Mayor, defeating Deepti Pramod Dubey by a huge margin. The BJP secured a decisive majority in the corporation, winning 60 wards, marking one of the largest victories in the corporation's history. The Congress was reduced to very poor representation. Sandeep Sahu initially served as Leader of the Opposition, and was later succeeded by Akash Tiwari.

{|class="sortable wikitable"
|+| 2025 Raipur Municipal Corporation election
|-
! colspan="2" |Party!! Won !! '''+/−'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || 60 || {{increase}}31
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress]] || 7 ||{{decrease}}27
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent politician}}
| [[Independent politician|Independents]] || 3 || {{decrease}}4
|-
| colspan="2" |'''Total'''|| '''70''' ||
|}

===2019–20===
Following a [[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|change in government]] in the state, the system of direct mayoral elections was discontinued by [[Baghel ministry]], and the Mayor was once again elected indirectly by the councillors. The 2019–20 municipal elections were conducted using ballot voting, first since 2004 marking a departure from previous processes.

The [[Indian National Congress]] emerged as the largest party with 34 wards, while the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] secured 29 wards and [[Independent politician|independent]] candidates won 7 wards. The Congress subsequently secured majority support within the council, leading to the election of '''Aijaz Dhebar''' as Mayor. Pramod Dubey was elected Chairman of the corporation. BJP's Suryakant Rathore and later [[Meenal Choubey]] served as Leader of the Opposition.

{|class="sortable wikitable"
|+| 2019–20 Raipur Municipal Corporation election
|-
! colspan="2" |Party!! Won !! '''+/−'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress]] || 34 || {{Increase}}10
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || 29 || {{Increase}}1
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent politician}}
| Others & [[Independent politician|Independents]] || 7 || {{Decrease}}11
|-
| colspan="2" |'''Total'''|| '''70''' ||
|}

===2014–15===
The direct mayoral election system continued in the 2014–15 municipal elections. The mayoral seat was unreserved during this cycle. '''Pramod Dubey''' of the [[Indian National Congress]] was elected Mayor, defeating senior BJP leader Sachchidanand Upasane by a margin of approximately 35,000 votes.

In the council elections, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] remained the single largest party with 28 wards, followed by the Congress with 24 wards. [[Independent politician|Independent]] candidates performed strongly, winning 18 wards and playing a significant role in the composition of the corporation. Both major parties recorded a decline in their ward tallies compared to the previous election.

{|class="sortable wikitable"
|+| 2014–15 Raipur Municipal Corporation election
|-
! colspan="2" |Party!! Won !! '''+/−'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || 28 || {{Decrease}}7
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress]] || 24 || {{Decrease}}2
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent politician}}
| Others & [[Independent politician|Independents]] || 18 || {{Increase}}9
|-
| colspan="2" |'''Total'''|| '''70''' ||
|}

=== 2009–10 ===
Ahead of the scheduled municipal elections, the state government introduced a system for the direct election of the Mayor by the public. As a result, the elections due in December 2008 were deferred, and the term of the municipal body was extended by one year through [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|legislative action]].

The electoral process was completed by November 2009, and the mayoral seat was reserved for a [[Scheduled Tribe]] woman. Under the direct election system, '''Kiranmayi Nayak''' of the [[Indian National Congress]] was elected Mayor, becoming the first woman to hold the office in [[Raipur]]. In the council, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] emerged as the single largest party with 35 wards, while the Congress secured 26 wards.

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|+ 2009–10 Raipur Municipal Corporation election
|-
! colspan="2" |Party!! Won !! '''+/−'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || 35 ||
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress]] || 26 ||
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent politician}}
| Others & [[Independent politician|Independents]] || 9 ||
|-
| colspan="2" |'''Total'''|| '''70''' ||
|}

=== 2004–05 ===
The first municipal elections of the Raipur Municipal Corporation following the formation of the state of Chhattisgarh were held in December 2004, with results declared in January 2005. Due to limited availability of archival records, detailed ward-wise results are not widely documented. However, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] secured a majority across the 70 wards. Subsequently, [[Sunil Kumar Soni|Sunil Soni]] was elected Mayor by the elected councillors, becoming the first non-Congress Mayor of the city.

===List of mayors===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! scope="col" | S. No.
! Name
! Term start
! Term end
! Duration
! Party
! style="width:4px;" |
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|1
|Swaroop Chand Jain
|27 February 1980
|27 February 1981
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|1980|2|27|1981|2|27}}
|rowspan=5|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=5 style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}};" |
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|2
|S.R. Murthi
|27 February 1981
|27 February 1982
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|1981|2|27|1982|2|27}}
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|(1)
|Swaroop Chand Jain
|27 February 1982
|27 February 1983
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|1982|2|27|1983|2|27}}
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|3
|[[Tarun Chatterji|Tarun Prasad Chatterjee]]
|27 February 1983
|10 September 1984
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|1983|2|27|1984|9|10}}
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|4
|Santosh Agarwal
|11 September 1984
|26 February 1985
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|1984|9|11|1985|2|26}}
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
| rowspan="7" | –
|Omkar Prasad Dubey
|27 February 1985
|26 February 1987
| rowspan="7" | 9 years, 311 days
| rowspan="7" | Administrator{{efn|Chhattisgarh was carved out of Madhya Pradesh in the year 2003}} ([[Government of Madhya Pradesh]])
| rowspan="7" style="background-color: white;" |
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Ajay Nath
|27 February 1987
|26 February 1988
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Bajrang Sahay
|27 February 1988
|26 February 1989
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Mohan Rao
|27 February 1989
|4 June 1989
|- style="text-align:center;"
|B. S. Shrivastava
|5 June 1989
|4 January 1990
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Manoj Shrivastava
|5 January 1990
|4 January 1993
|- style="text-align:center;"
|G. S. Mishra
|5 January 1993
|4 January 1995
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|5
|Balbir Juneja
|5 January 1995
|4 January 2000
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|1995|1|5|2000|1|4}}
|rowspan=2|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}};" |
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|(3)
|[[Tarun Chatterji|Tarun Prasad Chatterjee]]
|5 January 2000
|25 December 2003
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2000|1|5|2003|12|25}}
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|6
|[[Sunil Kumar Soni]]
|5 January 2004
|5 January 2010
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2004|1|5|2010|1|5}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};" |
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|7
|Kiranmayi Nayak
|5 January 2010
|7 January 2015
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2010|1|5|2015|1|7}}
|rowspan=3|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=3 style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}};" |
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|8
|Pramod Dubey
|7 January 2015
|7 January 2020
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2015|1|7|2020|1|7}}
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|9
|Aijaz Dhebar
|7 January 2020
|6 January 2025
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2020|1|7|2025|1|6}}
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
| –
|Dr. Gaurav K. Singh
|7 January 2025
|15 February 2025
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2025|1|7|2025|2|15}}
|Administrator ([[Government of Chhattisgarh]])
|style="background-color: white;" |
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|10
|[[Meenal Choubey]]
|15 February 2025
|[[Incumbent]]
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2025|2|15}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};" |
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Raipur]]
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Chhattisgarh]]

Kamaljeet Sehrawat

2026-05-04T07:14:28Z

AdrianneKinne08: started some data basic info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kamaljeet Sehrawat
| image = Kamaljeet Sehrawat.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1972|09|29}}
| birth_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Parvesh Verma]]
| constituency = [[West Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|West Delhi]]
| office1 = Mayor of [[South Delhi Municipal Corporation]]
| term_start1 = 2018
| term_end1 = 2019
| successor1 = [[Narendra Chawla]]
| constituency1 = Councillor, Dwarka B Ward - New Delhi
| predecessor1 = Shyam Sharma
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| parents =
| spouse = Rajkumar Sehrawat
| alma_mater = M.Com, [[Himachal Pradesh University]]
| relations =
| children = 2
| profession = Politician, Farmer
}}
'''Kamaljeet Sehrawat''' (born 29 September 1972) is an Indian politician and social activist. She is a member of the [[Lok Sabha]] from [[West Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|West Delhi]] as a Bharatiya Janta Party representative.<ref name="Women activists {{!}} Beating all odds">{{cite news|last1=India Today|title=Women activists {{!}} Beating all odds|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-women-activists-beating-all-odds-2565862-2024-07-13|accessdate=7 August 2024|date=13 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807071147/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-women-activists-beating-all-odds-2565862-2024-07-13|archivedate=7 August 2024|language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==

Sehrawat assumed the role of BJP district vice president in [[Najafgarh]] in 2007. She contested the MLA election from the [[Matiala Assembly constituency]] in 2008 but lost to [[Sumesh Shokeen]] of [[Indian National Congress]] by 6,629 votes. From 2009 to 2014, she served as the secretary of the Delhi Pradesh BJP. She ascended to the presidency of the BJP Delhi Mahila Morcha from 2014 to 2016.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

In 2014, she was selected as the nominee for mayor of [[South Delhi Municipal Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-13 |title=Who is Kamaljeet Sehrawat? Meet BJP's pick for South Delhi Municipal Corporation mayor post |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/who-is-kamaljeet-sehrawat-meet-bjps-pick-for-south-delhi-municipal-corporation-mayor-post/667078/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> Between 2016 and 2017, Sehrawat was BJP’s vice president of Delhi State.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=2017-05-19 |title=Kamaljeet Sehrawat is new south Delhi Mayor |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/kamaljeet-sehrawat-is-new-south-delhi-mayor/article18511737.ece |access-date=2024-03-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-16 |title=Shazia Ilmi gets berth in BJP's key committee |url=https://www.asianage.com/metros/delhi/160117/shazia-ilmi-gets-berth-in-bjps-key-committee.html |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=The Asian Age}}</ref> In 2022, Sehrawat won Councillor election from Dwarka B ward.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-09 |title=Finally, names of six Standing Committee members declared |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/finally-names-of-six-standing-committee-members-declared/articleshow/100858316.cms |access-date=2024-03-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Sehrawat served as the vice president of the BJP's Delhi State from 2016 to 2017, contributing to the party's strategic planning and outreach efforts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-23 |title=Delhi HC sets aside mayor's decision to call re-poll for MCD standing committee |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/delhi-high-court-sets-aside-mayor-s-decision-for-fresh-mcd-committee-elections-directs-to-declare-results-of-february-24-voting-101684835722014.html |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Subsequently, she was elected as a member of the Standing Committee in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mahajan |first=Satvika |date=2023-12-08 |title=Will reach out to people for MCD's next budget: Mayor |url=https://www.thehindu.com/incoming/will-reach-out-to-people-for-mcds-next-budget-mayor/article67619042.ece |access-date=2024-03-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Sehrawat was selected as the BJP candidate for the [[West Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|West Delhi]] in the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 Lok Sabha elections]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=कमलजीत सहरावत की क्या है राजनीतिक पृष्ठभूमि, BJP ने प्रवेश वर्मा का टिकट काट पश्चिमी दिल्ली सीट से दिया मौका |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/ncr/story-kamaljeet-sehrawat-become-bjp-candidate-from-west-delhi-lok-sabha-seat-lok-sabha-elections-2024-by-cutting-parvesh-verma-ticket-9449183.html |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Indo-Asian News |date=2023-08-19 |title=BJP announces names of in-charges for all 7 LS seats in Delhi |url=https://www.siasat.com/bjp-announces-names-of-in-charges-for-all-7-ls-seats-in-delhi-2671211/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Political contributions and initiatives ==
Sehrawat has been actively involved in advocating for women's empowerment and has led various campaigns and programs aimed at improving the status of women in society.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-12 |title=Vikaspuri gets Delhi's first pink toilet, more soon |url=https://www.asianage.com/metros/delhi/121017/vikaspuri-gets-delhis-first-pink-toilet-more-soon.html |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=The Asian Age}}</ref> Serving as the president of the BJP Delhi Mahila Morcha, she concentrated on increasing women's involvement in politics and ensuring their representation across different levels of governances.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-20 |title=New South Delhi mayor to meet Rajnath over funds |url=https://www.asianage.com/metros/delhi/200517/new-south-delhi-mayor-to-meet-rajnath-singh-over-funds.html |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=The Asian Age}}</ref>

During her tenure as the mayor of the [[South Delhi Municipal Corporation]], Sehrawat launched several initiatives focused on enhancing civic infrastructure and services.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-12 |title=Civic schools deprived of special health services in Delhi: BJP |url=https://www.thehindu.com/incoming/civic-schools-deprived-of-special-health-services-in-delhi-bjp/article67188317.ece |access-date=2024-03-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> These included cleanliness drives, waste management programs, and projects aimed at beautifying the city, all aimed at improving the overall quality of life for residents.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Akhilesh |title=Dwarka: SDMC finally starts work at Sec 10 park after years of neglect |url=https://www.cityspidey.com/news/6812/dwarka-sdmc-finally-starts-work-at-sec-10-park-after-years-of-neglect |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=www.cityspidey.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> Additionally, she emphasized the development of parks, recreational facilities, and green spaces to foster a healthier and more sustainable urban environment.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-30 |title=BJP councillors meet MCD Commissioner against 'politicisation of education' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/bjp-councillors-meet-mcd-commissioner-against-politicisation-of-education/article66913243.ece |access-date=2024-03-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Swacch Shauchalay campaign for clean India |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/delhi/report-swacch-shauchalay-campaign-for-clean-india-2507984 |access-date=2024-03-10 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

As the vice president of the BJP's Delhi State, Sehrawat played a significant role in formulating and executing the party's election strategy, rallying support, and expanding its grassroots network.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-05 |title=Finally Some Relief For Kids, Delhi Schools To Go 'Bagless' For A Day Every Week |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/finally-some-relief-for-kids-delhi-schools-to-go-bagless-for-a-day-every-week-340862.html |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=IndiaTimes |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=कोई भी समस्या हो तो सीधे मुझसे मेरे नंबर पर संपर्क करें : कमलजीत सहरावत - If there is any problem, please contact me directly on my number: Kamaljeet Sehrawat - Delhi New Delhi City Local News |url=https://www.jagran.com/delhi/new-delhi-city-if-there-is-any-problem-please-contact-me-directly-on-my-number-kamaljeet-sehrawat-20470483.html |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

==Personal life ==

She is married to Raj Kumar Sehrawat.

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sehrawat, Kamaljeet}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:Women members of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:People from South West Delhi district]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Delhi]]
[[Category:Mayors of South Delhi]]

Gurbux Singh (field hockey)

2026-04-30T13:58:52Z

AdrianneKinne08: Added a bio

{{Short description|Indian field hockey player (born 1936)}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Gurbux Singh
| full_name = Gurbux Sngh
| image = File:Gurbux Singh (field hockey).jpg
| caption = Gurbux Singh
| nationality = [[India]]
| sport = [[Field hockey]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1936|2|11|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Peshawar]], North-West Frontier Province, British India (present-day [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], Pakistan)
| death_date =
| death_place =
| event = Men's team
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport | Men's [[field hockey]] }}
{{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Field hockey at the Olympic Games|Olympic Games]] }} [[File:Olympic rings.svg|center|80px]]
{{MedalGold | [[1964 Summer Olympics|1964 Tokyo]] | [[Field hockey at the 1964 Summer Olympics|Team]] }}
{{MedalBronze | [[1968 Summer Olympics|1968 Mexico City]] | [[Field hockey at the 1968 Summer Olympics|Team]] }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Field hockey at the Asian Games| Asian Games]] }}
{{MedalGold | [[1966 Asian Games|1966 Bangkok]] | [[Field hockey at the 1966 Asian Games|Team]] }}
}}

'''Gurbux Singh ''' (born 11 February 1936) is an Indian [[field hockey]] player who was a member of the [[India men's national field hockey team|Indian team]] that won the gold medal at the [[1964 Summer Olympics]], the bronze medal at the [[1968 Summer Olympics]] and the gold medal at the [[1966 Asian Games]].<ref>{{cite Sports-Reference |url=http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/si/gurbux-singh-1.html |title=Gurbux Singh |archive-date=3 December 2016 |access-date=28 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203235232/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/si/gurbux-singh-1.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/19269 |title=Gurbux Singh |website=[[Olympedia]] |publisher=[[Olympedia]] |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012132533/https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/19269 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sikhhockeyolympians.com/Player%20Profiles/GurbuxSingh.html |title=Sikh Hockey Olympics: Gurbux Singh |website=sikhhockeyolympians.com |publisher=The Sikh Hockey Olympians |access-date=28 November 2023 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005055721/http://www.sikhhockeyolympians.com/Player%20Profiles/GurbuxSingh.html |archive-date=5 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/bha-felicitates-gurbux-singh/article4771351.ece |title=BHA facilitates Gurbux Singh |date=1 June 2013 |access-date=26 January 2024 |location=Kolkata |website=thehindu.com |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012132542/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/bha-felicitates-gurbux-singh/article4771351.ece |archive-date=12 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.databaseolympics.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=SINGHGUR04 |title=Gurbux Singh |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202600/http://www.databaseolympics.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=SINGHGUR04 |website=databaseOlympics.com |publisher=Olympics Database |access-date=26 January 2020}}</ref> He was the joint captain of the Indian team at the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was also the coach of the Indian team at the [[1976 Summer Olympics]]. For his outstanding contribution to the country in the field of sports, Gurbux received the [[Arjuna Award]] in 1966.

==Sub-caste==
The sub-caste of Gurbux Singh is Kohli but he prefers not to suffix it with his name.

== Early life ==
Gurbux Singh was born at [[Peshawar]] but grew up in [[Rawalpindi]]. After the [[partition of India]], the family first moved to [[Lucknow]], then to [[Mhow]] and finally to [[Meerut]] from where he did his graduation. He moved to Calcutta in 1957, a city which ultimately became his permanent home and shaped his sports career. Gurbux initially tried his hand at [[badminton]] but then started playing hockey for his school in Lucknow.

He started hockey at the age of 16. He represented [[Agra University]] in 1954–55 and a year later won the Obaidullah Gold Cup Hockey Championship. Gurbux Singh first played for [[East Bengal Club (field hockey)|East Bengal Club]] in 1957, and was influential in their first victory at the [[Beighton Cup]] that year. He later represented [[Calcutta Customs Club]] from 1957 to 1965, followed by [[Mohun Bagan AC (field hockey)|Mohun Bagan Athletic Club]] from 1968 to 1980. He had a distinguished career in domestic hockey.

== International career ==
A skilled full-back player, Singh made his international debut in a tour of [[Australia men's national field hockey team|Australia]] and [[New Zealand men's national field hockey team|New Zealand]] in 1960, and also participated in the International Hockey Tournament in 1962. By 1963, he was made captain, and led the team that won the gold medal at the [[1964 Tokyo Olympics]] and the [[1966 Asian Games]] at [[Bangkok]]. He also led India on tours of [[Germany men's national field hockey team|Germany]] and [[Japan men's national field hockey team|Japan]] in 1966, [[Sri Lanka men's national field hockey team|Sri Lanka]] in 1967 and the Pre-Olympic tournament in [[London]] in 1967. In the [[1968 Mexico City Olympics]], he shared captaincy with [[Prithipal Singh]], where India won the bronze medal. He is considered to be one of the greatest Indian hockey players of all time.

After retiring from internationals in 1968, Singh took to coaching and umpiring. He coached [[France men's national field hockey team|France]] in 1974–75 and India during the [[1976 Montreal Olympics]]. A national selector in 1973 and again from 1980 to 1985, he was the manager of the Indian team to the [[1973 Men's Hockey World Cup|1973 World Cup]] and the [[1983 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|1983 Champions Trophy]].

Singh was conferred with the [[Arjuna Award]] after the Indian team's victory at the 1966 Asian Games. In 2013, he received the Banga Bibhushan, a title instituted by the West Bengal government to honour distinguished achievements in various fields. In 2018, he was awarded [[East Bengal Club Season Awards|Bharat Gaurav]] by [[East Bengal Club]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/east-bengal-seek-a-new-identity-on-foundation-day/articleshow/65237673.cms |title=East Bengal seek a 'new identity' on foundation day |work=The Times of India |date=2 August 2018 |access-date=19 December 2019 |archive-date=2 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802092224/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/east-bengal-seek-a-new-identity-on-foundation-day/articleshow/65237673.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

He is known for having served Indian hockey for over 50 years in various capacities, and is credited with doing much to better the state of Indian hockey.

==See also==
* [[List of Indian hockey captains in Olympics]]
* [[Field hockey in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

* {{Olympics.com|gurbux-singh}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20111005055721/http://www.sikhhockeyolympians.com/Player%20Profiles/GurbuxSingh.html Sikh Hockey Olympics: Gurbux Singh]}}
* [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/bha-felicitates-gurbux-singh/article4771351.ece BHA facilitates Gurbux Singh]
*{{IMDb name| 2500514}}

{{India FH Squad 1964 Summer Olympics}}
{{India FH Squad 1966 Asian Games}}
{{India FH Squad 1968 Summer Olympics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Gurbux}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men's field hockey players]]
[[Category:Olympic field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Olympic gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Olympic bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Olympic medalists in field hockey]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1964 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1968 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1964 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1968 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1966 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Peshawar]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Rawalpindi]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1966 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in field hockey]]

Rohit Pawar

2026-04-30T02:58:51Z

AdrianneKinne08: put up details!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rohit Rajendra Pawar
| image = RR Pawar.png
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1985|09|29}}
| birth_place = [[Baramati]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| spouse = Kunti Magar-Pawar
| occupation = Businessman, Political & Social Activist
| party = [[Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar]] (2024–present) [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (2017–2024)
| alma_mater =
| parents = Rajendra Pawar [[Sunanda Rajendra Pawar]]
| years_active =
| office = Member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 26 October 2019
| constituency = [[Karjat Jamkhed (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Karjat-Jamkhed]]
| predecessor = [[Ram Shinde]]
| office2 = [[President (corporate title)|President]] [[Maharashtra Cricket Association]]
| term_start2 = 22 November 2022
}}

'''Rohit Rajendra Pawar''' is an Indian politician and member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Karjat Jamkhed Assembly constituency|Karjat-Jamkhed]] constituency in [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.esakal.com/paschim-maharashtra/maharashtra-vidhan-sabha-2019-election-nagar-karjat-jamkhed-final-result-ncp|title=कर्जत-जामखेडमध्ये भाजपचा 'राम' शिल्लक नाही; राेहित पवारांचा विजय {{!}} Election Result 2019 {{!}} eSakal|website=www.esakal.com|language=mr|access-date=2019-10-24}}</ref><ref name="Lowest win margins in Maharashtra, one candidate won by just 162 votes">{{cite news |last1=Hindustantimes |date=23 November 2024 |title=Lowest win margins in Maharashtra, one candidate won by just 162 votes |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/lowest-win-margins-in-maharashtra-elections-one-candidate-won-by-just-208-votes-101732374888233-amp.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124063336/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/lowest-win-margins-in-maharashtra-elections-one-candidate-won-by-just-208-votes-101732374888233-amp.html |archive-date=24 November 2024 |access-date=24 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="Lowest win margins in Maharashtra, one candidate won by just 162 votes2">{{cite news|last1=Hindustantimes|title=Lowest win margins in Maharashtra, one candidate won by just 162 votes|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/lowest-win-margins-in-maharashtra-elections-one-candidate-won-by-just-208-votes-101732374888233.html|accessdate=28 November 2024|date=23 November 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241128190435/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/lowest-win-margins-in-maharashtra-elections-one-candidate-won-by-just-208-votes-101732374888233.html|archivedate=28 November 2024}}</ref> He belongs to the politically influential [[Political families of Maharashtra#P|Pawar family]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-12 |title=After ‘surprise’ meeting with Sharad Pawar on his birthday, Ajit Pawar says they talked ‘politics’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/sharad-pawars-birthday-ajit-pawar-and-his-family-pay-his-uncle-a-visit-at-his-delhi-residence-9720348/ |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and family ==
Rohit Pawar was born to Rajendra Pawar and [[Sunanda Rajendra Pawar|Sunanda Pawar]] in [[Baramati]], [[Maharashtra]] on 29 September 1985.
He is the grandson of Dinkarrao Govindrao Pawar and the grandnephew of prominent Indian politician and former union agriculture minister of India, [[Sharad Pawar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=We need a mechanism to maintain sugar prices without quota system: Rohit Pawar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/we-need-a-mechanism-to-maintain-sugar-prices-without-quota-system-rohit-pawar-5379974/ |publisher=The Indian Express |accessdate=30 September 2018|date=30 September 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sharad Pawar's grandnephew Rohit Pawar to contest Zilla Parishad elections, says he wants to do social work at grassroot level. |url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/civic/sharad-pawars-grandnephew-rohit-pawar-to-contest-zilla-parishad-elections-says-he-wants-to-do-social-work-at-grassroots-level/articleshow/57058560.cms |website=Pune Mirror |publisher=India Times |accessdate=9 February 2017}}</ref> He completed his schooling from Vidya Prathisthan, Baramati. He graduated with a Bachelor of Management Studies from [[University of Mumbai]] in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/pawars-grandnephew-takes-baby-steps-towards-politics/articleshow/57028252.cms|title=Rohit Pawar|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> Rohit Pawar is married to Kunti Pawar. The couple has two children.

==Business career==
He is the CEO of Baramati Agro.<ref>{{cite web |title=Baramati Agro as a supplement to sugar from cane |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/baramati-agro-to-push-beet-as-a-supplement-to-sugar-from-cane/article25719618.ece |website=Business Line |publisher=The Hindu |accessdate=11 December 2018}}</ref> He served as the President of the [[Indian Sugar Mills Association]] (ISMA) from September 2018 to 2019.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.indiansugar.com/ISMA_President.aspx |title = Indian sugar mills association}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Rohit began his political career by contesting and winning the Pune Zilla Parishad elections from the Shirsuphal-Gunawadi constituency in [[Baramati taluka]], Pune, in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rohit Pawar: The new face of NCP |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/sharad-pawar-next-ncp-chief-who-is-rohit-pawar-16555291.htm |website=CNBC TV18 |date=2023-05-03 |access-date=2024-07-06}}</ref> During the 2019 Indian General Elections, he actively campaigned for the Nationalist Congress Party (NCP), leveraging his family's political influence and his grassroots connections.<ref>{{cite web |title=Who is Rohit Pawar? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/ed-sharad-pawar-ncp-rohit-pawar-maharashtra-9097941/ |website=The Indian Express |date=2024-01-06 |access-date=2024-07-06}}</ref>

In October 2019, Pawar was elected to the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Karjat Jamkhed Assembly constituency|Karjat-Jamkhed constituency]], defeating the incumbent BJP candidate and cabinet minister [[Ram Shinde]] with a significant margin of 135,824 votes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rohit Pawar breaches BJP's stronghold in Karjat-Jamkhed |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/sharad-pawar-next-ncp-chief-who-is-rohit-pawar-16555291.htm |website=CNBC TV18 |date=2023-05-03 |access-date=2024-07-06}}</ref> This victory marked a significant political milestone, as the constituency had been a BJP stronghold for 25 years.<ref>{{cite web |title=Who is Rohit Pawar? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/ed-sharad-pawar-ncp-rohit-pawar-maharashtra-9097941/ |website=The Indian Express |date=2024-01-06 |access-date=2024-07-06}}</ref>

As an MLA, Pawar has focused on addressing the socio-economic issues of his constituency. He established the Karjat-Jamkhed Integrated Development Foundation (KJIDF) to tackle local development challenges and improve the quality of life for residents.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rohit Pawar: The new face of NCP |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/sharad-pawar-next-ncp-chief-who-is-rohit-pawar-16555291.htm |website=CNBC TV18 |date=2023-05-03 |access-date=2024-07-06}}</ref> Additionally, he founded the Srujan Foundation, which organizes various events and competitions to engage and empower the youth.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rohit Pawar: The new face of NCP |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/sharad-pawar-next-ncp-chief-who-is-rohit-pawar-16555291.htm |website=CNBC TV18 |date=2023-05-03 |access-date=2024-07-06}}</ref>

Pawar has been actively involved in campaigning for various elections, including the Vidhan Sabha, Zilla Parishad, and Panchayat elections, over the past few years.<ref>{{cite web |title=Who is Rohit Pawar? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/ed-sharad-pawar-ncp-rohit-pawar-maharashtra-9097941/ |website=The Indian Express |date=2024-01-06 |access-date=2024-07-06}}</ref> His efforts have helped raise the profile of the [[Karjat Jamkhed Assembly constituency|Karjat-Jamkhed constituency]] on the socio-political map of Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rohit Pawar: The new face of NCP |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/sharad-pawar-next-ncp-chief-who-is-rohit-pawar-16555291.htm |website=CNBC TV18 |date=2023-05-03 |access-date=2024-07-06}}</ref>

In addition to his legislative work, Pawar has been considered a potential contender for leadership roles within the NCP, given his close relationship with his granduncle, [[Sharad Pawar]], and his growing influence within the party. He is from the fourth generation of the Pawar family to hold public office.
<ref>{{cite web |title=Rohit Pawar: The new face of NCP |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/sharad-pawar-next-ncp-chief-who-is-rohit-pawar-16555291.htm |website=CNBC TV18 |date=2023-05-03 |access-date=2024-07-06}}</ref>

== Maharashtra Cricket Association ==
Pawar was elected unopposed as the president of the [[Maharashtra Cricket Association|Maharashtra Cricket Association (MCA)]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Karhadkar |first=Amol |date=2023-01-09 |title=NCP MLA Rohit Pawar elected as Maharashtra Cricket Association president unopposed |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/ncp-mla-rohit-pawar-elected-as-maharashtra-cricket-association-president-unopposed/article66354039.ece |access-date=2023-02-20 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Rohit has been serving as the President of the [[Maharashtra Cricket Association|Maharashtra Cricket Association (MCA)]] since 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Committees - Maharashtra Cricket Association |url=https://www.cricketmaharashtra.com/committee.html |website=Maharashtra Cricket Association |access-date=2024-07-06}}</ref> The MCA is the governing body for cricket in the state of Maharashtra, India, and is affiliated with the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI).<ref>{{cite web |title=MCA's International Stadium, Gahunje |url=https://cricketmaharashtra.com/mca-stadium.html |website=Maharashtra Cricket Association |access-date=2024-07-06}}</ref> Under Pawar's leadership, the MCA has focused on infrastructure development and talent identification.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maharashtra Cricket Association announces main partners |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/maharashtra-cricket-association-mca-new-main-partners-deal-announced-punit-balan-group-mancikchand/article67453691.ece |website=Sportstar |date=2023-11-09 |access-date=2024-07-06}}</ref> In 2023, the association launched its own franchise-based T20 league, the Maharashtra Premier League (MPL), featuring six teams. The league aims to promote cricket at the grassroots level in Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite web |title=MCA's International Stadium, Gahunje |url=https://cricketmaharashtra.com/mca-stadium.html |website=Maharashtra Cricket Association |access-date=2024-07-06}}</ref>

During Pawar's tenure, the MCA has also entered into partnerships to improve facilities and support young cricketers in the state. In November 2023, the association announced a five-year deal with the Punit Balan Group and [[Manikchand Group|Manikchand Oxyrich]] as its main partners, worth Rs. five crore per season. This partnership is expected to help the MCA provide better facilities, develop infrastructure, implement welfare schemes, and focus on grassroots development in remote areas of the state.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maharashtra Cricket Association announces main partners |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/maharashtra-cricket-association-mca-new-main-partners-deal-announced-punit-balan-group-mancikchand/article67453691.ece |website=Sportstar |date=2023-11-09 |access-date=2024-07-06}}</ref>

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]]: Karjat Jamkhed}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Nationalist Congress Party - Sharadchandra Pawar
|candidate = Rohit Rajendra Pawar
|votes = 1,27,676
|percentage = 48.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Ram Shinde]]
|party = BJP
|votes = 126,433
|percentage = 48.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = NOTA
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 601
|percentage = 0.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 1,243
|percentage = 0.004
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,63,050
|percentage = 74.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Nationalist Congress Party - Sharadchandra Pawar
|loser = BJP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]]: Karjat Jamkhed<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Rohit Rajendra Pawar
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|votes = 1,35,824
|percentage = 56.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Ram Shinde]]
|party = BJP
|votes = 92,477
|percentage = 38.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 43,347
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,38,360
|percentage = 74.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Nationalist Congress Party
|loser = BJP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Sharad Pawar]]
* [[Supriya Sule]]
* [[Ajit Pawar]]
* [[Sunanda Rajendra Pawar|Sunanda Pawar]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|https://www.rohitpawar.org}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pawar, Rohit Rajendra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Baramati]]
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar politicians]]

Dharmasthala mass burial case

2026-04-25T18:43:07Z

AdrianneKinne08: Added stub

{{Short description|Police investigation in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
[[File:Dharmasthala temple, karnataka.jpg|thumb|[[Dharmasthala Temple]]]]
In July 2025, an investigation into allegations of murders and [[mass grave|mass burials]] in the [[India]]n temple town of [[Dharmasthala]], Karnataka, was opened.<ref name="Sharma-2025" /> The chief complainant alleged that he was coerced into burying over one hundred bodies of women and minors, many bearing signs of sexual violence, and witnessed poor beggars tied to chairs and suffocated with towels.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Asma-Sadeque |first=Samira |date=25 July 2025 |title=Hundreds Were Allegedly Raped, Killed at Temple — and Whistleblower Says He Buried Them |url=https://people.com/dharmasthala-india-temple-hundreds-allegedly-raped-murdered-says-whistleblower-11779458 |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=People.com |language=en}}</ref> In another complaint in August 2025, a local activist alleged that he observed a body being buried fifteen years earlier. The temple has long been the subject of protests by local families and political groups, including demonstrations in 2012 following the murder of a teenage girl.

A Special Investigation Team (SIT) was created to probe the allegations. The complainant identified thirteen burial spots at which the SIT began the process of exhuming bodies. As of 4 August 2025, eleven sites have been excavated among the thirteen identified by the complainant. No human remains have been found at nine sites, one of them has yielded a partial skeleton, and a human skull and bones were found at another. On 23 August 2025, the complainant was arrested for perjury for lying on oath and his identity was revealed. However, the SIT said that investigation will continue and would be expanded to vet FIRs filed elsewhere in Karnataka and neighboring states about the "disappearance of pilgrims" visiting the temple town.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SIT to expand Dharmasthala mass burial probe, to examine missing women and suspicious deaths |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/sit-set-to-expand-probe-in-dharmasthala-case-3702072 |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
Dharmasthala temple has been the subject of protests led by local families and political groups concerning sexual violence, murder victims, and burials since the 1980s, frequently concerning suppression by political figures.<ref name="Sharma-2025" /> Protests occurred again in 2012 following the rape and murder of a 17-year-old girl. Her case was investigated by the police, the Criminal Investigation Department of Karnataka, and the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]]. Her family alleged that the offender was associated with the temple's leadership. The CBI Special Court found no evidence against the defendant and acquitted them in 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |last=H. S. |first=Shreyas |date=28 July 2023 |title=Mystery of Dharmasthala: Eleven years and many probes later, no trace of Soujanya's killer Premium |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/eleven-years-and-many-probes-later-no-trace-of-the-killers-of-this-teen/article67043108.ece |access-date=6 August 2025 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> The family of the aggrieved asked for another CBI investigation, but the [[Karnataka High Court]] rejected the plea.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chauhan |first=Bala |date=2023-06-17 |title=CBI court acquits main accused in Sowjanya murder case |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2023/Jun/17/cbi-court-acquits-main-accused-in-sowjanya-murder-case-2585775.html |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Sharma-2025">{{cite web|title= How an Indian temple town is at the centre of hundreds of alleged murders|url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/7/22/why-is-india-investigating-alleged-mass-killings-of-sexual-assault-victims|website=Al Jazeera|date=22 July 2025|last=Sharma|first=Yashraj|access-date=23 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724132908/https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2025/7/22/why-is-india-investigating-alleged-mass-killings-of-sexual-assault-victims |archive-date=July 24, 2025}}</ref><ref name="Kathju-2025">{{cite web|title= Mass grave scandal, cover-up claims rock southern Indian state|url= https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/people/article/3319080/mass-grave-scandal-cover-claims-rock-southern-indian-state|website=[[South China Morning Post]]|date=22 July 2025|last=Kathju|first=Junaid|access-date=25 July 2025}}</ref> Dharmasthala did not have a police station until 2016.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dev |first=Arun |date=25 July 2025 |title=Tough challenges await SIT probing mass burial claims in Dharmasthala |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tough-challenges-await-sit-probing-mass-burial-claims-in-dharmasthala-101753383724270.html |access-date=25 July 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |publisher= |location=[[Bengaluru]]}}</ref>

=== Allegation of mass burial ===
On 22 June 2025, lawyers Ojaswi Gowda and Sachin S Deshpande of Bengaluru released a letter stating that they had a client who was willing to reveal the locations of the bodies of the victims of rape and murder that he had buried himself. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2025 |title=Explosive letter goes viral: Alleges murders, cover-ups in Dharmasthala; claims bodies were hidden |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1284236 |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=Daijiworld |language=en}}</ref>

On 3 July 2025, a 48-year-old man who previously worked as a sanitation worker at the Dharmasthala temple, said he had been forced to bury hundreds of bodies between 1995 and 2014,<ref name="The-Hindu-2025a">{{Cite news |date=2025-07-15 |title=Dharmasthala burial case: Advocates of complainant favour SIT probe |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/dharmasthala-burial-case-advocates-of-complainant-favour-sit-probe/article69814561.ece |access-date=2025-07-20 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language= |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2025-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250721095517/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/dharmasthala-burial-case-advocates-of-complainant-favour-sit-probe/article69814561.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Sharma-2025" /> under the threat of death.<ref name="Pavithran-2025">{{Cite web |last=Pavithran |first=Lekshmy |date=2025-07-18 |title=Who is the whistle‑blower? He buried the bodies—now he's exposing a dark Dharmasthala secret |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/dharmasthala-horror-unfolds-mass-graves-rape-and-missing-women-cover-up-shock-india-1.500203332 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250721095841/https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/dharmasthala-horror-unfolds-mass-graves-rape-and-missing-women-cover-up-shock-india-1.500203332 |archive-date=2025-07-21|access-date=2025-07-20 |website=Gulf News |language=en}}</ref> The man, whose identity has been protected by a court, said he has been in hiding for 12 years.<ref name="Sharma-2025" />

He said victims, who included a schoolchild and a 20-year-old [[acid attack]] victim, were buried along the Netravathi River,<ref name="Pavithran-2025"/> and that many female bodies bore signs of strangulation<ref name="Pavithran-2025"/> and sexual assault.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Fatimah |first=Midhat |date=25 July 2025 |title=India: Did temple officials cover up a mass murder? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/did-indian-temple-officials-cover-up-a-mass-murder/a-73415185 |access-date=26 June 2025 |website=[[Deutsche Welle]]}}</ref> On 28 July, he identified the 13 burial sites where he claimed he had buried the bodies.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kava |first1=Shivani |last2=Ganeshan |first2=Balakrishna |date=2025-07-28 |title=Dharmasthala burial case: Whistleblower takes SIT to 13 alleged grave sites |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/dharmasthala-burial-case-whistleblower-takes-sit-to-13-alleged-grave-sites-2 |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> The mother of Ananya Bhat, who went missing during a college trip in 2003, said she thought her daughter could be among the victims.<ref name="Pavithran-2025" /><ref name="Kathju-2025" />

Another witness appeared before a court in August 2025. Jayanth T, a social activist, said he had knowledge of where a teenage girl's body had been buried in 2005. The witness said he was related to another person who had been murdered in Dharmasthala.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cutinho |first=Divya |date=2025-08-02 |title=Dharmasthala mass burial Case: New witness appears before SIT, claims teen's body buried illegally |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2025/Aug/02/dharmasthala-mass-burial-case-new-witness-appears-before-sit-claims-teens-body-buried-illegally |access-date=2025-08-03 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Gag order ===
On 18 July,<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-02 |title=Karnataka HC quashes gag order on online media channel over Dharmasthala case reports |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/karnataka-hc-quashes-gag-order-online-media-channel-over-dharmasthala-case-reports-10165233/ |access-date=2025-08-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Judge Vijaya Kumar Rai B granted a [[gag order]] removing over 800 online links related to the Dharmasthala case. The gag order was lifted in early August, with the judge questioning the previous judge's basis for the gag order.<ref name=":3" /> Journalists and activists highlighted that the judge had been educated at institutions run by the Dharmasthala temple, and worked as a lawyer at a firm representing the family who own the temple.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Sheth |first1=Anisha |last2=Rajendran |first2=Dhanya |date=2025-08-03 |title=Judge who passed gag order studied in Veerendra Heggade-run institution, points out journalist |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/judge-who-passed-gag-order-studied-in-veerendra-heggade-run-institution-points-out-journalist |access-date=2025-08-03 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> On 4 August, the judge [[Recusal|recused]] himself from the proceedings.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-04 |title=Judge recuses himself from hearing Dharmasthala 'mass burial' case |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/breaking-judge-recuses-himself-from-hearing-dharmasthala-mass-burial-case-alqf0zx2 |access-date=2025-08-07 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

== Investigation ==
The complaints and resulting pressure from public outrage resulted in a police case against the temple authorities being opened on 4 July.<ref name="Pavithran-2025" /><ref name="The-Hindu-2025a" /><ref name="Sharma-2025" /> The complainant was granted police protection on 10 July,<ref name="The-Hindu-2025b">{{Cite news |date=2025-07-12 |title=Burial of bodies in Dharmastala: Complainant produces some skeletal remains |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/burial-of-bodies-in-dharmastala-complainant-produces-some-skeletal-remains/article69803550.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250716022337/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/burial-of-bodies-in-dharmastala-complainant-produces-some-skeletal-remains/article69803550.ece |archive-date=2025-07-16 |access-date=2025-07-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and on 11 July, he provided the remains of a body he said he had exhumed.<ref name="The-Hindu-2025b" />

S. Balan, a senior lawyer and human rights activist, led a delegation of lawyers to meet Karnataka Chief Minister [[Siddaramaiah]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fatimah |first=Midhat |date=5 August 2025 |title=Did Indian temple officials cover up a mass murder? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/did-indian-temple-officials-cover-up-a-mass-murder/a-73415185 |access-date=5 August 2025 |work=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> after which the case was transferred to a [[Special Investigation Team (India)|Special Investigation Team]] (SIT) led by [[Director general of police|Director General of Police]] Pronab Mohanty.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-25 |title=SIT takes over Dharmasthala burials case, to question complainant |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/sit-takes-over-burials-case-to-question-complainant/article69855956.ece |access-date=2025-07-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web |last1=Pinto |first1=Nolan Patrick |date=26 July 2025 |title=SIT commences Dharmasthala 'secret burials' probe, full officer roster revealed |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/karnataka/sit-commences-dharmasthala-secret-burials-probe-full-officer-roster-revealed/ |access-date=26 July 2025 |website=The South First |language=en-In}}</ref>

=== Excavations ===
Excavation at five locations along the Nethravathi River—conducted in the presence of officials, police personnel, forensic staff, and revenue department staff—found no human remains.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raj |first=Sagay |date=2025-07-29 |title=Dharmasthala mass burial case: No human remains found at first exhumation site |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ktaka-excavation-likely-at-dharmasthala-mass-burial-site-as-sit-anf-reach-location-with-whistleblowers-input-2762919-2025-07-29 |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Raj |first=Sagay |date=2025-07-30 |title=Another dig, another dud in Dharmasthala case: No human remains at five sites |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/karnataka/story/dharmasthala-mass-burial-case-no-human-remains-found-at-first-2-sites-in-probe-sit-begins-exhumation-at-third-location-2763537-2025-07-30 |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Partial skeletal remains were found on 31 July at a sixth excavation site, at a depth of three feet; an initial report suggested they were male.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Shivani |first1=Kava |last2=Prasanna |first2=Pooja |date=2025-07-31 |title=Breakthrough in Dharmasthala case: Human remains found at Spot 6 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/breakthrough-in-dharmasthala-case-human-remains-found-at-spot-6 |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2025-07-31 |title=Dharmasthala mass burial case: Partial skeletal remains found at sixth site |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/dharmasthala-burial-partial-skeletal-remains-found-at-sixth-site/article69877516.ece |access-date=2025-07-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> SIT officials said they found fifteen bones, no skull, and that some bones were broken.<ref name=":2" /> No remains were found at a seventh and eighth site, where digging was done six feet deep. About 60 persons including 20 labourers, the complainant, and his legal representatives were present.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dharmasthala Probe: No Human Remains Found at 7th and 8th Sites, SIT to Resume Digging |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/dharmasthala-case-no-remains-found-at-7th-and-8th-sites-3661875 |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Crime Probe: SIT Finds No Remains at Dharmasthala Sites Amid New Murder Complaint |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/dharmasthala-mass-burials-no-human-remains-traced-in-two-sites-man-complains-to-sit-on-15-yr-old-murder-3662825 |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> At the ninth and tenth spots identified by the complainant in a forested area, no human remains were found. At an eleventh site near Banglegudde, a human skull and a few bones were found.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-04 |title=Skeletal remains found at new location near Site No. 11 in Dharmasthala |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/skeletal-remains-found-at-new-location-near-site-no-11-in-dharmasthala/article69894334.ece |access-date=2025-08-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref> At the fourteenth site, over 114 bones and a skull were found; preliminary reports suggested that the remains belonged to a human male, who was possibly strangled with a red sari found nearby.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pavithran |first=Lekshmy |date=2025-08-05 |title=100 bone fragments and skull found at Dharmasthala site — India's chilling mass grave mystery explained |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/indias-mass-burial-case-dharmasthala-probe-uncovers-100-bone-fragments-1.500223230 |access-date=2025-08-07 |website=Gulf News |language=en}}</ref>

A [[Permanent account number|PAN]] card and debit card were found at one of the excavated sites. The PAN card was found to belong to a man from Nelamangala in [[Bengaluru Rural district|Bengaluru rural district]]. He had died of jaundice and was cremated in his own village.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-02 |title=The Dharmasthala truth: As Karnataka SIT digs deeper, more skeletons tumble out; here's what we know so far |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/the-dharmasthala-truth-as-karnataka-sit-digs-deeper-more-skeletons-tumble-out-heres-what-we-know-so-far/articleshow/123038076.cms |access-date=2025-08-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Legal experts and activists have criticised the investigation as nontransparent and too small.<ref name="Pavithran-2025" /><ref name="The-Hindu-2025b" /> A court granted an injunction requested by a relative of temple leadership staff, requesting the suppression of over 8,800 items of coverage about the allegations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chandrashekar |first=Nandini |date=2025-07-21 |title=Dharmasthala temple Dharmadhikari's brother gets gag order to delete over 8,800 links |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/dharmasthala-temple-dharmadhikaris-brother-gets-gag-order-to-delete-over-8800-links |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=The News Minute |language=en |editor-last1=Rajendran |editor-first1=Dhanya |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250727052654/https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/dharmasthala-temple-dharmadhikaris-brother-gets-gag-order-to-delete-over-8800-links |archive-date=2025-07-27}}</ref> The police denied media reports suggesting that some officers had requested to be excluded from the investigation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-21 |title=Dharmasthala burials case: 'No police officer has sought to be excluded from SIT' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/dharmasthala-burials-case-no-police-officer-has-sought-to-be-excluded-from-sit/article69838140.ece |access-date=2025-07-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Whistleblower arrest and identity reveal ===
On 23 August 2025, the SIT arrested the chief complainant for perjury and remanded him ten days in SIT custody. The complainant had allegedly produced skull and bones in a meeting before a magistrate claiming that they belonged to a woman but forensic testing revealed that they were that of a male.<ref name="d054">{{cite web |author=The Hindu Bureau |date=August 23, 2025 |title=Dharmasthala ‘mass burial’ case: SIT arrests complainant for perjury |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/dharmasthala-mass-burial-case-complainant-arrested-august-23-2025/article69967592.ece |access-date=August 25, 2025 |website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-24 |title=Dharmasthala mass burial case: Whistleblower arrested by SIT |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/dharmasthala-mass-burial-case-whistleblower-arrested-by-sit/articleshow/123466377.cms |access-date=2025-08-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The identity of the complainant was also subsequently revealed due to the arrest.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-24 |title=Dharmasthala mass burial case: First images of complainant revealed after arrest |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/dharmasthala-mass-burial-case-first-image-of-whistleblower-revealed-sit-arrests-him-over-false-claims/articleshow/123466930.cms |access-date=2025-08-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Legal cases==
The creator of an AI-generated [[YouTube]] video was charged with spreading misinformation by the Dakshina Kannada police in July.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-14 |title=Dharmasthala burial case: Kannada YouTuber booked for spreading AI-generated 'false' information |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/dharmasthala-burial-case-kannada-youtuber-booked-for-spreading-ai-generated-false-information-101752464735477.html |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> On 1 August, Karnataka Home Minister [[G. Parameshwara]] said the government was monitoring social media posts, and warned users against spreading misinformation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-01 |title=Dharmasthala case: Government monitoring social media posts; will take action if required, says Karnataka Home Minister Parameshwara |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/dharmasthala-case-government-monitoring-social-media-posts-will-take-action-if-required-says-karnataka-home-minister-parameshwara/article69882765.ece |access-date=2025-08-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Dakshina Kannada district]]
[[Category:Mass graves]]
[[Category:Rape in India]]
[[Category:Mass murders in India]]
[[Category:2020s in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Scandals in India]]

1980 Indian general election

2026-04-21T22:16:39Z

AdrianneKinne08: updated details

{{short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| previous_election = 1977 Indian general election
| previous_year = 1977
| next_election = 1984 Indian general election
| next_year = 1984
| election_date = 3 and 6 January 1980
| seats_for_election = 529 of the 531 seats in the [[Lok Sabha]]{{efn|name=seats|Two seats were reserved for [[Anglo-Indian reserved seats in the Lok Sabha|Anglo-Indians]] and filled by presidential nomination}}
| majority_seats = 265
| registered = 356,205,329
| turnout = 56.92% ({{decrease}} 5.55[[Percentage point|pp]])
| image_size = 130x130px
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Indira Gandhi official portrait.png|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=15|oTop=5}}
| leader1 = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| party1 = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| last_election1 = 34.55%, 154 seats
| seats1 = '''353'''
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 199
| popular_vote1 = '''84,455,313'''
| percentage1 = '''42.69%'''
| swing1 = {{increase}} 8.17[[Percentage point|pp]]
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Prime minister Charan Singh (cropped).jpg|bSize=115|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=11|oTop=0}}
| leader2 = [[Charan Singh]]
| party2 = Janata Party (Secular)
| last_election2 = –
| seats2 = 41
| seat_change2 = ''New''
| popular_vote2 = 18,574,696
| percentage2 = 9.39%
| swing2 = ''New''
| image3 = {{CSS image crop|Image=E. M. S. Namboodiripad.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=5}}
| leader3 = [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]]
| party3 = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| last_election3 = 4.29%, 22 seats
| seats3 = 37
| seat_change3 = {{increase}} 15
| popular_vote3 = 12,352,331
| percentage3 = 6.24%
| swing3 = {{increase}} 1.95[[Percentage point|pp]]
| image4 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Jagjivan Ram stamp (cropped).jpg|bSize=115|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=05|oTop=5}}
| leader4 = [[Jagjivan Ram]]
| party4 = Janata Party
| last_election4 = 41.32%, 295 seats
| seats4 = 31
| seat_change4 = {{decrease}} 264
| popular_vote4 = 37,530,228
| percentage4 = 18.97%
| swing4 = {{decrease}} 22.35[[Percentage point|pp]]
| image5 = {{CSS image crop|Image=A. K. Antony.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=08}}
| leader5 = [[A. K. Antony]]
| party5 = Indian National Congress (U)
| last_election5 = –
| seats5 = 13
| seat_change5 = ''New''
| popular_vote5 = 10,449,859
| percentage5 = 5.28%
| swing5 = ''New''

| map_image = Wahlergebnisse Indien 1980.svg
| map_caption = Results by constituency

| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| before_election = [[Charan Singh]]
| before_party = Janata Party (Secular)
| after_election = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| outgoing_members = List of members of the 6th Lok Sabha
| elected_members = List of members of the 7th Lok Sabha
| alliance1 = [[Indian National Congress|INC (I)+]]
| alliance3 = [[List of communist parties in India|LF]]
| alliance4 = [[Janata alliance|JP+]]
}}

General elections were held in [[India]] on 3 and 6 January 1980 to elect the members of the [[7th Lok Sabha|seventh]] [[Lok Sabha]].

The [[Janata Party]] alliance came into power in the [[1977 Indian general election|1977 general elections]] amidst public anger with the [[Indian National Congress (R)]] and the [[The Emergency (India)|Emergency]]. However, its position was weak; the loose coalition barely held on to a majority with only 295 seats in the Lok Sabha and never quite had a firm grip on power. [[Bharatiya Lok Dal]] leaders [[Charan Singh]] and [[Jagjivan Ram]], who had quit the Congress, were members of the Janata alliance but were at loggerheads with Prime Minister [[Morarji Desai]]. The Janata Party, an amalgam of socialists and Hindu nationalists, split in 1979 when several coalition members including the Bharatiya Lok Dal of Charan Singh and several members of the Socialist Party withdrew support for the government. Subsequently, Desai lost a vote of confidence in parliament and resigned. Charan Singh, who had retained some partners of the Janata alliance, was sworn in as prime minister in June 1979. The [[Indian National Congress (Indira)]], which succeeded the Indian National Congress (Requisition) from 1978 promised to support Singh in parliament but later backed out just two days before the Government was scheduled to prove its majority on the floor of Lok Sabha. Charan Singh, forced to resign, called for elections in January 1980 and is the only prime minister of India never to have obtained the confidence of Parliament. In the run up to the general elections, [[Indira Gandhi]]'s leadership faced a formidable political challenge from a galaxy of regional satraps and prominent leaders of Janata party like [[Satyendra Narayan Sinha]] and [[Karpuri Thakur]] in Bihar, [[Ramakrishna Hegde]] in Karnataka, [[Sharad Pawar]] in Maharashtra, [[Devi Lal]] in Haryana & [[Biju Patnaik]] in Orissa. Janata Party contested the election with Jagjivan Ram as its prime ministerial candidate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19830930-as-general-elections-loom-large-new-four-party-united-front-formed-to-counter-congi-771046-2013-07-18|title=As general elections loom large, new four-party United Front formed to counter Cong(I) |first=Prabhu |last=Chawla|date=September 30, 2013|website=[[India Today]] |access-date=2019-09-23 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19800115-jagjivan-ram-most-experienced-artful-dodger-of-indian-politics-821731-2014-12-23 Jagjivan Ram: Most experienced artful dodger of Indian politics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213012943/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19800115-jagjivan-ram-most-experienced-artful-dodger-of-indian-politics-821731-2014-12-23 |date=13 February 2021 }} India Today, 23 December 2014</ref> However, internal feud between Janata Party leaders and the political instability in the country worked in favour of Indira Gandhi's Congress (I), that reminded voters of the strong government of Indira Gandhi during campaigning.

In the ensuing elections the INC(I) won 353 seats and the Janata Party just 31 seats, with Charan Singh's Janata Party (Secular) taking 41. The Janata Party alliance continued to split over the subsequent years.

==Results==
{{Election results
|image=[[File:Lok Sabha Zusammensetzung 1980.svg|350px]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress (Indira)]]|votes1=84455313|seats1=353|sc1=+199
|party2=[[Janata Party]]|votes2=37530228|seats2=31|sc2=–264
|party3=[[Janata Party (Secular)]]|votes3=18574696|seats3=41|sc3=New
|party4=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes4=12352331|seats4=37|sc4=+15
|party5=[[Indian National Congress (U)|Indian National Congress (Urs)]]|votes5=10449859|seats5=13|sc5=New
|party6=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes6=4927342|seats6=10|sc6=+3
|party7=[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes7=4674064|seats7=2|sc7=–16
|party8=[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes8=4236537|seats8=16|sc8=+14
|party9=[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]|votes9=1396412|seats9=1|sc9=–8
|party10=[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]|votes10=1285517|seats10=4|sc10=0
|party11=[[All India Forward Bloc]]|votes11=1011564|seats11=3|sc11=0
|party12=[[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]|votes12=493143|seats12=3|sc12=+1
|party13=[[Indian Union Muslim League]]|votes13=475507|seats13=2|sc13=0
|party14=[[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]|votes14=470567|seats14=0|sc14=–5
|party15=[[Republican Party of India (Khobragade)]]|votes15=383022|seats15=0|sc15=–2
|party16=[[Kerala Congress]]|votes16=356997|seats16=1|sc16=–1
|party17=[[Republican Party of India]]|votes17=351987|seats17=0|sc17=0
|party18=[[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|Socialist Unity Centre of India]]|votes18=307224|seats18=0|sc18=0
|party19=[[Jharkhand Party]]|votes19=254520|seats19=1|sc19=+1
|party20=[[Muslim League (Opposition)|All India Muslim League]]|votes20=196820|seats20=0|sc20=0
|party21=[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|United Democratic Front]]|votes21=140210|seats21=0|sc21=–1
|party22=[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]|votes22=129351|seats22=0|sc22=New
|party23=[[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]]|votes23=127188|seats23=1|sc23=0
|party24=[[Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti]]|votes24=111953|seats24=0|sc24=0
|party25=[[People's Party of Arunachal]]|votes25=69810|seats25=0|sc25=New
|party26=[[Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad]]|votes26=61161|seats26=0|sc26=0
|party27=Peoples Conference|votes27=53891|seats27=0|sc27=New
|party28=[[Manipur Peoples Party]]|votes28=49277|seats28=0|sc28=0
|party29=[[Indian Socialist Party]]|votes29=39399|seats29=0|sc29=New
|party30=Shoshit Samaj Dal (Akhil Bharatiya)|votes30=38226|seats30=0|sc30=0
|party31=[[Sikkim Janata Parishad]]|votes31=31750|seats31=1|sc31=New
|party32=[[All India Muslim Majlis (Dr. Faridi)|Muslim Majlis]]|votes32=26363|seats32=0|sc32=New
|party33=All India Labour Party|votes33=14720|seats33=0|sc33=0
|party34=[[All Party Hill Leaders Conference]]|votes34=13058|seats34=0|sc34=New
|party35=[[Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary)]]|votes35=11632|seats35=0|sc35=New
|party36=[[Sikkim Prajatantra Congress]]|votes36=5125|seats36=0|sc36=New
|party37=Independents|votes37=12717510|seats37=9|sc37=0
|row38=Appointed [[Anglo-Indians]]|seats38=2|sc38=0
|invalid=4928619
|total_sc=–13
|electorate=356205329
|source=[https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175926/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf ECI]
}}

===Results by state===
====Andhra Pradesh====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" | Assembly Constituency
! colspan="5" | Winner
! colspan="5" | Runner-up
! rowspan="2" | Margin
|-
! #
! Name
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Votes
! '''%'''
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Votes
! '''%'''
|-
| 1
| Srikakulam
| Rajagopalarao Boddepalli
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| INC(I)
| 197,336
| 49.33
| Gouthu Latchanna
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}" |
| JNP(S)
| 118,347
| 29.58
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |'''78,989'''
|-
| 2
| Parvathipuram (ST)
| K.C. Suryanarayana Deo Vyricherla
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (U)}}" |
| INC(U)
| 173,179
| 49.03
| Narsimha Rao Viswasrai
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| INC(I)
| 158,379
| 44.84
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (U)}}" |'''14,800'''
|-
| 3
| Bobbili
| P.V. Gajapathi Raju
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| INC(I)
| 189,163
| 64.34
| Gedela Prasada Rao
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}" |
| JNP
| 51,037
| 17.36
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |'''138,126'''
|-
| 4
| Visakhapatnam
| Appalaswamy Kommuru
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| INC(I)
| 206,581
| 50.50
| Bhattam Srirama Murthy
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (U)}}" |
| INC(U)
| 171,946
| 42.04
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |'''34,635'''
|-
| 5
| Bhadrachalam (ST)
| B. Radhabai Ananda Rao
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| INC(I)
| 147,534
| 53.35
| Karam Chandraiah
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
| CPI
| 79,208
| 28.64
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |'''68,326'''
|-
| 6
| Anakapalli
| Appala Naidu S.R.A.S.
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| INC(I)
| 178,139
| 46.89
| Anand Gajapathi Raju Pusapati
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}" |
| JNP(S)
| 149,016
| 39.23
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |'''29,123'''
|-
| 7
| Kakinada
| Sanjeevi Rao M.S.
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| INC(I)
| 242,901
| 61.93
| Vaddi Mutyala Rao
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}" |
| JNP
| 79,924
| 20.38
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |'''162,977'''
|-
| 8
| Rajahmundry
| S.B.P. Pattabhi Rama Rao
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| INC(I)
| 249,377
| 53.18
| Gadam Kamaladevi
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (U)}}" |
| INC(U)
| 130,886
| 27.91
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |'''118,491'''
|-
| 9
| Amalapuram (SC)
| Kusuma Krishnamurthi
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| INC(I)
| 244,283
| 61.63
| Iswari Bai
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}" |
| JNP
| 123,193
| 31.08
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |'''121,090'''
|-
| 10
| Narasapur
| Alluri Subhaschandra Bose
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| INC(I)
| 272,124
| 61.56
| Uddaraju Ramam
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
| CPM
| 114,156
| 25.82
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |'''157,968'''
|-
| 11
| Eluru
| Chittoori Subbarao Chowdary
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| INC(I)
| 266,805
| 59.15
| K. Suryanarayana
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}" |
| JNP
| 83,470
| 18.50
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |'''183,335'''
|-
| 12
| Machilipatnam
| Ankineedu Maganti
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| INC(I)
| 249,444
| 53.93
| Buragadda Niranjana Rao
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}" |
| JNP
| 115,108
| 24.89
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |'''134,336'''
|-
| 13
| Vijayawada
| Vidya Chennupati
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| INC(I)
| 240,622
| 46.39
| K.L. Rao
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}" |
| JNP
| 141,920
| 27.36
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |'''98,702'''
|-
| 14
| Tenali
| Meduri Nageswara Rao
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| INC(I)
| 214,807
| 48.62
| Lavu Balagangadhara Rao
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
| CPM
| 144,457
| 32.70
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |'''70,350'''
|-
| 15
| Guntur
| N.G. Ranga
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| INC(I)
| 252,961
| 57.60
| K. Sadasiva Rao
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party (S)}}" |
| JNP(S)
| 95,625
| 21.77
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |'''157,336'''
|-
| 16
| Bapatla
| Ankineedu Prasada Rao Pamulapati
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| INC(I)
| 258,116
| 53.99
| Sambaiah Pallaprolu
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party (S)}}" |
| JNP(S)
| 106,375
| 22.25
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |'''151,741'''
|-
| 17
| Narasaraopet
| K. Bramhananda Reddy
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| INC(I)
| 238,854
| 54.87
| Popuri Brahmanandam
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}" |
| IND
| 154,558
| 35.50
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |'''84,296'''
|-
| 18
| Ongole
| Venkata Reddi Puli
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| INC(I)
| 266,831
| 57.19
| A. Bhakthavastala Reddy
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}" |
| JNP
| 115,656
| 24.79
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |'''151,175'''
|-
| 19
| Nellore (SC)
| D. Kamakshaiah
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| INC(I)
| 294,326
| 71.05
| T. P. Bhanu Raju
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
| CPM
| 67,075
| 16.19
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |'''227,251'''
|-
| 20
| Tirupathi (SC)
| Pasala Penchalaiah
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| INC(I)
| 241,965
| 68.66
| Balakrishnaiah Tambura
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}" |
| JNP
| 86,659
| 24.59
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |'''155,306'''
|-
| 21
| Chittoor
| P. Rajagopal Naidu
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| INC(I)
| 232,249
| 51.55
| N. P. Chengalraya Nayudu
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}" |
| JNP
| 172,402
| 38.27
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |'''59,847'''
|-
| 22
| Rajampet
| P. Parthasarathy
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| INC(I)
| 189,311
| 52.51
| Rathnasabapathy Bandaru
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (U)}}" |
| INC(U)
| 147,910
| 41.02
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |'''41,401'''
|-
| 23
| Cuddapah
| K. Obul Reddy
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| INC(I)
| 256,204
| 50.88
| P. V. S. Murthy
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}" |
| JNP
| 205,658
| 40.85
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |'''50,546'''
|}

==See also==
*[[List of members of the 7th Lok Sabha]]
*[[:Category:1980 Indian general election by state or union territory]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian elections}}

[[Category:1980 Indian general election| ]]
[[Category:1980 elections in India|General]]
[[Category:General elections in India]]
[[Category:January 1980 in India|General]]
[[Category:1980 elections in Asia|India]]

Samir Chakraborty

2026-04-21T04:04:21Z

AdrianneKinne08: Creating Stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Samir Chakraborty
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2016
| term_end = 2021
| constituency = [[Taldangra Assembly constituency|Taldangra]]
| predecessor = Manoranjan Patra
| successor = [[Arup Chakraborty (politician)|Arup Chakraborty]]
| birth_place =
| birth_date =
| spouse =
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]]
| alma_mater = [[Vidyasagar College]]
| profession = Politician, Businessman
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Samir Chakraborty''' is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He was elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] in [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] from Taldangra, as a member of the [[Trinamool Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=SAMIR CHAKRABORTY (Winner) TALDANGRA (BANKURA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://www.myneta.info/westbengal2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=56|access-date=2025-06-23|website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref name=election2016>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3469-west-bangal-general-legislative-election-2016/ |title=West Bengal Legislative Assembly Election, 2016 |date=16 August 2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=15 April 2022}}</ref><ref name="o490">{{cite web | agency=Press Trust of India | title="Will Campaign For Party": Trinamool MLA Says Won't Contest Bengal Polls | website=www.ndtv.com | date=5 March 2021 | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bengal-assembly-polls-2021-will-campaign-for-party-trinamool-mla-samir-chakraborty-says-wont-contest-bengal-polls-2384251 | access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakraborty, Samir}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Bankura district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{WestBengal-AITC-politician-stub}}

Krishna Kumari Rai

2026-04-19T23:28:55Z

AdrianneKinne08: started some bio basic info...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{distinguish|text = Nepali politician [[Krishna Kumar Rai]]}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|Member]] of [[11th Sikkim Assembly|Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1 June 2024
| term_end = 13 June 2024
| constituency = [[Namchi-Singhithang Assembly constituency|Namchi-Singhithang]]
| predecessor = [[Pawan Kumar Chamling]]
| successor = [[Satish Chandra Rai (politician)|Satish Chandra Rai]]
| spouse = [[Prem Singh Tamang]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sikkim CM's wife Krishna Rai wins Namchi-Singhithang seat |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/sikkim/sikkim-cms-wife-krishna-rai-wins-namchi-singhithang-seat/articleshow/110638418.cms |work=The Economic Times |agency=PTI |issn=0013-0389 |date=2 June 2024 |access-date=2 June 2024}}</ref>
| party = [[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha]]
}}

'''Krishna Kumari Rai''' (born 1977) is an Indian politician from [[Sikkim]]. She belongs to [[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha]] party and was elected as a member of the Legislative Assembly to the [[11th Sikkim Assembly|11th Sikkim Legislative Assembly]] but resigned a day after taking the oath.<ref name="Resign">{{Cite news |date=2024-06-13 |title=Sikkim CM's wife resigns as MLA day after taking oath |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sikkim/sikkim-cms-wife-resigns-as-mla-day-after-taking-oath/article68286078.ece |access-date=2024-06-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Kumari Rai graduated from Sikkim Government Degree College, [[University of North Bengal]] in 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Krishna Kumari Rai(Sikkim Krantikari Morcha):Constituency- NAMCHI-SINGHITHANG(NAMCHI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Sikkim2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=72 |access-date=2 June 2024 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> She married [[Prem Singh Tamang]], the chief minister of Sikkim. They have a daughter [[Prakriya Golay]]. She belongs to [[Rai people|Rai]] community.

== Career ==
Kumari Rai won the 2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election representing Sikkim Krantikari Morcha from [[Namchi–Singhithang Assembly constituency]] in [[Namchi district]]. But she resigned after a day of taking the oath. It is reported that the party fielded her to get an entry into the constituency which is dominated by Rai community.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-13 |title=Sikkim CM's wife Krishna Kumari Rai quits as MLA, day after taking oath |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sikkim-cm-wife-krishna-kumari-rai-quits-mla-day-taking-oath-9391290/ |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Her son is expected to contest from this seat in the by-election.<ref name="Resign"/> She polled 7901 votes and defeated her nearest rival [[Sikkim Democratic Front|SDF]]'s Bimal Rai by a margin of 5302 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 June 2024 |title=Namchi Singhithang Assembly Election Result 2024: Krishna Kumari Rai of Sikkim Krantikari Morcha wins election |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/namchi-singhithan-assembly-election-results-2024-namchi-singhithang-krishna-kumari-rai-sikkim-elections-poll-result-winner/articleshow/110636671.cms |access-date=2 June 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rai, Krishna Kumari}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sikkim MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Sikkim Krantikari Morcha politicians]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Women members of the Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:People from Namchi district]]
[[Category:Rai people]]

{{Sikkim-politician-stub}}

Govindraj Nagar Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:26:54Z

AdrianneKinne08: Added post

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Govindraj Nagar
|type= SLA
| constituency_no = 166
| map_image = 166-Govindraj Nagar constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla = [[Priya Krishna (politician)|Priya Krishna]]
|party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bangalore South Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore South]]
|established = 2008
|electors = {{formatnum:296389}} (2023)<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
|reservation = None
|state = [[Karnataka]]
|district = [[Bangalore Urban district|Bangalore Urban]]
|latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|preceded_by = [[V. Somanna]]
}}

'''Govindraj Nagar Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 constituencies in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] of [[Karnataka]], a southern state of [[India]]. It is also part of [[Bangalore South Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= 9 October 2017}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || [[V. Somanna]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2009 elections in India#Karnataka|2009 By-election]] || rowspan="2" | [[Priya Krishna (politician)|Priya Krishna]]
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || [[V. Somanna]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Priya Krishna (politician)|Priya Krishna]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Govindraj Nagar <ref name=election2023/><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Govindraj Nagar">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Govindraj Nagar |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10166.htm?ac=166 |access-date=8 April 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250408133332/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10166.htm?ac=166 |archive-date=8 April 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Priya Krishna (politician)|Priya Krishna]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 82,134 |percentage = 50.87% |change = {{increase}}7.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Umesh Shetty |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 69,618 |percentage = 43.12% |change = {{decrease}}7.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Prakash |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 4,583 |percentage = 2.84% |change = {{decrease}}1.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Balakrishna. M |party = Uttama Prajaakeeya Party |votes = 2,148 |percentage = 1.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,504 |percentage = 0.93% |change = {{decrease}}0.08 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,516 |percentage = 7.75% |change = {{increase}}0.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 161,567 |percentage = 54.51% |change = {{increase}}0.82 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 161,453}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 296,389 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.16 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}0.54 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Govindraj Nagar <ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election -2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=7 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="Govindraj Nagar Constituency Election Results 2018">{{cite news |title=Govindraj Nagar Constituency Election Results 2018 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/govindraj-nagar-assembly-constituency-election-results-assembly-seat-details-mlas-candidates/articleshow/99371274.cms |access-date=8 April 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=5 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250408133351/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/govindraj-nagar-assembly-constituency-election-results-assembly-seat-details-mlas-candidates/articleshow/99371274.cms |archive-date=8 April 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[V. Somanna]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 79,135 |percentage = 50.33% |change = {{increase}}27.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Priyakrishna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 67,760 |percentage = 43.10% |change = {{decrease}}11.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Nagendra Prasad |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 7,090 |percentage = 4.51% |change = {{decrease}}11.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,589 |percentage = 1.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,375 |percentage = 7.23% |change = {{decrease}}24.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 157,312 |percentage = 53.69% |change = {{decrease}}1.13 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 157,231}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 292,976 |ref = |change = {{increase}}22.33 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}4.22 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Govindraj Nagar <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Priya Krishna (politician)|Priya Krishna]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 72,654 |percentage = 54.55% |change = {{increase}}3.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Ravindra |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 30,194 |percentage = 22.67% |change = {{decrease}}23.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. M. Range Gowda |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 20,662 |percentage = 15.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Doddaiah |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 5,227 |percentage = 3.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 42,460 |percentage = 31.88% |change = {{increase}}27.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 131,299 |percentage = 54.82% |change = {{increase}}9.25 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 133,197}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 239,496 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}13.89 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}3.92 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2009 elections in India#Karnataka|2009 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Govindraj Nagar <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/detailed-bye-election-results/ |title=Bye-Election Results - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Priya Krishna (politician)|Priya Krishna]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 64,176 |percentage = 50.63% |change = {{decrease}}0.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[V. Somanna]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 58,937 |percentage = 46.50% |change = {{increase}}18.81 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,239 |percentage = 4.13% |change = {{decrease}}19.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 126,752 |percentage = 45.57% |change = {{increase}}3.18 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 126,749}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 278,129 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.84 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}0.38 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Govindraj Nagar <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[V. Somanna]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 53,297 |percentage = 51.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Ravindra |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 28,935 |percentage = 27.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. M. Range Gowda |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 19,155 |percentage = 18.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ravikumar |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,017 |percentage = 0.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = L. S. Kumaraswamy |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 657 |percentage = 0.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,362 |percentage = 23.32% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 104,492 |percentage = 42.39% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 104,485}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 246,476 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Bangalore Urban district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|12.972|77.529|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Bengaluru Urban district]]
[[Category:Politics of Bengaluru]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Barhapur Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:23:58Z

AdrianneKinne08: adding a post...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Barhapur
| constituency_no = 19
| map_image = 19-Barhapur.svg
| mla = [[Kunwar Sushant Singh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2008
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Bijnor district|Bijnor]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 338,100 (2017)
| type= SLA
}}

'''Barhapur''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], India. It is a part of the [[Bijnor district]] and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Moradabad Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="ceomap">{{cite web | title=District/Assembly Map of Uttar Pradesh | url=https://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/images/u2.pdf | year=2012 |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh |access-date=24 June 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725185743/https://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/images/u2.pdf |archive-date=25 July 2013}}</ref> The first election in this assembly constituency was held in 2012 after the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008" was passed in the year 2008.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer of Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date=10 November 2018|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead|df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=10 November 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==
The extent of Barhapur Assembly constituency is KCs Barhapur, Pureni, Barhapur NP of Nagina Tehsil; KCs Kadrabad, Afzalgarh & Afzalgarh M.B. of Dhampur Tehsil.<ref name=" Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 "/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Till 2012 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Mohammad Ghazi (politician)|Mohammad Ghazi]]<ref name="election2012">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3262-uttar-pradesh-2012/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=20 April 2023}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<ref name="election2017"/>
| rowspan="2" |[[Kunwar Sushant Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<ref name="election2022"/>
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Barhapur<ref name="election2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kunwar Sushant Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:100100}}
|percentage = 41.58
|change = +6.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Kapil Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:85755}}
|percentage = 35.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mohd. Ghazi
|votes = {{formatnum:46638}}
|percentage = 19.37
|change = -3.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:849}}
|percentage = 0.35
|change = +0.1
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:14345}}
|percentage = 5.96
|change = +1.53
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:240760}}
|percentage = 67.05
|change = +1.34
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]: Barhapur<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kunwar Sushant Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:78744}}
|percentage = 35.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Husain Ahmad
|votes = {{formatnum:68920}}
|percentage = 31.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Fahad Yazdani
|votes = {{formatnum:50684}}
|percentage = 22.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Dr Indra Dev Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:6190}}
|percentage = 2.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = Radha
|votes = {{formatnum:3449}}
|percentage = 1.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Kulveer Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:3164}}
|percentage = 1.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:556}}
|percentage = 0.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:9824}}
|percentage = 4.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:222149}}
|percentage = 65.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|loser = Indian National Congress
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Moradabad Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Bijnor district]]
*[[List of constituencies of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Bijnor district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Nagendra Nagaraja

2026-04-19T16:27:46Z

AdrianneKinne08: new a entry basic info

{{Short description|Indian quantum physicist and technologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Nagendra Nagaraja
| birth_name = Nagendra Nagaraja
| citizenship = India
| fields = Quantum computing, AI, and algorithmic intelligence
| alma_mater = *[[Coventry University]], UK
*[[Illinois Institute of Technology]], Chicago, USA
*[[Bangalore University]]
*[[Indian Institute of Management Bangalore]]
| known_for = [[QpiAI-Indus]] quantum computer
}}
'''Nagendra Nagaraja''' is an Indian quantum physicist and technologist. He is the founder and CEO of the Indian startup company QpiAI specialised in the field of quantum computer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swayne |first=Matt |date=2024-08-21 |title=India Nears Its Quantum Moment -- Completion of First Quantum Computer Expected Soon |url=https://thequantuminsider.com/2024/08/21/india-nears-its-quantum-moment-completion-of-first-quantum-computer-expected-soon/ |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=The Quantum Insider |language=en-US}}</ref> He is known for the construction of the [[QpiAI-Indus]] [[Quantum computing|quantum computer]] in India.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=QpiAI raises $32 million in Series-A round led by Avataar Ventures and National Quantum Mission |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/brand-connect/qpiai-raises-32-million-in-seriesa-round-led-by-avataar-ventures-and-national-quantum-mission/96377/1 |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=www.forbesindia.com |language=en}}</ref> His main interests are in the field of quantum computing, artificial and [[Algorithm|algorithmic intelligence]], etc. He is also an author of several papers and books in these fields. He holds Ph.D. degree in [[Wireless network|Wireless]], ML, and AI from [[Coventry University]], [[United Kingdom]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nagendra Nagaraja |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37085369059 |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=ieeexplore.ieee.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagendra Nagaraja - Founder, CEO, and Chairman at QpiAI |url=https://theorg.com/org/qpiai/org-chart/nagendra-nagaraja |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=THE ORG |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2025-07-17 |title=QpiAI raises $32 million led by Avataar, NQM |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/qpiai-raises-32-million-led-by-avataar-nqm/articleshow/122589981.cms |access-date=2025-10-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |title=Qpi Technology announces new subsidiary Qpivolta with disruptive Quantum based Battery Technology and unveils blueprint of giga battery manufacturing facility at Bangalore |url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/qpi-technology-announces-new-subsidiary-qpivolta-with-disruptive-quantum-based-battery-technology-and-unveils-blueprint-of-giga-battery-manufacturing-facility-at-bangalore-121050100503_1.html |work=Business Standard}}</ref>

The inspiration for success of the technologist Nagendra Nagaraja lies in the philosophy of the ancient Indian strategist [[Chanakya|Acharya Chanakya]]. In an interview with media, he said that his ideal person is Chanakya. He is inspired by the philosophy of focusing on achieving goals as earlier practiced by the Indian philosopher Acharya Chanakya.<ref name=":4" />

== Education and career ==
In the year 2000, Nagendra Nagaraja completed his Bachelor's degree from [[Bangalore University]] in Electronics and communications engineering. In 2008, he completed Master degree in ECE (Network Engineering) from [[Illinois Institute of Technology]] in [[Chicago]], USA. He also went to study management program focused on entrepreneurship at [[Indian Institute of Management Bangalore|Indian Institute of Management]], Bangalore.<ref name=":0" /> Later he worked in the leading companies like [[Nvidia|NVIDIA]] and [[Qualcomm]], [[Lucent Technologies|Lucent Microelectronics]]. There he joined engineering teams of the companies.<ref name=":1" />

== As an entrepreneur ==
After having long technological experiences from the deep tech companies like NVIDIA and Qualcomm, he founded several companies and established his self as an entrepreneur.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> In 2016, he, along with Vinod Dham and Prashant Trivedi, founded a startup company ''AlphaICs'' in Bangalore. In the year 2018, he aimed to be first [[Artificial intelligence|AI]] [[Unicorn (finance)|Unicorn]] from India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dochniak |first=Michael J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XTWEDwAAQBAJ&q=nagendra+nagaraja |title=Patents and Artificial Intelligence: Thinking Computers |date=2019-01-15 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-5275-2548-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Aiming To Be First AI Unicorn From India |url=https://www.businessworld.in/article/aiming-to-be-first-ai-unicorn-from-india-162033 |access-date=2025-10-17 |website=BW Businessworld |language=en}}</ref> In 2019, he founded his startup company QpiAI, which is specialised in integrating artificial intelligence (AI) with quantum computing for various enterprise applications. The startup company is providing real-world quantum solutions to the critical sectors of materials science and drug discovery to several global enterprises.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-19 |title=Everything to know about QpiAI, the startup helping India's Quantum computing leap |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/technology-everything-to-know-about-qpiai-the-startup-helping-indias-quantum-computing-leap-3919341/ |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=FE Tech Bytes |language=en}}</ref> On 8 April in the year 2021, he founded his major company ''Qpi Technology''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=QPI TECHNOLOGY PRIVATE LIMITED |url=https://www.zaubacorp.com/QPI-TECHNOLOGY-PRIVATE-LIMITED-U72900KA2021PTC146303 |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=ZaubaCorp |language=en}}</ref> In the same year, he founded subsidiary company ''Qpivolta'' to manufacture solid state batteries and Quantum batteries in future.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=QpiVolta Announces India's First Indigenous High Energy Density Lithium Metal Based SSB Pouch Cell |url=https://www.businesswireindia.com/qpivolta-announces-indias-first-indigenous-high-energy-density-lithium-metal-based-ssb-pouch-cell-83382.html |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=www.businesswireindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Scientific career ==
Nagendra Nagaraja has filed 30 patents in the fields of wireless, security, multimedia and artificial intelligence. Among these 30 filed patents, 27 patents were granted.<ref name=":4" /> He is one of the prominent technocrats in the field of quantum computing in India. In 2025, he raised funds of $32 millions with help of National Quantum Mission of India and Avataar Ventures for the development of the [[Quantum computing|quantum computer]] [[QpiAI-Indus]] at his flagship startup company QpiAI in Bangalore.<ref name=":1" /> It is expected that this fresh funds $32 million will support the company’s operations for the next 3 to 3.5 years for the construction of the next generation quantum computer of 64 qubits by the end of the next year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-17 |title=QpiAI secures $32 million funding; eyes global expansion |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/digital-transformation-qpiai-secures-32-million-funding-eyes-global-expansion-3918108/ |access-date=2025-10-17 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nagaraja, Nagendra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian quantum physicists]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Bangalore University alumni]]
[[Category:Illinois Institute of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Management Bangalore alumni]]
[[Category:Nvidia people]]
[[Category:Qualcomm people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Revannath

2026-04-18T07:27:17Z

AdrianneKinne08: put up page!

'''Shri Revan Natha''', also known as '''Revan Siddh''',<ref name="RanadeKadaSiddha">{{cite web |title=Gurudev R.D. Ranade, ''Kada Siddha'' |url=http://www.gurudevranade.com/kadsidhis.html |access-date=2019-06-24 |publisher=Gurudevranade.com |archive-date=2020-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135309/http://www.gurudevranade.com/kadsidhis.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''Kada Siddha''',<ref name="RanadeKadaSiddha" /> and, Kaadhsiddheshwar<ref name="siddhagiri.org-history" /> '''Siddharaj''' was the 7th{{sfn|Frydman|1987}} or 8th{{sfn|Boucher}} [[Navnath]]. He is especially worshipped in western India, where several temples are dedicated to him, and several [[sampradaya]]s trace their origin to him, the best-known being the [[Inchegeri Sampradaya]].

==Etymology==

===Kada Siddha===
According to one account, Revan nath derived the name ''Kada Siddha'' from his siddhi, powers:
{{blockquote|A woman [called "maiee"] was against all saints in "karver" province. She used to trouble the saints who had acquired Siddhi (God gifted powers) and hence Revananath was requested by his disciple (Marul Siddha) to stop Maiee by using powers given to Revananath by Shree Datta. Revananath accepted this request, [and] converted "maiee" to a musical instrument, which is said that, he used to play until his death. Due to his very kind heart [and] great powers with which he stopped "maiee", people started to call him Kada Siddha.<ref name="RanadeKadaSiddha" />}}

===Kaadhsiddheshwar===
According to another account, Revanath settled on the Siddhgiri hill for ascetic practice, living on whatever the jungle, gave him. He became famous known as Kaadsiddheswar <ref name="siddhagiri.org-history" />
* "Kaadha" means a jungle;<ref name="siddhagiri.org-history" />
* [[siddha]], siddha guru, mean "one who is accomplished";
* "ishwar" means [[Shiva]], the "Supreme lord".
Meaning "the one who attained supreme realization in a forest".<ref name="siddhagiri.org-history">{{Cite web |url=http://www.siddhagiri.org/?page_id=371 |title=History | Shri Kshetra Siddhagiri Math |access-date=2014-09-30 |archive-date=2015-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122203835/http://www.siddhagiri.org/?page_id=371 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Biography==
Revan Nath was born at the bank of Reva River (Narmada River ), and was brought up at a farmer’s house.

===Mahima Siddhi===
One morning when he proceeded to his farm, Lord Guru [[Dattatreya]] gave him [[Darshana]], revealing himself to Revan Natha. Guru Dattatreya recognised the boy as an Avatara being incarnated on earth and gave him special [[siddhi]], divine powers, called "Mahima". After receiving this siddhi, the farmer’s house flourished with plenty of food grain and prosperity, and ''Anna Chatra'' was also started.

[[Matsyendranath|Machchindra Natha]], the first Nath of the [[Navnath Sampradaya]], visited the village when he came to know about Mahima Siddhi. Machchindra Natha recognised Revan Natha as a Narayana Avatar but warned that if he kept stuck in a cage of popularity due to this Mahima Siddhi, it would create an obstacle in his Avatar Karya. Machchindra Natha prayed to Lord Dattatreya to give the status of Brahma Sanatana to this boy. Revan Natha realised his ''Satya Swaroopa'', and proceeded to work for the welfare of the world, and the upliftment of poor and needy people.

===The seven dead children===
While on [[pilgrimage]], he arrived at a village named Vita (near Sangli, in [[Maharashtra]]). At that time, there was a naming ceremony occurring for a Brahmin family from the village; the patriarch of the family, upon seeing Revan Natha, cordially invited him to the ceremony, which happened to be for his son. Revan Natha accepted and decided to stay at the Brahmin’s residence for a while, seeing his good nature and respectful manner. However, that night, at the stroke of midnight, the son whose ceremony it had been suddenly expired. The mother of the dead child began weeping, upon discovering this; Revan Natha, woken by the sound, got up to investigate and—meeting the father, who was also stricken by grief—asked the latter what had occurred. The Brahmin man explained to the saint that the recently deceased had been his seventh son—and the seventh child of his to die upon completion of the naming ceremony.

After listening to the story, Revan Natha thought to himself: "How could such a thing have occurred when I myself was in the house?—and perceived nothing out of the ordinary!" After consoling the grieving family, Revan Natha straightaway approached Lord Shiva, and brought the immortal consciousnesses ''(sanjivan chaitanya)'' of the seven dead children therefrom; he divided the body of the boy who had died the previous night, and, reinstating the awarenesses ''(chaitanya)'' therein, made alive the seven dead children and gave them rebirth by using his spiritual power. The Brahmin family—no longer weeping with grief, but with joy—showered the sage with praise and gratitude; Shri Revan Natha thence stayed in the village for some days more, thereafter proceeding on his pilgrimage for divine duties (i.e., looking after the welfare of needy people).


==Temples==
{{See also|Sidhhanath Temple (disambiguation){{!}}Sidhhanath Temple}}

Several temples are dedicated to Revan Nath.

===Siddhagiri Math===
{{Main|Siddhagiri Gramjivan Museum (Kaneri Math)#Kaneri Math|l1=Siddhagiri Math}}

Revananath is considered to have established the [[Kaneri Math|Kaadsiddheshwar temple]] and [[Matha|math]] in the 7th century CE.<ref name="siddhagiri.org-history" /> Other accounts mention a history of "more than 1300 years",<ref name="siddhagirimath.org-history">{{cite web |title=siddhagirimath.org, ''Siddhagiri Math – History'' |url=http://siddhagirimath.org/?page_id=665 |access-date=2019-06-24 |publisher=Siddhagirimath.org}}</ref> and the 14th century CE, when a Lingayat Priest established a Shivling at the hill, which became Kaneri Math.<ref name="discoverindia">{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20141006134525/http://www.discoveredindia.com/maharashtra/attractions/museums/siddhagiri-gramjivan-museum-kaneri-math.htm Siddhagiri Gramjivan Museum Kaneri Math]}}</ref>

It is located on Siddhagiri hill<ref name="RanadeKadaSiddha" /> in Kanheri village, Karveer tehsil, [[Kolhapur]] district, [[Maharashtra]] state, India.<ref name="discoverindia" /> It is also called "[[Kaadsiddheshwar#Siddhagiri Math (Kaneri Math)|Siddhagiri Math]]"<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110125091909/http://www.maharashtramaza.info/cities/orthodox-kolhapur/kolhapur-tourist-places/kaneri-math Kaneri Math Kolhapur]}}</ref> The Siddhagiri Math was established around the Moola-Kaadsiddheswar [[Shiva]] temple in the [[Shaiva]]-[[Lingayat]] tradition. It is a vast campus with the central Shiva temple.<ref name="siddhagiri.org-history" />

In the 12th century the Math came under the influence of [[Basava|Basaveshwar]], who established the [[Lingayat]] tradition of south India.<ref name="siddhagiri.org-history" /> Nowadays the influence of the math exceeds to most of the districts of Maharashtra and Karnataka, and also to some places in Madhya Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh.<ref name="siddhagiri.org-history" />

Part of Siddhagiri Math is the "Siddhagiri Gramjivan Museum", a wax museum dedicated to Gandhi's ideal of rural life. It was established by the 27th Mathadhipati, H.H. Adrushya Kadsiddheshwar Swami Ji.<ref name="discoverindia" />

Waarshik Maha Utsava (Annual Ceremony) is being celebrated continuously for 3 days over here and the said practice is observed in Revan Natha Darbar Kolhapur since 33 years regularly with all joy.

All spiritual rituals of Natha Sampradaya are being arranged. The Annual ceremony comes in Margashirsha, Vadya Ashthami Navami and Dashami as per Hindu calendar which normally comes in the month of December every year as per English calendar.

Besides Annual Maha Utsava, the other important Utsavas like Guru Pornima, Shri Krishnashtami are also celebrated in Revan Natha Darbara enthusiastically. Spiritual guidance is being rendered to the devotees in Revan Natha Darbar Kolhapur.

===Other temples===
* Revannath temple located in vita not in renavi
* [[Sidhhanath Temple, Kharsundi]] is of a relative recent origin, being built 150 years ago.
* [[Bhoodsidhhanath|Lord Bhoodsidhhanath Mandir]] is located in Bhood, Maharashtra.

==Sampradaya==

===Inchegeri Sampradaya===
The [[Inchegeri Sampradaya]] honours Revan Natha as the (mythological) founder of their sampradaya.

==See also==
* [[Shaivism]]
* [[Mahasiddha#The 84 Mahasiddhas|84 Mahasiddhas]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation | last =Boucher | first =Cathy | title =The Lineage of Nine Gurus. The Navnath Sampradaya and Sri Nisargadatta Maharaj | url =http://nisargadatta.net/Navnath_Sampradaya.html}}
* {{Citation | last =Dabade | first =K.B. | year =1998 | title =Sociology of religion: a case study of Nimbargi Sampradaya | publisher =Mangala Publications}}
* {{Citation | last =Frydman | first =Maurice | year =1987 | title =Navanath Sampradaya. In: I Am That. Sri Nisargadatta Maharaj | place =Bombay | publisher =Chetana}}
* {{Citation | last =Nisargadatta | year =1973 | title =I Am That | url =http://www.anandavala.info/miscl/I_Am_That.pdf | access-date =2014-09-30 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20180127181347/http://www.anandavala.info/miscl/I_Am_That.pdf | archive-date =2018-01-27 | url-status =dead }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [http://www.dayanandashramaundha.org/nath-lineage.html Swami Dayanand Seva Ashram, ''About the Nath Lineage''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140929105219/http://dayanandashramaundha.org/nath-lineage.html |date=2014-09-29 }}
* [http://shrihalsidhanath.com/shankar-mama.html shrihalsidhanath.com, ''Shankar Mama Shipurkar'']

[[Category:Hinduism in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Inchagiri Sampradaya]]
[[Category:Marathi Hindu saints]]
[[Category:Navnath]]

Tiruchengode Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-15T09:22:07Z

AdrianneKinne08: Creating New Entry - done

{{Short description|Defunct parliament constituency in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{for|other places with the same/similar name|Tiruchengode (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name =Tiruchengode
| type = LS
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state =Tamil Nadu
| union_territory =
| established = 1951
| abolished = 2009
| assembly_cons =
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:1443197}} (2004)
| preceded_by =
}}
'''Tiruchengode''' is a former constituency of the [[Lok Sabha]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] state. After delimitation in 2009, it is now a [[wikt:Defunct|defunct]] constituency.

The region covered by this constituency is now a part of the [[Namakkal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Namakkal constituency]].

==Assembly segments==
Tiruchengode was composed of the following assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|title = List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies
|accessdate = 2008-10-09
|work = Tamil Nadu
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090304010951/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|archivedate = 2009-03-04
}}</ref>
#[[Kapilamalai (State Assembly Constituency)|Kapilamalai]] (defunct)
#[[Tiruchengode (State Assembly Constituency)|Tiruchengode]] (moved to [[Namakkal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Namakkal]] constituency)
#[[Sangagiri Assembly constituency|Sangagiri (SC)]] (moved to [[Namakkal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Namakkal]] constituency)
#[[Edappadi (State Assembly Constituency)|Edappadi]] (moved to [[Salem (Lok Sabha constituency)|Salem]] constituency)
#[[Modakurichi (State Assembly Constituency)|Modakurichi]] (moved to [[Erode (Lok Sabha constituency)|Erode]] constituency)
#[[Erode (State Assembly Constituency)|Erode]] (defunct)

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
|1951
|S.K.Baby @ Kandaswami
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=Independent}}
|----
|1957
|rowspan=2|[[P. Subbarayan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|----
|1962
|----
|1967
|[[K. Anbazhagan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|----
|1971
|M. Muthusami
|----
|1977
|[[R. Kolanthaivelu]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|----
|1980
|M. Kandaswamy
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|----
|1984
|[[P. Kannan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|----
|1989
|[[K. C. Palaniswamy]]
|----
|1991
|[[K. S. Soundaram]]
|----
|1996
|[[K. P. Ramalingam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|----
|1998
|[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|----
|1999
|[[M. Kannappan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|----
|2004
|[[Subbulakshmi Jagadeesan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|}
* Seat was decommissioned in 2008

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of Winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2004|2004]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|58.0}}
{{bar percent|[[#1999|1999]]|{{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.4}}
{{bar percent|[[#1998|1998]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.1}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.0}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|65.3}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|62.3}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|58.7}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.4}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|58.2}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.5}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.0}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|42.5}}
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|57.7}}
{{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Independent}}|54.8}}
}}
=== General Elections 2004===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Indian general election]] : Tiruchengode}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Subbulakshmi Jagadeesan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,01,569 |percentage=58.02% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,22,172 |percentage=37.27% |change=-11.26% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Palanisamy |party=Independent politician |votes=14,208 |percentage=1.64% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. M. Balasubramanyam |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=6,746 |percentage=0.78% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Palanisamy |party=Independent politician |votes=5,282 |percentage=0.61% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,79,397 |percentage=20.75% |change=20.21% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,64,451 |percentage=59.92% |change= 4.49% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,43,197 |change =-5.49% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 8.95% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== General Elections 1999===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Indian general election]] : Tiruchengode}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. Kannappan]] |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,09,293 |percentage=49.08% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,04,737 |percentage=48.53% |change=-6.17% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. M. Kanagasabapathi |party=Puthiya Tamilagam |votes=11,535 |percentage=1.38% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,556 |percentage=0.55% |change=-13.27% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,34,015 |percentage=55.41% |change= -9.44% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,27,064 |change =4.57% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -7.57% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== General Elections 1998===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1998 Indian general election]]: Tiruchengode}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=414,992|percentage=54.70%|change={{increase}}21.27%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[K. P. Ramalingam]]|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=310,183|percentage=40.89%|change={{decrease}}15.75%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=P. Palanisamy|party=Indian National Congress|votes=28,421|percentage=3.75%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory|votes=104,809|percentage=13.82%|change={{decrease}}9.39%}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=758,625|percentage=53.54%|change={{decrease}}11.31%}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors=1,460,292|change={{increase}}10.44%}}
{{Election box gain with party link|winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|swing={{decrease}}1.94%}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Indian general election]] : Tiruchengode}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. P. Ramalingam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,71,533 |percentage=56.64% |change=30.12% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. V. Kumarasamy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,78,345 |percentage=33.44% |change=-33.36% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Balakrishnan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=40,041 |percentage=4.81% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Perumal |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=18,677 |percentage=2.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. T. Ramalingam |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,264 |percentage=1.23% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,93,188 |percentage=23.21% |change=-17.07% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,32,475 |percentage=64.85% |change= 2.01% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,22,216 |change =4.07% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -10.15% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== General Elections 1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Indian general election]] : Tiruchengode}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. S. Soundaram]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,21,580 |percentage=66.80% |change=3.64% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. P. Ramalingam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,07,099 |percentage=26.52% |change=-2.91% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Mannathan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=43,563 |percentage=5.58% |change=-0.20% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,14,481 |percentage=40.27% |change=6.55% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,80,845 |percentage=62.84% |change= -1.59% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,70,472 |change =0.07% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 3.64% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== General Elections 1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Indian general election]] : Tiruchengode}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=K. C. Pallanishamy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,09,847 |percentage=63.16% |change=2.23% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Poongothi Thirumathi |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,37,576 |percentage=29.43% |change=-8.93% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Chandrashekar |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=46,670 |percentage=5.78% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Chamumdeeswari |party=Independent politician |votes=3,797 |percentage=0.47% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,72,271 |percentage=33.73% |change=11.15% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,07,287 |percentage=64.43% |change= -8.40% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,69,558 |change =27.19% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 2.23% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== General Elections 1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Indian general election]] : Tiruchengode}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Kannan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,26,648 |percentage=60.93% |change=13.38% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Kandaswamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,68,582 |percentage=38.35% |change=-13.15% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. K. Eswaramoorthi |party=Independent politician |votes=5,039 |percentage=0.72% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,58,066 |percentage=22.57% |change=18.61% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,00,269 |percentage=72.84% |change= 11.28% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,98,164 |change =12.24% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 9.42% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== General Elections 1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Indian general election]] : Tiruchengode}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Kandaswamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,76,015 |percentage=51.51% |change=17.07% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Kolanthaivelu |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,54,797 |percentage=47.55% |change=-12.03% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. G. Samy |party=Independent politician |votes=3,771 |percentage=0.70% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,218 |percentage=3.96% |change=-21.18% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,35,881 |percentage=61.56% |change= -1.65% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,89,296 |change =7.62% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -8.07% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== General Elections 1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Indian general election]] : Tiruchengode}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Kolanthaivelu |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,03,738 |percentage=59.58% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Muthusamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,75,558 |percentage=34.44% |change=-21.39% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Rajalingam |party=Independent politician |votes=23,020 |percentage=4.52% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Seerangam |party=Independent politician |votes=7,468 |percentage=1.46% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,28,180 |percentage=25.14% |change=11.10% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,09,784 |percentage=63.21% |change= -5.51% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,26,331 |change =29.70% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 3.75% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== General Elections 1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Indian general election]] : Tiruchengode}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Muthusamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,38,746 |percentage=55.83% |change=0.54% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. M. Kaliyannan |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=1,78,699 |percentage=41.79% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Seerangan |party=Independent politician |votes=10,201 |percentage=2.39% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=60,047 |percentage=14.04% |change=2.56% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,27,646 |percentage=68.72% |change= -6.31% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,37,099 |change =11.01% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 0.54% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== General Elections 1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Indian general election]] : Tiruchengode}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. Anbazhagan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,32,365 |percentage=55.29% |change=16.39% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. M. Kaliannan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,84,114 |percentage=43.81% |change=0.06% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. S. Moopan |party=Independent politician |votes=3,797 |percentage=0.90% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=48,251 |percentage=11.48% |change=6.63% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,20,276 |percentage=75.03% |change= 13.02% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,73,903 |change =37.74% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 11.54% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Indian general election]] : Tiruchengode}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Subbarayan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,09,799 |percentage=43.74% |change=-13.98% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Kandappan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=97,635 |percentage=38.90% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Govindasami |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes=39,937 |percentage=15.91% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. R. Maruthuvamani |party=Independent politician |votes=3,634 |percentage=1.45% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,164 |percentage=4.85% |change=-35.45% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,51,005 |percentage=62.01% |change= 25.22% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,16,657 |change =1.79% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -13.98% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== General Elections 1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Indian general election]] : Tiruchengode}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. P. Subbarayan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=86,935 |percentage=57.72% |change=12.50% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Palaniappa Bakthar |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes=26,240 |percentage=17.42% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramalingam |party=Independent politician |votes=23,719 |percentage=15.75% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Paramasiva Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=13,718 |percentage=9.11% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=60,695 |percentage=40.30% |change=30.74% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,50,612 |percentage=36.80% |change= -10.39% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,09,325 |change =10.59% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= 2.94% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== General Elections 1951===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1951–52 Indian general election]] : Tiruchengode}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=S. K. Baby Alias Kandaswami |party=Independent politician |votes=95,664 |percentage=54.78% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. P. Subbarayan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=78,973 |percentage=45.22% |change=45.22% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,691 |percentage=9.56% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,74,637 |percentage=47.18% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,70,121 |change =0.00% }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Tiruchengode]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [[Election Commission of India]]: https://web.archive.org/web/20081218010942/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord|11.38|77.89|display=title}}

[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]

Runnisaidpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:34:22Z

AdrianneKinne08: put up a post!

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Runnisaidpur
|type= SLA
| map_image = 29-Runnisaidpur constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla = [[Pankaj Kumar Mishra]]
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|preceded_by = [[Mangita Devi]]
|region =
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[Sitamarhi district|Sitamarhi]]
|division = [[Tirhut division|Tirhut]]
|loksabha_cons = [[Sitamarhi Lok Sabha constituency|Sitamarhi]]
|constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|29]]
|established = 1951
| electors = 287,491
| reservation = None
|abolished = 
}}
'''Runnisaidpur Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Sitamarhi district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].

==Overview==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, 29. Runnisaidpur Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Runni Saidpur]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]]; Gaura, Mohini, Pandaul Buzurg, Bath Asli and Kauria Raipur [[gram panchayat]]s of Nanpur CD Block.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Runnisaidpur Assembly constituency is part of 5. [[Sitamarhi Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=commission/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name<ref>{{Cite web|title=Runisaidpur (Bihar) Assembly Election Candidate List, sitting MLAs and results|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/runisaidpur.html|access-date=|website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Vivekanand Giri
|{{party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Triveni Prasad Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan="2" |Vivekanand Giri
|{{party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Bhuvaneshwar Rai
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Triveni Prasad Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (O)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Nawal Kishore Shahi
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Vivekanand Giri
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" |Nawal Kishore Shahi
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| rowspan="3" |Bhola Rai
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Guddi Devi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|[[Mangita Devi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Pankaj Kumar Mishra]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)| dab=yes|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Runnisaidpur<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Result: Runnisaidpur">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Result: Runnisaidpur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S0429.htm |accessdate=22 November 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251122072354/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S0429.htm |archivedate=22 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Pankaj Kumar Mishra]]
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:93672}}
|percentage = 48.5
|change = +0.54
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Chandan Kumar Yadav
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:73935}}
|percentage = 38.28
|change = +6.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Vijay Kumar Sah
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:7671}}
|percentage = 3.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sanjay Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:3737}}
|percentage = 1.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Desh Janhit Party
|candidate = Imtiyaz Alam Nasir Ahmed
|votes = {{formatnum:3490}}
|percentage = 1.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Jitendra Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:2092}}
|percentage = 1.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4315}}
|percentage = 2.23
|change = -0.59
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:19737}}
|percentage = 10.22
|change = -5.91
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:193144}}
|percentage = 67.18
|change = +14.07
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Runnisaidpur<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Pankaj Kumar Mishra]]
|votes = {{formatnum:73205}}
|percentage = 47.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Mangita Devi]]
|votes = {{formatnum:48576}}
|percentage = 31.83
|change = -8.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = [[Guddi Devi]]
|votes = {{formatnum:15196}}
|percentage = 9.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Lal Babu Roy
|votes = {{formatnum:2960}}
|percentage = 1.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janvadi Party (Socialist)
|candidate = Brajesh Mahto
|votes = {{formatnum:2611}}
|percentage = 1.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Luv Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:2282}}
|percentage = 1.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Hindustan Sampoorna Azad Party
|candidate = Sone Lal Sah
|votes = {{formatnum:1518}}
|percentage = 0.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4310}}
|percentage = 2.82
|change = -2.45
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:24629}}
|percentage = 16.13
|change = +5.86
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:152624}}
|percentage = 53.11
|change = -0.48
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Runnisaidpur<ref name="Runnisaidpur Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |title=Runnisaidpur Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/runnisaidpur |accessdate=22 November 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251122072339/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/runnisaidpur |archivedate=22 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Mangita Devi]]
|votes = {{formatnum:55699}}
|percentage = 40.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = [[Pankaj Kumar Mishra]]
|votes = {{formatnum:41589}}
|percentage = 30.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Guddi Devi]]
|votes = {{formatnum:16038}}
|percentage = 11.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Lal Babu Roy
|votes = {{formatnum:5024}}
|percentage = 3.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vijay Kumar Sah
|votes = {{formatnum:2821}}
|percentage = 2.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Devendar Prasad Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:1887}}
|percentage = 1.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Shyam Babu Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:1520}}
|percentage = 1.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
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==References==
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==External links==
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[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
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Ayyavazhi mythology

2026-04-01T09:33:02Z

AdrianneKinne08: adding a entry...

{{Short description|Indian story from Akilathirattu Ammanai,}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{More footnotes|date=February 2018}}
{{Religion of Ayyavazhi}}
'''Ayyavazhi mythology''' is the mythology of the South Indian religious faith known as [[Ayyavazhi]], which is officially considered a [[Hindu sect]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanyakumari Online - The complete kanyakumari directory |url=http://kanyakumarionline.com/ayya/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050404002500/http://kanyakumarionline.com/ayya/ |archive-date=2005-04-04 |access-date=2026-04-01 |website=kanyakumarionline.com|date=5 March 2005}}</ref> The main source of Ayyavazhi mythology is the Ayyavazhi [[scripture]], [[Akilathirattu Ammanai]], and its supplement, [[Arul Nool]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian religions: tradition, history and culture |page=123|first=Dr. Preeti |last=Tripathy|year=2010|publisher=Axis Publications}}</ref> The [[Akilathirattu Ammanai]] is a recitation by ''[[Thirumal|Mayon]]'' (the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] name for [[Vishnu]], or [[Vishnu|Lord Narayana]]) to his consort [[Lakshmi]]. It is divided into three sections: [[Ayyavazhi mythology#Early Avatars|Early Avatars]], [[#Incarnational events|incarnational events]] and [[#Post-incarnational events|post-incarnational events]].

== Early Avatars ==
The early avatars are all those that occurred prior to the earthly incarnation of [[Vishnu|Mayon]].

=== The first six Yugas ===

The first ''[[Yuga]]'' ("aeon" or "era") was called Neetiya Yuga. During this time, divine, human and all other virtues flourished without hindrance. They did not fear [[demon]]s, and there was perfect harmony among the creatures of the Universe, as well as among those who lived in the [[Fourteen Worlds]]. In this yuga, the king was righteous and did not oppress his people through taxes or other means.

During this peaceful time, [[Kroni]] was born. Kroni, who is analogous to [[Satan]] in the [[Christianity|Christian]] tradition, is a primordial personification of [[evil]]. Though Kroni is said to have been born with multitudinous limbs, each the size of a mountain, he nevertheless assumes different forms in different yugas: as [[Ravana]] or [[Duryodhana]], for example. Likewise, Mayon also incarnates in different yugas as different ''[[Avatar]]s'': for example [[Rama]] or [[Krishna]].

In order to quell the ravenous hunger in his stomach, Kroni drank all of the waters of the sea. With these waters being insufficient, he swallowed ''[[Kailayam]]'', the abode of ''Sivan'' (the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] name for [[Shiva]]), and then proceeded to devour the entire universe. [[Akilam one]]: 440-446. ([[oldwikisource:நீடிய யுகம|text available at Wikisource]])

[[Krishna|Mayon]], residing with [[Shiva|Sivan]] in ''Kailayam'', escaped to undertake ''[[tavam]]'' (''[[Tapas (Sanskrit)|tapas]]'', meaning "austerity") and to receive permission from Sivan to destroy Kroni. Isvaran granted this permission, but made Mayon aware of the necessity to appear in different forms in the successive six yukams in order to destroy the [[Six Fragments]] of Kroni. Following this advice, Mayon sliced Kroni into six fragments and saved the universe. The first yuga thus came to an end.

In the second yuga, called ''[[Chathura Yukam|Chathura Yuga]]'', one of the six pieces of Kroni was formed into a creature named [[Kuntomasali]]. It had the shape and size of a mammoth [[leech]], and when it disturbed the tavam of those in [[Tava lokam]] (the land of austerity), Mayon destroyed the leech by catching it with a hook.

In the third yuga, called Netu Yuga, another fragment of Kroni created two wicked individuals called [[Thillaimallalan]] and [[Mallosivahanan]]. They ruled over the people by extracting ''Uliyam'' and ''Iraikal'' ([[taxes]]) from them. When this exploitation became unbearable, the [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]] (celestial beings) complained to Sivan, who, in turn, commissioned Mayon to carry out the destruction of the wicked rulers, which he did.

The fourth yuga was called [[Kretha Yukam|Kretha Yuga]]. The third fragment of [[Kroni]] was, again, made into two siblings, called [[Suraparppan]] and [[Sinhamuka Asuran]], and they were given responsibility to rule the Earth. The wicked rulers began to crush the Devas, who reported it to Mayon. Mayon took the form of [[Kartikeya|Arumugan]], the Tamil name for [[Kartikeya]], and advised the rulers to desist from their wickedness. However, when they arrogantly spurned his advice, Arumugan eliminated them. During the same [[Yuga]], Suraparppan was created, this time as [[Hiranyakashipu|Iraniyan]]. Mayon, incarnated as the son of Iraniyan ([[Prahlada]]), challenged his authority and finally took on the [[therianthropic]] form of man and lion ([[Narasimha]]) by piercing his stomach. On his deathbed, Mayon asked him to repent, but he replied arrogantly: "You cannot kill me. Only by placing ten mountains as ten nails might you kill me. Otherwise you can't."

In the ensuing yuga, called [[Thretha Yukam|Thretha Yuga]], Sivan, as per the request of Mayon, created the fourth piece of the primordial Kroni as a [[ten-headed mighty warrior]], with the ten mountains as ten heads, naming him as [[Ravana]]n. He oppressed all those living on Earth by extracting Uliyam from them. He subdued all the earthly kings and made them pay tributes to him. Suffering under his oppression, the [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]] sought the help of Mayon who, for the purpose of destroying him, took birth as [[Rama]]n. On his death-bed, he repented, saying: "Only with the help of my brother were you able to destroy me." With this episode of killing Ravanan, Thretha Yuga came to an end.

In the sixth [[yuga]], called [[Dwapara Yukam|Dwapara Yuga]], the fifth fragment of Kroni was portioned into a hundred pieces, and made into [[Duryodhana|Duriyodhanan]] and [[ninety-nine brothers]] to support him. The [[three brothers of Raman]], along with [[Vibushanan]] and [[Sampoovan]] of the preceding epoch, were created as [[Pandava|Pancha Pandavas]] in this aeon. The wicked Duriyodhanan was killed by the Pancha Pandavas, with the support of Mayon, who came in the form of [[Krishna]]. Even at the brink of death, Duriyodhanan refused to repent, saying that "only with your cunning mind were you able to defeat me, and otherwise not." Mayon then told him: "You will be created with [[knowledge]], [[intelligence (trait)|intelligence]], and [[artist]]ic skill in the next Yukam, and if you do not repent in that age, that will be your eternal annihilation." Having said this, Mayon went to [[Srirangam]] and dwelt there.

=== The Santror ===
{{Main|The Santror}}
Towards the end of [[Dvapara Yuga]], [[Thirumal]] (Mayon), with the aid of Seven Virgins ([[Saptha Kanniyar]]), had begotten seven sons, known as the [[Santror Makkal]] (see [[Santror Pirappu]]), in order to accomplish the task of destroying the [[Kalineesan]] and [[Kali mayai]] ([[Kali Yuga]] [[Maya (Hinduism)|Maya]]) that were to be countered in the following [[Kali Yuga]].

After the birth of Santror, they were all named by conducting a naming ceremony (see [[The Naming ceremony of Santror]]) and fed with celestial nectar (see [[Feeding the children with Celestial Nectar]]). The Santror were raised by Bhadrakali and married to the daughters of Nirupathirajan (see [[Fostered by the acclaimed Deity Patrakali]]).

=== Kalineesan, Kali Yuga, and Kalimayai ===
{{main|Kaliyan}}

The sixth fragment of the primordial [[Kroni]] was [[Neesan]], the epitome of wickedness ((Tamil ''neesa'' meaning "wickedness"). Neesan was created in the form of a male [[human being]] who was wise, beautiful and intelligent. Neesan pushed himself out of the earth in an inverted form. Upon seeing his appearance, the celestial diviners predicted that he, being without normal human parentage, would have an undefined and rude physique, and that his intelligence and five senses would be rooted in falsehood. They further predicted that he would have a life as fragile as that of a bird, but he would unleash wickedness on people with arrogance.

Having obtained innumerable boons (see [[Boons claimed by Kaliyan|Boons]]), including the [[Chakra]] of Mayon and invincibility, Neesan proceeded to earth to rule over the people. On his way, he was accosted by [[Thirumal]], who appeared as a [[Pantaram]] (an [[wikt:itinerant|itinerant]] [[mendicant]]), with long flowing unkempt hair and torn clothes. Thirumal challenged him to a duel which Neesan refused, considering it beneath his dignity to fight with a Pantaram coming in such an attire without any weapon. Taking the opportune moment, Thirumal shrewdly made Neesan promise to forfeit all his boons if any of his lies caused trouble to any Pantaram on earth in the future. Then, he bought the Chakra from Kaliyan and cursed it as money. The money asked Thirumal when this curse would leave it, to which Thirumal replied: "It will leave you when Kali is defeated".

The Neesan was thenceforth called [[Kalineesan]] because the [[Kali Yuga]] had dawned along with his birth. Along with him was born an evil force called [[Kali Mayai]] (Kali Yuga [[Maya (Hinduism)|Maya]]). The ''Kali'' here refers to the evil spirit behind ''Kali Yuga'' and not ''[[Kali]]'', the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] deity).

[[Kali (demon)|Kali]] Maya engulfed the whole world and consequently, deceit and illusion began to contaminate the minds of the people. Age-old traditions and conventions, based on [[Dharma]]m, were unduly overthrown. Kalineesan introduced the discrimination of [[caste]] among the people. The powerless people were crushed with brute might. People, caught in the Kalimayai, began to be inimical towards one another - men against women, children against parents, and so forth. People used demonic force to harm one another. Kalimayai captured the king of [[Thiruvitankur]] and began to rule over the people as their king.

=== Thirumal in Thiruvananthapuram ===

{{main|Thirumal in Thiruvananthapuram}}

Thirumal, dwelling at [[Sri Rangam]] hitherto, found it unworthy of his abode because of the misdeeds of the priests there. He shifted his tent to [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. When he reached there, a [[Pulayar]] woman saw him and spread the news to one and all. Hearing of this, Kalineesan constructed a temple of fine granite at the site where the Pulayar woman spotted Tirumal, and decorated the temple with gold and pearls. The king instituted scores of rituals and ceremonies at the temple to be performed by [[Namboothiri]] [[Brahmins]]. The lights of the temple were, however, lit daily from a torch brought from the home of the Pulayar woman.

==== Venneesan ====

{{main|Venneesan}}

[[Kalineesan]] had no children, so he went on a pilgrimage to [[Kingdom of Kashi|Kasi]], a holy place, and stood in ''[[tavam]]'' (spiritual suffering) for a son. While performing the ''tavam'', he was distracted by the scene of a cleric embracing a woman. Because of this, [[Kalineesan|Kalineesan's]] [[semen]] came out and fell into the water. A white crane came and swallowed the semen, became pregnant, and delivered a baby boy in the water. A sage, [[Punal Rhishi]], took the baby, which was white in appearance, and looked after it.

Kalineesan, his ''tavam'' being defective, returned to his country in despair, resigned to a prediction that even if he were to have a son, it would be only the sons of his sister who would rule the country.

The baby, delivered by the white crane, grew up and came of age, and was married in the land of [[Chenkomatti]]. He prospered there with his progeny, who later emerged as a powerful people by learning the skills of ship-travel, trading in gold and silver, and diplomacy. This people, called Venneesa kulam, propagated a religion of their own, and through the lure of money gained many new members. Venneesan (the name comes from two words, ''venmai'' meaning "white," and ''neesan,'' meaning "wicked person") introduced a new calendar.

==== Santror in Kali Yuga ====

Kalineesan, coming to know about the valour and loyalty of the Santror people, appointed them as his bodyguards. It so happened that one day, while guarding the entrance of the king’s room, the body-guards happened to fall asleep, during which time, the enemies of the king, hailing from the king’s own race, entered the room and assassinated the king. The Kalineesan, while succumbing to the murderous attack, mistaking it to be a betrayal by the body-guards, cursed them that they and their progeny would be oppressed with oozhiyam ([[coolie]] service) and [[regressive taxation]] as long as the king’s dynasty ruled the country.

The curse of the king began to take effect on the Santror. The Kalineesan, the successor of the previous king, imposed innumerable taxes on every article used by the Santror for their day to day living. Their occupational implements, the [[Arecaceae|palmyra trees]] that supported them, and every item of the produce of these trees were punitively taxed. The produce of the palmyra trees was to be given to the high castes, failing which the Santror were tortured with [[corporal punishment]]s. There were many arbitrary taxes imposed on them. The Santror found no favour with the rules, in spite of paying these cruel taxes.

==== Thirumal deserting Kalineesan ====

Having witnessed the woes of the Santror, Mayon admonished the king to desist from oppressing them. He reminded the king that it was his seventh birth, coming in the lineage of the primordial Kroni, and if he failed to repent during this opportunity, then it would be his eternal damnation. He exhorted him to revoke the cruel taxes and the exploitative system of uliyam, imposed on the Santror, the people born of Mayon's seeds.

The king retorted, saying:
:"How dare you advise me to revoke the taxes and the oozhiyam imposed on the low caste [[Chanar]]? If I do so, how else do I earn gold coins - a hundred of them needed to perform puja for you every morning and evening, a thousand of them needed to take care of all the temples and me, and a ten thousand of them needed to pay my staff? Do I not get these gold coins by squeezing the labour of these Chanar? Even if you desert me and go to one of the Chanar places, I will never revoke the taxes and oozhiyam imposed on them."

Responding to the king, Mayon said:
:"Did I ever ask you to offer me [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] by exploiting the people? You offer puja not to me, but to the Namboothiri Brahmins. The whole world knows that the only thing that I receive whole-heartedly is the light brought by the [[Pulayar]] woman."

Peeved at the response of Mayon, the king mockingly said: "If you have not tasted any of my offerings, what then have you to do with me? Go wherever you want to..." Listening to the impenitent and brute words of the king, divine rage overcame Mayon and he said: "You have mocked at me and ill-treated me as you do to the Chanar. Lo, I am going away from your place to [[Thiruchendur]]. I will take on you in another form. Then, I will perform a [[Dharma]]m that you and the world will acknowledge as the greatest. I will destroy the pervasive demonic cult and crown the Chanar".

Having said these things, Mayon deserted [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. He told the people: "Henceforth, let all castes united as one people, come to the place where I am going to dwell". Having said this, he proceeded to Thiruchendur. It happened then that the fortress of the Kalineesan crashed into pieces. The earth was covered with darkness of slumber, the sea engulfed the land, and all the palatial buildings of the king were effaced. Seeing these calamities, the Brahmins lamented and the priests wailed.

Mayon took his abode at the seashore of Thiruchendur. During this time, the venneesan had spread his wicked rule over the country, trampling upon the traditions of the land. He flouted the principles of ''Dharma'', observed by the Santror and failed to give the dignity due to them.

== Incarnational events ==

Incarnational events include preparations for incarnation, the event of incarnation, and the proclamations and instructions given to the newly incarnated god. Since [[Vishnu|Mayon's]] incarnation, as [[Ayya Vaikundar|Lord Vaikundar]], is the foremost power, this is considered to be the most important part in [[Akilathirattu Ammanai]]. Below is an elaboration of these events.

=== Preparing for incarnation ===

Seeing the degraded status of the Santror, the celestial gods made a plea to [[Vishnu|Mayon]] as follows: "Our young brothers, the Santror, are suffering endlessly under the yoke of the centuries old oozhiyam and have lost dignity and respect on account of that. Have you not seen their iniquities?"

After listening to the plea, [[Vishnu|Mayon]] prepared for the incarnation. He made all the celestial gods take birth in the world in order to assist in destroying the kali. He set out to create new [[cattle]], [[reptile]]s, [[bird]]s, [[plant]]s, [[tree]]s, and all other elements of nature that would befit the new age of [[Dharma Yukam]] because the Dharma Yukam was to be characterised by a new life, new people, and new thinking. In that new age [[Shastra]]s, [[Veda]]s and all the religions would be the same; the Tamil language would permeate the world; people would live united as a single humanity; the people of Mayon would live with pristine glory and they would flourish with all prosperity; the earth would yield abundantly; diseases, calamities and the impact of the evil magical practices would not affect the people; the old Shastras would be turned untrue, and instead, a new code would be enshrined.

=== Mayon — on the identity of his people ===

Mayon then enunciated the attributes of his children who would be his collaborators in the world. He said:

:"The identity of my people is that they do not offer puja or sacrifices, do not have temples and priests, do not have offerings of flowers, do not offer [[blood sacrifice]]s of goat, bull and [[rooster]]s, and do not worship cows and images made of clay. Instead, they are those who do [[Dharma]]m to all those who come in my name."

=== Final admonition through Thiruvasakam ===

Before the incarnation of Mayon could take place, the [[Trimurti|three godheads]] decided to send a final admonition with the name of Thiruvasakam to [[Kali (demon)|Kalineesan]] that he might amend''. (see : [[Thiruvasakam (Ayyavazhi)]])''

=== Deciding to incarnate as Vaikundar ===

{{main|Vishnu}}

[[Kali (demon)|Kalineesan]] did not pay heed to the Thiruvasakam. [[Vishnu|Mayon]] then decided to incarnate as Vaikundar and, to that effect, walked towards the seashore of Thiruchendur.

When the day came, [[Vishnu|Lord Narayana]] then instantly went into the sea, amidst the chanting of the celestial gods. Inside the sea, enveloping himself in a scorching flame, he approached [[Lakshmi]] who was awaiting his arrival in the form of a Lotus pedestal. Afraid of the ball of flame approaching her, [[Lakshmi]] worshipped it with reverence. Mayon revealed himself and took Lakshmi and told her of his intention to create a son. By that time, [[Vishnu|Mayon]] had come into the sea. Then, [[Vishnu|Lord Narayana]] himself incarnated as Vaikundar during an encounter with a deity Goddess Lakshmi, he was beget inside the sea and arose from the sea of Tiruchendur on Kollam Year 1008 at 20th day of Tamil Month Masi (1 March 1833 CE, Friday).

I (Hari Gopalan) am writing these words of Akilattirattu Ammanai with the grace of God!

" ‘O’ Lord you took avatar for Pandavas and eliminated their enemies.

You attained the abode of Kailasa with anger due to birth of Kaliyan.

Came again to the world to protect santror (good people) and dharma"

"On Masi 1008, I ([[Vishnu|Lord Narayana]]) myself appeared as Pantaram on the banks of sea, have taken residence in Theksanapuri as Vaikundar" – Akilattirattu

Akilattirattu says, Lord Narayana himself incarnated as Vaikundar and appeared as Pantaram on the banks of sea. This place became a holy place for the devotees of Ayya vazhi and they erected a temple there named [[Avathara Pathi|Avathara pathi]].

God says this prophecy,

"I (Lord Narayana) took the avatar for yuga trail and became the praise child for Sita.

As a king of Dharma yuga, I am going to rule the world with single command" – Akilattirattu

He then imparted certain arcane knowledge in the form of proclamations and instructions, known as [[Vinchai]], to his newly niall son, [[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikundar]]. ''(see: [[Vinchai to Vaikundar]])''

Having given these exhortations, Mayon called his son intimately as [[Ayya Vaikundar|Narayana Vaikundar]] and told him that if these teachings were observed strictly, the illusory force of kali would be contained and when people learned to live with [[self-respect]], [[Kali]] would destroy itself.

Then the whole array of celestial gods sang lullabies (See:[[Thalattu]], [[Palli Unarthal]], [[Abayam]].), praising the special attributes of the newly born child, [[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikundar]]. They praised him for having been born as the child of Mayon, in the race of Chanar, in order to teach the virtue of Dharmam to the world and to incinerate [[Kali]].

[[Ayya Vaikundar|Lord Vaikundar]], having received all the instructions from his father, walked out of the sea to go into the world. Mayon sent two celestial sages (Kalai Muni and Gnana Muni) with him as witnesses to his activities. [[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikundar]] took the human form as Pantaram at Tharuvaiyur near seashore. From the point of incarnation of Vaikundar, it is said that he will destroy Kaliyan and the evil in Kali Yuga. It is also said that he will take all righteous people along with him in the succeeding eighth yuga called as Dharma yuga.

== Post-incarnational events ==

{{Main|Ayya Vaikundar}}

The various episodes, that are portrayed to be occurring after the event of incarnation, are called here as post-incarnational events. Given below is an elaboration of them.

=== Vaikundar's emergence out of the sea ===

[[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikundar]] crossed over to the land from the sea and showing a human appearance as Narayana Pantaram to the mother of [[Sampooranathevan|Muthukutty (alias Sampoornadevan)]], told her: "Woman, you had been [[Sampooranathevan|Muthukutty]] mother before the year 1008 (AD 1833). I (Narayana) have been born as [[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikundar]], the child of Mayon. I have received powers for redeeming the Santror. I am going to destroy the evilmongers and rule the world under a single command." Having said this, [[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikundar]] set out towards [[Detchanam]] (Dakshin, the south).

=== Vaikundar's journey to Detchanam ===

[[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikundar]] walked towards Detchanam, along the sea route. All along his path, the creatures of the sea and the animals of the forest greeted him, expressing their happiness, for they were to be freed from the clutches of Kali. [[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikundar]], announcing the glad tidings to everyone, traversed the path towards [[Manavaippathi]] ([[Puvantantoppu]]) in Detchanam. The itinerant [[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikundar]], reaching the temple of [[Pakavathi]] at [[Kanyakumari (town)|Kanyakumari]], told her that he, the [[Ayya Vaikundar|Narayana Vaikundar]], had come to uplift the lowly by ruling the world under the banner of Dharmam and therefore, she was to rescind from accepting any sacrifices or offerings.

=== Tavam ===
{{main|Tavam of Vaikundar}}

Making himself known to the people as [[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikundar]], the great [[Narayana]] took his abode under a tree at the entrance of Manavaippathi.

=== Burning of the demons ===

When a year and a half had passed after undertaking the Tavam, people complained to [[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikundar]] of the disturbances caused by the demons in the world. [[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikundar]], intending to put an end to the misdeeds of the demons, thought of incinerating them totally. He then summoned a celestial sage and sought his counsel on this matter. The sage, after going through the [[Akamankal]] ([[Hindu Agamas|Agamas]]), told [[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikundar]]:

:''From the moment [[Narayana]] became [[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikundar]] and came to the world, the demons, the evil spirits and all other deceptions of the world are disappearing; [[Kali]] Yukam is being destroyed, together with the old [[Veda]]s. [[Purana]]s and [[Hindu Agamas|Agamas]] have lost their substance. As of now, [[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikundar]] is establishing a Dharma Yukam that he will rule eternally. So, now is the right time to destroy all that are to be destroyed.''

[[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikundar]] then assembled all the demons in one place. He made some persons in the gathering, who were accustomed to ‘possession’, to get ‘possessed’ of the demons in the presence of the people. The demons that had ‘come on to these persons’ began to tremble with fear and, by making loud cries, bemoaned their end. Resigned to their fate, they requested [[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikundar]] to tell them the modalities to surrender. When the demons asked it themselves, [[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikundar]] ordered them to make an oath in front of the people that they had surrendered all their powers. Accordingly, the demons made a public oath that they had surrendered all their powers. Then they fled to the mountain and killed themselves by falling into fire. As this happened, those that were dancing due to the ‘possession’ of the demons got exhausted and fell flat on the grounds. As the crowd was witnessing all these happenings, a few shepherds, tending their flock in the mountain, came rushing and reported that they heard the loud cries of the demons as they were falling in the fire. When the crowd heard these, they appreciated the way the demons were destroyed and acknowledged that [[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikundar]] was really the Narayanar needed for the country.

=== Seizing the power of magic, witchcraft, sorcery, trickery, etc. ===

Having destroyed the demons, [[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikundar]] thought of incarcerating the powers of [[Malaiyarasar]], the people of the mountain who performed [[black magic]], [[witchcraft]], [[Magic (paranormal)|sorcery]], etc., with the aid of [[evil spirits]]. No sooner had he thought of it than the [[wild animal]]s, being released from the clutches of the Malaiyaracar, went berserk and attacked the people ferociously. Horrified at the behaviour of the animals, the Malaiyaracar resorted to their usual black magic to contain the animals. But, alas, this time, their magic did not work. Disappointed and worried, they became panicky and sought the help of a Kuratti, the village [[astrologer]], to make them known the cause of these events.

Kuratti, hearing their woes, told them that [[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikundar]] had incarnated to eradicate the sufferings of all and therefore, they would do well to meet him to get rid of their woes. Coming to know of [[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikundar]], the Malaiyaracar came to him immediately and pleaded with him to solve their problems. [[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikundar]] told them it was time for the destruction of all the evil forces and therefore, they would do well to surrender the knowledge of black magic, witchcraft, sorcery, and trickery, the spells used to bind others, and all types of esoteric charms in their possession. If refused to comply, they were warned of severe consequences. Hearing the admonition from [[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikundar]], and fearing the consequences of the refusal to surrender, they agreed to hand over all their powers to him. Since they had not brought with them the manuscript documents that contained the spells, they vowed in front of [[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikundar]] and the people that they would never again resort to these practices. When they did so, [[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikundar]] advised and blessed them to take to cultivation as an alternative profession. When this was done, the celestial Gods wrote it in the heavenly records that [[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikundar]] had done away with the evil forces and had made Dharmam to prosper in the world.

=== Exhortations ===

Having incinerated the demons and seized the powers of the Malaiyaracar, [[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikundar]] exhorted the people as follows:

:"''From this day on, repose your faith only in [[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikundar]], and fear not any other powers. Do not give offerings to temples, do not cast away your hard-earned money into dump-boxes, and keep your wealth to yourself.''"

Listening to these exhortations, people of all castes realised that kalimayai was being destroyed and Dharmam was established. [[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikundar]] brought Dharmam also to the flora and fauna, exhorting them not to hurt or kill each other, and not to crush the weak, but to live in harmony as one family.

People came as one family and listened to the exhortations of Dharmam given by [[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikundar]]. They accepted him in their hearts as the undisputed God and lived happily.

=== Vaikundar's trial ===

At this time round, the king of [[Travancore|Thiruvithankur]], the Kalineesan came to [[Suchindrum]] for his routine visit. He was an agitated man. With his powers already been curtailed by the foreigners, he wanted to know whether there was any one else in his kingdom that could challenge his authority. The ministers told him as follows:

:''"From the race of the Chanar who perform the menial uliyam for us, someone, claiming to be the incarnation of [[Vishnu]], is making pronouncements that he is going to rule the land under his one undisputed command. He has gathered people of all castes into one place around him. He has also claimed that he would destroy all his enemies and establish a rule of Dharmam. It looks the Chanar people are having a great day".''

Listening to this, the king grew weary. He summoned a seer to know whether the news was true. The seer confirmed it, saying it was time the great Vishnu incarnated as Vaikundar. The king retorted to the seer saying:

"''"Even if the great Vishnu wanted to incarnate, would he, leaving aside the honourable Namboothiri and other Brahmin caste, come into this untouchable Chanar people? It looks to be a cheating".''

Listening to the king, an elderly person from a shepherd caste, who was in the assembly, advised the king saying:

"''"If Vishnu wants, he will take birth in any race and in any form. He may come as a [[Panan]] or a [[Pariah (people)|Pariyan]]. So better not to disturb this person".''

The king was infuriated and was not ready to listen to anyone's counsel. He ordered one of the chiefs of the army to bring Vaikuntar to him. Accordingly, a squad of soldiers came and surrounded [[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikundar]] who was sitting on a cot, performing his tavam. As the troops prepared to seize him, the Santror, standing near [[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikundar]], got enraged and readied to attack the troops. Sensing trouble, [[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikundar]] prevented the Santror saying:

:''"My children, it is those who contain the instant rage that will become great. You are people of love. Keep restraint, I will make you rule the earth".''

The army personnel, then, took hold of [[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikundar]], tied him with a rope, and tortured him ruthlessly. They questioned him with spite:

:"''"Whether he became a deity for the Chanars? Whether he disguised himself as a deity in order to amass wealth?"''

He was then led along the streets to the king. The wicked people threw stones at him, pulled his long hair and teased him, calling him demoniac. Some people from the low castes accused him of bringing disgrace to their race. [[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikundar]] did not utter a word in response. He reached Suchindram and was brought in front of the king.

The king wanted to test [[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikundar's]] powers. He hid a ring in the palm of his hand and asked him to name it. Vaikundar, being aware of the fact that showing his powers would not aid his mission in any way but that it would only precipitate matters unduly, remained reticent. The king, being hurt by his silence, ordered him to be tortured more. Five kinds of poison were mixed in an [[Arrack (drink)|arrack]] and given to him to drink. Vaikundar drank it as if he were drinking milk and remained unaffected. Seeing that the poison had not worked, Vaikundar was confined in a stinking prison, infested with worms and leeches. Vaikundar took upon himself all these sufferings for the sake of his poor Chanar.

Then Vaikundar was led through [[Kottar]], [[Chunkankadai]], [[Thuckalay]], [[Padmanabhapuram]], [[Balaramapuram]], and brought to [[Thiruvananthapuram]] where he was detained in an open prison. While in the prison, many people came and worshipped him.

The Kalineesan did not relent from torturing Vaikundar. He ordered him to be thrown to a starving [[tiger]]. In that, [[Ayya Vaikundar]] proves to the world, his Power (see [[Katuvai Sothanai]]).

After that event, a person known as Poovandar went up to the king, and testifying to the genuineness of [[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikundar]], pleaded for his release. The king, considering the request, wanted Vaikundar to sign a document as a condition for the release. The condition was that he would not any more gather the different castes, except his own, into one place. Vaikundar tore the piece of material that contained the condition into pieces and threw it on to the ground. However, the king did not wish to retain him in the prison anymore.

Vaikundar chose the nineteenth of the Tamil month Masi (February/March) to be the day of his release. His devotees, the Santror, carried him on a cradle through Balaramapuram, [[Parvathipuram, Tamil Nadu|Parvathipuram]], Kottar, Suchindram and reached back to Thamaraippathi.

=== Thuvayal Thavasu ===
{{Main|Thuvayal Thavasu}}

Back in [[Swamithoppe|Tamaraipathi]], [[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikundar]] continued according to the instructions of his Father. He instructed the people to undertake a tavam called thuvayal thavam (''thuvay'' means ''to wash'') which was also called Thuvayal Thavasu, an act of [[ritual washing of one's physique and clothes]] along with practice of [[wiktionary:self-abnegation|self-abnegation]] and [[self-restraint]].

=== Marriage with the Seven Virgins ===

Even as [[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikundar]] was continuing to instruct and serve the people, he intended to marry the seven virgins. He made some people of [[Chanar]], young and old, male and female, get into a trance and dance. He made some of them narrate the accounts of the world, and of the story of the seven virgins carrying the seeds of [[Krishna|Mayon]] and delivering the seven sons of the Chanar.

[[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikundar]] then, putting on the appearance of [[Narayana]], made the Santror, who stood around him, to walk in the four directions and call out to their mothers, the [[Seven Virgins]]. The seven divine mothers, listening to the call of their sons, came out and paid respect to Vaikundar who had come to marry them and give them back their children as it was promised to them in their previous birth.

Once the divine mothers came, after confirming their desire to get married and to get back their children, [[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikundar]] announced to the world the news of the marriage of the Seven Virgins with Vaikundar. Vaikundar then asked the Santror what they would give as gift to the bridegroom. (see: [[Thirukkalyana Ekanai]]).

The Santror, the kith and kin of the brides, answered that all their wealth, even their very lives could be given as gift to him. [[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikundar]] then requested the Santror to take and give the hands of the seven virgins to him in marriage. When they did it ceremoniously, Vaikundar placed a glittering golden chain around the necks of the seven divine women.

The celestial saints then praised the special attributes of the marriage partners, and the race in which they hailed from. Then, singing the praises of [[Narayana]] and praying that he might fulfil his mission of ushering in the [[Dharma Yukam]], the brides and the bridegroom circumambulated the ‘Pathi’ in their ceremonial attire. The supplications of the brides were that [[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikundar]] should destroy the evil age, usher in the age of [[Dharma]], and make his people rule the Dharma Yukam .

When the marriage had taken place as per the earlier promise, the Santror realised that all the curses incurred by them had been erased and there was no curse anymore on their race. People came from all directions to pay homage to [[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikundar]] and presented him with various gifts.

=== Festivals and celebrations ===

[[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikundar]] thought of organising festivals and celebrations with the people who garnered around him. He fixed Sunday, the day of his birth in the sea, to be the day in every week for celebrations. People gathered there on every Sunday, bringing him gifts. They decorated the vicinity with flowers and festoons. Amidst crackers of fireworks and music of joy, the seven virgins, dressing themselves in [[saffron]] and sporting the [[Thirunamam|Namam]] (sacred symbol on the forehead), came in grand procession on the streets alone with Vaikundar. Ayya Vaikundar, as a [[Pantaram]], had donned himself in squalid rags, smeared the white mark on the body, tied a turf on his hair, and carried a cane. Besides his disciples, a large number of Santror came in procession along with him. Those who had participated in the thuvayal thavam also accompanied him by chanting the prayer, "Siva Siva" Those men and women, that were ‘taken hold of by divine power’, sang the praises of [[Narayaya]] and accompanied the procession.

During the procession, [[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikundar]] was carried in a golden cradle. A conch shell was blown, womenfolk made [[kuravai]], and the celestial gods were showering flowers from above. People held these festivals in high esteem.

=== Vaikundar as the Reigning King ===

[[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikundar]], being instructed through a dream that occurred to one of his followers, came to [[Moolakuntappati]] ([[Ambalappathi]]) with his kith and kin. Here he enthroned himself like a reigning king on a grand seat in a mansion built with pearls, designed with a pedestal for conducting the [[Ukattheerppu]] (the judgment). He vested himself in white silk, wore a golden cap on the head, and arbitrated for the people. People celebrated his presence there.

=== Marriage with the Deities ===

[[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikundar]] then decided to marry deities such as [[Pakavathi]] (Bhagavati), [[Valli]], [[Theivanai]], [[Mantaikattal]], [[Lakshmi]], [[Parvathi]] and [[Poomadanthai]]. He took on different forms and told the deities that they were to be united with him in order to destroy [[Kali Yukam]] and establish the [[Dharma Yukam]]. Then, compelling each deity to seduce a woman in the gathering, he married them in a grand manner.

[[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikundar]], having married these deities, continued his activities among his people. People flocked to him in large numbers. They were pleased to invite him to their houses. They took him in chariots, arranged grand feasts in his honour, and presented him with very valuable gifts. Vaikundar laid the foundation for [[Nizhal Thangals]] in some villages that he visited.

=== Ascending to Vaikundam, the abode of Thirumal ===

Having accomplished whatever he intended doing, Vaikundar thought of attaining Vaikundam, i.e., leaving this world and going to the world of [[Vaikundam]]. He prayed to [[Thirumal]] to take him back as he had accomplished his mission. Thirumal, too, had thought of calling his son back, and so he commanded his sages to decorate the house for his son in Vaikundam.

[[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikundar]] then began contemplating on Vaikundam alone. As he was preparing, he instructed his [[Santror]] not to be afraid, and to live united in love. He gave them a white mark on their forehead. Then he began his journey to Vaikundam on 1126, Itabam 21, at noon. As he reached Vaikundam, Thirumal and [[Isvaran]] received him warmly. The [[deva (Hinduism)|Deva]]s praised him for his singular, unsurpassable achievement of the [[tavam]] that he had undertaken for the sake of destroying the [[Kali Yuga|Kali]].

When he was received in the celestial abode, his women and children on earth interred his [[golden body]], erected a temple and conducted celebrations regularly.

=== Dharma Yukam [The final victory] ===
{{Main|Dharma Yukam}}
In Vaikundam, Thirumal asked his son whether he had fulfilled, without any flaw, all that had been told to him earlier. [[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikundar]], in response, told him about the six-year tavam and other activities. The sages who had been sent to accompany him vouched for the flawlessness of the tavam he undertook.

Being satisfied at the performance of [[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikundar]], Thirumal and Isvaran crowned him gloriously, gave him a sceptre and other divine paraphernalia, and seated him on the throne. While on the throne in Vaikundam, he was worshipped by his people on earth. All those who stood by him and served him when he undertook the tavam were granted happiness on earth, besides the assurance of a life with him in Vaikundam. Those [[Neesakulam]] that opposed and tortured him were condemned to [[hell]].

Once [[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikundar]] was crowned as the king, everything belonging to [[Dharma Yukam]] appeared as per the wish of Vaikundar. People worthy of Dharma Yukam, including his children and women, appeared instantly. A whole lot of new creatures, animals, plants and trees appeared. A new earth, new moon, new sky, new wind, etc. emerged. The wicked people disappeared and the people, worthy of Dharma Yukam, appeared. All those living beings, that had been ordered to come up at the coronation of Vaikundar, awoke to the new age. All those unworthy of Dharma Yukam were engulfed by the sea.

Then, Thirumal brought up the life of [[Kroni]] for judgment.

Thirumal interrogated him as follows:

:''"I had come as a [[Pantaram]] in the [[kaliyukam]] and had burned the [[demons]], healed the people with water, solicited [[Dharmam]], prevented offerings, and gathered the people in one place and taught them. You caught me and tortured me cruelly due to your wickedness. You did these things, contrary to your own promise given me earlier that you wouldn’t torture any Pantaram. You have violated your promise, and therefore, you yourself have brought ruins upon you. Have you any response to this?"''

[[Kalineesan]], then, without having anything to say, surrendered all his powers and boons. The force of illusion took hold of him and put him into the flames of the abyss where the devils resided. All the evil forces of the [[kalimayai]] were also destroyed likewise. And then, [[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikundar]] blew a [[conch shell]] to announce his victory.

Hearing the sound of the conch-shell, all that befitted Dharma Yukam - the virtues, the [[Shastra|Sastirankal]], the plants and trees, the reptiles and the birds, the divine women and their children - all gathered around [[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikundar]]. He gave them blessings, and instructed them to live fearlessly. He enjoined upon them to assemble in one place, to drink from the same well, and live happily as per the values of Dharma Yukam.

==See also==
*[[List of Ayyavazhi-related articles]]
*[[Hindu mythology]]
*[[Ayya Vaikundar]]
*[[Ayyavazhi Trinity]]
*[[Ayyavazhi]]
*[[Hinduism]]
*[[Hindu reform movements]]
*[[Hindu Renaissance]]
* www.marunthuvazhmalai.com - Marutwa mala Hills, marunthuva malai, marunthuvazh malai]

==References==
{{reflist}}

* T. Krishnanathan (2000), ''Ayya Vaikundarin Vazhvum Sinthanaiyum'', [[Madurai Kamaraj University]], Thinai Publications, [[Nagercoil]].
* N. Vivekanandan (2003), ''Akilathirattu Ammanai Moolamum Uraiyum'' (Part 1&2), Vivekananda Publications, [[Nagercoil]].
* A. Arisundara Mani (2002), ''Akilathirattu Ammanai Parayana Urai'', Ayya Vaikundar Thirukkudumbam Publications, Nagercoil.
* A. Manibharathi (2003), ''Akilathirattu Vilakka urai'', Thirunamappukazh Publications, [[Chennai]].
* N. Elango and Vijaya Shanthi Elango (1997), ''Ayya Vaikuntar – The Light of the World'', (Published by the authors).
* Thechanathu Thuvaraga pathi, ''Akilathirattu Akakkorvai'', Published by Thechanathu Thuvaraga pathi.
* P. Sundaram Swamigal and K. Ponnumani (2001), ''Ayyavaikundanathar Jeevacharithram'' (Biography of Ayya Vaikunta Nathar), Ayyavaikuntanathar Siddasramam Publications, Pothaiyadi.
* ''Akilattirattu Ammanai'' (1989), (published by T. Palaramachandran Nadar), 9th impression.
* N. Amalan (2000), ''Ayya Vaikundar Punitha Varalaru'', Akilam Publications, Swamithoppu.
* Vaikundar Seva Sangam (2002), (An organisation) ''Ayya Vaikundar 170th Avathar-Special Edition'', Attoor.
* G. Patrick (2003), ''Religion and Subaltern Agency'', Department of Christian Studies, [[University of Madras]], [[Chennai]].
* N. Vivekanandan (1988), ''Akilathirattu Ammanaiyil Vaikunda Suvami Sampooranathevana?'', Vivekananda Pathippakam, Nagercoil.
* Pon. T. Dharmarasan (1996), ''Akilathirattu'', Pon Publications, Chennai.

==External links==
{{Commonscat}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050404002500/http://kanyakumarionline.com/ayya/ kanya kumari online] - Ayya Vaikundar - The Spiritual light
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050324005549/http://vaikunt.org/ vaikunt.org] - The Vaikuntha
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051124171109/http://www.ayyavaigundar.org/avatar.htm Ayya Vaigundar]
*[http://www.ayyavazhi.org Ayyavazhi]
{{Ayyavazhi large}}

[[Category:Ayyavazhi mythology| ]]

DD Yadagiri

2026-03-23T21:49:19Z

AdrianneKinne08: Added post

{{short description|Indian public Telugu-language television channel}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Doordarshan Yadagiri
| logo = DD Yadagiri logo.png
| logo_size = 200px
| logo_caption =
| picture_format = [[576i]], [[SDTV]]
| country = [[India]]
| area = Around Asia
| owner = [[Prasar Bharati]]
| launch_date = 2014
| headquarters = [[Hyderabad, Telangana]], [[India]]
| former_names = {{plainlist|
*Doordarshan Kendra Hyderabad (1977{{endash}}2014)
}}
}}
'''DD Yadagiri''' is a state-owned [[Telugu language]] television channel operated by India's national broadcaster [[Doordarshan]]. It is one of the 11 Indian language channels operated by Doordarshan and is telecast from Doordarshan Kendra, [[Hyderabad (India)|Hyderabad]] and caters the state of [[Telangana]]. The channel is named for [[Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple, Yadadri|Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple]] of [[Yadagirigutta]] in the state.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140929063846/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/Yadagiri-is-Telangana-DD-Channel/2014/09/25/article2448251.ece Yadagiri is Telangana DD Channel]</ref> It was launched in 2014 following the [[Telangana movement|bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh]] and the formation of the new Telangana state.

==History of Kendra==
Hyderabad's Doordarshan Kendra has transformed from the initial setup of Television Base Production Centre during 1974. It was inaugurated by the then President of India, [[N. Sanjeeva Reddy]] on 23 October 1977. The service has been extended to the entire state in phased manner by installing Terrestrial Transmitters of different capacities (HPTs, LPTs, VLPTs) in different parts of the state. Hyderabad programmes were beamed through satellite and Cable Networks. Doordarshan Kendra Hyderabad's Regional Network in Telugu took on a new identity of [[DD Saptagiri]], on 2 April 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kendra’s Origin |url=http://www.ddsaptagiri.tv/kendrasOrigin.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106005016/http://www.ddsaptagiri.tv/kendrasOrigin.html |archive-date=6 November 2011 |access-date=30 December 2014 |website=Doordarshan Kendra Hyderabad}}</ref>

After bifurcation of [[Andhra Pradesh]] state, the [[DD Saptagiri]] was relegated to being telecast from Doordarshan Kendra Vijayawada for Andhra Pradesh while the existing network, named DD Yadagiri, was aimed at the Telangana populace. DD Yadagiri's operations have been continued from its current Ramanthapur office, Hyderabad. The channel highlights the Telangana culture, and dialect.<ref>[http://www.greatandhra.com/politics/gossip/now-dd-launches-yadagiri-for-telangana-60045.html DD launches Telangana Channel]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gulte.com/news/30984/Saptagiri-for-AP-Yadagiri-for-Telangana |title=Saptagiri for AP - Yadagiri for Telangana |access-date=30 December 2014 |archive-date=6 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406094515/http://www.gulte.com/news/30984/Saptagiri-for-AP-Yadagiri-for-Telangana |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Frequency & satellite details==
INSAT-3A (C-BAND) 93.5E 3840 MHz VERTICAL 4250, INSAT-4B (KU) 93.5E 11150 V 27500<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ddfreedish.in/general-news/dd-yadagiri-dd-free-dish |title=DD free dish |access-date=30 December 2014 |archive-date=30 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230210312/http://www.ddfreedish.in/general-news/dd-yadagiri-dd-free-dish |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[All India Radio]]
* [[DD Direct Plus]]
* [[List of programs broadcast by DD National]]
* [[List of South Asian television channels by country]]
* [[Prasar Bharati]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130726051932/http://www.ddindia.gov.in/ Doordarshan Official Internet site]
* [http://www.ddinews.gov.in/ Doordarshan news site]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120414015108/http://passionforcinema.com/doordarshan-down-memory-lane An article at PFC]

{{Telugu Language Television}}{{Television news in India}}{{Terrestrial television channels of India}}

[[Category:Doordarshan]]
[[Category:Television stations in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Telugu-language television channels]]
[[Category:Foreign television channels broadcasting in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 1977]]
[[Category:Direct broadcast satellite services]]
[[Category:Indian direct broadcast satellite services]]

Pineapple

2026-03-21T02:37:37Z

AdrianneKinne08:

{{Short description|Species of flowering plant in the family Bromeliaceae}}
{{Other uses}}
{{redirect|Red Pineapple|the apple cultivar|Red Pineapple (apple)}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use American English|date=August 2025}}
{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc|display-authors=3}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Pineapple
| image = കൈതച്ചക്ക.jpg
| image_caption = A pineapple on its parent plant
| genus = Ananas
| species = comosus
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Merr.]]
| synonyms =
{{Collapsible list |
{{Plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; |
* ''Ananas acostae'' C. Commelijn
* ''Ananas ananas'' (L.) H.Karst. ex Voss nom. inval.
* ''Ananas argentata'' J.C.Wendl. ex Schult. & Schult.f.
* ''Ananas aurata'' J.C.Wendl. ex Schult. & Schult.f.
* ''Ananas bracteatus'' Baker
* ''Ananas coccineus'' Descourt.
* ''Ananas debilis'' Schult. & Schult.f.
* ''Ananas lyman-smithii'' Camargo nom. inval.
* ''Ananas maxima'' Schult. & Schult.f.
* ''Ananas monstrosus'' (Carrière) L.B.Sm.
* ''Ananas ovatus'' Mill.
* ''Ananas pancheanus'' André
* ''Ananas penangensis'' Baker
* ''Ananas porteanus'' Veitch ex K.Koch
* ''Ananas pyramidalis'' Mill.
* ''Ananas sativa'' Lindl.
* ''Ananas sativus'' Schult. & Schult.f.
* ''Ananas serotinus'' Mill.
* ''Ananas viridis'' Mill.
* ''Ananassa ananas'' (L.) H.Karst.
* ''Ananassa debilis'' Lindl.
* ''Ananassa monstrosa'' Carrière
* ''Ananassa porteana'' (Veitch ex K.Koch) Carrière
* ''Ananassa sativa'' (Schult. & Schult.f.) Lindl. ex Beer
* ''Bromelia ananas'' L.
* ''Bromelia ananas'' Willd.
* ''Bromelia communis'' Lam.
* ''Bromelia comosa'' L.
* ''Bromelia edulis'' Salisb. nom. illeg.
* ''Bromelia mai-pouri'' Perrier
* ''Bromelia pigna'' Perrier
* ''Bromelia rubra'' Schult. & Schult.f.
* ''Bromelia violacea'' Schult. & Schult.f.
* ''Bromelia viridis'' (Mill.) Schult. & Schult.f.
* ''Distiacanthus communis'' (Lam.) Rojas Acosta
}}
}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-219669
|title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species
|access-date=25 July 2014
|archive-date=23 July 2021
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723191205/http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-219669
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
}}

The '''pineapple'''<ref name="Morton 1987">{{cite web|vauthors=Morton JF |title=Pineapple, ''Ananas comosus''|pages=18–28 |url=https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/pineapple.html |publisher=In: Fruits of Warm Climates, New Crop Resource Online Program, Center for New Crops and Plant Products, Purdue University|year=1987|access-date=2 August 2025}}</ref> ('''''Ananas comosus''''') is a [[Tropical vegetation|tropical plant]] with an edible fruit; it is the most economically significant plant in the family [[Bromeliaceae]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Coppens d'Eeckenbrugge |first1=G |last2=Leal |first2=F. |editor1-first=DP |editor1-last=Bartholomew |editor2-first=RE |editor2-last=Paull |editor3-first=KG |editor3-last=Rohrbach |title=The Pineapple: Botany, Production, and Uses |chapter=Chapter 2: Morphology, Anatomy, and Taxonomy |year=2003 |publisher=CABI Publishing |location=Wallingford, UK |isbn=978-0-85199-503-8 |page=21 }}</ref>

The pineapple is indigenous to [[South America]], where it has been cultivated for many centuries.<ref name=grant/> The introduction of the pineapple plant to [[Europe]] in the [[17th century]] made it a significant cultural icon of luxury.<ref name=smithsonian/> Since the 1820s, pineapple has been commercially grown in greenhouses and many tropical plantations. The fruit, particularly its [[pineapple juice|juice]], has diverse uses in cuisines and [[dessert]]s.

Pineapples grow as a small shrub; the individual flowers of the unpollinated plant fuse to form a [[multiple fruit]]. The plant normally propagates from the [[Offset (botany)|offset]] produced at the top of the fruit<ref name="Morton 1987" /> or from a side shoot, and typically matures within a year.<ref name="ncsu">{{cite web |url=https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/ananas-comosus/|title=''Ananas comosus'', pineapple |publisher=North Carolina State University Extension; Plant Toolbox|date=2025 |access-date=2 August 2025}}</ref>

==Etymology==
{{multiple image
|direction=vertical
|width = 180
|image1=Pinus coulteri MHNT Cone.jpg
|caption1=A pine cone, which was called a ''pineapple'' at least two centuries before use of the name for the tropical fruit
|image2=Pineapple and cross section.jpg
|caption2=Pineapple fruit, whole and in cross section
}}

The words, ''pine apple'', first referred to the [[Conifer cone|cone]] (fruit) of the pine tree in the [[14th century]].<ref name="mw">{{cite web |title=A pineapple is an apple (kind of). How did this tropical fruit get tied to the apple? |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/wordplay/word-history-pineapple|publisher=Word History, Merriam-Webster, Inc. |access-date=2 August 2025 |date=2025}}</ref> This name convention occurred because medieval botanists called any unfamiliar tree fruit an ''apple'' if it had a firm, round shape.<ref name=mw/>

The generic name, ''pineapple'', derived from a language of the indigenous people of Brazil, and by Gonzalo Hernandez Oviedo who described the ''piñas'' or ''pomme de pin'' (apple of pine) in [[Hispaniola]] around 1540.<ref name=grant/> The first reference in English to the pineapple fruit was the 1568 translation from the French of [[André Thevet]]'s ''[[The New Found World, or Antarctike]]'' where he refers to a {{lang|tup|Hoyriri}}, a fruit cultivated and eaten by the [[Tupinambá people]], living near modern [[Rio de Janeiro]], and now believed to be a pineapple.<ref name="grant">{{Cite journal |last1=Grant |first1=Jason R. |last2=Zijlstra |first2=Gea |date=1998 |journal=Selbyana |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=91–121 |issn=0361-185X |jstor=41759978 |title=An Annotated Catalogue of the Generic Names of the Bromeliaceae (see ''Ananas'')}}</ref> Later in the same English translation, Thavet described the fruit as a "Nana made in the manner of a Pine apple", where he used another [[Tupian languages|Tupi]] word {{lang|tup|nanas}}.<ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Davidson A|date=2008|title=The Penguin Companion to Food|publisher=Penguin Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0142001639|oclc=50100633}}</ref> When it was first discovered by explorers, the [[Tupi–Guarani languages|Tupi-Guarani]] and [[Kalina people|Carib people]] used it as a [[staple food]] with the name, ''nanas''.<ref name="smithsonian">{{cite web |vauthors=Blakely J |title=The prickly meanings of the pineapple |url=https://blog.library.si.edu/blog/2021/01/28/the-prickly-meanings-of-the-pineapple/ |publisher=Smithsonian Library and Archives |access-date=2 August 2025 |date=28 January 2021}}</ref> This usage was adopted in many European languages and led to the plant's scientific [[Binomial nomenclature|binomial]] {{lang|la|Ananas comosus}}, where {{lang|la|comosus}} ('tufted') refers to the stem of the plant.<ref name=grant/>

In 1624, English explorer [[John Smith (explorer)|John Smith]] was one of the first to use the name "pineapple" referring to the tropical fruit, possibly because the naming practice for any newly-encountered, roundish fruit at that time was to call it an ''apple''.<ref name=mw/>

== Description ==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 220
| image1 = PineApple - Ananas comosus - starting stage.jpg
| caption1 = Pineapple in the starting stage
| image2 = Ananas bracteatus Striatus 0zz.jpg
| caption2 = Pineapple [[inflorescence]]
| image3 = Flowering Pineapple Sept 4 2011.jpg
| caption3 = A young pineapple in flower
}}

The pineapple is a herbaceous [[perennial]], which grows to {{convert|1 to 1.5|m|ft|abbr=on|frac=2}} tall on average, although sometimes it can be taller. The plant has a short, stocky stem with tough, waxy leaves. When creating its fruit, it usually produces up to 200 flowers, although some large-fruited [[cultivar]]s can exceed this. Once it flowers, the individual fruits of the flowers join together to create a [[multiple fruit]]. After the first fruit is produced, side shoots (called 'suckers' by commercial growers) are produced in the leaf axils of the main stem. These suckers may be removed for propagation, or left to produce additional fruits on the original plant.<ref name=ncsu/> Commercially, suckers that appear around the base are cultivated. It has 30 or more narrow, fleshy, trough-shaped leaves that are {{convert|30 to 100|cm|ft|frac=2|abbr=on}} long, surrounding a thick [[plant stem|stem]]; the leaves have sharp spines along the margins. In the first year of growth, the axis lengthens and thickens, bearing numerous leaves in close spirals. After 12 to 20 months, the stem grows into a spike-like [[inflorescence]] up to {{convert|15|cm|0|abbr=on}} long with over 100 spirally arranged, trimerous flowers, each subtended by a bract.

In the wild, pineapples are pollinated primarily by [[hummingbird]]s.<ref name="Morton 1987" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stahl |first1=JM |last2=Nepi |first2=M |last3=Galetto |first3=L |last4=Guimarães |first4=E |last5=Machado |first5=SR |year=2012 |title=Functional aspects of floral nectar secretion of Ananas ananassoides, an ornithophilous bromeliad from the Brazilian savanna |journal=Annals of Botany |volume=109 |issue=7 |pages=1243–1252 |doi=10.1093/aob/mcs053 |pmc=3359915 |pmid=22455992}}</ref> Certain wild pineapples are [[forage]]d and pollinated at night by [[bat]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Bats in the Anthropocene: Conservation of Bats in a Changing World |vauthors=Aziz SA, Olival KJ, Bumrungsri S, Richards GC, Racey PA |date=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9783319252209 |veditors=Voigt C, Kingston T |pages=377–426 |chapter=The Conflict Between Pteropodid Bats and Fruit Growers: Species, Legislation and Mitigation |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-25220-9_13 |s2cid=111056244 }}</ref> Under cultivation, because seed development diminishes fruit quality, pollination is performed by hand, and seeds are retained only for [[plant breeding|breeding]].<ref name="Morton 1987" /> In [[Hawaii]], where pineapples were cultivated and [[cannery|canned]] industrially throughout the 20th century,<ref name="HortScience" /> importation of hummingbirds was prohibited.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hdoa.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/AR-71P.pdf |title=List of prohibited animals |date=28 November 2006 |publisher=Government of Hawaii, Department of Agriculture |access-date=9 December 2017}}</ref>

The ovaries develop into [[Berry (botany)|berries]], which coalesce into a large, compact, multiple fruit. The fruit of a pineapple is usually arranged in two interlocking [[Helix|helices]], often with 8 in one direction and 13 in the other, each being a [[Fibonacci number#Nature|Fibonacci number]].<ref>{{cite book|title=An Incomplete Education|last1=Jones|first1=J.|last2=Wilson|first2=W|publisher=Ballantine|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7394-7582-9|page=544|chapter=Chapter 11: Science}}</ref>

The pineapple carries out [[Crassulacean acid metabolism|CAM photosynthesis]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/economicbotany/Ananas/|title=Pineapple – The Plant That Ate Hawai'i|last=Gibson|first=Arthur C.|website=UCLA|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304012552/http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/economicbotany/Ananas/|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> fixing [[carbon dioxide]] at night and storing it as the acid [[malate]], then releasing it during the day in order to reduce [[photorespiration]].

== Taxonomy ==
The pineapple comprises five botanical varieties, formerly regarded as separate species.<ref name="Bartholomew-2002">{{Cite book|title=The Pineapple: Botany, Production, and Uses|last1=Bartholomew|first1=D. P.|last2=Paull|first2=Robert E.|last3=Rohrbach|first3=K. G.|date=2002|publisher=CABI|isbn=9780851999791|pages=23|language=en}}</ref> The genomes of three varieties, including the wild progenitor variety ''bracteatus'', have been sequenced.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ming |first1=Ray |last2=VanBuren |first2=Robert |last3=Wai |first3=Ching Man |last4=Tang |first4=Haibao |last5=Schatz |first5=Michael C. |last6=Bowers |first6=John E. |last7=Lyons |first7=Eric |last8=Wang |first8=Ming-Li |last9=Chen |first9=Jung |last10=Biggers |first10=Eric |last11=Zhang |first11=Jisen |last12=Huang |first12=Lixian |last13=Zhang |first13=Lingmao |last14=Miao |first14=Wenjing |last15=Zhang |first15=Jian |date=2015 |title=The pineapple genome and the evolution of CAM photosynthesis |journal=Nature Genetics |language=en |volume=47 |issue=12 |pages=1435–1442 |doi=10.1038/ng.3435 |issn=1546-1718 |pmc=4867222 |pmid=26523774}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Image !! Varieties !! Distribution
|-
|[[File:Ananas bracteatus, Dole Pineapple Plantation, Oahu, Hawaii, USA2.jpg|120px]] || ''Ananas comosus'' var. ''bracteatus'' (L.B.Sm.) Coppens & F.Leal || Brazil, Bolivia, Argentina, Paraguay, Ecuador
|-
|[[File:Ananas 01.JPG|120px]] || ''Ananas comosus'' var. ''comosus'' (Linnaeus) Merrill|| Brazil and Paraguay; naturalized in parts of Asia, Africa, Australia, Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, northern South America, and various islands in the Pacific
|-
|[[File:Curuá (cropped).JPG|120px]]||''Ananas comosus'' var. ''erectifolius'' (L.B.Sm.) Coppens & F.Leal|| Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, northern Brazil, French Guiana
|-
|[[File:Ananas nanus 20060514-2.jpg|120px]] || ''Ananas comosus'' var. ''microstachys'' (Mez) L.B.Sm.|| from Costa Rica to Paraguay
|-
| || ''Ananas comosus'' var. ''parguazensis'' (Camargo & L.B.Sm.) Coppens & F.Leal||Colombia, Venezuela, northern Brazil, Guyana, French Guiana
|-
|}

== History ==

=== Precolonial cultivation ===
The wild plant originates from the [[Paraná River|Paraná]]–[[Paraguay River]] drainages between southern [[Brazil]] and [[Paraguay]].<ref name="Morton 1987" /><ref name="Bertoni-1919">Bertoni, {{lang|fr|italic=no|"Contributions a l'étude botanique des plantes cultivées. Essai d'une monographie du genre Ananas"}}, {{lang|fr|Annales Cient}}. Paraguay (2nd series) 4 (by1919:250–322).</ref><ref>[[Kenneth F. Baker|Baker, K. F.]]; Collins, J. L. (1939). "Notes on the distribution and ecology of Ananas and Pseudananas in South America". ''American Journal of Botany''.</ref><ref>Collins. J. L. (1960). ''The pineapple: botany, utilization, cultivation''. London: Leonard Hill.</ref> Little is known about its domestication, but it spread as a crop throughout South America. Archaeological evidence of use is found as far back as 1200–800 BC (3200–2800 BP) in Peru<ref>Pearsall, Deborah M. (1992). "The Origins of Plant Cultivation in South America". In ''The Origins of Agriculture : An International Perspective''. 173–205. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.</ref> and 200 BC – 700 AD (2200–1300 BP) in Mexico,<ref>Callen, Eric O. (1967). "Analysis of the Tehuacan coprolites". ''The prehistory of the Tehuacan Valley'' 1: 261–289.</ref> where it was cultivated by the [[Maya peoples|Maya]]s and the [[Aztecs]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Evolution of Crop Plants |editor-first=N. W. |editor-last=Simmonds |last=Pickersgill |first=B. |date=1976 |chapter=Pineapple}}</ref> By the late 1400s, cropped pineapple was widely distributed and a [[staple food]] of Native Americans. The first European to encounter the pineapple was [[Christopher Columbus]], in [[Guadeloupe]] on 4 November 1493.<ref name=smithsonian/><ref name="history">{{Cite book|title=Journals and Other Documents of the Life of Christopher Columbus |last=Morrison |first=S. E. |publisher=Heritage Press |year=1963}}</ref><ref name="Rohtbach-2003">{{cite book |last1=Rohtbach |first1=G. K. G.|last2=Leal |first2=F. |editor1-first=D. P. |editor1-last=Bartholomew |editor2-first=R. E. |editor2-last=Paull |editor3-first=K. G. |editor3-last=Rohrbach |title=The Pineapple: Botany, Production, and Uses |chapter=Chapter 1: History, distributions and World Production |year=2003 |publisher=CABI Publishing |location=Wallingford, UK |isbn=978-0-85199-503-8 |page=21 }}</ref> The Portuguese took the fruit from Brazil and introduced it into [[India]] by 1550.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/curry00lizz |title=Curry: a Tale of Cooks and Conquerors |last1=Collingham |first1=L |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-532001-5 |location=Oxford|url-access=registration}}</ref> The '{{Interlanguage link|Red Spanish|es|Piña Española Roja}}' cultivar was also introduced by the Spanish from Latin America to the [[Philippines]], and it was grown to produce ''[[piña]]'' fibers that would then be used to produce textiles from at least the 17th century.<ref name="pfmf"/>

Columbus brought the plant back to Spain and called it {{lang|es|piña de Indes}}, meaning "pine of the Indians". The pineapple was documented in Peter Martyr's ''[[Decades of the New World]]'' (1516) and [[Antonio Pigafetta]]'s {{lang|it|Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo}} (1524–1525), and the first known illustration was in [[Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés|Oviedo's]] {{lang|es|Historia General de Las Indias}} (1535).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hayward|first=Wyndham|date=1956|title=The Pineapple meets the Press|url=http://journal.bsi.org/V06/3/|journal=The Bromeliad Society Bulletin|volume=6|access-date=11 December 2019|archive-date=19 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319082856/http://journal.bsi.org/V06/3/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Old World introduction ===
[[File:The gardeners dictionary Wellcome L0049859 frontispiece (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|[[Britannia]] presented with {{lang|la|[[cornucopia]]e}} including pineapples by allegories of Nature, Industry, and Science, with an [[orangery]] in the background ([[Book frontispiece|frontispiece]] of ''[[The Gardeners Dictionary]]'', 1764)]]
While the pineapple fascinated Europeans as a fruit of colonialism,<ref name="Cumo">Cumo, Christopher (2015). ''Foods that Changed History: How Foods Shaped Civilization from the Ancient World to the Present''. ABC-CLIO. p. 294.</ref> it was not successfully cultivated in Europe until Pieter de la Court (1664–1739) developed [[greenhouse]] horticulture near Leiden.<ref>{{Cite web|work=Oxford Index |title=Pieter de La Court van der Voort |url=http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095643956 |publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=15 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216121535/http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095643956 |archive-date=2014-12-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Rohtbach-2003" /> Pineapple plants were distributed from the Netherlands to English gardeners in 1719 and French ones in 1730.<ref name="Rohtbach-2003" /> In England, the first pineapple was grown at [[Dorney Court]], [[Dorney]] in Buckinghamshire, and a huge "pineapple stove" to heat the plants was built at the [[Chelsea Physic Garden]] in 1723.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Pineapple: King of Fruits |last=Beauman|first=F.|date=2005|publisher=Chatto & Windus |isbn=978-0-7011-7699-0|place=London|page=82}}</ref><ref name="Sheller">Sheller, Mimi (2003). ''Consuming the Caribbean: From Arawaks to Zombies''. Routledge. p. 80.</ref> In France, King [[Louis XV]] was presented with a pineapple that had been grown at [[Garden of Versailles|Versailles]] in 1733. In Russia, [[Peter the Great]] imported de la Court's method into [[St. Petersburg]] in the 1720s; in 1730, twenty pineapple saplings were transported from there to a greenhouse at [[Anna of Russia|Empress Anna]]'s new Moscow palace.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Lisa |date=2019 |title=Pieter De La Court Van Der Voort and Innovations in Pineapple Cultivation in Early Eighteenth-Century Gardens |url=http://www.cascade1987.nl/documenten/De%20la%20Court%20en%20pineapple%20cultivation%20-%20Johnson%202020.pdf |journal=Garden History |publisher=[[The Gardens Trust]] |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=23–41 |jstor=26756806 |access-date=2025-04-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kuznetsova |first=Svetlana |date=2022-12-10 |script-title=ru:Культура ананасов приняла громадные размеры в Петербурге |trans-title=The Pineapple Cultivation Took Enormous Scale in St. Petersburg |url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/5718493 |language=ru |work=[[Kommersant]] |access-date=2023-03-10}} (The article title is a citation from an earlier history work and refers to mid-18th century.)</ref>

[[File:Ananas fructu ovato, carne albida - Carduus Brasilianus, foliis Aloes. (Pineapple) (NYPL b14444147-1125000).jpg|thumb|right|1772 illustration of an ''Ananas comosus'' pineapple which was given the early scientific name of {{lang|la|Cardus brasilianus folius aloes}} by Banhius in 1623<ref name="Bromeliad Society Chicago">{{Cite news |date=May–June 2012 |title=Bromeliad Society of Greater Chicago |work=The BSGC News |url=http://www.bromeliad.nl/Documenten//Bromeliad%20Society%20of%20Greater%20Chicago/2012/2012-06-June2012.pdf |access-date=2022-11-17}}</ref>]]
Because of the expense of direct import and the enormous cost in equipment and labour required to grow them in a temperate climate, in greenhouses called "pineries", [[Pineapple mania|pineapple became a symbol of wealth]]. They were initially used mainly for display at dinner parties, rather than being eaten, and were used again and again until they began to rot.{{sfnp|Beauman|2005|p=87}} In the second half of the 18th century, the production of the fruit on British estates became the subject of great rivalry between wealthy aristocrats.{{sfnp|Beauman|2005|p=87}} [[John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore]], built a hothouse on his estate surmounted by a huge stone [[cupola]] 14 metres tall in the shape of the fruit; it is known as the [[Dunmore Pineapple]].<ref>Stevenson, Jack (1995). ''Exploring Scotland's Heritage: Glasgow, Clydesdale, and Stirling''. Her Majesty's Stationery Office. p. 83.</ref> In architecture, pineapple figures became decorative elements symbolizing hospitality.<ref name="Curl">[[James Stevens Curl|Curl, James Stevens]] (2003). ''Classical Architecture: An Introduction to Its Vocabulary and Essentials, with a Select Glossary of Terms''. W. W. Norton. p. 206.</ref><ref name="Morrison">Hugh Morrison (1952). ''Early American Architecture: From the First Colonial Settlements to the National Period''. Oxford University Press. p. 302.</ref><ref name="Harris">[[Cyril Manton Harris|Harris, Cyril Manton]] (1998). ''American Architecture: An Illustrated Encyclopedia''. W. W. Norton. p. 248.</ref>

=== Since the 19th century: mass commercialization ===
Many different varieties, mostly from the Antilles, were tried for European glasshouse cultivation. The most significant cultivar was "Smooth Cayenne", first imported to France in 1820, then subsequently re-exported to the [[United Kingdom]] in 1835, and then from UK, the cultivation spread via [[Hawaii]] to Australia and Africa. The "Smooth Cayenne" cultivar (and sub-selections or clones of the "Smooth Cayenne") make up for the majority of world pineapple production today.<ref name="Rohtbach-2003" /> Jams and sweets based on pineapple were imported to Europe from the West Indies, Brazil, and Mexico from an early date. By the early 19th century, fresh pineapples were transported direct from the West Indies in large enough quantities to reduce European prices.<ref name="Rohtbach-2003" /> Later pineapple production was dominated by the Azores for Europe, and Florida and the Caribbean for North America, because of the short trade routes.

The Spanish had introduced the pineapple into Hawaii in the 18th century<ref name="MatthewsWigsten2010">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Es3ncCAE1wwC&pg=PA269 |title=Kitchen Pro Series: Guide to Produce Identification, Fabrication and Utilization|first1=Brad |last1=Matthews|first2=Paul |last2=Wigsten|date=9 February 2010|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1-4354-0121-1|pages=269}}</ref> where it is known as the {{lang|haw|hala kahiki}} ("foreign [[Pandanus tectorius|hala]]"),<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Anderson|first=Brittany P.|date=July 2018|title=Hala Kahiki: A Brief History of Pineapple and Pineapple Pavlova Recipe|url=https://keolamagazine.com/food/pineapple-pavlova-recipe/|access-date=2021-07-27|website=Ke Ola Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Hitch|first=Thomas Kemper|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jhWW0SwDyv0C&dq=hala+kahiki+pineapple+pandanus&pg=PA99|title=Islands in Transition: The Past, Present, and Future of Haiwaii's Economy|date=1992|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-1498-4|pages=99|language=en}}</ref> but the first commercial plantation was established in 1886. The most famous investor was [[James Dole]], who moved to Hawaii in 1899<ref name="smith">{{cite magazine |title=It's Pineapple Season, But Does Your Fruit Come From Hawaii? |vauthors=Rhodes J |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/its-pineapple-season-but-does-your-fruit-come-from-hawaii-5211854/ |magazine=Smithsonian Magazine |date=20 March 2013 |accessdate=2 August 2025}}</ref> and started a {{convert|60|acre|ha|0|adj=on|order=flip}} pineapple plantation in 1900 which grew into the [[Dole plc|Dole Food Company]].<ref name="faculty.ucc.edu">{{cite web|url=http://faculty.ucc.edu/biology-ombrello/pow/pineapple.htm |title=Pineapple|publisher=Faculty.ucc.edu|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091221093456/http://faculty.ucc.edu/biology-ombrello/pow/pineapple.htm|archive-date=21 December 2009|access-date=6 December 2009}}</ref> Dole and [[Del Monte Foods|Del Monte]] began growing pineapples on the island of [[Oahu]] in 1901 and 1917, respectively, and the [[Maui Pineapple Company]] began cultivation on [[Maui]] in 1909.<ref>{{Cite journal|year=2000|title=Sunrise, Sunset|journal=Hawaii Business|volume=46|issue=2|page=60}}</ref> James Dole began the commercial processing of pineapple, and Dole employee [[Henry Gabriel Ginaca|Henry Ginaca]] invented an automatic peeling and coring machine in 1911.<ref name="Rohtbach-2003" />

[[File:James Drummond Dole.jpg|thumb|[[James Dole|James Drummond Dole]] (1877–1958) was the early promoter of the pineapple industry in Hawaii. He founded the company now known as the Dole Food Company.]]

Hawaiian production started to decline from the 1970s because of competition and the shift to refrigerated sea transport. Dole ceased its cannery operations in [[Honolulu]] in 1991,<ref name=smith/> and in 2008, Del Monte terminated its pineapple-growing operations in Hawaii.<ref name=smith/> In 2009, the Maui Pineapple Company reduced its operations to supply pineapples only locally on Maui,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/content/20091224_maui_pineapple_harvests_final_crop|title=Maui Pineapple harvests final crop|first=Gary T. |last=Kubota|date=24 December 2009|newspaper=[[Honolulu Star-Bulletin]] |access-date=9 November 2010}}</ref> and by 2013, only the [[Dole Plantation]] on Oahu grew pineapples in a volume of about 0.1 percent of the world's production.<ref name=smith/> Despite this decline, the pineapple is sometimes used as a symbol of Hawaii.<ref name=smith/><ref name="HortScience">{{cite journal |first1=Duane P. |last1=Bartholomew |first2=Richard A. |last2=Hawkins |first3=Johnny A. |last3=Lopez |url=http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/47/10/1390.full |title=Hawaii Pineapple: The Rise and Fall of an Industry |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171130201335/http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/47/10/1390.full|archive-date=30 November 2017 |journal=HortScience |volume=47 |issue=10 |pages=1390–1398 |date=October 2012|doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.47.10.1390 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Further, foods with pineapple in them are sometimes known as "Hawaiian" for this reason alone.<ref name=smith/>

In the Philippines, "Smooth Cayenne" was introduced in the early 1900s by the [[United States Department of Agriculture|US Bureau of Agriculture]] during the [[History of the Philippines (1898–1946)|American colonial period]]. Dole and Del Monte established plantations in the island of [[Mindanao]] in the 1920s; in the provinces of [[Cotabato]] and [[Bukidnon]], respectively.<ref name="pfmf">{{cite web |url=https://philippinefolklifemuseum.org/portfolio-items/history-and-origin-of-pina/|title=History & Origin of Piña|website=Philippine Folklife Museum Foundation|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="go">{{cite web|url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/cloth-made-from-pineapples|title=This Prized Filipino Fabric Is Made From Pineapple Leaves|last1=Ewbank|first1=Anne|date=6 September 2018|website=Gastro Obscura|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref> Large scale canning had started in Southeast Asia, including in the Philippines, from 1920. This trade was severely damaged by [[World War II]], and Hawaii dominated the international trade until the 1960s.

The Philippines remain one of the top exporters of pineapples in the world. The Del Monte plantations are now locally managed, after Del Monte Pacific Ltd., a Filipino company, completed the purchase of Del Monte Foods in 2014.<ref>{{cite report |url=http://edge.pse.com.ph/downloadFile.do?file_id=161797 |title=SEC Form 17-A |last=Sison |first=Ignacio C. O. |date=13 August 2015 |publisher=[[Philippine Stock Exchange]] |access-date=18 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109083536/http://edge.pse.com.ph/downloadFile.do?file_id=161797 |archive-date=9 January 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Composition ==
=== Nutrition ===
{{nutritional value
| name=Pineapple, raw
| water=86 g
| kJ=209
| protein=0.54 g
| fat=0.12 g
| carbs=13.12 g
| fiber=1.4 g
| sugars=9.85 g
| calcium_mg=13
| iron_mg=0.29
| magnesium_mg=12
| phosphorus_mg=8
| potassium_mg=109
| sodium_mg=1
| zinc_mg=0.12
| manganese_mg=0.927
| vitC_mg=47.8
| thiamin_mg=0.079
| riboflavin_mg=0.032
| niacin_mg=0.5
| pantothenic_mg=0.213
| vitB6_mg=0.112
| folate_ug=18
| choline_mg=5.5
| note=[https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/2346398/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry]
}}
Raw pineapple pulp is 86% water, 13% [[carbohydrate]]s, 0.5% [[protein (nutrient)|protein]], and contains negligible [[fat]] (table). In a reference amount of {{cvt|100|g}}, raw pineapple supplies {{convert|209|kJ|kcal|abbr=off}} of [[food energy]], and is a rich source of [[manganese in biology|manganese]] (40% of the [[Daily Value]], DV) and [[vitamin C]] (53% DV), but otherwise contains no [[micronutrient]]s in significant amounts (table).

[[File:Hollowed Pineapple Core Removed.jpg|thumb|A hollowed-out pineapple with its core left intact, ready for filling, ''e.g.'', with other fruits.]]

=== Phytochemistry ===
Pineapple fruits and peels contain diverse [[phytochemical]]s, among which are [[polyphenol]]s, including [[gallic acid]], [[syringic acid]], [[vanillin]], [[ferulic acid]], [[sinapic acid]], [[coumaric acid]], [[chlorogenic acid]], [[epicatechin]], and [[arbutin]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/10942912.2012.732168|title=Major Polyphenolics in Pineapple Peels and their Antioxidant Interactions|journal=International Journal of Food Properties|volume=17|issue=8|pages=1805|year=2014|last1=Li|first1=Ti|last2=Shen|first2=Peiyi|last3=Liu|first3=Wei|last4=Liu|first4=Chengmei|last5=Liang|first5=Ruihong|last6=Yan|first6=Na|last7=Chen|first7=Jun|s2cid=84410846 |doi-access=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|pmid=28722812|year=2018|last1=Ogawa|first1=EM|title=Chemical profile of pineapple cv. Vitória in different maturation stages using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry|journal=Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture|volume=98|issue=3|pages=1105–1116|last2=Costa|first2=H. B|last3=Ventura|first3=J. A|last4=Caetano|first4=L. C|last5=Pinto|first5=F. E|last6=Oliveira|first6=B. G|last7=Barroso|first7=M. E. S|last8=Scherer|first8=R|last9=Endringer|first9=D. C|last10=Romão|first10=W|doi=10.1002/jsfa.8561|bibcode=2018JSFA...98.1105O }}</ref>

Present in all parts of the pineapple plant,<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Appl Microbiol Biotechnol|year=2014|volume=98|issue=17|pages=7283–97|doi=10.1007/s00253-014-5889-y|title= Bromelain: an overview of industrial application and purification strategies |vauthors=Arshad ZI, Amid A, Yusof F, Jaswir I, Ahmad K, Loke SP|pmid=24965557|s2cid=824024|url=http://irep.iium.edu.my/37128/4/37128.pdf}}</ref> [[bromelain]] is a mixture of [[proteolytic]] [[enzyme]]s. It is present in stem, fruit, crown, core, leaves of pineapple itself.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Mohan|first1=Resmi|last2=Sivakumar|first2=Venkatasubramanian|date=March 2016|title=Optimisation of Bromelain Enzyme Extraction from Pineapple (Ananas comosus) and Application in Process Industry|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311092218}}</ref> Bromelain is under preliminary research for treatment of a variety of clinical disorders, but has not been adequately defined for its effects in the human body, although studies have shown anti-inflammatory effects." Add new citations to this new phrase.<ref name="mlp">{{cite web|url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/bromelain|title=Bromelain|publisher=US National Institutes of Health|date=May 2020|access-date=September 15, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Power of Pineapple: 8 Reasons to Eat It |url=https://www.everydayhealth.com/diet-nutrition/8-reasons-eat-pineapple/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=EverydayHealth.com |language=en}}</ref> Bromelain may be unsafe for some users, such as in [[pregnancy]], [[allergies]], or [[anticoagulation]] therapy.<ref name=mlp />

Having sufficient bromelain content, raw pineapple juice may be useful as a meat [[marinade]] and [[tenderizer]].<ref name="jfst">{{cite journal|journal=J Food Sci Technol|year=2015|volume=52|issue=6|pages=3870–80|doi=10.1007/s13197-014-1454-z|title=Efficacy of reverse micellar extracted fruit bromelain in meat tenderization |vauthors=Chaurasiya RS, Sakhare PZ, Bhaskar N, Hebbar HU|pmid=26028772|pmc=4444899}}</ref> Although pineapple enzymes can interfere with the preparation of some foods or manufactured products, such as [[gelatin]]-based desserts or [[gel]] [[capsule (pharmacy)|capsules]],<ref>{{cite journal|journal=AAPS PharmSciTech|year=2014|volume=15|issue=6|pages=1410–6|doi=10.1208/s12249-014-0162-3|title=Enzymes in the dissolution testing of gelatin capsules|author=Marques MR|pmid=24942315|pmc=4245433}}</ref> their proteolytic activity responsible for such properties may be degraded during cooking and [[canning]]. The quantity of bromelain in a typical serving of pineapple fruit is probably not significant, but specific [[extraction (chemistry)|extraction]] can yield sufficient quantities for [[home|domestic]] and industrial processing.<ref name="jfst" /><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Appl Microbiol Biotechnol|year=2014|volume=98|issue=17|pages=7283–97|doi=10.1007/s00253-014-5889-y|title=Bromelain: an overview of industrial application and purification strategies |vauthors=Arshad ZI, Amid A, Yusof F, Jaswir I, Ahmad K, Loke SP|pmid=24965557|s2cid=824024|url=http://irep.iium.edu.my/37128/4/37128.pdf}}</ref>

== Varieties ==
=== Cultivars ===
Many [[cultivar]]s are known.<ref name="Morton 1987" /> The leaves of the commonly grown "Smooth Cayenne" cultivar and its various clones are smooth,<ref>{{Cite journal |first=SL |last=Kochhar |title=Economic Botany in the Tropics |journal=Nature |volume=144 |issue=3647 |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-333-93118-9 |page=203 |bibcode=1939Natur.144..563. |doi=10.1038/144563a0 |s2cid=4134696|doi-access=free }}</ref> and it is the most commonly grown worldwide. Many cultivars have become distributed from its origins in [[Paraguay]] and the southern part of [[Brazil]], and later improved stocks were introduced into the Americas, the Azores, Africa, India, Malaysia and Australia.<ref name="Morton 1987" /> Varieties include:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pineapple varieties |url=https://www.growables.org/information/TropicalFruit/pineaplevarieties.htm |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=www.growables.org}}</ref>
* "Hilo" is a compact, 1.0- to 1.5-kg (2– to 3-lb) Hawaiian variant of smooth cayenne; the fruit is more cylindrical and produces many suckers, but no slips.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pineapple – California Rare Fruit Growers, Inc. |url=https://crfg.org/homepage/library/fruitfacts/pineapple/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=2016-09-01 |title=Potential role of bromelain in clinical and therapeutic applications |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4998156/ |journal=Biomedical Reports |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=283–288 |doi=10.3892/br.2016.720 |issn=2049-9434 |pmc=4998156 |pmid=27602208}}</ref>
* "Kona sugarloaf", at 2.5 to 3.0 kg (5–6 lb), has white flesh with no woodiness in the center, is cylindrical in shape, and has a high sugar content but no acid; it has an unusually sweet fruit.
* "Natal queen", at 1.0 to 1.5 kg (2 to 3 lb), has golden yellow flesh, crisp texture, and delicate mild flavor; well-adapted to fresh consumption, it keeps well after ripening. It has spiny leaves and is grown in Australia, Malaysia, and South Africa.
* "Pernambuco" ("eleuthera") weighs 1–2 kg (2–4 lb), and has pale yellow to white flesh. It is sweet, melting in texture, and excellent for eating fresh; it is poorly adapted for shipping, has spiny leaves, and is grown in Latin America.
* "Red Spanish", at 1–2 kg (2–4 lb), has pale yellow flesh with a pleasant aroma, is squarish in shape, and well-adapted for shipping as fresh fruit to distant markets; it has spiny leaves and is grown in Latin America and the Philippines. It was the original pineapple cultivar in the Philippines grown for their leaf fibers (''[[piña]]'') in the traditional Philippine textile industry.<ref name="pfmf" /><ref name="go" />
* "Smooth cayenne", a 2.5- to 3.0-kg (5- to 6-lb), pale yellow– to yellow-fleshed, cylindrical fruit with high sugar and acid content, is well-adapted to canning and processing; its leaves are without spines. It is an ancient cultivar developed by [[Amerind peoples]].<ref name= Bartholomew /> In some parts of Asia, this cultivar is known as [[Sarawak]], after an area of Malaysia in which it is grown.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itfnet.org/v1/2016/05/pineapple-common-varieties/ |title=Pineapple – Common Varieties |work=[[International Tropical Fruits Network]] |date=10 May 2016 |access-date=4 April 2025}}</ref> It is one of the ancestors of cultivars "73-50" (also called "MD-1" and "CO-2") and "73–114" (also called "MD-2").<ref name= Bartholomew>{{cite journal |url=http://www.ishs-horticulture.org/workinggroups/pineapple/PineNews16.pdf |title='MD-2' Pineapple Transforms the World's Pineapple Fresh Fruit Export Industry |author=Duane P. Bartholomew |volume=16 |pages=2–5 |access-date=3 September 2014 |year=2009 |journal=Pineapple News}}</ref> Smooth cayenne was previously the variety produced in Hawaii, and the most easily obtainable in U.S. grocery stores, but was replaced over the course of the mid-1990s and 2000s by MD-2.<ref name= Bartholomew /> The success of Del Monte's MD-2 caused Dole to [[Industrial espionage|obtain & grow]] its own MD-2 pineapples, leading to [[Del Monte Fresh Produce Co. v. Dole Food Co.]]
* Some ''Ananas'' species are grown as [[ornamental plant|ornamentals]] for color, novel fruit size, and other [[aesthetic]] qualities.

In the US, in 1986, the Pineapple Research Institute was dissolved and its assets divided between Del Monte and [[Maui Land and Pineapple]]. Del Monte took cultivar '73–114', dubbed 'MD-2', to its plantations in Costa Rica, found it to be well-suited to growing there, and launched it publicly in 1996 as 'Gold Extra Sweet', while Del Monte also began marketing '73–50', dubbed 'CO-2', as 'Del Monte Gold'.<ref name="Bartholomew" /> The Maui Pineapple Company began growing variety 73-50 in 1988 and named it Maui Gold.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why does Maui Gold pineapple taste so good? |url=https://maui.gold/pages/why-does-maui-gold%C2%AE-pineapple-taste-so-good |archive-date=21 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521162007/https://maui.gold/pages/why-does-maui-gold%C2%AE-pineapple-taste-so-good |url-status=dead}}</ref> The successor company to MPC, the Hali'imaile Pineapple Company continues to grow Maui Gold on the slopes of [[Haleakalā|Haleakala]].

<gallery>
File:Azores-Day4-16 (33766683744).jpg|Pineapples in a greenhouse
File:Dolejf2103.JPG|Tropical Gold cultivar
File:Ananas comosus Victoria P1190459.jpg|Victoria cultivar
File:A pineapple seller.jpg|Pineapples in a market, [[Nigeria]]
File:観賞用ミニパイン (5753976961).jpg|Miniature pineapples in [[Naha]], [[Japan]]
</gallery>

==Cultivation==
[[File:Pineapple Plantation- Maraca.jpg|thumb|Pineapple plantation, Brazil]]
In commercial farming, flowering can be induced artificially, and the early harvesting of the main fruit can encourage the development of a second crop of smaller fruits. Once removed during cleaning, the top of the pineapple can be planted in soil and a new plant will grow. Slips and suckers are planted commercially.<ref name="Morton 1987" />

===Storage and transport===
Some buyers prefer green fruit, others ripened or off-green. A plant growth regulator, [[Ethephon]], is typically sprayed onto the fruit one week before harvest, developing [[Ethylene as a plant hormone#ethylene|ethylene]], which turns the fruit golden yellow. After cleaning and slicing, a pineapple is typically canned in sugar syrup with added preservative.<ref name="Morton 1987" /> A pineapple never becomes any riper than it was when harvested since it is a [[Climacteric (botany)|non-climacteric fruit]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/04/21/garden/a-guide-to-choosing-a-ripe-pineapple.html | title=A guide to choosing a ripe pineapple |work=The New York Times |date= 21 April 1982|first=Mimi |last=Sheraton}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kitinoja |first1=Lisa |last2=Barrett |first2=Diane |date=2015-07-15 |title=Extension of Small-Scale Postharvest Horticulture Technologies—A Model Training and Services Center |journal=Agriculture |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=441–455 |doi=10.3390/agriculture5030441 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2015Agric...5..441K |issn=2077-0472}}</ref>

===Ethical and environmental concerns===
Like most [[Intensive farming|modern fruit production]], pineapple plantations are highly industrialized operations. In Costa Rica particularly, the pineapple industry uses large amounts of insecticides to protect the crop, which have caused health problems in many workers. These workers often receive little compensation, and are mostly poor migrants, often [[Nicaraguan]]. Workers' wages also decrease every time prices are lowered overseas. In 2016, the government declared that it would be trying to improve the situation, with the help of various other groups.<ref>{{cite news |title=Costa Rica's Pineapple Industry Promises to Become More Responsible |url=https://www.triplepundit.com/story/2016/costa-ricas-pineapple-industry-promises-become-more-responsible/27676 |access-date=29 November 2021 |date=10 March 2016}}</ref>

Historically, tropical fruit agriculture, such as for pineapples, has been concentrated in so-called "[[banana republics]]".<ref>{{cite book |last=Chapman |first=Peter |title=Jungle capitalists : a story of globalisation, greed and revolution |publisher=Canongate |location=Edinburgh New York |year=2009 |page=6 |isbn=978-1847676863 }}</ref><ref>[https://nytimes.com/2008/03/02/books/review/Kurtz-Phelan-t.html Big Fruit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313044710/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/02/books/review/Kurtz-Phelan-t.html |date=2017-03-13 }}, ''NY Times''</ref>

====Illegal drug trade====
Export pineapples from Costa Rica to Europe are often used as a cover for [[illegal drug trade|narcotrafficking]], and containers are impounded routinely in both locations.<ref>{{cite news |title=Costa Rica seizes two tons of cocaine hidden with pineapples |url=https://ticotimes.net/2021/02/05/costa-rica-seizes-two-tons-of-cocaine-hidden-with-pineapples |access-date=17 April 2021 |work=Tico Times |agency=AFP |date=5 February 2021}}</ref>

====Expansion into protected areas====
In Costa Rica, pineapple cultivation has expanded into the [[Maquenque National Wildlife Refuge|Maquenque]], {{lang|es|[[Border Corridor Wildlife Refuge|Corredor Fronterizo]]}}, [[Barra del Colorado Wildlife Refuge|Barra del Colorado]] and [[Caño Negro Wildlife Refuge|Caño Negro]] wildlife refuges, all located in the north of the country. As those are protected areas and not national parks, limited and restricted sustainable activities are allowed, however pineapple plantations are industrial operations and many of these do not have the proper license to operate in the protected areas, or were started before either the designation of the area, recent regulations or the creation of the environmental regulatory agency (Setena) in 1996. The agency has registers for around {{convert|358.5|ha|sqmi|abbr=on}} of pineapple plantations operating within protected areas, but satellite imagery from 2018 reports around {{convert|1659|ha|sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rodríguez |first1=Sebastián |title=Piñas en la mira: el monocultivo que se coló dentro de las áreas protegidas de Costa Rica |url=https://redprensaverde.org/2021/04/16/pina-en-la-mira-un-monocultivo-que-se-colo-dentro-de-las-areas-protegidas-de-costa-rica/ |access-date=17 April 2021 |work=redprensaverde.org|location=Costa Rica |date=16 April 2021 |language=es}}</ref>

=== Pests and diseases ===
{{Main|List of pineapple diseases}}

Pineapples are subject to a variety of diseases, the most serious of which is wilt disease vectored by [[mealybug]]s<ref name="aps">{{cite web |url=http://www.apsnet.org/publications/commonnames/Pages/Pineapple.aspx |title=Diseases of Pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) |publisher=American Phytopathological Society |access-date=28 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130100824/http://www.apsnet.org/publications/commonnames/Pages/Pineapple.aspx |archive-date=30 November 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> typically found on the surface of pineapples, but possibly in the closed blossom cups.<ref name="Morton 1987" /> Other diseases include citrus [[Phanerochaete salmonicolor|pink disease]], bacterial heart rot, [[anthracnose]],<ref name="aps" /> fungal heart rot, root rot, black rot, butt rot, fruitlet core rot, and yellow spot virus.<ref name="foodmarketexchange1">[http://www.foodmarketexchange.com/datacenter/product/fruit/pineapple/detail/dc_pi_ft_pineapple0802.htm "Pests and Diseases of Pineapple"]. Food Market Exchange. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725040407/http://www.foodmarketexchange.com/datacenter/product/fruit/pineapple/detail/dc_pi_ft_pineapple0802.htm |date=25 July 2011 }}. Retrieved on 2 October 2011.</ref> Pineapple pink disease (not citrus pink disease) is characterized by the fruit developing a brownish to black discoloration when heated during the canning process. The causal agents of pink disease are the bacteria ''[[Acetobacter aceti]]'', ''Gluconobacter oxydans'', ''[[Pantoea]] citrea''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cha|first1=J.-S.|last2=Pujol|first2=C.|last3=Dususin|first3=A. R.|last4=Macion|first4=E. A.|last5=Hubbard|first5=C. H.|last6=Kado|first6=C. I.|date=1997|title=Studies on ''Pantoea citrea'', the causal agent of pink disease of pineapple|journal=Journal of Phytopathology|volume=145|issue=7|pages=313–319|doi=10.1111/j.1439-0434.1997.tb00407.x|bibcode=1997JPhyt.145..313C }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pujol|first1=C. J.|last2=Kado|first2=C. I.|date=1999|title=''gdhB'', a gene encoding a second quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase in ''Pantoea citrea'', is required for pink disease of pineapple|journal=Microbiology|volume=145|issue=5|pages=1217–1226|doi=10.1099/13500872-145-5-1217|pmid=10376838|doi-access=free}}</ref> and ''Tatumella ptyseos''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Marin-Cevada |first1=V |title=''Tatumella ptyseos'', an unrevealed causative agent of Pink disease in pineapple |journal=Journal of Phytopathology |volume=158 |issue=2 |pages=93–99 |year=2010 |doi=10.1111/j.1439-0434.2009.01575.x |last2=Caballero-Mellado |first2=Jesús |last3=Bustillos-Cristales |first3=R. |last4=Muñoz-Rojas |first4=J. |last5=Mascarúa-Esparza |first5=M. A. |last6=Castañeda-Lucio |first6=M. |last7=López-Reyes |first7=L. |last8=Martínez-Aguilar |first8=L. |last9=Fuentes-Ramírez |first9=L. E. |bibcode=2010JPhyt.158...93M }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Marín-Cevada|first1=V.|last2=Fuentes-Ramírez|first2=L. E.|date=2016|title=Pink disease, a review of an asymptomatic bacterial disease in pineapple|journal=Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura|volume=38|issue=3|pages=e949|doi=10.1590/0100-29452016949|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Some pests that commonly affect pineapple plants are scales, [[thrips]], mites, mealybugs, ants, and [[symphylid]]s.<ref name="foodmarketexchange1" />

Heart-rot is the most serious disease affecting pineapple plants. The disease is caused by ''[[Phytophthora cinnamomi]]'' and ''[[Phytophthora parasitica|P. parasitica]]'', fungi that often affect pineapples grown in wet conditions. Since it is difficult to treat, it is advisable to guard against infection by planting resistant cultivars where these are available; all [[Suckers (botany)|suckers]] that are required for propagation should be dipped in a fungicide, since the fungus enters through the wounds.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Gardening|last=Brickell|first=Christopher|publisher=Dorling Kindersley |year=1996|isbn=978-1-85833-579-7|location=London |pages=419}}</ref>

== Production ==
{{See also|List of countries by pineapple production}}

{| class="wikitable floatright" style="width:12em; text-align:center;"
|+ Pineapple production {{small|2024, millions of tonnes}} 
|-
| {{CRI}} || 3.1
|-
| {{PHI}} || 2.9
|-
| {{IDN}} || 2.7
|-
| {{BRA}} || 2.2
|-
| {{CHN}} || 2.1
|-
| {{THA}} || 1.1
|-
| '''World''' || '''29.4'''
|-
|colspan=2|{{small|Source: [[FAOSTAT]] of the [[United Nations]]}}<ref name="faostat">{{cite web|url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL|title=Pineapple production in 2024, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)|date=2026|publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT)|access-date=12 January 2026}}</ref>
|}

In 2024, world production of pineapples was 29 million [[tonne]]s, led by [[Costa Rica]], the [[Philippines]], and [[Indonesia]], each producing about 3 million tonnes.<ref name=faostat/>

== Uses ==
[[File:Pineapple Pastry.JPG|thumb|''[[Fenglisu]]'', a pineapple pastry from [[Taiwan]]]]
=== Culinary ===
The flesh and juice of the pineapple are used in cuisines around the world. In many tropical countries, pineapple is prepared and sold on roadsides as a snack. It is sold whole or in halves with a stick inserted. Whole, cored slices with a [[cherry]] in the middle are a common garnish on hams in the West. Chunks of pineapple are used in desserts such as fruit salad, as well as in some savory dishes, including [[Hawaiian pizza]], or as a grilled ring on a [[hamburger]]. Traditional dishes that use pineapple include {{lang|tl|[[hamonado]]}}, {{lang|tl|[[afritada]]}}, {{lang|th|[[kaeng som|kaeng som pla]]}}, and [[Hawaiian haystack]]. Crushed pineapple is used in yogurt, jam, sweets, and ice cream. The juice of the pineapple is served as a beverage, and it is also the main ingredient in [[cocktail]]s such as {{lang|es|[[piña colada]]}} and in the drink {{lang|es|[[tepache]]}}.

In the [[Philippines]], a traditional jelly-like dessert called {{lang|es|[[nata de piña]]}} has also been produced since the 18th century. It is made by fermenting pineapple juice with the bacteria ''[[Komagataeibacter xylinus]]''.<ref name="Vergara">{{cite book |last1=Vergara |first1=Benito S. |last2=Idowu |first2=Panna Melizah H. |last3=Sumangil |first3=Julia H. |title=Nata de Coco: A Filipino Delicacy |date=1999 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences and Technology, Philippines |isbn=9718538615 |url=http://scinet.dost.gov.ph/union/Downloads/nast_Vergara%20BS%20Nata%20De%20Coco_422.pdf |access-date=28 October 2019 |archive-date=28 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628000120/http://scinet.dost.gov.ph/union/Downloads/nast_Vergara%20BS%20Nata%20De%20Coco_422.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Pineapple vinegar is an ingredient found in both [[Cuisine of Honduras|Honduran]] and [[Filipino cuisine]], where it is produced locally.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Clutton |first1=Angela |title=The Vinegar Cupboard: Recipes and history of an everyday ingredient |date=7 March 2019 |publisher=Bloomsbury |page=57 |isbn=9781472958105 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-h-FDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA57 |access-date=3 February 2020}}</ref> In [[Mexican cuisine|Mexico]], it is usually made with peels from the whole fruit, rather than the juice; however, in [[Taiwanese cuisine]], it is often produced by blending pineapple juice with grain vinegar.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chang |first1=R. C. |title=Vinegars of the World |date=29 August 2009 |page=228 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9788847008663 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XuPWgEMx_eIC&pg=PA228 |access-date=3 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kennedy |first1=Diana |title=The Essential Cuisines of Mexico: A Cookbook |page=496}}</ref>

The [[European Union]] consumed 50% of the global total for pineapple juice in 2012–2016. The [[Netherlands]] was the largest importer of pineapple juice in [[Europe]]. [[Thailand]], [[Costa Rica]] and the [[Netherlands]] are the major suppliers to the European Union market in 2012–2016.<ref>[https://www.cbi.eu/market-information/processed-fruit-vegetables/pineapple-juice "Exporting pineapple juice to Europe"]. CBI Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 22 May 2019.</ref> Countries consuming the most pineapple juice in 2017 were [[Thailand]], [[Indonesia]] and the [[Philippines]], having a combined consumption of 47% of the world total. The consumption of pineapple juice in [[China]] and [[India]] is low compared to their populations.<ref>[https://www.agriorbit.com/population-growth-drives-gradual-expansion-of-pineapple-juice-market/ "Population growth drives gradual expansion of pineapple juice market"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527075558/https://www.agriorbit.com/population-growth-drives-gradual-expansion-of-pineapple-juice-market/ |date=27 May 2020 }} AgriOrbit. Retrieved 22 May 2019.</ref>

=== Textiles ===
{{Main|Piña}}

The 'Red Spanish' cultivar of pineapples were once extensively cultivated in the [[Philippines]]. The long leaves of the cultivar were the source of traditional {{lang|es|[[piña]]}} fibers, an adaptation of the native weaving traditions with fibers extracted from {{lang|es|[[abacá]]}}. These were woven into lustrous lace-like {{lang|tl|[[nipis]]}} fabrics usually decorated with intricate floral embroidery known as {{lang|es|calado}} and {{lang|es|sombrado}}. The fabric was a luxury export from the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period and gained favor among European aristocracy in the 18th and 19th centuries. Domestically, they were used to make the traditional {{lang|tl|[[barong tagalog]]}}, {{lang|tl|[[baro't saya]]}}, and {{lang|es|[[traje de mestiza]]}} clothing of the Filipino upper class, as well as women's [[kerchief]]s ({{lang|es|pañuelo}}). They were favored for their light and breezy quality, which was ideal in the hot tropical climate of the islands. The industry was destroyed in the [[Second World War]] and is only starting to be revived.<ref name="pfmf" /><ref name="go" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Piña cloth|publisher=Free Online Dictionary|date=2023|accessdate= 6 November 2014|url= http://www.thefreedictionary.com/pi%C3%B1a+cloth}}</ref>

{{gallery|mode=packed
|Tampuhan by Juan Luna.jpg|1895 painting of a Filipina in traditional {{lang|es|[[traje de mestiza]]}} dress
|Barong Up Close.jpg|{{lang|es|Calado}} embroidery on a {{lang|tl|[[barong tagalog]]}}
|Handkerchief (Philippines), 19th century (CH 18386747).jpg|19th-century [[handkerchief]]
|Frock coat MET 63.25 front CP4.jpg|Frock coat, 1840–1849, Philippines
}}

=== Houseplant ===
The variety ''A. comosus'' 'Variegatus' is occasionally grown as a houseplant. It needs direct sunlight and thrives at temperatures of {{convert|18 to 24|C||sp=us}}, with a minimum winter temperature of {{convert|16|C||sp=us}}. It should be kept humid, but the soil should be allowed to dry out between waterings. It has almost no resting period but should be repotted each spring until the container reaches {{convert|20|cm|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chiusoli |first1=Alessandro |last2=Boriani |first2=Luisa Maria |title=Simon & Schuster's guide to houseplants |date=1986 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |location=New York |isbn=0671631314 |chapter=Ananas comosus 'Variegatus'}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Food}}
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Big Pineapple]]
* [[Pineapple cake]]
* [[Pineapple cutter]]
* [[Pineapple tart]]
* [[Vazhakulam pineapple]]
{{Div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
* Menzel, Christopher. "Tropical and Subtropical Fruit". ''Encyclopedia of Agricultural Science Volume 4''. {{ISBN|0122266706}}. Charles J Arntzen. New York: Elsevier Science Publishing Co. Inc., Academic Press, 2012. 380–382.
{{refend}}

{{Pineapples}}
{{Tripura}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1493}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Pineapples| ]]
[[Category:Ananas|P]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Crops originating from the Americas]]
[[Category:Fruits originating in South America]]
[[Category:Edible fruits]]
[[Category:Cuisine of Hawaii]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
[[Category:Symbols of Tripura]]
[[Category:Tropical agriculture]]
[[Category:Tropical fruit]]

Kanva dynasty

2026-03-20T23:43:35Z

AdrianneKinne08: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{short description|Eighth ruling dynasty of Magadha (73–28 BCE)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Kanva Dynasty
| title_leader = [[List of monarchs of Magadha#House of Kanva|Emperor]]
| leader1 = [[Vasudeva Kanva]] (first)
| leader2 = [[Bhumimitra]] (second)
| leader3 = Susarman (last)
| year_leader1 = 73–64 BCE
| year_leader2 = 64-50 BCE
| year_leader3 = 38–28 BCE
| common_name = Kanva dynasty
| year_start = 73 BCE
| year_end = 28 BCE
| capital = [[Pataliputra]] and [[Vidisha|Besnagara]]
| government_type = Monarchy
| p1 = Shunga dynasty
| s1 = Principality of Pataliputra
| flag_s1 = Principality of Patialputra Map.jpg
| s2 = Satavahana dynasty
| s3 =
| s4 =
| image_map = India in 50 bc.jpg
| image_map_caption = Kanvayana shown with other petty kingdoms of that time, along with the large kingdoms of the [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahanas]] and [[Indo-Scythians]].
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| common_languages = [[Sanskrit]]
| today =
}}
{{History of Bihar}}
{{Part of History of India}}
The '''Kanva dynasty''' or '''Kanvavamsha''' was a [[Brahmin]] ruling dynasty of [[Magadha]], established after [[Vasudeva Kanva]] overthrew the preceding [[Shunga dynasty]] and ruled from 73 BCE to 28 BCE.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=I6jzBgAAQBAJ&dq INDIAN HISTORY by Dr. Sanjeevkumar Tandle, Page 150]</ref>{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|2006|p=333}}

Although the [[Puranas|Puranic literature]] indicates that the Kanvas ruled from the former capital of the Shungas in [[Pataliputra]], [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] in [[East India|Eastern India]], their coins are primarily found in and around the region of [[Vidisha]] in [[Central India]],<ref>Bhandare, Shailendra. "Numismatics and History: The Maurya-Gupta Interlude in the Gangetic Plain." in [https://books.google.com/books?id=efaOR_-YsIcC ''Between the Empires: Society in India, 300 to 400,''] ed. Patrick Olivelle (2006), pp.91–92</ref> which had also been the capital of later Shunga rulers.<ref>Bhandare (2006), pp.71, 79</ref>

The Kanva dynasty was established by Vasudeva Kanva in 73 BCE. Vasudeva was initially a minister of the Shunga Emperor [[Devabhuti]], who then assassinated the former emperor and usurped the throne.<ref>{{cite book|title=History of Ancient India: Earliest Times to 1000 A. D.|author=Radhey Shyam Chaurasia|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist, 2002 - India - 308 pages|page=132}}</ref> The Kanva ruler allowed the kings of the Shunga dynasty to continue to rule in obscurity in a corner of their former dominions. There were four Kanva rulers. According to the Puranas, their dynasty was brought to an end by the [[Satavahana]]s in 28 BCE.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=rOVpOG6MPMcC&dq History of Ancient India By Rama Shankar Tripathi, Page 189]</ref>{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|2006|p=333}}

==Origin==
The Kanva kings were [[Brahmin]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rao |first1=B. V. |title=World history from early times to A D 2000 |date=1 January 2012 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-81-207-3188-2 |page=97 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wPB7XoSiboUC&pg=PA97 |quote=Vasudeva Kanva, a Brahmin minister of the last Sunga ruler Devabhuti..}}</ref> They were descendants of the [[Rishi|sage]] Saubhari. [[Vasudeva Kanva]] killed [[Devabhuti]] of the [[Shunga Empire|Shunga dynasty]] and established the rule of the Kanva dynasty.{{sfn|Thapar|2013|p=296}}

==Rulers==
The first ruler of the Kanva dynasty was Vasudeva after whose [[Gotra]] the dynasty was named.<ref>{{cite book |title=Archaeology of Pataliputra and Nalanda |first=Brajmohan |last=Kumar |publisher=Ramanand Vidya Bhawan, 1987 - India - 236 pages |page=26 }}</ref> He was succeeded by his son Bhumimitra. Coins bearing the legend Bhumimitra have been discovered from [[Panchala]] realm. Copper coins with the legend "Kanvasya" have also been found from Vidisha, as well as [[Kosambi|Kaushambi]] in the [[Vatsa]] realm.<ref>Bajpai (2004), p.38 with footnote 4, and p.173</ref> Bhumimitra ruled for fourteen years and was later succeeded by his son Narayana. Narayana ruled for twelve years. He was succeeded by his son Susharman who was the last king of the Kanva dynasty.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=_SbiUXtBzAsC&dq optional Indian history ancient India by Pratiyogita Darpan Editorial Team, Page 121 (The Kanvas)]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=R63ACQAAQBAJ&dq World Monarchies and Dynasties By John Middleton, Routledge Publishers, Page 486 (Kanva Dynasty)]</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+List of Kanava dynasty rulers
! Emperor
!Reign
!Duration (years)
|-
| [[Vasudeva Kanva]]
| 73–64 BCE
|9
|-
| Bhumimitra
| 64–50 BCE
|14
|-
| Narayana
| 50–38 BCE
|12
|-
| Susarman
|38–28 BCE
|10
|}

==Succession==
{{Main|Satavahana occupation of Malwa}}
After the defeat at the hands of [[Satavahanas]] and the fall of the Kanva dynasty, the Magadha empire came to an end. The defeat of the Kanva dynasty by the Satavahana dynasty was a localised event in Central India<ref>Bhandare (2006), pp.91–92</ref><ref name="Bajpai2004">{{cite book|author=K. D. Bajpai|title=Indian Numismatic Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=chGrJUMarHoC&pg=PA39|date=October 2004|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-035-8|pages=38–39}}</ref> and numismatic and epigraphic evidence suggests that Magadha later came under the hegemony of the [[Mitra dynasty (Kosambi)|Mitra dynasty]] of [[Kosambi|Kaushambi]] from the 1st century BCE until the 2nd century CE.<ref name="Bajpai2004"/>

The [[Puranas]] suggest that the last king of the Kanva dynasty was killed by Balipuccha, who founded the [[Andhra dynasty]],{{sfn|Thapar|2013|p=296}} but there is a lack of numismatical and archaeological evidence to support this.

==See also==
* [[History of India]]
* [[Shunga dynasty]]
* [[History of Hinduism]]

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{citation |last=Raychaudhuri |first=Hemchandra |author-link=Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri |title=Political History of Ancient India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h1KObc_qaXYC |year=2006 |publisher=[[Cosmo Publications]] |isbn=81-307-0291-6 }}
* {{citation |last=Thapar |first=Romila |author-link=Romila Thapar |title=The Past Before Us|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aei9AAAAQBAJ |year=2013 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=978-0-674-72651-2 }}
{{Middle kingdoms of India}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Shunga dynasty]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Magadha dynasties|years=}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Satavahana]]}}
{{end}}
[[Category:Kanva dynasty| ]]
[[Category:Brahmin communities]]
[[Category:Dynasties of Magadha]]
[[Category:Kingdoms of Bihar]]
[[Category:Ancient Bengal]]
[[Category:1st century BC in India]]

Teenage (2013 Indian film)

2026-03-16T22:37:37Z

AdrianneKinne08: Creating Page - done

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Teenage
| image =
| caption =
| director = Srikanth H R
| producer = Salt ‘N’ Pepper Entertainment
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Kishan Shrikanth]]
*Priya Bharath Khanna
*[[Tanvi Ganesh Lonkar]]
*[[Apoorva Arora]]
}}
| narrator =
| music = [[Siddharth Vipin]]
| cinematography = Makesh K. Dev
| editing = Kishan Shrikanth
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|07|26}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Teenage''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film directed by Srikanth H R, starring [[Kishan Shrikanth]], Priya Bharath Khanna,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2012/Jan/09/an-underwater-song-328200.html|title=An underwater song|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=9 January 2012}}</ref> [[Tanvi Ganesh Lonkar]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/previews/teenage/articleshow/21334455.cms|title=Teenage|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 July 2013 }}</ref> and [[Apoorva Arora]]. The film released on 26 July 2013 along with ''[[Loosegalu]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/teenage-to-release-on-july-26/articleshow/21269991.cms|title=Teenage to release on July 26|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 July 2013 }}</ref>

==Cast==

* [[Kishan Shrikanth]] as Arya
* Priya Bharath Khanna as Anjali
* [[Tanvi Ganesh Lonkar]] as Rosy
* [[Apoorva Arora]] as Preethi
* Giorgia Valenti
* Shrijit as Siri
* [[Raju Talikote]]
* Mansi Dhariwal
* Master Lakshman

== Production ==
The film was in the news for featuring a song with more than 15,000 kids from all over Karnataka.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2013/Jul/25/finally-teenage-set-for-release-500129.html|title=Finally, Teenage set for release|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=25 July 2013}}</ref> The delay of this film meant that director Srikanth HR went on to work on the dropped film ''Yenidu Manasali'' starring [[Vijay Raghavendra]], [[Tanushree Dutta]] and [[Ishita Dutta]] in mid-2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sandalwood-beckons-tanushree-and-ishita/articleshow/15232628.cms|title=Sandalwood beckons Tanushree and Ishita|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 July 2012|access-date=16 March 2026}}</ref>

==Music==

{{Infobox album
| name = Teenage
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Siddharth Vipin]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2013
| recorded = 2013
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 25:14
| language = Kannada
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year = 2012
| year = 2014
| next_title =
| next_year = 2013
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube| 3PWO9Er32Ic| Teenage - Full Album}}
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 25:14
| title1 = Enidu Manasali
| extra1 = [[Naresh Iyer]], Vandana
| length1 = 4:01
| title2 = Ondonde Kanasu
| extra2 = Santhosh Venki
| length2 = 4:00
| title3 = Hudugi Bekagide
| extra3 = Naresh Iyer, Steve Watts
| length3 = 3:26
| title4 = Banna Bannada
| extra4 = Prasad, Sangeetha M R
| length4 = 2:48
| title5 = Usirale Nanna
| extra5 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], Vandana
| length5 = 2:38
| title6 = Manasalli Mosa Illa
| extra6 = Dhyeya, Srikanth, Alvin
| length6 = 3:42
| title7 = Idu Preethinaa
| extra7 = Vandana, Aravind
| length7 = 2:39
| title8 = Teenage Ee Thara
| extra8 = Haricharan
| length8 = 3:20
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===

A Sharadhaa from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote "Among the nine songs in the film, the only song that is worth a watch is the one shot underwater. Otherwise, the movie is a soulless, repetitive drama, portrayed by dim-witted young boys and girls. The Verdict: If you want to enjoy the memories of your teenage years".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2013/Jul/27/teenage-kannada-500961.html|title=Teenage (Kannada)|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=27 July 2013}}</ref> B. S. Srivani from [[Deccan Herald]] wrote "Kishan, however, shines in editing, displaying a cool professional hand. Makesh and Rahul’s underwater cinematography is a treat to watch; even above water is just fine except when the camera seems to be unnecessarily restless, but that’s teen angst for you! Mass Mada’s action choreography doesn’t go overboard. Obvious drawbacks: too many songs to pay attention to and the director’s very loud background score".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/347545/let-angst-simmer-way-discovery.html|title=Let the angst simmer on way to discovery|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=27 July 2013}}</ref> A critic from [[The Times of India]] scored the film at 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "After Care of Footpath, Kishan looks matured in acting and impresses as a teenager. Slumdog Millionaire fame Tanvi, Apoorva and Priya are lively. Music director Siddarth Vipin has come out with some foot-tapping energetic numbers. Cinematography by Magesh Dev is excellent".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/teenage/movie-review/21401803.cms?from=mdr|title=TEENAGE MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 May 2016}}</ref> A critic from [[Bangalore Mirror]] wrote "Teenage is in a genre that is hardly touched in our films. However, this is the age group that forms a huge bulk of the film audience. Teenage shows how film makers could cater to this segment in times to come. The film is worth a visit to the theatre for its colourful imagery and freshness of intentions".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/teenage-a-balancing-act-that-works/articleshow/21472005.cms|title=Teenage: A balancing act that works|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=26 July 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2013 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]

Maruthi

2026-03-16T14:13:22Z

AdrianneKinne08:

{{Short description|Indian film director, screenwriter and producer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{BLP sources|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Maruthi
| image =
| caption = Maruthi in 2021
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1981|10|08|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Machilipatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Film director|Director]]|[[screenwriter]]|[[film producer]]}}
| website =
| spouse = Veenaraga Spandana
| footnotes =
| children = 2
| yearsactive = 2012 - present
}}

'''Maruthi Dasari''' is an Indian film director, screenwriter and producer who works in [[Telugu cinema]]. He started out directing low-budget films [[Ee Rojullo|''Ee Rojullo'']] and [[Bus Stop (2012 film)|''Bus Stop'']] (both 2012), that were well-liked for their young themes and relatable humor.

==Career==

In 2012, Maruthi's directorial debut, ''[[Ee Rojullo]]'', hit the screens to positive acclaim from critics. Despite being made on a modest budget of 50 lakhs, the film surpassed expectations by grossing over 10 crores.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofap.com/cinema/ee-rojullo-movie-2-days-box-office-collections.html|title=timesofap.com}}</ref> It emerged as one of the most successful Telugu films in 2012. Shortly after, in November 2012, his second directorial venture, ''[[Bus Stop (2012 film)|Bus Stop]]'', was released and declared a hit.<ref>{{cite web|title=youtube.com|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nfceRY8hQqE|work=Interview With Maruthi Director of 'E Rojullo'}}</ref>

In 2013, Maruthi wrote and produced ''[[Prema Katha Chitram]]'' under Maruthi Talkies, introducing his cameraman J. Prabhakar Reddy as the director. The film turned out to be a sudden hit, grossing 20 crores. Maruthi continued his production journey with films like ''Prema Katha Chitram'', ''[[Romance (2013 film)|Romance]]'', ''[[Yaaruda Mahesh|Mahesh]]'', [[Pizza II: Villa|''Villa-2'']], ''[[Love You Bangaram]]'', and ''[[Green Signal]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=everydaypopcorn.com|url=http://everydaypopcorn.com/a-director-is-one-who-could-cover-the-minuses-and-highlight-the-pluses-maruthi/|url-status=dead|work=A Director is One Who Could Cover The Minuses and Highlight The Pluses – Maruthi|access-date=28 November 2013|archive-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203000234/http://everydaypopcorn.com/a-director-is-one-who-could-cover-the-minuses-and-highlight-the-pluses-maruthi/}}</ref>

His subsequent directorial projects included ''[[Kotha Janta]]'' with [[Allu Sirish]] and ''[[Babu Bangaram]]'' with [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]]. Maruthi also contributed as a writer and screenwriter for ''Bhadram Be Careful Brotheru'', which received critical acclaim.<ref>{{cite web|title=Idlebrain.com|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/maruthi-todirect-venkatesh-radha.html|work=Maruthi to direct Venkatesh's Radha|accessdate=2013-12-27}}</ref> His collaboration with [[Nani (actor)|Nani]] on ''[[Bhale Bhale Magadivoy]]'' in 2015 proved to be a super hit, gaining praise for Nani's outstanding performance.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.digitalbytes.in/blog/films/bhale-bale-magaadivoy-is-hero-nani-new-movie-with-director-maruthi |title=which is released and garnered positive reviews world wide Digitalbytes, Retrieved 03.02.2015 |access-date=3 March 2015 |archive-date=2 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302055438/http://www.digitalbytes.in/blog/films/bhale-bale-magaadivoy-is-hero-nani-new-movie-with-director-maruthi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2014, Maruthi announced a project titled ''Radha'' starring [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] and [[Nayantara]]. However, the film faced a setback when a writer accused Maruthi of copying his story, leading to the project being shelved.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/big-movies-which-got-shelved-after-launch-telugu-news-117460.html-slide9|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151215193442/http://www.indiaglitz.com/big-movies-which-got-shelved-after-launch-telugu-news-117460.html-slide9|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 December 2015|title=- Telugu News|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}

===As director===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|- style="background:green; text-align:center;"
! Year !! Title
! class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012
|''[[Ee Rojullo]]'' ||
|-
|''[[Bus Stop (2012 film)|Bus Stop]]'' ||
|-
|2014
|''[[Kotha Janta]]'' ||
|-
|2015
|''[[Bhale Bhale Magadivoy]]'' ||
|-
|2016
|''[[Babu Bangaram]]'' ||
|-
|2017
|''[[Mahanubhavudu]]'' ||
|-
|2018
|''[[Shailaja Reddy Alludu]]'' ||
|-
|2019
|''[[Prati Roju Pandage]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chowdhary |first=Y. Sunita |date=2019-12-17 |title=Director Maruthi promises an entertaining film with 'Prati Roju Pandage' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/prati-roju-pandage-has-a-message-but-is-not-preachy-says-director-maruthi/article30329149.ece |access-date=2023-05-07 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[Manchi Rojulochaie]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maruthi Manchi Rojulu Vachayi: 30 రోజుల్లో సినిమా తీయడం ఎలా.. మారుతి 'మంచి రోజులు వచ్చాయి..'|url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/maruthi-completed-manchi-rojulu-vachayi-movie-shooting-in-just-30-days-pk-968710.html|access-date=2021-08-03|website=News18 Telugu|language=te}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Pakka Commercial]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite news|title='Pakka Commercial' goes on floors in Hyderabad: Sathyaraj joins Gopichand in maiden schedule|language=en|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pakka-commercial-goes-on-floors-in-hyderabad-sathyaraj-joins-gopichand-in-maiden-schedule/articleshow/81366075.cms|access-date=2021-08-03}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|''[[The RajaSaab]]''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://manamnews.com/prabhas-next-film-update/ |title=Prabhas - Maruthi Movie First look on Sankranthi 2024|work=Manamnews |date=2023-12-29}}</ref>
|}

===Other roles ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|- style="background:green; text-align:center;"
! Year !! Title !! Producer !! Writer !! Actor
! class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
| rowspan="1" |2012 || ''[[Ee Rojullo]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013 || ''[[Prema Katha Chitram]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| ''[[Romance (2013 film)|Romance]]'' || {{partial|Presenter}} || {{no}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2014 || ''[[Love You Bangaram]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Green Signal]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| ''[[Lovers (2014 film)|Lovers]]'' || {{yes}} || {{partial|Screenplay}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| rowspan="1" |2015
|''Best Actors'' || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016 || ''Bhadram Be Careful Brotheru''|| {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| [[Rojulu Marayi (2016 film)|''Rojulu Marayi'']]|| {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| rowspan="1" |2017 || ''[[London Babulu]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| rowspan="1" |2018 ||''[[Brand Babu]]'' || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| rowspan="1" |2021
|[[3 Roses (TV series)|''3 Roses'']]
|{{no}}
|{{partial|Creator}}
|{{no}}
|[[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]] web series
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Pakka Commercial]]'' || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025 || ''[[Oh Bhama Ayyo Rama]]'' || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Tribanadhari Barbarik]]'' || {{partial|Distributor}} || {{no}} || {{no}} ||
|}

==Personal life==
In 2003, Maruthi wed Veenaraga Spandana. The couple has a daughter, Hiya Dasari and a son. After relocating to [[Hyderabad]], he first worked as a animator and painted number plates and signboards to supplement his income.

He lives in Villa no.17, Kolla Luxuria Villas, Kondapur<ref>https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/prabhas-fans-turn-brutal-as-the-raja-saab-story-gets-called-outdated-aa-9822021.html</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Ceremony
!Category
!Work
!Result
|-
|2013
|[[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Debut Director (Telugu)|Best Debut Director (Telugu)]]
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Lopamudra

2026-03-15T04:34:52Z

AdrianneKinne08: new new entry more to come

{{short description|Female Hindu sage}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Primary sources|date=February 2023}}
{{More footnotes|date=February 2023}}
}}
{{use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}

'''Lopamudra''', also known as '''Kaveri''', '''Kaushitaki''' and '''Varaprada''', {{Sfn|Garg|1992|p=200}} was a philosopher according to ancient Vedic Indian literature. She was the wife of the sage [[Agastya]] who is believed to have lived in the Rigveda period (1950 BC-1100 BC){{citation needed|date=March 2024}} as many hymns have been attributed as her contribution to this Veda. She was not only the consort of Agastya but a Rishiki in her own right, as she was the well known Rishiki who visualized the "Hadi Panchadasi" mantra of the Srikul [[Shakta]] tradition of Hinduism. She was one of the prominent [[Brahmavadini]]s. {{Sfn|Swami|Irāmaccantiraṉ|1993|p=242}}<ref name= Pandharipande>{{Cite web|last= Pandharipande|first= Dr. Rajeshwari |url=http://www.themotherdivine.com/11/A-possible-vision-of-lopamudra.shtml|title=A Possible Vision of Lopamudra!|access-date=8 December 2015|publisher= themotherdivine.com}}</ref> {{Infobox religious biography
| name = Lopamudra
| image = Sri Lobamudra Sameda Agasthiyar.jpg
| alt = Lopamudra
| caption = Agastya & Lopamudra
| title =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| spouse = [[Agastya]]
| children = Drdhasyu
| father =
| mother =
| parents =
}}
There are three versions of Lopamudra's legend; one is in the Rigveda Hymns; the second is in the epic [[Mahabharata]] (Vanaparva: Tirtha-yatra Parva), where there is an elaborate version with a mention that [[Agastya]] Rishi did penance at ''Gangadwara'' ([[Haridwar]]), with the help of his wife, Lopamudra (the princess of [[Vidarbha]]).<ref name="Pandharipande" /><ref name="Text">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03096.htm|title= Hinduism Mahabharata, Section XCVI|access-date=8 December 2015|publisher=Sacredtext.com}}</ref> According to this legend, Lopamudra was created by sage Agastya with the most graceful parts of animals such as eyes of the deer etc.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Encyclopedia for Epics of Ancient India: Lopamudra
|url=http://www.mythfolklore.net/india/encyclopedia/lopamudra.htm
|access-date=2006-12-24}}</ref> The third version is Giridhara Ramayana.

== Etymology ==
The name ''Lopamudra'' signifies the loss (''lopa'') that the animals and plants suffered by giving their distinctive beauties (''mudra'''s) when Agastya created her. After creating her, Agastya gave Lopamudra to the King of [[Vidarbha]] who was doing penance seeking for a progeny. Agastya had created Lopamudra with the intention of marrying her. The king brought up Lopamudra as his daughter. When she grew up, Agastya demanded her hand in marriage. Lopamudra agreed to marry him and left the King's palace for his hermitage. However, after some time, she grew tired of Agastya's austerity. She wrote hymn in the Rigveda, asking for his attention and love. The hymn made Agastya realize his duties towards his wife. The couple had a son named Drdhasyu, who became a poet.<ref name="Pandharipande" /><ref name="Text" /><ref name="Maha" /><ref name="Section" /><ref name="Rishi" />

Together with her husband she is also credited with spreading the fame of the [[Lalita sahasranama]] (the thousand names of the Divine Mother). It is also believed that Agastya learnt the hymns of Lalita Sahasranama from Hayagriva who is an avatar of Lord Vishnu.

==In Rigveda==
In Rigveda, the hymns authored by 27 female [[rishi]]s or rishikas reflect their success and progress as women intellectuals. These hymns are presented under three headings. The first group has hymns contributed by female rishis only such as by [[Vishwavara]] and [[Apale]]; Vishwavara's hymn is dedicated to [[Agni]], while Apale's hymn is about [[Indra]]. In the second group, some are attributed to female rishis, particularly Lopamudra and [[Shashiyasi]], wife of [[Taranda (Rigveda)|Taranta]]. Lopamudra's hymn, hymn number 179 in Book 1, has six verses dedicated to Goddess [[Rati]]. Her hymns elaborate on the relationship between husband and wife in order to follow celibacy. The third group of hymns, though attributed to female rishis, are not identified by any author and deal mostly with mythological characters and representation of theoretical qualities.{{Sfn|Kapoor|2002|p=1153}} In Rigveda Agastya and Lopamudra are considered as "mantra drashta" (seers who are discoverer of [[mantras]]).{{Sfn|Josh|2005|p=26}} She is also mentioned in [[Yajurveda]] (17:11:36:20) Brihaddevtakara (4:57–59) and in [[Āgama (Hinduism)|Agama granthas]],{{Sfn|Prasoon|2009|p=70}} and hailed as "Mantradrika" (well versed in mantras) in Rigveda.{{Sfn|Jain|2008|p=11}}

In the translation of the Sanskrit text of the Rigveda by [[Ralph T.H. Griffith]] (1896), the hymns or [[Sūtra|sutras]] related to Agastya, Lopamudra and a disciple are titled "Rati" meaning love, which are six verses, two are by Lopamudra, two by Agastya, and the last two are to the credit of the disciple or Agastya.<ref name="Griffith (tr)">{{Cite web|last=Griffith (tr)|first= Ralph T.H.|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv01179.htm|title=RigVeda Book 1|access-date=9 December 2015|publisher=Sacred Texts.com}}</ref> [[M. Bergaigne]] has commented that the hymn has mystical meaning, with Agastya identified as the heavenly [[Soma (deity)|Soma]] while Lopamudra represents her feminine attraction which fructifies in getting Agastya out of his "secret dwelling place". It is presented more as a dramatic dialogue between husband and wife with the student commenting his appreciation.<ref name="Griffith (tr)"/> The first two verses are expressions of Lopamudra's passion filled approach to her husband, highlighting his old age and his coolness towards her charms.<ref name="Griffith (tr)"/>

{| class="wikitable floatright" align="center" style = " background: transparent;"
|+ Six verses of Book 1 Hymn 179 of the [[Rigveda]] composed by Lopamudra (Verses 1 &2), [[Agastya]] Rishi (verses 3 & 4) and Agastya or a student (Verses 5 & 6)
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width= 15px style="background: #e9e9e9;" | Number of Verse
| width= 250 px style="background: yellow;" |Original [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] Version.<ref name=Hymn>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rvsan/rv01179.htm|title=Rig Veda Book 1 Hymn 179|access-date=8 December 2015|publisher=Sacred Texts}}</ref>{{Sfn| Jamison |Brereton|2014|p=380}}
| width=250 px style="background: #ffad66;" | [[IAST]] Version<ref name=Hymn/>
| width=250px style="background: #ffad66;" | [[English language|English]] Translation {{Sfn| Jamison |Brereton|2014|p=380}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width= 15px style="background: #e9e9e9;" |1
| width=250px | परुवीरहं शरदः शश्रमणा दोषा वस्तोरुषसो जरयन्तीः मिनाति शरियं जरिमा तनूनमप्यु नु पत्नीर्व्र्षणो जगम्युः
| width=250px | pruvīrahaṃ śaradaḥ śaśramaṇā doṣā vastoruṣaso jarayantīḥ mināti śriyaṃ jarimā tanūnamapyu nu patnīrvṛṣaṇo jaghamyuḥ
| width= 250px | [Lopamudra] For many autumns have I been laboring, evening and morning, through the aging dawns. Old Age diminishes the beauty of bodies. Bullish men should now come to their wives.
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width= 15px style="background: #e9e9e9;" |2
| width=250px | ये चिद धि पूर्व रतसाप आसन साकं देवेभिरवदन्न्र्तानि ते चिदवसुर्नह्यन्तमापुः समू नु पत्नीर्व्र्षभिर्जगम्युः
| width=250px | ye cid dhi pūrva ṛtasāpa āsan sākaṃ devebhiravadannṛtāni te cidavasurnahyantamāpuḥ samū nu patnīrvṛṣabhirjaghamyuḥ
| width= 250px | [Lopamudra] For even those ancients who served truth and at one with the gods spoke truths, even they got out of harness for they did not reach the end. Wives should now unite with their bullish (husbands)
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width= 15px style="background: #e9e9e9;" |3
| width=250px | न मर्षा शरान्तं यदवन्ति देवा विश्वा इत सप्र्धो अभ्यश्नवाव 
जयावेदत्र शतनीथमजिं यत सम्यञ्चा मिथुनावभ्यजाव
| width=250px | na mṛṣā śrāntaṃ yadavanti devā viśvā it spṛdho abhyaśnavāva 
jayāvedatra śatanīthamajiṃ yat samyañcā mithunāvabhyajāva
| width= 250px | [Agastya] Not in vain is the labor that the gods help. Let us take on all contenders; let us two win here the contest of a hundred stratagems, when a united couple we will drive on
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width= 15px style="background: #e9e9e9;" |4
| width=250px | नदस्य मा रुधतः काम आगन्नित आजातो अमुतः कुतश्चित लोपामुद्र वर्षणं नी रिणति धीरमधीर धयति शवसन्तम
| width=250px |nadasya mā rudhataḥ kāma āghannita ājāto amutaḥ kutaścit lopāmudra vṛṣaṇaṃ nī riṇati dhīramadhīra dhayati śvasantam
| width= 250px | [Agastya] The lust of a mounting bull has come to me, lust arisen from there, from everywhere. Lopamudra draws the bull to herself: that giddy woman sucks the steadfast man.
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width= 15px style="background: #e9e9e9;" |5
| width=250px | इमं न सोममन्तितो हर्त्सु पीतमुप बरुवे यत सीमागश्चक्र्मा तत सु मर्ळतु पुलुकामो हि मर्त्यः
| width=250px | imaṃ n somamantito hṛtsu pītamupa bruve yat sīmāghaścakṛmā tat su mṛḷatu pulukāmo hi martyaḥ
| width= 250px | [Student or Agastya] This soma within my heart, just drunk do I adjure, Whatever offense we have committed let him forgive that for of my many desires in mortal man.
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width= 15px style="background: #e9e9e9;" |6
| width=200px | अगस्त्यः खनमनः खनित्रैः परजमपत्यं बलमिछमानः उभौ वर्णाव रषिरुग्रः पुपोष सत्या देवेष्वशिषो जगाम
| width=250px | aghastyaḥ khanamanaḥ khanitraiḥ prajamapatyaṃ balamichamānaḥ ubhau varṇāv ṛṣirughraḥ pupoṣa satyā deveṣvaśiṣo jaghāma
| width= 250px | Agastya, digging with spades, seeking offspring, descendants, power-- Cherished - a sage of mighty strength - both classes, and with the Gods obtained his prayer's fulfilment.
|}
[[Laurie L. Patton]] interprets Rigveda hymn 79 as representing Lopamudra in a state of "voracious sexuality". Initially resisted by Agastya, finally he is “overwhelmed.”{{Sfn|Leslie|2014|p=28}} Patton also states that "the final line of the hymn celebrates Agastya as having attained immortality both through children and through ascetic practice, while Lopamudra remains marked by sexual desire".{{Sfn|Leslie|2014|p=28}} According to Dr. Rameshchandra Mukhopadhyaya, Lopamudra's sutras say that men should go to women. Even the past rishis who attained knowledge of gods enjoyed women and "were never tired of it". Lopamudra's expression of frustration in this verse is a result of Agastya's abstinence from having sex with his wife. Her saying that she has become old is an expression of "pathos." Agastya explains in reply that this restraint was god created. Agastya succumbs to Lopamudra's entreaties and submits to her. In the last two verses the disciple of Agastya glorifies Agastya's "kindred points of love making and penance".{{Sfn|Mukhopadhyaya|2014|p=49}}

==In Mahabharata==
The legend of Lopamudra, a mythological female, is the story of Agastya and Lopamudra narrated in the [[Vana Parva|Aranyakaparvan]] of the epic [[Mahabharata]].{{Sfn|Leslie|2014|p=34}} This version of the legend is said to be "the glorification of domestic life and family and demonstrates the incompleteness of a life based solely on asceticism."{{Sfn|Hurteau|2013|p=14}}

===Background===
[[File:AgasthiyarG.jpg|right|thumb|Temple image of Agastya]]
The background to Agastya and Lopamudra's legend in the Mahabharata starts with the [[asura]] brothers [[Ilvala and Vatapi]] of the region of Manismati.<ref name="Text" /> It is also said that they hailed from [[Badami]] in [[Karnataka]], [[South India]].{{Sfn|Rao|2014|p=8}} Ilvala requested a learned [[Brahmin]] to bless him with a son who would be as powerful as [[Indra]]. As this did not materialize Ilvala and his brother Vatapi got annoyed with the Brahmins and started taking revenge against them by adopting magical tricks. Illwala's brother Vatapi would transform himself into a buffalo and after slaying the buffalo the cooked meat would be served to the Brahmins. Once the meal was consumed by the Brahmins then Ilvala would call out for his brother to come out of the stomach of the Brahmins. Vatapi would then assume his normal human form and emerge from the stomach of the Brahmins killing them in the process. This aspect was made known to Agastya. At that time Agastya who had attained benefit of his long penance through asceticism went to the heaven where on his way he saw a few [[manes]] suspended with their legs up over a gorge.<ref name=Text/> Surprised, Agastya asked them the reason for their such a plight. They told him that they were waiting for a son to be born to their descendant to get release from this curse. They also told him that they were his ancestors and it was now left to him (Agastya) to get married and soon beget a son, perform oblation rites to gods, and get them released from the curse so that they could go to heaven. Agastya promised the manes of his ancestors that he would fulfill their wish.<ref name=Text/>{{Sfn|Leslie|2014|p=34}} In another version it is said that Agastya encountered his ancestors in a dream in the form of suspended manes with heels up over a deep ravine.{{Sfn|Garg|1992|p=200}}

===Creation of Lopamudra===
Agastya then started creating a woman of rare beauty and intelligence. He did this creation from most graceful parts of various creatures possessing such a beauty (drawn from "different birds, animal and flower, the eyes of the doe, the grace of the panther, the slenderness of the palm trees, the fragrance of the [[Magnolia champaca|champak]] flower, the softness of the feather on a swan's neck"{{Sfn|Garg|1992|p=200}}), who would eventually beget a son for him. At that time the king of [[Vidarbha]], who was childless, was doing penance to gods seeking boon of a progeny. Agastya bestowed his creation of the women of his imagination to the king. As the girl child emerged into the world, in glowing beauty, the king called the Brahmins to bless the child. The Brahmins named her Lopamudra. As the creation was done due to the loss of parts of creatures (animals and plants) the girl was named Lopamudra, 'lopa' meaning "loss" and 'mudra' meaning "parts.".<ref name= Pandharipande/>{{Sfn|Garg|1992|p=200}} She grew up to be a very pretty, learned and devoted daughter and the King wanted to get her married when she attained puberty.<ref name=Text/>{{Sfn|Leslie|2014|p=34}}{{Sfn|Hurteau|2013|p=14}}

===Lopamudra marries Agastya===
The King approached Agastya seeking his advice for the marriage of his daughter. However, Agastya who was responsible for her beautiful creation for begetting a son for him, asked the king for her hand in marriage. This caused anguish to the king and queen as to how their daughter who was brought up in princely comforts could be married to an ascetic, a forest dweller. They were also scared of the power of Agastya who they felt could curse them if they refused to give Lopamudra in marriage to him. Looking at the worried status of her parents, Lopamudra volunteered to marry Agastya and requested her father to perform the wedding. Once married and taken to the forest to live with him, Agastya told Lopamudra to discard all her royal attire and ornaments and wear clothes fit for an ascetic's wife. She obeyed her husband and wore rags, deer skins and bark for her clothes.<ref name=Maha/>{{Sfn|Leslie|2014|p=34}} She dutifully, respectfully, lovingly and willingly served Agastya in his religious practices and penance. Her asceticism through [[Penance#Penance in Indian beliefs|tapas]] matched Agstya's.{{Sfn|Leslie|2014|p=34}} Agastya was then not attracted to her beauty and did not cohabit with her and remained detached though she was beautiful and was his own creation. However, after a long lapse of time, Agastya then wanted to beget a son who would full fill his promise to his ancestors and relieve them of their curse. However, Lopamudra was not willing as she put a condition that she would procreate with him only if she got all the riches and the princely comforts that she enjoyed at her father's place. Agastya countered pleadingly that as he was an ascetic he could not break the laws of asceticism otherwise all his spiritual achievements of so many years of penance which were meant for the benefit of human beings would be lost. But Lopamudra persistently argued that with great acetic qualities Agastya could achieve anything in this world. As her child bearing biological cycle would not last long she urged him to agree to her conditions and go in search of riches.{{Sfn|Leslie|2014|p=34}}<ref name=Maha>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03097.htm|title=Hinduism Mahabharata: Section XCVII|access-date=8 December 2015|publisher=Sacred Texts.com}}</ref>

The ''[[Giridhara Ramayana]]'' has a different story of Lopamudra. Agastya approached king of [[Kanyakubja]] who had many daughters seeking a girl in marriage. The king promised the sage a girl when they come of age and asked him to come back a few years later. By the time the sage returned, however, the king had married off all his daughters. He was so worried about getting cursed, that he dressed his '''son''' Lopamudra as a girl and presented him to Agastya. Miraculously, Lopamudra was transformed and became a woman after the wedding.<ref name= Pandharipande/>

===Agastya acquires wealth===
Agastya then went out seeking wealth. He met three kings, Srutarvan, Vradhnaswa, and Trasadasyu, one after the other, who welcomed him with due respects offering oblations and requested him to state his wish. He then told them to give him a part of their wealth. They all told him that after meeting the expenditure related to their commitments to the well-being of their subjects, with due diligence of the status of their revenue, they would be happy to spare surplus, if any. Agastya, after considering this statement felt that they had no wealth to spare for him. On the advice of the three kings, he then approached Ilvala, the King of asuras or [[Danava (Hinduism)|danava]]s who was considered a very wealthy king.{{Sfn|Leslie|2014|p=34}}<ref name=Section>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03098.htm|title=Hinduism Mahabharata:Section XCVIII|access-date=8 December 2015|publisher=Sacred Texts.com}}</ref>

Ilvala welcomed Agastya and the other three kings who accompanied him, within the limits of his city, with due honours. Once in his palace Ilvala served Agastya and his entourage the magic potion of the meat of his brother Vatapi who had taken the form of a buffalo to be served as cooked meat so that the brothers could slay the Brahmins after they consumed the meat. The kings were scared to consume the meat but Agastya told them not to worry as he would consume all the meat served to them and will spare them from eating it.<ref name=Rishi/>{{Sfn|Leslie|2014|p=34}} He then consumed the meat dishes served to him and straight away digested the meat and said "Vatapi Jeerno Bhava", meaning let 'Vatapi be digested'.<ref name=Text/> Ilvala then, as per past practice, called out for his brother Vatapi to come out. But Agastya only belched and gas came out of his mouth as Vatapi had been digested. With this turn of events then Illvala was sad but bestowed all the wealth that Agastya desired. The asura king gave away his golden chariot and gold and silver coins which Agastya and his three kings carried away with them. With the riches acquired, Agastya approached his wife who was pleased with the outcome.<ref name=Rishi/>{{Sfn|Leslie|2014|p=34}} Agastya, who demonstrated his power in both the "secular and the sacred realms", approached Lopamudra's bedroom.{{Sfn|Leslie|2014|p=34}} Agastya then asked Lopamudra whether she would beget him 1,000 sons or just one son who could defeat a thousand. Lopamudra then told Agastya that she would prefer to have only one learned son as against 1,000 evil ones. Then they cohabited, she conceived and after a lapse of 7 years she delivered a baby boy. The son was named [[Idhmavaha]] (meaning "carrier of sacrificial wood") as he would serve his father in his sacrificial rites with wood. He was also called Drdhasyu. He was highly knowledgeable in [[Vedas]] and [[Upanishads]]. Agastya was pleased with his son. Following this, Agastya performed rites for his ancestors who were then relieved of their curse, and attained heaven.<ref name=Rishi>{{cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03099.htm|title=Hinduism Mahabharata:Section XCIX |access-date=8 December 2015|publisher=Sacred Texts.com}}</ref>{{Sfn|Leslie|2014|p=34}}{{Sfn|Garg|1992|p=200}}

[[Laurie L. Patton]], an indologist, has observed that "in the case of Lopamudra, both the retention of seed in asceticism and the making of progeny are goals of the rishi Agastya, ... she is portrayed more and more derivatively, almost anemically, as she helps her husband/creator to promote the abstract ideal of dharma."{{Sfn|Leslie|2014|p=34 in footnotes}}

In another version of the story narrated by [[Vasudha Narayanan]] of the [[University of Florida]], Lopamudra who is fully cognizant of Agastya's imperative necessity for a progeny to redeem the curse of his ancestors and the demon king Illvala's "intentions and machinations", she manipulates the sage which ensures his success.{{Sfn|Leslie|2014|p=34 in footnotes}}

==Other aspects==
In the Hindu [[tantra]] tradition, [[Sri Vidya]] mantra devoted to the [[Devi]] which has twelve variations, each credited to a devote which included Lopamudra; the other devotees are Manu, Chandra, Kubera, Manmatha, Agastya, Surya, Indra, Skanda, Shiva and Krodhabattaraka (Durvasa). A version popular in [[South India]] during about the 6th century AD is called the Lopamudra mantra though now not practiced but it is also associated with traditions in [[Kashmir]].{{Sfn|Brooks|1992|p=87}}

The river [[Kaveri]] in Karnataka is called Lopamudra.{{Sfn|Warrier|2014|p=199}} The legend behind this is that Agastya had kept Lopamudra, whom he had married for her beauty, confined in his [[Kamandala]] or water pot. During one of his sojourns away from his hermitage he stayed away for a long time and lived with another woman with whom he had fallen in love. Noting this, Lopamudra started weeping. Then [[Ganesha]] who was passing by heard her cries and released her by overturning the vessel in which she was confined. She flowed out as the river Kaveri.{{Sfn|D'Souza|p=110}}

Another version of Lopamudra being born as Kaveri is that she marries Sage Agastya on the condition that he would not leave her for too long or she would forsake him. One time, the sage was having a lengthy discussion with his disciples and he was prolonged in his absence from his wife. The Goddess angrily admonished her husband and turned away in such fury, that the pleats of her sari rearranged themselves to fall upon her right shoulder instead of her left (hence, why Kodava women have a unique way of wearing sari). As the sage pursued his wife, she jumped into a divine tank at the top of the Brahmagiri hill, being reborn as the Kaveri and disappeared underground before reappearing at [[Bhagamandala]] and flowing east towards the ocean. Goddess Kaveri is said to be dear to [[Shiva]], [[Vishnu]], [[Lakshmi]]/[[Bhagavathy]] and [[Parvati]]/[[Kali]]. The divine shrines of [[Ranganatha]](Vishnu) and Nimishambika(Parvati/Kali) at Srirangapatna on the banks of the Kaveri are held sacred to the people of Karnataka and [[Srirangam]] is considered a [[Divya Desam]] of Vishnu and Lakshmi in Tamil Nadu.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|last= Brooks |first=Douglas Renfrew |title=Auspicious Wisdom: The Texts and Traditions of Srividya Sakta Tantrism in South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=salQJBpUkGkC&pg=PA87|date=1 October 1992|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-1146-9}}
* {{cite book|last= D'Souza |first=Frank |title=A Victor of Circumstance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YIkuBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT110|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-93-83808-97-7}}
* {{cite book|last= Garg |first=Gaṅgā Rām |title=Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w9pmo51lRnYC&pg=PA200|year=1992|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-374-0}}
* {{cite book|last= Hurteau |first=Pierre |title=Male Homosexualities and World Religions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4BpEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14|date=7 November 2013|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-137-34053-5}}
* {{cite book|last= Jain |first=Lakshmi |title=Dropout of Girl-child in Schools|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N8ZNPEflZzgC&pg=PA11|date=1 January 2008|publisher=Northern Book Centre|isbn=978-81-7211-244-8}}
* {{cite book| last1= Jamison |first1=Stephanie W|last2= Brereton |first2=Joel P. |title=The Rigveda: 3-Volume Set|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fgzVAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA379|date=23 April 2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-972078-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Josh|first=Dinkar i|title=Glimpses of Indian Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-fw-0iBvmMAC&pg=PA26|date=1 January 2005|publisher=Star Publications|isbn=978-81-7650-190-3}}
* {{cite book|last= Kapoor |first=Subodh |title=Ancient Hindu society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGPMc_Pj3BgC&pg=PA1153|year=2002|publisher=Cosmo Publications|isbn=978-81-7755-378-9}}
* {{cite book|last= Leslie |first=Julia |title=Myth and Mythmaking: Continuous Evolution in Indian Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QrLKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA34|date=4 February 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-77881-0}}
* {{cite book|last= Moorthy |first=Choudur Satyanarayana |title=Gleanings from Rig Veda – When Science was Religion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kv86C_pd5-YC&pg=PA35|date=4 November 2011|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=978-1-4670-2401-3}}
* {{cite book|last= Mukhopadhyaya |first=Dr. Rameshchandra |title=The Rig Veda Reconsidered: The First Four Books of The Rig Veda In the Light of Modern Aesthetics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YFgCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA49|date=13 July 2014|publisher=Anjali Publishers|isbn=978-93-81745-14-4}}
* {{cite book|last= Prasoon |first=Prof. Shrikant |title=Rishis & Rishikas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bHIpvQDlazAC&pg=PA70|date=3 September 2009|publisher=Pustak Mahal|isbn=978-81-223-1072-6}}
* {{cite book|last= Rao |first=N.P. Shankara Narayan|title=Agasthya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V8QkAwAAQBAJ&pg=PP8|date=1 January 2014|publisher=Litent|pages=8–|id=GGKEY:UCAZ3FYWC5E}}
* {{cite book|last1= Swami |first1=Vasantānanta |last2= Irāmaccantiraṉ |first2=Nā |title=Sri Lalita Sahasranamam: Nama-wise Commentary in English with Text in Sanskrit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6OItAAAAYAAJ|year=1993|publisher=Copies available at Higgin Bothams}}
* {{cite book|last= Warrier |first=Shrikala |title=Kamandalu: The Seven Sacred Rivers of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qNhiCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA199|date=December 2014|publisher=MAYUR University|isbn=978-0-9535679-7-3}}

[[Category:Ancient Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian writers]]
[[Category:Rigveda]]
[[Category:Indian women philosophers]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:Rishis]]
[[Category:Vidarbha]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian women writers]]

University of ancient Lohana

2026-03-13T23:03:54Z

AdrianneKinne08: Creating Stub

{{Short description|Ancient university at Lohana}}
{{Infobox ancient site|name=University of ancient Lohana|native_name=लोहना विश्वविद्यालय|native_name_lang=Mai|region=[[Mithila region]]|part_of=Ancient universities in Indian Subcontinent|location=[[Lohna, Bihar|Lohana village]], [[Madhubani district]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]}}
The '''University''' '''of ancient Lohana''' was a learning centre of [[Sanskrit]] education in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It was located at the ''[[Lohna, Bihar|Lohana]]'' village in the [[Madhubani district]] of [[Bihar]]. It was destroyed during the [[British Raj|British rule]] in [[India]]. The ruins of the ancient university still exist in the village of Lohana. There is a small railway station known as ''Lohana Road Station'' near the site of the ruins. Presently there is a Sanskrit College on the site of the ruins which was built and patronised by the king of [[Raj Darbhanga]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=शर्म्मा |first=रामप्रकाश |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G7sBAAAAMAAJ |title=मिथिला का इतिहास |date=1979 |publisher=Kāmeśvarasiṃhadarabhaṅgāsaṃskr̥taviśvavidyālaya |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Śrīvāstava |first=Lakshmī Prasāda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MpEhAAAAMAAJ |title=Bihāra loka saṃskrti kośa: Mithilā khanḍạ |date=1990 |publisher=Sītārāma Prakāśana |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Khanam |first=Akhter Jahan |date=2017 |title=Prachin Mithila ka vaidik dharma mein yogdaan ek vishleshanatmak adhyayan |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/226317 |journal=INFLIBNET |language=Hindi |pages=53, 54|hdl=10603/226317 }}</ref>

== History ==
According to the historians, [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] was ruled by [[Hindus|Hindu]] rulers during the period [[Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent|Muslim rule]] in the northern part of India. During this period, the village of [[Lohna, Bihar|Lohana]] emerged as a prominent center of Sanskrit education in the patronages of the [[Brahmin|Brahmins]] kings of Mithila. It is said{{by whom|date=February 2025}} that when the universities of [[Nalanda mahavihara|Nalanda]] and [[Vikramashila|Vikramshila]] were destroyed by the Muslim invaders, then the village of Lohana became the shelter for the Sanskrit scholars who fled from Nalanda and Vikramshila. After that the learning centre of the Lohana village took the form of a university. The Sanskrit scholars from different parts of the Indian subcontinent flocked to the university of Lohana for learning Sanskrit education.{{cn|date=February 2025}}

After the arrival of [[British Raj|British rule]] in the sub-continent, when the British rulers took control on the [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal presidency]], then they felt the university of Lohana as an obstacle for expansion of the western culture and the British rule in the [[Mithila (region)|region of Mithila]]. So the British rulers destroyed the university of Lohana and converted it into ruins. Later the university of Lohana gradually disappeared.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

== References ==
<references />{{India-hist-stub}}

[[Category:Ancient universities of the Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:Education in India]]
[[Category:Madhubani district]]
[[Category:Mithila (region)]]

Nayaks of Vellore

2026-03-13T22:09:19Z

AdrianneKinne08: new the entry w/ refs

{{short description|Rulers of Vellore, India from 15th to 16th century CE}}

{{use dmy dates|date=October 2020}} {{use Indian English|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Vellore Nayaks
| government_type=[[Nayaka dynasties|Nayakship]]
| HDI_year =
| HDI =
| GDP_PPP_year =
| GDP_PPP =
| area_rank =
| area_km2 =
| demonym =
| title_leader = [[Monarch|King]]
| common_languages = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| common_name = Vellore Nayaks
| capital = [[Vellore]]
| image_map_caption = The Fort at Vellore
| image_map = Vellore Fort and Jalakandeswarar temple (10).jpg
| flag_s1 =
| s1 = Vijayanagara Empire
| flag_p1 = |p1=Gajapati Kingdom
| year_end = 1601
| year_start = 1540
| today = [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]}}
{{TNhistory}}

The '''Nayaks of Vellore''' were local Telugu chieftains of the [[Vellore]] principality of [[Vijayanagar Emperor]] in the 16th century CE.<ref>Howes, Jennifer (1 January 1998). The Courts of Pre-colonial South India: Material Culture and Kingship. Psychology Press. p. 28. {{ISBN|07-0071-585-1}}.</ref> They were subordinates appointed as provincial governors by the [[Vijayanagar Emperor]], who divided their entire kingdom into various Nayakships viz., [[Nayak of Madurai|Madurai]], [[Nayak of Tanjore|Thanjavur]] and [[Nayaks of Gingee|Senji]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karashima|first=Noboru|date=June 1996|title=South Indian temple inscriptions: A new approach to their study|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00856409608723252|journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies|volume=19|issue=1|pages=1–12|doi=10.1080/00856409608723252|issn=0085-6401|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Later, after the fall of the Vijayanagara's Tuluva dynasty in 1565, the other Nayaks of the Tamil region declared independence, but Vellore Nayakship continued to remain under the [[Aravidu Dynasty]] of the Vijayanagar Empire.

== History of the region ==
The region was under many dynasties throughout the time. It was annexed from the [[Pandyan Empire]] to the [[Gajapati Kingdom]] in the early 15th century. The southern parts of the Gajapati empire was annexed to the Vijayanagar Empire by [[Achyuta Deva Raya]] in the 1530s,<ref>{{Cite web| title=Relations with the Gajapathis | url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/127087/8/08_chapter%203.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812055606/http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/127087/8/08_chapter%203.pdf | archive-date=2017-08-12}}</ref> and created the Nayakship of Vellore.

== List of Nayaks ==
The list of nayaks are unclear. Some of the Nayaks are:

* Chinna Bommi Reddy
* Thimma Reddy Nayak
* Lingama Nayak

=== Vellore Fort ===
{{Main|Vellore Fort}}
The fort of Vellore was built around 1566 CE by Chinna Bommi Reddy and Thimma Reddy Nayak during this Nayakship period. The fort went on to become an important strategic position in the future.

== Rebellion ==
After the independence of the other Nayaks, Vellore also eyed for independence and Lingama Nayak revolted against the crown in 1601. One of the generals of the crown, Yachamanedu came to Vellore and defeated Lingama Nayak. This led to the end of the Nayakship, and the region went under the direct rule of the Vijayanagar King [[Venkata II]]. In 1604, the capital of the declining Vijayanagar empire was shifted to Vellore.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Vijayanagara Empire]]
[[Category:Nayak dynasties]]

Nurpur kingdom

2026-03-11T05:27:54Z

AdrianneKinne08: minor edit

{{Short description|Nurpur kingdom from Himachal Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Mau-Paithan-Nurpur kingdom<ref>{{Cite book|title=History and Culture of Himalayan States Vol 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eExDAAAAYAAJ|first=Sukhdev Singh|last=Charak|publisher=Light and Life|year=1978|isbn=9780391011762|access-date=26 July 2021}}</ref>
| common_name = Pathania
| year_start = 1064
| year_end = 1947
| date_start =
| date_end =
| event_start =
| event_end =
| p1 = Ghaznavid Empire
| flag_p1 = Ghaznavid_Empire_975_-_1187_(AD).PNG
| p2 = Trigarta Kingdom
| flag_p2 = Seljuk Empire locator map.svg
| s1 = Sikh Empire
| flag_s1 = Sikh_Empire_flag.svg
| s2 =
| flag_s2 =
| s3 =
| flag_s3 =
| image_map_caption = Detail of the territory of Nurpur from a map of the various Hill States of the Punjab Hills region, copied in 1852. Parts of its borders has not been fully demarcated on the map.
| image_flag =
| image_coat =
| coa_size =
| religion = [[Hinduism]], [[Sikhism]]
| image_map = Detail of the main, continuous tract of territory of Nurpur from a map of the various Hill States of the Punjab Hills region, copied in 1852.jpg
| capital = [[Pathankot]] (1064s–1580) Shahpurkandi (1650s–1781) [[Nurpur, Himachal Pradesh|Nurpur]] (1580s–1815)
| government_type = [[Hereditary monarchy]]
| legislature =
| area_km2 = 180
| title_leader = Raja
| leader1 = Raja Jhetpal (first)
| leader2 = Raja Gagan Singh (last)
| year_leader1 = 1064–1098
| year_leader2 = 1898-1952
| year_deputy1 =
| stat_year1 = 1064 est.
| stat_area1 =
| common_languages = [[Takri script]] [[Dogri language|Dogri]] [[Kangri language|Kangri]] [[Chambeali]] [[Urdu]]
}}
{{History of India}}

'''Nurpur''' kingdom in the Himalayan foothills of India was founded in 1064 A.D at north-eastern [[Doaba|Bari Doab]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Punjab Through the Ages|first=Rashmi Pathak|last=S.R Bakshi|year=2007|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-738-1}}</ref> between the [[Ravi River|Ravi]] and the [[Beas River|Beas]] rivers at the fusion of [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]], [[Duggar (region)|Duggar]], [[Majha]], Dharab and [[Chamba, Himachal Pradesh|Chamba]] areas which ended in 1815. The remnants of Nurpur kingdom exist as ruined forts, restored temples, water bodies, and canals in [[Nurpur, Himachal Pradesh|Nurpur]] [[tehsil]], [[Fatehpur, Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency|Fatehpur]] tehsil, [[Pathankot]] tehsil, [[Dhar Kalan]] tehsil, [[Jawali, Himachal Pradesh|Jawali]] tehsil, [[Indora]] tehsil, [[Bhattiyat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhattiyat tehsil]], and Sihunta tehsil.<ref name="IGI">[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V19_238.gif Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 19, p. 232.]</ref>

[[File:Godinscription.jpg 19.jpg|thumb|Relief work dedicated to Krishan Leela on foundation of ruined temple in Nurpur Fort]]

==History==
The Nurpur kingdom, originally known as '''Dhameri''' (धमेरी/دھمیری/ਧਮੇਰੀ), was founded towards the middle of the 11th century by [[Tomara dynasty|Tomaras of Delhi]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh |volume=1 |first=Mark |last=Brentnall |publisher=Indus Publishing |year=2004 |pages=350–358 |isbn=978-8-17387-163-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayYbAvECXQwC&pg=PA350}}</ref> Jhetpal the founder of Nurpur Kingdom in 1064 A.D was the younger brother of [[Anangpal Tomar|Anangpal II]] of [[Tomara dynasty]] from the family of King [[Arjuna]] of Mahabharata fame, 2250 years before him.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Advanced History of Ancient India|first=Shiri Ram |last=Bakshi|pages=29}}</ref><ref>Annals of Rajasthan Annals of Mewar: The Annals of Mewar
By James Tod, Tod Payne C. H, C H Payne,Asian Educational Services,p39</ref> King [[Vikramaditya]] who began the Vikrama Samvat era in 57 BCE after defeating the Shakas belonged to the same lineage.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Essays on Indian Antiquities, Historic, Numismatic, and Palæographic, of the Late James Prinsep|first=James Prinsep, Edward Thomas|last= Henry Thoby Prinsep|publisher=J.Murray|year=1858|page=157}}</ref> The principal era to which the luni-solar system is exclusively adapted is that of Vikramaditya, called Samvat. The prince for whom it was named was of the Tuár dynasty and is supposed to have reigned at Ujjain (Ujjáyini).

Tomar Raja Mahipal a k.a Kunwar Pāla (1021-1051) of Delhi in 1043 defeated [[Mahmud of Ghazni]]'s grandson [[Mawdud of Ghazni]] and liberated the Nagarkot fort.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Medieval History of Himachal Pradesh|url=https://hpgeneralstudies.com/medieval-history-himachal-pradesh/|publisher=hpgeneralstudies|access-date=7 July 2022}}</ref> [[Mahmud of Ghazni]]'s fifth son Abd al-Rashid (1049-1052) appointed Hastagin Hajib as the governor of Punjab and recaptured liberated Nagarkot fort in 1052 after the death of Raja Mahipal.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Kangra Himachal Pradesh|url=https://www.aimsuccess.in/2021/07/history-of-kangra-himachal-pradesh-in.html?m=1|publisher=Aim Success|access-date=20 August 2021}}</ref> Late Raja Mahipal's brother Jhetpal Tomar led an expeditionary force to protect Trigarta king Jagdish Chand of [[Katoch]] dynasty and successfully recaptured the [[Kangra fort]] in 1060 AD.<ref>{{cite book |first=André |last=Wink |title=Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquests 11th-13th centuries |volume=II |publisher=Brill |year=1997 |page=134}}</ref> In retaliation, [[Ibrahim of Ghazna]] (1059-1099) sent his son, Mahmud, with an army of ''ghazis'' consisting of 40,000 cavalry to raid [[Doab]] of [[Punjab region]], between 1063 and 1070.<ref>{{cite book |first=André |last=Wink |title=Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquests 11th-13th centuries |volume=II |publisher=Brill |year=1997|page=134}}</ref> Due to these constant attacks [[Trigarta Kingdom]] shifted its capital from [[Doab]] [[Jalandhar]] to [[Kangra Fort]] in 1070 A.D. and to double secure [[Kangra Fort]] Jhetpal Tomar overpowered the garrison of [[Ghaznavid]] [[Kiladar]] Kuzbak Khan stationed at Paithan Fort, [[Pathankot]] which was the gateway to [[Kangra Valley]] between [[River Ravi]] and [[River Beas]] from the plains of [[Doab|Badi doab]]. Raja Jhetpal, after the death of [[Ibrahim of Ghazna]] in 1099 <ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ghaznavids |title=Ghaznavids |first=C.E. |last=Bosworth |year=2007|page=81}}</ref> permanently stationed his garrison at Pathankot and the territorial surname [[Pathania]] became surname of clan.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Mian Goverdhan|title=Wooden Temples of Himachal Pradesh|year=1999|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=9788173870941|page=34|edition=1999|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QgZFhkVINvkC&pg=PA34}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Chronology of Royal House of Pathania, Nurpur|first=A.N|last=Walia|year=2004|page=46|publisher=Languages and Culture Department, Shimla H.P}}</ref>

Nurpur reached its peak between 1580 and 1613 during the reign of Raja Basu Dev who built an impressive fort that can still be seen today but his son [[Suraj Mal of Nurpur]] was driven away by Mughals in 1618.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jameelcentre.ashmolean.org/collection/6980/9856/0/9900 |title=Ashmolean − Eastern Art Online, Yousef Jameel Centre for Islamic and Asian Art |publisher=Jameelcentre.ashmolean.org |date=2012-04-22 |accessdate=2013-08-24}}</ref><ref name=jerath>{{cite book|first=Ashok|last=Jerath|title=Forts and Palaces of the Western Himalaya|year=2000|publisher=M L Gidwani, Indus Publishing Company|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l2oZiyOqReoC&pg=PA27|accessdate=March 28, 2013|location=New Delhi|page=27|chapter=2 - Forts on the left side of Ravi|isbn=9788173871047}}</ref>

In 1620 the change of name from Dhameri to Nurpur was done by [[Raja Jagat Singh]] to honour Mughal emperor and empress as 'Nur' was a common prefix to their names Nur-ud-din Muhammad [[Jahangir]] and [[Nur Jahan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=नूरजहां ने जलन के कारण इस किले में कटवा दी थी एक खूबसूरत नर्तकी की जीभ!|publisher=Navbharat Times|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/photomazza/travel/interesting-facts-about-nurpur-fort-himachal-pradesh/photoshow/msid-75578125,picid-75578211.cms|access-date=19 February 2022}}</ref> Nurpur kingdom paid taxes after it came under Mughals. It rebelled when taxes were raised to 66% and the settlement took place after the War of Taragarh 1640–1642.

Till 1739 kingdom remained a feudatory state of [[Mughal Empire]] and became independent during [[Campaigns of Nader Shah]]. During [[Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani]] from (1747-1767) Raja Fateh Singh survived the invader but Raja Prithvi Singh (1770-1805) expelled Muslim branch of [[Pathania]] (1650-1781) based at Shahpurkandi Fort near [[Shahpurkandi dam project]] colony, they migrated to Pakistan in 1947. Also, Prithvi Singh forced his brother Inder Singh ([[Rey Khas|Rey]] branch) whom he considered as claimant of Nurpur kingdom to take exile in 1779 at Mahal Moriyan Fort [[Kangra State]] (presently at Mehal Khas, [[Bhoranj]], [[Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]]), they later migrated to [[Rey khas|Rey]] in 1823 after the death of [[Sansar Chand]], [[Sikh Empire]] appointed Inder Singh's son Ishri Singh as courtier in the [[Sikh period in Lahore|Lahore durbar]] and awarded [[Rey khas|Rey]] jagir. Ishri Singh was also brother-in-law of [[Dhian Singh]], the longest reigning prime minister of [[Sikh Empire]] from 1818-1843.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Walia|first=A N|title=History of Pathania Rajas of Nurpur, District Kangra|year=2002|publisher=Department of Language and Culture, Himachal Pradesh, Shimla-9|page=60}}</ref>

Raja Bhir Singh had to face threats from all sides bordering [[Sikh Empire|Sikhs]], [[Gorkha Kingdom|Gorkhas]], [[Sansar Chand|Katoch]] and [[British East India Company|British]]. Ultimately after just 10 years of his reign [[Ranjit Singh]] the final winner of the contest annexed Nurpur kingdom in 1815.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Walia|first=A N|title=History of Pathania Rajas of Nurpur, District Kangra|year=2002|publisher=Department of Language and Culture, Himachal Pradesh, Shimla-9|page=55}}</ref> Raja Bhir Singh retook the Nurpur in 1846 but died fighting at the gates of Nurpur Fort.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Macintyre|first=Ben|title=The Man Who Would Be King: The First American in Afghanistan|year=2002|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|isbn=978-0-374-20178-4|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/manwhowouldbekin00benm|page=58}}</ref>

His struggle was continued by his son Raja Jaswant Singh Pathania and his uncle's son 'Bansein Wazira' [[:hi:राम सिंह पठानिया]], who resorted to [[guerilla]] warfare but was captured by deceit from [[Lakhanpur, Jammu]] Fort by [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)]] which was under British control. The state was annexed by the [[British East India Company]] in 1849 and the last ruling monarch of Nurpur, was given Rs 5000/- [[financial compensation|financially compensated]] by the British for the loss of his state.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wazir Ram Singh Pathania|url=https://pathaniajathere.com/nurpur/wazirramsinghpathania.html|publisher=Nag Mandir Jathare|access-date=19 February 2022}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Tomaras of Delhi]]
* [[Tomaras of Gwalior]]
* [[Beja State|Tomaras of Beja]]

*[[Kangra painting]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{commons category-inline}}

{{coord|32.3|75.9|region:IN-HP|display=title}}

[[Category:History of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Nurpur kingdom]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1947]]

Suryapet

2026-03-07T04:40:17Z

AdrianneKinne08: Creating A Details - done

{{EngvarB|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Suryapet
| native_name = Suryapeta
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| nickname = Sun city
| image_skyline = Suryapet City Overview.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.1415|N|79.6236|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and Territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|}} [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Suryapet district|Suryapet]]
| government_type = Municipal
| governing_body = Suryapet Municipality
| leader_title = [[Suryapet (Assembly constituency)|MLA]]
| leader_name = [[Guntakandla Jagadish Reddy]]
| leader_party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]]
| population_total = 171,356<ref name="civicbody">{{cite web|title=Basic Information|url=http://suryapetmunicipality.com/basic-information/|website=Official website of Suryapet|access-date=21 February 2016}}</ref>
| population_footnotes = <ref name="civicbody"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Cities, Towns and Outgrowth Wards |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-telangana.php|website=Citypopulation.de |access-date=19 September 2015}}</ref><ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=622324|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=3 May 2015}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2024
| population_rank = [[List of cities in Telangana|10th (in Telangana)]] [[List of cities in India by population|306th (in India)]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 35
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 178
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 508 213
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91-8684
| registration_plate = TG–29
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1000:923 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = HDI
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| blank3_name_sec1 = HDI Category
| blank3_info_sec1 = medium
| blank4_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank4_info_sec1 = 84.88%
| website = {{URL|http://suryapetmunicipality.telangana.gov.in/}}
}}

'''Suryapet''', also natively spelt as '''Suryapeta''', is a city in the Indian state of [[Telangana]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Cities having population 1 lakh and above, Census 2011|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf}}</ref><ref name="district">{{cite web|title=Suryapet district|url=http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/uploads/gos-circulars/1476130644554246.Suryapet.pdf|website=New Districts Formation Portal|access-date=11 October 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011225153/http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/uploads/gos-circulars/1476130644554246.Suryapet.pdf|archive-date=11 October 2016}}</ref> It is a [[municipality]] and the headquarters of its [[Suryapet district|eponymous district]].In 2015, the [[Government of India]] placed Suryapet under the [[Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation]] scheme.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eenaduindia.com/State/AndhraPradhesh/2015/06/24090313/AP-identifies-31-Telangana-15-cities-under-AMRUT-scheme.vpf|title=AP identifies 31, Telangana 15 cities under AMRUT scheme|work=Eenadu English Portal|access-date=29 November 2017|archive-date=27 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127104028/http://www.eenaduindia.com/State/AndhraPradhesh/2015/06/24090313/AP-identifies-31-Telangana-15-cities-under-AMRUT-scheme.vpf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Suryapet has been awarded the "Cleanest city" in South India by the Ministry of Urban development in [[Swachh Survekshan 2017]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2017/may/01/suryapet-among-top-10-cleanest-cities-in-india-1599727.html | title=Suryapet among top 10 cleanest cities in India | date=1 May 2017 | newspaper=The New Indian Express | first=S Bachan Jeet | last=Singh | access-date=15 August 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://swachh-survekshan.in/SS_2017_Report.pdf|title=Swachh Survekshan -2017 – ranks of 434 cities|access-date=3 November 2017|archive-date=12 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712194228/http://swachh-survekshan.in/SS_2017_Report.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is also known as "Gateway of Telangana".<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://suryapetmunicipality.com/ | title=Welcome to Suryapet Municipality | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327052020/http://suryapetmunicipality.com/ | archive-date=2018-03-27}}</ref> It is located about {{convert|134|km|mi|0}} east of the state capital, [[Hyderabad]] and also it is located about {{convert|138|km|mi|0}} West of [[Vijayawada]].

== Etymology ==
Previously Suryapet is known as Bhanupuri, which is modernized into the name Suryapet. People also call the town as Suryapeta.

== Geography ==
Suryapet or Suriapet is located at {{Coord|17.1500|N|79.6167|E|}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Suriapet.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Suryapet, India|work=fallingrain.com}}</ref> It has an area of {{convert|54|km2}}.

== History ==

[[Telugu Cholas]], [[Chalukya Dynasty|Chalukyas]], [[Kakatiya Dynasty|Kakatiyas]], and [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam dynasties]] ruled this region.<ref name=info>{{cite web|title=Suryapet Municipality Introduction|url=http://cdma.telangana.gov.in/Suryapet/|website=Commissioner & Director of Municipal Administration|publisher=Municipal Administration & Urban Development Department, Government of Telangana|access-date=15 February 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074619/http://www.cdma.telangana.gov.in/Suryapet/|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>

[[File:Pillalamarri1.jpg|thumb|Pillalamarri, one of the oldest Hindu Temples in Suryapet]]

== Climate ==
Under the Köppen climate classification, Suryapet experiences [[tropical savanna climate|Tropical Wet and Dry Climate]]. The annual mean temperature is 36 °C. Monthly mean temperatures are {{convert|19|–|40|C|F}}. Summers (March–June) are hot and humid, with temperatures in the low 30s Celsius; during dry spells, maximum temperatures often exceed 45 °C in May and June. Winter lasts for only about {{frac|2|1|2}} months, with seasonal lows dipping to {{convert|9|–|11|C|F}} in December and January. May is the hottest month, with daily temperatures ranging from {{convert|35|–|43|C|F}}; January, the coldest month, has temperatures varying from {{convert|15|–|23|C|F}}. The highest recorded temperature is {{convert|51.02|°C|°F|abbr=on}}, and the lowest is {{convert|9|°C|°F|abbr=on}}.

Rains brought by the south-west summer monsoon lash Suryapet between June and September, supplying it with most of its annual rainfall of 821.0 mm. The highest total monthly rainfall, 180.0 mm, occurs in July. There is also significant rainfall in October and November from northeast monsoons. Winter season starts in December and lasts through February. Temperatures range from a minimum of 18 °C and can reach 33 °C.
{{Weather box
|location= Suryapet
|metric first= yes
|single line= yes
|Jan high C= 32
|Feb high C= 32
|Mar high C= 35
|Apr high C= 38
|May high C= 39
|Jun high C= 34
|Jul high C= 31
|Aug high C= 29
|Sep high C= 31
|Oct high C= 31
|Nov high C= 29
|Dec high C= 28
|Jan low C= 16
|Feb low C= 19
|Mar low C= 22
|Apr low C= 25
|May low C= 26
|Jun low C= 24
|Jul low C= 23
|Aug low C= 22
|Sep low C= 22
|Oct low C= 21
|Nov low C= 18
|Dec low C= 16
|Jan precipitation mm= 3
|Feb precipitation mm= 18
|Mar precipitation mm= 23
|Apr precipitation mm= 28
|May precipitation mm= 39
|Jun precipitation mm= 150
|Jul precipitation mm= 180
|Aug precipitation mm= 144
|Sep precipitation mm= 125
|Oct precipitation mm= 69
|Nov precipitation mm= 39
|Dec precipitation mm= 3
|source= [http://www.myweather2.com/City-Town/India/Suryapet/climate-profile.aspx MyWeather]
|date= December 2012
}}

== Demographics ==
[[File:Suryapet municipality.jpg|thumb|Suryapet Municipality]]
{{Historical population
| source = {{citation needed|date=September 2022}}
| 1991 | 60630
| 2001 | 94256
| 2011 | 115250
}}
{{bar box
|width=250px
|barwidth=100px
|title=Religions in Suryapet
|titlebar=#E5E4E2
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percentage
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hindu]]|#FF6600|90}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslim]]|#00693E|8}}
{{bar percent|Christian|#5218FA|2}}
}}
{{See also|List of cities in Telangana by population}}

{{As of|2011}} India census,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Suryapet had an urban metropolitan population of 115,250<ref>{{Cite web|title=Suryapet Metropolitan Region Population|publisher=Census 2011, Government of India|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/metropolitan/383-suryapet.html}}</ref> Suryapet is the most populous city in Suryapet district. Apart from the city population, it has a floating population of approximately 10,000 from the neighbouring villages daily. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Suryapet has an average literacy rate of 84.88%, higher than the national average of 74.04.%: male literacy is 91.18%, and female literacy is 78.74%. In Suryapet, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.

== Governance ==

=== Civic administration ===
[[File:Suryapet Municipality Tractor.jpg|right|thumbnail|Suryapet Municipality tractor collecting garbage]]

Suryapet municipality was constituted in 1952. It was upgraded to ''Grade–II'' in 1984, ''Grade–I'' on 7 November 1998.<ref name="info" /> The area of the municipality is spread over an area of {{convert|54.00|km2|abbr=on}} with 48 wards.<ref name=civicbody /> The present municipal commissioner is ''Ch. Hanmantha Reddy'' and the chairman is ''Morishetti Niveditha''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Commissioner Contact|url=https://suryapetmunicipality.telangana.gov.in/pages/chairman-contact|website=Official website of Kodad municipality|access-date=21 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Commissioner Contact|url=http://suryapetmunicipality.com/elected-representatives-2/|website=Official website of Suryapet municipality|access-date=21 February 2016}}</ref>

The city also serves as the headquarters of [[Suryapet mandal]] in the [[Suryapet revenue division]].

== Awards ==
Suryapet Municipality became the first ''waste-compliant'' city of India in 2003.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/magazine/trash-driving/article4126243.ece|title=Trash driving|author=Keya Acharya|work=The Hindu|date=24 November 2012 }}</ref> It had won ''Green Leaf Award'' for ''Best Garbage Disposal'' in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/26/stories/2007022602720200.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130920193425/http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/26/stories/2007022602720200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-09-20|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2007-02-26|title=Green Leaf Awards presented}}</ref>
Suryapet is the first municipality in the country to receive the (ISO 14001-2004 certificate.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/suryapet-municipality-given-iso-certificate/article3070979.ece|title = Suryapet Municipality given ISO certificate|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 5 September 2006}}</ref>
Suryapet Municipality has won the HUDCO Award under environmental
management category.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://suryapetneeds.blogspot.in/2014/08/hudco-award-to-suryapet-municipality.html?m=1|title = HUDCO Award to SURYAPET Municipality}}</ref>

==Economy==
In 2023 there was an Integrated Market inaugurated in Suryapet<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.siasat.com/cm-kcr-visits-newly-inaugurated-market-interacts-with-farmers-in-suryapet-2672381/ | title=CM KCR visits newly inaugurated market, interacts with farmers in Suryapet | date=20 August 2023 }}</ref>
as well as an [[IT]] Hub.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://it.telangana.gov.in/inauguration-of-suryapet-it-tower/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226191703/https://it.telangana.gov.in/inauguration-of-suryapet-it-tower/ | url-status=dead | archive-date=26 February 2024 | title=Unknown}}</ref>

== Education ==
The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools, under the School Education Department of the state.

The medium of instruction followed by schools are [[English language|English]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and Urdu.

Government Medical College at Suryapet, a first after the formation of new districts in the State<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/suryapet-medical-college-inaugurated/article28801393.ece|title=Suryapet medical college inaugurated|newspaper=The Hindu|date=2 August 2019}}</ref>

== Transport ==

=== Highways ===
*[[National Highway 65 (India)|NH 65]]-[[Pune]]-[[Solapur]]-[[Hyderabad]]-Suryapet-[[Vijayawada]]
*[[National Highway 365B (India)|NH 365B]]-Suryapet-[[Jangaon]]-[[Siddipet]]-[[Siricilla]] $Connecting different district Hq's of the state
*[[National Highway 365BB (India)|NH 365BB]]-Suryapet-[[Khammam]]-[[Rajahmundry]]
* State Highway 16 (Suryapet-Siddipet)

=== Bus ===
Suryapet Hi-tech Bus station is the fifth largest bus station in [[Telangana]] after [[Hyderabad]], [[Khammam]], [[Karimnagar]] and [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]] bus stations.

There are three bus stations in Suryapet.
* High-Tech Bus station(20 Platforms)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2016-06-15/District-RTC-in-45-cr-loss-in-FY-2015-16/235251|title=District RTC in 45-cr loss in FY 2015-16|first=THE HANS|last=INDIA|date=15 June 2016|website=thehansindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2016-10-16/Special-buses-to-Suryapet-Collectorate/258998|title=Special buses to Suryapet Collectorate|date=16 October 2016|website=thehansindia.com}}</ref>

~[[TSRTC]] Suryapet Depot operates only Hyderabad (Deluxe and Express buses from this High tech bus stand)...Other [[TSRTC]] and [[APSRTC]] Out depots travels through this bus stand are Hyderabad, Bengaluru, Vijayawada, Khammam, Bhadrachalam, Kothagudem, Madhira, Manuguru, Sathupally, Ellandu, Rajahmundry and Kakinada.

* New bus station(10 Platforms)

~[[TSRTC]] Suryapet Depot operates buses from Suryapet New Bus stand to Hyderabad, Nalgonda, Khammam, Warangal(Hanmakonda), Karimnagar, Jangaon, Mahabubabad, Kodad, Tungaturthi, Tirumalagiri Neredcherla, Miryalagudem, Devarakonda, Nakrekal, Mothkur, Bhuvanagiri, Thorrur, Eturunagaram and Srisailam.

* Old bus station

=== Air ===

[[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport]] in Hyderabad is the nearest airport at a distance of 135 km by road. The other airport nearer to Suryapet is [[Vijayawada International Airport]] which is at a distance of 160 km by road.

=== Rail ===

Two new Semi-High speed corridors proposed to pass through Suryapet They are :
*[[Shamshabad]]-Suryapet-[[Visakhapatnam]]
*[[Kurnool]]-Suryapet-[[Visakhapatnam]]

At present there is no railway station in Suryapet. Nearest railway stations are :
* Miryalaguda- 38 km
*[[Nalgonda]] - 46 km
*[[Khammam]] - 64 km

== See also ==
* [[Suryapet (Assembly constituency)]]
*[[List of cities in Telangana by area]]
*[[List of cities in Telangana by population]]
*[[List of Smart and Amrut Cities in Telangana]]
{{Portal|India|Geography}}
*[[List of cities in India by area]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Suryapet}}

{{Telangana}}

[[Category:Cities in Telangana]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Suryapet district]]

Ormakal Marikkumo

2026-03-06T01:21:27Z

AdrianneKinne08: minor edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ormakal Marikkumo
| image =ORMAKAL MARIKUMO MALAYALAM FILM M3DB.JPG
| caption = Poster
| director = [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]]
| producer = K. S. Sethumadhavan, K. S. R. Moorthy
| story = Joseph Anand
| writer =
| screenplay = {{plainlist|
* [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]]
* [[N. Govindan Kutty]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Kamal Haasan]]
* [[Shobha]]
* [[Vidhubala]]
* [[Jayan]]
* [[M. G. Soman]]
}}
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| cinematography = [[Marcus Bartley]]
| editing = T. R. Sreenivasalu
| studio = Chithrakalakendram
| distributor = Central Pictures
| released = {{Film date|1977|08|26|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Ormakal Marikkumo''''' ({{Translation|Do memories die?}}) is a 1977 [[India]]n [[Malayalam]]-language film, directed and produced by [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]]. The film stars [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Shoba]] and [[Vidhubala]]. [[M. S. Viswanathan]] composed the music.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=737|title=Ormakal Marikkumo|accessdate=2014-10-05|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?1283|title=Ormakal Marikkumo|accessdate=2014-10-05|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref> [[Shobha]] won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actress]]. The film was later dubbed in [[Telugu language]] as ''Parvathi Malli Puttindi'' and [[Hindi]] as ''Afsana Do Dil Kaa''.

==Plot==
Kamal Haasan and Vidhubala are a happily married couple who enjoy their life. The first half is full of scenes that involve both of them. The story goes into a flashback where Kamal Haasan and Vidhubala are a couple where Kamal Haasan suspects Vidhubala and kills her. Shoba reincarnates as Vidhubala and tells the truth to Kamal Haasan. Upon hearing the story, Kamal Haasan gets himself killed by running towards a lorry. The film ends on a sad note with both Kamal Haasan and Shoba dying at the end.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Kamal Haasan]] as Chandrasekharan
*[[Shobha]] as Ammini/Parvathi
*[[Vidhubala]] as Parvathi<ref>{{cite news |date=18 August 2008 |title=The girl next door |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/08/18/stories/ |work =[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead |access-date=1 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203050944/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/08/18/stories/2006081800900300.htm |archive-date=3 December 2007}}</ref>
*[[Jayan]] as Prabhakaran<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 July 2020 |title='ബാലന്‍ കെ.നായര്‍ അത് പറഞ്ഞപ്പോള്‍ ഞാന്‍ ഉള്ളില്‍ വിതുമ്പി; അദ്ദേഹത്തോടൊന്നും പറയാനായില്ല' |language=ml |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/features/kamal-haasan-remembering-jayan-actor-jayan-death-anniversary-movies-1.4285247 |access-date=28 June 2021}}</ref>
*[[M. G. Soman]] as Dr. Aravindan
*[[Sankaradi]] as Chandrasekharan's uncle
*[[T. R. Omana]] as Thankamani
*[[Prema (Malayalam actress)|Prema]] as Lakshmi/Aravindan's mother
*[[Kunchan (actor)|Kunchan]] as Pappu
*[[Pala Thankam]] as Chellamma
*[[Paravoor Bharathan]] as Narayanan
*[[Poojappura Ravi]] as Vaidyar
*Radhadevi as Janakiyamma
*Mythili as Usha
*[[Vanchiyoor Radha]] as Teacher
*Ramu as Ravi
*[[Kedamangalam Ali]]
{{colend}}

== Production ==
In an interview with Ravi Menon on the talk show ''Chakkarapanthal'', actress [[Vidhubala]] recalled shooting the slow motion song sequence in this film, She and Kamal Haasan actually moved and danced slowly since the technique had not yet been introduced in [[Malayalam cinema]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Athira |first=M. |date=5 December 2013 |title=Quick Five: Ravi Menon - Celebrating with music |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/quick-five-ravi-menon-celebrating-with-music/article5425318.ece/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210531112734/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/quick-five-ravi-menon-celebrating-with-music/article5425318.ece/amp/ |archive-date=31 May 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=25 June 2021}}</ref> The film produced under banner ''Chitrakalakendram'', and the final length of the film was {{Convert|3543.00|metres|feet}}.<ref name="Gazette">{{Cite web |date=8 April 1978 |title=Weekly Gazette of India, 1978-04-08, Weekly |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.csl_weekly.1978-04-08.O-1111-1978-0014-48503/page/n8/mode/2up?q=Ormakal+Marikkumo |access-date=26 June 2021 |publisher=[[The Gazette of India]] |pages=947}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pradeep |first=K. |date=16 July 2015 |title=The 'music creator' falls silent |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/the-music-creator-falls-silent/article7428830.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181206173226/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/the-music-creator-falls-silent/article7428830.ece |archive-date=6 December 2018 |access-date=25 June 2021}}</ref> with lyrics by [[Mankombu Gopalakrishnan]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Chandramadathinte" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || [[Mankombu Gopalakrishnan]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Naanam Kallananam" || K. J. Yesudas, [[Sujatha Mohan]] || Mankombu Gopalakrishnan ||
|-
| 3 || "Thriprayaarappa Sree Rama" || [[Vani Jairam]] || Mankombu Gopalakrishnan ||
|}

== Release ==
''Ormakal Marikkumo'' was released on 26 August 1977.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/kamal-films.asp
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210612101253/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/kamal-films.asp |archive-date=12 June 2021 |title=Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraipada Varalaru |last=Film News Anandan |access-date=25 June 2021 |publisher=Sivakami Publishers |location=Chennai |year=2004 |language=Tamil |trans-title=History of Landmark Tamil Films |url-status=usurped
|author-link=Film News Anandan}}</ref> [[Shobha]] won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actress]].<ref>{{cite web |title=State Film Awards |url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawares.htm |publisher=[[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy]] |access-date=26 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232254/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawares.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref> The film was dubbed in [[Telugu language]] as ''Parvathi Malli Puttindi'' and released on 27 August 1982,<ref>{{cite web |title=Parvathi Malli Puttindi |url=https://gaana.com/album/parvathi-malli-puttindi |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |access-date=26 June 2021}}</ref> [[Hindi]] as ''Afsana Do Dil Kaa'' (1982).<ref>{{cite web |title=Afsana Do Dil Kaa |url=http://muvyz.com/moviepage/yp220890 |website=muvyz.com |access-date=26 June 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0320210|Ormakal Marikkumo?}}

{{K. S. Sethumadhavan}}

[[Category:1977 films]]
[[Category:1977 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1977 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. S. Sethumadhavan]]

{{1970s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Gaav Bolavato

2026-03-05T13:07:04Z

AdrianneKinne08: Added new post...

{{Short description|2025 Indian Marathi-language film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gaav Bolavato
| image =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Vinod Manikrao
| producer = Prashant Narode Shantanu Bhake
| writer = Sachin Vitthal Patil
| based_on =
| starring = [[Bhushan Pradhan]] Gauri Nalawade Madhav Abhyankar [[Shrikant Yadav]] Kiran Sharad
| music = Nishad Golambare Prakash Prabhakar
| cinematography = Shakeel B. Khan
| editing = Gaurav Meshram
| studio = Sanskar Wahini Productions Filmitarian Mediaworks LLP
| distributor = August Entertainment
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2025|3|21}}
| runtime = 125 minutes
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| budget =
| gross =
}}'''''Gaav Bolavato''''' ({{translation|The Village Calls}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Marathi language]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by Vinod Manikrao.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CBFC {{!}} Search Film |url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwMTEyMDIyMDI1MDAxODI= |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=cbfcindia.gov.in}}</ref> The film addresses the critical issue of rural-urban migration and its impact on village development in contemporary Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Choudhary |first=Manasvi |date=2025-01-21 |title=Marathi New Movie: गाव सोडून शहराकडे जाणाऱ्या तरूणाईसाठी, ‘गाव बोलावतो’; मोशन पोस्टर रिलीज |url=https://saamtv.esakal.com/entertainment/gaav-bolavato-new-marathi-movie-releasing-on-7-march-2024-entertainment-news-marathi-msc01 |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=Marathi News {{!}} Saam TV |language=mr}}</ref> Starring [[Bhushan Pradhan]], Gauri Nalawade, Madhav Abhyankar and [[Shrikant Yadav]] in lead roles, the film explores the story of a young man who returns to his village to fulfill his deceased father's dream of transforming it into a model village.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-21 |title=Photos: भूषण प्रधान व गौरी नलावडेच्या रोमँटिक फोटोंनी वेधले नेटकऱ्यांचे लक्ष |url=https://www.loksatta.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/4962674/gaav-bolavato-movie-fame-actor-bhushan-pradhan-gauri-nalawade-romantic-photoshoot-viral-sdn-96/ |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-details/gaav-bolavato/movieshow/119261030.cms |title=Gaav Bolavato Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |access-date=2025-10-05 |via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Sangram Joshi is an educated young man who completes his studies in his native village before moving to Mumbai in search of better career prospects. Meanwhile, his elderly parents, Appasaheb and his mother, continue to live in their ancestral home, patiently awaiting their son’s return. The village, however, suffers under the corrupt rule of Sarpanch Sarjerao, who, along with a shrewd businessman named Makhija, terrorizes the locals. The duo coerces farmers into selling their land for the construction of a chemical factory, prioritizing their own greed over the welfare of the villagers. Sarjerao’s corruption runs deep—he even orchestrates the killings of those who oppose him, disguising the murders as farmer suicides to escape legal scrutiny. Back home, Sangram’s parents wish to see him married to Jhipri, a village girl who has loved him since childhood. However, Sangram’s heart belongs to Manasi, a woman he met in Mumbai, creating a clash between his modern outlook and his family’s traditional expectations.

Sangram’s life takes a tragic turn when he learns of his father’s sudden death, prompting him to return to the village to perform the final rites. There, he discovers a poignant letter left behind by Appasaheb, expressing his dream of transforming the village into a clean, progressive, and model community that could serve as an inspiration for rural development across Maharashtra. He entrusts this vision to Sangram, urging him to fulfill it. As Sangram delves deeper into the circumstances surrounding his father’s death, he uncovers the horrifying truth, it was not a natural demise but a murder orchestrated by the corrupt Sarpanch Sarjerao, who viewed Appasaheb as an obstacle to his illicit operations. Driven by grief and his father’s unfulfilled dream, Sangram resolves to stay in the village and wage a determined fight against corruption. He exposes Sarjerao’s crimes and contests the Sarpanch elections, rallying the villagers who have long suffered under tyranny. Through honesty, resilience, and collective effort, Sangram triumphs over Sarjerao and becomes the new Sarpanch. His victory not only restores justice but also symbolizes the return of educated youth to rural India, dedicated to fostering integrity, progress, and sustainable development in their communities.

== Cast ==

* [[Bhushan Pradhan]] as Sangram Joshi
* Gauri Nalawade as Manasi
* Madhav Abhyankar as Appasaheb
* [[Shrikant Yadav]] as Sarjerao
* Kiran Sharad as Jhipri
* [[Shubhangi Latkar]] as Sangram's mother
* Anil Gavas as Jhipri's father
* Pravin Indu as Datta
* Praful Joshi
* Rajesh Bhosle as Sudhakar
* Jagdish Chavan as Satish
* Sachin Patil as Vinay
* Pooja Malekar
* Anjali Jogalekar
* Arvind Parab

== Soundtrack ==
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 11:37
| title1 = Gaav Bolavato
| length1 = 2:14
| lyrics1 = Vaibhav Joshi
| music1 = Nishad Golambare
| extra1 = Manish Rajgire
| title2 = Saada Sopaa
| length2 = 2:33
| lyrics2 = Vaibhav Joshi
| music2 = Nishad Golambare
| extra2 = [[Avadhoot Gupte]]
| title3 = Tujhich Hi Maati
| length3 = 3:51
| lyrics3 = Prakash Prabhakar
| music3 = Prakash Prabhakar
| extra3 = Prakash Prabhakar
| title4 = Tu Chal Pudha
| length4 = 2:59
| lyrics4 = Vaibhav Joshi, Mandar Cholkar
| music4 = Nishad Golambare
| extra4 = Vivek Hariharan
}}

== Release ==
The teaser of the film was unveiled on 13 February 2025, featuring a [[tagline]] that highlighted the enduring emotional bond between villages and their people despite changing times.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naik |first=Payal |date=2025-02-14 |title=गाव सोडून शहराकडे वळणाऱ्या सगळ्यांसाठी; ‘गाव बोलावतो’ चित्रपटाचा टिजर रिलीज, भूषण प्रधान दमदार भूमिकेत |url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/gaav-bolavato-movie-teaser-released-bhushan-pradhan-in-key-role-psn14 |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=Marathi News Esakal |language=Mr}}</ref> The official trailer followed on 6 March 2025, and the film was released on 21 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gaav Bolavato - Official Trailer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/marathi/gaav-bolavato-official-trailer/videoshow/118786735.cms |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Upon its release, the film received negative reviews. ''Film Information'' described it as "predictable," noting "the drama is based on a true story, it appears oft-repeated. There aren’t many scenes of relief in the tension-ridden drama."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Information |first=Film |date=2025-03-21 |title='GAAV BOLAVATO' (MARATHI) REVIEW {{!}} 21 March, 2025 |url=https://filminformation.com/featured/gaav-bolavato-marathi-review-21-march-2025/ |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=Film Information |language=en-US}}</ref> ''[[Maharashtra Times]]'' critic Kalpeshraj Kubal rated the film 2.5 stars, calling it "not effective enough." He further remarked that "Due to the shortcomings of a simple plot, a superficial screenplay and a superficial setting, the 'call' of the film is not heard as strongly as it should be."<ref>{{Cite web |title=न पोहोचलेली गावची हाक! कसा आहे भूषण प्रधानचा 'गाव बोलावतो' सिनेमा? |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/gaav-bolavato/moviereview/119335030.cms |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|35725400|Gaav Bolavato}}
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language drama films]]
[[Category:Indian survival films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:Films set in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Films shot in Maharashtra]]

M. V. Dhurandhar

2026-03-05T04:26:41Z

AdrianneKinne08:

{{Short description|Indian painter (1867–1944)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox artist
| honorific_prefix = [[Rao Bahadur]]
| name = M. V. Dhurandhar
| honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|FRSA|size=100}}
| image = M. V. Dhurandhar, self portrait.jpg
| caption = Self-portrait, {{circa|1928}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1867|3|18|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kolhapur]], [[Kolhapur State]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Maharashtra]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1944|6|1|1867|3|18|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India)
| alma_mater = [[Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art|Sir J. J. School of Art]], Mumbai
| works = {{ubl|''Shivaji Maharaj and Baji Prabhu at Pawan Khind''|''Radha-Krishna''|''Sheshashayi-Laxminarayan''}}
| awards = {{ubl|[[Rao Bahadur]]|[[Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts]]}}
| children = [[Ambika Dhurandhar]]
}}
[[Rao Bahadur]] '''Mahadev Vishwanath Dhurandhar''' {{Postnominals|country=GBR|FRSA|size=100}} (18 March 1867 – 1 June 1944) was an Indian painter<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/17/stories/2008011751200200.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121065801/http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/17/stories/2008011751200200.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=21 January 2008 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Promoting contemporary art | date=17 January 2008}}</ref> and postcard artist from the [[British Raj|British colonial era]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imagesofasia.com/dhurandhar.php|title=Women Of India By M.v. Dhurandhar|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120061013/http://imagesofasia.com/dhurandhar.php|archivedate=20 January 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Among his most popular paintings are his illustrations of common colonial-era women.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/13/stories/2007121350940200.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215181411/http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/13/stories/2007121350940200.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=15 December 2007 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Still life to move art lovers | date=13 December 2007}}</ref>

==Early life==
[[File:M V Dhurandhar.jpg|thumb|left]]
Dhurandhar was born in a [[Pathare Prabhu]] family<ref>{{cite book|author=Partha Mitter|chapter=The Age of Optimism|title=Art and Nationalism in Colonial India, 1850-1922: Occidental Orientations|year=1994 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mRTtkri8E0C&pg=PA90|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521443548}}</ref> at [[Kolhapur]], [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Profile of master artist M. V. Dhurandhar on Indiaart.com|url=https://www.indiaart.com/old-masters/M-V-Dhurandhar/Info-of-M-V-Dhurandhar.asp|access-date=2021-02-07|website=www.indiaart.com}}</ref> After schooling at Rajaram High School in Kolhapur, he was accepted into [[Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art|J.J. School of Art, Bombay]] in 1890. There he was student of the artist [[John Griffiths (artist)|John Griffiths]]. As a student he won many medals for his work. He graduated in 1895.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/05/stories/2007030505331300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106224338/http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/05/stories/2007030505331300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=6 November 2012 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Kipling's home may become a museum | date=5 March 2007}}</ref>
[[File:MV Dhurandhar, Portrait of the Artist’s Wife,.jpg|thumb|MV Dhurandhar, Portrait of the Artist’s Wife]]
==Career==
After graduating from J. J. School of Art, Dhurandhar was offered a position at the same school in 1896 where he spent the rest of his career. In 1910, he was appointed as the Head Master. He was appointed Inspector of Drawing and Craft in 1918 and served in that position until 1931. He was the Vice-Principal for two years before retiring.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delhiartgallery.com/artist/profile-m-v-dhurandhar.aspx |title=M V Dhurandhar Profile: Delhi Art Gallery |accessdate=2010-07-24 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100719032155/http://www.delhiartgallery.com/artist/profile-m-v-dhurandhar.aspx |archivedate=19 July 2010 }}</ref> In the year 1938, Dhurandhar was elected as the [[Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1938 |title=COUNCIL |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41362749 |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Arts |volume=86 |issue=4470 |pages=885–886 |jstor=41362749 |issn=0035-9114}}</ref>

===Style and works===
His popular works include documenting the city of Bombay and its people, as well as painting scenes from Hindu mythology and [[Omar Khayyam]] series.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Array-of-art/495900|title=Array of art|date=30 July 2009 |publisher=}}</ref> A prolific artist, Dhurandhar is said to have made some thousands of paintings and illustrations, including some that were turned into lithographic prints, such as his illustrations for the book ''Women of India'' by Otto Rothfield (1920).<ref>{{cite web|title=M. V. Dhurandhar|url=http://www.imagesofasia.com/biography/html/dhurandhar/Dhurandhar.php|publisher=Images of Asia|access-date=27 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326112419/http://www.imagesofasia.com/biography/html/dhurandhar/Dhurandhar.php|archive-date=26 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dhurandhar also designed postcards, provided the illustrations for [[S. M. Edwardes]], ''By-Ways of Bombay'' (1912) and [[Charles Augustus Kincaid|C. A. Kincaid]]'s ''Deccan Nursery Tales'', besides drawing cartoons for the Gujarati periodicals ''Aram'' and ''Bhoot''.<ref name="Mitter1994">{{cite book|author=Partha Mitter|title=Art and Nationalism in Colonial India, 1850-1922: Occidental Orientations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mRTtkri8E0C&pg=PA91|accessdate=27 April 2012|year=1994|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-44354-8|pages=91–}}</ref> He also made religious illustrations published by the Ravi Varma Press. He wrote an autobiography in Marathi about his years at the J.J. School. In 1926, he was commissioned by the ruler of [[Aundh State]], Maharaja [[Bhawanrao Shriniwasrao Pant Pratinidhi|Bhawanrao Pantpratinidhi]] to make paintings on the life of [[Shivaji]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=M. V. Dhurandhar The Romantic Realist |url=http://ngmaindia.gov.in/pdf/Press-release-of-M-V-dhurandhar-exhibition.pdf |website=ngmaindia.gov.in}}</ref>

After he retired from Sir J.J School of Art in 1913, he continued painting and wrote his memoirs about his years at the art School. The book was published in 1940, titled, ''Kalamandiratil Ekkechalis Varshe'' (Forty-one years in the Temple of Art). It has become an authentic documentation on the history of Art of that period.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Encyclopaedia visual art of Maharashtra: artists of the Bombay School and art institutions (late 18th to early 21st century) |date= |publisher=Pundole Art Gallery |isbn=978-81-89010-11-9 |editor-last=Bahulkar |editor-first=Suhas |edition=First |location=Mumbai |editor-last2=Ghāre |editor-first2=Dīpaka |editor-last3=Patwardhan |editor-first3=Sudhir |editor-last4=Ranade |editor-first4=Dilip |editor-last5=Pundole Art Gallery}}</ref>

==Paintings==
<gallery>
File:Self Portrait of Painter.jpg|Self Portrait of Painter
File:Visami Sadi 1916 Magazine cover.jpg|Cover art of 1916 issue of Gujarati magazine
File:Shivaji Maharaj and Baji Prabhu at Pawan Khind.jpg|[[Shivaji|Shivaji Maharaj]] and [[Baji Prabhu Deshpande|Baji Prabhu]] at [[Battle of Pavan Khind|Pawan Khind]]
File:Maharani Tarabai of Karvir.jpg|A 1927 depiction of [[Tarabai]] in battle.
File:Lengha Choli.jpg|Lengha Choli
File:Radha and Krishna by DHURANDHAR MV.jpg|Radha and Krishna
File:Sheshashayi - Laxminarayan by DHURANDHAR MV.jpg|Sheshashayi - Laxminarayan
File:Shiva's Twilight Dance.jpg|Shiva's Twilight Dance
File:Raja Shivaji at Aurangzeb's Darbar- M V Dhurandhar.jpg|[[Agra Fort|Agra]] visit of Raja Shivaji at [[Aurangzeb|Aurangzeb's]] Darbar
File:Tanaji's famous vow during Kondana campaign “Aadhi lagin kondhanyache mag mazya Raybache”.jpg|[[Tanaji Malusare|Tanaji's]] famous vow during [[Sinhagad|Kondana fort]] campaign
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|author=Partha Mitter|title=Art and Nationalism in Colonial India, 1850-1922: Occidental Orientations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mRTtkri8E0C&pg=PA91|accessdate=27 April 2012|year=1994|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-44354-8|pages=91–}}
* Allan Life. "Picture Postcards by M.V. Dhurandhar: Scenes and Types of India-with a Difference," in ''Visual Resources'' (XVII, pp. 401–416, 2001).
* Dhurandhar, M. V. "Kalamandirantil Ekechalish Varsham" [Marathi autobiography] Bombay, 1940.

==External links==
{{Sister project links|auto=1}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160120061013/http://imagesofasia.com/dhurandhar.php Paintings of M. V. Dhurandhar]
* {{Gutenberg author | id=34773| name=M. V. Dhurandhar}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Mahadev Vishwanath Dhurandhar}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhurandhar, M. V.}}
[[Category:Indian portrait painters]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian illustrators]]
[[Category:Indian art educators]]
[[Category:Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art alumni]]
[[Category:1867 births]]
[[Category:1944 deaths]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Rai Bahadurs]]
[[Category:People from Kolhapur]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Sir J. J. School of Art]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:Painters from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Bombay School]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:Painters from British India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian illustrators]]

Shunyo E Buke

2026-03-04T03:45:05Z

AdrianneKinne08: Creating New Article

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shunyo E Buke
| image = Shunyo E Buke.jpg
| alt = DVD cover
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Kaushik Ganguly]]
| producer = Forthright media and entertainment
| writer = Kaushik Ganguly
| screenplay = Kaushik Ganguly
| story =
| based_on = 
| narrator =
| starring = [[Kaushik Sen]] [[Churni Ganguly]] [[Kharaj Mukherjee]]
| music =
| cinematography = Adinath Das.
| editing = Subrata Roy
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2005}}
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget = 30lakh
| runtime = 140 minutes
| gross =
}}
'''''Shunyo E Buke''''' (English: Empty canvas) is a 2005 [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[drama film]] directed by [[Kaushik Ganguly]].<ref name="Bold and Uninhibited">{{cite web|title=Bold and Uninhibited|url=http://www.banglanatokmovie.com/bangla-movie/sunno-e-buke.htm|accessdate=11 April 2012}}</ref> The film deals with the psyche of men and women and their physical relationship. After making ''[[Waarish]]'' Ganguly made this second feature film and it did well in Kolkata and was appreciated in few film festivals.<ref name="Reality on road Telegraph">{{cite web|title=Reality on road|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090116/jsp/entertainment/story_10396391.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203181210/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090116/jsp/entertainment/story_10396391.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2013|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=11 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shunyo E Buke to Bijoya: Films that make Kaushik Ganguly one of the most important filmmakers of Bengal |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/shunyo-e-buke-to-bijoya-films-that-make-kaushik-ganguly-one-of-the-most-important-filmmakers-of-bengal/cid/1956783 |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=The Telegraph|location=India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mixed menu for Poila Baisakh platter|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/mixed-menu-for-poila-baisakh-platter/cid/1271803|access-date=2022-01-06|website=The Telegraph|location=India}}</ref>

==Plot==
Saumitra, a brilliant painter and sculptor, visits [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments]] to draw inspiration and meets Teesta there through a common friend, Anjit, who is an artist too. Love blossoms between them in Kolkata, and though their family and economic standards are poles apart, they decide to marry. Teesta breaks away from her rich, blue-blood family. On the wedding night, Saumitra, to his shock, discovers that Teesta is flat-chested. The shock develops into a sense of being cheated, anger and finally, hatred. Teesta confides in and seeks advice from Sharmistha di, her boss. When Saumitra arrives, he is turned away. Saumitra draws a diagram one day and shows the shortcomings of Teesta's body to Joydeep, who in turn tells Sujoy and Sujoy to Anjit. Teesta hears about this from Anjit. She asks Saumitro not to make a mockery of her any more and asks for a divorce. A few years later, Saumitro comes across Anjit, Teesta and their daughter. Anijit and Teesta remained in touch and later got married. Teesta tells Saumitro that her husband is quite happy with her despite her physical shortcomings, and they have a happy married life. Saumitra regrets the offences he committed and feels guilty and ashamed.

==Cast==
*[[Churni Ganguly]] as Teesta Mitra
*[[Kaushik Sen]] as Saumitra
*[[Kharaj Mukherjee]] as Joydeep
*[[Tota Roy Choudhury]] as Arijit
*[[Biswajit Chakraborty]]
*[[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]]
*Sudip Mitra

;Guest appearance
*[[Roopa Ganguly]] as Sharmisthadi
*[[Soma Dey]]
*[[Deepankar De]]

==Crew==
*Direction, story, screenplay: [[Kaushik Ganguly]]
*Chief assistant directors: Abhijit Chowdhury, Amitava Chakraborty
*Assistant directors: Tarun Chakraborty, Joydeep Mukherjee
*Production: Forthright media and entertainment
*Executive producer: Shaswati Guha Thakurta
*Art direction: Samir Kundu
*Make up: Sekhar Banerjee
*Camera: Adinath Das
*Editing: Subrata Roy
*Background music: Chiradeep Dasgupta
*Music direction: Goutam Banerjee
*Sound recording: Nanda Kishore Ghosh
*Re-recording: Nataraj Manna
*Playback singer: Kharaj Mukherjee
*Stills: Samir Sikdar, Shibhnath Karmakar
*Costume planning: [[Churni Ganguly]]
*Calligraphy: Goutam Barat

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0456663|Shunyo E Buke}}

{{Kaushik Ganguly}}

[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kaushik Ganguly]]
[[Category:2005 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Himansu Sekhar Meher

2026-02-25T03:38:07Z

AdrianneKinne08: started a info v1...

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| office = Minister of Textile & Handloom [[Government of Odisha]]
| term_start = 6 August 2002
| term_end = 16 May 2004
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Odisha|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Naveen Patnaik]]
| predecessor = [[Arabinda Dhali]]
| successor = Golak Bihari Naik
| office1 = Minister of Labour & Employment [[Government of Odisha]]
| term_start1 = 6 August 2002
| term_end1 = 16 May 2004
| 1blankname1 = [[Chief Minister of Odisha|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata1 = [[Naveen Patnaik]]
| predecessor1 = [[Bimbadhar Kuanr]]
| successor1 = [[Pradipta Kumar Naik]]
| office2 = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 1998
| term_end2 = 2009
| predecessor2 = [[Bikram Keshari Deo]]
| successor2 = Gobardhan Dash
| constituency2 = [[Junagarh Assembly constituency|Junagarh]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1956|08|27}}
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = Ratna Prava Meher
| children = 2 sons, 1 daughter
| father = Lambodar Meher
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts]] [[Bachelor of Laws]]
| profession = Agriculturist, Politician
| source = https://odishaassembly.nic.in/memberprofile.aspx?img=98
}}

'''Himansu Sekhar Meher''' is an Indian politician from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Odisha]]. He served as the Minister of Textiles & Handlooms in the [[First Naveen Patnaik ministry]] from 2002 to 2004.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2002-08-06 |title=Naveen Patnaik inducts eight new ministers |url=https://m.rediff.com/news/2002/aug/06oris.htm |work=Rediff}}</ref> He had represented [[Junagarh Assembly constituency|Junagarh]] in the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from 1998 to 2009. He stood third in the [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 state election]] from [[Junagarh Assembly constituency|Junagarh]] losing out to Gobardhan Dash of the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Junagarh Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/junagarh-odisha-assembly-constituency#google_vignette |access-date= |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> ''' '''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Meher, Himansu Sekhar}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 1995–2000]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 2000–2004]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 2004–2009]]
{{Odisha-BJP-politician-stub}}

Dairy in India

2026-02-24T13:47:20Z

AdrianneKinne08: Added new post

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}
[[File:Cow and its calf.jpg|thumb|Sculpture of a cow and calf, [[Uttar Pradesh]], 7th century CE. Collection of the [[Los Angeles County Museum of Art]].]]
[[Dairy]] plays a significant part in numerous aspects of [[Indian society]], including [[Indian cuisine|cuisine]], [[Religion in India|religion]], [[Culture of India|culture]], and the [[Economy of India|economy]].

India has the world's largest dairy herd with over 300 million [[bovines]], producing over 190 million tonnes of milk. India is first among all countries in both production and consumption of milk. Most of the milk is domestically consumed, though a small fraction is also exported. [[Indian cuisine]], in particular [[North Indian cuisine]], features a number of dairy products like [[paneer]], while [[South Indian cuisine]] uses more [[yoghurt]]s and milk. Milk and dairy products play a part in [[Hinduism|Hindu]] religious practice and legend.

Dairy production in the [[Indian subcontinent]] has historical roots that go back 8,000 years to the domestication of [[zebu cattle]]. Dairy products, especially [[milk]], were consumed on the subcontinent at least from the [[Vedic period]]. In the mid- to late 20th century, [[Operation Flood]] transformed the Indian dairy industry into the world's largest. Previously, milk production in India occurred mainly on household farms.

The economic impact of the dairy industry in India is substantial. Most of the milk produced comes from [[Bubalina|buffalo]]; [[cow]] milk is a close second, and [[goat milk]] a distant third. A large variety of dairy products like paneer, butter, ghee, and yogurt are produced by buffaloes in India. Dairy imports into India are negligible and subject to tariffs. The domestic industry is regulated by government agencies such as [[Ministry of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries]]; [[National Dairy Development Board]]; and [[Food Safety and Standards Authority of India]].

== History ==

=== Early period ===
The history of dairy in the Indian subcontinent goes back roughly 8,000 years to the first domestication of [[zebu cattle]],{{sfn|Wiley|2014|p=54}} which is thought to have originated in India.{{sfn|Nivsarkar|Vij|Tantia|2013}} By the beginning of the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] ({{circa|3300|1300}} BCE), zebu cattle had been fully domesticated and used for their milk. They are abundantly represented in the osteological remains and ceramics of the time. The water buffalo is also indigenous to South Asia. While wild populations were present long before domestication, they were domesticated and used for [[ploughing]] and milk by the time of the Indus Valley Civilisation. Goats and sheep were also domesticated in the Indus valley, though it is uncertain if they were milked.{{sfn|Wiley|2014|p=55}}

In the [[Vedic period]] ({{circa|1500|500}} BCE), milk was one of the primary elements of the typical diet.{{Sfn|Wiley|2014|p=57}} Milk and milk products including clarified butter were consumed. The [[Vedas]] refer to milk in a number of passages and contains over 700 references to cows, which are described with high regard{{sfn|Wiley|2014|p=57}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Alter|first=Joseph S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EMu1xKEWBt4C&pg=PA148|title=The Wrestler's Body: Identity and Ideology in North India|date=3 August 1992|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=978-0-520-91217-5|pages=148}}</ref> and referred to as ''aghnya'' (not to be killed).{{Sfn|Doniger|2009|p=112}}<ref>{{cite book | last =Singh | first =Upinder | year =2008 | title =A History of Ancient and Early Mediaeval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century | publisher =[[Pearson Education India]] | isbn =978-81-317-1120-0 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA184 | author-link =Upinder Singh }}</ref> Both the Vedas and the [[Pali canon]], which are rich in descriptions of contemporary culture, contain numerous references to offerings of milk products and their processing.{{sfn|Hirata|2020|p=77}} Milk, generally boiled cow milk, was used for preparing a mixture with grains, and [[gruel]] with parched [[barley]].{{sfn|Wiley|2014|p=57}}{{sfn|Prakash|1961|pp=12–13}}

Yoghurt (curd) was another form in which milk was consumed during the period. The Vedas describe [[curdling]] of milk by mixing a portion of soured milk into it.<ref name=":3" /> They also mention curdling of milk by the addition of plant substances such as the bark of the [[Butea monosperma|palash]] tree and the fruit of [[jujube]], which may have contained [[rennet]]-like enzymes.<ref name=":3" /> These are some of the earliest documented references to enzymatic [[cheese-making]].<ref name=":3">{{cite book |last1=Kindstedt |first1=Paul |title=Cheese and Culture: A History of Cheese and its Place in Western Civilization |date=2012 |publisher=[[Chelsea Green Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-60358-412-8 |page=37 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_HiGGcFomlUC&pg=PA37 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Anajaria |first1=Jonathan Shapiro |last2=Jasani |first2=Mansi |editor1-last=Donnelly |editor1-first=Catherine |title=The Oxford Companion to Cheese |date=2016 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-933089-8 |page=373 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fRnGDQAAQBAJ }}</ref>

Indologist [[Wendy Doniger]] compares Vedic peoples to American [[cowboy]]s, noting that they would often go on raids for the cattle of their rivals.{{Sfn|Doniger|2009|p=111}} She further observes that Vedic groups viewed cattle as a form of wealth.{{Sfn|Doniger|2009|p=112}}

According to the [[Sutra literature]], during the period {{circa|800|300}} BCE, boiled rice with milk or curd continued to be a common food item. Cows used to be milked twice a day. The ones which were pregnant or undergoing their [[estrous cycle]] or nursing a calf of another cow were not milked. The preparation of [[payasa]] is also noted.{{sfn|Prakash|1961|pp=35–38}} ''Madhuparka'' – a mixture of honey with curds or ghee was used for welcoming guests. The preparation of a sweet with clarified butter as one of the ingredients is also mentioned.{{sfn|Prakash|1961|pp=40-41}} The [[Early Buddhist texts|Buddhist]] and [[Jain texts]] of the period also regard milk and its products important articles of food, with milk-rice being especially favoured. They mention preparations made from curds, butter and buttermilk. The milk of camels and goats were also in use, in addition to that of cows and buffaloes.{{sfn|Prakash|1961|pp=62-63}}

Milk, curds, and [[ghee]] were important elements of food in the Indian subcontinent over the reigns of rulers from different religious backgrounds. A number of foreign travellers noted the presence of dairy products in the Indian diet.{{sfn|Wiley|2017|p=44}}

=== Modern period ===

[[File:A Railway Milk wagon at Renigunta Junction.jpg|thumb|A rail car carrying milk, labelled [[Operation Flood]], at [[Renigunta Junction railway station|Renigunta Junction]] in [[Renigunta]]]]
Dairy in India was once a largely subsistence-oriented occupation intended to produce milk for home consumption. In 1919, a dairy animal census was conducted for the first time by British colonial officials.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mohan|first=C. Madan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XLo6K8wCgg4C&pg=PA31|title=Dairy Management in India: A Study in Andhra Pradesh|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=1989|pages=31|oclc=220684728}}</ref> A report authored in 1937 indicated a sub-optimal rate of milk consumption in the country. It estimated a per capita intake of {{convert|7|oz|g}} per day (inclusive of all dairy products), which was the lowest among all large dairy countries. Low productivity of dairy animals and widespread poverty were the challenges in increasing dairy production and consumption. Consumption varied by geographic and economic conditions, but was on the whole quite low.{{sfn|Wiley|2017|pp=44–46}}

In the 1920s, modern milk processing and marketing technologies were introduced in India. The [[National Dairy Development Board]] (NDDB) was founded in 1965. It launched [[Operation Flood]] in 1969–70, a programme aimed at modernising and developing the dairy sector using [[co-operative]]s.{{sfn|Sinha|2007|p=v}} During this period, dairy co-operatives emerged as a dominant force, as a result of the exploitative nature of private milk plants and vendors.{{sfn|Venkatasubramanian|Singh|Rao|2003|p=97}} Co-operatives were based on the "Anand model" – a three-tier organisational structure comprising (i) village-level co-operative societies (the primary producers), (ii) district-level co-operative producers' unions which collected the milk and operated processing plants, and (iii) state-level federations for marketing. This model was evolved in [[Anand, Gujarat]], having begun there in 1946, and came to be adopted all over the country.{{sfn|Hirata|2020|p=76}}{{sfn|Venkatasubramanian|Singh|Rao|2003|p=98}}

Operation Flood proceeded in three phases. Phase I (1970–1981) focussed on developing dairy production in areas surrounding [[New Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Kolkata]], and [[Chennai]].{{Sfn|Venkatasubramanian|Singh|Rao|2003|pp=19–20}} Phase II (beginning 1986), a larger phase of the project, expanded investment to 147 urban centres across the country.{{Sfn|Venkatasubramanian|Singh|Rao|2003|p=20}} Phase III, which continued to the mid-1990s, expanded investment still further, to a number of smaller towns.{{Sfn|Venkatasubramanian|Singh|Rao|2003|p=21}} In addition to investments by the government of India, several phases of Operation Flood were funded in part by the [[World Bank]] and [[European Economic Community]].{{Sfn|Venkatasubramanian|Singh|Rao|2003|pp=20–21}}

India has been the world's largest milk producer since 1997, when it surpassed the [[Dairy industry in the United States|United States]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=The Worldwatch Institute |title=State of the World 2001 |date=2015 |publisher=Island Press |isbn=978-1-61091-638-7 |page=58 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIXCBgAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Sumit |title=On World Milk Day, a look at how India became the largest producer and why it continues to be so |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/on-world-milk-day-a-look-at-how-india-became-the-largest-producer-and-why-it-continues-to-be-so/695991/ |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |date=1 June 2017 |access-date=12 September 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116040854/https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/on-world-milk-day-a-look-at-how-india-became-the-largest-producer-and-why-it-continues-to-be-so/695991/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Culture ==
=== Cuisine ===
{{see also|List of Indian dairy products}}
{| class="wikitable" style="float: right;"
|+ Indian dairy products and preparation{{sfn|Hirata|2020|p=79}}
|-
! Method !! Products
|-
| [[Lactic acid fermentation]] || [[Dahi (curd)|Dahi]], [[shrikhand]], [[lassi]]
|-
| Fermented milk coagulation || [[Chhena]], [[paneer]], [[whey]]
|-
| Heat [[condensation]] || [[Kheer]], [[khoa]], [[rabri]], [[malai]]
|-
| Heat condensation and freezing || [[Kulfi]]
|}
Dairy has been an integral part of [[Indian cuisine]] from ancient times to the present. [[North Indian cuisine]]s are particularly well known to rely heavily on dairy products.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Misra |first1=Anoop |title=Dietary Considerations in Diabetes – ECAB |date=2012 |publisher=[[Elsevier|Elsevier Health Sciences]] |isbn=978-81-312-3209-5 |page=78 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lz7unrFubdEC&pg=PA78}}</ref> A distinctive feature of [[Punjabi cuisine]] is the use of [[paneer]], a type of cheese. The Punjabi [[dal makhani]] is a rich stew of black lentils, kidney beans, butter and cream.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hosking |first1=Richard |title=Authenticity in the Kitchen: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 2005 |year=2006 |publisher=Oxford Symposium |isbn=978-1-903018-47-7 |page=394 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HflTVd898PAC&pg=PT394 }}</ref> The popular paneer dishes include [[mattar paneer]], [[palak paneer]], [[shahi paneer]], paneer kofta, and paneer bhurgy. Paneer is also used for making [[paneer pakora]] (a fried snack) and [[paneer paratha]] (a layered [[chapati]] stuffed with paneer).<ref name="Shutleff"/> [[Ghee]], a form of [[clarified butter]], is commonly used in Indian cuisine. It used with rice preparations such as [[biryani]] and as a spread on unleavened breads ([[roti]]). It has a strong flavour and is also used as cooking oil.{{sfn|Hirata|2020|p=85}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Koeller |first1=Kim |last2=France |first2=Robert La |title=Gluten Free Dining in Indian Restaurants |year=2013 |publisher=R & R Publishing |isbn=978-0-9829599-7-8 |page=14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kw1i6SoV0eEC&dq=ghee&pg=PA14 }}</ref> [[Cream]] is also usually used in dishes in North Indian cuisines to make the gravy rich and creamy.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Cooking Hacks: Swap Cream And Starch In Curries With These Healthy Ingredients |url=https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/indian-cooking-hacks-swap-cream-and-starch-in-curries-with-these-healthy-ingredients-2043659 |website=NDTV Food |date=28 May 2019 |access-date=28 August 2020 |archive-date=2 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602152613/https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/indian-cooking-hacks-swap-cream-and-starch-in-curries-with-these-healthy-ingredients-2043659 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Another common use of milk is in tea (''chai''). Most tea consumed in India is sugared [[milk tea]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ghosh |first1=Ambarish |title=Tea culture: A transformation is brewing in India |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/business/tea-culture-transformation-brewing-india-1502756133.html |website=The Statesman |date=17 May 2019}}</ref> Drinking tea became ingrained in Indian culture over the 20th century,{{sfn|Wiley|2014|p=66}} with a per capita consumption of {{Convert|0.78|kg|lb|abbr=}} as of 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gujarat top tea drinker |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/gujarat-top-tea-drinker/cid/1654821 |work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |date=28 August 2018 |access-date=10 September 2020 |archive-date=22 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922225738/https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/gujarat-top-tea-drinker/cid/1654821 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Religion ===
{{see also|Cattle in religion and mythology#In Indian religions}}
[[File:20191207 Krowa nad Jeziorem Pichola w Udajpurze 1509 7245 DxO.jpg|thumb|Cow in [[Udaipur]], 2019]]
The cow has a sacred status in [[Hinduism]], which is the majority religion in India. However nearly half of the milk produced in India comes from [[Bubalina|buffaloes]],{{sfn|Ministry of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries|2019|p=3}}<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JGBBhS-Wnz4C|title=The Encyclopedia of Farm Animal Nutrition|publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International|CABI]]|year=2004|isbn=978-0-85199-369-0|editor-last=Fuller|editor-first=M. F.|pages=589|quote=35% of India's milk animals, other than goats, are river buffaloes and they produce almost 70% of India's milk.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vijh|first1=R. K.|last2=Tantia|first2=M. S.|last3=Mishra|first3=B.|last4=Bharani Kumar|first4=S. T.|date=1 July 2008|title=Genetic relationship and diversity analysis of Indian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)|url=https://academic.oup.com/jas/article/86/7/1495/4789087|journal=[[Journal of Animal Science]]|volume=86|issue=7|pages=1495–1502|doi=10.2527/jas.2007-0321|pmid=18344309|issn=0021-8812|quote=River buffaloes are the mainstay of the dairy industry in India and are fast replacing indigenous cattle (''[[Bos indicus]]'') in milk pockets or areas of concentrated milk production.|url-access=subscription}}</ref> which are also consumed as meat ([[carabeef]]). In contrast to the cow, the water buffalo is seen as unclean and inauspicious. In Hindu mythology, evil is often represented by the water buffalo. The Hindu god of Death, [[Yama (Hinduism)|Yama]] rides on a water buffalo. In the 1940s, [[Mahatma Gandhi]] lamented the preference for buffalo milk in the Indian society, noting the nutritional superiority of cow milk.{{Sfn|Wiley|2017|p=50}}

Ancient Indian [[cosmology]] postulated that the Earth's continents were submerged in a variety of dairy products, including milk and ghee.{{Sfn|Doniger|2009|p=60}}

According to Wendy Doniger, during the early Common Era, the ideal Hindu devotee's practice changed from sacrifice and consumption of cows to milking of cows.{{Sfn|Doniger|2009|p=112–113}} In other words, she argues, there was a cultural shift between "hunting" cows and "preserving" them in order to use products such as milk.{{Sfn|Doniger|2009|p=113}} Milk, [[curd]] and [[ghee]] were three of the five sacred cow products for Hindus.{{Sfn|Wiley|2017|p=43}}

Milk is one of the offerings made by devotees in a number of Hindu festivals, such as [[Maha Shivaratri]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Why milk is an integral part of Maha Shivratri celebration |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food-news/why-milk-is-an-integral-part-of-maha-shivratri-celebration/photostory/74222880.cms?picid=74222891 |website=The Times of India |date=21 February 2020 |access-date=27 August 2020 |archive-date=22 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922225737/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food-news/why-milk-is-an-integral-part-of-maha-shivratri-celebration/photostory/74222880.cms?picid=74222891 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sengupta |first1=Sushmita |title=Mahashivratri 2018: Why Milk Plays a Significant Role in This Festival |url=https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/mahashivratri-2018-why-milk-plays-a-significant-role-in-this-festival-1662618 |website=NDTV Food |date=14 February 2018 |access-date=27 August 2020 |archive-date=27 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927085654/https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/mahashivratri-2018-why-milk-plays-a-significant-role-in-this-festival-1662618 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Nag Panchami]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food-news/what-is-the-of-milk-in-nag-panchami/articleshow/70532896.cms |title=What is the significance of milk in Nag Panchami |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=25 June 2020 |access-date=24 August 2020 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727041150/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food-news/what-is-the-of-milk-in-nag-panchami/articleshow/70532896.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> During [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]], rice is boiled in milk until it overflows out of the clay pot, and then offered to the gods, to the cows, and finally to the family members.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pongal |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pongal |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=27 August 2020 |archive-date=23 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023130537/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pongal |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Why rice and milk are overflowed during Pongal celebrations? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food-news/why-rice-and-milk-are-overflowed-during-pongal-celebrations/articleshow/67419776.cms |website=The Times of India |date=14 January 2019 |access-date=27 August 2020 |archive-date=23 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123070117/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food-news/why-rice-and-milk-are-overflowed-during-pongal-celebrations/articleshow/67419776.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> During [[Holi]], milk is used for preparing [[thandai]], a slightly intoxicating drink.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fieldhouse |first1=Paul |title=Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions |year=2017 |publisher=[[ABC-Clio]] |isbn=978-1-61069-412-4 |page=272 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P-FqDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA272 }}</ref> In [[Kerala]], the state government procured 8.5 million litres of milk for the festival of [[Onam]] in 2015.<ref>{{cite news |last1=N. |first1=Smitha |title=Kerala to buy 85 lakh litres of milk for Onam |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150819/nation-current-affairs/article/kerala-buy-85-lakh-litres-milk-onam |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=19 August 2015 |access-date=27 August 2020 |archive-date=23 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723212910/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150819/nation-current-affairs/article/kerala-buy-85-lakh-litres-milk-onam |url-status=live }}</ref>

There was some conflict in early [[Buddhism]], with its emphasis on ''[[ahiṃsā]]'' (non-violence), as to whether drinking milk was ethical as it deprived calves of their nourishment, but this view was ultimately abandoned.{{Sfn|Wiley|2017|p=43}}

[[Jainism]], even with its more extreme views on ''ahiṃsā'' and [[Jain vegetarianism|vegetarianism]], does not prohibit consumption of dairy products. While the Jain doctrine prohibits intentional infliction of suffering or distress to any multi-sensed being, most Jains do consume dairy products. This has been source of tension in the religion. Some Jains argue that dairy (along with other animal products like wool) can be produced without causing ''hiṃsā'' (harm). However, this ignores the reality of industrial dairy production which typically causes great distress to the animals. The sentiment in the Jain community is growing in the direction of [[veganism]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Puskar-Pasewicz |first1=Margaret |title=Cultural Encyclopedia of Vegetarianism |year=2010 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-37557-6 |page=142 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=scpwmjE3TWYC }}</ref>

=== Traditional medicine ===
Milk plays a part in [[Ayurveda]], a form of alternative medicine practised in India.{{Sfn|Wiley|2014|p=83}} Ayurveda recommends daily consumption of milk because of its good digestive and sedative properties.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sengupta |first1=Sushmita |title=What Is The Best Time To Drink Milk According To Ayurveda? |url=https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/what-is-the-best-time-to-drink-milk-according-to-ayurveda-1795658 |website=NDTV Food |date=4 January 2018 |access-date=27 August 2020 |archive-date=17 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617153516/https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/what-is-the-best-time-to-drink-milk-according-to-ayurveda-1795658 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Production ==
{{see also|Animal husbandry in India}}
{{Pie chart
| radius = 100
| thumb = right
| caption = Proportion of milk by species (2017–18){{sfn|Ministry of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries|2019|p=3}}
| other =
| label1 =Indigenous buffalo
| value1 =35
| label2 =Non-descript buffalo
| value2 =14
| label3 =Goat
| value3 =4
| label4 =Non-descript cows
| value4 =10
| label5 =Indigenous cows
| value5 =10
| label6 =Cross-bred cows
| value6 =26
| label7 =Exotic cows
| value7 =1
}}
India has the highest level of milk production and consumption of all countries.<ref name="USDAERS1" />{{sfn|Wiley|2017|p=41}} The annual production was 186 million tonnes {{as of|2018|lc=y}}.<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 2019|title=Overview of global dairy market developments in 2018|url=http://www.fao.org/3/ca3879en/ca3879en.pdf|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization|Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]]|location=Rome|page=8|access-date=24 August 2020|archive-date=11 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711085003/http://www.fao.org/3/ca3879en/ca3879en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{As of|2020|}}, approximately 4.2% of India's gross domestic product was due to dairy production.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hussain|first=Siraj|date=6 August 2020|title=India's COVID-19 Crisis Has Placed Its Dairy Farmers at a Crossroads|url=https://thewire.in/agriculture/india-covid-19-dairy-farmers-milk-production|url-status=live|access-date=21 August 2020|website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]|archive-date=20 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820125519/https://thewire.in/agriculture/india-covid-19-dairy-farmers-milk-production}}</ref> In 2019, the Indian dairy sector was reported to be growing at 4.9% yearly.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=25 July 2019|title=Indian dairy sector grew 6.4% annually over the last four years|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/indian-dairy-sector-grows-by-64-annually-in-last-4-years-giriraj-singh/article28708657.ece|url-status=live|access-date=21 August 2020|website=[[Business Line]]|archive-date=25 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725020855/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/indian-dairy-sector-grows-by-64-annually-in-last-4-years-giriraj-singh/article28708657.ece}}</ref> In 2018–19, the Government of India reported that 187.7 million tonnes of milk had been produced, and that the per capita availability of milk in India was 394 grams per day.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Milk Production in India: Milk production and per capita availability of milk in India|url=https://www.nddb.coop/information/stats/milkprodindia|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817150049/https://www.nddb.coop/information/stats/milkprodindia|archive-date=17 August 2020|access-date=28 August 2020|publisher=[[National Dairy Development Board]], [[Government of India]]}}</ref>

India has a population of over 300 million [[bovine]]s as per the 2019 livestock census, including 192.49 million [[cattle]] and 109.85 million buffaloes.<ref name="IE2019census">{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Harikishan |title=Explained: Reading the livestock census |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/reading-the-livestock-census-2019-india-6075270/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=17 October 2019 |access-date=6 September 2020 |archive-date=9 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209185617/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/reading-the-livestock-census-2019-india-6075270/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Nearly half of the milk produced in India comes from [[water buffalo]]es, as opposed to cows;{{sfn|Ministry of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries|2019|p=3}}<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Yates|first=Jack|date=28 November 2018|title=Three diverse Indian dairy systems compared|url=https://www.fwi.co.uk/livestock/dairy/three-diverse-indian-dairy-systems-compared|url-status=live|access-date=3 September 2020|website=[[Farmers Weekly]]|archive-date=28 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128164116/https://www.fwi.co.uk/livestock/dairy/three-diverse-indian-dairy-systems-compared}}</ref> previously, water buffalo produced the majority of milk in India.<ref>{{harvnb|Wiley|2014|p=82}} "Among countries with large-scale milk production, India is unique insofar as most milk comes not from cows, but water buffalo. Consistent with mid-twentieth-century patterns, buffalo currently contribute 58 of the total milk supply …"</ref> {{As of|2019}}, buffaloes produced 91.82 million tonnes of milk.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last1=Shridhar|first1=Tarun|last2=Gupta|first2=Sharad|date=5 March 2020|title=Don't allow it to be cowed down|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/dairy-consumption-india-indian-express-6299595/|url-status=live|access-date=3 September 2020|website=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=5 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305134940/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/dairy-consumption-india-indian-express-6299595/}}</ref> [[Goat milk]] is the third-most produced variety of milk,{{Sfn|Wiley|2014|p=83}} with a contribution of 4% as of 2017–18.{{sfn|Ministry of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries|2019|p=3}} The predominant genotype in Indian native breeds of cows and buffaloes is described as A2A2, meaning they produce [[A2 milk]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Satyanarayana|first=KV|date=19 April 2018|title=The hype over branded A2 milk|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/columns/the-hype-over-branded-a2-milk/article23605826.ece|url-status=live|access-date=21 August 2020|website=[[Business Line]]|archive-date=17 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717073308/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/columns/the-hype-over-branded-a2-milk/article23605826.ece}}</ref>

The population of indigenous breeds of cattle have steadily been decreasing, while that of the more productive exotic and cross-bred breeds has been increasing.<ref name="IE2019census"/> Indigenous cows produce about {{Convert|3.73|kg|lb|abbr=}} of milk per day, compared to {{Convert|7.61|kg|lb|abbr=}} per day for cross-bred cows and {{Convert|11.48|kg|lb|abbr=}} per day for exotic cows.{{sfn|Ministry of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries|2019|p=3}} However, according to some experts, the milk of indigenous cows have higher nutritional value and thus their declining population can have long-term health and environmental effects.<ref name="IE2019census"/>

Today, India is largely self-sufficient in milk production.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ramakumar|first=R.|date=6 November 2019|title=A victory for the dairy sector|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-victory-for-the-dairy-sector/article29891203.ece|url-status=live|access-date=21 August 2020|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=22 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922225743/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-victory-for-the-dairy-sector/article29891203.ece}}</ref>{{Sfn|Kannan|Birthal|2010|p=1}} Until the country's independence in 1947, dairy production and trade were almost entirely in the household sector. Isolated attempts at forming milk production co-operatives were made in the 1930s and 1940s, but this was successful only after independence.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shah|first=Deepak|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tynJBnCS0zcC&pg=PA285|title=India's Rural Cooperatives|publisher=Regency Publications|year=1998|isbn=978-81-86030-54-7|editor-last=Kainth|editor-first=Gursharan Singh|pages=285}}</ref> Milk production in India increased approximately threefold between 1968 and 2001, when it reached 80 million metric tonnes per year.{{Sfn|Rajendran|Mohanty|2004|p=34}} As of 2004–05, milk production was estimated to be of 90.7 million metric tonnes.{{Sfn|Sinha|2007|p=3}} As of 2010, the dairy industry accounted for 20% of India's gross agricultural output.{{Sfn|Kannan|Birthal|2010|p=1}}

In [[Maharashtra]] alone, there are approximately 4 million [[Dairy farming|dairy farmers]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tare|first=Kiran|date=28 July 2020|title=Why dairy farmers are protesting in Maharashtra|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/cheap-milk-angry-farmers-1705422-2020-07-28|url-status=live|access-date=21 August 2020|website=[[India Today]]|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728231108/https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/cheap-milk-angry-farmers-1705422-2020-07-28}}</ref> although as of 2014 [[Gujarat]] had the highest dairy output of the [[states and union territories of India]].{{Sfn|Wiley|2014|p=87}} The livestock sector in India is characterised by large numbers but little productivity across species. As of 1992, the number of cattle, the most populous species, was 204 million.{{Sfn|Sinha|2007|p=2}} Dairy production in India comes primarily from small-scale dairy farmers; most of India's 75 million rural dairy farms consist of 10 cattle or less and are family-owned and operated.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Narula|first=Svati Kirsten|date=15 July 2014|title=India's 75 million dairy farms now produce more milk than all of the European Union|url=https://qz.com/235085/india-75-million-dairy-farms-now-make-more-milk-than-all-of-the-european-union/|url-status=live|access-date=21 August 2020|website=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]]|archive-date=29 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329024632/https://qz.com/235085/india-75-million-dairy-farms-now-make-more-milk-than-all-of-the-european-union/}}</ref>

=== Use of water buffaloes ===
[[File:09963 Water buffalo.JPG|thumb|[[Water buffalo]] near [[Kodassery]], [[Thrissur district]], Kerala, in 2015]]
The dairy industry in India is unique among large-scale milk producing countries in terms of its large share of [[buffalo milk]]. Until 2013, buffaloes accounted for more than half of all milk produced in the country,{{sfn|Wiley|2014|p=82}} though the figure has reduced to less than 50% given the increasing consumer demand for cow milk.<ref name="BS">{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Sohini |title=Now, dairy farmers prefer to milk buffaloes than cows? |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/for-dairy-farmers-preference-moos-from-cow-to-buffalo-117051700815_1.html |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=17 May 2017 |access-date=19 September 2020 |archive-date=21 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221025114/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/for-dairy-farmers-preference-moos-from-cow-to-buffalo-117051700815_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> While there are a number of recognised buffalo breeds, more than half of the buffaloes are non-descript.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nilotpal |first1=Ghosh |title=Livestock Production Management |date=July 2019 |publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-93-88028-98-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GpipDwAAQBAJ }}</ref> The [[Murrah buffalo|Murrah]] is the most popular dairy breed,<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Park |editor1-first=Young W. |editor2-last=Haenlein |editor2-first=George F. W. |title=Handbook of Milk of Non-Bovine Mammals |date=2008 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-0-470-99972-1 |page=199 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Z1lNm61qWwC&pg=PA199}}</ref> and has attracted demand from other countries as well.{{sfn|Bhat|Yadav|2018|p=220}} The [[Nili-Ravi]] and [[Jafarabadi buffalo]]es also give good yields.{{sfn|Bhat|Yadav|2018|p=67}}

Dairy farmers in the many states prefer buffaloes due to the difficulty in disposing off [[dry cow]]s due to the revered status of the cow,<ref name="BS"/> whereas water buffaloes are usually sold for slaughter once they are past their milk cycle or when the yield reduces.<ref name="BL">{{cite web |last1=Damodaran |first1=Harish |title=Cow Belt or Buffalo Nation? |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/columns/harish-damodaran/cow-belt-or-buffalo-nation/article22985221.ece |website=Business Line |date=18 April 2012 |access-date=19 September 2020 |archive-date=20 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920175042/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/columns/harish-damodaran/cow-belt-or-buffalo-nation/article22985221.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[cattle slaughter in India|slaughter of cows]] is banned in most Indian states.{{sfn|Intodia|2017|p=2}}

Buffaloes metabolise low-quality feed more efficiently than cattle, and buffalo [[husbandry]] is less expensive than raising cattle. They also give higher yields than indigenous species of cattle.<ref name="KhedkarEtAl">{{cite book |last1=Khedkar |first1=C. D. |last2=Kalyankar |first2=S. D. |last3=Deosarkar |first3=S. S. |editor1-last=Caballero |editor1-first=Benjamin |editor2-last=Toldra |editor2-first=Fidel |editor3-last=Finglas |editor3-first=Paul M. |title=Encyclopedia of Food and Health |date=2015 |publisher=[[Elsevier|Elsevier Science]] |isbn=978-0-12-384953-3 |page=522 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O-t9BAAAQBAJ }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Simoons |first1=Frederick J. |editor1-last=Noble |editor1-first=Allen G. |title=India: Cultural Patterns And Processes |date=2019 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-429-72463-3 |page=57 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ACyNDwAAQBAJ |chapter=13}}</ref>

Some farmers prefer buffalo milk due to the higher [[fat content of milk|fat content]] of the milk, as milk prices are determined by fat content.{{sfn|Intodia|2017|p=2}} Buffalo milk contains 7–7.5% fat, which is almost double of that of cow milk.<ref name="BS"/> A number of traditional dairy products owe their characteristics to buffalo milk.<ref name="KhedkarEtAl"/> It is preferred for production of high-fat dairy products such as paneer,<ref name=":4" /> though cow milk is preferred for chhena.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kumar|first1=Jitendra|last2=Gupta|first2=V. K.|last3=Kumar|first3=Sanjeev|last4=Kumar|first4=Suryamani|date=March 2015|title=Effect of coagulants on the quality of chhana and rasogolla obtained from admixture of buffalo milk and butter milk|journal=[[Journal of Food Science and Technology]]|volume=52|issue=3|pages=1736–1741|doi=10.1007/s13197-013-1146-0|issn=0022-1155|pmc=4348269|pmid=25745249|quote=Generally, cow milk is preferred for chhana making …}}</ref>

Due to several biochemical differences with cow milk, many conventional dairy processing technologies—which are built for cow milk—are unsuitable for buffalo milk. Productivity gains in the buffalo milk industry have been limited by inadequate research. Scientific results obtained on cow milk generally cannot be extrapolated to buffalo milk.<ref name="KhedkarEtAl"/>

=== Cattle cross-breeding programmes ===
Cross-breeding of cattle started in India in 1875, though it did not receive much attention from policy-makers until 1961.{{sfn|Venkatasubramanian|Singh|Rao|2003|p=38}} Since 1965, cross-breeding of indigenous breeds with exotic ones has been extensively carried out with the intent to improve milk production.{{sfn|Venkatasubramanian|Singh|Rao|2003|p=35}} However, such programmes have generated a lot of controversy.{{sfn|Venkatasubramanian|Singh|Rao|2003|p=36}}

The first figures on population of cross-bred cattle, from the livestock census in 1982, indicated that they made up 4.6% of the country's cattle. Half of them were in [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Kerala]], with Kerala having replaced 46% of its indigenous cattle with cross-breds.{{sfn|Venkatasubramanian|Singh|Rao|2003|p=36}}

In 1965, the panel on animal husbandry recommended the use of [[Jersey cattle]], and limited use of [[Brown Swiss]] and [[Holstein Friesian cattle]] for cross-breeding. After experiments, new breeds were developed such as the Jersind (at [[Allahabad Agricultural Institute]]), Karan Swiss, Karan Fries (at [[National Dairy Research Institute]]) and [[Sunandini]] (in Kerala).{{sfn|Venkatasubramanian|Singh|Rao|2003|pp=38–39}}

A review in 1984 concluded that cross-bred cows were more suitable for high milk production than indigenous cattle or buffaloes. They were also found to be more efficient in converting feed into milk. Subsequent studies in later years came to similar conclusions and noted the impact of cross-breeding on increased production and rural development.{{sfn|Venkatasubramanian|Singh|Rao|2003|p=39}} Cross-breeding also resulted in increased rates of conception, shorter [[dry cow|dry periods]], and substantially longer lactation lengths.{{sfn|Venkatasubramanian|Singh|Rao|2003|pp=40–42}}

===Processing===
====Packaged milk====
[[File:Amul Plant at Anand.jpg|thumb| [[Amul]] facility in [[Gujarat]]|alt=]]
According to estimates, about 25% of the total milk produced undergoes commercial processing, of which about 70% is sold as packaged milk while the remaining 30% is used for preparation of dairy products. Packaged milk is typically pasteurised milk, and is usually a mixture of cow milk and buffalo milk since most dairies do not have separate collection systems for them. It is sold in variants on the basis of the [[Fat content of milk|fat content]]:{{sfn|Intodia|2017|p=5}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
! Variant !! style="width: 6em;" | % fat !! % solid-not-fat (SNF)
|-
| style="text-align: left" | Full cream milk || 6% || 9%
|-
| style="text-align: left" | Standardised milk || 4.5% || 8.5%
|-
| style="text-align: left" | Toned milk || 3.0% || 8.5%
|-
| style="text-align: left" | Double toned milk || 1.5% || 9%
|-
| style="text-align: left" | Skimmed milk || 0.5% || 8.7%
|}

====Dairy products====
A large variety of dairy products are produced in India through methods that have developed in complex ways.{{sfn|Hirata|2020|p=78}} As far back as the 1630s, the [[Bengal region]] was noted for its milk-based desserts, for which the region is famous even today.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Krondl|first1=Michae|title=The Sweetshops of Kolkata|journal=[[Gastronomica]]|volume=10|issue=3|date=August 2010|pages=58–65|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|doi=10.1525/gfc.2010.10.3.58}}</ref> According to a 2014 estimate by [[Euromonitor]], the value of retail sales of packaged dairy products was US$10.2 billion.{{sfn|Lagos|Intodia|2015|p=2}}

Fermentation-based processes are used to produce products such as [[dahi (curd)|dahi]], [[shrikhand]], [[mishti doi]], [[lassi]] and [[chaas]]. About 7–9% of the total milk production is used for making dahi intended for direct consumption.{{sfn|Steinkraus|1996|p=277}} Dahi is largely made at homes,<ref>{{cite web |title=FNB News – Dahi, related products – Industry point of view update |url=http://www.fnbnews.com/FB-Specials/Dahi-related-products--Industry-point-of-view-update |website=fnbnews.com}}</ref> though it is also industrially produced. Shrikhand is sweetened and dewatered dahi, very popular in western and parts of southern India.{{sfn|Steinkraus|1996|p=284}} Mishti doi is another variant of sweetened dahi popular in eastern parts of the country. While it commonly uses cane sugar as the sweetener, some variants may use [[palm jaggery]]. Shrikhand and mishti doi are usually consumed as desserts or snacks. Lassi is a sweetened buttermilk, popular in north India. Lassi is industrially produced through [[ultra-high-temperature processing]].<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Chandan |editor1-first=Ramesh C. |editor2-last=Hui |editor2-first=Y. H. |editor3-last=White |editor3-first=Charles H. |editor4-last=Kilara |editor4-first=Arun |title=Manufacturing Yogurt and Fermented Milks |date=28 February 2008 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |page=14 |isbn=978-0-470-27653-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_2QagyHQHboC&pg=PA14 }}</ref>

Additive coagulation processes yield [[paneer]] and [[chhena]]. Paneer is prepared by adding an acidic coagulant to heated milk and then pressing and draining the mixture under mechanical pressure.{{sfn|Hirata|2020|pp=85–87}} Paneer was historically produced in homes using high-fat buffalo milk, and is one of the most used dairy products.{{sfn|Lagos|Intodia|2015|p=3}} An estimated 5% of all milk is turned into paneer.<ref name=":4">{{cite journal |last1=Khan |first1=Shahnawaz Umer |last2=Pal |first2=Mohammad Ashraf |title=Paneer production: A review |journal=[[Journal of Food Science and Technology]] |date=December 2011 |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=645–660 |doi=10.1007/s13197-011-0247-x |pmid=23572801 |pmc=3551056 |issn=0022-1155}}</ref> Chhena is another traditional dairy product, also prepared by adding an organic acid coagulant to hot milk. It is similar to paneer but softer and hence formless. It is not consumed directly, but used as a base or filler material for preparation of a variety of Indian sweets such as [[rasgulla]], [[rasmalai]] and [[Sandesh (confectionery)|sandesh]]. The country's production of chhena was estimated to be 200,000 tonnes annually in 2009.<ref name="Shutleff">{{cite book |last1=Shurtleff |first1=William |last2=Aoyagi |first2=Akiko |title=History of Soybeans and Soyfoods in South Asia / Indian Subcontinent (1656–2010): Extensively Annotated Bibliography and Sourcebook |year=2010 |publisher=Soyinfo Center |isbn=978-1-928914-31-0 |page=1035 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4IyQSjlObs8C}}</ref>

== Consumption ==
[[File:Milk vender with typical traditional brass containers , Gagar ,used in Majha Region of Punjab 02.jpg|thumb|Vendors in [[Amritsar]] transporting milk in [[gagar]], 2019]]
Milk consumption levels are not uniformly distributed across India. The people of northwest India are significant consumers; northeasterners consume less. States with higher consumption of meat and eggs are noted to have lesser consumption of milk, as dairy products are one of the few sources of protein for vegetarians.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lewis|first=Martin|date=8 March 2016|title=Mapping the Consumption of Milk and Meat in India|url=https://thewire.in/uncategorised/mapping-the-consumption-of-milk-and-meat-in-india|access-date=21 August 2020|website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]|archive-date=22 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922225824/https://thewire.in/uncategorised/mapping-the-consumption-of-milk-and-meat-in-india|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="IE2015">{{cite web|last=Damodaran|first=Hamish|date=12 June 2015|title=In India, to be veg is to drink a lot of milk|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/in-india-to-be-veg-is-to-drink-a-lot-of-milk/|access-date=21 August 2020|website=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=29 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629143522/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/in-india-to-be-veg-is-to-drink-a-lot-of-milk/|url-status=live}}</ref> Milk has an [[income elasticity of demand]] greater than unity: consumption increases as income levels rise.<ref name="IERCEP"/>

Per capita consumption of milk over 30 days was {{Convert|4.333|l|gal|abbr=}} for rural households and {{Convert|5.422|l|gal|abbr=}} for urban households as of 2011–12.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Damodara |first1=Harish |title=How much milk does the country produce? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/how-much-milk-does-the-country-produce-6288629/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=27 February 2020 |access-date=6 September 2020 |archive-date=24 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324035433/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/how-much-milk-does-the-country-produce-6288629/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The corresponding monthly expenditure was [[Indian rupee sign|₹]]116.33 for rural and ₹186.47 for urban consumers respectively.<ref name="IE2015"/>

As of 2018, fluid milk consumption was projected at 67.7 million tonnes, and was growing at a rate of 6–7 million tonnes annually. Ghee is the most consumed among value-added dairy products. Demand for non-fat dried milk (NFDM) and butter was projected to be 600,000 tonnes and 5.6 million tonnes respectively.{{sfn|Intodia|2017|p=4}} Demand for pasteurised milk produced in the formal (organised) sector has been increasing, probably due to its perceived safety over the milk produced in the unorganised sector.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://agriexchange.apeda.gov.in/MarketReport/Reports/Dairy_and_Products_Annual_New_Delhi_India_10-15-2014.pdf| title=Dairy and Products Annual 2014| date=15 October 2014| last1=Mani| first1=Radha| last2=Intodia| first2=Vijay| publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]], Foreign Agricultural Service}}</ref>

== Regulation ==

=== Cattle and dairy production ===
[[File:Cow-keeping in India, a simple and practical book on their care and treatment, their various breeds, and the means of rendering them profitable (1900) (20081628823).jpg|thumb|Illustration from ''Cow-Keeping in India'', a 1900 work on cattle management]]
The key regulatory body for dairy production is the Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying (DAH&D), which is under the [[Ministry of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=About the Department|url=http://www.dahd.nic.in/about-us/about-department|url-status=live|access-date=21 August 2020|publisher=[[Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying]]|archive-date=16 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916013322/http://dahd.nic.in/about-us/about-department}}</ref> Prior to 1991, dairy was managed within a division of the Ministry for Agriculture; a separate department was established in order to combine dairy-related functions from the Agriculture and Food Processing Ministries. DAH&D manages livestock and deals with matters concerning the development of the dairy industry. It is also the managing authority for the [[National Dairy Development Board]] (NDDB), a research institute established by [[Verghese Kurien]] to finance and develop the Indian dairy industry.<ref name=":0" /> The NDDB also administers the National Dairy Plan on behalf of the government of India.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 December 2016|title=Dilip Rath appointed as NDDB chairman|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/rajkot/Dilip-Rath-appointed-as-NDDB-chairman/articleshow/55735486.cms|url-status=live|access-date=21 August 2020|website=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=28 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428151406/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/rajkot/Dilip-Rath-appointed-as-NDDB-chairman/articleshow/55735486.cms}}</ref> Within DAH&D, the Cattle Division focuses on dairy development.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cattle and Dairy Development|url=http://www.dahd.nic.in/about-us/divisions/cattle-and-dairy-development|url-status=live|access-date=21 August 2020|publisher=Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying|archive-date=12 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812022323/http://dahd.nic.in/about-us/divisions/cattle-and-dairy-development}}</ref> Since 2014, the birthday of [[Verghese Kurien]], 26 November, has been commemorated as National Milk Day.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Doctor |first1=Vikram |title=National Milk Day and the man who made it possible |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/agriculture/national-milk-day-and-the-man-who-made-it-possible/articleshow/72190879.cms |website=[[The Economic Times]] |date=22 November 2019 |access-date=6 September 2020 |archive-date=19 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319073126/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/agriculture/national-milk-day-and-the-man-who-made-it-possible/articleshow/72190879.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Certification of cattle health is conducted by the [[Veterinary Council of India]], which is funded by the DAH&D. The Veterinary Council of India establishes regulations for inspection of dairy cattle, and for measures to control the spread of disease and strengthening livestock.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying|first=Veterinary Council of India|title=About Us|url=http://www.dahd.nic.in/about-us/about-department|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916013322/http://dahd.nic.in/about-us/about-department|archive-date=16 September 2020|access-date=8 September 2020}}</ref> Livestock in the dairy industry are also regulated by the [[Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act]] 1960, under which guidelines are issued regarding milking, artificial insemination, and transport of cattle. These guidelines are monitored and enforced by the DAH&D.<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 November 2017|title=Two-year undercover study reveals cruel side of India's dairy industries|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/two-year-undercover-study-reveals-cruel-side-of-india-s-dairy-industries/story-7icLDyv1Rq2tVV2kbYKccN.html|access-date=8 September 2020|website=Hindustan Times|archive-date=21 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721020942/https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/two-year-undercover-study-reveals-cruel-side-of-india-s-dairy-industries/story-7icLDyv1Rq2tVV2kbYKccN.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Cattle slaughter in India|slaughter of dairy cattle]], and cows in particular, is prohibited in many states in India, and in 2017, the Union Government issued the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Regulation of Livestock Market) Rules 2017 which prohibited the sale of lactating cattle for slaughter.<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 July 2018|title=Cattle trade rules: Government was warned within|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/cattle-trade-laws-is-central-government-competent-to-make-rules-under-state-list-5272460/|access-date=8 September 2020|website=The Indian Express|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726231454/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/cattle-trade-laws-is-central-government-competent-to-make-rules-under-state-list-5272460/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Under the [[Essential Commodities Act|Essential Commodities Act 1955]], the Government of India can issue orders to control the regulation, supply and sale of products in India. The Milk and Milk Products Order (MMPO) issued under this act in 1992 is still in force, and requires any person handling more than 10,000 liters of milk to register with the Central and State Governments.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Milk and Milk Product Order 1992 {{!}} Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying|url=http://www.dahd.nic.in/related-links/milk-and-milk-product-order-1992|access-date=8 September 2020|website=www.dahd.nic.in|archive-date=16 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216092928/http://dahd.nic.in/related-links/milk-and-milk-product-order-1992|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Adulteration and food safety===
"Synthetic milk" – a mixture of urea detergent powder, vegetable oil, fat, and salt, and water – has been sold openly as milk in the northern Indian states. The mixture has colour and fat content similar to that of natural milk, but can be produced at a fraction of the price.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sonalker |first1=Manoher V. |title=India: The Giant Awakens! |date=2007 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers |isbn=978-81-269-0769-4 |page=182 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ude3tdrUn4C }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Singh |editor1-first=Ram Lakhan |editor2-last=Mondal |editor2-first=Sukanta |title=Food Safety and Human Health |date=2019 |publisher=[[Academic Press]] |isbn=978-0-12-816334-4 |pages=136–138 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzamDwAAQBAJ }}</ref> [[Adulteration]] of ghee, sweets and other dairy products with lard and animal fats is common in India. Rampant adulteration has been observed during the festive season when the demand for sweets and other milk products increases.<ref name="AP">{{cite book |editor1-last=Dudeja |editor1-first=Puja |editor2-last=Gupta |editor2-first=Rajul K. |editor3-last=Minhas |editor3-first=Amarjeet Singh |title=Food Safety in the 21st Century: Public Health Perspective |date=2016 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-801846-0 |page=130 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rJTBCQAAQBAJ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=8 October 2018|title=Is the milk you are having safe? Here's what you need to know|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/et-explains/is-the-milk-you-are-having-safe-heres-what-you-need-to-know/articleshow/66119023.cms|website=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> The [[Supreme Court of India]] has favoured life imprisonment as the maximum penalty for milk adulteration, and this has been implemented in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[West Bengal]] and [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Anand |first1=Utkarsh |title=Milk adulteration: Supreme Court favours life imprisonment as maximum punishment |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/milk-adulteration-supreme-court-life-imprisonment-punishment-2956115/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=6 August 2016 |access-date=22 September 2020 |archive-date=25 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325164935/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/milk-adulteration-supreme-court-life-imprisonment-punishment-2956115/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="AP"/>

The regulatory authority for dairy products intended for consumption is the [[Food Safety and Standards Authority of India]] (FSSAI), which operates under the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] in the Government of India. A survey by the FSSAI in 2019 found that 93% of the milk samples tested were safe for human consumption, but nearly 41% of the samples fell short of some safety parameter. Contamination was found to be the more serious problem than adulteration. Contaminants found included [[Aflatoxin M1]] (in 5.7% of samples) and [[antibiotics]] (1.2%). Adulterants – [[hydrogen peroxide]], [[urea]], [[detergent]]s and neutralisers – were found in 12 of the 6,432 samples tested.<ref>{{cite news |title=Telling Numbers: 93% milk samples found safe, 41% had quality issues |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/telling-numbers-93-milk-samples-found-safe-41-had-quality-issues-survey-6079399/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=21 October 2019 |access-date=22 September 2020 |archive-date=22 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022003613/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/telling-numbers-93-milk-samples-found-safe-41-had-quality-issues-survey-6079399/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=37.7% of processed milk samples fail to meet quality norm: FSSAI study |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/377-of-processed-milk-samples-fail-to-meet-quality-norm-fssai-study/article29735122.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=18 October 2019 |access-date=22 September 2020 |archive-date=23 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023004722/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/377-of-processed-milk-samples-fail-to-meet-quality-norm-fssai-study/article29735122.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=41% milk samples of poor quality, 7% samples unfit to consume: FSSAI survey |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/41-milk-samples-of-poor-quality-7-samples-unfit-to-consume-fssai-survey/articleshow/71647497.cms?from=mdr |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=18 October 2019 |access-date=22 September 2020 |archive-date=22 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922225805/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/41-milk-samples-of-poor-quality-7-samples-unfit-to-consume-fssai-survey/articleshow/71647497.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 2020, a report by the [[Consumer Guidance Society of India]] (CGSI) in found that as much as 79% of the milk in Maharashtra is adulterated.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gajara|first1=Dhairya|date=4 March 2020|title=79% milk in Maharashtra is adulterated: study|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/79-milk-in-state-is-adulterated-study/article30976549.ece|access-date=7 September 2020|archive-date=22 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822073601/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/79-milk-in-state-is-adulterated-study/article30976549.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Environmental impact ===
In May 2020, the [[National Green Tribunal Act|National Green Tribunal]] directed the [[Central Pollution Control Board]] to issue guidelines that would allow pollution control authorities to monitor the environmental impact of dairy farming in India, taking particular note of the impact on local waterbodies, the quantity of [[methane emissions]] from dairy farming, and the handling of animal waste.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NGT directs CPCB to issue guidelines on monitoring of environmental norms by dairies|url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2020/05/21/lgd2-green-dairies.html|access-date=2020-10-16|website=The Week|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=NGT directs CPCB to issue guidelines on monitoring of environmental norms by dairies|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/ngt-directs-cpcb-to-issue-guidelines-on-monitoring-of-environmental-norms-by-dairies/1841445|access-date=2020-10-16|website=Outlook India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2019-07-10|title=NGT asks CPCB to finalise norms for checking pollution by dairies|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/ngt-asks-cpcb-to-finalise-norms-for-checking-pollution-by-dairies-119071001087_1.html|access-date=2020-10-16}}</ref> The directions arose during the hearing of a case concerning environmental norm compliances by dairies in India.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=2020-01-31|title=NGT tells boards of all States to file report on pollution by dairy farms|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/ngt-tells-boards-of-all-states-to-file-report-on-pollution-by-dairy-farms/article30697047.ece|access-date=2020-10-16|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The new guidelines accordingly issued by the Central Pollution Control Board require dairies to be located at a minimum distance from residential areas and roads, as well as implementing a licensing regime, regular environmental audits, and checks on water usage by dairy farms.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Paras|date=18 September 2020|title=Delhi: Tighter rules for dairies in offing|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/tighter-rules-for-dairies-in-offing/articleshow/78176629.cms|access-date=2020-10-16|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==Trade==

=== Imports ===
India currently imposes duties on imported milk products, including processed milk powder and dairy derivatives such as butter, cheese, whey, and yoghurt. Of these, whey and cheese form India's largest imports, most of which are used in further processing and food production. The issue of relaxing import duties on dairy products has been a point of negotiation for India in the context of the [[Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership]].<ref name="IERCEP">{{Cite web|date=11 October 2019|title=Explained: Why dairy is RCEP sticking point|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/why-dairy-is-rcep-sticking-point-6063249/|access-date=24 August 2020|website=The Indian Express|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803155215/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/why-dairy-is-rcep-sticking-point-6063249/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sidhartha|date=5 September 2019|title=Milk import a concern in FTA talks|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/milk-import-a-concern-in-fta-talks/articleshow/70985592.cms|url-status=live|access-date=24 August 2020|website=The Times of India|archive-date=9 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709201701/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/milk-import-a-concern-in-fta-talks/articleshow/70985592.cms}}</ref>

In 2011, the FSSAI banned the import of all cheese into the country that used animal [[rennet]] – a substance which is extracted from the stomach of newborn calves, killing the animal in the process. Import of animal rennet itself has been banned since 1984.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sen |first1=Sree |title=India's indigenous cheeses have crafted a savoury comeback: Tracing their journey to gourmet stardom |url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/indias-indigenous-cheeses-have-crafted-a-savoury-comeback-tracing-their-journey-to-gourmet-stardom-4180103.html |website=[[Firstpost]] |date=28 October 2017 |access-date=12 September 2020 |archive-date=16 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916125459/https://www.firstpost.com/living/indias-indigenous-cheeses-have-crafted-a-savoury-comeback-tracing-their-journey-to-gourmet-stardom-4180103.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2020, an industry proposal to allow the import of skimmed milk powder into India without any import duties was met with protests and resistance from Indian dairy producers, including [[Amul]], on the grounds that it would harm domestic milk production.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sally|first=Madhvi|title=Amul object proposal of industry to import SMP at zero percent duty|work=[[The Economic Times]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/fmcg/amul-object-proposal-of-industry-to-import-smp-at-zero-percent-duty/articleshow/73438881.cms?from=mdr|access-date=24 August 2020|archive-date=22 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922225805/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/fmcg/amul-object-proposal-of-industry-to-import-smp-at-zero-percent-duty/articleshow/73438881.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>

Due to religious reasons, imports of most dairy products into India require certification that the animals involved have not been fed on feed containing extracts of [[ruminant]] origin. As a consequence, most U.S dairy products are prohibited from import. The Indian and U.S governments have had trade discussions over U.S access to the Indian dairy market.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/india-ready-to-allow-us-dairy-imports-with-riders/articleshow/67236873.cms |title=India ready to allow US dairy imports with riders |last=Suneja |first=Kirtika |website=[[The Economic Times]] |date=24 December 2018 |access-date=21 August 2020}}</ref><ref name="USDAERS1">{{cite web |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/pub-details?pubid=82638 |title=India's Dairy Sector Structure, Performance, and Prospect |last1=Landes |first1=Maurice |last2=Cessna |first2=Jerry |last3=Kuberka |first3=Lindsey |last4=Jones |first4=Keithly |website=USDA ERS |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]], Economic Research Service |date=1 March 2020 |access-date=21 August 2020 |archive-date=18 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818135418/https://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/pub-details/?pubid=82638 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Since 2008, the Indian government has placed bans on the import of milk, and products containing it, from China. These bans came in response to the reported presence of [[melamine]] – a toxic substance – in the milk.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/govt-extends-ban-on-import-of-milk-products-from-china/articleshow/69013338.cms |title=Govt extends ban on import of milk products from China |website=[[The Economic Times]] |date=23 April 2019 |access-date=21 August 2020 |archive-date=5 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605094341/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/govt-extends-ban-on-import-of-milk-products-from-china/articleshow/69013338.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://apeda.gov.in/apedawebsite/DGFT_notificationfile/Notification%20No._1_dated_23.04.2019_English.pdf |title=Prohibition on import of milk and milk products from China |website=APEDA |publisher=APEDA, [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Ministry of Commerce and Industry]], India |date=23 April 2019 |access-date=21 August 2020 |archive-date=4 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104214001/http://apeda.gov.in/apedawebsite/DGFT_notificationfile/Notification%20No._1_dated_23.04.2019_English.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Exports ===
During 2019–20, India exported 51,421.85 metric tonnes of dairy products, at a total value of [[Indian rupee sign|₹]]1,341.03 crore (US$186.71 million). Major destinations for its exports were [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Bhutan]], [[Turkey]], [[Egypt]], and the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apeda.gov.in/apedawebsite/SubHead_Products/Dairy_Products.htm |title=Dairy Products |website=APEDA |publisher=APEDA, [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Ministry of Commerce and Industry]], India |access-date=21 August 2020 |archive-date=5 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200905070548/http://www.apeda.gov.in/apedawebsite/SubHead_Products/Dairy_Products.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to a high level of domestic consumption paired with global prices of an un-competitive nature, India's exports of dairy products are minimal.{{sfn|Intodia|2017|p=6}}

== See also ==
* [[Amul]]
* [[Agriculture in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
*{{cite book |last1=Bhat |first1=P. N. |last2=Yadav |first2=M. P. |title=Animal Husbandry Research, Education and Development |date=2018 |publisher=Scientific Publishers |isbn=978-93-87991-97-2 |page=220 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pVx2DwAAQBAJ }}
*{{Cite book|last=Doniger|first=Wendy|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781594202056|title=The Hindus: An Alternative History|publisher=[[Penguin Group]]|year=2009|isbn=978-1-101-02590-1|location=New York|oclc=1139650604|author-link=Wendy Doniger|url-access=registration}}
*{{cite book |last1=Hirata |first1=Masahiro |title=Milk Culture in Eurasia: Constructing a Hypothesis of Monogenesis–Bipolarization |date=March 2020 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |isbn=978-981-15-1765-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fyfXDwAAQBAJ }}
*{{cite web |url=https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/report/downloadreportbyfilename?filename=Dairy%20and%20Products%20Annual_New%20Delhi_India_10-13-2017.pdf |title=India Dairy Products Annual 2017 |last1=Intodia |first1=Vijay |publisher=USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, [[United States Department of Agriculture]] |date=13 October 2017 }}
*{{Cite journal|last1=Kannan|first1=Elumalai|last2=Birthal|first2=Pratap S.|year=2010|title=Effect of Trade Liberalization on the Efficiency of Indian Dairy Industry|journal=Journal of International and Area Studies|volume=17|issue=1|pages=1–15|jstor=43111481|issn=1226-8550}}
*{{cite web|url=https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/report/downloadreportbyfilename?filename=Cheese%20Demand%20Rising%20-%20New%20Market%20Opportunities_New%20Delhi_India_9-30-2015.pdf|title=Cheese Demand Rising – New Market Opportunities|last1=Lagos|first1=Joshua Emmanuel|last2=Intodia|first2=Vijay|publisher=USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, [[United States Department of Agriculture]]|date=30 September 2015}}
*{{Cite book|last=Ministry of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries|url=https://agriwelfare.gov.in/Documents/AR_2018-19_Final_Print.pdf|title=Annual Report 2018–19|publisher=[[Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers' Welfare]], [[Government of India]]|year=2019}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*{{Cite book|last1=Nivsarkar|first1=A. E.|url=https://archive.org/details/animalgeneticres0000nivs|title=Animal Genetic Resources of India: Cattle and Buffalo|last2=Vij|first2=P. K.|last3=Tantia|first3=M. S.|publisher=Directorate of Knowledge Management in Agriculture, [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]]|year=2013|isbn=9788171641253|location=New Delhi|oclc=1156057525}}
*{{cite book |last1=Prakash |first1=Om |title=Food and Drinks in Ancient India: From Earliest Times to C. 1200 A. D. |date=1961 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.529215/mode/2up |publisher=[[Munshi Ram Manohar Lal]] |oclc=717945146 }}
*{{Cite journal|last1=Rajendran|first1=K.|last2=Mohanty|first2=Samarendu|year=2004|title=Dairy Co-Operatives and Milk Marketing in India: Constraints and Opportunities|url=https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/27233|journal=Journal of Food Distribution Research|volume=35|issue=2|pages=34–41|doi=10.22004/ag.econ.27233}}
*{{Cite book|last=Sinha|first=O. P.|title=Agro-Industries Characterization and Appraisal: Dairy in India|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]]|year=2007|location=Rome|url=http://www.fao.org/3/ap299e/ap299e.pdf}}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Steinkraus |editor1-first=Keith |title=Handbook of Indigenous Fermented Foods, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded |date=1996 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=978-0-8247-9352-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VKlHKIvrogUC }}
*{{Cite book|last1=Venkatasubramanian|first1=V.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pf7bxJV8VQsC|title=Dairy Development in India: An Appraisal of Challenges and Achievements|last2=Singh|first2=A. K.|last3=Rao|first3=S. V. N.|date=2003|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-044-0|location=New Delhi}}
*{{Cite book|last=Wiley|first=Andrea S.|author-link=Andrea Wiley|title=Cultures of Milk: The Biology and Meaning of Dairy Products in the United States and India|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|date=2014|isbn=978-0-674-36969-6|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WHeWAwAAQBAJ|jstor=j.ctt6wps0f|oclc=881281582}}
*{{Cite book|last=Wiley|first=Andrea S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=neqMDwAAQBAJ|title=Making Milk: The Past, Present and Future of Our Primary Food|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|year=2017|isbn=978-1-350-02997-2|editor-last=Cohen|editor-given=Mathilde|editor-last2=Otomo|editor-given2=Yoriko}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Milk in India}}
* [https://www.india.gov.in/topics/agriculture/dairy Dairy portal] at [[India.gov.in]]

{{Dairy Industry in India}}
{{Agriculture in India}}

{{good article}}

[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Agriculture in India]]
[[Category:Dairy farming in India|*]]

World economy

2026-02-24T04:13:00Z

AdrianneKinne08: quick update

{{Short description|none}}
{{Other uses|World Economy (disambiguation)}}
{{Disputed|date=May 2025}}
[[File:World GDP per capita 1500 to 2003.svg|350px|thumb|[[World GDP]] per capita between 1500 and 2003]]
{{World economy}}

The '''world economy''' or '''global economy''' is the [[economy]] of all humans in the world, referring to the global [[economic system]], which includes all economic activities conducted both within and between [[nation]]s, including [[production (economics)|production]], [[consumption (economics)|consumption]], [[management|economic management]], [[Work (human activity)|work]] in general, financial transactions and [[trade]] of [[goods and services]].<ref>{{cite web |title=THE GLOBAL ECONOMY {{!}} definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/global-economy |website=dictionary.cambridge.org |access-date=20 September 2020 |archive-date=4 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504034558/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/global-economy |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>"World Economy." – Definition. American English Definition of with Pronunciation by Macmillan Dictionary. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 January 2015.</ref> In some contexts, the two terms are distinct: the "international" or "global economy" is measured separately and distinguished from national economies, while the "world economy" is simply an aggregate of the separate countries' measurements. Beyond the minimum standard concerning value in production, use and exchange, the definitions, representations, models and valuations of the world economy vary widely. It is inseparable from the [[geography]] and [[ecology]] of planet [[Earth]].

It is common to limit questions of the world economy exclusively to [[Economics|human economic activity]], and the world economy is typically judged in [[Money|monetary]] terms, even in cases in which there is no efficient [[Market (economics)|market]] to help valuate certain goods or services, or in cases in which a lack of independent research, genuine data or government cooperation makes calculating figures difficult. Typical examples are [[illegal drug trade|illegal drugs]] and other [[black market]] goods, which by any standard are a part of the world economy, but for which there is, by definition, no legal market of any kind.

Even in cases in which there is a clear and efficient market to establish [[monetary]] [[Value (economics)|value]], economists do not typically use the current or official [[exchange rate]] to translate the monetary units of this market into a single unit for the world economy since exchange rates typically do not closely reflect [[world]]wide value – for example, in cases where the volume or price of transactions is closely regulated by the government. Rather, market valuations in a local currency are typically translated to a single monetary unit using the idea of [[Purchasing power parity|purchasing power]]. This is the method used below, which is used for estimating worldwide economic activity in terms of [[purchasing power parity|real]] [[United States dollar]]s or [[euro]]s; however, the world economy can be evaluated and expressed in many more ways. For example, it is unclear how many of the world's [[world population|7.8 billion people]], {{as of|March 2020|lc=y}},<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/world-population-2020-overview |title=World Population: 2020 Overview |access-date=2020-09-20 |archive-date=2021-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309052034/https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/world-population-2020-overview |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://interactives.prb.org/2020-wpds/ |title=2020 World Population Data Sheet |access-date=2020-09-20 |archive-date=2020-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928162218/https://interactives.prb.org/2020-wpds/ |url-status=live }}</ref> have most of their economic activity reflected in these valuations.

Until the middle of the 19th century, global output was dominated by [[China]] and [[India]]. Waves of the [[Industrial Revolution]] in Western Europe and Northern America shifted the shares to the Western Hemisphere. As of 2025, the following 12 countries and 2 collectives account for at least 2.0% of global economy by either [[Gross Domestic Product]] (GDP) in nominal or [[Purchasing Power Parity]] (PPP) terms: '''[[Brazil]], [[Canada]], [[China]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[India]], [[Indonesia]], [[Italy]], [[Japan]], [[Russia]], the [[United Kingdom]], the [[United States]], the [[European Union]] and the [[African Union]]'''.<ref name="IMF Data">{{Cite web|title=World Economic Outlook Database October 2025|url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0)|access-date=2025-11-16|website=www.imf.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://vantagepointtrading.com/news/more-qe-from-the-bank-of-england-to-support-the-uk-economy-in-2021/|title=More QE From the Bank of England to Support the UK Economy in 2021|work=Vant Age Point Trading|access-date=25 January 2021|archive-date=20 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120013924/https://vantagepointtrading.com/news/more-qe-from-the-bank-of-england-to-support-the-uk-economy-in-2021/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Between 1820 and 2000, [[International inequality|global income inequality]] increased with almost 50%; however, this change occurred mostly before 1950. Afterwards, the level of inequality remained mostly stable. It is important to differentiate between between-country inequality, which was the driving force for this pattern, and within country inequality, which remained largely constant.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=van Zanden |first1=Jan Luiten |last2=Baten |first2=Joerg |last3=Földvari |first3=Peter |last4=van Leeuwen |first4=Bas |date=2011 |title=The Changing Shape of Global Inequality 1820–2000: Exploring a new dataset |journal=CGEH Working Paper Series}}</ref> Global income inequality peaked approximately in the 1970s, when world income was [[Bimodal distribution|distributed bimodally]] into "rich" and "poor" countries with little overlap. Since then, inequality has been rapidly decreasing, and this trend seems to be accelerating. Income distribution is now unimodal, with most people living in middle-income countries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.voxeu.org/index.php?q=node/4508|title=Parametric estimations of the world distribution of income|date=22 January 2010}}</ref>

In the 2000s, a study by the [[World Institute for Development Economics Research]] at [[United Nations University]] found that the richest 1% of adults owned 40% of global assets, and that the richest 10% of adults accounted for 85% of the world total. The bottom half of the world adult population owned barely 1% of global wealth. [[Oxfam International]] reported that the richest 1 percent of people owned 48 percent of global wealth {{As of|2013}},<ref>[https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/oxfam-richest-1-percent-sees-share-of-global-wealth-jump/ar-AA8lc7U?ocid=ansnewsap11 Oxfam: Richest 1 percent sees share of global wealth jump]</ref> and would own more than half of global wealth by 2016.<ref name="NYT-20150119-PC">{{cite news |last=Cohen |first=Patricia |title=Richest 1% Likely to Control Half of Global Wealth by 2016, Study Finds |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/19/business/richest-1-percent-likely-to-control-half-of-global-wealth-by-2016-study-finds.html |date=19 January 2015 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=19 January 2015 }}</ref> In 2014, Oxfam reported that the 85 wealthiest individuals in the world had a combined wealth equal to that of the bottom half of the world's population, or about 3.5 billion people.<ref>[http://www.oxfam.org/en/pressroom/pressrelease/2014-01-20/rigged-rules-mean-economic-growth-increasingly-winner-takes-all-for-rich-elites Rigged rules mean economic growth increasingly "winner takes all" for rich elites all over world]. ''Oxfam''. 20 January 2014.</ref><ref>Neuman, Scott (20 January 2014). [https://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/01/20/264241052/oxfam-worlds-richest-1-percent-control-half-of-global-wealth Oxfam: World's Richest 1 Percent Control Half Of Global Wealth]. ''[[NPR]].'' Retrieved 25 January 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Stout|first=David|title=One Stat to Destroy Your Faith in Humanity: The World's 85 Richest People Own as Much as the 3.5 Billion Poorest|url=http://business.time.com/2014/01/20/worlds-85-wealthiest-people-as-rich-as-3-5-billion-poorest/|publisher=Time|access-date=21 January 2014|date=20 January 2014|archive-date=23 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123232731/http://business.time.com/2014/01/20/worlds-85-wealthiest-people-as-rich-as-3-5-billion-poorest/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Wearden|first=Graeme|title=Oxfam: 85 richest people as wealthy as poorest half of the world|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/jan/20/oxfam-85-richest-people-half-of-the-world|work=The Guardian|access-date=21 January 2014|date=20 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20140722">{{cite news |last=Kristof |first=Nicholas |title=An Idiot's Guide to Inequality |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/24/opinion/nicholas-kristof-idiots-guide-to-inequality-piketty-capital.html |date=22 July 2014 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=22 July 2014 }}</ref> Despite high levels of [[Government bond|government investment]], the global economy decreased by 3.4% in 2020 in the midst of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]],<ref name="OECD2021">{{Cite web| title = OECD Economic Outlook, Interim Report March 2021| author = OECD| date = March 2021| access-date = 21 May 2023| url = https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/oecd-economic-outlook/volume-2020/issue-2_34bfd999-en| archive-date = 21 May 2023| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230521232620/https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/oecd-economic-outlook/volume-2020/issue-2_34bfd999-en| url-status = live}}</ref> an improvement from the [[World Bank]]'s initial prediction of a 5.2 percent decrease.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Global Economic Outlook During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Changed World|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2020/06/08/the-global-economic-outlook-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-a-changed-world|access-date=2021-06-07|website=World Bank|language=en|archive-date=2021-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609063803/https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2020/06/08/the-global-economic-outlook-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-a-changed-world|url-status=live}}</ref> Cities account for 80% of global [[Gross domestic product|GDP]], thus they faced the brunt of this decline.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cities are the hub of the global green recovery|url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/sustainablecities/cities-are-hub-global-green-recovery|access-date=2021-06-07|website=blogs.worldbank.org|language=en|archive-date=2021-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607142029/https://blogs.worldbank.org/sustainablecities/cities-are-hub-global-green-recovery|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Mayor of Lima sees COVID-19 as spark for an urban hub to the green recovery|url=https://www.eib.org/en/stories/urban-impact-of-covid-19|access-date=2021-06-07|website=European Investment Bank|language=en|archive-date=2022-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408145456/https://www.eib.org/en/stories/urban-impact-of-covid-19|url-status=live}}</ref> The world economy increased again in 2021 with an estimated 5.5 percent rebound.<ref name="WorldBank2022">{{Cite web| title = The Global Economic Outlook in five charts| author = Lucia Quaglietti, Collette Wheeler| work = World Bank| date = 11 January 2022| access-date = 21 May 2023| url = https://blogs.worldbank.org/voices/global-economic-outlook-five-charts-1| archive-date = 21 May 2023| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230521232558/https://blogs.worldbank.org/voices/global-economic-outlook-five-charts-1| url-status = live}}</ref>

==Overview==
===World economy by country groups===

{{static row numbers}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers" style="text-align:right;"
|-
! style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|Country group
! style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|List of country groups by GDP (nominal) in 2025 (or at peaked level)
! style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|List of country groups by GDP (PPP) in 2025 (or at peaked level)
! style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|Number of countries
! style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|Major economies
|-
!Value (in millions of US$)!!Share of Global GDP!!Value (in millions of US$)!!Share of Global GDP
|-
| align=left|'''[[Asia-Pacific|Emerging and developing Asia]]''' (Continents: Asia and Oceania)
| 27,821,017
| 23.8%
| 73,419,080
| 35.1%
| 30
| align=left|'''{{CHN}}''' '''{{IND}}''' '''{{IDN}}''' {{THA}} {{VNM}} {{BAN}} {{MYS}} {{PHL}}
|-
| align=left|{{nowrap|'''[[Group of Seven|Major advanced economies]] (G7)''' (Continents: Europe, North America and Asia)}}
| 52,056,759
| 44.4%
| 58,959,130
| 28.2%
| 7
| align=left|'''{{USA}}''' '''{{JPN}}''' '''{{DEU}}''' '''{{FRA}}''' '''{{GBR}}''' '''{{ITA}}''' '''{{CAN}}'''
|-
| align=left|'''[[Developed country|Other advanced economies]]''' (advanced economies excluding the G7) (Continents: Europe, Asia, Oceania and North America)
| 16,541,860
| 14.1%
| 22,701,831
| 10.9%
| 35
| align=left|'''{{KOR}}''' {{ESP}} {{TWN}} '''{{AUS}}''' {{NED}} {{CHE}} {{SGP}} {{BEL}} {{IRL}} {{SWE}}
|-
| align=left|'''[[Central and Eastern Europe|Emerging and developing Europe]]''' (Continents: Europe and Asia)
| 6,463,042
| 5.5%
| 16,081,471
| 7.7%
| 15
| align=left|'''{{RUS}}''' '''{{TUR}}''' {{POL}} {{ROM}} {{UKR}}
|-
| align=left|'''[[MENA|Middle East]] and [[Central Asia]]''' (Continents: Asia and Africa)
| 5,200,632
| 4.4%
| 15,492,232
| 7.4%
| 32
| align=left|'''{{SAU}}''' {{EGY}} {{IRN}} {{PAK}} {{nowrap|{{ARE}}}} {{KAZ}} {{ALG}}
|-
| align=left|'''[[Latin America]] and the [[Caribbean]]''' (Continents: South America and North America)
| 7,000,686
| 6.0%
| 14,894,519
| 7.1%
| 33
| align=left|'''{{BRA}}''' '''{{MEX}}''' '''{{ARG}}''' {{COL}}
|-
| align=left|'''[[Sub-Saharan Africa]]''' (Continent: Africa)
| 2,081,399 (peaked at 2,224,418 in 2022)
| 1.8%
| 7,408,019
| 3.6%
| 45
| align=left|{{NGR}} '''{{RSA}}'''
|-class="sortbottom"
| align=left|'''''[[World]]'''''
| '''117,165,394'''
| 100.0%
| '''208,956,282'''
| 100.0%
| 197
|
|}

===World economy by continent===
{{Main|List of continents by GDP#Continents by GDP (nominal)}}

{| style="font-size:10000"
|-
| width="50%" align="center" | '''GDP sector composition (2019 estimate)'''<ref name="The World Factbook - GDP (purchasing power parity)">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/fields/208.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111015449/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/fields/208.html|archive-date=January 11, 2019|title=The World Factbook - GDP (purchasing power parity)}}</ref><ref name="The World Factbook - GDP - composition, by sector of origin">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/fields/214.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110065235/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/fields/214.html|archive-date=January 10, 2019|title=The World Factbook - GDP - composition, by sector of origin}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; text-align:right"
! style="width:2em;" | Continent !! Agricultural !! Industrial !! Service
|-style="font--3weight:bold;background:#f0f0f0"
|''[[Gross world product|World]]''|| 7,908.260 || 38,354.363 || 81,575.461
|-
|[[Asia]]|| 5,105.362 || 20,858.549 || 32,939.397
|-
|[[North America]]|| 292.467 || 5,008.594 || 18,426.200
|-
|[[Europe]]|| 838.199 || 8,175.402 || 20,598.902
|-
|{{nowrap|[[South America]]}}|| 539.510 || 2,014.140 || 5,024.223
|-
|[[Africa]] || 1,076.690 || 1,941.037 || 3,559.579
|-
|[[Oceania]]|| 56.032 || 356.641 || 1,027.160
|}
|
|- valign="top"
| colspan=3 |
|}

===Current world economic league table of largest economies in the world by GDP and share of global economic growth===

{|class="wikitable mw-collapsible "
|-
!style="text-align:center;" colspan="4"|The 30 largest economies by GDP (nominal), GDP ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]), the highest peak GDP per capita (nominal) and the highest peak GDP per capita (PPP) as of 2025. Members of the [[G20|G-20 major economies]] are in bold.
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="width:25%; "| '''List of the 30 largest economies by GDP (nominal) at their peak level as of 2025 in million US$'''<ref name="IMF Data" />
| style="width:25%; "| '''List of the 30 largest economies by GDP (PPP) at their peak level as of 2025 in million Int$'''<ref name="IMF Data" />
| style="width:25%; "| '''List of the 30 economies by highest GDP (nominal) per capita at their peak level as of 2025 in US$'''<ref>[https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD GDP per capita data for Monaco, Bermuda, Norway, Qatar, the Cayman Islands, the Isle of Man, Macau, the Channel Islands, the Faroe Islands, Brunei and Greenland by World Bank]</ref>
| style="width:25%; "| '''List of the 30 economies by highest GDP (PPP) per capita at their peak level as of 2025 in Int$'''<ref>[https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true GDP per capita (PPP) data for Qatar, Macau, Norway, Bermuda, the UAE, Kuwait, the Cayman Islands, Greenland, the Faroe Islands and Andorra by World Bank]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260117021631/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/real-gdp-per-capita/country-comparison/ GDP per capita (PPP) data for Monaco and Liechtenstein by CIA]</ref>
|- valign="top"
|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right"
|-
! style="width:2em;" | Rank !! Country !! Value !! {{nowrap|Peak year}}
|-
|—||align=left|'''''[[World]]'''''<ref name="IMF World & EU">[https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april/weo-report?a=1&c=001,110,163,119,123,998,510,200,505,903,205,400,603,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,&sy=1980&ey=2025&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 IMF GDP for the World and the European Union]</ref>||117,165,394||2025
|-
|1||align=left|'''{{USA}}'''||30,615,743||2025
|-
|—||align=left|{{nowrap|'''''{{EU}}'''''<ref name="IMF World & EU" />}}||21,096,780||2025
|-
|2||align=left|'''{{CHN}}'''||19,231,705||2025
|-
|3||align=left|'''{{JPN}}'''<ref>[https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?end=2012&locations=JP&start=1960 World Bank's GDP (Nominal) Data for Japan]</ref>||6,272,363||2012
|-
|4||align=left|'''{{DEU}}'''||5,013,574||2025
|-
|5||align=left|'''{{IND}}'''||4,125,213||2025
|-
|6||align=left|'''{{nowrap|{{UK}}}}'''||3,958,780||2025
|-
|7||align="left"|'''{{FRA}}'''||3,361,557||2025
|-
|—||align=left|'''''{{flag|African Union}}'''''<ref>[https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPD@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD/AFQ IMF GDP (nominal) for Africa (Region)]</ref>||3,191,052||2022
|-
|8||align=left|'''{{BRA}}'''<ref>[https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?end=2011&locations=BR&start=1960 World Bank's GDP (Nominal) Data for Brazil]</ref>||2,616,156||2011
|-
|9||align=left|'''{{ITA}}'''||2,543,677||2025
|-
|10||align=left|'''{{RUS}}'''||2,540,656||2025
|-
|11||align=left|'''{{CAN}}'''||2,283,599||2025
|-
|12||align=left|'''{{KOR}}'''||1,942,314||2021
|-
|13||align=left|{{ESP}}||1,891,371||2025
|-
|14||align=left|'''{{MEX}}'''||1,862,740||2025
|-
|15||align=left|'''{{AUS}}'''||1,829,508||2025
|-
|16||align=left|'''{{TUR}}'''||1,565,471||2025
|-
|17||align=left|'''{{IDN}}'''||1,443,256||2025
|-
|18||align=left|{{NED}}||1,320,635||2025
|-
|19||align=left|'''{{SAU}}'''||1,268,535||2025
|-
|20||align=left|{{POL}}||1,039,619||2025
|-
|21||align=left|{{CHE}}||1,002,666||2025
|-
|22||align=left|{{TWN}}||884,387||2025
|-
|23||align=left|{{NGA}}||811,134||2014
|-
|24||align=left|{{IRN}}||722,130||2011
|-
|25||align=left|{{BEL}}||716,980||2025
|-
|26||align=left|{{IRL}}||708,771||2025
|-
|27||align=left|'''{{ARG}}'''||683,371||2025
|-
|28||align=left|{{SWE}}||662,318||2025
|-
|29||align=left|{{ISR}}||610,752||2025
|-
|30||align=left|{{NOR}}||596,298||2022
|}
|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right"
|-
! style="width:2em;" | Rank !! Country !! Value !! {{nowrap|Peak year}}
|-
|—||align=left|'''''[[World]]'''''<ref name="IMF World & EU" />||208,956,282||2025
|-
|1||align=left|'''{{CHN}}'''||41,015,824||2025
|-
|2||align=left|'''{{USA}}'''||30,615,743||2025
|-
|—||align=left|{{nowrap|'''''{{EU}}'''''<ref name="IMF World & EU" />}}||29,239,754||2025
|-
|3||align=left|'''{{IND}}'''||17,714,186||2025
|-
|—||align=left|'''''{{flag|African Union}}'''''<ref>[https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PPPGDP@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD/AFQ IMF GDP (PPP) for Africa (Region)]</ref>||11,579,393||2025
|-
|4||align=left|'''{{RUS}}'''||7,143,093||2025
|-
|5||align=left|'''{{JPN}}'''||6,758,231||2025
|-
|6||align=left|'''{{DEU}}'''||6,153,741||2025
|-
|7||align=left|'''{{IDN}}'''||5,015,762||2025
|-
|8||align=left|'''{{BRA}}'''||4,973,385||2025
|-
|9||align=left|'''{{FRA}}'''||4,533,633||2025
|-
|10||align=left|'''{{nowrap|{{GBR}}}}'''||4,454,716||2025
|-
|11||align=left|'''{{TUR}}'''<ref name="WBGDPPPP">{{Cite web|url=https://datacatalogfiles.worldbank.org/ddh-published/0038129/DR0046438/GDP_PPP.pdf?versionId=2024-07-01T12:42:31.4736462Z|title=Peak GDP (PPP) by the World Bank for Turkey|access-date=2025-11-16|archive-date=2024-12-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228211000/https://datacatalogfiles.worldbank.org/ddh-published/0038129/DR0046438/GDP_PPP.pdf?versionId=2024-07-01T12%3A42%3A31.4736462Z|url-status=dead}}</ref>||3,767,230||2023
|-
|12||align=left|'''{{ITA}}'''||3,720,271||2025
|-
|13||align=left|'''{{MEX}}'''||3,436,930||2025
|-
|14||align=left|'''{{KOR}}'''||3,363,419||2025
|-
|15||align=left|{{ESP}}||2,828,510||2025
|-
|16||align=left|'''{{CAN}}'''||2,722,795||2025
|-
|17||align=left|'''{{SAU}}'''||2,688,520||2025
|-
|18||align=left|{{EGY}}||2,381,507||2025
|-
|19||align=left|{{NGA}}||2,254,167||2025
|-
|20||align=left|{{POL}}||2,019,780||2025
|-
|21||align=left|{{TWN}}||1,990,268||2025
|-
|22||align=left|'''{{AUS}}'''||1,981,672||2025
|-
|23||align=left|{{IRN}}||1,878,892||2025
|-
|24||align=left|{{THA}}||1,853,771||2025
|-
|25||align=left|{{VNM}}||1,807,050||2025
|-
|26||align=left|{{BAN}}||1,782,105||2025
|-
|27||align=left|{{PAK}}||1,671,381||2025
|-
|28||align=left|{{NLD}}||1,516,663||2025
|-
|29||align=left|'''{{ARG}}'''||1,490,164||2025
|-
|30||align=left|{{MYS}}||1,478,139||2025
|}
|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right"
|-
! style="width:2em;" | Rank !! Country !! Value !! {{nowrap|Peak year}}
|-
|1||align=left|{{MON}}||256,581||2023
|-
|2||align=left|{{LIE}}||231,713||2025
|-
|3||align=left|{{LUX}}||146,818||2025
|-
|4||align=left|{{BMU}}||138,935||2024
|-
|5||align=left|{{IRL}}||129,132||2025
|-
|6||align=left|{{CHE}}||111,047||2025
|-
|7||align=left|{{NOR}}||109,270||2022
|-
|8||align=left|{{QAT}}||108,470||2012
|-
|9||align=left|{{ISL}}||98,150||2025
|-
|10||align=left|{{nowrap|{{CAY}}}}||97,750||2023
|-
|11||align=left|{{SGP}}||94,481||2025
|-
|12||align=left|{{IMN}}||94,300||2021
|-
|13||align=left|'''{{USA}}'''||89,599||2025
|-
|14||align=left|{{MAC}}||88,311||2014
|-
|15|| align="left"|{{SMR}}||79,110||2008
|-
|16||align=left|{{DEN}}||76,581||2025
|-
|17||align=left|{{nowrap|{{Flagicon|Channel Islands}} [[Channel Islands]]}}||74,589||2023
|-
|18||align=left|{{NED}}||73,174||2025
|-
|19||align=left|{{FRO}}||71,774||2023
|-
|20||align=left|'''{{AUS}}'''||68,481||2012
|-
|21||align=left|{{SWE}}||62,036||2025
|-
|22||align=left|{{AUT}}||61,694||2025
|-
|23||align=left|{{BEL}}||60,418||2025
|-
|24||align=left|{{ISR}}||60,009||2025
|-
|25||align=left|'''{{DEU}}'''||59,925||2025
|-
|26||align=left|{{GRL}}||58,499||2023
|-
|27||align=left|{{BRU}}||58,005||1980
|-
|28||align=left|{{HKG}}||56,844||2025
|-
|29||align=left|{{nowrap|'''{{GBR}}'''}}||56,661||2025
|-
|30||align=left|'''{{CAN}}'''||56,358||2022
|}
|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right"
|-
! style="width:2em;" | Rank !! Country !! Value !! {{nowrap|Peak year}}
|-
|1||align=left|{{MON}}||270,100||2024
|-
|2||align=left|{{LIE}}||210,600||2024
|-
|3||align=left|{{QAT}}||180,939||2012
|-
|4||align=left|{{SGP}}||156,969||2025
|-
|5||align=left|{{LUX}}||152,395||2025
|-
|6||align=left|{{MAC}}||149,794||2013
|-
|7||align=left|{{IRL}}||147,878||2025
|-
|8||align=left|{{NOR}}||123,150||2022
|-
|9||align=left|{{BMU}}||119,719||2024
|-
|10||align=left|{{nowrap|{{UAE}}}}||104,995||2006
|-
|11||align=left|{{CHE}}||97,659||2025
|-
|12||align=left|{{BRU}}||94,472||2025
|-
|13||align=left|{{GUY}}||94,189||2025
|-
|14||align=left|{{KUW}}||91,435||2007
|-
|15||align=left|'''{{USA}}'''||89,599||2025
|-
|16||align=left|{{CAY}}||86,689||2023
|-
|17||align=left|{{TWN}}||85,127||2025
|-
|18||align=left|{{DEN}}||84,763||2025
|-
|19||align=left|{{IMN}}<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260116063222/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/isle-of-man GDP (PPP) per capita for the Isle of Man]</ref>||84,600||2014
|-
|20||align=left|{{NED}}||84,566||2025
|-
|21||align=left|{{SMR}}||82,886||2025
|-
|22||align=left|{{ISL}}||80,466||2025
|-
|23||align=left|{{HKG}}||78,919||2025
|-
|24||align=left|{{GRL}}||78,841||2023
|-
|25||align=left|{{MLT}}||78,711||2025
|-
|26||align=left|{{FRO}}||78,165||2023
|-
|27||align=left|{{BEL}}||75,882||2025
|-
|28||align=left|{{AND}}||74,939||2024
|-
|29||align=left|{{AUT}}||74,852||2025
|-
|30||align=left|'''{{SAU}}'''||74,668||2025
|}
|- valign="top"
| colspan=4 |
|}

===Twenty largest economies in the world by nominal GDP===
{{Main|List of countries by past and projected GDP (nominal)}}

{{-}}
{|class="wikitable mw-collapsible " style="text-align: left"
|-
!style="text-align:center;" colspan="12"|The following is a list of the twenty largest economies by nominal GDP at peak value as of the specific year, according to the [[International Monetary Fund]].<ref name="IMF Data" />
|-
!Rank!!1980!!1985!!1990!!1995!!2000!!2005!!2010!!2015!!2020!!2025!!2030
|-
|1||{{USA}}||{{USA}}||{{USA}}||{{USA}}||{{USA}}||{{USA}}||{{USA}}||{{USA}}||{{USA}}||{{USA}}||{{USA}}
|-
|2||{{JPN}}||{{USSR}}||{{JPN}}||{{JPN}}||{{JPN}}||{{JPN}}||{{CHN}}||{{CHN}}||{{CHN}}||{{CHN}}||{{CHN}}
|-
|3||{{USSR}}||{{JPN}}||{{USSR}}||{{DEU}}||{{DEU}}||{{DEU}}||{{JPN}}||{{JPN}}||{{JPN}}||{{JPN}}||{{IND}}
|-
|4||{{FRG}}||{{FRG}}||{{FRG}}||{{FRA}}||{{nowrap|{{GBR}}}}||{{nowrap|{{GBR}}}}||{{DEU}}||{{DEU}}||{{DEU}}||{{DEU}}||{{JPN}}
|-
|5||{{FRA}}||{{FRA}}||{{FRA}}||{{nowrap|{{GBR}}}}||{{FRA}}||{{CHN}}||{{nowrap|{{GBR}}}}||{{nowrap|{{GBR}}}}||{{nowrap|{{UK}}}}||{{IND}}||{{DEU}}
|-
|6||{{nowrap|{{GBR}}}}||{{nowrap|{{GBR}}}}||{{nowrap|{{GBR}}}}||{{ITA}}||{{ITA}}||{{FRA}}||{{FRA}}||{{FRA}}||{{FRA}}||{{nowrap|{{UK}}}}||{{nowrap|{{UK}}}}
|-
|7||{{ITA}}||{{ITA}}||{{ITA}}||{{BRA}}||{{CHN}}||{{ITA}}||{{ITA}}||{{BRA}}||{{IND}}||{{FRA}}||{{FRA}}
|-
|8||{{CHN}}||{{CAN}}||{{IRN}}||{{CHN}}||{{BRA}}||{{CAN}}||{{BRA}}||{{ITA}}||{{BRA}}||{{BRA}}||{{ITA}}
|-
|9||{{CAN}}||{{CHN}}||{{CAN}}||{{IRN}}||{{CAN}}||{{ESP}}||{{RUS}}||{{RUS}}||{{ITA}}||{{ITA}}||{{CAN}}
|-
|10||{{MEX}}||{{MEX}}||{{ESP}}||{{ESP}}||{{MEX}}||{{KOR}}||{{IND}}||{{IND}}||{{RUS}}||{{RUS}}||{{RUS}}
|-
!Rank!!1980!!1985!!1990!!1995!!2000!!2005!!2010!!2015!!2020!!2025!!2030
|-
|11||{{ARG}}||{{ARG}}||{{CHN}}||{{CAN}}||{{IRN}}||{{MEX}}||{{ESP}}||{{CAN}}||{{CAN}}||{{CAN}}||{{BRA}}
|-
|12||{{ESP}}||{{IND}}||{{BRA}}||{{KOR}}||{{ESP}}||{{BRA}}||{{CAN}}||{{ESP}}||{{KOR}}||{{KOR}}||{{MEX}}
|-
|13||{{NED}}||{{ESP}}||{{AUS}}||{{RUS}}||{{KOR}}||{{IND}}||{{AUS}}||{{AUS}}||{{ESP}}||{{MEX}}||{{ESP}}
|-
|14||{{IND}}||{{BRA}}||{{NED}}||{{MEX}}||{{RUS}}||{{RUS}}||{{KOR}}||{{KOR}}||{{AUS}}||{{ESP}}||{{AUS}}
|-
|15||{{SAU}}||{{IRN}}||{{IND}}||{{NED}}||{{IND}}||{{AUS}}||{{MEX}}||{{MEX}}||{{MEX}}||{{AUS}}||{{KOR}}
|-
|16||{{AUS}}||{{AUS}}||{{MEX}}||{{AUS}}||{{NED}}||{{IRN}}||{{NED}}||{{TUR}}||{{IDN}}||{{TUR}}||{{IDN}}
|-
|17||{{BRA}}||{{NED}}||{{KOR}}||{{IND}}||{{AUS}}||{{NED}}||{{TUR}}||{{NED}}||{{TUR}}||{{IDN}}||{{TUR}}
|-
|18||{{SWE}}||{{SAU}}||{{CHE}}||{{CHE}}||{{CHE}}||{{TUR}}||{{IDN}}||{{IDN}}||{{NED}}||{{NED}}||{{NED}}
|-
|19||{{BEL}}||{{NGR}}||{{SWE}}||{{ARG}}||{{ARG}}||{{CHE}}||{{IRN}}||{{NGR}}||{{SAU}}||{{SAU}}||{{SAU}}
|-
|20||{{CHE}}||{{SWE}}||{{ARG}}||{{BEL}}||{{TWN}}||{{SWE}}||{{CHE}}||{{SAU}}||{{NGR}}||{{POL}}||{{POL}}
|}

===Twenty largest economies in the world by GDP (PPP)===

{|class="wikitable mw-collapsible " style="text-align: left"
|-
!style="text-align:center;" colspan="12"|List of twenty largest economies by GDP based on [[purchasing power parity]] at peak value as of the specific year according to the [[International Monetary Fund]] and the ''[[The World Factbook|CIA World Factbook]]''.<ref name="IMF Data" /><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2001.html|title = GDP (PURCHASING POWER PARITY)|date = 2014|access-date = 7 October 2014|website = CIA World Factbook|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140625150555/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2001.html|archive-date = 25 June 2014|df = mdy-all}}</ref>
|-
!Rank!!1980!!1985!!1990!!1995!!2000!!2005!!2010!!2015!!2020!!2025!!2030
|-
|1||{{USA}}||{{USA}}||{{USA}}||{{USA}}||{{USA}}||{{USA}}||{{USA}}||{{USA}}||{{CHN}}||{{CHN}}||{{CHN}}
|-
|2||{{USSR}}||{{USSR}}||{{USSR}}||{{JPN}}||{{CHN}}||{{CHN}}||{{CHN}}||{{CHN}}||{{USA}}||{{USA}}||{{USA}}
|-
|3||{{JPN}}||{{JPN}}||{{JPN}}||{{CHN}}||{{JPN}}||{{JPN}}||{{IND}}||{{IND}}||{{IND}}||{{IND}}||{{IND}}
|-
|4||{{FRG}}||{{FRG}}||{{FRG}}||{{DEU}}||{{DEU}}||{{IND}}||{{JPN}}||{{JPN}}||{{JPN}}||{{RUS}}||{{RUS}}
|-
|5||{{ITA}}||{{ITA}}||{{ITA}}||{{RUS}}||{{IND}}||{{DEU}}||{{DEU}}||{{DEU}}||{{DEU}}||{{JPN}}||{{JPN}}
|-
|6||{{FRA}}||{{FRA}}||{{FRA}}||{{IND}}||{{ITA}}||{{RUS}}||{{RUS}}||{{RUS}}||{{RUS}}||{{DEU}}||{{DEU}}
|-
|7||{{nowrap|{{GBR}}}}||{{nowrap|{{GBR}}}}||{{CHN}}||{{ITA}}||{{FRA}}||{{FRA}}||{{BRA}}||{{BRA}}||{{FRA}}||{{IDN}}||{{IDN}}
|-
|8||{{BRA}}||{{BRA}}||{{nowrap|{{GBR}}}}||{{FRA}}||{{nowrap|{{GBR}}}}||{{ITA}}||{{FRA}}||{{nowrap|{{GBR}}}}||{{BRA}}||{{BRA}}||{{BRA}}
|-
|9||{{MEX}}||{{MEX}}||{{IND}}||{{BRA}}||{{RUS}}||{{nowrap|{{GBR}}}}||{{nowrap|{{GBR}}}}||{{FRA}}||{{nowrap|{{GBR}}}}||{{FRA}}||{{FRA}}
|-
|10||{{IND}}||{{IND}}||{{BRA}}||{{nowrap|{{GBR}}}}||{{BRA}}||{{BRA}}||{{ITA}}||{{IDN}}||{{IDN}}||{{nowrap|{{GBR}}}}||{{nowrap|{{GBR}}}}
|-
!Rank!!1980!!1985!!1990!!1995!!2000!!2005!!2010!!2015!!2020!!2025!!2030
|-
|11||{{ESP}}||{{CHN}}||{{MEX}}||{{MEX}}||{{MEX}}||{{MEX}}||{{IDN}}||{{ITA}}||{{ITA}}||{{TUR}}||{{TUR}}
|-
|12||{{SAU}}||{{ESP}}||{{ESP}}||{{IDN}}||{{IDN}}||{{IDN}}||{{MEX}}||{{MEX}}||{{MEX}}||{{ITA}}||{{ITA}}
|-
|13||{{CAN}}||{{CAN}}||{{CAN}}||{{ESP}}||{{ESP}}||{{ESP}}||{{KOR}}||{{TUR}}||{{KOR}}||{{MEX}}||{{MEX}}
|-
|14||{{CHN}}||{{SAU}}||{{IDN}}||{{SAU}}||{{CAN}}||{{KOR}}||{{ESP}}||{{KOR}}||{{TUR}}||{{KOR}}||{{KOR}}
|-
|15||{{ARG}}||{{IDN}}||{{TUR}}||{{CAN}}||{{KOR}}||{{CAN}}||{{SAU}}||{{SAU}}||{{ESP}}||{{ESP}}||{{SAU}}
|-
|16||{{POL}}||{{IRN}}||{{SAU}}||{{KOR}}||{{SAU}}||{{SAU}}||{{IRN}}||{{ESP}}||{{CAN}}||{{CAN}}||{{ESP}}
|-
|17||{{NED}}||{{TUR}}||{{IRN}}||{{TUR}}||{{TUR}}||{{IRN}}||{{CAN}}||{{CAN}}||{{SAU}}||{{SAU}}||{{EGY}}
|-
|18||{{IRN}}||{{ARG}}||{{KOR}}||{{IRN}}||{{IRN}}||{{TUR}}||{{TUR}}||{{IRN}}||{{EGY}}||{{EGY}}||{{CAN}}
|-
|19||{{IDN}}||{{NED}}||{{NED}}||{{UKR}}||{{NED}}||{{AUS}}||{{NGR}}||{{NGR}}||{{NGR}}||{{NGR}}||{{NGR}}
|-
|20||{{TUR}}||{{AUS}}||{{AUS}}||{{THA}}||{{AUS}}||{{THA}}||{{AUS}}||{{THA}}||{{IRN}}||{{POL}}||{{BAN}}
|}

==Statistical indicators==
{{Update|section|date=September 2020|inaccurate=yes|reason=}}

===Finance===
[[File:Map of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita in 2021.svg |thumb |Countries or territories by GDP (PPP) [[per capita]] in 2021.
{| width=100%
|-
| valign=top |
{{Legend|#00008a|>$60,000}}
{{Legend|#003c00|$50,000 – $60,000}}
{{Legend|#008f00|$40,000 – $50,000}}
{{Legend|#00f900|$30,000 – $40,000}}
| valign=top |
{{Legend|#b3ff00|$20,000 – $30,000}}
{{Legend|#ffff00|$10,000 – $20,000}}
{{Legend|#ffd215|$5,000 – $10,000}}
{{Legend|#ff852f|$2,500 – $5,000}}
| valign=top |
{{Legend|#ff0000|$1,000 – $2,500}}
{{Legend|#a30000|<$1,000}}
{{Legend|#b9b9b9|No data}}
|}
]][[File:Countries by total wealth (trillions USD), Credit Suisse.png |thumb |Countries by [[List of countries by total wealth|total wealth]] (trillions USD), Credit Suisse]]
* [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] (GWP) (gross world product): (purchasing power parity exchange rates) – $110.06 trillion (2025 estimate)<ref name="IMF Data" />, $117.165 trillion (2023) . The GWP is the combined gross national income of all the countries in the world. When calculating the GWP, add GDP of all countries. Also, GWP shows that imports and exports are equal. Because imports and exports balance exactly when considering the whole world,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG |title=World Bank GWP Growth Rate, 2020 |publisher=WorldBank.org |access-date=11 November 2020 |archive-date=30 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830210157/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ny.gdp.mktp.kd.zg |url-status=live }}</ref> this also equals the total global gross domestic product (GDP). 
* [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] (GWP) ([[gross world product]]):<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/01/index.htm |title=IMF World Economic Outlook, Crisis and Recovery, April 2009 |publisher=Imf.org |date=16 April 2009 |access-date=17 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519174851/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/01/index.htm |archive-date=19 May 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> (market exchange rates) – $60.69 trillion (2008). The market exchange rates increased from 1990 to 2008. The reason for this increase is the world's advancement in terms of technology.
* GDP<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/publication/world-economic-situation-and-prospects-2018/ |title=World Economic Situation and Prospects 2018 |date=23 January 2018 |publisher=[[United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs]], Development Policy and Analysis Division. Table A.3 |access-date=2 March 2018 |isbn=978-92-1-109177-9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303105824/https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/publication/world-economic-situation-and-prospects-2018/ |archive-date=3 March 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> (real growth rate): The following part shows the GDP growth rate and the expected value after one year.
** Developed Economies. A developed country, industrialized country, more developed country (MDC), or more economically developed country (MEDC), is a sovereign state that has a developed economy and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less industrialized nations. Most commonly, the criteria for evaluating the degree of economic development are gross domestic product (GDP), gross national product (GNP), the per capita income, level of industrialization, amount of widespread infrastructure and general standard of living. Which criteria are to be used and which countries can be classified as being developed are subjects of debate. The GDP of the developed countries is predicted to fall from 2.2% in 2017 to 2.0% in 2018 due to the fall in dollar value.
** Developing Countries. A developing country is a country with a less developed industrial base (industries) and a low Human Development Index (HDI) relative to other countries. However, this definition is not universally agreed upon. There is also no clear agreement on which countries fit this category. A nation's GDP per capita, compared with other nations, can also be a reference point. In general, the United Nations accepts any country's claim of itself being "developing". The GDP of the developing countries is expected to rise from 4.3% in 2017 to 4.6% in 2018 due to political stability in those countries and advancement in technology.
** Least developed countries. The least developed countries (LDCs) is a list of developing countries that, according to the United Nations, exhibit the lowest indicators of socioeconomic development, with the lowest Human Development Index ratings of all countries in the world. The concept of LDCs originated in the late 1960s and the first group of LDCs was listed by the UN in its resolution 2768 (XXVI) of 18 November 1971. This is a group of countries that are expected to improve their GDP from 4.8% in 2017 to 5.4% in 2018. The predicted growth is associated advancement in technology and industrialization of those countries for the past decade.
* GDP – per capita: purchasing power parity – $9,300, €7,500 (2005 est.), $8,200, €6,800 (92) (2003), $7,900, €5,000 (2002)
* World [[median]] income: purchasing power parity $1,041, €950 (1993)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTDECINEQ/Resources/trueworld.pdf |title=True World Income Distribution, 1988 and 1993: First Calculation Based on Household Surveys Alone |author=B. Milanovic |date=January 2002 |access-date=13 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101164652/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTDECINEQ/Resources/trueworld.pdf |archive-date=1 November 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* GDP – composition by sector: agriculture: 4%; industry: 32%; services: 64% (2004 est.)
* Inflation rate (consumer prices); In economics, inflation is a general rise in the price level in an economy over a period of time, resulting in a sustained drop in the purchasing power of money. When the general price level rises, each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services; consequently, inflation reflects a reduction in the purchasing power per unit of money – a loss of real value in the medium of exchange and unit of account within the economy. The opposite of inflation is deflation, a sustained decrease in the general price level of goods and services. The common measure of inflation is the inflation rate, the annualized percentage change in a general price index, usually the consumer price index, over time. ''national inflation rates vary widely in individual cases, from declining prices in [[economy of Japan|Japan]] to hyperinflation (In economics, hyperinflation is very high and typically accelerating inflation) in several [[third world|Third World]] countries (2003)'':
** World 2.6% (2017), 2.8% (predicted 2018);<ref name="auto">{{cite book |url = https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/publication/world-economic-situation-and-prospects-2018/ |title = World Economic Situation and Prospects 2018 |date = 23 January 2018 |page = 11 |publisher = [[United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs]], Development Policy and Analysis Division. Table I.2 |access-date = 2 March 2018 |isbn = 978-92-1-109177-9 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180303105824/https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/publication/world-economic-situation-and-prospects-2018/ |archive-date = 3 March 2018 |url-status = live }}</ref>
** [[developed countries|Developed Economies]] 1% to 4% typically
** [[developing countries|Developing Countries]] 5% to 60% typically
** [[Least developed countries]] 11.4% (2017), 8.3% (predicted 2018)<ref name="auto"/>
* [[Derivative (finance)|Derivatives]] OTC outstanding notional amount: $601 trillion (Dec 2010) ([http://www.bis.org/statistics/otcder/dt1920a.pdf])
* [[Derivative (finance)|Derivatives]] exchange traded outstanding notional amount: $82 trillion (June 2011) ([http://www.bis.org/publ/qtrpdf/r_qa1109.pdf#page=136])
* Global [[debt]] issuance: $5.187 trillion, €3 trillion (2004), $4.938 trillion, €3.98 trillion (2003), $3.938 trillion (2002) ([[Thomson Financial League Tables]])
* Global [[equity (finance)|equity]] issuance: $505 billion, €450 billion (2004), $388 billion. €320 billion (2003), $319 billion, €250 trillion (2002) ([[Thomson Financial League Tables]])

===Employment===
[[File:World GDP Per Capita 1500 to 2000, Log Scale.png |thumb|World [[GDP]] per capita between 1500 and 2000 (log scale)]]
[[File:World GDP per capita 1500 to 2003.svg |thumb|World [[GDP]] per capita between 1500 and 2003]]
[[File:Gdp accumulated change.png|right|thumb|[[GDP]] increase, 1990–1998 and 1990–2006, in major countries]]
* [[Unemployment]] rate: 8.7% (2009 est.). 30% (2007 est.) combined unemployment and [[underemployment]] in many non-industrialized countries; developed countries typically 4%–12% unemployment.

===Industries===
* Industrial production growth rate: 3% (2002 est.)

===Energy===
[[File:Global primary energy consumption, OWID.svg|thumb |Global primary energy consumption, measured in terawatt-hours (TWh) per year]]
{{Further|World energy supply and consumption|Energy development}}
* Yearly [[electricity]] – production: 21,080,878 GWh (2011 est.),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/IEDIndex3.cfm?tid=2&pid=2&aid=12|title=International Energy Statistics|access-date=1 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816184850/http://www.eia.gov/CFapps/ipdbproject/IEDIndex3.cfm?tid=2&pid=2&aid=12|archive-date=16 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> 15,850,000 GWh (2003 est.), 14,850,000 GWh (2001 est.)
* Yearly electricity – consumption: 14,280,000 GWh (2003 est.), 13,930,000 GWh (2001 est.)
* [[Petroleum|Oil]] – production: {{convert|79650000|oilbbl/d|abbr=on}} (2003 est.), {{convert|75460000|oilbbl/d}} (2001)
* Oil – consumption: {{convert|80100000|oilbbl/d|abbr=on}} (2003 est.), {{convert|76210000|oilbbl/d}} (2001)
* Oil – proved reserves: 1.025 trillion barrel ({{cvt|163|km3}} (2001 est.)
* [[Natural gas]] – production: {{cvt|3,366|km3}} (2012 est.),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/iedindex3.cfm?tid=3&pid=3&aid=1&cid=regions&syid=2008&eyid=2012&unit=BCF|title=International Energy Statistics|access-date=1 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081740/http://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/iedindex3.cfm?tid=3&pid=3&aid=1&cid=regions&syid=2008&eyid=2012&unit=BCF|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> {{cvt|2,569|km3}} (2001 est.)
* Natural gas – consumption: {{cvt|2,556|km3}} (2001 est.)
* Natural gas – proved reserves: {{cvt|161,200|km3}} (1 January 2002)

===Cross-border===
* Yearly exports: $12.4 trillion, €11.05 trillion (2009 est.)
* Exports – commodities: the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services
* Exports – partners: US 12.7%, Germany 7.1%, China 6.2%, France 4.4%, Japan 4.2%, UK 4.1% (2008)
* Yearly imports: $12.29 trillion, €10.95 trillion (2009 est.)
* Imports – commodities: the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services
* Imports – partners: China 10.3%, Germany 8.6%, US 8.1%, Japan 5% (2008)
* Debt – external: $56.9 trillion, €40 trillion (31 December 2009 est.)

===Gift economy===
* Annual international aid: [[Official Development Assistance]] (ODA) of $204 billion (2022)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oecd.org/dac/financing-sustainable-development/ODA-2022-summary.pdf|title=ODA Levels in 2022 – preliminary data|publisher=OECD|date=2023-04-12|access-date=2024-01-24}}</ref>

===Communications===
Telephones – main lines in use: 843,923,500 (2007) 4,263,367,600 (2008)
* Telephones – mobile cellular: 3,300,000,000 (Nov. 2007)<ref name="reuters50">[http://investing.reuters.co.uk/news/articleinvesting.aspx?type=media&storyID=nL29172095 global cellphone penetration reaches 50 percent] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217165448/http://investing.reuters.co.uk/news/articleinvesting.aspx?type=media&storyID=nL29172095 |date=17 December 2008 }}</ref>
* [[Internet service provider]]s (ISPs): 10,350 (2000 est.)
* [[Internet]] users: 3,079,339,857 (31 December 2014 [http://www.internetworldstats.com]), 360,985,492 (31 December 2000<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm |title=World Internet Usage Statistics News and World Population Stats |publisher=Internetworldstats.com |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623200007/http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm |archive-date=23 June 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>)

===Transport===
{{See also|Transport#Economic|Category:Transport infrastructure}}
Transportation infrastructure worldwide includes:
* [[Airports]]
** Total: 41,821 (2013)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2053.html|title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=1 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625161845/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2053.html|archive-date=25 June 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* [[Roadway]]s
** Total: {{cvt|32,345,165|km}}
** Paved: {{cvt|19,403,061|km}}
** Unpaved: {{cvt|12,942,104|km}} (2002)
* [[Railways]]
** Total: {{cvt|1,122,650|km}} includes about {{cvt|190,000 to 195,000|km}} of electrified routes of which {{cvt|147,760|km}} are in Europe, {{cvt|24,509|km}} in the [[Far East]], {{cvt|11,050|km}} in Africa, {{cvt|4,223|km}} in South America, and {{cvt|4,160|km}} in North America.{{dubious|If it's 4000 km from New York to Los Angeles, it's unlikely there is only 4160 km of railway in North America.|date=December 2016}}

===Military===
* World military expenditure in 2018: estimated to $1.822 trillion<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2019/world-military-expenditure-grows-18-trillion-2018|title=3. Military expenditure - SIPRI|access-date=1 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525090854/https://www.sipri.org/yearbook/2013/03|archive-date=25 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Military expenditures – percent of [[Gross domestic product|GDP]]: roughly 2% of gross world product (1999).
{{Military spending top 25 countries}}

===Science, research and development===
{{See also|List of sovereign states by research and development spending|Economics of science|Innovation}}
[[File:Scientific and technical journal publications per million residents, OWID.svg|thumb |Number of scientific or technical journal article publications per million residents as of 2013.]]
The [[Royal Society]] in a 2011 report stated that in terms of [[Scientometrics|number of papers]] the share of English-language scientific research papers the United States was first followed by China, the UK, Germany, Japan, France, and Canada.<ref name="guardian">[https://www.theguardian.com/science/2011/mar/28/china-us-publisher-scientific-papers China poised to overhaul US as biggest publisher of scientific papers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030202340/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2011/mar/28/china-us-publisher-scientific-papers |date=2020-10-30 }}, Alok Jha, Monday 28 March 2011, The Guardian</ref> In 2015, [[research and development]] constituted an average 2.2% of the [[global GDP]] according to the [[UNESCO Institute for Statistics]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS|title=Research and development expenditure (% of GDP) {{!}} Data|website=data.worldbank.org|language=en-us|access-date=12 December 2017|archive-date=19 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519013757/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS|url-status=live}}</ref> Metrics and rankings of innovation include the [[Bloomberg Innovation Index]], the [[Global Innovation Index]] and the [[List of countries by Nobel laureates per capita|share of Nobel laureates per capita]].

===Resources and environment===
{{See also|Primary sector of the economy|Sustainable development|Economic impacts of climate change|Environmental resource management#Economics|Planetary management|Agriculture|Overexploitation|Overconsumption|Ecosystem service}}
{{Further |2021 in the environment and environmental sciences#International goals}}
[[File:Relative change in main global economic and environmental indicators from 1970 to 2017.webp |thumb |Shown is how the global material footprint and global CO2 emissions from fossil-fuel combustion and industrial processes changed compared with global GDP.<ref name="gdp-affluence">{{cite journal |author1=Thomas Wiedmann |author2=Manfred Lenzen |author3=Lorenz T. Keyßer |author4=[[Julia Steinberger]]|title=Scientists' warning on affluence |journal=Nature Communications |date=19 June 2020 |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=3107 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-16941-y |pmid=32561753 |pmc=7305220 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.3107W |doi-access=free }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016050101/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |date=2017-10-16 }}.</ref>]]
[[File:8000 BCE+ Loss of forest and grassland to grazing and crops.svg |thumb |The period since 1950 has brought "the most rapid transformation of the human relationship with the natural world in the history of humankind".<ref name=IGBP_Steffen_2004>{{cite web |last1=Steffen |first1=Will |last2=Sanderson |first2=Angelina |last3=Tyson |first3=Peter |last4=Jäger |first4=Jill |last5=Matson |first5=Pamela |last6=Moore III |first6=Berrien |last7=Oldfield |first7=Frank |last8=Richardson |first8=Katherine |last9=Schellnhuber |first9=H. John |last10=Turner II |first10=B. L. |last11=Wasson |first11=Robert J. |display-authors=4 |title=Global Change and the Climate System / A Planet Under Pressure |url=http://www.igbp.net/download/18.56b5e28e137d8d8c09380001694/1376383141875/SpringerIGBPSynthesisSteffenetal2004_web.pdf |publisher=International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319052247/http://www.igbp.net/download/18.56b5e28e137d8d8c09380001694/1376383141875/SpringerIGBPSynthesisSteffenetal2004_web.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2017 |page=133 |date=2004 |quote=Fig. 3.67(j): loss of tropical rainforest and woodland, as estimated for tropical Africa, Latin America and South and Southeast Asia. |url-status=live}}</ref> Through 2018, humans have reduced forest area by ~30% and grasslands/shrubs by ~68%, to make way for livestock grazing and crops for humans.<ref name=LandUseChange_8000BCE>{{cite web |title=Deforestation and Forest Loss / Humanity destroyed one third of the world's forests by expanding agricultural land |work=Our World in Data |date=4 February 2021 |url=https://ourworldindata.org/deforestation |publisher=Our World in Data (OWID) |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221107180838/https://ourworldindata.org/deforestation |archive-date=7 November 2022 |quote=Data: Historical data on forests from Williams (2003) - Deforesting the Earth. Historical data on agriculture from The History Database of Global Environment (HYDE). Modern data from the FAO |url-status=live |last1=Ritchie |first1=Hannah }}</ref>]]
* Forests ([[carbon sink]]s, [[wood]], [[ecosystem services]], ...)
** Estimated number of trees that are net lost annually as of 2021: 10 billion<ref>{{cite news |title=Earth has 3 trillion trees but they're falling at alarming rate |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-science-trees-idUSKCN0R21Z620150902 |access-date=26 May 2020 |work=Reuters |date=2 September 2015 |language=en |archive-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111230631/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-science-trees-idUSKCN0R21Z620150902 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Carrington |first1=Damian |title=Tree planting 'has mind-blowing potential' to tackle climate crisis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jul/04/planting-billions-trees-best-tackle-climate-crisis-scientists-canopy-emissions |website=The Guardian |access-date=26 May 2020 |date=4 July 2019 |archive-date=5 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705170611/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jul/04/planting-billions-trees-best-tackle-climate-crisis-scientists-canopy-emissions |url-status=live }}</ref>
** Global annual deforested land in 2015–2020: 10 million hectares
** Global annual net forest area loss in 2000–2010 : 4.7 million hectares<ref>[[Global Forest Resources Assessment (FRA)|Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020]]: {{cite web |title=Global Forest Resource Assessment 2020 |url=http://www.fao.org/forest-resources-assessment/2020/en/ |website=www.fao.org |access-date=26 May 2020 |language=en |archive-date=20 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520105408/http://www.fao.org/forest-resources-assessment/2020/en |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Other [[land degradation]] and land- and organisms-related ecosystem disturbances
** Soils (carbon sink, ecosystem services, food production, ...)
*** [[Soil erosion]] by water in 2012: almost 36 billion tons (based on a high resolution global potential soil erosion model developed in 2017)<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Borrelli|first1=Pasquale|last2=Robinson|first2=David A.|last3=Fleischer|first3=Larissa R.|last4=Lugato|first4=Emanuele|last5=Ballabio|first5=Cristiano|last6=Alewell|first6=Christine|last7=Meusburger|first7=Katrin|last8=Modugno|first8=Sirio|last9=Schütt|first9=Brigitta|date=8 December 2017|title=An assessment of the global impact of 21st century land use change on soil erosion|journal=Nature Communications|language=En|volume=8|issue=1|page=2013|doi=10.1038/s41467-017-02142-7|pmid=29222506|pmc=5722879|issn=2041-1723|bibcode=2017NatCo...8.2013B}}</ref>
*** Estimated annual loss of agricultural productivity due to soil erosion: 8 billion US dollars (based on the soil erosion data)<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sartori|first1=Martina|last2=Philippidis|first2=George|last3=Ferrari|first3=Emanuele|last4=Borrelli|first4=Pasquale|last5=Lugato|first5=Emanuele|last6=Montanarella|first6=Luca|last7=Panagos|first7=Panos|date=July 2019|title=A linkage between the biophysical and the economic: Assessing the global market impacts of soil erosion|journal=Land Use Policy|language=en|volume=86|pages=299–312|doi=10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.05.014|doi-access=free|bibcode=2019LUPol..86..299S |hdl=10532/4661|hdl-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text and images are available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016050101/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |date=2017-10-16 }}.</ref>
*** Soil erosion by water in 2015: approximately 43 billion tons (according to a 2020 study)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Borrelli |first1=Pasquale |last2=Robinson |first2=David A. |last3=Panagos |first3=Panos |last4=Lugato |first4=Emanuele |last5=Yang |first5=Jae E. |last6=Alewell |first6=Christine |last7=Wuepper |first7=David |last8=Montanarella |first8=Luca |last9=Ballabio |first9=Cristiano |title=Land use and climate change impacts on global soil erosion by water (2015-2070) |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=24 August 2020 |volume=117 |issue=36 |pages=21994–22001 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2001403117 |pmid=32839306 |pmc=7486701 |bibcode=2020PNAS..11721994B |language=en |issn=0027-8424|doi-access=free }}</ref>
*** [[Environmental impact of pesticides]]
**** Pesticide use in tonnes of active ingredient in Australia in 2016: ca. 62,500 tonnes<ref>{{cite web |last1=Roser |first1=Max |title=Pesticides |url=https://ourworldindata.org/pesticides |website=Our World in Data |access-date=21 September 2020 |date=13 October 2019 |archive-date=19 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919230139/https://ourworldindata.org/pesticides |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Oceans (ecosystem services, food production, ...): [[Blue economy]]
* Waste and [[environmental pollution|pollution]] (effects of economic mechanisms, effects on ecosystem services)
** As of 2018, about 380 million tonnes of plastic is produced worldwide each year. From the 1950s up to 2018, an estimated 6.3 billion tonnes of plastic has been produced worldwide, of which an estimated 9% has been recycled and another 12% has been incinerated with the rest reportedly being "[[plastic pollution|dumped in landfills or the natural environment]]".<ref>{{cite news |title=The known unknowns of plastic pollution |url=https://www.economist.com/news/international/21737498-so-far-it-seems-less-bad-other-kinds-pollution-about-which-less-fuss-made |access-date=17 June 2018 |newspaper=The Economist |date=3 March 2018 |archive-date=14 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514130106/https://www.economist.com/news/international/21737498-so-far-it-seems-less-bad-other-kinds-pollution-about-which-less-fuss-made |url-status=live }}</ref>
** [[Air pollution]]
*** Number of human deaths caused annually by air pollution worldwide: ca. 7 million<ref name="WHO2014">{{cite web | url =https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/air-pollution/en/| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140326015904/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/air-pollution/en/| archive-date =March 26, 2014| title =7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution |publisher =[[WHO]]|date=25 March 2014| access-date =25 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/WorldEnergyOutlookSpecialReport2016EnergyandAirPollution.pdf|title=Energy and Air Pollution|website=Iea.org|access-date=12 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011100229/http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/WorldEnergyOutlookSpecialReport2016EnergyandAirPollution.pdf|archive-date=11 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Study Links 6.5 Million Deaths Each Year to Air Pollution |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/27/business/energy-environment/study-links-6-5-million-deaths-each-year-to-air-pollution.html |date=26 June 2016 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=27 June 2016 |archive-date=27 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627051846/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/27/business/energy-environment/study-links-6-5-million-deaths-each-year-to-air-pollution.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
*** Estimated global annual cost of air pollution: $5 trillion<ref name="documents.worldbank.org">Study by the [[World Bank]] and the [[Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation]] (IHME) at the [[University of Washington]]: {{Cite book|url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/781521473177013155/pdf/108141-REVISED-Cost-of-PollutionWebCORRECTEDfile.pdf|title=The Cost of Air Pollution: Strengthening the Economic Case for Action|last1=World Bank|last2=Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation at University of Washington – Seattle|publisher=The World Bank|year=2016|location=Washington, D.C.|page=xii|no-pp=y|access-date=2020-09-21|archive-date=2020-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528132508/http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/781521473177013155/pdf/108141-REVISED-Cost-of-PollutionWebCORRECTEDfile.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="commondreams.org">{{Cite news|url=https://www.commondreams.org/news/2016/09/08/making-case-clean-air-world-bank-says-pollution-cost-global-economy-5-trillion|title=Making Case for Clean Air, World Bank Says Pollution Cost Global Economy $5 Trillion|last=McCauley|first=Lauren|date=8 September 2016|access-date=3 February 2018|publisher=[[Common Dreams]]|archive-date=14 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914120040/https://www.commondreams.org/news/2016/09/08/making-case-clean-air-world-bank-says-pollution-cost-global-economy-5-trillion|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Fortune2018">{{Cite journal|last=|date=1 February 2018|title=The Rising Cost of Smog|url=|journal=Fortune|page=15|issn=0015-8259}}</ref>
** [[Microplastics|Microplastic pollution]]
*** Estimated accumulated number of microplastic particles in the North Atlantic Ocean in 2014: 15 to 51 trillion particles, weighing between 93,000 and 236,000 metric tons<ref name="microplastic">{{cite journal |title=Are we underestimating microplastic abundance in the marine environment? A comparison of microplastic capture with nets of different mesh-size |journal=Environmental Pollution |date=1 October 2020 |volume=265 |article-number=114721 |doi=10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114721|language=en |issn=0269-7491|doi-access=free |last1=Lindeque |first1=Penelope K. |last2=Cole |first2=Matthew |last3=Coppock |first3=Rachel L. |last4=Lewis |first4=Ceri N. |last5=Miller |first5=Rachael Z. |last6=Watts |first6=Andrew J.R. |last7=Wilson-Mcneal |first7=Alice |last8=Wright |first8=Stephanie L. |last9=Galloway |first9=Tamara S. |issue=Pt A |pmid=32806407 |bibcode=2020EPoll.26514721L |hdl=10044/1/84083 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
*** Estimated accumulated number of microplastic particles in the North Atlantic Ocean in 2020: 3700 microplastics per cubic meter<ref name="microplastic"/>
{{Incomplete list|date=September 2020}}

From the scientific perspective, economic activities are embedded in a web of dynamic, interrelated, and interdependent activities that constitute the natural [[systems theory|system]] of Earth. Novel application of [[cybernetics]] in [[decision-making]] (such as in decision-making related to process- and product-design and related laws) and direction of human activity (such as economic activity) may make it easier to control modern ecological problems.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Božičnik |first1=Stane |last2=Mulej |first2=Matjaž |title=A new – 4th order cybernetics and sustainable future |journal=Kybernetes |date=1 January 2011 |volume=40 |issue=5/6 |pages=670–684 |doi=10.1108/03684921111142232 |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/03684921111142232/full/html |access-date=21 September 2020 |issn=0368-492X |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414062618/https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/03684921111142232/full/html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Historical development ==
{{Further|History of globalization|Broad measures of economic progress}}
[[File:2010.09.27-LSE-Research-Danny.Quah-Map.png|thumb|Shift of the world's economic center of gravity since 1980 and projected until 2050<ref name="Quah 2011 pp. 3–9">{{cite journal | last=Quah | first=Danny | title=The Global Economy's Shifting Centre of Gravity | journal=Global Policy | publisher=Wiley | volume=2 | issue=1 | year=2011 | issn=1758-5880 | doi=10.1111/j.1758-5899.2010.00066.x | pages=3–9| s2cid=55154148 | doi-access=free }}</ref>]]
{|class="wikitable mw-collapsible "
|-
!style="text-align:center;" colspan="4"|Estimations of world population and [[GDP]] from a 2020 research paper<ref>{{Cite web|last=Roodman|first=David|date=2020|title=Modelling the Human Trajectory|url=https://www.openphilanthropy.org/sites/default/files/Modeling-the-human-trajectory.pdf|website=p 29|access-date=2020-07-19|archive-date=2020-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719092553/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/sites/default/files/Modeling-the-human-trajectory.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!Year
!Population (million)
!GDP per capita ($1990 in PPP)
!GDP in billion ($1990 in PPP)
|-
|1000000 BCE
|0.125
|400
|0.05
|-
|300000 BCE
|1
|400
|0.40
|-
|25000 BCE
|3.34
|400
|1.34
|-
|10000 BCE
|4
|400
|1.60
|-
|5000 BCE
|5
|404
|2.02
|-
|4000 BCE
|7
|409
|2.87
|-
|3000 BCE
|14
|421
|5.90
|-
|2000 BCE
|27
|433
|11.7
|-
|1000 BCE
|50
|444
|22.2
|-
|500 BCE
|100
|457
|45.7
|-
|200 BCE
|150
|465
|69.7
|-
|1
|168
|467
|78.4
|-
|200
|190
|463
|88.0
|-
|400
|190
|463
|88.0
|-
|500
|190
|463
|88.0
|-
|600
|200
|462
|92.3
|-
|700
|210
|460
|96.6
|-
|800
|220
|459
|101
|-
|900
|240
|456
|109
|-
|1000
|265
|453
|120
|-
|1100
|320
|512
|164
|-
|1200
|360
|551
|198
|-
|1300
|360
|551
|198
|-
|1400
|350
|541
|190
|-
|1500
|438
|625
|274
|-
|1600
|556
|629
|350
|-
|1700
|603
|658
|397
|-
|1820
|1,042
|712
|741
|-
|1870
|1,276
|884
|1,128
|-
|1900
|1,563
|
|
|-
|1913
|1,793
|1,543
|2,767
|-
|1920
|1,863
|
|
|-
|1940
|2,299
|2,181
|5,013
|-
|1950
|2,528
|2,104
|5,318
|-
|1960
|3,042
|2,764
|12,170
|-
|1970
|3,691
|3,725
|13,751
|-
|1980
|4,440
|4,511
|20,026
|-
|1990
|5,269
|5,149
|27,133
|-
|2000
|6,077
|6,057
|36,806
|-
|2010
|6,873
|7,814
|53,704
|-
|2019
|7,620
|9,663
|73,640
|}
Per the MSCI All Country World Index, the breakdown of market sector is as follows:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.msci.com/research-and-insights/visualizing-investment-data/regional-breakdown-of-market-sectors-over-time | title=The Regional Breakdown of Market Sectors over Time }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; text-align:right"
! style="width:2em;" | Sector !! 2012 !! 2022
|-style="font--3weight:bold;background:#f0f0f0"
|-
|Energy||10.7||4.4
|-
|Materials||8.2||5.5
|-
|Industrials||11.5||10.6
|-
|Consumer Discretionary||11.2||11.7
|-
|Consumer Staples||9.4||6.6
|-
|Healthcare||8.8||11.6
|-
|Financials||19.5||14.4
|-
|Information Technology||13.1||21.2
|-
|Communication Service||4.0||7.5
|-
|Utilities||3.6||2.9
|-
|Real Estate||||3.6
|}

One example for a comparable metric other than GDP are the [[OECD Better Life Index]] rankings for different aggregative domains.

{|border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width:100%;" class="wikitable mw-collapsible "
|-
!style="text-align:center;" colspan="4"|Legend
|-
|valign="top"|
{{Legend|#33A392|Explained by: Housing}}
{{Legend|#1FA3E0|Explained by: Income}}
{{Legend|#1A7EBD|Explained by: Jobs}}
|valign="top"|
{{Legend|#D94C5F|Explained by: Community}}
{{Legend|#7FAB3E|Explained by: Education}}
{{Legend|#21A353|Explained by: Environment}}
|valign="top"|
{{Legend|#DEA600|Explained by: Civic engagement}}
{{Legend|#7D3873|Explained by: Health}}
{{Legend|#E36230|Explained by: Life Satisfaction}}
|valign="top"|
{{Legend|#5E5E5E|Explained by: Safety}}
{{Legend|#992826|Explained by: Work-Life Balance}}
|}

{|class="wikitable mw-collapsible "
|-
!style="text-align:center;" colspan="13"|[[OECD Better Life Index]] rankings for 2016
|- valign=top
!Overall Rank <ref>{{cite web|author=John F. Helliwell, Richard Layard and Jeffrey D. Sachs|url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/happiness-report/2018/WHR_web.pdf|title=2018 World Happiness Report|access-date=29 April 2018|archive-date=18 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318092013/https://s3.amazonaws.com/happiness-report/2018/WHR_web.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
!style="width: 150px;"|Country
!style="width: 10px;"|{{abbr|Housing|Explained by: Housing}}
!style="width: 10px;"|{{abbr|Income|Explained by: Income}}
!style="width: 10px;"|{{abbr|Jobs|Explained by: Jobs}}
!style="width: 10px;"|{{abbr|Community|Explained by: Community}}
!style="width: 10px;"|{{abbr|Education|Explained by: Education}}
!style="width: 10px;"|{{abbr|Environment|Explained by: Environment}}
!style="width: 10px;"|{{abbr|Civic engagement|Explained by: Civic engagement}}
!style="width: 10px;"|{{abbr|Health|Explained by: Health}}
!style="width: 10px;"|{{abbr|Life Satisfaction|Explained by: Life Satisfaction}}
!style="width: 10px;"|{{abbr|Safety|Explained by: Safety}}
!style="width: 10px;"|{{abbr|Work-Life Balance|Explained by: Work-Life Balance}}
|-
|1
|{{NOR}}
|data-sort-value="7.5"|{{Percentage bar|75||33A392|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="4.2"|{{Percentage bar|42||1FA3E0|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="9.0"|{{Percentage bar|90||1A7EBD|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.7"|{{Percentage bar|77||D94C5F|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.3"|{{Percentage bar|73||7FAB3E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="10.0"|{{Percentage bar|100||21A353|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="5.5"|{{Percentage bar|55||DEA600|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.5"|{{Percentage bar|85||7D3873|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="10.0"|{{Percentage bar|100||E36230|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="9.8"|{{Percentage bar|98||5E5E5E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.7"|{{Percentage bar|87||992826|width=50}}
|-
|2
|{{AUS}}
|data-sort-value="7.4"|{{Percentage bar|74||33A392|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="5.2"|{{Percentage bar|52||1FA3E0|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.4"|{{Percentage bar|84||1A7EBD|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.5"|{{Percentage bar|85||D94C5F|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.0"|{{Percentage bar|80||7FAB3E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="9.7"|{{Percentage bar|97||21A353|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.6"|{{Percentage bar|86||DEA600|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="9.4"|{{Percentage bar|94||7D3873|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.9"|{{Percentage bar|89||E36230|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.2"|{{Percentage bar|72||5E5E5E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="5.9"|{{Percentage bar|59||992826|width=50}}
|-
|3
|{{DNK}}
|data-sort-value="5.7"|{{Percentage bar|57||33A392|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="4.4"|{{Percentage bar|44||1FA3E0|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.5"|{{Percentage bar|85||1A7EBD|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.7"|{{Percentage bar|87||D94C5F|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.2"|{{Percentage bar|82||7FAB3E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.7"|{{Percentage bar|87||21A353|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.6"|{{Percentage bar|66||DEA600|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.8"|{{Percentage bar|78||7D3873|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="9.7"|{{Percentage bar|97||E36230|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="9.5"|{{Percentage bar|95||5E5E5E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="9.1"|{{Percentage bar|91||992826|width=50}}
|-
|4
|{{CHE}}
|data-sort-value="6.2"|{{Percentage bar|62||33A392|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.9"|{{Percentage bar|79||1FA3E0|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="9.4"|{{Percentage bar|94||1A7EBD|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.8"|{{Percentage bar|78||D94C5F|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.6"|{{Percentage bar|76||7FAB3E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.5"|{{Percentage bar|75||21A353|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="3.4"|{{Percentage bar|34||DEA600|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="9.1"|{{Percentage bar|91||7D3873|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="9.9"|{{Percentage bar|99||E36230|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="9.7"|{{Percentage bar|97||5E5E5E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.6"|{{Percentage bar|76||992826|width=50}}
|-
|5
|{{CAN}}
|data-sort-value="7.6"|{{Percentage bar|76||33A392|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="5.6"|{{Percentage bar|56||1FA3E0|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.4"|{{Percentage bar|84||1A7EBD|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.0"|{{Percentage bar|80||D94C5F|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.2"|{{Percentage bar|72||7FAB3E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.9"|{{Percentage bar|79||21A353|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.4"|{{Percentage bar|64||DEA600|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="9.6"|{{Percentage bar|96||7D3873|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="9.3"|{{Percentage bar|93||E36230|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="9.0"|{{Percentage bar|90||5E5E5E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.2"|{{Percentage bar|72||992826|width=50}}
|-
|6
|{{SWE}}
|data-sort-value="6.5"|{{Percentage bar|65||33A392|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="5.2"|{{Percentage bar|52||1FA3E0|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.1"|{{Percentage bar|81||1A7EBD|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.3"|{{Percentage bar|73||D94C5F|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.6"|{{Percentage bar|76||7FAB3E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="9.5"|{{Percentage bar|95||21A353|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.4"|{{Percentage bar|64||DEA600|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="9.0"|{{Percentage bar|90||7D3873|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.8"|{{Percentage bar|88||E36230|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.6"|{{Percentage bar|86||5E5E5E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.5"|{{Percentage bar|85||992826|width=50}}
|-
|7
|{{NZL}}
|data-sort-value="6.9"|{{Percentage bar|69||33A392|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="4.7"|{{Percentage bar|47||1FA3E0|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.3"|{{Percentage bar|83||1A7EBD|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="10.0"|{{Percentage bar|100||D94C5F|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.1"|{{Percentage bar|71||7FAB3E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.8"|{{Percentage bar|88||21A353|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.4"|{{Percentage bar|64||DEA600|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="9.6"|{{Percentage bar|96||7D3873|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="9.3"|{{Percentage bar|93||E36230|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.3"|{{Percentage bar|73||5E5E5E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.4"|{{Percentage bar|64||992826|width=50}}
|-
|8
|{{FIN}}
|data-sort-value="6.2"|{{Percentage bar|62||33A392|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="3.7"|{{Percentage bar|37||1FA3E0|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.8"|{{Percentage bar|78||1A7EBD|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.1"|{{Percentage bar|81||D94C5F|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="9.3"|{{Percentage bar|93||7FAB3E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="9.4"|{{Percentage bar|94||21A353|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="5.2"|{{Percentage bar|52||DEA600|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.3"|{{Percentage bar|73||7D3873|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="9.4"|{{Percentage bar|94||E36230|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="9.4"|{{Percentage bar|94||5E5E5E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.1"|{{Percentage bar|81||992826|width=50}}
|-
|9
|{{USA}}
|data-sort-value="7.9"|{{Percentage bar|79||33A392|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="10.0"|{{Percentage bar|100||1FA3E0|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.4"|{{Percentage bar|84||1A7EBD|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.4"|{{Percentage bar|64||D94C5F|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.0"|{{Percentage bar|70||7FAB3E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.5"|{{Percentage bar|75||21A353|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.5"|{{Percentage bar|65||DEA600|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.9"|{{Percentage bar|89||7D3873|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.3"|{{Percentage bar|73||E36230|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.5"|{{Percentage bar|75||5E5E5E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.2"|{{Percentage bar|62||992826|width=50}}
|-
|10
|{{ISL}}
|data-sort-value="5.3"|{{Percentage bar|53||33A392|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="4.6"|{{Percentage bar|46||1FA3E0|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="9.7"|{{Percentage bar|97||1A7EBD|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.8"|{{Percentage bar|88||D94C5F|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.5"|{{Percentage bar|75||7FAB3E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="9.7"|{{Percentage bar|97||21A353|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="5.2"|{{Percentage bar|52||DEA600|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.6"|{{Percentage bar|86||7D3873|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="9.6"|{{Percentage bar|96||E36230|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.8"|{{Percentage bar|88||5E5E5E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="5.5"|{{Percentage bar|55||992826|width=50}}
|-
|11
|{{NLD}}
|data-sort-value="7.0"|{{Percentage bar|70||33A392|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="5.1"|{{Percentage bar|51||1FA3E0|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.4"|{{Percentage bar|84||1A7EBD|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="5.4"|{{Percentage bar|54||D94C5F|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.3"|{{Percentage bar|73||7FAB3E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.3"|{{Percentage bar|73||21A353|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="3.9"|{{Percentage bar|39||DEA600|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.3"|{{Percentage bar|83||7D3873|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="9.0"|{{Percentage bar|90||E36230|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="9.0"|{{Percentage bar|90||5E5E5E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="9.4"|{{Percentage bar|94||992826|width=50}}
|-
|12
|{{DEU}}
|data-sort-value="6.2"|{{Percentage bar|62||33A392|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="5.0"|{{Percentage bar|50||1FA3E0|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.2"|{{Percentage bar|82||1A7EBD|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.3"|{{Percentage bar|73||D94C5F|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.0"|{{Percentage bar|80||7FAB3E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.6"|{{Percentage bar|76||21A353|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="4.9"|{{Percentage bar|49||DEA600|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.3"|{{Percentage bar|73||7D3873|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.9"|{{Percentage bar|79||E36230|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.4"|{{Percentage bar|84||5E5E5E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.4"|{{Percentage bar|84||992826|width=50}}
|-
|13
|{{LUX}}
|data-sort-value="6.8"|{{Percentage bar|68||33A392|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.9"|{{Percentage bar|69||1FA3E0|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.7"|{{Percentage bar|87||1A7EBD|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.8"|{{Percentage bar|78||D94C5F|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="5.3"|{{Percentage bar|53||7FAB3E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.8"|{{Percentage bar|68||21A353|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.0"|{{Percentage bar|60||DEA600|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.1"|{{Percentage bar|81||7D3873|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.7"|{{Percentage bar|67||E36230|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.1"|{{Percentage bar|81||5E5E5E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.2"|{{Percentage bar|82||992826|width=50}}
|-
|14
|{{BEL}}
|data-sort-value="6.7"|{{Percentage bar|67||33A392|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="5.8"|{{Percentage bar|58||1FA3E0|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.3"|{{Percentage bar|73||1A7EBD|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="5.6"|{{Percentage bar|56||D94C5F|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.5"|{{Percentage bar|75||7FAB3E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="5.8"|{{Percentage bar|58||21A353|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.1"|{{Percentage bar|71||DEA600|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.1"|{{Percentage bar|81||7D3873|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.4"|{{Percentage bar|74||E36230|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.8"|{{Percentage bar|78||5E5E5E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.7"|{{Percentage bar|87||992826|width=50}}
|-
|15
|{{AUT}}
|data-sort-value="5.8"|{{Percentage bar|58||33A392|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="5.2"|{{Percentage bar|52||1FA3E0|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.3"|{{Percentage bar|83||1A7EBD|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.4"|{{Percentage bar|74||D94C5F|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.9"|{{Percentage bar|69||7FAB3E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.6"|{{Percentage bar|76||21A353|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="3.9"|{{Percentage bar|39||DEA600|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.7"|{{Percentage bar|77||7D3873|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.1"|{{Percentage bar|81||E36230|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="9.1"|{{Percentage bar|91||5E5E5E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.9"|{{Percentage bar|69||992826|width=50}}
|-
|16
|{{GBR}}
|data-sort-value="6.1"|{{Percentage bar|61||33A392|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="4.9"|{{Percentage bar|49||1FA3E0|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.8"|{{Percentage bar|78||1A7EBD|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.8"|{{Percentage bar|78||D94C5F|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.4"|{{Percentage bar|64||7FAB3E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.9"|{{Percentage bar|79||21A353|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="5.9"|{{Percentage bar|59||DEA600|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.1"|{{Percentage bar|81||7D3873|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.0"|{{Percentage bar|60||E36230|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.8"|{{Percentage bar|88||5E5E5E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.6"|{{Percentage bar|66||992826|width=50}}
|-
|17
|{{IRL}}
|data-sort-value="6.9"|{{Percentage bar|69||33A392|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="3.1"|{{Percentage bar|31||1FA3E0|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.1"|{{Percentage bar|71||1A7EBD|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.6"|{{Percentage bar|86||D94C5F|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.3"|{{Percentage bar|73||7FAB3E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.0"|{{Percentage bar|80||21A353|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="2.4"|{{Percentage bar|24||DEA600|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.9"|{{Percentage bar|89||7D3873|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.2"|{{Percentage bar|72||E36230|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.6"|{{Percentage bar|86||5E5E5E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.2"|{{Percentage bar|82||992826|width=50}}
|-
|18
|{{FRA}}
|data-sort-value="6.2"|{{Percentage bar|62||33A392|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="4.8"|{{Percentage bar|48||1FA3E0|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.1"|{{Percentage bar|71||1A7EBD|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.0"|{{Percentage bar|60||D94C5F|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="5.9"|{{Percentage bar|59||7FAB3E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.8"|{{Percentage bar|68||21A353|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.0"|{{Percentage bar|60||DEA600|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.7"|{{Percentage bar|77||7D3873|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="5.4"|{{Percentage bar|54||E36230|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.0"|{{Percentage bar|80||5E5E5E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="9.0"|{{Percentage bar|90||992826|width=50}}
|-
|19
|{{ESP}}
|data-sort-value="6.1"|{{Percentage bar|61||33A392|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="2.9"|{{Percentage bar|29||1FA3E0|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="3.5"|{{Percentage bar|35||1A7EBD|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.7"|{{Percentage bar|87||D94C5F|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="5.5"|{{Percentage bar|55||7FAB3E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.0"|{{Percentage bar|60||21A353|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="4.2"|{{Percentage bar|42||DEA600|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.3"|{{Percentage bar|83||7D3873|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="5.5"|{{Percentage bar|55||E36230|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="9.1"|{{Percentage bar|91||5E5E5E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.8"|{{Percentage bar|88||992826|width=50}}
|-
|20
|{{SVN}}
|data-sort-value="6.1"|{{Percentage bar|61||33A392|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="2.0"|{{Percentage bar|20||1FA3E0|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.5"|{{Percentage bar|65||1A7EBD|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="5.8"|{{Percentage bar|58||D94C5F|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.7"|{{Percentage bar|77||7FAB3E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.6"|{{Percentage bar|76||21A353|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="4.1"|{{Percentage bar|41||DEA600|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.2"|{{Percentage bar|72||7D3873|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="3.1"|{{Percentage bar|31||E36230|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="9.4"|{{Percentage bar|94||5E5E5E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.4"|{{Percentage bar|74||992826|width=50}}
|-
|21
|{{CZE}}
|data-sort-value="4.5"|{{Percentage bar|45||33A392|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="2.1"|{{Percentage bar|21||1FA3E0|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.7"|{{Percentage bar|67||1A7EBD|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.5"|{{Percentage bar|65||D94C5F|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.6"|{{Percentage bar|76||7FAB3E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.7"|{{Percentage bar|67||21A353|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="4.6"|{{Percentage bar|46||DEA600|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.3"|{{Percentage bar|63||7D3873|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.3"|{{Percentage bar|63||E36230|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.9"|{{Percentage bar|79||5E5E5E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.6"|{{Percentage bar|76||992826|width=50}}
|-
|22
|{{EST}}
|data-sort-value="5.3"|{{Percentage bar|53||33A392|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="1.6"|{{Percentage bar|16||1FA3E0|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.4"|{{Percentage bar|64||1A7EBD|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.4"|{{Percentage bar|64||D94C5F|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.2"|{{Percentage bar|82||7FAB3E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.0"|{{Percentage bar|80||21A353|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="5.5"|{{Percentage bar|55||DEA600|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="5.5"|{{Percentage bar|55||7D3873|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="2.7"|{{Percentage bar|27||E36230|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.9"|{{Percentage bar|69||5E5E5E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.8"|{{Percentage bar|78||992826|width=50}}
|-
|23
|{{JPN}}
|data-sort-value="5.2"|{{Percentage bar|52||33A392|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="5.7"|{{Percentage bar|57||1FA3E0|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.9"|{{Percentage bar|79||1A7EBD|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.7"|{{Percentage bar|67||D94C5F|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.6"|{{Percentage bar|76||7FAB3E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.7"|{{Percentage bar|67||21A353|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="1.5"|{{Percentage bar|15||DEA600|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="5.0"|{{Percentage bar|50||7D3873|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="3.7"|{{Percentage bar|37||E36230|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.0"|{{Percentage bar|80||5E5E5E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="5.4"|{{Percentage bar|54||992826|width=50}}
|-
|24
|{{SVK}}
|data-sort-value="4.0"|{{Percentage bar|40||33A392|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="1.7"|{{Percentage bar|17||1FA3E0|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="5.0"|{{Percentage bar|50||1A7EBD|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.3"|{{Percentage bar|73||D94C5F|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.1"|{{Percentage bar|61||7FAB3E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.1"|{{Percentage bar|61||21A353|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="5.2"|{{Percentage bar|52||DEA600|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.5"|{{Percentage bar|65||7D3873|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="4.7"|{{Percentage bar|47||E36230|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.1"|{{Percentage bar|71||5E5E5E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.5"|{{Percentage bar|75||992826|width=50}}
|-
|25
|{{ITA}}
|data-sort-value="4.8"|{{Percentage bar|48||33A392|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="4.2"|{{Percentage bar|42||1FA3E0|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="5.3"|{{Percentage bar|53||1A7EBD|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.6"|{{Percentage bar|66||D94C5F|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="5.1"|{{Percentage bar|51||7FAB3E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="4.5"|{{Percentage bar|45||21A353|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="4.2"|{{Percentage bar|42||DEA600|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.7"|{{Percentage bar|77||7D3873|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="3.5"|{{Percentage bar|35||E36230|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.9"|{{Percentage bar|69||5E5E5E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.8"|{{Percentage bar|78||992826|width=50}}
|-
|26
|{{ISR}}
|data-sort-value="4.5"|{{Percentage bar|45||33A392|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="3.5"|{{Percentage bar|35||1FA3E0|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.3"|{{Percentage bar|73||1A7EBD|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="4.5"|{{Percentage bar|45||D94C5F|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="5.6"|{{Percentage bar|56||7FAB3E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="2.3"|{{Percentage bar|23||21A353|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="2.8"|{{Percentage bar|28||DEA600|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.9"|{{Percentage bar|89||7D3873|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.1"|{{Percentage bar|81||E36230|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.4"|{{Percentage bar|74||5E5E5E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="5.2"|{{Percentage bar|52||992826|width=50}}
|-
|27
|{{POL}}
|data-sort-value="4.4"|{{Percentage bar|44||33A392|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="1.7"|{{Percentage bar|17||1FA3E0|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="5.9"|{{Percentage bar|59||1A7EBD|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="4.7"|{{Percentage bar|47||D94C5F|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.1"|{{Percentage bar|81||7FAB3E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="5.8"|{{Percentage bar|58||21A353|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="4.1"|{{Percentage bar|41||DEA600|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="5.9"|{{Percentage bar|59||7D3873|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="4.1"|{{Percentage bar|41||E36230|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.5"|{{Percentage bar|75||5E5E5E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.7"|{{Percentage bar|67||992826|width=50}}
|-
|28
|{{KOR}}
|data-sort-value="6.1"|{{Percentage bar|61||33A392|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="2.5"|{{Percentage bar|25||1FA3E0|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.7"|{{Percentage bar|77||1A7EBD|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="0.2"|{{Percentage bar|2||D94C5F|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.0"|{{Percentage bar|80||7FAB3E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="2.9"|{{Percentage bar|29||21A353|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.1"|{{Percentage bar|61||DEA600|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="4.7"|{{Percentage bar|47||7D3873|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="3.3"|{{Percentage bar|33||E36230|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.6"|{{Percentage bar|76||5E5E5E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="5.0"|{{Percentage bar|50||992826|width=50}}
|-
|29
|{{PRT}}
|data-sort-value="6.4"|{{Percentage bar|64||33A392|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="2.5"|{{Percentage bar|25||1FA3E0|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="5.1"|{{Percentage bar|51||1A7EBD|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="4.2"|{{Percentage bar|42||D94C5F|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="4.6"|{{Percentage bar|46||7FAB3E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.2"|{{Percentage bar|82||21A353|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="1.6"|{{Percentage bar|16||DEA600|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="5.5"|{{Percentage bar|55||7D3873|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="0.7"|{{Percentage bar|7||E36230|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.8"|{{Percentage bar|78||5E5E5E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.8"|{{Percentage bar|68||992826|width=50}}
|-
|30
|{{LVA}}
|data-sort-value="1.8"|{{Percentage bar|18||33A392|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="1.0"|{{Percentage bar|10||1FA3E0|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.1"|{{Percentage bar|61||1A7EBD|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="3.8"|{{Percentage bar|38||D94C5F|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.5"|{{Percentage bar|75||7FAB3E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.4"|{{Percentage bar|64||21A353|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="4.2"|{{Percentage bar|42||DEA600|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="4.6"|{{Percentage bar|46||7D3873|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="3.7"|{{Percentage bar|37||E36230|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.1"|{{Percentage bar|61||5E5E5E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.6"|{{Percentage bar|66||992826|width=50}}
|-
|31
|{{GRC}}
|data-sort-value="4.1"|{{Percentage bar|41||33A392|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="1.9"|{{Percentage bar|19||1FA3E0|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="1.4"|{{Percentage bar|14||1A7EBD|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="3.5"|{{Percentage bar|35||D94C5F|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.2"|{{Percentage bar|62||7FAB3E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="5.0"|{{Percentage bar|50||21A353|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="3.7"|{{Percentage bar|37||DEA600|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.2"|{{Percentage bar|82||7D3873|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="2.7"|{{Percentage bar|27||E36230|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.0"|{{Percentage bar|70||5E5E5E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.2"|{{Percentage bar|72||992826|width=50}}
|-
|32
|{{HUN}}
|data-sort-value="4.5"|{{Percentage bar|45||33A392|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="1.5"|{{Percentage bar|15||1FA3E0|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="5.9"|{{Percentage bar|59||1A7EBD|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="3.0"|{{Percentage bar|30||D94C5F|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.6"|{{Percentage bar|66||7FAB3E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="5.6"|{{Percentage bar|56||21A353|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="2.3"|{{Percentage bar|23||DEA600|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="5.6"|{{Percentage bar|56||7D3873|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="1.7"|{{Percentage bar|17||E36230|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.2"|{{Percentage bar|62||5E5E5E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.9"|{{Percentage bar|79||992826|width=50}}
|-
|33
|{{RUS}}
|data-sort-value="4.7"|{{Percentage bar|47||33A392|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="1.3"|{{Percentage bar|13||1FA3E0|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="7.1"|{{Percentage bar|71||1A7EBD|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.6"|{{Percentage bar|66||D94C5F|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.4"|{{Percentage bar|64||7FAB3E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="3.2"|{{Percentage bar|32||21A353|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="1.9"|{{Percentage bar|19||DEA600|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="3.0"|{{Percentage bar|30||7D3873|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="4.1"|{{Percentage bar|41||E36230|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="4.2"|{{Percentage bar|42||5E5E5E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="8.2"|{{Percentage bar|82||992826|width=50}}
|-
|34
|{{CHL}}
|data-sort-value="4.4"|{{Percentage bar|44||33A392|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="1.4"|{{Percentage bar|14||1FA3E0|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.1"|{{Percentage bar|61||1A7EBD|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="3.1"|{{Percentage bar|31||D94C5F|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="4.3"|{{Percentage bar|43||7FAB3E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="4.6"|{{Percentage bar|46||21A353|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="1.3"|{{Percentage bar|13||DEA600|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.3"|{{Percentage bar|63||7D3873|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.1"|{{Percentage bar|61||E36230|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="5.4"|{{Percentage bar|54||5E5E5E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.5"|{{Percentage bar|65||992826|width=50}}
|-
|35
|{{BRA}}
|data-sort-value="3.5"|{{Percentage bar|35||33A392|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="0.6"|{{Percentage bar|6||1FA3E0|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.2"|{{Percentage bar|62||1A7EBD|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.3"|{{Percentage bar|63||D94C5F|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="1.9"|{{Percentage bar|19||7FAB3E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="5.1"|{{Percentage bar|51||21A353|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="4.3"|{{Percentage bar|43||DEA600|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.6"|{{Percentage bar|66||7D3873|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.1"|{{Percentage bar|61||E36230|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="0.0"|{{Percentage bar|0||5E5E5E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.3"|{{Percentage bar|63||992826|width=50}}
|-
|36
|{{TUR}}
|data-sort-value="3.8"|{{Percentage bar|38||33A392|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="0.7"|{{Percentage bar|7||1FA3E0|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="5.0"|{{Percentage bar|50||1A7EBD|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="3.6"|{{Percentage bar|36||D94C5F|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="3.3"|{{Percentage bar|33||7FAB3E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="3.9"|{{Percentage bar|39||21A353|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.5"|{{Percentage bar|65||DEA600|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.7"|{{Percentage bar|67||7D3873|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="2.3"|{{Percentage bar|23||E36230|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.8"|{{Percentage bar|68||5E5E5E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="0.0"|{{Percentage bar|0||992826|width=50}}
|-
|37
|{{MEX}}
|data-sort-value="3.9"|{{Percentage bar|39||33A392|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="0.8"|{{Percentage bar|8||1FA3E0|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.1"|{{Percentage bar|61||1A7EBD|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="0.0"|{{Percentage bar|0||D94C5F|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="0.7"|{{Percentage bar|7||7FAB3E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="5.7"|{{Percentage bar|57||21A353|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.6"|{{Percentage bar|66||DEA600|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.1"|{{Percentage bar|61||7D3873|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="5.0"|{{Percentage bar|50||E36230|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="0.7"|{{Percentage bar|7||5E5E5E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="2.1"|{{Percentage bar|21||992826|width=50}}
|-
|38
|{{ZAF}}
|data-sort-value="1.6"|{{Percentage bar|16||33A392|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="0.4"|{{Percentage bar|4||1FA3E0|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="1.4"|{{Percentage bar|14||1A7EBD|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="6.1"|{{Percentage bar|61||D94C5F|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="2.3"|{{Percentage bar|23||7FAB3E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="5.2"|{{Percentage bar|52||21A353|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="4.2"|{{Percentage bar|42||DEA600|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="2.9"|{{Percentage bar|29||7D3873|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="0.0"|{{Percentage bar|0||E36230|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="3.3"|{{Percentage bar|33||5E5E5E|width=50}}
|data-sort-value="5.7"|{{Percentage bar|57||992826|width=50}}
|}

The index includes 11 comparable "dimensions" of well-being:<ref>{{cite journal|author=Marber, Peter|title=Brave New Math|journal=World Policy Journal|issue=Spring 2012|url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/spring2012/brave-new-math|access-date=2020-09-19|archive-date=2018-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228021828/http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/spring2012/brave-new-math}}</ref>
#Housing: [[housing]] conditions and spendings (e.g. [[real estate pricing]])
#Income: [[household income]] (after taxes and transfers) and net financial wealth
#Jobs: [[earnings]], [[job security]] and [[unemployment]]
#Community: quality of [[social support]] network
#Education: education and what one gets out of it
#Environment: quality of environment (e.g. [[environmental health]])
#Governance: involvement in [[democracy]]
#Health
#Life Satisfaction: level of [[happiness]]
#Safety: murder and assault rates
#[[Work-life balance]]

== Economic studies ==
To promote exports, many government agencies publish on the web economic studies by sector and country. Among these agencies include the [[United States Commercial Service|USCS]] (US DoC) and [[Foreign Agricultural Service|FAS]] (USDA) in the United States, the [[Export Development Canada|EDC]] and [[Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada|AAFC]] in Canada, [[Ubifrance]] in France, the [[UK Trade & Investment|UKTI]] in the United Kingdom, the [[Hong Kong Trade Development Council|HKTDC]] and [[Japan External Trade Organization|JETRO]] in Asia, [[Austrade]] and the [[New Zealand Trade and Enterprise|NZTE]] in Oceania. Through Partnership Agreements, the Federation of International Trade Associations publishes studies from several of these agencies (USCS, FAS, AAFC, UKTI, and HKTDC) as well as other non-governmental organizations on its website globaltrade.net.

==See also==
{{portal|Economics|World}}
{{colbegin|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Anarchy (international relations)]]
* [[Capitalism]]
* ''[[Common Wealth: Economics for a Crowded Planet]]'' (book)
* [[Economic bubble]]
* [[Economic collapse]]
* [[Fourth Industrial Revolution]]
* [[Global financial system]]
* [[Global workforce]]
* [[Globality]]
* [[Globalization]]
* [[International trade]]
* [[Trade route]]
* [[Overconsumption]]
* [[Petrodollar recycling]]
* ''[[World Trade Report]]''
* [[World history (field)|World history]]
** [[Economic history of the world]]
* [[World-systems theory]]
{{colend}}
'''Regional economies:'''
{{colbegin|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Economy of Africa]]
* [[Economy of Asia]]
* [[Economy of Europe]]
* [[Economy of North America]]
* [[Economy of Oceania]]
* [[Economy of South America]]
{{colend}}
'''Events:'''
{{colbegin|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Great Recession]]
* [[World oil market chronology from 2003]]
* [[2008 financial crisis]]
* [[2007–2008 world food price crisis]]
* [[Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic]]
{{colend}}
'''Lists:'''
{{colbegin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[List of countries by GDP sector composition]]
* [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|List of world's largest economies (nominal)]] – based on current [[currency]] market exchange rates
* [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|List of world's largest economies (PPP)]] – based on [[purchasing power parity]]
* [[List of regions by past GDP (PPP)|Historical list of world's largest economies (PPP)]] – for the years between 1 and 1998
{{colend}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* [http://www.oecd.org/en/topics/sub-issues/economic-outlook.html OECD – Economic Outlook]
* [http://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO IMF – World Economic Outlook]
* [http://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/global-economic-prospects World Bank – Global Economic Prospects]
* [https://desapublications.un.org/publications/world-economic-situation-and-prospects-2025 UN DESA – World Economic Situation and Prospects 2025]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20260114224200/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/world/ CIA – The World Factbook – World]
* [https://www.theguardian.com/business/global-economy Guardian Special Report – Global Economy]
* [http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/WLD/Year/2022/Summary World Bank Summary – Trade Statistics for World]

{{Globalization|state=uncollapsed}}
{{Earth}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:World Economy}}
[[Category:World economy| ]]
[[Category:Economics catchphrases]]
[[Category:Economic globalization]]

Lalitha Killaka

2026-02-20T01:11:59Z

AdrianneKinne08: new basic biography basic info

{{short description|Indian para athlete}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| nationality =
| sport = [[Paralympic athletics]]
|disability =
|disability_class =
| event =
| club =
| coach =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| retired=
| height =
| weight =
| pb =
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Women's [[para-athletics]]}}
{{Medal|Country|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Para Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2022 Asian Para Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Athletics at the 2022 Asian Para Games|1500m T11]]}}
}}

'''Lalitha Killaka''' is a para athlete from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. She won a gold and a silver at the [[World Para Athletics Championships]] in March 2024. Earlier in October 2023, she won a silver medal at the [[2022 Asian Para Games]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-25 |title=Asian Para Games: Sumit Antil leads India's charge with world record |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/asian-para-games-sumit-antil-leads-indias-charge-with-world-record-101698258117917.html |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Killaka is a visually challenged tribal girl from Gummalakshmipuram in [[Vizianagaram district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Jaisankar |first=Priya |date=2023-10-25 |title=Breaking News: Lalitha Killaka Clinches Silver Medal at 2023 Asian Para Games |url=https://www.vtsworld.org/post/lalitha-killaka-clinches-silver-medal-at-2023-asian-para-games |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=VTSWORLD |language=en}}</ref> She did her schooling at Netra Vidyalaya run by Chinna Jeer Swami and passed Class X in 2020. She is currently studying 2nd year degree in Netra Vidyalaya college. She is trained by coach Rahul Balakrishna.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=Hita |title=Marvels of para sports |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/other-sports/marvels-of-para-sports-2757141 |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Tabares Khan is her guide runner. Her father K. Borja<ref>{{Cite web |title=Para Athletics Licence Register 2024 |url=http://id.paralympicindia.org.in/athletics2024/ |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=id.paralympicindia.org.in}}</ref> and mother Chitamma are farm labourers. She is one of the four siblings.<ref name=":0" /> Her school awarded her a cash prize of Rs.3,00,000 and Rs.50,000 for her guide runner.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2025-03-13 |title=All eyes on golden girl Lalitha |url=https://telanganatoday.com/all-eyes-on-golden-girl-lalitha |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
She was part of the Indian team at the [[2022 Asian Para Games]] at [[Hangzhou]], [[China]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2023-10-21 |title=India at Asian Para Games 2023: Full list of Indian athletes |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/asian-games/india-at-asian-para-games-2023-complete-list-of-indian-athletes-china-hangzhou-2022-news/article67445414.ece |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> She won a silver medal<ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |date=2023-10-25 |title=India at Asian Para Games: Sumit Antil, Sundar Singh Gurjar set new javelin world records on Day 4 |url=https://scroll.in/field/1058130/india-at-asian-para-games-sumit-antil-sundar-singh-gurjar-set-new-javelin-world-records-on-day-4 |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-28 |title=India win 111 medals at Para Asian Games, here's every medal winner of the record-breaking campaign |url=https://www.espn.in/espn/story/_/id/38759315/100-asian-para-games-medals-india-every-medal-winner-record-breaking-campaign |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=ESPN |language=en}}</ref> finishing second behind [[Rakshitha Raju]] in the women 1500m T11 on 25 October 2023.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-10-25 |title=Asian Para Games: Sumit Antil Bags Gold With WR, Indian Medal Tally Bulges to 64 |url=https://www.news18.com/sports/asian-para-games-sumit-antil-bags-gold-with-wr-indian-medal-tally-bulges-to-64-8633292.html |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-26 |title=Asian Para Games: India script history, achieve historic medal haul with 73 medals |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/asian-games-2023/india-asian-games/asian-para-games-india-script-history-achieve-historic-medal-haul-with-73-medals/articleshow/104719778.cms |access-date=2024-01-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In May 2023, she won a silver at the 5th Indian Open Para Athletics International Championship at Shree [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium|Kanteerava Stadium]] in [[Bengaluru]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=News |url=https://www.orisports.com/NewsDetails.aspx?nId=NzczNA== |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=www.orisports.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Killaka, Lalitha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Para Games]]
[[Category:Indian women middle-distance runners]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Asian Para Games medalists in athletics (track and field)]]
[[Category:Asian Para Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2022 Asian Para Games]]

School of Medical Science and Technology

2026-02-11T16:34:39Z

AdrianneKinne08:

{{Short description|Educational and research institute}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2011}}
{{Redirect|SMST|the ICAO code|Stoelmans Eiland Airstrip}}
{{Infobox university
| name = School of Medical Science and Technology
| native_name = 
| image_name = Global view lsb.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| motto =
| established = {{start date and age|2001}}
| type = Education and research institution
| endowment = Government funded
| staff =
| faculty = 11
| president =
| chairperson = Dr. Mahitosh Mandal<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smst.iitkgp.ac.in/Smst/head|title = Head of the School | SMST}}</ref>
| students =
| undergrad = MSc in Medical Physics (3 yrs) MSc in Nuclear Medicine (2 yrs) MSc in Molecular Medical Microbiology (2 yrs)
(In collaboration with [[Tata Medical Centre]])
| postgrad = Masters in Medical Science and Technology (MMST) [15 seats] MTech in Medical Imaging and Informatics MTech in Biomedical Engineering
| doctoral =
| city = [[Kharagpur]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| country = [[India]]
| campus =
| free_label =
| free =
| colours =
| nickname = SMST
| parent = [[IIT Kharagpur]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.smst.iitkgp.ac.in/}}
| coor =
| logo =
}}
The '''School of Medical Science and Technology (SMST)''' is an educational and research institute affiliated to the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur]], India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iitkgp.ac.in/departments/home.php?deptcode=MD |title=Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur |accessdate=2011-11-04 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028030133/http://www.iitkgp.ac.in/departments/home.php?deptcode=MD |archivedate=28 October 2011}} IIT KGP website</ref> Founded in 2001, the School of Medical Science and Technology brings together doctors, scientists and engineers to work collaboratively on projects for better healthcare.

The school offers the following courses: Master of Medical Science & Technology (MMST), M.Tech. in Medical Imaging and Informatics, M.Tech. in Biomedical Engineering, M.Sc.in Medical Physics, M.Sc. in Nuclear Medicine, M.Sc. in Medical Molecular Microbiology and PhD Programs. Former Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] has described SMST as an innovative model which integrates the two diverse disciplines of engineering and medicine and signals new directions in medical education and [[Health care|healthcare]] delivery.<ref name = "PM address">{{Cite news |url= http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=74865
|title= PM's address at 57th Annual Convocation of IIT Kharagpur |accessdate=1 November 2011
|date=22 August 2011 |work= Press Information Bureau, Government of India }}</ref>

==Location==
The school resides in the third and fourth floors of the Life Science Building, IIT Kharagpur. The institute is about 5 km from the Kharagpur railway station.

==History==
The School of Medical Science and Technology (SMST), IIT Kharagpur, was started in 2001 to provide a platform of interdisciplinary teaching and research in the field of [[Medicine|medical science]] and technology. The school began with a 3-year program to train doctors in the engineering aspects of medicine followed by a year of hands-on training. This was followed by a PhD program for research in [[Health technology|medical technology]]. Later addressing the needs of graduate students, the school introduced masters programs in [[Medical imaging|Medical Imaging]] & Informatics and [[Biomedical engineering|Biomedical Engineering]].

While addressing the 57th Annual Convocation and Launching of Diamond Jubilee of IIT, Kharagpur in August 2011, the-then Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh|Dr. Manmohan Singh]] said:<ref name = "PM address"/>
{{blockquote|The School of Medical Science and Technology at IIT Kharagpur has done good work in Medical Biotechnology and Biomedical Engineering. It has sought to produce a new breed of doctors who are highly technology savvy, skilled in e-health monitoring, e-medical recording, tele-diagnostics, tele-surgery and tele-medicine.}}

==Academics==
The courses offered by the institute are:

===Masters in Medical Science and Technology (MMST)===
The school runs a master's degree in Medical Science and Technology, a three-year postgraduate course specially designed for [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|M.B.B.S]]. graduates to train them in [[clinical research]] and medicine. The aim is to provide a platform for interdisciplinary teaching and research in the field of medicine and clinical research which can lead to a better integrated healthcare delivery system. Students spend first two years in doing various course works in medicine and clinical research etc. The last year of the course is reserved for internal or external training either in [[India]] or abroad on actual research projects.

The students of MMST also serve as hospitalists at BC Roy Technology Hospital, a hospital with Intensive Care Unit and housing research labs for Medical Imaging, Instrumentation and [[Telehealth|Telemedicine]], clinical exposure provides in the clinical acumen the student for interdisciplinary research.
The students are exposed to all kinds of imaging modalities – microscopic and macroscopic – and will work on advanced image processing systems.

This program imparts engineering [[skill]]s to medical professionals and train them for medical research in areas of Medical Imaging, [[Molecular imaging|Molecular Imaging]] and [[Image analysis|Image Analysis]], [[Biomaterial]]s and Implants, [[Biophysics]], [[Medical statistics|Medical Statistics]], Telemedicine, Biomedical Instrumentation, Early Detection of [[Cancer]], Immuno-technology, Recombinant [[DNA]] Technology, Biomedical Simulation, Wound research and so on.<ref>http://gate.iitkgp.ac.in/mmst/ Information from GATE Website</ref>

===MTech in Medical Imaging and Informatics===
The school offers a master's degree in Medical Imaging and Informatics, a two-year postgraduate course specially designed for BTech/B.E (Electrical, Electronics, Instrumentation). From 2022, the M.Tech. program in Medical Imaging and Informatics is offered jointly with the department of [[Electrical engineering|Electrical Engineering]], IIT Kharagpur. The aim of the course is to provide knowledge to design [[Computer-aided diagnosis|CAD (computer aided diagnostics)]] system. During their first year students undergo course work, to name a few; PIMI (Physics and Instrumentation in Medical Imaging instruments like [[ultra-sound]], [[X-ray computed tomography|C.T]], [[MRI]], etc.), Digital [[Image processing]], [[Biostatistics|BioStatistics]], [[MEMS]], [[Pattern recognition|Pattern Recognition]] and [[Artificial intelligence|Machine Intelligence]] in Medicine, [[Computer vision]], Medical Image Analysis.

The MTech students will be exposed to different aspects of translational health research which will include medical imaging and advanced image processing systems, biomedical signal processing BioMEMS and [[sensor]]s, Biomedical Instrumentation, [[Embedded system]]s, [[Microfluidics]] and point-of-care diagnostics, Biostatistics, Biomaterials, Regenerative Medicine, Cancer research, [[Circulatory system|Cardiovascular]] research, [[Immunology]] and [[Immunotherapy|Immunotherapeutics]], Biomarker Discovery, [[Herbal medicine]], Clinical and [[Epidemiology|Epidemiological]] research and [[Virology|Molecular virology]] research.
[[File:SMST LSB.jpg|thumb|SMST title in Life Science Building, IIT Kharagpur.]]

=== MTech in Biomedical Engineering ===
The school recently introduced master's degree programs in [[Biomedical engineering|Biomedical Engineering.]]

===PhD in Medical Science and Technology===
The school offers PhD programs in the areas of core medical science, interdisciplinary medical science fusing engineering methodologies.

==Admissions==

===Masters in Medical Science and Technology (MMST)===
The eligibility criterion for admission to MMST course is the MBBS degree from a medical college recognized by [[National Medical Commission]] (NMC) with a minimum of 55% marks in aggregate and having studied mathematics at +2 level (even as additional subject) or from any recognized Open University. Seats are reserved for backward class candidates and persons with [[disability]] as per Govt. of India rules.<ref>http://gate.iitkgp.ac.in/mmst/p6.php Information from GATE Website</ref> Few seats are also reserved for Armed forces personnel.
[[File:Night view lsb.jpg|thumb|Night view of Life Science Building, IIT Kharagpur.]]
The final selection is strictly based on an objective type of entrance test conducted by the Gate, IIT. The test includes objective questions from medical domain as well as from +2 level [[Physics]], [[Chemistry]] and [[Mathematics]]. The entrance test is conducted annually, in the month of April at [[Kolkata]] (IIT Kharagpur extension campus). Candidates qualifying in the admission test are called for counselling at IIT Kharagpur before final selection.
[[File:Front view lsb.jpg|thumb|Front view of Life Science Building, IIT Kharagpur.]]

===MTech in Medical Imaging and Informatics===
Admission for Medical Imaging and Informatics is through GATE (EE, EC, IN, BM, CS) score and happens in summer of every year.

===MTech in Biomedical Engineering===
Admission for Biomedical Engineering is through GATE (BM) score and happens in summer of every year.

==Laboratories and facilities==
The students at SMST have access to infrastructure for interdisciplinary research and development activities, some of which are:<ref>http://gate.iitkgp.ac.in/mmst/p1.php Information from GATE Website</ref>

Names of the Laboratories:
* Bio-MEMS Lab
* Biomaterials and [[Tissue engineering|Tissue Engineering]] Lab
* Biostatistics and Medical [[Informatics]] Lab
* Cancer [[Biology]] Lab
* Epidemiology and [[Public health|Public Health]] Lab
* Herbal Medicine lab
* Medical Instrumentation and Embedded Systems Lab
* Multimodal Imaging and Computing for [[Personalized medicine|Theranostics]]
* [[Sexual and reproductive health|Reproductive Health]] Lab
Apart from these facilities, students have access to research labs of other departments and shared facilities at Central Research Facility (CRF) center of IIT Kharagpur.

==Collaborations and associated laboratories==
The School of Medical Science and Technology is an [[Interdisciplinarity|interdisciplinary]] research department. Hence it works in close association with other departments at IIT, Kharagpur such as the Department of BioTechnology, and the Departments of [[Materials science|Material Sciences]], Physics and [[Meteorology]], Mathematics and [[Statistics]], [[Electronics]] and [[Communication]], [[Computer science|Computer Science]] and [[Mechanical engineering|Mechanical Engineering]]. SMST is also in close association with the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Department of BioTechnology (DBT) and Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) for research activities.

The school has collaborations with many institutions and centres of excellence throughout the globe. Some of these international collaborations are:<ref>http://gate.iitkgp.ac.in/mmst/p2.php Information from GATE Website</ref>
* [[RIKEN Brain Science Institute|Brain Science Institute]], RIKEN, [[Japan]]
Corporate collaborations include [[Texas Instruments]] (USA), [[Siemens]] (India) and [[Philips|Phillips Electronics]] India Ltd, Bosch India etc.

==Products and patents==
The research team in the SMST is working on development of a low cost [[artificial heart|total artificial heart]] (TAH) since last 4 years. The initial experiments on [[goat]]s have shown promising results.<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-03-19/india/28012456_1_total-artificial-heart-human-trials-heart-muscles | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025102351/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-03-19/india/28012456_1_total-artificial-heart-human-trials-heart-muscles | url-status=dead | archive-date=25 October 2012 |title=An artificial heart for Rs 1 lakh, courtesy IIT-Kgp |accessdate=24 November 2009 |date=19 March 2009 | work=[[The Times of India]] |location=India}}</ref> The research team is waiting for the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] (ICMR) approval for human trials, which will be conducted at the [[Medical College Kolkata|Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata]]. This artificial heart will have significant cost advantages over the USA-made artificial hearts.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.indiaedunews.net/IIT/IIT_Kharagpur_team_develops_Rs.1_lakh_artificial_heart_7755/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090323152406/http://www.indiaedunews.net/IIT/IIT%5FKharagpur%5Fteam%5Fdevelops%5FRs.1%5Flakh%5Fartificial%5Fheart%5F7755/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=23 March 2009 |title=IIT Kharagpur team develops Rs. 1 lakh artificial heart |accessdate=17 November 2009 |date=19 March 2009
|publisher=India EduNews}}</ref>

A notable example of a successful research project in collaboration with other universities is the [[Reversible inhibition of sperm under guidance]] (RISUG) — a novel reversible [[male contraceptive]] developed at SMST.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-03-21/kolkata/27750953_1_kgp-iit-kgp-medical-science-and-technology |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025102400/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-03-21/kolkata/27750953_1_kgp-iit-kgp-medical-science-and-technology |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 October 2012 |title=Now, non-surgical contraceptive |accessdate=24 November 2009 |date=21 March 2008 |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=India}}</ref>

==Future plans==
The institute is planning to set up a 400-bedded medical hospital and research center at the campus with a vision of becoming a center of excellence for interdisciplinary research in medical domain. A foundation stone for this medical research center was laid in 2007 by the then President [[A.P.J. Abdul Kalam]].<ref name = "Telegraph">{{Cite news |url= http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120615/jsp/calcutta/story_15610615.jsp#.UEg3esUhrHo |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120618050229/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120615/jsp/calcutta/story_15610615.jsp#.UEg3esUhrHo |url-status= dead |archive-date= 18 June 2012 |title= Medical college at ace tech school - IIT Kharagpur to realise dream with Rs 230cr grant from Centre |accessdate=6 September 2012 |date=15 June 2012 |work=The Telegraph |location=India}}</ref> The institute signed a $50-million MoU with the [[University of California, San Diego]] in 2009 for this purpose.<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/iitkgp-inks-deal-for-medical-college/503720/ |title= IIT-KGP inks deal for medical college |accessdate=6 September 2012 |date=19 August 2009 |work= The Indian Express |location=India}}</ref><ref name = "business-standard" >{{Cite news |url= http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/bill-for-iit-kharagpur-medical-school-in-monsoon-session/442626/ |title= Bill for IIT-Kharagpur medical school in monsoon session |accessdate=6 September 2012 |date=14 July 2011 |work= Business Standard |location=India}}</ref> This project got delayed because of the provisions of IIT act 1961, which prohibits IITs from entering into fields like medicine and tussling between different government ministries.<ref name = "business-standard"/><ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/hrd-to-amend-act-iits-to-teach-medicine/609605/|title= HRD to amend Act, IITs to teach medicine |accessdate=6 September 2012 |date=22 April 2010 |work= The Indian Express |location=India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_law-ministry-not-keen-on-hrd-s-plan-for-mbbs-course-in-iits_1383640 |title= Law ministry not keen on HRD's plan for MBBS course in IITs |accessdate=6 September 2012 |date=16 May 2010 |work= The Indian Express |location=India}}</ref> The institute was in constant touch with the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Ministry of Human Resource Development]] and [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (India)|Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] to amend the IIT Act to give IITs autonomy to offer medical courses as well.<ref name = "business-standard"/> Finally, the Parliament passed the Institute of Technology (Amendment) Bill, 2010, in April 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-30/news/31505993_1_indian-institutes-iit-bill |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517172730/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-30/news/31505993_1_indian-institutes-iit-bill |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 May 2012 |title=Parliament passes IIT bill |accessdate=6 September 2012 |date=30 April 2012|work=[[The Times of India]] |location=India}}</ref> IIT is also in discussion with the [[National Medical Commission]] for this project. In June 2012, IIT received fund of Rs 230 crore through a central grant for establishing the [[Medical school]].<ref name = "Telegraph"/> A 45-acre plot has been earmarked by IIT Kharagpur for what promises to be a modern green building with minimal [[energy consumption]] and advance facilities.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.indiaedunews.net/IIT/IIT_Kharagpur_to_soon_offer_Medical_Degrees_16376/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705091007/http://www.indiaedunews.net/IIT/IIT_Kharagpur_to_soon_offer_Medical_Degrees_16376/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=5 July 2013 |title=IIT Kharagpur to soon offer Medical Degrees |accessdate=11 July 2013 |date=2 July 2013|work=Indiaedunews|location=India}}</ref>

Once this medical hospital and teaching institute starts functioning, the institute will offer NMC approved courses for MBBS, MD, MS and DM. The institute, in association with the University of California and [[Johns Hopkins University]], will develop a teaching module which will comprise elements of [[model]]ling, simulation and virtual reality in-addition to conventional medical wisdom to produce a new breed of tech-savvy doctors. In the first phase, the main focus will be on postgraduate courses. The number of beds would later be increased to 750.<ref name = "Telegraph"/>

==See also==
* [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur]]
* [[Dr B C Roy Institute of Medical Science & Research]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.smstweb.iitkgp.ernet.in/index.php SMST official site]

{{Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur}}

{{Coord missing|West Bengal}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:School Of Medical Science And Technology}}
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2001]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Paschim Medinipur district]]
[[Category:IIT Kharagpur]]
[[Category:2001 establishments in West Bengal]]

Iritty

2026-02-06T08:34:38Z

AdrianneKinne08: basic cleanup page based on references and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2014}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Iritty
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Municipality]]
| image_skyline = Iritty bridge 1933.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = View of Iritty Bridge built in 1933
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.9819|N|75.6703|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kannur district|Kannur]]
| established_title = Municipality Established
| established_date = 1st April 2016
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[List of talukas of Kerala|Taluk]]
| parts = [[Iritty taluk|Iritty]]
| government_type = [[Municipal Council]]
| governing_body =
| leader_title = Municipal Chairman
| leader_name = V. Vinod Kumar <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uniindia.com/news/south/kerala-mayoral-elections-kannur/3686559.html |title=Newly elected representatives of Municipalities in Kannur district}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = [[Deputy Superintendent of Police]]
| leader_name1 = Yogesh Mandhaiya IPS <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kannurrural.keralapolice.gov.in/page/who-is-who-kannur-rural |title=Law and Order – Kannur Rural |website=keralapolice.gov.in |access-date=12 March 2024 |archive-date=12 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312085458/https://kannurrural.keralapolice.gov.in/page/who-is-who-kannur-rural |url-status=live }}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 45.84
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://en-in.topographic-map.com/maps/a5w3/Iritty/ |title=iritty elevation map |website=topographic-map.com |access-date=26 August 2022 |archive-date=26 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826044157/https://en-in.topographic-map.com/maps/a5w3/Iritty/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| elevation_m = 39
| population_total = 40,369
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 670703
| area_code = 91 (0)490
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KL]]
| registration_plate = KL-78
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1066 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Kannur]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Assembly constituency]]
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Peravoor (State Assembly constituency)|Peravoor]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Kannur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kannur]]
}}
'''Iritty''' is a [[Municipalities of Kerala|municipality]] and [[List of taluks of Kerala|taluk]] in [[Kannur district]] of [[Kerala state]], India.<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.trend.kerala.gov.in/views/lnkResultsUrban.php|title=New Municipalities of Kerala : Election Results|publisher=Trend Kerala – Democracy|access-date=2016-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312151855/http://www.trend.kerala.gov.in/views/lnkResultsUrban.php|archive-date=12 March 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The town is the main market place for the farmer communities in the surrounding regions. Iritty is at a distance of {{cvt|20|km|mi}} from [[Kannur International Airport]] and one among five taluks in Kannur district. Iritty is one of the major towns that lies between Coorg and Kannur International Airport near Mattanur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kudumbashree.org/sub-district/881023/20|title=Kudumbashree | City Profile in PMAY - Iritty|website=www.kudumbashree.org|access-date=5 July 2022|archive-date=5 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705191734/https://www.kudumbashree.org/sub-district/881023/20|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Location ==
[[File:Iritty HeliView.jpg|thumbnail|left|A heliCam view of Iritty]]

Iritty is located on the banks of [[Bavali river]], which originates from the Wayanad passes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iritty.com/|title=Iritty basic information|access-date=12 March 2008|archive-date=16 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080416044504/http://www.iritty.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> Iritty is situated on the [[Thalassery]]-[[Coorg]]-[[Mysore]] highway and [[State Highway 30 (Kerala)]] between [[Mattanur]] and [[Virajpet]]. Some of the nearby smaller towns are [[Padiyoor]], [[Blathur]], [[Peravoor]], Kakkayangad, [[Aralam]], [[Keezhppally]], [[Vallithode]], [[Karikkottakary]], [[Angadikadavu]], [[Anappanthy]], [[Edoor]], [[Ulikkal]], [[Vattiyamthode]], Mattara, [[Manikkadavu]], Kilyianthara, [[Punnad]], [[Charal]], Edapuzha, [[Uruppumkutti]], Vilakkode and [[Chavassery]].

[[Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary]] is situated {{convert|8|km|0}} from Iritty.

== Geography ==

Iritty is surrounded by hills. The Iritty Puzha (Iritty River). There is a steel girder bridge, built in 1933, over the river. Pazhassi Dam, almost 10 km from the town, provides irrigation.

=== Steel bridge ===
[[File:Iritty Bridge 25-11-2015.jpg|thumbnail|Iritty Bridge Built in 1933]]
The steel bridge in Iritty is a 10-ton bridge constructed in 1933 by the British authorities to connect the towns of [[Kodagu district|Kodagu]] and [[Thalassery]].<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite news|title = Man's death puts spotlight on safety of Iritty bridge|url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mans-death-puts-spotlight-on-safety-of-iritty-bridge/article7491215.ece|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 2 August 2015|access-date = 2015-12-06|issn = 0971-751X|language = en-IN|first = Mohamed|last = Nazeer|archive-date = 14 June 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210614063649/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mans-death-puts-spotlight-on-safety-of-iritty-bridge/article7491215.ece|url-status = live}}</ref> It was designed by George Anderson of the Institution of Civil Engineers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cbC4yB8tXkcC&pg=PA224|page=224|date=24 March 1893|work=The Railroad Gazette|volume=25|title=Method of Erecting the Iritty Bridge, Malabar}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ewE-AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA174|pages=174–175|date=June 1893|work=The Railway Engineer|volume=14|title=Method of Erecting the Iritty Bridge Malabar}}</ref> A July 2015 death of a man after being accidentally wedged between the handrail and a private bus raised concerns about the bridge's age.<ref name="Hindu" />

== Administration ==
Iritty was initially part of Keezhur-Chavassery Panchayat and upgraded to a Municipality on 1 November 2015. The Municipal town is divided into 34 wards. V Vinod Kumar is the present municipal chairman of Iritty. The current ruling party of Iritty Municipality is [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]].<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/ldf-retains-power-in-iritty-municipality/article33440962.ece
| title = LDF retains power in Iritty Municipality
| date = 29 December 2020
| work = The Hindu
| access-date = 30 September 2021
| archive-date = 30 September 2021
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210930152702/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/ldf-retains-power-in-iritty-municipality/article33440962.ece
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

Iritty Municipality is a part of [[Peravoor (State Assembly constituency)|Peravoor Assembly Constituency]] under [[Kannur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kannur Loksabha Constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|title = Assembly Constituencies – Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies
|access-date = 2008-10-18
|work = Kerala
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011026/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|archive-date = 2009-03-04
}}</ref>

Iritty established as a Taluk headquarters since March 2013 when Kerala government declared new taluks for the state. Iritty taluk falls under Thalassery Revenue division.<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/12-new-taluks-to-be-formed-in-kerala/article4530074.ece
| title = 12 new taluks to be formed in Kerala
| date = 21 March 2013
| work = The Hindu
| url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171115013905/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/12-new-taluks-to-be-formed-in-kerala/article4530074.ece
| archive-date = 15 November 2017
}}</ref>

=== Villages in Iritty Taluk ===
{{See|Iritty taluk}}
'''Iritty Taluk''' has 20 villages:
* Aralam, Ayyankunnu, Chavasseri and Kalliad
* Kanichar, Karikkottakari, Keezhur and Kelakam
* Kolari, Kottiyoor, Manathana and Muzhakkunnu
* Nuchiyad, Padiyoor, Payam and Pazhassi
* Thillankeri, Vayathur, Vellarvalli and Vilamana<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3060ad92489947d410d897474079c1477/uploads/2018/03/2018033121.pdf |title=Revenue Villages in Iritty Taluk |publisher=Government of India |access-date=2020-09-20}}</ref>

==Law and Order==
The municipality comes under the jurisdiction of Iritty police station, established on 11 November 1952. Before becoming a full fledged station, it was an outpost of Mattanur police station.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ps.keralapolice.gov.in/iritty-ps/about |title=About - Iritty police station}}</ref>

Iritty Sub Division was formed on 09-02-2005 by merging areas from Panur Sub Division (previously under Thalassery). Later, when Kannur police district split into city and rural, Iritty subdivision was split into Peravoor and the current Iritty subdivisions. The subdivision consists of 5 police stations under its jurisdiction limits like [[Aralam]], [[Karikkottakary]], [[Ulikkal]], [[Irikkur]] and Iritty. This subdivision shares its eastern border with Karnataka state, northern border with Taliparamba subdivision, western border with Kannur city district police and southern border with Peravoor subdivision.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kannurrural.keralapolice.gov.in/iritty |title=About - Iritty police sub division}}</ref>

Iritty has a Grama Nyayalaya or village court situated at [[Payam, Kerala|Payam]] for easy access to the judicial system in the rural areas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kannur.dcourts.gov.in/contact-us/ |title=Courts in Thalassery district}}</ref>

== Climate ==
Iritty has a [[tropical monsoon climate]] (Am) with little to no rainfall from December to March and heavy to extremely heavy rainfall from April to November.
{{Weather box
|width = auto
| location = Iritty
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan high C = 31.6
| Feb high C = 32.5
| Mar high C = 33.6
| Apr high C = 33.9
| May high C = 33.2
| Jun high C = 29.9
| Jul high C = 28.6
| Aug high C = 29.0
| Sep high C = 29.7
| Oct high C = 30.5
| Nov high C = 31.0
| Dec high C = 31.2
| Jan mean C = 26.5
| Feb mean C = 27.5
| Mar mean C = 28.9
| Apr mean C = 29.8
| May mean C = 29.4
| Jun mean C = 26.9
| Jul mean C = 26.0
| Aug mean C = 26.2
| Sep mean C = 26.6
| Oct mean C = 27.0
| Nov mean C = 26.9
| Dec mean C = 26.3
| year mean C =
| Jan low C = 21.4
| Feb low C = 22.6
| Mar low C = 24.3
| Apr low C = 25.7
| May low C = 25.6
| Jun low C = 23.9
| Jul low C = 23.4
| Aug low C = 23.5
| Sep low C = 23.5
| Oct low C = 23.6
| Nov low C = 22.9
| Dec low C = 21.5
|precipitation colour= green
|Jan precipitation mm=3
|Feb precipitation mm=4
|Mar precipitation mm=12
|Apr precipitation mm=85
|May precipitation mm=283
|Jun precipitation mm=867
|Jul precipitation mm=1332
|Aug precipitation mm=711
|Sep precipitation mm=329
|Oct precipitation mm=279
|Nov precipitation mm=106
|Dec precipitation mm=23
|source 1 = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Iritty climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Iritty weather averages – Climate-Data.org|url=https://en.climate-data.org/asia/india/kerala/iritty-48801/|access-date=2021-12-25|website=en.climate-data.org|archive-date=25 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225131607/https://en.climate-data.org/asia/india/kerala/iritty-48801/|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

== Transportation ==
[[File:Iritty Bridge.jpg|thumbnail|A view of Iritty Bridge]]
Iritty lies at an equal distance from the nearby cities of [[Kannur]], [[Thalassery]], [[Mahé, India|Mahe]], [[Taliparamba]] and [[Virajpet]] ([[Karnataka State]]). The proposed Kannur Mysore National Highway or [[State Highway 30 (Kerala)|SH 30]] passes through Iritty connecting [[Thalassery]], [[Kannur International Airport|Mattanur Airport]] and [[Kodagu]]. This was initially called the TC Road by the British. This highway is used by interstate bus services plying to [[Madikeri]], [[Mysore]] and [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kannur-mysuru-corridor-to-be-made-nh/article19366290.ece |title=Kannur-Mysuru corridor to be made NH |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=26 July 2017 |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109015647/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kannur-mysuru-corridor-to-be-made-nh/article19366290.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[State Highway 36 (Kerala)|SH 36]] connects Iritty with [[Taliparamba]] that gives access to other towns like [[Irikkur]] and [[Sreekandapuram]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralapwd.gov.in/getPage.php?page=maps&pageId=248|title=Kerala State Highways|publisher=Kerala PWD Department|access-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201055331/http://www.keralapwd.gov.in/getPage.php?page=maps&pageId=248|archive-date=1 December 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Keezhur]] is the starting point of Iritty town. This place is well-connected by road from both [[Kannur]] and [[Thalassery]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irittyonline.com/ |title=Iritty More information of Iritty |access-date=6 September 2014 |archive-date=16 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016194706/http://www.irittyonline.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> There are frequent buses from Iritty and to both these places and to several places across Kerala including [[Kottayam]], [[Cochin]] ([[Ernakulam]]), [[Mangalore]], [[Kasaragod]], [[Panathur]], [[Kanhangad]], [[Cherupuzha (Kannur)|Cherupuzha]], [[Wayanad]] and [[Kozhikode]]. There is no railway line, with the nearest railway stations at [[Kannur]] and Thalassery. The nearest airport is [[Kannur International Airport]], at [[Mattannur]] is located 19.5 km south-west of Iritty.

== Commerce ==
Iritty is one of the major towns of the [[Kannur district]]. Nearby villages produce cash crops and plantation crops, making Iritty a major commercial town. Iritty is famous for cash crops such as pepper, rubber and cashew nuts, some of which are sold under regional brands in various auction houses and commodities markets.

Iritty is primarily a trading town. Iritty is headquarters to several State Government offices. Most of these offices have jurisdiction over nearby towns like [[Mattanur]] and [[Peravoor]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kannurairport.in/ |title=Kannur International Airport |access-date=6 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802043104/http://kannurairport.in/ |archive-date=2 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:Iritty.jpg|thumb|Iritty bus stand]]

== Religion ==
The following places provide religious services to Iritty:
* [[Puravayal church|St. George Church Puravayal]]
* [[St. Mary's Forane Church, Edoor]]
* [[Iritty church|St. Joseph's Church Iritty]]
*[[Assemblies of God in India]], Veerpad
InfantJesus Church, Ulikkal
St.Sebastian forona Church Nellickampoyil

== Notable people ==
* [[Tintu Lukka|Tintu Luka]], an Indian athlete<ref name="life">{{cite web|title=Road to Rio: Tintu Luka, India's best bet to end athletics medal wait at Olympics|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/road-to-rio-tintu-luka-indias-best-bet-to-end-athletics-medal-wait-at-olympics-2906838.html|website=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=17 August 2016|date=22 July 2016|archive-date=16 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816182454/http://www.firstpost.com/sports/road-to-rio-tintu-luka-indias-best-bet-to-end-athletics-medal-wait-at-olympics-2906838.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Nivetha Thomas]], an Indian actress

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{wikivoyage-inline|Iritty}}
* [http://www.iritty.com/ Website of Iritty]

{{North Malabar}}
{{Places of interest in North Malabar}}
{{Malabar}}
{{Kerala}}
{{Kannur district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kannur district]]

Income tax in India

2026-01-24T12:07:43Z

AdrianneKinne08: started new stub w/ refs...

{{short description|Form of illuminati in india}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
[[File:Logo of Income Tax Department India.png|thumb|alt=Income Tax Department logo: the three-lion Indian emblem above white-on-red "Income Tax Department"|Income Tax Department logo]]
{{taxation}}
{{Pie chart
| caption = Central Revenue collections in 2007–08<ref>Compiled from [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]] reports.</ref>
| other =
| label1 = Personal income tax
| value1 = 7.43
| color1 = #08f
| label2 = Corporate taxes
| value2 = 45.99
| color2 = silver
| label3 = Other taxes
| value3 = 1.83
| color3 = fuchsia
| label4 = [[Excise]] taxes
| value4 = 35.84
| color4 = yellow
| label5 = Customs duties
| value5 = 17.46
| color5 = green)
| label6 = Other taxes
| value6 = 1.68
| color6 = brown
| value7 = 31.96
| color7 = gold
| label7 = other taxes
}}
'''Income tax in India''' is governed by Entry 82 of the [[Union List]] of the [[Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India]], empowering the [[Government of India|central government]] to tax non-agricultural income; agricultural income is defined in Section 10(1) of [[the Income-tax Act, 1961]].<ref>{{cite book|year=2011|isbn=978-81-8441-290-1|title=Taxation|author=Institute of Chartered Accountants of India}}</ref> The income-tax law consists of the 1961 act, Income Tax Rules 1962, Notifications and Circulars issued by the [[Central Board of Direct Taxes]] (CBDT), annual Finance Acts, and judicial pronouncements by the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme]] and [[High courts of India|high courts]] of India.

The government taxes [[Taxable income|certain income]] of individuals, [[Hindu joint family|Hindu Undivided Families]] (HUF's), companies, firms, LLPs, associations, bodies, local authorities and any other [[juridical person]]. Personal tax depends on residential status. The CBDT administers the [[Income Tax Department]], which is part of the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance's]] Department of Revenue. Income tax is a key source of government funding.

The Income Tax Department is the central government's largest revenue generator; the total tax revenue increased from {{INRConvert|1392.26|B}} in 1997–98 to {{INRConvert|5889.09|B}} in 2007–08.<ref>{{cite web|title=Growth of Income Tax revenue in India|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/2876/12/12_chapter%205.pdf|access-date=16 November 2012|archive-date=27 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227072609/http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/2876/12/12_chapter%205.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.incometaxindia.gov.in/Pages/default.aspx |title=Home – Central Board of Direct Taxes, Government of India |publisher=Incometaxindia.gov.in |access-date=2018-04-18 |archive-date=2 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151202091759/http://www.incometaxindia.gov.in/Pages/default.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2018–19, direct tax collection reported by the CBDT was about {{₹|link=yes}}11.17 [[Indian numbering system|lakh crore]] ({{₹|11.17 trillion}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/economy/exclusive-total-direct-tax-collections-for-fy18-19-fall-short-by-rs-83000-crore-3749991.html|website=[[Moneycontrol.com]]|title=Total direct tax collections for FY18-19 fall short by Rs 83,000 crore|date=2 April 2019|access-date=22 August 2020|archive-date=5 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605092200/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/economy/exclusive-total-direct-tax-collections-for-fy18-19-fall-short-by-rs-83000-crore-3749991.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
===Ancient times===
Taxation has been a function of sovereign states since ancient times. The earliest archaeological evidence of taxation in India is found in [[Ashoka]]'s pillar inscription at [[Lumbini]]. According to the inscription, tax relief was given to the people of Lumbini (who paid one-eighth of their income, instead of one-sixth).<ref>Hultzsch, E. (1925). Inscriptions of Asoka. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 164–165</ref>

In the ''[[Manusmriti]]'', [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]] says that the king has the sovereign power to levy and collect tax according to ''[[Shastra]]'':<ref name="smjha">{{cite book|author=Jha S M (1990) |title="Taxation and Indian Economy"|publisher=New Delhi: Deep and Deep Publications}}</ref>
{{Quote
|text=लोके च करादिग्रहणो शास्त्रनिष्ठः स्यात् । — Manu, Sloka 128, Manusmriti<ref name="smjha" />
("It is in accordance with ''Sastra'' to collect taxes from citizens.")
|author=|title=|source=}}

The ''[[Baudhayana sutras]]'' note that the king received one-sixth of the income from his subjects, in return for protection.<ref name="smjha" /> According to [[Kautilya]]'s ''[[Arthashastra]]'' (a treatise on economics, the art of governance and foreign policy), ''artha'' is not only wealth; a government's power depended on the strength of its treasury: "From the treasury comes the power of the government, and the earth, whose ornament is the treasury, is acquired by means of the treasury and army." [[Kālidāsa|Kalidasa]]'s [[Raghuvaṃśa|''Raghuvamsha'']], eulogizing King Dilipa, says: "it was only for the good of his subjects that he collected taxes from them just as the sun draws moisture from the earth to give it back a thousand time."<ref name="businessline">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2000/02/14/stories/211464tn.htm|title=The evolution of income-tax|publisher=thehindubusinessline.com|access-date=4 August 2019|archive-date=4 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804122856/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2000/02/14/stories/211464tn.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==={{anchor|Modern times}}19th and early 20th centuries===
[[British Raj|British rule in India]] became established during the 19th century. After the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Mutiny of 1857]], the British government faced an acute financial crisis. To fill the treasury, the first Income-tax Act was introduced in February 1860 by [[James Wilson (businessman)|James Wilson]] (British India's first finance minister).<ref name="businessline"/> The act received the assent of the [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy]] on 24 July 1860, and came into effect immediately. It was divided into 21 parts, with 259 sections. Income was classified in four schedules: i) income from landed property; ii) income from professions and trade; iii) income from securities, annuities and dividends, and iv) income from salaries and pensions. Agricultural income was taxable.<ref name="businessline" />

A number of laws were enacted to streamline the income-tax laws; the Super-Rich Tax and a new Income-tax Act were passed in 1918. The Act of 1922 significantly changed the Act of 1918 by shifting income-tax administration from the [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|provincial]] to the central government. Another notable feature of the act was that the rules would be outlined by [[Finance Act (India)|annual Finance Acts]] instead of the act itself.<ref name="shodhganga">{{cite web|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/113603/8/08_chapter%203.pdf|title=Evolution of Income Tax System in India|publisher=Shodhganga|access-date=4 August 2019|archive-date=7 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707010944/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/113603/8/08_chapter%203.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> A new Income-tax Act was passed in 1939.

==={{anchor|Contemporary times}}Present day===
The 1922 act was amended twenty-nine times between 1939 and 1956. A tax on [[capital gain]]s was imposed in 1946, and the concept of capital gains has been amended a number of times.<ref name="shodhganga" /> In 1956, [[Nicholas Kaldor]] was appointed to investigate the Indian tax system in light of the [[Five-Year Plans of India#Second Plan (1956–1961)|Second Five-Year Plan's]] revenue requirement. He submitted an extensive report for a coordinated tax system, and several taxation acts were enacted: [[Wealth Tax Act, 1957|the wealth-tax Act 1957]], the [[Expenditure Tax Act, 1987|Expenditure Tax Act, 1957]], and the [[Gift Tax Act, 1958]].<ref name="shodhganga" />

The Direct Taxes Administration Enquiry Committee, under the chairmanship of [[Mahavir Tyagi]], submitted its report on 30 November 1959 and its recommendations took shape in [[the Income-tax Act, 1961]]. The act, which became effective on 1 April 1962, replaced the Indian Income Tax Act, 1922. Current income-tax law is governed by the 1961 act, which has 298 sections and fourteen schedules.<ref name="shodhganga" />

The Direct Taxes Code Bill was sponsored in [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] on 30 August 2010 by the [[Minister of Finance (India)|finance minister]] to replace the Income Tax Act, 1961 and the Wealth Tax Act.<ref>{{citation |title=Impact of DTC on India Inc |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-mentor/article1015598.ece |work=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |date=6 September 2010 }}</ref> The bill could not pass, however, and lapsed after revocation of the Wealth Tax Act in 2015.

=={{anchor|Amnesty scheme}}Amnesty==
In its [[income declaration scheme, 2016]], the government of India allowed taxpayers to declare previously-undisclosed income and pay a one-time 45-percent tax. Declarations totaled 64,275, netting {{INRConvert|652.5|b}}.<ref>{{citation |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/finance/black-money-haul-rs-65250-crore-collected-through-income-declaration-scheme/articleshow/54626799.cms |title=Black money haul: Rs 65,250 crore collected through Income Declaration Scheme |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=1 October 2016 |access-date=1 October 2016 |archive-date=4 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004162943/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/finance/Black-money-haul-Rs-65250-crore-collected-through-Income-Declaration-Scheme/articleshow/54626799.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== {{anchor|Charge to income tax}}New Tax Regime ==
The [[New Tax Regime]] was announced for individuals & HUF in Budget 2020 and became effective from financial year 2020-21. According to it, individuals can opt for reduced tax rates with no option for claiming exemptions & deductions. Currently, Indian taxpayers can choose between the old tax regime and the new tax regime.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Union Budget 2023: New vs Old Tax Regime - See What Has Changed |url=https://www.ndtv.com/business/union-budget-2023-new-vs-old-tax-regime-see-what-has-changed-3742620 |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=1 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201142545/https://www.ndtv.com/business/union-budget-2023-new-vs-old-tax-regime-see-what-has-changed-3742620 |url-status=live }}</ref>

At the time of introduction, it had 7 different slabs. After three years from introduction, Indian Government reduced both the slab count & tax rates under New Tax Regime in Budget 2023, after reports of poor adoption to new tax regime by tax payers<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 24, 2023 |title=Why hasn't the new tax regime taken off? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/why-hasnt-the-new-tax-regime-taken-off/articleshow/97279229.cms |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=1 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201142546/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/why-hasnt-the-new-tax-regime-taken-off/articleshow/97279229.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

=={{anchor|Charge to income tax}}Tax brackets==
For the assessment year 2013–25, individuals earning up to {{INRConvert|2.5|l}} were exempt from income tax.<ref>{{citation |title=All you need to know about Income Tax Returns for AY 2016–17 |url=http://www.india.com/money/report-all-you-need-to-know-about-income-tax-returns-for-ay-2016-17-2202887 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=16 April 2016 |access-date=24 April 2013 |archive-date=20 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.com/web/20160420052305/http://www.india.com/money/report-all-you-need-to-know-about-income-tax-returns-for-ay-2016-17-2202887 |url-status=live }}</ref> About one percent of the population, the [[upper class]], falls under the 30-percent slab. It increased by an average of 22 percent from 2000 to 2010, encompassing 580,000 income-tax payers. The [[Commoner|common man]], who fall under the 10- and 20-percent slabs, grew by an average of seven percent annually to 2.78 million income-tax payers.<ref name="financialexpress.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/evasion-of-personal-tax-dips-to-59-of-mopup/1096336|title=Evasion of personal tax dips to 59% of mop-up|author=Santosh Tiwari|work=The Financial Express|access-date=19 April 2014|archive-date=19 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419155434/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/evasion-of-personal-tax-dips-to-59-of-mopup/1096336|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Agricultural income ==
According to section 10(1) of the Act, agricultural income is tax-exempt. Section 2(1A) defines agricultural income as:
* Rent or revenue derived from land in India which is used for agricultural purposes
* Income derived from such land by agricultural operations, including the processing of agricultural produce, raised or received as rent-in-kind, for the market or for sale
* Income attributable to a farm house, subject to conditions
* Income derived from saplings or seedlings grown in a nursery

=== {{anchor|Income partly agricultural and partly business activities}}Mixed agricultural and business income ===
Income in the activities below is initially computed as business income, after permissible deductions. Thereafter, 40, 35 or 25 percent of the income is treated as business income and the rest is treated as agricultural income.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Income !! Business income !! Agricultural income
|-
| Growing and manufacturing tea in India || 40% || 60%
|-wrong

| Sale of [[latex]], latex-based [[Crêpe (textile)|crepe]] or brown crepe manufactured from field latex or coalgum obtained from rubber plants grown by a seller in India || 35% || 65%
|-
| Sale of coffee grown and cured by an Indian seller|| 25% || 75%
|-
| Sale of coffee grown, cured, roasted and ground by an Indian seller|| 40% || 60%
|}

== {{anchor|Permissible deductions from gross total income}}Deductions ==
These are permissible deductions according to the Finance Act, 2015:
*§80C – Up to {{INR}} 150,000:
**[[Provident and Voluntary Provident Funds]] (VPF)
**[[Public Provident Fund (India)|Public Provident Fund]] (PPF)
**Life-insurance premiums
**[[Equity Linked Savings Scheme|Equity-Linked Savings Scheme]] (ELSS)
**Home-loan principal repayment
**Stamp duty and registration fees for a home
**[[Sukanya Samriddhi Account]]
**[[National Savings Certificates (India)|National Savings Certificate]] (NSC) (VIII Issue)
**Infrastructure bonds
*§80CCC{{snd}}[[Life Insurance Corporation]] annuity premiums up to {{INR}} 150,000
*§80CCD – Employee pension contributions, up to 10 percent of salary
*§80CCG – Rajiv Gandhi Equity Savings Scheme, 2013: 50 percent of investment or ₹25,000 (whichever is lower), up to {{INR}} 50,000
*§80D – Medical-insurance premium, up to {{INR}} 25,000 for self/family and up to {{INR}} 15,000 for parents (up to {{INR}} 50,000 for senior citizens); premium cannot be paid in cash.
*§80DD – Expenses for medical treatment (including nursing), training and rehabilitation of a permanently-disabled dependent, up to {{INR}} 75,000 ({{INR}} 1,25,000 for a severe disability, as defined by law)
*§80DDB – Medical expenses, up to {{INR}} 40,000 ({{INR}} 100,000 for senior citizens)
*§80E – Student-loan interest
*§80EE – Home-loan interest (up to 100,000 on a loan up to {{INR}} 2.5 million)
*§80G – Charitable contributions (50 or 100 percent)
*§80GG – Rent minus 10 percent of income, up to {{INR}} 5,000 per month or 25 percent of income (whatever is less)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.incometaxindia.gov.in/pages/acts/income-tax-act.aspx|title=Tax Laws & Rules > Acts > Income-tax Act, 1961|website=www.incometaxindia.gov.in|access-date=2019-11-01|archive-date=10 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510050651/https://www.incometaxindia.gov.in/pages/acts/income-tax-act.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>
*§80TTA – Interest on savings, up to {{INR}} 10,000
*§80TTB – [[Time deposit]] interest for senior citizens, up to {{INR}} 50,000
*80U – Certified-disability deduction ({{INR}} 75,000; {{INR}} 125,000 for a severe disability)
*§87A – Rebate (up to {{INR}} 12,500) for individuals with income up to {{INR}} 5,00,000
*80RRB – Certified royalties on a patent registered on or after 1 April 2003, up to {{INR}} 300,000
*§80QQB – Certified book royalties (except textbooks), up to {{INR}} 300,000

== {{anchor|Due date of submission of return}}Due dates ==
The due date for a return is:
*31 October of the [[Fiscal year#Tax year|assessment year]] - Companies without international transactions, entities requiring auditing, or partners of an audited firm
*30 November - Companies without international transactions
*31 July – All other filers

Individuals with an income of less than ₹500,000 (less than ₹10,000 of which is from interest) who have not changed jobs are exempt from income tax.<ref name="caclub-efiling-ay2013-14">{{cite web|url=http://www.caclubindia.com/articles/e-filing-is-mandatory-income-is-more-than-5-lacs-17646.asp|title=E-Filing is mandatory Income is more than 5 lacs|work=CA club india|access-date=14 July 2013|archive-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629021727/http://www.caclubindia.com/articles/e-filing-is-mandatory-income-is-more-than-5-lacs-17646.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> Although individual and HUF taxpayers must file their income-tax returns online, [[digital signature]]s are not required.<ref name="caclub-efiling-ay2013-14"/>

== Advance tax ==
The practice of paying taxes in advance rather than in a single sum at the end of the fiscal year is known as advance tax. These taxes, often known as the 'pay-as-you-earn' scheme, is paid on tax bills above ₹10,000 in installments instead of as a lump sum. The schedule of advance tax payment for individual and corporate taxpayers are:
*On or before 15 June – 15 percent of advance tax liability
*On or before 15 September – 45 percent of advance tax liability
*On or before 15 December – 75 percent of advance tax liability
*On or before 15 March – 100 percent of advance tax liability

=== Amendments due to COVID-19 ===
There was no change in the timeline for tax payment; however, if the deposit of Advance Tax is delayed, a reduced interest rate of 9 percent per annum, or 0.75 percent per month,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tax relief for industries affected by Coronavirus|url=http://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1704880|access-date=2021-06-16|website=pib.gov.in|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627205048/https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1704880|url-status=live}}</ref> will be applicable instead of the current rate of 12 percent per annum, or 1 percent, for payment of all taxes falling between 20 March 2020 and 30 June 2020.

== {{anchor|Tax deducted at source (TDS)}}Tax deduction at source ==
Income tax is also paid by [[tax deduction at source]] (TDS):
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Section !! Payment !! TDS threshold !! TDS
|-
| 192 || Salary || Exemption limit || As specified in Part III of I Schedule
|-
| 193 || Interest on [[Security (finance)|securities]] || Subject to provisions || 10%
|-
| 194A || Other interest || Banks – ₹50,000 (under age 60); {{INR}} 100,000 (over 60). All other interest – ₹10,000 || 10%
|-
| 194B || Lottery winnings|| ₹10,000 || 30%
|-
| 194BB || Horse-racing winnings || ₹10,000 || 30%
|-
| 194C || Payment to resident contractors || ₹30,000 (single contract); ₹100,000 (multiple contracts) || 2% (companies); 1% otherwise
|-
| 194D || Insurance commission || ₹15,000 || 5% (individual), 10% (domestic companies)
|-
| 194DA || Life-insurance payment || ₹100,000 || 1%
|-
| 194E || Payment to non-resident sportsmen or sports association || Not applicable || 20%
|-
| 194EE || Payment of deposit under National Savings Scheme || ₹2,500 || 10%
|-
| 194F || Repurchase of unit by Mutual Fund or Unit Trust of India || Not applicable || 20%
|-
| 194G || Commission on sale of lottery tickets || ₹15,000 || 5%
|-
| 194H || Brokerage commission || ₹15,000 || 2%
|-
| 194-I || Rents || ₹180,000 || 2% (plant, machinery, equipment), 10% (land, building, furniture)
|-
| 194IA || Purchase of immovable property || ₹5,000,000 || 1%
|-
| 194IB || Rent by individual or HUF not liable to tax audit||₹50,000 || 5%
|-
| 194J ||Professional or technical services, royalties || ₹30,000 || 10%
|-
| 194LA || Compensation on acquisition of certain immovable property || ₹250,000 || 10%
|-
| 194LB || Interest paid by Infrastructure Development Fund under section 10(47) to non-resident or foreign company || – || 5%
|-
| 194LC || Interest paid by Indian company or business trust on money borrowed in foreign currency under a loan agreement or long-term bonds || – || 5%
|-
| 195 || Interest or other amounts paid to non-residents or a foreign company (except under §115O)|| As computed by assessing officer on application under §195(2) or 195(3) || Avoiding [[double taxation]]
|}

== {{anchor|Corporate income tax}}Corporate tax ==
[[File:Income-wise no of corporate assessees in India.png|thumbnail|alt=Colour-coded line graph|Number of corporate taxpayers by income|upright=1.6]]
The tax rate is 25 percent for domestic companies. For new companies incorporated after 1 October 2019 and beginning production before 31 March 2023, the tax rate is 15 percent. Both rates apply only if a company claims no exemptions or concessions.

For foreign companies, the tax rate is 40 percent (50 percent on royalties and technical services). Surcharges and [[cess]]es, including a four-percent health-and-education cess, are levied on the flat rate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://businesssetup.in/blog/view/Income-Tax-rates-for-Companies|title=Income Tax rates for Companies|work=businesssetup.in|access-date=12 May 2015|archive-date=18 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518123059/http://businesssetup.in/blog/view/Income-Tax-rates-for-Companies|url-status=live}}</ref> Electronic filing is mandatory.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://incometaxindiaefiling.gov.in/download/Circular%20No.9-2006.pdf |title=Corporate taxpayers must file electronically, point 4 of I T circular. |access-date=22 November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070104125508/http://incometaxindiaefiling.gov.in/download/Circular%20No.9-2006.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== {{anchor|Surcharge}}Surcharges ===
Non-corporate taxpayers pay a 10-percent surcharge on income between {{INR}} 5 million and {{INR}} 10 million. There is a 15-percent surcharge on income over {{INR}} 10 million. Domestic companies pay seven percent on taxable income between {{INR}} 10 million and {{INR}} 100 million, and 12 percent on income over {{INR}} 100 million. Foreign companies pay two percent on income between {{INR}} 10 million and {{INR}} 100 million, and five percent on income over {{INR}} 100 million.

== {{anchor|Categories}}Tax returns ==
There are five primary types of income-tax returns:

Normal return (§139(1)): Individuals with an income above ₹250,000 (under age 60), ₹300,000 (age 60 to 79), or ₹500,000 (over 80) must file a return. Due dates vary based on the category of the taxpayer.

Belated return (§139(4)): A return that was not filed within the original due date may be filed before the end of the relevant assessment year or before the completion of the assessment, whichever is earlier.

Revised return (§139(5)): If a taxpayer discovers an omission or a wrong statement in a normal or belated return, a revised return may be filed before the end of the assessment year.

Updated return (§139(8A)): Introduced in the 2022 Union Budget, an ITR-U allows taxpayers to update their returns within 24 months from the end of the relevant assessment year. This is applicable regardless of whether a previous return was filed, provided it is used to disclose additional income and pay additional tax (25% to 50% additional tax on the aggregate of tax and interest). It cannot be used to file a loss return or claim a higher refund.

Defective return (§139(9)): An assessing officer may flag a return as defective. Such defects must be rectified by the taxpayer within 15 days of notification, or within such further period as the officer may allow.

== {{anchor|Income tax rates for individuals|Income Tax Rates for Financial Year 2017–2018}}Finance Act, 2021 ==
In the Finance Act, 2021, the government has introduced the following changes on the Income Tax Act, 1961:
* Amendments for taxation of income arising from Firm/AOP/BOI;
* Increased tax Incentives for International Finance Service Centre;
* Denial of depreciation on Goodwill;
* Full value of consideration for computation of capital gains on slump sale to be at Fair Value;
* Enhancement of Limit for Tax Audit; and
* Definition of the word "Liable to Tax" is introduced.

=={{anchor|Assessments}}Assessment==
Self-assessment is done on a taxpayer's [[Income tax return (India)|return]]. The department assesses tax under section 143(3) (scrutiny), 144 (best judgement), 147 (income escaping assessment) and 153A (search and seizure). Notices for such assessments are issued under sections 143(2), 148 and 153A, respectively. Time limits are prescribed in section 153.<ref>{{citation |title=Readers' Corner: Taxation |url=http://wap.business-standard.com/article/pf/readers-corner-taxation-116032700682_1.html |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=27 March 2016 |last1=Kumar |first1=Kuldip |access-date=24 April 2016 |archive-date=6 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506001456/http://wap.business-standard.com/article/pf/readers-corner-taxation-116032700682_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== {{anchor|Tax penalties}}Penalties ==

Penalties can be levied under §271(1)(c)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://law.incometaxindia.gov.in/DIT/File_opener.aspx?page=ITAC&schT=&csId=cfe34160-c33a-4b5b-a08e-a9738122b797&rdb=sec&yr=e5be6bdb-1fc4-42d6-ac7b-34a44fd65485&sec=271&sch=&title=Taxmann%20-%20Direct%20Tax%20Laws |title=Section 271 of India IT Act |access-date=17 September 2012 |archive-date=14 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014071430/http://law.incometaxindia.gov.in/DIT/File_opener.aspx?page=ITAC&schT=&csId=cfe34160-c33a-4b5b-a08e-a9738122b797&rdb=sec&yr=e5be6bdb-1fc4-42d6-ac7b-34a44fd65485&sec=271&sch=&title=Taxmann%20-%20Direct%20Tax%20Laws |url-status=live }}</ref> for concealing or misrepresenting income. Penalties may range from 100 to 300 percent of the tax evaded. Under-reporting or misreporting income is penalized under §270A. Penalties are 50 percent of the tax on under-reported income and 200 percent of the tax on misreported income. Late fees are payable under §234F.

== See also ==
* [[Taxation in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Income Tax In India}}
[[Category:Income tax in India| ]]
[[Category:Income taxes]]

Sunny Singh (actor)

2026-01-22T02:06:18Z

AdrianneKinne08: expanded content

{{short description|Indian actor (born 1985)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sunny Singh
| image = Sunny Singh snapped at the trailer launch of The Bhootnii (cropped).jpg
| caption = Singh in 2025
| birth_name = Sunny Singh Nijjar
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1985|10|06|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], Delhi, India
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2007–present
}}

'''Sunny Singh Nijjar''' (born 6 October 1985)<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 October 2021|title=Prabhas, Om Raut wish Adipurush actor Sunny Singh on birthday: 'Had lots of fun with you on sets'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/prabhas-om-raut-wish-adipurush-actor-sunny-singh-on-birthday-had-lots-of-fun-with-you-on-sets-see-photos-7556185/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006142502/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/prabhas-om-raut-wish-adipurush-actor-sunny-singh-on-birthday-had-lots-of-fun-with-you-on-sets-see-photos-7556185/|archive-date=6 October 2021|access-date=24 January 2022|website=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en}}</ref> is an Indian actor who works primarily in [[Hindi]] films. He began acting in 2007 with the television soap opera ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]''. He made his film debut in ''[[Paathshaala]]'' (2010) and has since starred in ''[[Pyaar Ka Punchnama 2]]'' (2015), ''[[Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety]]'' (2018) and ''[[Adipurush]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite news|url =https://www.filmfare.com/interviews/pyaar-ka-punchnama-2-actor-sunny-singh-nijjars-filmfare-interview-12002.html|title=Sunshine boy|work= Filmfare|access-date=1 October 2019|date=29 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url =https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/i-don-t-fear-being-judged-as-a-misogynist-kartik-aryan-on-protecting-best-friend-from-a-gold-digger/story-mmZ1EyI2K5u4Ni0BKJZR2L.html|title=I don't fear being judged as a misogynist: Kartik Aryan on 'protecting best friend from a gold digger'|work= Hindustan Times|access-date=10 September 2019|date=13 March 2018}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Singh was born to [[Stunt coordinator|stunt director]] Jai Singh Nijjar, who has been a stunt director for numerous films such as ''[[Chennai Express]] ''(2013) and ''[[Shivaay]]'' (2016).<ref name="er1">{{Cite web|date=5 October 2020|title=Sunny Singh: I'm not a star son, so I don't understand that space well|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/sunny-singh-i-m-not-a-star-son-toh-mujhe-woh-wala-space-nahi-pata-hai/story-1jm1pKcSL92z3ko57P6V5J.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111010323/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/sunny-singh-i-m-not-a-star-son-toh-mujhe-woh-wala-space-nahi-pata-hai/story-1jm1pKcSL92z3ko57P6V5J.html|archive-date=11 November 2021|access-date=24 January 2022|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==

Singh made his television debut in 2007 through the [[Star Plus]]-popular running series ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]'', where he played the love interest of the character played by [[Kratika Sengar]]. Later, he played Karan in the 2009 series ''[[Shakuntala (TV series)|Shakuntala]]''.

Singh began his film career in 2010 with [[Paathshaala]] where he starred alongside [[Shahid Kapoor]]. In 2011 he worked in [[Madhur Bhandarkar]]'s comedy ''[[Dil Toh Baccha Hai Ji]]'', where he made a small appearance in the concluding scene alongside [[Emraan Hashmi]] and newcomer [[Chetna Pande]]. His first major role was as an abusive husband, Ravi, alongside [[Kartik Aaryan]] and [[Nushrat Bharucha]] in [[Luv Ranjan]]'s romantic drama ''[[Akaash Vani]]'', which was a commercial failure.<ref>{{cite news|last=Vyavahare|first=Renuka |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/AkaashVani/movie-review/18164929.cms|title=Akaash Vani|access-date=2 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 January 2013}}</ref>

Singh reteamed with Aaryan, Ranjan and Bharucha for ''[[Pyaar Ka Punchnama 2]]'', a sequel to the 2011 film ''[[Pyaar Ka Punchnama]]'' and co-starring Aaryan, Bharucha, [[Omkar Kapoor]], [[Ishita Raj Sharma]] and [[Sonnalli Seygall]]. With a worldwide total of {{INRConvert|88|c}}, it emerged as his first commercial success.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pyaar Ka Punchnama 2 review: This sequel is hilarious|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/pyaar-ka-punchnama-2-review-this-sequel-is-super-funny/story-Hi3eqk4lQfPofwB09Z8ueO.html|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=28 November 2015}}</ref> His highest-grossing release came in 2018<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=23 February 2021|title=Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety turns 3: Kartik Aaryan, Nushrratt Bharuccha, Sunny Singh goes down memory lane|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/sonu-ke-titu-ki-sweety-turns-3-kartik-aaryan-nushrratt-bharuccha-goes-down-memory-lane-686847|access-date=7 October 2021|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en}}</ref> when he teamed up with the trio for the third time in ''[[Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety' box office collection Day 5: Sunny Singh, Nushrat Bharucha and Kartik Aryan's film collects Rs 4.50 crore – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/sonu-ke-titu-ki-sweety-box-office-collection-day-5-sunny-singh-nushrat-bharucha-and-kartik-aryans-film-collects-rs-4-50-crore/articleshow/63109413.cms|website=The Times of India|date=6 March 2018 |language=en|access-date=19 May 2020}}</ref>

Singh had a cameo appearance in [[Akiv Ali]]'s directorial debut, ''[[De De Pyaar De]]'', a romantic comedy film produced by Ranjan, about a 50-year-old businessman who falls in love with a 26-year-old girl, and starring Ajay Devgn opposite [[Rakul Preet Singh]] and [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Actor Sunny Singh's cameo in De De Pyaar De is winning hearts all over|url=https://boxofficeincome.in/actor-sunny-singhs-cameo-in-de-de-pyaar-de-is-winning-hearts-all-over-1981|date=24 May 2019|language=en|access-date=19 May 2020}}</ref> He also starred in [[Smeep Kang]]'s comedy film ''[[Jhootha Kahin Ka]]'' alongside Kapoor and [[Jimmy Sheirgill]].

Singh's first release as a lead actor was ''[[Pyaar Ka Punchnama 2]]'' producer Abhishek Pathak's directorial debut ''[[Ujda Chaman]]'', which was based on the concept of baldness. His performance was appreciated but the film only become a moderate success at the box-office.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ujda Chaman movie review: This Sunny Singh, Maanvi Gagroo's film lacks depth in depiction|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-review/ujda-chaman-movie-review-2-stars-sunny-singh-maanvi-gagroos-film-lacks-depth-in-depiction/articleshow/71824194.cms|website=Mumbai Mirror|language=en|access-date=19 May 2020}}</ref>

He appeared in a cameo role as Durgesh “Doga” Kanojia in 2019 film Pati Patni Aur Woh, starring Kartik Aaryan, Bhumi Pednekar and Ananya Panday.

Singh's third latest release was ''[[Jai Mummy Di]]'', a romantic comedy starring Seygall, [[Supriya Pathak]], and [[Poonam Dhillon]]. The film, written and directed by Navjot Gulati and produced again by Ranjan, was released on 17 January 2020<ref name=indtod>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/sunny-singh-and-sonalli-seygall-s-film-jai-mummy-di-to-release-on-january-17-see-new-motion-poster-1596255-2019-09-06 |title=Sunny Singh and Sonnalli Seygall's film Jai Mummy Di to release on January 17. See new motion poster|work=India Today|date=6 September 2019|access-date=10 September 2019}}</ref> to poor response.

In 2023 he played [[Lakshmana]] in ''[[Adipurush]]'', a film based on [[Ramayana]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 February 2021 |title=Adipurush: THIS 'Pyaar Ka Punchnama' actor joins Prabhas-Saif Ali Khan starrer, gets warm welcome by director |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/adipurush-sunny-singh-pyaar-ka-punchnama-actor-joins-prabhas-saif-ali-khan-starrer-gets-warm-welcome-by-director-om-raut-686761 |access-date=6 October 2021 |website=India TV News|language=en}}</ref>

He also starred in ''[[Luv Ki Arrange Marriage]]'' opposite [[Avneet Kaur]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sunny Singh, Avneet Kaur to star in fam-comedy 'Luv Ki Arrange Marriage' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sunny-singh-avneet-kaur-to-star-in-fam-comedy-luv-ki-arrange-marriage/articleshow/99061960.cms |access-date=28 March 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2010
|''[[Paathshaala]]''
|Vicky
|
|
|-
| 2011
|''[[Dil Toh Baccha Hai Ji]]''
| Akash Kanwar
| Cameo appearance
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=My competition has always been with myself: Sunny Singh |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/my-competition-has-always-been-with-myself-sunny-singh-467587 |website=Tribune India}}</ref>
|-
|2013
| ''[[Akaash Vani]]''
| Ravi Sharma
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Varma |first=Lipika |date=14 January 2020 |title=Kartik will always be special: Sunny Singh |url=https://www.asianage.com/entertainment/bollywood/140120/kartik-will-always-be-special-sunny-singh.html |access-date=28 March 2023 |website=The Asian Age}}</ref>
|-
|2015
| ''[[Pyaar Ka Punchnama 2]]''
| Siddharth "Chauka" Gandotra
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wadhwa |first=Akash |title=As an actor trolling doesn't affect me, says Sunny Singh |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/as-an-actor-trolling-doesnt-affect-me-says-sunny-singh/articleshow/97248776.cms?from=mdr |access-date=28 March 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2018
| ''[[Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety]]''
| Titu Sharma
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2023 |title=Sunny Singh dedicates his success to director Luv Ranjan as 'Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety' turns 5 |url=https://theprint.in/features/sunny-singh-dedicates-his-success-to-director-luv-ranjan-as-sonu-ke-titu-ki-sweety-turns-5/1394203/ |access-date=28 March 2023 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="4"|2019
| ''[[De De Pyaar De]]''
| Akash Sehgal
| Cameo appearance
|
|-
| ''[[Jhootha Kahin Ka]]''
| Karan Pandey
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2019 |title=Jhootha Kahin Ka: Sunny Singh, Omkar Kapoor on working with Rishi Kapoor and reuniting after Pyaar Ka Punchnama 2 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/jhootha-kahin-ka-sunny-singh-omkar-kapoor-on-working-with-rishi-kapoor-and-reuniting-after-pyaar-ka-punchnama-2-7021481.html |access-date=28 March 2023 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ujda Chaman]]''
| Chaman Kohli
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2019 |title=Sunny Singh on Ujda Chaman and Bala: 'Comparisons with Ayushmann Khurrana won't bother me' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/sunny-singh-on-ujda-chaman-and-bala-comparisons-with-ayushmann-khurrana-won-t-bother-me/story-hOKWLdKESKuh4OSv0w8Z8I.html |access-date=28 March 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pati Patni Aur Woh (2019 film)|Pati Patni Aur Woh]]''
| Durgesh "Doga" Kanojia
| Cameo appearance
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=3 December 2019 |title=Here's the role Sunny Singh plays in Pati Patni Aur Woh : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/heres-role-sunny-singh-plays-pati-patni-aur-woh/ |access-date=28 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2020
| ''[[Jai Mummy Di]]''
| Puneet "Punnu" Khanna
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=5 Characters Of Sunny Singh That We All Have Loved Over The Years |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/5-characters-of-sunny-singh-that-we-all-have-loved-over-the-years-news-259458 |website=Outlook India|date=4 February 2023 }}</ref>
|-
| 2023
|''[[Adipurush]]''
|[[Lakshmana|Shesh]]
|Hindi-[[Telugu language|Telugu]] bilingual
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2021 |title=Sunny Singh on his Adipurush co-star Prabhas: I don't think he knows he is a big star |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sunny-singh-on-his-adipurush-co-star-prabhas-i-don-t-think-he-knows-he-is-a-big-star-101634743101757.html |access-date=28 March 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="4"|2024
|''[[Luv Ki Arrange Marriage]]''
|Luv Kumar
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2023 |title=Sunny Singh and Avneet Kaur to star in fam-com 'Luv Ki Arrange Marriage' |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/sunny-singh-and-avneet-kaur-to-star-in-fam-com-luv-ki-arrange-marriage-23277785 |access-date=28 March 2023 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Wild Wild Punjab]]''
|Maan Arora
|
|
|-
| ''[[Khel Khel Mein (2024 film)|Khel Khel Mein]]''
| Hrithik
| Voice
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Here's why Ananya Panday, Arjun Kapoor, Bhumi Pednekar, Jimmy Shergill, Aparshakti Khurana, Sunny Singh have been thanked in Khel Khel Mein |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-heres-ananya-panday-arjun-kapoor-bhumi-pednekar-jimmy-shergill-aparshakti-khurana-sunny-singh-thanked-khel-khel-mein/ |work=Bollywood Hungama|date=15 August 2024 |access-date=15 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Amar Prem Ki Prem Kahani]]''
|Amar
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amar Prem Ki Prem Kahani OTT release date: Stream Aditya Seal, Sunny Singh's romantic film on THIS platform|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/amar-prem-ki-prem-kahani-ott-release-date-aditya-seal-sunny-singh/debe5fa363368|date=17 September 2024|work=OTT Play|access-date=17 September 2024}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2025
|''[[The Bhootnii]]''
|Shantanu
|
|-
|''[[Single Salma]]''
|Meet Singh Sahni
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Huma Qureshi, Shreyas Talpade and Sunny Singh to star in Single Salma; trailer out on this date
|work=[[Cinema Express]] |date=29 September 2025 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2025/Sep/29/huma-qureshi-shreyas-talpade-and-sunny-singh-to-star-in-single-salma-trailer-out-on-this-date|access-date=29 September 2025}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"|Notes
! class="unsortable"|{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2007
| ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]''
| Saksham
|
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=4 January 2023 |title=Sunny Singh: I like to do my homework and be prepared before I go on set |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sunny-singh-i-like-to-do-my-homework-and-be-prepared-before-i-go-on-set-101672832934812.html |access-date=28 March 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Dharti Ka Veer Yodha Prithviraj Chauhan''
| Arjun
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Shakuntala (TV series)|Shakuntala]]''
| Karan
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|}

=== Music video appearances ===

{| class="wikitable sortable.plainrowheaders"
|-
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Singer(s)
! scope="col" | Ref.
|-
| 2020
| "Holi Mein Rangeele"
| [[Mika Singh]], Abhinav Shekhar, Pallavi Ishpuniyani
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Check Out Popular Hindi Holi Song Music Video – 'Holi Mein Rangeele' Sung By Mika Singh and Abhinav Shekhar {{!}} Hindi Video Songs – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/check-out-popular-hindi-holi-song-music-video-holi-mein-rangeele-sung-by-mika-singh-and-abhinav-shekhar/videoshow/81705677.cms|access-date=29 July 2021|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|"Duniya"
|[[B Praak]]
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Duniya Song {{!}} B Praak {{!}} Jaani {{!}} Ft. Sunny Singh, Saiee Manjrekar {{!}} YRF | date=11 August 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8uPEaJ00OU4 |language=en |access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|"Dhup Lagdi"
|[[Shehnaaz Gill]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=6 April 2024 |title='Dhup Lagdi': Shehnaaz Gill, Sunny Singh's fresh pairing promises musical magic |url=https://theprint.in/feature/dhup-lagdi-shehnaaz-gill-sunny-singhs-fresh-pairing-promises-musical-magic/2030605/ |access-date=22 June 2024 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* {{IMDb name|2194798}}

{{Portal bar|Biography|Bollywood|India}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Sunny}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Male actors from New Delhi]]
[[Category:1985 births]]

Ramgarhwa, Bihar

2026-01-21T13:29:34Z

AdrianneKinne08: creating a pg

{{Short description|Village in East Champaran district of Bihar state, India}}{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ramgarhwa
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| imagesize =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar
| pushpin_label_position = Right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.7766|N|85.1167|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[East Champaran district|Purbi Champaran]]
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 845433
| area_code = 06255
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| registration_plate = BR-05
| website = {{URL|eastchamparan.bih.nic.in/}}
}}

'''Ramgarhwa''' is a village town in the [[East Champaran district]] of [[Bihar|Bihar state]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref> It is situated {{convert|15|km}} before the [[India–Nepal border]] on National Highway 527D and is directly connected to [[Kathmandu]], the capital of Nepal. The town is 40 km from the district HQ, [[Motihari]], and falls under the [[Raxaul]] sub-division. It is well connected by [[railway]], and direct [[trains]] are available for [[Delhi]] and [[Kolkata]] from Ramgarhwa railway station.

This region is quite underdeveloped but making progress swiftly in infrastructure, education and medical facilities. The market is expanding at a rapid rate, and quality of life is showing an upward trend. Ramgarhwa is a [[Gram panchayat|panchayat]], and a ''[[Mukhi|mukhiya]]'' is elected every 5 years to take care the civic needs of the town. It also has a police station and a post office. For education there are many government and private schools, but it has only one [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]-affiliated school—Creation Gurukool, which educates students up to +2 level, after which students have to attend schools in nearby cities for their graduation degree.

Flood severely affects the surroundings of the town every year, but the main town generally is safe from flood waters, as the national highway and railway line act as embankments to prevent flood water from entering the town. Generally the climate is on the hotter side, and rainfall is severe during [[monsoon]] season.

The majority of the people are Hindus, though the town also has a significant number of Muslims. A very small number of Christians are also present in Ramagarhwa.

The Tilava Nadi River flows through the east side of the town, and many small temples are situated at the banks of that river. [[Chhath Puja]], which is the most important festival of Bihar, has been celebrated on the banks of the Tilava Nadi with wide-scale festivities.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in East Champaran district]]

{{EastChamparan-geo-stub}}

Mohammed Taslimuddin

2025-12-27T07:46:03Z

AdrianneKinne08: added references

{{short description|Indian politician}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mohammed Taslimuddin
| image = The_Union_Minister_of_Consumer_Affairs,_Food_and_Public_Distribution_and_Agriculture,_Shri_Sharad_Pawar_delivering_the_keynote_address_at_the_Conference_of_State_Ministers_of_Fisheries,_in_Delhi_on_February_24,_2007.jpg
| caption = Mohammed in 2007
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1943|1|4|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Araria district|Sisauna]], [[Bihar Province|Bihar]], [[British India]]
| residence = [[Araria]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|9|17|1943|1|4|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu, India
| office = [[Union Minister of State]] for [[Home Affairs]]
| term_start = 1 June 1996
| term_end = 9 June 1996
| predecessor = [[Meijinlung Kamson]]
| successor = [[Maqbool Dar]]
| office2 = [[Union Minister of State]] for [[Agriculture]]
| term_start2 = 25 May 2004
| term_end2 = 22 May 2009
| predecessor2 = [[Akhilesh Prasad Singh]]
| successor2 = [[K. V. Thomas]]
| office3 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency3 = [[Araria (Lok Sabha constituency)|Araria]]
| term_start3 = 16 May 2014
| term_end3 = 17 September 2017
| predecessor3 = [[Pradeep Kumar Singh]]
| successor3 = [[Sarfaraz Alam]]
| term_start4 = 10 May 1996
| term_end4 = 26 April 1999
| predecessor4 = [[Syed Shahabuddin]]
| successor4 = [[Shahnawaz Hussain]]
| constituency4 = [[Kishanganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kishanganj]]
| term_start5 = 16 May 2004
| term_end5 = 16 May 2009
| predecessor5 = [[Shahnawaz Hussain]]
| successor5 = [[Asrarul Haq Qasmi]]
| constituency5 = [[Kishanganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kishanganj]]
| office6 = [[Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor6 = Nazamuddin
| successor6 = Moidur Rahman
| term_start6 = 9 February 1969
| term_end6 = 31 May 1980
| constituency6 = [[Jokihat Assembly constituency|Jokihat]]
| predecessor7 = Moidur Rahman
| successor7 = Moidur Rahman
| term_start7 = 5 March 1985
| term_end7 = 27 February 1990
| constituency7 = [[Jokihat Assembly constituency|Jokihat]]
| predecessor8 = Moidur Rahman
| successor8 = [[Sarfaraz Alam]]
| term_start8 = 28 March 1995
| term_end8 = 10 May 1996
| constituency8 = [[Jokihat Assembly constituency|Jokihat]]
| party = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| spouse = Akhtari Begum (m. 1949)
| children = 7, including [[Sarfaraz Alam]] and [[Mohammed Shahnawaz Alam]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = 17 September
| year = 2017
| otherparty = {{ubl|[[Indian National Congress]] (1969-1972)|[[Independent politician|Independent]] (1972-1977)|[[Janata Party]] (1977-1979)|[[Janata Party (Secular)]] (1979-1980)|[[Lok Dal]] (1980-1988)|[[Janata Dal]] (1988-1992, 1995-1997)|[[Samajwadi Party]] (1992-1995)}}
}}
'''Mohammed Taslimuddin''' (4 January 1943 – 17 September 2017) was an Indian politician and a veteran [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]] leader, along with serving in various other parties as an MLA and MP. He hailed from the village of Sisauna in the [[Araria district]] of [[Bihar]]. He started his political career as a sarpanch and was elected to the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] for the first time in 1969, serving as an MLA eight times. In 1989, he was first elected to the Lok Sabha from the [[Purnia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purnia constituency]]. He was thrice elected as an MP from the [[Kishanganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kishanganj constituency]] in 1996, 1998 and 2004. He served his final stint as an MP in the [[16th Lok Sabha]] after being elected from the [[Araria (Lok Sabha constituency)|Araria constituency]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Veteran RJD leader Mohammad Taslimuddin passes away|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/veteran-rjd-leader-mohammad-taslimuddin-passes-away-4847895/|accessdate=18 September 2017|agency=PTI|work=The Indian Express|date=17 September 2017}}</ref>

He died on 17 September 2017 at the age of 74 after being treated for respiratory problems in Chennai. He was buried with state honours on 19 September 2017 at his birthplace in Sisauna, Jokihat.<ref>{{cite news|title=Veteran RJD leader Mohammad Taslimuddin dies|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/veteran-rjd-leader-mohammad-taslimuddin-dies-1046692-2017-09-17|access-date=18 September 2017|agency=PTI|publisher=India Today|date=17 September 2017}}</ref>

== Political history==
Mohammed Taslimuddin was born in 1943, Sisauna village of district Araria, Bihar. In the year 1969, it was the first time he was elected to the Bihar Legislative Assembly as a Congress nominee. In the year 1989, he was elected as a Janata Dal candidate from district Purnea, Bihar also in the years of 1996, 1998, 2004 and 2014. In the year 1995, he won from the [[Jokihat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jokihat]] seat as a Samajwadi Party candidate. In the year 1996, he fought Lok Sabha seat as a Janata Dal nominee from [[Kishanganj]] and he won. In the year 1996, in the government of [[HD Deve Gowda]], he was a Union Minister of state for home affairs. He was Minister of Agriculture and Minister of State in the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution during 2004 to 2009 in Manmohan Singh's government.
<ref>{{cite news|title=Mohammed Taslimuddin, RJD strongman and voice of Seemanchal – The Financial Express |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/who-was-mohammed-taslimuddin-rjd-strongman-and-voice-of-seemanchal-who-died-at-74-on-sunday/859970/|agency=financialexpress.com|publisher=financialexpress|date=18 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/rjd-mp-mohammad-taslimuddin-dies-581318|title=RJD MP Mohammad Taslimuddin dies|website=ABP news|date=17 September 2017 |accessdate=14 August 2023}}</ref>

== Legal issues and allegations ==

Throughout his political career, Taslimuddin faced several criminal allegations. According to a 2004 report by ''The Tribune'', he had 11 pending cases involving serious charges such as attempted murder, extortion, and violations of the Arms Act and the Cheating Act.<ref>{{cite news |title=Crime file haunts Lalu's ministers |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040526/main1.htm |work=The Tribune |date=26 May 2004 |access-date=20 October 2025}}</ref>

One of the earliest reported cases dates back to 1996, when an FIR alleged that Taslimuddin and about 15 supporters entered Rajokhar village in Araria district, opened fire, and hurled bombs. Authorities reportedly recovered used cartridges and explosives at the scene.<ref>{{cite news |title=Trouble brews for Taslimuddin |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/trouble-brews-for-taslimuddin/cid/825642 |work=The Telegraph |date=9 June 2005 |access-date=20 October 2025}}</ref>

In November 2004, Taslimuddin surrendered before a court in Patna in connection with a [[Dishonoured cheque|cheque dishonour]] case, after a non-bailable warrant had been issued against him. He was granted bail on a personal bond.<ref>{{cite news |title=Taslimuddin surrenders, gets bail |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/taslimuddin-surrenders-gets-bail/articleshow/932514.cms |work=The Times of India |date=22 November 2004 |access-date=20 October 2025}}</ref>

The same year, the Bihar state government, led by the Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD), formally withdrew a separate criminal case against him, citing lack of evidence and a withdrawal by the complainant.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bihar govt withdraws case against Taslimuddin |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bihar-govt-withdraws-case-against-taslimuddin/articleshow/815577.cms |work=The Times of India |date=23 August 2004 |access-date=20 October 2025}}</ref>

In December 2008, a private construction company filed an FIR alleging that Taslimuddin demanded ₹2 crore in extortion from a ₹64 crore road construction project in Araria. He reportedly threatened the company's engineers. Taslimuddin denied the charges.<ref>{{cite news |title=Union minister Taslimuddin accused of demanding extortion |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/union-minister-taslimuddin-accused-of-demanding-extortion-35057-2008-12-11 |work=India Today |date=11 December 2008 |access-date=20 October 2025}}</ref>

In August 2014, he surrendered before a Fast-Track Court in Kishanganj in connection with a 2009 election code violation case. He was later granted bail.<ref>{{cite news |title=RJD MP Taslimuddin surrenders in court, released on bail |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/RJD-MP-Mohammad-Taslimuddin-surrenders-in-court-released-on-bail/articleshow/40807326.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=23 August 2014 |access-date=20 October 2025}}</ref>

=== Alleged political support ===

Taslimuddin's appointment as Union Minister of State in the Manmohan Singh-led United Progressive Alliance government in 2004 attracted criticism due to the number of serious cases pending against him at the time.<ref>{{cite news |title=Crime file haunts Lalu's ministers |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040526/main1.htm |work=The Tribune |date=26 May 2004 |access-date=20 October 2025}}</ref> Despite this, he was inducted into the Council of Ministers.

Additionally, the RJD-led Bihar government withdrew at least one criminal case against him in 2004, following a meeting chaired at the Chief Minister’s residence.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bihar govt withdraws case against Taslimuddin |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bihar-govt-withdraws-case-against-taslimuddin/articleshow/815577.cms |work=The Times of India |date=23 August 2004 |access-date=20 October 2025}}</ref>

Opposition parties, including the BJP, demanded his removal from the Union cabinet citing the issuance of non-bailable warrants and attachment orders in some cases.<ref>{{cite news |title=BJP demands dismissal of Taslimuddin |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bjp-demands-dismissal-of-taslimuddin/articleshow/812449.cms |work=The Times of India |date=22 August 2004 |access-date=20 October 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-lwr}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Pradeep Kumar Singh]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Araria (Lok Sabha constituency)|Araria]] |years=2014–2017}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Sarfaraz Alam]]}}
|-
{{s-end}}

{{16th LS members from Bihar|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Taslimuddin}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Union ministers of state of India]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:People from Araria]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:People from Kishanganj district]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Bihar]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (Secular) politicians]]

2024–25 Delhi Premier League

2025-12-26T19:55:02Z

AdrianneKinne08:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox football league season
| competition = [[Delhi Football League#Delhi Premier League|Delhi Premier League]]
| season = [[2024–25 in Indian football|2024–25]]
| dates = 26 September 2024 — 13 February 2025
| winners =
| promoted = [[Garhwal Heroes FC]] {{Increase}} ([[2025–26 I-League 3|IL3]])
| relegated =
| matches = 132
| total goals = 445
| league topscorer =
| biggest home win =
| biggest away win =
| highest scoring =
| longest wins =
| longest unbeaten =
| longest winless =
| longest losses =
| prevseason = [[2023–24 Delhi Premier League|2023–24]]
| nextseason = [[2025–26 Delhi Premier League|2025–26]]
| updated = 9 October 2024
}}

The '''2024–25 Delhi Premier League''' is the third edition of the [[Delhi Football League#Delhi Premier League|Delhi Premier League]], the fifth-tier league in the Indian football system, and [[Delhi|Delhi's]] top-tier football league. [[Garhwal Heroes FC|Garhwal Heroes]] are the current defending champions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=delhipremierleague |date=19 February 2024 |title=From Kickoff to Victory Lap GARHWAL HEROES FC Seals the Deal🥇🏆 |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/C3ibqg5yhh0/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link&igsh=MzRlODBiNWFlZA== |website=Instagram}}</ref> This edition will see 12 teams compete for the title, 11 from last season and one promoted from the [[Delhi Football League|DSA Senior Division League]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Premier League Table |url=https://theawayend.co/delhi-dsa-senior-division-league/ |website=Away End}}</ref>

==Changes from last season==

===Promoted from DSA Senior Division League===
* [[Hindustan FC]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hindustan FC |date=3 June 2024 |title=Congratulations to Hindustan FC on their impressive 2-0 victory over Shastri FC! Your hard work and dedication have truly paid off. Well done, Swarup and Ronald Singh, for the fantastic goals that secured the win. Keep up the great work, team! |url=https://www.facebook.com/share/p/ncqTfUb8McvHyt77/ |website=Facebook}}</ref>
* United Bharat FC
* National United SC

==Teams==
*CISF Protectors
*[[Delhi FC]]
*Friends United FC
*[[Garhwal Heroes FC]]
*[[Hindustan FC]]
*Indian Air Force
*National United SC
*Royal Rangers FC
*[[Sudeva Delhi FC]]
*Tarun Sangha FC
*[[United Bharat FC]]
*[[Vatika FC]]

== Regular season ==
=== League table ===
<onlyinclude>
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=football
|update=complete
|source=[https://theawayend.co/delhi-dsa-senior-division-league// The Away End]


|team1=CIS
|team2=GAR
|team3=ROY
|team4=SUD
|team5=DEL
|team6=TAR
|team7=HIN
|team8=NAT
|team9=VAT
|team10=FRI
|team11=IAF
|team12=UNI



|result1=C



|win_GAR = 13| draw_GAR = 5 | loss_GAR = 4| gf_GAR = 48| ga_GAR = 23 
|win_DEL = 11| draw_DEL = 5| loss_DEL = 6| gf_DEL = 49| ga_DEL = 26 
|win_CIS = 14| draw_CIS = 5| loss_CIS = 3| gf_CIS = 44| ga_CIS = 14 
|win_ROY = 13| draw_ROY = 4| loss_ROY = 5| gf_ROY = 54| ga_ROY = 19
|win_SUD = 12| draw_SUD = 6| loss_SUD = 4| gf_SUD = 52| ga_SUD =18
|win_IAF = 5| draw_IAF = 4| loss_IAF = 13| gf_IAF = 24| ga_IAF = 56
|win_VAT = 7| draw_VAT = 5| loss_VAT = 10| gf_VAT = 34| ga_VAT = 36 
|win_NAT = 9| draw_NAT = 1| loss_NAT = 12| gf_NAT = 34| ga_NAT = 44 
|win_TAR = 8| draw_TAR = 5| loss_TAR = 9| gf_TAR = 37| ga_TAR = 42 
|win_HIN = 9| draw_HIN = 2| loss_HIN = 11| gf_HIN = 27| ga_HIN = 36 
|win_FRI = 6| draw_FRI = 3| loss_FRI = 13| gf_FRI = 27| ga_FRI = 53
|win_UNI = 2| draw_UNI = 1| loss_UNI = 19| gf_UNI = 15| ga_UNI = 78 



|name_ROY = Royal Rangers FC
|name_GAR = [[Garhwal Heroes FC]]
|name_CIS = [[Central Industrial Security Force|CISF Protectors]]
|name_DEL = [[Delhi FC]]
|name_SUD = [[Sudeva Delhi FC]]
|name_IAF = [[Indian Air Force]]
|name_VAT = Vatika FC
|name_NAT = National United SC
|name_TAR = Tarun Sangha FC
|name_HIN = [[Hindustan FC]]
|name_FRI = Friends United FC
|name_UNI = United Bharat FC

|show_limit=5
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored
|res_col_header=QR
|col_C=green1 |text_C=Champions
|result2=Q
|col_Q=#ffc
|text_Q=Eligible for [[I-League 3]]
}}</onlyinclude>

== See also ==
* '''Men'''
** [[2024–25 Indian Super League]] (Tier I)
** [[2024–25 I-League]] (Tier II)
** [[2024–25 I-League 2]] (Tier III)
** [[2024–25 I-League 3]] (Tier IV)
** [[2024–25 Indian State Leagues]] (Tier V)
** [[2025 Super Cup (India, April)|2025 Super Cup]]
** [[2024 Durand Cup]]

* '''Women'''
**[[2024–25 Indian Women's League]]
**[[2024–25 Indian Women's League 2]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{2024–25 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2024-25 I-League 3}}
[[Category:2024–25 in Indian football leagues]]
[[Category:2024–25 in Indian football]]

A. K. Subbaiah

2025-12-13T02:22:42Z

AdrianneKinne08: adding info

{{Short description|Indian leader and lawyer (1934–2019)}}{{Not to be confused with|A. K. Subbiah}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = '''Shri'''
| name = Ajjikuttira Kariappa Subbaiah (A.K.Subbaiah)
| image = A.K.Subbaiah in Coffee Plantations - His true love!.jpg
| alt = A.K.Subbaiah in Coffee Plantations, Courtesy Mr. Manu Shenoy
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1934|08|09}}
| birth_place = Konageri Village, Virajpet Taluk, British-ruled India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2019|08|27|1934|08|09}}
| death_place = Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| monuments = Memorial at Kalgundi Estate in Coorg
| education = Bachelor of Science, Bachelor of Law
| alma_mater = Sharada Vilas Law College Mysore 1963
| occupation = {{hlist|Lawyer|Politician|Activist|Writer|Farmer}}
| known_for = Anti Corruption Movement, Social Justice
| notable_works = ''RSS Antharanga and other works in Kannada''
| spouse = {{marriage|Dotty Ponnamma|1963|2016|end=died}}
| children = 5
| office = Leader of Opposition in Karnataka Legislative Council, Member of Legislative Council of Karnataka
}}

Shri '''Ajjikuttira Kariappa Subbaiah''' (9 August 1934 – 27 August 2019) was the Leader of the Opposition in the [[Karnataka]] Legislative Council, and a four time Member of the Legislative Council of Karnataka state in India.<ref name=":0" /> He was also a lawyer practicing in the [[Karnataka High Court]], and a social activist.

==Early life==
Born in a village near [[Virajpet]], Subbaiah was the only son of Chinnavva and Kariappa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |first=Madikeri|last=DNHS|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/a-k-subbaiah-voice-of-the-voiceless-passes-away-757453.html |title=A K Subbaiah, voice of the voiceless, passes away|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=27 August 2019|accessdate=20 December 2019}}</ref> He lost his father when he was about seven months old, and grew up with his maternal grand mother. He started his education in [[Harihara village]] in 1943, and finished high school in T. Shettigeri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naanugauri.com/a-k-subbaiah-social-advocate-firebrand-politician/ |title=Tribute to A. K. Subbaiah: Social Advocate and Firebrand Politician|work=Naanu Guari|date=30 August 2019 |accessdate=20 December 2019}}</ref> AKS started his career as a second division clerk in the health department before moving on to get his bachelor's degree in Science (BSc). AKS graduated with a Bachelor of Law (BL) degree from [[Sarada Vilas College|Sharada Vilas college]] in Mysore in 1963 and was first elected to the Karnataka council in 1966 from the [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|Jana Sangha]] party. When the [[The Emergency (India)|Indian Emergency]] was declared in 1975, AKS was the first political prisoner in Karnataka and spent a total of 18 months in various jails before being released from the Bangalore Central Jail.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}

==Career==
Subbaiah was elected as first president of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in 1980. During his supervision, the party won 18 assembly seats in the 1983 elections.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Shiva|last=Shankar|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/karnataka-crusader-against-graft-ak-subbaiah-dead/articleshow/70867637.cms |title=Karnataka crusader against graft AK Subbaiah dead|work=[[Times of India]]|date=28 August 2019 |accessdate=20 December 2019}}</ref> The first non-congress government in Karnataka was then formed by Shri [[Ramakrishna Hegde]] with outside support from AKS and the 18 BJP MLAs (Members of Legislative Assembly). In 1984, AKS was expelled from the party due to ideological differences and went on to form his own Kannada Nadu party. He again was elected an MLC for the last time with the [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]] under the leadership of Shri. [[Rajiv Gandhi|Rajeev Gandhi]]. AKS continued his anti-BJP and anti-Sangha activities until his death in August 2019.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Subbaiah, A.K.}}
[[Category:Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Members of the Karnataka Legislative Council]]
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Jana Sangh politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]

Puthar

2025-12-02T20:58:42Z

AdrianneKinne08: updated page

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}

{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}

'''Puthar''' is a village in Israna tehsil in [[Panipat district]] in [[Haryana]], India.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref> It is located {{convert|6.9|km|mi}} from the village of Israna (the main village of the Israna tehsil), and {{convert|20.8|km|mi}} from [[Panipat]].
Puthar Pin Code is 132107.

Puthar is a medium size village with a population of approximately 2600.

The main attraction of village is Dada Kalisingh.
There are two temples (Than) of Dadajee. One is near Govt. school, for the devotees and second one is in the Haveli of Pt. Parmanand Patwari.

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{coord|28|58|N|77|23|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Villages in Panipat district]]

{{Haryana-geo-stub}}

Sikri Stupa

2025-11-30T01:33:31Z

AdrianneKinne08: Creating A Info

{{short description|Ancient Buddhist stupa}}
[[File:Stupa - Lahore Museum.jpg|thumb|Sikri stupa inside the Lahore Museum]]
[[File:Indra and his harpist visit the Buddha in Indrasala Cave.jpg|thumb|Panel from the Sikri stupa showing the visit of Indra and his harpist to the Buddha in Indrasala Cave.]]

The '''Sikri stupa''' is a work of [[Buddhist art]] dated to 3rd-4th century from the [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] period in [[Gandhara#Art|Gandahara]], consisting of 13 narrative panels with [[Life of Buddha in art|events from the life of Buddha]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bell |first1=Alexander Peter |title=Didactic Narration: Jataka Iconography in Dunhuang with a Catalogue of Jataka Representations in China |date=2000 |publisher=Lit Verlang |isbn=3825851346 |page=395 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivE2mpfbNR0C&pg=PA395 |accessdate=16 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Dehejia |first1=Vidya |title=Discourse in early Buddhist art: visual narratives of India |date=1997 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lb6fAAAAMAAJ |accessdate=16 August 2019}}</ref> Modern restoration accounts for their order in the [[Lahore Museum]]. The restoration began while [[Harold Arthur Deane]] was still assigned to the [[North-West Frontier Province]] in what was then [[British India]] (today part of [[Pakistan]]). Three photos taken around 1890 show the order of the panels in the earliest restoration.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Behrendt |first1=Kurt |title=Handbuch der Orientalistik |date=2004 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9004135952 |page=119 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C9_vbgkzUSkC |accessdate=16 August 2019}}</ref>

[[Gotama Buddha]] is shown sitting on a grass mat. No grass mat is shown for the representation of Buddha in the [[Trayastrimsa]] heaven.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rhie |first1=Marilyn M. |title=Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 3 |date=2010 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9004184007 |page=395 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivE2mpfbNR0C&pg=PA395 |accessdate=16 August 2019}}</ref> One panels depicts the [[Dipankara Jataka]]—the [[Jataka]] are stories of Buddha's incarnations before he was reborn as [[Siddhartha Gautama]]. In the panel, [[Sumedha]] is shown in four forms appearing before the [[Dīpankara Buddha]]. First Sumedha bargains with a flower seller. He throws the [[lotus flowers]] in the air before prostrating himself before the Buddha. The final form shows Sumeda suspended in the air like one of the lotus flowers. This narrative mimics closely the legend of the Dipankara Jataka..<ref>{{cite book |last1=Samad |first1=Rafi U. |title=The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys |date=2011 |publisher=Algora |isbn=0875868592 |page=186 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cJtMBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA186 |accessdate=16 August 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Gandhara}}
[[Category:Buddhist sculpture]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures in Lahore]]
[[Category:Stupas in Pakistan]]

Madhuri Kanitkar

2025-11-05T21:46:59Z

AdrianneKinne08: improve references for consistency

{{short description|Indian general}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]]
| name = Dr. Madhuri Kanitkar
| honorific_suffix = [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Major General Madhuri Kanitka (cropped).jpg
| caption = Lt Gen Kanitkar as DCIDS (Med)
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1960|10|15}}
| death_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_place =
| placeofburial =
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| nickname =
| birth_name =
| allegiance = {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{army|India}}
| serviceyears = 1982 – 2021
| rank = [[File:Lieutenant General of the Indian Army.svg|20px]] [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]]
| servicenumber = 
| unit = [[Army Medical Corps (India)| Army Medical Corps (AMC)]]
| commands =
| battles =
| battles_label =
| awards = [[File:Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] 
[[File:Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] [[File:Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Vishisht Seva Medal]]
| alma_mater = [[Armed Forces Medical College|AFMC]] ([[MBBS]], [[Doctor of medicine|MD]] [[Pediatrics]])
| spouse = 
| relations =
| laterwork =
| signature =
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| memorials =
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}}
[[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]] '''Dr. Madhuri Kanitkar''', [[PVSM]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]] is a retired [[General Officer]] in the [[Indian Army]]. She is the third woman in the [[Indian Armed Forces]] to be promoted to a [[Three-star rank]], after [[Vice admiral (India)|Surgeon Vice Admiral]] [[Punita Arora]] and [[Air Marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] [[Padma Bandopadhyay]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Meet Dr. Madhuri Kanitkar: 3rd woman to hold Lieutenant General rank - Breaking the glass ceiling in Indian Army |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/meet-major-general-madhuri-kanitkar-3rd-woman-to-hold-lieutenant-general-rank/other-woman-rank-holders/slideshow/74472925.cms |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> She last served as the Deputy Chief of [[Integrated Defence Staff]] (Medical) under the [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Service |first1=Tribune News |title=Madhuri Kanitkar becomes third woman to assume rank of lieutenant general |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/madhuri-kanitkar-becomes-third-woman-to-assume-rank-of-lieutenant-general-50316 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref>

Kanitkar serves on the [[Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India#Prime Minister's Science, Technology and Innovation Advisory Council (PM-STIAC)|Prime Minister's Science, Technology and Innovation Advisory Council]] (PM-STIAC).<ref>{{cite web |title=Prime Minister's Science, Technology and Innovation Advisory Council (PM-STIAC) {{!}} Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser |url=http://psa.gov.in/prime-ministers-science-technology-and-innovation-advisory-council-pm-stiac |website=psa.gov.in |access-date=17 March 2020 |archive-date=11 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811153921/http://psa.gov.in/prime-ministers-science-technology-and-innovation-advisory-council-pm-stiac |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 6 July 2021, she was appointed the [[Vice-Chancellor]] of the [[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]], Nashik by the [[Governor of Maharashtra]]. She took over this appointment after retiring from the Army in October 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lt Gen Madhuri Kanitkar named MUHS vice-chancellor |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/lt-gen-madhuri-kanitkar-named-muhs-vice-chancellor-7392165/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |date=7 July 2021}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
She was born into a [[Goud Saraswat Brahmin]] family, with three daughters, in [[Dharwad]], [[Karnataka]] in 1960. Her grandmother and grandfather were both medical doctors.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gupta |first1=Poorvi |title=She Defied Her Father To Join The Army. Meet Lt Gen Madhuri Kanitkar |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/top-stories/opinion/meet-lt-gen-madhuri-kanitkar-interview |website=SheThePeople TV |date=5 March 2020 |access-date=17 March 2020 |archive-date=30 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930151524/https://www.shethepeople.tv/top-stories/opinion/meet-lt-gen-madhuri-kanitkar-interview/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> She joined the [[Armed Forces Medical College (India)|Armed Forces Medical College]], [[Pune]] in 1978. She placed first in [[Pune University]] in all three phases of her [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]]. She was awarded the President's Gold Medal for the best outgoing student of the graduate wing in academics and extra-curricular activities, apart from the Kalinga Trophy for excellence in academics.<ref name="afmc.nic.in">{{cite web |title=Welcome to Armed Forces Medical College |url=https://www.afmc.nic.in/Departments/Administration/officeofdean.html |date=2 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102091843/https://www.afmc.nic.in/Departments/Administration/officeofdean.html |archive-date=2 January 2019 }}</ref>

==Military career==
Kanitkar was commissioned in the [[Army Medical Corps (India)|Army Medical Corps]] in December 1982. She did her post-graduation in 1990, earning the [[Doctor of Medicine]] degree in [[Pediatrics]]. Post that she underwent training in Pediatric Nephrology at the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]]. Kanitkar has also completed fellowships at the [[National University Hospital]], [[Singapore]] and the [[Great Ormond Street Hospital]], [[London]] and the [[Foundation for Advancement of International Medical Education and Research|FAIMER]] fellowship in Medical Education.<ref name="afmc.nic.in"/>

She has tenanted appointments of [[associate professor]], [[professor]] and Head of Department of Pediatrics at the Armed Forces Medical College, Pune. She has also served as a Professor at the [[Army College of Medical Sciences]] and at the Army hospital (Research & Referral).
Kanitkar was instrumental in setting up the first Pediatric Nephrology service in the [[Army Medical Corps (India)|Army Medical Corps]] and has served as the President of The Indian Society of Pediatric Nephrology.<ref name="afmc.nic.in"/>
Kanitkar has served as the Deputy Director General Armed Forces Medical Services (Dy DGAFMS) in the office of the DGAFMS in [[New Delhi]].

On 28 January 2017, she assumed the office of Dean and Deputy Commandant of her alma-mater [[Armed Forces Medical College, Pune]].<ref name="afmc.nic.in"/> Kanitkar then served as Major General Medical at the [[Northern Command (India)|Northern Command]] at [[Udhampur]].<ref name="shethepeople.tv">{{cite web |title=Madhuri Kanitkar Makes It to the Rank Of Lieutenant General |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/madhuri-kanitkar-lieutenant-general-third-woman-to-do-so |website=SheThePeople TV |date=2 March 2020}}</ref> Kanitkar was promoted to the rank of [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]] on 29 February 2020. The [[Director General Armed Forces Medical Services (India)|Director General Armed Forces Medical Services]] (DGAFMS) and her husband pipped the [[epaulette]]s of her new rank.<ref name="indiatoday.in">{{cite web |last1=An |first1=Akriti |last2=DelhiFebruary 29 |first2=New |last3=February 29 |first3=New |last4=Ist |first4=New |title=Major General Madhuri Kanitkar becomes third woman to hold lieutenant general rank |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/major-madhuri-kanitkar-becomes-third-woman-indian-army-lieutenant-general-rank-1651187-2020-02-29 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="shethepeople.tv"/>

==Personal life==
Her husband, [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]] Rajeev Kanitkar, is a retired General Officer and last served as the Quartermaster General of the Indian Army.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lt Gen Madhuri Kanitkar: Whatever I am today is because of my husband and the army {{!}} Lifestyle - Times of India Videos|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/lifestyle/spotlight/lt-gen-madhuri-kanitkar-whatever-i-am-today-is-because-of-my-husband-and-the-army/videoshow/81362940.cms|access-date=2021-04-26|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> They are the first couple in the [[Indian Armed Forces]] to achieve the three-star rank.<ref name="indiatoday.in"/>

==Awards and decorations==
Kanitkar has been awarded the GOC-in-C Commendation Card once and the [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]]
[[Awards and decorations of the Indian Armed Forces#Commendation Card|Commendation Card]] five times.<ref name="afmc.nic.in"/> She was also awarded the [[Vishisht Seva Medal]] in 2014, the [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] in 2018,<ref>{{cite web |title=LIST OF PERSONNEL BEING CONFERRED GALLANTRY AND DISTINGUISHED AWARDS ON THE OCCASION OF REPUBLIC DAY-2018 |url=http://pibphoto.nic.in/documents/rlink/2018/jan/i201812501.htm |website=pibphoto.nic.in}}</ref> and the [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] in January 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=HONOURS AND AWARDS : REPUBLIC DAY 2022 |url=https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2022/jan/doc20221259101.pdf |website=PIB}}</ref>

{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|colspan="5" align="centre" |[[File:Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|105px]] [[File:Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|105px]] [[File:Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND Special Service Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND 20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND 9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105px]]
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|colspan="1"|[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|colspan="2"|[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|colspan="1"|[[Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|-
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Special Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|50th Anniversary of Independence Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|20 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|}

==See also==
* [[Women in the Indian Armed Forces]]
* [[Punita Arora]]
* [[Padma Bandopadhyay]]
* [[Sheila S. Mathai]]
* [[Rajshree Ramasethu]]
* [[Arti Sarin]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kanitkar, Madhuri}}
[[Category:Indian Army personnel]]
[[Category:Female generals of the Indian Army]]
[[Category:Female army generals]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Indian women in 21st-century warfare]]
[[Category:Indian female military personnel]]
[[Category:Armed Forces Medical Services officers]]

Machhlishahr

2025-10-25T13:11:11Z

AdrianneKinne08: minor edit

{{short description|Town in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Machhlishahr
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = {{Multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style = border:1;
| perrow = 1/2
| image1 = Machhalisahar Entry.png
| image2 = Macchalisahar Aerial view.png
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.68|N|82.42|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| leader_title = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name = [[Ragini Sonkar]]<ref>{{cite news |title=मछलीशहर में सपा ने लगाई जीत की हैट्रिक, विरोध के बाद भी जीती डा. रागिनी सोनकर |url=https://www-amarujala-com.translate.goog/uttar-pradesh/jaunpur/sp-scored-a-hat-trick-of-victory-in-machhlishahr-dr-ragini-sonkar-won-even-after-protest-jaunpur-news-vns64262791?_x_tr_sl=hi&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc |access-date=15 March 2022 |work=Amar Ujala |date=11 March 2022 |language=hi}}</ref>
| government_type =
| governing_body = Nagar panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 5.37
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 84
| population_total = 26107
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census2011Gov"/>
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web |title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |website=nclm.nic.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]] |access-date=7 December 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]<ref name="langoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 222143
| registration_plate = UP-62
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Machhlishahr''' is a town in [[Jaunpur district]] in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is situated 30 km west of district headquarters [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]]. NH-231 passes through the city. Machhlishahr – Janghai NH-731B – Bhadohi four-lane national highway is under construction which will boost the economy of the region.<ref>{{cite news |title=खुशखबरी : अब भदोही से मछलीशहर मार्ग होगा फोरलेन, गडकरी ने की घोषणा |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/bhadohi-to-machhalishahar-route-will-be-fore-lane |access-date=6 February 2021 |work=Amar Ujala |date=5 August 2017 |language=hi}}</ref> Machhlishahr is a [[Nagar panchayat]] and there has been a longstanding demand for making it a [[Nagar Palika|Nagar palika parishad]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/jaunpur/15036887126-jaunpur-news|title=मछलीशहर को नही मिल सका नगरपालिका का दर्जा|website=[[Amar Ujala]]|date=28 August 2017 |access-date=30 April 2019 |language=hi}}</ref> In 2020, Machhalisahar nagar panchayat has secured 33rd all India rank in [[Swachh Survekshan]] (cleanliness survey).<ref>{{cite news |title=स्वच्छता सर्वे में सुधरी रैकिंग, लेकिन हालत नहीं |url=https://www.amarujala.com/amp/uttar-pradesh/jaunpur/improved-ranking-in-sanitation-survey-but-not-condition-jaunpur-news-vns542879349 |access-date=29 August 2020 |work=Amar Ujala |date=22 August 2020 |language=hi}}</ref>

==Geography==
Machhlishahr is located at {{Coord|25.68|N|82.42|E|}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/36/Machhlishahr.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Machhlishahr, India|website=www.fallingrain.com}}</ref> It has an average elevation of 84 [[metre]]s (275 [[foot (length)|feet]]). It has been assigned 222143 pincode by Indian postal services.

==Demographics==
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Machhlishahr (2011)<ref name="Religion"/>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|darkorange|44.26}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Uttar Pradesh|Muslims]]|green|55.34}}
{{bar percent|[[Christians]]|blue|0.23}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhs]]|orange|0.01}}
{{bar percent|Others|black|0.16}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}

===Population===
As of [[2011 Indian Census]], Machhlishahr had a total population of 26,107, of which 13,284 were males and 12,823 were females. Population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 3,886. The total number of literates in Machhlishahr was 17,205, which constituted 65.9% of the population with male literacy of 71.0% and female literacy of 60.6%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Machhlishahr was 77.4%, of which male literacy rate was 83.8% and female literacy rate was 70.9%. The [[Scheduled Castes]] population was 1,841. Machhlishahr had 3740 households in 2011.<ref name="Census2011Gov">{{cite web |title=Census of India: Machhlishahr |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=228861 |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |access-date=8 December 2019}}</ref>

{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref name="census 2001">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Machhlishahr had a population of 22‚943. Males constitute 51.5% of the population and females 48.5%. Literacy rate is Machhlishahr city is 58.3%.<ref name="census 2001"/>

===Religion===
A little more than half of the population follow [[Islam]], with the rest being followeres of [[Hinduism]].<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=C-01: Population by religious community |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11394/download/14507/DDW09C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner India |access-date=29 July 2023}}</ref>

==Government and politics==
===Members of Parliament===
*1952: [[Ganapati Ram]], [[Indian National Congress]]
*1957: [[Ganapati Ram]], [[Indian National Congress]]
*1962: [[Ganapati Ram]], [[Indian National Congress]]
*1967: [[Nageshwar Dwivedi]], [[Indian National Congress]]
*1971: [[Nageshwar Dwivedi]], [[Indian National Congress]]
*1977: [[Raj Keshar Singh]], [[Janata Party]]
*1980: [[Sheo Sharan Verma]], [[Janata Dal]]
*1984: [[Sri Pati Mishra]], [[Indian National Congress]]
*1989: [[Sheo Sharan Verma]], [[Janata Dal]]
*1991: [[Sheo Sharan Verma]], [[Janata Dal]]
*1998: [[Chinmayanand (politician)|Chinmayanand]], [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
*1999: [[Chandra Nath Singh]], [[Samajwadi Party]]
*2004: [[Umakant Yadav]], [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
*2009: [[Tufani Saroj]], [[Samajwadi Party]]
*2014: [[Ram Charitra Nishad]], [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
*2019: [[B. P. Saroj]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
*2024: [[Priya Saroj]], [[Samajwadi Party]]

==Notable people==
* [[Salaam Machhalishahari]], Indian [[Urdu]]-language [[Ghazal]] and [[Nazm]] writer
* [[Mata Prasad]], former Governor, [[Arunachal Pradesh]]<ref>{{Cite news|date=20 January 2021|title=From the hut to the Raj Bhavan still did not leave simplicity.|work=Amarujala|url=https://www.amarujala.com/amp/uttar-pradesh/jaunpur/from-the-hut-to-the-raj-bhavan-still-did-not-leave-simplicity-jaunpur-news-vns570280168|access-date=4 February 2021}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Achakari]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline}}

{{Jaunpur district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Jaunpur district]]

Gaurav Narayanan

2025-10-20T12:46:20Z

AdrianneKinne08: Added pg

{{short description|Indian director}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gaurav Narayanan
| image = Director - Gaurav Narayanan.jpg
| birth_place = [[Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| birth_date = 5 August
| occupation = writer, actor
| yearsactive = 2001–Present
| height = 5.9
}}

'''Gaurav Narayanan''' is an Indian film maker who predominantly works in [[Tamil cinema]]. He made his debut with the movie ''[[Thoonga Nagaram]]''.

==Career==
He started his journey as an assistant cinematographer for [[Rajarajan]]. He joined the director, [[N. Maharajan]], and later worked as a co-director for his guru, director [[K. S. Ravikumar]].

His debut as director, writer, and actor through ''[[Thoonga Nagaram]]'',<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mahesh|first1=Richard|title=Is 'Thoonga Nagaram' all about Madurai|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article176342.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204080107/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article176342.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 February 2016|accessdate=22 October 2015|work=The New Indian Express|agency=Sampurn Media|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=1 February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title='Thoonga Nagaram' - Cloud 9 launches next film - Tamil Movie News|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/53967.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100201043504/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/53967.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 February 2010|website=Indiaglitz|publisher=Cloud 9|accessdate=22 October 2015}}</ref> a gangster-drama film, received positive responses.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Murali|first1=Divya|title=Gaurav Interview|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/new-videos/videos-q1-09/director-interview/gaurav.html|website=Behindwoods.com|accessdate=22 October 2015}}</ref> This movie had [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]] and [[Anjali (actress born 1986)|Anjali]] in the lead, along with Gaurav himself. Gaurav was awarded "Best Debutant Director" by Emirates Tamilians Association, EMITAA 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=Thoonganagaram Director Gaurav awarded EMITAA for best debutant|url=https://www.kollyinsider.com/2012/01/thoonganagaram-director-gaurav-awarded.html?m=0|website=Kollyinsider|accessdate=22 October 2015}}</ref> His movie bagged the "Best Film - Highlighting Tamil Culture" award from the Norwary Tamil Film Festival, NTFF 2012<ref>{{cite web|title=Norway Tamil Film Festival Tamilar Awards 2012 Stills|url=http://moviegalleri.net/2012/05/norway-tamil-film-festival-tamilar-awards-2012-stills.html?pid=220196|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817173357/http://moviegalleri.net/2012/05/norway-tamil-film-festival-tamilar-awards-2012-stills.html?pid=220196|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 August 2012|website=Moviegalleri| date=2 May 2012 |publisher=moviegalleri|accessdate=28 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Thoonga Nagaram screens at Norway Film Festival|url=http://m.fridaymoviez.com/news/thoonga-nagaram-sceens-at-norway-film-festival|website=Fridaymoviez|publisher=Fridaymoviez|accessdate=28 January 2016}}</ref> and was also officially screened in [[Chennai International Film Festival]]. This movie was dubbed and released as ''Naluguru Snehitula Katha'' in Telugu.

His next project, ''[[Sigaram Thodu]],''<ref>{{cite news|title=UTV Motion Pictures announces 'Sigaram Thodu|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/utv-motion-pictures-announces-sigaram-thodu-news-tamil-nbcp9Xihifcsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203152813/http://www.sify.com/movies/utv-motion-pictures-announces-sigaram-thodu-news-tamil-nbcp9Xihifcsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2016|accessdate=22 October 2015|website=Sify Technologies|date=2 January 2013}}</ref> bagged commercial success and recognition,<ref>{{cite web|last1=L M|first1=Kaushik|title=The Far-Reaching Impact of Sigaram Thodu|url=https://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/gaurav-narayanan-directed-sigaram-thodu-is-a-big-favorite-at-the-norway-tamil-film-festival.html|website=Behindwoods.com|date=6 May 2015 |accessdate=22 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=S|first1=Saraswathi|title=Review: Sigaram Thodu is an exciting thriller|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-sigaram-thodu-is-an-exciting-thriller/20140912.htm|accessdate=22 October 2015|work=Rediff Movies|publisher=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Seshagiri|first1=Sangeetha|title='Sigaram Thodu' Review Roundup: Engaging Entertainer, Worth a Watch|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/sigaram-thodu-review-round-engaging-entertainer-worth-watch-608951|accessdate=22 October 2015|work=International Business Times|publisher=International Business Times, India Edition|date=12 September 2014}}</ref> Along with ''[[Vikram Prabhu]]'', ''[[Sathyaraj]],'' and ''[[Sathish]]'', Gaurav also played in this movie. This is the first South Indian movie to be nominated for screening and selected for the best film competition in the [[Seattle International Film Festival]]<ref>{{cite web|title=A Feather in the Cap for Sigaram Thodu|url=http://www.iflickz.com/2015/02/a-feather-in-the-cap-for-sigaram-thodu.html|website=iFlickz|publisher=iFlickz|accessdate=28 January 2016|archive-date=11 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311105830/http://www.iflickz.com/2015/02/a-feather-in-the-cap-for-sigaram-thodu.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> and has won a "Best Film - Social Awareness" award in the [[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]], NTFF 2015.

Gaurav's next film, ''[[Ippadai Vellum]]'' with [[Lyca Productions]], starring [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]] and [[Manjima Mohan]], was released worldwide on 9 November 2017. The film was met with mixed<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/ippadai-vellum/movie-review/61577728.cms?from=mdr|title=Ippadai Vellum Movie Review : Entertaining to an extent|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/ippadai-vellum/ippadai-vellum-review.html|title=Ippadai Vellum (aka) Ippadai Velum review|date=9 November 2017|website=Behindwoods}}</ref> and positive reviews.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Aiyappan |first1=Ashameera|title=Ippadai Vellum movie review: This Udhayanidhi and Manjima starrer is a smart commercial movie|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/ippadai-vellum-movie-review-udhayanidhi-stalin-manjima-mohan-star-rating-4929984/|website=The Indian Express|date=10 November 2017 |publisher=The Indian Express (p) Ltd|accessdate=16 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Keramalu|first1=Karthik|title=Ippadai Vellum movie review: Spoon-feeding detracts from enjoyable cinematic experience|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ippadai-vellum-movie-review-spoon-feeding-detracts-from-enjoyable-cinematic-experience-4203689.html|website=FirstPost|date=11 November 2017 |publisher=FirstPost|accessdate=16 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ippadai Vellum - Implausible, but racy|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/ippadai-vellum-tamil-movie-review-21305|website=IndiaGlitz|accessdate=16 November 2017}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===As director, writer and actor===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:35px;"| Year
! rowspan="2" style="width:150px;"| Film
! colspan="4" style="width:450px;"| Credited as
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; width:125px;" class="unsortable"| Notes
|-
! style="width:65px;" | Director
! width=65 | Writer
! width=65 | Actor
! width=250 | Role
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Thoonga Nagaram ]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}|| {{Yes}}|| Rajamani ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Naan Rajavaga Pogiren]]'' || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}}|| Ravi, Police
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Sigaram Thodu]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}|| Shiva ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Aarathu Sinam]]'' || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}}|| Peter / Santhosh
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Ippadai Vellum]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}|| {{Yes}}|| Tamil, Police Inspector ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[F. I. R. (2021 film)|F. I. R.]]'' || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || Sooraj, Head of Striking Force ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Pizza 3: The Mummy]]'' || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || Premkumar, Inspector of Police ||
|-
| {{TBA}} || ''[[Kottravai]]'' || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || Maasi / Thalapathy ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
[https://www.facebook.com/gaurav.narayanan Facebook]
[https://mobile.twitter.com/gauravnarayanan/ Twitter]

{{Gaurav Narayanan}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narayanan, Gaurav}}
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Madurai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

M. V. Panneerselvam

2025-10-12T14:43:18Z

AdrianneKinne08:

{{short description|Indian Cinematographer}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=December 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = M. V. Panneerselvam
| image =
| image size = |
| birth_place = [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = Cinematographer
| othername =
| yearsactive = 1992–present
| spouse = Madhu
}}
'''M.V.Panneerselvam''' is an Indian cinematographer who primarily works in the [[Tamil Film Industry]]. He has associated with Directors like [[R. Parthiban]], [[R. K. Selvamani]] and [[K. Subash]]. He has worked as a cinematographer in more than 25 films in [[Tamil language|Tamil]].<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2003/02/27/stories/2003022701310200.htm Unknown]{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic | fix-attempted=yes}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==Early life and career==

After the graduation in Diploma in Film Technology from [[Adyar Film Institute]], he started his career as a cinematographer for the film ''[[Unnai Vaazhthi Paadugiren]]'' starring [[R. Parthiepan]].<ref>{{cite magazine |date=27 October 1996 |title=எனக்குள்ளே வேள்வி நடக்கிறது..! |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki1996-10-27/kalki1996-10-27.pdf |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=Ta |pages=32–34 |access-date=12 May 2023}}</ref> He is one of the cinematographers in the [[Guinness World Record]] film [[Suyamvaram]], Tamil [[Dramedy]] film which is released in 1999, starring an [[ensemble cast]] from actors in the [[Tamil Film Industry]] and shot by a large technical team from the industry.
He is well known for his cinematographic work in films such as ''[[Sugamana Sumaigal]]'', ''[[Pullakuttikaran]]'', ''[[Makkal Aatchi]]'', ''[[Abhimanyu]]'', ''[[House Full (1999 film)|House Full]]'', ''[[Roja Koottam]]'' etc.<ref>{{Cite web | title=M. V. Panneerselvam {{!}} 35mm | url=https://www.cine35mm.com/cast-and-crew/404957/m-v-panneerselvam | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226234740/https://www.cine35mm.com/cast-and-crew/404957/m-v-panneerselvam | access-date=2025-03-19 | archive-date=2017-12-26}}</ref>

==Filmography==

;As cinematographer

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Year
! Movie
|-
| 1992
|''[[Sugamana Sumaigal]]''
|-
| 1993
|''[[Ulle Veliye]]''
|-
| 1994
|''[[Athiradi Padai]]''
|-
| 1995
|''[[Pullakuttikaran]]''
|-
| 1995
|''[[Makkal Aatchi]]''
|-
| 1995
|''[[Raja Muthirai]]''
|-
| 1995
| ''[[Ayudha Poojai]]''
|-
| 1997
|''[[Adimai Changili]]''
|-
| 1997
|''[[Abhimanyu (1997 film)|Abhimanyu]]''
|-
| 1997
|''[[Arasiyal]]''
|-
| 1998
|''[[Ninaivirukkum Varai]]''
|-
| 1999
|''[[House Full (1999 film)|House Full]]''
|-
| 1999
|''[[Suyamvaram]]''
|-
| 1999
|''[[Time (1999 film)|Time]]''
|-
| 2000
|''[[Sudhandhiram]]''
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Nila Kaalam]]'' (telefilm)
|-
| 2002
|''[[Roja Koottam]]''
|-
| 2002
|''[[April Maadhathil]]''
|-
| 2003
|''[[Chokka Thangam]]''
|-
| 2003
|''[[Naam (2003 film)|Naam]]''
|-
| 2004
|''[[Devathayai Kanden]]''
|-
| 2004
|''[[Shock (2004 film)|Shock]]''
|-
| 2006
|''[[Kizhakku Kadarkarai Salai]]''
|-
| 2006
|''[[Pasa Kiligal]]''
|-
| 2006
|''[[Perarasu (film)|Perarasu]]''
|-
| 2007
|''[[Viyabari]]''
|-
| 2008
|''[[Velli Thirai]]''
|-
| 2010
|''[[Vandae Maatharam]]''
|-
| 2010
|''[[Rasikkum Seemane]]''
|-
| 2011
|''[[Pillaiyar Theru Kadaisi Veedu]]''
|-
| 2012
|''[[Chaarulatha]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/charulatha-priyamani-plays-conjoined-twins-510177.html|title=Charulatha: Priyamani plays conjoined twins|date=21 September 2012}}</ref><ref>[http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/sep-12-04/charulatha-review.htm Unknown]{{Dead link|date=February 2022 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
|-
| 2014
|''[[Pongadi Neengalum Unga Kadhalum]]''
|-
| 2018
|''[[Johnny (2018 film)|Johnny]]''
|-
| 2021
|''[[Pei Mama]]''
|}
;As screenwriter
*''[[Mirugaa]]'' (2021)

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=nm1700077}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.moviebuff.com/mv-panneerselvam|title=MV Panneerselvam|website=www.moviebuff.com|accessdate=30 January 2018}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.filmiclub.com/person/m-v-panneerselvam-iffcd0r|title=M V Panneerselvam|website=www.filmiclub.com|accessdate=30 January 2018}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Panneerselvam, M. V.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil cinematographers]]
[[Category:Cinematographers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:M.G.R. Government Film and Television Training Institute alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Kiran Ramsay

2025-10-02T22:15:58Z

AdrianneKinne08: started some entry first draft...

{{Short description|Indian film producer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2010}}

'''Karan Ramsay''' (alias Kiran Ramsay) is a producer, sound designer and director of [[Bollywood]] films. He was one of the Ramsey Brothers, a group of siblings who worked as directors, producers and editors in the Bollywood industry. His brothers were [[Shyam Ramsay]], [[Kumar Ramsay]], [[Keshu Ramsay]] [[Tulsi Ramsay]] [[Gangu Ramsay]] and [[Arjun Ramsay]].

==Producer==

*
{| class="wikitable"
!Year||film
|-
|1998|| ''2001: Do Hazaar Ek''
|-
|1989||'' [[Khoj (1989 film)|Khoj]]''
|-
|1978||''[[Darwaza]]''
|-
|2008||''[[Good Luck!]]''
|}

==Director==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year||film||
|-
|1991|| ''Aakhri Cheekh'' ||
|-
|1990|| ''[[Shaitani Ilaaka]]'' ||
|-
|}

==Sound Department==

{| class="wikitable"
!Year||film|| as Sound Department
|-
|2006||[[Family: Ties of Blood]]|| sound designer
|-
|2005||[[Insan]]|| audiographer
|-
|2004||[[Khakee (film)|Khakee]]|| audiographer
|-
|2003|| [[Dhund: The Fog]]|| sound
|-
|2002||[[Maseeha]]||sound engineer
|-
|2000||[[Khiladi 420]]|| sound engineer
|-
|1999||[[International Khiladi]]||audiographer
|-
|1997 ||Mr. & Mrs. Khiladi|| audiographer
|-
|1996 ||Khiladiyon Ka Khiladi|| audiographer -as Kiran
|-
|1995 ||Sabse Bada Khiladi|| sound
|-
|1993 ||[[Lootere]]||sound recordist
|-
|1989||[[Saaya (Indian TV series)|Saaya]]|| audiographer
|-
|1988||[[Veerana]]|| sound
|-
|1987||[[Dak Bangla]]|| sound
|-
|1986||[[Avinash (film)|Avinash]]|| sound
|-
|1985/I|| Telephone|| audiographer
|-
|1985 ||[[Saamri]]|| audiographer
|-
|1985|| [[Haveli]]|| audiographer
|-
|1984||[[Purana Mandir]]|| sound
|-
|1981||[[Ghungroo Ki Awaaz]]||audiographer
|-
|1981|| Hotel|| audiographer
|-
|1981||[[Dahshat]]|| sound engineer
|-
|1980||[[Andhera]]|| sound
|-
|1980||[[Saboot]]|| sound engineer
|-
|1980|| Guest House ||sound engineer
|-
|1978||[[Darwaza]]||sound engineer
|-
|}

==As cameraman==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year||film|| as camera Department
|-
|1980||[[Andhera]]||associate cameraman
|-
|1978||[[Darwaza]] ||associate camera operator
|-
|}

==External links==
{{IMDb name|0708899}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramsay, Kiran}}
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

2015–16 East Bengal FC season

2025-08-20T11:46:51Z

AdrianneKinne08: adding new post...

{{Short description|Indian football club season}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Original research|date=July 2021}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2021}}
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox football club season
| club = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
| image =
| season = [[2015–16 in Indian football|'''2015–16''']]
| manager = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Biswajit Bhattacharya]] {{nowrap|''(until 11 April 2016)''}} {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Trevor Morgan (footballer)|Trevor Morgan]] {{nowrap|''(from 13 April 2016)''}}
| mgrtitle = Head-Coach
| chairman = Dr Pranab Dasgupta
| chrtitle = President
| stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]] [[Kalyani Stadium]] [[East Bengal Ground]]
| league = [[I-League]]
| league result = '''[[2015–16 I-League|3rd]]'''
| league2 = [[Calcutta Football League]]
| league2 result = '''Champions'''
| cup1 = [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]]
| cup1 result = [[2015-16 Indian Federation Cup|'''Quarter-Finals''']]
| cup2 = [[Sheikh Kamal International Club Cup|Sheikh Kamal Trophy]]
| cup2 result = [[2015 Sheikh Kamal International Club Cup|'''Runners-up''']]
| league topscorer = [[Ranti Martins]] ('''12''')
| season topscorer = [[Ranti Martins]] ('''17''')
| highest attendance =
| lowest attendance =
| average attendance =

|pattern_b1 = _redhalf
|pattern_sh1 =
|pattern_so1 = _2 gold stripes
|leftarm1 = FFDF00
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|pattern_name1=Home kit
|pattern_b2 = _EastBengal201718_a
|pattern_la2 = _EastBengal1718a
|pattern_ra2 = _EastBengal1718a
|pattern_sh2 = _EastBengal000000
|pattern_so2 = _EastBengalFFFFFF
|leftarm2 = FFFFFF
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|pattern_name2=Away kit
|pattern_b3 = _yellowredstripes
|pattern_la3 =_redyellow
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|pattern_sh3 =
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|pattern_name3=Third kit

| prevseason = [[2014–15 East Bengal F.C. season|2014-15]]
| nextseason = [[2016–17 East Bengal F.C. season|2016–17]]
}}

The 2015–16 season is [[SC East Bengal|East Bengal FC]]'s 96th season in existence. The club had won the Calcutta Football League this season and became the runners of 2015 [[Sheikh Kamal International Club Cup]].

==Pre-Season Overview==
The club signed [[Do Dong-hyun]], a South Korean attacking mid-fielder to support the striking part.
With the arrival of veteran defender [[Bello Razaq]] from [[Mohun Bagan]], the team became stronger and the Red and Gold Brigade are hoping to seal the CFL championship and set another hexa record.
With the help of recent performances, The Club clinched to the 74th spot in the recent [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]] Club Ranking, the highest among all Indian football clubs.

==Season Overview==

===August===
The club started their [[Calcutta Football League]] (CFL) campaign on 8 August by beating [[SVF Tollygunge Agragami FC]] by 1–0. In the next match, against [[Aryan F.C.]], the club managed a draw, the only draw of this CFL campaign. Then they went on winning all the matches against [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]], Army XI, [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan S.C.]], Police AC and [[Sports Authority of India]].

===September===
Maintaining their winning streak of August, East Bengal started their September by beating [[Kalighat Milan Sangha F.C.]] by 4–3. This fixture was their toughest in this campaign as at a time, the team was trailing by 0-2 and then they managed to win it. 
The next fixture of the club was a prestigious [[Kolkata Derby]] against their arch rivals [[Mohun Bagan]] in which the team managed an easy 4–0 win with two stunning free kicks by [[Do Dong-hyun]], the top scorer of the club, one of which came in just after 82 seconds from the kick off. This win sealed their league victory and their 118th win against their arch rivals. Moreover, it was the club's 6th consecutive CFL championship which is itself a record and they hold a similar 6 consecutive CFL League wins between the period 1970–75. 
The last fixture was against [[Southern Samity]] on 10 September. East Bengal with their reserved squad managed to win it and became the unbeatable champions of this CFL. [[Do Dong-hyun]] became the top scorer of both the club and the CFL.

===October===
The club went to play an international tournament in Bangladesh named 2015 Sheikh Kamal International Club Cup. The team draw set East Bengal in Group B on the fixture of this tour. Due to the absence of almost all the main and first team players of the club (all out on loan in different clubs of [[Indian Super League]]), the junior and reserve bench players had taken part in it. The club brought [[Orok Essien]] and [[Subodh Kumar]] on loan for the tournament. East Bengal started off well by defeating Bangladesh club [[Abahani Limited (Chittagong)]] by 2–1 on 21st Oct 2015. Young Prohlad scored on the match along with [[Mohammed Rafique (footballer)|Mohammed Rafique]]. After that the most important player of midfield, [[Do Dong-hyun]], had a knee injury which couldn't let him play for the rest of the tour. The club kept on its winning streak by defeating the current best club of Pakistan [[K-Electric F.C.]] by a comfortable margin of 3–1. Then the club had its first draw of the tournament which was against [[Abahani Limited (Dhaka)]]. Then the club went into the semis where they defeated (on 28th oct 2015) [[Mohammedan Sporting Club (Dhaka)]] by 3–0 to enter into the final. [[Ranti Martins]] scored a couple on the semis. On 30th Oct 2015, East Bengal FC played the final against [[Abahani Limited (Chittagong)]] once again after the very first match. But the young brigade could not seal the victory at the end in spite of taking a lead on the 9th minute by the goal scored by [[Avinabo Bag]]. This time East Bengal lost to the Bangladeshi club by 1–3. The brilliant performance of the junior players throughout the tournament came to an end with the defeat in final match. But the fight of the junior brigade were appreciated whole heartedly by the supporters of the club.

==Transfers==

===In===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!No.
!Pos.
!Name
!Signed from
!Month
!Ref.
|-
|21
|MF
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|South Korea}} '''[[Do Dong-hyun]]'''
|Free Agent
|N/A
|
|-
|6
|DF
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|Nigeria}} '''[[Bello Razaq]]'''
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Mohun Bagan]]
|June
|
|-
|43
|FW
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|Nigeria}} '''[[Orok Essien]]''' (on loan)
|
|October
|
|-
|
|MF
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|India}} '''[[Subodh Kumar]]''' (on loan)
|{{flagicon|India}} [[SVF Tollygunge Agragami FC|Tollygunge Agragami]]
|October
|
|}

===Out===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
|-
!Pos.
!Name
!Sold to
!Month
!Ref.
|-
|DF
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|India}}Safar Sardar
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Mohun Bagan]]
|N/A
|
|-
|MF
!{{flagicon|India}} Raju Gaikwad
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Mohun Bagan]]
|N/A
|
|}

==Kit==
'''Supplier:''' Shiv Naresh / '''Sponsors:''' Kingfisher Premium, Peerless
{| border-"0" style="margin:1em auto"
|{{Football kit
|pattern_b = _redhalf
|leftarm = ffff00
|body = ffff00
|rightarm = ff0000
|shorts = 000000
|socks = ffff00
|title=Home kit
}}
|
|{{Football kit
|pattern_b = _EastBengal201718_a
|pattern_la = _EastBengal1718a
|pattern_ra = _EastBengal1718a
|pattern_sh = _EastBengal000000
|pattern_so = _EastBengalFFFFFF
|leftarm = FFFFFF
|body = FFFFFF
|rightarm = FFFFFF
|shorts = 000000
|socks = FFFFFF
|title=Away kit
}}
|
|{{Football kit
|pattern_b = _yellowredstripes
|pattern_la = _redyellow
|pattern_ra = _redyellow
|pattern_sh = _white_hoops_color
|pattern_so = ffff00
|leftarm = 000080
|body = 000080
|rightarm = 000080
|shorts = 000080
|socks = ffff00
|title=Third Kit
}}
|}

==Technical Staff==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Position
! Name
|-
| Chief coach
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Biswajit Bhattacharya]]
|-
| Assistant coach
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Debjit Ghosh]]
|-
| Goalkeeping coach
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sanjay Majhi
|-
| Defence Coach
|{{flagicon|Kenya}} [[Sammy Omollo]]
|-
| Physiotherapist
|{{flagicon|India}} Rajesh Basak
|-
| Club Doctor
|{{flagicon|IND}} Dr. Santiranjan Dasgupta
|-
| Team Manager
|{{flagicon|IND}} Manish Banerjee
|-
|Team Media Officer
|{{flagicon|IND}} Gautam Roy
|}

==Competitions==

===Overall===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="text-align:center; width:200px;" | Competition
! style="text-align:center; width:170px;" | First match
! style="text-align:center; width:170px;" | Last match
! style="text-align:center; width:100px;" | Final position
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Calcutta Football League]]
|8 August 2015
|10 September 2015
|bgcolor="gold"|Champions
|-
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Sheikh Kamal International Club Cup|Sheikh Kamal Trophy]]
|21 October 2015
|30 October 2015
|bgcolor="silver"|[[2015 Sheikh Kamal International Club Cup|Runners-up]]
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[I-League]]
|10 January 2016
|24 April 2016
|[[2015–16 I-League|3rd]]
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]]
|1 May 2017
|4 May 2017
|[[2015–16 Indian Federation Cup|Quarter Finals]]
|-
|}

===Overview===
{{Fb overview
|c=2
|c1=Calcutta Football League
|w1=9|l1=0|d1=1|f1=29|a1=9
|c2=[[2015 Sheikh Kamal International Club Cup|Sheikh Kamal International Club Cup]]
|w2=3|l2=1|d2=1|f2=9|a2=5
|c3=[[2015-16 I-League|I-League]]
|w3=7|l3=5|d3=4|f3=22|a3=18
|c4=[[2015–16 Indian Federation Cup|Federation Cup]]
|w4=0|l4=1|d4=1|f4=3|a4=4
|u=31 May 2016
}}

===Calcutta Football League===
{{Main|2015-16 Calcutta Premier Division}}

====Table====
{{:2015-16 Calcutta Premier Division|transcludesection=Standings|teamwidth=135|showteam=KEB}}

====Fixtures & results====
{{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

{{footballbox collapsible
|date=8 August 2015
|round=1
|time=14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score=1–0
|report = https://www.kolkatafootball.com/ifa_cfl_2015_premier_divn/cfl_report.html
|team2=[[Tollygunge Agragami]]
|goals1=[[Harmanjot Khabra]] {{goal|79}}
|goals2=
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|stadium=[[East Bengal Ground]]
|referee=Pranjal Banerjee
|motm=[[Do Dong-hyun]] (East Bengal)
|attendance=
|result=W
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=11 August 2015
|round=2
|time=14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score=0–0
|report = https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/aryan-snatch-point-from-eb/cid/1491185
|team2=[[Aryan F.C.|Aryan]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|stadium=[[East Bengal Ground]]
|referee=Prabir Dhar
|motm=[[Priyant Singh]] (Aryan)
|attendance=
|result=D
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=14 August 2015
|round=3
|time=14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score=6–0
|report = https://www.kolkatafootball.com/ifa_cfl_2015_premier_divn/cfl_report.html
|team2=[[Bengal Nagpur Railway FC|Bengal Nagpur Railway]]
|goals1=[[Mohammed Rafique (footballer)|Rafique]] {{goal|24}} [[Bello Razaq]] {{goal|27}} [[Do Dong-hyun]] {{goal|53||83||90+2}} [[Jiten Murmu]] {{goal|90+1}}
|goals2=
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|stadium=[[East Bengal Ground]]
|referee=Animesh Biswas
|motm=[[Do Dong-hyun]] (East Bengal)
|attendance=
|result=W
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=19 August 2015
|round=4
|time=14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score=3–2
|report = https://www.kolkatafootball.com/ifa_cfl_2015_premier_divn/cfl_report.html
|team2=Army XI
|goals1=[[Do Dong-hyun]] {{goal|58||69}} [[Saumik Dey]] {{goal|76}}
|goals2=L'mawaya {{goal|16}} P Jain {{goal|34}}
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|stadium=[[East Bengal Ground]]
|referee=Ajit Dutta
|motm=[[Do Dong-hyun]] (East Bengal)
|attendance=
|result=W
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=23 August 2015
|round=5
|time=14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score=2–1
|report = https://www.kolkatafootball.com/ifa_cfl_2015_premier_divn/cfl_report.html
|team2=[[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]
|goals1=[[Do Dong-hyun]] {{goal|66||73}}
|goals2=[[Kareem Omolaja]] {{goal|90+5}}
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|stadium=[[Barasat Stadium]]
|referee=Uttam Sarkar
|motm=[[Do Dong-hyun]] (East Bengal)
|attendance=
|result=W
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=27 August 2015
|round=6
|time=14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score=4–1
|report = https://www.kolkatafootball.com/ifa_cfl_2015_premier_divn/cfl_report.html
|team2=Police A.C.
|goals1=[[Mohammed Rafique (footballer)|Rafique]] {{goal|28}} [[Harmanjot Khabra]] {{goal|29}} [[Do Dong-hyun]] {{goal|62}} [[Bikash Jairu]] {{goal|70}}
|goals2=Ainish {{goal|45}}
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|stadium=[[Barasat Stadium]]
|referee=Tanmoy Dhar
|motm=[[Mohammed Rafique (footballer)|Rafique]] (East Bengal)
|attendance=
|result=W
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=30 August 2015
|round=7
|time=14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score=3–1
|report = https://www.kolkatafootball.com/ifa_cfl_2015_premier_divn/cfl_report.html
|team2=[[Sports Authority of India|SAI Darjeeling]]
|goals1=[[Rahul Bheke]] {{goal|4}} [[Mehtab Hossain]] {{goal|52}} [[Do Dong-hyun]] {{goal|53}}
|goals2=Asiruddin {{goal|48}}
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|stadium=[[Barasat Stadium]]
|referee=Pranjal Banerjee
|motm=[[Mehtab Hossain]] (East Bengal)
|attendance=
|result=W
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=2 September 2015
|round=8
|time=14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score=4–3
|report = https://www.kolkatafootball.com/ifa_cfl_2015_premier_divn/cfl_report.html
|team2=[[Kalighat Milan Sangha FC|Kalighat MS]]
|goals1=[[Ranti Martins]] {{goal|48}} [[Rahul Bheke]] {{goal|61}} [[Do Dong-hyun]] {{goal|69}} [[Abhinas Ruidas]] {{goal|89}}
|goals2=Cristopher {{goal|2||26}} Kallol {{goal|75}}
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|stadium=[[Barasat Stadium]]
|referee=Animesh Biswas
|motm=[[Abhinas Ruidas]] (East Bengal)
|attendance=
|result=W
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=6 September 2015
|round=9
|time=14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score=4–0
|report = https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/east-bengal-thrash-mohun-bagan-4-0-to-clinch-local-league-title-for-sixth-consecutive-time/
|team2=[[Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1=[[Do Dong-hyun]] {{goal|2||37}} [[Mehtab Hossain]] {{yel|48}} [[Robert Lalthlamuana]] {{yel|52}} [[Mohammed Rafique (footballer)|Rafique]] {{goal|81}} [[Rahul Bheke]] {{goal|90+3}}
|goals2=[[Dudu Omagbemi]] {{sentoff|2|19|50}} [[Sanjay Balmuchu]] {{yel|35}} [[Lalkamal Bhowmick]] {{sentoff|2|36|90+3}}
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|referee=Ranjit Bakshi
|motm=[[Do Dong-hyun]] (East Bengal)
|attendance=
|result=W
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=10 September 2015
|round=10
|time=14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score=2–1
|report = https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/signing-off-unbeaten/cid/1492725
|team2=[[Southern Samity]]
|goals1=Prohlad Roy {{goal|37}} [[Mohammed Rafique (footballer)|Rafique]] {{goal|69}}
|goals2=Khaidem Vicky Meitei {{goal|47}}
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|stadium=[[Barasat Stadium]]
|referee=Tanmoy Dhar
|motm=[[Mohammed Rafique (footballer)|Rafique]] (East Bengal)
|attendance=
|result=W
}}
 
----

===Sheikh Kamal International Club Cup===
{{Main|2015 Sheikh Kamal International Club Cup}}

====Group B====
{{:2015 Sheikh Kamal International Club Cup|transcludesection=Group B|showteam=KEB}}

====Fixtures & results====
{{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

{{football box collapsible
|result= W
|round=Group Stage
|date= 20 October 2015
|time= 19:30 [[Bangladesh Standard Time|BST]]
|team1=[[Abahani Limited (Chittagong)|Chittagong Abahani]]
|score=1–2
|report=
|team2=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1= [[Bello Razaq]] {{goal|78}} ([[Own goal|o.g.]])
|goals2= [[Mohammed Rafique (footballer)|Mohammed Rafique]] {{goal|32}} Prohlad Roy {{goal|72}}
|location=[[Chittagong]]
|stadium=[[M. A. Aziz Stadium]]
|attendance=12,000
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|result= W
|round=Group Stage
|date= 22 October 2015
|time= 16:30 [[Bangladesh Standard Time|BST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score=3–1
|report=[http://thif-live.com/match/9829/ Report]
|team2=[[K-Electric F.C.|K-Electric]]
|goals1= [[Orok Essien]] {{goal|15}} [[Mohammed Rafique (footballer)|Mohammed Rafique]] {{goal|25}} [[Ranti Martins]] {{goal|49}}
|goals2= [[Muhammad Rasool]] {{goal|84}}
|location=[[Chittagong]]
|stadium=[[M. A. Aziz Stadium]]
|attendance=4,000
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|result= D
|round=Group Stage
|date= 24 October 2015
|time= 19:30 [[Bangladesh Standard Time|BST]]
|team1=[[Abahani Limited (Dhaka)|Dhaka Abahani]]
|score=0–0
|report=
|team2=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|location=[[Chittagong]]
|stadium=[[M. A. Aziz Stadium]]
|attendance=18,000
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|result= W
|round=Semi Final
|date= 28 October 2015
|time= 19:30 [[Bangladesh Standard Time|BST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score=3–0
|report=
|team2=[[Mohammedan Sporting Club (Dhaka)|Dhaka Mohammedan]]
|goals1= [[Ranti Martins]] {{goal|8||59}} [[Mohammed Rafique (footballer)|Mohammed Rafique]] {{goal|48}}
|goals2=
|location=[[Chittagong]]
|stadium=[[M. A. Aziz Stadium]]
|attendance=18,000
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|result= L
|round=Final
|date= 30 October 2015
|time= 19:30 [[Bangladesh Standard Time|BST]]
|team1=[[Abahani Limited (Chittagong)|Chittagong Abahani]]
|score=3–1
|report=[http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/250980-east-bengal-go-down-1-3-to-chittagong-abahani-in-sheikh-kamal-cup-final Report]
|team2=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1= [[Eleta Kingsley]] {{goal|45+1||54}} [[Hemanta Vincent Biswas]] {{goal|57}}
|goals2= [[Avinabo Bag]] {{goal|11}}
|location=[[Chittagong]]
|stadium=[[M. A. Aziz Stadium]]
|attendance=30,000
|referee=
}}
 
----

===I-League===
{{Main|2015–16 I-League}}

====Table====
{{:2015–16 I-League|showteam=KEB}}

====Fixtures & results====
{{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

{{footballbox collapsible
|date=10 January 2016
|round=1
|time=16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Sporting Club de Goa]]
|score=1–3
|report = https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2016/01/10/india/i-league/sporting-club-de-goa/east-bengal-club-fc/2176877/
|team2=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=[[Odafa Onyeka Okolie]] {{goal|29}} [[Alber Gonsalves]] {{yel|73}} [[Mahmoud Amnah]] {{yel|76}}
|goals2=[[Ranti Martins]] {{goal|67||81}} [[Bikash Jairu]] {{goal|78}}
|location=[[Margao, Goa|Margao]]
|stadium=[[Fatorda Stadium]]
|referee=R. Venkatesh
|motm=
|attendance=
|result=W
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=17 January 2016
|round=2
|time=19:05 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]]
|score=0–0
|report = https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2016/01/17/india/i-league/mumbai-fc/east-bengal-club-fc/2176881/
|team2=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=[[Eric Brown (footballer)|Eric Brown]] {{yel|32}}
|goals2=[[Sanju Pradhan]] {{yel|39}} [[Harmanjot Khabra]] {{yel|40}} [[Ranti Martins]] {{yel|45+1}}
|location=[[Mumbai]]
|stadium=[[Cooperage Ground]]
|referee=P. Vairamuthu
|motm=
|attendance=
|result=D
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=23 January 2016
|round=3
|time=14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Mohun Bagan]]
|score=1–1
|report = https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2016/01/23/india/i-league/mohun-bagan-ac/east-bengal-club-fc/2176883/
|team2=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=[[Pronay Halder]] {{yel|53}} [[Luciano Sabrosa]] {{yel|72}} [[Dhanachandra Singh]] {{yel|76}} [[Cornell Glen]] {{goal|77}}
|goals2=[[Arnab Mondal]] {{yel|53}} [[Ranti Martins]] {{goal|63}} [[Rahul Bheke]] {{yel|88}}
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|referee=A. Rowan
|motm=
|attendance=
|result=D
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=26 January 2016
|round=4
|time=19:05 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score=1–0
|report = https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2016/01/26/india/i-league/east-bengal-club-fc/dsk-shivajians/2176887/
|team2=[[DSK Shivajians F.C.|DSK Shivajians]]
|goals1=[[Ranti Martins]] {{goal|29}}
|goals2=[[Abdul Hakku Nediyodath|Abdul Hakku]] {{yel|8}} [[Milan Singh]] {{yel|81}}
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|stadium=[[Barasat Stadium]]
|referee=Priyobarta Singh
|motm=
|attendance=
|result=W
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=30 January 2016
|round=5
|time=14:05 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score=0–1
|report = https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2016/01/30/india/i-league/east-bengal-club-fc/bengaluru/2176890/
|team2=[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|goals1=[[Rehenesh TP]] {{yel|6}} [[Samad Ali Mallick]] {{yel|8}} [[Ranti Martins]] {{yel|62}} [[Bikash Jairu]] {{yel|75}}
|goals2=[[Seiminlen Doungel]] {{yel|26}} [[Sunil Chhetri]] {{goal|60}} [[Lalchhuanmawia]] {{yel|83}}
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|stadium=[[Barasat Stadium]]
|referee=Santosh Kumar
|motm=
|attendance=
|result=L
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=5 February 2016
|round=6
|time=14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score=2–0
|report = https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2016/02/05/india/i-league/east-bengal-club-fc/aizawl-fc/2176897/
|team2=[[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]
|goals1=[[Rahul Bheke]] {{yel|17}} [[Bikash Jairu]] {{goal|72}} [[Bernard Mendy]] {{goal|74}}
|goals2=[[Yuta Kinowaki]] {{yel|27}}
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|stadium=[[Barasat Stadium]]
|referee=A. Meitei
|motm=
|attendance=
|result=W
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=9 February 2016
|round=7
|time=19:05 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score=4–0
|report = https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2016/02/09/india/i-league/east-bengal-club-fc/lajong-sc/2176900/
|team2=[[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]
|goals1=[[Ranti Martins]] {{goal|17||26||37}} [[Bikash Jairu]] {{goal|52}}
|goals2=[[Chinglensana Singh (footballer)|Chinglensana Singh]] {{sentoff|2|61|82}}
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|stadium=[[Barasat Stadium]]
|referee=Umesh Bora
|motm=
|attendance=
|result=W
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=21 February 2016
|round=8
|time=14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score=2–1
|report = https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2016/02/21/india/i-league/east-bengal-club-fc/salgaocar-sports-club/2176910/
|team2=[[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]]
|goals1=[[Mohammed Rafique (footballer)|Rafique]] {{goal|38}} [[Bello Razaq]] {{goal|83}}
|goals2=[[Darryl Duffy]] {{goal|65}}
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|stadium=[[Barasat Stadium]]
|referee=R. Venkatesh
|motm=
|attendance=
|result=W
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=1 March 2016
|round=9
|time=16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]]
|score=3–1
|report = https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2016/03/01/india/i-league/salgaocar-sports-club/east-bengal-club-fc/2177574/
|team2=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=[[Thongkhosiem Haokip]] {{goal|4||90+5}} [[Calvin Mbarga]] {{goal|36|pen}}
|goals2=[[Ranti Martins]] {{goal|25}} [[Samad Ali Mallick]] {{yel|35}} [[Sehnaj Singh]] {{sentoff|0|78}}
|location=[[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco da Gama]]
|stadium=[[Tilak Maidan Stadium]]
|referee=Umesh Bora
|motm=
|attendance=
|result=L
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=6 March 2016
|round=10
|time=16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[DSK Shivajians F.C.|DSK Shivajians]]
|score=2–0
|report = https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2016/03/06/india/i-league/dsk-shivajians/east-bengal-club-fc/2177581/
|team2=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=[[Douhou Pierre]] {{goal|8}} [[Surchandra Singh]] {{yel|45}} [[Zohmingliana Ralte]] {{yel|64}} [[Juan Quero]] {{goal|66}}
|goals2=[[Ranti Martins]] {{goal|25}} [[Samad Ali Mallick]] {{yel|35}} [[Sehnaj Singh]] {{sentoff|0|78}}
|location=[[Pune]]
|stadium=Balewadi Stadium
|referee=C.R. Srikrishna
|motm=
|attendance=
|result=L
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=12 March 2016
|round=11
|time=16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]
|score=2–3
|report = https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2016/03/12/india/i-league/aizawl-fc/east-bengal-club-fc/2177583/
|team2=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=[[Brandon Vanlalremdika]] {{goal|19}} [[Alfred Jaryan]] {{yel|47}} [[Yuta Kinowaki]] {{goal|58}} [[Lalramchullova]] {{sentoff|2|64|90}} [[David Lalrinmuana]] {{yel|65}} [[Emmanuel Chigozie]] {{sentoff|0|67}}
|goals2=[[Sehnaj Singh]] {{yel|27}} [[Robert Lalthlamuana]] {{yel|47}} [[Ranti Martins]] {{goal|69|pen|85||88}} [[Bikash Jairu]] {{yel|90+3}}
|location=[[Aizawl]]
|stadium=[[Rajiv Gandhi Stadium, Aizaw|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]]
|referee=Om Prakash Thakur
|motm=
|attendance=
|result=W
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=2 April 2016
|round=12
|time=16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score=2–1
|report = https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2016/04/02/india/i-league/east-bengal-club-fc/mohun-bagan-ac/2177588/
|team2=[[Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1=[[Do Dong-hyun]] {{goal|40|pen|75}} {{yel|75}} [[Bello Razaq]] {{yel|45+1}} [[Sehnaj Singh]] {{yel|90+4}}
|goals2=[[Luciano Sabrosa]] {{yel|38}} [[Katsumi Yusa]] {{goal|83}} [[Pritam Kotal]] {{yel|84}} [[Pronay Halder]] {{yel|87}}
|location=[[Siliguri]]
|stadium=[[Kanchenjunga Stadium]]
|referee=Santosh Kumar
|motm=
|attendance=
|result=W
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=5 April 2016
|round=13
|time=19:05 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score=2–2
|report = https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2016/04/05/india/i-league/east-bengal-club-fc/mumbai-fc/2177591/
|team2=[[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]]
|goals1=[[Rahul Bheke]] {{yel|11}} [[Luis Barreto]] {{yel|14}} [[Ranti Martins]] {{goal|25}} [[Cavin Lobo]] {{yel|39}} [[Bernard Mendy]] {{goal|59}}
|goals2=[[Steven Dias]] {{goal|15}} [[Pratik Chaudhari]] {{yel|44}} [[Allan Dias (Indian footballer)|Allan Dias]] {{yel|67}} [[Ashutosh Mehta]] {{goal|77}}
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|stadium=[[Barasat Stadium]]
|referee=A. Rowan
|motm=
|attendance=
|result=D
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=10 April 2016
|round=14
|time=19:05 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|score=3–1
|report = https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2016/04/10/india/i-league/bengaluru/east-bengal-club-fc/2177597/
|team2=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=[[Eugeneson Lyngdoh]] {{goal|28}} [[Sunil Chhetri]] {{yel|61}} [[Kim Song-yong]] {{goal|63}} [[Malsawmzuala]] {{goal|68}}
|goals2=[[Do Dong-hyun]] {{goal|27}} {{yel|39}} [[Bernard Mendy]] {{yel|47}}
|location=[[Bengaluru]]
|stadium=[[Kanteerava Stadium]]
|referee=C.R. Srikrishna
|motm=
|attendance=
|result=L
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=15 April 2016
|round=15
|time=19:05 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score=0–0
|report = https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2016/04/15/india/i-league/east-bengal-club-fc/sporting-club-de-goa/2177598/
|team2=[[Sporting Club de Goa]]
|goals1=[[Samad Ali Mallick]] {{yel|44}} [[Mehtab Hossain]] {{yel|60}} [[Narayan Das (footballer)|Narayan Das]] {{sentoff|2|68|86}}
|goals2=[[Mehrajuddin Wadoo]] {{sentoff|2|57|59}} [[Fulganco Cardozo]] {{yel|67}}
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|stadium=[[Barasat Stadium]]
|referee=B. Balasubramanium
|motm=
|attendance=
|result=D
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=24 April 2016
|round=16
|time=19:05 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]
|score=1–0
|report = https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2016/04/24/india/i-league/lajong-sc/east-bengal-club-fc/2177604/
|team2=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=[[Isaac Vanmalsawma]] {{goal|62}} [[Uilliams Bomfim Souza]] {{yel|64}} [[Chinglensana Singh (footballer)|Chinglensana Singh]] {{yel|83}}
|goals2=
|location=[[Shillong]]
|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Shillong)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|referee=Om Prakash Thakur
|motm=
|attendance=
|result=L
}}
 
----

===Federation Cup===
{{Main|2015–16 Indian Federation Cup}}
{{#section-h:2015–16 Indian Federation Cup|Bracket}}

====Fixtures & results====
{{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

{{footballbox collapsible
|date=1 May 2016
|round=Quarter-Final 1st Leg
|time=17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]
|score=2–1
|report = https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2016/05/01/india/federation-cup/lajong-sc/east-bengal-club-fc/2231273/
|team2=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=[[Konsham Singh]] {{goal|33}} [[Fábio Pena]] {{goal|62}}
|goals2=[[Do Dong-hyun]] {{goal|44}}
|location=[[Shillong]]
|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Shillong)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|referee=
|motm=
|attendance=
|result=L
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=4 May 2016
|round=Quarter-Final 2nd Leg
|time=16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score=2–2
|aggregatescore=3–4
|aet=yes
|report = https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2016/05/04/india/federation-cup/east-bengal-club-fc/lajong-sc/2231269/
|team2=[[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]
|goals1=[[Ranti Martins]] {{goal|23}} [[Lalrindika Ralte]] {{goal|37}}
|goals2=[[Fábio Pena]] {{goal|17}} [[Uilliams Bomfim Souza]] {{goal|114}}
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|stadium=[[Barasat Stadium]]
|referee=
|motm=
|attendance=
|result=D
}}

==Statistics==

===Appearances===
: Players with no appearances are not included in the list.
{{updated|end of 2015-16 season.}}<ref name=stats>{{cite web |work=Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/teams/india/east-bengal-club-fc/3346/squad/ |title=East Bengal FC - Squad}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:90%"
!colspan="14"| Appearances for East Bengal in 2015–16 season
|-
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|No.
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|Pos.
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|Nat.
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:165px;" rowspan="2" |Name
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:86px;" colspan="2" |CFL
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:86px;" colspan="2" |I League
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:86px;" colspan="2" |Fed Cup
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:86px;" colspan="2" |S.K. Int. Cup
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:86px;" colspan="2" |Total
|-
!Apps
!Starts
!Apps
!Starts
!Apps
!Starts
!Apps
!Starts
!Apps
!Starts
|-
!colspan="14"| Goalkeepers
|-
| 13 || GK || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Rehenesh TP]] || || || 8 || 8 || 2 || 2 || ||
! 10 || 10
|-
| 30 || GK || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Luis Barreto]] || 9 || 9 || 8 || 8 || 0 || 0 || ||
! 17 || 17
|-
| 26 || GK || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Abhra Mondal]] || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || || || 0 || 0
! 1 || 1
|-
| 31 || GK || {{flagicon|IND}} || Dibyendu Sarkar || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || || || 5 || 5
! 5 || 5
|-
!colspan="14"| Defenders
|-
| 6 || DF || {{flagicon|NGR}} || [[Bello Razaq]] || 8 || 8 || 16 || 16 || 2 || 2 || 5 || 5
! 31 || 31
|-
| 3 || DF || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Arnab Mondal]] || 3 || 3 || 13 || 13 || 2 || 2 || ||
! 18 || 18
|-
| 5 || DF || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Rahul Bheke]] || 5 || 4 || 10 || 9 || 0 || 0 || ||
! 15 || 13
|-
| 45 || DF || {{flagicon|FRA}} || [[Bernard Mendy]] || || || 9 || 9 || 1 || 0 || ||
! 10 || 9
|-
| 28 || DF || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Saumik Dey]] || 7 || 6 || 8 || 7 || 0 || 0 || ||
! 15 || 13
|-
| 38 || DF || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Samad Ali Mallick]] || 6 || 6 || 6 || 6 || 0 || 0 || 2 || 1
! 12 || 12
|-
| 19 || DF || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Robert Lalthlamuana]] || 3 || 3 || 5 || 5 || 0 || 0 || ||
! 8 || 8
|-
| 4 || DF || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Narayan Das (footballer)|Narayan Das]] || || || 3 || 3 || 2 || 2 || ||
! 5 || 5
|-
| 12 || DF || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Deepak Mondal]] || 7 || 7 || 2 || 1 || 2 || 2 || 5 || 5
! 16 || 15
|-
| 16 || DF || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Gurwinder Singh]] || 2 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || ||
! 2 || 1
|-
| 24 || DF || {{flagicon|IND}} || Babu Mondal || 1 || 1 || || || || || 3 || 0
! 4 || 1
|-
| 40 || DF || {{flagicon|IND}} || Biswajit Saha || 0 || 0 || || || || || 5 || 5
! 5 || 5
|-
| 22 || DF || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Avinabo Bag]] || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || || || 4 || 4
! 5 || 5
|-
!colspan="14"| Midfielders
|-
| 14 || MF || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Mehtab Hossain]] || 8 || 8 || 14 || 14 || 2 || 2 || ||
! 24 || 24
|-
| 21 || MF || {{flagicon|South Korea}} || [[Do Dong-Hyun]] || 10 || 10 || 13 || 10 || 2 || 2 || 1 || 1
! 26 || 23
|-
| 8 || MF || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Mohammed Rafique (footballer)|Mohammed Rafique]] || 9 || 8 || 12 || 6 || 2 || 0 || 5 || 5
! 28 || 19
|-
| 23 || MF || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Bikash Jairu]] || 8 || 8 || 11 || 9 || 0 || 0 || ||
! 19 || 17
|-
| 11 || MF || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Cavin Lobo]] || 5 || 3 || 9 || 2 || 0 || 0 || ||
! 14 || 5
|-
| 15 || MF || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Sanju Pradhan]] || || || 9 || 7 || 2 || 1 || ||
! 11 || 8
|-
| 2 || MF || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Sehnaj Singh]] || || || 8 || 3 || 0 || 0 || ||
! 8 || 3
|-
| 34 || MF || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Abhinas Ruidas]] || 5 || 4 || 8 || 8 || 1 || 0 || 4 || 3
! 18 || 15
|-
| 7 || MF || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Harmanjot Khabra]] || 8 || 7 || 7 || 5 || 2 || 2 || ||
! 17 || 14
|-
| 28 || MF || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Shylo Malsawmtluanga]] || 9 || 2 || 7 || 4 || 2 || 1 || ||
! 18 || 7
|-
| 17 || MF || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Joaquim Abranches]] || || || 7 || 4 || 0 || 0 || ||
! 7 || 4
|-
| 20 || MF || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Lalrindika Ralte]] || || || 2 || 1 || 2 || 2 || ||
! 4 || 3
|-
| 35 || MF || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Anthony Soren]] || 2 || 1 || || || || || 3 || 1
! 5 || 2
|-
| 36 || MF || {{flagicon|IND}} || Prohlad Roy || 6 || 6 || 0 || 0 || || || 5 || 5
! 11 || 11
|-
| 18 || MF || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Subodh Kumar]] || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || || || 5 || 5
! 5 || 5
|-
| 33 || MF || {{flagicon|IND}} || Jagannath Sana || 1 || 0 || || || || || 3 || 1
! 4 || 1
|-
!colspan="14"| Forwards
|-
| 10 || FW || {{flagicon|NGR}} || [[Ranti Martins]] || 6 || 0 || 16 || 16 || 2 || 2 || 5 || 5
! 29 || 23
|-
| 25 || FW || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Jiten Murmu]] || 6 || 3 || || || || || 0 || 0
! 6 || 3
|-
| 43 || FW || {{flagicon|NGR}} || [[Orok Essien]] || || || || || || || 4 || 4
! 4 || 4
|-
| 27 || FW || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[C. S. Sabeeth]] || || || 5 || 2 || 0 || 0 || ||
! 5 || 2
|}

===Goal Scorers===
{{updated|end of 2015-16 season.}}<ref name=stats/>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
! colspan="10" |Goals for East Bengal in 2015–16 season
|-
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" |Rank
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" |{{Abbr|No.|Squad Number}}
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" |{{Abbr|Pos.|Position}}
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" |{{Tooltip|Nat.|Nationality}}
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" |Name
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" |CFL
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" |I League
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" |Fed Cup
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" |S.K. Int. Cup
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" |Total
|-
!1
|10
|FW
|{{flagicon|NGR}}
|[[Ranti Martins]]
|1
|12
|1
|3
!17
|-
!2
|21
|FW
|{{flagicon|South Korea}}
|[[Do Dong-hyun]]
|12
|3
|1
|0
!16
|-
!3
|8
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Mohammed Rafique (footballer)|Mohammed Rafique]]
|4
|1
|0
|3
!8
|-
!4
|23
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Bikash Jairu]]
|1
|3
|0
|
!4
|-
!5
|5
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Rahul Bheke]]
|3
|0
|0
|
!3
|-
! rowspan="4" |6
|6
|MF
|{{flagicon|NGR}}
|[[Bello Razaq]]
|1
|1
|0
|0
!2
|-
|7
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Harmanjot Khabra]]
|2
|0
|0
|
!2
|-
|36
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|Prohlad Roy
|1
|0
|
|1
!2
|-
|45
|DF
|{{flagicon|FRA}}
|[[Bernard Mendy]]
|
|2
|0
|
!2
|-
! rowspan="7" |10
|14
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Mehtab Hossain]]
|1
|0
|0
|
!1
|-
|20
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Lalrindika Ralte]]
|
|0
|1
|
!1
|-
|22
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|Avinabo Bag
|0
|0
|
|1
!1
|-
|25
|FW
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Jiten Murmu]]
|1
|
|
|
!1
|-
|29
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Saumik Dey]]
|1
|0
|0
|
!1
|-
|34
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Abhinas Ruidas]]
|1
|0
|0
|0
!1
|-
|43
|MF
|{{flagicon|NGR}}
|[[Orok Essien]]
|
|
|
|1
!1
|-
| colspan="5" |''Own goals''
|0
|0
|0
|0
!0
|-
! colspan="5" |Total
!29
!22
!3
!9
!63
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
* [[2015–16 in Indian football]]

{{East Bengal F.C.}}
{{2015–16 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2015-16 East Bengal F.C. season}}
[[Category:East Bengal Club seasons]]
[[Category:2015–16 I-League by team|East Bengal]]