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List of Indian Bengali films of 2004

2026-05-08T11:06:23Z

AdolphMassola0: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[List of Indian Bengali films of the 2000s]]{{Redirect category shell|{{R from merge}}{{R from history}}}}

Ghatshila block

2026-05-06T04:19:57Z

AdolphMassola0: Starting new pg.

{{about|the community development block in Jharkhand|1 its namesake census town|Ghatshila|2 its name sake assembly constituency|Ghatsila (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|3 its namesake administrative subdivision|Ghatshila subdivision}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ghatshila
| nickname = 
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline = File:Buridi lake at Ghatshila in India.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Burudi]] lake in Ghatshila block
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand
| coordinates = {{coord|22.5921|N|86.4743|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jharkhand|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[East Singhbhum district|East Singhbhum]]
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 349.12
| population_total = 129905
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = [[Official language|Official]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| demographics1_title2 = Most spoken language
| demographics1_info2 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 832103-832303
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
| area_code = 0657
| registration_plate = JH 05
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 70.02%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Jamshedpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jamshedpur]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Ghatsila (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ghatsila]]
| website = {{URL|jamshedpur.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ghatshila block''' is a [[Community development blocks in India|community development (CD) block]] that forms an [[Administrative divisions of India|administrative division]] in the [[Ghatshila subdivision]] of [[East Singhbhum district]], in the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]].

==History==
The laying of the foundation stone of the steel plant by [[Tata Steel]] (then known as Tata Iron and Steel Company) in 1907 at [[Sakchi]] Kalimati in Singhbhum district marked the beginning of the industrialisation of the area. The first police station in the area was opened in 1912 at [[Jugsalai]]. The Kalimati Sakchi village was renamed ‘[[Jamshedpur]]’ in 1917. [[Dhalbhum subdivision]] was created in 1920 with Jamshedpur as headquarters. Jamshedpur Notified Area was established in 1924. East Singhbhum district, with Jamshedpur as headquarters, was set up in 1990.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/east-singhbhum | title = District Police Profile – East Singhbhum | work = Brief Summary of the District | publisher = Jharkhand Police | access-date = 10 December 2021 | archive-date = 22 June 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220622213448/https://www.jhpolice.gov.in/east-singhbhum | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Ghatshila was earlier the headquarters of the Rajas of [[Dhalbhum]]. Ghatshila block was established in 1962 with headquarters at Ghatshila.<ref name=ghatshila>{{cite web | url = http://www.jharkhand.org.in/ghatshila | title = Ghatshila, Jharkhand | publisher = Jharkhand | access-date = 12 December 2021}}</ref>

==Geography==
Ghatshila is located at {{coord|22.5921|N|86.4743|E|display=inline}}.
[[File:Subarnarekha river in Ghatshila, Jharkhand.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Subarnarekha at Ghatshila]]
“The district forms a part of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] and is a hilly upland tract”. The Seraikela Dhalbhumgarh upland and the Dalma range are natural divisions of the district. The main rivers are the [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]] and the [[Kharkai River|Kharkai]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2012_PART_A_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 7: Natural Divisions |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 10 December 2021}}</ref>

The district consists of two subdivisions - (1) Dhalbhum subdivision with Patamda, Boram, Golmuri-cum-Jugsalai and Potka CD blocks, and (2) Ghatshila subdivision with Ghatshila, Dhalbhumgarh, Musabani, Dumaria, Gurbandha, Chakulia and Baharagora CD blocks.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jamshedpur.nic.in/subdivision-blocks/ | title = East Singhbhum | work = Subdivisions and blocks | publisher = East Singhbhum district administration | access-date = 10 December 2021}}</ref>

Ghatshila CD block is bounded by the [[Bandwan (community development block)|Bandwan]] CD block in the Purulia district and [[Binpur II]] CD block in the Jhargram district of the West Bengal state on the north, the [[Dhalbhumgarh block|Dhalbhumgarh]] CD block on the east, the [[Musabani block|Musabani]] CD block on the south, and the [[Potka block|Potka]] and the [[Golmuri-cum-Jugsalai block|Golmuri-cum-Jugsalai]] CD blocks on the west.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jharkhand/tehsil/purbi-singhbhum.html | title = Purba Singhbhum CD block/ Tehsil map | publisher = Maps of India | access-date = 8 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jharkhand/tehsil/saraikela.html | title = Saraikela Kharsawan CD block/ Tehsil map | publisher = Maps of India | access-date = 8 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/puruliya.html | title = Puruliya CD block/ Tehsil map | publisher = Maps of India | access-date = 8 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/paschim-mednipur.html | title = Paschim Medinipur CD block/ Tehsil map | publisher = Maps of India | access-date = 8 December 2021}}</ref>
 Note: Jhargram is a new district, carved out of Paschim Medinipur district, in West Bengal and maps are yet to be updated.

Ghatshila CD block has an area of 349.12 km2.<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2012_PART_B_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Pages 26-27: District primary census abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 8 December 2021}}</ref>[[Ghatshila#Civic administration|Ghatshila]] and [[Galudih#Civic administration|Galudih]] police stations serve Ghatshila CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/east-singhbhum | title = District Police Profile – East Singhbhum | publisher = Jharkhand Police | access-date = 8 December 2021 | archive-date = 22 June 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220622213448/https://www.jhpolice.gov.in/east-singhbhum | url-status = dead }}</ref> The headquarters of Ghatshila CD block is located at [[Ghatshila]] town.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2012_PART_A_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 84: Map of Ghatshila CD block |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 8 December 2021}}</ref>

==Demographics==

===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Ghatshila CD block had a total population of 129,905, of which 89,281 were rural and 40,624 were urban. There were 65,918 (51%) males and 63,987 (49%) females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 16,571. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 8,473 (6.52%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 54,664 (42.08%).<ref name=census2011/>
 Note: There seems to be a mismatch between the ST and language figures. The figures quoted here are as officially published on the internet. Percentages have been calculated.

The only [[Census town]] in the Ghatshila CD block is (2011 population figure in brackets): [[Ghatshila]] (40,624).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
According to the 2011 census, the total number of literate persons in Ghatshila CD block was 80,151 (70.72% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 46,291 (80.54% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 33,860 (60.61% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 19.93%.<ref name=census2011/>

{{As of|2011}} census, literacy in [[East Singhbhum district|Purbi Singhbhum]] district was 76.13%. Literacy in Jharkhand was 67.63% in 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_jharkhand.html | title= Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011: Jharkhand |work= Provisional Population Totals, Literacy Rate in 2011 column |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Government of India| access-date = 9 December 2021}}</ref> Literacy in India in 2011 was 74.04%.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf |title=Ranking of states and union territories by literacy rate: 2011|work= Page 110| publisher=Government of India| access-date = 9 December 2021}}</ref>

See also – [[List of Jharkhand districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Purbi Singhbhum district|collapsible=y}}

==Language and religion==
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages in Ghatshila CD block (2011)
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 54.13 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value2= 27.94 |color2= darkturquoise
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 6.19 |color3 = orange
|label4 = [[Urdu]] |value4 = 2.41 |color4 = green
|label5 = [[Mundari language|Mundari]] |value5 = 1.97 |color5 = teal
|label6 = [[Odia language|Odia]]|value6= 1.86 |color6 = saddlebrown
|label7 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] |value7 = 1.51 |color7 = gold
|label8 = [[Ho language|Ho]] |value8 = 1.24 |color8 = deepskyblue
|label9 = Other languages |value9 = 2.75 |color9 = grey
}}

According to the ''Population by Mother Tongue 2011'' data, in the Ghatshila subdistrict, [[Bengali language|Bengali]] was the mother-tongue of 70,318 persons forming 54.13% of the population, followed by (number of persons and percentage of population in brackets) [[Santali language|Santali]] (36,374/ 28.00%), [[Hindi]] (11,188/ 8.61%), [[Urdu]] (3,161/ 2.43%), [[Mundari language|Mundari]] (2,519/ 1.94%), [[Odia language|Odia]] (2,412/ 1.86%), [[Ho language|Ho]] (1,617/ 1.24%), [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] (927/ 0.71%), and persons with other languages as mother-tongue (1,399/ 1.08%). Other languages included 489 persons having [[Maithili language|Maithili]] as mother-tongue.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Jharkhand |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10207/download/13319/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

Note: An attempt has been made to include all language groups each with at least 500 persons as their mother-tongue and only those groups with less than 500 persons as their mother-tongue are included in the “other languages” category. Comparatively smaller language groups with 200+ persons as their mother-tongue are mentioned in the text. Many languages have sub-groups. Those who are interested can see the reference for more details.

[[Hindi]] is the [[official language]] in Jharkhand and [[Urdu]] has been declared as an additional official language.<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013) |pages= 35 |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date=8 December 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date= 8 July 2016 }}</ref>

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Ghatshila CD block (2011)<ref name="Religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|64.14}}
{{bar percent|[[Sarnaism|Sarna]]|maroon|29.58}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|4.53}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Jharkhand|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.91}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|0.74}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.10}}
}}

According to the ''Population by Religious Communities 2011'' data, in the Ghatshila subdistrict, [[Hindus]] numbered 83,327 and formed 64.14% of the population, followed by (number of persons and percentage of population in brackets) Other religious communities (39,423/ 30.35%), [[Muslims]] (5,882/ 4.53%), [[Christians]] (1,187/ 0.91%), and persons who did not state their religion (86/ 0.07%).<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Jharkhand |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11377/download/14490/DDW20C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Economy==

===Overview===
[[NITI Aayog]] (National Institution for Transforming India) has released the National Multidimensional Poverty Index (NMPI) baseline report in November 2021. “MPI is calculated using 12 segments - nutrition, child and adolescent mortality, antenatal care, years of schooling, school attendance, cooking fuel, sanitation, drinking water, electricity, housing, assets and bank account, as compared to the previous approach of just considering the poverty line”. Approximately 25.01% population of the country was multidimensionally poor. State-wise Bihar was the poorest with 51.91% of the population being poor, followed by Jharkhand with 42.16% of the population being poor.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://cclg.in/2021/12/04/national-multidimensional-poverty-index/ | title = National Multidimensional Poverty Index | publisher = The Charter | access-date = 10 December 2021 | archive-date = 11 December 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211211233100/https://cclg.in/2021/12/04/national-multidimensional-poverty-index/ | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://journalsofindia.com/national-multidimensional-poverty-index-by-niti-aayog/?print=pdf | title = National Multidimensional Poverty Index by NITI Aayog | publisher = journalsofindia.com | access-date = 10 December 2021 | archive-date = 11 December 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211211233100/https://journalsofindia.com/national-multidimensional-poverty-index-by-niti-aayog/?print=pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> The silver lining in this scenario is that within Jharkhand, the richest districts are [[East Singhbhum]], [[Dhanbad district|Dhanbad]], [[Bokaro district|Bokaro]], and [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]]. These districts are having industries and/or mining activity. However, CD blocks still largely dependent on agriculture have remained traditional.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://finance.jharkhand.gov.in/updates/eco-serv2013-14/ExecutiveSummary2013-14.pdf | title = Jharkhand Economic Survey 2013-2014 | publisher = Government of Jharkhand | access-date = 10 December 2021 | archive-date = 11 December 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211211233057/https://finance.jharkhand.gov.in/updates/eco-serv2013-14/ExecutiveSummary2013-14.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Ghatshila CD block'''
|value1 = 22.60
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 26.94
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 3.58
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 46.88
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In Ghatshila CD block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 11,532 and formed 22.60%, agricultural labourers numbered 13,745 and formed 26.94%, household industry workers numbered 1,829 and formed 3.58% and other workers numbered 23,924 and formed 46.88%. Total workers numbered 51,030 and formed 39.28% of the total population non-workers numbered 78,875 and formed 60.72% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2012_PART_A_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Tables 30 and 33, Pages 40, 50-51 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 10 December 2021}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 152 inhabited villages in Ghatshila CD block. In 2011, 136 villages had power supply. 23 villages had tap water, 135 villages had well water (covered/ uncovered), 143 villages had hand pumps, and 3 villages did not have drinking water facility. 13 villages had post offices, 5 villages had sub post offices, 23 villages had telephone (land line), 75 villages had mobile phone coverage. 148 villages had pucca (paved) village roads, 42 villages had bus service (public/ private), 18 villages had [[Auto rickshaw|autos]]/ modified autos, 15 villages had taxi/ vans, 54 villages had tractors. 21 villages had bank branches, 17 village had agricultural credit society, 15 villages had cinema/ video halls, 30 villages had availability of newspapers, 102 villages had [[public distribution system|ration shops]], 79 villages had weekly [[Haat bazaar|haat]], 90 villages had [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] [[Polling place|polling stations]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2012_PART_A_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 777-781, Appendix I Village Directory |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 10 December 2021}}</ref>

===Copper industry===
The Indian Copper Corporation, a British company, set up the Indian Copper Complex at Ghatshila in 1930. It was nationalised in 1972 and merged with [[Hindustan Copper Limited]]. It has copper mines at Surda, Siddheswari Chapri, Kendadih, Patharbera and Rakha and processing plants such as concentrator and smelter at Moubhander, about a mile Ghatshila. Owing to a sharp decline in the price of copper in the international market in 1989, mining operations were stopped. However, as of 2021, with price rise in the international market, operations are being revived in the mines.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.hindustancopper.com | title = Company Profile, Plants & Offices | publisher = Hindustan Copper Limited | access-date = 12 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.jadugoda.jharkhand.org.in | title = Hindustan Copper Limited | publisher = Jadugoda, Jharkhand | access-date = 12 December 2021}}</ref><ref name=ghatshila/>

==Transport==
[[Ghatsila railway station|Ghatsila]] and [[Galudih railway station|Galudih]] railway stations are on the [[Asansol-Tatanagar-Kharagpur line|Kharagpur-Tatanagar line]], which is a part of both [[Howrah-Nagpur-Mumbai line]] and [[Asansol-Tatanagar-Kharagpur line]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/kharagpur-tatanagar-memu-68011/3396/167/168 | title = 68011 Kharagpur-Tatanagar MEMU | publisher = Time Table | access-date = 21 December 2021}}</ref>

==Education==
Ghatshila CD block had 26 villages with pre-primary schools, 103 villages with primary schools, 41 villages with middle schools, 8 villages with secondary schools, 3 villages with senior secondary schools, 44 villages with no educational facility.<ref name=directory>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2012_PART_A_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 777-778, Appendix I Village Directory |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 10 December 2021}}</ref>
 .*Senior secondary schools are also known as Inter colleges in Jharkhand

Ghatshila College was established at [[Ghatshila]] in 1961.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.universitydunia.com/institute/76891-ghatshila-college | title = Ghatshila College | publisher = University Dunia| access-date = 30 December 2021}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Ghatshila CD block had 2 villages with [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]], 26 villages with primary health subcentres, 9 villages with maternity and child welfares centre, 3 villages with dispensaries, 6 villages with family welfare centres, 8 villages with medicine shops.<ref name=directory/>
 .*Private medical practitioners, alternative medicine etc. not included

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Blocks of Purbi Singhbhum district}}
{{Kolhan Division topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in East Singhbhum district]]

Bodinayakkanur Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T04:05:47Z

AdolphMassola0: Starting a details

{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bodinayakkanur
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 200
| map_image = Constitution-Bodinayakanur.svg
| mla = [[Casual vacancy|Vacant]]
| party =
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Theni Lok Sabha constituency|Theni]]
| established = 1957
| electors = 263,292
| incumbent_image =
}}
'''Bodinayakkanur''' is a state assembly constituency in [[Theni district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf |title=List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies |accessdate=17 August 2022 |work=Tamil Nadu |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504185928/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf |archive-date=2006-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 25 January 2017 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120614070155/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/const_map/map.htm |archive-date= 14 June 2012 }}</ref> The constituency has been in existence since 1957 election.
It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu. Former chief minister Jayalalithaa, first contested assembly polls in [[1989]], from this constituency. From 2011, former chief minister [[O. Pannerselvam]] represented this constituency.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
|style="text-align: center;" colspan="4"|'''Madras State'''
|-
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan=2|[[A. S. Subbaraj]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| S. Srinivasan
|-
|style="text-align: center;" colspan="4"|'''Tamil Nadu'''
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| M. Surulivel
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| P. Ramadass
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| [[K. M. S. Subramanian]]
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| K. S. M. Ramachandran
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|[[V. Panneerselvam]]
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[A. Sudalaimuthu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| [[S. Ramaraj]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[S. Lakshmanan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| rowspan=4|[[O. Panneerselvam]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
| [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.58}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.38}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.69}}
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|43.86}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.94}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.26}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|62.98}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.41}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|61.00}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|59.77}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|41.12}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.43}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|49.83}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|54.61}}
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|58.11}}

}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Bodinayakkanur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[O. Panneerselvam]]|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes= 85,206|percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Prakash Kumar |party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= 78,401|percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kalai Arasu |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. T. Narayanaswamy|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes= 41,286|percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =261631 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|loser=AIADMK |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Bodinayakkanur]]<ref name=election2021>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13680-tamil-nadu-general-legislative-election-2021/ |title=Tamil Nadu General Legislative Election 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date= 19 January 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[O. Panneerselvam]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,00,050 |percentage=46.58 |change=-2.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Thanga Tamil Selvan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=89,029 |percentage=41.45 |change=-0.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Prem Chandar |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=11,114 |percentage=5.17 |change=4.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Muthusamy |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,649 |percentage=2.63 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Ganesh Kumar |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=4,128 |percentage=1.92 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=1,403 |percentage=0.65 |change=-0.32 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,021 |percentage=5.13 |change=-2.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,14,795 |percentage=77.04 |change= -1.24 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,78,815 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -2.80 }}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Bodinayakkanur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[O. Panneerselvam]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=99,531 |percentage=49.38 |change=-7.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Lakshmanan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=83,923 |percentage=41.63 |change=2.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Veerabadran |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=6,889 |percentage=3.42 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Venkateswaran |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,250 |percentage=1.61 |change=0.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=None Of The Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,966 |percentage=0.98 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Anbalagan |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=1,324 |percentage=0.66 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Thangadurai |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=594 |percentage=0.29 |change=-0.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Manikandan |party=Independent politician |votes=592 |percentage=0.29 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Mariselvam |party=Independent politician |votes=438 |percentage=0.22 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Ramakrishnan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=405 |percentage=0.20 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Maheswari |party=Shiv Sena |votes=385 |percentage=0.19 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,608 |percentage=7.74 |change=-10.06 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,01,579 |percentage=78.28 |change= -2.71 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,57,500 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -7.31 }}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Bodinayakkanur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[O. Panneerselvam]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=95,235 |percentage=56.69 |change=13.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Lakshmanan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=65,329 |percentage=38.89 |change=-4.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Veerasamy S N |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,598 |percentage=0.95 |change=-0.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arumugam S |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=927 |percentage=0.55 |change=-0.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mehalingam P |party=Independent politician |votes=611 |percentage=0.36 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramaraj G |party= |votes=600 |percentage=0.36 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Lakshmanan V |party=Independent politician |votes=501 |percentage=0.30 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Perumalappan S |party=Independent politician |votes=489 |percentage=0.29 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pitchaimani M |party=Independent politician |votes=335 |percentage=0.20 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muruganandan C |party=Independent politician |votes=266 |percentage=0.16 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Balasubramani P |party=Independent politician |votes=256 |percentage=0.15 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=29,906 |percentage=17.80 |change=17.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,07,412 |percentage=81.00 |change= 9.91 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,67,998 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 12.82 }}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Bodinayakkanur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Lakshmanan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=51,474 |percentage=43.86 |change=4.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Parthipan R |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=50,576 |percentage=43.10 |change=-6.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muthuvelraj P |party=Independent politician |votes=5,460 |percentage=4.65 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Atchayakannan A |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=4,973 |percentage=4.24 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Subramani E |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,379 |percentage=1.18 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thangapandi R |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,022 |percentage=0.87 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Bagavandass S |party=Independent politician |votes=625 |percentage=0.53 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramakrishnan C |party=Independent politician |votes=611 |percentage=0.52 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Eswaran M |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=600 |percentage=0.51 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nagamanisenthil R |party=Independent politician |votes=425 |percentage=0.36 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Parthipan S |party=Independent politician |votes=202 |percentage=0.17 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=898 |percentage=0.77 |change=-9.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,17,347 |percentage=71.09 |change= 12.00 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,65,069 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -6.07 }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Bodinayakkanur]]<ref name=election2001>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3338-tamil-nadu-2001/ |title=Tamil Nadu General Legislative Election 2001 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=11 May 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Ramaraj. S |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=53,410 |percentage=49.94 |change=23.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sudalaimuthu. A |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=42,132 |percentage=39.39 |change=-11.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Aroselvan. G |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=8,439 |percentage=7.89 |change=-6.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rajaram . N |party=Independent politician |votes=895 |percentage=0.84 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ganesan. G |party=Independent politician |votes=832 |percentage=0.78 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mariappan. V. P |party=Independent politician |votes=400 |percentage=0.37 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sekar. V |party=Independent politician |votes=329 |percentage=0.31 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Suruli. S |party=Independent politician |votes=272 |percentage=0.25 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Karuppiah. P |party=Independent politician |votes=248 |percentage=0.23 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,278 |percentage=10.54 |change=-13.82 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,06,957 |percentage=59.09 |change= -5.85 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,81,022 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -1.33 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Bodinayakkanur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Sudalaimuthu. A. |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=54,893 |percentage=51.26 |change=25.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jeyakumar. S. P. |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=28,806 |percentage=26.90 |change=-36.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Subramani. R. |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=14,979 |percentage=13.99 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sundaram. E. M. |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,578 |percentage=3.34 |change=-0.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ravichandran. S. |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=2,904 |percentage=2.71 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kannan. P. M. |party=Independent politician |votes=618 |percentage=0.58 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muthuraman. V. S. K. |party=Independent politician |votes=238 |percentage=0.22 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Subramani. V. |party=Independent politician |votes=161 |percentage=0.15 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Lakshmanaraju. A. |party=Independent politician |votes=127 |percentage=0.12 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Selvam. K. S. |party=Independent politician |votes=101 |percentage=0.09 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Manokaran. S. N. |party=Independent politician |votes=87 |percentage=0.08 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=26,087 |percentage=24.36 |change=-12.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,07,079 |percentage=64.93 |change= 4.13 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,69,113 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -11.71 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Bodinayakkanur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Panneer Selvam V. |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=63,297 |percentage=62.98 |change=8.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ponnu Pillai G. |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=26,253 |percentage=26.12 |change=-1.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chelliah S. |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=7,136 |percentage=7.10 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sundaram M. |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,568 |percentage=3.55 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pownraj R. |party=Independent politician |votes=92 |percentage=0.09 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kerelaputhiran M. |party=Independent politician |votes=71 |percentage=0.07 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Shanmugam A. |party=Independent politician |votes=64 |percentage=0.06 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Veeranan A. |party=Independent politician |votes=26 |percentage=0.03 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=37,044 |percentage=36.86 |change=9.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,00,507 |percentage=60.80 |change= -10.47 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,68,572 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 8.57 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Bodinayakkanur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[J. Jayalalithaa]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=57,603 |percentage=54.41 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muthu Manoharan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=28,872 |percentage=27.27 |change=-11.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramachandran. K. S. M. |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,220 |percentage=11.54 |change=-49.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Vennira Aadai Nirmala|Santhi Alias Nirmala. B.]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=6,354 |percentage=6.00 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kaja Mohideen. S. |party=Independent politician |votes=246 |percentage=0.23 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Veerappa Goundar. V. T. R. |party=Independent politician |votes=175 |percentage=0.17 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arulraj. C. |party=Independent politician |votes=164 |percentage=0.15 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muthiah. M. |party=Independent politician |votes=160 |percentage=0.15 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sekar. S. V. |party=Independent politician |votes=77 |percentage=0.07 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=28,731 |percentage=27.14 |change=4.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,05,871 |percentage=71.27 |change= 2.09 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,50,663 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -6.59 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Bodinayakkanur]]<ref name=election1984>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3331-tamil-nadu-1984/ |title=Tamil Nadu General Legislative Election 1984 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=18 May 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. S. M. Ramachandran |party=Indian National Congress |votes=54,231 |percentage=61.00 |change=21.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muthu Manoharan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,359 |percentage=38.65 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Kamatchi |party=Independent politician |votes=312 |percentage=0.35 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,872 |percentage=22.35 |change=2.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=88,902 |percentage=69.17 |change= 3.34 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,34,056 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 1.23 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Bodinayakkanur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Subramanian. K. M. S. |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=50,972 |percentage=59.77 |change=18.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramachandran. K. S. M. |party=Indian National Congress |votes=34,013 |percentage=39.89 |change=11.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muthiah Pillai. M. R. |party=Independent politician |votes=290 |percentage=0.34 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,959 |percentage=19.89 |change=7.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=85,275 |percentage=65.83 |change= 7.07 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,31,024 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 18.66 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Bodinayakkanur]]<ref name=election1977>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3327-tamil-nadu-1977/ |title=Tamil Nadu General Legislative Election 1977 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=18 May 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. Ramadass |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=29,022 |percentage=41.12 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K.S.M. Ramachandran |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,030 |percentage=28.38 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Govindraj |party=Janata Party |votes=14,625 |percentage=20.72 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Muthuchamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=6,907 |percentage=9.79 |change=-44.64 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,992 |percentage=12.74 |change=-12.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=70,584 |percentage=58.77 |change= -11.17 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,21,366 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -13.31 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Bodinayakkanur]]<ref name=election1971>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3326-tamil-nadu-1971/ |title=Tamil Nadu General Legislative Election 1971 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=18 May 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Surulivel M. |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=35,427 |percentage=54.43 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Yellanna A. |party=Independent politician |votes=19,050 |percentage=29.27 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Soundaravel S. At. A. P. |party=Independent politician |votes=10,614 |percentage=16.31 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,377 |percentage=25.16 |change=24.06 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=65,091 |percentage=69.94 |change= -6.24 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,01,621 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 4.60 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Bodinayakkanur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. Srinivasan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=34,671 |percentage=49.83 |change=-4.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. V. Durairaj |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=33,905 |percentage=48.73 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. R. Chetty |party=Independent politician |votes=1,007 |percentage=1.45 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=766 |percentage=1.10 |change=-27.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=69,583 |percentage=76.17 |change= 2.20 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,970 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -4.78 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Bodinayakkanur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. S. Subbaraj]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=35,398 |percentage=54.61 |change=-3.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Subbiah |party=Independent politician |votes=16,759 |percentage=25.85 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. K. Rajan |party=Tamilnad Socialist Labour Party |votes=12,668 |percentage=19.54 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,639 |percentage=28.75 |change=12.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=64,825 |percentage=73.97 |change= 13.59 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,637 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -3.50 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Bodinayakkanur<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. S. Subbaraj]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,188 |percentage=58.11 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Muthiala |party=Independent politician |votes=22,483 |percentage=41.89 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,705 |percentage=16.22 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=53,671 |percentage=60.38 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 88,886 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Theni district}}

{{coord|10.0081171|77.3294266|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Theni district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Madras State]]

Amrit Desai

2026-05-04T05:21:49Z

AdolphMassola0: creating a data - done

{{Short description|Indian Hindu guru}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name = Amrit Desai
| image = Yogi-Amrit-Desai-Small.jpg
| caption = Desai in 2016
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| birth_name = Amritlal C. Desai
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1932|10|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Halol]], Gujarat, India
| nationality = India, United States
| spouse = Urmila Shah (Mataji)
| children = Pragnesh, Kamini, Malay
| honors =
| founder = Amrit Yoga Institute and [[Kripalu Center]]
| sect =
| order =
| guru = Swami [[Kripalvananda]]
| philosophy = [[Yoga]]
| literary_works = Yoga of Relationships, Love and Bliss, Amrit Yoga and the Yoga Sutras
}}
{{quote box|width=22em|title=Quotation|quote=''Your body is the most sacred place of pilgrimage you will ever come to.''<ref>Yogi Amrit Desai, ''Love and Bliss'', 2014</ref>}}
'''Amrit Desai''' is a pioneer of yoga in the West, and one of the few remaining living [[Modern yoga gurus|yoga gurus]] who originally brought over the authentic teachings of yoga in the early 1960s.<ref name="Jones Ryan 2007">{{cite encyclopedia |surname=Jones |given=Constance A. |surname2=Ryan |given2=James D. |title=Desai, Guru Amrit |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |pages=124–125 |url={{Google books|OgMmceadQ3gC|plainurl=yes}} |year=2007 |place=New York |publisher=Facts On File |isbn=978-0-8160-5458-9 |series=Encyclopedia of World Religions. [[J. Gordon Melton]], Series Editor |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402211115/https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&pg=PR17 |archive-date=2020-04-02 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Beck 2019">{{cite web |last1=Beck |first1=Phillipa |title=Power and Prana: When Yoga Leads to Abuse |url=https://www.full-circle-yoga.ca/power-and-prana-when-yoga-leads-to-abuse/ |access-date=17 August 2021 |date=4 December 2019 |quote=Amrit Desai was the spiritual head of Kripalu from the 1970s until his abrupt departure in 1994. The charismatic, kundalini-raising guru was a master at creating a powerful, direct experience of prana, or life-force energy}}</ref> He is the creator of two brands of yoga, ''Kripalu Yoga'' and ''I AM'' Yoga, and is the founder of five yoga and health centers in the US. His yoga training programs have reached more than 40 countries worldwide and over 8,000 teachers have been certified.

''Homegrown Gurus'', published in 2013, states: "Although Desai has not received scholarly attention, he has arguably been one of the most influential and sought-after figures in the development of [[Yoga in America|Hatha Yoga in America]] over the last 40 years."<ref name="HG">{{cite book |first=Ellen |last=Goldberg |chapter=Amrit Desai and the Kripalu Center |editor1=Ellen Gleig |editor2=Lola Williamson |title=Homegrown Gurus |publisher=State University of New York |year=2013 |pages=63–86}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
[[File:radhakrishna-439x600_sample.jpg|thumb|''Radha Krishna'' by Desai]]
[[File:Bride Celebration sample.jpg|thumb|''Bridal Celebration'' by Desai]]
Desai was born on 16 October 1932, the second son of Chimanlal, a village merchant, and Buribhen Desa in Pratappura in [[Gujarat]], India. At age ten, the family moved to [[Halol]]. At age 15, he met his guru, Swami [[Kripalvananda]] (Bapuji), a wandering [[Shaivism|Shaivite]] monk and [[kundalini yoga]] master<ref name="Leviton">{{cite journal |surname=Leviton |given=Richard |authorlink=Richard Leviton |title=Yoga in America: The First 100 Years |journal=[[Yoga Journal]] |date=March–April 1990 |issue=91 |pages=123–124 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nukDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA123}}</ref> who was offering free talks on the [[Bhagavad Gita]] in Halol.<ref name="AWMM">Lila Ivey, Bikram Choudhury and Mickey Singer, ''Ancient Wisdom, Modern Master'', 2012</ref>

Desai taught himself yoga postures from a chart he found tacked to the wall of the local gym, and then began teaching others outside the cowshed where his guru lived. After the swami observed him teaching one day, he allowed him to witness his private [[sadhana]]. The swami went into a trance-like state and began to perform movements unlike anything he had seen on the [[asana]] charts. Desai said, "The [[pranic]] energy became so strong his body was hurled across the room with tremendous force. As I watched in awe, he was dancing, weaving in and out of complicated asanas."<ref name=AWMM />

After studying engineering and training with the [[Indian Air Force]] in [[Chennai|Madras]], Desai returned to Halol, where he took a job teaching art at the local high school. He married his betrothed, Urmila Shah, in January 1955. The following year, in 1956, the couple moved to [[Ahmedabad]], where he earned his art diploma over the next four years.<ref name="AAR">Gene Thursby, Hindu Movements Since Mid-Century, ''America's Alternative Religions'', State University of New York, 1995</ref> They had three children between 1959 and 1968.{{cn|date=September 2025}}

Desai saved enough money to travel to the United States in February 1960, where he entered the [[University of the Arts (Philadelphia)|Philadelphia College of Art]] with only enough money to cover his first semester's tuition and rent. By teaching yoga and washing dishes while at college, he eventually saved enough money to bring his wife and infant son to the U.S. two years later.<ref name="AAR" /> Desai is a [[Vegetarianism|vegetarian]] and practices occasional fasting.<ref>Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin. (1993). ''The illustrated Encyclopedia of Active New Religions, Sects, and Cults''. New York: Rosen Publishing Group. p. 161. {{ISBN|0-8239-1505-0}}</ref>

In 1964, he graduated with a degree in fine arts and design from the Philadelphia College of Art, and then began working at a textile firm. His watercolor paintings won awards at art shows, including at the [[Philadelphia Museum of Art]]. He created distinct textures and patterns with razor blades and eye-droppers.<ref name=AWMM /> In 1961, while still a college art student, he played the flute in a "Music of India" concert at the Commercial Museum at the [[Philadelphia Convention Center]].<ref>Exotic Music of India played at Concert Here, ''The Philadelphia Inquirer'', 6 November 1961</ref>

==Career==

===Yoga pioneer===

[[File:1970-World Conf on Scientific Yoga.jpg|thumb|From left: [[Swami Satchidananda]], [[B.K.S. Iyengar]], Amrit Desai, Shri Kumar-swami, Swami [[Dhirendra Brahmachari]], and B.I. Atreya at the World Conference on Scientific Yoga in [[New Delhi]] in 1970]]
In 1966, during his first visit to India since his arrival in the United States, Swami [[Kripalvananda]] gave him initiation and further instruction in kundalini yoga. In 1966, after returning to the U.S., he left his job to form The Yoga Society of Pennsylvania and teach yoga full-time.<ref name="Leviton" /><ref name="Jones Ryan 2007" />

Two years later, in 1970, he claimed to have had a [[Kundalini]] awakening experience that revealed to him that Patanjali's [[Yoga Sutras]] are a manual for the practice of Ashtanga Yoga rather than mere philosophy. Out of this experience Desai created a form of [[hatha yoga]] called ''[[Kripalu Yoga]]'', named in honour of his guru.<ref name="JonesRyan237">{{cite encyclopedia |surname=Jones |given=Constance A. |surname2=Ryan |given2=James D. |title=Kripalu Yoga |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |page=237 |url={{Google books|OgMmceadQ3gC|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |year=2007 |place=New York |publisher=Facts On File |isbn=978-0-8160-5458-9 |series=Encyclopedia of World Religions. [[J. Gordon Melton]], Series Editor |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402211115/https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&pg=PR17 |archive-date=2020-04-02 |url-status=live}}</ref> His Meditation in Motion approach is based on the practical application of Patanjali's Ashtanga Yoga in daily life. The system combines two traditional paths of yoga: the rigorous discipline of Ashtanga yoga with the path of initiation and surrender that is Kundalini yoga.<ref name="Leviton" /> In this system, the student begins with the practice of wilful discipline and gradually moves on to the more advanced practice of surrender to ''prana''.<ref name="AAR"/>

In 1966, the not-for-profit Yoga Society of Pennsylvania was formed,<ref name="Leviton" /> renamed in 1972 as the Kripalu Yoga Fellowship.<ref name="Jones Ryan 2007" /> By 1970, it had trained 44 teachers and grown to 150 yoga classes, attended by more than 2,500 students per week, in the [[Philadelphia]] metropolitan area, [[Delaware]], and [[South Jersey|southern New Jersey]], making it one of the largest Yoga organisations at that time.<ref name="AAR"/><ref name="Leviton" /><ref>Yoga Group Lists 2,500 Followers, ''Philadelphia Inquirer'', December 1970</ref>

In 1972, the first Kripalu Ashram was founded in [[Sumneytown, Pennsylvania]] on a 50-acre property purchased to fulfill the growing demand among students for a yogic lifestyle experience. Desai reduced his teaching to once per week to make time for higher yoga practice. The ashram also became a program center that provided the volunteer residential staff and teachers the in-depth study and practice of yoga, along with a yogic lifestyle. A variety of health, yoga and spiritual trainings and programs were offered. As the demand for programs grew, the residential staff grew from 37 to 70. In 1974, Desai spent three months in seclusion at a small cottage on the property that came to be known as Muktidham. Upon his return, he was greeted by 350 disciples, mostly dressed in white, some of whom had travelled from as far away as [[Detroit]], [[Chicago]], and [[Montreal]] for the celebration.<ref>The Day The Guru Came Down From The Mountain, ''Today'' (The Philadelphia Inquirer magazine), 5 May 1974</ref>

In 1976, an additional ashram was opened in [[Summit Station, Pennsylvania]] to accommodate the growth in program participants and volunteer staff. As a result, the program center grew to provide a greater variety of programs, and the residential staff grew to 150. In 1983, the [[Kripalu Center]] for Yoga and Health was founded in [[Lenox, MA]].<ref name="Leviton" /> The staff of Summit Station was transferred to Lenox, and soon grew to 350 full-time resident staff.{{cn|date=September 2025}}

By 1994, Kripalu Yoga teachers were teaching in 50 states and 45 countries worldwide, and it was described as the world's largest yoga and health center.<ref name="AAR" /> The Amrit Yoga Institute in [[Salt Springs, FL]] was founded in 2001, and currently operates as an [[ayurvedic]] healing and yoga retreat center. Regular yoga teacher trainings are offered in the Integrative Amrit Method, or the ''I AM'' techniques.{{cn|date=September 2025}}
In 2014, he co-founded the International University of Yoga and Ayurveda that offers accredited training programs in the US and in India. To date, Desai is the founder of five yoga and health centers in the US, and co-founder of a university of Ayurvedic sciences.{{cn|date=September 2025}}

==A Shaktipat lineage==

[[File:Bapuji at Malav.jpg|thumb|Swami Kripalu (Bapuji) Mahasamadhi shrine at Malav ashram in [[Gujarat]], India]]

Yogi Desai was initiated into the secrets of Shaivite kundalini yoga by his guru, Swami Kripalu ([[Kripalvananda]]), a master of tantric sadhana. There are numerous documented accounts of energetic transmission or ''[[shaktipat]]'' experienced in his presence.<ref name="Leviton" />

D. R. Butler describes a meditation led by Desai at a week-long retreat with about 200 attendees at the 1973 ICSA Yoga Convocation, where Desai was an unannounced guest:

{{quote|Clad in a flowing white robe and sitting before us, Amrit easily assumed the lotus posture, his body perfectly poised. He led us into a meditation and the first thing I noticed was a wave of euphoria permeating my body. Suddenly surges of energy like electrical charges streaked up my spine. These gradually evolved into a steady current of hot energy flowing from my tip of my spine to the top of my head... Brilliant colors stirred inside my head. I thought I would burst with happiness. Nothing had ever felt so good... In a few moments the place was a madhouse. People were crying hysterically, laughing uncontrollably, gasping for breath, even rolling on the floor. Apparently everyone was experiencing some manifestation of the same energy I was feeling... My feeling of euphoria continued for several hours and I knew I would never be quite the same again.<ref>D. R. Butler, Instant Cosmic Consciousness, ''Kundalini Evolution and Enlightenment'', ed. John White, Anchor Books, 1979</ref>}}

David Frawley stated:

{{quote|Yogi Desai revived the ancient teachings of the millennial old Shaivite Yoga, rooted in the Lakulish tradition from [[Kayavarohan]] in Gujarat, one of the greatest centers of India's older Yoga practices… Yogi Desai has demonstrated a Prana Siddhi in which he can allow the Universal Prana to move not only through his mind and body but also through his environment and into the audience around him, awakening their own inner prana and spiritual intelligence.<ref>Personal letter to Yogi Amrit Desai on the occasion of his 60th birthday</ref>}}

In the afterword to ''Ancient Wisdom, Modern Master'', [[Michael A. Singer]] described a meeting with Desai during which his heart [[chakra]] was "permanently opened" by "the simple touch of Amrit's hand."<ref name=AWMM />

== Controversy ==

The [[Kripalu Center]] for Yoga and Health was an Ashram. One of the spiritual practices that the single residents were expected to practice was celibacy ([[brahmacharya]]). Although sex within marriage was condoned at the ashram, after his third child was born in 1968, Desai declared that he would now practice celibacy too. A large celebration was held for this event. So important was this practice of celibacy that occasionally meetings were held and residents were asked to divulge anyone they thought might have violated that sacred practice. As a result, some residents were ejected from the community. The irony was that the two most senior members of the community, including Desai, were practising adultery. After years of infidelity with numerous people, in 1994, it was revealed and admitted that Desai had had [[Sexual abuse by yoga gurus|sexual contact with at least three female resident disciples]] and was forced to resign his position as Spiritual Director.<ref name=YJ95>{{cite journal |last1=Cushman |first1=Anne |author1-link=Anne Cushman |last2=Montgomery |first2=Lizette |title=Yogi Desai Resigns From Kripalu |journal=[[Yoga Journal]] |issue=January/February 1995 |date=February 1995 |pages=40, 42 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b-kDAAAAMBAJ&dq=%22Yogi+Desai+Resigns+From+Kripalu%22&pg=PA39}}</ref><ref name="Schneider 2003">{{cite book |last=Schneider |first=Carrie |title=American Yoga: The Paths and Practices of America's Greatest Yoga Masters |year=2003 |publisher=[[Barnes & Noble]] |isbn=978-0-7607-4558-8 |page=116}}</ref> In an open letter to the Kripalu community, Desai stated, "More than anything I want Kripalu to remain a spiritual home for many. I want you to know that we came to this decision together… I deeply regret any suffering I have caused to the people directly involved and to the entire Kripalu family."<ref name=YJ95/>

==Amrit Yoga Institute==

[[File:AmritYogaInstitute.jpg|thumb|Amrit Yoga Institute in [[Salt Springs, Florida]] ]]

When Michael A. Singer, a long-time supporter and host of Desai's seminars, heard that Desai had left the Kripalu community, he invited him and his wife to spend some quiet time living with the Temple of the Universe community in [[Alachua, Florida]]. The Desais arrived in December 1994 and stayed on the property for roughly three years.<ref>Michael A. Singer, ''The Surrender Experiment'', 2015</ref>

In 1996, Desai resumed teaching at the original Kripalu Ashram in [[Sumneytown, Pennsylvania]]. After a couple of years, mostly in [[Pennsylvania]], the Desai family relocated to [[Salt Springs, Florida]] in 2002, where Yogi Desai currently teaches at the Amrit Yoga Institute, a lakeside retreat on the banks of Lake Kerr in the Ocala National Forest. Programs of varying length are offered for yoga teacher training, ayurveda, and recovery.<ref name="HG"/> The Salt Springs property was sold in 2023, but AYI continues to hold online classes, as well as in person classes elsewhere, and Yogi Desai continues to teach.{{cn|date=September 2025}}

While no longer an ashram, Kripalu continues to operate and is presently one of the largest yoga and health centers in [[North America]], offering a wide range of programs and professional trainings in health, spirituality, yoga, and more.<ref name="HG"/>

==Humanitarian work==

In 2011, Desai was awarded a Paul Harris Fellowship from the Rotary Foundation of [[Rotary International]], in [[Naples, Florida]], "in appreciation of tangible and significant assistance given for the furtherance of better understanding and friendly relations among peoples of the world."{{cn|date=September 2025}}

He provided scholarships to the poor in India, and assisted approximately 5,000 women financially through the Bhuriben Trust, which he founded. He also provided free medicines and medical treatment and helped launch a new children’s school in Halol.<ref name="YP">''Yug Prabha'' newspaper, Halol, India, 2007</ref>

==Awards==

[[File:C-1986-AwardsWorldReligiousParliament.jpg|thumb|The 1986 World Religious Parliament Awards in [[New Delhi]], during which Desai was honoured with the title of Jagadacharya]]

* Doctor of Yoga Science, 1974 – From Jagadaguru Shankaracharya Maharaj, Dwarka, spiritual leader of Hinduism, for outstanding contributions to humanity.<ref name="Honors">{{cite web |title=Honors & Awards |url=https://www.amritji.org/honors |publisher=Amritji.org |access-date=29 August 2019}}</ref>
* Yogacharya, 1980 – From Swami [[Kripalvananda]], Desai's guru and founder of [[Kayavarohan]] Tirtha Shiva Temple, Malav Ashram, and Lord Lakulish Yoga Institute, in recognition of years of intensive study, teachings and practice of philosophy and spiritual principles of yoga.<ref name="Honors"/>
* Jagadacharya, 1986 – From the World Religious Parliament, New Delhi, India, established by Swami [[Vivekenanda]] in 1894. This honourable title, equivalent to Jagadaguru Shankaracharya, was awarded to five world-renowned teachers for spreading Hindu philosophy and wisdom worldwide.<ref name="Honors"/>
* Maharishi, 1986 – From the 105-year-old Sadguru Swami Gangeshwaranandji Maharaj, Udasin, chancellor of Udasin Sanskrit University, Benares, founder of 12 ashrams in India and 600 Ved Mandirs.<ref name="Honors"/>
* Vishwa Yoga Ratna, 1987 – Conferred by the ''Vishwa Unnayan Samsad'' (World Development Parliament of India) to 10 world-renowned teachers from 10 countries (India, USA, England, Australia, New Zealand, Italy, Belgium, Switzerland, Brazil, France), this one-time award was presented by the President of India in recognition of lifelong dedication and service in the field of Yoga. Desai was selected to represent the USA.<ref name="Honors"/>
* Padma Vibhushan Nomination, 1992 – Nominated by the late Prime Minister of India, [[Chandra Shekhar]], with a positive response from then Prime Minister [[P. V. Narasimha Rao|Narasimha Rao]] for 1993.<ref name="Honors"/>
* Unity in Yoga Plaque, 1993 – In appreciation for years of dedicated services to yoga in the Americas. Presented by ''Unity in Yoga Teachers Association'' celebrating 100 years of Yoga in America.<ref name="Honors"/>

;Post-Kripalu

* Patanjali Award, 2010 – For Excellence in Yogic Research and Teachings in North America, from the Association of Ayurvedic Professionals of North America (AAPNA).<ref name="Honors"/>
* Inaugural Fellow, Council for Yoga Accreditation International (CYAI), 2012 – The council recognised four inaugural Fellows who have demonstrated extraordinary achievement and contribution to the field of Yoga.<ref name="Honors"/>
* Maharishi Sandipani Award, 2013 – From the Ujjain Yog Life Society International, at the 4th International Yog Conference, held in January 2014 in Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, India.<ref name="Honors"/>
* International Yoga Grand Master, 2013 – From Jagat Guru Amrta Suryananda Maharaj (recipient of Padma Shri). The only previous recipients of this award were [[B.K.S. Iyengar]] and Dr. Nagendra, SVYASA University, Bangalore.<ref name="Honors"/>

==Publications==

===Books===

* ''Kripalu Yoga: Meditation-in-Motion'' (1985)
* ''In the Presence of a Master'' (1992)
* ''Amrit Yoga: Explore, Expand, Experience'' (2004)
* ''Amrit Yoga and the Yoga Sutras'' (2010)
* ''Love and Bliss: Meditations on the Art of Living'' (2014)
* ''Yoga of Relationships'' (2015)
* ''Embodying the Power of the Zero Stress Zone'' (2017)
* ''Letters from Swami Kripalu'' (2017)

===Media===

* ''Ecstatic Chanting Vol I and II''
* ''Integrative Amrit Method Yoga Level I and II''
* '' Yoga Nidra: Healing and Rejuvenation'' MP3 (2005)
* ''[[Yoga Nidra]]: Journey to the Heart'' MP3 (2013)
* ''I AM Yoga Nidra led by Yogi Amrit Desai – YouTube''
* '' "Return to the source" with Yoga Nidra led by Yogi Amrit Desai – YouTube''

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==

Desai has been the subject of biographies, including:

* Lila Ivey, [[Bikram Choudhury]], and Mickey Singer (2012). ''Ancient Wisdom, Modern Master: The Story of Yogi Amrit Desai''. [[MaMaMedia, Inc.|MahaMedia Inc.]]
* Amrit Desai and Christine Deslauriers (1992). ''In The Presence of the Master''. [[Kripalu Publications]].
* Sukanya Warren, Peter Mellen, and Francis Mellen (1982). ''Gurudev: The Life of Yogi Amrit Desai''. [[Kripalu Publications]].

==External links==

{{category commons}}

* [http://www.amrityoga.org/ Amrit Yoga Institute]
* [http://www.amritdesai.com/ AmritDesai.com]

{{Modern yoga}}
{{Modern Hindu writers}}
{{Modern yoga gurus}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Desai, Amrit}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:American yoga teachers]]
[[Category:Modern Indian yoga gurus]]
[[Category:Modern yoga pioneers]]
[[Category:People from Gujarat]]
[[Category:People from Panchmahal district]]

Shrotriya

2026-05-02T22:09:00Z

AdolphMassola0:

{{Short description|Sub-class in Maithil Brahmins}}

'''Shrotriya''' ([[Sanskrit]]: श्रोत्रिय) is a sub-class in the tradition of [[Maithil Brahmin|Maithil Brahmins]]. It is one of the four major sub-classes within the Maithil Brahmins community. These Brahmins are [[Maithils|Maithil]] ''Agnihotris'' fully devoted to religious worships from the [[sunrise]] to the [[sunset]]. They are locally also called as ''Soit''. During [[monarchy]] in the region, the kings were pleased to hear the deep faith of ''Shrotriyas'' in the [[Vedas|Vedic]] Karmas. These Shrotriya Brahmins are regarded as high and novel class of Brahmins in the region. This class of Shrotriya Brahmins is mentioned in the text [[Ashtavakra Gita]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Jha |first=Makhan |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Civilizational_Regions_of_Mithila_Mahako.html?id=bu61AAAAIAAJ#Four%20sub |title=Civilizational Regions of Mithila & Mahakoshal |date=1982 |publisher=Capital Publishing House |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2017-04-18 |title=Shrotriya, Śrotrīya, Śrotriya: 17 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/shrotriya |access-date=2026-01-28 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jha |first=Hetukar |date=1974 |title=Understanding Caste Through Its Sources of Identity: An Account of the Shrotriyas of Mithila |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23618638 |journal=Sociological Bulletin |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=93–98 |issn=0038-0229}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mishra |first=Abhaya Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Shrotriyas_of_Mithila.html?id=Ody1AAAAIAAJ |title=Shrotriyas of Mithila |date=1984 |publisher=Kishor Vidya Niketan |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sage Journals: Discover world-class research |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/action/cookieAbsent |access-date=2026-01-28 |website=Sage Journals |language=en |doi=10.1177/0038022919740105}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=श्रोत्रियं देवतां तीर्थमङ्गनां भूपतिं प्रियम् ।
दृष्ट्वा सम्पूज्य धीरस्य न कापि हृदि वासना ॥
*śrotriyaṃ devatāṃ tīrthamaṅganāṃ bhūpatiṃ priyam .
dṛṣṭvā sampūjya dhīrasya na kāpi hṛdi vāsanā.|author=[[Ashtavakra]]|title=[[Ashtavakra Gita]]|source=18-54}}

== Etymology ==
The Indic term Shrotriya is derived from the root word [[Śruti|Sruti]]. In the Vedic tradition, Sruti refers to the [[Samhita]] part of the [[Vedas]].<ref name=":0" />

== History ==
The history of the sub-class Shrotriya in the Maithil Brahmins community can be traced since the 14th century CE. It was graded by the [[Harisimhadeva|King Harisimhadeva]] of the [[Karnats of Mithila|Karnat Dynasty]] in Mithila.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jha |first=Makhan |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Anthropology_of_Ancient_Hindu_Kingdoms.html?id=A0i94Z5C8HMC#v=onepage&q=Yogya%20in%20Maithil%20Brahmins&f=false |title=Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective |date=1997 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7533-034-4 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
{{Hinduism-stub}}

[[Category:Hinduism]]
[[Category:Maithil Brahmin]]
[[Category:Culture of Mithila]]
[[Category:History of the Mithila region]]

Meera Krishna

2026-04-30T13:04:36Z

AdolphMassola0: Starting basic entry basic info

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Meera Krishna
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1987|02|18|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kerala]]
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2003 – present
| spouse = Shiva
| children = 2
}}
'''Meera Krishna''' is an Indian actress known for her work in [[Malayalam]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] television soap operas in lead and supporting roles.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language!!Notes
|-
|2003||[[Margam (film)|Margam]]||Prakrithi||Malayalam||Debut film
|-
|2004||[[Manjupoloru Penkutti]]||Anitha Panicker||Malayalam||
|}

==Television Serials==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Serial !! Role !! Language!! Channel !!Notes
|-
|rowspan=2|2004–2005||Koodum Thedi||||rowspan=11|[[Malayalam]]||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
|Sthreehridayam||Indhubala|||[[Surya TV]]||
|-
|2004||Veendum Jwalayayi||||[[DD Malayalam]]||
|-
|2005 ||Maraviyude Manam ||||| [[Amrita TV]]||Telefilm
|-
|2005–2006 ||Mukham Ariyathe Katha Ariyathe ||||[[Amrita TV]]||
|-
|2007||Daya||Sethulakshmi||[[Kairali TV]]||
|-
|2007 ||Prayanam ||Devayani||[[DD Malayalam]]||Telefilm
|-
|2008||St. Antony||Pennamma||[[Surya TV]]||
|-
|2009||Aagneyam||Prakruthi||[[DD Malayalam]]||[[Kerala State Television Award for Best Actress]]
|-
|2011||Devimahathmyam||||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
|rowspan=2|2012–2013||[[Akashadoothu (TV series)|Akashadoothu]]||Krishna||[[Surya TV]]||
|-
|Pokkisham||Kanmani||[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]||[[Kalaignar TV]]||
|-
|2015–2017||Moonumani||Seetha Balachandran||[[Malayalam]]||[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]]||Replaced by Seena Antony
|-
|2018–2020||[[Nayagi (TV series)|Nayagi]]||Vasanthi||rowspan=10|[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]||
|-
|2019 ||Arundhati ||Eshwari|| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]||
|-
|2020–2021 || [[Anbudan Kushi]]||Madhuri Aditya Lal||[[Star Vijay]]||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/sembaruthi-to-anbudan-kushi-popular-tv-shows-to-spice-up-viewers-entertainment-quotient-with-fresh-episodes-soon/photostory/77168324.cms |title=Sembaruthi to Anbudan Kushi: Popular TV shows to spice up viewers' entertainment quotient with fresh episodes soon |date=25 July 2020 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|2021||[[Rettai Roja]] ||Seetha and Lakshmi|| [[Zee Tamil]] ||Dual Role; Replaced by [[Seetha (Malayalam actress)|Seetha Anil]]
|-
|2020–2022 || [[Chithi 2]]||Malliga||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]||Replaced Sirisha Sougandh<ref>{{Cite news |title=Actress Meera Krishna is excited about joining 'Chithi 2' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-meera-krishna-is-excited-about-joining-chithi-2/articleshow/77021747.cms |website=The Times of India|date=17 July 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/lifestyle/suntv-serial-chithi2-actress-malliga-meera-krishna-biography-304606/ |title=சின்னத்திரையின் யங் மம்மி… சித்தி 2 மல்லிகா லைஃப் டிராவல்…}}</ref>
|-
|2021–2024||''[[Thamizhum Saraswathiyum]]''||rowspan=2|Kodhainayagi Natesan||rowspan=2|[[Star Vijay]]||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/star-vijay-to-launch-family-drama-thamizhum-saraswathiyum-114202.html |title=Star Vijay to launch family drama Thamizhum Saraswathiyum |website=Exchange4media|date=10 July 2021 }}</ref>
|-
|2021||[[Pandian Stores]]||Mahasangamam with Thamizhum Saraswathiyum
|-
|2022–2024||[[Maari (2022 TV series)|Maari]]||Devi||rowspan=2|[[Zee Tamil]]||Extended Special Appearance
|-
|2022–2025||[[Karthigai Deepam (TV series)|Karthigai Deepam]]||Abhirami Nachiyaar||
|-
|2024–present||[[Kanmani Anbudan]]||Sivagami||[[Star Vijay]]||
|-
|2024–2025||Meenu's Kitchen||Parvathy||[[Malayalam]]||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]||
|-
|2025||[[Ponni (TV series)|Ponni]]||Raajamani and Sivagami||rowspan=3|[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]||[[Star Vijay]]||Dual role; Mahasangamam with Kanmani Anbudan
|-
|2025–present||Chellame Chellame||Deivanai||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]||
|-
|2026||[[Parijatham (2025 TV series)|Parijatham]]||Doctor Narmada||[[Zee Tamil]]||Special appearance
|}

==Awards==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=November 2024}}
*2003 : [[Kerala State Film Award – Special Jury Award]] - Margam
*2010: [[Kerala State Television Award for Best Actress]] -Agneyam
*2019:[[Sun Kudumbam Viruthugal]] - Best Mother - Nayagi
*2022:[[Sun Kudumbam Viruthugal]]- Best Villi- Chithi 2
*2023: Zee Kudumbam Awards-Best Mamiyar - Karthigai deepam
*2024:[[Ananda Vikatan]] TV awards - Best Mamiyar - Karthigai deepam
*2024: Zee Kudumbam Awards-Best Amma - Karthigai deepam

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishna, Meera}}
[[Category:Actresses from Kottayam]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:1987 births]]

St. Jude India

2026-04-18T16:16:16Z

AdolphMassola0: started first pg more to come

{{Short description|Non-profit organization}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{citation style|date=January 2019}}
{{promotional|date=December 2021}}
{{No footnotes|date=January 2022}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = St. Jude India ChildCare Centres
| logo = St. Jude India ChildCare Centres Logo.png
| type = Section 8 Company under MCA, Govt of India
| founded = April 2006
| founder = Shyama Kaviratne & Nihal Kaviratne
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Chennai]], [[Kolkata]], [[Delhi]], [[Jaipur]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Vellore]], [[Varanasi]], [[Guwahati]], [[Vishakhapatnam]], [[Muzaffarpur]]
| focus = Free accommodation and holistic support for under-privileged children suffering from [[cancer]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.stjudechild.org/}}
}}
'''St. Jude India ChildCare Centres''' (also known as '''St. Judes''') is a non-profit organization in India. St Judes India provides free-of-charge shelter and holistic care to children who are undergoing [[cancer]] treatment along with their families. It is a [[Non-profit laws of India|Section 8]] non-profit company supported by individuals, corporate houses, and charity trusts.

Founded in 2006 by '''Nihal and Shyama Kaviratne''', St. Judes has 68 centers located in [[Mumbai]], [[Navi Mumbai ]], [[Kolkata]], [[Guwahati]], [[Delhi]], [[Jaipur]], [[Vellore]], [[Chennai]], [[Varanasi]], [[Vishakhapatnam]], [[Muzaffarpur]], [[ Bengaluru]], and [[Hyderabad]]. The free-of-cost accommodation and holistic care includes an infection-free environment conducive to the child's recovery, educational and recreational services for the children and their parents, and counseling services throughout the duration of their treatment.

St. Judes credo has always been ‘Once a St. Judes child is always a St. Judes child’. In keeping with this vision, their new vertical - St. Judes for Life has been established in the memory of Mrs. Rani Vicaji, to ensure that these children who have won the battle against cancer are able to fulfil their potential. They come from underprivileged families who had made great sacrifices to ensure that their children were treated successfully for cancer. To this end, St. Judes for Life continues to provide support to the survivors (also called Judians) as the need arises.

==About St. Judes==
Parents bring their cancer-affected children from distant villages and towns in [[India]] to large cities where they can get medical treatment at minimum or no cost. During the treatment, there are intermittent periods of rest when the child recuperating from [[chemotherapy treatment]] must be protected against opportunistic secondary infections resulting from unhygienic conditions and poor-quality food. The unavailability of hygienic shelter, nutritious food, having to travel to and from the hospital, and emotional distress often force the parents to abandon their child's treatment. By providing the child and the parents with an infection-free accommodation and the necessary nutritional and holistic support - all free of cost, St. Judes makes a crucial intervention leading to the child's recovery and a noticeable increase in the survival rates of child patients with cancer.

In addition, St. Judes also addresses the families' educational, recreational, and emotional needs under its care by organizing customized educational programs, celebrations of cultural events, and outings. Transport facilities too are extended to patients for hospital visits. Regular counseling and alternative therapy sessions are held to help the families cope with the stress and trauma that they undergo during the treatment.

Founded by Mr. and Mrs. Kaviratne, the first center for St. Judes was established in Parel, [[Mumbai]]. This prototype center had eight individual family units, each accommodating a child patient and its parents. This prototype has now been replicated across the county. In Parel, centers are located close to [[Tata Memorial Hospital]], where most children receive medical treatment. A campus at Cotton Green has also been established in partnership with [[Mumbai Port Trust]] (MPT) and [[Tata Memorial Hospital]] (TMH), accommodating 165 families close to [[Tata Memorial Hospital]]. Centers have also been established in [[Kharghar]], on the campus of [[Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC)|the Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC)]]; the R&D section of the [[Tata Memorial Hospital]], with a particular center only for patients recuperating from [[Bone Marrow Transplants]].

St. Judes centres are present in 11 cities and support 876 families across 68 centres.

Donations to St. Judes are eligible for tax exemption under Section 80G of the [[Income Tax Act, 1961]].

== About the Founders ==
Nihal Kaviratne CBE: As a result of his 40 years experience working at Unilever, Nihal pursues a keen interest in good corporate governance and corporate social responsibility, developing models for replication by others. He was a founding member of the Board of Governors of President University in Indonesia and one of "25 leaders at the forefront of change" chosen by Business Week in 2002 for the Stars of Asia Award. He was awarded for driving Business Excellence at World Business Conclave 2016 in Hong Kong. Nihal was cited in the Queen's 2004 New Year Honours List in the UK and was awarded the CBE (Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire) for services to UK business interests and to sustainable development in Indonesia.

In January 2004, he moved from being Chairman of Unilever Indonesia to a regional role in the Unilever Asia Business Group based in Singapore as Senior Vice President - Development & Environmental Affairs. In January 2005, he assumed additional responsibility as Chairman of Unilever's US$2.5 billion Home & Oral Care business in Asia. Today, Nihal is a Director of DBS Group & Bank, DBS Foundation Limited, StarHub, OLAM, GSK Pharma India, and Chairman of Caraway Pte Ltd. He was appointed to the advisory board of Bain & Company for SEA/Indonesia from August 2013, and was appointed a member of the Global Corporate Resilience Advisory Council of McKinsey effective January 2018. He is a member of the Governing Board of Bombay Mothers & Children Welfare Society and a Member of the Private Sector Portfolio Advisory Committee in India of the UK Government's Department for International Development (DFID).

Shyama Kaviratne: She has been associated with social work and charity since childhood. Having completed her studies in management, her 20 years of experience with a nationalised bank have equipped her with the ability to engage with a diverse cross-section of society.

== Awards and honours ==

The Organisation was recently rated 'VO 1A' grading by [[Crisil|CRISIL]] This is the fourth time St. Judes has received this honour.

St. Judes was once again recognised amongst 'India's Top 10 Best NGOs to Work For - 2022'. The recognition comes from Great Place to Work, the global authority in creating, assessing and identifying the best workplaces the world over. The organisation has now received this coveted recognition four times in a row. This year, St. Judes was also recognised amongst the 'Top 50 Mid-Size India's Best Workplaces for Women 2022' by the Great Place to Work Institute.

St. Judes has received [[GuideStar India]] Platinum certification for legal & financial compliances and sharing these transparently in the public domain. Also, Platinum Winner 2018 by the GuideStar India NGO Transparency Awards. The organization is also accredited by [[Credibility Alliance]] under Desirable Norms.

St. Judes has entered into a Partnership with [[Unit Trust of India|UTI]] Mutual Fund, introducing a facility called "CanServe" for investments under [[UTI Balanced Fund]], [[UTI Spread Fund]], and [[UTI Mastershare Unit Scheme|UTI Master share Unit Scheme]]. "CanServe" will enable investors to contribute their [[dividend]] payouts if they are under the dividend payout option or specified amounts as desired, if they are under the growth option, towards St. Judes as a donation for needy and underprivileged children who are being treated for cancer and their families, during the period of the child's treatment.

St. Judes has been honored with the following awards:

* Great Place To Work Certified
* CRISIL Voluntary Organization VO 1A
* GiveIndia Give Assured 5 Stars
* Credibility Alliance Certificate Of Accreditation
* GuideStar India Champion Level - Platinum certification 2019
* Dr. B. Borooah Cancer Institute, Guwahati Award Of Appreciation
* World CSR Congress 2017: Certificate of Merit
* [[AmeriCares]] 5th Spirit of Humanity Awards, 2014
* Vocational Service Award for Outstanding Service to Humanity, 2014
* [[Can India Conclave]] Certificate for Excellence, 2013
* Qimpro Gold Standard Healthcare Award, 2012
* Marico Innovation for India Awards 2012 In The Social Category, 2012
* Finalists in the Special Category of [[Vodafone]] Mobile for Good Awards 2014

==Notes==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20210429095438/https://originals.storiesasia.org/-cancer-in-the-time-of-covid-19/index.html Cancer in the time of COVID 19]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160816085954/http://epaper.telegraphindia.com/details/166753-516914.html Telegraph India]
*{{cite web | title=How a Group of Architects Is Cycling from Bombay to Goa to Raise Awareness about Child Cancer | website=News18 | date=27 November 2019 | url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/how-a-group-of-architects-is-cycling-from-bombay-to-goa-to-raise-awareness-about-child-cancer-2402599.html | access-date=7 June 2023}}
*{{cite web | last=Habershon | first=Alfie | title=Why 4 Of 5 Indian Children Do Not Survive Cancer | website=IndiaSpend | date=16 October 2019 | url=https://www.indiaspend.com/why-4-of-5-indian-children-do-not-survive-cancer/ | access-date=7 June 2023}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20200809022808/http://eclecticnortheast.in/2019/08/st-judes-brings-a-ray-of-hope-for-children-being-treated-for-cancer/ Eclectic Northeast]
*{{cite web | last=Mishra | first=Ribhu | title=Fighting cancer in children: Providing holistic care to needy young ones and providing education | website=Financialexpress | date=23 July 2019 | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/health/fighting-cancer-in-children-providing-free-treatment-to-needy-young-ones-and-providing-education/1653961/ | access-date=7 June 2023}}
*{{cite web | title=World Cancer Survivors' Day: Centre provides patients under treatment free accommodation in big cities | website=Firstpost | date=2 June 2019 | url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/world-cancer-survivors-day-centre-provides-patients-under-treatment-free-accommodation-in-big-cities6742541-6742541.html | access-date=7 June 2023}}
*{{cite web | title=Children Suffering from Cancer Now Have a Ray of Hope, Thanks to this Non-Profit Facility | website=News18 | date=2 June 2019 | url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/children-suffering-from-cancer-now-have-a-ray-of-hope-thanks-to-this-non-profit-facility-2167145.html | access-date=7 June 2023}}
*[http://epaper.telegraphindia.com/details/166753-51550934.html Telegraph India]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
*[http://onlineepaper.asianage.com/articledetailpage.aspx?id=3165011 The Asian age]
*{{cite web | last=Adajania | first=Kayezad E. | title=UTI AMC ties up with cancer support firm to encourage donations | website=mint | date=26 August 2015 | url=https://www.livemint.com/Money/DM2qSgozigd9JjvMQbu8oJ/UTI-AMC-ties-up-with-cancer-support-firm-to-encourage-donati.html | access-date=7 June 2023}}
*[http://www.spiceroutemag.com/offering_holistic_care.html Offering holistic care] spiceroutemag.com {{dead link|date=June 2023}}

ToI City Lights 23 March:
*{{cite web |title=Tata Medical Center inaugurates 'Premashraya' residential facility for underprivileged cancer patients and relatives |website=NRI News 24x7 |date=3 July 2015 |url=https://nrinews24x7.com/tata-medical-center-inaugurates-premashraya-residential-facility-for-underprivileged-cancer-patients-and-relatives/ |access-date=7 June 2023}}
*[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/A-place-to-stay-for-cancer-patients/articleshow/47932908.cms Times City Kolkata]
*[http://www.mumbaimirror.com/columns/columnists/mudar-patherya/Going-beyond-caring/articleshow/47953686.cms Mumbai Mirror]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150706201420/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150704/jsp/calcutta/story_29485.jsp#.VZ0wqHr3_Gc The Telegraph]
*{{cite web | last=Engineer | first=Rayomand | title=This Awesome Initiative Is Giving Kids with Cancer All the Support They Need! | website=The Better India | date=14 March 2018 | url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/134385/st-jude-india-child-care-centre-caring-for-kids-with-cancer-india/ | access-date=7 June 2023}}
*{{cite web | last=Banerjee | first=Usha | title=A ray of hope for cancer-stricken kids | website=DNA India | date=18 February 2018 | url=https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-a-ray-of-hope-for-cancer-stricken-kids-2585776 | access-date=7 June 2023}}

Radio ONE, Feb 2018
*[https://soundcloud.com/hrishikay/hrishi-k-with-usha-banerji-ceo-st-jude-india-cancer-childcare-centre Sound Cloud article]

[[Category:Healthcare in Mumbai]]

Haveli, Maharashtra Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:48:53Z

AdolphMassola0: added a post from scratch

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Haveli
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district = [[Pune district|Pune]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons =
| constituency_no = 245
| established = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| reservation =
| abolished = 2008
| electors =
}}
'''Haveli''' Vidhan Sabha seat was one of the constituencies of [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]], in [[India]]. Haveli seat existed until the 2004 elections after which it was abolished in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |accessdate=12 October 2017 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225084439/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archivedate=25 February 2009 }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

{|class=wikitable
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Haveli Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/haveli-maharashtra-assembly-constituency|access-date= |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Bombay Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Purshottam Choure
|{{Full party name with color|Scheduled Castes Federation}}
|-
|Ram Tupe
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan="3" |Marthand Magar
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|[[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|Sopan Phuge
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Motiram Pawar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
|[[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Ashok Tapkir
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Dynaneshwar Landge
|-
|[[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Gajanan Babar]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Shiv Sena}}
|-
|[[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|Vilas Lande
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''2008 onwards: Constituency defunct''}}
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Haveli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Vilas Vithoba Lande |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 149,057 |percentage = 47.12% |change={{increase}}12.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Gajanan Dharmshi Babar]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 131,981 |percentage = 41.72% |change={{increase}}2.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pathare Pandharinath Tukaram |party=Independent politician |votes = 14,539 |percentage = 4.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Amarsinh Jyotajirao Jadhavrao |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 9,228 |percentage = 2.92% |change={{increase}}2.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Yashwant Anantrao Bhosale |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,250 |percentage = 1.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sudam Sakharam Sonavane |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,905 |percentage = 0.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,076 |percentage = 5.40% |change= {{increase}}0.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 316,355 |percentage = 39.26% |change= {{decrease}}9.87 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 316,344}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 805,778|ref = |change= {{increase}}52.14 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}8.15 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Haveli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Gajanan Dharmshi Babar]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 101,389 |percentage = 38.97% |change={{increase}}3.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Azambhai Pansare |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 89,120 |percentage = 34.25% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hanumant Gawade |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 64,543 |percentage = 24.81% |change={{decrease}}7.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=B. B. Shinde |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,612 |percentage = 0.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,269 |percentage = 4.72% |change= {{increase}}2.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 269,879 |percentage = 50.96% |change= {{decrease}}13.96 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 260,189}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 529,638|ref = |change= {{increase}}7.00 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}3.71 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Haveli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Gajanan Dharmshi Babar]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 110,104 |percentage = 35.26% |change={{increase}}13.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramkrishna More |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 102,356 |percentage = 32.78% |change={{decrease}}4.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Landge Dnyaneshwar Pandurang |party=Independent politician |votes = 43,581 |percentage = 13.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. S. Dhavade Master |party=Janata Dal |votes = 9,090 |percentage = 2.91% |change={{decrease}}7.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajan Nayar |party=Independent politician |votes = 9,011 |percentage = 2.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sureshbhai Ramchandra Sonawane |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 6,115 |percentage = 1.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mandakini Vishnu Rokade |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 5,372 |percentage = 1.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,748 |percentage = 2.48% |change= {{decrease}}10.82 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 318,652 |percentage = 64.37% |change= {{increase}}12.43 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 312,277}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 495,004|ref = |change= {{increase}}24.21 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}1.60 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Haveli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Landge Dnyaneshwar Pandurang |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 74,413 |percentage = 36.86% |change={{decrease}}10.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nair Rajan Krishna |party=Independent politician |votes = 47,560 |percentage = 23.56% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Lande Bajirao Dhondiba |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 43,954 |percentage = 21.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Baba Dhapte |party=Janata Dal |votes = 20,513 |percentage = 10.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=N. R. Shinde |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |votes = 11,205 |percentage = 5.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 26,853 |percentage = 13.30% |change= {{increase}}3.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 204,767 |percentage = 51.38% |change= {{decrease}}3.04 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 201,889}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 398,512|ref = |change= {{increase}}67.01 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}10.52 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Haveli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Tapkir Ashok Kalyanrao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 60,706 |percentage = 47.38% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Landage Balasaheb Shankar |party=Janata Party |votes = 48,052 |percentage = 37.50% |change={{increase}}19.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Gajanan Dharmshi Babar]] |party=Independent politician |votes = 6,285 |percentage = 4.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ohol Sampatrao Buvajirao |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,369 |percentage = 2.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Satav Dashrathrao Bhivaba |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,404 |percentage = 1.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Manohar Ashok Balkrishan |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,659 |percentage = 1.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kambale Manav Shripati |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,386 |percentage = 1.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,654 |percentage = 9.88% |change= {{increase}}8.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 129,990 |percentage = 54.48% |change= {{increase}}11.02 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 128,135}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 238,620|ref = |change= {{increase}}34.74 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{increase}}15.34 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Haveli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Motiram Pawar |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 24,218 |percentage = 32.04% |change={{increase}}21.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashok Mhaske |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 23,210 |percentage = 30.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Balasaheb Shankar Landge |party=Janata Party |votes = 13,724 |percentage = 18.16% |change={{decrease}}30.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shinde N. R. |party=Independent politician |votes = 9,679 |percentage = 12.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bapu Gawade |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,156 |percentage = 2.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Barathe Jagannath Gulab |party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 1,855 |percentage = 2.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mulani Shahida Karim |party=Independent politician |votes = 743 |percentage = 0.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,008 |percentage = 1.33% |change= {{decrease}}11.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 77,207 |percentage = 43.60% |change= {{decrease}}19.00 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 75,585}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 177,098|ref = |change= {{increase}}29.42 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}16.93 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Haveli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Phuge Sopan Tukaram |party=Janata Party |votes = 41,325 |percentage = 48.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Landage Dnyaneshwar Pandurang |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 30,424 |percentage = 36.05% |change={{decrease}}47.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jagtap Pandurang Bhaguji |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 8,800 |percentage = 10.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sareen Subhash Haribharat |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,100 |percentage = 2.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chandiramani K. U. |party=Independent politician |votes = 749 |percentage = 0.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,901 |percentage = 12.92% |change= {{decrease}}54.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 86,375 |percentage = 63.12% |change= {{increase}}4.46 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 84,393}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 136,835|ref = |change= {{increase}}3.81 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}34.75 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Haveli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Martand Dhondiba Magar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 63,136 |percentage = 83.72% |change={{increase}}22.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Marutrao Kale |party=Samyukta Socialist Party |votes = 12,280 |percentage = 16.28% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 50,856 |percentage = 67.43% |change= {{increase}}34.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 77,839 |percentage = 59.05% |change= {{decrease}}6.91 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 75,416}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 131,813|ref = |change= {{increase}}41.24 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}22.47 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Haveli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Martand Dhondiba Magar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 36,656 |percentage = 61.25% |change={{increase}}10.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=J. V. Bhosole |party=Sanghata Socialist Party |votes = 17,165 |percentage = 28.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=N. S. Mirzani |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 5,099 |percentage = 8.52% |change={{increase}}5.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. D. Ghule |party=Independent politician |votes = 930 |percentage = 1.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,491 |percentage = 32.57% |change= {{increase}}19.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 62,770 |percentage = 67.26% |change= {{increase}}1.90 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 59,850}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 93,328|ref = |change= {{increase}}10.20 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}10.16 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Haveli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Martand Dhondiba Magar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 26,927 |percentage = 51.09% |change={{increase}}31.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ram Dasharath Tupe |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 20,124 |percentage = 38.18% |change={{increase}}6.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bajirao Dashrath Kamble |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 3,711 |percentage = 7.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pandurang Narayan More |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,455 |percentage = 2.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kashinath Mukandrao Chincholikar |party=Independent politician |votes = 489 |percentage = 0.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,803 |percentage = 12.91% |change= {{increase}}10.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 55,656 |percentage = 65.72% |change= {{decrease}}46.39 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 52,706}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,691|ref = |change= {{decrease}}27.76 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Praja Socialist Party |swing= {{increase}}18.93 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1957===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Haveli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Tupe Ram Dashrath |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 40,954 |percentage = 32.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Choure Purshottam Martandrao (Sc) |party=Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 37,340 |percentage = 29.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Martand Dhondiba Magar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 24,668 |percentage = 19.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gadekar Gunabai Ramchandra (Sc) |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 24,383 |percentage = 19.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,614 |percentage = 2.84% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,27,345 |percentage = 108.62% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,27,345}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,17,237|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Praja Socialist Party |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mulshi Assembly constituency}}
[[Category:Pune district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Brahmani Mata Temple

2026-04-15T14:58:39Z

AdolphMassola0: Starting place

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox temple
| image =Sachinsonni.jpg
| name = Brahmani Mata Temple
| religious_affiliation = [[Shaktism]]
| alt =
| caption = Mata Brahmaani is seated on the throne.
| deity = Goddess [[Brahmani (Matrika)|Brahmani]]
| map_type = India Rajasthan#India
| map_caption = Location in Rajasthan
| coordinates = {{coord|28|56|01|N|74|12|33|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = India
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Hanumangarh district|Hanumangarh]]
| location = Pallu, [[Jasrasar]]
| architecture =
| creator =
}}
The '''temple of Maa Brahmini Mata''' is a [[Hindu temple]] in Pallu, [[Jasrasar]], [[Rajasthan]], India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Hanumangarh, Brahmani Temple |url=http://www.mustseeindia.com/Hanuman-Garh-Brahmani-temple/attraction/17523 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003105005/http://www.mustseeindia.com/Hanuman-Garh-Brahmani-temple/attraction/17523 |archive-date=2011-10-03 |access-date=2011-06-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=पल्लू में मां ब्रह्माणी के मंदिर में श्रद्धालुओं ने लगाई सप्तमी की धोक, मेला आज |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/bhadra/news/in-the-temple-of-lord-brahmani-in-pallu-the-devotees-put-the-threat-of-saptami-fair-today-033605-2997848.html |access-date=13 April 2019 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |date=17 October 2018 |language=hi}}</ref> The temple of Maa Brahmani is on the Rajasthan State Highway 7, and the devotees going to Salasar visit the court of Mata Rani. She is [[kuladevi]] of Tard Jaats of [[Jasrasar]].<ref>{{cite news |title= नोखा से खुड़द, जसरासर से पल्लू, पूगल से देशनोक में धोक लगाने के लिए पूजन कर, पदयात्री रवाना |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/khokad-from-nokha-pahalu-from-jasaras-poojantra-by-worshiping-the-goddess-in-dhannok-to-worship-060033-2959222.html |access-date=13 April 2019 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |date=17 October 2018 |language=hi}}</ref> Also Kuladevi of Prajapati community in Gujarat region

==See also==
*[[Tourism in Rajasthan]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Hanumangarh district]]

{{India-hindu-temple-stub}}

Khanpur, Rajasthan Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:27:46Z

AdolphMassola0: added initial page with sources...

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Khanpur
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-199-Khanpur.svg
| mla = [[Suresh Gurjar]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Jhalawar district|Jhalawar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jhalawar–Baran Lok Sabha constituency|Jhalawar–Baran]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:247156}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 199
}}
'''Khanpur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Jhalawar district|Jhalawar]] district.

==Birth and extent of the constituency==
The constituency was created by ''The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1951''.<ref name=delimitation1951>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1951 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=23 August 1951 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref> It had its first election in [[1951 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1951]]. As of the latest delimitation in 2008, it consists of Khanpur tehsil and parts of Jhalrapatan tehsil (including Mandawar, Ratlai, Salawad, Bakani, Reechwa [[Revenue block|ILRCs]] and Gagron and Govindpura [[Patwari]] Circles of Jhalawar ILRC).<ref name=delimitation2008/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1951 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
| Bhairav Lal
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1962 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Prabhu Lal Senter
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1967 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| H. Chandra
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1967 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1967 (By Poll)]]

| S.Kumari
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1972 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Gauri Shanker

|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-

|[[1977 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Bhairav Lal

|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-

|[[1980 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| Prithvi Singh

|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-

|[[1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Harish

|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}

|-

|[[1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| [[Chaturbhuj]]

|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}

|-

|[[1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| [[Bharat Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-

|[[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<ref name=election1998>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3400-rajasthan-1998/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 1998 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022}}</ref>
| Minakshee Chandrawat
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<ref name=election2003>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3403-rajasthan-2003/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2003 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022}}</ref>
| [[Narendra Nagar (politician)|Narendra Nagar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
| Anil Jain
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>
| rowspan=2|[[Narendra Nagar (politician)|Narendra Nagar]]
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Suresh Gurjar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Khanpur, Jhalawar|Khanpur]]<ref name="election2023"/> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Suresh Gurjar
|votes = {{formatnum:101045}}
|percentage = 49.76
|change = {{increase}}4.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Narendra Nagar (politician)|Narendra Nagar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:92620}}
|percentage = 45.61
|change = {{decrease}}1.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Deepesh Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2634}}
|percentage = 1.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2106}}
|percentage = 1.04
|change = {{decrease}}0.28
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:8425}}
|percentage = 4.15
|change = {{increase}}2.91
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:203064}}
|percentage = 82.16
|change = {{increase}}1.64
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{Increase}}2.91
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Khanpur, Jhalawar|Khanpur]]<ref name="election2018"/> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Narendra Nagar (politician)|Narendra Nagar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:85984}}
|percentage = 46.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Suresh Gurjar
|votes = {{formatnum:83719}}
|percentage = 45.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Arjun Singh Gaur
|votes = {{formatnum:5534}}
|percentage = 3.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mohan Lal
|votes = {{formatnum:1756}}
|percentage = 0.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2415}}
|percentage = 1.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:2265}}
|percentage = 1.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:183254}}
|percentage = 80.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{Decrease}}17.91
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Khanpur, Jhalawar|Khanpur]]<ref name="election2013"/> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Narendra Nagar (politician)|Narendra Nagar]]
|votes = 73,955
|percentage = 45.75%
|change = -3.00%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sanjay Gurjar
|votes = 42,999
|percentage = 26.60%
|change = -18.35%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = National People's Party (India)
|candidate = Anil Jain
|votes = 33,624
|percentage = 20.80%
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Anil Kumar
|votes = 5,324
|percentage = 3.29%
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 2,874
|percentage = 1.78%
|change = +1.78%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ramswaroop Bairwa
|votes = 1,639
|percentage = 1.01%
|change = -1.26%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Rajesh Singhvi
|votes = 1,220
|percentage = 0.75%
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 30,956
|percentage = 19.15%
|change = +15.35%
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,61,835
|percentage = 81.00%
|change = +10.61%
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{Increase}}15.35
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2008===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Khanpur, Jhalawar|Khanpur]]<ref name="delimitation2008"/> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Anil
|votes = 63,664
|percentage = 48.75%
|change = +10.67%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Meenakshi Chandrawat
|votes = 58,709
|percentage = 44.95%
|change = +14.45%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mohan Lal Bhil
|votes = 2,959
|percentage = 2.27%
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Akhil Bharatiya Congress Dal (Ambedkar)
|candidate = Ramswaroop Bairwa
|votes = 2,807
|percentage = 2.15%
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Janata Dal (Secular)
|candidate = Ram Pratap
|votes = 1,015
|percentage = 0.78%
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Bharatiya Jan Shakti
|candidate = Arvind Singh
|votes = 532
|percentage = 0.41%
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Bharatiya Bahujan Party
|candidate = Nathu Lal
|votes = 473
|percentage = 0.36%
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Abdul Farid Khan
|votes = 441
|percentage = 0.34%
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 4,955
|percentage = 3.80%
|change = -3.78%
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,30,600
|percentage = 70.39%
|change = +0.71%
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{Decrease}}3.78
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Jhalawar district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|24.73|76.4|display=title}}

[[Category:Jhalawar district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Sikkim Women's Football League

2026-04-13T10:17:17Z

AdolphMassola0:

{{Short description|Indian regional women's association football league in the state of Sikkim}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox football league
| name = Sikkim Women's Football League
| logo = Sikkim Women's Super League.svg
| pixels = 350
| country = India
| organiser = [[Sikkim Football Association]] (SFA)
| founded = {{start date and age|2023|df=y}}
| teams = 6
| promotion = [[Indian Women's League 2]]
| relegation =
| levels = 3
| domest_cup =
| confed_cup =
| champions = Singling SC (1st title)
| most_successful_club = SSA Soreng Singling SC (1 title)
| season = 2026
| tv = SFA ([[YouTube]])
| website =
| current =
}}
The '''Sikkim Women's Football League''',<ref name="sfa" >{{cite web|title=Sikkim Women's Football League |url=https://theawayend.co/sikkim-womens-football-league/ |website=The Away End |access-date=2 March 2026 }}</ref> earlier known as '''Sikkim Women's Super League''', is the top division of [[women's association football|women's]] [[association football|football]] league in the Indian [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Sikkim]]. The league is organised by the [[Sikkim Football Association]] (SFA), the official football governing body of the state.<ref name="sik">{{cite web|title=SIKKIM WOMEN'S SUPER LEAGUE TO KICK OFF ON AUG 21|url=https://www.sikkimexpress.com/news-details/sikkim-womens-super-league-to-kick-off-on-aug-21|website=Sikkim Express|date=19 August 2023|access-date=29 August 2023}}</ref>

The inaugural season was held in 2023 and was won by SSA [[Soreng]].<ref name="sikkim">{{cite web|title=SSA SORENG WINS SIKKIM WOMEN'S SUPER LEAGUE|url=https://www.sikkimexpress.com/news-details/ssa-soreng-wins-sikkim-womens-super-league|website=Sikkim Express|date=9 September 2023|access-date=9 September 2023}}</ref><ref name="sikkim1">{{cite web|title=Soreng SSA lifts maiden Sikkim Women's Super League 2023|url=https://sikkimherald.info/?p=23728|website=Sikkim Herald|last=Leezum|first=Pema|date=8 September 2023|access-date=13 September 2023}}</ref>

==Format==
The league features six teams, namely Young Girls FC, Pakyong United FC, Northerners Girls FC, Soreng Girls Academy, Dentam Girls Academy and Southerners Girls. The league offers women players the opportunity to excel and gain recognition. Teams are allowed a maximum of 25 players, including five players from outside the state. The league is designed for each team to play at least five matches. The winners of the Sikkim Women’s Super League will be nominated to participate in the [[IWL 2nd Division]].<ref name="sik"/><ref>{{cite web|title=SSA Soreng & Southerners Girls advance to Sikkim Women's Super League 2023 finals|url=https://sikkimherald.info/?p=23171|website=Sikkim Herald|date=6 September 2023|access-date=9 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=All you need to know about the football league structure in Sikkim |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/sikkim-football-league-structure-india/6njz9an3wn6g1kage4csg1mee |website=Goal.com |last1=Parasar |first1=Swapnaneel |date=24 July 2018 }}</ref>

The 2026 edition also included teams from neighbouring [[North Bengal]], making Sikkim one of the few states in India to feature outstation clubs in their domestic league.<ref>{{cite web|title=Senior Women’s Football League 2026 to kick-off on Feb 24 at Paljor Stadium|url=https://sikkimexpress.com/news-details/senior-womens-football-league-2026-to-kick-off-on-feb-24-at-paljor-stadium|website=Sikkim Express|date=17 February 2026}}</ref>

==Venue==
All inaugural season matches were held at [[Paljor Stadium]].

==Teams==
Teams participating in the 2026 season:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! No. !! Team !! Location
|-
| 1 || [[Gangtok Himalayan SC|Gangtok Himalayan]] || [[Gangtok]]
|-
| 2 || Singling SC || [[Soreng]]
|-
| 3 || Northerners FC || Chadey, [[Mangan district]]
|-
| 4 || Chujachen Sports Academy || [[Rongli]], [[Pakyong district]]
|-
| 5 || Darjeeling XI || [[Darjeeling]], [[West Bengal]] (''outstation team'')
|-
| 6 || Milan More Football Academy || [[Siliguri]], [[West Bengal]] (''outstation team'')
|}

==Champions==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
!Season !! Champion !! Runners-up !! Ref
|-
| 2023 || SSA Soreng || Southerners Girls Namchi || <ref name="sikkim"/><ref name="sikkim1"/>
|-
| 2026 || Singling SC || [[Gangtok Himalayan SC|Gangtok Himalayan]] || <ref>{{cite web|title=Singling SC are champions of Senior Women’s Football League|url=https://sikkimexpress.com/news-details/singling-sc-are-champions-of-senior-womens-football-league|website=Sikkim Express|date=9 March 2026}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[Sikkim Premier Division League|SFA "A" Division S-League]]
* [[Sikkim Premier League]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Football in India}}
{{Football in Sikkim}}
{{Sports leagues of India}}

[[Category:Football in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Regional women's football leagues in India]]
[[Category:2023 establishments in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Sports leagues established in 2023]]

{{India-footy-competition-stub}}

Bharatpedia:WikiProject India/Main page featured content

2026-04-11T18:15:22Z

AdolphMassola0: started initial article more to come - done

{{Wikipedia:Notice board for India-related topics/Header}}
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*{{icon|itn}} [[:2019 Supreme Court verdict on Ayodhya dispute]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2020 Indian agriculture acts]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2020 Indian general strike]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2023 Cricket World Cup final]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2023 Indian Premier League final]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2023 World Test Championship final]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2024 Indian Premier League final]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2024 Indian general election]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2025 Indian Premier League final]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2026 Men's T20 World Cup final]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Udyavara Madhava Acharya]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Biraj Adhikari]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Aravind Adiga]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Agni-V]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Agnivesh]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Isher Judge Ahluwalia]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Atiq Ahmed]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2008 Ahmedabad bombings]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Cyclone Aila]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Air India Express Flight 812]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Air India Express Flight 1344]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Air India Flight 171]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Idris Ali (politician)]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Alphonsa of the Immaculate Conception]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Amarnath Temple]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Noor Alam Khalil Amini]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Cyclone Amphan]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Amritsar]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Amritsar train disaster]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:K. V. Anand]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Vijay Anand (filmmaker)]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Munirathna Anandakrishnan]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:K. Anbazhagan]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Akabo dialect]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Suresh Angadi]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Aparna (television presenter)]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:April 2015 Nepal earthquake]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Madhav Apte]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:R. Aravamudan]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:INS Arihant]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Article 370 of the Constitution of India]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Nizamuddin Asir Adrawi]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2008 Assam bombings]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Assam ferry sinking]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2012 Assam violence]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:December 2014 Assam violence]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:AstroSat]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Bhanu Athaiya]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Ayodhya dispute]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Abdul Ghani Azhari]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:BRIC (economics term)]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:BRICS]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:1st BRIC summit]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:3rd BRICS summit]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:4th BRICS summit]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Sathya Sai Baba]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2023 Badakhshan earthquake]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Parkash Singh Badal]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Sunderlal Bahuguna]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Rahul Bajaj]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Bakhshali manuscript]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:K. Balachander]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2019 Balakot airstrike]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Janaki Ballabh]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Abhijit Banerjee]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Mamata Banerjee]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:P. K. Banerjee]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2008 Bangalore serial blasts]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Damodar Ganesh Bapat]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Clarence Barlow]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Jyoti Basu]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Sekhar Basu]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Gurmeet Bawa]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Bishan Singh Bedi]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Shamshad Begum]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Niranjan Bhagat]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:P. N. Bhagwati]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Kesavananda Bharati]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Pushpa Mittra Bhargava]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Abdul Gani Bhat]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Jyotsna Bhatt]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Kanti Bhatt]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2019 Bihar encephalitis outbreak]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Bihar school meal poisoning incident]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2013 Bodh Gaya bombings]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Bombay Sisters]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Sukri Bommagowda]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2025 Bondi Beach shooting]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Norman Borlaug]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Elvera Britto]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Shujaat Bukhari]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Tropical Storm Matmo and Cyclone Bulbul]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Rashid Byramji]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Baidyanath Chakrabarty]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Kamalesh Chandra Chakrabarty]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Sreedharan Champad]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:R. Champakalakshmi]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:V. B. Chandrasekhar]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Chandrayaan-1]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Chandrayaan-2]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Chandrayaan-3]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Carlton Chapman]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Soumitra Chatterjee]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Ranjit Roy Chaudhury]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Chief of Defence Staff (India)]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2020–2021 China–India skirmishes]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Yash Chopra]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Citizenship Amendment Act protests]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Didi Contractor]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Maria Aurora Couto]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Martin Crowe]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Gerson da Cunha]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Cyclone Jal]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Cyclone Laila]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Cyclone Tauktae]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Sylvester da Cunha]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Manglesh Dabral]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:14th Dalai Lama]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Jagmohan Dalmiya]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Sudhir Dar]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Gopanarayan Das]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Jharana Das]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Naren Chandra Das]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Gurudas Dasgupta]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Astad Deboo]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:27 September 2008 Delhi bombing]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2011 Delhi bombing]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:13 September 2008 Delhi bombings]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2025 Delhi car explosion]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2019 Delhi factory fire]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2012 Delhi gang rape and murder]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2020 Delhi riots]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Ajay Desai]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Padma Desai]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Keshav Desiraju]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Nabaneeta Dev Sen]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Sukh Dev]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Yogesh Chander Deveshwar]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Mahasweta Devi]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Dharmendra]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Pankaj Dheer]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Sheila Dikshit]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Cyclone Ditwah]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:H. S. Doreswamy]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Vikas Dubey]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Keshav Dutt]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2010 Eastern Indian storm]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Abdul Sattar Edhi]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Emirates Flight 521]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Euthanasia in India]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Cyclone Fani]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Shamsur Rahman Faruqi]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:George Fernandes]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Flipkart]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:GSAT-4]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:LVM3]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Anshuman Gaekwad]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Babulal Gaur]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Syed Ali Shah Geelani]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Rituparno Ghosh]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:M. S. Gill]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Sukhbir Singh Gill]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Godhra train burning]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Tarun Gogoi]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:D. J. Gokulakrishnan]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Maganti Gopinath]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2017 Gorakhpur hospital deaths]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Qamruddin Ahmad Gorakhpuri]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Chuni Goswami]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Ronnie Govender]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Ranajit Guha]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Inder Kumar Gujral]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Cyclones Gulab and Shaheen]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Dharampal Gulati]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Gulzar]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Radha Charan Gupta]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Shaibal Gupta]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Umang Gupta]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:H. G. Somashekar Rao]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Shamim Hanafi]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Digamber Hansda]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Harda twin train derailment]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2017 Northern India riots]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Jafar Masood Hasani Nadwi]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Anna Hazare]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Heart Lamp: Selected Stories]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Hijra (South Asia)]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:S. P. Hinduja]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Shanti Hiranand]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2018 Men's Hockey World Cup final]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Prem Nath Hoon]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:M. F. Husain]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Zakir Hussain (musician)]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Syed Shah Khusro Hussaini]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2013 Hyderabad blasts]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2020 Hyderabad floods]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:P. A. Ibrahim Haji]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2008 Imphal bombing]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:India–Bangladesh enclaves]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2025 India–Pakistan conflict]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:India–Saudi Arabia relations]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:India women's national cricket team]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2021 Indian Air Force Mil Mi-17 crash]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2008 bombing of Indian embassy in Kabul]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2009 Indian Premier League]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2011 Indian Premier League]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2012 Indian Premier League]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2020 Indian Premier League final]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2021 Indian Premier League final]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2022 Indian Premier League final]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Mehli Irani]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Abdul Ismail]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:J. F. R. Jacob]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Rajendrasinh Jadeja]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Kulbhushan Jadhav]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Zakia Jafri]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Anshu Jain]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Indu Jain]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Sunil Jain]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Jaipur Literature Festival]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Arun Jaitley]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Jajpur derailment]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Jan Lokpal Bill]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Prahlad Jani]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Shefali Jariwala]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Jasraj]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Jayakanthan]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Ram Jethmalani]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:D. N. Jha]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Ruth Prawer Jhabvala]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Jnaneswari Express train derailment]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Dennis Joseph]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Anil Joshi (poet)]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:KK (singer)]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Chennaveera Kanavi]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Kundanika Kapadia]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Narinder Singh Kapany]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Madhur Kapila]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Rishi Kapoor]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Shammi Kapoor]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Kartarpur Corridor]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2025 Karur crowd crush]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Ajmal Kasab]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2016–2017 Kashmir unrest]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Bansi Kaul]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Kerala]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:U. A. Khader]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Irrfan Khan]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Kader Khan]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Rajesh Khanna]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Vinod Khanna]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2017 Khatauli train derailment]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Jagdish Khattar]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Mohammed Zahur Khayyam]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Joe Kinnear]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:F. C. Kohli]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Girija Prasad Koirala]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2016 Kolkata flyover collapse]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2024 Kolkata rape and murder]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Hare Krishna Konar]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Koro language (India)]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:R. K. Krishna Kumar]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:S. M. Krishna]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Yamini Krishnamurthy]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Dilip Kumar]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Manoj Kumar]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Narendra Kumar (mountaineer)]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Naresh Kumar (tennis)]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:P. R. Krishna Kumar]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Rajni Kumar]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Kuneru train derailment]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Hanif Kureshi]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Mathoor Govindan Kutty]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Gauri Lankesh]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:R. K. Laxman]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Liberhan Commission]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Line of Actual Control]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Naqsh Lyallpuri]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Machali (tigress)]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Kavita Mahajan]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Birju Maharaj]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2021 Maharashtra floods]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Balu Mahendra]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Yasin Malik]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Manoj Singh Mandavi]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2024 Mangaf building fire]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Lata Mangeshkar]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Bonda Mani]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2023–2026 Manipur conflict]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Manoharsinhji Pradyumansinhji]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Usman Mansoorpuri]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:April 2010 Maoist attack in Dantewada]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Mars Orbiter Mission]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:May 2015 Nepal earthquake]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Tabish Mehdi]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Gita Mehta]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Sonny Mehta]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Mekapati Goutham Reddy]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Antonette Mendes]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Gilbert Mendonca]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Ivan Menezes]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:M. Sarada Menon]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Cyclone Michaung]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Maria Mies]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Yaseen Akhtar Misbahi]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Jagannath Mishra]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Minati Mishra]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Chandan Mitra]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Cyclone Mocha]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Moon Impact Probe]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Sidhu Moose Wala]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2022 Morbi bridge collapse]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Mrs YGP]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Pranab Mukherjee]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2008 Mumbai attacks]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2011 Mumbai bombings]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Ambareesh Murty]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:NTPC power plant explosion]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Nabeesa Ummal]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Rabey Hasani Nadwi]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Kiran Nagarkar]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:R. Nagaswamy]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2008 Naina Devi temple stampede]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:P. Gopinathan Nair]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:S. Ramesan Nair]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Namboothiri (artist)]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Leela Nambudiripad]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:V. Nanammal]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Sulagitti Narasamma]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Roddam Narasimha]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:M. Narasimham]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:M. S. Narasimhan]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Ram Narayan]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:M. G. S. Narayanan]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Mangala Narlikar]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:National Museum of Natural History, New Delhi]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2013 Naxal attack in Darbha valley]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Naxalite–Maoist insurgency]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Kuldip Nayar]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:S. G. Neginhal]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Nellore train fire]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2023 Nepal earthquake]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Russian submarine Nerpa (K-152)]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:New Delhi]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:New Moor]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Hardeep Singh Nijjar]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:B. V. Nimbkar]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Neil Nongkynrih]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Nayyara Noor]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2017 North Indian cold wave]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2023 North India floods]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Chibuzor Nwakanma]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Cyclone Ockhi]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2023 Odisha train collision]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Operation Sindoor 2025]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:PSLV-C37]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Thanu Padmanabhan]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Padmanabhaswamy Temple]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:S. I. Padmavati]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2025 Pahalgam attack]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Laxman Pai]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:T. Mohandas Pai]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Ashok Panagariya]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:D. Pandian]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:S. K. Paramasivan]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Dhiru Parikh]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Dilip Parikh]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Manohar Parrikar]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:K. R. Parthasarathy (probabilist)]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Ram Vilas Paswan]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Surjit Patar]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Ahmed Patel]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2016 Pathankot attack]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2017 Patna boat accident]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Ajit Pawar]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Petlawad explosion]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Cyclone Phailin]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Parassala B. Ponnammal]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Kenneth Powell (sprinter)]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:J. Om Prakash]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Pran (actor)]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:H. S. Mahadeva Prasad]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:M. K. Prasad]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Srinivasa Prasad]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Pratapgarh stampede]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Devi Priya]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Pukhrayan train derailment]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Kalikho Pul]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2019 Pulwama attack]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2010 Pune bombing]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Puneeth Rajkumar]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Puttingal temple fire]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Abul Kalam Qasmi]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2016 Quetta police training college attack]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Imtiaz Qureshi]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Birubala Rabha]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Sitiveni Rabuka]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:K. Rajanarayanan]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Sushant Singh Rajput]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Ram Mandir]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Venki Ramakrishnan]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:D. Ramanaidu]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Vijayalakshmi Ramanan]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Laxminarayan Ramdas]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Neela Ramgopal]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Munawwar Rana]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Vimala Rangachar]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Kakarla Subba Rao]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:V. K. Rao]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Bipin Rawat]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Mufti Abdul Razzaq]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Red corridor]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Jaipal Reddy]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Krishna Reddy (artist)]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Milind Rege]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Waheeda Rehman]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Kanak Rele]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Piloo Reporter]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Cyclone Roanu]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Mary Roy]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Subrata Roy]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Vijay Rupani]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Salman Rushdie]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:P. Sabanayagam]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:G. N. Saibaba]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Sainthia train collision]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Abdul Khaliq Sambhali]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:N. Sankar]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Meera Sanyal]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Sindhutai Sapkal]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Gira Sarabhai]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Chiranjeevi Sarja]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Sudakshina Sarma]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Peter Sarstedt]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Neila Sathyalingam]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Ashraf Sehrai]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Abhijit Sen]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Suchitra Sen]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Surajit Sengupta]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:T. N. Seshan]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Kumar Shahani]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Abu Salman Shahjahanpuri]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Aruna Shanbaug case]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Ravi Shankar]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Robo Shankar]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:V. Shanta]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Shivkumar Sharma]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Yashpal Sharma (cricketer)]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:R. N. Shetty]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:S. K. Shivakumar]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:V. G. Siddhartha]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:E. A. Siddiq]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Danish Siddiqui]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Deep Sidhu]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2011 Sikkim earthquake]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Silda camp attack]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:INS Sindhurakshak]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Anjum Singh]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Arjan Singh]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Charanjit Singh (field hockey)]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Doodhnath Singh]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Fauja Singh]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Gurdev Singh Gill (physician)]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Gurdial Singh]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Jaswant Singh]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Kalyan Singh]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Lalji Singh]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Manmohan Singh]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Milkha Singh]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Namvar Singh]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Rudratej Singh]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Sarabjit Singh]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Vashishtha Narayan Singh]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Virbhadra Singh]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Bikash Sinha]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Ranjit Sinha]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Sharda Sinha]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Tarak Sinha]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Vidya Sinha]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Mythili Sivaraman]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Slender-billed vulture]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Swami Smaranananda]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Krishna Sobti]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2017 South Asian floods]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Raju Srivastav]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Statue of Unity]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Sugathakumari]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Sumitra Bhave–Sunil Sukthankar]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Supreme Court of India]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2019 Surat fire]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Siddhaanth Vir Surryavanshi]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Ibrahim Sutar]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Shivakumara Swami]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:M. S. Swaminathan]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Stan Swamy]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Sushma Swaraj]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Lalji Tandon]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Tariffs in the second Trump administration]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Salman Taseer]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Ratan Tata]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Telangana]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Sachin Tendulkar]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Mother Teresa]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Natwar Thakkar]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Jacob Thoomkuzhy]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Kapil Narayan Tiwari]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:N. D. Tiwari]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Triple talaq in India]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Hargovind Laxmishanker Trivedi]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Mark Tully]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:J. P. S. Uberoi]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:K. K. Usha]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2024 Hathras crowd crush]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2021 Uttarakhand flood]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Uttarakhand tunnel rescue]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Narayanan Vaghul]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Urvashi Vaid]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Saroja Vaidyanathan]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:M. S. Valiathan]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Carlos G. Vallés]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Kamal Rani Varun]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:H. Vasanthakumar]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Ghulam Mohammad Vastanvi]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Akshay Venkatesh]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:S. Venkitaramanan]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Manas Bihari Verma]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Vijay (director)]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Vijayadashami]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Vijayakanth]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:INS Vikrant (2013)]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Manikka Vinayagam]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Violence against Indians in Australia controversy]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Visakhapatnam gas leak]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Viswanathan Anand]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Vivek (actor)]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Faizul Waheed]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:David Washbrook]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2024 Wayanad landslides]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:West Indian cricket team in India in 2013–14]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:World Chess Championship 2010]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Mulayam Singh Yadav]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Sharad Yadav]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Yadlapati Venkata Rao]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Hasu Yajnik]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Sitaram Yechury]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Yesudasan]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Mushtaq Ahmad Yusufi]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Ravi Zacharias]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Zarina (artist)]]
*{{icon|itn}} [[:Ziona]]
</div>
===''Did you know?'' articles===
<div style='column-width: 30em;'>
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:1st Madras State Assembly]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:2nd Congress of the Communist Party of India]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:2nd Global Indian Film Awards]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:2nd Queen Victoria's Own Rajput Light Infantry]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:3 Deewarein]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:4th Madras State Assembly]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:6 Ballygunge Place]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:16 Vayathinile]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:17th Lok Sabha]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:63rd Cavalry (India)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:150th birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:1860 Boden Professor of Sanskrit election]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:1881 Nicobar Islands earthquake]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:1920 (film)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:1920 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:1921 Buckingham and Carnatic Mills strike]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:1923 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:1926 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:1930 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:1937 Sind Provincial Assembly election]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:1946 Bihar riots]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:1952 Coorg State Legislative Assembly election]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:1956 Anjar earthquake]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:1957 Manipur Territorial Council election]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:1960 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:1964 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:1964 Rameswaram cyclone]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:1964 split in the Communist Party of India]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:1970 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:1972 Gird by-election]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:1974 Sikkimese general election]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:1978 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:1978 Sikh–Nirankari clash]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:1979 Nagapattinam by-election]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:1981 Meenakshipuram conversion]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:1990 Andhra Pradesh cyclone]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:1992 New Delhi by-election]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:1993 Hero Cup]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:1994 Gowari stampede]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:1995–96 Singer Cup]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:1995 India cyclone]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:1996 Andhra Pradesh cyclone]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:1996 Pepsi Sharjah Cup]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:1997 Pepsi Independence Cup]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:1999 Chamoli earthquake]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:2000 Sri Lanka cyclone]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:2006 ICC Champions Trophy final]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:2008 Commonwealth Youth Games medal table]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gurjar agitation in Rajasthan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:2008 Indian Premier League final]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:2008 Karnataka-Tamil Nadu alcohol poisonings]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:2008 Simaria by-election]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:2009 Deccan Chargers season]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:2009 Gujarat alcohol poisonings]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:2010 Commonwealth Games opening ceremony]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:2010 Indian onion crisis]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:2010 Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council election]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:2011 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:2012 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:2012 Delhi Daredevils season]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:2012 Indian Premier League opening ceremony]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:2012 Indian Premier League spot-fixing case]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:2014 Tripura local elections]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:2015 Dadri mob lynching]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:2015 National Games of India medal table]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:2015 Ratlam by-election]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:2016 Uttarakhand forest fires]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:2020–21 SC East Bengal season]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:2020 Jawaharlal Nehru University attack]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:2022 Yangtse clash]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:2023 Singareni Collieries Company Limited union representative election]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:2025 Chennai Super Kings season]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:2025 Royal Challengers Bengaluru season]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:A. Sreekar Prasad filmography]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:AK vs AK]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Aagaman]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Aah (film)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kartik Aaryan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Margaret Abbott]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Hashim Abdul Halim]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Abosheshey]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Abujhmarh]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sunkam Achalu]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Achamillai Achamillai]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:M. P. T. Acharya]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Udyavara Madhava Acharya]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Achhe Din Aane Waale Hain]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Acintya]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Act East policy]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Adalaj Stepwell]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gautam Adani]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Adhisaya Ulagam]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Adhyatma Upanishad]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gopalakrishna Adiga]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Perdur Radhakantha Adiga]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Maraimalai Adigal]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:S. P. Adithanar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Adivasi Cobra Force]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Adiyogi Shiva bust]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Administration of the kingdom of Mysore]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Advayataraka Upanishad]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Adwaita]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ae Watan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Aegan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Afghan Church]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Afghanistan–India relations]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Afsarwala tomb]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Lakkhiram Agarwal]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shyam Swarup Agarwal]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jyoti Prasad Agarwala]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Agathoclea]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Age of Consent Act, 1891]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jai Bhagwan Aggarwal]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Agra famine of 1837–1838]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Agragami Adivasi Samiti]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Agrasen]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Subhash Chandra Agrawal]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Javed Agrewala]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Agriculture in ancient Tamil country]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Agumbe]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ahalya]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Aharbal]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ahichchhatra Jain temples]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Muskan Ahirwar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Z. A. Ahmed]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ahmedabad Stock Exchange]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ahmedabad Textile Industry's Research Association]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ahmednagar Fort]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Khwaja Ahsanullah]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Aina Mahal]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Air India]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Air India Flight 112 plot]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Air India One]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Airport Sector (CISF)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ajmer Dargah bombing]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Akbar Bhawan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Akhil Bharatiya Akhara Parishad]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Naeem Akhtar (politician)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Akshayapureeswarar Temple]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Akshi Upanishad]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Alai Darwaza]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Mahbub Alam (politician)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Alamgir Mosque]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Alchi Monastery]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Alchon Huns]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Alexandra Girls' English Institution]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Aruna Asaf Ali]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Idris Ali (politician)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ahmad Ali Khan of Malerkotla]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum (1956 film)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Alimuddin (cricketer)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:All Hyderabad Trade Union Congress]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:All I Want Is Everything (film)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:All India Anglo-Indian Association]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:All India Azad Muslim Conference]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:All India Conference of Indian Christians]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of All India Forward Bloc candidates in the 2014 Indian general election]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:All-India Sikh Students' Federation]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:All Jammu and Kashmir Plebiscite Front]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:All People's Party (Assam)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Anant Sadashiv Altekar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Amalaka Ekadashi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Amar Asha]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Amar Jawan Jyoti]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Amar Kutir]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Amar Mahal Palace]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Amaraneedi Nayanar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Amaravati Marbles]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Amateur radio in India]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Amba (Mahabharata)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ambati Rambabu]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Amber Fort]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ambikapathy (1937 film)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Amdavad ni Gufa]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ameenpur Lake]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Amethi Lok Sabha constituency]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ami Aadu]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Amma Cheppindi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Karthyayani Amma]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Amoghavarsha]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Amritabindu Upanishad]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Amritsar 1919]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Amrut Distilleries]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Amrut (whisky)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Amrutanjan Healthcare]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Anal people]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ananda Ranga Pillai]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Anandabhadram]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Anandalahari]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Anandibai]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Anangpur Dam]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Anantashayana Vishnu]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:S. Anantharamakrishnan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Anasuya (film)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Anaya Nayanar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Andaman Sea]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Andaman masked owl]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Andanappa Doddameti]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Andayya]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Andhra Pradesh Housing Board]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Andu Masjid]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Pulney Andy]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Angadipuram Laterite]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Killing of Geetha Angara]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:First Anglo-Mysore War]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Third Anglo-Mysore War]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Angry Brides]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Anhonee (1952 film)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Anis Al-Hujjaj]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Anjada Gandu (2014 film)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Fort Anjediva]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Atharva Ankolekar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ankur (film)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Annada Mangal]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:C. N. Annadurai]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Annie Larsen affair]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Annihilation of Caste]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Anniyan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Anokhi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Antardwand]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:1933 anti-Nazi boycott]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Anti-defection law (India)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Anuradhapura kingdom]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:P. Shilu Ao]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Apputhi Adigal]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Arab Serai]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Arabari]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Arang]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Arbit Choudhury]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Architecture of Mumbai]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Architecture of Karnataka]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ardhanarishvara]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Areca nut production in India]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:INS Arighaat]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Arikamedu]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Arise, awake, and stop not till the goal is reached]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Arjun: Kalimpong E Sitaharan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of Arjuna Award recipients (2010–2019)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Arjuna Ratha]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Arki, India]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Armamalai Cave]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Samineni Arulappa]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Aladi Aruna]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Aruneya Upanishad]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Āryabhaṭa's sine table]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Asaga]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Battle of Asal Uttar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Asamardhuni Jivayatra]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Asampurna Melakarta]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ashchorjyo Prodeep]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Neelabh Ashk]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ashoka's Hell]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ashokan Edicts in Delhi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ashta Chamma]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ashta Nayika]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ashta Pradhan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ashtabharya]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ashtamudi Lake]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Claude Ashton]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Asian News International v. Wikimedia Foundation]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Asian Paints]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:The Asiatic Society of Mumbai]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Asikni (goddess)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Assam Petro-Chemicals]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Astor markhor]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Astu]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ata Pata Laapata]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Atala Mosque, Jaunpur]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Atharvashikha Upanishad]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Atharvashiras Upanishad]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Atma Siddhi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Atmabodha Upanishad]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Atmano mokshartham jagat hitaya cha]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Attara Kacheri]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Aṭṭhāna Jātaka]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Aundh Experiment]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Aurora Film Corporation]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Australian cricket team in India in 2000–01]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Austroboletus olivaceoglutinosus]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Auxiliary nurse midwife]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Avadhanum Paupiah]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Avakai Biryani]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Aval Appadithan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Avana Ivan!?]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Avrodh: The Siege Within]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Avyakta Upanishad]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Awaaz Foundation]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of awards and nominations received by Ilaiyaraaja]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ayahs' Home]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ayudha Puja]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ayudhapurusha]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ayurvedic and Unani Tibbia College]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Abdul Ahad Azad]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Azad Hind stamps]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Abdul Ghani Azhari]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Azhiyatha Kolangal]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Azizul Huque]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Aṅgulimāla]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:BBC Indian Sportswoman of the Year]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:BMW G 310 R]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Demolition of the Babri Masjid]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Abhishek Bachchan filmography]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Badami cave temples]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Fateh Chand Badhwar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Badluram Ka Badan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Badnam Basti]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bagbazar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:S. K. Bagga]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Baghmundi (community development block)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Baháʼí House of Worship]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bahadur Shah I]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bahadur (comics)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Baharistan-i-Ghaibi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bahinabai]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bahu Fort]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bahubali]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bahujana sukhaya bahujana hitaya cha]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Mah Laqa Bai]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Abbas Ali Baig]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kirori Singh Bainsla]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bairavi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Yogendra Nath Baitha]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:M. P. Bajana]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bajirao Mastani]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bala (1976 film)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Anju Bala]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bala Ganapati]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of awards and nominations received by K. Balachander]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ahmed bin Abdullah Balala]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Vidya Balan filmography]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of awards and nominations received by S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Balayogini]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Madhosh Balhami]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Balipratipada]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Janaki Ballabh]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ballard Bunder Gatehouse]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Baloke]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Palwankar Baloo]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Balotsav]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bama (writer)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Banai (goddess)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Banashankari Amma Temple]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bandra Fair]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bandwan (community development block)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:First Banerjee ministry]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Biman Banerjee]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gurudas Banerjee]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Krishna Mohan Banerjee]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Satyapriya Banerjee]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sasipada Banerji]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Subir Banerjee]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Surendranath Banerjee]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bangalore Blue]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bangalore Fort]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bangalore Gayana Samaja]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ayaan Ali Bangash]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Banglabandha]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bangladeshis in India]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Banking in Karnataka]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Moheschunder Bannerjee]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Banni Grasslands Reserve]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Abadi Bano Begum]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Haripriya Banoth]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Baolis of Mehrauli]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Damodar Ganesh Bapat]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Joseph Baptista]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bara Gumbad]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Barada Mukutmoni]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Barakar River]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Barakhamba]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Baranagar Math]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Barbeque Nation]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Dayamani Barla]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bangshi Badan Barman]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Prasenjit Barman]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sukumar Barman]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:The Barn Owl's Wondrous Capers]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Barog]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Baroli Temples]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Barrackpore Trunk Road]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Barren Island (Andaman Islands)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bartaman Bharat]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ananda Chandra Barua]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sajal Barui]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Mukta Barve]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:P. B. M. Basaiawmoit]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Basanti, South 24 Parganas]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Basavakalyana Fort]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Farman Basha]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Basilica of Our Lady of Good Health]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bipasha Basu filmography]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rajnarayan Basu]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sankari Prasad Basu]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bathing Ghat, Bulandshahr]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bhicoo Batlivala]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Manika Batra]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Battis Khamba]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Battle of Bhangani]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Battle of Chaul]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Battle of Chunj]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Battle of Manupur]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Battle of Talikota]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Battle of Vatapi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bawaman Mosque]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Beaches in Kerala]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Beda people]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Mitter Bedi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Beekeeping in India]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Fathima Beevi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Before Freedom: Nehru's Letters to His Sister 1909–1947]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sarla Behn]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gufran-Ullah Beig]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Beighton Cup]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Belgaum Fort]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bellary Fort]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bengal Chamber of Commerce and Industry]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bengal famine of 1943]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bengal slow loris]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bengali nationalism]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bengaluru]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bengaluru Palace]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bengaluru Pete]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Berijam Lake]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Berlin Committee]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Prem Bery]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Best Bakery case]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bettiah Christians]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Betula utilis]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bhadra Dam]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bhadra Fort]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bhadra (Krishna's wife)]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bhadrakali (film)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bhadrambhadra]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chapal Bhaduri]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Nrisingha Prasad Bhaduri]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Niranjan Bhagat]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bhagavad Gita As It Is trial]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bhagavadajjukam]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Anuya Y Bhagwat]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Vishnu Bhagwat]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bhairava Ashtami]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ankita Bhakat]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Manu Bhaker]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bhakta Vidur]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:M. Bhaktavatsalam]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bhaktha Sri Thyagaraja]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bharat Ratna]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bharatiya Janata Party]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of chief ministers from the Bharatiya Janata Party]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bharatiya Khet Mazdoor Union]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bharatpur, Rajasthan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bharavi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Nivedita Bhasin]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bhasmajabala Upanishad]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sanaullah Bhat]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bhat clan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Alia Bhatt filmography]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Markand Bhatt]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gopal Chandra Bhattacharya]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jyotibhushan Bhattacharya]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rajinder Kaur Bhattal]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bhan Singh Bhaura]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bhikshatana]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bhikshuka Upanishad]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Diwaliben Bhil]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bhima Devi Temple Site Museum]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bhima Ratha]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bhimtal Lake]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:1970 Bhiwandi riots]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bhojeshwar Temple]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bholu (mascot)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bhoota (ghost)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Joseph William Bhore]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bhuj Airport]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bhusawal–Kalyan section]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Prashant Bhushan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shanti Bhushan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bhushi Dam]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bhutan House]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bhutan–India relations]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bhutanatha group of temples, Badami]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bhutanatha group]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bidar Fort]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bidhannagar College]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bidriware]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Big Bull, India]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bihar Animal Sciences University]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bihar famine of 1873–1874]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bihari culture]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bijapur Fort]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:1990 Bijnor riot]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Karan Bilimoria, Baron Bilimoria]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Binaca Geetmala]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Abhinav Bindra]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Apurba Kishore Bir]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bir Kuar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Birchandra Manu massacre]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Birhor people]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bisaldeo temple]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Mohan Singh Bisht]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bisrakh]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bissau Palace Hotel, Jaipur]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Barun Biswas]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ipsita Biswas]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sharmila Biswas]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bizhu]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Black stork]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Blackbuck]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Isla Blair]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bleed India with a Thousand Cuts]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Blyth's kingfisher]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bobbili Fort]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bogibeel Bridge]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sudhakar Bokade]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bolshevik Party of India]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bombay Hindi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bombay Tournament (cricket)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bombay night frog]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bombay sandwich]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bommai (1964 film)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Booth capturing]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Phani Bora]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Vanita Jagdeo Borade]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Border Personnel Meeting Point]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Drupad Borgohain]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ratilal Borisagar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Boroline]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Borra Caves]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Nirmal Kumar Bose]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Nitin Bose]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sarat Chandra Bose]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Boss (2013 Hindi film)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gabriel Boughton]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bowbazar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Eric Bowen]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ursula Graham Bower]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of international cricket centuries at Brabourne Stadium]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Brachystelma tumakurense]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Brahma Temple, Pushkar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Brahma Temple, Khajuraho]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Brahmachari (1938 film)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Brahmagiri archaeological site]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Brahmavidya Upanishad]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Raghunath Brahmbhatt]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:The Brahmin and the Mongoose]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Breaking the Spell (Stork book)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bride buying]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Brihajjabala Upanishad]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Brihanmumbai Storm Water Disposal System]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Brijmohan Lall Munjal]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Brindavan Gardens]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:British Asian Cup]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:British Committee of the Indian National Congress]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:British Indian passport]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:British rule in Assam]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Elvera Britto]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ben Brocklehurst]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Brooke Bond Taj Mahal Tea House]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Percy Brown (art historian)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Robert E. Brown]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Geoffrey Bruce]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:William Brydon]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Buddha Statue of Hyderabad]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Buddha footprint]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Buddhism in Himachal Pradesh]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Buddhism, the Fulfilment of Hinduism]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bugle Rock]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bugun liocichla]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bugyals]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bulandshahr: Or, Sketches of an Indian District]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Lady Constance Bulwer-Lytton]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jasprit Bumrah]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gangadhar Appa Burande]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Burdwan (Zamindari)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Richard Burn (Indologist)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Burrabazar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Burzahom archaeological site]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:The Butcher of Amritsar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Byadagi chilli]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Byrnihat]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:C Kkompany]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:C/O Sir]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:C. R. formula]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:CISF Unit Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:COVID-19 pandemic in Maharashtra]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Cadex 2009]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Calcutta Polo Club]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Calcutta South East Lok Sabha constituency]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:University of Calcutta]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Calico Dome]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Calocybe indica]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:The Cambridge History of India]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chamling language]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Charlotte Canning, Countess Canning]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Canning, South 24 Parganas]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Cardamom production]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:K. M. Cariappa]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Hugh Carless]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:John Cartier]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Casino Goa]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Catholicos of India (title)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Cave Temples of Mahabalipuram]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Caves of Meghalaya]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Cellular Jail]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Central Asian Flyway]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Central Economic Intelligence Bureau]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Central Indian campaign of 1858]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Central Industrial Security Force Act, 1968]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Central Khalsa Orphanage]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Central Leather Research Institute]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Central Organising Committee, Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Central Organising Committee, Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Party Unity]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Central Police Canteen]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chaar Sahibzaade]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Neeru Chadha]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chadti Jawani Meri Chaal Mastani]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Baidyanath Chakrabarty]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jatin Chakraborty]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kaushiki Chakraborty]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Mahasweta Chakraborty]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chamba, Himachal Pradesh]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chamba Rumal]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chameli Devi Jain Award for Outstanding Women Mediapersons]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:R. Champakalakshmi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jama Mosque, Champaner]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Champions League Twenty20]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chamunda]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chand Bujh Gaya]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chand Sadagar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chandavaram Buddhist site]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:N. G. Chandavarkar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:2021 Chandigarh Municipal Corporation election]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chandigarh chair]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Mahant Chandnath]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bhagya Chandra]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Romesh Chandra]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:T. J. Chandrachoodan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chandralekha (1948 film)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:R. G. Chandramogan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chandramukhi (character)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by B. S. Chandrasekhar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:V. B. Chandrasekhar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chandravalli]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chandrayaan-2]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Channapatna toys]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Channar revolt]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chappell–Ganguly controversy]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Charnockite, St. Thomas Mount]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chinthamani Ragoonatha Chary]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chashme Shahi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chatrak]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Aroup Chatterjee]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Debopriya and Suchismita Chatterjee]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ram Chatterjee]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sovan Chatterjee]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chaturbhuj Temple (Orchha)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:John Allen Chau]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chauburji (Agra)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Garima Chaudhary]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Laxmi Narayan Chaudhary]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Satveer Chaudhary]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ranjit Roy Chaudhury]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chetan Chauhan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sharad Chauhan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chausath Khamba]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chausath Yogini Temple, Mitaoli]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chavundaraya]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ram Nath Chawla]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shiv Chawrasia]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chedipe]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Cheeka (dog)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chelembra bank robbery]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Raja Chelliah]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Manjula Chellur]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Eugene Chelyshev]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chemmeen]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Malathi Chendur]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chengalloor Ranganathan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chennai Book Fair]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Administrative divisions of Chennai]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chennai Express]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:INS Chennai]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:11th Chennai International Film Festival]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chennakesava Perumal Temple]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Cheraman Juma Mosque]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Accamma Cherian]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Cherrapunji]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:A. K. Chettiar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:T. S. Avinashilingam Chettiar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:T. Namberumal Chetty]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chhilchhila Wildlife Sanctuary]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chhinnamasta]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chhota Bheem and the Curse of Damyaan (2012 film)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chhota Bheem and the Throne of Bali]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chicago Radio]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:K. Chidananda Gowda]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chief of Defence Staff (India)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chieftaincy of Kumaon]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Child labour in India]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Children's Museum, Siri Fort]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chilika Lake]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chimnabai Clock Tower]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chimnabai I]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Joshna Chinappa]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Hira Singh Chinaria]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chinese people in India]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chintamani (1937 film)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chintamani Temple, Theur]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chirand]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Venu Chitale]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shya Chitaley]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chitpur]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chitradurga Fort]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chitrakote Falls]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chittor Fort]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Nasarvanji Hormusji Choksy]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chola Expedition of the Ganges]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chola Navy]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chole bhature]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of awards and nominations received by Parineeti Chopra]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of Priyanka Chopra performances]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chorabari Lake]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chori Chori Chupke Chupke]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chotoder Chobi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Habibullah Bahar Chowdhury]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Deepak Chougule]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Eulie Chowdhury]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Siddiqullah Chowdhury]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chowkidar Chor Hai]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chowringhee]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Abbakka Chowta]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Christ Church, Byculla]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sister Christine]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Soorjo Coomar Goodeve Chuckerbutty]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chunar Fort]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chupkatha]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Church of Our Lady of Springs]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Church of St. Augustine, Goa]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Churel]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:City Palace, Jaipur]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:City Palace, Udaipur]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Clinical trials in India]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Clock Tower of Haridwar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:The Cloud Door]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Clouded leopard]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Cobrapost]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:1997–98 Coca-Cola Cup]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Cochin Jews]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Battle of Colachel]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Colachel]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Colonel Mordaunt's Cock Match]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of Communist Party of India (Marxist) candidates in the 2014 Indian general election]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Composite Nationalism and Islam]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Composite miniature painting]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Constitution Day (India)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Consulate General of Germany, Bengaluru]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Coronation Park, Delhi]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:The Country Without a Post Office]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Margaret Cousins]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Dirom Grey Crawford]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Cusrow Baug]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Cut Like Wound]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Joe D'Cruz]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:D. G. Ruparel College of Arts, Science and Commerce]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Basil Salvadore D'Souza]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Yusuf Dadoo]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Dairy in India]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Homi F. Daji]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Dakshayagnam (1938 film)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Dakshin Gangotri]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Cyclone Dana]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shripad Amrit Dange]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ahmad Hasan Dani]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Dantan I]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Darbar of Aurangzeb]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Darjeeling Ropeway]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Darkhuang]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Anadi Das]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jagannath Prasad Das]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jatindra Nath Das]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sudhir Chandra Das]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Undurti Narasimha Das]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Upendra Nath Das]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jagannatha Dasa (Kannada poet)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Vijaya Dasa]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Purnendu Dastidar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Birendra Nath Datta]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ram Chandra Datta]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bandaru Dattatreya]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Dattatreya Upanishad]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Daulat (artist)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jairamdas Daulatram]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Anant Dave]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jugatram Dave]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ravindra Dave]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Nina Davuluri]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Mama Baleshwar Dayal]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Dear Friend Hitler]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Nabakrishna Deb]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bidya Debbarma]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Debipaksha]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Narayan Debnath]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Decaspermum humile]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Deccan painting]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Deekshabhoomi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Deepak Fertilisers and Petrochemicals]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sneha Deepthi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Defence Intelligence Agency (India)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Deganga]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Deiva Magan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Delhi–Lahore Bus]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Demographics of Karnataka]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Demographics of Tiruchirappalli]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bobby Deol]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Deolali transit camp]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Deonar dumping ground]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Derasar, Rajasthan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bhulabhai Desai]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Dinakara Desai]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jayant Desai]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Descent of the Ganges (Mahabalipuram)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Dev Deepavali (Varanasi)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bhattakalanka Deva]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Deval Devi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Deval Masjid]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Devanahalli Fort]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Devanahalli pomelo]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Devasena]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kagganapalli Radha Devi]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rani Kumudini Devi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Devi River]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Satyavati Devi (born 1905)]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Devrai]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:The Dewarists]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chinmoy Sankar Dey]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Dhammapada (Easwaran translation)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Dhammapada (Radhakrishnan translation)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Pranav Dhanawade]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Dhaniakhali (community development block)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Dhanush filmography]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Deepak Dhar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jiban Ratan Dhar]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of Dharma Productions films]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Roopa Dhatt]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Diamond Research and Mercantile City]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Dima Halim Daoga]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Dinakaran attack]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Dipor Bil]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Directive Principles in India]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Director General of the Indian Coast Guard]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Diskit Monastery]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Disqualification of convicted representatives in India]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Diu Fortress]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Divisional Railway Hospital, Golden Rock]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Madhuri Dixit filmography]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Do You Remember Kunan Poshpora?]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Doctor Savithri]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Doda River]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Doddabasappa Temple]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Doing Time, Doing Vipassana]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Dombi Heruka]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Dookudu]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:The Doon School Quintet]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:The Doon School Weekly]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Doorathu Idi Muzhakkam]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Dossibai Patell]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Dost Mohammad of Bhopal]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Dostana (2008 film)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Double Seven (soft drink)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Award]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Drang-Drung Glacier]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Dras River]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Draupadi Ratha]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Vyanktesh Vishnu Dravid]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Drawings by Douglas Hamilton]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Drishyam]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Dronacharya Award]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Dubdi Monastery]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Duhamel plan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Dui Bigha Jomi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Duke and Sons]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Duladeo Temple]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:S. A. K. Durga]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Durga Vahini]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Durgam Cheruvu]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Durgasimha]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Durgiana Temple]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ahmad Shah Durrani]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Dusari Goshta]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gurusai Dutt]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Mrinal Dutt]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bhupendranath Datta]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Dwarka]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Dwarkin]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Manilal Dwivedi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rewa Prasad Dwivedi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:E. V. R. Nagammai]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:ETC Bollywood Business Awards]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Eat Pray Love (book)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ebrahim Ebrahim]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Economy of ancient Tamil country]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Edicts of Ashoka]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Edoardo Tiretta]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Eicher Polaris Multix]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ek Hi Raasta (1956 film)]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Enchey Monastery]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Esplanade, Kolkata]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Alfred Eteson]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Etymology of Karnataka]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ezhavathu Manithan]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of accolades received by Fashion (2008 film)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Fateh Sagar Lake]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Father, Son, and Holy War]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Mary Fenton]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Diogo Fernandes Pereira]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jacqueline Fernandez]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:First oath of office ceremony of Narendra Modi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gerhard Fischer (diplomat)]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Foundation of the Communist Party of India]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Foxconn and unions]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shirin Fozdar]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ian Frazer (cricketer)]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:French India Socialist Party]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:French India Students Congress]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Frente Popular (Goa)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Narayan Fugro]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Full Circle: Carnegie Hall 2000]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Asaf Ali Asghar Fyzee]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Samuel Fyzee-Rahamin]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gaarudi Gombe]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gaddam Padmaja Reddy]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Catherine Galbraith]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gambler's Lament]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bipin Ganatra]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kanu Gandhi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Leela Gandhi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Prabhudas Gandhi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rambha Gandhi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gandhi Sagar Dam]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gandhi as a Political Strategist]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gandhi cap]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gandhian economics]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ganesha Temple, Idagunji]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ganesha drinking milk miracle]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ganga Dussehra]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ganga puja]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gangamoola]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gangavaram Port]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gangavataran]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kadambini Ganguly]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sister Gargi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Battle of Garibpur]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Garuda Upanishad]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gate of Mercy Synagogue]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gateway of India]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Naresh Gaur]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Balmukund Goutam]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gavaksha]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jiva Pandu Gavit]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Edward Pritchard Gee]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Geet Ramayan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Genda Phool]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gentleman (2016 film)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Germany–India relations]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:A.M.O. Ghani]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gharib Niwaz (Manipur)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Satishkumar Namdeo Ghormade]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ghory and Dixit]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Monomohun Ghose]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Santi Ghose]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Hara Chandra Ghosh]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Krishnapada Ghosh]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Mantu Ghosh]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ghum, West Bengal]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ghurni]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Robert Gill]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sukhbir Singh Gill]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gingee Fort]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Giriyak Stupa]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gita Dhyanam]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Goa Opinion Poll Day]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Goa State Museum]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Goa Vikas Party]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Goa liberation movement]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gobindapur, Kolkata]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Godavari Arch Bridge]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Godavari Maha Pushkaram]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:The Goddess Bhairavi Devi with Shiva]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Godfrey Phillips National Bravery Awards]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:J. J. Goodwin]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Lalit Goel]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gokak agitation]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Siegfried Goldschmidt]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Laxman Gole]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gomastha]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Henry Goodeve]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Leslie Goonewardene]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gopi Talav]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gopichand Badminton Academy]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gosaba]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:George Goschen, 2nd Viscount Goschen]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Anil Goswami]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ravinder Goswami]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kathleen Gough]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:R. E. Grant Govan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Government Sanskrit College, Varanasi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Government of NCT of Delhi v. Union of India]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Govindachandra (Gahadavala dynasty)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Govindadasa]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Anke Gowda]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Karl Graul]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Grazing Goat Pictures]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Great Bombay textile strike]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Great Eastern Hotel, Kolkata]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Great Famine of 1876–1878]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Great Renunciation]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Greater Cooch Behar Democratic Party]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Greater East Asia Conference]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Grey heron]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Groom kidnapping]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Group theatre of Kolkata]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Frederic Growse]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Guardians of the Skies]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Moni Guha]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sonali Guha]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Subhra Guha]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Guhyaka]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gujarat Vidyapith]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:1985 Gujarat riots]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gulaab Gang]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gulabsinh]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gulbarga Fort]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:J. S. Guleria]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gulmarg Golf Club]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gulmarg Wildlife Sanctuary]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gulshan-i 'Ishq]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gunday]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gundicha Temple]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gundlupet Assembly constituency]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Adesh Gupta]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Deepak Gupta (judge)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Indrajit Gupta]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kavinder Gupta]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Mahendranath Gupta]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Manmath Nath Gupta]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Pankaj Gupta (sports administrator)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sadhan Gupta]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sanjay Gupta (business executive)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Vinita Gupta]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gupta art]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Guptakashi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bhai Gurdas]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Guru En Aalu]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Guru Ram Rai Darbar Sahib]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gurudongmar Lake]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bhanbhagta Gurung]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Randor Guy]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gwalior Fort]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rickard D. Gwydir]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gyanvapi Mosque]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gyarah Murti]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:William Gyfford]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kamal Haasan filmography]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shruti Haasan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Muhammad Habibullah]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Haft Gumbaz]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Steven van der Hagen]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of accolades received by Haider (film)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Wolseley Haig]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Firhad Hakim]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Asit Kumar Haldar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Nikki Haley]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Hallur]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Hamari Paltan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Hamdard India]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Hamida Banu Begum]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Arthur Francis Hamilton]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Douglas Hamilton]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Hampi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Hamsa-Sandesha]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Hancock Bridge, Mumbai]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Handigodu syndrome]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Hanuman Temple, Connaught Place]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Hanuman temple, Salangpur]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Happiness Curriculum]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Abdul Haq (Urdu scholar)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Azizul Haque (educator)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Karimul Haque]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Asrarul Haq Qasmi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Haravijaya]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:L. N. Hardas]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sharad Moreshwar Hardikar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Hari & Sukhmani]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Haribhadra]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Haridas (1944 film)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Haridra Ganapati]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Harihara (poet)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:K. Hariharan (director)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Harihareshwara Temple]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Harijan Mandal]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Harijan Sevak Sangh]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Harike Wetland]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Edward Harrison (British administrator)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Harshat Mata Temple]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Haryana Tourism Corporation]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Hauz Khas Complex]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Hauz-i-Shamsi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Hawa Mahal]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Hawkers in Kolkata]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Hayagriva Upanishad]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Hayat Bakshi Begum]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sanjay Hazare]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Matangini Hazra]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Hedgewar Smruti Mandir]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Patrick Vaughan Stanley Heenan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Helen Chaman Lall]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Helicia]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:J. Hemachandran]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Henrique Henriques]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Heramba]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Herbert Herbert]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:The Hero: Love Story of a Spy]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Hesaraghatta Lake]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Higginbotham's]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Nathaniel Higginson]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:High Street Phoenix]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of highest-grossing films in India]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Hijron Ka Khanqah]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Hill Women]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Edmund Hillary]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Himadri (research station)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Himalayan brown bear]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Hindu Mela]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Hindustan Zindabad]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Walchand Hirachand]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Hiravijaya]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Hire Benakal]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:His Storyy]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Stephen Hislop]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:History of Pulicat]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:The History of British India]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:History of Coimbatore]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:The History of Doing]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:History of Tamil Nadu]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:History of general anesthesia]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:History of the salt tax in British India]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ho people]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Hokersar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Homam (film)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Hong Bao]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Hong Kong Regiment]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Hoollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Hortus Malabaricus]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Hotel Milan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Nurul Huda (CPI(M) politician)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Cyclone Hudhud]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Humayun Shah]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Humcha Jain temples]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Hunterwali]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Zakir Husain]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Husk Power Systems]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Munir Hussain (commentator)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Hussainsagar Lake and Catchment Area Improvement Project]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sir James Hutchison, 1st Baronet]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Hutti Gold Mines Limited]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Huzoor Palace, Porbandar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Hyderabad State Congress]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:The Hymn of Samadhi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:I Protest]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:2002 ICC Champions Trophy final]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:IRNSS-1G]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:K. C. Ibrahim]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ice Hockey Association of India]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Iceland–India relations]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ichamati River]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Idagunji Mahaganapati Yakshagana Mandali]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Idamalayar Dam]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Idangai]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Idangazhi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:The Idea of Pakistan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Idhuvum Kadandhu Pogum]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ila (Hinduism)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ilayankudi Maranar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:J. Mohammed Imam]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Syeda Bilgrami Imam]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Akhtarul Iman]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:The Immortals of Meluha]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Imperial Gift]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Saba Imtiaz]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Indian 10 Rupee Mahatma Gandhi postage stamp]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:India Government Mint, Noida]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:India–Kazakhstan relations]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:India–Laos relations]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of India cricketers who have taken five-wicket hauls on Test debut]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:India–Maldives relations]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:India Meteorological Department]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:India–Myanmar barrier]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:India–Myanmar relations]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:India–Namibia relations]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:India–Nigeria relations]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:India–Pakistan Confederation]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:India–Pakistan maritime trespassing]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:India–Poland relations]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:India–Saudi Arabia relations]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:India–Singapore relations]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:India–South Africa relations]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:India–South Korea Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:India–Sri Lanka relations]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:India–Tajikistan relations]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:India: The Modi Question]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:India at the 2011 Commonwealth Youth Games]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:India national cricket team record by opponent]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:India national football team at the Asian Games]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:India's Daughter]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:India women's national cricket team record by opponent]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Indian Air Force: A Cut Above]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Indian Airlines Flight 503]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Indian Antarctic Programme]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:The Indian Antiquary]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Indian Army during World War II]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Indian Institute of Information Technology, Bhagalpur]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Indian Institute of Information Technology, Nagpur]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Indian Journal of Medical Research]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Indian National Congress campaign for the 2014 Indian general election]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:The Indian Struggle]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:The Indian War of Independence (book)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Indian Wild Ass Sanctuary]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Indian copper plate inscriptions]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Indian cricket team in South Africa in 1996–97]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2013–14]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Indian cricket team in Zimbabwe in 1992–93]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:M. K. Indira]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Inner Engineering: A Yogi's Guide to Joy]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:It's a Girl: The Three Deadliest Words in the World]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Itahar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Wali Mohammad Itoo]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Iyarpagai Nayanar]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:S. Srinivasa Iyengar]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Joravarsinh Jadav]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:K. D. Jadhav]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Pravin Jadhav]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shraddha Jadhav]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jaffna hospital massacre]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ehsan Jafri]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jag Mandir Palace]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jaganmohan Palace]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jahangir Embracing Shah Abbas]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jahangir Preferring a Sufi Shaikh to Kings]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jahangir Receives Prince Khurram]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jahangir Visiting the Ascetic Jadrup]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jahangir with a Portrait of Akbar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jahanpanah]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jahaz Mahal]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Yashasvi Jaiswal]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jal Mahal]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jal Mandir]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:2002 Jalandhar MiG-21 crash]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jalangi River]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jalavihar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Appa Jalgaonkar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:R. C. Jall]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Raji Jallepalli]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jama Masjid, Delhi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jama Masjid, Hyderabad]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jambuka]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shahid Jameel]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jamiat Ulama-i-Hind]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jammu]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jammu–Sialkot line]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jammu and Kashmir Awami League]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jammu and Kashmir Public Safety Act, 1978]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Priscilla Jana]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Janala]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Janata Morcha]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Janbazar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jangipara (community development block)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Janna]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jasmine in Karnataka]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jasraj]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Javaregowda]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jawami ul-Hikayat]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jaya Ho]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jayanta]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jayanti (Hinduism)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:B. Jayaram]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jaydev Kenduli]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Avabai Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jeevan Ek Sanghursh]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jessore Sloth Bear Sanctuary]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sudhanshu Shekhar Jha]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jhalkaribai]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jharokha Darshan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jharsuguda–Vizianagaram line]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Priya Jhingan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jinnah House]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jnanpith Award]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jod Gumbaz]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jodhpur Group – Malani Igneous Suite Contact]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jog night frog]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kartam Joga]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Johnson (composer)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:John Johnstone (East India Company)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Joint Forest Management]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jonaki (magazine)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jorabagan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Anjali Joseph]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kuldeep Joshi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Prasoon Joshi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sharad Anantrao Joshi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Joshi's Museum of Miniature Railway]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ronald Joy]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Joymoti (1935 film)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jubbal State]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ann Hasseltine Judson]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jumbo King]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Junagarh Fort]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:June (2021 film)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:The Jungle Book (1967 film)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jungle cat]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Junior wives of Krishna]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jwalamukhi (poet)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jyotigram Yojana]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jyotisha]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Soviet submarine K-43]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kaadu (1973 Kannada film)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kaal (2007 film)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kaasav]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kaash]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kabandha]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kabi Lungchok]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kabuli Bagh Mosque]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kachche Dhaage]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kadam Rasul]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sucheta Kadethankar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kadmat Island]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:INS Kadmatt (P29)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kadu Makrani (film)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kafilur Rahman Nishat Usmani]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kaggaladu]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Katrina Kaif]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kailasanathar Temple, Kanchipuram]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kairana and Kandhla migration controversy]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kaivalya Upanishad]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kajol filmography]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kakatiya Kala Thoranam]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:P. Kakkan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kaksparsh]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kal Bhairav Temple, Ujjain]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Parithimar Kalaignar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kalanemi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kalanemi (Ramayana)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Pappu Kalani]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kalantaka]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kalarsinga Nayanar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kalasha]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kalasipalyam]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sarika Kale]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Amar Kaleka]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kali Puja]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kalidas (film)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kalika Mata Temple, Pavagadh]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kaliya Nayanar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kallanai Dam]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kallol]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kallur archaeological site]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kalmashapada]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kalpavriksha]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kalpeshwar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Subramanian Kalyanaraman]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kamada Ekadashi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kamala River]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of accolades received by Kaminey]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kamlang Wildlife Sanctuary]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:INS Kamorta (P28)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:V. Kanakasabhai]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kanchipuram in the pre-Pallava period]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Meena Kandasamy]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kangal Malsat]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kanhopatra]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kanjirapuzha Dam]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kanjli Wetland]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kann Sivanthaal Mann Sivakkum]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kannada Sahitya Parishat]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kannada grammar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kannada in computing]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Baba Kanshi Ram]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Hargovinddas Kantawala]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kanteerava Studios]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kanthaswamy]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kanthirava Narasaraja I]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kanthirava Narasaraja II]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kanyasulkam]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Vijay Kumar Kapahi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kapil Dev as Indian national cricket coach]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Aditya Raj Kapoor]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:D. S. Kapoor]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ranbir Kapoor filmography]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shahid Kapoor]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shahid Kapoor filmography]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shyam Sunder Kapoor]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sonam Kapoor]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kappe Arabhatta]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:D. R. Kaprekar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chintamoni Kar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Karan Ghelo]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Karanji Lake]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:B. V. Karanth]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Prema Karanth]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Abdur Rashid Kardar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Karera Wildlife Sanctuary]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Karl Marx in Kalbadevi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Karma (1933 film)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Karmanasa River]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Karnail Singh Stadium]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Karnataka Khadi Gramodyoga Samyukta Sangha]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Karnataka Lokayukta]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Karnataka State Cricket Association]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Karsha Monastery]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Dinesh Karthik]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Murali Kartik]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kartika Purnima]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kashibai]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Neel Kashkari]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kashmir Princess]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kashmir gray langur]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kashmiriyat]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Parupalli Kashyap]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kasivisvesvara Temple, Lakkundi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kasturi Rangappa Nayaka Fort]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kasuti]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kathanar – The Wild Sorcerer]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Katihar Medical College]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Katyar Kaljat Ghusali (film)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bal Krishna Kaul]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kaumodaki]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rukhsana Kausar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kausheya]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kaushitaki Upanishad]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Abbas Kazmi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Keechaka Vadham]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Keibul Lamjao National Park]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Attack on Arvind Kejriwal's residence]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kekhashru Mistry]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kerala backwaters]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kerala]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kerala Seaplane]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kerala Soil Museum]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kerala State Film Award for Best Director]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Keshavlal Dhruv]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Keshi (demon)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Keśin]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:B. V. Keskar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kettuvallam]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kevada Mosque]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Keventers Milkshake]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Piara Khabra]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Habibur Rahman Khairabadi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Khairatabad Ganesh]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ibrahim Khaleel]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Khalji Revolution]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jami Mosque, Khambhat]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jahangir Pestonji Khambhata]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Asad Ali Khan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Asim Ahmed Khan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Asma Khan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Farooq Khan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Imran Khan (web developer)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Malik Umar Hayat Khan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Nilofer Khan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Saumitra Khan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shah Rukh Khan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Khan Shakir Ali Khan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Khandana Bhava–Bandhana]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ghulam Moinuddin Khanji]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Hans Raj Khanna]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Twinkle Khanna]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:G. S. Khaparde]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Khasi Katha– A Goat Saga]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kavasji Palanji Khatau]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Visoba Khechara]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Khecheopalri Lake]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Khedda]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Khejuri II]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Khel Ratna Award]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Khema]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sikandar Kher]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shiv Khera]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gopal Swami Khetanchi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ajit Singh of Khetri]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Khichan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Khirki Mosque]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Khong kangjei]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Flinder Anderson Khonglam]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Khooni Darwaza]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Durga Khote]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shanno Khurana]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Dara Nusserwanji Khurody]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ayushmann Khurrana filmography]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Killing of Rahul Raj]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:INS Kiltan (P30)]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kingdom of Maryul]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Algernon Kingscote]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:1975 Kinnaur earthquake]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kirātārjunīya]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kirti Kumari]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kishan Shrikanth]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kissa Kursi Ka]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:K. M. Nanavati v. State of Maharashtra]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Knanaya]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Knesset Eliyahoo Synagogue]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chanda Kochhar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kodaikanal Lake]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kodaikanal–Munnar Road]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kodandarama Temple, Vontimitta]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kodava Hockey Festival]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kodinhi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Raja Koduri]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kohima War Cemetery]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Manisha Koirala filmography]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kokila (1977 film)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kokrebellur]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kolkata]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:2006 Kolkata leather factory fire]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kolkata Marathon]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kolkata Metro]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kolkata Suburban Railway]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kolkata West International City]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Vishnu Bhikaji Kolte]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Narayanan Komerath]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kondapalli Fort]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kondaveedu Fort]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Dadoji Kondadeo]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Koo (social network)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Koradi Thermal Power Station]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Korba Coalfield]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Korlai Fort]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Korzok Monastery]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kosala (novel)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kosambi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kota people (India)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kothandaramaswamy Temple]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kotla Mubarakpur Complex]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kotpuli]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Krazzy 4]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kripa]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kripalu Maharaj]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Krishna]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Krishna Mandapam, Mahabalipuram]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Krishna Prem]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Krishna Upanishad]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Raja Krishnamoorthi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:P. Krishnamoorthy]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Krishnan–Panju]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Henry Alfred Krishnapillai]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Krishnapuram Palace]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kristubhagavatam]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Krrish (franchise)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Nilima Arun Kshirsagar]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kudi Arasu]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:F. B. J. Kuiper]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kukkarahalli Lake]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Nagesh Kukunoor]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:INS Kulish]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kultali]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ajith Kumar filmography]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ashok Kumar (cinematographer)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Deepak Kumar (physicist)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Narendra Kumar (physicist)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Niladri Kumar]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sandeep Kumar (politician)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sharad Kumar (athlete)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sudhindranath Kumar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sushil Kumar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Vijay Kumar (molecular biologist)]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kumarakottam Temple]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Swami Kumaranand]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:J. C. Kumarappa]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Abhilasha Kumari]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bandana Kumari]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jyoti Kumari]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kumortuli]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:1991 Kunan Poshpora incident]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bhadda Kundalakesa]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kundalakesi]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:B. M. Kutty]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:L. V. Prasad Eye Institute]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:La Martinière College, Lucknow]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ladakh Chronicles]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ladakh International Film Festival]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ladakh Marathon]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shanu Lahiri]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Lahore Declaration]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Lake Pichola]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Lake Tsomgo]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Lakshmana (Krishna's wife)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Muthusamy Lakshmanan]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Lakshminarayana Temple, Hosaholalu]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Lakshmisa]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Pancham Lal]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Lalitha Mahal]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Charles Cochrane-Baillie, 2nd Baron Lamington]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Langar Ki Masjid]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sir William Langhorne, 1st Baronet]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Lanka Dahan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Walter Roper Lawrence]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Adruti Laxmibai]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gerasim Lebedev]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Leheriya]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Lekin...]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Lenyadri]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Lesser Himalayan Strata]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Michael George Levy]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Life of Pi (film)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Life of Buddha in art]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:LifeSpring Hospitals]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Lifeline Express]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:The Light: Swami Vivekananda]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:The light has gone out of our lives]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Likir Monastery]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Lila Gumbaj Ki Mosque]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:S.K. Limaye]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Lipi (script)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of awards and nominations received by Deepika Padukone]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of Arjuna Award recipients (1961–1969)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of Arjuna Award recipients (1980–1989)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of Arjuna Award recipients (1990–1999)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of Arjuna Award recipients (2000–2009)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of Chola temples in Bengaluru]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of Deccan Chargers cricketers]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of Delhi Capitals cricketers]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of India women Twenty20 International cricketers]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of Indian Premier League captains]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of Indian Premier League five-wicket hauls]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of Indian chess players]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of Kochi Tuskers Kerala cricketers]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of National Defence Academy alumni]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of Rajasthan Royals cricketers]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Tamil]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of accolades received by 7 Khoon Maaf]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of awards and nominations received by Satyajit Ray]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of destroyer classes of the Indian Navy]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of frigates of India]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of international cricket centuries by Mohammad Azharuddin]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of international cricket centuries by Sourav Ganguly]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of international cricket five-wicket hauls at Brabourne Stadium]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of international cricket five-wicket hauls at M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Anil Kumble]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Harbhajan Singh]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Kapil Dev]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of prime ministers of India]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of speakers of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Literary works of Satyajit Ray]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:The Little Girl in Blue]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Little Terrorist]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Michael Lobo (politician)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Log Kya Kahenge (film)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:John Spencer Login]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Lok Sewak Sangh]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Loktak Lake]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Lolab Valley]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Lomas Rishi Cave]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Lonar Lake]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Lopamudra]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:The Lost Homestead]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Lotus throne]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Lower Manair Dam]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Luchi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Lumbini Park]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:The Lunchbox]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Lungi Dance]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Milan Luthria]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jagjit Singh Lyallpuri]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Naqsh Lyallpuri]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Lynching of Dipu Chandra Das]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Edith Bulwer-Lytton, Countess of Lytton]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:MDH (spice company)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:MGM Group of Companies]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ma Mati Manush]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Boro Maa]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Maach]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Myra MacDonald]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Josephine MacLeod]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:James Macdonald (British Army officer)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Machali (tigress)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Elsie Mackay]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Macrocybe gigantea]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jamshedji Framji Madan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Maddali Usha Gayatri]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Madhavpura Mercantile Cooperative Bank]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Mitali Madhumita]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Madhura Vijayam]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Mysore Doreswamy Madhusudan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:N. V. Madhusudana]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Madhyamaheshwar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Madras Central Prison]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Madras Day]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:The Madras Players]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Madrasa Ghaziuddin Khan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Madrasa and tomb of Alauddin Khalji]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Madri]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Mafia Raj]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Maga Brahmin]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Maganlal Dresswala]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Mahabaleshwar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Mahabaleshwar Temple, Gokarna]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Mahad Satyagraha]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Mahadeva Temple, Itagi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Trivikrama Mahadeva]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Mahaganapati]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Mahagujarat movement]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Mahākāśyapa]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Mahakuta group of temples]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jinder Mahal]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Mahanati]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Maharajbagh Zoo]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Maharana Pratap Sagar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Maharashtra Police Headquarters]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Maharashtra Prevention and Eradication of Human Sacrifice, other Inhuman and Aghori Practices and Black Magic Act, 2013]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Mahatma Gandhi Road (Kolkata)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Purnima Mahato]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Mahavakya Upanishad]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Mahaviracharita]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Mahé River]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Balu Mahendra]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Maheshinte Prathikaaram]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Mahila Atma Raksha Samiti]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Mahim Causeway]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Mahinda (Buddhist monk)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Mahishasuramardini Mandapa]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Mahishya]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Mai (2013 film)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Maidan (Kolkata)]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Apurbalal Majumdar]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Mysore Sandal Soap]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Nassak Diamond]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:National Film Award for Best Film on Environment Conservation/Preservation]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:National Film Award for Best Lyrics]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:National Film Award for Best Music Direction]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:National Film Award for Best Screenplay]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:National Film Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:National Indian Association]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:National Industrial Security Academy]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:National Institute for the Empowerment of Persons with Intellectual Disabilities]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:National Metallurgical Laboratory]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:National Police Memorial (India)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:National Policy on Education]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:National Salt Satyagraha Memorial]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Natural Arch, Tirumala hills]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:The Naulahka: A Story of West and East]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Naulakha Palace]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of accolades received by Neerja]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Stephen Neill]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:No. 106 Squadron IAF]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Novartis v. Union of India and Others]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Objectivism in India]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Observatory Hill, Darjeeling]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Occupation of Istanbul]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Odakalu Bimba]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Odisha Ikat]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:F. O. Oertel]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Officer's Choice]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Oligodon churahensis]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara!]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Onkar Singh Kalkat]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Oops! (film)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Open Hand Monument]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:An Open Letter to Honey Singh]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Open Secrets: India's Intelligence Unveiled]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Operation All Clear]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Operation Barga]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Operation Poomalai]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Operation Puttur]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Orang National Park]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Prem Oraon]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Orchha Fort complex]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Organ donation in India]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Organ transplantation in Tamil Nadu]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Oriental Seminary]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Oru Indhiya Kanavu]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Oru Nadigai Natakam Parkiral]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Oru Second Class Yathra]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Osama bin Laden (elephant)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Beverley O'Sullivan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Oudh Bequest]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Our Hindu Rashtra]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Our Lady of Light Church, Chennai]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception Church, Goa]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gore Ouseley]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Over ground worker]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Overa-Aru Wildlife Sanctuary]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ovi (poetry)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Mafat Oza]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:PSLV-C2]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:PSLV-C5]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:PSLV-C34]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:PSLV-C42]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Pabuji Ki Phad]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Mickky Pacheco]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Pacifism in Islam]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Padayappa]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (1954–1959)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (1960–1969)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (1980–1989)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (1990–1999)]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (2010–2019)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Padma Bhushan]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of Padma Vibhushan award recipients]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:R. K. Padmanabha]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Paduka]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Deepika Padukone filmography]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Meenakshi Pahuja]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Mukundrao Pai]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:T. Mohandas Pai]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Pakistan Communist Party]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Pakistan, India]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kanai Pal]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Pratapaditya Pal]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Palamau Tiger Reserve]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Palamu fort]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Palani laughingthrush]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Paleogeography of the India–Asia collision system]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Palika Kendra]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Taraknath Palit]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Palitana temples]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Palkonda Hills]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:John Palocaren]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Nana Palshikar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Vishnu Digambar Paluskar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Vithal Palwankar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Pampa Sarovar]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Panch Prayag]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Pancha Rathas]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Panchapandava Cave Temple]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Pancharanga Kshetrams]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Panchatantra]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Panchet Dam]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sharad Panday]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shiv Pande]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Mahendra Nath Pandey]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shikha Pandey]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction – Kanpur section]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rajani Pandit]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ranjit Sitaram Pandit]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Dhruv Pandove]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:M. P. Pandove]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Pandri, Purulia district]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Navalram Pandya]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Paneer tikka]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Fateh Muhammad Panipati]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Panipuri]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Panjika]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Divyansh Singh Panwar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Papa II]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Papagni River]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Paper Boat]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kashmir papier-mâché]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Papon (singer)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Paradesi (1953 film)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Paradesi Synagogue]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Param Vir Chakra]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Paramahamsa Parivrajaka Upanishad]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Parasakthi (1952 film)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Parastylotermes]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Dattatraya Parchure]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Geeta Parikh]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Parikrama]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Parimal Garden]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Parkala massacre]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Parshvanatha temple, Khajuraho]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Parsi Gymkhana, Marine Drive]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Parsi Lying-in Hospital]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Parsurameswara Temple]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Particle experiments at Kolar Gold Fields]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Partition of Midnapore]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Parva (novel)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Pasi (film)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Pasmanda Muslim Mahaz]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Mansur Ali Khan Pataudi Memorial Lecture]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Aakar Patel]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bholabhai Patel]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kantibhai Patel]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Manilal H. Patel]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Parthiv Patel]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sushila Rani Patel]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:John Jardine Paterson]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Pathala Bhairavi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Irfan Pathan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Pathuriaghata]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Patiala and East Punjab States Union Legislative Assembly]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:The Patient Assassin]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shivajirao Girdhar Patil]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ashok Patki]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Patna–Digha Ghat line]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:C. S. N. Patnaik]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:A. P. Patro]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Daksha Pattani]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Beena Paul]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rachel Paulose]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Pausha Putrada Ekadashi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Pavagadh Hill]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Pavhari Baba]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Pazhassi Dam]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ponsonby Peacocke]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Pem Nem]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jetsun Pema]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Pemayangtse Monastery]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Peninsular Gneiss]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:John Sinclair, 1st Baron Pentland]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:People of Assam]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:People's Democratic Alliance (Nagaland)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:People's Liberation Guerrilla Army (India)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Peter Percival]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bernardo Peres da Silva]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Periyachi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Thomas Erskine Perry]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kishen Pershad]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bakin Pertin]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Alasinga Perumal]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Perunchani Dam]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Mithuben Petit]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:H. R. C. Pettigrew]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Vikram Phadnis]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Pheni]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Darshan Singh Pheruman]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Disappearance of Sneha Anne Philip]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gerda Philipsborn]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shardha Ram Phillauri]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bhogeswari Phukanani]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Phumdi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Pidakala War]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Pikoo]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of accolades received by Piku]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Pilak, Tripura]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shriya Pilgaonkar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ashwathi Pillai]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rajan Pillai]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Swadeshabhimani Ramakrishna Pillai]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:V. P. Ramakrishna Pillai]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rama Pilot]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Vishnu Ganesh Pingle]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Pisanhari Ki Marhia]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:P. R. Pisharoty]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Pitru Paksha]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Places of worship in Bengaluru]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Plachimada Coca-Cola struggle]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Plaza Theatre (Bengaluru)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Prakash Poddar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Polavaram Project]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ponnambalamedu]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:The Pool (2007 film)]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Poonia murders]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Poovulagin Nanbargal]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Popcorn Khao! Mast Ho Jao]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Tao Porchon-Lynch]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Portia labiata]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Portuguese conquest of Goa]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Post–World War II air-to-air combat losses]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Posta, Burrabazar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Pothundi Dam]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Lisa von Pott]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kenneth Powell (sprinter)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Henrietta Clive, Countess of Powis]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Arati Prabhakar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Harihar Narayan Prabhakar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:K. P. Prabhakaran]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Prabhat Kalavidaru]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Prahalada (film)]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Pinki Pramanik]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:K. Prasad Babu]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rameshwar Prasad (politician, born 1947)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Pragya Prasun]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Prathapa Mudaliar Charithram]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:2025 New Delhi railway station crowd crush]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Pre-collisional Himalaya]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Premiership of Lal Bahadur Shastri]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Prince of Wales riots]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Prison and Chocolate Cake]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Puneri Pagadi]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Puthiya Paravai]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Qadam Rasul]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Birjis Qadr]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Abul Kalam Qasmi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Qila-i-Kuhna Mosque]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of accolades received by Queen (film)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Imtiaz Qureshi]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rabindranath Tagore (film)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Radha Ramana]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Radio Quarantine Kolkata]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Raman Raghav]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Anup Rai]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kayyar Kinhanna Rai]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Raichur Thermal Power Station]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Raiganj Wildlife Sanctuary]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Raja Harishchandra]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rajah Muthiah Chettiar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rajahmundry Central Prison]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rajaji Hall]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:P. T. Rajan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:T. S. S. Rajan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rajendrasinhji Jadeja]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rajiv Gandhi National Quality Award]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rajiv Lochan Temple]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rajnagar, Birbhum]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rajneesh]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rajnesh Domalpalli]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gopal Raju]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rakkamma Kaiya Thattu]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ram Ke Naam]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Lala Achint Ram]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ram Rath Yatra]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ram Singh Malam]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rama Rahasya Upanishad]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rama tapaniya Upanishad]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ramagiri Fort]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ramakrishna Mission Swami Vivekananda's Ancestral House and Cultural Centre]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:P. C. Ramakrishna]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Alladi Ramakrishnan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Uddaraju Ramam]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Moovalur Ramamirtham]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Raman Science Centre]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:U. C. Raman]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Anuradha Ramanan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Vijayalakshmi Ramanan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:S. Ramanathan (politician)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sharada Ramanathan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:K. Ramani]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Panaganti Ramarayaningar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rathika Ramasamy]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:V. Ramaswami]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of awards and honours received by Rambhadracharya]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Timeline of Rambhadracharya]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Works of Rambhadracharya]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rambhadracharya's literary style]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Victor Clough Rambo]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gulabrai Ramchand]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ramnad estate]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ramnagar Fort]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ramnami Samaj]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Madhulika Ramteke]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Arti Rana]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rana Pratap Sagar Dam]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Eknath Ranade]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kamal Ranadive]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of roles and awards of Kangana Ranaut]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ranbir (newspaper)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Nitesh Narayan Rane]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rama Raghoba Rane]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Darshan Ranganathan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Mahesh Rangarajan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Hotte Paksha Rangaswamy]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rangayana]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rangit Dam]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Devika Rani]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rani Sati]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rani of Jhansi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Raniganj (community development block)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of Ranji Trophy triple centuries]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ranjit Vilas Palace (Rajkot)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ranjit Vilas Palace (Ratlam)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ranjit Vilas Palace (Wankaner)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Abdul Sattar Ranjoor]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Aparna Rao]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Barry Ramachandra Rao]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:L. B. G. Rao]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Maya Krishna Rao]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Nirupama Rao]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:P. Kodanda Rao]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shikaripura Ranganatha Rao]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sowmya Raoh]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Raorchestes chalazodes]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rapid Metro Gurgaon]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:E. J. Rapson]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rashtrapati Niketan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rashtriya Khel Protsahan Puruskar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rasna (drink)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:M.A. Rasul]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ratha Kalpana]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ratha Saptami]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Nandivada Rathnasree]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Satyavathi Rathod]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rati]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ratirahasya]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ratnagiri, Odisha]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ratnakaravarni]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of awards and nominations received by Mani Ratnam]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ratnākara]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Nittoor Srinivasa Rau]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ravananugraha]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ravi River]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ravindra Bharathi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:H. S. Rawail]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rahul Rawail]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:S. A. Rawoof]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Mohsin Raza]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Red rain in Kerala]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Red corridor]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Baddam Yella Reddy]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Redrum (2018 film)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Cyril Reed]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Herbert Reiner Jr.]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of awards and nominations received by Rekha]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Reliance Power]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Relics of Sariputta and Moggallana]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Religion in Varanasi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Religion in Western Ganga kingdom]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Religion in ancient Tamilakam]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Religion not the crying need of India]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rembrandt's Mughal drawings]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rengali Dam]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:W. C. Renouf]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Revanta]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rewalsar, India]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rifa-e-Aam Club]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ringan (film)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ringstone]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rise of Dravidian parties to power in Tamil Nadu]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rishabhanatha]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rizong Monastery]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rock Garden, Darjeeling]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rock Street Journal]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rohini (Krishna's wife)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rollapadu Wildlife Sanctuary]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Roopkund]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ropalidia marginata]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ropar Wetland]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Hrithik Roshan filmography]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Roshanara]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ross Island Penal Colony]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rousing Call to Hindu Nation]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Santosh Roy]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shasanka Mohan Roy]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sudha Roy]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Royal Opera House (Mumbai)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Royal Stag]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ru Ba Ru]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kidnapping of Rubaiya Sayeed]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rudaali]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ruddy shelduck]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rudra Mahalaya Temple]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rudrakshajabala Upanishad]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rudranath]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rudrapatna]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rudraveena (film)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:J. D. Rymbai]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rāhula]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:S/O Satyamurthy]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sabhyata Dwar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Avinash Sable]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rajinder Sachar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Taruni Sachdev]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sack of Delhi (1757)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sacred Heart Catholic Church, Mathura]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sacred Jackfruit Tree]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sadaiya Nayanar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Saddam Beach]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sadhana Mahila Sangha]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sadna Qasai Mosque]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Safar (1970 film)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Operation Safed Sagar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sagardighi (community development block)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sahitya Akademi Fellowship]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Mohapatra Nilamani Sahoo]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:K. B. Sainis]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:St. Cajetan Church]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Church of Saint Francis, Kochi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:St. George Orthodox Church, Chandanapally]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:St. George's Cathedral, Chennai]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:St. Mary's Basilica, Bengaluru]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:St. Michael's Church, Mumbai]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:St. Paul's Cathedral, Kolkata]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:St. Paul's Church, Diu]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:St. Philomena's Cathedral, Mysore]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Saint Thomas Christian music]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Church, Palayur]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sairat]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Yakub Hasan Sait]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sakkiya Nayanar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bibi Amtus Salam]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gurbachan Singh Salaria]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Salaulim Dam]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:V. J. P. Saldanha]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Master Saleem]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sabeena Saleem]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Saqib Saleem]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Abraham Barak Salem]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Salimgarh Fort]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sallekhana]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Salma (writer)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Saltora (community development block)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Anna Salunke]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shankarrao Salvi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:S. K. Sama]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Samaantharangal]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Abd al-Samad]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Samaikyandhra movement]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Samanar Hills]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Dutta Samant]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Samathuvapuram]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Samhita (film)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Samode Palace]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:E. V. K. Sampath]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Tsering Samphel]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Samskara (film)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sandra Samuel]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sandese Aate Hai]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sandeshkhali I]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sanga Choeling Monastery]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sangeet Sharada]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sanghamitta]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:V. S. Sangwan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sani Monastery]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sanjeevaiah Park]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:N. Sankar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sankaralinganar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Balu Sankaran]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sankheda furniture]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sannyasi rebellion]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sant Tukaram (1936 film)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Santacruz–Chembur Link Road]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Śāntarakṣita]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:São Gabriel (ship)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sapta Badri]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gira Sarabhai]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gita Sarabhai]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Mrinalini Sarabhai]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sarai Amanat Khan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sarama (Ramayana)]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sardarji joke]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Uma Saren]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Śāriputra]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sariraka Upanishad]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Anil Sarkar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Charu Mihir Sarkar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kanailal Sarkar (West Bengal politician)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Lotika Sarkar]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sudakshina Sarma]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sarpa Satra]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sasthamcotta Lake]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:K. A. Nilakanta Sastri]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Satellite Instructional Television Experiment]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:P. Sathasivam]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Neila Sathyalingam]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sati Sulochana]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Satish Dhawan Space Centre Third Launch Pad]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Satpula]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:INS Satpura]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Satsar Lake]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Satti Nayanar]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Satyam Infoway Ltd. v. Sifynet Solutions Pvt. Ltd.]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Satyaprakash]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Satyashodhak Communist Party]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Satyavadi Raja Harishchandra]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Satyavati]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Satyawadi Raja Harishchandra]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Saura painting]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Saurashtra Khedut Sangh]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Savadatti Fort]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Dudley Savage]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Savitri Upanishad]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Savoy Hotel, Mussoorie]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Arvind Sawant]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gunjan Saxena]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Science Express]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Scientific plagiarism in India]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Mutty Lall Seal]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:The Secret of the Nagas]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Secunderabad Clock Tower]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Security Consultancy Wing]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Security Printing and Minting Corporation of India]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:M. V. Seetharamiah]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sekrenyi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:SELCO India]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Self-Portrait as a Tahitian]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Hiralal Sen]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kalyani Sen]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:P. K. Sen (surgeon)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rii Sen]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jatindra Mohan Sengupta]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Surajit Sengupta]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Aarti Sequeira]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sera Monastery]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Treaty of Seringapatam]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Seruthunai Nayanar]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:T. V. Seshagiri Iyer]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Radhakanta Sethy]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Amrita Shah]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shah Jahan II]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jay Shah]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Naseeruddin Shah]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Yusuf Adil Shah]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shaheen Bagh protest]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shahi Bridge]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Abu Salman Shahjahanpuri]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rano M. Shaiza]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Tejaswin Shankar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shankar's Weekly]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shankaragaurishvara Temple]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shanti Stupa, Delhi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shanti Stupa, Ladakh]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shanti (film)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shaphee lanphee]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shapoorji Pallonji Group]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sharabha Upanishad]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ankit Sharma (athlete)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Anushka Sharma]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bhakti Sharma]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chetan Sharma]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Mukhram Sharma]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Pooja Sharma (entrepreneur)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rohit Sharma]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Somnath Sharma]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sunita Sharma (cricket coach)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Y. D. Sharma (professor)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shashi Tharoor's Oxford Union speech]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ranganathan Shashidhar]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bhatt Mathuranath Shastri]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Hara Prasad Shastri]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ramshastri Prabhune]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Vagish Shastri]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Vijay Shastri]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shatrunjaya]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shav Vahini Ganga]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shava sadhana]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shayani Ekadashi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sheikh Muhammad]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sheila Ki Jawani]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shekhar: Ek Jivani]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Anwar Shemza]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sher Mandal]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rabbi Shergill]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Zahida Khatun Sherwani]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shetrunji River]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rahul Shewale]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shey Monastery]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jasuben Shilpi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shimoga–Talaguppa railway]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shimsha]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:M. S. Shinde]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Meenakshi Shirodkar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shishupala Vadha]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kitty Shiva Rao]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shiva temple, Kera]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shivalik Fossil Park]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Nijaguna Shivayogi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Palwankar Shivram]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shobhabazar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shore Temple]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shravana Putrada Ekadashi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shree Govindajee Temple]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:New Swaminarayan temple, Bhuj]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Karachi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Krishnalal Shridharani]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Anjuli Shukla]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shwaas]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shyam Sunder Jyani]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shyambazar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shyampukur]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Siddhantasara]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sushil Siddharth]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Siddhesvara Temple]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Siddhivinayak Mahaganapati Temple]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Siddhivinayak Temple, Siddhatek]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shantaram Siddi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Siddis of Karnataka]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Baba Sidhaye]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Malkiat Singh Sidhu]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sidi Bashir Mosque]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sidrapong Hydroelectric Power Station]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Siege of Cannanore (1507)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:The Siege: The Attack on the Taj]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Siege of Diu (1538)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Siege of Negapatam]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Siege of Seringapatam (1792)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sigur Plateau]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sikh diaspora]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sikkim Scouts]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:State Council (Sikkim)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sikri Mata Temple]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Siliguri Corridor]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Silk Board junction]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:INS Sindhukirti]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:1915 Singapore Mutiny]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Singareni Karmika Samakya]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Anjum Singh]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Avtar Singh (judoka)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Avtar Singh Jouhl]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Baba Bujha Singh]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Baldev Singh (neurologist)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bhai Taru Singh]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Brajesh Singh]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Catherine Duleep Singh]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Devendro Singh]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Fateh Singh (Delhi politician)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Thakur Ganpat Singh]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gurdev Singh Gill (physician)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gulab Singh]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gurcharan Singh (cricketer)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Vibhuti Narayan Singh]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Harbhajan Singh]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Harendra Singh]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jadunath Singh]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jagdeep Singh (politician)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Joginder Singh (soldier)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Joginder Singh (politician)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kamal Jit Singh]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Karam Singh]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kashmir Singh]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Dharmender Singh Koli]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Lalji Singh]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Man Mohan Singh (pilot)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Martand Singh (textile conservator)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Phomen Singh]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Piru Singh]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rajinder Singh Rahelu]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rajnath Singh]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ram Singh II]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ranbir Singh of Jammu and Kashmir]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ranveer Singh]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ravinder Singh (author)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rinku Singh (baseball)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sarita Singh]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Satyanarayan Singh (Bihar politician, died 1984)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shaitan Singh]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sophia Duleep Singh]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Umadhar Singh]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:V. R. V. Singh]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Virendra Singh (physicist)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Yograj Singh]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Yuvraj Singh]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Zail Singh]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Arunima Sinha]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Krityunjai Prasad Sinha]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ranjit Sinha]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Tarak Sinha]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sion Causeway]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sir Creek]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sir Ronald Ross Institute of Parasitology]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sirappuli Nayanar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Siri Fort]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Siribhoovalaya]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sirima–Shastri Pact]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sirsi Marikamba Temple]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sispara]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sitabuldi Fort]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sitaleshwar Temple]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sittanavasal Cave]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sittanavasal]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Battle of the Sittang Bend]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sivakotiacharya]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sivapuram, Thanjavur district]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Swaminathan Sivaram]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sivasagar Sivadol]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sixty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Skanda Upanishad]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:The Skull of Alum Bheg]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:The Sky Is Pink]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Gilbert Slater]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sleep (Sher-Gil)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Smart Anti-Airfield Weapon]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Snake charming]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Snow World]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Asha Sobhana]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Socialist Party of India (1955)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Society of the Hoysala Kingdom]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Society of the kingdom of Mysore]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Software industry in Karnataka]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Kamala Sohonie]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Parshottambhai Solanki]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Palkuriki Somanatha]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Somapura Mahavihara]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Somasi Mara Nayanar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Óscar Sonejee]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:The Song of the Sannyasin]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Dewan Rabindranath Soni]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Girish Soni]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Vikram Sood]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bhabatosh Soren]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sources of ancient Tamil history]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:South African cricket team in India in 1996–97]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:South Asian river dolphin]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:South-East Asia campaign of Rajendra I]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Southern plains gray langur]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Saifuddin Soz]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Space industry of India]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Special Area Games Scheme]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Special Group (India)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sports in Karnataka]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:The Spy Chronicles]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Squash in India]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:E. Sreedharan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rettamalai Srinivasan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:P. C. Sreeram]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:S. Sreesanth]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Murali Sreeshankar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sri Lankan cricket team in India in 1982–83]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sri Lankan cricket team in India in 1997–98]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sri Valli (1961 film)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:T. N. Srikantaiah]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Srimanthudu]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Srinagar–Muzaffarabad Bus]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Srinath (Kannada actor)]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:John Stephenson (cricketer, born 1907)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sterling Cineplex]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Subarnarekha River]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:V. Subbiah]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Amruta Subhash]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jyoti Subhash]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Suchindram Theroor Birds Sanctuary]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Hanumappa Sudarshan]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Suhail Zaheer Lari]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Rungsung Suisa]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sukanasa]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sukhbir (musician)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sukumar Ray (film)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sulabh International Museum of Toilets]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sultan Ghari]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sultan Ibrahim Adil Shah II Playing the Tambur]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sumitra Bhave–Sunil Sukthankar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Summer 2007]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bharati Krishna Tirtha]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Swami Vivekanand National Institute of Rehabilitation Training and Research]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Swami Vivekananda (1998 film)]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jyotirindranath Tagore]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Tagore Memorial Hall]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Tahaan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:M. L. Tahaliyani]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Tala tank]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Talim (textiles)]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Anandita Dutta Tamuly]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Thirumbi Paar (1953 film)]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Thus have I heard]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Lata Tondon]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Tooh (song)]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Traffic collisions in India]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Transport between India and Bangladesh]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Transport between India and Pakistan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Transport in Himachal Pradesh]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Transport in Nagpur]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Shenaz Treasury]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Treatment of South Asian labourers in the Gulf Cooperation Council region]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Madhu Trehan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Maxwell Trevor]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:The Tribal World of Verrier Elwin]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Siege of Trichinopoly (1743)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Operation Trident (1971)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Trijata]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Trilokinath Temple at Tunde]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Bhaskaracharya Tripathi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Tripunithura Kathakali Kendram Ladies Troupe]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Tripura Government Museum]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Dinesh Trivedi]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Tulsi Peeth edition of the Ramcharitmanas]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Tulu Nadu state movement]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Abbas Tyabji]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:John W. Tyler]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Robert Christopher Tytler]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Unnaipol Oruvan (1965 film)]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Mohammad Usman of Madras]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Varaha]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Vayilar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Vedanta Philosophy: An address before the Graduate Philosophical Society]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Vedanta Society of New York]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Vedaranyam March]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Veedu (1988 film)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Veer Hamirji – Somnath ni Sakhate]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Veerabhadra Temple, Lepakshi]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Akshay Venkatesh]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Indira Joseph Venniyoor]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Venues of the 2010 Commonwealth Games]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Neena Verma]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Parvesh Verma]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ramsingh Bhai Verma]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sunil Kumar Verma]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:G. F. Vernon's cricket team in Ceylon and India in 1889–90]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Viaud Ridge]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Vidyasagar Setu]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Acacio Gabriel Viegas]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Vigneshwara Temple, Ozar]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:C. Vijayaraghavachariar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of awards and nominations received by Vikram]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:INS Vikrant (1961)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Vilpatti]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Vimala Temple]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Vimcy]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Vidhu Vincent]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Violence against Muslims in India]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Swami Vipulananda]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Viralminda Nayanar]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Vishvanatha Temple, Khajuraho]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Vishvarupa]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Chitra Vishwanath]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Visvesvaraya Iron and Steel Plant]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:N. Viswanathan]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Master Vithal]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Swami Vivekananda]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Faizul Waheed]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jasbir Walia]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:War and Peace (2002 film)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Warangal Fort]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of roles and awards of Arshad Warsi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:David Washbrook]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Weeping crucifix in Mumbai]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Nyari Welly]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Western Ganga literature]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:What's Your Raashee?]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Why I Am an Atheist]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Why This Kolaveri Di]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:WikiConference India]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Wild Dog Diaries]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Wildlife Protection Society of India]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Wildlife of Karnataka]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:1997 Women's Cricket World Cup]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:World Brotherhood Colonies]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of World Heritage Sites in India]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:YNOT Studios]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Yalamanchili Radhakrishna Murthy]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Amar Nath Yadav]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Krishna Yadav]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Mahinder Yadav]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ram Singh Yadav]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Surekha Yadav]]
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*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Yogendra Singh Yadav]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Yajna (avatar)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Yamuna in Hinduism]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Yana, India]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Yanaimalai]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Jamal-ud-Din Yaqut]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:List of Yash Raj Films films]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Yellamma Temple, Saundatti]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Yenathinatha Nayanar]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Yogatattva Upanishad]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Yogini with a Mynah Bird]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Yogmaya Temple, New Delhi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Young Girls (painting)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Yuhanon Meletius]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Yuksom]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Yusmarg]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Zabarwan Range]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Zafar Mahal (Mehrauli)]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Sajida Zaidi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Zahida Zaidi]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Zawlbûk]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Zerat]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Preity Zinta filmography]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ziona]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Zira, Punjab]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Deiva Zivarattinam]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Ziziphus nummularia]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Zoological Garden, Alipore]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Zophotermes]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Mirza Zulqarnain]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Aisha de Sequeira]]
*{{icon|DYK}} [[:Erasmo de Sequeira]]
</div>
===Picture of the day pictures===
<gallery mode=packed>
File:102 Female Plum-headed parakeet in Jim Corbett National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|102 Female Plum-headed parakeet in Jim Corbett National Park Photo by Giles Laurent
File:104 Male Plum-headed parakeet eating in Jim Corbett National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|104 Male Plum-headed parakeet eating in Jim Corbett National Park Photo by Giles Laurent
File:1922 Index of Great Trigonometrical Survey of India.jpg|1922 Index of Great Trigonometrical Survey of India
File:A floral fantasy of animals and birds, India, Mughal.jpg|A floral fantasy of animals and birds, India, Mughal
File:A smiling member of the Ramnami Samaj (edited).jpg|A smiling member of the Ramnami Samaj (edited)
File:Aerial view of Somapura Mahavihara.jpg|Aerial view of Somapura Mahavihara
File:Al-Ameen College of Pharmacy Block.jpg|Al-Ameen College of Pharmacy Block
File:Ancient Temple, Naranag, Jammu and Kashmir, India.jpg|Ancient Temple, Naranag, Jammu and Kashmir, India
File:Apatani tribal women.jpg|Apatani tribal women
File:Argiope pulchella at Nayikayam Thattu.jpg|Argiope pulchella at Nayikayam Thattu
File:Asfi masjid.jpg|Asfi masjid
File:Ashta-Matrika.jpg|Ashta-Matrika
File:Asian pied starlings (Gracupica contra).jpg|Asian pied starlings (Gracupica contra)
File:Attacus taprobanis-Kadavoor-2018-07-07-001.jpg|Attacus taprobanis-Kadavoor-2018-07-07-001
File:Axis axis (Nagarhole, 2010).jpg|Axis axis (Nagarhole, 2010)
File:Bangalore Panorama edit1.jpg|Bangalore Panorama edit1
File:Bangles Ornaments.jpg|Bangles Ornaments
File:Bank myna (Acridotheres ginginianus).jpg|Bank myna (Acridotheres ginginianus)
File:Barsana Holi Festival.jpg|Barsana Holi Festival
File:Baspa Valley under snow (pano), Himachal Pradesh, India.jpg|Baspa Valley under snow (pano), Himachal Pradesh, India
File:Battle at Lanka, Ramayana, Udaipur, 1649-53.jpg|Battle at Lanka, Ramayana, Udaipur, 1649-53
File:Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) female 3 crop.jpg|Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) female 3 crop
File:Bengalia sp.jpg|Bengalia sp
File:Bharata Natyam Performance DS.jpg|Bharata Natyam Performance DS
File:Blue tiger (Tirumala limniace exoticus) male underside.jpg|Blue tiger (Tirumala limniace exoticus) male underside
File:Brihadisvara Temple during Maha Shivaratri-WUS03611 (edit).jpg|Brihadisvara Temple during Maha Shivaratri-WUS03611 (edit)
File:Bronze-winged jacana (Metopidius indicus).jpg|Bronze-winged jacana (Metopidius indicus)
File:Brown rock chat (Oenanthe fusca).jpg|Brown rock chat (Oenanthe fusca)
File:Cardinal Baselios Cleemis Cardinal Thottunkal.jpg|Cardinal Baselios Cleemis Cardinal Thottunkal
File:Chhota imambara Lucknow.jpg|Chhota imambara Lucknow
File:Common Leopard Phalanta phalantha.jpg|Common Leopard Phalanta phalantha
File:Common tiger (Danaus genutia genutia) male underside.jpg|Common tiger (Danaus genutia genutia) male underside
File:Concentric temples of Kalna.jpg|Concentric temples of Kalna
File:Danaus genutia female in Kerala, India.jpg|Danaus genutia female in Kerala, India
File:Darcha Padum Road Below Shinku La Lahaul Oct22 A7C 03533.jpg|Darcha Padum Road Below Shinku La Lahaul Oct22 A7C 03533
File:Dark blue tiger (Tirumala septentrionis dravidarum) male underside.jpg|Dark blue tiger (Tirumala septentrionis dravidarum) male underside
File:Dense fog over Indian Subcontinent.jpg|Dense fog over Indian Subcontinent
File:Dharmaraya Swamy Temple Bangalore edit1.jpg|Dharmaraya Swamy Temple Bangalore edit1
File:Durgam Cheruvu Panorama.jpg|Durgam Cheruvu Panorama
File:Elephas maximus (Bandipur).jpg|Elephas maximus (Bandipur)
File:Feral Pigeon Columba livia, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.jpg|Feral Pigeon Columba livia, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
File:Fire breathing 2 Luc Viatour.jpg|Fire breathing 2 Luc Viatour
File:Five-striped palm squirrel (Funambulus pennantii).jpg|Five-striped palm squirrel (Funambulus pennantii)
File:Flight of Sultan Bahadur During Humayun's Campaign in Gujarat 1535.jpg|Flight of Sultan Bahadur During Humayun's Campaign in Gujarat 1535
File:Francisco Goya - Portrait of the Duke of Wellington.jpg|Francisco Goya - Portrait of the Duke of Wellington
File:Glasshouse and fountain at lalbagh.jpg|Glasshouse and fountain at lalbagh
File:Gorakhpur Junction railway station.jpg|Gorakhpur Junction railway station
File:Gurudongmar Lake Sikkim, India (edit).jpg|Gurudongmar Lake Sikkim, India (edit)
File:Hersilia-2016-06-19-002.jpg|Hersilia-2016-06-19-002
File:High Court of Karnataka, Bangalore MMK.jpg|High Court of Karnataka, Bangalore MMK
File:I'timād-ud-Daulah, Agra.jpg|I'timād-ud-Daulah, Agra
File:India 1835 2 Mohurs.jpg|India 1835 2 Mohurs
File:India 1862 One Mohur.jpg|India 1862 One Mohur
File:India roadway map.svg|India roadway map
File:India-locator-map-blank.svg|India-locator-map-blank
File:Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) 4.jpg|Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) 4
File:Indian roller (Coracias benghalensis benghalensis).jpg|Indian roller (Coracias benghalensis benghalensis)
File:Indian tent turtle (Pangshura tentoria tentoria).jpg|Indian tent turtle (Pangshura tentoria tentoria)
File:Indischer Maler des 6. Jahrhunderts 001.jpg|Indischer Maler des 6. Jahrhunderts 001
File:Justice K. K. Usha.jpg|Justice K. K. Usha
File:Justice K. Sukumaran.jpg|Justice K. Sukumaran
File:Justice K. T. Thomas.jpg|Justice K. T. Thomas
File:Kanayi Kunhiraman Image.jpg|Kanayi Kunhiraman Image
File:Kee monastery Spiti Valley (edited).jpg|Kee monastery Spiti Valley (edited)
File:Khajuraho Dulhadeo 2010.jpg|Khajuraho Dulhadeo 2010
File:Khalsa Heritage Memorial 176 Edit.jpg|Khalsa Heritage Memorial 176 Edit
File:Krishna Butterball Below Mahabalipuram Sep22 A7C 02490.jpg|Krishna Butterball Below Mahabalipuram Sep22 A7C 02490
File:Kutia kondh woman.JPG|Kutia kondh woman
File:LVM3 M4, Chandrayaan-3 - Launch vehicle lifting off from the Second Launch Pad (SLP) of SDSC-SHAR, Sriharikota (edit).jpg|LVM3 M4, Chandrayaan-3 - Launch vehicle lifting off from the Second Launch Pad (SLP) of SDSC-SHAR, Sriharikota (edit)
File:Large Gautama Buddha statue in Buddha Park of Ravangla, Sikkim.jpg|Large Gautama Buddha statue in Buddha Park of Ravangla, Sikkim
File:Leptosia nina-Kadavoor-2017-05-04-003.jpg|Leptosia nina-Kadavoor-2017-05-04-003
File:Lyriothemis acigastra female at Kadavoor.jpg|Lyriothemis acigastra female at Kadavoor
File:MatheranPanoramaPointDrySeasonCrop.jpg|MatheranPanoramaPointDrySeasonCrop
File:MatheranPanoramaPointMonsoonCrop.jpg|MatheranPanoramaPointMonsoonCrop
File:Mudh Towering Range Pin Spiti Himachal Jun18 D72 7095.jpg|Mudh Towering Range Pin Spiti Himachal Jun18 D72 7095
File:Murugan by Raja Ravi Varma.jpg|Murugan by Raja Ravi Varma
File:Mysore Palace Morning.jpg|Mysore Palace Morning
File:Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) male.jpg|Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) male
File:Nishi tribal lightened.jpg|Nishi tribal lightened
File:Nithya Menen 2023 Alt.jpg|Nithya Menen 2023 Alt
File:NohKaLikai Falls V2 Wiki.jpg|NohKaLikai Falls V2 Wiki
File:Oriental honey buzzard Mudumalai Mar21 DSC01405.jpg|Oriental honey buzzard Mudumalai Mar21 DSC01405
File:Pabda Jhaal - Home- Kolkata - West Bengal.jpg|Pabda Jhaal - Home- Kolkata - West Bengal
File:Paddyfield pipit (Anthus rufulus rufulus).jpg|Paddyfield pipit (Anthus rufulus rufulus)
File:Palace of Assembly Chandigarh 2006.jpg|Palace of Assembly Chandigarh 2006
File:Panorama of Himalayas from Ranikhet, Uttarakhand, India.jpg|Panorama of Himalayas from Ranikhet, Uttarakhand, India
File:Panthera tigris tigris Tidoba 20150306.jpg|Panthera tigris tigris Tidoba 20150306
File:Papilio polymnestor-Kadavoor-2016-07-27-002.jpg|Papilio polymnestor-Kadavoor-2016-07-27-002
File:Parantica aglea at Nayikayam Thattu.jpg|Parantica aglea at Nayikayam Thattu
File:Parked boats at Anjarle Creek.jpg|Parked boats at Anjarle Creek
File:Parthenos sylvia-Kadavoor-2016-06-25-001.jpg|Parthenos sylvia-Kadavoor-2016-06-25-001
File:Pied bushchat (Saxicola caprata bicolor) female.jpg|Pied bushchat (Saxicola caprata bicolor) female
File:Pied kingfisher (Ceryle rudis leucomelanurus) female.jpg|Pied kingfisher (Ceryle rudis leucomelanurus) female
File:Pied kingfisher (Ceryle rudis leucomelanurus) male.jpg|Pied kingfisher (Ceryle rudis leucomelanurus) male
File:Plain tiger (Danaus chrysippus chrysippus) male underside.jpg|Plain tiger (Danaus chrysippus chrysippus) male underside
File:Porcupine ray from Lakshadweep JJH edit.jpg|Porcupine ray from Lakshadweep JJH edit
File:Portal, Pitam Niwas Chowk, City Palace, Jaipur, 20191218 1000 9059.jpg|Portal, Pitam Niwas Chowk, City Palace, Jaipur, 20191218 1000 9059
File:Prayer flag above Tanze Gompa.jpg|Prayer flag above Tanze Gompa
File:Praying mantis india.jpg|Praying mantis india
File:Purana-Kadavoor-2017-06-03-002.jpg|Purana-Kadavoor-2017-06-03-002
File:Rani ki vav - Patan - Gujarat - Wall Decorations.jpg|Rani ki vav - Patan - Gujarat - Wall Decorations
File:Rose-ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri borealis) male Jaipur 2.jpg|Rose-ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri borealis) male Jaipur 2
File:Rosette, Titles of Shah Jahan.jpg|Rosette, Titles of Shah Jahan
File:Ruins of the Rudra Mala at Siddhpur, Gujarat, retouched.jpg|Ruins of the Rudra Mala at Siddhpur, Gujarat, retouched
File:Salman Khurshid portrait.jpg|Salman Khurshid portrait
File:Shiva as the Lord of Dance LACMA edit.jpg|Shiva as the Lord of Dance LACMA edit
File:Shiva shrine, Gangabal Lake.jpg|Shiva shrine, Gangabal Lake
File:Sikh pilgrim at the Golden Temple (Harmandir Sahib) in Amritsar, India.jpg|Sikh pilgrim at the Golden Temple (Harmandir Sahib) in Amritsar, India
File:Sir Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington.png|Sir Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington
File:Sir Puttanna Chetty Town Hall Bangalore Edit1.jpg|Sir Puttanna Chetty Town Hall Bangalore Edit1
File:Southern plains grey langur (Semnopithecus dussumieri) female head.jpg|Southern plains grey langur (Semnopithecus dussumieri) female head
File:Spiti River Kaza Himachal Jun18 D72 7232.jpg|Spiti River Kaza Himachal Jun18 D72 7232
File:Spotted dove (Spilopelia chinensis suratensis).jpg|Spotted dove (Spilopelia chinensis suratensis)
File:Syed Mujtaba Hussain Kirmani.jpg|Syed Mujtaba Hussain Kirmani
File:Taj Mahal (Edited).jpeg|Taj Mahal (Edited)
File:Taj Mahal Mosque, Agra.jpg|Taj Mahal Mosque, Agra
File:Taj Mahal Sunset Edit1.jpg|Taj Mahal Sunset Edit1
File:Taj Mahal in March 2004.jpg|Taj Mahal in March 2004
File:Taractrocera ceramas Tamil Grass Dart by Jkadavoor.jpg|Taractrocera ceramas Tamil Grass Dart by Jkadavoor
File:Thamarai-Namam2.png|Thamarai-Namam2
File:The Dalai Lama in 2012.jpg|The Dalai Lama in 2012
File:Toda Hut.JPG|Toda Hut
File:Venki Ramakrishnan.jpg|Venki Ramakrishnan
File:Vultures in the nest, Orchha, MP, India edit.jpg|Vultures in the nest, Orchha, MP, India edit
File:Wire tailed swallow @kannur.jpg|Wire tailed swallow @kannur
File:Wire tailed swallow2 @kannur.jpg|Wire tailed swallow2 @kannur
File:Women in tribal village, Umaria district, India.jpg|Women in tribal village, Umaria district, India
File:Yogapith, Mayapur.jpg|Yogapith, Mayapur
</gallery>


<noinclude>
[[Category:WikiProject India|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
</noinclude>

Mahim Dharavi Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:23:54Z

AdolphMassola0: Starting some data needs work

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mahim Dharavi
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1951 <ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=344-357}}</ref>
| abolished = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 56,553
| mla = Mohammad, Abdul Latif
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = None
}}
Mahim Dharavi Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. After the 1955 Delimitation act, it was split into [[Worli Assembly constituency|Worli]], [[Mahim Assembly constituency|Mahim]] and [[Dadar Assembly constituency|Dadar]] constituencies.
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Mohammad, Abdul Latif || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Mahim Dharavi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Mohammad, Abdul Latif |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,326 |percentage = 43.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pinto, Frederick Michael (Peter) |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 11,737 |percentage = 38.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kataria, Takandas Hemraj |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,655 |percentage = 11.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gavle, Ramchandra Sambahji |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 1,693 |percentage = 5.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Haridas Vishin Singh |party = Independent politician |votes = 429 |percentage = 1.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,589 |percentage = 5.15% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 30,840 |percentage = 54.53% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 30,840}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 56,553 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Cleveland Cultural Gardens

2026-04-06T17:03:21Z

AdolphMassola0: made new data

{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox NRHP
| name = Cleveland Cultural Gardens
| image = Hungarian Cultural Garden.jpg
| caption = The Hungarian Cultural Garden (1938) is one of 33 nationality gardens in Rockefeller Park National Historic District.
| location = Lines the Doan Brook, East Blvd and Martin Luther King Jr. Drive. Mostly contained within Rockefeller Park.
| locmapin = Ohio#USA
| coordinates = {{coord|41|31|30|N|81|37|22|W|display=inline,title}}
| area =
| built = 1916 through 2019 and still building
| architect = Ernest J. Bowditch, et al.
| architecture = [[Classical Revival]], [[Art Deco]], [[Landscape Architecture]]
| added = 2005
| designated_other1_name =
| designated_other1_date =
| designated_other1_abbr =
| designated_other1_link = Cleveland Landmark
| designated_other1_color = #aaccff
| refnum = 05000382<ref name=nrhp>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/oh/Cuyahoga/districts.html |title=National Register of Historical Places – Ohio(OH), Cuyahoga County |access-date=2011-07-05 |work=National Register of Historic Places |publisher=Nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com}}</ref>
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
}}
[[File:Croatian Cultural Gardens' Baptismal Font.jpg|thumb|269x269px|A [[baptismal font]] located in the Croatian Cultural Garden. The font represents Croatia's conversion to Christianity and is a replica of [[Prince Višeslav]]’s baptismal font.<ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Sarah |date=2023-09-27 |title=Croatian Cultural Garden |url=https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/942 |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=Cleveland Historical |language=en-US}}</ref>]]
The '''Cleveland Cultural Gardens''' are a collection of public gardens located in [[Rockefeller Park]] in [[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]]. In 1896, John D. Rockefeller donated the land the Cleveland Cultural Gardens occupies today.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=History – The Cleveland Cultural Gardens Federation |url=https://clevelandculturalgardens.org/about-us/history/ |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=Cleveland Cultural Gardens |language=en-US}}</ref> The gardens are situated along East Boulevard & [[Martin Luther King Jr. Drive (Cleveland)|Martin Luther King Jr. Drive]] within the 276 acre of wooded parkland on the city's East Side.<ref>[http://blog.cleveland.com/architecture/2008/08/cultural_gardens_in_clevelands.html Cultural Gardens in Cleveland's Rockefeller Park need - and deserve - TLC | cleveland.com]</ref> In total, there are 35 distinct gardens, each commemorating a different ethnic group whose [[Immigration to the United States|immigrants]] have contributed to the heritage of the [[United States]] over the centuries, as well as Cleveland.<ref name=":1">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Cleveland Cultural Gardens|url= https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cleveland-cultural-gardens|encyclopedia= The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher= [[Case Western Reserve University]] |access-date= August 21, 2019}}</ref>

== History ==
The first garden of what would become known as the Cleveland Cultural Gardens was the Shakespeare Garden which was created in Rockefeller Park in 1916. This project inspired journalist [[Leo Weidenthal]] along with Charles J. Wolfram and Jennie K. Zwick to organize the Civic Progress League which became the Cultural Garden League by 1925.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Cleveland Cultural Gardens |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |date= |year= |last=Grabowski |first=John J. |publisher= Case Western Reserve University |location=Cleveland, OH |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cleveland-cultural-gardens |access-date= 26 October 2021}}</ref> In 1926, the Hebrew Garden became the first member of the Cultural Garden League with other gardens quickly following suit. The group would fulfill the vision of many unique gardens honoring different communities that make up Cleveland. In the 1930s and 1940s, more gardens were added in part through the help of the Works Progress Administration and the City of Cleveland.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cleveland Cultural Garden Federation Records |url=https://digital.wrhs.org/islandora/object/wrhs%3AMS3700 |access-date=27 October 2021 |website=digital.wrhs.org |publisher=Western Reserve Historical Society}}</ref> Many of the early gardens represented European heritage due to the large number of European immigrants that made their way to Cleveland in the early 20th century.<ref name=":0" /> In 1952, the Cultural Garden League renamed itself the Cleveland Cultural Gardens Federation.<ref name=":1" />

As of 2024, the Cultural Gardens Federation oversees over 30 garden sites.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Cleveland Cultural Gardens Federation |url=https://www.clevelandculturalgardens.org/ |access-date=27 October 2021 |website=clevelandculturalgardens.org/}}</ref> Various ethnic groups sponsor gardens that are representative of their culture. In each of the gardens, one will find fixtures and statues with inscriptions depicting significant figures in each country’s cultural history. Artists, composers, peacemakers, saints, scientists, and philosophers are among those depicted as statues in the garden.<ref name=":0" /> The Cleveland Cultural Gardens continues to expand and welcome new gardens that represent various cultures from around the world.

==The Gardens==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*British Garden (1916)
*Hebrew Garden (1926)
*German Garden (1929)
*Italian Garden (1930)
*Slovak Garden (1932)
*Slovenian Garden (1932)
*Hungarian Garden (1934)
*Polish Garden (1934)
*American Garden (1935)
*Czech Garden (1935)
*Peace Garden of the Nations (1936)
*Lithuanian Garden (1936)
*Rusin Garden (1939)
*Irish Garden (1939)
*Greek Garden (1940)
*Ukrainian Garden (1940)
*Finnish Garden (1958)
*Estonian Garden (1966)
*Romanian Garden (1967)
*African-American Garden (1977)
*Chinese Garden (1985)
*India Garden (2005)
*Latvian Garden (2006)
*Azerbaijan Garden (2008)
*Serbian Garden (2008)
*Armenian Garden (2010)
*Syrian Garden (2011)
*Croatian Garden (2012)
*Albanian Garden (2012)
*Turkish Garden (2016)
*Vietnamese Garden (2016)
*Russian Garden (2018)
*Ethiopian Garden (2019)
*Lebanese Garden (2019)
*Pakistani Garden (2023)
*Colombian Garden (''in development'')
*French Garden (''in development'')
*Egyptian Garden (''in development'')
*Mexico Garden (''in development'')
*Uzbek Garden (''in development'')
*Korean Garden (''in development'')
*Scottish Garden (''in development'')
*Native American Garden (''in development'')
*Peruvian Garden (''in development'')
{{div col end}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |author= |title=Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the 81st Congress, Second Session, Volume 96, Part 16 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=United States Government Printing Office |page=A5425 |date=1950}}
*{{cite book |last=Hanson |first=Dan |date=2020 |title=Murder in the Cultural Gardens |location=Cleveland Heights |publisher=Dan Hanson |isbn=9781712529560 |lccn=2019911120}}
*{{cite book |last=Lederer |first=Clara |date=2014 |title=Their Paths are Peace |location=Cleveland |publisher=ATBOSH Media Ltd |isbn=9781626130425 |lccn=2014946380}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[https://www.clevelandculturalgardens.org/ Cleveland Cultural Gardens]

{{Cleveland}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Parks in Cleveland]]
[[Category:Urban public parks]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Cleveland, Ohio]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1916]]
[[Category:Historic districts in Ohio]]
[[Category:Gardens in Ohio]]
[[Category:Works about race and ethnicity]]
[[Category:Parks on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio]]

Tikiapara railway station

2026-04-04T19:01:37Z

AdolphMassola0: started new pg needs work

{{short description|Railway station in West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Tikiapara
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] station
| style = Kolkata Suburban Railway
| image = File:Tikiapara railway station.jpg
| image_caption = Tikiapara railway station
| address = Sailen Manna Street (Formerly By Pass Road), [[Tikiapara]], [[Howrah]], [[West Bengal]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.5986|88.3243|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|9|m|ft}}
| line = [[Howrah–Kharagpur line]]
| other =
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| platform = 3
| tracks = 4
| entrances =
| parking = No
| bicycle = No
| opened = 1900
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 1967–69
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = TPKR
| zone = [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]
| division = Kharagpur
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]
| status = {{color|green|Functioning}}
| former = [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]]
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India Kolkata#India West Bengal#India
| map_dot_label = Tikiapara
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Location in Kolkata##Location in West Bengal##Location in India
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Kolkata Suburban Railway|line=South Eastern|left=Dasnagar|right=Howrah|to-left=Midnapore|to-right=Howrah Junction|type=[[Howrah–Kharagpur line]]}}
| route_map = {{Howrah–Kharagpur line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=200|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Tikiapara''' is a railway station on the [[Howrah–Kharagpur line]]. It is located in [[Tikiapara]], [[Howrah]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]].

==History==
The Howrah–Kharagpur line was opened in 1900.<ref name=ser>{{cite web | url = http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1 | title = Major events in formation of S.E.Railway | publisher = South Eastern Railway | access-date = 10 April 2013 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130401151628/http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C1 | archive-date = 1 April 2013 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> The Howrah–Kharagpur line was electrified in 1967–69.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html |title = History of Electrification | publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 10 February 2013}}</ref>

The BNR had no station at Haora, and does not to this day. It operated from a siding in Tikiapara, and was later permitted to use the new Haora Station of the EIR.<ref>''The Railway Comes to Calcutta'' by Sukanta Chaudhuri, published in ''Calcutta The Living City, Volume 1, page 238. First published by Oxford University Press in 1990. ISBN o 19 563696 1''</ref>

==Car shed==
There is a car shed of South Eastern Railway at Tikiapara.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-shed.html |title = Sheds and Workshops| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 10 April 2013}}</ref>

==Coaching depot==
Tikiapara Coaching Depot maintains 22 primary base trains and 6 round trip trains. Total coach holding capacity is 744 coaches. It handles prestigious trains like Rajdhani Express and Poorva Express. The Coaching Depot is under Howrah Division, Eastern Railway.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.er.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1336385288075-C&W%20HWH%20OVER%20VIEW%20MAY%2712.pdf |title = Carriage and Wagon / Howrah Division| publisher = Indian Railways| access-date = 11 April 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/search/kolkata-howrah-hwh-to-tikiapara-tpkr/1/0/9266 Trains at Tikiapara]

{{Kolkata Suburban Railway, South Eastern}}
{{Howrah topics}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1900]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Howrah district]]
[[Category:Kharagpur railway division]]
[[Category:Kolkata Suburban Railway stations]]

Sealdah metro station

2026-03-28T13:25:50Z

AdolphMassola0: improved section for accuracy

{{short description|Kolkata Metro's Green Line metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{for|the surface railway station|Sealdah railway station}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Sealdah
| native_name = {{nobold|শিয়ালদহ}}
| system = [[Kolkata Metro]]
| style = Kolkata Metro
| symbol = ewm
| symbol_location = kolkata
| image = Sealdah metro station.jpg
| image_upright = 1.3
| image_caption = Main exterior of the Sealdah metro station
| address = [[AJC Bose Road & APC Road|Acharya Prafulla Chandra Rd]], [[Sealdah]], [[Rajabazar, Kolkata|Rajabazar]], Kolkata, West Bengal 700009
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.567207|N|88.371497|E|format=dms|display=inline, title}}
| line = {{rcb|Kolkata Metro|Green|croute}}
| other = {{rint|kolkata|s}} {{rcb|Kolkata Suburban Railway|Eastern|route}} {{rcb|Kolkata Suburban Railway|Chord link|route}} {{rcb|Kolkata Suburban Railway|Sealdah South|route}} at [[Sealdah railway station|Sealdah]]
| structure = Underground
| platform = 2 [[side platforms]]; 1 [[island platform]] ([[Spanish solution]])
| depth = 16 m
| tracks =
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = No
| baggage_check =
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|11|07|2022}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified =
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| status = Operational
| code = SDHM
| owned = [[Metro Railway, Kolkata]]
| operator = [[Kolkata Metro Rail Corporation]]
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{adjstn|system=Kolkata Metro|line=Green|left=Esplanade|right=Phoolbagan}}
| map_type = India Kolkata#India Kolkata Metro
| route_map = {{Kolkata Metro Green Line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Sealdah''' (also known as '''[[DTDC]] Sealdah''' for sponsorship reasons) is an important underground metro station on the East-West corridor of the [[Green Line (Kolkata Metro)|Green Line]] of [[Kolkata Metro]], located in [[Sealdah]], [[Kolkata]]. The underground station adjoins with [[Sealdah railway station]] of the [[Indian Railways]] on its eastern side. The Sealdah Court is on the west side of the station, the Sealdah Flyover (Vidyapati Setu) is on the northern side of the station. There is a pedestrian subway linking the metro station with the railway station.

==Inauguration==
In March 2022, the [[Commission of Railway Safety|Commissioner of Railway Safety]] gave his approval for the commencement of commercial operations at this station and the station was likely to be inaugurated on the occasion of [[Poila Baisakh]] on 15 April 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kolkata Metro: East-West Sealdah link gets CRS nod, Poila Baisakh start likely |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-metro-east-west-sealdah-link-gets-crs-nod-poila-baishakh-start-likely/articleshow/90452128.cms |access-date=2 May 2022 |work=Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sealdah Metro Station : নববর্ষে শহর পাচ্ছে না মেট্রোর নতুন স্টেশন |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bengali/west-bengal/state/kolkata/metro-service-from-sealdah-station-maight-start-from-end-of-april/wb20220409222254377 |access-date=2 May 2022 |work=ETV Bharat News}}</ref>
However, the inauguration on the [[Poila Baisakh]] could not happen as some issues pointed out by the Commissioner of Railway Safety, were yet to be fixed. After missing a few deadlines, the Station was ultimately inaugurated by the Union Minister [[Smriti Irani]] on 11 July 2022,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nag |first1=Jayatri |title=Sealdah station of Kolkata metro inaugurated |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/sealdah-station-of-kolkata-metro-inaugurated/articleshow/92808011.cms |access-date=14 July 2022 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> with the commercial run beginning on 14 July 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhowal |first1=Tiasa |title=Kolkata is super excited as services from Sealdah metro station begins. See pics |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/kolkata-is-super-excited-as-services-from-sealdah-metro-station-begins-see-pics-1975456-2022-07-14 |access-date=14 July 2022 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The station was connected to [[Esplanade metro station|Esplanade]] on 22 August 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-12 |title=‘Efforts on to open 3 new metro lines next week’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/efforts-on-to-open-3-new-metro-lines-next-week/articleshow/123264233.cms |access-date=2025-08-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Layout ==
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
| width="50" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''G'''
| width="85" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Ground level
| width="400" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Exit/Entrance
|-
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''L1'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" | Mezzanine
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" | Fare control, station agent, Ticket/token, shops
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;vertical-align:top;" rowspan=5;|'''L2 Platforms'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]] {{access icon}}}}
|-
|width=50 height=45|'''Platform 1'''
|width=400| {{0|→}} towards {{ltl|Kolkata Metro|green|Right}} ({{stl|Kolkata Metro|Phoolbagan}}) →
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Island platform]] {{access icon}}
|-
|width=50 height=45|'''Platform 2'''
|width=400| ← towards {{ltl|Kolkata Metro|green|left}} ({{stl|Kolkata Metro|Esplanade}}*)
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]] {{access icon}}}}
|-
|}
* ''Change at Esplanade for '''{{Rcb|Kolkata Metro|Blue|yes}}''' & '''{{Rcb|Kolkata Metro|Purple|yes}}'''''

== Connections ==
=== Rail ===
It is directly connected to the [[Sealdah railway station]].

==Gallery==
More photos on [[:commons:Category:Sealdah_metro_station]]
<gallery>
১বি প্ল্যাটফর্ম, শিয়ালদহ মেট্রো স্টেশন - 1B platform, Sealdah metro station.jpg|1B platform
শিয়ালদহ মেট্রো স্টেশনের কনকোর্স এলাকা ২ - Concourse area of Sealdah metro station.jpg|Concourse area
শিয়ালদহ মেট্রো স্টেশনের কনকোর্স স্তরে স্বয়ংক্রিয় টিকিট বিক্রয় যন্ত্র - ১.jpg|Automated ticket vending machines
শিয়ালদহ মেট্রো স্টেশনে স্টেশনের নাম ফলক ২ - Station Name Plate at Sealdah metro station.jpg|Station Name Plate
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[List of Kolkata Metro stations]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{Kolkata Metro|green line=yes}}

[[Category:Kolkata Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2022]]

{{WestBengal-railstation-stub}}
{{Asia-metro-stub}}

Abd Allah ibn Ubayy

2026-03-23T23:24:02Z

AdolphMassola0: update page for accuracy and fixed typos to improve readability

{{Short description|Arab tribal chieftain (died 631)}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = Abd Allah ibn Ubayy
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 7th century
| death_date = 631
| birth_place = [[Medina#Etymology|Yathrib]] (Medina), [[Hejaz]], [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]]
| death_place = Yathrib (Medina), Hejaz, Arabia
| branch = [[Banu Khazraj]]
| branch_label = Tribe
| serviceyears = 617–629
| battles = {{tree list}}
*[[Fijar Wars]] (late 6th-century)
*[[Invasion of Banu Qaynuqa|Expedition against Qaynuqa]] (624)
*[[Invasion of Banu Nadir|Expedition against Nadir]] (625)
*[[Battle of Uhud]] (625)
*[[Expedition of al-Muraysi'|Expedition of al-Muraysi]] (627)
*[[Treaty of Hudaybiyyah|March to Hudaybiyya]] (629)
{{tree list/end}}
| spouse = Khawla bint al-Mundhir al-Najjari Lubna bint Ubada al-Qauqali Rayta bint Amir ibn Qays al-Saidi
| children = {{plainlist|
*[[Abd-Allah ibn Abd-Allah ibn Ubayy|Abd Allah]]
}}
| relations = {{plainlist|
*Ubayy ibn Salul (father)
*Uzza bint Ka'b (mother)
}}
| laterwork =
| other_name = ''Ibn Salul''
}}
'''Abd-Allah ibn Ubayy''' ({{langx|ar|عبد الله بن أبي بن سلول}}, died 631), also called '''Ibn Salul''' in reference to his grandmother, was a chief of the [[Arab]] tribe of [[Banu Khazraj]] and one of the leading men of [[Medina]] (then known as Yathrib). Upon the arrival of [[Muhammad]], Ibn Ubayy became a [[Muslim]], but the sincerity of his conversion is disputed. Because of repeated conflicts with Muhammad, Islamic tradition has labelled him a ''[[munafiq]]'' or hypocrite (plural: ''munafiqun'') and "leader of the munafiqun".<ref name="EoI-AiU">Watt (1960), p. 53</ref>

==Origins and early life==

Abd-Allah was the son of Ubayy ibn Salul and Uzza bint Ka'ab, also from Banu Khazraj. His father's mother was known as Salul. Ibn Ubayy was one of the chiefs of the Khazraj, who then were in conflict with the other major Arab tribe of the city, the [[Banu Aws]]. During the ''fidjar'', the so-called "sacrilegious war", Ibn Ubayy had led parts of the Khazraj tribe on the first day of fighting but held aloof on the second day. Also, he did not participate in the [[Yawm al-Buath|Battle of Bu'ath]] because of a quarrel with another leader over the execution of [[Jewish]] hostages.<ref name="EoI-AiU"/><ref name="Glubb 142">Glubb (2002), p. 142</ref> It appears that at one point during the conflict, his life was saved by his Jewish allies from the tribe of [[Banu Qaynuqa]], as he would later exclaim: "300 soldiers armed in mail, and 400 unequipped, {{Em dash}} they defended me on the fields of Hadaick and Boath from every foe."<ref name="Muir3-13"/><ref name="Glubb 197">Glubb (2002), p. 197f.</ref>

Ibn Ubayy "used every effort to end the fratricidal strife"<ref name="Glubb 142"/> and achieved a partial reconciliation between the two factions, which both recognized the leadership of Ibn Ubayy.<ref name="Glubb 161">Glubb (2002), p. 161, 164f.</ref>

He occupied a high status in pre-Islamic Medinan society, and his supporters aimed for him to become "king". The aim was not realised, however, because of the arrival of Muhammad in 622:<ref name="EoI-AiU"/><ref name="RM156">Maxime Rodinson, ''Muhammad: Prophet of Islam'' (2002), p. 156</ref> since the tribal conflict had not been completely resolved, some citizens looked towards another arbitrator and called in Muhammad, whose preaching had made him famous beyond his home town of [[Mecca]].<ref name="Glubb 161"/>

The arrival of a man who claimed to speak in the name of God eclipsed Ibn Ubayy's influence. That provoked his jealousy, which he was careful to conceal, but was mitigated by his moderation and peacefulness. Ibn Ubayy nonetheless remained a well-respected man.<ref name="Glubb 161"/> According to [[Ibn Ishaq]], Ibn Ubayy was "a man of great authority in Medina before the advent of the apostle" and "remained a continuing thorn in the flesh of his success".<ref name="Ibn Ishaq">Ibn Ishaq, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20040625103910/http://www.hraic.org/hadith/ibn_ishaq.html#The%20earliest%20biography%20of%20Muhammad,%20by%20ibn%20Ishaq The earliest biography of Muhammad]´''</ref>

==Conversion==
After the entry of Muhammad in Medina, many of the Arabs converted to [[Islam]]. Ibn Ubayy followed suit, according to [[Maxime Rodinson]], as "he thought it wiser to join than to stand out against it".<ref name="RM156"/> However, [[Rudi Paret]] thinks it probable that he converted very soon after the [[Hijra (Islam)|Hijra]], at the same time as [[Sa'd ibn Mu'adh]].<ref>Rudi Paret, ''Mohammed und der Koran'', Stuttgart: [[Kohlhammer Verlag]] (1957), p. 103.</ref> Islamic tradition, which views Ibn Ubayy's conversion as insincere, labelled him "leader of the hypocrites (''munafiqun)"''.<ref name="EoI-AiU"/><ref name="M285">al-Mubarakpuri (2002), p. 285</ref><ref name="restatement">Sayed Ali Asgher Razwy, ''[http://al-islam.org/restatement/57.htm Restatement of History of Islam]''</ref> However, according to Rodinson, Ibn Ubayy may have converted out of a "genuine sympathy with monotheist ideas fostered by his friendly relations with the Jews".<ref>Rodinson (2002), p. 157</ref>

Being second only to Muhammad, Ibn Ubayy became a "figurehead for those Arabs of Medina who, openly or secretly, sneered at the Prophet's teaching and complained of the confusion and the danger which the coming of the Muslims had brought to Medina".<ref name="Glubb 161"/> Ibn Ishaq writes that some of the [[Ansar (Islam)|Ansar]] "were not altogether convinced of the political wisdom of supporting the apostle: these came to be regarded as paying lip-service to Islam, but hiding treachery in their hearts, and they were known and reviled as 'the Hypocrites'".<ref name="Ibn Ishaq">Ibn Ishaq, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20040625103910/http://www.hraic.org/hadith/ibn_ishaq.html#The%20earliest%20biography%20of%20Muhammad,%20by%20ibn%20Ishaq The earliest biography of Muhammad]´''</ref> [[William Muir]] opines that tradition "makes a scapegoat of Abdallah" standing for "a great number, who had incurred Mahomet's{{sic}} anger, and some of them much more than Abdallah".<ref name="Muir4-28">William Muir, ''The Life of Mahomet'', vol. 3, chapter 14</ref>

==Military campaigns==
{{Campaignbox Campaigns of Muhammad}}
{{Main|List of expeditions of Muhammad}}

===Banu Qaynuqa===
{{Main|Invasion of Banu Qaynuqa}}
In 624, the Muslims moved against the Jewish tribe of the [[Banu Qaynuqa]]. According to [[Ibn Hisham]], a dispute had broken out between the Muslims and the Banu Qaynuqa, the allies of the [[Khazraj]] tribe. When a Muslim woman visited a jeweller's shop in the Qaynuqa marketplace, she was pestered to uncover her face. The goldsmith, a Jew, pinned her clothing such that upon getting up, she was unveiled. A Muslim man, coming upon the resulting commotion, killed the shopkeeper in retaliation and was in turn killed by Jews. As a result of the revenge killings, enmity grew between Muslims and the Banu Qaynuqa.<ref name="Mubarakpuri 2005 284">al-Mubarakpuri (2005), p. 284</ref><ref name= "Stillman">{{citation | last = Stillman | title = The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book}}.</ref>{{rp |122}}<ref name= "Ishaq1">Guillaume 363, ibn Kathir 2</ref>

The Muslims besieged the Banu Qaynuqa, and after 15 days, forced them to surrender. Now, Ibn Ubayy was allied to the Qaynuqa and according to Muslim historians, appealed to Muhammad for leniency.<ref name="EoI-AiU"/> He grabbed hold of the top of Muhammad's breast plate as he turned away, provoking his anger.<ref name="RM173">Rodinson (2002), p. 173</ref> "Let me go," Muhammad said. Ibn Ubayy replied:
{{blockquote|Nay [...] I will not let thee go, until thou hast compassion on my friends; 300 soldiers armed in mail, and 400 unequipped, - they defended me on the fields of Hadaick and Boath from every foe. Wilt thou cut them down in one day, O Mohammad? As for me, I am one verily that feareth the vicissitudes of fortune.}}Then, Muhammad acceded to his request and gave the Banu Qaynuqa three days to leave the city.<ref name="RM173" /><ref name="Muir3-13">William Muir, ''[http://www.answering-islam.org.uk/Books/Muir/Life3/chap13.htm The Life of Mahomet]'', vol. 3, chapter 13</ref>

Ibn Ubayy's last sentence has been interpreted in various ways. Rodinson considered it as threat against Muhammad,<ref name="RM173"/> [[William Montgomery Watt|Watt]] that Ibn Ubayy "urged their importance as a fighting unit in view of the expected Meccan onslaught".<ref name="EoI-AiU"/>

Muslims have traditionally seen the episode as another piece of evidence for Ibn Ubayy's hypocrisy since he insisted that adherence to Islam had not completely severed the old obligations of tribal and personal loyalty.<ref>Glubb (p. 197) refers to Ubada ibn al-Samit as an alternative; a Muslim from the tribe of Aws and also an ally of the Qunayqa, he then renounced his friendship the Jews.</ref> However, Ibn Ubayy had not defended the Qaynuqa but merely pleaded for mercy. His plea implies that Muhammad intended to put the Qaynuqa to death, as he later did with the [[Banu Qurayza]], but after Ibn Ubayy's intercession, they were merely expelled from Medina, their property falling to Muhammad and the [[Muhajirun]].<ref name="Glubb 197"/>

===Battle of Uhud===
{{further|Battle of Uhud}}
In the consultations preceding the approaching [[Mecca]]n attack on Medina in 625, Ibn Ubayy had favoured Muhammad's original plan to defend from the strongholds inside Medina itself:<blockquote>...our city is a virgin, inviolate. We have never gone forth to our enemies, but we have suffered loss: remaining within our walls, we have beaten them off with slaughter. Leave the Coreish ([[Quraysh]]) alone. If they remain, it will be in evil case; when they retire, it will be disappointed and frustrated in their designs.<ref name="Muir3-14">William Muir, ''The Life of Mahomet'', vol. 3, chapter 14</ref></blockquote>Some young Muslims, however, argued that the Meccans should be fought outside the city. Persuaded by the latter, Muhammad adopted an offensive strategy. According to Islamic tradition,{{which|date=January 2020}} Ibn Ubayy expressed his anger about his advice being rejected: "We do not know why we shall kill ourselves".<ref>al-Mubarakpuri (2002), p. 298</ref>

When Muhammad marched out to fight the Meccans, Ibn Ubayy also marched out with 300 of his own men and his remaining Jewish allies, according to [[al-Waqidi]]; however, Muhammad ordered him to send the Jews back into the town, calling them "idolaters". Ibn Ubayy then led his men back to Medina, retiring to the strongholds, while Muhammad resumed his advance.<ref name="EoI-AiU"/><ref name="Muir3-14"/> Islamic tradition presumes that Ibn Ubayy turned back to protect the town or his own possessions.<ref name="Muir3-14"/><ref name="Glubb 202">Glubb (2002), p. 202-205.</ref> According to Watt, Surah {{cite quran|3|166|style=nosup|expand=no}} interprets Ibn Ubayy's withdrawal as showing "cowardice and lack of belief in God and the Prophet".<ref name="EoI-AiU"/><ref>Some scholars interpret the Surah to indicate that Ibn Ubayy stayed in the town in the first place; A. Schaade, "`Abd-Allah b. Ubaiy", Enzyklopädie des Islam.</ref>

Muhammad's 700 men met the 3000 of the Quraish in the [[Battle of Uhud]] and were defeated. The Quraish, however, did not succeed in killing Muhammad, and did not attempt to occupy the town of Medina, possibly because they knew it was guarded by Ibn Ubayy.<ref name="EoI-AiU"/><ref name="Glubb 215">Glubb (2002), p. 215f.</ref> Rodinson suggests that the Meccans did not want to reforge the very unity of the population, which had been jeopardised by Muhammad's defeat.<ref>Rodinson (2002), p. 182</ref>

===Banu Nadir===
{{Main|Invasion of Banu Nadir}}
Ibn Ubay was also involved in Muhammad's conflict with another Jewish tribe, the [[Banu Nadir]]. Ibn Ishaq writes that when Muhammad ordered the tribe to leave the city within ten days, "certain persons of Medina who were not Believers sent a message to the Banu al-Nadir: 'Hold out, and defend yourselves; we shall not surrender you to Muhammad. If you are attacked we shall fight with you and if you are sent away we shall go with you'".<ref name="Ibn Ishaq"/> Other sources include or even identify the persons with the Muslim Ibn Ubayy. Waqidi reports that Ibn Ubayy, at first, strove to bring about a reconciliation, and [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] relates that Abd-Allah accused Muhammad of treachery and urged the Nadir to resist by promising aid.<ref name="Muir3-15">William Muir, ''The Life of Mahomet'', vol. 3, chapter 15.</ref> However, as the promised help failed to materialise, the Nadir surrendered and Muhammad expelled them from the city.<ref>V. Vacca, "Nadir, Banu'l", ''[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]''</ref><ref name="jewenc">[[Hartwig Hirschfeld]], "[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=192&letter=A&search=Banu%20Khazraja Abdallah ibn Ubaiy]", ''[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]''.</ref>

Watt considered this to be the first instance in which Ibn Ubayy went beyond verbally criticising Muhammad to intriguing against him, a practice Watt saw as continuing for the next two years.<ref name="EoI-AiU"/>

===Controversy during Mustaliq campaign===
{{Main|Invasion of Banu Mustaliq}}
In 627, Ibn Ubayy participated in a raid against the [[Banu Mustaliq]]. On the march home, conflict arose between the [[Muhajirun]] and the Ansar when a [[Bedouin]] servant of [[Umar]] pushed an ally of the Khazraj. Hearing of this, Ibn Ubayy reportedly voiced his discontent:<ref name="Muir3-16">William Muir, ''The Life of Mahomet'', vol. 3, chapter 16</ref>

{{blockquote|This... ye have brought upon yourselves, by inviting these strangers to dwell amongst us. When we return to Medina, the Mightier shall surely expel the Meaner!}}Watt described the phrase as an attempt by Ibn Ubayy "to undermine Muhammad's authority and make men think of expelling him".<ref name="EoI-AiU" /> Muhammad forestalled any fighting by immediately continuing the march. Ibn Ubayy denied having said so and Muhammad accepted the excuse, but after their return to Medina, the "Munafiqun" would be reprimanded in Surah {{cite quran|63|8|style=nosup|expand=no}}. Reportedly, Muhammad rejected the advice of Umar, who counselled to have Ibn Ubayy killed and the offer of [[Abd-Allah ibn Abd-Allah ibn Ubayy|Ibn Ubayy's own son]], a fervent Muslim, to kill his own father.<ref name="Muir3-16" /><ref>Akram Diya Al-Umari, ''[http://www.islaam.com/Article.aspx?id=423 The Bonds of Faith Are the Bases of the Links Between Men] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018235017/http://www.islaam.com/Article.aspx?id=423 |date=October 18, 2006 }}'' (1991).</ref><ref name="Glubb 262">Glubb (2002), p. 262f.</ref>

Later during the march, Muhammad's wife [[Aisha#Accusation of adultery|Aisha]] was rumoured to have committed adultery, and Ibn Ubay was among those spreading the rumour.<ref name="Muir3-16"/><ref name="EoI-A">William Montgomery Watt, "Aisha bint Abi Bakr", ''[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]''</ref><ref name="Glubb 264">Glubb (2002), p. 264f.</ref> One of the chiefs of the Aws asked for the permission to punish the slanderers without incurring a feud, but the Khazraj opposed that. Based on [[An-Nura|Sura 24]], Muhammad declared Aisha innocent and had three of her accusers, who had come forward, punished by eighty lashes. He did not venture to enforce the sentence against Ibn Ubayy, who had not come forward.<ref name="Muir3-16"/>

==Last years==
According to Watt, after 627, there is no record of Ibn Ubayy "actively opposing Muhammad or intriguing against him". In 628, Ibn Ubayy participated in the march to [[Treaty of Hudaybiyyah|Hudaybiyya]].<ref name="EoI-AiU"/> According to Rudi Paret, Muhammad's "most dangerous rival" was now on Muhammad's side.<ref>Rudi Paret, ''Mohammed und der Koran'', Stuttgart: Kohlhammer (1957), p. 126.</ref>

In 630, when Muhammad launched a [[Expedition of Tabuk|campaign]] against the [[Byzantine Empire]] during a time of drought and food shortage created serious discontent in Medina, Ibn Ubayy expressed his sympathy for those criticizing the expedition as untimely. As the army assembled, Ibn Ubayy's troops formed a separate camp and turned back to Medina when Muhammad's forces set out.<ref name="Glubb 333">Glubb (2002), p. 333f.</ref> That possibly happened with Muhammad's consent because of Ibn Ubayy's ill health.<ref name="EoI-AiU"/><ref name="Muir4-28"/> After Muhammad's return, those who had criticized the campaign and remained behind were chided in Surah {{cite quran|9|81|style=nosup|expand=no}}.<ref name="Muir4-28"/>

Ibn Ubayy died two months after Muhammad's return, in 631. Despite the various conflicts between the two men, Muhammad did not show signs of vindictiveness towards Ibn Ubayy and attended his funeral and prayed above his grave, but afterwards revealed a verse in Surah at-Tawbah which denied him forgiveness while condemning him and the ''munafiqun.''<ref name="restatement" /> Ibn Ubayy's death signalled the end of the so-called faction of ''munafiqun'', as "there was no one left ... possessed of power or influence".<ref name="Muir4-28" />

Ibn Ubayy married three times and left behind nine children, all of whom became devout Muslims.<ref name="EoI-AiU"/>

==See also==
*[[List of expeditions of Muhammad]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite encyclopedia |author=Watt, William Montgomery |author-link=W. Montgomery Watt |year=1960 |title='Abd Allah b. Ubayy |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] Online |editor1=P.J. Bearman |edition=2nd |volume=I |pages=53 |editor2=Th. Bianquis |editor3=C.E. Bosworth |editor4=E. van Donzel |editor5=W.P. Heinrichs |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |issn=1573-3912}}
*{{cite book|last=Rodinson|first=Maxime|author-link=Maxime Rodinson|title=Muhammad: Prophet of Islam|year=2002|publisher=Tauris Parke Paperbacks|isbn=1-86064-827-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LqR_mU0qpE4C}}
*{{cite book|last=Glubb|first=John Bagot|author-link=John Bagot Glubb | title=The Life and Times of Muhammad|publisher=Hodder & Stoughton|orig-year=1970|year=2002|isbn=0-8154-1176-6}}
*{{cite book|last=al-Mubarakpuri | first=Saif-ur-Rahman|author-link=Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri| title=Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum ("The Sealed Nectar")|publisher=Riyadh: Darussalam publishers. | year=2002|isbn=1-59144-071-8}}
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=FhjPV9mVnNEC&dq=%22Abd-Allah+ibn+Ubayy%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA283 Rodney J. Phillips, The Muslim Empire and the Land of Gold, 2008, Eloquent Books]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abd-Allah ibn Ubayy}}
[[Category:631 deaths]]
[[Category:7th-century Arab people]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Khazrajite people]]
[[Category:Opponents of Muhammad]]
[[Category:7th-century births]]

Durga temple, Aihole

2026-03-19T21:23:11Z

AdolphMassola0: Starting a place.

{{Short description|8th-century Hindu temple in Aihole, Karnataka, India}}
{{Other uses|Durga Mandir (disambiguation){{!}}Durga Mandir}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox religious building
| religious_affiliation = [[Hinduism]]
| name = Durga temple
| image = Durga Temple - General View.jpg
| alt = Durga temple at Aihole
| caption =
| map_type = India#India Karnataka
| map_relief = yes
| map_caption = Location in Karnataka
| coordinates = {{coord|16|1|14.4|N|75|52|55|E|type:landmark_region:IN_source:dewiki|display=inline,title}}
| country = India
| state = Karnataka
| district = Bagalkot
| location = Aihole
| year_completed = late 7th - early 8th century
| creator = [[Chalukya dynasty]]
}}

The '''Durga temple''' is an early 8th-century [[Hindu temple]] located in [[Aihole]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. Originally dedicated to [[Surya]], it has the most embellished and largest relief panels in Aihole depicting artwork of [[Shaivism]], [[Vaishnavism]], [[Shaktism]] and Vedic deities.{{sfn|M. A. Dhaky|Michael W. Meister|1983|pp=49–52}} Apart from its fine carvings, it is notable for its [[apse|apsidal]] plan – a rare example among early Chalukyan Hindu temple architecture.<ref>Michell, 330-332</ref><ref name=gm2011>Michell (2011), pp. 82–86</ref>

Though dedicated to Surya, the temple is now named Durga because a ''durg'' or fortified lookout was constructed on top of it after the 13th century during the wars between Hindu kingdoms and Islamic Sultanates. This rubble lookout survived through the 19th century when this site was rediscovered (it is now gone, temple has been restored). The Durga temple is the most prominent attraction in Aihole for tourist and scholars. It is a part of a pending [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] application.<ref name=unescobct2004>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5972/|title= Evolution of Temple Architecture – Aihole-Badami- Pattadakal|year=2004|access-date=21 October 2015|publisher= UNESCO}}</ref>

==Date==
The temple has been dated between the late 7th century and the early 8th century of the early [[Chalukya]] dynasty.<ref name=gm2011/> According to Dhaky and Meister – scholars of Indian temple architecture, an inscription discovered in the 1970s confirms that this temple was originally dedicated to Surya, built by someone named Kumara, but does not include a date. On paleographic grounds, the inscription cannot be later than c. 700 CE.{{sfn|M. A. Dhaky|Michael W. Meister|1983|pp=49–52}}{{refn|group=note|The Durga temple of Aihole has quite a few short inscriptions as well, which has caused some confusion and some early speculations that has been discarded. For example, one short inscription reads "Jinalayan". This led early speculations that this was a Jain temple with Hindu deities, or a Jain temple that was converted into a Hindu temple. But, with no evidence of anything Jaina, nor any signs of re-carving in the numerous artwork panels here, the "Jinalayan" is treated as the name of one of the artists or architects who worked on this temple. Such signatures are common in Badami Chalukyan temples.{{sfn|M. A. Dhaky|Michael W. Meister|1983|pp=49–52}}}}

===Historiography===
The Durga temple at Aihole has been a subject of much debate and several wrong theories since it discovery. Gary Tartakov, a scholar of Architecture and Archaeology, has published a lengthy and detailed historiographic review of how it has baffled scholars, been misidentified and how some have wrongly accused early Hindus of appropriating a temple that did not belong to them.<ref name=Tartakov>Tartakov (1997), pp. 1–23, 31–43; Part 1: The Changing Views of the Durga Temple</ref><ref name=lahiri>Lahiri (1998), pp. 340–342</ref><ref name=sinha>Sinha (1998), pp. 1215-1216</ref>

The ruins of Durga temple were re-discovered by Briggs – a British artillery officer in early 1860s. Briggs sensed the significance of its art and structure, took the earliest photographs and published them as "Shivite temple in Iwullee". Shortly thereafter, James Fergusson announced it was "a Buddhist monument" because of its apsidal shape. Fergusson further speculated that it is an example of "inglorious, structural version of a Buddhist ''caitya'' hall" that was "appropriated by Brahmanical Hindus".<ref name=Tartakov/><ref name=lahiri/> Thus began the long presumed exclusive association of apsidal plan architecture as Buddhist. As other scholars visited and examined other evidence such as the extensive reliefs and panels, the understanding and theories about the Durga temple evolved. James Burgess posited that this must have been a Vishnu temple from the start, as there was no evidence of any Buddhist temple or of appropriation by the Hindus. Henry Cousens was the first to link to it Surya, but through Surya-Narayana (Vishnu). As the Aihole site was further explored, excavated, more thoroughly cleaned up and restored in the 1960s and 1970s, new inscriptions were among the discoveries. In particular, in the cleaned sections of the Durga temple in the 1970s, a new inscription, from c. 700 CE, was found. It was accurately translated by K.V. Ramesh in 1976, later by Srinivas Padigar. This inscription confirmed that the temple was built by Kumara for Hindu deity Aditya (Surya).<ref name=Tartakov/><ref name=lahiri/>

According to Tartakov's detailed review of the Durga temple, the inertia of the historic interpretations and the repetition of "stereotyped information" from colonial era scholarship has perpetuated the misunderstandings. According to Sinha – a scholar of Indian architecture and history, instead of the evidence and science on the Durga temple, the original orientalist framework has continued its influence on the Indian authors. Tartakov states that the writing of history of Durga temple as Buddhist or Buddhist-inspired has become a folklore and received truth, no matter what the evidence in the temple and the site says.<ref name=Tartakov/><ref name=sinha/>

According to some scholars such as George Michell, writing before Tartakov's book was published, this 8th-century temple plan derives from rock-cut [[chaitya hall]] tradition that existed about a 1000 years earlier in 2nd to 1st-century BCE Buddhist caves.<ref>Harle (1994), 218-221; Michell (1983), 332</ref> This view has been contested by other scholars who have published their studies after the publication of the Tartakov's book. For example, Himanshu Prabha Ray questions the process of continuity over the ten centuries gap, quotes earliest Sanskrit texts on temple architecture and archaeological discoveries of ancient and medieval apsidal Hindu temples in many states of India.<ref>Himanshu Prabha Ray (2004), ''The Apsidal Shrine in Early Hinduism: Origins, Cultic Affiliation, Patronage'', World Archaeology, Vol. 36, No. 3, pp. 343-359, {{JSTOR|4128336}}</ref>

According to Philip Harding, Durga temple takes the "form of an apsidal temple with inner and outer ambulatories — a form early researchers considered a derivative of Buddhist chaitya halls, but is now generally recognized as a traditional Brahmanical form".<ref>Philip Harding (2010), p. 28</ref>

==Description==
===Architecture===
[[File:Durga temple, Aihole Karnataka.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.25|Floor plan of the Durga temple, Aihole{{refn|group=note|According to Philip Harding, this plan has geometric proportions embedded in it, one that integrates with the doorway near this temple. He also elaborates how the architect may have constructed the temple using principles of geometry and late 7th-century tools.<ref>Philip Harding (2010), pp. 25–35</ref>}}]]
The Durga temple has an apsidal plan for its sanctum, one that fuses with a square plan for the mandapa. This design seems to have borrowed influences from early apsidal Buddhist Chaitya Caves such as the [[Karla Caves|Karla Chaitya]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bharne |first1=Vinayak |last2=Krusche |first2=Krupali |title=Rediscovering the Hindu Temple: The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India |date=18 September 2014 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-6734-4 |pages=79–81 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CGukBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA79 |language=en}}</ref>

It is the largest of a group of over 120 temples at Aihole and illustrates a mature example of the [[Badami Chalukya architecture]].<ref name=hardy/> The architecture of the temple is sophisticated as it combines an apsidal plan for the sanctum (''garbhagriya'') with a non-apsidal Nagara-Latina shikhara with roots in North Indian architecture. In other parts such as the mandapa, it uses a mix of rectangular and square plans, all fronted by a ''mukhacatuski''-style entrance. It integrates an ambulatory passage within. This fusion of north and south Indian ideas on architecture is not disjointed, but one well integrated. For example, the adhisthana is formulated by a Nagara khura-kumbha, and the decoration with it is Dravida.<ref name=hardy>{{cite book |last1=Hardy |first1=Adam |title=Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation : the Karṇāṭa Drāviḍa Tradition, 7th to 13th Centuries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aU0hCAS2-08C&q=Durga+temple+aihole&pg=PA67 |access-date=3 October 2012|year=1995 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788170173120 |pages=85, 297 }}</ref>

The most original feature of the temple is a peristyle delimiting an ambulatory around the temple itself and whose walls are covered with sculptures of different gods or goddesses. The rounded ends at the rear or sanctuary end include a total of three layers: the wall of the sanctuary itself, the main temple wall beyond a passageway running behind this, and a pteroma or [[ambulatory]] as an open [[loggia]] with pillars, running all round the building.<ref>Harle, 220-221</ref> Stone grilles with various geometrical [[openwork]] patterns ventilate the interior from the ambulatory. The heart of the shrine (''[[garba griha]]'') is surmounted by a tower which announces the future higher towers [[shikhara]]s and [[vimana]]s. The [[amalaka]] that once crowned the shikara is on the ground nearby (visible in top picture).<ref>[[:File:Aihole si05-1441.jpg|being sat on in this photo]]; [[:File:A sculptured stone in Durga Temple Complex.jpg|close-up]]</ref>

From the front the temple appears much more conventional; two staircases provide access to the porch, with many richly carved [[relief]] panels, including roundels with groups of lovers.<ref>[[:File:An 1853 sketch of medallions on porch columns of the 7th century Durga Hindu temple, Aihole Karnataka.jpg|Drawing]]</ref> The sober and square pillars are decorated with characters around the porch and the entrance to the peristyle. The parapet is carved with niches and small animals. The porch gives access to rooms with pillars ('mukhamantapa' and "sabhamantapa") to get into the sanctuary, the heart of the shrine (''[[garba griha]]''). The sanctum is empty.<ref name="Michell, 332">Michell, 332</ref>

===Artwork===
[[File:8th century Durga Surya temple goddess Mahishasuramardini with powers of all gods killing buffalo demon, Aihole Hindu temples and monuments.jpg|thumb|left|Goddess Durga as Mahishasuramardini.]]
Parts of the Durga temple have been damaged, including the artwork it had originally. Some panels are missing, for others the iconography helps identify the identity of the deity or depicted theme. The major artworks are found on the entrance pillars, mukhamandapa pillars, first two bays of the ambulatory and some of the panels around the apsidal ambulatory. The outermost pillars towards the apsidal section are plain.{{sfn|M. A. Dhaky|Michael W. Meister|1983|pp=49–52}}

As the devotee enters the temple, she or he witnesses dvarapalas, along with scenes of ''artha'' and ''kama'' (mithuna, erotic happy couples) from the everyday life on pillars and pilaster through the mukhamandapa. Below, near the base of the porch and mandapas are smaller panels that contain scenes from the Hindu epic ''Ramayana''.<ref name=gm2011/>

The gudha-mandapa's doorframe has six ''shakhas'' – concentric bands of artwork. These are Naga, Valli, Stambha, Mithuna, Valli and Bahya-style decoration bands. At the base of this doorframe are goddess Ganga and Yamuna, with their traditional attendants. As one gets closer to the sanctum, the artwork shows deities, and legends associated with ''dharma'' themes and scenes. The major ''dharma'' panels are in the ambulatory passage. These include (along the traditional Hindu-style clockwise circumambulation):
[[File:700 CE Durga temple major art works, Aihole Karnataka.jpg|thumb|The location of major art works, Durga temple]]
*missing panel
*Vrishavahana ([[Shiva]] with vahana Nandi)
*[[Narasimha]] (Man-lion avatar of Vishnu)
*[[Vishnu]] with [[vahana]] [[Garuda]]
*missing panel
*[[Varaha]] (boar [[avatar]] of Vishnu, the rescued earth is shown as a tiny ''Bhudevi'' nuzzling at his tusk)
*missing panel
*[[Durga]] as Mahisasuramardini
*[[Harihara]] (half-Shiva, half-Vishnu)

According to Dhaky and Meister, some of the "niche figures are of very superior quality".{{sfn|M. A. Dhaky|Michael W. Meister|1983|pp=49–52}}

The ceiling of the Durga temple had carved panels. These were removed and are now a feature item in the [[National Museum, New Delhi]].<ref name="Michell, 332"/>

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:1855 photo of 7th century Aihole Durga temple with the remains of a durg or fort built on its upper floor, Aihole Karnataka.jpg|The temple in 1855, when the roof had been used as a fort or look-out post
File:A history of all nations from the earliest times; being a universal historical library (1905) (14782266255).jpg|View late-1890s
File:DurgaTempleAihole.JPG|The temple from the front
File:8th century Durga temple exterior Kama panel illustration, Aihole Hindu temples and monuments.jpg|Relief on the exterior
File:Durga Temple Ceiling, Aihole, Karnataka.jpg|Roof inside
File:Profile of mantapa outer wall in Durga temple in Aihole.JPG|The [[ambulatory]] around the temple
File:Nandishwara.JPG|[[Shiva]] with [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]]
File:Le temple de Durga (Aihole, Inde) (14360095696).jpg|Porch roundel with lovers. Mithuns
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{commons category|Durga Temple, Aihole}}
*{{cite book| author1=M. A. Dhaky|author2=Michael W. Meister| title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture: Volume 1 Part 2 South India Text & Plates|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=oClTtAEACAAJ | year=1983 |publisher= University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn= 978-0-8122-7992-4 }}
*Harding, Philip E. (2010), South Asian Geometry and the Durga Temple Aihole, South Asian Studies, Volume 20, pp. 25–35, {{doi|10.1080/02666030.2004.9628633}}
*Harle, J.C. (1994), ''The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent'', 2nd edn., Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, {{ISBN|0300062176}}
*Lahiri, N. (1998), "Review: Gary Michael Tartakov, The Durga Temple at Aihole: A Historiographi- cal Study, New Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1997", ''The Medieval History Journal'', 1(2), pp. 340–342
*Michell, George (1983), ''The Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India, Volume 1: Buddhist, Jain, Hindu'', Penguin Books, {{ISBN|0140081445}}
*Michell, George (2011), ''Badami, Aihole, Pattadakal'', Niyogi Books, {{ISBN|978-81-84956009}}
*Sinha, A. (1998), Review: The Durga Temple at Aihole: A Historiographical Study by Gary Michael Tartakov, The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 57, No. 4, pp. 1215-1216, {{JSTOR|2659377}}
*Tartakov, Gary Michael (1997), The Durga Temple at Aihole: A Historiographical Study, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|9780195633726}}

{{Hindu temples in Karnataka|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:7th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Bagalkot district]]
[[Category:Surya temples]]
[[Category:Water Heritage Sites in India]]

B. R. Ambedkar

2026-03-16T05:53:42Z

AdolphMassola0: Updated article with clearer structure

{{short description|Indian jurist, economist, politician and social reformer (1891–1956)}}
{{other uses|List of things named after B. R. Ambedkar}}
{{Redirect2|Babasaheb|Ambedkar|4=Babasaheb (title)|5=and|6=Ambedkar (disambiguation)}}
{{Pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Pp-move|small=no}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = 
| image = Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Ambedkar in the 1950s
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] from [[Bombay State]]
| term_start1 = 3 April 1952
| term_end1 = 6 December 1956
| order = 1st
| office = Minister of Law and Justice
| term_start = 15 August 1947
| term_end = 6 October 1951
| primeminister = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| parliamentarygroup =
| predecessor = ''Position established''
| successor = [[Charu Chandra Biswas]]
| order2 =
| office2 = [[Constituent Assembly of India|Chairman of the Constitution Drafting Committee]]
| term_start2 = 29 August 1947
| term_end2 = 24 January 1950
| order3 =
| office3 = Member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]]
| term_start3 = 9 December 1946
| term_end3 = 24 January 1950
| constituency3 = {{•}} [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal Province]] (1946–47) {{•}} [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay Province]] (1947–50)
| office4 = [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Minister of Labour]] in [[Viceroy's Executive Council]]
| term_start4 = 22 July 1942
| term_end4 = 20 October 1946
| governor_general4 = [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow|The Marquess of Linlithgow]] [[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|The Viscount Wavell]]
| predecessor4 = [[Feroz Khan Noon]]
{{Collapsed infobox section begin
| last = Yes
| Legislative positions
| titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| embed = Yes
| office5 = [[Leader of the Opposition]] in the [[Bombay Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start5 = 1937
| term_end5 = 1942
| office6 = [[1937 Bombay Presidency election|Member of the]] [[Bombay Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start6 = 1937
| term_end6 = 1942
| constituency6 = Bombay City ([[Byculla]] and [[Parel]]) General Urban
| order7 =
| office7 = Member of the [[Bombay Legislative Council]]
| term_start7 = 1926
| term_end7 = 1937
{{Collapsed infobox section end}}
}}
| pronunciation =
| birth_name = Bhimrao Ramji Sakpal
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1891|4|14}}
| birth_place = [[Dr. Ambedkar Nagar|Mhow]], [[Central India Agency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1956|12|6|1891|4|14}}
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| resting_place = [[Chaitya Bhoomi]]
| resting_place_coordinates = {{Coord|19|01|30|N|72|50|02|E|display=inline}}
| party = [[Independent Labour Party (India)|Independent Labour Party]] [[Scheduled Castes Federation]]
| otherparty = [[Republican Party of India]]
| spouse = {{unbulleted list | {{marriage|[[Ramabai Bhimrao Ambedkar|Ramabai Ambedkar]]|1906|1935|end=died}} | {{marriage|[[Savita Ambedkar]]|1948}}}}
| children = [[Yashwant Ambedkar|Yashwant]]
| parents =
| mother =
| father =
| relatives = [[Ambedkar family]]
| profession = {{hlist|Jurist|economist|politician|social reformer|writer}}
| awards = [[Bharat Ratna]] (1990, posthumous)
| signature = Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Signature.svg
| signature_alt =
| website = 
| nickname = Babasaheb
| footnotes =
| education = {{nowrap|[[University of Mumbai]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Master of Arts|MA]])}} {{nowrap|[[Columbia University]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])}} [[London School of Economics]] ([[Master of Science|MSc]], [[Doctor of Science|DSc]])
}}
'''Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar'''{{efn|{{langx|mr|भीमराव रामजी आम्बेडकर|Bhīmarāva Rāmajī Āmbēḍakara}}}} ([[birth name|né]] '''Sakpal'''{{efn|{{langx|mr|सकपाळ|Sakapāḻa}}}}; 14 April 1891 – 6 December 1956) was an Indian jurist, economist, social reformer and politician who chaired the committee that drafted the [[Constitution of India]] based on the debates of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] and the first draft of Sir [[Benegal Narsing Rau]].<ref name=duara-rau-2018-lead>{{cite book|last=Duara|first=Juliette G.|title=Gender Justice and Proportionality in India: Comparative Perspectives|series=Routledge Advances in South Asian Studies|location=London and New York|publisher=Routledge|year=2018|isbn=978-1-138-70669-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1rU4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT101|quote=As the Constitutional Advisor to the Constituent Assembly, B.N. Rau was the principal author of the first draft of India’s Constitution based on the deliberations of that Assembly and its various subcommittees. In all subsequent deliberations of the drafting committee “this draft constituted the basic document and its working paper”. B.N. Rau’s work as principal drafter placed him in a good position to address his concerns about the need for “special protection” for women. Thus, it is in the Text of the Draft Constitution dated October 1947 that the phrase about "special provision for women and children" makes its first appearance. }}</ref><ref name=elangovan_bnrau>{{cite book|last=Elangovan|first=Arvind|title=Norms and Politics: Sir Benegal Narsing Rau in the Making of the Indian Constitution, 1935–1950|location=Oxford, UK|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-949144-5|year=2019|pages=22–23|quote=In his role as Constitutional Adviser, Rau’s contributions consisted of not only advising the Constituent Assembly but also members of the Indian National Congress, and the All-India Muslim League. In the Constituent Assembly itself, Rau’s influence was substantive. Significantly, Rau produced the draft constitution, which the drafting committee chaired by B. R. Ambedkar went on to deliberate. Subsequently, Rau was involved in evaluating the comments received on the draft constitution and incorporating them before it was submitted to the Constituent Assembly in late 1948.}}</ref><ref name=cewing-rau-rights-2020-lead1>{{cite book|last=Ewing|first=Cindy|editor1-last=Moses|editor1-first=A. Dirk|editor2-last=Duranti|editor2-first=Marco|editor3-last=Burke|editor3-first=Roland|chapter=Codifying Minority Rights: Postcolonial Constitutionalism in Burma, Ceylon, and India|title=Decolonization, Self-Determination, and the rise of Global Human Rights Politics|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-47935-6|year=2020|pages=179–206|quote= (p. 190) In order to protect both individual and group rights, India’s constitutional adviser B. N. Rau prepared a key brief that changed how nights were expressed and enumerated in the constitution. His September 1946 note on fundamental rights expounded on justiciability and the need to identify which rights would be enforceable in court. Justiciability thus became a way to bridge the gap between committee members who wanted to write in as many rights as possible and those who wanted a more narrow set of rights. Rau laid out a scheme to divide fundamental rights into two categories: legally enforceable and not enforceable, pointing to the Irish constitution as a model for framing “a distinction between two broad classes of rights,” referring to “certain rights which require positive action by the State and which can be guaranteed only so far as such action is practicable, while others merely require that the State shall abstain from prejudicial action.” The fundamental rights subcommittee debated Rau’s proposal in February 1947, with committee members K. M. Munshi and B. R. Ambedkar initially opposing splitting these rights. ... (p. 191) In March 1947, after the subcommittee concluded debate, the assembly agreed to the expansive bill of rights and divided fundamental rights into two sections based on Rau's original proposal. ... (pp. 192–193) In early April 1947, Rau completed the fundamental rights report. The constituent assembly convened for its third session later that month and each subcommittee presented its findings over a series of raucous debates. Patel presented the new draft bill of rights, which was adopted by the assembly on August 28, 1947. Observing these sessions at Constitution House was Chan Htoon, the Burmese constitutional adviser. Aung San tasked Chan Htoon with studying the constitutions of different countries and developing relationships with members of the Indian legal academy. Having developed a friendship with Rau, Chan Htoon discussed the draft constitution with Rau in the setting of the constituent assembly. The cross-border consultations between India and Burma led to the intertwining of their constitutional ideas, best exemplified by their provisions on individual rights and state duties.}}</ref><ref name=prasse-freeman-2023-lead>{{cite book|last=Prasse-Freeman|first=Elliott|title=Rights Refused: Grassroots Activism and State Violence in Myanmar|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=9781503634725|year=2023|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5lLNEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT332|quote=Cindy Ewing reveals that the statements in Burma’s constitution about citizen rights were imported wholesale from other sources—either India or Ireland (2020, 193). The section on fundamental rights copies word for word from the Advisory Committee of the Indian Constituent Assembly. This mimicry was not coincidental. Chan Htoon, the author of Burma’s constitution, “developed a friendship with [B. N.] Rau,” the author of India’s constitution, when visiting New Delhi “to observe [India’s] constitutional debates.” While there, “Rau reviewed Chan Htoon’s draft constitution and assisted in collecting materials for the Burmese constituent assembly. Rau ensured significant areas of commonality between the two constitutions” (Ewing 2020, 193).}}</ref><ref name=britannica-bnrau>{{cite journal|title=Sir Benegal Narsing Rau Indian jurist |journal=Encyclopaedia Britannica|url= https://www.britannica.com/biography/Benegal-Narsing-Rau|quote=Sir Benegal Narsing Rau (born February 26, 1887, Karkala or Mangalore, Mysore [now Karnataka], India—died November 30, 1953, Zürich, Switzerland) was one of the foremost Indian jurists of his time. He helped draft the constitutions of Burma (Myanmar) in 1947 and India in 1950 }}</ref> Ambedkar served as [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Law and Justice minister]] in the [[First Nehru ministry|first cabinet of Jawaharlal Nehru]]. He later renounced [[Hinduism]] and converted to [[Buddhism]], inspiring the [[Dalit Buddhist movement]].<ref name=britannica-ambedkar>{{cite journal|title=B. R. Ambedkar Indian Political Leader|journal=Encyclopaedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bhimrao-Ramji-Ambedkar|quote=Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (born April 14, 1891, Mhow, India—died December 6, 1956, New Delhi) was a leader of the Dalits (Scheduled Castes; formerly called untouchables) and law minister of the government of India (1947–51). In 1947 Ambedkar became the law minister of the government of India. He took a leading part in the framing of the Indian constitution, outlawing discrimination against untouchables, and skillfully helped to steer it through the assembly; the adoption of the constitution on January 26, 1950, is today celebrated as Republic Day, a national holiday. He resigned in 1951, disappointed at his lack of influence in the government. In October 1956, in despair because of the perpetuation of untouchability in Hindu doctrine, he renounced Hinduism and became a Buddhist, together with about 200,000 fellow Dalits, at a ceremony in Nagpur.}}</ref>

After graduating from [[Elphinstone College]], [[University of Bombay]], Ambedkar studied economics at [[Columbia University]] and the [[London School of Economics]], receiving doctorates in 1927 and 1923, respectively, and was among a handful of Indian students to have done so at either institution in the 1920s. During his time at the Columbia University, Ambedkar came under the influence of [[John Dewey]] and his philosophy of [[pragmatism]].<ref>{{cite web | title=B R Ambedkar and the Evolution of Pragmatism in India | website=Economic and Political Weekly | date=24 January 2025 | url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2025/4/special-articles/b-r-ambedkar-and-evolution-pragmatism-india.html | access-date=29 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Skaria | first=Ajay | title=Ambedkar, Marx and the Buddhist Question | journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies | volume=38 | issue=3 | date=3 July 2015 | issn=0085-6401 | doi=10.1080/00856401.2015.1049726 | pages=450–465}}</ref><ref name=krishnamurty-ambedkar-education>{{citation|last=Krishnamurty|first=J.|title=Ambedkar's Educational Odyssey, 1913–1927|year=2020|journal=Journal of Social Inclusion Studies|pages=1–11|volume=5|issue=2|doi=10.1177/2394481119900074|publisher=SAGE|s2cid=212824611|quote=(p. 2) Ambedkar obtained his London DSc degree in 1923 for his thesis 'Problem of the Rupee' (University of London, 1926). However, he was not the first Indian to achieve this feat. Records of the London University clearly show that [[John Matthai]] and Pramathanath Bandyopadhyay (more popularly known as Pramathanath Banerjea) obtained their DSc degrees from the university in 1916. ... (p. 3) Turning to US doctorates, while Ambedkar was one of the early Indians to work for a PhD in the USA, he was awarded his degree by Columbia University only in 1927. The first Indian PhD in Economics in the USA was probably Rajani Kanta Das, a labour economist, who worked with Professor John Commons and was awarded the PhD degree by the University of Wisconsin in 1917.|issn = 2394-4811}}</ref> He also trained in the law at [[Gray's Inn]], London. In his early career, he was an economist, professor, and lawyer. His later life was marked by his political activities; he became involved in campaigning and negotiations for [[Partition of India|partition]], publishing journals, advocating political rights and social freedom for [[Dalit]]s, and contributing to the establishment of the state of India. In 1956, he converted to [[Buddhism]], initiating mass conversions of Dalits.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism |date=2013 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0691157863 |editor-last=Buswell |editor-first=Robert Jr |editor-link=Robert Buswell Jr. |location=Princeton, NJ |page=34 |editor-last2=Lopez |editor-first2=Donald S. Jr. |editor-link2=Donald S. Lopez, Jr.}}</ref>

In 1990, the [[Bharat Ratna]], India's highest civilian award, was posthumously conferred on Ambedkar. The salutation ''[[Jai Bhim]]'' ([[Literary translation|lit.]] "Hail Bhim") is used by his followers to honour him. He is also referred to by the honorific [[Babasaheb (title)|Babasaheb]], meaning "Respected Father".

==Early life and education==
Ambedkar was born on 14th April 1891 in the town and military cantonment of [[Mhow]] (now officially known as Dr Ambedkar Nagar, [[Madhya Pradesh]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |title=Ambedkar and Untouchability: Fighting the Indian Caste System |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |year=2005 |isbn=0-231-13602-1 |location=New York |page=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KIIJkaJo4z4C}}</ref> He was the 14th and last child of [[Ramji Sakpal|Ramji Maloji Sakpal]], an army officer who held the rank of [[Subedar]], and Bhimabai Sakpal, daughter of Laxman Murbadkar.<ref name="Columbia">{{cite web |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/timeline/1890s.html |title=In the 1890s |last=Pritchett |first=Frances |format=PHP |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060907040421/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/timeline/1890s.html |archive-date=7 September 2006 |access-date=2 August 2006}}</ref> His [[Ambedkar family|family]] was of [[Marathi people|Marathi]] background from the town of [[Ambadawe]] ([[Mandangad|Mandangad taluka]]) in [[Ratnagiri district]] of modern-day [[Maharashtra]]. Ambedkar's ancestors had long worked for the [[Presidency armies|army]] of the [[East India Company|British East India Company]], and his father served in the [[British Indian Army]] at the Mhow cantonment.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahuja |first=M. L. |title=Eminent Indians: administrators and political thinkers |publisher=Rupa |year=2007 |isbn=978-8129111074 |location=New Delhi |pages=1922–1923 |chapter=Babasaheb Ambedkar |access-date=17 July 2013 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eRLLxV9_EWgC&pg=PA1922 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223004804/https://books.google.com/books?id=eRLLxV9_EWgC&pg=PA1922 |archive-date=23 December 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Ambedkar was born into a [[Mahar]] (Dalit) caste, who were treated as [[Untouchability|untouchables]] and subjected to socio-economic discrimination.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/357931/Mahar |title=Mahar |publisher=britannica.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130060042/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/357931/Mahar |archive-date=30 November 2011 |access-date=12 January 2012 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> Although they attended school, Ambedkar and other untouchable children were segregated and given little attention or help by teachers. They were not allowed to sit inside the class. When they needed to drink water, someone from a higher caste had to pour that water from a height as they were not allowed to touch either the water or the vessel that contained it. This task was usually performed for the young Ambedkar by the school [[peon]], and if the peon was not available then he had to go without water; he described the situation later in his writings as ''"No peon, No Water"''.<ref name="Waiting for Visa">{{cite web |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/txt_ambedkar_waiting.html |title=Waiting for a Visa |last=Ambedkar |first=B. R. |publisher=Columbia.edu |others=Frances Pritchett, translator |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624202609/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/txt_ambedkar_waiting.html |archive-date=24 June 2010 |access-date=17 July 2010}}</ref> He was required to sit on a [[gunny sack]] which he had to take home with him.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kurian |first=Sangeeth |url=http://www.hindu.com/yw/2007/02/23/stories/2007022304300600.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103093853/http://www.hindu.com/yw/2007/02/23/stories/2007022304300600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 November 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=23 February 2007 |title=Human rights education in schools}}</ref>

Ramji Sakpal retired in 1894 and the family moved to [[Satara district|Satara]] two years later. Shortly after their move, Ambedkar's mother died. The children were cared for by their paternal aunt and lived in difficult circumstances. Three sons – Balaram, Anandrao and Bhimrao – and two daughters – Manjula and Tulasa – of the Ambedkars survived them. Of his brothers and sisters, only Ambedkar passed his examinations and went to high school. His original surname was ''Sakpal'' but his father registered his name as ''Ambadawekar'' in school, meaning he comes from his native village '[[Ambadawe]]' in Ratnagiri district.<ref name="loksatta.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.loksatta.com/pune-news/about-name-of-ambadve-village-1227278/ |title=आंबडवे नाव योग्यच – खासदार अमर साबळे |date=14 April 2016 |access-date=20 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.loksatta.com/kgtocollege-news/international-standard-educational-complex-at-original-village-of-dr-babasaheb-ambedkar-446635/lite/ |title=डॉ. बाबासाहेब आंबेडकर यांचे मूळ गाव आंबवडे येथे आंतरराष्ट्रीय दर्जाचे शैक्षणिक संकुल |date=18 April 2014 |access-date=20 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="m.divyamarathi.bhaskar.com">{{cite web |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/MAH-MUM-ambedkars-teacher-family-saving-memories-of-ambedkar-5489831-NOR.html |title=आंबेडकर गुरुजींचं कुटुंब जपतंय सामाजिक वसा, कुटुंबानं सांभाळल्या 'त्या' आठवणी }}</ref><ref name="Ambavadekar">{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?263871 |title=Bhim, Eklavya |publisher=outlookindia.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811223316/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?263871 |archive-date=11 August 2010 |access-date=17 July 2010}}</ref> His [[Marathi Brahmin]] teacher, Krishnaji Keshav Ambedkar, changed his surname from 'Ambadawekar' to his own surname 'Ambedkar' in school records.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-41891413 |title=आपने देखा आंबेडकर का जर्जर होता स्कूल? |date=7 November 2017 |website=[[BBC]] |publisher=BBC Hindi |access-date=20 August 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/MAH-MUM-ambedkars-teacher-family-saving-memories-of-ambedkar-5489831-NOR.html |title=आंबेडकर गुरुजींचं कुटुंब जपतंय सामाजिक वसा, कुटुंबानं सांभाळल्या 'त्या' आठवणी |last=Adshul |first=Ashok |date=26 December 2016 |website=Divyamarathi.com |publisher=Divya Marathi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528183041/https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/MAH-MUM-ambedkars-teacher-family-saving-memories-of-ambedkar-5489831-NOR.html |access-date=20 August 2021 |archive-date=28 May 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.livehindustan.com/entertainment/story-jagannath-nivangune-dr-bhim-rao-ambedkar-teacher-krishna-keshav-ambedkar-gave-him-surname-3326331.html |title=डॉ. भीम राव आम्बेडकर को उनके गुरु कृष्ण केशव आम्बेडकर ने दिया था अपना सरनेम |last=Prasad |first=Kamta |date=4 July 2020 |website=LiveHindustan.com |publisher=Live Hindustan |access-date=20 August 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N2XLE22ZizYC&pg=PA96 |title=Socio-economic and Political Vision of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar |page=96 |author=S. N. Mishra |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=2010 |isbn=978-8180696749}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ऐसे हुआ डॉ आंबेडकर का नाम परिवर्तन... तकनीक से सशक्तीकरण का सपना होगा साकार |url=https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/india/dr-ambedkars-dream-of-social-and-economic-empowerment-through-technique-will-come-true-1681215 |publisher=NDTV |date=14 April 2017}}</ref>

=== Education ===
[[File:Young Ambedkar.gif|thumb|upright|Ambedkar as a student|left]]In 1897, Ambedkar's family moved to Mumbai where Ambedkar became the only untouchable enrolled at [[Elphinstone High School]]. In 1906, when he was about 15 years old, he married a nine-year-old girl, Ramabai. The match was [[Arranged marriage in the Indian subcontinent|arranged]] by the couple's parents, in accordance with prevailing custom at that time.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Keer |first1=Dhananjay |title=Dr. Ambedkar: life and mission. |date=1971 |publisher=Popular Prakashan. |location=Mumbai |isbn=81-7154-237-9 |page=20 |edition=3rd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B-2d6jzRmBQC&pg=PP17}}</ref>

In 1907, he passed his matriculation examination and in the following year he entered [[Elphinstone College]], which was affiliated to the [[University of Bombay]], becoming, according to him, the first from his Mahar caste to do so. When he passed his English fourth standard examinations, the people of his community wanted to celebrate because they considered that he had reached "great heights" which he says was "hardly an occasion compared to the state of education in other communities". A public ceremony was evoked, to celebrate his success, by the community, and it was at this occasion that he was presented with a biography of the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] by Dada Keluskar, the author and a family friend.<ref>{{cite web |last=Pritchett |first=Frances |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/timeline/1890s.html |title=In the 1890s |format=PHP |access-date=2 August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060907040421/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/timeline/1890s.html |archive-date=7 September 2006 |url-status=live}}</ref>

By 1912, he obtained his degree in economics and political science from Bombay University, and prepared to take up employment with the Baroda state government. His wife had just moved his young family and started work when he had to quickly return to Mumbai to see his ailing father, who died on 2 February 1913.<ref name="Columbia3">{{cite web |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/timeline/1910s.html |title=In the 1910s |last=Pritchett |first=Frances |format=PHP |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123170145/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/timeline/1910s.html |archive-date=23 November 2011 |access-date=5 January 2012}}</ref>
[[File:Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar in Columbia University.jpg|thumb|upright|Ambedkar at [[Columbia University]], {{Circa|1916}}|left]]In 1913, at the age of 22, Ambedkar was awarded a Baroda State Scholarship of £11.50 (Sterling) per month for three years under a scheme established by [[Sayajirao Gaekwad III]] ([[Gaekwad]] of [[Princely State of Baroda|Baroda]]) that was designed to provide opportunities for postgraduate education at [[Columbia University]] in [[New York City]]. Soon after arriving there he settled in rooms at [[Wallach Hall|Livingston Hall]] with Naval Bhathena, a [[Parsi]] who was to be a lifelong friend. He passed his M.A. exam in June 1915, majoring in economics, and other subjects of Sociology, History, Philosophy and Anthropology. He presented a thesis, ''Ancient Indian Commerce''. Ambedkar was influenced by [[John Dewey]] and his work on democracy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/VGJT8kkl9dGnqWpkgft9QM/Ambedkars-teacher.html |title=Ambedkar teacher |date=31 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403032535/http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/VGJT8kkl9dGnqWpkgft9QM/Ambedkars-teacher.html |archive-date=3 April 2016}}</ref>

In 1916, he completed his second master's thesis, ''National Dividend of India – A Historic and Analytical Study'', for a second M.A.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/bhimrao_ambedkar.html |title=Bhimrao Ambedkar |website=columbia.edu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210115211/http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/bhimrao_ambedkar.html |archive-date=10 February 2014}}</ref> On 9 May, he presented the paper ''[[Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis and Development]]'' before a seminar conducted by the anthropologist [[Alexander Goldenweiser (anthropologist)|Alexander Goldenweiser]]. Ambedkar received his Ph.D. degree in economics at Columbia in 1927.<ref name=krishnamurty-ambedkar-education/>[[File:Dr. B. R. Ambedkar with his professors and friends from the London School of Economics and Political Science, 1916-17.jpg|thumb|upright|Ambedkar (In center line, first from right) with his professors and friends from the London School of Economics (1916–17)|left]]In October 1916, he enrolled for the [[Bar examination|Bar course]] at [[Gray's Inn]], and at the same time enrolled at the [[London School of Economics]] where he started working on a doctoral thesis. In June 1917, he returned to India because his scholarship from Baroda ended. His book collection was dispatched on a different ship from the one he was on, and that ship was torpedoed and sunk by a German submarine.<ref name="Columbia3" /> He got permission to return to London to submit his thesis within four years. He returned at the first opportunity, and completed a master's degree in 1921. His thesis was on "The problem of the rupee: Its origin and its solution".<ref name="firstpost.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/rescuing-ambedkar-from-pure-dalitism-he-wouldve-been-indias-best-prime-minister-2195498.html |title=Rescuing Ambedkar from pure Dalitism: He would've been India's best Prime Minister |date=15 April 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106214027/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/rescuing-ambedkar-from-pure-dalitism-he-wouldve-been-indias-best-prime-minister-2195498.html |archive-date=6 November 2015}}</ref> In 1923, he completed a D.Sc. in Economics which was awarded from [[University of London]], and the same year he was called to the Bar by Gray's Inn.<ref name=krishnamurty-ambedkar-education/>

==Opposition to untouchability==
[[File:Ambedkar Barrister.jpg|thumb|upright|Ambedkar as a barrister in 1922]]
As Ambedkar was educated by the [[Princely State of Baroda]], he was bound to serve it. He was appointed Military Secretary to the Gaikwad but had to quit in a short time. He described the incident in his autobiography, ''[[Waiting for a Visa]]''.<ref name="Rewriting for Visa">{{cite web |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/txt_ambedkar_waiting.html |title=Waiting for a Visa |last=Ambedkar |first=Dr. B.R. |website=columbia.edu |publisher=Columbia University |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624202609/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/txt_ambedkar_waiting.html |archive-date=24 June 2010 |access-date=15 April 2015}}</ref> Thereafter, he tried to find ways to make a living for his growing family. He worked as a private tutor, as an accountant, and established an investment consulting business, but it failed when his clients learned that he was an untouchable.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Keer |first=Dhananjay |title=Dr. Ambedkar: Life and Mission |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=1971 |isbn=8171542379 |location=Mumbai |pages=37–38 |oclc=123913369 |orig-date=1954}}</ref> In 1918, he became professor of political economy in the [[Sydenham College|Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics]] in Mumbai. Although he was successful with the students, other professors objected to his sharing a drinking-water jug with them.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0rwiLKm3LGUC&q=ambedkar+discriminated+at+Sydenham+College+of+Comme&pg=PA84 |title=Buddhism and politics in twentieth-century Asia |date=2001 |publisher=Continuum International Group |isbn=978-0826451781 |editor-last=Harris |editor-first=Ian}}</ref>

Ambedkar had been invited to testify before the [[Southborough Committee]], which was preparing the [[Government of India Act 1919]]. At this hearing, Ambedkar argued for creating separate [[electoral district|electorate]]s and [[reservation in India|reservation]]s for untouchables and other religious communities.<ref name="Tejani">{{Cite book |last=Tejani |first=Shabnum |title=Indian secularism: a social and intellectual history, 1890–1950 |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0253220448 |location=Bloomington |pages=205–210 |chapter=From Untouchable to Hindu Gandhi, Ambedkar and Depressed class question 1932 |access-date=17 July 2013 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6xtrPKa59j4C&q=%22ambedkar%22+%22+Southborough+Committee%22&pg=PA205}}</ref> In 1920, he began the publication of the weekly ''[[Mooknayak]]'' (Leader of the Silent) in Mumbai with the help of [[Shahu of Kolhapur]], that is, Shahu IV (1874–1922).<ref name="Jaffrelot">{{Cite book |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |title=Dr Ambedkar and Untouchability: Analysing and Fighting Caste |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |year=2005 |isbn=1850654492 |location=London |page=4}}</ref>

Ambedkar went on to work as a legal professional. In 1926, he successfully defended three non-Brahmin leaders who had accused the Brahmin community of ruining India and were then subsequently sued for libel. [[Dhananjay Keer]] notes, "The victory was resounding, both socially and individually, for the clients and the doctor".<ref>{{cite book | author=[[Dhananjay Keer]] | title=Dr. Ambedkar: Life and Mission | publisher=Popular Prakashan | year=1995 | isbn=978-81-7154-237-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B-2d6jzRmBQC | pages=63–64}}</ref>
[[File:Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar being sworn in as independent India’s first Law Minister by President Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru looks on May 8, 1950.jpg|thumb|Sworn in as India's first Law and Justice Minister]]
While practising law in the [[Bombay High Court]], he tried to promote education to untouchables and uplift them. His first organised attempt was his establishment of the central institution [[Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha]], intended to promote education and socio-economic improvement, as well as the welfare of "[[Dalit|outcastes]]", at the time referred to as depressed classes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ncdhr.org.in/ncdhr/general-info-misc-pages/dr-ambedkar |title=Dr. Ambedkar |publisher=National Campaign on Dalit Human Rights |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008195805/http://www.ncdhr.org.in/ncdhr/general-info-misc-pages/dr-ambedkar |archive-date=8 October 2012 |access-date=12 January 2012}}</ref> For the defence of Dalit rights, he started many periodicals like ''Mook Nayak'', ''Bahishkrit Bharat'', and ''Equality Janta''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Benjamin |first=Joseph |date=June 2009 |title=B. R. Ambedkar: An Indefatigable Defender of Human Rights |journal=Focus |location=Japan |publisher=Asia-Pacific Human Rights Information Center (HURIGHTS OSAKA) |volume=56}}</ref>

He was appointed to the Bombay Presidency Committee to work with the all-European [[Simon Commission]] in 1925.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Thorat |first1=Sukhadeo |title=B. R. Ambedkar:perspectives on social exclusion and inclusive policies |last2=Kumar |first2=Narender |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2008 |location=New Delhi}}</ref> This commission had sparked great protests across India, and while its report was ignored by most Indians, Ambedkar himself wrote a separate set of recommendations for the future Constitution of India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ambedkar |first=B. R. |title=Writings and Speeches |publisher=Education Dept., Govt. of Maharashtra |year=1979 |volume=1}}</ref>

By 1927, Ambedkar had decided to launch active movements against [[untouchability]]. He began with public movements and marches to open up public drinking water resources. He also began a struggle for the right to enter Hindu temples. He led ''[[Mahad Satyagraha|a satyagraha]]'' in [[Mahad]] to fight for the right of the untouchable community to draw water from the main water tank of the town.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.manase.org/en/maharashtra.php?mid=68&smid=23&pmid=1&id=857 |title=Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar |publisher=Maharashtra Navanirman Sena |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510041016/https://www.manase.org/en/maharashtra.php?mid=68&smid=23&pmid=1&id=857 |archive-date=10 May 2011 |access-date=26 December 2010}}</ref> In a conference in late 1927, Ambedkar publicly condemned the classic Hindu text, the [[Manusmriti]] (Laws of Manu), for ideologically justifying caste discrimination and "untouchability", and he ceremonially burned copies of the ancient text. On 25 December 1927, he led thousands of followers to burn copies of Manusmriti.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/The-Lies-Of-Manu/281937 |title=The Lies Of Manu |last=Kumar |first=Aishwary |website=outlookindia.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018233954/http://www.outlookindia.com/article/the-lies-of-manu/281937 |archive-date=18 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2815/stories/20110729281509500.htm |title=Annihilating caste |website=frontline.in |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528172120/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2815/stories/20110729281509500.htm |archive-date=28 May 2014}}</ref> Thus annually 25 December is celebrated as ''Manusmriti Dahan Din'' (Manusmriti Burning Day) by [[Dalit Buddhist movement|Ambedkarites]] and [[Dalit]]s.<ref name="Menon 2014">{{cite web |url=http://kafila.org/2014/12/25/peace-on-earth-and-social-justice-christmas-greetings/ |title=Meanwhile, for Dalits and Ambedkarites in India, December 25th is Manusmriti Dahan Din, the day on which B R Ambedkar publicly and ceremoniously in 1927 |last=Menon |first=Nivedita |date=25 December 2014 |website=Kafila |access-date=21 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://iaws.org/wp-content/themes/pdf/newsletters/NLB035-2003.pdf |title=11. Manusmriti Dahan Day celebrated as Indian Women's Liberation Day |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117031944/http://iaws.org/wp-content/themes/pdf/newsletters/NLB035-2003.pdf |archive-date=17 November 2015}}</ref>

In 1930, Ambedkar launched the [[Kalaram Temple|Kalaram Temple movement]] after three months of preparation. About 15,000 volunteers assembled at [[Kalaram Temple]] satygraha making one of the greatest processions of [[Nashik]]. The procession was headed by a military band and a batch of scouts; women and men walked with discipline, order and determination to see the god for the first time. When they reached the gates, the gates were closed by Brahmin authorities.<ref name="keer">{{Cite book |last=Keer |first=Dhananjay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B-2d6jzRmBQC&q=%22kalaram+temple%22+%22ambedkar%22&pg=PA136 |title=Dr. Ambedkar: life and mission |publisher=Popular Prakashan Private Limited |year=1990 |isbn=8171542379 |edition=3rd |location=Bombay |pages=136–140}}</ref>

==Poona Pact==
[[File:M.R. Jayakar, Tej Bahadur Sapru and Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar at Yerwada jail, in Poona, on 24 September 1932, the day the Poona Pact was signed.jpg|thumb|M.R. Jayakar, Tej Bahadur Sapru and Ambedkar at Yerwada jail, in Poona, on 24 September 1932, the day the Poona Pact was signed]]

In 1932, the British colonial government announced the formation of a separate electorate for "Depressed Classes" in the [[Communal Award]]. [[Mahatma Gandhi]] fiercely opposed a separate electorate for untouchables, saying he feared that such an arrangement would divide the Hindu community.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/469892/Poona-Pact |title=Poona Pact – 1932 |website=Britannica.com |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518073354/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/469892/Poona-Pact |archive-date=18 May 2015 |access-date=29 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/a-part-that-parted/281929 |title=Ambekar vs Gandhi: A Part That Parted |date=20 August 2012 |access-date=29 April 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427033738/http://www.outlookindia.com/article/a-part-that-parted/281929 |archive-date=27 April 2015 |publisher=Outlook}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Museum-to-showcase-Poona-Pact/articleshow/2400058.cms |title=Museum to showcase Poona Pact |date=25 September 2007 |access-date=29 April 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017053453/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Museum-to-showcase-Poona-Pact/articleshow/2400058.cms |archive-date=17 October 2015 |work=The Times of India |quote=Read 8th Paragraph}}</ref> Gandhi protested by fasting while imprisoned in the [[Yerwada Central Jail]] of [[Poona]]. Following the fast, congressional politicians and activists such as [[Madan Mohan Malaviya]] and [[Palwankar Baloo]] organised joint meetings with Ambedkar and his supporters at Yerwada.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Omvedt |first=Gail |year=2012 |title=A Part That Parted |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?281929 |url-status=live |journal=Outlook India |publisher=The Outlook Group |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812003046/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?281929 |archive-date=12 August 2012 |access-date=12 August 2012}}</ref> On 25 September 1932, the agreement, known as the [[Poona Pact]] was signed between Ambedkar (on behalf of the depressed classes among Hindus) and [[Madan Mohan Malaviya]] (on behalf of the other Hindus). The agreement gave reserved seats for the depressed classes in the Provisional legislatures within the general electorate. Due to the pact the depressed class received 148 seats in the legislature instead of the 71, as allocated in the [[Communal Award]] proposed earlier by the colonial government under [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[Ramsay MacDonald]]. The text used the term "Depressed Classes" to denote Untouchables among Hindus who were later called Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes under the India Act 1935, and the later Indian Constitution of 1950.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.mkgandhi.org/articles/epic_fast.htm |title=Gandhi's Epic Fast |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112190032/http://mkgandhi.org/articles/epic_fast.htm |archive-date=12 November 2011}}</ref> In the Poona Pact, a unified electorate was in principle formed, but primary and secondary elections allowed Untouchables in practice to choose their own candidates.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/00856408508723068 |title=Gandhi, Ambedkar and the Poona pact, 1932 |year=1985 |last1=Kumar |first1=Ravinder |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=8 |issue=1–2 |pages=87–101}}</ref>

==Political career==
[[File:Rajagriha, Bombay, February 1934. (L to R) Yashwant, BR Ambedkar, Ramabai, Laxmibai, Mukundrao, and Tobby.jpg|thumb|Ambedkar with his family members at Rajgraha in February 1934. From left – Yashwant (son), Ambedkar, Ramabai (wife), Laxmibai (wife of his elder brother, Balaram), Mukund (nephew) and Ambedkar's favourite dog, Tobby]]
[[File:Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar is addressing a seminar organized by the National Sports Club of India, New Delhi and Columbia University, USA on 30 October 1954 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Ambedkar addresses a seminar in New Delhi on the occasion of the [[Columbia University Bicentennial]], 1954]]
In 1935, Ambedkar was appointed principal of the [[Government Law College, Bombay]], a position he held for two years. He also served as the chairman of Governing body of [[Ramjas College]], [[Delhi University|University of Delhi]], after the death of its Founder Shri Rai Kedarnath.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thecampusconnect.com/7-interesting-historical-facts-about-ramjas-college-university-of-delhi/ |title=7 Unknown Historical Facts About Ramjas College, University of Delhi | the Campus Connect |access-date=4 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530184924/http://thecampusconnect.com/7-interesting-historical-facts-about-ramjas-college-university-of-delhi/ |archive-date=30 May 2015 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> Settling in Bombay (today called Mumbai), Ambedkar oversaw the construction of a house, and stocked his personal library with more than 50,000 books.<ref name="Columbia5">{{cite web |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/timeline/1930s.html |title=In the 1930s |last=Pritchett |first=Frances |format=PHP |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060906055230/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/timeline/1930s.html |archive-date=6 September 2006 |access-date=2 August 2006}}</ref> His wife [[Ramabai Bhimrao Ambedkar|Ramabai]] died after a long illness the same year. It had been her long-standing wish to go on a pilgrimage to [[Pandharpur]], but Ambedkar had refused to let her go, telling her that he would create a new Pandharpur for her instead of Hinduism's Pandharpur which treated them as untouchables. At the Yeola Conversion Conference on 13 October in Nasik, Ambedkar announced his intention to convert to a different religion and exhorted his followers to leave [[Hinduism]].<ref name="Columbia5" /> He would repeat his message at many public meetings across India.

In 1936, Ambedkar founded the [[Independent Labour Party (India)|Independent Labour Party]], which contested the 1937 Bombay election to the [[Central Legislative Assembly]] for the 13 reserved and 4 general seats, and secured 11 and 3 seats respectively.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |title=Dr Ambedkar and Untouchability: Analysing and Fighting Caste |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |year=2005 |isbn=1850654492 |location=London |pages=76–77}}</ref>

Ambedkar published his book ''[[Annihilation of Caste]]'' on 15 May 1936.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://scroll.in/article/727548/may-15-it-was-79-years-ago-today-that-ambedkars-annihilation-of-caste-was-published |title=May 15: It was 79 years ago today that Ambedkar's 'Annihilation Of Caste' was published |date=15 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529175303/http://scroll.in/article/727548/may-15-it-was-79-years-ago-today-that-ambedkars-annihilation-of-caste-was-published |archive-date=29 May 2016}}</ref> It strongly criticised Hindu orthodox religious leaders and the caste system in general,<ref name="Mungekar">{{Cite journal |last=Mungekar |first=Bhalchandra |date=16–29 July 2011 |title=Annihilating caste |url=http://www.frontline.in/navigation/?type=static&page=flonnet&rdurl=fl2815/stories/20110729281509500.htm |url-status=live |journal=Frontline |volume=28 |issue=11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101224527/http://www.frontline.in/navigation/?type=static&page=flonnet&rdurl=fl2815%2Fstories%2F20110729281509500.htm |archive-date=1 November 2013 |access-date=18 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Naresh |first=Vatsal |date=2025 |title="Problems of an Other's Making": B. R. Ambedkar, Caste, and Majoritarian Domination |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/problems-of-an-others-making-b-r-ambedkar-caste-and-majoritarian-domination/D632E0142EC315F7700F5FA039F6BB32 |journal=American Political Science Review |pages=1–15 |language=en |doi=10.1017/S0003055424001126 |issn=0003-0554|url-access=subscription |doi-access=free }}</ref> and included "a rebuke of Gandhi" on the subject.<ref name="NYT01">[[Siddhartha Deb|Deb, Siddhartha]], [https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/09/magazine/arundhati-roy-the-not-so-reluctant-renegade.html "Arundhati Roy, the Not-So-Reluctant Renegade"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706154739/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/09/magazine/arundhati-roy-the-not-so-reluctant-renegade.html |date=6 July 2017 }}, New York Times ''Magazine'', 5 March 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2014.</ref> Later, in a 1955 BBC interview, he accused Gandhi of writing in opposition of the caste system in English language papers while writing in support of it in Gujarati language papers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://scroll.in/article/813771/a-for-ambedkar-as-gujarats-freedom-march-nears-tryst-an-assertive-dalit-culture-spreads |title=A for Ambedkar: As Gujarat's freedom march nears tryst, an assertive Dalit culture spreads |date=13 August 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916194115/http://scroll.in/article/813771/a-for-ambedkar-as-gujarats-freedom-march-nears-tryst-an-assertive-dalit-culture-spreads |archive-date=16 September 2016}}</ref> In his writings, Ambedkar also accused [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] of being "conscious of the fact that he is a [[Brahmin]]".<ref>{{cite book|title=The Essential Writings of B.R. Ambedkar|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2002|page=139|author=Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar, Valerian Rodrigues}}</ref>

During this time, Ambedkar also fought against the ''khoti'' system prevalent in [[Konkan]], where ''khots'', or government revenue collectors, regularly exploited farmers and tenants. In 1937, Ambedkar tabled a bill in the Bombay Legislative Assembly aimed at abolishing the ''khoti'' system by creating a direct relationship between government and farmers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wankhede |first=Deepak Mahadeo Rao |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QT2oec2u3oC&q=khoti |title=Geographical Thought of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar |date=2009 |publisher=Gautam Book Center |isbn=978-81-87733-88-1 |page=55 |language=en}}</ref>

Ambedkar served on the Defence Advisory Committee<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite book |last1=Jaffrelot |first1=Christophe |title=Dr Ambedkar and Untouchability: Analysing and Fighting Caste |year=2005 |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |location=London |isbn=1850654492 |page=5}}</ref> and the [[Viceroy's Executive Council]] as [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|minister of labour]].<ref name="autogenerated2" /> Before the [[Day of Deliverance (India)|Day of Deliverance]] events, Ambedkar stated that he was interested in participating: "I read Mr. Jinnah's statement and I felt ashamed to have allowed him to steal a march over me and rob me of the language and the sentiment which I, more than Mr. Jinnah, was entitled to use." He went on to suggest that the communities he worked with were twenty times more oppressed by Congress policies than were Indian Muslims; he clarified that he was criticizing Congress, and not all Hindus.<ref name="dr-ambedkar">{{cite book |title=Dr. Ambedkar: Life and Mission |last=Keer |first=Dhananjay |year=2005 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |location=[[Mumbai]] |isbn=81-7154-237-9 |page=330 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B-2d6jzRmBQC |access-date=4 December 2007}}</ref> Jinnah and Ambedkar jointly addressed the heavily attended Day of Deliverance event in [[Bhindi Bazaar]], [[Mumbai|Bombay]], where both expressed "fiery" criticisms of the Congress party, and according to one observer, suggested that Islam and Hinduism were irreconcilable.<ref name="dr-ambedkar"/><ref name="man-who-divided-india">{{cite book |title=The Man Who Divided India: An Insight Into Jinnah's Leadership and Its Aftermath |last=Zakaria |first=Rafiq |year=2001 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |location=[[Mumbai]] |isbn=81-7154-892-X |page=79 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IbM6622HXCcC |access-date=4 December 2007}}</ref>

After the [[Lahore resolution]] (1940) of the Muslim League demanding Pakistan, Ambedkar wrote a 400-page tract titled ''Thoughts on Pakistan'', which analysed the concept of "Pakistan" in all its aspects. Ambedkar argued that the Hindus should concede Pakistan to the Muslims. He proposed that the provincial boundaries of Punjab and Bengal should be redrawn to separate the Muslim and non-Muslim majority parts. He thought the Muslims could have no objection to redrawing provincial boundaries. If they did, they did not quite "understand the nature of their own demand". Scholar Venkat Dhulipala states that ''Thoughts on Pakistan'' "rocked Indian politics for a decade". It determined the course of dialogue between the Muslim League and the Indian National Congress, paving the way for the [[Partition of India]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Sialkoti |first=Zulfiqar Ali |title=An Analytical Study of the Punjab Boundary Line Issue during the Last Two Decades of the British Raj until the Declaration of 3 June 1947 |url=http://www.nihcr.edu.pk/Latest_English_Journal/Pjhc%2035-2,%202014/4%20Punjab%20Boundary%20Line,%20Zulfiqar%20Ali.pdf |work=Pakistan Journal of History and Culture |volume=XXXV |issue=2 |year=2014 |pages=73–76}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Dhulipala |first=Venkat |title=Creating a New Medina |date=2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Z6TBQAAQBAJ&pg=PR2 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-05212-3 |ref={{sfnref|Dhulipala, Creating a New Medina|2015}} |pages=124, 134, 142–144, 149}}</ref>

In his work ''[[Who Were the Shudras?]]'', Ambedkar tried to explain the formation of untouchables. He saw Shudras and Ati Shudras who form the lowest caste in the ritual hierarchy of the [[Caste system in India|caste system]], as separate from Untouchables. Ambedkar oversaw the transformation of his political party into the [[Scheduled Castes Federation]]. It did not fare well in the 1946 provincial elections, but in Bengal, it managed to elect Ambedkar to the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] by winning support from Congress legislators.<ref>
{{citation |first=Masayuki |last=Usuda |chapter=Pushed towards the partition: Jogendranath Mandal and the Constrained Namasudra Movement |editor=Hiroyuki Kotani |title=Caste System, Untouchability, and the Depressed |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors |year=1997 |isbn=9788173042041 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kEZuAAAAMAAJ |pages=253–254 |quote=Polling was taken on 18 July and the votes were counted on the following day. Ambedkar was found to be elected by the greatest majority.[157] This is dealt with as a mere episode as well as a matter of course in Ambedkar's biographies. Yet it had not come to pass without the dedicated canvassing of the educated youths of the Bengali Scheduled Castes. (p. 273) Those who actually voted for Ambedkar were the following six MLAs: (l) Jogen Mandal (Barisal), (2) Dwarikanath Baruri (Faridpur), (3) Gayanath Biswas (Tangail), (4) Nagendranarayan Ray (Rangpur), (5) Kshetranath Sinha (Rangpur), and (6) Mukunda Behari Mullick (Khulna).}}
</ref><ref>
{{citation |first1=Sekhar |last1=Bandyopadhyay |first2=Anasua Basu |last2=Ray Chaudhury |title=Caste and Partition in Bengal: The Story of Dalit Refugees, 1946-1961 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2022 |isbn=9780192859723 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r2NjEAAAQBAJ |quote=[Ambedkar] came to Calcutta in late June—early July and made a fervent appeal to the Congress [Scheduled Caste] legislators to gather enough courage to break the ranks and rectify the injustices inflicted by the Cabinet Mission and the Congress... While both [Radhanath Das] and [P. R. Thakur] were elected, [Jogendranath Mandal], through his initiative, ensured Ambedkar's victory, with five (four required) first preference votes.}}
</ref>

[[Jagjivan Ram]]'s wife Indrani Jagjivan Ram wrote in her memoir that Ambedkar persuaded her husband to ask [[Mahatma Gandhi]] for his inclusion in Nehru's cabinet in independent India. Initially, Jagjivan Ram consulted [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] before asking Gandhi to recommend Ambedkar to Nehru for inclusion in cabinet, adding that Ambedkar had "given up his antagonism to Congress and Gandhiji". Ambedkar was ultimately included as the [[law minister of India]] in the [[First Nehru ministry]] after Gandhi recommended his name to Nehru.<ref>{{cite book | author=Indrani Jagjivan Ram | title=Milestones: A Memoir | publisher=Penguin Books India | year=2010 | isbn=978-0-670-08187-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eYCynd34aIwC&pg=PA122 | language=fr | page=122}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Haynes | first=Jeffrey | title=Peace, Politics, and Religion | publisher=[[MDPI]] | year=2020 | isbn=978-3-03936-664-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tLgOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 | page=83}}</ref>

On 27 September 1951, Ambedkar resigned from Nehru's cabinet ministry after [[Hindu code bill]] was defeated in parliament.<ref name="Hande Ambedkar 2009 p. ">{{cite book | last1=Hande | first1=H.V. | last2=Ambedkar | first2=B.R. | title=Ambedkar & the Making of the Indian Constitution: A Tribute to Babasaheb B.R. Ambedkar | publisher=Macmillan Publishers India | year=2009 | isbn=978-0-230-63744-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dn5RAQAAIAAJ | page=18}}</ref>

Ambedkar contested in the Bombay North first Indian General Election of 1952, but lost to his former assistant and Congress Party candidate [[Narayan Sadoba Kajrolkar]]. Ambedkar became a member of [[Rajya Sabha]], probably an appointed member. He tried to enter [[Lok Sabha]] again in the by-election of 1954 from Bhandara, but he placed third (the Congress Party won). By the time of the second general election in 1957, Ambedkar had died.

Ambedkar also criticised Islamic practice in South Asia. While justifying the [[Partition of India]], he condemned child marriage and the mistreatment of women in Muslim society.

{{blockquote|
No words can adequately express the great and many evils of polygamy and concubinage, and especially as a source of misery to a Muslim woman. Take the caste system. Everybody infers that Islam must be free from slavery and caste. [...] [While slavery existed], much of its support was derived from Islam and Islamic countries. While the prescriptions by the Prophet regarding the just and humane treatment of slaves contained in the Koran are praiseworthy, there is nothing whatever in Islam that lends support to the abolition of this curse. But if slavery has gone, caste among Musalmans [Muslims] has remained.<ref name="Ambedkar">{{Cite book |last=Ambedkar |first=Bhimrao Ramji |title=Pakistan or the Partition of India |publisher=Thackers Publishers |edition=3rd |year=1946 |location=Bombay |pages=215–219 |chapter=Chapter X: Social Stagnation |access-date=2024-08-03 |oclc=809536353 |chapter-url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/ambedkar_partition/410.html |via=Columbia.edu}}</ref>}}

==India's Constitution==
{{main|Dominion of India#Framing the new constitution}}
[[File:Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, chairman of the Drafting Committee, presenting the final draft of the Indian Constitution to Dr. Rajendra Prasad on 25 November, 1949.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Ambedkar, chairman of the Drafting Committee, presenting the final draft of the Indian Constitution to Rajendra Prasad, president of the Constituent Assembly, on 25 November 1949]]
Upon India's independence on 15 August 1947, the new prime minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] invited Ambedkar to serve as the [[Dominion of India]]'s [[Minister of Law and Justice|Law Minister]]; two weeks later, he was appointed Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constitution for the future [[Republic of India]].

On 25 November 1949, Ambedkar in his concluding speech in constituent assembly said:<ref>{{cite book | last=Guha | first=R. | title=Makers of Modern India | publisher=Harvard University Press | year=2013 | isbn=978-0-674-72596-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E6gvEAAAQBAJ | access-date=18 November 2022 | page=292}}</ref>
{{blockquote
|"The credit that is given to me does not really belong to me. It belongs partly to Sir [[B.N. Rau]] the Constitutional Advisor to the Constituent Assembly who prepared a rough draft of the Constitution for the consideration of the Drafting Committee."<ref>{{cite web |title=Constituent Assembly Debates on November 25, 1949 |url=https://www.constitutionofindia.net/debates/25-nov-1949/#130298 |website=Constitution of India |access-date=31 December 2024}}</ref>
}}

Indian constitution guarantees and protections for a wide range of [[civil liberties]] for individual citizens, including freedom of religion, the abolition of untouchability, and the outlawing of all forms of discrimination. Ambedkar was one of the ministers who argued for extensive economic and social rights for women, and won the Assembly's support for introducing a system of [[reservation in India|reservations]] of jobs in the civil services, schools and colleges for members of [[Scheduled Castes and Tribes|scheduled caste]]s and [[scheduled tribe]]s and [[Other Backward Class]], a system akin to [[affirmative action]]. India's lawmakers hoped to eradicate the socio-economic inequalities and lack of opportunities for India's depressed classes through these measures.<ref name="Sheth">{{Cite journal |last=Sheth |first=D. L. |date=November 1987 |title=Reservations Policy Revisited |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=22 |issue=46 |pages=1957–1962 |jstor=4377730}}</ref> The Constitution was adopted on 26 November 1949 by the Constituent Assembly.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/introd.htm |title=Constitution of India |publisher=Ministry of Law and Justice of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022161409/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/introd.htm |archive-date=22 October 2014 |access-date=10 October 2013}}</ref>

[[Steven Calabresi]] has voiced agreement with [[Martha C. Nussbaum]]'s assessment of the Indian constitution as "Ambedkar's constitution," on account of the [[Supreme Court of India]] having evolved away from [[judicial restraint]] and [[legal positivism]] favored and successfully executed into the Constitution in 1950 by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and leaders of India's [[Indian independence movement|anti-colonial nationalist movement]] who held sway in the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] to an [[purposive approach]] by which the court rules today, whereby it is the final arbiter of the Constitution's meaning and its interpretations are binding on the executive and legislative branches of the government. Ambedkar had supported the purposive approach during the drafting of the constitution from 1947 to 1949 but his views were in a minority.<ref name=calabresi-union-of-India>{{cite book|last=Calabresi|first=Steven Gow|author-link=Steven Calabresi|chapter=The Union of India: Umpiring and Rights from Wrongs|title=The History and Growth of Judicial Review, Volume 1: The G-20 Common Law Countries and Israel|location=Oxford and New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2021|isbn=9780190075798|doi=10.1093/oso/9780190075774.001.0001|pages=263–310|quote=(page 280) The National Congress Party moved very quickly from being an advocate of Indian independence into the position of governing the newly emerged democratic state. ... The Indian Constituent Assembly, ... spent three years amending the Government of India Act 1935 before putting it into effect as the Constitution of India, in 1950. (p 284) Professor Martha Nussbaum is thus quite right to say that India’s Constitution is Ambedkar’s Constitution because it has evolved in his direction and away from Nehru’s ideas over the last seven decades. (p. 297) "Framers of the Indian Constitution overwhelmingly expected and wanted the Indian courts to use the positivist, textual mode of interpretation then favored by British judges, and to defer to acts of Parliament. “The positivist model of judicial review was preferred by many leaders of the National Movement, including Prime Minister Nehru.” Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, a leader of the oppressed caste of untouchables, favored purposive interpretation over positivism, but his views on this point were in the minority... In its early years, the Supreme Court of India was a positivist and deferential institution ... By the 1980s, the Supreme Court of India had eschewed textual positivism of the kind Nehru had favored, and it adopted purposive interpretation of the kind Dr. Ambedkar had favored.}}</ref>

Ambedkar had openly shared his concern in the Constituent Assembly that country might lose both its Constitution and its democratic freedoms in the future. He believed that the lack of a strong democratic tradition, the widespread presence of ‘bhakti’ or political ‘hero worship’ and the large gap between the republican promises of the Constitution and socio-economic inequality, made this a distinct and ever-present possibility.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Tripurdaman |title=[[Sixteen Stormy Days]]: The Story of the First Amendment of the Constitution of India |year=2020 |publisher=Penguin Random House India|isbn=9780670092871|page=19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= Why BR Ambedkar's three warnings in his last speech to the Constituent Assembly resonate even today|url=https://scroll.in/article/802495/why-br-ambedkars-three-warnings-in-his-last-speech-to-the-constituent-assembly-resonate-even-today|date= 26 January 2016|access-date=24 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dave |first=Dushyant |date=2023-04-14 |title=Babasaheb's warning: In politics, bhakti or hero-worship is a sure road to dictatorship |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/balasaheb-ambedkar-politics-bhakti-hero-woship-disctatorship-8555203/ |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Ambedkar expressed his disapproval for the constitution in 1953 during a parliament session and said "People always keep on saying to me "Oh you are the maker of the constitution". My answer is I was a hack. What I was asked to do, I did much against my will." Ambedkar added that, "I am quite prepared to say that I shall be the first person to burn it out. I do not want it. It does not suit anybody."<ref>{{cite web | last=Dhamija | first=Bhanu | title=Ambedkar Jayanti 2018: Why BR Ambedkar Didn't Like India's Constitution? | website=TheQuint | date=13 April 2018 | url=https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/why-ambedkar-did-not-like-indian-constitution}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author=A.G. Noorani | title=Constitutional Questions and Citizens' Rights: An Omnibus comprising Constitutional Questions in India: The President, Parliament and the States and Citizens' Rights, Judges and State Accountability | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | year=2005 | isbn=978-0-19-908778-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BIAyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT76 | page=76}}</ref>

==Economics==
Ambedkar was the first Indian to pursue a doctorate in economics abroad.<ref name="IEA">{{Cite book |title=IEA Newsletter – The Indian Economic Association (IEA) |publisher=IEA publications |location=India |page=10 |chapter=Dr. B.R. Ambedkar's Economic and Social Thoughts and Their Contemporary Relevance |chapter-url=http://indianeconomicassociation.com/download/newsletter2013.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016045757/http://indianeconomicassociation.com/download/newsletter2013.pdf |archive-date=16 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> He argued that industrialisation and agricultural growth could enhance the Indian economy.<ref name=Mishra /> He stressed investment in agriculture as the primary industry of India.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} Ambedkar advocated national economic and social development, stressing education, public hygiene, community health, residential facilities as the basic amenities.<ref name="Mishra">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N2XLE22ZizYC&q=the+contribution+of+Ambedkar+on+post+war+economic+development+plan+ofaIndia&pg=PA173 |title=Socio-economic and political vision of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=2010 |isbn=978-8180696749 |editor-last=Mishra |editor-first=S.N. |location=New Delhi |pages=173–174}}</ref> His DSc thesis, ''The problem of the Rupee: Its Origin and Solution'' (1923) examines the causes for the Rupee's fall in value. In this dissertation, he argued in favour of a gold standard in modified form, and was opposed to the gold-exchange standard favoured by Keynes in his treatise ''Indian Currency and Finance'' (1909), claiming it was less stable. He favoured the stoppage of all further coinage of the rupee and the minting of a gold coin, which he believed would fix currency rates and prices.<ref name="Jadhav-1991">{{Cite journal |last=Jadhav |first=Narendra |date=1991 |title=Neglected Economic Thought of Babasaheb Ambedkar |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=26 |issue=15 |pages=980–982 |jstor=4397927 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref>

He also analysed revenue in his PhD dissertation ''The Evolution of Provincial Finance in British India''. In this work, he analysed the various systems used by the British colonial government to manage finances in India.<ref name="Jadhav-1991" /><ref name="Zelliot Ambedkar and America">{{Cite news |last=Zelliot |first=Eleanor |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/timeline/graphics/txt_zelliot1991.html |title=Dr. Ambedkar and America |work=A talk at the Columbia University Ambedkar Centenary |access-date=15 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103155400/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/timeline/graphics/txt_zelliot1991.html |archive-date=3 November 2013 |year=1991}}</ref> His views on finance were that governments should ensure their expenditures have "faithfulness, wisdom and economy." "Faithfulness" meaning governments should use money as nearly as possible to the original intentions of spending the money in the first place. "Wisdom" meaning it should be used as well as possible for the public good, and "economy" meaning the funds should be used so that the maximum value can be extracted from them.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ambirajan |first=S. |date=1999 |title=Ambedkar's Contributions to Indian Economics |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=34 |issue=46/47 |pages=3280–3285 |jstor=4408623 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref>

Ambedkar opposed income tax for low-income groups. He contributed in Land Revenue Tax and excise duty policies to stabilise the economy.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} He played an important role in land reform and the state economic development.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}} According to him, the caste system, due to its division of labourers and hierarchical nature, impedes movement of labour (higher castes would not do lower-caste occupations) and movement of capital (assuming investors would invest first in their own caste occupation). His theory of State Socialism had three points: state ownership of agricultural land, the maintenance of resources for production by the state, and a just distribution of these resources to the population. He emphasised a free economy with a stable Rupee which India has adopted recently.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} He advocated birth control to develop the Indian economy, and this has been adopted by Indian government as national policy for family planning. He emphasised equal rights for women for economic development.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

A number of Ambedkar's ideas reflected deep interest in [[Austrian school of economics]]. The ideas of Ambedkar were close to those of [[Carl Menger]], [[Ludwig von Mises]], [[Friedrich Hayek]], and [[William Graham Sumner]]. Ambedkar's theory of free banking was built on Menger's work and also on [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]]'s treatise on finance and money. Ambedkar's view about distinguishing differential quality of money was influenced by Menger's idea of sale-ability of money which is found in Menger's article 'On the Origin of Money'. Ambedkar's recommendations for free banking were ignored by both Royal Commission and Indian government.<ref name="Barnett">{{cite book | last=Barnett | first=V. | title=Routledge Handbook of the History of Global Economic Thought | publisher=Taylor & Francis | series=Routledge International Handbooks | year=2014 | isbn=978-1-317-64412-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l6BeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA329 | access-date=19 April 2023 | page=329}}</ref>

In his book, "The Evolution of Provincial Finance in British India", Ambedkar wrote "a Central Government for the whole of India could not be said to possess knowledge and experience of all various conditions prevailing in different Provinces under it. It, therefore, necessarily becomes an authority less competent to deal with matters of provincial administration than the Provisional Governments.'<ref name="Barnett" />

Ambedkar's views on agricultural land was that too much of it was idle, or that it was not being utilized properly. He believed there was an "ideal proportion" of production factors that would allow agricultural land to be used most productively. To this end, he saw the large portion of people who lived on agriculture at the time as a major problem. Therefore, he advocated industrialization of the economy to allow these agricultural labourers to be of more use elsewhere.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}} Ambedkar was of the view that there is a need to shift surplus labour from agricultural channels to non-agricultural channels.<ref name="Kattel">{{cite book |author1= Rainer Kattel |author2= J. A. Kregel |author3= Erik S. Reinert| title=Ragnar Nurkse (1907-2007): Classical Development Economics and Its Relevance for Today | publisher=Anthem Press | series=Anthem Other Canon Economics, Anthem Frontiers of Global Political Economy and Development Series | year=2011 | isbn=978-0-85728-396-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=exR5Xod7VdsC&pg=PA316 | page=316}}</ref>

Ambedkar was trained as an economist, and was a professional economist until 1921, when he became a political leader. He wrote three books on economics:
* ''Administration and Finance of the East India Company''
* ''The Evolution of Provincial Finance in British India''
* ''The Problem of the Rupee: Its Origin and Its Solution''<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web |url=http://www.aygrt.net/publishArticles/651.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224125324/http://www.aygrt.net/publishArticles/651.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 February 2021 |title=अभिगमन तिथि |access-date=28 November 2012}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |url=http://drnarendrajadhav.info/drnjadhav_web_files/Published%20papers/Dr%20Ambedkar%20Philosophy.pdf |title=Dr. B. R. AMBEDKAR |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228060022/http://drnarendrajadhav.info/drnjadhav_web_files/Published%20papers/Dr%20Ambedkar%20Philosophy.pdf |archive-date=28 February 2013 |access-date=28 November 2012}}</ref>

==Marriage==
[[File:Dr. B.R. Ambedkar with wife Dr. Savita Ambedkar in 1948.jpg|thumb|upright|Ambedkar with wife [[Savita Ambedkar|Savita]] in 1948]]

Ambedkar's first wife [[Ramabai Bhimrao Ambedkar|Ramabai]] died in 1935 after prolonged illness. After completing the draft of India's constitution in the late 1940s, he suffered from lack of sleep, had [[neuropathic pain]] in his legs, and was taking [[insulin]] and [[Homeopathy|homoeopathic medicines]]. He went to Bombay for treatment, and there met [[Savita Ambedkar|Sharada Kabir]], [[MBBS]], whom he married on 15 April 1948, at his home in New Delhi. Doctors recommended a companion who was a good cook and was a medical practitioner to care for him.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Keer |first=Dhananjay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B-2d6jzRmBQC&pg=PA394 |title=Dr. Ambedkar: life and mission |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=2005 |isbn=81-7154-237-9 |location=Mumbai |pages=403–404 |access-date=13 June 2012 |orig-date=1954}}</ref> She adopted the name [[Savita Ambedkar]] and cared for him the rest of his life.<ref name="Columbia6">{{cite web |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/timeline/1940s.html |title=In the 1940s |last=Pritchett |first=Frances |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623190913/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/timeline/1940s.html |archive-date=23 June 2012 |access-date=13 June 2012}}</ref> Savita Ambedkar, who was called also 'Mai', died on 29 May 2003, aged 93 in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/may/29mai.htm |title=Ambedkar's wife passes away |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210075024/http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/may/29mai.htm |archive-date=10 December 2016 |access-date=20 June 2017}}</ref>

==Conversion to Buddhism==
{{Main article|Dalit Buddhist movement}}
[[File: Dr. Ambedkar delivering speech during conversion.jpg|thumb|Ambedkar delivering a speech during a mass conversion ceremony]]

Ambedkar considered converting to [[Sikhism]], which encouraged opposition to oppression and so appealed to leaders of scheduled castes. But after meeting with Sikh leaders, he concluded that he might get "second-rate" Sikh status.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cohen |first=Stephen P. |date=May 1969 |title=The Untouchable Soldier: Caste, Politics, and the Indian Army |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=28 |issue=3 |page=460 |doi=10.2307/2943173 |jstor=2943173|s2cid=145769248 |doi-access=free }} {{subscription required}}</ref>

Instead, around 1950, he began devoting his attention to Buddhism and travelled to [[Dominion of Ceylon|Ceylon]] (now Sri Lanka) to attend a meeting of the [[World Fellowship of Buddhists]].<ref name="Sanghara kshita">{{Cite book |last=Sangharakshita |title=Ambedkar and Buddhism |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |year=2006 |isbn=8120830237 |edition=1st South Asian |location=New Delhi |page=72 |chapter=Milestone on the Road to conversion |access-date=17 July 2013 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e-b2EzNRxQIC&pg=PA72}}</ref> While dedicating a new Buddhist [[vihara]] near [[Pune]], Ambedkar announced he was writing a book on Buddhism, and that when it was finished, he would formally convert to Buddhism.<ref name="Columbia7">{{cite web |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/timeline/1950s.html |title=In the 1950s |last=Pritchett |first=Frances |format=PHP |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060620200055/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/timeline/1950s.html |archive-date=20 June 2006 |access-date=2 August 2006}}</ref> He twice visited Burma in 1954; the second time to attend the third conference of the World Fellowship of Buddhists in [[Rangoon]].<ref name="Docker">{{Cite book |title=Rethinking Gandhi and Nonviolent Relationality: Global Perspectives |publisher=Routledge |year=2007 |isbn=978-0415437400 |editor-last=Ganguly |editor-first=Debjani |series=Routledge studies in the modern history of Asia |volume=46 |location=London |page=257 |oclc=123912708 |editor-last2=Docker |editor-first2=John}}</ref> In 1955, he founded the Bharatiya Bauddha Mahasabha, or the Buddhist Society of India.<ref name="Quack">{{Cite book |last=Quack |first=Johannes |title=Disenchanting India: Organized Rationalism and Criticism of Religion in India |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0199812608 |page=88 |oclc=704120510}}</ref> In 1956, he completed his final work, ''[[The Buddha and His Dhamma]]'', which was published posthumously.<ref name="Quack" />

After meetings with the Sri Lankan Buddhist monk [[Hammalawa Saddhatissa]],<ref>[https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2005/03/20/fea31.html Online edition of Sunday Observer – Features] . Sundayobserver.lk. Retrieved on 12 August 2012.</ref> Ambedkar organised a formal public ceremony for himself and his supporters in [[Nagpur]] on 14 October 1956. Accepting the [[Three Jewels|Three Refuges]] and [[Five Precepts]] from a Buddhist [[bhikkhu|monk]] in the traditional manner, Ambedkar completed his own conversion, along with his wife. He then proceeded to convert some 500,000 of his supporters who were gathered around him.<ref name="Columbia7" /><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Monk-who-witnessed-Ambedkars-conversion-to-Buddhism/articleshow/46925826.cms |title=Monk who witnessed Ambedkar's conversion to Buddhism |last=Sinha |first=Arunav |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=15 April 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417154149/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Monk-who-witnessed-Ambedkars-conversion-to-Buddhism/articleshow/46925826.cms |archive-date=17 April 2015}}</ref> He prescribed the [[22 Vows]] for these converts, after the Three Jewels and Five Precepts. He then travelled to [[Kathmandu]], Nepal to attend the Fourth World Buddhist Conference.<ref name="Docker" /> His work on ''The Buddha or Karl Marx'' and "Revolution and counter-revolution in ancient India" remained incomplete.

==Death==
[[File:Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar as he passed away in his sleep at his residence 26, Alipore Road, New Delhi on 6 December 1956.jpg|thumb|right|Death of B. R. Ambedkar]]

Since 1948, Ambedkar had [[diabetes]]. He remained in bed from June to October in 1954 due to medication side-effects and poor eyesight.<ref name="Columbia7" /> His health worsened during 1955. Three days after completing his final manuscript ''[[The Buddha and His Dhamma]]'', Ambedkar died in his sleep on 6 December 1956 at his home in Delhi.<ref>{{cite book | last=Shashi | first=S.S. | title=Encyclopaedia Indica: Great political personalities of Post Colonial Era-I | publisher=Anmol Publications | series=Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh | year=1996 | isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bf8vAQAAIAAJ | author-link=Shyam Singh Shashi | page=147}}</ref>

A Buddhist cremation was organised at Dadar [[Chowpatty]] beach on 7 December,<ref name="Sangharakshita 2006 162–163">{{Cite book |last=Sangharakshita |title=Ambedkar and Buddhism |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd |year=2006 |isbn=81-208-3023-7 |edition=1st South Asian |location=New Delhi |pages=162–163 |chapter=After Ambedkar |orig-date=1986}}</ref> attended by half a million grieving people.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xNAI9F8IBOgC&q=%22mahar%22+%22Christianity%22&pg=PA16 |title=Religion and social conflict in South Asia |publisher=Brill |year=1976 |isbn=9004045104 |editor-last=Smith |editor-first=Bardwell L. |location=Leiden |page=16}}</ref> A conversion program was organised on 16 December 1956,<ref name="Detlef Kantowsky 2003">{{Cite book |last=Kantowsky |first=Detlef |title=Buddhists in India today:descriptions, pictures, and documents |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors |year=2003}}</ref> so that cremation attendees were also converted to Buddhism at the same place.<ref name="Detlef Kantowsky 2003" />

Ambedkar was survived by his second wife [[Savita Ambedkar]] (known as Maisaheb Ambedkar), who died in 2003,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/05/30/stories/2003053002081300.htm |title=President, PM condole Savita Ambedkar's death |date=30 May 2003 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119094932/http://www.hindu.com/2003/05/30/stories/2003053002081300.htm |archive-date=19 January 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and his son [[Yashwant Ambedkar]] (known as Bhaiyasaheb Ambedkar), who died in 1977.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kshīrasāgara |first=Rāmacandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wx218EFVU8MC&q=Bhaiyasaheb+Ambedkar&pg=PA163 |title=Dalit movement in India and its leaders, 1857–1956 |publisher=M D Publications pvt Ltd |year=1994 |isbn=978-8185880433 |location=New Delhi}}</ref> Savita and Yashwant carried on the socio-religious movement started by B. R. Ambedkar. Yashwant served as the 2nd President of the [[Buddhist Society of India]] (1957–1977) and a member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]] (1960–1966).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lV7pwDO_VGoC&q=Yashwant+Ambedkar&pg=PA171 |title=Modernisation of Buddhism: Contributions of Ambedkar and Dalai Lama XIV |isbn=978-8121208130 |last1=Karunyakara |first1=Lella |year=2002|publisher=Gyan Publishing House }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Suryaputra Yashwantrao Ambedkar |last=Khobragade |first=Fulchand |publisher=Sanket Prakashan |year=2014 |location=Nagpur |page=41 |language=mr}}</ref> Ambedkar's elder grandson, [[Prakash Yashwant Ambedkar]], is the chief-adviser of the Buddhist Society of India,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.maharashtrapoliticalparties.com/prakash-ambedkar.html |title=maharashtrapoliticalparties |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818081809/http://www.maharashtrapoliticalparties.com/prakash-ambedkar.html |archive-date=18 August 2012}}</ref> leads the [[Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lokmat.com/akola/finally-bharip-bms-merge-vanchit-bahujan-aaghadi/ |title=अखेर भारिप-बमसं 'वंचित'मध्ये विलीन! |date=9 November 2019 |website=Lokmat.com |publisher=Lokmat |access-date=20 August 2021 }}</ref><ref name="parliamentofindia.nic.in">{{Cite news |url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok13/biodata/13MH19.htm |title=Biographical Sketch, Member of Parliament, 13th Lok Sabha |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520212637/http://www.parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok13/biodata/13MH19.htm |archive-date=20 May 2011 |publisher=parliamentofindia.nic.in}}</ref> and has served in both houses of the [[Indian Parliament]].<ref name="parliamentofindia.nic.in" /> Ambedkar's younger grandson, [[Anandraj Ambedkar]] leads the Republican Sena (tran: The "Republican Army").<ref>{{cite news |title=Ambedkar grandson targets Buddhist caves |newspaper=The New Indian Express |location=Mumbai |pages= |language= |publisher=Express Publications |date=8 January 2012 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2012/jan/08/ambedkar-grandson-targets-buddhist-caves-328171.html |access-date=20 August 2021}}</ref>

A number of unfinished typescripts and handwritten drafts were found among Ambedkar's notes and papers and gradually made available. Among these were ''[[Waiting for a Visa]]'', which probably dates from 1935 to 1936 and is an autobiographical work, and the ''Untouchables, or the Children of India's Ghetto'', which refers to the census of 1951.<ref name="Columbia7" />

A memorial for Ambedkar was established in his [[Delhi]] house at [[26 Alipur Road]]. His birthdate known as ''[[Ambedkar Jayanti]]'' or ''Bhim Jayanti'' is observed as a public holiday in many Indian states. He was posthumously awarded India's highest civilian honour, the [[Bharat Ratna]], in 1990.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://ambedkarfoundation.nic.in/html/bharat.htm |title=Baba Saheb |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060505044856/http://ambedkarfoundation.nic.in/html/bharat.htm |archive-date=5 May 2006}}</ref>

On the anniversary of his birth and death, and on [[Dhamma Chakra Pravartan Din]] (14 October) at Nagpur, at least half a million people gather to pay homage to him at his memorial in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_tributes-paid-to-br-ambedkar-followers-throng-chaityabhoomi_1622263 |title=Homage to Dr Ambedkar: When all roads led to Chaityabhoomi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324024710/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_tributes-paid-to-br-ambedkar-followers-throng-chaityabhoomi_1622263 |archive-date=24 March 2012}}</ref> Thousands of bookshops are set up, and books are sold. His message to his followers was "educate, agitate, organise!"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ganguly |first=Debanji |title=Caste, Colonialism and Counter-Modernity:: notes on a postcolonial hermeneutics of caste |url=https://archive.org/details/castecolonialism00gang |url-access=limited |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |isbn=0-415-34294-5 |location=Oxon |pages=[https://archive.org/details/castecolonialism00gang/page/n186 172]–173 |chapter=Buddha, bhakti and 'superstition': a post-secular reading of dalit conversion}}</ref>

==Legacy==
{{See also|List of things named after B. R. Ambedkar}}
[[File:People paying tribute at the central statue of Bodhisattva Babasaheb Ambedkar in Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, India.png|thumb|upright|People paying tribute at the central statue of Ambedkar in [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University]] in [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]].]]
[[File:1 RUPEE DR. B.R AMBEDKAR CENTENARY 1990 COMMEMORATIVE COIN.jpg|thumb|1990 [[Indian 1-rupee coin|1 Rupee]] [[Coins of the Indian rupee#Commemorative coins|commemorative coin of India]] dedicated to B.R. Ambedkar]]
Ambedkar's legacy as a socio-political reformer had a deep effect on modern India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Joshi |first=Barbara R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y9CUItMT1zQC&pg=PA13 |title=Untouchable!: Voices of the Dalit Liberation Movement |publisher=Zed Books |year=1986 |isbn=978-0862324605 |pages=11–14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729072018/https://books.google.com/books?id=y9CUItMT1zQC&pg=PA13 |archive-date=29 July 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Keer |first=D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B-2d6jzRmBQC&pg=PA61 |title=Dr. Ambedkar: Life and Mission |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=1990 |isbn=978-8171542376 |page=61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730015400/https://books.google.com/books?id=B-2d6jzRmBQC&pg=PA61 |archive-date=30 July 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> In post-Independence India, his socio-political thought is respected across the political spectrum. His initiatives have influenced various spheres of life and transformed the way India today looks at socio-economic policies, education and [[affirmative action]] through socio-economic and legal incentives. His reputation as a scholar led to his appointment as free India's first law minister, and chairman of the committee for drafting the constitution. He passionately believed in individual freedom and criticised caste society. His accusations of [[Hinduism]] as being the foundation of the caste system made him controversial and unpopular among Hindus.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bayly |first=Susan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&pg=PA259 |title=Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001 |isbn=9780521798426 |page=259 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801081134/https://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&pg=PA259 |archive-date=1 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> His conversion to Buddhism sparked a revival in interest in Buddhist philosophy in India and abroad.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Naik |first=C.D |title=Thoughts and philosophy of Doctor B.R. Ambedkar |publisher=Sarup & Sons |year=2003 |isbn=81-7625-418-5 |edition= |location=New Delhi |page=12 |chapter=Buddhist Developments in East and West Since 1950: An Outline of World Buddhism and Ambedkarism Today in Nutshell |oclc=53950941}}</ref>

Many public institutions are named in his honour, and the [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport]] in [[Nagpur]], otherwise known as [[Sonegaon Airport]]. [[Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar]], [[Ambedkar University Delhi]] is also named in his honour.<ref>{{cite web |date=23 May 2017 |title=सामाजिक न्याय विभागाचे पुरस्कार जाहीर |url=https://www.lokmat.com/maharashtra/announcing-award-social-justice-department/ |access-date=13 March 2021 |website=Lokmat |language=mr-IN}}</ref>

The Maharashtra government has acquired a house in London where Ambedkar lived during his days as a student in the 1920s. The house is expected to be converted into a museum-cum-memorial to Ambedkar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/pm-inaugurates-ambedkar-memorial-in-london/article7878234.ece |title=PM inaugurates Ambedkar memorial in London |date=22 January 2018 |website=The Hindy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217110825/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/pm-inaugurates-ambedkar-memorial-in-london/article7878234.ece |archive-date=17 December 2018 |access-date=17 December 2018}}</ref>

Ambedkar was voted "[[the Greatest Indian]]" since independence by a poll organised by [[History TV18]] and [[CNN IBN]], ahead of Patel and Nehru, in 2012. Nearly 20 million votes were cast.<ref name="outlookindia.com">{{cite web |title=A Measure Of The Man {{!}} Outlook India Magazine |url=https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/a-measure-of-the-man/281949 |access-date=13 March 2021 |website=[[Outlook India]] |archive-date=24 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724075649/https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/a-measure-of-the-man/281949 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Due to his role in economics, [[Narendra Jadhav]], a notable Indian economist,<ref name="Planning Commission">{{cite web |url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/history/index.php?about=narendra.htm |title=Member's Profile: Dr. Narendra Jadhav |publisher=Government of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023043604/http://planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/history/index.php?about=narendra.htm |archive-date=23 October 2013 |access-date=17 October 2013}}</ref> has said that Ambedkar was "the highest educated Indian economist of all times."<ref name="PISHAROTY">{{Cite news |last=Pisharoty |first=Sangeeta Barooah |url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/words-that-were/article4750471.ece |title=Words that were |date=26 May 2013 |work=The Hindu |access-date=17 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017214648/http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/words-that-were/article4750471.ece |archive-date=17 October 2013}}</ref> [[Amartya Sen]], said that Ambedkar is "father of my economics", and "he was highly controversial figure in his home country, though it was not the reality. His contribution in the field of economics is marvelous and will be remembered forever."<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NhgBUgfrw0c |title=Face the People - FTP: Nobel laureate Amartya Sen on economic growth, Indian politics |date=22 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307090403/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NhgBUgfrw0c |archive-date=7 March 2016 |work=YouTube |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://atrocitynews.com/2007/05/05/ambedkar-my-father-in-economics-dr-amartya-sen/ |title=Ambedkar my father in Economics: Dr Amartya Sen |work=Atrocity News |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120903094347/http://atrocitynews.com/2007/05/05/ambedkar-my-father-in-economics-dr-amartya-sen/ |archive-date=3 September 2012}}</ref>

On 2 April 1967, an 3.66 metre (12 foot) tall bronze statue of Ambedkar was installed in the [[Parliament of India]]. The statue, sculpted by B.V. Wagh, was unveiled by the then President of India, [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]].<ref name="RS-statue">{{cite web |title=Rajya Sabha - Dr. B. R. Ambedkar |url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/picture_gallery/p8.asp |access-date=13 March 2021 |website=rajyasabha.nic.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705114556/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/picture_gallery/p8.asp|archive-date=5 July 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rajya Sabha - Photographs Of Parliament House Complex |url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/picture_gallery/anx_view.asp |access-date=13 March 2021 |website=rajyasabha.nic.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100627180207/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/picture_gallery/anx_view.asp|archive-date=27 June 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Photo Gallery: Lok Sabha |url=http://164.100.47.193/Loksabha/PhotoGal/PhotoGallerySlider.aspx?GalID=8 |access-date=13 March 2021 |website=164.100.47.193}}</ref> On 12 April 1990, a portrait of B.R. Ambedkar is put in the Central Hall of [[Parliament of India|Parliament House]].<ref name="rajyasabha.nic.in">{{cite web |title=Rajya Sabha |url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/picture_gallery/dr_brambedkar.asp |access-date=13 March 2021 |website=rajyasabha.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Photo Gallery: Lok Sabha |url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/PhotoGal/PhotoGallerySlider.aspx?GalID=3&catdesc=central |access-date=13 March 2021 |website=loksabhaph.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Office of Speaker Lok Sabha |url=https://speakerloksabha.nic.in/event/EventDetails.asp?EventId=2471 |access-date=13 March 2021 |website=speakerloksabha.nic.in}}</ref> The portrait of Ambedkar, painted by Zeba Amrohawi, was unveiled by the then Prime Minister of India, [[V. P. Singh]].<ref name="rajyasabha.nic.in"/> Another portrait of Ambedkar is put in the Parliamentary Museum and archives of the Parliament House.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajya Sabha - Portraits In The Parliamentary Museum And Archives |url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/picture_gallery/index4.asp |access-date=13 March 2021 |website=rajyasabha.nic.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705114432/https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/picture_gallery/index4.asp|archive-date=5 July 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rajya Sabha - Picture Gallery - Dr B. R. Ambedkar |url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/picture_gallery/b_r_ambedkar_3.asp |access-date=13 March 2021 |website=rajyasabha.nic.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100711043321/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/picture_gallery/b_r_ambedkar_3.asp |archive-date=11 July 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Ambedkar's legacy was not without criticism. Ambedkar has been criticised for his one-sided views on the issue of caste at the expense of cooperation with the larger nationalist movement.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Menski |first=W. F. |title=The role of the judiciary in plural societies |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/neelan-tiruchelvam-and-radhika-coomaraswamy-ed-the-role-of-the-judiciary-in-plural-societies-xxi-193-pp-london-frances-pinter1987-2250/A6988B0550B88139E39AE44A8FC51818 |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |date=February 1989 |publisher=Cambridge University |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=172–174 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00023600|s2cid=161754777 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Ambedkar has been also criticised by some of his biographers over his neglect of organization-building.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Omvedt |first=Gail |title=Dalits and the Democratic Revolution: Dr Ambedkar and the Dalit Movement in Colonial India |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |year=1994 |isbn=978-8132119838 |page=185}}</ref>

Ambedkar's political philosophy has given rise to a large number of political parties, publications and workers' unions that remain active across India, especially in [[Maharashtra]]. His promotion of Buddhism has rejuvenated interest in Buddhist philosophy among sections of population in India. Mass conversion ceremonies have been organised by human rights activists in modern times, emulating Ambedkar's Nagpur ceremony of 1956.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/28/stories/2007052806851200.htm |title=One lakh people convert to Buddhism |date=28 May 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100829082828/http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/28/stories/2007052806851200.htm |archive-date=29 August 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Some Indian Buddhists regard him as a [[Bodhisattva]], although he never claimed it himself.<ref>{{harvtxt|Michael|1999}}, p. 65, notes that "The concept of Ambedkar as a Bodhisattva or enlightened being who brings liberation to all backward classes is widespread among Buddhists." He also notes how Ambedkar's pictures are enshrined side-to-side in Buddhist Vihars and households in India|office=[[Viceroy's Executive Council|Labour Member in Viceroy's Executive Council]]n Buddhist homes.</ref> Outside India, during the late 1990s, some Hungarian [[Romani people]] drew parallels between their own situation and that of the downtrodden people in India. Inspired by Ambedkar, they started to convert to Buddhism.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2009/11/22/stories/2009112250120300.htm |title=Magazine / Land & People: Ambedkar in Hungary |date=22 November 2009 |access-date=17 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100417181130/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2009/11/22/stories/2009112250120300.htm |archive-date=17 April 2010 |location=Chennai |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

The Ambedkar Statue in [[Hyderabad]] is a statue of B. R. Ambedkar located in [[Hyderabad]]. The statue was designed by [[Ram V. Sutar]]. The foundation stone was laid in 2016, but the construction of the statue began in 2021. The statue was inaugurated on 14 April 2023, by [[K. Chandrashekar Rao|K. Chandrashekhar Rao]], the Chief Minister of Telangana, on the 132nd [[Ambedkar Jayanti]]. Ambedkar's grandson [[Prakash Yashwant Ambedkar|Prakash Ambedkar]] was the chief guest of the event. The statue is made up of over 360 tonnes of steel and 100 tonnes of bronze.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Janyala |first=Sreenivas |date=14 April 2023 |title=KCR unveils 125-ft tall bronze statue of Dr B R Ambedkar on his 132nd birth anniversary |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/hyderabad/ambedkar-statue-telangana-kcr-8555733/ |access-date=30 April 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2023 |title=125 feet Dr BR Ambedkar: Know trivia of Hyderabad's new monument |url=https://www.siasat.com/125-feet-dr-br-ambedkar-know-trivia-of-hyderabads-new-monument-2568077/ |access-date=30 April 2023 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 April 2023 |title=Stage set for inauguration of 125-ft Dr. B.R. Ambedkar statue today |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/stage-set-for-inauguration-of-125-ft-dr-br-ambedkar-statue-today/article66733490.ece |access-date=30 April 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ali |first=Roushan |date=14 April 2023 |title=K Chandrasekhar Rao to unveil India's tallest Ambedkar statue in Hyderabad today |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/k-chandrasekhar-rao-to-unveil-indias-tallest-ambedkar-statue-in-hyderabad-today/articleshow/99476534.cms?from=mdr |access-date=30 April 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jayachandran |first=Apoorva |title=Telangana CM KCR unveils 125-ft-tall Ambedkar statue in Hyderabad |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/telangana-cm-kcr-unveil-125-feet-tall-br-ambedkar-statue-hyderabad-132-birth-anniversary-2359891-2023-04-14 |access-date=30 April 2023 |website=India Today |date=14 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref> On 19 January 2024, a 125 feet tall "[[Statue of Social Justice]]" of Ambedkar was installed in [[Vijayawada]], Andhra Pradesh, which stands on an 81 feet high platform.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/cm-jagan-mohan-reddy-to-unveil-statue-of-social-justice-on-january-19/article67749316.ece | title=CM Jagan Mohan Reddy to unveil statue of social justice on January 19 | newspaper=The Hindu | date=17 January 2024 }}</ref> The Ambedkar statues in Hyderabad and Vijayawada are the fifth and fourth [[tallest statues in India]] respectively. In May 2026, a 450 feet tall "[[Statue of Equality (Ambedkar)|Statue of Equality]]" of Babasaheb Ambedkar will be ready at Indu Mill in [[Mumbai]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/ambedkar-memorial-project-mumbai-indu-mill-ready-by-may-2026-9055367/ | title=Ambedkar memorial project at Mumbai's Indu Mill to be ready by May 2026 | date=5 December 2023 }}</ref> which will be the second tallest statue in India and the third tallest in the world.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/ambedkar-memorial-project-mumbai-indu-mill-ready-by-may-2026-9055367/ | title=Ambedkar memorial project at Mumbai's Indu Mill to be ready by May 2026 | date=5 December 2023 }}</ref>

==Views==

===Religion===
[[File:47 Raika School - eating together (3384824242).jpg|thumb|right|220px|Children awaiting school lunch in Rayka (also Raika), a village in rural Gujarat. The salutation ''[[Jai Bhim]]'' written on the blackboard honours Ambedkar.]]
Ambedkar said in 1935 that he was born a Hindu but would not die a Hindu. He viewed Hinduism as an "oppressive religion" and started to consider conversion to any other religion.<ref name="Rao1999">{{cite book |author=Anupama P. Rao |title=Undoing Untouchability?: Violence, Democracy, and Discourses of State in Maharashtra, 1932–1991 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3MfAQAAMAAJ |year=1999 |publisher=University of Michigan |isbn=978-0-599-39817-7 |pages=49–74}}</ref> In ''Annihilation of Caste'', Ambedkar claims that the only lasting way a true casteless society could be achieved is through destroying the belief of the sanctity of the ''Shastras'' and denying their authority.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Guru |first=Gopal |date=1991 |title=Appropriating Ambedkar |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=26 |issue=27/28 |pages=1697–1699 |jstor=4398126 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref> Ambedkar was critical of Hindu religious texts and epics and wrote a work titled ''[[Riddles in Hinduism]]'' during 1954–1955. The work was published posthumously by combining individual chapter manuscripts and resulted in mass demonstrations and counter demonstrations.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/mahishasura-debate-reveals-alternative-traditions/article8290538.ece |title=The Mahishasura debate: alternative traditions |access-date=1 August 2021 |date=28 February 2016 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forwardpress.in/2019/06/pragmatist-riddles-in-ambedkars-riddles-in-hinduism/ |title=Pragmatist riddles in Ambedkar's 'Riddles in Hinduism' |first=Scott R. |last=Stroud |access-date=1 August 2021 |date=1 June 2019 |publisher=ForwardPress.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Vaidyanathan |first=T. G. |title=Authority and Identity in India |journal=Daedalus |volume=118 |issue=4 |year=1989 |pages=147–169 |jstor=20025268}}</ref>

Ambedkar viewed Christianity to be incapable of fighting injustices. He wrote that "It is an incontrovertible fact that Christianity was not enough to end the slavery of the Negroes in the United States. A civil war was necessary to give the Negro the freedom which was denied to him by the Christians."<ref>{{cite book |title=For the Solution of the "Caste" Question, Buddha is Not Enough, Ambedkar is Not Enough Either, Marx is a Must |author=[[Ranganayakamma]] |page=404}}</ref>

Ambedkar criticized distinctions within Islam and described the religion as "a close corporation and the distinction that it makes between Muslims and non-Muslims is a very real, very positive and very alienating distinction".<ref name="RoyBecker2020">{{cite book |author1=Anupama Roy |author2=Michael Becker |title=Dimensions of Constitutional Democracy: India and Germany |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QrzoDwAAQBAJ |date=1 June 2020 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-9811538995 |page=120}}</ref>

He opposed conversions of depressed classes to convert to Islam or Christianity added that if they converted to Islam then "the danger of Muslim domination also becomes real" and if they converted to Christianity then it "will help to strengthen the hold of Britain on the country".<ref name="Keer1971">{{cite book |author=Dhananjay Keer |title=Dr. Ambedkar: Life and Mission |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B-2d6jzRmBQC&pg=PA280 |year=1971 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-237-6 |pages=280–}}</ref>

Initially, Ambedkar planned to convert to Sikhism but he rejected this idea after he discovered that British government would not guarantee the privileges accorded to the untouchables in reserved parliamentary seats.<ref name="Oddie1991">{{cite book |author=Geoffrey A. Oddie |title=Religion in South Asia: Religious Conversion and Revival Movements in South Asia in Medieval and Modern Times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4MIoAAAAYAAJ |year=1991 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=978-81-85425-46-7 |page=198}}</ref>

On 16 October 1956, he converted to Buddhism just weeks before his death.<ref name="Viswanathan2021">{{cite book |author=Gauri Viswanathan |title=Outside the Fold: Conversion, Modernity, and Belief |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZuUXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA224| year=2021 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-4348-0 |pages=224–}}</ref>

=== Indo-Aryan migrations ===
Ambedkar viewed the [[Shudras]] as Aryan and rejected the [[Indo-Aryan migrations]], describing it as "so absurd that it ought to have been dead long ago" in his 1946 book ''[[Who Were the Shudras?]]''.<ref name="Bryant, Edwin 2001. pp. 50-51">Bryant, Edwin (2001). ''The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture'', Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 50–51. {{ISBN|9780195169478}}</ref> Ambedkar viewed Shudras as originally having been "part of the Kshatriya Varna in the Indo-Aryan society", but became socially degraded after they inflicted many tyrannies on [[Brahmins]].<ref>Bryant, Edwin. ''The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture'', Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. pp. 50.</ref>

Ambedkar disputed various hypotheses of the Aryan homeland being [[Indo-Aryan migration theory|outside India]], and concluded the Aryan homeland was India itself. According to Ambedkar, the Rig Veda says Aryans, Dāsa and Dasyus were competing religious groups, not different peoples.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Arvind |author-link=Arvind Sharma |date=2005 |title=Dr. B. R. Ambedkar on the Aryan Invasion and the Emergence of the Caste System in India |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |volume=73 |issue=3 |pages=843–870 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/lfi081 |issn=0002-7189 |jstor=4139922}}</ref>

===Communism===
Ambedkar was heavily influenced by [[John Dewey]] and his philosophy of [[pragmatism]].<ref>{{cite web | title=B R Ambedkar and the Evolution of Pragmatism in India | website=Economic and Political Weekly | date=24 January 2025 | url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2025/4/special-articles/b-r-ambedkar-and-evolution-pragmatism-india.html | access-date=29 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Skaria | first=Ajay | title=Ambedkar, Marx and the Buddhist Question | journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies | volume=38 | issue=3 | date=3 July 2015 | issn=0085-6401 | doi=10.1080/00856401.2015.1049726 | pages=450–465}}</ref> Ambedkar's views on [[Communism]] were expressed in two 1956 texts, "Buddha or Karl Marx" and "Buddhism and Communism".<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Kirby |first=Julian |date=2008 |title=Ambedkar and the Indian Communists: The Absence of Conciliation |type=MA thesis |publisher=University of Manitoba |url=https://mspace.lib.umanitoba.ca/bitstream/handle/1993/3135/Ambedkar%20and%20the%20Indian%20Communists.pdf |access-date=7 December 2022 |hdl=1993/3135}}</ref> According to Jaffrelot, Ambedkar "constantly criticised the Communists, whom he accused of exploiting the workers' cause to advance their own career".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |title=Dr Ambedkar and Untouchability: Analysing and Fighting Caste |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |year=2005 |isbn=1850654492 |location=London |pages=76–77}}</ref> In a 1938 speech delivered to the Masur conference of depressed classes, Ambedkar said: "It is absolutely impossible for me to keep relations with the communists. I am an implacable enemy of the Communists." <ref>{{cite web | title=Can Communism and Democracy Work Together? – Dr Ambedkar's Views | website=Velivada | date=8 May 2017 | url=https://velivada.com/2017/05/08/communism-democracy-dr-ambedkar/ | access-date=30 November 2025}}</ref>

Ambedkar stated that:<ref>{{cite web | last=Ramabadran | first=Sudarshan | title=Buddha, China and Communism: What Ambedkar said | website=Times of India Voices | date=5 December 2019 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/the-vantage-viewpoint/buddha-china-and-communism-what-ambedkar-said/ | access-date=29 November 2025}}</ref>
{{Blockquote| Carlyle called political economy a pig philosophy. Carlyle was of course wrong. For man needs material comforts. But the communist philosophy seems to equally wrong, for the aim of their philosophy seems to be fatten pigs, as though men are no better than pigs. Man must grow materially as well as spiritually. Buddha’s method was to change the mind of man without the use of force. Buddha sought to change man’s moral disposition to follow the path voluntarily.}}

He accepted the [[Marxist theory]] that the privileged few's [[Exploitation of labour|exploitation]] of the masses perpetuated poverty and its issues. However, he did not see this exploitation as purely economic, theorizing that the cultural aspects of exploitation are as bad or worse than economic exploitation. In addition, he did not see economic relationships as the only important aspect of human life. He also saw Communists as willing to resort to any means to achieve [[proletarian revolution]], including violence, while he himself saw democratic and peaceful measures as the best option for change. Ambedkar also opposed the Marxist idea of controlling all the [[means of production]] and ending private ownership of property: seeing the latter measure as not able to fix the problems of society. In addition, rather than advocating for the [[Withering away of the state|eventual annihilation of the state]] as Marxism does, Ambedkar believed in a classless society, but also believed the state would exist as long as society and that it should be active in development.<ref name="Jadhav-1991" /> But in the 1950s, in an interview he gave to BBC, he accepted that the current liberal democratic system will collapse and the alternative, as he thinks, "is some kind of communism".<ref>{{cite web | last=Haq | first=Zia | title=Review: The Great March of Democracy edited by SY Quraishi | website=Hindustan Times | date=26 April 2019 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-the-great-march-of-democracy-edited-by-sy-quraishi/story-0YjMacMT2RauCCR41OkryM.html}}</ref>

Ambedkar's objections to communism were severely criticized by Abhinav Sinha of 'The Anvil magazine'.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Tragic Regression of Anand Teltumbde | website=The Anvil | date=31 May 2018 | url=https://anvilmag.in/archives/259 | access-date=30 November 2025}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|"Communism is not a sect of Bhikkhus and Ambedkar did not understand this simple fact, in his zealous attempt to prove that everything correct in Marxism has already been said by Buddha and whatever was not said by Buddha is incorrect in Marxism. However, it seems that Ambedkar made these bold claims without reading a single Marxist text. He also claims that a 60 year old political philosophy like communism would not work. And what would work? A 2500 years old philosophy of Buddhism! These are some of the “refutations” of Marxism by Ambedkar!" ....

"Ambedkar did not have any understanding about Marxism as he had not read a single work by Marx, Engels or Lenin. Therefore the very question whether Ambedkar agreed or disagreed, in real sense of the terms, with Marxism or not is a non-question. The truth is that he did not have any understanding of Marxism."}}

==In popular culture==
Several films, plays, and other works have been based on the life and thoughts of Ambedkar.
* Indian director [[Jabbar Patel]] made a documentary titled ''Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar'' in 1991; he followed this with a full-length feature film ''[[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar (film)|Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar]]'' in 2000 with [[Mammootty]] in the lead role.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=Vivek |title=Resurgence of an icon |newspaper=Business Line |location= |pages= |language= |publisher=Kasturi & Sons |date=20 January 2018 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/cover/resurgence-of-an-icon/article8447300.ece }}</ref> This biopic was sponsored by the [[National Film Development Corporation of India]] and the government's [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment]]. The film was released after a long and controversial gestation.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Viswanathan |first=S |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/Readers-Editor/article435886.ece |title=Ambedkar film: better late than never |date=24 May 2010 |work=The Hindu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910142933/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/Readers-Editor/article435886.ece |archive-date=10 September 2011}}</ref>
* Other Indian films on Ambedkar include: ''Balaka Ambedkar'' (1991) by Basavaraj Kestur, ''Dr. Ambedkar'' (1992) by [[Bharath Parepalli]], and ''Yugpurush Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar'' (1993).
* David Blundell, professor of anthropology at [[UCLA]] and historical ethnographer, has established ''Arising Light'' – a series of films and events that are intended to stimulate interest and knowledge about the social conditions in India and the life of Ambedkar.<ref name="Blundell">{{Cite journal |last=Blundell |first=David |year=2006 |title=Arising Light: Making a Documentary Life History Motion Picture on Dr B. R. Ambedkar in India |url=http://journal.uwest.edu/index.php/hljhb/article/view/154 |url-status=dead |journal=Hsi Lai Journal of Humanistic Buddhism |volume=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106053707/http://journal.uwest.edu/index.php/hljhb/article/view/154 |archive-date=6 November 2013 |access-date=17 July 2013}}</ref>
* In ''[[Samvidhaan]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt3562784/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1 |title=Samvidhaan: The Making of the Constitution of India (TV Mini-Series 2014) |last=Ramnara |date=5 March 2014 |website=IMDb |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527221343/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt3562784/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1 |archive-date=27 May 2015}}</ref> a TV mini-series on the making of the Constitution of India directed by [[Shyam Benegal]], the pivotal role of B. R. Ambedkar was played by [[Sachin Khedekar]].
* The play ''Ambedkar Aur Gandhi'', directed by [[Arvind Gaur]] and written by Rajesh Kumar, tracks the two prominent personalities of its title.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anima |first=P. |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/07/17/stories/2009071750610300.htm |title=A spirited adventure |date=17 July 2009 |access-date=14 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102102157/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/07/17/stories/2009071750610300.htm |archive-date=2 January 2011 |location=Chennai |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
* ''[[Bhimayana|Bhimayana: Experiences of Untouchability]]'' is a graphic biography of Ambedkar created by Pardhan-Gond artists [[Durgabai Vyam]] and Subhash Vyam, and writers Srividya Natarajan and [[S. Anand]]. The book depicts the experiences of untouchability faced by Ambedkar from childhood to adulthood. CNN named it one of the top 5 political comic books.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/europe/05/19/graphic.novels/index.html |title=The top five political comic books |last=Calvi |first=Nuala |date=23 May 2011 |work=CNN|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130109004845/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/europe/05/19/graphic.novels/index.html |archive-date=9 January 2013 |access-date=14 April 2013}}</ref>
* The [[Ambedkar Memorial]] at [[Lucknow]] is dedicated in his memory. The [[chaitya]] consists of monuments showing his biography.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.up-tourism.com/destination/lucknow/other_attraction.htm |title=Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Samajik Parivartan Sthal |publisher=Department of Tourism, Government of UP, Uttar Pradesh |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719163239/http://www.up-tourism.com/destination/lucknow/other_attraction.htm |archive-date=19 July 2013 |access-date=17 July 2013 |quote=New Attractions}}</ref><ref name="Ambedkar Memorial Lkh">{{cite web |url=http://in.remmers.com/fileadmin/remmers-in/references/india/IND_Lucknow_Ambedkar_Memorial.pdf |title=Ambedkar Memorial, Lucknow/India |publisher=Remmers India Pvt. Ltd |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102211326/http://in.remmers.com/fileadmin/remmers-in/references/india/IND_Lucknow_Ambedkar_Memorial.pdf |archive-date=2 November 2013 |access-date=17 July 2013 |quote=Brief Description}}</ref>
* [[Jai Bhim]] slogan was given by the [[Dalit|Dalit community]] in [[Delhi]] in his honour in 1946.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tripathi |first1=Ashish |date=18 April 2016 |first2=Arunav |last2=Sinha |title=Chronologically 'Jai Bhim' is older than 'Jai Hind': Experts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/chronologically-jai-bhim-is-older-than-jai-hind-experts/articleshow/51876821.cms |access-date=13 March 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Google]] commemorated Ambedkar's 124th birthday through a homepage doodle on 14 April 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lh3.googleusercontent.com/vk66VJ12cmvzjaxJJbWrpz8bDWPaRTxC5Ta6SNvi5hlUXlJfm3cH-yKHwzHG9pk3vWIz5cvYE-6xMiHGE_7s91fy_aLVBJqxSNWpf_E |title=<image> |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414003026/http://lh3.googleusercontent.com/vk66VJ12cmvzjaxJJbWrpz8bDWPaRTxC5Ta6SNvi5hlUXlJfm3cH-yKHwzHG9pk3vWIz5cvYE-6xMiHGE_7s91fy_aLVBJqxSNWpf_E |archive-date=14 April 2015 |access-date=14 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Gibbs |first=Jonathan |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/b-r-ambedkar-indian-social-reformer-and-politician-honoured-with-a-google-doodle-10174529.html |title=B. R. Ambedkar's 124th Birthday: Indian social reformer and politician honoured with a Google Doodle |date=14 April 2015 |access-date=14 April 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414000658/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/b-r-ambedkar-indian-social-reformer-and-politician-honoured-with-a-google-doodle-10174529.html |archive-date=14 April 2015 |work=The Independent}}</ref> The doodle was featured in India, Argentina, Chile, Ireland, Peru, Poland, Sweden and the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/trending/google-tributes-doodle-to-b-r-ambedkar-for-125th-birth-anniversary/ |title=B R Ambedkar 124th birth anniversary: Google doodle changes in 7 countries as tribute |date=14 April 2015 |website=The Indian Express |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707224447/http://indianexpress.com/article/trending/google-tributes-doodle-to-b-r-ambedkar-for-125th-birth-anniversary/ |archive-date=7 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-google-doodle-marks-dr-br-ambedkar-s-124th-birth-anniversary-2077330 |title=Google's BR Ambedkar birth anniversary doodle on 7 other countries apart from India |date=14 April 2015 |website=dna |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707202543/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-google-doodle-marks-dr-br-ambedkar-s-124th-birth-anniversary-2077330 |archive-date=7 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nelson |first=Dean |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/google/google-doodle/11534732/B.R.-Ambedkar-a-hero-of-Indias-independence-movement-honoured-by-Google-Doodle.html |title=B.R. Ambedkar, a hero of India's independence movement, honoured by Google Doodle |date=14 April 2015 |work=The Telegraph |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105014345/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/google/google-doodle/11534732/B.R.-Ambedkar-a-hero-of-Indias-independence-movement-honoured-by-Google-Doodle.html |archive-date=5 January 2016}}</ref>
* An Indian television show named ''[[Ek Mahanayak – Dr. B. R. Ambedkar|Ek Mahanayak: Dr. B. R. Ambedkar]]'' portraying his life aired on [[&TV]] in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theprint.in/features/a-new-tv-show-on-b-r-ambedkar-raises-questions-of-responsible-representation/331115/ |title=A new TV show on B.R. Ambedkar raises questions of responsible representation |first1=Fiza |last1=Jha |first2=Revathi |last2=Krishnan |date=6 December 2019 |website=ThePrint.in |publisher=The Print |access-date=20 August 2021 }}</ref>
* Another show, ''[[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar - Mahamanvachi Gauravgatha]]'', has aired in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] on [[Star Pravah]] from 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=A new show based on the life of Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar to go on-air soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/a-new-show-based-on-the-life-of-babasaheb-bhimrao-ambedkar-to-go-on-air-soon/articleshow/68023249.cms |access-date=13 March 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=16 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

==Works==
The Education Department, [[Government of Maharashtra]] (Mumbai) published the collection of Ambedkar's writings and speeches in different volumes.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ambedkar |first=B. R. |url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL4080132M/Dr._Babasaheb_Ambedkar_writings_and_speeches. |title=Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, writings and speeches. |date=1979 |publisher=Education Dept., Govt. of Maharashtra |location=Bombay |ol=4080132M}}</ref> The list of Ambedkar's works include the following:
* ''[[Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis and Development]] and 11 Other Essays''
* ''[[The Annihilation of Caste]]'', (1936)
* ''Ambedkar in the Bombay Legislature, with the Simon Commission and at the Round Table Conferences'', (1927–1939)
* ''Philosophy of Hinduism; India and the Pre-requisites of Communism; Revolution and Counter-revolution; Buddha or Karl Marx''
* ''[[Riddles in Hinduism]]''<ref name="Riddles in Hinduism">{{cite book |title=Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Writings and Speeches, Vol 4 |last=Ambedkar |first=B. R. |author-link=B. R. Ambedkar |year=1987 |publisher=Dr. Ambedkar Foundation, Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment, Govt. of India
|location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-89059-77-4 |page= |pages= |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Images/attach/amb/Volume_04.pdf |access-date=14 April 2023 |editor=Vasant Moon }} Contains "Riddles in Hinduism", the first publication of a hitherto unpublished work.</ref>
* ''Essays on Untouchables and Untouchability''
* ''The Evolution of Provincial Finance in British India''
* ''The Untouchables Who Were They And Why They Became Untouchables ?''
* ''[[Who Were the Shudras?]]'' (1946)
* ''Pakistan or The Partition of India'' (1945),<ref name="Pakistan&PartitionOfIndia">{{cite book |title=Pakistan Or The Partition Of India |last=Ambedkar |first=B. R. |author-link=B. R. Ambedkar |year=1946 |publisher=Thacker & Co. Ltd |location=Bombay |url=https://archive.org/details/pakistanorthepar035378mbp |access-date=3 August 2024 |edition=3rd |oclc=809536353 |page=[https://archive.org/details/pakistanorthepar035378mbp/page/n7/mode/2up copyright page] |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> originally published as ''Thoughts on Pakistan'' (1941)<ref name="ThoughtsOnPakistan">{{cite book |title=Thoughts on Pakistan |last=Ambedkar |first=B. R. |author-link=B. R. Ambedkar |year=1941 |publisher=Thacker & Co. Ltd |location=Bombay |isbn= |url=https://archive.org/details/thoughtsonpakist035271mbp |page=[https://archive.org/details/thoughtsonpakist035271mbp/page/n5/mode/2up title and copyright page] |access-date=3 August 2024 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>
* ''What Congress and Gandhi have done to the Untouchables; Mr. Gandhi and the Emancipation of the Untouchables''
* Ambedkar as member of the Governor General's Executive Council, 1942–46
* ''[[The Buddha and His Dhamma|The Buddha and his Dhamma]]''
* ''Unpublished Writings; Ancient Indian Commerce; Notes on laws; [[Waiting for a Visa]]; Miscellaneous notes, etc.''
* Ambedkar as the principal architect of the Constitution of India
* (2 parts) Dr. Ambedkar and The Hindu Code Bill
* ''Ambedkar as Free India's First Law Minister and Member of Opposition in Indian Parliament'' (1947–1956)
* ''The Pali Dictionary'' and ''The Pali Grammar''<ref name="PaliDictionaryGrammar">{{cite book |title=Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Writings and Speeches, Vol 16 |last=Ambedkar |first=B. R. |author-link=B. R. Ambedkar |year=1998 |publisher=Education Department, Government of Maharashtra |location=Mumbai |isbn= |pages=1, 437, 631 & 723 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.7636/page/n3/mode/2up |access-date=14 April 2023 |editor=Vasant Moon }} Contains "Dictionary of the Pali language" and "Pali Grammar".</ref>
* Ambedkar and his Egalitarian Revolution – Struggle for Human Rights. Events starting from March 1927 to 17 November 1956 in the chronological order;
* Ambedkar and his Egalitarian Revolution – Socio-political and religious activities. Events starting from November 1929 to 8 May 1956 in the chronological order;
* Ambedkar and his Egalitarian Revolution – Speeches. (Events starting from 1 January to 20 November 1956 in the chronological order.)

==See also==
* [[Ambedkar family]]
* [[Chaitya Bhoomi]]
* [[Deekshabhoomi]]
* ''[[Statue of Equality (Ambedkar)|Statue of Equality]]''

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ahir |first=D. C. |title=The Legacy of Dr. Ambedkar |year=1990 |publisher=B. R. Publishing |isbn=81-7018-603-X |location=Delhi}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ajnat |first=Surendra |title=Ambedkar on Islam |publisher=Buddhist Publ. |year=1986 |location=Jalandhar}}
* {{Cite book |title=Reconstructing the World: B.R. Ambedkar and Buddhism in India |publisher=Oxford University Press |editor-last=Beltz |editor-first=Johannes |location=New Delhi |editor-last2=Jondhale |editor-first2=S.}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bholay |first=Bhaskar Laxman |title=Dr Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar: Anubhav Ani Athavani |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=2001 |location=Nagpur}}{{ISBN?}}
* {{Cite book |last=Fernando |first=W. J. Basil |title=Demoralisation and Hope: Creating the Social Foundation for Sustaining Democracy – A comparative study of N. F. S. Grundtvig (1783–1872) Denmark and B. R. Ambedkar (1881–1956) India |publisher=AHRC Publication |year=2000 |isbn=962-8314-08-4 |location=Hong Kong}}
* Chakrabarty, Bidyut. "B.R. Ambedkar" ''Indian Historical Review'' (Dec 2016) 43#2 pp 289–315. {{doi|10.1177/0376983616663417}}.
* {{Cite book |last=Gautam |first=C. |title=Life of Babasaheb Ambedkar |publisher=Ambedkar Memorial Trust |year=2000 |edition=2nd |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |title=Ambedkar and Untouchability. Analysing and Fighting Caste |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2004 |location=New York |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kasare |first=M. L. |title=Economic Philosophy of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar |publisher=B. I. Publications |location=New Delhi}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kuber |first=W. N. |title=Dr. Ambedkar: A Critical Study |publisher=People's Publishing House |location=New Delhi}}
* {{Cite book | last = Kumar | first = Aishwary | title = Radical Equality: Ambedkar, Gandhi, and the Risk of Democracy | publisher = [[Stanford University Press]]| date = 2015| isbn =9780804794268}}
* Kumar, Ravinder. "Gandhi, Ambedkar and the Poona pact, 1932." ''South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies'' 8.1–2 (1985): 87–101.
* {{Cite book |last=Michael |first=S.M. |url=https://archive.org/details/foreignpolicyact0000gins_t2j6 |title=Untouchable, Dalits in Modern India |publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers |year=1999 |isbn=978-1-55587-697-5 |url-access=registration }}
* Nugent, Helen M. (1979) "The communal award: The process of decision-making." ''South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies'' 2#1–2 (1979): 112–129.
* {{Cite book |last=Omvedt |first=Gail |title=Ambedkar: Towards an Enlightened India |date=2004 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=0-670-04991-3 |author-link=Gail Omvedt}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sangharakshita |first=Urgyen |title=Ambedkar and Buddhism |year=1986 |publisher=Windhorse Publications |isbn=0-904766-28-4 |author-link=Sangharakshita}} [http://www.sangharakshita.org/_books/Ambedkar_and_Buddhism.pdf PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924094012/http://www.sangharakshita.org/_books/Ambedkar_and_Buddhism.pdf |date=24 September 2015 }}
'''Primary sources'''
* {{Cite book | last = Ambedkar | first = Bhimrao Ramji | title = Annihilation of Caste: The Annotated Critical Edition | publisher = Verso Books | date = 2014 | isbn = 9781781688328}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links
|wikt=no
|commons=Category:B. R. Ambedkar
|b=no
|n=no
|q=B. R. Ambedkar
|s=Author:Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar
|v=no
|species=no
|d=Q231690
}}
* [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-42234642 Ambedkar: The man behind India's constitution], [[BBC News]]
* [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/index.html Dr. B. R. Ambedkar: Timeline Index and more work by him] at the [[Columbia University]]
* [https://www.lse.ac.uk/library/whats-on/exhibitions/educate-agitate-organise Exhibition: "Educate. Agitate. Organise." Ambedkar and LSE], exhibition at the [[London School of Economics and Political Science]], which includes Ambedkar's "student file."
* [http://drambedkarwritings.gov.in/content/ Writings and Speeches of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar] in various languages at the Dr. Ambedkar Foundation, [[Government of India]]
* [http://www.ambedkar.org/ Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar's related articles]
* {{Gutenberg author|id=52301}}
* [https://www.mea.gov.in/about-amb.htm 'Babasaheb' Dr. B.R. Ambedkar: Maker and conscience-keeper of modern India] at the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]], [[Government of India]]
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-upr}}
{{s-bef|before=N/A}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Rajya Sabha]] [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra|Bombay State (now Maharashtra)]] |years=1952–1956}}
{{s-aft|after=N/A}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=''Position established''}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of Law and Justice]] |years=1947–1951}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Charu Chandra Biswas]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=N/A}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Constituent Assembly of India|Chairman of the Constitution Drafting Committee]] |years=1947–1950}}
{{s-aft|after=N/A}}
{{s-end}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Ambedkar, B. R.}}
[[Category:B. R. Ambedkar| ]]
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Ravish Tiwari

2026-03-16T00:09:16Z

AdolphMassola0: started some data added tags

{{short description|Indian journalist (1981-2022)}}
{{notability|Biography|date=March 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = 
| image =
| alt =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1981|09|02}}
| birth_place = Imilia, [[Deoria District]], [[Uttar Pradesh, India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2022|02|19|1981|09|02}}
| death_place = [[New Delhi, India]]
| alma_mater = [[Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay|IIT Bombay]],
[[University of Oxford]]
| occupation = Political journalist
| known_for =
}}

'''Ravish Kumar Tiwari''' (2 September 1981, [[Deoria District|Emilia]] - 19 February 2022, [[New Delhi]]) was an Indian journalist who was associated with ''[[The Indian Express]]'', ''[[India Today]]'', and ''[[The Economic Times]]''. At the time of his death, he was working as chief of the national bureau at ''The Indian Express''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/etreporter/author-ravish-tiwari-479241158.cms |title=Stories by Ravish Tiwari in The Economic Times|publisher=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/profile/author/ravish-tiwari/ |title=Stories by Ravish Tiwari in The Indian Express|date=23 December 2013 |publisher=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="indianexpress_7780982">{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ravish-tiwari-indian-express-chief-of-national-bureau-dies-7780982/ |title=Ravish Tiwari, Express chief of national bureau, passes away |publisher=The Indian Express |date = 20 February 2022 }}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Tiwari was born in the Imilia village in [[Deoria District]], [[Uttar Pradesh, India]] on 2 September 1981. He attended Khalilabad in the [[Basti District]] (now the [[Sant Kabir Nagar District]]) for primary school. After [[Education in India|Class 5]], he joined the [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya]], also in Basti, and finished in 1998.<ref name="hindustantimes_101645258626738">{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/senior-journalist-ravish-tiwari-dies-at-40-president-pm-modi-pay-tributes-101645258626738.html; |title=Senior journalist Ravish Tiwari dies at 40; President, PM Modi pay tributes |publisher=Hindustan Times |date = 19 February 2022 }}</ref> He qualified for the [[Joint Entrance Examination]] in 2000 and Tiwari attended [[IIT Bombay]] for a five-year dual degree ([[Bachelor of Technology|B.Tech]] and [[Master of Engineering|M.Tech]]) course in [[Metallurgical Engineering]] and [[Materials Science]].<ref name="indianexpress_7781820" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://theprint.in/india/my-friend-ravish-the-iitian-rhodes-scholar-who-loved-the-roads-pavement-thumping-journalism/838248/; |title=My friend Ravish, the IITian, Rhodes scholar who loved the roads & pavement thumping journalism |publisher=The Print |date = 19 February 2022 }}</ref> In 2005, he was selected as a [[Rhodes Scholar]] along with five other Indians, including [[Atishi|Atishi Singh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/scholars-volunteers/rhodes-scholar-database/ |publisher=The Rhodes trust |title=Rhodes Scholar Database }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/ravish-tiwari-death-aap-mla-atishi-7789891/; |title=My friend, Ravish Tiwari' |publisher=The Indian Express |date = 25 February 2022 }}</ref> He pursued a Master's degree at [[University of Oxford]] in Comparative Social Policy and wrote his thesis, ''Social Justice in Secondary Education in India: State-wise Comparison''.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

== Career ==
After returning from Oxford in 2006, Tiwari joined ''[[The Indian Express]]'' as the principal correspondent. He spent eight years at the publication and also filled the roles of special correspondent, assistant editor, and senior assistant editor during his tenure. His team covered [[Union Government]] issues including elections, national security, strategic affairs, diplomacy, public health, education, rural affairs, agriculture, and infrastructure.<ref name="indianexpress_7780982" /> He joined ''[[India Today]]'' as associate editor in 2014, then ''[[The Economic Times]]'' as senior assistant editor in 2015. He returned to ''The Indian Express'' in June 2017 as chief of the national bureau, a role he held until his death.<ref name="indianexpress_7781820">{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ravish-tiwari-at-iit-love-with-journalism-7781820/; |title=Ravish Tiwari: At IIT, 'woh kehta tha usko pyaar ho gaya journalism se' |publisher=The Indian Express |date = 19 February 2022 }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Tiwari died on 19 February 2022 after a two-year battle with [[colon cancer]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/senior-journalist-ravish-tiwari-dies-in-gurugram-hospital-president-kovind-pm-modi-pay-tribute-4789838.html; |title=Senior Journalist Ravish Tiwari Dies in Gurugram Hospital, President Kovind, PM Modi Pay Tribute |publisher=News18 |date = 20 February 2022 }}</ref><ref name="indianexpress_7780982" /> Upon his death, President [[Ram Nath Kovind]] expressed his disappointment in losing such a distinct voice in Indian media. Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] similarly acknowledged his "bright career in the media world."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://newsonair.gov.in/News?title=Prez-Kovind%2C-VP-Naidu%2C-PM-Modi-condole-demise-of-noted-journalist-Ravish-Tiwari&id=435834; |title=Prez Kovind, VP Naidu, PM Modi condole demise of noted journalist Ravish Tiwari |publisher=News Services Division, All India Radio |date = 19 February 2022 }}</ref>
<ref name="indianexpress_7780982" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/senior-journalist-ravish-tiwari-is-dead-pm-modi-pays-tributes-2776978; |publisher=NDTV |title=Journalist Ravish Tiwari Dies, PM Modi Pays Tribute |date = 19 February 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.risingkashmir.com/Senior-Journalist-Ravish-Tiwari-passes-away--PM-Modi--Prez-Kovind-express-condolences-100985; |title=Senior Journalist Ravish Tiwari passes away, PM Modi, Prez Kovind express condolences |publisher=Rising Kashmir |date = 19 February 2022 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiwari, Ravish}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Deoria district]]
[[Category:Indian Rhodes Scholars]]
[[Category:IIT Bombay alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:Deaths from colorectal cancer in India]]
[[Category:Indian political journalists]]
[[Category:Indian Express Limited people]]
[[Category:India Today people]]

Siddiqur Rahman

2026-03-08T05:11:58Z

AdolphMassola0: reworked formatting based on references per sources

'''Siddiqur Rahman''' is a Bengali masculine given name of [[Arabic]] origin.
* [[Siddiquir Rahman|Siddiquir Rahman Munshiganji]] (born 1919), politician
* [[Siddiqur Rahman (Brahmanbaria politician)|Mohammad Siddiqur Rahman]] (born 1935), cabinet minister
* [[Siddiqur Rahman (politician, born 1944)|Siddiqur Rahman "Bagha Siddiq"]] (1944–2023), parliamentarian and freedom fighter
* [[Siddiqur Rahman Choudhury]] (born 1949), former finance secretary of Bangladesh
* [[Siddiqur Rahman (Patuakhali politician)|Siddiqur Rahman Patuakhali]] (1951-1986), parliamentarian and freedom fighter
* [[Siddiqur Rahman Patwari]] (born 1961), politician
* [[Siddiqur Rahman Sarker]] (1963-2025), former engineer-in-chief of Bangladesh Army
* [[Siddikur Rahman|Mohammad Siddikur Rahman]] (born 1984), golfer
* [[Siddiqur Rahman Miah]], supreme court judge
* [[Mohammad Siddiqur Rahman|Mohammad Siddiqur Rahman Manikganji]], politician

==See also==
*[[Siddiq (name)]]
*[[Rahman (name)]]

{{disambiguation}}
[[Category:Bangladeshi masculine given names]]
[[Category:Masculine given names]]

Mimics Action 500

2026-03-03T21:20:36Z

AdolphMassola0: general improved layout after review additionally and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mimics Action 500
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Balu Kiriyath]]
| producer = Harikumaran Thampi
| writer = Harikumaran Thampi Anzar Kalabhavan (dialogues)
| screenplay = Anzar Kalabhavan
| starring = [[Rajan P. Dev]] [[KPAC Lalitha]] [[A. C. Zainuddin]] [[Abi (actor)|Abi]]
| music = [[S. P. Venkatesh]]
| cinematography = M. D. Sukumaran
| editing = G. Murali
| studio = Prabha Cine Arts
| distributor = Prabha Cine Arts
| released = {{Film date|1995|11|4|df=y}}
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Mimics Action 500''''' is a 1995 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] comedy film, directed by [[Balu Kiriyath]] and produced by Harikumaran Thampi. The film stars [[Rajan P. Dev]], [[KPAC Lalitha]], [[A. C. Zainuddin]] and [[Abi (actor)|Abi]] in the lead roles. The film's musical score was done by [[S. P. Venkatesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=2847|title=Mimics Action 500|accessdate=2014-10-27|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?1989|title=Mimics Action 500|accessdate=2014-10-27|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/mimics-action-500-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141027160906/http://spicyonion.com/title/mimics-action-500-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=27 October 2014|title=Mimics Action 500|accessdate=2014-10-27|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

''[[Mimics Super 1000]]'', a sequel by Kiriyath, was released in 1996.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mimics Super 1000 |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/mimics-super-1000/cast/2000138955/ |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=TVGuide.com }}</ref>

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Rajan P. Dev]] as Manimala Mamachan
*[[KPAC Lalitha]] as Sharada Teacher
*[[A. C. Zainuddin]] as Johnykutty
*[[Abi (actor)|Abi]] as Devassykutty
*[[Kottayam Nazeer]] as Krishnankutty
*[[Kalabhavan Narayanankutty]] as Narayanankutty
*Nandu Pothuval as Sankarankutty
*[[Kalabhavan Navas]] as Babykutty
*Eloor George as Ramankutty
*Kalabhavan Santhosh as Pappankutty
*Sagar Shiyas as Jimmykutty
*Shaju K. S. as Kesavankutty
*[[Kalabhavan Haneef]] as Georgekutty
*[[Chippy (actress)|Chippy]] as Sreedevi, Souparnika Thampuratti (dual role)
*[[Mala Aravindan]] as Kurup
*[[Narendra Prasad]] as Kulashekara Varma Valiyakoyi Thampuran
*[[Prathapachandran]] as A. V. Thampan
*[[Mahesh (Malayalam actor)|Mahesh]] as Rajan Thampan,adopted son of A.V. Thampan and manager of Club 2000
*[[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]]
*[[Geetha Vijayan]] as Alice
*Manju Satheesh
*Sonia Baiju Kottarakkara
*Bindu Varappuzha as Sabeena
*Priyanka Anoop as Lalitha
*Kalabhavan Rahman
*[[Tini Tom]] as club 2000 performer
*[[Mafia Sasi]] as Gunda
*Ronald Poyya as Driver and Imitating Mohanlal
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[S. P. Venkatesh]] and the lyrics were written by [[Gireesh Puthenchery]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Chellappoo Chamayappoo" || [[Biju Narayanan]], Chorus || [[Gireesh Puthenchery]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Mamalakkaranam" || Biju Narayanan, [[Pradeep]] || Gireesh Puthenchery ||
|-
| 3 || "Manimala Mettil" || [[K. S. Chithra]], Biju Narayanan, Pradeep || Gireesh Puthenchery ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0333915|Mimics Action 500}}

[[Category:1995 films]]
[[Category:1995 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Malayalam films in series]]

{{1990s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Focus Bangla

2026-02-28T10:55:01Z

AdolphMassola0:

{{short description|Indian Bengali news channel}}{{Notability|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{unreferenced|date=June 2012}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Focus Bangla
| logo =
| logo_size = 150px
| logo_caption = '''Ne Bangla logo'''
| logo_alt =
| launch_date = 2004
| key_people =
| picture_format = [[16:9]] ([[576i]], [[SDTV]])
| network =
| owner =
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| area = [[West Bengal]] and [[Tripura]]
| headquarters = Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| sister_channels = [[Focus NE]] Focus Hi-Fi
| website =
}}

'''Focus Bangla''' (formerly known as '''NE Bangla''') was an Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]] language 24x7 [[news channel]] launched in 2004 and owned by '''Rainbow Productions Ltd'''. It's Bengali-language programming created and provided from [[Agartala]] (capital of Tripura State in Northeast India) and Kolkata (capital of West Bengal state).
[[File:Ne Bangla 2010.png|150px|right|thumb|The old logo during 2010]]

The channel features programs covering major daily incidents and analyses of significant news events. In addition to news from North East and West Bengal, it includes national and international coverage and highlights issues affecting the common people in the state.

==See also==
*[[International broadcasting]]
*[[List of Indian television stations]]
*[[:Category:24-hour television news channels|24-hour television news channels]]

{{Television news in India}}
{{Bengali-language television channels}}

[[Category:24-hour television news channels in India]]
[[Category:Bengali-language television channels in India]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2004]]
[[Category:Television stations in Kolkata]]
[[Category:2004 establishments in West Bengal]]

{{India-tv-station-stub}}

Nirmal Pandey

2026-02-25T19:23:47Z

AdolphMassola0: improve structure for clarity

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nirmal Pandey
| image = NirmalPandeyImg.jpg
| birth_date = 10 August 1962
| birth_place = [[Nainital]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]<ref name=ine/>
| death_date = 18 February 2010 (aged 47)
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| spouse = [[Kausar Munir]] (1997–2000) Archana Sharma (2005–2010)
| occupation = Actor
| birth_name = Rajkumar Pandey
}}
'''Nirmal Pandey''' (10 August 1962 – 18 February 2010) was an Indian [[Bollywood]] actor who was known for his roles of Vikram Mallah in [[Shekhar Kapur]]'s ''[[Bandit Queen]]'' (1994),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Aditya |date=2024-09-09 |title=Unraveling the Gritty Tale of 'Bandit Queen': A Cinematic Masterpiece |url=https://www.airtel.in/blog/broadband/unraveling-the-gritty-tale-of-bandit-queen-a-cinematic-masterpiece/ |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=Airtel |language=en-US}}</ref> and Dajjal in television series [[Hatim (TV series)|''Hatim'']]. He portrayed a [[transvestite]] in ''[[Daayraa]]'' (1996) for which he won a Best Actress Valenti award in [[France]]. He also appeared in ''[[Train to Pakistan (film)|Train To Pakistan]]'' (1998) and ''[[Godmother (film)|Godmother]]'' (1999).<ref name=ine>{{cite news |title=Actor Nirmal Pandey dead |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Actor-Nirmal-Pandey-dead/581651 |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |date=19 Feb 2010 |access-date=22 February 2010 |archive-date=21 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221141454/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Actor-Nirmal-Pandey-dead/581651 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=ind>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202813/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=30252 Woh kaun? Nirmal Pandey] ''[[Indian Express]]'', 23 September 2002.</ref> He played the role of Kishan Bhatta in Malayalam language film [[Dubai (2001 film)|''Dubai (2001)'']].

His last film, ''[[Lahore (film)|Lahore]]'', was released on 19 March 2010, a month after his death.
In May 2020,
Film and TV director Anil Dubey and Ravindra Chauhan established the Nirmal Pandey Smriti Nyas and Film Festival in the memory of Pandey. This film festival is organized annually on Pandey's birthday, 10 August.

==Early life and education==
Born on 10 August 1962 in a [[Kumaoni people|Kumaoni]] family living in [[Nainital]], then in [[Uttar Pradesh]], Nirmal Pandey was educated at [[Almora]] and [[Nainital]]. He graduated from the [[National School of Drama]], Delhi.<ref name=ine/><ref name=ind/>

==Career==
After leaving the National School of Drama he moved to [[London]], with a theater group, Tara, performing plays like ''Heer Ranjha'' and ''Antigone'', and acting in around 125 plays.<ref name=ind/>

After doing two small roles, he was first noticed in [[Shekhar Kapur]]'s ''[[Bandit Queen]]'' (1994). He received positive reviews for films like [[Amol Palekar]]'s ''Daayra'' (Square Circle) (1996), ''[[Train to Pakistan (film)|Train To Pakistan]]'' (1998), ''[[Is Raat Ki Subah Nahin]]'' and ''[[Hum Tum Pe Marte Hain]]''.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121112040854/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/also-showing-1255464.html Also showing – The Square Circle Amol Palekar] ''[[The Independent]]'', 12 June 1997.</ref><ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20070104093713/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2000/08/10/stories/09100462.htm "Tale with a telling effect"]}} ''[[The Hindu]]'', 10 August 2000.</ref> He acted in movies like ''Laila'', ''Pyaar Kiya Toh Darna Kya'', ''One 2 ka 4'' and ''Shikari'' and in several television serials, including ''Hatim'', and ''[[Princess Dollie Aur Uska Magic Bag]]'' (2005).

In addition to being an actor, he was a singer, and released the album ''Jazba'' in 1999.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19991025-actor-nirmal-pandey-releases-his-debut-album-jazba-781731-1999-10-24|title=Actor Nirmal Pandey releases his debut album Jazba|website=India Today}}</ref>

In 2002, he directed ''Andhayug'', a Hindi play written by noted playwright [[Dharamvir Bharati]], which follows the 18 days following the Mahabharata war. It had a cast of 70 actors, all of whom belonged to Sanvedna, a theatre group started by him in 1994.

Pandey had an acting institute, Fresh Talent Academy, in Ghaziabad,<ref>[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=15880 Coming full circle]{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} ''[[Indian Express]]'', 26 April 2002.</ref> where he conducted theatre workshops.<ref>[http://www1.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2008206.cms "Nagpur theatre will rise like Phoenix"] ''[[The Times of India]]'', Arunav Sinha , TNN, 6 May 2007.</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
He holds an unusual record for winning a Best Actor award at the 1997 France's Valenciennes Film Festival for his portrayal of a transvestite in [[Amol Palekar]]'s ''[[Daayraa]]'' (1996). He shared the Best Actor award with the [[female]] lead, [[Sonali Kulkarni]], at the [[Valenciennes]] Film Festival ([[France]], 1997).<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200905271431.htm Lack of funds, infrastructure rob theatre: Nirmal Pandey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110152430/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200905271431.htm |date=10 November 2012 }} [[The Hindu]], 27 May 2009.</ref>

==Biography==
Filmmaker, Director and Social Activist Ravindra Chauhan authored the biography of actor Nirmal Pandey.

==Film Festival==
In May 2020, Film and TV director Anil Dubey and Ravindra Chauhan established the ''Nirmal Pandey Smriti Nyas and Film Festival '' in the memory of Pandey. This film festival is organized annually on Pandey's birthday, 10 August. Due to [[COVID-19 lockdown in India]], the first film festival was held online 2020 in Etawah Uttar Pradesh and the second 2021 event was held in Etawah, Uttar Pradesh. In 2022, the third film festival was held Pandey's birthplace Nainital, Uttarakhand. In 2023, the fourth festival was organized in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. In 2024, the fifth festival was organized in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. In 2025, the six festival was organized in Cuttack, Orissa. In 2026 the seven film Festival Bilaspur Chhattisgarh.

==Death==
Nirmal Pandey died at the age of 47 on 18 February 2010, from a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]] in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite news |title='Bandit Queen' star Nirmal Pandey dead|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 February 2010|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-02-19/india/28141084_1_nirmal-pandey-film-festival-shekhar-kapur|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811042101/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-02-19/india/28141084_1_nirmal-pandey-film-festival-shekhar-kapur|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 August 2011}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
|1994
|''[[Bandit Queen]]''
|Vikram Mallah
|
|-
|1996
|''[[Is Raat Ki Subah Nahin]]''
|Aditya
|
|-
|1996
|''[[Daayraa]]''
|The Transvestite
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19970430-nirmal-pandey-wins-best-actress-award-for-his-portrayal-of-transvestite-in-daayra-831312-1997-04-29|title=Nirmal Pandey wins best actress award for his portrayal of transvestite in 'Daayra'|website=India Today|access-date=11 February 2024|archive-date=19 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319184232/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19970430-nirmal-pandey-wins-best-actress-award-for-his-portrayal-of-transvestite-in-daayra-831312-1997-04-29|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2008
|''Koi Bach Na Payega''
|
|
|-
|1997
|''[[Auzaar]]''
|Baba
|
|-
|1998
| ''[[Train to Pakistan (film)|Train To Pakistan]]''
|Jaggat Singh
|
|-
|1998
|''[[Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya (1998 film)|Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya]]''
|Thakur Vijay Singh
|
|-
|1999
|''[[Jahan Tum Le Chalo]]''
|Shantanu Arya
|
|-
|1999
|''[[Godmother (film)|Godmother]]''
|Jakhra
|
|-
|1999
|''[[Hum Tum Pe Marte Hain]]''
|Dhananjay
|
|-
|2000
|''[[Hadh Kar Di Aapne]]''
|Sanjay
|
|-
|2000
|''[[Shikari (2000 film)|Shikari]]''
|Vijayendra Singh Rawal
|
|-
|2001
|''[[Dubai (2001 film)|Dubai]]''
|Kishan Batta
| Malayalam language film
|-
|2001
|''[[One 2 Ka 4]]''
|Krishan Kant Virmani
|
|-
|2002
| ''[[Deewangee]]''
|Abhijeet Mehta
|
|-
|2003
|''[[Aanch]]''
|Kirti Thakur
|
|-
|2003
|''Patth''
|Bhullar
|
|-
|2005
|''Laila''
|Filmstar
|
|-
|2008
|''[[Deshdrohi]]''
|Nagesh Kulkarni
|
|-
|2008
|''[[Uladhaal]]''
|Tony
|
|-
|2009
|''[[Mudrank: The Stamp]]''
|
|
|-
|2010
|''[[Kedi (2010 film)|Kedi]]''
|Razzak Bhai
|Telugu language film
|-
|2010
|''[[Lahore (film)|Lahore]]''
|Anwar Shaikh
|Posthumous film
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
|-
|2003–2004
|''[[Hatim (TV series)|Hatim]]''
|Dajjal
|-
|2004
|''[[Son Pari]]''
| Zarakh
|-
|2005
| ''[[Kkavyanjali]]''
|Navin Nanda
|-
|2005
|''[[Princess Dollie Aur Uska Magic Bag]]''
|King
|-
|2006
|''[[Lucky (Indian TV series)|Lucky]]''
|Jaggani / Balthazar
|-
|2006
| ''[[Ssshhhh...Koi Hai|Sssshhh Phir Koi Hai...]]''
|Dacait
|-
|2008
|''[[Raajkumar Aaryyan]]''
|Senapati Bhujang
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0659241}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080324024046/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/filmography/9877/index.html Filmography] - [[Bollywood Hungama]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandey, Nirmal}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:National School of Drama alumni]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:People from Nainital]]
[[Category:Male actors from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]

Gadaria people

2026-02-24T04:06:28Z

AdolphMassola0: Enhanced content and organization

{{Short description|Herding caste of India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox caste
| languages = [[Hindi]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]], [[Bihari languages|Bihari]], [[Chhattisgarhi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujrati language]], [[Bengali language]], [[Gaddi language]], [[Northern Indo-Aryan languages]],<ref name="Sashi 1982 13–73"/>
| religions = [[Hinduism]]<ref name="Sashi 1982 13–73">{{Cite book |last=Sashi |first=Dr. Shyam singh |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/shepherds-india-socio-cultural-study-sheep-and-cattle-rearing-communities |title=Shepherds of India: A Socio-Cultural Study of Sheep and Cattle-Rearing Communities |publisher=Sundeep publication |year=1982 |edition=1st |location=Delhi |pages=13–73 |language=English |oclc=4322453 |department=Archaeological survey of india}}</ref>
| country = {{flag|India}}
|related={{Plainlist|
*Pal
*[[Rabari|Rabari/Raika]]
*[[Gaddis]]
*[[Bharwad|Bharwad/Bharvad]]<ref name="Gujrat obc list">{{Cite web |title=National Commission for Backward Classes |url=https://www.ncbc.nic.in/user_panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLuo5Ww/EcQPqeqoATXAB7p/QEBF7wOoZVUZeNdA4Fs5xoHN3KPmF8ST |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718054446/https://www.ncbc.nic.in/user_panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLuo5Ww%2FEcQPqeqoATXAB7p%2FQEBF7wOoZVUZeNdA4Fs5xoHN3KPmF8ST |archive-date=18 July 2024 |website=www.ncbc.nic.in |access-date=2024-12-17 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Kurumba Gounder]]
*[[Kurumbas]]<ref name="Sashi 1982 13–73"/>}}
|family_names=Pal/Rajpal, Baghel, Mohaniya, Mandal, Bhagat, Mori/Moriya, Pradhan, Prasad, etc.<ref name="Sashi 1982 13–73"/> |populated_states=[[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Punjab]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Haryana]], [[Bihar]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Gujarat]], [[West Bengal]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]], and [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]]<ref name="Sashi 1982 13–73"/>
|caste_name= Gadaria
<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Russell |first=R. V. (Robert Vane) |url=https://archive.org/details/tribescastesofce03russ/page/2/mode/2up?q=Gadaria |title=The tribes and castes of the Central Provinces of India |date=1916 |publisher=London : Macmillan and Co., limited |others=University of California Libraries}}</ref>|region=[[North India]]<ref name=":1"/>
|subdivisions=Nikhar and [[Dhangar]]<ref name="Sashi 1982 13–73"/>}}

The '''Gadaria''' or '''Gadariya''' is a [[herding]] [[Caste system in India|caste]] of North India that was traditionally involved professionally in [[livestock breeding]], especially [[sheep]]. They are primarily found in [[Uttar Pradesh]] and in some parts of [[Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]]<ref name="Ghurye">{{cite book |last1=Ghurye |first1=G.S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nWkjsvf6_vsC&pg=PA32 |title=Caste and race in India |date=2008 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=9788171542055 |edition=5th |location=Bombay |page=32 |access-date=7 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="Sashi 1982 13–73"/><ref name=":1"/>

==Etymology==
Gadariya is a compound on of Gadar and ya. Gadar is a [[Prakrit]] word which means sheep and the suffix ya makes it pertaining to the community of [[shepherd]]s.<ref name=":0" /> Sanskrit gandhāra, a sheep, the Sanskrit name being taken from the country of [[Gandhara]] or Kandahar, from which sheep were first brought.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Russell |first=Robert Vane |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7BNiEAAAQBAJ&q=Gandhara&pg=PT735 |title=The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India: Ethnological Study of the Caste System |date=2022-01-04 |publisher=e-artnow |language=en}}</ref> Some scholars hold that the words Gadar and Arya formed Gadararya or Gadarya. Possibly it later became a derivative of Gadariya. There is also a view that they were [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Aryas]] and the custodians or defenders of Garh (fort) and hence were called Gadariyas.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Shashi |first=Shyam Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Otppyf6MbxgC&dq=%22gadariya%22+++%22prakrit%22&pg=PA183 |title=The World of Nomads |date=2006 |publisher=Lotus Press |isbn=978-81-8382-051-6 |language=en}}</ref>

==Origin==
This caste finds its earliest related mention as the ancient [[Gandhara|Gändharas]], as stated in the [[Mahabharata]] and [[Rigveda|Rig veda]], were well-known blanket-makers. Evidently, the [[Gandhāra (kingdom)|Gandharas]] were shepherd by profession. It might be suggested that the Gadariya caste has its origin in the [[Gandhara|Gändhäras]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shashi |first=Shyam Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=duIjAQAAIAAJ&q=Gadariya |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Tribes: The tribal world in transition |date=1994 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-836-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Choudhury |first=Mamata |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1HABAAAAMAAJ&q=%22shepherd%22+ |title=Tribes of Ancient India |date=1977 |publisher=Indian Museum |language=en}}</ref> They are believed to be amongst the earliest settlers in the [[Narmada River|Nerbudda valley]], for which they have given their name to several places, such as [[Narsinghpur|Gadariakheda]] and [[Gadarwara|Gädarwāra]].<ref name=":2" /> The [[Gadarmal Devi Temple|Gadarmal devi temple]] was built around 7 - 8 century A.D. (Approx 1400 years ago) in present day [[Vidisha|Vidisha, Madhya Pradesh]] by a Gadaria (shepherd).<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Ayyar |first=Sulochana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G9eHPXL6UE0C&dq=%22gadarmal%22+++%22gadaria%22&pg=PA10 |title=Costumes and Ornaments as Depicted in the Sculptures of Gwalior Museum |date=1987 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-002-4 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Pāṇini|Panini]], the great grammarian (5th century B.C.) in his book [[Aṣṭādhyāyī|Astādhyāyi]] named [[Bharmour|Brahmour]] as Gabdika and their residents as Gabdik. The territory is also named Gaderan or Gaddiyar, the country of the Gadariyas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Kamal Prashad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qFUa0rH0yUcC&dq=%22gaddi%22+++%22country%22+++%22gabdik%22&pg=PA129 |title=Maṇimahesh Chambā Kailāsh |date=2001 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-118-4 |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
In the early 1910s, an educated class of Gadarias formed All India Pal Kshatriya Mahasabha. There were debates within the community whether to add Kshatriya suffix to the community name. In the 1930s, they started referring to themselves as "Pali Rajput", a synonym of Pal Kshatriya.{{sfnp|Singh|2020|p=Caste organisations in the pre-Independence period/Sanskritization phase (Roughly the 1920s-1950s)}} They started caste magazines like "Pal Kshatriya Samachar" and "Shepherd Times". Later the community went through the process of [[De-Sanskritisation]] and dropped the suffix Kshatriya. Among the reasons cited for de-sanskritization were losing autonomy of their caste identity and avoiding being submerged into the identity of high castes.{{sfnp|Singh|2020|p=Phase II (1956 onwards): De-sanskritization towards an alternative culture}}

==Sub-castes and clans==
There are two major subdivisions amongst Gadarias, namely [[Dhangar]] and Nikhar. They share the same [[gotra]]s such as Chauhan, Parihar, Sisodiya, Shirashwar, Chandel, Mohania, Kula etc are some of the gotras amongst them.{{sfnp|Shashi|2011|p=29}}

== Notables ==
'''Religion and Temples'''

[[Gadarmal Devi Temple]], is a Hindu and Jain temple built around 7 - 8 century A.D. ('''Approximately 1400 years ago''') in present day [[Vidisha|Vidisha, Madhya Pradesh]] by a person of Gadaria caste (shepherd).<ref name=":3" />

[[Baidyanath Temple]], In the legend of Baidyanath Temple, [[Vishnu|'''Lord Vishnu''']] took the form of a shepherd from the Gadariya caste, known as '''Baiju Gadariya'''. When Ravana was carrying the Shivalinga to Lanka, he needed to relieve himself.He handed the linga to Baiju Gadariya, who placed it on the ground. As a result, the linga got permanently rooted at [[Deoghar]]. This site became the famous [[Baidyanath Temple|Baidyanath Jyotirlinga]], worshipped to this day.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Madhuri |first1=Dr J. Naga |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KFM6EQAAQBAJ&dq=%22baiju+gadariya%22&pg=PA69 |title=Shiva Shakti |last2=PUBLICATIONS |first2=SGSH |date=2024-12-24 |publisher=SGSH Publications |isbn=978-93-6631-683-3 |language=en |quote=The story states that "Vishnu took the form of a Shepherd named Baiju Gadariya." While Ravana went to perform Surya Namaskaram, he gave a lingam to this cowherd. Due to the presence of Varun Dev, Ravana took a very long time. Baiju got angry, having to wait for Ravana, for a very long time. He then positioned the lingam on the ground and left the place}}</ref>

'''Kingdom’s and Dynasties'''

[[House of Holkar|Holkar Dynasty]], The Holkars were the ruling house of the [[Indore State]] of the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha Confederacy]], they belonged to the Gadaria caste.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Commission |first=India Backward Classes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjMEAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Holkar%22+++%22gadaria%22&pg=RA4-PA63 |title=Report |date=1956 |publisher=Manager of Publications Civil Lines |page=63 |language=en |quote=The third instance may be mentioned of the Raja of Indore who belonged to Gadaria (Shepherd) caste. In this Raj Shri Jaswant Rao Holkar had fought against Britishers during the time of Lord Wellesly and he did not allow them to succeed in their attempt to annex Hindu Kingdoms. It was Holkar alone who successfully faced them.}}</ref>

'''Rulers, chieftains, and warriors'''

[[Malhar Rao Holkar|Mahraja Shri. Malhar Rao Holkar]]: Founder of the Holkar dynasty; a leading Maratha general under Peshwa Baji Rao I; established Holkar rule in the [[Indore State|Malwa region]].<ref name=":5" />

[[Ahilyabai Holkar|Rajmata/Maharani Ahilyabai Holkar]]: One of the greatest female rulers in Indian history; known for wise and just administration, promoting trade, building roads, tanks, and temples across India, including the [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple|Kashi Vishwanath]] and [[Somnath temple|Somnath temples.]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Yājñika |first1=Acyuta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wmKIiAPgnF0C&dq=ahilyabai+holkar+%22somnath+temple%22&pg=PA195 |title=The Shaping of Modern Gujarat: Plurality, Hindutva, and Beyond |last2=Sheth |first2=Suchitra |date=2005 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-400038-8 |page=195 |language=en |quote=The ancient Somnath temple was in ruins and the newer eighteenth-century temple built by Ahilyabai Holkar.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mohapatara |first=Gour Prasad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kGNYEQAAQBAJ&dq=ahilyabai+holkar+%22kashi+vishwanath%22&pg=PA13 |title=Bharat : Where Heritage Meets Modernity |date=2025-04-02 |publisher=Crown Publishing |isbn=978-93-6426-193-7 |pages=12, 13 |language=en |quote=The history of the Kashi Vishwanath Temple dates back several centuries. The original temple was believed to have been built by a local king, and it has undergone several reconstructions and renovations over the years. The current structure was built in 1780 by Queen Ahilyabai Holkar of Indore.}}</ref><ref name=":5" />

[[Yashwantrao Holkar|Maharja Shri. Yashwantrao Holkar]]: Had fought against Britishers during the time of [[Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley|Lord Wellesly]] and he did not allow them to succeed in their attempt to annex Hindu Kingdoms. '''It was Holkar alone who successfully faced them'''<ref name=":5" /> for this he was also called the "[[Napoleon of India]]" and '''"First freedom fighter"'''; resisted British expansion; won battles against the British and tried to unite Indian rulers against colonial rule.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Gautam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y34fEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22napoleon%22+Yashwantrao+holkar&pg=PA1931 |title=The Automobile: An Indian Love Affair |date=2021-02-22 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-90914-27-2 |location=Delhi, India |page=1931 |language=en |quote=The legendary sixth ruler of Indore Yashwantrao Holkar, who ruled from 1798 to 1811 and was considered by many as the Napoleon of India for his exploits at successfully winning a series of wars against his neighbouring states with the objective of building up an empire.}}</ref>

'''Social Reformer and Freedom Fighter'''

[[Ishwardatt Medharthi|Ishwardatt Medhrathi]], was a freedom fighter, Hindi writer, and social reformer from Uttar Pradesh. He belonged to the Gadariya (Gareria) caste and worked for the upliftment of backward and marginalized communities. He earned the surname "'''''Medharthi'''"'' for being the most brilliant student in his school, and used literature and activism to fight caste discrimination and British rule.<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=http://www.maren-bellwinkel.de/artikel/ambedkarbuddhism.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801180947/http://www.maren-bellwinkel.de/artikel/ambedkarbuddhism.pdf |archive-date=2012-08-01 |access-date=2025-07-19 |website=www.maren-bellwinkel.de |quote=Acharya Ishvardatt Medharthi (1900-1971) belonged to a Gareria family of Kanpur. Garerias (Gadariya) are shepherds and belong to the backward castes. He was born in the cantonment which was one of the three segments of Kanpur town in those days. At the turn of the nineteenth century Kanpur was a prosperous industrial town with leather and textile factories, oils mills and a thriving wholesale market.}}</ref>

== Classification ==
They are classified as [[Other Backward Class]] in the [[Reservation in India|Indian System of Reservation]].<ref name="MP OBC">{{cite report |author=Central Commission for Backward Classes |date= 20 October 2020|title=Central List of OBCs Madhya Pradesh|url= http://ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLuPAiTDwaBMRTkcitPtwFoYM%2FvPkOo88fWK%2Fs%2FLWkaxMKHeos%2Fc%2FKys|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201020030327/http://ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLuPAiTDwaBMRTkcitPtwFoYM%2FvPkOo88fWK%2Fs%2FLWkaxMKHeos%2Fc%2FKys|archive-date= 20 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="Chhattisgarh OBC">{{cite report |author=Central Commission for Backward Classes |date= 20 October 2020|title=Central List of OBCs Chattisgarh|url= http://ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLvU0s0yRV7aeb13aoM90cT9ioOuR4xIGRL%2FPpW8Y55aF3GqmP%2B6qk0h|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201020030536/http://ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLvU0s0yRV7aeb13aoM90cT9ioOuR4xIGRL%2FPpW8Y55aF3GqmP%2B6qk0h|archive-date= 20 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="UP OBC">{{cite report |author=Central Commission for Backward Classes |date= 20 October 2020|title=Central List of OBCs Uttar Pradesh|url= http://www.ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLvxbegUDuc3MN4eB5E3Ecc1drRPAf1qXQ%2Bl0IqIfhjN1xHrf4i2h5g0|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201020162131/http://www.ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLvxbegUDuc3MN4eB5E3Ecc1drRPAf1qXQ%2Bl0IqIfhjN1xHrf4i2h5g0|archive-date= 20 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="UK OBC">{{cite report |author=Central Commission for Backward Classes |date= 20 October 2020|title=Central List of OBCs Uttarakhand|url= http://www.ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLsuCb9GxzA3FUXPNZAkS8Kj%2BVqdHT8iuedaGzNgriEQksoNWttsla2n|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201020162328/http://www.ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLsuCb9GxzA3FUXPNZAkS8Kj%2BVqdHT8iuedaGzNgriEQksoNWttsla2n|archive-date= 20 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="Delhi OBC">{{cite report |author=Central Commission for Backward Classes |date= 20 October 2020|title=Central List of OBCs Delhi|url= http://ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLvYWWarIfsJpAU09izbLPYElcezG29yU0iGiE06dFe%2F6LJkoytsMWec|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201020030522/http://ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLvYWWarIfsJpAU09izbLPYElcezG29yU0iGiE06dFe%2F6LJkoytsMWec|archive-date= 20 October 2020}}</ref>

==Demographics and Distribution==

'''Uttar Pradesh'''

The Gadariya caste is spread all over the Uttar Pradesh. The community forms 4.4 percent of entire Uttar Pradesh state population.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-05-01 |title=Why parties are wooing UP's most backward sub-castes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/uttar-pradesh/news/why-parties-are-wooing-ups-most-backward-sub-castes/articleshow/69122754.cms |access-date=2025-07-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

'''Gujarat'''

The Gadaria caste formed 2% of the total population of Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hebbar |first=Nistula |date=2017-12-04 |title=OBCs to play kingmaker in battle for Gujarat |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/gujarat-2017/obcs-could-be-kingmakers-in-gujarat/article21261025.ece |access-date=2025-07-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |quote=Extrapolating on the 1931 Census, the OBCs, excluding Muslim OBCs, comprise 35.6% of the total population, with the Koli-Thakore block the largest, followed by artisan castes at 6.1%; Bharwad (Gadaria) at 2%; and other middle castes at 3.3%.}}</ref> They are recorded to be the richest caste in [[Palanpur|Palanpur, Gujarat]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stern |first=Nicholas |date=April 2011 |title=India and an Indian village: 50 years of economic development in Palanpur |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a08abd40f0b64974000742/61176-Palanpur.pdf |journal=London School of Economics |volume=1 |pages=Page 78: The Gadariya caste had the highest per capita total income at ₹19,012, making them the richest caste group. The distant second richest were the Teli, with a per capita income of ₹15,111 |via=This work is based on a programme of work in Palanpur from 1974, based primarily at the LSE, and uses two previous studies from the Agricultural Economics Research Centre of the University in Delhi from 1957/8 and 1962/3. There are now six surveys of the village, one for every decade since Independence. The most recent covers 2008/9 and 2009/10 and is the most detailed and comprehensive: its collection was led by Himanshu of Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU). The analysis of the new data is under way and will be carried out largely in Delhi and the LSE. We are very grateful to Jean Drèze, Ruth Kattumuri, Peter Lanjouw, and Naresh Sharma and all the Delhi team for guidance, advice and support. This paper is based in part on a “Distinguished Lecture” by Nicholas Stern at the University of Hyderabad on 25 October 2010}}</ref>

==Religion==
They generally practice [[Hinduism]], worshipping various popular deities including [[Rama]], [[Krishna]], [[Shiva]], [[Vishnu]], [[Hanuman]], [[Kali]], [[Chandi]] and [[Lakshmi]], as well as various [[Kuladevata]], or family deities. Some of them wear the [[sacred thread]]. A majority of them are [[vegetarian]]s.{{sfnp|Shashi|2011|p=32}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book|last=Singh|first=Jagpal|author-link2=former Delhi University professor|year=2020|title=Caste, State and Society Degrees of Democracy in North India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vfn1DwAAQBAJ|publisher=Routledge India (Taylor & Francis Group)|isbn=9780429343063}}
* {{cite book|author-link=Shyam Singh Shashi
|first=Shyam Singh |last=Shashi |title=The Shepherds of India |url=http://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/68789.pdf |year=2011 |publisher=Sundeep Prakashan, 1978 |asin=B003UD017Q}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:People, Gadaria}}
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Social groups of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Social groups of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Social groups of Haryana]]
[[Category:Pastoralists]]
[[Category:Herding castes]]
[[Category:Other Backward Classes of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Other Backward Classes of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Other Backward Classes of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Other Backward Classes of Bihar]]
[[Category:Other Backward Classes of Haryana]]

Nangal Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-02-24T02:21:28Z

AdolphMassola0: Starting basic stub first draft!

{{AI-generated|date=September 2025}}
{{Short description|Protected wetland sanctuary in Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Nangal Wildlife Sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| image =
| image_caption =
| map = India Punjab#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| location = [[Nangal]], [[Rupnagar district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| nearest_city = Nangal
| area_km2 = 1.16
| established = 2009
| governing_body = [[Department of Forest and Wildlife (Punjab)]]
| website =
}}

'''Nangal Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a protected area located in the foothills of the [[Shivalik Hills]] in [[Rupnagar district]], in the state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India. It spans an area of 116 hectares and forms a part of the larger Nangal Wetland, situated on the banks of the [[Sutlej River]]. The sanctuary is a significant ecological habitat supporting a range of flora and fauna, including several threatened species. It is a section of a man-made reservoir on the Sutlej River that was created in 1961 as part of the Bhakra-Nangal Project.

==Ecological significance==
Nangal Wildlife Sanctuary is home to over 150 species of birds, 35 species of fish, and numerous species of mammals, amphibians, and reptiles. It provides critical habitat for migratory waterbirds and several threatened species such as the [[Indian pangolin]] (''Manis crassicaudata'') and the [[Egyptian vulture]] (''Neophron percnopterus'').<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nangal Wildlife Sanctuary {{!}} Ramsar Sites Information Service |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2407 |access-date=2021-11-17 |website=Ramsar Sites Information Service}}</ref>

In 2019, it was designated as a [[Ramsar site]] under the Ramsar Convention (Site No. 2407).<ref>{{Cite web |author=Seema Sharma |date=2019-07-10 |title=Ecologist suggests improvement in the degrading habitat of Nangal Wildlife Sanctuary |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/ecologist-suggests-improvement-in-the-degrading-habitat-of-nangal-wildlife-sanctuary/articleshow/70161790.cms |access-date=2021-11-17 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Location and features==
The sanctuary is located in and around the city of [[Nangal]], adjacent to the [[Nangal Dam]]. Due to its scenic beauty and rich birdlife, the sanctuary attracts nature enthusiasts and birdwatchers, especially during the winter migration season.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-23 |title=Nangal Wildlife Sanctuary |url=https://wildtrails.in/nangal-wildlife-sanctuary/ |access-date=2021-11-17 |website=WildTrails}}</ref>

==Conservation==
Despite its ecological value, the sanctuary faces challenges due to encroachment, pollution, lack of awareness and habitat degradation. Conservation efforts have been recommended by ecologists to restore and manage the wetland habitat more effectively.<ref name="toi">{{Cite web |author=Seema Sharma |date=2019-07-10 |title=Ecologist suggests improvement in the degrading habitat of Nangal Wildlife Sanctuary |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/ecologist-suggests-improvement-in-the-degrading-habitat-of-nangal-wildlife-sanctuary/articleshow/70161790.cms |access-date=2021-11-17 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Ramsar sites in India]]
* [[Wildlife sanctuaries of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Coordinates==
{{Coord|31|24|09|N|76|22|12|E|display=title}}

{{Ramsar sites in India}}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Ramsar sites in India]]
[[Category:Wetlands of India]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 2009]]

Ramakrishna Mission Shilpayatana

2026-02-22T05:15:01Z

AdolphMassola0: started new post initial version

{{short description|Trade institute in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Ramakrishna Mission Shilpavidyala (Ramakrishna Mission Shilpayatana)
| native_lang =
| image = Emblem-Ramakrishna-Mission-Transparent.png
| caption = [[Ramakrishna Mission#Emblem|Emblem]]
| motto = ''[[Atmano mokshartham jagat hitaya cha]]'' (''आत्मनो मोक्षार्थं जगद्धिताय च'') (আত্মো মোক্ষার্থম জগৎ হিতায়া চ) (''For one’s own salvation and for the welfare of the world'')
| established = *Sector One 1921
*Sector Two 1963
| address = [[Belur Math]], [[Howrah district]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|22.632639|N|88.352801|E|region:LK_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| head_label = [[Principal (education)|Principal]]
| head = '''Swami Gunindrananda.'''
| free_label = Administration Staff
| free_text = {{Unbulleted|
*'''Br. Nageshachaitanya.'''|
*'''Br. Ranajit.'''|
*'''Sumit Bhattacharyya.'''|
*'''Kamal Maity.'''|
*'''Nandadulal Mandal.'''|
*'''Bikash Chaudhuri.'''|
*'''Samiran Chakraborty.'''|
*'''Bharat Chandra Roy.'''|
*'''Kanchan Chakraborty.'''|
*'''Jagat Kumar Das.'''|
*'''Pashupati Nath Mukherjee.'''|
*'''Sri Sourav Banerjee.'''|
*'''Sri Srimanta Chakraborty.'''|
}}
| colors = uniform [[Blue]], [[Sky blue|Sky]]
| athletics = {{Unbulleted|
[[Volleyball]],|
[[Association football|Football]],|
[[Cricket]]|}}
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| affiliations = Ramakrishna Mission Shilpayatana 
'''National Council for Vocational Training(NCVT)'''for [[Industrial training institute|Industrial training institute / ITI]] '''West Bengal State Council of Vocational Education and Training(WBSCVT)''' for ([[Higher Secondary]] [[Vocational]])
| website = {{URL|www.itirkmbelur.ac.in}}
}}

Ramakrishna Mission Shilpavidyala (Ramakrishna Mission Shilpayatana)
(RKMS) is a private [[Industrial Training Institute]] and ('''Govt. Aided) HS Vocational'''. It has four [[Industrial training institute|I.T.I.]] trade courses - [[electrician]], [[fitter (occupation)|fitter]], [[Turning|turner]] and [[welder]] ([[Fuel gas|gas]] & [[electric]]) - under Craftsman Training Scheme (C.T.S.) affiliated to National Council for Vocational Training (N.C.V.T), New Delhi and '''HS Vocational for the trade Electrical and Computer''' which is affiliated to W.B. State Council of Technical and Vocational Education and Skill Development (WBSTC & VE & SD).
It was established in sector one 1921, sector two 1963 as a Government Sponsored Junior Technical School, during the birth centenary celebrations of [[Swami Vivekananda]]. Swamiji is the greatest and most remarkable philosopher sage and karma yogi one comes across in modern India, who sailed to the United States in 1893 to find means for the material development of the masses of India. He represented [[Hinduism]] at the [[Parliament of the World's Religions|Chicago Parliament of Religions]]. This institution has been nurtured with [[Swami Vivekananda]]'s ideas to help build a bridge for the masses, especially in rural India, to connect to modern industry. Hundreds of youth who would otherwise have had no scope to go in for higher education have been trained by us in skills and are gainfully employed in various well-known industries.
It is located in [[Belur Math]], P.O. [[Belur Math]], D.T. [[Howrah]], Pin- 711202, [[Belur, West Bengal]].<ref>
[http://www.belurmath.org/centres/display_centre.php?centre_id=SRP Ramakrishna Mission Saradapitha]
</ref>

==Special note==
W.e.f. August 2019 session, as per DGT order, Ramakrishna Mission Shilpayatana is now merged into Ramakrishna Mission Shilpavidyalaya Belurmath. All trades affiliated to Shilpayatana will be conducted under the name Shilpavidyalaya. Location of the campus is also unchanged.

==History==
In the Second Meeting of Ramakrishna Mission Association at Calcutta on 5 May 1897 presided by [[Swami Vivekananda]], the following two were included while stating the objectives of the Mission:<ref>[http://www.itirkmbelur.ac.in/about.html Ramakrishna Mission Shilpayatana: About Us]</ref>
i) to train men so as to make them competent to teach such knowledge and sciences as are conductive to the material and spiritual welfare of the masses.
ii) to promote and encourage arts and industries.
*To fulfill [[Swami Vivekananda|Swamiji]]’s dream, [[Ramakrishna Mission]] established an Industrial School in the year 1921 at [[Belur Math]].
*In 1963 Ramakrishna Mission Shilpayatana was established as a Government Sponsored Junior Technical School.
*In the early 1990s, the Junior Technical School courses were abandoned and four new [[Industrial training institute|I.T.I.]] trade courses - [[Electrician]], [[Fitter (occupation)|Fitter]], [[Turning|Turner]] and [[Welder]](Gas & Electric) - were started under Craftsman Training Scheme (CTS) affiliated to National Council for Vocational Training (N.C.V.T), New Delhi. The institute was recognized as a Government Sponsored Industrial Training Centre.
*Parallel to these above developments, in the year 1976, H.S. Vocational stream was started under the [[West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education|West Bengal Higher Secondary Council]] and continued up to 2005. The Government of West Bengal next formed a new Statutory Body called [[West Bengal State Council of Vocational Education and Training]] (W.B.S.C.V.E.& T.). Under this council, two 10+2 level courses called Higher Secondary (Vocational) course in Engineering and Technology Stream are now conducted in this institute - a) Maintenance and Repair of Electrical Domestic Appliances and b) Computer application and Maintenance. Students undergoing this scheme are eligible for lateral entry into second year of [[Diploma]] Courses.
*Short term courses (Modular Employability Skills or M.E.S.) were also started under Skill Development Initiative Scheme(SDIS) of D.G.E.&T., Government of India. These courses are of 120 hours or 3 months duration. Two courses are now conducted under this scheme - a) Basic Electrical Training and b) Rewinding of AC/DC Motors.<ref>[http://www.ditwb.org/default/index.php?pageType=sdis&dtls=vtp&dtaction=details&id=44 Directorate of Industrial Training]</ref>
*The institute has been granted self-financing status and has now been converted into a Private [[Industrial Training Institute]] w.e.f. 1 November 2013 as per D.G.E.&T. Norms.

==Courses==
There are two sections in the institute - I.T.I. and H.S. (Vocational)<ref>[http://www.itirkmbelur.ac.in/Courses.html Ramakrishna Mission Shilpayatana: Courses]</ref>

===Schemes running in the institute under NCVT===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name of the Scheme
! Total Capacity
! Duration
! Admitted in current Financial year
! Current Status
|-
| Craftsmen Training Scheme
| 74
| 2 year/1 year
| yes
| In progress up to July 2014
|-
| Modular Employable Scheme
| 40
| 3 months
| yes
| Admissions in hold as per directive of the SSDIS, West Bengal
|-
| Other Schemes
| -
| -
| -
| -
|}

===Trades Affiliated to NCVT===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name of the Trade(linked to the respective Syllabus with DGET website)
! No. of units
! Shifts Running (I/II/III)
! Seating Capacity per Unit
! Total Seating Capacity
! Affiliation Date/ Copy of DGET order Link (SCANNED)
|-
| Welding
| I
| I
| 16
| 16
|-
| Fitter
| I
| I
| 21
| 21
|-
| Turner
| I
| I
| 16
| 16
|-
|Draughtsman Civil
| I
| I
| 16
| 16
|-
|Draughtsman Mechanical
| I
| I
| 16
| 16
|-
| Electrician
| I
| I
| 21
| 21
|-
| Electronics
| I
| I
| 16
| 16
|-
|}

===Higher Secondary (Vocational) Courses under WBSCVE&T===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Trade
! Intake Capacity
! Main Subjects
! Other Subjects
|-
| Electrical Maintenance &
Installation Group(ETEM)
| 25
|Maintenance & Repair of ElectricalDomestic Appliances (MREDA)
Electrical Wiring & Installation of Motors (EWIM)
|Communicative English, Bengali,
Basic Science(PCM), Workshop Practices,
Technical Drawing, Entrepreneurship
Basic Engg. Theory, Engineering Mechanics
|-
| Computer
Maintenance &
Networking Group (ETCM)
| 25
|Basic Computer Maintenance &
Networking(BCMN)
Introduction to Visual Basic & its
Application(IVBA)
| -same as above-
|}

==Admission Criteria==

===I.T.I.===
A one-hour written test (medium is English/Bengali) is conducted for a total of 50 marks based on Maths, Physics, Chemistry and English of the entry qualification level. Shortlisted candidates are called for interview before the finalizing of the list of selected candidates.
Forms will be available after the publication of the West Bengal Class X (Madhyamik) Results around May–June.

Interested candidates may collect the forms from the institute's office or download from this website and submit by hand at the office. Enquires by phone are discouraged.
All information will be displayed at the institute's notice board and the Official website (http://www.itirkmbelur.ac.in).
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name of the I.T.I. Trade under NCVT
! Duration of Training
! Eligibility Qualification
|-
| Welder (G&E)
| 1 year
| Class VIII
|-
| Turner
| 2 years
| Class X (Madhyamik)
|-
| Fitter
| 2 years
| Class X (Madhyamik)
|-
| Electrician
| 2 years
| Class X (Madhyamik)

|}

===Higher Secondary (Vocational)===
Forms will be available after the publication of the West Bengal Class X (Madhyamik) Results around May–June.
Shortlisted candidates are called for interview before the finalizing of the list of selected candidates.

Interested candidates may collect the forms from the institute's office or download from this website and submit by hand at the office. Enquires by phone are discouraged.
All information will be displayed at the institute's notice board and the Official website (http://www.itirkmbelur.ac.in).
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name of the HS (Vocational) Trade under WBSCVET
! Duration of Training
! Eligibility Qualification
|-
| Computer (ETCM)
| 2 years
| Class X (Madhyamik)
|-
| Electrician (ETEM)
| 2 years
| Class X (Madhyamik)
|}

==Uniform==
The school of Ramakrishna Mission Shilpavidyala (Ramakrishna Mission Shilpayatana) uniform is navy blue pant with Sky shirt.

==Golden Jubilee==
Ramakrishna Mission Shilpavidyala (Ramakrishna Mission Shilpayatana) celebrated a Golden Jubilee Ceremony on 23 February 2014.<ref>[http://www.itirkmbelur.ac.in/golden%20program.html Golden Jubilee] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314164813/http://www.itirkmbelur.ac.in/golden%20program.html |date=14 March 2014}}</ref>
{{rquote|right|Thanks to all students and ex-students, Instructors and ex-Instructors, and well-wishers of Shilpayatana who attended the Golden Jubilee Inaugural Function in Vivekananda Sabhagriha at Belur Math campus at 3.30 p.m. We were blessed by the holy presence of Srimat Swami Smarananandaji Maharaj, Vice-President of [[Belur Math|Ramakrishna Math]] & [[Ramakrishna Mission]], and also Srimat Swami Sarvadevanandaji and Srimat Swami Girishanandaji, all of whom were intimately connected with Shilpayatana during these five decades!|A message from Ramakrishna Mission Shilpayatana, via the official [http://www.itirkmbelur.ac.in website]<ref>[http://www.itirkmbelur.ac.in/golden%20program.html Ramakrishna Mission Shilpayatana greets to all students.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314164813/http://www.itirkmbelur.ac.in/golden%20program.html |date=14 March 2014}}</ref>}}

==See also==
*[[Swami Vivekananda]]
*[[Belur Math]]
*[[Ramakrishna Mission]]
*[[Ramakrishna Mission Vidyamandira]]
*[[Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University]]
*[[Industrial Training Institute]]
*[[West Bengal State Council of Vocational Education and Training]]
*[[Baranagore Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama High School|Baranagar Ramakrishna Mission]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*https://ncvtmis.gov.in › PagesPDF
Merger of ITI in West Bengal (0.36 MB) - NCVT Mis
* [https://ncvtmis.gov.in/Pages/FileDownload.aspx?fileId=855]
*pmjdy.gov.in was first indexed by Google in October 2014
* [https://www.pmjdy.gov.in/files/Financial-Literacy/flc-bank/Private/West-Bengal.pdf]

[[Category:Schools affiliated with the Ramakrishna Mission]]
[[Category:Indian vocational education and training providers]]
[[Category:Training organisations in India]]
[[Category:Schools in Howrah district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1963]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in West Bengal]]

Enumamula Agriculture Market

2026-02-17T14:56:00Z

AdolphMassola0: Starting data

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
'''Enumamula Agriculture Market''' is an agriculture market located in Enumamula, [[Warangal]], [[Telangana]], [[India]].<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/trs-indifferent-to-farmers-distress-cong/article20400246.ece "TRS indifferent to farmers’ distress: Cong"], ''The Hindu'', 13 November 2017. Retrieved 18 March 2020.</ref> It is the second-biggest<ref>{{Cite web |title=ఎను‘మామూలే..’ ఎవరి లెక్కవారిదే |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/districts/warangal-news/697/125108350 |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=EENADU |language=te}}</ref> [[grain trade|grain market]] in Asia.<ref>Anil Kumar, [https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2018/feb/22/telangana-governments-rs-30-lakh-deposit-norm-stuns-agricultural-traders-1777044.html "Telangana government's Rs 30 lakh deposit norm stuns agricultural traders"], ''The New Indian Express'', 22 February 2018. Retrieved 18 March 2020. - [https://telanganatoday.com/farmer-run-truck-warangal "Farmer run over by truck in Warangal"], ''Telangana Today'', 8 February 2018. Retrieved 18 March 2020. - Gollapudi Srinivasa Rao, [http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/trouble-likely-at-enumamula-market-yard/article18315652.ece "Trouble likely at Enumamula market yard"], ''The Hindu'', 30 April 2017. Retrieved 18 March 2020.</ref> It is spread over 117 acres.

==History==
The market is run by the Agriculture Market Committee of the Marketing Department, [[Government of Telangana]]. The total income, in 2024, was around 560M Indian rupees. <ref>https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/districts/warangal-news/697/124146875</ref>
[[File:Enamamula Market Aerial View.jpg|thumb|'''Enumamula Market Aerial View''']]

==Market==
[[File:Cotton Farmers at Enamamula Market.png|thumb|'''Cotton Farmers at Enumamula Market''']]
The market has 450 commission agents (''adithidar''), 300 traders, 800 administrative staff and thousands of labors. It is divided into different yards based on the product, such as Mirchi Yard and Cotton Yard. The market serves as a big market for [[red chillies|red chilies]] for Warangal and the neighboring regions of [[Nalgonda]], [[Khammam]], [[Adilabad]] and [[Karimnagar]]. Traders from Guntur and Maharashtra purchase chilies in the market.

==e-NAM project==
The market was selected as one of 40 markets in Telangana by the [[Government of India]] for the National Agricultural Marketing Project (NAM project) in 2016. Use of electronic weighing scales was one of the reasons for its selection. The project helps with its new [[electronic trading platform]] called e-NAM, by which any trader from participating markets can buy produce at the market and thus also reduce middlemen.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Economy of Telangana]]
[[Category:Hanamkonda district]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Telangana]]
[[Category:Agricultural marketing in India]]

Gulma railway station

2026-02-16T14:05:06Z

AdolphMassola0:

{{Short description|Railway station in West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Gulma
| native_name = গুলমা
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_caption =
| address = Station Rd, Kherjhora Forest Village, North Siliguri, Dist- Darjeeling- West Bengal 734003
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.8061120|88.3964423|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| map_type = India West Bengal#India
| map_dot_label =
| map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India
| line = *[[New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar–Samuktala Road line]]
| other =
| elevation = {{convert|163|m|ft}}
| structure = [[Intersection_(road)#At_grade_railways|At grade]]
| platform = 2
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 4
| parking = Yes
| bicycle =
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = GLMA
| zone = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Alipurduar}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier]]
| status = Open
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = 
}}
{{Railways in Siliguri|collapse=y}}
'''Gulma railway Station''' is a small railway station, which serves Northern regions of [[Siliguri|Siliguri Metropolitan Areas]] like [[Sukna, Darjeeling|Sukna]], Milan More, Debidanga, Kherjhora, Anchal, Champasari, Sisabari, Babubasa etc., in [[Siliguri]], [[West Bengal]].<ref name="indiarailinfo">{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/gulma-glma/7536|title=4 COVID-19 Special Departures from Gulma NFR/Northeast Frontier Zone - Railway Enquiry|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2021-09-15}}</ref> It is 10 km away from [[Siliguri Junction]]. It lies in [[New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar–Samuktala Road line]] of [[Northeast Frontier Railway]], [[Alipurduar railway division]]. The station lies near the [[Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary]]. The other stations serving [[Siliguri]] are [[Siliguri Junction]], [[Siliguri Town railway station|Siliguri Town]], [[Bagdogra railway station|Bagdogra]], [[Matigara railway station|Matigara]] and [[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|New Jalpaiguri]].<ref> {{Cite web|title=Driver slows down train to let wild elephant cross railway track between Gulma and Sivok Junction. |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/wild-elephant-crosses-railway-track-train-stops-7915781/|website=indianexpress.com}}</ref>
<ref> {{Cite web|title=Close shave: Loco pilots apply emergency brake as elephant wanders close to railway track between Sivok and Gulma near Siliguri.|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/amazing-but-true/close-shave-loco-pilots-apply-emergency-brake-as-elephant-wanders-close-to-railway-track/videoshow/87934165.cms|website=timesofindia.in}} </ref>
<ref> {{Cite web|title=Train runs over 9 Himalayan vultures at Gulma near Siliguri|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/train-runs-over-9-vultures-near-siliguri-in-north-bengal/cid/1683560|website=telegraph.com}} </ref>
<ref> {{Cite web|title=Departures from Gulma|url=https://etrain.info/station/Gulma-GLMA/all|website=etrain.info}} </ref>
<ref> {{Cite web|title=Gulma Railway station|url=https://trainspy.com/static/station/(GLMA)Gulma|website=trainspy.com}} </ref>
<ref> {{Cite web|title=Bomb scare on train at Siliguri station|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/bomb-scare-on-train-at-siliguri-station/cid/1848920|website=telegraphindia.com}} </ref>
<ref> {{Cite web|title=Elephant in Siliguri tries to push train's engine, near Gulma railway station in Siliguri|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/siliguri-elephant-gulma-sevoke-railway-track-train-west-bengal-1577995-2019-08-06|website=www indiatoday.in}}</ref>

==Trains==
Some important trains like
*[[New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar Tourist Express]]
*[[Siliguri–Alipurduar Intercity Express]]<ref name="indiarailinfo2">{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-siliguri-alipur-duar-intercity-express-15767/18647/445/449|title=15767/Siliguri - Alipur Duar Intercity Express (UnReserved) - Siliguri to Alipur Duar NFR/Northeast Frontier Zone - Railway Enquiry|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2021-09-15}}</ref>
*[[Siliguri–Dhubri Intercity Express]]<ref name="indiarailinfo3">{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-dhubri-intercity-express-15765xx/13867/445/449|title=15765XX/Dhubri InterCity Express (UnReserved) - Siliguri to Alipur Duar NFR/Northeast Frontier Zone - Railway Enquiry|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2021-09-15}}</ref>
*[[Siliguri Bamanhat Intercity Express]]<ref name="indiarailinfo4">{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-siliguri-bamanhat-express-15467/17335/445/7550|title=15467/Siliguri - Bamanhat Express (UnReserved) - Siliguri to Bamanhat NFR/Northeast Frontier Zone - Railway Enquiry|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2021-09-15}}</ref>

Other local trains like
* Alipurduar–New Jalpaiguri Passenger
* Bamanhat–Siliguri Passenger
* Dinhata–Siliguri DEMU
* Siliguri-New Bongaigaon DEMU
* New Cooch Behar–Siliguri Jn DEMU (via [[Changrabandha]])
* New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar Passenger special
* Bamanhat - Siliguri Junction DEMU
* Bamanhat - Siliguri Junction DEMU Special
* New Bongaigaon - Siliguri Jn. DEMU Special (via Dhubri - Mathabhanga)

are available from this station.<ref>{{Cite web|title=arrivals at Gulma railway station|url=http://www.totaltraininfo.com/station/glma/|website=totaltraininfo com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Alipurduar railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Darjeeling district]]
[[Category:Transport in Siliguri]]
{{WestBengal-railstation-stub}}

Aravind SA

2026-02-06T05:47:15Z

AdolphMassola0: cleanup structure further and updated info per standard format

{{short description|Indian stand-up comedian}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=June 2022}}
{{tone|date=June 2022}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aravind SA
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name = Aravind Subramanian
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1987|04|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| other_names = Aravind S. A.
| occupation = Stand-up
comedian, YouTuber
| years_active = 2013–present
| website = https://aravindsa.in
| spouse =
| children =
| relatives =
| awards =
}}

'''Aravind Subramanian''', known by his stage name '''Aravind SA''', is an Indian stand-up comedian. He initially started as an assistant director in the Tamil film ''[[Arrambam]]'' (2013). He was voted one of the most desirable men in [[Chennai]] by the ''[[Times of India]]'' in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Chennai Times 30 Most Desirable Men in 2017 - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/chennai-times-30-most-desirable-men-in-2017/articleshow/62917795.cms |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> He gained fame with stand-up comedy clips uploaded to [[YouTube]], including from his first solo-show ''Madrasi Da'', that criticized the [[Hindi language|Hindi]] song "[[Lungi Dance]]".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Newsdesk|first=Varnam|date=2019-01-16|title=5 Things You Need To Know About Standup Comedian Aravind SA|url=https://varnam.my/featured/2019/6070/5-things-you-need-to-know-about-standup-comedian-aravind-sa/|access-date=2020-11-28|website=Varnam MY|language=en-US}}</ref> His next stand-up comedy tour, ''I Was Not Ready Da'', was released on [[Amazon Prime]] in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-27|title=SA was not ready for this interview da: TNM 'grills' Chennai comedian after Amazon release|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sa-was-not-ready-interview-da-tnm-grills-chennai-comedian-after-amazon-release-138550|access-date=2020-11-28|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> His next tour ''We Need to Talk'' is taking place in cities across [[India]], [[New Zealand]], and [[Australia]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/chennai-this-week-standup-comedy-vir-das-s-a-aravind-dance-festival-music-8036239/ | title=Chennai This Week: Best of standup comedy by vir das, S a Aravind; dance festival and plenty of music | date=18 July 2022 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aravind, Subramanian}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian stand-up comedians]]
[[Category:People from Chennai]]
[[Category:1987 births]]

{{India-artist-stub}}

Pyaar Testing

2026-02-05T22:29:40Z

AdolphMassola0: started new data with sources

{{short description|Indian romantic comedy series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Pyaar Testing.jpeg
| caption =
| genre = [[Romantic comedy]]
| creator =
| writer =
| director = Shiva Varma Saptaraj Chakraborty
| starring = [[Satyajeet Dubey]] [[Plabita Borthakur]] Neelu Dogra Gaurav Sikri
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes =
| producer =
| cinematography = Shanu Singh Rajput
| editor = Vinay Malu
| camera = Multi-camera
| runtime =
| network = [[ZEE5]]
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|02|14}}
| related =
}}

'''''Pyaar Testing''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Hindi]]-language romantic comedy series directed by Shiva Varma and Saptaraj Chakraborty.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-09 |title=Plabita Borthakur & Director Saptaraj Chakraborty discuss Pyaar Testing and their series' unique concept |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/entertainment/tv/interviews/plabita-borthakur-director-saptaraj-chakraborty-discuss-pyaar-testing-and-their-series-unique-concept-video-118095793 |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> It stars [[Satyajeet Dubey]] and [[Plabita Borthakur]], known for her role in ''[[Lipstick Under My Burkha]]'', in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pyaar Testing actor Plabita Borthakur on live-in relationships - 'I don't think it is mostly welcome in...' {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/pyaar-testing-actor-plabita-borthakur-on-live-in-relationships-exclusive/3af6380db3283 |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> Set in [[Rajasthan]], the series follows the relationship of a young couple.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pyaar Testing: Ultimate test of love |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/pyaar-testing-ultimate-test-of-love/ |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> The supporting cast includes Neelu Dogra and Gaurav Sikri. It is scheduled for release on 14 February 2025, on [[ZEE5]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-02 |title=Pyaar Testing OTT Release: When and where to watch Satyajeet Dubey and Plabita Borthakur's rom-com show |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pyaar-testing-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-satyajeet-dubey-and-plabita-borthakurs-rom-com-show-1370480 |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=Chatakonda Krishna |title=Crime Thriller OTT: ఓటీటీలోకి క్రైమ్ థ్రిల్లర్ వెబ్ సిరీస్ .. ఆసక్తికరంగా ట్రైలర్.. స్ట్రీమింగ్ ఎప్పుడు.. ఎక్కడ? |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/saqib-saleem-thriller-web-series-crime-beat-to-stream-on-zee5-ott-trailer-released-121739266187074.html |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=Hindustantimes Telugu |language=te}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

== Plot summary ==
Set in [[Rajasthan]], Pyaar Testing follows Dhruv Pratap Rathore (Satyajeet Dubey), an architect and water conservationist, and [[Amrita Singh]] Chauhan (Plabita Borthakur), an animal rights activist and vegan café owner. Their arranged marriage takes an unconventional turn when Amrita suggests a two-month platonic live-in relationship to assess their compatibility before committing to marriage. The decision creates tensions within their traditional Rajput families, leading them to confront societal expectations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-06 |title=हमेशा खुश रहने और हमेशा संदेह में रहने के बीच की कहानी है ''Pyaar Testing'' - mobile |url=https://m.punjabkesari.in/entertainment/news/pyaar-testing-is-the-story-between-always-being-happy-and-always-being-in-doubt-2100925 |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=punjabkesari}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=2025-02-13 |title=Watch Pyaar Testing On ZEE5, The Perfect Indian Web Series For V-Day |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/watch-pyaar-testing-on-zee5-the-perfect-indian-web-series-for-v-day/ |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=Daily Excelsior |language=en-US}}</ref>

The plot is very similar to the 2017 Marathi movie [[Chi Va Chi Sau Ka|'Chi va Chi Sau Ka']], though no credit seems to be given.

== Cast ==

* [[Satyajeet Dubey]] as Dhruv
* [[Plabita Borthakur]] as Amrita
* Neelu Dogra as Sunaina chauhan
* Gaurav Sikri as Narendra Rathore

== Release ==
The series is scheduled to premiere on 14 February 2025, on [[ZEE5]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thakur |first=Sezal |title='प्यार टेस्टिंग' से लेकर 'धूम धाम' तक, वैलेंटाइन डे पर OTT पर रिलीज हो रही ये फिल्में-सीरीज |url=https://www.newsnationtv.com/photos/dhoom-dhaam-to-pyaar-testing-these-romantic-movies-series-will-release-on-valentine-day-on-ott-8718175 |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=www.newsnationtv.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Valentine's Day 2025, New Release: പ്രണയദിനത്തിൽ റിലീസിനെത്തുന്ന ചിത്രങ്ങൾ |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/valentines-day-2025-what-new-to-watch-this-week-on-ott-and-in-theatres-8707324 |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=malayalam.indianexpress.com |language=ml}}</ref> The official trailer was released on 3 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |date=2025-02-03 |title='Pyaar Testing' trailer: Satyajeet Dubey and Plabita Borthakur star in show about a live-in couple |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1078706/pyaar-testing-trailer-satyajeet-dubey-and-plabita-borthakur-star-in-show-about-a-live-in-couple |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=##9C958E |overall= |title= |director= |airdate= |directorR= |writerR= |airdateR= |episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Rishta Confirmed Ya Rejected?
|DirectedBy = Shiva Varma, Saptaraj Chakraborty
|cinematographer = Shanu Singh Rajput
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|02|14}}
|ShortSummary = Dhruv and Amrita cross paths while assisting their best friends in running away together. Fate brings them back into each other's lives when their families set them up for an arranged marriage. While Dhruv is open to the idea, Amrita presents an unexpected condition.
|LineColor = #9C958E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Shaadi Pending, Live-In Trending
|DirectedBy = Shiva Varma, Saptaraj Chakraborty
|cinematographer = Shanu Singh Rajput
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|02|14}}
|ShortSummary = Amrita nearly breaks off the engagement when she discovers Dhruv's unwavering love for non-vegetarian food. To keep the peace, Dhruv agrees to give up meat during their live-in period, seemingly resolving the conflict. But beneath the surface, tensions linger—will this compromise truly be enough?
|LineColor = #9C958E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Bach Gaye, Par Phas Gaye
|DirectedBy = Shiva Varma, Saptaraj Chakraborty
|cinematographer = Shanu Singh Rajput
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|02|14}}
|ShortSummary = Amrita and Dhruv successfully clear their names and reassure their parents of their innocence. Upon returning home, they stumble upon a startling secret about Dadi, leaving them both surprised. Amid the chaos, they finally share a moment of genuine connection.
|LineColor = #9C958E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Pyaar Ka Double Shot
|DirectedBy = Shiva Varma, Saptaraj Chakraborty
|cinematographer = Shanu Singh Rajput
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|02|14}}
|ShortSummary = Dhruv’s day takes a difficult turn, but Amrita steps in to support him. Later, he bonds with Amrita’s family, and the evening seems to unfold smoothly. However, just as things fall into place, Dadi’s long-hidden secret is unexpectedly revealed, shaking everyone.
|LineColor = #9C958E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Dil Ya Deal?
|DirectedBy = Shiva Varma, Saptaraj Chakraborty
|cinematographer = Shanu Singh Rajput
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|02|14}}
|ShortSummary = On a challenging day, Dhruv makes a reckless choice and unintentionally breaks a crucial rule from their agreement. As guilt weighs on him, he struggles with the decision—should he come clean to Amrita, or risk keeping it a secret forever?
|LineColor = #9C958E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Kya Pyaar Abhi Baaki Hai?
|DirectedBy = Shiva Varma, Saptaraj Chakraborty
|cinematographer = Shanu Singh Rajput
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|02|14}}
|ShortSummary = A heated argument between Amrita and Dhruv brings their contract to an abrupt end. As they attempt to move on, Amrita accepts a new marriage proposal, seemingly closing the chapter on their story. But is this truly the end, or does fate have other plans?
|LineColor = #9C958E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = T&C Removed, Pyaar Approved
|DirectedBy = Shiva Varma, Saptaraj Chakraborty
|cinematographer = Shanu Singh Rajput
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|02|14}}
|ShortSummary = Amrita and Dhruv come to understand that true love thrives without restrictions or conditions. Their families, too, acknowledge that the trial period wasn’t such a bad idea after all. With newfound clarity, will this realization bring them closer than ever?
|LineColor = #9C958E
}}
}}

== Critical reception ==
Sonal Verma of ''[[Times Now]]'' rated the series 3.0 out of 5 starts, noting that while Plabita Borthakur and Satyajeet Dubey effectively portray the complexities of relationships, the series delivers an engaging blend of drama, comedy, and heartfelt moments that keep viewers entertained.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-14 |title=Pyaar Testing Review: Plabita Borthakur, Satyajeet Dubey's Chaotic Love Story Is A Desi Take On Live-In Relationships |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/pyaar-testing-review-plabita-borthakur-satyajeet-dubeys-chaotic-love-story-is-a-desi-take-on-live-in-relationships-review-118234572 |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

Siddartha Toleti of ''M9 News'' described the show as offering "Familiar Comfort, but lacking Novelty".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Toleti |first=Siddartha |date=2025-02-15 |title=Pyaar Testing Review: Familiar Comfort, No Novelty |url=https://www.m9.news/ott-review/pyaar-testing-review-familiar-comfort-no-novelty/ |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=M9.news |language=en-US}}</ref>

Shaheen Irani of ''[[HT Media|OTTPlay]]'' gave it 2 out of 5 stars and stated "There's very little that Pyaar Testing has to offer. If you can settle for mediocre acting and a story that had potential but is not tapped into fully, then you can watch this one. Otherwise it is worth a skip rather than stream."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pyaar Testing review: The search for originality in Zee5 series continues |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/pyaar-testing-review-and-the-search-for-originality-in-satyajeet-dubey-plabita-borthakurs-series-continues/8bd99c4ab5320 |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=35657903}}
* ''[https://www.zee5.com/web-series/details/pyaar-testing/0-6-4z5697198 Pyaar Testing]'' on [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]
[[Category:Indian comedy web series]]

Atal Setu, Jammu and Kashmir

2026-02-05T04:13:10Z

AdolphMassola0: Improved article clarity and structure

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox bridge
| name = Atal Setu
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =Basas1.jpg
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption = Atal Setu
| coordinates =
| os_grid_reference =
| carries = Dunera To Basohli Road
| crosses = [[Ravi River]]
| locale = [[Basholi]] and [[Dunera, Punjab|Dunera]]
| official_name = Atal Setu
| other_name =
| named_for = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| owner =
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| design = McElhanney Consulting Services Ltd. (formerly Infinity Engineering Ltd.)
| material =
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| length = 592 m
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| inaugurated = 24 December 2015
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[[File:Atal_setu.jpg|thumb|left|Atal Setu during construction]]
'''Atal Setu''' is a {{Convert|592|m|ft|adj=on}} [[cable-stayed bridge]] on the [[Ravi River]] near [[Basohli (town)|Basholi Town, District Kathua]], commissioned on 24 December 2015 by former Defence Minister [[Manohar Parrikar|Manohar Parrikkar]]. The bridge spans between [[Basholi]] and [[Dunera, Punjab|Dunera]] and aims to improve road connections between [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]]. This bridge is first of its kind in North India and fourth of its kind in nation. The other such three bridges are in Mumbai ([[Bandra–Worli Sea Link|Bandra-Worli sealink]]), Allahabad ([[New Yamuna Bridge|Naini]]) and Kolkata ([[Vidyasagar Setu|Hooghly]]).

[[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi|IIT New Delhi]] approved the design of this bridge and the foundation stone was laid in May 2011 by UPA Chairperson [[Sonia Gandhi]]. The bridge was designed by a Canadian consultant, McElhanney Consulting Services Ltd. (formerly Infinity Engineering Ltd.). The [[Border Roads Organisation|Border Roads Organization]], IRCON, Infinity and SP Singla Constructions Pvt Limited undertook its construction. The bridge is named after former Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], and was opened one day before his birthday.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/atal-setu-opens-to-improve-connectivity-with-hp-punjab/174885.html|title=Atal Setu opens, to improve connectivity with HP, Punjab|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|accessdate=25 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/news/national-vajpayees-birthday-present-atal-setu-dedicated-to-country-13348934.html|title=Vajpayees birthday present atal setu dedicated to country (हिमाचल व पंजाब को जम्मू-कश्मीर के और भी करीब लाने वाला केबल ब्रिज गुरुवार को देश को समर्पित हो गया। रक्षामंत्री मनोहर पर्रिकर ने अटल सेतु का उद्घाटन किया।)|work=Jagran|language=Hindi|access-date=25 December 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Bridges in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Transport in Pathankot]]
[[Category:Memorials to Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
[[Category:Cable-stayed bridges in India]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Bridges completed in 2015]]

P. C. Ramakrishna

2026-02-01T17:17:34Z

AdolphMassola0: fixed structure also and added references

{{Short description|Indian theatre and voice actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = P. C. Ramakrishna
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater = [[Loyola College, Chennai]]
| occupation = [[Voice artist]], [[theatre actor]]
| years_active = 1993–1998
| spouse =
}}
'''P. C. Ramakrishna''' is a veteran [[theatre actor]] and [[voice artist]] based in [[Chennai]], India.<ref name="active">{{cite news|last=Muthalaly|first=Shonali|title=Active voice|url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article114461.ece|accessdate=27 October 2010|newspaper=The Hindu|date=27 February 2010}}</ref> He has acted in several plays, such as ''[[Anna Weiss]]'', ''[[Dance Like A Man]]'', ''[[The Good Doctor (play)|The Good Doctor]]''<ref name="skv">{{cite news|last=Varma|first=Shreekumar|title=Theatre of Passion|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2004/01/25/stories/2004012500390500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040321104942/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2004/01/25/stories/2004012500390500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 March 2004|accessdate=27 October 2010|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=25 January 2004}}</ref> and provided voice-overs to numerous advertisements, documentaries and corporate shows. He has been a member of the English theatre group ''[[The Madras Players]]'' since 1969.<ref name="madplayers">{{cite news|last=Lehry|first=Batool Aliakbar|title=High on drama|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2008/01/04/stories/2008010450020100.htm|accessdate=27 October 2010|newspaper=Business Line|date=4 January 2008}}</ref>

==Biography==
Ramakrishna did his schooling in [[Kolkata]], India, and completed his undergraduate education at the [[Loyola College, Chennai]]. Ramakrishna's early interests included learning the ''[[mridangam]]''{{snd}}an ancient Indian [[percussion instrument]]{{snd}}and he trained under [[Palghat Mani Iyer]] in Chennai and [[Tanjavur]]. He played ''mridangam'' for 18 years since the age of 3 and was considering making it a profession, but was discouraged by low wages for musicians.<ref name=active /> Instead, he joined the [[Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad]], and after graduation worked in the corporate sector from 1967 until voluntary retirement in 1993.<ref name="jobs">{{cite web|last=Dattatri|first=Sanjay|title=Interview with PC Ramakrishna – Documentary Narration and Voice-overs|url=http://www.jobsbyref.com/career-advice/interview-with-pc-ramakrishna-documentary-narration-and-voice-overs-106|publisher=Jobs By Ref|accessdate=27 October 2010}}</ref>

==Career==
{{blockquote
|text=Most of the documentary narration work that I do is dull as ditch water. For example, tell me how many people are interested in the details of installing a boiler?
|author=P. C. Ramakrishna
|title=interview to JobsByRef<ref name=jobs />
}}
Ramakrishna worked on his first play as a director in 1969, which was also the only play he directed. Subsequently, he auditioned for the play ''The Crucible'' by The Madras Players, a role which he eventually got.<ref name=active /> While working in the industry, he hosted programs on the [[All India Radio]], and was later approached by the [[Doordarshan]].<ref name=jobs /> Ramakrishna was one of the first English [[news presenter|news readers]] in [[Television in India|Indian television]].<ref name="ageofi">{{cite news|title=Age of Innocence|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2009/10/25/stories/2009102550300400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131124302/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2009/10/25/stories/2009102550300400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 January 2010|accessdate=27 October 2010|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=25 October 2009}}</ref>

Ramakrishna's notable plays include ''Anna Weiss'', where he plays the role of a man who is accused of sexual abuse by his daughter; ''Mercy'', a [[monologue]] based on a novel by the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] author Sivasankari;<ref name="mercy">{{cite web|last=Sankaranarayanan|first=Vasanti|title=Review|url=http://www.narthaki.com/info/reviews/rev267.html|publisher=Narthaki|accessdate=27 October 2010}}</ref> and [[Mahesh Dattani]]'s ''Dance Like A Man''.<ref name=skv />

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Thiruda Thiruda]]'' ||Finance Minister
|-
| 1994 || ''[[May Madham]]'' || Sandhya's father
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Karuppu Nila]]'' ||ShanmugaPandian's Father
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Poochudava]]'' ||Nandhini's Father
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Ulavuthurai]]'' ||Navy Chief
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramakrishna, P. C.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]

Hyderabad (disambiguation)

2026-02-01T14:28:54Z

AdolphMassola0:

{{wiktionary|Hyderabad}}
'''[[Hyderabad]]''' is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of Telangana.

'''Hyderabad''' may also refer to:

{{tocright}}
==India==
* [[Hyderabad district, India]], a district in the state of Telangana
* [[Hyderabad State]], a pre-1948 princely state ruled by the Nizam in south-central India
* [[Hyderabad State (1948–1956)]], a state of Union of India
* [[Hyderabad, Uttar Pradesh]], a village in Uttar Pradesh
* [[Hyderabad Subah]], an administrative division of the Mughal empire

==Pakistan==
* [[Hyderabad, Sindh]], a city in the Pakistani province of Sindh
* [[Hyderabad District, Pakistan]], a district in the province of Sindh
* [[Hyderabad Division]], an administrative division within the province of Sindh
* [[Hyderabad Taluka (rural)]], an administrative subdivision of Hyderabad District
* [[Hyderabad City Taluka]], an administrative subdivision of Hyderabad District comprising the capital and surrounding areas
* [[Hyderabad Colony]] a suburb of Gulshan Town, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Hyderabad in Pakistan]]

==Ships==
* {{HMS|Hyderabad|1917}}, the only purpose built [[Q-ship]] of [[World War I]] launched in 1917 and sold in 1920
* {{HMS|Hyderabad|K212}}, a {{sclass2|Flower|corvette}} previously HMS ''Nettle'' launched in 1941 and sold in 1948

==Other uses==
* [[Hyderabad cricket team]], a domestic Indian cricket team
* [[Hyderabad cricket team (Pakistan)]], a domestic Pakistani cricket team
* [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]], a T20 cricket team in the Indian Premier League
* [[Handley Page Hyderabad]], Royal Air Force bomber of the 1920s

==See also==
* [[Hydrabad (ship)|''Hydrabad'' (ship)]], an iron cargo and passenger sailing ship with a similar name
* [[Heydarabad (disambiguation)]]
* [[Hyderabad District (disambiguation)]]
* [[Hyderabad bombings (disambiguation)]]
* {{look from|Hyderabad}}
* {{in title|Hyderabad}}

{{disambiguation}}

The Cawnpore Bank

2026-02-01T00:59:09Z

AdolphMassola0: started new stub w/ refs

{{Short description|Commercial bank}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox company
| name = The Cawnpore Bank
| type = [[Private sector]]
| industry = [[Financial services]]
| foundation = {{Start date|1845|05|01|df=yes}} as The Cawnpore Bank
| founder =
| defunct = {{End date|df=yes|1852|03|31}}
| fate = Defunct
| location_city = [[Kanpur]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| locations = [[United Provinces of British India]]
| area_served = India
| key_people =
| products = [[Deposit (finance)|Deposits]], [[Personal banking|Personal Banking Schemes]], C & I Banking Schemes, Agri Banking Schemes, [[Small and medium enterprises|SME Banking Schemes]]
| services = [[Banking]], [[Insurance]], [[Capital Markets]] and allied industries
}}

'''The Cawnpore Bank (1845)''' was an Indian [[bank]] that operated between 1845 and 1852 in [[Company rule in India|British India]]. It was founded in the year 1845 under the [[company rule in India]] and became defunct in the year 1852 with the winding down of its operations. The bank was notable for being the [[List of oldest banks in India|thirty first oldest bank in India]].<ref name="google1">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mONCAQAAMAAJ&dq=%22cawnpore+bank%22&pg=PA446 |title=Reports of Cases on Appeal to the High Court of Judicature at Fort William ... - India. High Court (Kolkata, India), India. High Court (Calcutta, India). - Google Books |year=1864 |accessdate=2023-02-15}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Founding ===
The Cawnpore Bank was founded in 1845 in [[Kanpur]], [[India]].<ref name="archive1">{{cite web|author=Public Resource |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.544307 |title=The Evolution Of The State Bank Of India Vol.2, Ed.1st : Bagchi, Amiya Kumar : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive |date= |accessdate=2023-02-15}}</ref><ref name="archive2">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.544307/2015.544307.The-Evolution_djvu.txt |title=Full text of "The Evolution Of The State Bank Of India Vol.2, Ed.1st" |date= |accessdate=2023-02-15}}</ref>

The bank was well known for providing stiff competition to the then [[Bank of Bengal]], which is a precursor of today's [[State Bank of India]].<ref name="archive1"/><ref name="archive2"/>

=== Management ===

The bank was staffed by mostly British nationals who were drawn mainly from the [[East India Company]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiancolumbus.blogspot.com/2018/01/SBIRajajiSalai.html|title=Indian Columbus: The Banking Heritage Building of Madras|website=Indiancolumbus.blogspot.com|date=7 January 2018}}</ref>

The bank was headquartered in the [[Kanpur]] city in the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]].<ref name="archive1"/><ref name="archive2"/>

=== Final years ===

In 1851, the bank was on the verge of failure.<ref name="google1"/><ref name="google2">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AslVAAAAcAAJ&dq=%22cawnpore+bank%22&pg=PA89 |title=The Constitution and History of the Benares Bank, Compiled from the Records ... - Google Books |year=1849 |accessdate=2023-02-15}}</ref>

The bank was finally closed in the year 1852.<ref name="google1"/><ref name="google2"/>

== Legacy ==

The bank is notable for being the [[List of oldest banks in India|thirty first oldest bank in India]].<ref name="Reserve Bank of India - Museum">{{cite web|url=https://rbi.org.in/scripts/ms_banks.aspx |title=Reserve Bank of India - Museum |publisher=Rbi.org.in |date=2015-04-14 |accessdate=2023-02-15}}</ref><ref name="google3">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0o8GRVjunUC&dq=%22cownpore+bank%22&pg=PA25 |title=Banking Reforms and Globalisation - Mohan Prasad Shrivastava - Google Books |isbn=9788131301593 |accessdate=2023-02-15|last1=Shrivastava |first1=Mohan Prasad |year=2007 }}</ref><ref name="blogspot1">{{cite web|url=http://readrich.blogspot.com/2011/09/currency-used-in-india.html |title=Read Rich: Currency Used In India |publisher=Readrich.blogspot.com |date=2011-09-12 |accessdate=2023-02-15}}</ref>

The bank played a key role in the history of [[Banking in India]].<ref name="Reserve Bank of India - Museum"/><ref name="google3"/><ref name="blogspot1"/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Banks}}
*[[Indian banking]]
*[[List of banks in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://rbi.org.in/scripts/ms_banks.aspx History of the bank by the Reserve Bank of India]

{{Banking in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Defunct banks of India|Cawnpore Bank]]
[[Category:Companies based in Kanpur]]
[[Category:Banks established in 1845]]

Sunit Kumar

2026-01-29T17:15:27Z

AdolphMassola0: small changes

{{Short description|Indian Police Service officer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Sunit Kumar
|image = Sunit Kumar.jpg
|imagesize =
|caption = Sunit Kumar
|office1 = [[Chairman]] [[Bihar Police Subordinate Services Commission]]
|office2 = [[Director General of Police|Director]] [[Bihar Police Academy]]
|office3 = [[Director General of Police]] [[Bihar Police]]
|office4 = [[Chairman]] [[Central Selection Board of Constable]]
|term_start1 = April 2017
|term_end1 = November 2020
|successor1 = K. S. Dwivedi, IPS (Retd.)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bpssc.bih.nic.in/Contact.htm | title=BPSSC :: Contact Info }}</ref>
|term_start2 = February 2013
|term_end2 = November 2015
|term_start3 = February 2013
|term_end3 = November 2015
|term_start4 = 2008
|term_end4 = November 2015
|alma_mater = [[Patna Collegiate School]], [[Patna]] [[Patna Science College]], [[Patna University]]
|education = [[BSc]] [[MSc]]
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1955|11|10|df=y}}
|spouse =
|birth_place = [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
|death_place = 
|nickname = 
|badgenumber = 
|occupation = [[Bureaucrat]]
|relations =
|awards = [[File:Indian_Police_Medal_for_Meritorious_Service.png|30px]] [[Police Medal (India)|President's Police Medal for Meritorious Service]], 1998 [[File:IND President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service.svg|30px]] [[President's Police Medal|President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service]], 2010
|laterwork = 
}}

'''Sunit Kumar'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/4-IPS-officers-promoted-to-DG-rank/articleshow/18457393.cms|title=4 IPS officers promoted to DG rank|work=The Times of India|access-date=24 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/bihar-govt-promotes-four-ips-officers-to-dgp-rank-113021200591_1.html|title=Bihar govt promotes four IPS officers to DGP rank|agency=Press Trust of India|date=11 February 2013|work=Business Standard India|access-date=24 July 2017}}</ref> (born 10 November 1955), is a retired [[Indian Police Service]] (I.P.S.) officer of [[Bihar]] cadre in [[India]] and served as [[Chairman]] of [[Bihar Police Subordinate Services Commission]] (BPSSC) in the state of Bihar from April 2017 to November 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thespeedpost.com/retd-dg-sunit-kumar-made-chirman-bihar-police-sub-ordinate-service-com/|title=Retd DG Sunit Kumar made Chirman, Bihar Police Sub-ordinate Service Com – The Speedpost|website=thespeedpost.com|language=en-US|access-date=24 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/state-govt-to-hire-34000-policemen-in-15-months/articleshow/58502478.cms|title=Bihar government to hire 34,000 policemen in 15 months|work=The Times of India|access-date=24 July 2017}}</ref> He has also served as [[Director General of Police]] in the state of Bihar<ref>[http://www.bihartimes.in/Newsbihar/2013/May/newsbihar27May1.html Several IPS officers transferred]</ref> retiring from service in November 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/grand-alliance-rift-leaves-top-police-posts-vacant-in-bihar/story-Ejh3L4nZgJofGroKaSZuIO.html|title='Grand alliance' rift leaves top police posts vacant in Bihar|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=24 July 2017}}</ref> He belongs to the I.P.S. batch of 1980.<ref>[http://mha1.nic.in/pdfs/ig-empanelled.pdf Details of IPS officers belonging to 1978–1988 batches empanelled to hold IG and equivalent level posts under the Government of India]</ref> He has also served as Director of [[Bihar Police Academy]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.news18.com/news/bihar/bihar-govt-promotes-four-ips-officers-to-dgp-rank-4146.html|title=Bihar govt promotes four IPS officers to DGP rank|website=archive.news18.com|access-date=24 July 2017}}</ref> and Chairman of the Bihar [[Central Selection Board of Constable]] (CSBC).

==Police career==

Kumar belongs to the Bihar Cadre of the Indian Police Service (I.P.S.). He has served various districts of Bihar and [[Jharkhand]] (erstwhile part of Bihar) as [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police]]. He has also served as [[Deputy Inspector General of Police]] (D.I.G.) of Patna Range and [[Inspector General of Police]] (I.G.) of [[Tirhut]] ([[Muzaffarpur]]) Zone.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1060913/asp/jamshedpur/story_6739117.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030171310/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060913/asp/jamshedpur/story_6739117.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 October 2014|title=The Telegraph – Calcutta : Jamshedpur|website=The Telegraph|access-date=24 July 2017}}</ref>

Apart from active policing in the field Kumar has also served numerous departments of [[Bihar Police]] such as [[Special Branch]] (Secret Service of State Police), [[Bihar Military Police]] (B.M.P.),
<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/17-IPS-officers-likely-to-be-promoted/articleshow/4013302.cms|title=17 IPS officers likely to be promoted|work=The Times of India|access-date=24 July 2017}}</ref> State Crime Records Bureau (S.C.R.B.),<ref>[http://www.biharpolice.bih.nic.in/recent/ips-biharcadre-12-2011.pdf Present posting of IPS Officers as on 01-04-2012]</ref> [[Criminal Investigation Department]] (C.I.D.) and Provisions.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/DGP-among-18-shifted-in-reshuffle/articleshow/2936456.cms|title=DGP among 18 shifted in reshuffle|work=The Times of India|access-date=24 July 2017}}</ref>

As Superintendent of Police he has served various districts of Bihar and Jharkhand (erstwhile part of Bihar) such as Chaibasa, Naugachiya, Gopalganj, Samastipur, and Gumla<ref>[http://www.jhpolice.gov.in/gumla Succession Board of SP's]</ref> etc.

==Bihar Police recruitment==

From 2008 to November 2015, Kumar was Chairman of the Central Selection Board of Constable in Bihar and has handled recruitment of more than 32,500 Constables into Bihar Police. A number of recruitment drives were conducted by C.S.B.C in these years in order to strengthen the police force in the state. Kumar has been credited with conducting these recruitment drives in an efficient manner which has been marred with corruption in the past.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/58-fake-candidates-arrested-in-bihar-police-constable-recruitment-exam/story-Mn2G66UVmPMTLA6qkThYRL.html|title=58 fake candidates arrested in Bihar police constable recruitment exam|date=20 March 2015|work= Hindustan Times|access-date=24 July 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1150604/jsp/bihar/story_23799.jsp#.WOpjbvkrKM8|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725232118/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150604/jsp/bihar/story_23799.jsp#.WOpjbvkrKM8|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 July 2015|title=Forgery robs wannabe cops of nuptial ties|work=The Telegraph|access-date=24 July 2017}}</ref>

Apart from police recruitment he has also handled recruitment for Bihar Fire Services, Bihar Home Guards, and the Prisons Department. Around 1,000 firemen for Bihar Government were recruited by C.S.B.C under Kumar.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Bihar-government-to-recruit-1000-firemen/articleshow/15264363.cms|title=Bihar government to recruit 1,000 firemen|work=The Times of India|access-date=24 July 2017}}</ref>

==Bihar Police Subordinate Services Commission==

In March 2017 Kumar was appointed as the first Chairman of newly created Bihar Police Subordinate Services Commission (BPSSC)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thebureaucratnews.com/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97/|title=बिहार पुलिस अवर सेवा आयोग के अध्यक्ष बने पूर्व आईपीएस सुनीत कुमार – thebureaucratnews|date=25 March 2017|work=thebureaucratnews|access-date=24 July 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> in an order issued by Home Department, Government of Bihar. The service commission was created in order to conduct recruitment examinations and fill vacancies for 19 posts of Group C employees in Government of Bihar and served their till November 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Bihar-assembly-Bill-for-separate-commission-for-group-C-recruitment-passed/articleshow/51641493.cms?from=mdr|title=Bihar assembly: Bill for separate commission for group C recruitment passed |website=The Times of India|access-date=24 July 2017}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==

Kumar has been awarded the [[President's Police Medal]] for Distinguished Service in 2010 on the eve of [[Independence Day (India)|India's Independence Day]].<ref>[http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/ppm-id10.pdf President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service Independence Day – 2010]</ref> He was also awarded the [[President's Police Medal]] for Meritorious Service in 1998.

==Personal life==

Kumar is married to Kavita Kumar and they have three children. He currently resides in [[Patna]] with his wife. Kumar's younger brother is veteran Bollywood actor [[Vineet Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Ramkhilavan-kin-faces-action/articleshow/30006017.cms|title=Ramkhilavan kin faces action |website=The Times of India|access-date=24 July 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Sunit}}
[[Category:Indian police officers]]
[[Category:People from Bihar]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bihar cadre civil servants]]
[[Category:People from Patna]]
[[Category:Patna University alumni]]
[[Category:1955 births]]

Shekhar: Ek Jivani

2026-01-25T10:05:18Z

AdolphMassola0: started first pg v1

{{short description|Novel by Sachchidananda Vatsyayan 'Agyeya'}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Shekhar: Ek Jivani
| image = Shekhar A Life cover.jpeg
| caption = Cover page of English translation; 2018 edition
| author = [[Sachchidananda Vatsyayan|Agyeya]]
| title_orig = शेखर: एक जीवनी
| orig_lang_code = hi
| title_working =
| translator = {{plainlist|
* Snehal Shingavi
* [[Vasudha Dalmia]]
}}
| country = India
| language = [[Hindi]]
| subject =
| genre = Psychoanalytic novel
| set_in =
| publisher =
| publisher2 =
| pub_date = {{plainlist|
* '''Part 1:''' 1940
* '''Part 2:''' 1944
}}
| english_pub_date = 2018
| oclc = 19111769
| dewey =
| congress =
}}
'''''Shekhar: Ek Jivani''''' ({{IPA|hi|ʃe.khər: ek jiv.ni|pron|}}; {{Translation|''Shekhar: A Life''}}) is an unfinished [[Hindi]]-language novel by Indian writer [[Sachchidananda Vatsyayan]], also known by his pen-name, Agyeya. Published in two parts, with a third part that has yet to see the light of day, ''Ek Jivani'' is semi-biographical in nature and is considered to be Agyeya's [[magnum opus]].

Reviewers have remarked on the novel's subtle uses of [[psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic themes]] in its narrative of a variety of experiences.<ref name="Lal2007">{{cite book|editor-first=Mohan |editor-last=Lal|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Navaratri To Sarvasena|volume=IV|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sOsbAAAAIAAJ|year=2007|orig-year=1991|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|isbn=((81-260-1003-1))|page=2973|oclc=888970468}}</ref> Indeed, it is recognized as being the first [[Hindi literature|Hindi novel]] to have deployed [[Sigmund Freud|Freudian]] approaches to the workings of the mind.<ref name=shingavi/>

== Background ==
Agyeya started writing ''Shekhar: Ek Jivani'' when he was imprisoned for his rebellious activities against the British colonial government, in particular, for his participation in the attempt to help [[Bhagat Singh]], a leader of the [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association|Hindustan Socialist Republican Army]], to escape from jail in 1929.<ref name="Wagner-Egelhaaf2019">{{cite book|last=Malinar|first=Angelika|editor-last=Wagner-Egelhaaf|editor-first=Martina|title=Handbook of Autobiography / Autofiction|url=https://www.degruyter.com/viewbooktoc/product/181591|url-access=subscription|series=De Gruyter Handbook|year=2019|publisher=De Gruyter|location=Berlin, Boston|isbn=978-3-11-038148-1|chapter=Chapter 34 : Sachchidanand Hiranand Vatsyayan [“Ajneya”/“Agyeya” (‘Unknowable’)]|chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/view/books/9783110279818/9783110279818-145/9783110279818-145.xml|chapter-url-access=subscription|pages=1762–1776}}</ref>

Agyeya wrote the first draft of the novel after being arrested, where he contemplated writing about his life before he would be executed. The first part was published after four redrafts, and the second was released in 1944.<ref name="Interview1983">{{cite journal|author1=Agyeya|author2=Kumar, Sharat|author3=Sen, Geeti|title=Interview with Ajneya (S.H. Vatsyayan)|date=December 1983|journal=India International Centre Quarterly|volume=10|issue=4|page=528|jstor=23001392}} {{closed access}}</ref> The third part, which Agyeya said he had written, never appeared.<ref name="Singh2018">{{cite journal|last=Singh|first=Prem|title=Western Influences in Agyeya's Shekhar Ek Jeevani|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=53|issue=29|location=Mumbai|date=21 July 2018|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2018/29/notes/western-influences-%E2%80%98agyeyas%E2%80%99-shekhar-ek.html|url-access=subscription|pages=59–62|issn=0012-9976|access-date=24 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725184532/https://www.epw.in/journal/2018/29/notes/western-influences-%E2%80%98agyeyas%E2%80%99-shekhar-ek.html|archive-date=25 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Lal1992">{{cite book|editor-first=Mohan|editor-last=Lal|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&pg=PA4007|volume=V|year=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-260-1221-3|pages=4007–4008}}</ref><ref name="Hooker1998"/>

== Structure ==
The first volume is titled ''utthān'' (rising), the second ''saṃgharṣ'' (struggle). Both volumes are further subdivided into four parts (''khaṇḍ'' in Hindi). Seven of these eight parts are headed by two general terms connected by conjunction 'and', which, according to Angelika Malinar, might indicate opposition as well as affinity. The four parts of the first volume are entitled: ''uṣā aur īśvar'' (dawn and god), ''bīj aur aṅkur'' (seed and sprout), ''prakṛti aur puruṣ'' (nature and man) and ''puruṣ aur paristhiti'' (man and circumstance). The first three parts of the second volume are entitled ''puruṣ aur paristhiti'' (man and circumstance), ''bandhan aur jijñāsā'' (confinement and curiosity) and ''śaśi aur śekhar'' (Shashi and Shekhar). Only the first preliminary chapter ''praveś'' (entry) and the last part of the second volume entitled ''dhāge, rassiyāṃ, guñjhar'' (threads, ropes, knots) departs from thus scheme.<ref name="Malinar1997">{{cite book|last=Malinar|first=Angelika|chapter=Multiple Perspectives and the Problem of Identity in Ajñeya's Śekhar: ek jīvanī|editor1-last=Bhatti|editor1-first=Anil|editor2-last=Turk|editor2-first=Horst|title=Kulturelle Identität. Deutsch-indische Kulturkontakte in Literatur, Religion und Politik|year=1997|publisher=Erich Schmidt Verlag|location=Berlin|pages=231–251|isbn=3-503-03788-8}}</ref>

The first chapter ''praveś'' provides an introduction to the narrative by delineating the intention of Shekhar's Biography. Shekhar is imprisoned and waits for the execution of the death sentence. In this life-and-death situation, Shekhar asks a questions whether the situation has any meaning. This search for significance draws him into the past. The actual biographical narrative unfolds chronologically in the next chapter with the description of Shekhar's birth, his childhood and youth as well as his time at the college in Madras and his social activities for the sake of the untouchables. This is, roughly, the content of the first part of the novel. The second part describes his life as a student, his association with the more militant opposition, and his affection for Shashi. This second part ends with Shashi's death and Shekhar's participation in terrorist activities.<ref name="Malinar1997"/>

== Contents ==
''Shekhar: Ek Jivani'' is written in the [[First person narrative|first person]],<ref name="Datta1987">{{cite book|editor-first=Amaresh |editor-last=Datta|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&pg=PA103|year=1987|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-260-1803-1|page=104}}</ref> with the narrator telling their story in a [[nonlinear narrative]].<ref name="Trivedi2011">{{cite journal|last=Trivedi|first=Harish|title=Agyeya — and his "Shekhar" The Second Greatest Novel in Hindi?|date=January–February 2011|journal=[[Indian Literature (journal)|Indian Literature]]|volume=55|issue=1|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|pages=78–83|jstor=23341824}} {{closed access}}</ref> The narrator is a revolutionary who has been sentenced to death. Shortly before his execution, he reflects on his life. He recounts his memories of social rebellion and passionate love.<ref name="George1993"/>

The narrator was born in a ruined Buddhist monastery to [[Brahmin]] parents. His father, moved from town to town in India, taking his family with him. Because of this, the narrator failed to form an attachment to any location. Furthermore, conflicting personalities of his parents split his personality. Therefore, he grew up as an introverted young man. Intelligent, yet oversensitive, he reacted violently to events he disagreed with, contemplating on his mother's actions. He then developed a deep dislike for his mother, while admiring his father and adoring his elder sister. The narrator also developed an antagonistic attitude to religion, and a rebellious view of social distinction and political slavery.<ref name="George1993"/>

As a young child, the narrator was often violent, attacking postmen and classmates, and defied orders from adults. The narrator recalls having been badly frightened by a stuffed tiger in a museum, when his father brought home a similar fake tiger and discovered that it was filled with straw. Thus, he became convinced that all fears were imaginary. As he grew to lack fear for even death, he would bathe in the river despite his inability to swim.<ref name="George1993"/>

From an early age, the narrator rejected social norms which he disapproved of, including the [[caste system in India|caste system]]. From childhood, he demonstrated an intense dislike of slavery. At college, he abandoned the Brahmin hostel in favour of the [[Harijan]] hostel as a sign of rejection of strict interpretations of [[Brahmanism]]. He was also anti-English, and would set fire to foreign clothing and refuse to speak English. He grew to be an active [[Indian National Congress]] party volunteer and eventually, he became a revolutionary.<ref name="George1993"/>

Shekhar always harboured strong yet frustrated romantic feelings. After some early and earnest romantic experiences with a girl called Sharda, he fell deeply in love with a young woman called Shashi. After being deserted by her husband, Shashi came to live with Shekhar, but died shortly after. Shekhar felt that he was haunted by her memory.<ref name="George1993"/>

==Plot==
The novel starts dramatically, the very first word being ''phāṁsī'' the Hindi term for execution.<ref name="Hooker1998"/> Shekhar the protagonist of the eponymous novel, reflects back on his life as he is awaiting his own execution. Rather than writing a [[social realism|social realist]] narrative, the author uses a [[stream of consciousness]] technique, using vivid flashbacks, that privileges the way reality is experienced in Shekhar's mind, as he casts his thoughts back, on the eve of his death at the hands of the British authorities, to revisit in his imagination key episodes in his life.<ref name="Hooker1998"/>

We learn that he was born in [[Patna]], the son of an archaeologist, and spent part of his early life in [[Kashmir]] where he encounters, and suffers an early disappointment with, a westernised girl, Miss Pratibha Lal. During his formative years of education he evinces a rebellious temperament. When the family moves back south to [[Ooty|Ootacamund]] in the [[Nilgiri Mountains|Nilgiri Hills]], he falls in love with Sharada whose family break their association by abruptly moving away. He then befriends a girl, Shanti, who is afflicted by tuberculosis. After her death his family send him to [[Madras]], where he lives in a Brahmin hostel. He is disgusted by [[Brahmin]], obsessions with [[caste]], especially when his only acquaintance there, Kumar, exploits their friendship to get money from him. He tries to set up a school for children in the slums, forms a debating society, and travels all over the south, almost drowning at [[Mamallapuram|Mahabalipuram]].<ref name="Hooker1998">{{cite book|last=Hooker|first=Roger Hardham|title=The Quest of Ajneya. A Christian Theological Appraisal of the Search for Meaning in His Three Hindi Novels|year=1998|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass Publishers]]|location=Delhi|pages=225–228|oclc=41095884}}</ref>

In the second volume, to round off his education he enrolls in a college in [[Lahore]], where he is appalled, not by caste, but by the corrupt manners of Indians mimicking Western ways, especially in the figure of an Oxford trained woman teacher Manika. There he reestablishes contact with Shashi, a girl he met when he was a child. He enlists as a voluntary officer in a camp organized by the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]]. The camp has been successfully infiltrated by informers and he is arrested on false charges and serves ten months in prison. There he makes friends with Madansingh, Ramaji and Mohasin, who exercise a deep influence on his thinking. While imprisoned, he also learns that Shashi, who occasionally visits, has been betrothed in an arranged marriage.<ref name="Hooker1998"/>

Once he regains his freedom, he dedicates himself to writing revolutionary tracts without success. Everywhere he turns, friends only cultivate his company to get him to marry one of their Brahmin daughters. He tells the married Shashi that he is tempted by suicide, and she stays [[platonically]] overnight with him to ensure he does not kill himself. On learning of this, her husband gives her a severe beating and kicks her out of his house. She goes to live with Shekar, though the relationship never develops into a sexual one. They move to [[Delhi]] where he pursues his revolutionary interests. One cell entrusts him with arms they intend to use to get a comrade out of prison. Shortly afterwards, Shashi dies of the effects of the thrashing her former husband handed out, and Shekar ends up in gaol.<ref name="Hooker1998"/>

== Analysis ==
''Shekhar: Ek Jivani'' is told through the thoughts of a political prisoner recalling his life. Agyeya writes in the introduction that he "strove to give voice to a man’s passionate quest" by the examination of the past. In terms of genre, its distinctiveness lay in the way it melded autobiographical elements from the author's life with imaginative fictions.<ref name="Lal1992"/>

The author adopted a style emphasizing how the narrator felt inwardly and disagreement with feelings such as his family, human relationships, women, and the manner of teaching. In personal terms, there is a focus on the protagonist's feelings with three basic instincts — sex, fear and the pursuit of self interest: Ways that affected his upbringing. While respecting his father, the protagonist finds himself hindered by her mother, causing him to resent her and grow closer to his sister. In adolescence, he falls in love with a distant cousin, which helps him grasp the meaning and value of life. He reflects on the conflict between his desire to achieve personal freedom and his social pressures which inhibit its attainment. These conflicts are played out against broader social activities, like his interest in helping the class of untouchables.<ref name="Lal1992"/>

With this backdrop explored, the author, in part two, describes the gradual disillusionment which creeps over the narrator as he meets various political figures and engages in programmes of social reform. In prison, to the contrary his faith in man is strengthened by the people he encounters there. His lover, however, decides upon a conventional marriage, and, on his release from imprisonment, the narrator strives to fulfill the calling of being a writer. As his disappointment mounts up, he is tempted to commit suicide, his lover convinces him otherwise. Their love develops profoundly only to be cut short by her death, which concluded part two.<ref name="Lal1992"/>

==Influences==
Agyeya acknowledged inspiration from [[Romain Rolland]]'s ''[[Jean-Christophe]]'', the French novel in ten volumes.<ref name="Datta1988">{{cite book|editor-first=Amaresh|editor-last=Datta|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1654|year=1988|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-260-1194-0|page=1654}}</ref> He wrote that "like the author of ''Jean-Christophe'', [he] was concerned with etching the portrait of a self-analytical, introspective soul, and was interested in discovering how such a person became a terrorist."<ref name="George1993">{{cite book|editor-last=George|editor-first=K. M.|editor-link=K. M. George (writer)|title=Modern Indian Literature: an Anthology: Fiction|volume=2|year=1993|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-7201-506-2|pages=338–339}}</ref>

Agyeya also quoted or mentioned Romantic and lyrical poets like [[Dante Gabriel Rossetti]], [[Christina Rossetti]], [[Edna St. Vincent Millay|Edna Vincent Millay]], [[Alfred Tennyson]], [[William Wordsworth]], [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]], [[George Byron]], [[John Keats]], and [[Walter Scott]]. In the preface of the novel, Agyeya has referenced [[T. S. Eliot]] and [[Luigi Pirandello]] and literary formulations of other modernist Western writers like [[James Joyce]], [[D. H. Lawrence]], [[Marcel Proust]], [[Henry James]], [[Lionel Trilling]], [[Dorothy Richardson]], and [[André Gide]].<ref name="Singh2018"/>

== Reception ==
''Shekhar: Ek Jivani'' is considered a unique and landmark novel in [[Hindi literature]].<ref name="Lal1992"/><ref name="Das2005">{{cite book|editor-first=Sisir Kumar|editor-last=Das|title=History of Indian Literature: 1911-1956, Struggle for Freedom : Triumph and Tragedy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sqBjpV9OzcsC&pg=PA284|year=2005|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7201-798-9|page=284}}</ref> The experimental nature of the novel gave it attention,<ref name="Lal1992"/> and many critics recognized it as the first [[Psychoanalysis|psychoanalytical]] novel of Hindi literature due to its focus on thematising the gap between the external world and internal states.<ref name=shingavi>{{cite journal|last=Shingavi|first=Snehal|title=Agyeya's Unfinished Revolution: Sexual and Social Freedom in Shekhar: Ek Jivani|journal=Journal of South Asian Studies|year=2016|volume=39|issue=3|doi=10.1080/00856401.2016.1197421|pages=577–591|s2cid=148338325|via=[[Taylor & Francis]]}} {{closed access}}</ref> ''Encyclopedia of Indian Literature'' mentions that the novel indicates a new beginning in Hindi literature.<ref name="Datta1987"/>

In 2018, Snehal Shingavi and [[Vasudha Dalmia]] translated the novel into English as ''Shekhar: A Life''.<ref name="Vatsyayan2018">{{cite book|author=S H Vatsyayan|title=Prison Days and Other Poems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yx1eDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT96|date=8 June 2018|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-5305-108-2|page=96}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |editor-last=Rai |editor-first=Ram Kamal |title=शेखर: एक जीवनी: विविध आयाम |language=hi |trans-title=Shekhar: A Life: Various Dimension |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.263821 |publisher=Abhivyakti Prakashan |location=[[Ilahabad]]|oclc=29703721}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Dalmia|editor-first=Vasudha|title=Hindi Modernism: Rethinking Agyeya and His Times|year=2012|publisher=Center for South Asia Studies, University of California|location=Berkeley|isbn=978-0-944613-26-9}}

== External links ==
* {{Internet Archive|id=HindiBook1077ShekharEkJeevani1940}} (Hindi)
* {{Google books|id=45sKAQAAIAAJ}} (Hindi)
* {{Google books|id=ZR1eDwAAQBAJ}} (English translation)

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Works by Agyeya]]
[[Category:1940 novels]]
[[Category:1944 novels]]
[[Category:Hindi-language novels]]
[[Category:Indian autobiographical novels]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novels]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Unfinished novels]]
[[Category:Nonlinear narrative novels]]
[[Category:Indian bildungsromans]]
[[Category:Novels about revolutionaries]]
[[Category:First-person narrative novels]]
[[Category:Novels about psychoanalysis]]
[[Category:Novels set in prison]]

Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond

2026-01-20T10:48:30Z

AdolphMassola0:

{{Short description|Reservoir in India}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
'''Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond''' is a multipurpose reservoir located 21 km downstream from the [[Nagarjuna Sagar Dam]] across the [[Krishna River]] near Satrasala in [[Palnadu district]], India. Its gross water storage capacity is 6 [[Tmcft]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.hindu.com/2004/11/14/stories/2004111403190500.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20041205133404/http://www.hindu.com/2004/11/14/stories/2004111403190500.htm|url-status= dead|archive-date= 5 December 2004|work= [[The Hindu]]|title= Nagarjuna Sagar tail-pond dam likely to benefit Krishna delta |date= 2004-11-14|accessdate=11 May 2013}}</ref> The reservoir water spread area extends up to the toe of the Nagarjuna Sagar dam. The project was completed by July 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.apgenco.gov.in/viewHTMLpage.asp?lfile=uploadedfiles/nstpd2022k6.htm|title= Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond dam progress report|accessdate= 11 May 2013|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130309235253/http://www.apgenco.gov.in/viewHTMLpage.asp?lfile=uploadedfiles%2Fnstpd2022k6.htm|archivedate= 9 March 2013}}</ref>
[[File:NagarjunaSagarDam.JPG|thumb|810 MW peaking power station at the toe of Nagarjuna Sagar dam]]

==Hydro electricity generation==
Two units of 25 MW each hydro power generation units, were commissioned in the year 2017 by [[APGENCO]] to utilize the head available across the dam from the river flood water, and the water released to meet the [[Prakasam Barrage]] requirements.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Nagarjunasagar_Tail_Pond_Power_House_PH01598 |title=Nagarjunasagar Tail Pond Power House PH01598 |accessdate=7 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712173544/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Nagarjunasagar_Tail_Pond_Power_House_PH01598 |archive-date=12 July 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Peaking power generation==
Presently, the 700 MW reversible hydro turbines (7 x 100 MW) located at the toe of Nagarjuna Sagar Dam are unable to operate in [[Pumped-storage|pumping mode]] due to non availability of tail pond for storing the released water during the power generation mode. With the completion of tail pond, surplus electricity from the electricity grid would be used for pumping the water back to the [[Nagarjuna Sagar Dam|Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir]] and recycled for meeting peaking load on daily basis. Thus surplus electricity is consumed when it is available and used to meet the peak electricity requirements without letting the water out of the Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond. 700 MW peaking power for eight hours duration can be met from the one Tmcft of live storage water capacity available in the tail pond.

==Irrigation potential==
200 Tmcft surplus water annually from the [[Godavari River]] is planned to be fed into this tail pond by the [[Dummugudem Lift Irrigation Scheme]] which is under execution. The water transferred to this tail pond will be pumped to the upstream 410 Tmcft gross water storage capacity Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir to feed its right and left bank canals. Thus Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir need not receive the water supply from the upstream [[Srisailam Dam|Srisailam reservoir]]. As the tail water level (48.33 m [[Mean sea level|MSL]]) of this dam is below the full reservoir level (53.34 m MSL) of the downstream [[Pulichinthala Project|Pulichintala dam]], surplus water in Pulichinthala reservoir can be pumped by envisaging [[Pumped storage hydroelectricity|pumped storage]] units from Pulichinthala reservoir to Nagarjunasagar reservoir via this pond. The retained water in the Srisailam reservoir would be used for upstream water uses from [[Jurala Project|Jurala]] and Srisailam reservoirs for irrigation needs in uplands of Telangana and Rayalaseema regions. The water from the Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir can also be pumped to the Srisailam reservoir by Srisailam left bank hydro electric power station (900 MW) in pumping mode in case of severe drought in Krishna river basin. Koilsagar lift irrigation project (near {{Coord|16|23|49|N|77|39|30|E|type:landmark_region:IN-AP}}), [[Bheema lift irrigation project|Rajiv Bheema lift irrigation project]], Nettampadu lift irrigation project (near {{Coord|16|18|58|N|77|40|21|E|type:landmark_region:IN-AP}}), [[Kalwakurthy lift irrigation scheme]], [[Srisailam Left Bank Canal]], [[Telugu Ganga project|Telugu Ganga irrigation project]], [[Handri-Neeva|Handri Neeva lift irrigation project]], [[Galeru Nagari Sujala Sravanthi Project|Galeru Nagari irrigation project]], Veligonda irrigation project etc. which are in advanced stage of construction, are depending on the Krishna river water available at Jurala / Srisailam dams.

A lift canal from the Krishna river ({{Coord|16|42|50|N|80|08|24|E|type:landmark_region:IN-AP}} at 20 m MSL) downstream of [[Pulichintala]] dam will be executed to feed [[Godavari River|Godavari]] water diverted from [[Polavaram Project|Polavaram]] to some of the existing command area (situated below 60 m MSL) under Nagarjuna Sagar right bank canal to facilitate extension of Nagarjuna Sagar right bank canal connecting to [[Kandaleru Dam|Kandaleru]] feeder canal / [[Somasila]] reservoir.

== Alternate to Dummugudem to Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond link canal==
{{Main article|Polavaram Project#Future potential}}
[[Dummugudem Lift Irrigation Scheme|Dummugudem to Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond link canal]] is entirely located in [[Telangana]] region and needs to be routed through high lands which necessitate more pumping head.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.irrigation.telangana.gov.in/icad/projects |title= JYOTHI RAO PULE DUMMUGUDEM NAGARJUNA SAGAR SUJALA SRAVANTHI |accessdate=19 July 2015}}</ref> An alternative link canal to Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond from [[Polavaram Project|Polavaram dam]] is also economically feasible to transfer Godavari water. This link canal passes entirely through the coastal Andhra Pradesh region only.

==Joint projects with Karnataka==
{{Main article|Tungabhadra Dam#Future potential}}
The [[Rajolibanda Diversion Scheme|Rajolibanda barrage]] is not receiving adequate continuous flows due to excessive water utilization in its catchment area in Karnataka. The lower Tungabhadra basin badly needs water augmentation from the adjacent Krishna river. This is achieved with a 20 km long tunnel from [[Narayanpur Dam|Narayanpur reservoir]] to the Maski nala reservoir / tank situated at 475 m MSL for drawing nearly 250 tmcft Krishna river water.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Maskinala_D05465|title=Maskinala D05465|accessdate=15 August 2015}}{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It would also provide additional water to bring more area under irrigation in uplands of Raichur & Mahboobnagar districts. Reliable Krishna river water can be supplied instead of unreliable Tungabhadra river water to the existing Tungabhadra Left bank canal in Raichur district, existing Tungabhadra right bank low level canal, the existing Rajolibanda left bank canal and the existing 150 years old [[K. C. Canal]]. Thus substantial [[Tungabhadra Dam|Tungabhadra reservoir]] water would be saved for utilization in upstream new projects and reliable Krishna river water supply is ensured to existing projects.

A new barrage (FRL 349 m MSL) across the Krishna river just downstream of [[Bhima river]] confluence point on the common border of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh states (near {{Coord|16|24|25|N|77|17|21|E|type:landmark_region:IN-AP}}), can also be taken up to supply Krishna river water by lift irrigation to the westernmost parts of [[Mahbubnagar district]] and high lands lying east of Bhima river in Karnataka.

Ultimately, 500 tmcft water is to be transferred annually from the Godavari river to this pond for meeting various water needs in Andhra Pradesh. Thus Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond will play pivotal role to put to use the water from the Godavari River in all regions of the [[Andhra Pradesh]] state.

== See also ==
* {{section link|Sileru River|Irrigation potential}}
* [[Icchampally Project]]
* [[Dummugudem Lift Irrigation Scheme]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Coord|16|37|42|N|79|29|21|E|type:landmark_region:IN-AP|display=title}}

{{Krishna basin |state=expanded}}
{{Krishna River dams}}

[[Category:Dams in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Lift irrigation schemes]]
[[Category:Irrigation in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Krishna River]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Krishna district]]
[[Category:Pumped-storage hydroelectric power stations in India]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Infrastructure completed in 2014]]

Mokhawa

2025-12-21T06:14:54Z

AdolphMassola0: Starting initial data first draft!

{{Short description|Village in Barmer District, Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mokhawa
| settlement_type = Village
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Barmer district| Barmer]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Gudamalani]]
| subdivision_type4 = Gram Panchayat
| subdivision_name4 = Mokhawa Khurd
| established_title = 
| area_total_ha = 2523.02
| population_total = 2488
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 344031
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|RJ-IN]]
| registration_plate = RJ-04
}}

'''Mokhawa''' is a village located in [[Gudamalani]] tehsil of [[Barmer district]], [[Rajasthan]], India.<ref name=":0" />

== Details ==
According to the 2011 Census, the population of this village was 2,488, of which the male population was 1,296 while the female population was 1,192.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx}}</ref>

One resident of this village, producer and actress Sohani Kumari, has recently produced a film, [[Aakhir Palaayan Kab Tak]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-04-29 |title=From A Small Rajasthan Village To Bollywood Actor-producer, A Look At Sohani Kumari's Journey |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/from-a-small-rajasthan-village-to-bollywood-actor-producer-a-look-at-sohani-kumaris-journey-8870702.html |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Barmer district}}
{{Barmer-geo-stub}}

{{coord missing|Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Villages in Barmer district]]

Southern Ghats slender gecko

2025-12-16T04:01:29Z

AdolphMassola0: started initial post more to come - done

{{Short description|Species of lizard}}
{{Speciesbox
| name =
| image = Western Ghat Worm Gecko.jpg
| genus = Hemiphyllodactylus
| species = aurantiacus
| authority = ([[Richard Henry Beddome|Beddome]], 1870)<ref>Beddome, R.H. 1870 Descriptions of some new lizards from the Madras Presidency. Madras Monthly J. Med. Sci. 1: 30-35</ref>
| range_map = Hemiphyllodactylus aurantiacus distribution.png
| status = CR
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Ganesh, S.R., Mohapatra, P., Srinivasulu, C. & Srinivasulu, B.|date=2021 |title=''Hemiphyllodactylus aurantiacus'' |volume=2021 |article-number=e.T158648207A158274194 |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/158648207/158274194 |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
| synonyms = ''Hemiphyllodactylus typus'' ssp. ''aurantiacus'' (Beddome, 1870)
}}

The '''Southern Ghats slender gecko''' ('''''Hemiphyllodactylus aurantiacus''''') is a species of [[gecko]] with a restricted distribution in the hills of southern [[India]].

==Description==
Head oviform, longer than broad; snout rounded, very convex, slightly shorter than, distance between eye and ear-opening, l.3 times the diameter of orbit; ear-opening very small, round. Body elongate, more so in females than in males; limbs short, fore limb measuring half the distance between axilla and groin, or rather less. Digits short, free, inner very small, rudimentary; only two large chevron-shaped divided lamellae under the distal part of the digits, followed by transverse undivided lamellae, decreasing in width. Head covered with very minute granules; rostral and mental very small, former four-sided, latter pentagonal or triangular; nostril pierced between rostral, first labial, and several granules; labials very small, 9 or 10 upper and as many lower, no chin-shields. Back covered with very small granular scales, abdominal scales a little larger, flat, imbricate. Male with an angular series of 7 to 9 preanal pores. Tail cylindrical, tapering, covered with small imbricated smooth scales, larger below. Grey-brown above, with, along the head and back, dark-brown undulating lines, which may be broken up into spots; a dark brown streak from the tip of the snout to the fore limb, passing through the eye; whitish dots scattered on the head and back; tail with darker spots or annuli and two large whitish black-edged spots at the base, frequently and two large whitish black-edged spots at the base, frequently confluent mesially. Lower surfaces whitish, more or less speckled with brownish.<ref>Boulenger, G. A. (1890) Fauna of British India. Reptilia and Batrachia.</ref>

From snout to vent {{convert|1.4|in|abbr=on}}; tail {{convert|1.25|in|abbr=on}}.

==Distribution==
S India (Anamallays = Anailmalais, Western Ghats, Bangalore, Kolli Hills)
Type locality: "Shevaroys, under stones about Yercaud and elsewhere, at an elevation of 4,000 feet".

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* Bauer, A.M. & Das, I. 1999 The systematic status of the endemic south Indian gecko ''Hemidactylus aurantiacus'' (Beddome 1870). J. South Asian Nat. Hist. 4 (2): 213-218

==External links==
* {{NRDB species|genus=Hemiphyllodactylus|species=aurantiacus}}
* http://itgmv1.fzk.de/www/itg/uetz/herp/photos/Hemiphyllodactylus_aurant.jpg

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3016394}}

[[Category:Hemiphyllodactylus]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1870|Southern Ghats slender gecko]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Richard Henry Beddome|Southern Ghats slender gecko]]

{{Gekkonidae-stub}}

Andaman Law College

2025-11-26T21:39:46Z

AdolphMassola0: added references

{{Short description|Government law school in India}}
{{lead rewrite|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Andaman Law College
|native_name =
|image = Andaman Law College.jpg
|image_size = 250px
|caption = Andaman Law College
|motto = धर्मो रक्षति रक्षितः
|mottoeng = Dharma, being preserved, preserves.
|type = [[Public university|Public]]
|location = Phoenix Bay, [[Port Blair]]
|established = 2016
|principal = Prashant Bhadu (In-Charge)
|administrative_staff = 8
|faculty = 7 (2022)
|students =
|undergrad = 45 ([[Bachelor of Laws|B.A.LL.B.]]) per year
|affiliation = [[Pondicherry University]],
[[Bar Council of India]]
|website = {{URL|https://andamanlawcollege.andaman.gov.in}}
}}

'''Andaman Law College''' ('''ALC''') is a government law school in [[Port Blair]], [[India]].<ref name="LawCollege">{{cite web|last1=ALC|title=Andaman Government Law College|url=https://southandaman.nic.in/public-utility/andaman-law-college/|accessdate=11 August 2017|language=en}}</ref> It was established in 2016 by the Andaman & Nicobar Islands Legal Education Society (ANILES) under Andaman & Nicobar Administration, and is entirely government-funded.<ref name="inaugration2016">{{cite web|url=http://www.andamanchronicle.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9810:lg-inaugurates-andaman-law-college-reiterates-commitment-in-starting-central-university-in-isles-soon&catid=37&Itemid=142|title=LG Inaugurates Andaman Law College; Reiterates Commitment in Starting Central University in Isles soon|website=Andaman Chronicle|accessdate=11 August 2017}}</ref> It is run by the ANILES with Hon'ble [[List of Lieutenant Governors of Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Lt. Governor]] as its president, Hon'ble [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] as its chairman and the Law Secretary as its Vice Chairman. The institute has a moderately sized interim campus in Transport Bhawan, Phoenix Bay, Port Blair.

==Organization and administration==
There are 10 full time faculty members, including the principal, who are recruited according to [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] norms by a six-member board.<ref name="Recruitment Notification">{{cite web|url=http://www.pondiuni.edu.in/news/recruitment-faculty-andaman-law-college/|title=Recruitment of faculty at Andaman Law College|website=Pondicherry University|accessdate=11 August 2017}}</ref> The college is affiliated to [[Pondicherry University]]<ref name="pondicherryuniversity">{{cite web|url=http://www.pondiuni.edu.in/affiliation/andaman-law-college|title=Andaman Law College B.A.LL.B. 5 Year course|website=Pondicherry University|accessdate=11 August 2017}}</ref> and approved by the [[Bar Council of India]].<ref name="BCIapproval">{{cite web|url=http://www.barcouncilofindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/List-of-Law-Colleges-having-approval-by-the-BCI.pdf|title=List of Law Colleges having approval the Bar Council of India|website=Bar Council of India|accessdate=11 August 2017}}</ref>

==Academics==
The college admits 45 students for the graduate program of [[Bachelor of Laws]] (B.A.LL.B.) annually.<ref name="thephoenixpostindia">{{cite web|url=http://thephoenixpostindia.com/law-college-invites-applications-admission-degree-course/|title=Law College invites applications for admission to Degree Course|website=The Phoenix Post India|date=8 June 2017|accessdate=11 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="prospectus2018">{{cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/view/andamanlawcollege/home|title=Prospectus for B.A.LL.B. course 2018|website=Andaman Law College|accessdate=11 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="Admission2017">{{cite web|url=http://thephoenixpostindia.com/chief-secy-appeals-students-faculty-make-andaman-law-college-model/|title=Chief Secy appeals students, faculty to make Andaman law College a model|website=The Phoenix Post India|date=28 July 2017|accessdate=11 August 2018}}</ref>
Admission is made as per the prevalent Rules and Regulations of the Government of India and the A&N Administration relating to reservation in the A&N Islands.<ref name="Prospectus2018">{{Cite web |url=https://www.andaman.gov.in/img/college-img/LAW.pdf |title=Andaman Law College - Prospectus 2018-2019 |access-date=14 July 2021 |archive-date=14 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714150309/https://www.andaman.gov.in/img/college-img/LAW.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Library==
The library of the Andaman Law College has a collection of over 3029 books covering general and special subjects including textbooks, reference books, journals, reports, legal periodicals, etc. The E-Library provides access to online legal research databases for both students and faculty.<ref name="CollegeAdmission">{{cite web |title=Andaman Law College - Prospectus 2021-2022 |url=https://collegeadmission.andaman.gov.in/images/law.pdf}}</ref> The library functions from 09:00 am till 05:00 pm on all working days of the week.<ref name="CollegeAdmission" />

==Controversies ==
On 24 November 2022, an unusual delay in conducting of first counselling for the session of 2022-2023 occurred. The [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad|ABVP]] Student Leader [[Siddhanth Rai Sharma]] solicited the college authorities and [[Andaman and Nicobar administration]] to conduct the counselling sessions with immediate action.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Murugesan |first=R |url=https://andamanobserver.com/city/the-abvp-andaman-nicobar-islands-unit-demands-to-continue-admission-process-by-conducting-a-counseling-session-in-andaman-law-college%ef%bf%bc/ |title=The ABVP Andaman & Nicobar Islands Unit Demands to Continue Admission Process by Conducting a Counseling Session in Andaman Law College |work=Andaman Observer |access-date=24 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=ABVP Archives |title=ABVP State Joint Secretary Siddhanth Rai Sharma demanded to conduct counselling session in Andaman Law College after unusual delay by college administration |date=2022-11-24 |url=http://archive.org/details/abvp-state-joint-secretary-siddhanth-rai-sharma-demanded-to-conduct-counselling- |access-date=2022-12-11}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=The Echo of India |title=ABVP seeks for continuation of admission process in Andaman Law College |date=2022-11-24 |url=http://archive.org/details/img-20221204-021143 |access-date=2022-12-11}}</ref> However a press release announcing the date for the first counselling 2022-2023 was released the same day.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Andaman Law College |url=http://archive.org/details/andaman-law-college-issued-press-release-on-schedule-of-first-counselling-after-a-long-undue-delay |title=Andaman Law College issued Press Release on schedule of first counselling after a long undue delay |date=2022-11-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=sanjib |date=2022-11-24 |title=Admission counseling for B.A.LL.BDegree Course |url=https://www.andamansheekha.com/110009/ |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=ANDAMAN SHEEKHA |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Student activities==
Every year, the students of law college celebrate Freshers day in odd semester and Annual day in even semester.<ref name="freshersday">{{cite web|url=http://www.andamansheekha.com/2016/11/22/andaman-law-college-celebrates-freshers-day/|title=Andaman Law College Celebrates Freshers' Day|website=Andaman Sheekha|date=22 November 2016|accessdate=30 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="annualday">{{cite web|url=https://www.andamansheekha.com/2019/04/30/andaman-law-college-celebrates-annual-day-cs-reiterates-administrations-commitment-towards-providing-better-teaching-learning-support-to-students/|title=Andaman Law College celebrates annual day : CS reiterates Administration's commitment towards providing better teaching & learning support to students|website=Andaman Sheekha|date=30 April 2019|accessdate=30 April 2019}}</ref> The college organised National Seminar on Socio-Legal Rights of Tribals in Andaman & Nicobar Islands: Issues & Challenges on 16 & 17 March 2018.<ref name="National Seminar">{{cite web|url=http://www.andamanlawcollege.blogspot.com/|title=National Seminar on Socio-Legal Rights of Tribals in Andaman & Nicobar Islands|website=Blog|accessdate=11 August 2018}}</ref> The law professors provide 100% free legal aid every Wednesday afternoon in the Legal Aid Clinic of the college regardless of income, race, sex and domicile.<ref name="Legal Aid Clinic">{{cite web|url=http://thephoenixpostindia.com/law-college-conducts-legal-aid-clinic/|title=Law College conducts Legal Aid Clinic|website=The Phoenix Post India|date=23 November 2017|accessdate=11 August 2018}}</ref>
The Students of Andaman Law College are also engaged in Social work, in the year of 2018 when state of Kerala was suffering from a flood the students of Andaman Law College contributed in [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad|ABVP'S]] Kerala flood Relief funds. The fundraising was led by K Sneha 3rd year student of ALC along with Roban Antony state Executive member ABVP ANI.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.andamansheekha.com/65254/|title = Andaman Law College students contribute in ABVP's Kerala flood Relief founds -|date = 31 August 2018}}</ref>
The students of the college along with the faculties regularly participate in Lok Adalat sittings organised by the District Legal Services Authority.<ref name="Prospectus2018" />

===Debate competitions===
[[File:Students Panel representing Andaman Law College in a Debate organized by ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute.jpg|thumb|Students Panel representing Andaman Law College in a Debate organized by ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute]]
On 16 November 2022, A panel of Andaman Law College represented the college in a debate competition. The Inter-College debate competition was organized by [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research|ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute]] ([[Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Andaman & Nicobar Islands]]) on the topic “Whether agriculture, animal husbandry and fisheries are promising professional career or not?”. Two panels argued on behalf of Andaman Law college in debate competition. The panels was headed by Mr. [[Siddhanth Rai Sharma]] & Miss. Pooja Chetri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ICAR-CIARI |url=https://ciari.icar.gov.in/AED2_2022.html |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=ciari.icar.gov.in}}</ref>

The team of Andaman Law college secured 1st position in the debate competition. The team was felicitated during Valedictory Ceremony by the officials & guest of Honors of ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ICAR-CIARI |url=https://ciari.icar.gov.in/AED10_2022.html |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=ciari.icar.gov.in}}</ref>

===Saraswati Pooja Celebration===

[[File:Siddhanth Rai Sharma along with his Organizing team on Shree Saraswati Pooja at Andaman Law College.jpg|thumb|Siddhanth Rai Sharma along with his Organizing team on Shree Saraswati Pooja at Andaman Law College]]
On 14 February 2024 on the occasion of Vasant Panchami, Andaman Law College celebrated 1st Shree Saraswati Pooja in the college campus.The celebration of festival was supplied with Pooja, Hawan, cultural events, Maha Bhoj (community lunch).

[[File:Student Leader Siddhanth Rai Sharma performing the aarti of Mata Saraswati.jpg|thumb|Student Leader Siddhanth Rai Sharma performing the aarti of Mata Saraswati]]

The whole event was organised and coordinated by ALC Shree Saraswati Pooja Samiti Under the chairmanship of [[Siddhanth Rai Sharma]].

==See also==
*[[Jawaharlal Nehru Rajkeeya Mahavidyalaya, Port Blair]]
*[[Mahatma Gandhi Government College, Mayabunder]]
*[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands Institute of Medical Sciences, Port Blair]]
*[[Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Institute of Technology]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|11.6706|92.7368|type:edu_region:Andaman and Nicobar Islands|display=title}}

[[Category:Government universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Pondicherry University]]
[[Category:Education in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
[[Category:Law schools in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2016]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]

India–Serbia relations

2025-11-24T15:29:37Z

AdolphMassola0: updated lead after review per sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2013}}
{{infobox bilateral relations|India–Serbia|India|Serbia|map=India Serbia Locator.png|filetype=png|mission2=Embassy of Serbia, [[New Delhi]]|mission1=Embassy of India, [[Belgrade]]}}

[[India]] and [[Serbia]] maintain diplomatic relations established between India and [[SFR Yugoslavia]] in 1948. From 1948 to 2006, India [[India–Yugoslavia relations|maintained relations]] with the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) (later [[Serbia and Montenegro]]), of which Serbia is considered [[Agreement on Succession Issues of the Former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|shared]] (SFRY) or sole (FRY) legal [[succession of states|successor]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.undp.org.rs/index.cfm?event=public.cpm|work=UNDP Serbia|title=Country programme framework|publisher=[[UNDP]]|access-date=August 26, 2015|archive-date=May 5, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505155700/http://www.undp.org.rs/index.cfm?event=public.cpm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== History ==

During 1300-1400 CE, [[Timeline_of_Romani_history#Serbia|Romani people]] of Indian origin had already settled in [[Serbia]].

In 1926, [[Rabindranath Tagore]] gave two lectures at the [[University of Belgrade]].<ref name="Ministry of External Affairs of India-Serbia">{{cite web |url=http://mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Serbia_April_2014.pdf |title=India-Serbia Relations |publisher=[[Ministry of External Affairs of India]] |access-date=2016-05-16}}</ref>
Both countries were founding members of the [[Non Aligned Movement]] with Serbia being part of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia at the time.<ref name="Embassy of India, Belgrade">{{cite web |url=http://www.eoibelgrade.gov.in/relationpages.php?id=38 |title=India-Serbia Bilateral relations |publisher=Embassy of India, Belgrade |access-date=2016-05-16}}</ref>
The countries had developed close and friendly relations during the period of Cold War when both Yugoslavia and India tried to maintain peaceful coexistence among nations. Especially close relations existed between the Yugoslav president [[Josip Broz Tito]] and India's first Prime Minister, [[Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru]].<ref name="The Centre for Policy Research (CPR)">{{cite web |url=http://www.cprindia.org/research/books/india-and-serbia-and-montenegro-re-engagement-regional-and-bilateral-dimensions |title=India and Serbia and Montenegro Re-engagement: Regional and Bilateral Dimensions |publisher=[[Centre for Policy Research]] |access-date=2016-05-16}}</ref> Since 1970s, [[New Belgrade]] has two streets named after Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru, with the busts of the two leaders set in that place in 1990s.<ref name="Ministry of External Affairs of India-Serbia"/><ref name="Home › India-Serbia Bilateral relations">{{cite web |url=http://www.eoibelgrade.gov.in/relationpages.php?id=38 |title=Home › India-Serbia Bilateral relations |publisher=[[Ministry of External Affairs of India]] |access-date=2016-05-16}}</ref> India was one of the nations that co-sponsored the proposal to readmit the [[Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] (Serbia and Montenegro) to the [[United Nations]] in 2000.<ref name="Ministry of External Affairs of India">{{cite web |url=http://mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/India-Serbia_Relations.pdf |title=India-Serbia Relations |publisher=[[Ministry of External Affairs of India]] |access-date=2016-05-16}}</ref> During her visit to Belgrade in 2013, Indian Foreign Minister [[Preneet Kaur]] stated that she hopes that Serbia will continue to support reforms in international bodies, including the [[United Nations]], and India's bid to become a permanent member of the [[UN Security Council]].<ref name="B92-Preneet Kaur">{{cite web |url=http://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics.php?yyyy=2013&mm=11&dd=21&nav_id=88419 |title=Serbia and India "bound by traditional friendship" |date=21 November 2013 |publisher=[[B92]] |access-date=2016-05-16}}</ref> In a 2018 interview for local media, Indian Ambassador to Serbia, Narinder Chauhan, stated that "''Despite the [[Breakup of Yugoslavia|breakup of Yugoslavia]] our political relations continue to be exceptional, marked by a long tradition of mutual support on issues of core interest... It is a matter of immense satisfaction that Serbia also supports India’s international role. India sees Serbia as a reliable partner.''"<ref name="CorD Magazine">{{cite web |url=http://cordmagazine.com/markets/country-in-focus/india/interview-h-e-narinder-chauhan-indian-ambassador-to-serbia-traditional-closeness-despite-geographical-distance/ |title=Traditional Closeness, Despite Geographical Distance |publisher=CorD Magazine |access-date=2016-05-16 |archive-date=28 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228023519/http://cordmagazine.com/markets/country-in-focus/india/interview-h-e-narinder-chauhan-indian-ambassador-to-serbia-traditional-closeness-despite-geographical-distance/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==India's stance on Kosovo==
{{see also|India's reaction to the 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence}}
[[File:Execution of Prisonsers Belgrade-Suleymanname.jpg|thumb|235x235px|16th-century Ottoman miniature depicting two Indian mahouts carrying out executions by elephant near [[Belgrade]]]]
India backs Serbia's position regarding [[Kosovo]] and its reaction to the 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence is one of non-recognition.<ref name="The InSerbia Network">{{cite web |url=http://inserbia.info/today/2013/11/relations-between-serbia-and-india-extremely-good-nikolic/ |title=Relations between Serbia and India extremely good – Nikolic |publisher=The InSerbia Network |access-date=2016-05-16 |archive-date=4 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604022610/http://inserbia.info/today/2013/11/relations-between-serbia-and-india-extremely-good-nikolic/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

According to [[United States diplomatic cables leak|leaked US embassy cables]], then [[U.S. Ambassador to India]] [[David C. Mulford]] pressured India in joining with the United States and other European countries in recognizing Kosovo's independence. But, due to India's fear that Kosovo's independence will set a precedent for [[Kashmir independence movement|Kashmir independence]], made non-recognition of Kosovo's independence as India's default position.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/the-india-cables//article60535030.ece|title=Kashmir issue clouds Indian view of Kosovo|first=Arvind|last=Sivaramakrishnan|newspaper=The Hindu|date=2011-04-04|access-date=2022-09-06}}</ref>

In 2022, spokesperson of the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affarirs of India]] [[Arindam Bagchi]] stated thet India's position on Kosovo has not changed, in response to reports on the opening of the India-Kosovo Commercial Economic Office in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=India's position on Kosovo is well known and there is no change in it, says MEA spokesperson |url=https://newsonair.gov.in/News?title=India%26%2339%3Bs-position-on-Kosovo-is-well-known-and-there-is-no-change-in-it%2C-says-MEA-spokesperson&id=451371 |access-date=8 Mar 2024 |work=[[All India Radio]] |date=25 Nov 2022}}</ref>

==Cultural relations==

Serbia was one of the nations that co-sponsored [[Narendra Modi]] proposal for [[International Yoga Day]] at United Nations.<ref name="Pokret nesvrstanih još spaja Srbiju i Indiju">{{cite web |url=http://www.danas.rs/danasrs/svet/globus/pokret_nesvrstanih_jos_spaja_srbiju_i_indiju_.12.html?news_id=306334 |title=Pokret nesvrstanih još spaja Srbiju i Indiju |date=13 August 2015 |publisher=[[Danas (newspaper)|Danas]] |access-date=2016-05-16}}</ref>

==Resident diplomatic missions==
* India has an embassy in [[Belgrade]].
* Serbia has an embassy in [[New Delhi]] and an honorary consulate in [[Chennai]].

== See also ==
* [[Foreign relations of India]]
* [[Foreign relations of Serbia]]
* [[India–Yugoslavia relations]]
* [[Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090828111812/http://www.embassyofserbiadelhi.net.in/ Serbian embassy in New Delhi]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090410030741/http://www.embassyofindiabelgrade.org/ Indian embassy in Belgrade]
* [http://www.mfa.gov.rs/Policy/Bilaterala/India/index_e.html Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with India]

{{Foreign relations of Serbia}}
{{Foreign relations of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India-Serbia relations}}
[[Category:India–Serbia relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of India|Serbia]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Serbia]]

Archdiocese of Bengaluru

2025-11-14T15:53:52Z

AdolphMassola0: creating stub

{{Short description|Roman Catholic archdiocese in Karnataka, India}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=May 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction = Archdiocese
| name = Bangalore
| latin = Archidioecesis Bangalorensis
| local = {{ubl|
|{{lang|ka|ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ಮಹಾಧರ್ಮಕ್ಷೇತ್ರ}}}}
| image = St._Francis_Xavier%27s_Cathedral,_Bangalore_front.jpg
| image_size = 230px
| image_alt =
| caption = St. Francis Xavier's Metropolitan Cathedral

| country = {{flag|India}}
| territory =
| province = Bangalore
| metropolitan =
| archdeaconries =
| deaneries =
| subdivisions =
| coordinates = {{Coord|12.9926881|N|77.6112872|E|display=title}}

| area_km2 = 29,950
| area_sqmi = 
| area_footnotes =
| population = 17,165,595
| population_as_of = 2022
| catholics = 360,561
| catholics_percent = 2.1
| parishes = 126
| churches = 
| congregations = 
| schools = 
| members = 

| denomination = [[Roman Catholic]]
| rite = [[Latin Church|Latin Rite]] or [[Roman rite]]
| established = 13 February 1940
| cathedral = [[St. Francis Xavier's Cathedral, Bangalore]]
| cocathedral = St. Patrick's Church
| patron = [[St. Francis Xavier]]
| patron_title = 
| priests = 1632

| pope = {{Incumbent pope}} 
| patriarch =
| major_archbishop =
| bishop =
| bishop_title = Archbishop
| metro_archbishop = [[Peter Machado]]
| coadjutor =
| suffragans = 
| auxiliary_bishops = Most Rev. [[Arokiaraj Satis Kumar]], Most Rev. [[Joseph Susainathan]]
| apostolic_admin =
| vicar_general =
| episcopal_vicar = Rt. Rev. Msgr. Xavier Manavath, CMF
| archdeacons = 
| emeritus_bishops = [[Bernard Moras]] (2004-2018)

| map = Map of Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bangalore.png
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =

| website = [http://www.bangalorearchdiocese.org/ Website of the Archdiocese]
| footnotes =
|coat=|flag=|headquarters=Bangalore|sui_iuris_church=Roman Church|founded=1845|dissolved=|language=
[[Kannada]]
[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
[[English language|English]]}}

The '''[[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] [[Metropolitan bishop|Metropolitan]] [[Diocese|Archdiocese]] of [[Bangalore]]''' ({{langx|la|Archidioecesis Bangalorensis}}) is an ecclesiastical territory or [[diocese]] of the [[Catholic Church in India]]. It was erected as pro-vicariate from (16 March 1845 to 2 April 1850), as Vicariate from (3 April 1850 – 31 August 1886), as Diocese of Mysore – Bangalore in the [[Ecclesiastical province|Ecclesiastical Metropolitan Province]] of '''Pondicherry''' in [[South India|Southern India]] from (1 September 1886 – 12 February 1940), as '''Diocese of Bangalore''' on 13 February 1940 by [[Pope Pius XII]], and elevated to the rank of a [[Metropolitan bishop|Metropolitan Archdiocese]] on 19 September 1953, with the [[Suffragan bishop|Suffragan]] Dioceses of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Belgaum|Belgaum]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Bellary|Bellary]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chikmagalur|Chikmagalur]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Gulbarga|Gulbarga]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Karwar|Karwar]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mangalore|Mangalore]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Udupi|Udupi]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mysore|Mysore]], and [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Shimoga|Shimoga]].

The archdiocese's [[Mother Church|mother church]] and thus seat of its archbishop is the [[St. Francis Xavier's Cathedral, Bangalore]]; Bangalore also houses [[St. Mary's Basilica, Bangalore|St. Mary's Basilica]]. [[Peter Machado|Bishop Peter Machado]] was appointed Archbishop of Bangalore by [[Pope Francis]] on 19 March 2018.

== History ==
The mission in the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] was entrusted to the [[Paris Foreign Missions Society]] in 1845, which became an [[apostolic vicariate]] in 1850 under the leadership of [[Étienne-Louis Charbonnaux|Bishop Charbonnaux]]. Mysore became a diocese in 1886, but it was around the city of Bangalore that missionary work developed with the creation of parishes, convents, and schools. During the 20th century, the city of Bangalore itself became much more important than Mysore. For example, in 1904 it hosted the 3rd National Eucharistic Congress of India, presided over by the Bishop of Dhaka, [[Peter Joseph Hurth|Bishop Peter Joseph Hurth]].<ref>"Bishop Hurth of Dacca, the distinguished former Texan delivers a great sermon at a Eucharistic Congress in Asia", The Southern Messenger, San Antonio, Texas, USA, 7 July 1904, p.3</ref>

==List of Vicar Apostolic, Bishop and Archbishops of Bangalore==
*Bishop [[Etienne-Louis Charbonnaux]], [[Paris Foreign Missions Society|M.E.P.]] (1845–1873)
*Bishop [[Joseph-Auguste Chevalier]], M.E.P. (1873–1880)
*Bishop [[Jean-Yves-Marie Coadou]], M.E.P. (1880–1890)
*Bishop [[Eugène-Louis Kleiner]], M.E.P. (1890–1910)
*Bishop [[Augustin-François Baslé]], M.E.P. (1910–1915)
*Bishop [[Hippolyte Teissier]], M.E.P. (1916–1922)
*Bishop [[Maurice-Bernard-Benoit-Joseph Despatures]], M.E.P. (1922–1942)
*Archbishop [[Thomas Pothacamury]] (1942–1967)
*His Eminence [[Duraisamy Simon Cardinal Lourdusamy|Duraisamy Simon Lourdusamy]] (Auxiliary Bishop (1962–1964), Coadjutor Archbishop (1964-1967), Archbishop of Bangalore (1967–1971)
*Archbishop [[Packiam Arokiaswamy]] (1971–1986)
*Archbishop [[Alphonsus Mathias]] (1986–1998)
*Archbishop [[Ignatius Paul Pinto]] (1998–2004)
*Monsignor [[Thomas Jabamalai]] (Apostolic Administrator, Archdiocese of Bangalore (2004))
*Archbishop [[Bernard Blasius Moras]] (2004–2018)
*Archbishop [[Peter Machado]] (2018 – Present)

==List of Auxiliary Bishops of Bangalore==
*His Eminence [[Duraisamy Simon Cardinal Lourdusamy|Duraisamy Simon Lourdusamy]], Auxiliary Bishop (1962–1964) (Later Archbishop and Cardinal)
*Most Rev. Dr. [[Arokiaraj Satis Kumar]], Auxiliary Bishop (2024-)
*Most Rev. Dr. [[Joseph Susainathan]], Auxiliary Bishop (2024-)

[[File:St_Francis_Xavier_Cathedral,_Bangalore_night.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Domes and crosses of the St. Francis Xavier's Cathedral seen against the Bangalore skyline]]
[[File:St_Francis_Xavier_Cathedral,_Bangalore_oblique.jpg|thumb|250px|left|St. Francis Xavier's Cathedral]]

==Saints and causes for canonisation==
* Ven. [[Veronica of the Passion]] (Sophia Leeves)<ref name="CCBI">{{Cite web|url=http://ccbi.in/saints-blessed/|title=Saints & Blessed – CCBI|accessdate=Oct 17, 2019|archive-date=18 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218103142/http://ccbi.in/saints-blessed/|url-status=live}}</ref>  
* Servant of God [[Teresa of St. Rose of Lima]]<ref name="CCBI" />
* Servant of God Fr. [[Bastiampillai Anthonipillai Thomas]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=1964 |url=http://newsaints.faithweb.com/year/1964.htm |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=newsaints.faithweb.com |archive-date=6 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106143553/http://newsaints.faithweb.com/year/1964.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Catholic Church in India]]
* [[Infant Jesus Church, Bangalore]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.bangalorearchdiocese.com Official site]
*[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dbang.html Catholic-Hierarchy]
*[http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/bang0.htm GCatholic.org]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bangalore}}
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1940]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in India]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century]]
[[Category:Christianity in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:1940 establishments in India]]

Agra Cantonment–Banaras Vande Bharat Express

2025-10-21T03:45:31Z

AdolphMassola0:

{{Italic title}}{{short description|Mini Vande Bharat Express train route in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 28457D
| name = Agra Cantonment – Banaras ''Vande Bharat Express''
| logo_width =
| image = Vande Bharat express at Banaras Railwaystation.jpg
| image_width = 300px
| image_alt =
| alt =
| caption = This Mini [[Vande Bharat Express]] on standby at {{stnlnk|Banaras}} railway station
| type = [[Vande Bharat Express]]
| locale = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| first = {{Start date|2024|09|16}} (Inaugural) {{start date and age|23 September 2024}} (Commercial)
| last =
| operator = [[North Central Railway zone|North Central Railways (NCR)]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Agra Cantonment}} '''(AGC)'''
| stops = 04
| end = {{stnlnk|Banaras}} '''(BSBS)'''
| distance = {{convert|573|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 07 hrs
| frequency = Six days a week {{efn|Except Wednesdays}}
| trainnumber = 20176 / 20175
| line_used = *[[Kanpur-Delhi section|Agra Cantonment–Tundla Jn line]]
*[[Kanpur–Delhi section|Delhi-Kanpur section(till Kanpur Central)]]
*[[Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction – Kanpur section|Kanpur–DDU section (till Prayagraj Jn)]]
*[[Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction – Kanpur section|Prayagraj Jn-Banaras]]
| class = AC Chair Car, AC Executive Chair Car
| seating = {{Hlist|Airline style|Rotatable seats}}
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = On board Catering
| observation = Large windows in all coaches
| entertainment = {{Hlist|[[Wi-Fi|On-board WiFi]]|Infotainment System|[[AC power plugs and sockets: British and related types#Indian IS 1293|Electric outlets]]|Reading light|Seat Pockets|Bottle Holder|Tray Table}}
| baggage = Overhead racks
| otherfacilities = [[Kavach (train protection system)|Kavach]]
| stock = [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|Mini Vande Bharat 2.0]] ''(Last service: May 28 2025)'' [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|Vande Bharat 2.0]] ''(First service: May 29 2025)''
| gauge = [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|Indian gauge]] {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| el =
| speed = {{cvt|82|km/h|0|abbr=on}} (Avg.)
| trainlength = {{convert|384|m|ft}} (16 coaches)
| owners = [[Indian Railways]]
| maintenance = '''''(TBC)'''''
| map = {{Agra Cantonment – Banaras VB Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| electrification = [[25 kV 50 Hz AC]] Overhead line
}}

The 20176/20175 '''Agra Cantonment - Banaras ''Vande Bharat Express''''' is India's 64th [[Vande Bharat Express|Vande Bharat Express train]], connecting the riverside city of [[Agra]], located on the banks of the [[Yamuna|Yamuna River]], with the Ganges city of [[Varanasi]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vande Bharat: आगरा कैंट से वाराणसी का सफर होगा आसान, 16 सितंबर को वंदे भारत एक्सप्रेस का शुभारंभ |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/agra/traveling-from-agra-cantt-to-varanasi-will-be-easy-vande-bharat-express-will-be-launched-on-16th-september-2024-09-12 |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-06 |title=Varanasi-Agra Vande Bharat train timings, stops, price and timing - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/travel/destinations/reach-varanasi-from-agra-in-just-7-hours-check-vande-bharat-train-timings-stops-price-and-more-19472164.htm |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

This express train was inaugurated on September 16, 2024, by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] via [[Videotelephony|video conferencing]] from [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite web |author=Staff Reporter |date=2024-09-16 |title=PM Modi Launches Vande Bharat Trains On 6 New Routes - Metro Rail News |url=https://metrorailnews.in/pm-modi-inaugurated-6-new-vande-bharat-trains/ |access-date=2024-09-16 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vande Bharat Train: इटावा को मिला वंदे भारत का स्टॉपेज, वाराणसी से चलेगी नई वंदेभारत यूपी में छह स्टेशनों पर ठहरेगी |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/up-uttarakhand/agra/vandebharat-express-vande-bharat-train-will-run-from-agra-to-varanasi-including-etawah-stoppage-know-timing/2425469 |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=Zee News |language=hi}}</ref>

== Overview ==
This train is currently operated by [[Indian Railways]], connecting [[Agra Cantonment railway station|Agra Cantt.]], [[Tundla Junction railway station|Tundla Jn]], [[Etawah Junction railway station|Etawah Jn]], [[Kanpur Central railway station|Kanpur Central]], [[Prayagraj Junction railway station|Prayagraj Jn]], and [[Banaras railway station|Banaras]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=20176/Agra Cantt. - Banaras Vande Bharat Express - Agra Cantt. to Banaras NCR/North Central Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/agra-cantt-banaras-vande-bharat-express-20176/235310/450/12892 |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref> It operates with train numbers 20176/20175, running six days a week.<ref>{{Cite web |title=20176/Agra Cantt. - Banaras Vande Bharat Express - Agra Cantt. to Banaras NCR/North Central Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/235310 |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

==Rakes==
It was the 60th [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|2nd Generation]] and 43th [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|Mini Vande Bharat 2.0 Express train]], designed and manufactured by the [[Integral Coach Factory]] at [[Perambur]], [[Chennai]] under the [[Make in India]] Initiative.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Train 18, India's Fastest, Named "Vande Bharat Express": Piyush Goyal |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/train-18-indias-fastest-named-vande-bharat-express-piyush-goyal-1983965 |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

=== Coach Augmentation ===
As of 2025, this express train was augmented with 8 additional AC coaches and has been running with [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|Vande Bharat 2.0 trainset]] W.E.F. 29 May 2025, in order to enhance passenger capacity on this popular route.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vande Bharat: वंदे भारत एक्सप्रेस में होने वाला है बड़ा बदलाव, अब होंगे 16 कोच - Agra Cantt Banaras Vande Bharat Express to Get 16 Coaches |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-city-agra-cantt-banaras-vande-bharat-express-to-get-16-coaches-23942512.html |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== Service ==
The 20176/20175 Agra Cantonment - Banaras Vande Bharat Express currently operates 6 days a week, covering a distance of {{convert|573|km|0|abbr=on}} in a travel time of 07 hrs with average speed of 82 km/h. The Maximum Permissible Speed (MPS) is {{Convert|130|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.

== See also ==

* [[Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Tejas Express]]
* [[Gatiman Express]]
* [[Agra Cantonment railway station]]
* [[Banaras railway station]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Vande Bharat Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agra Cantonment-Banaras Vande Bharat Express}}
[[Category:Vande Bharat Express trains]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Higher-speed rail]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Electric multiple units of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Transport in Agra]]
[[Category:Transport in Varanasi]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2024]]

Aasi Ghazipuri

2025-10-16T17:09:14Z

AdolphMassola0: creating post

{{Short description|Indian poet}}
{{Orphan|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shah Muhammad Abdul Aleem Aasi Ghazipuri
| native_name = آسی غازی پوری
| native_name_lang = ur
| birth_name = Abdul Aleem
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1834|12|21}}
| birth_place = Sikandarpur, [[Ballia district]], United Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh)
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1917|01|24|1834|12|21}}
| death_place = Ghazipur, United Provinces
}}
'''Shah Muhammad Abdul Aleem Aasi''' (21 December 1834 – 24 January 1917) better known as '''Aasi Ghazipuri''' was an Indian [[Sufism|Sufi mystic]] and Poet of [[Urdu|Urdu-language]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Saran |first=Saraswati |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Development_of_Urdu_Poetry/1sljAAAAMAAJ?hl=en |title=Development of Urdu Poetry |date=1990 |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7141-068-2 |pages=252 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-25 |title=اے جنوں پھر مرے سر پر وہی شامت آئی ۔۔۔۔داستان اردو کے ممتاز شاعر آسی غازی پوری کی |url=https://dailypakistan.com.pk/25-Jan-2023/1536832 |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=Daily Pakistan |language=en}}</ref> He was a contemporary of [[Altaf Hussain Hali]], [[Hafeez Jalandhari]] and [[Zafar Ali Khan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nadvī |first=Abulḥasan ʻAlī |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Musalman/HjsgAAAAMAAJ?hl=en |title=The Musalman |date=1972 |publisher=Academy of Islamic Research Publications |pages=115 |language=en}}</ref> He was the teacher of [[Fani Ghazipuri]], a known poet of Urdu-language and was one of poet who was praised by [[Firaq Gorakhpuri]] and [[Majnun Gorakhpuri]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandey |first=Dr Ved Prakash |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Shaharnama_Gorakhpur/40owDwAAQBAJ?hl=en |title=Shaharnama Gorakhpur |date=2017-07-04 |publisher=Vāṇī Prakāśana |isbn=978-93-5229-698-9 |pages=120 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gorakhpūrī |first=Firāq |author-link=Firaq Gorakhpuri |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Rooh_e_Kayaanat/Tbv1eh6gglEC?hl=en |title=Rooh-e-Kayaanat |date=1998 |publisher=Vani Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7055-580-3 |pages=30 |language=hi}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Muhammad Abdul Aleem Aasi was born on 21 December 1834 at Sikandarpur, [[Ballia district]], [[United Provinces (1937–1950)|United Provinces]] (now [[Uttar Pradesh]]) into a well-educated family.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Narang |first=Gopi Chand |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Urdu_Ghazal/zurkDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Aasi+Ghazipuri&pg=PT58&printsec=frontcover |title=The Urdu Ghazal: A Gift of India’s Composite Culture |date=2020-01-02 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-099004-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kanda |first=K. C. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Masterpieces_of_Urdu_Rubaiyat/JMxjAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Aasi+Ghazipuri&dq=Aasi+Ghazipuri&printsec=frontcover |title=Masterpieces of Urdu Rubaiyat |date=1994 |publisher=Sterling Publishers |isbn=978-81-207-1502-8 |pages=93–95 |language=ur}}</ref> He was a student of Nasikh school.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gopāla |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Unnisavin_shatabdi_Ka_Hindi_Sahitya/Piq6DQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Aasi+Ghazipuri&pg=PA180&printsec=frontcover |title=Unnisavin shatabdi Ka Hindi Sahitya |last2=Sāṅkr̥ta |first2=Satyaketu |date=2015 |publisher=Vani Prakashan |isbn=978-93-5229-032-1 |pages=180 |language=hi}}</ref>

He received his early education under the tutelage of his maternal grandfather and then he went to [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]] and studied under Maulana Abdul Haleem Firangi Mahali.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=مگسی |first=آغا نیاز |date=2023-01-24 |title=ماہر طبیب اور ممتاز شاعر آسی غازی پور - Baaghi TV |url=https://baaghitv.com/mahir-tabeeb-or-poet-asi-ghazi-puri/ |access-date=2024-12-28 |language=ur}}</ref>

== Works ==

* {{Cite book |last=Ghazipuri |first=Aasi |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/intikhab-e-kalam-e-aasi-ghazipuri-aasi-ghazipuri-ebooks |title=Intikhab-e-Kalam-e-Aasi Ghazipuri |publisher=Uttar Pradesh Urdu Academy |year=1983 |editor-last=Abdali |editor-first=Dr. Taiyab |edition=1st |location=Lucknow |language=ur}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dutt |first=K. C. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Who_s_who_of_Indian_Writers/-W1OAAAAYAAJ?hl=en |title=Who's who of Indian Writers: 1999 : In 2 Vol. Vol. 1 A-M |date=1999 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-0873-5 |pages=1348 |language=en}}</ref>

== Death ==
He died on 24 January 1917 at Ghazipur, United Provinces.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

* {{Cite journal |last=Ansari |first=Masihuzzama |title=Urdu Ka Ek Gumnam Shaeir-Aasi Ghazipuri |journal=Kanzul Iman |location=Matiya Mahal, Jama Masjid, Delhi}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.rekhta.org/poets/aasi-ghazipuri/profile Aasi Ghazipuri] on [[Rekhta (website)|Rekhta]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghazipuri, Aasi}}
[[Category:1834 births]]
[[Category:1917 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Writers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]

Kolab Dam

2025-10-09T11:19:02Z

AdolphMassola0: page fix

{{Short description|Dam in from Jeypore, Odisha, India}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Kolab Dam {{lang|or|କୋଲାବ ଜଳବନ୍ଧ}}
| image = File:Kolab dam - panoramio (1).jpg
| image_caption = Kolab Dam in April 2007
| name_official = Upper Kolab Dam
| dam_crosses = Kolab River
| location = 5km from [[Jeypore]], [[Odisha]]
| location_map = India
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption =
| location_map_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|18|47|18|N|82|36|01|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| dam_type = Straight, Masonry, Gravity
| dam_length = {{Convert|630.50|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| dam_height = {{convert|54.50|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| dam_width_base =
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_volume =
| spillway_count = 11
| spillway_type = Ogee
| spillway_capacity = 10020 (cumec)
| construction_began = 1976
| opening = 1993
| cost =
| owner =
| res_name = Upper Kolab Reservoir
| res_capacity_total = {{Convert|1000000000|m3|acre.ft|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Upper_Kolab_Dam_D01660|title=Upper Kolab Dam D01660 -|website=india-wris.nrsc.gov.in|access-date=2019-01-21}}</ref>
| res_catchment = {{Convert|1630|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}
| res_surface = {{Convert|100|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}
| res_max_depth =
| plant_operator = OHPC
| plant_turbines = 4 x 80 [[Francis-type]]
| plant_capacity = 320 [[megawatt|MW]]
| plant_annual_gen =
| plant_name = Upper Kolab Power Station
| plant_coordinates = {{coord|18|49|54|N|82|35|37|E|type:landmark}}
| plant_commission = 1993
| plant_decommission =
}}
The '''Kolab Dam''', officially known as the Upper Kolab Dam, is a gravity dam built on the Kolab River near Jeypore in the Koraput district of Odisha, India. Constructed at an altitude of approximately 914.4 metres (3,000 ft) above sea level in the Eastern Ghats, it serves as a multipurpose project providing hydroelectric power, irrigation, and drinking water to southern Odisha. The dam is considered one of the most significant infrastructure achievements in the region due to its strategic location, design, and socio-economic impact.<ref name="ohpc">{{cite web |title=Upper Kolab Hydro Electric Project |url=https://www.ohpcltd.com/UpperKolab |publisher=Odisha Hydro Power Corporation |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="swapdial">{{cite web |title=Upper Kolab Hydroelectric Project |url=https://www.swapdial.com/public/knowledge-contents/industrial-data/upper-kolab-hydroelectric-project |publisher=Swapdial |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://koraput.nic.in/tourist-place/kolab/|title=KOLAB {{!}} Koraput District : Odisha|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.odishabytes.com/four-children-drown-kolab-dam/|title=Four children drown in Kolab dam|last=Bureau|first=O. B.|date=2017-11-21|website=ODISHA BYTES|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Power-production-hit-at-Kolab-Balimela/articleshow/38441815.cms|title=Power production hit at Kolab, Balimela - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=16 July 2014 |access-date=2019-01-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.orissapost.com/no-power-generation-at-kolab-dam-till-dec-8/|title=No power generation at Kolab Dam till Dec 8|date=2018-11-28|website=Orissa POST|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ashokanews.com/2018/09/21/odisha-two-shutters-of-upper-kolab-dam-in-koraput-have-been-opened-today/|title=Odisha: Two shutters of Upper Kolab dam in Koraput have been opened today|website=ashokanews|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wionews.com/india-news/cyclone-daye-lashes-odisha-2-shutters-upper-kolab-dam-opened-after-rise-water-level|title=Cyclone 'Daye' lashes Odisha, 2 shutters of upper Kolab dam opened after rise in water level|website=WION|language=en|access-date=2019-01-21}}</ref>

== Characteristics ==

The Kolab Dam is a straight masonry gravity dam situated near Jeypore in the Koraput district of Odisha, India. Constructed across the Kolab River, a tributary of the Godavari, the dam stands at a height of 54.5 meters and spans a length of 630.5 meters. It is located at an elevation of approximately 914.4 meters (3,000 feet) above sea level, making it one of the highest-altitude reservoirs in Odisha.<ref name="ohpc" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Upper_Kolab_Dam_D01660|title=Upper Kolab Dam D01660 -|website=india-wris.nrsc.gov.in|access-date=2019-01-21}}</ref>

The dam features an ogee-type spillway equipped with 11 radial gates, each measuring 12.2 by 12.2 meters, designed to handle a maximum flood discharge of 10,020 cubic meters per second. The reservoir has a gross storage capacity of 1,215 million cubic meters and a live storage capacity of 935 million cubic meters, covering a catchment area of 1,630 square kilometers. The water spread area at full reservoir level is approximately 114.32 square kilometers.<ref name="ohpc" />

The hydroelectric power station associated with the dam comprises four Francis-type turbines, each with a capacity of 80 MW, totaling an installed capacity of 320 MW. The plant utilizes a net head of 253 meters and generates approximately 832.2 million units of electricity annually, which is distributed to the regional grid via the Jeypore substation.<ref name="powertech">{{cite web |title=Power Plant Profile: Upper Kolab, India |url=https://www.power-technology.com/marketdata/power-plant-profile-upper-kolab-india/ |publisher=Power Technology |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref>

In addition to power generation, the dam supports irrigation over an area of 47,985 hectares and supplies drinking water to the towns of Damanjodi, Koraput, Sunabeda, and Jeypore, thereby playing a crucial role in the socio-economic development of the region.<ref name="ohpc" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://odishatv.in/odisha/people-risk-lives-to-cross-kolab-reservior-in-koraput-a-ground-report-311366|title=People risk lives to cross Kolab reservoir in Koraput: A ground report|website=odishatv.in|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-21|archive-date=2019-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121233032/https://odishatv.in/odisha/people-risk-lives-to-cross-kolab-reservior-in-koraput-a-ground-report-311366|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== History ==
A possible idea of "A project of Kolab dam" were first come during the British Rule when Koraput district was a part of Madras presidency. After Independence, an investigation was taken place by Govt. of Odisha in 1961. Finally the project was approved by the planning commission after several proposals of Govt. of Odisha in 1976 and the project was completed in 1993.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ohpcltd.com/Upperkolab|title=Odisha Hydro Power Corporation Ltd.|website=www.ohpcltd.com|access-date=2019-01-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2018/aug/24/upper-kolab-project-plan-to-release-dam-water-rings-flood-alarm-1862077.html|title=Upper Kolab Project: Plan to release dam water rings flood alarm|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-01-21}}</ref>

== Upper Kolab Hydro Electric Project ==
[[File:Kolab power station.jpg|center|thumb|400px|Upper Kolab Power Station]]
This Project is utilising the water potential of river Kolab, a tributary of river Godavari. The Project has got a Potential of producing 95 MW of firm power with a generation of 832.2 million units and power is distributed to the general grid at the jeypore sub-station.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/orissa+post-epaper-orisapos/no+power+generation+at+kolab+dam+till+dec+8-newsid-102562450|title=No power generation at Kolab Dam till Dec 8 - Orissa Post|website=DailyHunt|language=en|access-date=2019-01-21}}</ref>

== Tourism ==
Kolab Dam is identified as the most Beautiful natural scenic attraction in Odisha. A Botanical garden named Kolab Park built near the dam has around 200 varieties of Flowering plants. Kolab Power Plant located at an altitude of about 914.4 m (3,000 ft) above sea level, is making this place even more beautiful. Thousands of Tourists are attracted to this place to spend the weekend picnic and boating every year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bhubaneswarbuzz.com/updates/travel-tourism/kolab-dam-jeypore-in-odisha-a-travel-blog-by-santosh-panda|title=Kolab Dam Jeypore in Odisha - A travel blog by Santosh Panda|last=Buzz|first=Bhubaneswar|date=2015-08-01|website=Bhubaneswar Buzz|access-date=2019-01-21}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Kolab Dam & Garden.jpg
File:Kolab dam - panoramio.jpg
File:Kolab dam - panoramio (2).jpg
</gallery>

== Panoramic views ==
[[File:Kolab Dam Panorama 2007.jpg|center|thumb|800px|Kolab dam in April 2007]]
[[File:Kolab Dam Panorama 2011.jpg|center|thumb|800px|Kolab dam in June 2011]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Upper_Kolab_Dam_D01660 Upper Kolab Dam - Water Resources Information System of India]

{{commons category}}
{{Hydrography of Odisha|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Koraput district]]
[[Category:Hydroelectric power stations in India]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1993]]
[[Category:Dams in Odisha]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Sudesh Dhankhar

2025-09-30T06:18:55Z

AdolphMassola0: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Jagdeep Dhankhar]]

{{R from merge}}

M. V. Rao

2025-09-24T23:10:29Z

AdolphMassola0: Starting first bio basic info!

{{short description|Indian agricultural scientist (1928–2016)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mangina Venkateswara Rao
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| native_name = మంగిన వెంకటేశ్వరరావు
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1928|6|21|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Perupalem, [[West Godavari District]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2016|3|8|1928|6|21|df=yes}}
| death_place = Hyderabad
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Agricultural scientist Geneticist Plant breeder
| yearsactive = Since 1956
| known for = [[Green revolution in India]]
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] [[Borlaug Award|Norman Borlaug Award]] Linker's Award Peddireddy Thimma Reddy Award Dr. [[P. Siva Reddy]] Foundation Award Dr. Srikantia Memorial Award Environmental Research Academy Gold Medal Krishi Shiromani Samman Mahindra Samriddhi India Agri Award Sivananda Eminent Citizen Award
}}
'''Mangina Venkateswara Rao''' (21 June 1928 – 8 March 2016) was an Indian [[Agriculturist|agricultural scientist]], [[Plant breeding|plant breeder]], and [[geneticist]] who was considered as one of the key figures in [[Green Revolution in India|India’s Green Revolution]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2016 |title=M.V. Rao, former IRRI Board member, passes away |url=http://news.irri.org/2016/03/mv-rao-former-irri-board-member-passes.html |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=[[International Rice Research Institute]]}}</ref> He was instrumental in increasing the productivity of wheat and oil seeds in India.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2016-03-11 |title=Dr M V Rao An eminent scientist & visionary |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/News-Analysis/2016-03-11/Dr-M-V-Rao-An-eminent-scientist-visionary/212828 |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref> He served as the Vice Chancellor of the [[Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University]], Deputy Director of the [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] (ICAR), and vice president of the [[National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]].<ref name="Mahindra Samriddhi India Agri Award 2011">{{cite web | url=http://www.mahindraagri.com/agriawards2011.aspx | title=Mahindra Samriddhi India Agri Award 2011 | publisher=Samriddhi Mahindra | date=2015 | access-date=29 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305050426/http://www.mahindraagri.com/agriawards2011.aspx | archive-date=5 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He received the [[Borlaug Award]] in 1993 and the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth-highest civilian award, in 1999.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2016-03-09 |title=Noted agriculture scientist MV Rao passes away |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/noted-agriculture-scientist-mv-rao-passes-away/article8331680.ece |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=[[Business Line]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Rao was born on 21 June 1928 in a [[Kapu (caste)|Kapu]] family<ref name=":5">M. L. Kantha Rao (July 1999), [https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/25437/ ''A Study of the Socio-Political Mobility of the Kapu Caste in Modern Andhra'']. [[University of Hyderabad]]. Chapter 6. pp. 265–268. hdl:10603/25437</ref> at Perupalem in [[West Godavari district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="Mahindra Samriddhi India Agri Award 2011" /> After securing a master's degree, he continued his research at [[Purdue University]] in [[plant breeding]], [[genetics]] and [[plant pathology]] to obtain a doctoral degree.<ref name=":0" />

After joining the [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] (ICAR) as assistant wheat breeder in 1956, he was initially involved with wheat research and became an assistant professor in 1958.<ref name="NAAS Elected Fellow 1993">{{cite web |date=2015 |title=NAAS Elected Fellow 1993 |url=http://naasindia.org/fdetail.html#R033 |access-date=30 October 2015 |publisher=[[National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]]}}</ref> In 1966, he was promoted as the geneticist and then as senior geneticist,<ref name="NAAS Elected Fellow 1993" /> eventually becoming the coordinator in 1971 and the head of the All India Wheat Improvement Project of ICAR in 1978, a post he held till 1981.{{cn|date=February 2020}} During this period, he was associated with the [[Green Revolution in India]], related to wheat production. He became the deputy director general (crop sciences) of ICAR in 1981 and stayed in the position till he was appointed as the founder director of the Prime Minister's Technology Mission on Oilseeds, in 1986, a position which holds the rank of a special secretary. It was during this period that the ''Yellow Revolution'', an integrated programme for the development of [[oilseeds]], was initiated and fostered by the government.<ref name="What is the Yellow Revolution?">{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/What-is-the-Yellow-Revolution/articleshow/5963764.cms | title=What is the Yellow Revolution? | work=The Hindu | date=23 May 2010 | access-date=30 October 2015}}</ref>

In 1989, he was invited to the [[World Bank]] as an agriculture expert, where he worked till 1990. The next year, he joined [[Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University]] as its vice chancellor and remained there till 1997.<ref name="Mahindra Samriddhi India Agri Award 2011" /> While holding the vice-chancellorship, he became associated with Agri Biotech Foundation (ABF - formerly known as Andhra Pradesh Netherlands Biotechnology Programme) as its chairman in 1995 and remained active there.<ref name="NAAS Elected Fellow 1993" /> Under his stewardship, the institute has developed several [[genetically modified]] seed varieties of [[cotton]], [[sorghum]], [[Castor oil|castor]] and [[red gram]].<ref name="More GM seeds to hit market soon">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2002/03/26/stories/2002032600271100.htm | title=More GM seeds to hit market soon | work=The Hindu | date=26 March 2002 | access-date=31 October 2015}}</ref>

Rao was a former vice president of the [[National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]] (2000–2003)<ref name="NAAS Fellows list">{{cite web|url=http://naasindia.org/fellowships.html |title=NAAS Fellows list |publisher=National Academy of Agricultural Sciences |date=2015 |access-date=30 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150127230718/http://naasindia.org/fellowships.html |archive-date=27 January 2015 }}</ref> and was associated with several Indian state and central government agencies; chairing the Committee of the New National Seed Policy was one such assignment.<ref name="ABF profile">{{cite web | url=http://www.abfindia.org/PeopleECMMVRao.aspx | title=ABF profile | publisher=Agri Biotech Foundation | date=2015 | access-date=30 October 2015 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019142132/http://www.abfindia.org/PeopleECMMVRao.aspx | archive-date=19 October 2015 }}</ref> He was a member of the task group which prepared guidelines for the formulation of the National Agricultural Technology Project (NATP), a World Bank project for the agricultural development in Bangladesh,<ref name="National Agricultural Technology Project">{{cite web | url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/loans-credits/2008/02/07/bangladesh-national-agricultural-technology-project | title=National Agricultural Technology Project | publisher=World Bank | date=2015 | access-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> and sat on the NATP Scientific Advisory Panel on Coastal Eco System.<ref name="Mahindra Samriddhi India Agri Award 2011" /> He was a former member of the board of directors of the [[International Rice Research Institute]] (IRRI), India, sitting on the board from 1984 to 1989.<ref name="Indians on the IRRI Board">{{cite web | url=http://india.irri.org/indians-serves-irri-board | title=Indians on the IRRI Board | publisher=International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) | date=2015 | access-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> He has been a member of the Wheat Advisory Committee of the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO), a trustee of the [[International Rice Research Institute]], Philippines and a member of the External Expert Panel of the [[International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center]] (CIMMYT), Mexico.<ref name="ABF profile" /> He was a member of the board of the Intercultural Cooperation Foundation India (ICF) along with [[Arcot Ramachandran]], a renowned Indian anthropologist.<ref name="ICF Board Members">{{cite web | url=http://www.hati.ch/AboutUs/IcfIndia/index_html0?lang=en;ni=0;s=0 | title=ICF Board Members | publisher=Intercultural Cooperation Foundation | date=2015 | access-date=30 October 2015 | archive-date=10 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310134018/http://www.hati.ch/AboutUs/IcfIndia/index_html0?lang=en;ni=0;s=0 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Besides his contributions to the [[Green Revolution in India|Green]] and Yellow revolutions in India, he has also mentored over 25 research scholars during his stint at the [[International Rice Research Institute]].<ref name="ABF profile" /> He died at the age of 87 on March 8, 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=Farm scientist M.V. Rao passes away|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/farm-scientist-mv-rao-passes-away/article8333275.ece|work=The Hindu|date=9 March 2016 |access-date=23 March 2016}}</ref>

== Awards and honours ==
Rao was involved in testing and identifying the best varieties of wheat from Mexico that were then grown in the country.<ref name=":1" /> Rao is a recipient of the [[Borlaug Award|Norman Borlaug Award]] and the Linker's Award.<ref name="NAAS Elected Fellow 1993" /> The [[Government of India]] honoured him with India’s fourth-highest civilian award, the [[Padma Shri]], in 1999.<ref name="Padma Awards" /> He received the Lifetime Achievement Award of ''Agricultural Today'' in 2010.<ref name="Agriculture Today Award">{{cite web | url=http://agriculturetoday.in/pastawardees.html | title=Agriculture Today Award | publisher=Agriculture Today | date=2015 | access-date=31 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024133614/http://agriculturetoday.in/pastawardees.html | archive-date=24 October 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref> The next year, he was awarded the ''Krishi Shiromani Samman'' by the [[Mahindra Group|Mahindra]] Samriddhi India.<ref name="Mahindra Samriddhi India Agri Award 2011" /> He is also a recipient of ''Outstanding Agricultural Scientist Award'' from the Government of Andhra Pradesh and other awards such as Peddireddy Thimmareddy Award, Dr. Srikantia Memorial Award of the Nutrition Society of India, Dr P. Siva Reddy Foundation Award, and Environmental Research Academy Award.<ref name="ABF profile" />

Rao was an elected fellow of the [[National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]] (NAAS).<ref name="NAAS Elected Fellow 1993" /> [[Purdue University]], [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]] and [[Banaras Hindu University]] have honoured him with the degree of the Doctor of Science (DSc - Honoris causa).<ref name="NAAS Elected Fellow 1993" /> He was an honorary fellow of the Indian Oilseeds Research Society, Andhra Pradesh Akademi of Sciences, Indian Society of Genetics and Plant Breeding and Indian Society of Agricultural Sciences and served as the president of all these institutions during various periods.<ref name="NAAS Elected Fellow 1993" />

== See also ==
* [[Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University]]
* [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]]
{{portal|India|Agriculture}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{1900s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, M. V.}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:People from West Godavari district]]
[[Category:Scientists from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Indian biotechnologists]]
[[Category:Indian geneticists]]
[[Category:Indian Council of Agricultural Research]]
[[Category:World Bank people]]
[[Category:Heads of universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Purdue University College of Agriculture alumni]]
[[Category:Food and Agriculture Organization officials]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian botanists]]
[[Category:Indian officials of the United Nations]]

Kukase

2025-09-20T08:08:21Z

AdolphMassola0: added new info from scratch

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kukase
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.3353892|N|73.1450145|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Thane district|Thane]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bhiwandi]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 30
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 806
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 552625
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kukase''' is a village in the [[Thane district]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Bhiwandi]] [[taluka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |title=Maharashtra villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |accessdate=2015-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095320/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Kukase has 162 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 69.44%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |title=District census data |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |accessdate=2015-08-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002001310/http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |archivedate=2015-10-02 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 806 || 407 || 399
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 109 || 47 || 62
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 14 || 6 || 8
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 153 || 65 || 88
|-
| Literates || 484 || 290 || 194
|-
| Workers (all) || 465 || 243 || 222
|-
| Main workers (total) || 304 || 185 || 119
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 158 || 93 || 65
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 139 || 87 || 52
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 1 || 1 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Other || 6 || 4 || 2
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 161 || 58 || 103
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 34 || 11 || 23
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 89 || 29 || 60
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 5 || 0 || 5
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 33 || 18 || 15
|-
| Non-workers || 341 || 164 || 177
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Bhiwandi taluka}}

[[Category:Villages in Bhiwandi taluka]]

Gummadi Sandhya Rani

2025-08-11T09:12:50Z

AdolphMassola0: Starting data.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Gummadi Sandhya Rani
| image= Smt. Gummadi Sandhya Rani.jpg
| office = [[Fourth N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Minister of Women & Child Welfare]] [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start = 12 June 2024
| tern_end =
| governor = [[S. Abdul Nazeer]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| predecessor = [[ K. V. Ushashri Charan]]
|successor =
| office1 = [[Fourth N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Minister of Tribal Welfare]] [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start1 = 12 June 2024
| tern_end1 =
| governor1 = [[S. Abdul Nazeer]]
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| predecessor1 = [[ Rajanna Dora Peedika]]
| successor1 =
| office2 = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 4 June 2024
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 = [[Rajanna Dora Peedika]]
| successor2 =
| constituency2 = [[Salur Assembly constituency| Salur]]
| office3 = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| constituency3 = Elected by MLAs
| term_start3 = 30 March 2015
| term_end3 = 29 March 2021<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2021|title=ELECTIONS – Biennial Election to the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council by the Members of Legislative Assembly – Notification under Section 16 of the Representation of the People Act, 1951 (43 of 1951) by the Governor of Andhra Pradesh - Notification – Orders - Issued.|url=https://gad.ap.gov.in/2021gad_ms19.pdf|language=en}}</ref>
}}
'''Gummadi Sandhya Rani''' is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-05 |title=AP Election Results 2024 LIVE: TDP in the Lead Check District-wise Results of Andhra Pradesh Lok Sabha Elections at results.eci.gov.in |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/andhra-pradesh-election-result-2024-check-andhra-pradesh-lok-sabha-election-district-wise-results-at-results-eci-gov-in-1717469629-1 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=Jagranjosh.com |language=en}}</ref> She is a member of [[Telugu Desam Party]]. She has been elected as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Salur Assembly constituency]] in [[Parvathipuram Manyam district|Parvathipuram Manyam]] district. She won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Salur Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/salur-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8917130.html |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Salur, Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: TDP's Gummidi Sandhyarani with 80211 defeats YSRCP's Rajanna Dora Peedika |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/salur-andhra-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548195-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> In June 2024, she was inducted into the Fourth [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]] ministry.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-12 |title=Andhra Pradesh Cabinet Ministers List 2024: Pawan Kalyan, Nara Lokesh among 24 ministers in Chandrababu Naidu's Cabinet |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/andhra-pradesh-ministers-list-2024-chandrababu-naidu-pawan-kalyan-ap-full-cabinet-ministers-list-9387219/ |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-12 |title=Chandrababu Naidu's Cabinet: 17 fresh faces among 25 ministers, here's full list |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/andhra-pradesh/story/chandrababu-naidu-andhra-pradesh-cabinet-full-list-tdp-jana-sena-bjp-pawan-kalyan-2552162-2024-06-12 |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Rani is from Salur, Parvathipuram Manyam district, Andhra Pradesh, India. She married Jayakumar. She is a science graduate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gummidi Sandhya Rani(TDP):Constituency- SALUR (ST)(VIZIANAGARAM) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/ap09/candidate.php?candidate_id=48 |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Rani lost the assembly elections twice and the parliamentary election once.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aruna |date=2024-06-13 |title=Gummadi Sandhyarani's Journey to Assembly a Testament to her Determination |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/gummadi-sandhyaranis-journey-to-assembly-a-testament-to-her-determination-898670 |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> She first contested from the Salur Assembly Constituency in the erstwhile Parvathipuram Manyam district in the [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] but lost to [[Rajanna Dora Peedika]] of [[Indian National Congress]] by a narrow margin of 1,656 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC Summary: Salur 2009 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/summary/30543 |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref> Later, TDP candidates lost in two more elections to the same candidate.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7J-wVzoRaI8 |title=సాలూరు ఐరన్ లేడీ గుమ్మడి సంధ్యారాణి బయోగ్రఫీ {{!}} Gummadi Sandhya Rani Biography in Telugu {{!}} Aadhan |date=2024-06-26 |last=Aadhan Telugu |access-date=2025-07-15 |via=YouTube}}</ref> She won from the same seat in the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] on the Telugu Desam Party ticket. In 2024, she polled 80,211 votes and defeated her nearest rival and three time MLA, [[Peedika Rajanna Dora]] of YSR Congress Party, by a margin of 13,733 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Salur, Election Result 2024 Live: Winning And Losing Candidates & Parties, 2019 vs 2024 Results, Voting Percentage, Exit Polls-News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/andhra-pradesh/salur-assembly-constituency-s01aed2008a013/ |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Salur Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Salur Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly-election/salur-constituency/ |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

On 18 June 2024, she went to the [[Andhra Pradesh Secretariat|secretariat]] and took charge as the Tribal Welfare and Women and Child Welfare Minister. After taking charge, she said that bike ambulances would be introduced as the regular ambulance services were not able to reach some tribal areas in the hilly regions. She also promised that "facilitation centres would be constructed for pregnant tribal women".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-17 |title=Sandhya Rani takes charge as Minister at Secretariat |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/sandhya-rani-takes-charge-as-minister-at-secretariat/article68300829.ece |access-date=2025-07-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}{{Fourth N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Sandhyarani, Gummidi}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]