Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Chennai Metro

2026-05-08T05:38:49Z

Admin:

{{Short description|Rapid transit system in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{for|the elevated railway line|Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System}}
{{good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{coord|13.0315|80.2443|display=title}}
{{Infobox public transit
| box_width = 330px
| name = Chennai Metro
| image = Chennai Metro logo.svg
| imagesize = 50px
| alt =
| caption =
| image2 = Alstom Metropolis train-set at Guindy Metro station in Chennai.jpg
| imagesize2 = 300px
| caption2 = A metro train at [[Guindy metro station|Guindy station]] on the [[Blue Line (Chennai Metro)|Blue Line]]
| native_name =
| owner = [[Chennai Metro Rail Limited]]
| area served =
| locale = [[Chennai, Tamil Nadu]], India
| transit_type = [[Rapid transit]]
| lines = 2 (operational) 3 (under construction)
| line_number = '''Operational''' {{plainlist|
* {{rcb|Chennai Metro|blue|croute}}
* {{rcb|Chennai Metro|green|croute}} '''Under construction'''
* {{rcb|Chennai Metro|purple|croute}}
* {{rcb|Chennai Metro|yellow|croute}}
* {{rcb|Chennai Metro|red|croute}}
}}
| stations = [[List of Chennai metro stations|41]]
| key_people = Katikithala Srinivas, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] (Chairman) M.A. Siddique, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] (Managing Director)
| headquarters = MetroS, [[Anna Salai]], [[Nandanam]], Chennai
| website = {{URL|http://chennaimetrorail.org}}
| began_operation = {{start date and age|df=yes|2015|06|29}}
| operator = Chennai Metro Rail Limited
| character =
| vehicles = 52
| train_length = {{cvt|100|m}}
| system_length = {{cvt|54.1|km}}
| track_gauge = {{Track gauge|sg|allk=on}}
| el = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} [[overhead line]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Metro Rail: power supply, overhead equipment contract given|url=https://chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/hindu23-2-11.pdf|publisher=[[Chennai Metro Rail Limited]]|date=2 November 2015|access-date=31 January 2023|archive-date=8 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408221113/https://chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/hindu23-2-11.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| annual_ridership = 111.9 million (2025)<ref>{{cite news |title=Metro Rail hits highest annual ridership at 11cr |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/metro-rail-hits-highest-annual-ridership-at-11cr/articleshow/126311746.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=3 January 2026 |access-date=21 March 2026}}</ref>
| top_speed = {{cvt|120|km/h}}
| map = [[File:Chennai Metro Map updated.svg|330px|Chennai Metro Rail Network]]
| map_state = collapsed
| headway = 6–12 minutes
| image3 =
| caption3 = Map of Chennai's urban rail network with operational, under-construction and planned lines
}}
The '''Chennai Metro''' is a [[rapid transit]] system serving the city of [[Chennai]], India. It is operated by [[Chennai Metro Rail Limited]], a [[joint venture]] between the [[Government of India]] and the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]. As of December 2025, the network consists of two operational lines spanning {{cvt|54.1|km}} and has 41 underground and elevated stations. The system runs on [[Standard-gauge railway|standard gauge]] and is powered by {{25 kV 50 Hz}} [[overhead lines|overhead electric lines]].

Plans for a metro rail system for Chennai started in 2007–08 with construction commencing in February 2009. Test runs began in 2014, and the first segment of the metro between the [[Alandur metro station|Alandur]] and [[Koyambedu metro station|Koyambedu]] stations on the [[Green Line (Chennai Metro)|Green Line]] began operations on 29 June 2015. On 21 September 2016, operations on the [[Blue Line (Chennai Metro)|Blue Line]] commenced between [[Chennai International Airport metro station|Chennai Airport]] and [[Little Mount metro station|Little Mount]]. The underground stretch from [[AG-DMS metro station|AG-DMS]] to [[Washermanpet metro station|Washermanpet]] of the Blue Line opened on 10 February 2019, completing the first phase.

As a part of the second phase, three more lines covering a length of {{cvt|118.9|km}} are planned and are under construction. The [[Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System]] (MRTS), operated by the [[Indian Railways]], is planned to be incorporated into the Chennai Metro. A [[light rail]] has been proposed to connect [[Tambaram railway station|Tambaram]] on the [[Chennai suburban]] rail network with [[Velachery railway station|Velachery]] on the MRTS. Further extensions are also planned for the three lines under construction.

== Background ==
A single electrified line from [[Chennai Beach railway station|Chennai Beach]] to [[Tambaram railway station|Tambaram]] began operations in 1931 as part of the [[Chennai Suburban Railway]]. Two other rail lines were subsequently built, connecting [[Chennai Central]] to [[Gummidipoondi]] and [[Tiruvallur railway station|Tiruvallur]] in 1979.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1629865947149-chennai_division_history.pdf|title=Chennai Division, General Information|publisher=[[Southern Railway Zone]], [[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=15 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615232015/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1629865947149-chennai_division_history.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="SR">{{cite report|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1325745996774-about.pdf|title=Brief History of Chennai Division|publisher=[[Southern Railway Zone]], [[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=15 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215180509/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1325745996774-about.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1965, the [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]] evaluated the capacity of the transportation network in major metropolitan cities including Madras, and developed plans for further expansion of transportation amenities.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://mrvc.indianrailways.gov.in/works/uploads/File/Institutional%20Development%20of%20the%20suburban%20rail%20system%20(TA2)(1).pdf|title=Institutional Development of Suburban Rail systems|publisher=[[Indian Railway]]|access-date=1 December 2023|page=10|quote=This was appreciated by the Planning Commission way back in 1965, when it took the initiative to set up Metropolitan Transport Teams (MTT) to study the transport problems of the first four metropolitan cities of Bombay, Calcutta, Delhi and Madras and to recommend policies and programs for their improvement.|archive-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402081546/https://mrvc.indianrailways.gov.in/works/uploads/File/Institutional%20Development%20of%20the%20suburban%20rail%20system%20(TA2)(1).pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CAG">{{cite report|title=Report No.5 of 2006 (Railways)|url=https://cag.gov.in/uploads/old_reports/union/union_compliance/2005_2006/Railways/Report_No_5/chap_3.pdf|publisher=[[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]]|access-date=26 December 2023|page=2,3|archive-date=15 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415020150/https://cag.gov.in/uploads/old_reports/union/union_compliance/2005_2006/Railways/Report_No_5/chap_3.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> As a result, an initial stretch of the [[Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System]] (MRTS) between [[Chennai Beach railway station|Chennai Beach]] and [[Chepauk railway station|Chepauk]] opened in 1995 – the first elevated rail line in India. The MRTS later extended to [[Thirumayilai railway station|Thirumayilai]] in 1997, to [[Thiruvanmiyur railway station|Thiruvanmiyur]] in 2004, to [[Velachery railway station|Velachery]] in 2007, and [[St. Thomas Mount (Chennai Suburban Railway)|St. Thomas Mount]] in 2026.<ref>{{cite report|title=Traffic and Transportation, Chapter 5|url=http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/Volume3_English_PDF/Vol3_Chapter05_Traffic%20and%20Transportation.pdf|work=CMDA|access-date=19 August 2012|archive-date=31 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131172239/http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/Volume3_English_PDF/Vol3_Chapter05_Traffic%20and%20Transportation.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="MRTS1">{{cite web|title=Development of MRTS in Chennai|url=http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/mrts_phase1.html|publisher=[[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=12 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712090557/https://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/mrts_phase1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=MRTS services extended|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2004/01/27/stories/2004012701031100.htm|access-date=29 July 2012|newspaper=[[Business Line]]|date=27 January 2004|archive-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029205707/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2004/01/27/stories/2004012701031100.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/mrts-train-services-begin-on-velachery-st-thomas-mount-extended-section/article70742263.ece|title=MRTS train services begin on Velachery-St. Thomas Mount extended section|date=15 March 2026|access-date=15 March 2026|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In 2006, a modern metro rail system for Chennai was planned, to be modeled after the [[Delhi Metro]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Metro is a financial success, not just a technological one|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/mcQh3ZfkfIHQ3Q7zkwOQUP/8216Metro-is-a-financial-success-not-just-a-technologica.html|access-date=13 November 2019|newspaper=[[Livemint]]|date=11 September 2007|archive-date=13 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113161153/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/mcQh3ZfkfIHQ3Q7zkwOQUP/8216Metro-is-a-financial-success-not-just-a-technologica.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="P1">{{cite press release|url=https://chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/pre2.pdf|title=Chennai Metro Rail Project approved by Government of India|date=28 January 2009|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Chennai Metro Rail Limited]]|archive-date=8 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408220627/https://chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/pre2.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Planning and construction ==
=== Phase I ===
{{Phase I, Chennai Metro|collapse=yes}}
The [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]] was tasked to prepare a project report for the implementation of a metro rail system in Chennai.<ref name="P1"/> The [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] approved the first phase of the project in November 2007.<ref name="FAQ">{{cite news|url=https://chennaimetrorail.org/faq/|title=Chennai Metro Rail FAQ|publisher=[[Chennai Metro Rail Limited]]|access-date=16 February 2018|archive-date=27 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227110901/http://chennaimetrorail.org/faq/|url-status=live}}</ref> The first phase was planned with two lines covering {{cvt|45.1|km}} with {{cvt|25|km}} being underground. The first corridor would connect [[Washermanpet metro station|Washermanpet]] with [[Chennai International Airport metro station|Chennai International Airport]] extending for {{cvt|23.1|km}} with {{cvt|14.3|km}} being underground and the second corridor would connect [[St. Thomas Mount railway station|St.Thomas Mount]] with [[Chennai Central metro station|Chennai Central]] extending for {{cvt|22|km}} with {{cvt|9.7|km}} being underground.<ref name="P1"/> In December 2007, the [[Chennai Metro Rail Limited]] (CMRL) was established as a [[joint venture]] between the [[Government of India|union]] and state governments to execute the project.<ref name="FAQ"/> The [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning commission]] gave an in-principle approval for the project in April 2008 with the final approval by the [[Union Council of Ministers]] in January 2009.<ref name="FAQ"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Cities/Centres_nod_for_Metro_Rail_in_Chennai/articleshow/2955314.cms|title=Center nod for Metro Rail in Chennai|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 April 2008|access-date=20 August 2010|archive-date=25 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625071526/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Cities/Centres_nod_for_Metro_Rail_in_Chennai/articleshow/2955314.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The estimated base cost of the first phase was {{INRconvert|146|b}} of which 59% was loaned by [[Japan International Cooperation Agency]] (JICA). The Government of India contributed 15% of the cost and the Government of Tamil Nadu financed the remaining 21% of the project.<ref name="P1"/>

In February 2009, a {{INRconvert|1.99|b}} contract was awarded for the construction of a {{cvt|4.5|km}} long viaduct along the [[Inner Ring Road, Chennai|Inner Ring Road]] between [[Koyambedu]] and [[Ashok Nagar, Chennai|Ashok Nagar]] and the construction started on 10 June.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.projectstoday.com/News/Soma-Enterprise-wins-Rs199-crore-Chennai-Metro-Rail-order|title=Soma Enterprise wins Rs.199 crore Chennai Metro Rail order|work=Projects Today|date=19 February 2009|access-date=16 August 2010|archive-date=28 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428064945/https://www.projectstoday.com/News/Soma-Enterprise-wins-Rs199-crore-Chennai-Metro-Rail-order|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.projectstoday.com/News/Work-commences-on-Chennai-metro|title=Work commences on Chennai Metro|work=Projects Today|date=11 June 2009|access-date=16 August 2010|archive-date=25 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825214006/http://www.projectstoday.com/News/Work-commences-on-Chennai-metro|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2009, a US$30 million contract was awarded to a consortium of five companies headed by French company [[Egis Group|Egis]] for technical consultancy on the project.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News-By-Industry/Transportation/Another-Milestone-in-Chennai-metro-to-be-designed-French/articleshow/4250688.cms|title=Another milestone in Chennai metro to be designed by French|last=Ramesh|first=Niranjana|access-date=10 March 2009|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=10 March 2009|archive-date=19 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019233341/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News-By-Industry/Transportation/Another-Milestone-in-Chennai-metro-to-be-designed-French/articleshow/4250688.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2010, the contract for supplying [[rolling stock]] was awarded to [[Alstom]] for US$243 million.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/alstom-to-provide-2000-cars-for-chennais-metro/680434/|title=Alstom to provide 2000 cars for Chennai's metro|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|date=11 September 2010|access-date=18 September 2010|archive-date=29 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129132421/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/alstom-to-provide-2000-cars-for-chennais-metro/680434/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|url= https://www.alstom.com/press-releases-news/2010/9/First-Metro-Rolling-Stock-contract-in-India-Alstom-to-provide-168-cars-for-Chennais-metro-for-243-million-20100909|title= First Metro Rolling Stock contract in India|work=[[Alstom]]|date= 9 September 2010|access-date= 18 September 2010|archive-date= 15 April 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230415155738/https://www.alstom.com/press-releases-news/2010/9/First-Metro-Rolling-Stock-contract-in-India-Alstom-to-provide-168-cars-for-Chennais-metro-for-243-million-20100909|url-status= live}}</ref> In January 2011, a joint venture between [[Larsen & Toubro]] (L&T) and [[Alstom]] was awarded the a {{INRconvert|4.49|b}} contract for design and construction of tracks and a depot at Koyambedu.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/l-t-alstom-jv-wins-chennai-metro-track-work-project-111012200037_1.html|title=L&T, Alstom JV bags Chennai Metro project|work=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=14 February 2018|archive-date=10 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210060318/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/l-t-alstom-jv-wins-chennai-metro-track-work-project-111012200037_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2011/01/22/stories/2011012251870200.htm|title=L&T, Alstom venture bags Chennai Metro project|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=22 January 2011|access-date=6 June 2016|archive-date=2 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102084444/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2011/01/22/stories/2011012251870200.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Chennai (5584371240).jpg|thumb|Construction of an elevated section in the first phase in 2011]]

Contracts for the construction of underground sections of the first phase were awarded to [[Gammon India]] and [[Mosmetrostroy]] in February 2011.<ref>{{cite news |date=1 February 2011 |title=Two firms bag 12 underground tunnels & stations work |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Two-firms-bag-12-underground-tunnels-stations-work/articleshow/7381968.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003062326/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Two-firms-bag-12-underground-tunnels-stations-work/articleshow/7381968.cms |archive-date=3 October 2016 |access-date=6 June 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2 February 2011 |title=Gammon India bags two Chennai Metro orders worth Rs 19.47 billion |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/indl-goods-/-svs/construction/gammon-india-bags-two-chennai-metro-orders-worth-rs-3000-cr/articleshow/7555112.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129132418/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/indl-goods-/-svs/construction/gammon-india-bags-two-chennai-metro-orders-worth-rs-3000-cr/articleshow/7555112.cms |archive-date=29 January 2023 |access-date=6 June 2016 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> In June 2011, the contract for the construction of the ten elevated stations of the first phase was awarded to Consolidated Construction Consortium.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Elevated-metro-stations-to-come-up-at-10-places/articleshow/6103582.cms|title=Elevated metro stations to come up at 100 places|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 June 2010|access-date=16 August 2010|archive-date=5 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705141554/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Elevated-metro-stations-to-come-up-at-10-places/articleshow/6103582.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article490699.ece|title=Tenders awarded for 10 Metro Rail stations|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=29 June 2010|access-date=16 August 2010|archive-date=14 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100814150134/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article490699.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The contract for the supply of lifts and escalators was awarded to a joint venture of [[Johnson Lifts]] and SJEC Corporation.<ref>{{cite news|title=Metro Rail awards contract for lifts|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article1147579.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=6 June 2016|archive-date=14 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114064544/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article1147579.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The contract for power supply and overhead electrification was awarded to [[Siemens]] for {{INRconvert|3.05|b}} and contracts for automatic fare collection, tunnel ventilation, and air conditioning were awarded to Nippon Signal, [[Emirates Trading Agency]], and [[Voltas]] respectively.<ref>{{cite news|title=Siemens wins power supply contract for Chennai metro|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/siemens-wins-power-supply-contract-for-chennai-metro-111022300063_1.html|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=12 February 2011|access-date=6 June 2016|archive-date=18 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818084653/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/siemens-wins-power-supply-contract-for-chennai-metro-111022300063_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Work on 'double-decker' structure at Arcot Road|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article2448588.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=12 September 2011|access-date=6 June 2016|archive-date=14 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114064544/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article2448588.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3281618.ece|title=Plea against razing part of heritage building for Metro Rail dismissed|last=Sangameswaran|first=K. T.|date=5 April 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=7 April 2012|archive-date=7 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407032120/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3281618.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2012, the first [[tunnel boring machine]] was launched and by October that year, eleven machines were operated by three consortia–[[Shapoorji Pallonji Group|Afcons]]-Transtonnelstroy, L&T and SUCG.<ref>{{cite news|first=T. E.|last=Raja Simhan|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/chennai-metro-rail-set-for-trial-runs-between-egmore-shenoy-nagar-by-middle-of-next-year/article6439234.ece|title=Chennai Metro Rail set for trial runs between Egmore, Shenoy Nagar by middle of next year|work=[[Business Line]]|date=24 September 2014|access-date=2 October 2014|archive-date=15 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215081045/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/chennai-metro-rail-set-for-trial-runs-between-egmore-shenoy-nagar-by-middle-of-next-year/article6439234.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

In August 2012, a construction worker was killed and six others were seriously injured after a crane failed and crashed at an under construction site near [[Pachaiyappa's College]] and on 10 January 2013, a 22-year-old construction worker was killed and three others were injured at a construction site between [[Alandur]] and [[St. Thomas Mount]].<ref name="GC">{{cite news|first1=K.|last1=Manikandan|first2=Meera|last2=Srinivasan|title=Girder crash kills worker at Chennai Metro Rail site|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 January 2013|access-date=6 June 2016|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/girder-crash-kills-worker-at-chennai-metro-rail-site/article4293605.ece|archive-date=19 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419050930/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/girder-crash-kills-worker-at-chennai-metro-rail-site/article4293605.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> On 6 November 2013, a test run was conducted along a stretch of {{cvt|1|km}} track.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/jayalalithaa-flags-off-metro-rail-test-run/article5321219.ece|title=Chennai Metro Rail Test Run|access-date=6 November 2013|date=6 November 2013|work=[[The Hindu]]|first=T.|last=Ramakrishnan|archive-date=10 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110053702/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/jayalalithaa-flags-off-metro-rail-test-run/article5321219.ece?|url-status=live}}</ref> The project faced several delays and missed deadlines due to problems with land acquisition and cancellation of construction contracts.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/metro-phase-i-a-hard-but-gratifying-journey/articleshow/67920962.cms|title=Metro phase I: A hard, but gratifying journey|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 February 2019|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318033856/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/metro-phase-i-a-hard-but-gratifying-journey/articleshow/67920962.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/after-several-delays-first-phase-of-chennai-metro-rail-service-inaugurated-by-jaya-2317706.html|title=After several delays, first phase of Chennai metro rail service inaugurated by Jaya|date=29 June 2015|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[First Post]]|archive-date=14 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614002712/https://www.firstpost.com/india/after-several-delays-first-phase-of-chennai-metro-rail-service-inaugurated-by-jaya-2317706.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On 11 January 2014, a crane toppled over, killing a 20-year-old construction worker and seriously injuring another at [[Saidapet metro station|Saidapet]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Sunitha|last=Sekar|title=Metro Rail worker dies as crane topples|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=11 January 2014|access-date=1 June 2023|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/metro-rail-worker-dies-as-crane-topples/article5565679.ece|archive-date=27 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427070642/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/metro-rail-worker-dies-as-crane-topples/article5565679.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Chennai metro during trail run.JPG|thumb|Chennai Metro during trials in early 2014]]

On 14 February 2014, the maiden trial run was conducted between [[Koyambedu metro station|Koyambedu]] and [[Ashok Nagar metro station|Ashok Nagar]] stations.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Metro-Rail-Rolls-Out-a-Surprise-with-Koyambedu-Pillar-trial-Run/2014/02/15/article2057593.ece|title=Metro Rail Rolls Out a Surprise with Koyambedu-Pillar trial Run|work=[[New Indian Express]]|date=14 February 2014|access-date=2 October 2014|archive-date=15 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915025103/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Metro-Rail-Rolls-Out-a-Surprise-with-Koyambedu-Pillar-trial-Run/2014/02/15/article2057593.ece?|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/chennai-metro-holds-trial-on-elevated-section/article5690070.ece|title=Chennai Metro holds trial on elevated section|work=[[Business Line]]|date=14 February 2014|access-date=2 October 2014|archive-date=22 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222145830/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/chennai-metro-holds-trial-on-elevated-section/article5690070.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The metro received the statutory speed certification clearance from the [[Research Design and Standards Organisation]] in August that year.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140904/nation-current-affairs/article/chennai-metro-one-stop-short-dream-run|title=Chennai Metro one stop short of dream run|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=31 August 2014|access-date=6 June 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035707/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140904/nation-current-affairs/article/chennai-metro-one-stop-short-dream-run|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-infra/metro-rail-service-likely-to-begin-in-november/article6365435.ece|title=Metro rail service likely to begin in November|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=31 August 2014|access-date=6 June 2016|archive-date=14 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114064544/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-infra/metro-rail-service-likely-to-begin-in-november/article6365435.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2015, a report was submitted to the Commissioner of Metro Rail Safety (CMRS) for mandatory safety approvals.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/1st-Phase-Metro-Tracks-Ready-for-Safety-Test/2015/01/03/article2601202.ece|title=1st Phase Metro Tracks Ready for Safety Test|date=3 January 2015|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=6 June 2016|first=C|last=Shivakumar|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120642/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/1st-Phase-Metro-Tracks-Ready-for-Safety-Test/2015/01/03/article2601202.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref> After inspecting the infrastructure, the CMRS submitted the report to the [[Railway Board]] in April 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/metro-rail-safety-inspected/article7074828.ece|title=Metro Rail safety inspected|date=7 April 2015|first=Ramya|last=Kannan|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=7 June 2016|archive-date=14 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114064544/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/metro-rail-safety-inspected/article7074828.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Koyambedu-Alandur-metro-closer-to-opening/articleshow/46831652.cms|title=Koyambedu-Alandur metro closer to opening|date=7 April 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=7 June 2016|archive-date=24 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724023055/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Koyambedu-Alandur-metro-closer-to-opening/articleshow/46831652.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/conditional-clearance-for-metro-rail/article7155672.ece|title=Conditional clearance for Metro Rail|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 April 2015|access-date=7 June 2016|archive-date=14 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114064544/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/conditional-clearance-for-metro-rail/article7155672.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Saidapet Bridges Adyar River Chennai Jul18 DSC05378.jpg|thumb|Elevated track over the [[Adyar river]]]]

Operations on the [[Green Line (Chennai Metro)|Green Line]] between the [[Alandur metro station|Alandur]] and Koyambedu stations commenced on 29 June 2015.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/CMRL-l-Newsletter-l-Aug-2015-l-Final-PDF.pdf|title=Chennai Metro Newsletter - August 2015|publisher=[[Chennai Metro Rail Limited]]|date=29 June 2015|access-date=7 June 2023|archive-date=20 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020114202/https://chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/CMRL-l-Newsletter-l-Aug-2015-l-Final-PDF.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The Blue Line segment from the [[Chennai International Airport metro station|Airport]] and [[Little Mount metro station|Little Mount]] stations commenced operations on 21 September 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/sept2016newsletter.pdf|title=Chennai Metro newsletter, September 2016|publisher=[[Chennai Metro Rail Limited]]|date=October 2016|access-date=1 May 2024|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603044626/https://chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/sept2016newsletter.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The first underground section between [[Thirumangalam metro station|Thirumangalam]] to [[Nehru Park metro station|Nehru Park]] on the Green Line opened on 14 May 2017,<ref>{{cite news |last=Sekar |first=Sunitha |date=14 May 2017 |title=Naidu, Palaniswami flag off underground stretch of Chennai Metro |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/cmrl-underground-stretch-inauguration/article18451008.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226060701/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/cmrl-underground-stretch-inauguration/article18451008.ece |archive-date=26 February 2020 |access-date=29 January 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and the extension to [[Chennai Central metro station|Chennai central]] was completed on 25 May 2018 along with the section from the [[Saidapet metro station|Saidapet]] and [[AG-DMS metro station|AG-DMS]] stations on the blue line.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-metro-opens-two-underground-stretches/article23989294.ece|title=Chennai Metro Rail opens two underground stretches|last=Sekar|first=Sunitha|date=25 May 2018|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=29 January 2019|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=27 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227214038/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-metro-opens-two-underground-stretches/article23989294.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> On 10 February 2019, the underground stretch from AG-DMS to [[Washermanpet metro station|Washermanpet]] of Blue Line was opened, marking the completion of the first phase of the metro.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/pm-modi-inaugurates-chennai-metro-rails-final-leg/article26229980.ece|title=PM Modi inaugurates Chennai Metro Rail's final leg|last=Simhan|first=TE Raja|work=[[Business Line]]|date=10 February 2019|access-date=13 February 2019|archive-date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026014616/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/pm-modi-inaugurates-chennai-metro-rails-final-leg/article26229980.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%;"
|+Chennai Metro - Phase I timeline<ref name="Proj"/>
|-
!Line Name
!colspan="2"|Terminals
!Stations
!Opened
|-
|rowspan="4" style="background:#{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Green}};|[[Green Line (Chennai Metro)|Green Line]]
|[[Koyambedu metro station|Koyambedu]]
|[[Arignar Anna Alandur metro station|Alandur]]
|style="text-align:center"|7
|29 June 2015
|-
|[[Arignar Anna Alandur metro station|Alandur]]
|[[St. Thomas Mount railway station#Integrated Terminus for suburban.2C MRTS .26 METRO|St. Thomas Mount]]
|style="text-align:center"|1
|14 October 2016
|-
|[[Koyambedu metro station|Koyambedu]]
|[[Nehru Park metro station|Nehru Park]]
|style="text-align:center"|7
|15 May 2017
|-
|[[Nehru Park metro station|Nehru Park]]
|[[Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G. Ramachandran Central metro station|Central]]
|style="text-align:center"|2
|25 May 2018
|-
|rowspan="3" style="background:#{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Blue}};|[[Blue Line (Chennai Metro)|Blue Line]]
|[[Chennai International Airport metro station|Chennai Airport]]
|[[Little Mount metro station|Little Mount]]
|style="text-align:center"|6
|21 September 2016
|-
|[[Little Mount metro station|Little Mount]]
|[[AG – DMS metro station|AG–DMS]]
|style="text-align:center"|4
|25 May 2018
|-
|[[AG – DMS metro station|AG–DMS]]
|[[Washermanpet metro station|Washermanpet]]
|style="text-align:center"|7
|10 February 2019
|}

==== Phase I Extension ====
In 2014, a {{cvt|9|km}} northern extension of the Blue Line was announced by the Government of Tamil Nadu. The extension would run from Washermanpet to [[Wimco Nagar metro station|Wimco Nagar]] and consist of nine stations.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-infra/chennai-metro-adds-a-station-to-phase1-extension/article6545625.ece|title=Chennai Metro adds a station to phase-1 extension|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=30 October 2014|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=14 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114064544/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-infra/chennai-metro-adds-a-station-to-phase1-extension/article6545625.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=6 December 2018|title=Track work in Metro phase 1 extension to begin soon|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/track-work-in-metro-phase-1-extension-to-begin-soon/article25675477.ece/|access-date=6 November 2019|archive-date=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226001622/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/track-work-in-metro-phase-1-extension-to-begin-soon/article25675477.ece/amp/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=19 October 2019|title=First set of trains for Chennai metro phase 1 extension flagged-off|work=[[Business Line]]|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/first-set-of-trains-for-chennai-metro-phase-1-extension-flagged-off/article29745129.ece/|access-date=6 November 2019|archive-date=5 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105190355/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/first-set-of-trains-for-chennai-metro-phase-1-extension-flagged-off/article29745129.ece/amp/|url-status=live}}</ref> Construction started in July 2016 with the first trial runs conducted in December 2020.<ref>{{cite news|title=Opening of phase-1 Chennai metro extension stretch to be delayed?|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2021/jan/09/opening-of-phase-1-chennai-metro-extension-stretch-to-be-delayed-2247523.html|access-date=9 January 2021|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109074440/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2021/jan/09/opening-of-phase-1-chennai-metro-extension-stretch-to-be-delayed-2247523.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=26 December 2020|title=Chennai: Trial run between Washermanpet and Wimco Nagar Metro stations successful, says CMRL|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/chennai-trial-run-between-washermanpet-and-wimco-nagar-metro-stations-successful-says-cmrl-7121217/|access-date=26 December 2020|work=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=26 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226141406/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/chennai-trial-run-between-washermanpet-and-wimco-nagar-metro-stations-successful-says-cmrl-7121217/|url-status=live}}</ref> The line opened for passenger traffic on 14 February 2021, increasing the length of the operational metro system to {{cvt|54.1|km}}.<ref name="Proj">{{cite web|url=https://chennaimetrorail.org/project-status/|title=Project status of Chennai Metro|publisher=[[Chennai Metro Rail Limited]]|access-date=16 August 2010|archive-date=26 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926171710/http://chennaimetrorail.org/project-status/|url-status=live}}</ref> The expansion costed {{INRconvert|37.7|b}} of which 57% was loaned by JICA.<ref name="Proj"/> In 2021, the CMRL proposed a further extension of the blue line to connect the airport with [[Kilambakkam]] at an estimated cost of {{INRconvert|46.25|b}}.<ref>{{cite news|title=Work on 15-km Metro line from airport to Kilambakkam in Chennai suburbs may begin this year|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2021/feb/23/work-on-15-km-metro-line-from-airport-to-kilambakkam-in-chennai-suburbs-may-begin-this-year-2267952.html|access-date=25 April 2021|date=23 February 2021|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|archive-date=25 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425185916/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2021/feb/23/work-on-15-km-metro-line-from-airport-to-kilambakkam-in-chennai-suburbs-may-begin-this-year-2267952.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/tn-to-incur-9000-crore-this-year-for-chennai-metro-rail-due-to-delay-in-centres-clearance/article67863287.ece|title=TN to incur ₹9,000 crore this year for Chennai Metro due to delay in Centre's clearance|date=19 February 2024|access-date=1 April 2024|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=28 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428075613/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/tn-to-incur-9000-crore-this-year-for-chennai-metro-rail-due-to-delay-in-centres-clearance/article67863287.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left; font-size:90%;"
|+Chennai Metro - Phase I Extension<ref name="Proj"/>
|-
! Line
! colspan="2"|Terminals
! Length
! Stations
! Opened/status
|-
|rowspan="3" style="background:#{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Blue}};|[[Blue Line (Chennai Metro)|Blue Line]]
|[[Washermanpet metro station|Washermanpet]]
|[[Wimco Nagar metro station|Wimco Nagar]]
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|{{cvt|9|km}}
|style="text-align:center"|8
|14 February 2021
|-
|[[Wimco Nagar metro station|Wimco Nagar]]
|[[Wimco Nagar Depot metro station|Wimco Nagar Depot]]
|style="text-align:center"|1
|13 March 2022
|-
|[[Chennai International Airport metro station|Chennai Airport]]
|[[Kilambakkam]]
|style="text-align:center;"|{{cvt|15.3|km}}
|style="text-align:center;"|12
|{{tooltip|DPR|Detailed Project Report}} approved by state<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-airport-kilambakkam-metro-project-set-to-take-off/article65662849.ece|title=Chennai Airport-Kilambakkam Metro project set to take off|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 July 2022|access-date=21 July 2022|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=21 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721010737/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-airport-kilambakkam-metro-project-set-to-take-off/article65662849.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/with-no-support-from-centre-cmrl-puts-on-hold-its-plan-for-airport-kilambakkam-stretch/article67375933.ece|title=With no funds from Centre for phase II of Metro, Airport-Kilambakkam project unlikely to be taken up now|date=3 October 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=10 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010100916/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/with-no-support-from-centre-cmrl-puts-on-hold-its-plan-for-airport-kilambakkam-stretch/article67375933.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

=== Phase II ===
{{Phase II, Chennai Metro|state=collapsed}}
In July 2016, the Government of Tamil Nadu announced that the second phase would have three lines spanning {{cvt|104|km}} with 104 stations.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/104-km-104-stations-Unveiling-Phase-II-of-Metro/article14549167.ece|title=1800 km, 180 stations: Unveiling Phase II of Metro|last=Sekar|first=Sunitha|date=2 August 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=24 January 2017|archive-date=26 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226164406/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/104-km-104-stations-Unveiling-Phase-II-of-Metro/article14549167.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Detailed-project-report-for-Phase-II-of-Metro-Rail-ready/article16947271.ece|title=Detailed project report for Phase II of Metro Rail ready|last=Sekar|first=Sunitha|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=24 January 2017|archive-date=27 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227130634/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Detailed-project-report-for-Phase-II-of-Metro-Rail-ready/article16947271.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Two corridors would extend from {{stl|Chennai Metro|Madhavaram Milk Colony}} connecting with [[SIPCOT IT Park|Siruseri SIPCOT]] and {{stl|Chennai Metro|Sholinganallur}} respectively with the third corridor connecting Koyambedu with {{stl|Chennai Metro|Lighthouse}} on the [[Marina beach]]. In July 2017, the state government announced an extension of Phase II, involving a section from Lighthouse up to {{stl|Chennai Metro|Poonamallee Bypass}} with an intersection with the Madhavaram–Sholinganallur line at [[Alwarthirunagar]]. The second phase would span {{cvt|118.9|km}} with 128 stations.<ref name="Proj"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Metro's second phase to go up to Poonamallee|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 July 2017|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/metros-second-phase-to-go-up-to-poonamallee/article19310471.ece|access-date=1 October 2017|archive-date=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226092631/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/metros-second-phase-to-go-up-to-poonamallee/article19310471.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The stations for the second phase were designed to be smaller than the stations of the first phase to reduce the cost and time of construction.<ref>{{cite news|last=U|first=Tejonmayam|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chennai-metro-rail-to-trim-stations-under-phase-2/articleshow/56226400.cms|title=Chennai: Metro rail to trim stations under phase 2|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 December 2016|access-date=24 January 2017|archive-date=8 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208051107/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chennai-metro-rail-to-trim-stations-under-phase-2/articleshow/56226400.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, the [[Madras High Court]] questioned the state government on the construction method of the tunnels and its impact on the water bodies.<ref>{{cite news|title=Was Metro tunnelling work executed without disturbing water sources, asks High Court|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 March 2019|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/was-metro-tunnelling-work-executed-without-disturbing-water-sources-asks-high-court/article26526294.ece|access-date=1 May 2019|archive-date=10 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210002741/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/was-metro-tunnelling-work-executed-without-disturbing-water-sources-asks-high-court/article26526294.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The second phase was estimated to cost {{INRconvert|63.25|b}} of which {{INRconvert|47.1|b}} was loaned by JICA.<ref name="Proj"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/phase-ii-chennai-metro-project-to-cost-rs-36-000-cr-114022800932_1.html|title=Phase-II Chennai metro project to cost Rs 36,000 cr|date=2 March 2014|access-date=1 December 2023|work=[[Business Standard]]|archive-date=16 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216121325/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/phase-ii-chennai-metro-project-to-cost-rs-36-000-cr-114022800932_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jica.go.jp/Resource/india/english/office/topics/press220331_03.html|title=JICA extends ODA Loan of INR 4710 Cr for Chennai Metro Rail Project Phase 2 (II)|date=21 June 2022|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Japan International Cooperation Agency]]|archive-date=16 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216121327/https://www.jica.go.jp/Resource/india/english/office/topics/press220331_03.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Under construction Chennai metro near Madhavaram botanical garden.jpg|thumb|Construction of {{stl|Chennai Metro|Madhavaram Milk Colony}} underground station as part of the second phase]]

On 20 November 2020, foundation stone for the second phase was laid and construction commenced.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/amit-shah-to-lay-foundation-for-chennai-metros-phase-ii-project/article33111023.ece|title=Amit Shah to lay foundation for Chennai Metro's phase II project|date=17 November 2020|access-date=1 December 2023|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=28 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428064943/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/amit-shah-to-lay-foundation-for-chennai-metros-phase-ii-project/article33111023.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> On 14 February 2021, [[Prime Minister of India]] announced that the government has set aside {{INRconvert|630|b}} for the construction of the second phase and its further extension.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/ground-work-for-chennai-metro-rail-phase-2-hit/articleshow/80918239.cms|title=Ground work for Chennai metro rail phase-2 hit|last=Dipak K|first=Dash|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=19 February 2021|archive-date=18 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218192218/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/ground-work-for-chennai-metro-rail-phase-2-hit/articleshow/80918239.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2021, the CMRL awarded contracts to [[Tata Group]], L&T and [[Hindustan Construction Company|HCC]]-[[KEC International|KEC]] for the construction of various sections of the second phase.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2021/05/12/lt-tata-hcc-kec-awarded-chennai-metro-phase-2s-contracts/|title=L&T, Tata, HCC-KEC Awarded Chennai Metro Phase 2's Contracts|date=12 May 2021|access-date=1 June 2024|work=Metro Rail Guy|archive-date=24 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224094949/https://themetrorailguy.com/2021/05/12/lt-tata-hcc-kec-awarded-chennai-metro-phase-2s-contracts/|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2022, Alstom was awarded a contract to supply rolling stock for the second phase. The contract included a provision for the supply of 78 train sets including 36 driver-less trains.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.alstom.com/press-releases-news/2022/11/alstom-wins-eu98-million-contract-design-and-manufacture-78-metro-coaches-chennai-metro-phase-ii|title=Alstom wins €98 million contract to design and manufacture 78 metro coaches for Chennai Metro Phase-II|date=11 November 2022|work=[[Alstom]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=16 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216121324/https://www.alstom.com/press-releases-news/2022/11/alstom-wins-eu98-million-contract-design-and-manufacture-78-metro-coaches-chennai-metro-phase-ii|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/production-of-driverless-trains-for-chennai-metro-rail-phase-ii-project-begins-in-sri-city/article67825703.ece|title=Production of driverless trains for Chennai Metro Rail Phase II project begins in Sri City|date=8 February 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=26 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226052720/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/production-of-driverless-trains-for-chennai-metro-rail-phase-ii-project-begins-in-sri-city/article67825703.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2022, a contract for the installation of tracks was given to KEC–VNC and [[Hitachi]] bagged the contract for the installation of signalling systems.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/kec-vnc-jv-signs-contract-with-chennai-metro-for-track-work-of-cmrl-phase-2/|title=KEC – VNC JV signs contract with Chennai Metro for track work of CMRL Phase – 2|date=30 December 2022|access-date=1 June 2024|work=Metro Rail News|archive-date=1 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101231603/https://www.metrorailnews.in/kec-vnc-jv-signs-contract-with-chennai-metro-for-track-work-of-cmrl-phase-2/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/chennai-metro-phase-2-signalling-contract-awarded-hitachi-rs-1620-crore-170675|title=Chennai Metro phase 2 signalling contract awarded to Hitachi for Rs 1620 crore|date=7 December 2022|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> In January 2023, [[Rail Vikas Nigam Limited]] was awarded a contract for the constructions of underground stations and Linxon was given the contract for the installation of [[electric traction]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/markets/company-stock/story/rvnl-shares-rise-multibagger-chennai-metro-contract-386512-2023-06-21|title=RVNL shares rise on multiple orders from Chennai Metro|date=21 January 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]|archive-date=28 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628101953/https://www.businesstoday.in/markets/company-stock/story/rvnl-shares-rise-multibagger-chennai-metro-contract-386512-2023-06-21|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/linxon-bags-traction-power-supply-contract-for-phase-2-development-of-chennai-metro/|title=Linxon bags traction power supply contract for Phase 2 development of Chennai metro|date=3 January 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|work=Metro Rail News}}</ref>

In May 2023, the CMRL announced minor changes to the lines' alignment and that nine stations would be scrapped in the revised plan.<ref name="Scrap">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chennai-metro-scraps-nine-stations-in-phase-2/articleshow/100219302.cms|title=Chennai metro scraps nine stations in phase 2|date=14 May 2023|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 May 2024|archive-date=2 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602084647/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chennai-metro-scraps-nine-stations-in-phase-2/articleshow/100219302.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Hence, the total length of the second phase was reduced to {{cvt|116.1|km}}.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Press-Release-07.06.2023-English.pdf|title=Phase II– S98 (Anaimalai) TBM Breakthrough at Venugopal Nagar Shaft|date=7 June 2023|publisher=[[Chennai Metro Rail Limited]]|access-date=1 May 2024|archive-date=2 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602083130/https://chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Press-Release-07.06.2023-English.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> L&T was contracted for the installation of overhead equipment and control and monitoring systems.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/larsen-and-toubro-bags-two-contracts-worth-nearly-770-crore-for-chennai-metro-rails-phase-ii-project/article66888927.ece|title=Larsen and Toubro bags two contracts worth nearly ₹770 crore for Chennai Metro Rail's phase II project|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 May 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=28 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928213851/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/larsen-and-toubro-bags-two-contracts-worth-nearly-770-crore-for-chennai-metro-rails-phase-ii-project/article66888927.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Tata Projects was awarded the contract to construct select stations in October.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/chennai-metro-signs-contract-agreement-with-tata-projects-for-five-underground-stations/article67416455.ece|title=Chennai Metro signs contract agreement with TATA Projects for five underground stations|date=13 October 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[Business Line]]|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022071348/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/chennai-metro-signs-contract-agreement-with-tata-projects-for-five-underground-stations/article67416455.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In December, the CMRL awarded the contract to [[ST Engineering]] for the installation of [[platform screen doors]] in the elevated stations of the second phase.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/cmrl-phase-2-chennai-metro-rail-awards-contract-for-installing-half-height-platform-screen-doors-at-36-elevated-stations/articleshow/106159223.cms|title=CMRL phase-2: Chennai Metro Rail awards contract for install platform screen doors|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 December 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=7 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107020652/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/cmrl-phase-2-chennai-metro-rail-awards-contract-for-installing-half-height-platform-screen-doors-at-36-elevated-stations/articleshow/106159223.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In the same month, Shellinfo was awarded a contract {{INRconvert|420|m|year=2023}} for the installation of [[automated fare collection]] systems.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/shellinfo-awarded-over-rs-42-crores-contract-for-chennai-metro-phase-2/|title=Shellinfo Awarded Over Rs 42 Crores Contract for Chennai Metro Phase 2|date=9 December 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|work=Metro Rail News|archive-date=2 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302035844/https://www.metrorailnews.in/shellinfo-awarded-over-rs-42-crores-contract-for-chennai-metro-phase-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to the previously ordered Alstom train-sets, the CMRL invited bids in March 2024 for the supply of 96 train-sets for the second phase.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/cmrl-reinvites-bids-for-chennai-metro-phase-2s-96-coach-contract/|title=CMRL Reinvites Bids for Chennai Metro Phase 2's 96 Coach Contract|date=21 March 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|work=Metro Rail News|archive-date=5 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305080737/https://www.metrorailnews.in/cmrl-reinvites-bids-for-chennai-metro-phase-2s-96-coach-contract/|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|May 2024}}, about {{cvt|20|km}} of the second phase had been completed.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/20km-of-phase-2-metro-lines-completed-in-chennai/articleshow/110409941.cms|title=20km of phase-2 metro lines across city completed in Chennai|date=25 May 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=26 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526044304/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/20km-of-phase-2-metro-lines-completed-in-chennai/articleshow/110409941.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2025, the first trial run on the Phase II network was conducted on a {{cvt|3|km}} stretch between [[Poonamallee metro station|Poonamallee]] and [[Mullaithottam metro station|Mullaithottam]] on the proposed Yellow Line.<ref>{{cite news |date=30 March 2025|title=Chennai Metro Rail Limited conducts its first trial run on Phase II network amid a few technical glitches |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-metro-rail-limited-conducts-its-first-trial-run-on-phase-ii-network-amid-a-few-technical-glitches/article69355048.ece |access-date=29 April 2025|work=[[The Hindu]]|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In April 2025, trial runs began on a {{cvt|10|km}} stretch between Poonamallee and {{stl|Chennai Metro|Porur Junction}} stations on the same line.<ref>{{cite news |date=8 April 2025 |title=Amidst much cheer and excitement, Chennai Metro Rail's driverless train glides through Poonamallee-Porur stretch |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/amidst-much-cheer-and-excitement-chennai-metro-rails-driverless-train-glides-through-poonamallee-porur-stretch/article69502053.ece |access-date=9 April 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The RDSO conducted inspection on the same stretch in August 2025, and the Railway Board provided approval for the operation of signals on the line in December 2025.<ref name="Vadapalani">{{cite news|last=Sekar|first=Sunitha|title=Railway Board approves signalling system for Poonamallee-Porur Metro Rail stretch|date=17 December 2025|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/railway-board-approves-signalling-system-for-poonamallee-porur-metro-rail-stretch/article70403829.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=19 December 2025}}</ref> After the conclusion of safety checks by the CMRS in February 2026, the operations on {{stl|Chennai Metro|Poonamallee Bypass}} to {{stl|Chennai Metro|Vadapalani}} stretch on the Yellow Line is expected to begin in March 2026, with no intermediate stoppages at stations from Alapakkam to Saligramam.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sekar|first=Sunitha|title=Commissioner of Metro Railway Safety inspects Phase II trains|date=3 January 2026|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/commissioner-of-metro-railway-safety-inspects-phase-ii-trains/article70463885.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=3 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2026/Feb/26/safety-inspection-over-as-chennai-metros-vadapalanipoonamallee-corridor-set-for-commercial-launch|title=Safety inspection over as Chennai Metro’s Vadapalani–Poonamallee corridor set for commercial launch|date=26 February 2026|access-date=28 February 2026|work=[[The News Indian Express]]}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%;"
|+Chennai Metro - Phase II<ref name="Scrap"/><ref>{{cite report|url=https://chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Phase-II-Route-Map.pdf|title=Chennai Metro rail phase II|publisher=[[Chennai Metro Rail Limited]]|date=10 September 2023|access-date=1 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
!Line
!colspan="2"|Terminals
!Length
!Stations
!Status
|-
|style="background:#{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Purple}};|[[Purple Line (Chennai Metro)|Purple Line]]
|{{stl|Chennai Metro|Madhavaram Milk Colony}}
|[[SIPCOT IT Park|Siruseri SIPCOT II]]
|style="text-align:center;"|{{cvt|45.4|km}}
|style="text-align:center"|48
|rowspan="3" style="text-align:center"|Under construction
|-
|style="background:#{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Yellow}};|[[Yellow Line (Chennai Metro)|Yellow Line]]
|{{stl|Chennai Metro|Poonamallee Bypass}}
|{{stl|Chennai Metro|Lighthouse}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{cvt|26.1|km}}
|style="text-align:center"|27
|-
|style="background:#{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Red}};|[[Red Line (Chennai Metro)|Red Line]]
|{{stl|Chennai Metro|Madhavaram Milk Colony}}
|{{stl|Chennai Metro|Sholinganallur}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{cvt|44.6|km}}
|style="text-align:center"|45
|-
!colspan="3"|
!{{cvt|116.1|km}}
!118{{efn|name=P2|{{stl|Chennai Metro|Madhavaram Milk Colony}} station is considered as one station as it is shared between [[Purple Line (Chennai Metro)|Purple]] and [[Red Line (Chennai Metro)|Red Line]]s. The existing {{stl|Chennai Metro|Koyambedu}} station on the [[Green Line (Chennai Metro)|Green Line]] will be used by the Red Line.<ref name="Scrap"/>}}
!
|}

==== Phase II Extension ====
In 2022, the state government proposed an extension plan spanning {{cvt|93|km}} for the three under construction lines of the second phase. The proposal involved extension of [[Line 3 (Chennai Metro)|Purple Line]] from Siruseri SIPCOT to Kilambakkam, [[Line 4 (Chennai Metro)|Yellow Line]] from Poonamallee to [[Chennai greenfield airport, Parandur|Parandur]] and [[Line 5 (Chennai Metro)|Red Line]] from Koyambedu to [[Avadi]].<ref name="P2">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/detailed-feasibility-report-for-chennai-metro-rails-phase-2-extension-to-be-ready-in-three-months/article66664484.ece|title=Detailed feasibility report for Chennai Metro Rail's Phase 2 extension to be ready in three months|date=26 March 2023|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=28 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428075613/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/detailed-feasibility-report-for-chennai-metro-rails-phase-2-extension-to-be-ready-in-three-months/article66664484.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The proposed extension of second phase lines from Siruseri to Kilambakkam, Poonamallee to Parandur, and Koyambedu to Avadi were projected to cost {{INRconvert|54.58|b}}, {{INRconvert|107.12|b}}, and {{INRconvert|67.36|b}} respectively.<ref name="FE"/><ref name="PP"/> Between late 2023 and early 2024, feasibility reports submitted by the CMRL suggested dropping the proposed extension of the purple line due to economic viability and going ahead with the planned extensions of the other two lines, spanning {{cvt|59.7|km}}.<ref name="FE">{{cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/infrastructure-chennai-metro-cmrl-submits-detailed-feasibility-reports-for-phase-ii-project-extension-a-progress-report-3251256/|title=CMRL submits Detailed Feasibility Reports for Phase II project extension|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|date=22 September 2023|access-date=30 April 2024|archive-date=29 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429192946/https://www.financialexpress.com/business/infrastructure-chennai-metro-cmrl-submits-detailed-feasibility-reports-for-phase-ii-project-extension-a-progress-report-3251256/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="PP">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-metro-rail-submits-report-to-extend-connectivity-all-the-way-to-second-airport-site-at-parandur/article67706729.ece|title=Chennai Metro Rail submits report to extend connectivity all the way to second airport site at Parandur|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=4 January 2024|access-date=30 April 2024|archive-date=30 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430052229/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-metro-rail-submits-report-to-extend-connectivity-all-the-way-to-second-airport-site-at-parandur/article67706729.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="GH">{{cite news|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/chennai/chennai-siruseri-kilambakkam-bus-terminus-metro-plans-dropped-deemed-non-feasible-article-109979552|title=Metro from Siruseri- Kilambakkam Bus Terminus Metro Plans Dropped, deemed non-feasible|work=[[Times Now]]|date=9 May 2024|access-date=11 May 2024|archive-date=11 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511082443/https://www.timesnownews.com/chennai/chennai-siruseri-kilambakkam-bus-terminus-metro-plans-dropped-deemed-non-feasible-article-109979552|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2024, the state government proposed a new {{cvt|16|km}} extension from Madhavaram to [[Ennore]].<ref name="En1"/><ref name="En2"/> In August 2024, a new extension from Chennai airport to Poonamallee was proposed to connect the existing airport with the planned new airport at Parandur.<ref name="AP1">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/meenambakkam-to-parandur-airport-metro-connection/articleshow/112357915.cms|title=Meenambakkam to Parandur airport in 1 hour by metro|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 August 2024|access-date=9 August 2024}}</ref><ref name="AP2">{{cite news|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/chennai/chennai-metro-to-cut-travel-time-from-meenambakkam-to-parandur-airport-to-just-1-hour-details-article-112367681|title=Chennai Metro to cut travel time from Meenambakkam to Parandur airport to just 1 hour|work=[[Times Now]]|date=8 August 2024|access-date=9 August 2024}}</ref> In May 2024, the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] approved both the extensions of the Red Line from Koyambedu to Pattabiram and Yellow Line from Poonamallee to Parandur at an estimated cost of {{INRConvert|99.28|b}} and {{INRConvert|159.06|b}} respectively, forwarding to [[Government of India]] for final approval.<ref name="KA">{{cite news |last=Sundaram |first=Ram |title=TN govt gives in-principle nod for Chennai Metro link from Koyambedu to Pattabiram |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tn-govt-gives-in-principle-nod-for-chennai-metro-link-from-koyambedu-to-pattabiram/articleshow/120829027.cms |date=2 May 2025 |access-date=2 May 2025|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left; font-size:90%;"
|+Chennai Metro - Phase II Extension
|-
! Line
! colspan="2"|Terminals
! Length
! Stations
! Status
! Reference
|-
|style="background:#ff0000; text-align: left;"|[[Line 5 (Chennai Metro)|Red Line]]
|[[Koyambedu metro station|Koyambedu]]
|[[Pattabiram]]
|style="text-align:center;"|{{cvt|21.76|km}}
|style="text-align:center;"|19
|rowspan="2"|{{tooltip|DPR|Detailed Project Report}} approved by state
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/six-firms-bid-to-prepare-dpr-for-metro-line-to-avadi/articleshow/109656224.cms|title=Six firms bid to prepare DPR for Chennai metro line to Avadi|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 April 2024|access-date=2 May 2024|archive-date=2 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502150701/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/six-firms-bid-to-prepare-dpr-for-metro-line-to-avadi/articleshow/109656224.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="KA"/>
|-
|rowspan="2" style="background:#{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Yellow}}; text-align: left;|[[Line 4 (Chennai Metro)|Yellow Line]]
|[[Poonamallee Bypass metro station|Poonamallee]]
|[[Chennai greenfield airport, Parandur|Parandur]]
|style="text-align:center;"|{{cvt|43.6|km}}
|style="text-align:center;"|19
|<ref name="PP"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-government-approves-chennai-metro-rails-poonamallee-parandur-corridor-first-phase-between-poonamallee-and-sunguvarchatram/article69649024.ece|title=T.N. government gives nod to Chennai Metro Rail’s Poonamallee-Parandur corridor|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=3 June 2025|access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
|[[Lighthouse metro station|Lighthouse]]
|[[High Court metro station|High Court]]
|style="text-align:center;"|{{cvt|7|km}}
|style="text-align:center;"|TBD
|Rowspan="2"|{{tooltip|DPR|Detailed Project Report}} to be prepared
|rowspan="2"|<ref name="TbmVcy">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-metro-rail-to-begin-study-for-building-rrts-light-house-high-court-and-tambaram-velachery-corridors/article69378228.ece|title=Chennai Metro Rail to begin study for building RRTS, Lighthouse - High Court and Tambaram - Velachery corridors|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=27 March 2025|access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/detailed-project-reports-to-be-prepared-to-extend-chennai-metro-from-lighthouse-to-high-court/article69920176.ece|title=Detailed project reports to be prepared to extend Chennai Metro from Lighthouse to High Court and Tambaram to Velachery|work=[[Business Line]]|date=11 August 2025|access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
|TBD
|[[Tambaram]]
|[[Velachery]]
|style="text-align:center;"|{{cvt|21|km}}
|style="text-align:center;"|TBD
|-
|TBD
|[[Madhavaram, Chennai|Madhavaram]]
|[[Ennore]]
|style="text-align:center;"|{{cvt|16|km}}
|style="text-align:center;"|TBD
|Feasibility to be studied
|<ref name="En1">{{cite news|last=Selvaraj|first=Vignesh|title=Madhavaram to Ennore metro rail extension : CMRL's decision|work=[[Oneindia]]|date=11 May 2024|lang=ta|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/chennai/chennai-metro-rail-to-prepare-feasibility-study-report-for-madhavaram-to-ennore-route-605117.html|access-date=17 May 2024|archive-date=12 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512012710/https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/chennai/chennai-metro-rail-to-prepare-feasibility-study-report-for-madhavaram-to-ennore-route-605117.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="En2">{{cite news|title=Metro Rail to prepare feasibility report for Madhavaram - Ennore corridor|work=[[Dinamani]]|lang=ta|date=12 May 2024|url=https://www.dinamani.com/tamilnadu/2024/May/12/feasibility-of-madhavaram-ennoor-routethe-survey-report-is-prepared-by-the-metro-rail-corporation#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17159671677129&csi=0&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dinamani.com%2Ftamilnadu%2F2024%2FMay%2F12%2Ffeasibility-of-madhavaram-ennoor-routethe-survey-report-is-prepared-by-the-metro-rail-corporation|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=18 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518163519/https://www.dinamani.com/tamilnadu/2024/May/12/feasibility-of-madhavaram-ennoor-routethe-survey-report-is-prepared-by-the-metro-rail-corporation#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17159671677129&csi=0&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dinamani.com%2Ftamilnadu%2F2024%2FMay%2F12%2Ffeasibility-of-madhavaram-ennoor-routethe-survey-report-is-prepared-by-the-metro-rail-corporation|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

=== Integration of MRTS ===
[[File:Velachery_Railway_station_June_2010.jpg|thumb|[[Chennai MRTS]] is proposed to be handed over to Chennai Metro]]

In 2017, the state government proposed to integrate the [[Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System]] (MRTS) into the Chennai Metro.<ref>{{cite news|title=Chennai Metro-MRTS merger report in six months|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/report-on-merger-of-metro-rail-mrts-in-six-months/article18596779.ece|access-date=29 May 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=29 May 2017|archive-date=29 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229182158/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/report-on-merger-of-metro-rail-mrts-in-six-months/article18596779.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2018, [[PwC]] said that the merger would cost around {{INRconvert|30|b}} to convert the rolling stock and install other facilities for the merger.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sekar|first=Sunitha|title=Metro-MRTS merger likely to be a costly affair|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/metro-mrts-merger-likely-to-be-a-costly-affair/article24455379.ece|access-date=22 July 2018|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 July 2018|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109040049/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/metro-mrts-merger-likely-to-be-a-costly-affair/article24455379.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> On 11 May 2022, [[Southern Railway (India)|Southern Railway]] of the Indian Railways granted an in-principle approval for the integration of the MRTS into the metro.<ref>{{cite news|title=MRTS merger with Chennai Metro gets railway's approval|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2022/may/15/mrts-merger-with-chennai-metro-gets-railways-approval-2453717.html|access-date=16 May 2022|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=15 May 2022 |archive-date=15 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515193548/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2022/may/15/mrts-merger-with-chennai-metro-gets-railways-approval-2453717.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As per the plan, the railway would handover the MRTS to the CMRL once the expansion of the MRTS is completed. However, the extended second phase of the MRTS project, connecting Velachery with St. Thomas Mount experienced delays,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/concrete-girder-of-bridge-collapses-at-mrts-worksite-in-thillai-ganga-nagar/article67753317.ece|title=Concrete girder of bridge collapses at MRTS worksite in Thillai Ganga Nagar|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 January 2024|access-date=1 March 2024|archive-date=31 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131190926/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/concrete-girder-of-bridge-collapses-at-mrts-worksite-in-thillai-ganga-nagar/article67753317.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Not">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/part-of-bridge-falls-rail-project-delayed-again/articleshow/106972134.cms|title=Part of bridge falls, rail project delayed again|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 January 2024|access-date=1 March 2024|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331141533/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/part-of-bridge-falls-rail-project-delayed-again/articleshow/106972134.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> and was completed in March 2026.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/mrts-train-services-begin-on-velachery-st-thomas-mount-extended-section/article70742263.ece|title=MRTS train services begin on Velachery-St. Thomas Mount extended section|date=15 March 2026|access-date=15 March 2026|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Once the takeover is completed, CMRL will upgrade the MRTS system including tracks, security, ticketing system and rolling stock.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/jan/03/chennai-with-metro-coaches-and-modern-stations-mrts-set-for-big-upgrade-1743035.html|title=Chennai: With Metro coaches and modern stations, MRTS set for big upgrade|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=3 January 2018|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022082024/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/jan/03/chennai-with-metro-coaches-and-modern-stations-mrts-set-for-big-upgrade-1743035.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Metrolite ===
{{Main|Chennai Metrolite}}
In 2020, a [[Chennai Metrolite|light rail]] was proposed to connect [[Tambaram railway station]] of the existing suburban rail network with Velachery on the MRTS,<ref name="MR">{{cite news|title=Proposed Metrolite line likely to be rubber-tyred|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2020/nov/07/proposed-metrolite-line-likely-to-be-rubber-tyred-2220412.html|access-date=25 April 2021|date=7 November 2020|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|archive-date=25 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425185919/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2020/nov/07/proposed-metrolite-line-likely-to-be-rubber-tyred-2220412.html|url-status=live}}</ref> as part of plans to link the different [[urban rail|urban transit]] lines in the city.<ref name="NIE">{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/Feb/07/trams-to-run-alongside-cars-cmrl-study-to-explore-metrolite-feasibility-2545078.html|title=CMRL study to explore Metrolite feasibility|access-date=1 April 2023|date=7 February 2023|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|archive-date=1 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401215328/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/feb/07/trams-to-run-alongside-cars-cmrl-study-to-explore-metrolite-feasibility-2545078.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://mohua.gov.in/upload/whatsnew/5d2c1268929e3standard%20specification%20LURTS-Metrolite.pdf |title=Standard Specifications - Light Urban Rail Transit System: 'Metrolite' |publisher=Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs |access-date=1 December 2023 |archive-date=30 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930221829/https://mohua.gov.in/upload/whatsnew/5d2c1268929e3standard%20specification%20LURTS-Metrolite.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Feasibility studies for the project was commissioned in February 2023 by the [[Chennai Unified Metropolitan Transport Authority]] (CUMTA).<ref name="NIE"/> In March 2024, a study was commissioned to re-assess the feasibility of establishing a new corridor connecting Tambaram with Velachery with an extension to connect with existing [[Guindy metro station]].<ref name="ML">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/cmrl-revives-old-network-from-tambaram-to-velachery-and-extends-it-to-guindy-or-little-mt/articleshow/108249043.cms|title=CMRL revives old network from Tambaram to Velachery and extends to Guindy|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 March 2024|access-date=30 April 2024|archive-date=29 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429194305/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/cmrl-revives-old-network-from-tambaram-to-velachery-and-extends-it-to-guindy-or-little-mt/articleshow/108249043.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2025, the government decided to develop the stretch as a regular metro corridor.<ref name="TbmVcy"/>

=== Others ===
[[File:ChennaiMetroBuilding.jpg|thumb|MetroS, the Chennai Metro headquarter building at [[Nandanam]]]]
The third phase of the Chennai Metro is under planning as a part of the Chennai Comprehensive Mobility Plan.<ref>{{cite news|date=23 February 2021|title=Feasibility report ready for ₹6,683 crore Coimbatore Metro Rail|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/feasibility-report-ready-for-6683-crore-coimbatore-metro-rail/article33912064.ece|access-date=25 April 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417023140/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/feasibility-report-ready-for-6683-crore-coimbatore-metro-rail/article33912064.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The CMRL is also involved in the feasibility studies for the development of metro rail transport in the cities of [[Coimbatore Metro|Coimbatore]], [[Madurai Metro|Madurai]] and [[Tiruchirappalli Monorail|Tiruchirapalli]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Sekar|first=Sunitha|date=22 March 2022|title=CMRL to do a feasibility study for building mass rapid transit in three cities|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/cmrl-to-do-a-feasibility-study-for-building-mass-rapid-transit-in-three-cities/article65245817.ece|access-date=22 March 2022|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=21 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321194938/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/cmrl-to-do-a-feasibility-study-for-building-mass-rapid-transit-in-three-cities/article65245817.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

CMRL developed the [[Kathipara Urban Square]] as a multi-modal transport hub with parking and recreational areas.<ref>{{cite web |last=Selvarajan |first=Gautham |date=17 December 2021 |title=Chennai's Kathipara Urban Square inaugurated |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2021/Dec/17/chennais-kathipara-urban-square-inaugurated-2396457.html |access-date=29 April 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> In 2023, the CMRL proposed the development of [[Central Square, Chennai|Central Square]] around its headquarters with commercial complexes and multi-storied buildings.<ref>{{cite news|title=Chennai Metro Rail Limited plans to build 27-storey building at Central Square|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-metro-rail-limited-plans-to-build-27-storey-building-at-central-square/article67353246.ece|date=27 September 2023|access-date=25 April 2024|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=30 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430052706/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-metro-rail-limited-plans-to-build-27-storey-building-at-central-square/article67353246.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2025, CMRL announced that it has identified public spaces in [[Adyar, Chennai|Adyar]] and [[Velachery]] which can be transformed into public spaces similar to Kathipara Urban Square.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sekar |first=Sunitha |date=27 April 2025|title=On the lines of Kathipara Urban Square, Chennai Metro Rail plans vibrant spaces in Adyar, Velachery |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/on-the-lines-of-kathipara-urban-square-metro-rail-plans-vibrant-spaces-in-adyar-velachery/article69497179.ece |access-date=29 April 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Infrastructure ==
=== Network and lines ===
Chennai Metro runs on {{Railgauge|standard|allk=on}} and the lines are double-tracked.<ref>{{cite news|last=Srinivasan|first=Meera|title=Countdown to Chennai Metro begins|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=3 February 2013|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/countdown-to-chennai-metro-begins/article4373153.ece|access-date=3 February 2013|archive-date=5 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205052657/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/countdown-to-chennai-metro-begins/article4373153.ece?|url-status=live}}</ref> The trains can operate at a maximum speed of {{cvt|120|km/h}}, and the average operational speed is {{cvt|85|km/h}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/metro-rail-train-zips-over-city-roads/article5690361.ece|title=Metro rail train zips over city roads|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|date=6 June 2016|archive-date=26 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026221155/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/metro-rail-train-zips-over-city-roads/article5690361.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

As of December 2025, the operational network consists of two colour-coded lines covering a length of {{cvt|54.1|km}}.<ref name="Proj"/><ref>{{cite news|date=5 November 2016|title=CMRL Phase 1 extension Washermanpet and Wimco nagar|url=https://chennaimetrorail.org/part-1-ecv-103-cmrl-phase-1-extension-washermanpet-and-wimco-nagar/|access-date=7 July 2021|publisher=[[Chennai Metro Rail Limited]]|archive-date=25 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725082803/https://chennaimetrorail.org/part-1-ecv-103-cmrl-phase-1-extension-washermanpet-and-wimco-nagar/|url-status=live}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left; font-size:90%;"
|+ Operational lines of Chennai Metro<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Line-Map.pdf|title=Chennai Metro, line map|publisher=[[Chennai Metro Rail Limited]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208073455/https://chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Line-Map.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Proj"/>
! Line
! colspan="2"|Terminal
! Operational
! Length (km)
! Stations
|-
|style="background:#{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Blue}};|[[Blue Line (Chennai Metro)|Blue Line]]
|[[Wimco Nagar Depot metro station|Wimco Nagar Depot]]
|[[Chennai International Airport metro station|Chennai Airport]]
|style="text-align:center;"|21 September 2016
|style="text-align:center;"|32.1
|style="text-align:center;"|26
|-
|style="background:#{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Green}};|[[Green Line (Chennai Metro)|Green Line]]
|[[Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G. Ramachandran Central metro station|Central]]
|[[St. Thomas Mount (Chennai Suburban Railway)|St. Thomas Mount]]
|style="text-align:center;"|29 June 2015
|style="text-align:center;"|22
|style="text-align:center;"|17
|-
! colspan="4"|Total
!54.1
!41{{efn|name=IC|Two inter-change stations are shared by the lines}}
|}

=== Rolling stock ===
[[File:CHENNAI METRO IMG 20171106 154642.jpg|thumb|Chennai metro coaches are manufactured by [[Alstom]]]]

Alstom supplied the rolling stock for the first phase of the Chennai Metro.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.alstom.com/press-centre/2013/5/alstom-completes-in-lapa-plant-the-first-train-for-chennai-metro-in-india/|title=Alstom completes in Lapa plant the first train for Chennai metro, in India|publisher=[[Alstom]]|date=May 2013|access-date=6 June 2016|archive-date=21 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421015113/http://www.alstom.com/press-centre/2013/5/alstom-completes-in-lapa-plant-the-first-train-for-chennai-metro-in-india/|url-status=live}}</ref> For the first phase, it supplied 42 [[Alstom Metropolis|train-sets]] composed of four coaches.<ref name="Coach">{{cite news|last=Sekar|first=Sunitha|title=Phase II to have six and ten-coach Metro trains|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=29 June 2018|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-metro-to-get-three-six-coach-trains/article24283314.ece|access-date=15 July 2018|archive-date=29 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129154023/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-metro-to-get-three-six-coach-trains/article24283314.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The first nine train sets were imported from Brazil and the rest were manufactured at Alstom's facility at [[Sri City]] near Chennai.<ref name="Coach"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/first-coach-for-chennai-metro-by-april-2013-alstom-transport/article3991494.ece|title=First coach for Chennai Metro by April 2013: Alstom Transport|work=[[Business Line]]|access-date=6 June 2016|archive-date=2 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102101729/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/first-coach-for-chennai-metro-by-april-2013-alstom-transport/article3991494.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sekar|first=Sunitha|title=Chennai Metro to have 1st class compartment|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 October 2013|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-metro-to-have-1st-class-compartment/article5278833.ece|access-date=2 March 2014|archive-date=21 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321141025/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-metro-to-have-1st-class-compartment/article5278833.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The trains are [[air-conditioned]] with electrically operated automated [[sliding doors]]. The trains usually have a [[First-class carriage|first class compartment]] and a dedicated section reserved for women.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sekar|first=Sunitha|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-infra/all-aboard-chennai-metro/article6222070.ece|title=All aboard, Chennai Metro|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 July 2014|access-date=15 July 2018|archive-date=15 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215081044/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-infra/all-aboard-chennai-metro/article6222070.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

The trains operate on [[25 kV AC railway electrification|25 kV AC]] [[Railway electric traction|electric traction]].<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.alstom.com/press-releases-news/2010/9/First-Metro-Rolling-Stock-contract-in-India-Alstom-to-provide-168-cars-for-Chennais-metro-for-243-million-20100909|title=Alstom to provide 168 cars for Chennai's metro for 243 million|publisher=[[Alstom]]|date=1 September 2010|access-date=6 June 2023|archive-date=15 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415155738/https://www.alstom.com/press-releases-news/2010/9/First-Metro-Rolling-Stock-contract-in-India-Alstom-to-provide-168-cars-for-Chennais-metro-for-243-million-20100909|url-status=live}}</ref> The trains are connected to the grid via [[overhead line]]s and are equipped with [[regenerative braking]] with a capacity to recover 30–35% of the energy during braking.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/first-ride-in-a-chennai-metro-train/article5693933.ece?homepage=true|title=First ride in a Chennai Metro train|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=6 June 2016|archive-date=14 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114064544/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/first-ride-in-a-chennai-metro-train/article5693933.ece?homepage=true|url-status=live}}</ref> The electricity is supplied by the [[Tamil Nadu Electricity Board]], and the metro system consumed an average of 70 [[Megawatt|MW]] of power daily in 2014.<ref>{{cite news|title=Metro rail sets up units to power trains, stations to meet year-end deadline to start services|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=15 April 2014|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/City/Chennai/Metro-rail-sets-up-units-to-power-trains-stations-to-meet-year-end-deadline-to-start-services/articleshow/33757188.cms|access-date=18 April 2014|archive-date=18 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418044333/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/City/Chennai/Metro-rail-sets-up-units-to-power-trains-stations-to-meet-year-end-deadline-to-start-services/articleshow/33757188.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Chennai Metro also uses [[solar power]] with an installed capacity of 6.4 [[Nominal power (photovoltaic)#Units|MWp]], which contributed to about 12-15% of the energy requirement of the metro in 2023.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sekar|first=Sunitha|title=Chennai Metro Rail to install more solar power plants in rooftop and parking spaces|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=1 October 2023|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-metro-rail-to-install-more-solar-power-plants-in-rooftop-and-parking-spaces/article67369233.ece|access-date=17 January 2024|archive-date=17 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117123000/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-metro-rail-to-install-more-solar-power-plants-in-rooftop-and-parking-spaces/article67369233.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

For the second phase, Alstom was awarded a {{INRConvert|9.47|b}} contract to supply 26 trainsets made of three coaches each to be deployed on the Yellow Line.<ref>{{cite press release|date=11 November 2022 |title=Alstom wins €98 million contract to design and manufacture 78 metro coaches for Chennai Metro Phase-II |url=https://www.alstom.com/press-releases-news/2022/11/alstom-wins-eu98-million-contract-design-and-manufacture-78-metro-coaches-chennai-metro-phase-ii |access-date=8 June 2025 |work=[[Alstom]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=27 July 2022 |title=Alstom Awarded Chennai Metro Phase 2's 78 Coach Contract |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2022/07/29/alstom-awarded-chennai-metro-phase-2s-78-coach-contract/ |access-date=8 June 2025 |work=The Metro Rail Guy}}</ref> In November 2024, CMRL awarded a {{INRConvert|36.58|b}} contract to [[BEML]] for the supply of 70 trainsets, made of three coaches each, to be deployed on Red and Purple lines.<ref>{{cite news |last=Fatakia |first=Hormaz |date=28 November 2024 |title=PSU Order Win: BEML bags ₹3,658 crore contract from the Chennai Metro |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/market/beml-share-price-psu-order-win-2501-crore-contract-chennai-metro-execution-timeline-fy25-guidance-19516029.htm |access-date=8 June 2025|work=[[CNBC TV18]] }}</ref> In June 2025, CMRL placed an additional order of 32 [[driverless train|driverless trainsets]].<ref>{{cite press release |date=5 June 2025 |title=Alstom to supply 96 additional Metropolis driverless metro cars for Chennai Metro Phase II |url=https://www.alstom.com/press-releases-news/2025/6/alstom-supply-96-additional-metropolis-driverless-metro-cars-chennai-metro-phase-ii |access-date=8 June 2025 |work=[[Alstom]]}}</ref>

=== Stations ===
{{See also|List of Chennai metro stations}}
[[File:Chennai Underground metrostation with India's first Platform Screen Doors.jpg|thumb|Full-height enclosed [[platform screen doors]] installed in the underground [[List of Chennai metro stations|stations]]]]

A total of 40 stations, 22 of which are underground, are operational on the two lines of the first phase. In the underground sections, a walkway runs along the length of the corridor with cross passages every {{cvt|250|m}} for the maintenance and emergency evacuation.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sekar|first=Sunitha|title=First underground Metro network by December 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 August 2014|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/first-underground-metro-network-by-dec-2015/article6299711.ece|access-date=4 October 2014|archive-date=15 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215081044/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/first-underground-metro-network-by-dec-2015/article6299711.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The underground stations have an average width of {{cvt|200|m}} and are located at an average depth of {{cvt|20|ft|order=flip}} from the ground level.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/TimesofIndia20-09-2013.pdf|title=Metro's underground frame|publisher=[[Chennai Metro Rail Limited]]|date=20 September 2013|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=26 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226092603/https://chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/TimesofIndia20-09-2013.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The average length of the stations in Phase 1 extension is about {{cvt|180|m}}.<ref>{{cite news|title=Metro Phase 1 extension tunneling nears completion|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=29 September 2017|date=25 September 2017|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/metro-phase-1-extension-tunnelling-nears-completion/article19748619.ece|archive-date=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226060704/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/metro-phase-1-extension-tunnelling-nears-completion/article19748619.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=CMRL's compact stations have their own fan club|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=29 June 2018|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/cmrls-compact-stations-have-their-own-fan-club/article24283329.ece|access-date=15 July 2018|archive-date=30 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130025132/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/cmrls-compact-stations-have-their-own-fan-club/article24283329.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

The elevated stations have three levels with the concourse level at a minimum height of {{cvt|5.5|m}} above the ground level and platform level above the concourse while the underground stations have two levels and are equipped with [[platform screen doors]].<ref>{{cite report|title=Chennai Metro Investment Project|publisher=[[Asian Development Bank]]|access-date=30 August 2023|url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-documents/52234/52234-001-eia-en_5.pdf|archive-date=4 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604155819/https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-documents/52234/52234-001-eia-en_5.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The stations are air-conditioned and are equipped to be disabled and elderly friendly, with automated fare collection, public announcement system, electronic display boards, escalators and lifts.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sekar|first=Sunitha|title=No clarity on access at Chennai Metro stations yet, say disabled|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=6 June 2016|date=20 January 2014|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/no-clarity-on-access-at-chennai-metro-stations-yet-say-disabled/article5594316.ece?ref=sliderNews|archive-date=4 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204020014/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/no-clarity-on-access-at-chennai-metro-stations-yet-say-disabled/article5594316.ece?ref=sliderNews|url-status=live}}</ref> Paid parking facilities are available for two wheelers in most stations and four wheelers in select stations.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Parking_Facilities_Availability_2018.pdf|title=Parking Facilities Availability 2018|publisher=[[Chennai Metro Rail Limited]]|access-date=16 August 2010|archive-date=8 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608150016/https://chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Parking_Facilities_Availability_2018.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Depots ===
[[File:Wimco_Nagar_Depot_metro_station.jpg|thumb|Wimco Nagar depot is situated adjacent to the Wimco Nagar Depot station]]

Chennai Metro maintains a major depot at [[Koyambedu]] which houses maintenance workshops, stabling lines, test tracks and a washing plant for the trains. In 2022, an elevated depot at Wimco Nagar commenced operations with facilities for inspection, emergency repair, and a washing plant.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sekar|first=Sunitha|date=16 July 2014|title=Chennai Metro to get a second depot|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/chennai-metro-to-get-a-second-depot/article6215042.ece|access-date=4 October 2014|archive-date=15 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215081044/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/chennai-metro-to-get-a-second-depot/article6215042.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Three new depots at [[Madhavaram, Chennai|Madhavaram]], [[Poonamallee]], and [[Semmencherry]], are planned as a part of the second phase.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Press-Release-20.07.2023-English.pdf|title=Contract Agreement Signed for construction of Operation Control Centre at Madhavaram Depot of CMRL Phase II|date=20 July 2023|access-date=1 May 2024|publisher=[[Chennai Metro Rail Limited]]|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=13 July 2024|title=Chennai Metro Rail to build 3rd depot for Phase II in Semmanchery|work=[[DT Next]]|url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/city/chennai-metro-rail-ltd-to-build-3rd-depot-for-phase-ii-in-semmanchery-794597|access-date=4 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Phase-II-Map-Updated-Map-PHASE-2.pdf|title=Phase II Map|publisher=[[Chennai Metro Rail Limited]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> The Madhavaram depot is planned to be the largest depot of the Chennai metro.<ref>{{cite news|title=Madhavaram to get Chennai's largest metro depot|date=4 March 2021|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/madhavaram-to-get-chennais-largest-metro-depot/articleshow/81321937.cms|access-date=4 October 2025}}</ref> The Poonamallee depot was used for conducting trial runs in 2024.<ref>{{cite news|title=Metro Rail’s first driverless train likely to go through trial run on October 26 at Poonamallee Depot|date=21 October 2024|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/metro-rails-first-driverless-train-likely-to-go-through-trial-run-on-october-26-at-poonamallee-depot/article68775800.ece|access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref> In 2025, a sixth depot was planned at [[Pattabiram]] as a part of the second phase extension of the Chennai Metro.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sekar|first=Sunitha|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-metro-rail-to-link-areas-from-koyambedu-to-pattabiram/article69122698.ece|title=Chennai Metro Rail to link areas from Koyambedu to Pattabiram|date=22 January 2025|access-date=20 April 2025|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Operations ==
{{As of|2022}}, the metro operates trains from 5:00{{nbsp}}am to 11:00{{nbsp}}pm. The blue line has an average frequency of every 6 minutes during peak hours and every 12 minutes during off-peak hours. On the green line, the average frequency is 12 minutes during peak hours and 18 minutes during off-peak hours.<ref>{{cite news|title=Single train trip to equal 160 buses, 3000 cars and 6000 bikes|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=29 August 2012|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3832896.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830014100/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3832896.ece|archive-date=2012-08-30|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=Timings of Chennai Metro Rail As of January 2022|url=https://chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/first-and-last-train-timings_terminal_NP10_P5_2300_WK2-NP10_SUN_2200-NP10_2300_FEST.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125040226/https://chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/first-and-last-train-timings_terminal_NP10_P5_2300_WK2-NP10_SUN_2200-NP10_2300_FEST.pdf|archive-date=25 January 2022|website=Chennai Metro Rail}}</ref> The main operational control center (OCC) is located in Koyambedu where the movement of trains and real-time CCTV footage obtained is monitored.<ref>{{cite news|last=Karthikeyan|first=K.|date=26 July 2014|title=High tech control room for Chennai metro|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140726/nation-current-affairs/article/high-tech-control-room-chennai-metro|access-date=4 October 2014|archive-date=4 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004225518/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140726/nation-current-affairs/article/high-tech-control-room-chennai-metro|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2022-23, the average daily ridership was 0.25 million.<ref name="AR">{{Cite web |title=25.01 crore passengers have travelled in Chennai Metro Train from 29th June 2015 to 31st December 2023 9.11 crore passengers travelled in Chennai Metro Train in 2023 |url=https://chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Press-Release-02.01.2024-English.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105151441/https://chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Press-Release-02.01.2024-English.pdf |archive-date=2024-01-05 |website=chennaimetrorail.org}}</ref>

=== Fare and ticketing ===
[[File:Chennai_Metro_Interior_1.jpg|thumb|Interior of Chennai Metro coaches]]

The minimum fare is {{INR}}10 and the maximum fare is {{INR}}50.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/now-ride-from-washermanpet-to-airport-takes-just-40-minutes/article26232236.ece|title=Chennai Metro: Now, ride from Washermanpet to airport takes just 40 minutes|last=Sekar|first=Sunitha|date=11 February 2019|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=11 February 2019|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112038/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/now-ride-from-washermanpet-to-airport-takes-just-40-minutes/article26232236.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Fare-chart-for-all-stns.pdf|title=Chennai Metro fare table|publisher=[[Chennai Metro Rail Limited]]|access-date=6 November 2023|archive-date=16 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216132211/https://chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Fare-chart-for-all-stns.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

There are six types of tickets issued by CMRL for travel in Chennai Metro.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tickets.chennaimetrorail.org/WEB/F03?2|title=Tickets issued by CMRL|publisher=[[Chennai Metro Rail Limited]]|access-date=6 November 2019|archive-date=6 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906163936/http://tickets.chennaimetrorail.org/WEB/F03?2|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Single journey tokens, which need to be purchased each time for every journey at the ticket counter or in ticket vending machines available at all stations.
* [[stored-value card|Stored value cards]] (SVC) are pre-paid, rechargeable, travel cards that can be purchased at any ticket counter against a refundable deposit, can be recharged up to at any ticket counter or in automated ticket vending machines at stations and offers discounted fares. In April 2023, [[National Common Mobility Card]] replaced the [[stored-value card|Stored value cards]]
* Trip cards are for applicable for travel between the same two stations and are available in varied combinations and validity with discounted fares.
* Tourist cards provide the cardholders unlimited rides on the Chennai Metro system for one day.
* QR Tickets for single and return journey tickets can be bought through the CMRL mobile app with QR code ticket scanners at stations.<ref>{{cite web|date=24 October 2021|title=Chennai Metro to issue printed QR code tickets|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chennai-metro-to-issue-printed-qr-code-tickets/articleshow/87234156.cms|access-date=27 April 2022|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|archive-date=27 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427162736/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chennai-metro-to-issue-printed-qr-code-tickets/articleshow/87234156.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[National Common Mobility Card]], also branded as Singara Chennai card, a [[stored-value card|stored-value]] cum [[debit card]] launched in 2023 in association with [[State Bank of India]] which can be used to access all major other metro and select bus transport systems in India.

== Incidents ==
* On 17 June 2015, a 30-year-old man was killed and another motorcyclist injured when an iron rod fell on them at a metro construction site near [[Officers Training Academy]] at St. Thomas Mount.<ref>{{cite news|title=Software techie dies as iron rod falls on him|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=17 June 2015|access-date=6 June 2016|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Metro-Work-Safety-Reputation-Takes-a-Big-Hit-After-Railing-Kills-Biker/2015/06/18/article2872617.ece|archive-date=29 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629170826/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Metro-Work-Safety-Reputation-Takes-a-Big-Hit-After-Railing-Kills-Biker/2015/06/18/article2872617.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Chennai Techie Killed As Rod From Under-Construction Metro Station Falls on Him |url=https://www.ndtv.com/chennai-news/chennai-techie-killed-as-rod-from-under-construction-metro-station-falls-on-him-772425 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025141644/https://www.ndtv.com/chennai-news/chennai-techie-killed-as-rod-from-under-construction-metro-station-falls-on-him-772425 |archive-date=25 October 2023 |access-date=16 September 2025 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>
* On 27 September 2022, a crane used for transporting iron rods crashed near Ramapuram, causing the rods to fall on a [[Metropolitan Transport Corporation (Chennai)|Metropolitan Transport Corporation]] bus and injuring the bus driver, conductor, and crane operator.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 September 2022 |title=Second accident at Chennai metro site in less than a month, 3 injured in crane crash |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/second-accident-chennai-metro-site-less-month-3-injured-crane-crash-168354 |access-date=27 September 2025 |work=The News Minute }}</ref>
* On the night of 13 June 2025, two girders of the under-construction Poonamallee–Porur Metro section collapsed in Manapakkam, killing a 43-year-old man. CMRL imposed a fine of {{INRconvert|10|m}} on the contractor Larsen & Toubro for the incident.<ref>{{cite news |title=L&T Fined Rs 1 Crore After Deadly Girder Collapse At Chennai Metro Site |url=https://www.ndtv.com/chennai-news/l-t-fined-rs-1-crore-after-deadly-girder-collapse-at-chennai-metro-site-8706640 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622104442/https://www.ndtv.com/chennai-news/l-t-fined-rs-1-crore-after-deadly-girder-collapse-at-chennai-metro-site-8706640 |archive-date=22 June 2025 |access-date=19 August 2025 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal bar|India|Trains|Transport}}
* [[Coimbatore Metro]]
* [[Madurai Metro]]
* [[Transport in Chennai]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India]]

{{Clear}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage|Chennai}}
* {{Official website|http://chennaimetrorail.org/}}

{{navboxes
|title=Navigation boxes related to Chennai Metro
|state=collapsed
|list1=
{{Chennai Topics|left}}
{{Chennai Metro|all=yes}}
{{Urban transit in Chennai}}
{{Transport in Chennai}}
{{Rapid transit in India}}
{{Rapid transit in Asia}}
{{Transport in Tamil Nadu}}
}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Chennai Metro|Chennai Metro]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Transport in Chennai]]
[[Category:Government of Chennai]]
[[Category:25 kV AC railway electrification]]
[[Category:Standard-gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 2015]]
[[Category:Underground rapid transit in India]]

Munim Pak

2026-05-04T04:53:58Z

Admin: Starting basic entry more to come...

{{Short description|Indian Sufi saint of Qadiriyya Order (1671-1771)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Makhdoom Munem Pak
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1671 AD or 1082 hijri
| birth_place = Pachna, [[Sheikhpura district]], [[Bihar]]
| resting place = Mitan Ghat, [[Patna district]], Bihar
| resting_place_coordinates = {{Coord|25|36|17|N|85|13|2|E|type:landmark|display=inline}}
| predecessor = Deewan Syed Khaleeluddin
| successor = Maulana Syed Hasan Raza Raipuri
| death_date = 1771 AD or 1185 Hijri
}}
'''Makhdoom Shah Muneem Pak''' (1671-1771) was an Indian Sufi saint of [[Qadiriyya|Qadiriyya Order]] of Sufism and had Khilafat from [[Naqshbandi|Abulolai Naqshbandi order]] of Sufism. One chain of his silsila is linked with [[Ahmad Sirhindi|Ahmed Sirhindi]].{{Sfn|Qadri Munawwari|2015|p=13}}

== Early life and education ==

Munim Pak was born as Shah Muhammad Munim in 1082 [[Hijri year|hijiri]] or 1671 AD in Pachna, Bihar (now in [[Sheikhpura district]] of Bihar).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-12 |title=Hazrat Makhdoom Shah Muhammad Munim Pak r.a |url=https://aalequtub.com/hazrat-makhdoom-shah-muhammad-munim-pak-r-a/ |access-date=18 June 2023 |website=Aal-e-Qutub Aal-e-Syed Abdullah Shah Ghazi |language=en}}</ref> His family lineage meets up with Shamsuddin Haqqani, a sufi saint buried in Billouri, Lakhisarai and he was descendant of [[Ibrahim ibn Adham|Ibrahim bin Adham Balkhi]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hyat-Khan |first=Sardar Taimur |date=1 January 2021|title=Shajra Sharif Firdausiya Sillsila Awwal Nisbat. |url=https://www.academia.edu/45408513 |journal=Shajra Sharif Firdausiya Sillsila Awwal Nisbat.}}</ref>{{Sfn|Qadri Munawwari|2015|p=13}}

Having completed his primary education at Pachna, he went to Deewan Syed Abu Sayeed Jaafer Muhammad Quadri's khanqah at Barh near Patna, for higher education and knowledge of Sufism. After his death Munim Pak received knowledge from his son Deewan Syed Khaleeluddin and became his "[[Mouride|murid]]" under Qadriyya Qutubiyya order and was rewarded with [[Khilafah]]. After finishing his education, he moved to Delhi with the instruction and permission of his [[Pir (Sufism)|peer]].<ref>{{Cite book|title = KAIFYATUL ARFEEN|last = FANI DANAPURI|first = SHAH ATA HUSAIN}}</ref>{{Sfn|Qadri Munawwari|2015|p=14}} or around forty years he taught the students of higher education at the Madrasa situated behind the [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid]] in Delhi.

== Works ==

* ''Mukashifat-e-Munemi'' (1119 Hijri)
* ''Ilhamat-e-Munemi'' (1120 Hijri)
* ''Mushahidat-e-Munemi'' (1123 Hijri)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{Cite book|title = Hujjatul Aarifeen|last = Hayatullah|first = Shah|publisher = Khanqah Munemia Qamaria|location=Mitan Ghat, Patna}}
* {{Cite book |last=Qadri Munawwari |first=Syed Faiz Ahmad |url=https://archive.org/details/AnIntroductionOtKhanqahMunemia/ |title=An Introduction to Khanqah Munemia |publisher=Khanqah Munemia Qamaria |year=2015 |isbn=9788192096209 |location=Mitan Ghat, Patna |language=en}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1671 births]]
[[Category:1771 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Sufi saints]]
[[Category:Naqshbandi order]]

Radhamma Kuthuru

2026-05-02T17:19:35Z

Admin: added new post.

{{Short description|Indian Telugu Television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Radhamma Kuthuru ZK.jpg
| genre = [[Drama]]
| writer = '''Dialogues: ''' Ravi Venkat
| story = K Usharani
| director = Bhargav Shakamuri
| starring = Deepthi Manne Gokul Menon Meghana Raami
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| num_seasons =
| runtime = 22 minutes
| num_episodes = 1477
| producer = GR Krishna G Anuhya Reddy
| editor = Chandramouli Miryala
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| network = [[Zee Telugu]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2019|8|26|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2024|8|3|df=y}}
}}

'''''Radhamma Kuthuru'''''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee Telugu to telecast 'Radhamma Kuthuru', a story on liberating women - Exchange4media |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/zee-telugu-to-telecast-radhamma-kuthuru-a-story-on-liberating-women-98974.html |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=Exchange4media |date=20 August 2019}}</ref> is an Indian [[Telugu language]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] television series aired on [[Zee Telugu]] which premiered from 26 August 2019<ref>{{Cite news |title=Radhamma Kuthuru to premiere on August 26; replaces Ninne Pelladtha - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/radhamma-kuthuru-to-premiere-on-august-26-replaces-ninne-pelladtha/articleshow/70771349.cms |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=The Times of India |date=21 August 2019}}</ref> to 3 August 2024. It stars Deepthi Manne, Gokul Menon and Meghana Raami in lead roles.

== Plot ==
Radhamma gives birth of three daughters named Archana, Akshara and Aparna. Radhamma's husband Gopal, who desperately wanted a son, decides to marry Menaka. Akshara vows to become an IAS officer to avenge her mother. Akshara marries Aravind, who is the son of Bujjamma. Akshara faces many hurdles and finally becomes an IAS officer. Meanwhile, she separated from Aravind.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Deepthi Manne<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deepthi Manne: మన రాధమ్మ కూతురు ఎంతో హాటమ్మ.. సెగలు పుట్టాల్సిందే.. |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/photo-gallery/cinema/radhamma-kuthuru-serial-fame-actress-deepthi-manne-latest-beautiful-photos/photoshow/79101170.cms |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=Samayam |language=te}}</ref> as Akshara Aravind IAS; Radhamma, Gopal's second daughter; Aravind's wife; Bujjamma's daughter in law; Chinni and Bujji's mother (2019–2024)
** Baby Netra Reddy as Young Akshara
* Gokul Menon<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-17 |title=TV actor Gokul talks about his transition into Telugu serials |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/featured/sunday-hans/tv-actor-gokul-talks-about-his-transition-into-telugu-serials-581899 |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref> as Aravind; Bujjamma's son; Akshara's husband Radhamma's son-in-law; Chinni and Bujji's biological father (2019–2024)
* Meghana Raami<ref>{{Cite news |title=Radhamma Kuthuru actress Meghna Raami looks stunning in these throwback pictures; says 'I'm proud of what I've achieved' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/radhamma-kuthuru-actress-meghna-raami-looks-stunning-in-these-throwback-pictures-says-im-proud-of-what-ive-achieved/articleshow/75470782.cms |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=30 April 2020}}</ref> as Radhamma; Archana, Akshara and Aparna's mother; Gopal's first wife. (2019–2024)
* Sowmyalatha as Bejawada Bujjamma; Matriarch of Aravind's family, Aravind's mother, Akshara's mother-in-law; Chinni and Bujji's grandmother (2019–2024)

=== Recurring ===
* Mahi Maheshwari <ref>{{Cite web |title=Radhamma Kuthuru సీరియల్ నటి శృతి అందాల విందు |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/tv/tv-photo-gallery/radhamma-kuthuru-serial-actress-shruthi-aka-maheswari-hot-instagram-pics/photoshow/83306976.cms |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=Samayam |language=te}}</ref> as Corporator Shruthi; Sarala's daughter; Aravind's sister in law and love interest (2019–2024)
* [[Chatrapathi Sekhar]] as Gopala Krishna; Radhamma and Menaka's husband; Archana, Akshara and Aparna's father (2019–2024)
* Baby Nandhitha as Bujji; Akshara and Aravind's daughter (2021–2024)
* Baby Sriyanshi Nandana as Chinni; Akshara and Aravind's daughter; Aparna and Rajesh's adoptive daughter (2021–2024)
* Sandra Jayachandran as Purandhari; Bujjamma's daughter; Aravind's elder sister (2019–2024)
* Bommireddy Venkat as Rajesh; Bujjamma's son; Chinni's adoptive father (2020–2024)
* Sri Lalitha as Archana; Radhamma's elder daughter (2019–2022)
* Anchor Bhargav as Raghavendra; Purandhari's husband; Bujjamma's son-in-law (2019–2024)
* Vijay Bhargav as Madhav; Archana's husband (2019–2024)
* Shobha Rani as Bebamma; Bujjamma's sister-in-law, Akshara's younger mother-in-law (2019–2024)
* Vanitha as Sarala; Raghavendra's mother, Purandhari's mother-in-law (2019–present)
* Anu Manasa as Menaka; Gopal's illegitimate wife; Seshu's sister; Subbu's mother; Sushmita's mother-in-law (2019–2024)
* Surya Kiran as Seshu; Akshara's ex-fiancé (2019–2024)
* Sri Lakshmi Reddy as Aparna; Radhamma's youngest daughter; Rajesh's wife; Chinni's adoptive mother (2019–2023) Siri Vennela as Aparna (2023–2024)
* Kiranmai Prajapath as Varsha
* Koti as Hari; polluted police officer
* Kasinadh as Bujjamma's husband
* Duggi Abhi as Aravind's friend Durga
* Hritesh Awasty as Ramrao

=== Cameo appearance ===
* [[Sree Vishnu]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-23 |title=Sree Vishnu To Make Special Appearance In Radhamma Kuthuru |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/tv/sree-vishnu-make-special-appearance-radhamma-kuthuru-141553 |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=Sakshi Post |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308103651/https://english.sakshi.com/news/tv/sree-vishnu-make-special-appearance-radhamma-kuthuru-141553 |url-status=dead }}</ref> as himself (appeared for ''[[Raja Raja Chora]]'' movie promotions)
* [[Renu Desai]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Renu Desai to feature in Radhamma Kuthuru - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/renu-desai-to-feature-in-radhamma-kuthuru/articleshow/81665194.cms |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=24 March 2021 }}</ref> as Goddess Parvathi
* Prajwal PD as Lord Shiva
* [[Raasi (actress)|Raasi]] as Durgamma
* Chandana Shetty as Varudhini (reprised her role from a former TV series "Varudhini Parinayam")

== Soundtrack ==
{{Track listing
| all_writing = Sagar Narayana
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = ''Radhamma Kuthuru Title song''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yIFD3cNDqsQ | title=Radhamma Kuthuru | Title Song | L V Revanth | Zee Telugu - YouTube | website=[[YouTube]] | date=11 August 2019 }}</ref>
| length1 = 4:36
| lyrics1 = Sagar Narayana
| music1 = Meenakshi Bhujang
| extra1 = [[L. V. Revanth]]
| title2 = ''Unnattundi''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O43ovt6i8hg | title=Radhamma Kuthuru Song | Unnattundi Video | L V Revanth, Meenakshi Bhujang | Zee Telugu - YouTube | website=[[YouTube]] | date=18 August 2019 }}</ref>
| length2 = 2:00
| lyrics2 = Sagar Narayana
| music2 = Meenakshi Bhujang
| extra2 = L. V. Revanth
| total_length = 6:36
}}

== Production ==
=== Filming ===
Due to the COVID-19 outbreak in India, ''Radhamma Kuthuru'' and all other television series and film shootings are halted from 19 March 2020. Three months later, the shooting was permitted and commenced from June,2020. The series commenced telecasting new episodes from June 22, 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-19 |title=Zee Telugu is back with a bang from June 22 |url=https://zeenews.india.com/television/zee-telugu-is-back-with-a-bang-from-june-22-2290832.html |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=[[Zee News]]}}</ref>

=== Reception ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" | Week
! rowspan="2" | Year
! colspan="2" | [[Broadcast Audience Research Council|BARC]] Viewership
! rowspan="2" | Ref.
|-
! [[Target Rating Point|TRP]]
! Rank
|-
|Week 50
|2020
|6.9
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-20 |title=Zee Telugu launches 'Radhamma Kuthuru', a story on liberating women |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/viewership/zee-telugu-launches-radhamma-kuthuru-a-story-on-liberating-women-190820 |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=Indian Television}}</ref>
|-
|Week 51
|2020
|7.0
|5
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Trinayani and Radhamma Kuthuru make it into the top 5 of TRP charts - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/trinayani-and-radhamma-kuthuru-make-it-into-the-top-5-of-trp-charts/articleshow/80048730.cms|access-date=2022-09-21|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 December 2020 }}</ref>
|-
|Week 52
|2020
|7.1
|4
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Radhamma Kuthuru improves its rank; Trinayani slips to 5th position - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/radhamma-kuthuru-improves-its-rank-trinayani-slips-to-5th-position/articleshow/80171007.cms|access-date=2022-09-21|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 January 2021 }}</ref>
|}

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0;"
! style="background:#E0CEF2; width:20%;"| Language
! style="background:#E0CEF2; width:24%;"| Title
! style="background:#E0CEF2; width:16%;"| Original release
! style="background:#E0CEF2; width:12%;"| Network(s)
! style="background:#E0CEF2; width:18%;"| Last aired
! style="background:#E0CEF2; width:22%;"| Notes
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''Radhamma Kuthuru'' రాధమ్మ కూతూరు
| 26 August 2019
| [[Zee Telugu]]
| 3 August 2024
| Original
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''[[Puttakkana Makkalu]]'' ಪುಟ್ಟಕ್ಕನ ಮಕ್ಕಳು
| 13 December 2021
| [[Zee Kannada]]
| 5 March 2026
| rowspan="8" | Remake
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''[[Uron Tubri]]'' উড়ন তুবড়ি
| 28 March 2022
| [[Zee Bangla]]
| 16 December 2022
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''[[Kudumbashree Sharada]]'' കുടുംബശ്രീ ശാരദ
| 11 April 2022
| [[Zee Keralam]]
| Ongoing
|-
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| ''[[Dheeyan Meriyaan]]'' ਧੀਆਂ ਮੇਰੀਆਂ
| 6 June 2022
| [[Zee Punjabi]]
| 30 March 2024
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Meenakshi Ponnunga]]'' மீனாட்சி பொண்ணுங்க
| 1 August 2022
| [[Zee Tamil]]
| 4 August 2024
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Main Hoon Aparajita]]'' मैं हूं अपराजिता
| 27 September 2022
| [[Zee TV]]
| 25 June 2023
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''[[Lavangi Mirchi]]'' लवंगी मिरची
| 13 February 2023
| [[Zee Marathi]]
| 5 August 2023
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Ganga Mai Ki Betiyan]]'' गंगा माई की बेटियाँ
| 22 September 2025
| [[Zee TV]]
| Ongoing
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/radhamma-kuthuru/0-6-2040/ ''Radhamma Kuthuru''] at [[ZEE5]]
* {{IMDb title|tt18336136}}

[[Category:Zee Telugu original programming]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]

Bhimanagouda Patil

2026-05-02T14:41:52Z

Admin: Started New Pg

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1972)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}

'''Bhimanagouda Basanagouda Patil''' (born 1972), alias Rajugouda, is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. He is an MLA from [[Devar Hippargi Assembly constituency]] in [[Vijayapura district]]. He won the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] Party.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-13 |title=Devar Hippargi Constituency Election Results: Assembly seat details, MLAs, candidates & more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/devar-hippargi-assembly-constituency-election-results-assembly-seat-details-mlas-candidates/articleshow/99515423.cms |access-date=2024-08-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Muddebihal, Devar Hippargi, Basavana Bagevadi, Babaleshwar Election Result 2023: Congress Sweeps Bijapur |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/muddebihal-devar-hippargi-basavana-bagevadi-babaleshwar-election-result-2023-live-counting-of-votes-to-begin-at-8-am-article-100192210 |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka election results 2023: Full list of winners">{{cite news |date=13 May 2023 |title=Karnataka election results 2023: Full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/karnataka-election-results-full-list-of-winners-8606612/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123042358/https://indianexpress.com/elections/karnataka-election-results-full-list-of-winners-8606612/ |archivedate=23 November 2024 |accessdate=23 November 2024 |work= |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Patil is from [[Devara Hippargi]]. His father Basanagouda Patil is a farmer. He completed his B.Sc. in agriculture in 1996 at Krishi University, [[Dharwad]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhimanagouda (Rajugouda) Basanagouda Patil(JD(S)):Constituency- DEVARA HIPPARGI(BIJAPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Karnataka2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=7939 |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Patil won from [[Devar Hippargi Assembly constituency]] representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 65,952 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Somanagouda Patil of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 20,175 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhimanagouda (Rajugouda) Basanagouda Patil in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/bhimanagouda-rajugouda-basanagouda-patil-devara-hippargi-candidate-s10a027c011/ |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Election Results 2023 Constituency Wise Winning Candidates List |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/karnataka-election-results-2023-constituency-wise-winning-candidates-list |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He lost the 2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election by 3,353 votes to Somanagouda of BJP.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patil, Bhimanagouda}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (Secular) politicians]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Bijapur district, Karnataka]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]

{{Karnataka-JDS-politician-stub}}

Percival Chater Manuk

2026-04-27T18:02:24Z

Admin: added a article

[[File:P C Manuk.jpg|thumb]]
'''Percival Chater Manuk''' (22 July 1873 – 6 August 1946<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=The London Gazette| date=4 May 1962|page=3675|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/42665/page/3675/data.pdf}}</ref>) was an Indian judge and collector of art. He was posted in Patna as a high court judge and collected a large number of art objects and was among the first to write about the "[[Patna School of Painting]]". His collections are now deposited in museums in England, including the British Museum, the Fitzwilliam and the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]].
== Life and work ==
Percival Paul Astwachatoon Manuk was born in Calcutta, of Armenian heritage.<ref>{{cite book |author=Seth, Mesrovb Jacob |url=https://archive.org/details/ArmeniansInIndia_201402/page/n512/mode/1up |title=Armenians in India. From the Earliest times to the present day |year=1937 |place=Calcutta |page=468}}</ref> A grand uncle of his was Sir [[Paul Chater|Catchick Paul Chater]].<ref>"Mr. P. C. Manuk, the popular and eminent advocate of the Patna High Court, who is a grand nephew of the late Sir Catchick Paul Chater, is also a descendant, in the female line, of the illustrious Agah Catchick Arrakiel of Calcutta." Seth:468.</ref> He studied law in England and returned to India where he became a bar-at-law, barrister and later judge (1918-19) at the [[Patna High Court]]. While in Patna he collected art objects extensively and interacted with the artist Ishwari Prasad. He had a home in [[Bankipore]] which became a museum that was open to the public.<ref>{{cite book |author=Kumar, N. |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.2955/page/n49/mode/2up |title=Image of Patna. a supplement to Patna District Gazetteer, 1970 |publisher=Government of Bihar |year=1971 |page=32}}</ref> He was married to Nellie and the birth of a son Geoffrey Chater (b. 5 January 1894) is on record. The [[Patna Museum]] was started with patronage from Edward Gait and Manuk who was then a bar-at-law.<ref>{{cite book|page=83|year=1973| author=Sen, S.P.|title=Historians and Historiography in Modern India |publisher=Institute of Historical Studies|place=Calcutta|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.117772}}</ref><ref>{{cite newspaper|title=An uncommon art collector|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/arts/an-uncommon-art-collector-213697/|newspaper=The Tribune|date=27 March 2016|author=Goswamy, B.N.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |date=August 1929 |title=Patna Museum |url=https://archive.org/details/ModernReview/1929_v46/page/173/mode/1up |journal=The Modern Review |pages=173-180}}</ref> William George Archer visited Manuk in the 1940s and became aware of the [[Company style|Company School]] of Art from Manuk.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Skelton |first=Robert |date=1979 |title=William George Archer, O.B.E., M.A., D.Litt. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0035869X00135798/type/journal_article |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland |language=en |volume=111 |issue=2 |pages=186–188 |doi=10.1017/S0035869X00135798 |issn=0035-869X}}</ref> In 1943 he wrote about the Patna School of Art.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Manuk, P. C. |title=The Patna School of Painting.|journal= Journal of the Bihar Research Society|volume= 29 |year=1943|pages=143-169}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Manuk, P.C. |year=1942 |title=Indian Painting |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.501844/page/n19/mode/2up |journal=The Journal Of The Bihar And Orissa Research Society |volume=28 |pages=8-23}}</ref> He may have been among the first to use the term. [[Mildred Archer]] dedicated a book on Patna Painting to "P. C. Manuk and Miss Coles".<ref>{{cite book|author=Archer, Mildred|title=Patna Painting|year=1948| publisher=The Royal India Society}}</ref> He later lived in Dehra Dun and left India around 1945 although his probate notes his address as Bankipore, Patna.<ref name=":0" /> In his will he left a part of his collections to Miss Gertrude Coles. It is suggested that his wife had mental health issues and Coles had been involved in her care. The Will states that he left some material for Coles "in consideration of her retaining for my exclusive use at all times a suite of rooms in her London house" and "as the condition of my wife's mental health precluded me from leaving her any portion of personal property or effects, I have already long ago made an absolute gift to the late Gertrude Mary Coles of the whole of my collection of objects d'art." He also mentioned several other beneficiaries who were involved in his care including Gerald Austin Bernhard, Sailendra Nath Datta, Gregory Charles Samuel Manuk, Herbert Clifford Coles, and Philip Godfrey Swaab. A part of the collection was sold in 1948-49 for £5,326.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG37117|title=Percival Chater Manuk|publisher=British Museum}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://blogs.brighton.ac.uk/centrefordesignhistory/2025/10/07/doing-design-history-kajal-meghani-on-histories-of-south-asian-museum-donors-and-new-directions-in-provenance-research/|title=Doing Design History. Kajal Meghani on histories of South Asian museum donors and new directions in provenance research|publisher=University of Brighton|date=7 October 2025}}</ref>

Among the collections bequeathed by Manuk and Coles is a series of forty erotic Indian miniatures which document Moghul rulers and their intimate relationships with Rajputs. It is thought to be inspired by the Kamasutra and shows male lovers associated with Mughals and Rajputs all depicted nude and the [[Nastaliq|nastal‘iq]] Persian writing for each begins with "The Private Pleasure of" and indicates the names of the people involved. It has been considered as an important document of the socio-political relationships between Mughals and Rajputs in the late 17th century.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ramos |first=Imma |date=2014 |title=‘Private Pleasures’ of the Mughal Empire |url=https://academic.oup.com/arthistory/article/37/3/408-427/7278180 |journal=Art History |language=en |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=408–427 |doi=10.1111/1467-8365.12068|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
* [https://data.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/id/agent/agent-188391 Images in the Fitzwilliam Collection]

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Manuk, Percival Chater}}
[[Category:1873 births]]
[[Category:1946 deaths]]
[[Category:Art historians]]
[[Category:Indian art collectors]]
[[Category:Armenian art collectors]]
[[Category:Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Museum founders]]
[[Category:People from Patna]]
[[Category:Judges of the Patna High Court]]

New Changrabandha railway station

2026-04-25T12:36:45Z

Admin: created redirect

{{Short description|Railway station in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = New Changrabandha
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = Railway Station Rd, SH 12A, Kamat Chandrabandha, Cooch Behar district, 735301, West Bengal
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.437273|N|88.902978|E|format=dms|display=title,inline}}
| elevation =
| line = [[New Mal–Changrabandha–New Cooch Behar line]]
| other =
| structure = [[Intersection (road)#At grade railways|At grade]]
| platform = 1
| tracks = 2
| entrances =
| parking = Yes
| baggage_check =
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = NCBD
| zone = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| division = Alipurduar
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| status = Functioning
| former = [[Bengal Dooars Railway]]
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India West Bengal#India
| map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India
| map_dot_label =
}}
{{Domohani-Lalmonirhat line|collapse=y}}
{{New Mal–Changrabandha–New Cooch Behar Line|collapse=y}}
'''New Changrabandha''' station code '''NCBD''' is a railway station serving the town of [[Changrabandha]] along with [[Changrabandha railway station]] station code CBD in [[Mekhliganj (community development block)|Mekhliganj]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]], [[Cooch Behar district]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Arrivals at NCBD/New Changrabandha (1 PFs)न्यू चांगराबान्धा|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/new-changrabandha-ncbd/10626|website=India Rail Info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=New Changrabandha (NCBD) railway station|url=https://www.railyatri.in/stations/new-changrabandha-ncbd|website=www.railyatri.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=New Changrabandha NCBD Railway Station|url=https://www.redbus.in/trains/stations/new-changrabandha-ncbd|website=www.redbus.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=New Changrabandha Ncbd Railway Station (station ) Railway Station Trains Time Table|url=https://www.railmitra.com/stations/new-changrabandha-ncbd-railway-station|website=www.railmitra.com}}</ref>

==Trains==
'''[[Padatik Express|Sealdah – New Alipurduar Padatik Superfast Express]]''' along with some local trains like Siliguri–Bamanhat DEMU, Siliguri–New Bongaigaon DEMU, Siliguri–Dhubri DEMU etc. runs from New Changrabandha railway station on daily basis.<ref>{{Cite web|title=12377/Padatik Express (PT)|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-padatik-express-12377/7585/325/444|website=India Rail Info}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Cooch Behar topics}}
{{Railway stations in West Bengal}}

{{Railways in Eastern India}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Cooch Behar district]]
[[Category:Alipurduar railway division]]

{{WestBengal-railstation-stub}}

Panchumarthi Anuradha

2026-04-23T06:18:50Z

Admin: added stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Panchumarthi Anuradha
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1974|09|21|df=y}}
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council|Member of Legislative Council Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start = March 2023
| office1 = 7th [[List of mayors of Vijayawada|Mayor of Vijayawada]]
| term_start1 = 2000
| term_end1 = 2005
| predecessor1 = T. Venkateswara Rao
| successor1 = Tadi Shankuntala
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]] (2000–present)
| constituency = MLA quota
| occupation = Politician
| parents = Swargham Pulla Rao and Gruhi
}}

'''Panchumarthi Anuradha''' (born 21 September 1974) is an Indian Politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. She was elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Council]] on behalf of the [[Telugu Desam Party]] by MLA quota election. She was a former [[Mayor]] of [[Vijayawada]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2023-03-24 |title=Surprise win for TDP in MLC polls |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/vijayawada/surprise-win-for-tdp-in-mlc-polls-789297 |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> She won the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|MLA]] quota MLC elections<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-23 |title=Shock to YSRCP as TDP's Panchumarthi Anuradha wins MLC election in Andhra Pradesh |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amaravati/shock-to-ysrcp-as-tdps-panchumarthi-anuradha-wins-mlc-election-in-andhra-pradesh/articleshow/98946226.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-03-25 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="TDP’s Anuradha pulls off a surprise win in MLC polls">{{cite news|last1=The Hindu|first1=|title=TDP's Anuradha pulls off a surprise win in MLC polls|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/tdps-anuradha-pulls-off-a-surprise-win-in-mlc-polls/article66653683.ece|accessdate=26 March 2024|date=23 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326183924/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/tdps-anuradha-pulls-off-a-surprise-win-in-mlc-polls/article66653683.ece|archivedate=26 March 2024|language=en-IN}}</ref> with two cross-votes from [[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]] MLAs and defeated the ruling party’s candidate.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-23 |title=TDP's Panchumarthi Anuradha, 6 YSRC nominees win MLC elections |url=https://www.newstap.in/andhra-pradesh/tdps-panchumarthi-anuradha-6-ysrc-nominees-win-mlc-elections-1468539 |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=www.newstap.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=MLC elections Anuradha Panchumarthi |work=Deccan Chronicle |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/230323/major-jolt-to-ysrc-as-tds-anuradha-wins-in-mlc-polls.html}}</ref> She joined [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]] in 2000 and contested in Mayor elections of [[Vijayawada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and won 6800 majority votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ex-Vijaywada Mayor Anuradha to Head Women's Finance Corporation |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2015/dec/17/ex-vijaywada-mayor-anuradha-to-head-womens-finance-corporation-854538.html |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Panchumarthi Anuradha: అప్పుడు 26ఏళ్లకే మేయర్‌.. ఇప్పుడు తెదేపా ఎమ్మెల్సీ |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/politics/life-and-political-journey-of-panchumarthi-anuradha/0500/123051195 |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=EENADU |language=te}}</ref>

==Career==
She was born to Swargam Pulla Rao and Gruhi.<ref name=":0" />

==Political career==
Panchumarthi Anuradha was the youngest woman when she assumed office as the Mayor of [[Vijayawada]], Andhra Pradesh on 30 March 2000, at the age of 26 years old, which was published in [[Limca Book of Records]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-JtAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Panchumarthi+Anuradha%22+-wikipedia |title=Limca Book of Records |date=2001 |publisher=Bisleri Beverages Limited |language=en}}</ref>

2000- 2005: [[Mayor of Vijayawada]].{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}

2008- 2014: General Secretary of TDP.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anuradha, Panchumarthi}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century mayors of places in India]]
[[Category:21st-century mayors of places in India]]
[[Category:Members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Vijayawada]]

SaveLIFE Foundation

2026-04-18T16:12:04Z

Admin: Created Some Data W/ Infobox!

{{Short description|Indian non-profit organization}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = SaveLIFE Foundation
| logo = [[File:SLF.png|300px|SLF]]
| founded = 29 February 2008
| type = [[Non-governmental Organisation]]
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| founders = [[Piyush Tewari]]
| origins =
| focus =
| method =
| revenue =
| endowment =
| owner =
| dissolved =
| website = {{URL|https://savelifefoundation.org/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''SaveLIFE Foundation''' ('''SLF''') is an independent, non-profit, non-governmental organization focused on improving road safety and emergency medical care across India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/road-accidents-how-savelife-foundation-is-addressing-indias-largest-killer/articleshow/49578833.cms|title=Road Accidents: How SaveLIFE Foundation is addressing India's largest killer|date=2015-10-29|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-01-22}}</ref> SLF combines evidence-based research with policy advocacy, communication, and on-ground execution of projects in the two areas of crash prevention as well as post-crash response. Over the past few years, SLF has facilitated the enactment of the [[Good Samaritan Law (India)|Good Samaritan Law]] in India, which insulates lay rescuers of injured victims from ensuing legal and procedural hassles. It has also adopted the Mumbai Pune Expressway to transform it into a [[Zero Fatality Corridor]], trained several thousand Police personnel and citizens in basic life-saving techniques, and built technology platforms to assist road users and those interested in road safety.

SLF is registered as a Public Charitable Trust under the Indian Trust Act, 1886 and Sections 12A & 80G of the (Indian) Income Tax Act, 1961.

== Background ==

In the past decade, over one million people have been killed in road crashes in India. Close to six million have been left seriously injured or permanently disabled.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://sites.ndtv.com/roadsafety/1-3-million-road-accident-deaths-decade-indias-killer-roads-1640/|title=Over 1.3 Million Road Accident Deaths In A Decade: India's Killer Roads {{!}} News|date=2016-12-16|work=NDTV-Diageo Road To Safety|access-date=2018-01-22|language=en-US}}</ref> Road crashes are the single biggest killer of young people, aged 15 to 45 years in India. An alarming number of families have fallen into poverty after losing their primary breadwinners to road crashes. According to the 12th Report of the erstwhile Planning Commission of India, road crashes lead to an annual economic loss equivalent to 3% of India's annual GDP.<ref>{{Citation|title=Kidney Stones: Causes And Treatment|url=http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/the-car-and-bike-show/3-per-cent-of-the-gdp-is-lost-every-year-due-to-accidents-nitin-gadkari/352622,%20http://lawcommissionofindia.nic.in/reports/rep201.pdf|accessdate=2018-01-22}}</ref> In August 2013, the [[Supreme Court of India]] termed the problem of road crash deaths a "National Emergency".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pil-road-accidents-are-a-national-emergency/article5045934.ece|title=PIL: road accidents are a national emergency|last=Correspondent|first=Legal|date=2013-08-22|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-01-22|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> SLF was established to reduce the burden of death and injury due to road crashes.

== History ==

SLF was founded on 29 February 2008 by [[Piyush Tewari]], following the death of a young cousin in a road crash. In response to the incident, Piyush studied the issue of road safety in India and discovered the enormity of the problem. He then invited his friend and mentor Kishen Mehta<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.yale.edu/macmillan/globaljustice/mehta.html |title= MacMillan Center
|website= www.yale.edu |language=en |access-date= 2018-01-22}}</ref> to join him in setting up SLF with a mission to save lives on India's roads.

SLF started by training police personnel, the first responders in most road crash cases, in basic life-saving skills.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://forbesindia.com/article/beyond-business/savelifes-wants-citizens-to-help-accident-victims/35733/0|title=SaveLife Wants Citizens to Help Accident Victims {{!}} Forbes India|website=Forbes India|language=en-US|access-date=2018-01-22}}</ref> SLF then expanded its mandate to focus on a Good Samaritan Law for India, which would enable bystanders to become active rescuers by insulating them from ensuing legal and procedural hassles. On 30 March 2016, the Honorable Supreme Court of India, enacted a binding set of policies to protect Good Samaritans, in response to a public interest petition filed by SLF. More recently, SLF has played a key role in the drafting and introduction of a comprehensive Road Safety bill in the Indian parliament. SLF has further expanded its operations to include implementation of best practices on the ground. Its initiatives to make the Mumbai-Pune Expressway fatality-free by 2020 is in line with its renewed mission.

== Intervention model ==

To achieve its objectives, SLF operates across the four broad areas of Research, Advocacy, Communication and on-ground implementation of best practices.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ashoka/2013/12/01/piyush-tewaris-six-word-story-saving-road-accident-victims-through-bystander-care/#58159a12449f|title=Piyush Tewari's Six Word Story: 'Saving Road Accident Victims Through Bystander Care'|last=Ashoka|work=Forbes|access-date=2018-01-22|language=en}}</ref>

===Research===

SLF regularly conducts primary research driven by surveys and on-ground data collection. The research feeds into SLF's activities in the areas of advocacy, public communication and on-ground implementation of best practices. Some of the research studies that have resulted in significant public interest have been listed below.

'''Impediments to Bystander Care in India'''

In 2013, SLF undertook India's first diagnostic study<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/The-countrys-first-ever-survey-of-impediments-to-bystanders-care-in-case-of-road-accidents-exposes-why-people-dont-come-to-the-help-of-accident-victims-The-survey-by-Save-Life-foundation-shows-that-majority-of-the-bystanders-dont-help-victims-fearing-legal-hassle-and-police-questioning-/articleshow/21000263.cms|title=The country's first ever survey of impediments to bystanders care in case of road accidents exposes why people don't come to the help of accident victims. The survey by SaveLife foundation shows that majority of the bystanders don't help victims fearing legal hassle and police questioning. - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-01-22}}</ref> to trace the real causes which make Indian bystanders reluctant to help the victims in times of emergency.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/58785/he-died-because-good-samaritans-fear-law-wont-back-them/|title=He Died Because Good Samaritans Fear Law Won't Back Them|last=Bhatnagar|first=Gaurav Vivek|website=thewire.in|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-01-22}}</ref> It revealed that three out of four people in India are reluctant to help road crash victims and for a majority, this reluctance stemmed from a fear of being dragged into protracted police investigations and legal hassles.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-will-you-click-a-pic-or-save-a-life-2327474|title=Will you click a pic or save a life? {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=2017-02-19|work=dna|access-date=2018-01-22|language=en-US}}</ref> This study affirmed the urgent need for unequivocal laws to support and protect Good Samaritans in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/seven-hit-and-run-accidents-every-hour-in-india-heres-how-witnesses-can-help-2933712.html|title=Seven hit-and-run accidents every hour in India: Here's how witnesses can help - Firstpost|website=www.firstpost.com|date=4 August 2016 |access-date=2018-01-22}}</ref>

'''Distracted Driving in India: A Study on Mobile Phone Usage, Pattern and Behavior'''

SLF and [[Vodafone India]] Ltd. partnered to study the issue of distracted driving in India. the initiative aimed to understand how Indians use mobile phones while driving, to educate them about the dangers of the same, and to develop a tool to reduce incidence of distracted driving.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/mobiles-a-risk-drivers-ready-to-take/article18284488.ece|title=Mobiles a risk drivers ready to take|author=Staff Reporter|date=2017-04-29|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-01-22|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Under this initiative, SLF undertook a national survey and published country's first of its kind report<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.autocarindia.com/car-news/india8217s-first-distracted-driving-report-released-404829|title=India's first distracted driving report released - Autocar India|website=www.autocarindia.com|language=en|access-date=2018-01-22}}</ref> titled 'Distracted Driving in India: A Study on Mobile Phone Usage, Pattern and Behavior' which revealed that a high number of people in ten Indian cities admitted to actively using mobile phones while driving despite knowing about its ills.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/miscellaneous/yes-using-mobile-phones-while-driving-is-dangerous-but-half-of-us-use-it-anyway/articleshow/58415406.cms|title=Yes, using mobile phones while driving is dangerous but half of us use it anyway, finds study - Times of India ►|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-01-22}}</ref> The study not only created conversation around the issue of distracted driving, but also recommended interventions<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.autocarpro.in/news-national/india-distracted-driving-study-reveals-adverse-impact-mobile-phones-road-safety-24507|title=First India distracted driving study reveals high level of cellphone use|work=www.autocarpro.in|access-date=2018-01-22}}</ref> in legislation, enforcement and education to address it.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/020517/distracted-83-bengalureans-use-mobile-phones-while-driving.html|title=Distracted: 83 per cent Bengalureans use mobile phones while driving|date=2017-05-02|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=2018-01-22|language=en}}</ref> It pointed out how no specific data was being collected by the government to estimate mobile phone usage on roads<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170429/jsp/frontpage/story_148954.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122235047/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170429/jsp/frontpage/story_148954.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 January 2018|title=They know, yet they do it|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2018-01-22}}</ref> and finally in 2016, for the first time, the annual publication by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways contained a table on crashes attributed to mobile phone usage in India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/using-mobile-while-on-wheel-kills-2100-in-a-year/articleshow/60400054.cms|title=Using mobile while on wheel kills 2,100 in a year - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-01-22}}</ref>

'''Road Safety in India: Public Perception Survey'''

In 2017, SLF undertook a ten-city public perception survey to converge popular opinion on key issues of Road Safety in India, which was published at a time when the [[Rajya Sabha]] was set to discuss the Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Bill.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/study-6-out-of-10-issued-driving-licence-without-giving-test-list-of-offenders-could-include-mps-3818509.html|title=Study: 6 out of 10 issued driving licence without giving test; list of offenders could include MPs - Firstpost|website=www.firstpost.com|date=16 July 2017 |access-date=2018-01-22}}</ref> Among other crucial findings, the survey revealed that 6 out of 10 in the country admitted to getting license without giving a test<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=6 out of 10 get driving licence without test in India: Study |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/6-out-of-10-get-driving-licence-without-test-in-india-study/articleshow/59613994.cms |access-date=2018-01-22 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> and the same was indicated when the Minister of Road Transport and Highways initiated a debate on the same bill in Lok Sabha in April, asking how many MPs had appeared for a driving test and barely a few hands went up.<ref name=":0" /> The study also revealed that 8 out of 10 road users in India felt unsafe on the roads.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/survey-reveals-6-out-of-10-in-get-driving-licences-without-ever-taking-the-test/#.emiyeor8a|title=Survey Reveals 6 Out Of 10 in India Get Driving Licences Without Ever Taking The Test|last=ScoopWhoop|date=2017-07-17|work=ScoopWhoop|access-date=2018-01-22|language=En}}</ref>

===Advocacy===

'''Good Samaritan Law'''

The [[Law Commission of India]], in its 201st Report, stated that 50% of those who die on Indian roads can be saved if they receive timely medical attention including assistance from bystanders. However, SLF undertook a survey study which found out that most bystanders in India are hesitant to help the injured due to fear of harassment and intimidation at the hands of police and hospitals. Taking cognizance of the same, SLF petitioned the Supreme Court of India to issue directions for the protection of Good Samaritans in road crash cases. On 30 March 2016, in a landmark ruling, the Supreme Court issued guidelines for the protection of Good Samaritans.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/landmark-guidelines-to-protect-good-samaritans/article7290641.ece|title=Landmark guidelines to protect Good Samaritans|date=2015-06-07|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-01-22|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.autocarpro.in/news-national/samaritan-introduced-parliament-india-7590|title=Good Samaritan Bill introduced to Parliament in India|work=www.autocarpro.in|access-date=2018-01-22}}</ref> By invoking Article 141 and 142 of the Constitution, the court gave these guidelines a force of law across India.

'''Ban on trucks carrying protruding rods'''

SLF undertook a detailed analysis of the injuries and deaths caused by trucks carrying protruding rods and found out that such protruding overloads, mainly iron rods, claimed nearly 40,000 lives and injured over 1 lakh people in 99,384 crashes in just two years. The organization then petitioned the Supreme Court to facilitate a ban on protruding rods. The petition demanded that the owner of transport company or persons hiring the vehicle and the driver may be made jointly liable under the civil and criminal law for crashes caused by such protrusions, trucks carrying iron rods and bars of pipes stationed on the road or roadside be barricaded by traffic cones and reflector tripods with visibility of 50 meters and that all states adopt uniform regulations in respect of stationary or stalled vehicles on highways.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

Responding to the apex court's directions in the PIL proceedings, the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways deleted the provision in the Central Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989 which allowed protrusions up to one meter. In August 2016, the Supreme Court finally ordered strict implementation of the ban on trucks and trailers with iron rods or pipes dangerously protruding out and also called for strict action against those trucks that are illegally parked in the middle of the roads.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Govt-bans-trucks-from-carrying-protruding-rods/articleshow/31630728.cms|title=Govt bans trucks from carrying protruding rods - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/SC-issues-notice-to-Centre-on-recklessly-parked-trucks/articleshow/21092567.cms|title=SC issues notice to Centre on recklessly parked trucks - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-01-22}}</ref>

'''Stronger Road Safety Law'''

Acknowledging the need for a comprehensive road safety law for India, SLF in March and April 2014, organized high-level consultation meetings with stakeholders from ten states to deliberate the same and develop actionable recommendations to address the identified issues.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theautomotiveindia.com/new-hope-strong-road-safety-law-india/|title=New Hope For a Strong Road Safety Law in India - The Automotive India|date=2014-07-03|work=The Automotive India|access-date=2018-01-22|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> The primary recommendation from this exercise was that India needs a comprehensive Road Safety law and it was advocated that the existing Motor Vehicles Act 1988 be repealed to pave way for the new law. Subsequently, SLF's advocacy with the [[Government of India]] culminated in the Road Transport and Safety Bill, 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/think-tank-recommends-road-safety-law-114070301062_1.html|title=Think-tank recommends road safety law|last=IANS|date=2014-07-03|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2018-01-22}}</ref> However, after several states shelved the passage of this bill,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://sites.ndtv.com/roadsafety/why-india-needed-the-road-transport-and-safety-bill-2619/|title=Why India Needed The Road Transport And Safety Bill {{!}} Features|date=2017-01-24|work=NDTV-Diageo Road To Safety|access-date=2018-01-22|language=en-US}}</ref> it got replaced by the Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Bill which was recommended by SLF, and got unanimously passed by Lok Sabha, the lower house of Indian parliament, in April 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://sites.ndtv.com/roadsafety/lok-sabha-passes-motor-vehicles-amendment-bill-tougher-penalties-e-licencing-3271/|title=Lok Sabha Passes The Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Bill With Tougher Penalties And E-Licencing {{!}} News|date=2017-04-10|work=NDTV-Diageo Road To Safety|access-date=2018-01-22|language=en-US}}</ref> The Bill now awaits passage by the upper house of Indian parliament, Rajya Sabha.

===Communication===

In order to engage the public to improve their behavior on the road and make them aware of their rights and duties, SLF regularly carries out communication and awareness campaigns. Some are listed below.

'''TV Campaign'''

SLF produced a short film to increase awareness about the consequences of distracted driving. This film was a part of SLF's awareness campaign on the dangers of distracted driving and was telecast across the State of Karnataka in 2017.<ref>{{Citation|last=SaveLIFE Foundation|title=SAFETY IN MOBILITY {{!}} OK TO IGNORE|date=2017-04-28|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rPP4jiLOnPg&t=4s|accessdate=2018-01-22}}</ref>

'''Print Campaign'''

SLF has undertaken print campaigns on awareness regarding the Good Samaritan law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://epaper.jagran.com/epaper/10-jan-2018-64-kanpur-archive-edition-kanpur-Page-5.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122235056/http://epaper.jagran.com/epaper/10-jan-2018-64-kanpur-archive-edition-kanpur-Page-5.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 January 2018|title=Kanpur ePaper{{!}} Hindi ePaper Kanpur- Dainik Jagran|website=epaper.jagran.com|access-date=2018-01-22}}</ref>

'''Radio'''

SLF has also undertaken radio campaigns to increase seat-belt usage, and awareness around the Good Samaritan law.

===Implementation===

'''Mumbai-Pune Expressway: India's first Zero Fatality Corridor'''

SLF with support from [https://www.mahindra.com/ Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd.] and the [[Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation]] (MSRDC), initiated the '[[Zero Fatality Corridor]]' project to make the expressway fatality-free by 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/maharashtra-launches-zero-fatality-initiative-on-expressway/article8274339.ece|title=Maharashtra launches zero fatality initiative on Expressway|last=Nandgaonkar|first=Satish|date=2016-02-24|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-01-22|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Since August 2016, over a thousand engineering errors on the expressway have been fixed. As a part of this project, the 'Safety Under 80' campaign was also jointly launched by SLF, MSRDC and Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd. The initiative aimed at creating mass awareness on the dangers of speeding and the consequences of speeding were exhibited through outdoor hoardings and installation of crashes cars on both the corridors of the expressway.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.motoroids.com/mahindra/safety-80-campaign-launched-savelife-foundation-partnership-msrdc-supported-mahindra-mahindra-ltd/|title=Safety Under 80 Campaign launched by SaveLIFE Foundation in partnership with MSRDC supported by Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd {{!}} Motoroids|date=2016-12-22|work=Motoroids|access-date=2018-01-22|language=en-US}}</ref>

'''Jeevan Rakshak Program'''

Jeevan Rakshak is a training program focused on imparting basic life-saving skills to Police personnel as well as ordinary citizens.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/training-for-police-to-handle-accident-victims/article7581189.ece|title=Training for police to handle accident victims|author=Staff Reporter|date=2015-08-26|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-01-22|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The program was developed by SLF in partnership with All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS). Over 10,000 police personnel and volunteers in over six States and Union Territories have been trained so far.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Kolkata-traffic-cops-to-get-life-saving-lessons/articleshow/55794207.cms|title=Kolkata traffic cops to get life-saving lessons - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-01-22}}</ref>

'''ADAPT: Anticipatory Driving and Accident Prevention Training Program'''

SLF conducts the 'Anticipatory Driving and Accident Prevention Training' program for commercial as well as regular drivers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/health/2014/oct/18/road-to-save-lives-673094.html|title=Road to Save Lives|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2018-01-22}}</ref> The program uses blended learning techniques to reinforce key strategies for crash prevention. Since its inception, SLF has trained over 3,000 drivers in ten States and Union Territories across India.

'''Online Victim Support Center'''

Through its website,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.savelifefoundation.org|title=SaveLIFE Foundation|website=www.savelifefoundation.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-01-22}}</ref> SLF provides information on safety tips, emergency response, emergency numbers and how to save a person's life under the 'Check, Call and Care' protocol.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://savelifefoundation.org/emergency-packet/|title=In Case of Emergency {{!}} SaveLIFE Foundation|website=savelifefoundation.org|date=14 September 2016 |language=en-US|access-date=2018-01-22}}</ref> It also provides a list of organizations and schemes for post-crash care and treatment for victims including both hospital care and rehabilitation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://savelifefoundation.org/post-accident-treatment/|title=Post Accident Treatment {{!}} SaveLIFE Foundation|website=savelifefoundation.org|date=20 September 2016 |language=en-US|access-date=2018-01-22}}</ref> It also developed a calculation tool which aids victims in estimating the compensation quantum and procedure in such cases.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://savelifefoundation.org/post-accident-claims/|title=Post Accident Claims {{!}} SaveLIFE Foundation|website=savelifefoundation.org|date=12 September 2016 |language=en-US|access-date=2018-01-22}}</ref> This information is available free-of-charge.

'''Vodafone-SaveLIFE 'Road Safe' Mobile Application'''

In 2017, SLF partnered with Vodafone India to tackle the issue of distracted driving. As part of the initiative, a mobile app 'Road Safe' was launched in April, 2017 for both Android<ref>{{Citation|title=Vodafone-SaveLIFE Road Safe|date=2017-05-31|url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.savelifefoundation&hl=en|publisher=SaveLIFE Foundation|accessdate=2018-01-22}}</ref> and IOS users.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/app/id1237598688|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123072115/https://itunes.apple.com/app/id1237598688|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 January 2018|title=Vodafone-SaveLIFE Road Safe App on the App Store|website=App Store|language=en-US|access-date=2018-01-22}}</ref> The app aims to enable distraction-free driving and includes features focused on driving safely and responding to emergencies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/vodafone-launches-safety-mobile-app-road-safe-for-android-users/58414356|title=Vodafone launches safety mobile app Road Safe for Android users - ET Telecom|last=www.ETTelecom.com|website=ETTelecom.com|language=en|access-date=2018-01-22}}</ref> Besides providing information on traffic fines, safety tips, nearest emergency network systems, the app has a feature called the 'Automatic Crash Detector', which employs the phone's [[accelerometer]] to detect sudden drop in vehicle speed and provides automatic voice enabled emergency response assistance.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/vodafone-savelife-road-safe-app-launched-disables-calls-and-notifications-while-driving-1687229|title=Vodafone's Road Safety App Disables Calls and Notifications While Driving|work=NDTV Gadgets360.com|access-date=2018-01-22|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.socialapphub.com/case-study/app-averts-distracted-driving|title=App averts distracted driving {{!}} Social App Hub|website=www.socialapphub.com|language=en|access-date=2018-01-22}}</ref>

== Impact ==

* SLF has delivered a 30 per cent reduction in road crashes and injuries on the Mumbai-Pune Expressway from 2016 to 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://sites.ndtv.com/roadsafety/reducing-road-deaths-mumbai-pune-expressway-got-lot-safer-3087/|title=Reducing Road Deaths: How The Mumbai-Pune Expressway Got A Lot Safer {{!}} Features|date=2017-02-27|work=NDTV-Diageo Road To Safety|access-date=2018-01-22|language=en-US}}</ref> Contribution of infrastructural factors road crashes on Mumbai-Pune Expressway brought down to near zero in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-pune-expressway-almost-zero-contribution-of-infrastructural-factors-in-fatal-accidents-says-slf-4537146/|title=Mumbai- Pune Expressway: Almost zero contribution of infrastructural factors in fatal accidents, says SLF|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-01-22|language=en-US}}</ref>
* It has secured a nationwide, legally binding policy for protection of Good Samaritans who assist the injured, from ensuing legal and procedural hassles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://businessworld.in/article/What-The-Supreme-Court-Ruling-On-Good-Samaritans-Means-For-India/15-06-2016-99215/|title=What the Supreme Court Ruling on Good Samaritans Means for India}}</ref>
* It has secured a ban on trucks from carrying protruding rods, expected to save close to 10,000 lives annually.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Activists-five-year-battle-got-risky-trucks-off-the-road/articleshow/32112949.cms,%20http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Govt-bans-trucks-from-carrying-protruding-rods/articleshow/31630728.cms|title=Govt bans trucks from carrying protruding rods - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-01-22}}</ref>
* It has trained over 13,000 police personnel, high risk commercial drivers and citizen volunteers in accident prevention techniques and basic life-saving skills.
* It has supported the Government of India in drafting and introducing a comprehensive road safety bill in the Indian parliament. The Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Bill 2017, consequently introduced was passed by the Lok Sabha on 10 April 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/the-road-to-safety-114121101349_1.html|title=The road to safety|last=Comment|first=Business Standard Editorial|date=2014-12-11|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2018-01-22}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
* Social Entrepreneur of the Year 2025 (SEOY) by The Jubilant Bhartia Foundation and the [[Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship]]
* Amazing Indian Award 2024<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-25 |title=13 honoured with Times Now Amazing Indian Awards 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/13-honoured-with-times-now-amazing-indian-awards-2024/articleshow/112772930.cms |access-date=2025-08-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* Skoll Award for [[Social innovation|Social Innovation]] 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=Skoll {{!}} SaveLIFE Foundation |url=https://skoll.org/organization/savelife-foundation/ |access-date=2025-08-01}}</ref>
* Elevate Prize 2023 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners - 2023 |url=https://elevateprize.org/winners-2023/ |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=Elevate |language=en}}</ref>
* Awarded the Draper Richard Kaplan Foundation fellowship, 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drkfoundation.org/organization/savelife-foundation/|title=SaveLIFE Foundation {{!}} DRK Foundation {{!}} Supporting passionate, high impact social enterprises|website=www.drkfoundation.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-01-22}}</ref>
* Featured by National Geographic, November 2016<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/11/piyush-tewari-explorer-moments-training-delhi-doctors-for-emergency-medical-care/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108131335/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/11/piyush-tewari-explorer-moments-training-delhi-doctors-for-emergency-medical-care/|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 November 2016|title=Putting the Brakes on India's Huge Traffic Fatalities|date=2016-11-07|access-date=2018-01-22}}</ref>
* Featured by New York Times, June 2016<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/21/opinion/campaigning-to-make-indias-roads-safer.html|title=Opinion {{!}} Campaigning to Make India's Roads Safer|last=Bornstein|first=David|date=2016-06-21|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-01-22|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
* Featured by TIME, September 2015<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/collection/next-generation-leaders/4037533/piyush-tewari/|title=Meet The Man on a Mission to Make India's Notorious Streets Safer|last=Delhi|first=Nikhil Kumar / New|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=25 September 2015 |access-date=2018-01-22}}</ref>
* Conferred the Prince Michael International Road Safety Award, 2014<ref>{{cite web |title=Ceremony |url=https://www.roadsafetyawards.com/ceremonies/2014/large/_ROB6629_1.jpg |website=www.roadsafetyawards.com |access-date=14 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208081925/http://www.roadsafetyawards.com/ceremonies/2014/large/_ROB6629_1.jpg |archive-date=February 8, 2015 |format=JPG |date=2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.roadsafetyawards.com/national/view.aspx?winnerid=394|title=Error|website=www.roadsafetyawards.com|access-date=2018-01-22}}</ref>
* Profiled by Satyamev Jayate, hosted by actor Amir Khan, 2014<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.india.com/showbiz/satyamev-jayate-season-3-episode-2-review-aamir-khan-supports-roadsokplease-to-avoid-daily-mishaps-on-road-170488/|title=Satyamev Jayate Season 3 Episode 2 review: Aamir Khan supports #RoadsOKPlease to avoid daily mishaps on road|last=Prakashan|first=Priya|date=2014-10-12|work=India.com|access-date=2018-01-22|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.satyamevjayate.in/road-accidents-or-murders/ngo-savelife.aspx|title=SaveLIFE Foundation – Road Accidents or Murders {{!}} satyamevjayate.in|access-date=2018-01-22}}</ref>
* Awarded NGO of the Year 2014–15 by [[Rockefeller Foundation]], Resource Alliance and EdelGive Foundation, 2014<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.resource-alliance.org/pages/en/india-ngo-awards.html|title=India NGO Awards · How we can help you · Resource Alliance|access-date=6 February 2019|archive-date=22 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022163944/http://www.resource-alliance.org/pages/en/india-ngo-awards.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Invited to become a member of the [[Clinton Foundation|Clinton Global Initiative]], 2014<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.clintonfoundation.org/clinton-global-initiative|title=Clinton Global Initiative|work=Clinton Foundation|access-date=2018-01-22|language=en}}</ref>
* Featured by Forbes Magazine in 2013<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ashoka/2013/12/01/piyush-tewaris-six-word-story-saving-road-accident-victims-through-bystander-care/#5a96bf46449f|title=Piyush Tewari's Six Word Story: 'Saving Road Accident Victims Through Bystander Care'|last=Ashoka|work=Forbes|access-date=2018-01-22|language=en}}</ref>
* Appointed full-voting member of the Global Alliance of NGOs for Road Safety in 2013<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://roadsafetyngos.org/profile.php?aid=123 |title=Archived copy |access-date=14 June 2023 |archive-date=23 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123072354/http://roadsafetyngos.org/profile.php?aid=123 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Awarded the [[Ashoka (non-profit organization)|Ashoka]] Fellowship in 2013<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://india.ashoka.org/fellow/piyush-tewari|title=Piyush Tewari {{!}} Ashoka - India|website=india.ashoka.org|language=en|access-date=2018-01-22}}</ref>
* Subject of award-winning feature documentary titled The Golden Hour produced by Jessica McGough and Roma Sur of the Film School at University of Colorado, Denver, US<ref>{{Citation|title=The Golden Hour|url=http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/documentary-24x7/the-golden-hour/351776|accessdate=2018-01-22}}</ref>
* Awarded the [[Echoing Green]] Fellowship in 2012<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.echoinggreen.org/fellows/piyush-tewari|title=Piyush Tewari {{!}} Echoing Green|website=www.echoinggreen.org|access-date=2018-01-22}}</ref>
* Received letters of commendation from [[Delhi Police]] (2011) and [[National Security Guard]] (NSG, 2009) for its effort to equip first responders with life-saving skills.
* Invited to the National Committee constituted by Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, India and WHO to frame guidelines for pre-hospital trauma care in 2011.
* Awarded the Rolex Award for Enterprise, 2010<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rolexawards.com/profiles/young_laureates/piyush_tewari|title=Rolex Awards for Enterprise|website=Rolex Awards for Enterprise : Piyush Tewari : Overview|language=en|access-date=2018-01-22}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Piyush Tewari]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2008 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:New Delhi]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2008]]
[[Category:Road safety organizations]]

Debai Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:48:28Z

Admin: new - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Debai
| constituency_no = 68
| map_image = 68-Debai.svg
| mla = [[Chandrapal Singh (politician)|Chandrapal Singh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Bulandshahar district|Bulandshahar]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 3,47,780 (2022)
| type= SLA
}}
'''Debai Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Bulandshahar district|Bulandshahar]] district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Bulandshahr Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1957 after the "DPACO (1956)" (delimitation order) was passed in 1956.<ref name="DPACO (1956)">{{cite news|title=DPACO (1956)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=1 November 2015|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/DPACO-56-DCI.pdf}}</ref> After the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order" was passed in 2008, the constituency was assigned identification number 68.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 1 November 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=1 November 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=1 November 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/debai.html}}</ref><ref name="Member list">{{cite news|title=Member list|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|access-date=1 November 2015|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630050217/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-date=30 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==
Extent of Debai Assembly constituency is Debai Tehsil; PCs Bagsara, Bibiyana, Mau, Dubka, Suratgarh Urf Lodhai & Rajour of Anupshahar KC of Anupshahr Tehsil.<ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008"/>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Debai Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/debai.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="6" |Himmat Singh
| rowspan="5" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
| rowspan="5" |[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Swami Nempal
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|[[Hitesh Kumari]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|Swami Nempal
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| rowspan="2" |Ram Singh
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|[[Kalyan Singh]]
|-
|1997^
|Ram Singh
|-
| [[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| [[Kalyan Singh]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Kranti Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Rashtriya Kranti Party]]
|-
| 2002^
|[[Rajveer Singh]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Bhagwan Sharma]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|[[Anita Singh Rajput]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Chandrapal Singh (politician)|Chandrapal Singh]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Debai<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Chandrapal Singh
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:128640}}
|percentage = 58.6
|change = +5.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Harish Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:60615}}
|percentage = 27.61
|change = +5.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Karan Pal Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:24516}}
|percentage = 11.17
|change = -10.27
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1218}}
|percentage = 0.55
|change = -0.44
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:68025}}
|percentage = 30.99
|change = -0.29
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:219519}}
|percentage = 63.02
|change = +0.09
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Debai<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Dr. Anita Lodhi Rajput
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:111807}}
|percentage = 53.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Harish Kumar
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:46177}}
|percentage = 22.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Devendra Bhardwaj
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:44974}}
|percentage = 21.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Satyaveer
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:2647}}
|percentage = 1.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2048}}
|percentage = 0.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:65630}}
|percentage = 31.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:209809}}
|percentage = 62.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===

{{Election box begin | title=2012 General Elections: Debai<ref name="2012 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 November 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127212919/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf|archive-date=January 27, 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Bhagwan Sharma]]
|votes = 62,969
|percentage = 34.37
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
| Independent
|candidate = Rajveer Singh
|votes = 59,372
|percentage = 32.4
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Vinod Upadhyay
|votes = 38,160
|percentage = 20.83
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 12 candidates
|votes = 22,718
|percentage = 12.41
|change = -
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 3,597
|percentage = 1.96
|change = -
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 183,219
|percentage = 61.79
|change = -
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Bulandshahr Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Bulandshahar district]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Politics of Bulandshahr district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Others (film)

2026-04-11T14:38:49Z

Admin:

{{short description|Indian Tamil-language action thriller film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Others
| image = Others film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Abin Hariharan
| writer = Abin Hariharan
| producer = Murali
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Aditya Madhavan
* [[Gouri G. Kishan]]
* [[Anju Kurian]]
}}
| cinematography = Aravinnd Singh
| editing = R. Ramar
| music = [[Ghibran Vaibodha]]
| studio = Grand Pictures
| released = {{Film date|2025|11|07|df=y}}
| runtime = 130 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Others''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action thriller film]] written and directed by Abin Hariharan. Produced by Grand Pictures, the film features debutant Aditya Madhavan, [[Gouri G. Kishan]] and [[Anju Kurian]] in the lead roles<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-10-30 |title=Trailer of Aditya Madhavan-Gouri Kishan's Others out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/30/trailer-of-aditya-madhavan-gouri-kishans-others-out |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> alongside [[Munishkanth]], [[Hareesh Peradi]], [[R. Sundarrajan]], Nandu Jagan, [[Maala Parvathi]], and [[Vinod Sagar]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-10-15 |title=Others Teaser: This medical thriller deals with irregularities in IVF treatment |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/15/others-teaser-this-medical-thriller-deals-with-irregularities-in-ivf-treatment |access-date=2025-10-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

The film was released in theatres on 7 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2025-10-28 |title=கவுரி கிஷனின் “அதர்ஸ்” டிரெய்லர் ரிலீஸ் தேதி அறிவிப்பு |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/gauri-kishans-others-trailer-release-date-announced-1187257 |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}</ref>

== Premise ==

Others begins with a series of tragic and mysterious incidents involving [[In vitro fertilisation|IVF]]-born infants who are afflicted with severe, unexplained conditions. What seems like isolated medical mishaps soon unravels into a deeply sinister conspiracy.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* Aditya Madhavan as [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Madhav
* [[Gouri G. Kishan]] as Dr. Madhu
* [[Anju Kurian]] as Inspector Beena
* [[Munishkanth]] as Sub-inspector Gajendran
* [[R. Sundarrajan]] as Kasinathan
* [[Hareesh Peradi]] as Doctor of Medicine
* [[Vinod Sagar]] as Mukesh
* [[Sumesh Moor]] as Vedha (Vedhika)
* [[Vaiyapuri]] as Ganesan
* [[Jagan (actor)|Jagan]] as Maari
* [[Saravana Subbiah]] as Anbazhagan
* [[Bayilvan Ranganathan]] as Press Reporter
* Shyam Krishnan as Charles
* [[TSR Srinivasan]] as Thanatopractor
* [[Maala Parvathi]] as Mother
}}

== Production ==
The film is written and directed by Abin Hariharan and produced by Grand Pictures, starring debutant and Gouri G. Kishan, who was last seen in [[Sahasam (2025 film)|''Sahasam'']] (2025) in the lead roles, alongside [[Anju Kurian]] in an important role.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-08-11 |title=Gouri Kishan to star in Others |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Aug/11/gouri-kishan-to-star-in-others |access-date=2025-10-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=2025-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250823012304/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Aug/11/gouri-kishan-to-star-in-others |url-status=live }}</ref> The technical team consists of Aravinnd Singh as the cinematographer, R. Ramar as the editor, and music composed by [[Ghibran Vaibodha]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2025-08-12 |title=First look of Gouri Kishan, Aditya Madhavan's medical crime thriller 'Others' released |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/first-look-of-gouri-kishan-aditya-madhavans-medical-crime-thriller-others-released-843062 |access-date=2025-10-24 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Others
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Ghibran Vaibodha]]
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| language = Tamil
| producer = [[Ghibran Vaibodha]]
| prev_title = [[Aaryan (film)|Aaryan]]
| prev_year = 2025
| year = 2025
| next_title = [[BP 180]]
| next_year = 2025
| chronology = [[Ghibran Vaibodha]]
| misc = {{Singles
|name = Others
|type = soundtrack
|single1 = Oru Paarvai Paarthavanae
|single1date = 24 October 2025
}}
}}
The first video single titled "Oru Paarvai Paarthavanae" was released on 24 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-10-24 |title='Oru Paarvai Paarthavanae' from Others, featuring Gouri Kishan and Aditya Madhavan out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/24/oru-paarvai-paarthavanae-from-others-featuring-gouri-kishan-and-aditya-madhavan-out |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Oru Paarvai Paarthavanae
| lyrics1 = [[Mohan Rajan]]
| extra1 = [[Ghibran Vaibodha]], [[Shakthisree Gopalan]], Namitha Babu
}}

== Release ==
''Others'' released in theatres on 7 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-02 |title=Gouri Kishan-Aditya Madhavan's Others locks a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/02/gouri-kishan-aditya-madhavans-others-locks-a-release-date |access-date=2025-10-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Abhinav Subramanian of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "Where Others loses steam is in its inability to generate real grip despite having the pieces in place. The investigation unfolds in a straight line, revealing clues at regular intervals, but it never builds the kind of mounting dread that makes thrillers compulsive. [...] The film works best when you focus on where it's going rather than how it gets there."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Others Movie Review: Strong ideas drive this crime drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/others/movie-review/125153025.cms |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

Avinash Ramachandran of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave 1.5/5 stars and wrote "Apart from focus and finesse, Others also needed a fair share of restraint because it is so all over the place that it takes away even the slightest of goodwill the film generated till the final act."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Avinash |date=2025-11-07 |title=Others Movie Review: A drab thriller that confuses caricature with concern |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2025/Nov/07/others-movie-review-a-drab-thriller-that-confuses-caricature-with-concern |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Maalai Malar]]'' gave 3/5 stars<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maalaimalar |date=2025-11-07 |title=அதர்ஸ் (2025) திரைவிமர்சனம் {{!}} Others (2025) Review in tamil |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/others-2025-164675 |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref> and ''[[Dinamalar]]'' gave 2.75/5 stars.<ref>{{Cite web |title=அதர்ஸ் - விமர்சனம் {2.75/5} : அதர்ஸ் - ஆண், பெண் நடித்த 'அதர்ஸ்' குறித்த, சமூக அக்கறையுள்ள மெடிக்கல் திரில்லர் - Others |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/3678/Others/ |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=cinema.dinamalar.com |language=en}}</ref> The film was also reviewed by ''[[Vikatan]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-07 |title=Others Review: திருநர் சமூகத்தினரைப் பொறுப்புணர்வுடன் காட்சிப்படுத்த வேண்டாமா? அதர்ஸ் அரசியல் சரியா? |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/aditya-madhavan-gouri-anju-kurian-starrer-others-movie-review |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=[[Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> and [[Hindu Tamil Thisai|''Hindu Tamil Thisai'']].<ref>{{Cite web |last=செய்திப்பிரிவு |date=2025-11-08 |title=‘அதர்ஸ்’ திரைப் பார்வை {{!}} ஓர் ஆபத்தான ஆட்டம்! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/1382605-others-movie-review.html |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|37897558}}

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films about babies]]
[[Category:Films about health care]]
[[Category:Tamil-language crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Meitei Sankirtana

2026-04-04T17:15:38Z

Admin: Starting first entry w/ refs...

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox performing art
| name = Meitei Sankirtan
| image = Pung Cholom Manipur.jpg
| upright =
| caption =
| medium = Ritual singing, drumming and dancing
| types =
| ancestor =
| descendant =
| culture = [[Meitei culture|Meitei]]
| era = 18th century AD – present
}}
{{Infobox intangible heritage
|Name = Sankirtana, ritual singing, drumming and dancing of Manipur
|Country = India
|ID = 00843
|Region = APA
|Year = 2013
|Session = 8th
|List = Representative
}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}

'''Meitei Sankirtan''' ({{langx|mni|Meitei Nat Sankirtan}}), also known as '''Meitei Sankirtana''' ({{langx|mni|Meitei Nat Sankirtana}}) or '''Manipuri Sankirtan''' ({{langx|mni|Nat Sonkirton}}) or '''Manipuri Sankirtana''' ({{langx|mni|Nat Sonkirton}}), is a [[Meitei intangible cultural heritage]], and a performing art form, involving ritual singing, [[drum]]ming and dancing performed in the temples and domestic spaces in [[Manipur]] in India. Through the performances which exhibit unparalleled religious devotion and energy, the performers narrate the many stories of [[Krishna]] often moving the spectators to tears.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Staff Reporter|title=Manipuri Sankirtana inscribed on UNESCO's 'intangible heritage' list|journal=[[The Hindu]]|date=8 December 2013|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/manipuri-sankirtana-inscribed-on-unescos-intangible-heritage-list/article5435312.ece|accessdate=2 December 2016}}</ref> It is practiced primarily by the [[Meitei Hindus]] (primarily [[Vaishnava]]s) in Manipur and by the Vaishnava Manipuri population settled in the neighbouring States of [[Tripura]] and [[Assam]]. In December 2013, [[UNESCO]] inscribed "Sankirtana: Ritual singing, drumming and dancing of Manipur" in the [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists|Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity]].<ref name="UN1">{{cite web|title=Sankirtana, ritual singing, drumming and dancing of Manipur|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/sankirtana-ritual-singing-drumming-and-dancing-of-manipur-00843|website=www.unesco.org|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|accessdate=2 December 2016}}</ref>

Meitei Nat Sankirtana, along with the fusion of three other performing art forms, [[Huiyen Lallong]], [[Lai Haraoba]] and [[Raslila|Raaslila]], gave rise to the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]]-recognised [[Indian classical dance]] form, popularly known as the ''"[[Manipuri dance]]"''.<ref>{{Cite web | first = Debanjali | last= Biswas |date=2020-06-02 |title=Hasta in Manipuri - Part 1 - Wednesday Wisdom |url=https://www.akademi.co.uk/hasta-in-manipuri/ |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=Akademi |language=en-GB |quote=The classical dance of Manipuri was born out of rituals that are danced by the Meitei community residing in Manipur, India. The style of Manipuri that we see on stage is a confluence of traditions that are associated with four rituals. These rituals are observed as devotional service, or rites of passage, or propitiation rites, or all. Dance is derived from each of these rituals – Lai Haraoba, Huyen Langlon, Nata Sankirtana and Raaslila. These dances are considered as genres of Manipuri dance, alongside being integral part of Meitei social fabric. However, the classical Manipuri tradition is often associated with only the Raaslila tradition, which is debated by different institutions.}}</ref>

==An outline of the performance==
[[File:ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯅꯠ ꯄꯂꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯆꯣꯂꯣꯝ.jpg|thumb|upright|A depiction of ''Meitei Sankirtan'']]
The Nomination file for Inscription on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity prepared by [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] describes this performing art thus: {{quote|"Starting with ritual observances which involve singing and dancing in the temples of Manipur, Sankirtana encompasses an array of arts performed also in the home and the street to mark occasions of religious import and stages in the life of the Vaishnava people inhabiting the Manipur plains. The theology and lore of Krishna is central to these performances, but they assimilate in their rendering formal features carried over from music and dance in Manipur’s pre-Vaishnavite past. The core of Sankirtana practice is to be found in the temple, where it narrates through song and dance the lives and deeds of the Lord. These are typically presented in the round, in a hall (Mandapa) attached to the temple before devotees. The main repertoire consists of Nata Pala, which is performed all over the Manipur valley. The Ariba Pala and Manohar Sai Pala, less often in evidence today, are also temple-centred. Outside the temple, Sankirtana assumes forms such as the Holi Pala celebrating the festival of colours in springtime or Shayan performed in the winter months. Khubak Eshei is celebrated within the temple during the rains, marking the chariot festival of the Lord. In the setting of the home, Sankirtana is offered as prayer at all life-cycle ceremonies, such as the ear-piercing ritual (for both males and females in childhood), the donning of the sacred thread (for adolescent males), marriage, and the rites of passage at death. Thus pervading the life of the Manipuri Vaishnava, Sankirtana is regarded as the visible manifestation of God."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sangeet Nataka Akademi|title=Nomination File No. 00843|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/doc/download.php?versionID=20734|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|accessdate=2 December 2016}}</ref>}}

==See also==
* [[Jagoi]], the arts of dance in Meitei culture

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*A video on Sankirtana, ritual singing, drumming and dancing of Manipur, prepared by [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], India, and published by UNESCO (duration 9 minutes 57 seconds): [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TaIr4jvY9vE Sankirtana]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dances of Manipur]]
[[Category:Meitei performing arts]]
[[Category:Intangible Cultural Heritage of India]]

Travancore rupee

2026-04-01T20:36:50Z

Admin: Created Some Article Nd Citations!

{{Short description|Official currency of the kingdom of Travancore}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
The ''' Travancore rupee''' was a form of currency issued by the erstwhile [[India]]n [[princely state]] of [[Travancore]], which was primarily located in the modern Indian state of [[Kerala]]. The rupee was largely a newer currency in comparison to the older currencies of Travancore such as the [[Travancore Fanam|''Fanams'']], ''Achus'', ''Chuckrams'' as well as the ''Kasu'' (or Cash). Its creation was probably intended for the increase in trade with the [[British India|British]] and the high-value transactions therein.

[[File:Travancore Rupee - Front.jpg|thumb|Travancore Half Rupee - Front]]
[[File:Travancore Rupee - Reverse.jpg|thumb|Travancore Half Rupee - Reverse]]

The Travancore Rupee was the highest denomination of currency issued for general circulation. The highest face value issued was the '1/2 rupee'. While there had been plans to introduce 'One Travancore Rupee', this was never done.<ref>''Travancore State Manual'' by V. Nagam Aiya (1908), p170</ref> The half-rupee and the quarter-rupee remained the highest values issued for circulation. The Travancore Rupee was issued until the year 1946 remaining in circulation until 1949. It was replaced by the [[Indian rupee]] following Travancore's accession into India.

==Inscriptions==

Issues of the Travancore Rupee often had the names or insignia of the reigning monarch in English. The reverse features inscriptions in the native language of [[Malayalam]] as well as the royal insignia of Travancore. The inscriptions are largely a direct translation of the front of the coin. The year, when printed on the coins was based on the [[Malayalam calendar]] (and corresponding Malayalam Era - ME) which begins circa 825 AD. Therefore, the year of issue of the coin can be found by adding 825 to it. For example, the year of issue of a coin showing 1000, will be 1825 AD. Therefore, the year of issue of the coin with the year 1116, as depicted in the images, will be 1940-41.

Unlike the [[British Indian Rupee|Rupee]] issued by the [[British Raj|British]] and other princely States of India, the Travancore Rupee was subdivided into 7 [[Travancore Fanam]]s. These Fanams were further sub-divided into 4 Chakrams, each of 16 Cash.
We can see these sub-divisions in the following table -

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Unit !! Equivalent Sub-units
|-
| 1 Travancore Rupee || 7 Fanams
|-
| 1 Fanam || 4 Chuckrams
|-
| 1 Chuckram || 16 Cash
|}

As of the early 1900s, silver coins were issued in the denominations of Rupee and Chakrams. Their various values included 2 chakrams, 4 chakrams, 1/4 rupee (7 chakrams) and 1/2 rupee (14 chakrams). The cash or ''kashu'' coins were largely copper coins. They were struck in values of 1 cash, 4 cash and 8 cash. The exchange rate with the [[British Indian rupee]] was set at 1 British Indian rupee = 28 chakram, 8 cash; equivalently, 1 Tranvancore rupee = 15 annas, 8.63 pies of a British Indian rupee.<ref>{{cite book| title=Imperial Gazetteer of India, Provincial Series, Madras II: The Southern and West Coast Districts, Native States, and French Possessions|page= 419|year=1908| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hI1kfvUKUiAC }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Money|Numismatics|History|India}}
* [[Travancore]]
* [[Travancore Fanam]]
* [[Indian rupee]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Rupee}}
{{Historic Indian currency and coinage}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Travancore Rupee}}
[[Category:Currencies of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Modern obsolete currencies]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Travancore]]
[[Category:1949 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Economy of Kerala]]
[[Category:Historical currencies of India]]
[[Category:Rupee]]

Satyajeet Tambe Patil

2026-04-01T14:14:13Z

Admin: Created A Article Needs Work!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Satyajeet Tambe Patil
| image =
| image_size = 250px
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1983|09|27}}
| birth_place = At.[[Sangamner]] [[Ahmednagar District]], [[Maharashtra]]
| spouse = Dr. Maithili Tambe
| office1 = Member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
| term_start1 = 2023
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Sudhir Tambe|Dr. Sudhir Tambe Patil]]
| successor1 =
| constituency1 = Nashik Graduates
| office3 = Member of Ahmednagar District Council
| term_start3 = (2007
| term_end3 = 2017)
| office2 = President of [[Maharashtra Pradesh Youth Congress]]
| term_start2 = (2018
| term_end2 = 2022)
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 = [[Nitin Raut|Kunal Nitin Raut]]
| office4 = Vice-president of [[Maharashtra Pradesh Youth Congress]]
| term_start4 = (2011
| term_end4 = 2018)
| parents = [[Sudhir Tambe|Dr.Sudhir Tambe Patil]] (father) Dr. DurgaTai Tambe (mother)
| party = [[Independent Politician|Independent]]
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]] {{small|(2002-2023)}}
| children =
}}

'''Satyajeet Sudhir Tambe''' is a member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]] from the [[Nashik]] Graduate constituency in [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Satyajeet Tambe wins MLC polls from Nashik |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/satyajeet-tambe-wins-mlc-polls-from-nashik-1187521.html |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> He contested and won the Maharashtra Legislative Council elections from Nashik Graduate constituency in 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=Satyajit tambe: नाशिकमध्ये महाआघाडीला मोठा धक्का; सत्यजित तांबेंचा दणदणीत विजय, शुभांगी पाटील पराभूत |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/maharashtra/nashik-graduate-constituency-election-result-satyajit-tambe-won-mahavikas-aghadi-candidate-shubhangi-patil-defeated-141675359952988.html |accessdate=2 February 2023 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> He was associated with the Indian National Congress till 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-04 |title=I was Congressman, got elected as Independent: Satyajeet Tambe |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/i-was-congressman-got-elected-as-independent-satyajeet-tambe-1187877.html |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-21 |title=BJP unlikely to support rebel Cong candidate Satyajeet Tambe |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/bjp-unlikely-to-support-rebel-cong-candidate-satyajeet-tambe-101674241099163.html |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Banerjee |first=Shoumojit |date=2023-01-30 |title=Maharashtra MLC polls: Congress 'rebel' Satyajeet Tambe says victory is certain |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/maharashtra-mlc-polls-congress-rebel-satyajeet-tambe-says-victory-is-certain/article66450993.ece |access-date=2023-02-13 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Maharashtra Congress suspended Satyajit Tambe after he filed his independent candidature form from Nashik Graduate Constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-19 |title=Maharashtra independent MLC candidate Satyajeet Tambe suspended from Congress |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/maharashtra-independent-mlc-candidate-satyajeet-tambe-suspended-congress-8392504/ |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Satyajeet Tambe was born in [[Sangamner]] to [[Sudhir Tambe]] and Durgatai Tambe, Mayor of Sangamner Municipal Council. His grandfather [[Bhausaheb Thorat]] was a great freedom fighter and one of the pioneers of the co-operative movement in Maharashtra. He comes from a highly educated family actively involved in social causes in north Maharashtra and surrounding areas. He is the nephew of former minister in the Maharashtra government and senior Congress leader [[Balasaheb Thorat]].

Satyajeet Tambe is a postgraduate in management and political science. He has also studied at the John F. Kennedy School at Harvard University in the US.

== Personal life ==
Satyajeet Tambe is married to Dr. Maithili and they have a daughter and a son.

== Position Held ==
Satyajeet Tambe was elected as Maharashtra Pradesh Youth Congress President in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-15 |title=प्रदेश युवक काँग्रेस निवडणुकीत सत्यजित तांबे विजयी |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/maharashtra/satyajeet-tambe-elected-as-president-of-maharashtra-youth-congress/444540 |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=24taas.com |language=mr}}</ref>

'''Vice President, Maharashtra State Youth Congress : September 2011 – August 2018'''

[[Indian Youth Congress]] is a youth wing of India’s Grand Old Party, Indian National Congress. He was elected as the General Secretary of Maharashtra Unit of National Students Union of India, a student’s wing of the INC. He was then elected as the Vice President of [[Maharashtra]] State Youth Congress. Later on, he was elected as the President of the Maharashtra State Youth Congress in 2018 with record margin and continued till end of his tenure in March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=अमेरिकेत शिक्षण ते झेडपीचा सदस्य, नेहमीच चर्चेत राहणाऱ्या सत्यजित तांबे यांचा जीवनप्रवास|url=https://khaasremedia.com/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4-%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3-%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80/ |website=[https://khaasremedia.com/]}}</ref>

'''Member, [[District Councils of India|Zilla Parishad]], [[Ahmednagar]]. February 2007 – February 2017'''

Zilla Parishad or District Council is backbone of Rural Development and Rural Politics of India. Satyajeet Tambe was elected for two Consecutive terms (2007 and 2012) as an official candidate of [[Indian National Congress]]. He had implemented many innovative projects in constituency during his tenure especially in the field of Education, Health, Drinking water, Sanitation etc.<ref>{{Cite web|title=अमेरिकेत शिक्षण ते झेडपीचा सदस्य, नेहमीच चर्चेत राहणाऱ्या सत्यजित तांबे यांचा जीवनप्रवास
|url=https://khaasremedia.com/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4-%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3-%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80/ |website=[https://khaasremedia.com/]}}</ref>

'''General Secretary: [[Maharashtra Pradesh Youth Congress]] (2007 - 2011)'''

'''General Secretary: Maharashtra State [[NSUI]] (2002-2007)'''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patil, Satyajeet Tambe}}
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Ahmednagar district]]
[[Category:Members of the Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Independent politicians in India]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]
https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/patrol-teams-maharashtra-stem-drug-menace-mlc-satyajeet-tambe-8979380/

https://marathi.abplive.com/videos/news/politics-mla-kapil-patil-shikshak-bharti-support-for-satyajit-tambe-1142838

https://marathi.abplive.com/videos/news/maharashtra-satyajeet-tambe-on-mumbai-potholes-abp-majha-1195503

National Democratic Alliance

2026-03-29T13:20:32Z

Admin: quick update

{{Short description|Indian political alliance led by the Bharatiya Janata Party}}
{{for|other organizations of the same name}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
|name=National Democratic Alliance| abbreviation = NDA
| logo = [[File:National Democratic Alliance.svg|240px]]
| flag =
| founder = {{ubl|
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|[[Lal Krishna Advani]]
|[[Pramod Mahajan]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party]])}}
| colorcode = {{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| chairperson = [[Amit Shah]]
| loksabha_leader = [[Narendra Modi]] ([[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]])
| rajyasabha_leader = [[J. P. Nadda]]
| national_convener =
| foundation = {{start date and age|1998|05|15|df=yes}}
|ideology = {{Plainlist|class=nowrap|
* '''Majority:'''
* [[National conservatism]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ranjan |first=Prabhash |date=2020-09-24 |title=Narendra Modi's Nationalist-Populism in India and International Law |url=https://www.ejiltalk.org/narendra-modis-nationalist-populism-in-india-and-international-law/ |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=EJIL: Talk! |language=English}}</ref>
* [[Right-wing populism]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pal |first=Amitabh |date=2022-08-11 |title=India at 75: How Modi's Rightwing Populism Threatens Democracy |url=https://progressive.org/latest/modi-rightwing-populism-india-75-pal-081122/ |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Progressive.org |language=en-us}}</ref>
* '''Factions:'''
* [[Hindutva]]<ref name="Angana.p">* {{Cite book|last1=Chatterji|first1=Angana P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zcObDwAAQBAJ&q=BJP%27s+Hindutva+ideology|title=Majoritarian State: How Hindu Nationalism Is Changing India|last2=Hansen|first2=Thomas Blom|last3=Jaffrelot|first3=Christophe|date=2019|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-007817-1|pages=100–130|author-link=Angana P. Chatterji|author-link2=Thomas Blom Hansen|author-link3=Christophe Jaffrelot|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414061226/https://books.google.com/books?id=zcObDwAAQBAJ&q=BJP%27s+Hindutva+ideology|archive-date=14 April 2023|url-status=live}}
* [[Christophe Jaffrelot|Jaffrelot, Christophe]], and Cynthia Schoch. "Conclusion to Part I." In Modi's India: Hindu Nationalism and the Rise of Ethnic Democracy, 148–54. [[Princeton University Press]], 2021. {{doi|10.2307/j.ctv1dc9jzx.12}}.
* {{cite book|title=Ideology and Identity: The Changing Party Systems of India|last1=Chhibber|first1=Pradeep. K.|last2=Verma|first2=Rahul |isbn=978-0-19-062390-6|lccn=2018001733|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nJRqDwAAQBAJ|year=2018|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|access-date=2 May 2022|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414061225/https://books.google.com/books?id=nJRqDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
|[[Hindu nationalism]]<ref>* Henrik Berglund. "Religion and Nationalism: Politics of BJP." [[Economic and Political Weekly]] 39, no. 10 (2004): 1064–70. {{JSTOR|4414737}}.
* Chhibber, Pradeep K. "State Policy, Party Politics, and the Rise of the BJP." In Democracy without Associations: Transformation of the Party System and Social Cleavages in India, 159–76. [[University of Michigan Press]], 1999. {{JSTOR|10.3998/mpub.23136.12}}.</ref>
}}
| position = {{Plainlist|
* '''Majority:'''
* [[Right-wing politics|Right-wing]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Topic |url=https://www.thehindu.com/topic/bharatiya-janata-party/ |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=25 December 2022 |archive-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923191420/https://www.thehindu.com/topic/bharatiya-janata-party/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''Factions:'''
* [[Centre-right politics|Centre-right]]<ref name="auto1">{{Britannica|861166 |title=National Democratic Alliance (NDA) }}</ref>}} to [[Far-right politics|far-right]]<ref name="Davies">{{Cite book |last1=Davies |first1=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1-iXGKN1AK4C&q=%22Bharatiya+Janata+Party%22%22far-right%22 |title=The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right |last2=Lynch |first2=Derek |date=16 August 2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-60952-9 |pages=103 |language=en}}</ref>
| loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|292|543|hex={{party colour|National Democratic Alliance}}}}
| rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|138|245|hex={{party colour|National Democratic Alliance}}}}
| state2_seats_name = [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|State Legislative Assemblies]]
| state2_seats = {{Composition bar|2315|4126|hex={{party colour|National Democratic Alliance}}}}
| state_seats_name = [[State Legislative Council (India)|State Legislative Councils]]
| state_seats = {{Composition bar|224|423|hex={{party colour|National Democratic Alliance}}}}
| no_states = {{Composition bar|21|31|hex={{party colour|National Democratic Alliance}}}}
| alliance = [[List of National Democratic Alliance members|39 parties]]
* [[North-East Democratic Alliance|NEDA]] ([[Northeast India]])<ref>{{Cite news|date=13 March 2019|title=BJP seals alliances in Northeast, aims 22 LS seats|work=The Hindu Business Line|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/bjp-seals-alliances-in-northeast-aims-22-ls-seats/article26519732.ece |url-status=live|access-date=17 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317165853/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/bjp-seals-alliances-in-northeast-aims-22-ls-seats/article26519732.ece|archive-date=17 March 2020}}</ref>
* [[Kutami]] ([[Andhra Pradesh]])
* [[Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018–present)|MDA]] ([[Meghalaya]])
* [[Maha Yuti|MY]] ([[Maharashtra]])<ref>{{cite web |author1=India Today Video Desk |title=Our alliance is not going to break: Eknath Shinde dismisses rift rumours |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/video/our-alliance-is-not-going-to-break-eknath-shinde-dismisses-rift-rumours-2687879-2025-03-02 |website=[[India Today]] |access-date=27 March 2025 |date=2 March 2025}}</ref>
* [[AIADMK-led Alliance|AIADMK+]] ([[Tamil Nadu]])
* [[People's Democratic Alliance (Nagaland)|PDA]] ([[Nagaland]])
}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party sidebar}}

The '''National Democratic Alliance''' ('''NDA'''; [[ISO 15919|ISO]]: ''Rāṣṭrīya Lokatāntrik Gaṭhabandhan'') is an Indian [[Political group|multi-party political alliance]], led by the country's biggest political party, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).<ref name="Right">{{Cite web |date=29 March 2021 |title=Radical shifts: The changing trajectory of politics in West Bengal |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/features/politics/radical-shifts-the-changing-trajectory-of-politics-in-west-bengal-1.5554242 |access-date=27 April 2021 |archive-date=15 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615003650/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/features/politics/radical-shifts-the-changing-trajectory-of-politics-in-west-bengal-1.5554242 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was founded on 15 May 1998.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-29 |title=25 years of NDA: How BJP has made the alliance redundant |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/nda-bjp-vajpayee-modi-amit-shah-8635257/ |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> It currently has a majority in both the [[Rajya Sabha]] and the [[Lok Sabha]], and controls the [[Government of India]] as well as the governments of 19 out of 28 [[states and union territories of India|Indian states]] and 2 out of 3 [[Union territory|Union territories]] with legislative assemblies.

Its first chairman was then [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], who served from 1998 until 2004. [[L. K. Advani]], the former [[Deputy Prime Minister of India|Deputy Prime Minister]], took over as chairman in 2004 and served until 2014. [[Amit Shah]] has been the chairman since 2014.

The NDA controlled a majority in the Indian Parliament from 1998 to 2004. The alliance returned to power in the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 general elections]] with a combined vote share of 38.5%.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 May 2014 |title=BJP's 31% lowest vote share of any party to win majority |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/BJPs-31-lowest-vote-share-of-any-party-to-win-majority/articleshow/35315930.cms |url-status=live |access-date=20 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614162200/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/BJPs-31-lowest-vote-share-of-any-party-to-win-majority/articleshow/35315930.cms |archive-date=14 June 2018}}</ref> BJP leader, [[Narendra Modi]], was sworn in as Prime Minister of India on 26 May 2014, his party having won 282 of the 520 seats in the lower house. In the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 general election]], the alliance further increased its tally to 353 seats with a combined vote share of 45.43%.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramani |first=Srinivasan |date=23 May 2019 |title=Analysis: Highest-ever national vote share for the BJP |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/analysis-highest-ever-national-vote-share-for-the-bjp/article27218550.ece |via=www.thehindu.com |access-date=22 December 2019 |archive-date=11 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111071449/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/analysis-highest-ever-national-vote-share-for-the-bjp/article27218550.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The alliance lost 60 seats in the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 general election]], but retained sufficient seats to form a coalition government. On 7 June 2024, Modi confirmed the support of 293 MPs to President [[Droupadi Murmu]]; he was then asked by her to form a government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/president-droupadi-murmu-invites-pm-narendra-modi-form-nda-government-2550435-2024-06-07|title=President invites Narendra Modi to form government, oath ceremony on June 9|date=7 June 2024 }}</ref> This marked Modi's third term as Prime Minister and his first time heading a [[coalition government]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/India/president-appoints-narendra-modi-as-pm-designate-oath-on-sunday-evening/ar-BB1nOO8x|title=President appoints Narendra Modi as PM-designate; oath on Sunday evening|website=[[MSN]] }}</ref> with the [[Telugu Desam Party]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Janata Dal (United)]] of [[Bihar]] emerging as two main allies.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ellis-Petersen |first=Hannah |date=2024-06-05 |title=Narendra Modi wins backing of allies to form Indian government |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jun/05/narendra-modi-wins-backing-of-allies-to-form-indian-government |access-date=2024-06-05 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=6 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606000854/https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jun/05/narendra-modi-wins-backing-of-allies-to-form-indian-government |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sinha |first=Shishir |date=2024-06-05 |title=NDA elects Modi as leader, President dissolves Lok Sabha |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/elections/nda-elects-modi-as-leader-president-dissolves-lok-sabha/article68255830.ece |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=BusinessLine |language=en |archive-date=5 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605153429/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/elections/nda-elects-modi-as-leader-president-dissolves-lok-sabha/article68255830.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-06 |title=From 'CEO CM' to kingmaker: You can't write off N. Chandrababu Naidu |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/from-ceo-cm-to-kingmaker-you-cant-write-off-n-chandrababu-naidu/articleshow/110772110.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-06-07 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=7 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607154946/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/from-ceo-cm-to-kingmaker-you-cant-write-off-n-chandrababu-naidu/articleshow/110772110.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Atal Bihari Vajpayee (crop 2).jpg|thumb|upright|Atal Bihari Vajpayee, first Prime Minister from NDA]]
[[File:Official Photograph of Prime Minister Narendra Modi Portrait.png|thumb|upright|Narendra Modi, second and current Prime Minister from NDA]]
The NDA was formed in May 1998 as a coalition to contest the [[1998 Indian general election|general elections]]. The main aim of the NDA was to form an anti-[[Indian National Congress]] coalition. It was led by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]], and included several regional parties, including the [[Samata Party]] and the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]], as well as [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]], but Shiv Sena broke away from the alliance in 2019 to join the [[Maha Vikas Aghadi]] with [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] and the [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]. [[Samata Party]] also broke away from the alliance in 2003 after formation of [[Janata Dal (United)|Janta Dal (United)]]. The Shiv Sena was the only member which shared the [[Hindutva]] ideology of the BJP.<ref name="WSWS">{{Cite web |author=Keith Jones |date=9 October 1999 |title=Hindu chauvinist-led coalition to form India's next government |url=http://www.wsws.org/en/articles/1999/10/bjp-o09.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024151608/http://www.wsws.org/en/articles/1999/10/bjp-o09.html |archive-date=24 October 2013 |access-date=27 September 2013 |publisher=World Socialist Web Site}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Amartya |title=The Argumentative Indian |publisher=Penguin |year=2005 |page=254}}</ref>

After the election, it was able to muster a slim majority with outside support from the [[Telugu Desam Party]], allowing [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] to return as prime minister.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rediff on the NeT: TDP helps Vajpayee wins confidence vote. BJP alliance with TDP for a short time for the domestic actionable need 2010 reflected with mass protest against TDP |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/mar/28bjp.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622192813/http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/mar/28bjp.html |archive-date=22 June 2018 |access-date=4 January 2011 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>

The government collapsed within a year because [[J. Jayalalithaa]]'s AIADMK withdrew its support. After the entry of a few more regional parties, the NDA proceeded to win the [[1999 Indian general election|1999 elections]] with a larger majority. Vajpayee became Prime Minister for a third time, and this time served a full five-year term.<ref name="Sen 2005">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Amartya |title=The Argumentative Indian |publisher=Penguin |year=2005}}</ref>

The NDA then called [[2004 Indian general election|elections in early 2004]], six months ahead of schedule. Its campaign was based around the slogan of "India Shining" which attempted to depict the NDA government as responsible for a rapid economic transformation of the country. However, the NDA suffered a defeat, winning only a 186 seats in the lower house, the Lok Sabha, compared to 222 of the [[United Progressive Alliance]] led by the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]. [[Manmohan Singh]] thus succeeded Vajpayee as prime minister, serving for ten years 2004-14. Commentators have argued that the NDA's defeat was due to a failure to reach out to the rural masses.<ref name="Ramesh">{{Cite news |last=Ramesh |first=Randeep |date=14 May 2004 |title=News World news Shock defeat for India's Hindu nationalists |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/may/14/india.randeepramesh |url-status=live |access-date=10 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612144006/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/may/14/india.randeepramesh |archive-date=12 June 2018}}</ref><ref name="Editorial">{{Cite news |date=14 May 2004 |title=The Meaning of Verdict 2004 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/05/14/stories/2004051406131000.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=10 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130175702/http://www.hindu.com/2004/05/14/stories/2004051406131000.htm |archive-date=30 November 2011}}</ref> The political situation, however, changed again with the rise of NDA-aligned Gujarati Chief Minister, [[Narendra Modi]], who went on to become India's Prime Minister following the NDA's success in the election of 2014.

== Structure ==
{{Main|List of National Democratic Alliance members}}

The National Democratic Alliance does not have a formal governing structure such as an [[Board of directors|executive board]] or [[politburo]]. It has been up to the leaders of the individual parties to make decisions on issues such as sharing of seats in elections, allocation of ministries and other issues that arise in parliament or more broadly. Given the varied ideologies among the parties, there have been many cases of disagreement and split voting amongst the allies making up the Alliance.

Owing to ill health, [[George Fernandes]], who was the NDA convener until 2008, was discharged of his responsibility and replaced by [[Sharad Yadav]], the then national president of the [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]] political party. On 16 June 2013, the JD(U) left the coalition and Sharad Yadav resigned from the role of the NDA convener. Then the [[List of Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]] was made the NDA convener.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 June 2013 |title=Live: It was time to remove Cong from Centre, not to break ties, says Rajnath |work=IBN Live |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/live-it-was-time-to-remove-cong-from-centre-not-to-break-ties-says-rajnath/399134-37-64.html |url-status=dead |access-date=5 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505230842/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/live-it-was-time-to-remove-cong-from-centre-not-to-break-ties-says-rajnath/399134-37-64.html |archive-date=5 May 2014}}</ref> Later in 2018, after the withdrawal of [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]] from NDA the post of convenor was vacant. However NDA allies like [[Lok Janashakti Party|LJP]] demanded the appointment of a convenor in 2019 for better coordination of the allies.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-11-17 |title=NDA allies demand appointment of convener |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nda-allies-demand-appointment-of-convener/articleshow/72098935.cms |access-date=2023-02-06 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923191416/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nda-allies-demand-appointment-of-convener/articleshow/72098935.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 27 July 2017, JD(U) with the help of BJP formed the government in Bihar. Later, on 19 August 2017, JD(U) formally rejoined the NDA after 4 years.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 August 2017 |title=Nitish Kumar-led JD(U) passes resolution to join NDA |publisher=The Economy Times |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/nitish-kumar-led-jdu-passes-resolution-to-join-nda/articleshow/60131545.cms |url-status=live |access-date=19 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821083313/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/nitish-kumar-led-jdu-passes-resolution-to-join-nda/articleshow/60131545.cms |archive-date=21 August 2017}}</ref>

'''List of Chairmen'''
# [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] - 1998 to 2004.
# [[L. K. Advani]] - 2004 to 2014.
# [[Amit Shah]] - 2014 to date.

'''List of convenors'''
# [[George Fernandes]] - 1998 to 2008.
# [[Sharad Yadav]] - 2008 to 2013.
# [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]] - 2013 to 2018.

== Strength in parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="2" style="width:17px;" |Party
! style="width:17px;" |[[Rajya Sabha]]
! style="width:17px;" |[[Lok Sabha]]
! style="width:17px;" |States/UTs
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 106
| 240
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|National party]]
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}; color:white;" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 2
| 16
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}; color:white;" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 4
| 12
|[[Bihar]]
|-
|style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}; color:white;" |
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|Shiv Sena]]
| 2
| 7
|[[Maharashtra]]
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}; color:white;" |
|[[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)]]
| 0
| 5
|[[Bihar]]
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 5
| 0
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}; color:white;" |
|[[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
| 1
| 2
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}; color:white;" |
|[[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
| 1
| 2
|[[Karnataka]]
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janasena Party}}; color:white;" |
|[[Janasena Party]]
| 0
| 2
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party }}; color:white;" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 4
| 1
| [[Maharashtra]]
|-
| style="background:#89CFF0; color:white;" |
|[[Asom Gana Parishad]]
| 1
| 1
|[[Assam]]
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|United People's Party Liberal}}; color:white;" |
|[[United People's Party Liberal]]
| 2
| 1
|[[Assam]]
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|All Jharkhand Students Union}}; color:white;" |
|[[All Jharkhand Students Union]]
| 0
| 1
|[[Jharkhand]]
|-
| style="background-color:#FF33CC; color:white;" |
|[[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]]
| 0
| 1
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Hindustani Awam Morcha}}; color:white;" |
|[[Hindustani Awam Morcha]]
| 0
| 1
|[[Bihar]]
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}; color:white;" |
|[[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha]]
| 0
| 1
|[[Sikkim]]
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Lok Morcha}}; color:white;" |
|[[Rashtriya Lok Morcha]]
| 1
| 0
|[[Bihar]]
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}; color:white;" |
|[[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]]
| 1
| 0
|[[National People's Party (India)|National party]]
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party of India (Athvale)}}; text-align: center; color:white;" |
|[[Republican Party of India (Athawale)]]
| 1
| 0
|[[Maharashtra]]
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}; color:white;" |
|[[Tamil Maanila Congress|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)]]
| 0
| 0
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}; color:white;" |
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
| 1
| 0
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |
|[[Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 0
| 0
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Naga People's Front}};color:white;" |
|[[Naga People's Front]]
| 0
| 0
|[[Nagaland]]
|-
|style="background-color:{{party color|Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party}}; color:white;" |
|[[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party]]
| 0
| 0
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|style="background-color:{{party color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}; color:white;" |
|[[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]]
| 0
| 0
|[[Goa]]
|-
|style="background-color:{{party color|All India N.R. Congress}}; color:white;" |
| [[All India N.R. Congress]]
| 0
| 0
|[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
|-
|style="background-color:{{party color|Bharath Dharma Jana Sena}}; color:white;" |
|[[Bharath Dharma Jana Sena]]
| 0
| 0
|[[Kerala]]
|-
|style="background-color:{{party color|Twenty20 Kizhakkambalam}}; color:white;" |
|[[Twenty20 Kizhakkambalam]]
| 0
| 0
|[[Kerala]]
|-
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indigenous People's Front of Tripura}}; color:white;" |
|[[Indigenous People's Front of Tripura]]
| 0
| 0
|[[Tripura]]
|-
|style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Samaj Paksha}}; color:white;" |
|[[Rashtriya Samaj Paksha]]
| 0
| 0
|[[Maharashtra]]
|-
|style="background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}; color:white;" |
|[[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|United Democratic Party]]
| 0
| 0
|[[Meghalaya]]
|-
|style="background-color:{{party color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}; color:white;" |
|[[Hill State People's Democratic Party]]
| 0
| 0
|[[Meghalaya]]
|-
|style="background-color:{{party color|Haryana Lokhit Party}}; color:white;" |
|[[Haryana Lokhit Party]]
| 0
| 0
|[[Haryana]]
|-
|style="background-color:{{party color|Kerala Kamaraj Congress}}; color:white;" |
|[[Kerala Kamaraj Congress]]
| 0
| 0
|[[Kerala]]
|-
|style="background-color:{{party color|Gorkha National Liberation Front}}; color:white;" |
|[[Gorkha National Liberation Front]]
| 0
| 0
|[[West Bengal]]
|-
|style="background-color:{{party color|Jan Surajya Shakti}}; color:white;" |
|[[Vinay Kore|Jan Surajya Shakti]]
| 0
| 0
|[[Maharashtra]]
|-
| style="background-color:#CDCDCD; color:white;" |
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| 3
| 0
| [[Haryana]]
|-
| style="background-color:#000000; color:white;" |
| NOM
| 6
| 0
| None
|-
| colspan="2;" color:white;" |'''Total'''
| style="text-align: center;" |'''141'''
| style="text-align: center;" |'''293'''
|[[India]]
|}

=== State/UT wise MPS ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+Source:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sansad.in/phistory|title=Digital Sansad|publisher=National Informatics Centre|website=Digital Sansad}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan=2|State/UT
! colspan=2|Seats
! colspan=2| BJP
! Colspan=4| NDA Allies
!rowspan=2|Overall Tally
|-
!LS
!RS
!LS
!RS
!colspan=2|Party
!LS
!RS
|-
!Colspan=10|States
|-
| rowspan=2|[[List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]]
| rowspan=2|25
| rowspan=2|11
| rowspan=2|3
| rowspan=2|1
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|16
| 2
|rowspan=2|{{Composition bar|21|25|hex=#FF9933}} {{Composition bar|3|11|hex=#FF9933}}
|-
|{{party name with color|Janasena Party}}
|2
|0
|-
|[[List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#Arunachal Pradesh|Arunachal Pradesh]]
|2
|1
|2
|1
|Colspan="4" |''None''
|{{Composition bar|2|2|hex=#FF9933}} {{Composition bar|1|1|hex=#FF9933}}
|-
| rowspan=2|[[List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#Assam|Assam]]
| rowspan=2|14
| rowspan=2|7
| rowspan=2|9
| rowspan=2|4
|{{party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|1
|1
|rowspan=2|{{Composition bar|11|14|hex=#FF9933}} {{Composition bar|6|7|hex=#FF9933}}
|-
|{{party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
|1
|1
|-
| rowspan=4|[[List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#Bihar|Bihar]]
| rowspan=4|40
| rowspan=4|16
| rowspan=4|12
| rowspan=4|5
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|12
|4
|rowspan=4|{{Composition bar|30|40|hex=#FF9933}} {{Composition bar|10|16|hex=#FF9933}}
|-
|{{party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
|5
|0
|-
|{{party name with color|Hindustani Awam Morcha}}
|1
|0
|-
|{{party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Morcha}}
|0
|1
|-
|[[List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#Chhattisgarh|Chhattisgarh]]
|11
|5
|10
|1
|Colspan="4" |''None''
|
 {{Composition bar|1|5|hex=#FF9933}}{{Composition bar|10|11|hex=#FF9933}}
|-
|[[List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#Goa|Goa]]
|2
|1
|1
|1
|Colspan="4" |''None''
|{{Composition bar|1|2|hex=#FF9933}} {{Composition bar|1|1|hex=#FF9933}}
|-
|[[List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#Gujarat|Gujarat]]
|26
|11
|25
|10
|Colspan="4" |''None''
|{{Composition bar|10|11|hex=#FF9933}}{{Composition bar|25|26|hex=#FF9933}} 
|-
|[[List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#Haryana|Haryana]]
|10
|5
|5
|4
|bgcolor=#CDCDCD|
|Independent
|0
|1
|{{Composition bar|5|5|hex=#FF9933}}{{Composition bar|5|10|hex=#FF9933}} 
|-
|[[List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#Himachal Pradesh|Himachal Pradesh]]
|4
|3
|4
|3
|Colspan="4" |''None''
|{{Composition bar|4|4|hex=#FF9933}} {{Composition bar|3|3|hex=#FF9933}}
|-
|[[List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#Jharkhand|Jharkhand]]
|14
|6
|8
|3
|{{Party name with color|All Jharkhand Students Union}}
|1
|0
|{{Composition bar|3|6|hex=#FF9933}}{{Composition bar|9|14|hex=#FF9933}} 
|-
|[[List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#Karnataka|Karnataka]]
|28
|12
|17
|6
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|2
|1
|{{Composition bar|7|12|hex=#FF9933}}{{Composition bar|19|28|hex=#FF9933}} 
|-
|[[List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#Kerala|Kerala]]
|20
|9
|1
|0
|Colspan="4" |''None''
|{{Composition bar|0|9|hex=#FF9933}}{{Composition bar|1|20|hex=#FF9933}} 
|-
|[[List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]]
|29
|11
|29
|8
|Colspan="4" |''None''
|{{Composition bar|8|11|hex=#FF9933}}{{Composition bar|29|29|hex=#FF9933}} 
|-
|rowspan=3|[[List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
| rowspan=3|48
| rowspan=3|19
| rowspan=3|9
| rowspan=3|7
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|7
|1
|rowspan=3|{{Composition bar|12|19|hex=#FF9933}}{{Composition bar|17|48|hex=#FF9933}} 
|-
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party }}
|1
|3
|-
|{{party name with color|Republican Party of India (Athawale)}}
|0
|1
|-
|[[List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#Manipur|Manipur]]
|2
|1
|0
|1
|Colspan="4" |''None''
|{{Composition bar|1|1|hex=#FF9933}} {{Composition bar|0|2|hex=#FF9933}}
|-
|[[List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#Meghalaya|Meghalaya]]
|2
|1
|0
|1
|{{party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|1
|0
|{{Composition bar|1|1|hex=#FF9933}} {{Composition bar|0|2|hex=#FF9933}}
|-
|[[List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#Mizoram|Mizoram]]
|1
|1
|0
|0
|Colspan="4" |''None''
|{{Composition bar|0|1|hex=#FF9933}} {{Composition bar|0|1|hex=#FF9933}}
|-
|[[List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#Nagaland|Nagaland]]
|1
|1
|0
|1
|Colspan="4" |''None''
|{{Composition bar|1|1|hex=#FF9933}} {{Composition bar|0|1|hex=#FF9933}}
|-
|[[List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#Odisha|Odisha]]
|21
|10
|20
|3
|Colspan="4" |''None''
|{{Composition bar|3|10|hex=#FF9933}} {{Composition bar|20|21|hex=#FF9933}}
|-
|[[List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#Punjab|Punjab]]
|13
|7
|0
|0
|Colspan="4" |''None''
|{{Composition bar|0|7|hex=#FF9933}} {{Composition bar|0|13|hex=#FF9933}}
|-
|[[List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#Rajasthan|Rajasthan]]
|25
|10
|14
|5
|Colspan="4" |''None''
|{{Composition bar|5|10|hex=#FF9933}} {{Composition bar|14|25|hex=#FF9933}}
|-
|[[List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#Sikkim|Sikkim]]
|1
|1
|0
|1
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|1
|0
|{{Composition bar|1|1|hex=#FF9933}} {{Composition bar|1|1|hex=#FF9933}}
|-
|Rowspan=2|[[List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]]
|Rowspan=2|39
|Rowspan=2|18
|Rowspan=2|0
|Rowspan=2|0
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|0
|5
|Rowspan=2|{{Composition bar|5|18|hex=#FF9933}} {{Composition bar|0|39|hex=#FF9933}}
|-
|{{Party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
|0
|1
|-
|[[List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#Telengana|Telengana]]
|17
|7
|8
|0
|Colspan="4" |''None''
|{{Composition bar|0|7|hex=#FF9933}} {{Composition bar|8|17|hex=#FF9933}}
|-
|[[List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#Tripura|Tripura]]
|2
|1
|2
|1
|Colspan="4" |''None''
|{{Composition bar|1|1|hex=#FF9933}} {{Composition bar|2|2|hex=#FF9933}}
|-
|rowspan=2|[[List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]
|rowspan=2|80
|rowspan=2|31
|rowspan=2|33
|rowspan=2|24
|{{Party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}
|2
|1
|rowspan=2|{{Composition bar|25|31|hex=#FF9933}}{{Composition bar|36|80|hex=#FF9933}} 
|-
|{{Party name with color|Apna Dal (Soneylal)}}
|1
|0
|-
|[[List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#Uttarakhand|Uttarakhand]]
|5
|3
|5
|3
|Colspan="4" |''None''
|{{Composition bar|3|3|hex=#FF9933}}{{Composition bar|5|5|hex=#FF9933}} 
|-
|[[List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#West Bengal|West Bengal]]
|42
|16
|12
|2
|Colspan="4" |''None''
| {{Composition bar|2|16|hex=#FF9933}}{{Composition bar|12|42|hex=#FF9933}}
|-
!Colspan=10|Union Territories
|-
|[[List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
|1
!
|1
!
|Colspan="4" |''None''
|{{Composition bar|1|1|hex=#FF9933}}
|-
|[[List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#Chandigarh|Chandigarh]]
|1
!
|0
!
|Colspan="4" |''None''
|{{Composition bar|0|1|hex=#FF9933}}
|-
|[[List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu|Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
|2
!
|1
!
|Colspan="4" |''None''
|{{Composition bar|1|2|hex=#FF9933}}
|-
|[[List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#Delhi|Delhi]]
|7
|3
|7
|0
|Colspan="4" |''None''
|{{Composition bar|7|7|hex=#FF9933}} {{Composition bar|0|3|hex=#FF9933}}
|-
|[[List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#Jammu and Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|5
|4
|2
|1
|Colspan="4" |''None''
|{{Composition bar|2|5|hex=#FF9933}} {{Composition bar|1|4|hex=#FF9933}}
|-
|[[List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#Ladakh|Ladakh]]
|1
!
|0
!
|Colspan="4" |''None''
|{{Composition bar|0|1|hex=#FF9933}}
|-
|[[List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#Lakshadweep|Lakshadweep]]
|1
!
|0
!
|Colspan="4" |''None''
|{{Composition bar|0|1|hex=#FF9933}}
|-
|[[List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#Puducherry|Puducherry]]
|1
|1
|0
|1
|Colspan="4" |''None''
|{{Composition bar|0|1|hex=#FF9933}} {{Composition bar|1|1|hex=#FF9933}}
|-
|[[List of nominated members of the Rajya Sabha|Nominated]]
!
|12
!
|5
|bgcolor=#000000|
|Nom
!
|7
|{{Composition bar|12|12|hex=#FF9933}}
|-
!Total
!543
!245
!240
!103
!Colspan=2|Allies
!53
!30
!{{Composition bar|293|543|hex=#FF9933}} {{Composition bar|133|245|hex=#FF9933}}
|}

== Governments ==

The BJP has previously been the sole party in power in [[Jharkhand]]. It has also ruled [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] as part of coalition and alliance governments.

The NDA has never been in power in 3 states – [[Kerala]], [[Telangana]] (between 1999 and 2004 BJP in alliance with [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]] ruled a United Andhra Pradesh), and [[West Bengal]]. But BJP led NDA has ruled many local governing institutions including corporations, municipalities, [[Panchayati raj|panchayats]] and has also been elected to many Lok Sabha constituencies, state assembly constituencies and local body divisions and wards in these 3 states.

=== List of current NDA governments ===
{{See also|List of chief ministers from the Bharatiya Janata Party}}
[[File:NDA Governmental States Feb, 2025.png|thumb|States run by the NDA government as of February 2026]]
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="1" rowspan="2" |S.No
! colspan="1" rowspan="2" |State/UT
! rowspan="2" |NDA Govt since
! colspan="5" rowspan="1" |Chief Minister
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Alliance Partners
! colspan="1" rowspan="2" |Seats
! colspan="1" rowspan="2" |Last election
|-
! Name
! colspan="2" |Party
! Seats
! Since
|-
|rowspan=2| 1
|rowspan=2| [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Andhra Pradesh]] {{small|([[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|list]])}}
|rowspan=2| 12 June 2024
|rowspan=2| [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
|{{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|rowspan=2 | 135
|rowspan=2 | 12 June 2024
|{{Party name with color|Janasena Party}} (21)
|rowspan=2 | 164/175
|rowspan=2 | [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|4 June 2024]]
|-
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} (8)
|-
| rowspan="3" | 3
| rowspan="3" | [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Assam]] {{small|([[List of chief ministers of Assam|list]])}}
| rowspan="3" | 19 May 2016
| rowspan="3" | [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
| rowspan="3" | 64
| rowspan="3" | 10 May 2021
| {{Party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}} (9)
| rowspan="3" | 86/126
| rowspan="3" | [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2 May 2021]]
|-
|{{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}} (7)
|-
|{{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}} (3)
|-
| rowspan="4" |4
| rowspan="4" |[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Bihar]] {{small|([[List of chief ministers of Bihar|list]])}}
| rowspan="4" |28 January 2024
| rowspan="4" | [[Nitish Kumar]]
| {{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|rowspan=4}}
| rowspan="4" | 85
| rowspan="4" | 28 January 2024
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} (89)
| rowspan="4" |202/243
| rowspan="4" | [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|14 November 2025]]
|-
|{{Party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}} (19)
|-
|{{Party name with color|Hindustani Awam Morcha}} (5)
|-
| {{Party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Morcha}} (4)
|-
| 5
| [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Chhattisgarh]] {{small|([[List of chief ministers of Chhattisgarh|list]])}}
| 13 December 2023
| [[Vishnu Deo Sai]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 54
| 13 December 2023
| colspan="2" | '''None'''
| 54/90
| [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|3 December 2023]]
|-
| 6
| [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Delhi]] {{small|([[List of chief ministers of Delhi|list]])}}
| 20 February 2025
| [[Rekha Gupta]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 48
| 20 February 2025
| Colspan=2 | '''None'''
| 48/70
|[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|05 February 2025]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 7
| rowspan="2" | [[Goa Legislative Assembly|Goa]] {{small|([[List of chief ministers of Goa|list]])}}
| rowspan="2" | 6 March 2012
| rowspan="2" | [[Pramod Sawant]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
| rowspan="2" | 27
| rowspan="2" | 19 March 2019
| {{Party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}} (2)
| rowspan="2" | 32/40
| rowspan="2" | [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election|10 March 2022]]
|-
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND}} (3)
|-
| 8
| [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Gujarat]] {{small|([[List of chief ministers of Gujarat|list]])}}
| 28 February 1998
| [[Bhupendra Patel]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 162
| 13 September 2021
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND}} (2)
| 164/182
| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|8 December 2022]]
|-
| 9
| [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Haryana]] {{small|([[List of chief ministers of Haryana|list]])}}
| 19 October 2014
| [[Nayab Singh Saini]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 48
| 12 March 2024
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND}} (3)
| 51/90
| [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|8 October 2024]]
|-
| 10
| [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Madhya Pradesh]] {{small|([[List of chief ministers of Madhya Pradesh|list]])}}
| 23 March 2020
| [[Mohan Yadav]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 165
| 13 December 2023
| Colspan=2 | '''None'''
| 165/230
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|3 December 2023]]
|-
| rowspan=7| 11
| rowspan=7| [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Maharashtra]] {{small|([[List of chief ministers of Maharashtra|list]])}}
| rowspan=7| 30 June 2022
| rowspan=7| [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}
| rowspan=7| 131
| rowspan=7| 5 December 2024
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} (57)
| rowspan=7| 235/288
| rowspan=7| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|23 November 2024]]
|-
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party }} (40)
|-
|{{Party name with color|Jan Surajya Shakti}} (2)
|-
|{{Party name with color|Rashtriya Samaj Paksha}} (1)
|-
|{{party name with color|Rajendra Patil|shortname=RSVA|color=#F58E7D}} (1)
|-
|{{party name with color|Ravi Rana|shortname=RYSP|color=#1A34BB}} (1)
|-
|{{Party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND}} (2)
|-
|rowspan=3| 12
|rowspan=3| [[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Manipur]] {{small|([[Chief Minister of Manipur|list]])}}
|rowspan=3| 15 March 2017
|rowspan=3| [[Yumnam Khemchand Singh]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|rowspan=3| 37
|rowspan=3| 4 February 2026
|{{Party name with color|Naga People's Front}} (5)
|rowspan=3 | 46/60
|rowspan=3 | [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|10 March 2022]]
|-
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}} (1)
|-
|{{Party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND}} (3)
|-
|Rowspan=4 | 13
|Rowspan=4 | [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Meghalaya]] {{small|([[List of chief ministers of Meghalaya|list]])}}
|Rowspan=4 | 6 March 2018
|Rowspan=4 | [[Conrad Sangma]]
| {{Party name with color|National People's Party (India)|rowspan=4}}
|Rowspan=4 | 33
|Rowspan=4 | 6 March 2018
|{{Party name with color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}} (12)
|Rowspan=4 | 51/60
|Rowspan=4 | [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2 March 2023]]
|-
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} (2)
|-
|{{Party name with color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}} (2)
|-
|{{Party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND}} (2)
|-
| rowspan="5" | 14
| rowspan="5" | [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Nagaland]] {{small|([[List of chief ministers of Nagaland|list]])}}
| rowspan="5" | 8 March 2018
| rowspan="5" | [[Neiphiu Rio]]
| {{Party name with color|Naga People's Front|rowspan=5}}
| rowspan="5" | 34
| rowspan="5" | 8 March 2018
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} (11)
| rowspan="5" | 59/60
| rowspan="5" | [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2 March 2023]]
|-
|{{Party name with color|National People's Party (India)}} (5)
|-
|{{Party name with color|Republican Party of India (Athawale)}} (2)
|-
|{{Party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}} (2)
|-
|{{Party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND}} (5)
|-
| 15
| [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Odisha]] {{small|([[List of chief ministers of Odisha|list]])}}
| 12 June 2024
| [[Mohan Charan Majhi]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 79
| 12 June 2024
|{{Party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND}} (3)
| 82/147
| [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|4 June 2024]]
|-
|Rowspan=2 | 16
|Rowspan=2 | [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|Puducherry]] {{small|([[List of chief ministers of Puducherry|list]])}}
|Rowspan=2 | 7 May 2021
|Rowspan=2 | [[N. Rangasamy]]
|{{Party name with color|All India N.R. Congress|rowspan=2}}
|Rowspan=2 | 10
|Rowspan=2 | 7 May 2021
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} (6)
|Rowspan=2 | 18/30
|Rowspan=2 | [[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2 May 2021]]
|-
|{{Party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND}} (2)
|-
|Rowspan=3 | 17
|Rowspan=3 | [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Rajasthan]] {{small|([[List of chief ministers of Rajasthan|list]])}}
|Rowspan=3 | 15 December 2023
|Rowspan=3 | [[Bhajan Lal Sharma]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|Rowspan=3 | 118
|Rowspan=3 | 15 December 2023
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} (2)
|Rowspan=3 | 127/200
|Rowspan=3 | [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|3 December 2023]]
|-
|{{Party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}} (1)
|-
|{{Party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND}} (6)
|-
| 18
| [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly|Sikkim]] {{small|([[List of chief ministers of Sikkim|list]])}}
| 27 May 2019
|[[Prem Singh Tamang]]
| {{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
| 32
| 27 May 2019
| Colspan=2 | '''None'''
| 32/32
| [[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2 June 2024]]
|-
| rowspan=2|19
| rowspan=2|[[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Tripura]] {{small|([[List of chief ministers of Tripura|list]])}}
| rowspan=2|9 March 2018
| rowspan=2|[[Manik Saha]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
| rowspan=2|32
| rowspan=2|15 May 2022
|{{Party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}} (13)
| rowspan=2|46/60
| rowspan=2|[[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2 March 2023]]
|-
|{{Party name with color|Indigenous People's Front of Tripura}} (1)
|-
|Rowspan=5 | 20
|Rowspan=5 | [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh]] {{small|([[List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh|list]])}}
|Rowspan=5 | 17 March 2017
|Rowspan=5 | [[Yogi Adityanath]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|Rowspan=5 | 258
|Rowspan=5 | 17 March 2017
|{{Party name with color|Apna Dal (Sonelal)}} (13)
|Rowspan=5 | 291/403
|Rowspan=5 | [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|10 March 2022]]
|-
|{{Party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}} (9)
|-
|{{Party name with color|Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party}} (6)
|-
|{{Party name with color|NISHAD Party}} (5)
|-
|{{Party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND}} (3)
|-
| 21
| [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Uttarakhand]] {{small|([[List of chief ministers of Uttarakhand|list]])}}
| 18 March 2017
| [[Pushkar Singh Dhami]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 47
| 3 July 2021
| Colspan=2 | '''None'''
| 47/70
|[[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|10 March 2022]]
|}

== Strength in legislative assemblies ==
The following is a list of the current number of Members of Legislative Assembly (MLAs) from the BJP as well as other political parties in the NDA in each of the 28 Indian states and 3 Union territories with legislative assemblies. The NDA currently holds a majority of the seats in 19 states and two Union territories, out of which the BJP on its own holds a majority of the seats in 14 states and one Union territory.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+Source: Digital Sansad <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sansad.in/poi/state-legislatures|title=Digital Sansad|publisher=National Informatics Centre|website=Digital Sansad}}</ref>
|-
!State/UT
!Total
!BJP
! Colspan=2 | NDA (Other)
!Overall NDA Tally
! {{nowrap|CM}} from
!Last Election
|-
| rowspan=2|[[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Andhra Pradesh]]
| rowspan=2|175
| rowspan=2|8
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}} (135)
|rowspan=2|{{Composition bar|164|175|hex=#FF9933}}
| rowspan=2|[[Telugu Desam Party|'''TDP''']]
| rowspan="2" |[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|{{party name with color|Janasena Party}} (21)
|-
| rowspan=4| [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Arunachal Pradesh]]
| rowspan=4| 60
| rowspan=4| 46
|{{Party name with color|People's Party of Arunachal}} (6)
| rowspan=4|{{Composition bar|59|60|hex=#FF9933}}
| rowspan=4| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''BJP''']]
| rowspan="4" |[[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party }} (3)
|-
|{{Party name with color|National People's Party (India)}} (1)
|-
|{{Party name with color|Independent|shortname=IND}} (3)
|-
|Rowspan=3 | [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Assam]]
|Rowspan=3 | 126
|Rowspan=3 | 67
|{{Party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}} (9)
| rowspan=3|{{Composition bar|86|126|hex=#FF9933}}
|Rowspan=3| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''BJP''']]
| rowspan="3" |[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
|{{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}} (7)
|-
|{{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}} (3)
|-
| Rowspan=4|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Bihar]]
| Rowspan=4| 243
| Rowspan=4| 89
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}} (85)
| Rowspan=4|{{Composition bar|202|243|hex=#FF9933}}
| Rowspan=4| [[Janata Dal (United)|'''JD(U)''']]
| rowspan="4" |[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|-
|{{party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}} (19)
|-
|{{party name with color|Hindustani Awam Morcha}} (5)
|-
|{{party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Morcha}} (4)
|-
| [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Chhattisgarh]]
| 90
| 54
| Colspan=2 | '''None'''
|{{Composition bar|54|90|hex=#FF9933}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''BJP''']]
|[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
| [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Delhi]]
| 70
| 48
| Colspan=2 | '''None'''
|{{Composition bar|48|70|hex=#FF9933}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''BJP''']]
|[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|-
| rowspan=2| [[Goa Legislative Assembly|Goa]]
| rowspan=2| 40
| rowspan=2| 27
|{{Party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}} (2)
| rowspan=2|{{Composition bar|32|40|hex=#FF9933}}
| rowspan=2| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''BJP''']]
| rowspan="2" |[[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
|{{Party name with color|Independent|shortname=IND}} (3)
|-
| [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Gujarat]]
| 182
| 162
|{{Party name with color|Independent|shortname=IND}} (2)
|{{Composition bar|164|182|hex=#FF9933}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''BJP''']]
|[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
| [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Haryana]]
| 90
| 48
|{{Party name with color|Independent|shortname=IND}} (3)
|{{Composition bar|51|90|hex=#FF9933}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''BJP''']]
|[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
| [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Himachal Pradesh]]
| 68
| 28
| Colspan=2 | '''None'''
|{{Composition bar|28|68|hex=#FF9933}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
| [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| 90
| 29
| Colspan=2 | '''None'''
|{{Composition bar|29|90|hex=#FF9933}}
|[[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference|JKNC]]
|[[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|Rowspan=3| [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|Jharkhand]]
|Rowspan=3| 81
|Rowspan=3| 21
|{{party name with color|All Jharkhand Students Union}} (1)
|Rowspan=3|{{Composition bar|24|81|hex=#FF9933}}
|Rowspan=3| [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]
| rowspan="3" |[[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}} (1)
|-
|{{Party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}} (1)
|-
| [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Karnataka]]
| 224
| 63
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}} (18)
|{{Composition bar|81|224|hex=#FF9933}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
| [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala]]
| 140
| '''0'''
| Colspan=2 | '''None'''
|{{Composition bar|0|140|hex=#FF9933}}
| [[CPI(M)]]
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
| [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Madhya Pradesh]]
| 230
| 166
|Colspan=2 |'''None'''
|{{Composition bar|166|230|hex=#FF9933}}
| '''[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]'''
|[[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Maharashtra]]
| rowspan="7" |288
| rowspan="7" |131
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} (57)
| rowspan="7" | {{Composition bar|236|288|hex=#FF9933}}
| rowspan="7" |'''[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]'''
| rowspan="7" |[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party }} (41)
|-
|{{Party name with color|Jan Surajya Shakti}} (2)
|-
|{{Party name with color|Rashtriya Samaj Paksha}} (1)
|-
|{{party name with color|Rajendra Patil|shortname=RSVA|color=#F58E7D}} (1)
|-
|{{party name with color|Ravi Rana|shortname=RYSP|color=#1A34BB}} (1)
|-
|{{Party name with color|Independent|shortname=IND}} (2)
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Manipur]]
| rowspan="4" | 60
| rowspan="4" | 36
|{{Party name with color|National People's Party (India)}} (6)
| rowspan="4" |{{Composition bar|51|60|hex=#FF9933}}
| rowspan="4" | '''[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]'''
| rowspan="4" |[[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
|{{Party name with color|Naga People's Front}} (5)
|-
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}} (1)
|-
|{{party name with color|Independent|shortname=IND}} (3)
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Meghalaya]]
| rowspan="4" | 60
| rowspan="4" | 2
|{{Party name with color|National People's Party (India)}} (33)
| rowspan="4" |{{Composition bar|51|60|hex=#FF9933}}
| rowspan="4" |'''[[National People's Party (India)|NPP]]'''
| rowspan="4" |[[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
|{{party name with color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}} (12)
|-
|{{party name with color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}} (2)
|-
|{{party name with color|Independent|shortname=IND}} (2)
|-
| [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly|Mizoram]]
| 40
| 2
| Colspan=2 | '''None'''
|{{Composition bar|2|40|hex=#FF9933}}
| [[Zoram People's Movement|ZPM]]
|[[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Nagaland]]
| rowspan="5" | 60
| rowspan="5" | 11
|{{Party name with color|Naga People's Front}} (34)
| rowspan="5" |{{Composition bar|59|60|hex=#FF9933}}
| rowspan="5" | '''[[Naga People's Front|NPF]]'''
| rowspan="5" |[[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
|{{Party name with color|National People's Party (India)}} (5)
|-
|{{Party name with color|Republican Party of India (Athawale)}} (2)
|-
|{{Party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}} (2)
|-
|{{Party name with color|Independent|shortname=IND}} (5)
|-
| [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Odisha]]
| 147
| 79
|{{Party name with color|Independent|shortname=IND}} (3)
|{{Composition bar|82|147|hex=#FF9933}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''BJP''']]
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|Rowspan=2 | [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|Puducherry]]
|Rowspan=2 | 33
|Rowspan=2 | 9
|{{Party name with color|All India N.R. Congress}} (10)
|Rowspan=2 |{{Composition bar|25|33|hex=#FF9933}}
|Rowspan=2 |'''[[All India N. R. Congress|AINRC]]'''
| rowspan="2" |[[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
|{{Party name with color|Independent|shortname=IND}} (6)
|-
|[[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Punjab]]
|117
|2
| Colspan=2 | '''None'''
|{{Composition bar|2|117|hex=#FF9933}}
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
|Rowspan=3 |[[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Rajasthan]]
|Rowspan=3 | 200
|Rowspan=3 | 118
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} (2)
|rowspan=3 |{{Composition bar|127|200|hex=#FF9933}}
|rowspan=3 | '''[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]'''
| rowspan="3" |[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
|{{party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}} (1)
|-
|{{party name with color|Independent|shortname=IND}} (6)
|-
| [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly|Sikkim]]
| 32
| 0
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}} (32)
|{{Composition bar|32|32|hex=#FF9933}}
| '''[[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|SKM]]'''
|[[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu]]
|rowspan=2|234
|rowspan=2|4
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} (60)
|rowspan=2|{{Composition bar|67|234|hex=#FF9933}}
|rowspan=2|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|rowspan="2"|[[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
|{{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} (3)
|-
| [[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Telangana]]
| 119
| 8
| Colspan=2 | '''None'''
|{{Composition bar|8|119|hex=#FF9933}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
| rowspan=2|[[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Tripura]]
| rowspan=2|60
| rowspan=2|32
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}} (13)
|rowspan=2|{{Composition bar|46|60|hex=#FF9933}}
| rowspan=2|'''[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]'''
| rowspan="2" |[[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
|{{party name with color|Indigenous People's Front of Tripura}} (1)
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh]]
| rowspan="4" | 403
| rowspan="4" | 257
|{{party name with color|Apna Dal (Soneylal)}} (13)
| rowspan="4" |{{Composition bar|290|403|hex=#FF9933}}
| rowspan="4" | '''[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]'''
| rowspan="4" |[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
|{{party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}} (9)
|-
|{{party name with color|Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party}} (6)
|-
|{{party name with color|NISHAD Party}} (5)
|-
| [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Uttarakhand]]
| 70
| 47
| Colspan=2 | '''None'''
|{{Composition bar|47|70|hex=#FF9933}}
| '''[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]'''
|[[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
| [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|West Bengal]]
| 294
| 64
| Colspan=2 | '''None'''
|{{Composition bar|64|294|hex=#FF9933}}
| [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
! Total
! 4,126
! 1,658
! Colspan=2 |716
! {{Composition bar|2373|4126|hex=#FF9933}}
! NDA (20)
!
|}

== List of presidents ==
Note that it refers to nomination by alliance, as the offices of President are apolitical.

=== Presidents ===
{{further|List of presidents of India}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; width:98%; margin-top:0.5em"
|-
! scope="col" |{{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Portrait
! scope="col" width="17%" |Name (birth–death)
! colspan="2" |Term of office
Electoral mandates

Time in office
! scope="col" | Previous post
! scope="col" | Vice president
! colspan="2" scope="col" class="unsortable" | Party<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Presidents of India since India became republic {{!}} My India |url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/my-india/government/list-of-presidents-of-india |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828205416/https://www.mapsofindia.com/my-india/government/list-of-presidents-of-india |archive-date=28 August 2017 |access-date=25 October 2017 |website=www.mapsofindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|-
! rowspan="4" |[[Presidency of A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|11]]
| rowspan="4" |[[File:A. P. J. Abdul Kalam.jpg|100px]]
| rowspan="4" scope="row" |'''[[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]''' {{small|(1931–2015)}}
| 25 July 2002
| 25 July 2007
| rowspan="3" |[[Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Krishan Kant]] (2002)
----
[[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]
(2002–2007)
| rowspan="3" |[[Independent politician|Independent]]
| rowspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}};" | 
|-
| colspan="2" |[[2002 Indian presidential election|2002]]
|-
| colspan="2" |5 years
|-
| colspan="6" |Kalam was an educator and engineer who played a leading role in the development of India's ballistic missile and nuclear weapons programs.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ramana |first1=M. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IjZA-bQde1wC&q=%22Abdul+Kalam%22+%22%22Pokhran-II%22&pg=RA1-PA169 |title=Prisoners of the Nuclear Dream |last2=Reddy, C. Rammanohar |publisher=Orient Longman |year=2002 |isbn=978-81-250-2477-4 |location=New Delhi |page=169 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921180803/http://books.google.com/books?id=IjZA-bQde1wC&pg=RA1-PA169&dq=%22Abdul+Kalam%22+%22%22Pokhran-II%22 |archive-date=21 September 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> He also received the [[Bharat Ratna]]. He was popularly known as "People's President".<ref name="Misra">{{Cite book |last1=Tyagi |first1=Kavita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N3ixJ62qwqcC&pg=PA124 |title=Basic Technical Communication |last2=Misra |first2=Padma |date=23 May 2011 |publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-203-4238-5 |page=124 |access-date=2 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103071204/http://books.google.com/books?id=N3ixJ62qwqcC&pg=PA124 |archive-date=3 January 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=24 July 2007 |title='Kalam was real people's President' |work=Hindustan Times |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/FullcoverageStoryPage.aspx?id=d1dfada8-d9b3-4783-ad6a-44f56165dd9fWho%20will%20be%20India%27s%20next%20President_Special |url-status=dead |access-date=2 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090511002324/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/FullcoverageStoryPage.aspx?id=d1dfada8-d9b3-4783-ad6a-44f56165dd9fWho%20will%20be%20India%27s%20next%20President_Special |archive-date=11 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Perappadan |first=Bindu Shajan |date=14 April 2007 |title=The people's President does it again |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/14/stories/2007041411130100.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=2 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125233936/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/14/stories/2007041411130100.htm |archive-date=25 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="4" |[[Presidency of Ram Nath Kovind|14]]
| rowspan="4" |[[File:Ram Nath Kovind official portrait.jpg|100px]]
| rowspan="4" scope="row" |'''[[Ram Nath Kovind]]''' {{small|(b.1945)}}
| 25 July 2017
| 25 July 2022
| rowspan="3" |[[List of Governors of Bihar|Governor of Bihar]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Mohammad Hamid Ansari]] (2017)
----
[[Venkaiah Naidu]] (2017–2022)
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};" | 
|-
| colspan="2" |[[2017 Indian presidential election|2017]]
|-
| colspan="2" |5 years
|-
| colspan="6" |Kovind was [[governor of Bihar]] from 2015 to 2017 and a [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Member of Parliament]] from 1994 to 2006. He is the second [[Dalit]] president (after [[K. R. Narayanan]]) and is the first president from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) and is an active member of [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) since his youth.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PresidentofIndia |url=http://presidentofindia.nic.in/profile-of-the-president.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909215104/http://presidentofindia.nic.in/profile-of-the-president.htm |archive-date=9 September 2017 |access-date=25 October 2017 |website=Presidents Secretariat |publisher=Government of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="4" |[[Presidency of Droupadi Murmu|15]]
| rowspan="4" |[[File:President Droupadi Murmu official portrait higher version.jpg|100px]]
| rowspan="4" scope="row" |'''[[Droupadi Murmu]]''' {{small|(b.1958)}}
| 25 July 2022
| ''Incumbent''
| rowspan="3" |[[List of Governors of Jharkhand|Governor of Jharkhand]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Venkaiah Naidu]] (2022)
----
[[Jagdeep Dhankhar]] (2022–2025)
----
[[C. P. Radhakrishnan]](2025-)
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};" | 
|-
| colspan="2" |[[2022 Indian presidential election|2022]]
|-
| colspan="2" |{{age in years and days|2022|07|25}}
|-
| colspan="6" |Murmu was [[governor of Jharkhand]] from 2015 to 2021 and the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from 2000 to 2009. She held several ministerial portfolios in [[Government of Odisha]]. She is the first [[Tribal]] and second female [[President of India]] and is the second president from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].
|}

== List of vice presidents ==
{{further|List of vice presidents of India}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; margin-top:0.5em"
|-
!{{Tooltip|No.}}
!class="unsortable"|Portrait
!width=15%|Name {{small|(birth–death)}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Vice Presidents|url=https://vicepresidentofindia.nic.in/former-vice-Presidents|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830100438/http://vicepresidentofindia.nic.in/former-vice-Presidents|archive-date=30 August 2018|access-date=2 March 2019|website=Vice President of India}}</ref>
!Elected (% votes)
!Took office
!Left office
!Term
!President
!scope="col" class="unsortable" colspan="4"|Party
|-
!11
|[[File:The Vice President Shri Bhairon Singh Shekhawat in a Traditional Rajasthani Turban during a book release function in New Delhi on January 27, 2004.jpg|100px|alt=Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]
|'''{{Sort|Shekhawat|[[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]}}''' (1925–2010)
|[[2002 Indian vice presidential election|2002]] (59.82%)
|19 August 2002
|21 July 2007
|{{age in years and days|2002|8|19|2007|7|21}}
|{{Sort|Kalam|[[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]}}
|rowspan="4"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan=4 {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
!13
|[[File:Venkaiah Naidu official portrait.jpg|100px|alt=Venkaiah Naidu]]
|'''{{Sort|Naidu|[[Venkaiah Naidu]]}}''' (b. 1949)
|[[2017 Indian vice presidential election|2017]] (67.89%)
|11 August 2017
|11 August 2022
|5 years
|{{Sort|Kovind|[[Ram Nath Kovind]]}}
|-
!14
|[[File:Vice President Shri Jagdeep Dhankar_official_portrait.jpg|100px|alt=Jagdeep Dhankhar]]
|'''{{Sort|Dhankhar|[[Jagdeep Dhankhar]]}}''' (b. 1951)
|[[2022 Indian vice presidential election|2022]] (74.5%)
|11 August 2022
|21 July 2025
|{{age in years and days|2022|8|11|2025|07|21}}
|rowspan=2|{{Sort|Murmu|[[Droupadi Murmu]]}}
|-
!15
|[[File:Shri C P Radhakrishnan, Honourable Vice President of India.jpg|100x|alt=C. P. Radhakrishnan|120x120px]]
|'''{{Sort|Radhakrishnan|[[C. P. Radhakrishnan]]}}''' (b. 1957)
|[[2025 Indian vice presidential election|2025]] (60.10%)
|12 September 2025
|Incumbent
|{{age in years and days|2025|09|12|}}
|}
Note that it refers to nomination by alliance, as the offices of Vice President are apolitical.
== List of prime ministers ==
{{further|List of prime ministers of India}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin-top:0.5em"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" | No.
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" | Prime ministers
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" | Portrait
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" | Term in office
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" | Lok Sabha
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" | Cabinet
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" | Constituency
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" | Party
|-
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" | Start
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" | End
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" | Tenure
|- style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"
| rowspan="3" |[[Premiership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee|1]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| rowspan="3" |[[File:Atal Bihari Vajpayee (crop 2).jpg|100px]]
|{{efn|name=Form|that time, alliance weren't formed}}16 May 1996
|1 June 1996{{efn|name=Form}}
| rowspan="3" |6 years,80 days
|[[11th Lok Sabha|11th]]
| [[First Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee l]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Lucknow (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lucknow]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="6" style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};" | 
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 19 March 1998
| 13 October 1999
| [[12th Lok Sabha|12th]]
| [[Second Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee II]]
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 13 October 1999
| 22 May 2004
| [[13th Lok Sabha|13th]]
| [[Third Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee III]]
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| rowspan="3" |[[Premiership of Narendra Modi|2]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Narendra Modi]]
| rowspan="3" |[[File:Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi.jpg|100px]]
|26 May 2014
|30 May 2019
| rowspan="3" |{{age in years and days|2014|5|26}}
| [[16th Lok Sabha|16th]]
| [[First Modi ministry|Modi I]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Varanasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Varanasi]]
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 30 May 2019
| 9 June 2024
| [[17th Lok Sabha|17th]]
| [[Second Modi ministry|Modi II]]
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 9 June 2024
| [[Incumbent]]
| [[18th Lok Sabha|18th]]
| [[Third Modi ministry|Modi III]]
|}
=== List of deputy prime ministers ===
{{further|List of deputy prime ministers of India}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background:#f93; color:white;"| No.
! rowspan="2" style="background:#f93; color:white;"| Deputy Prime minister
! rowspan="2" style="background:#f93; color:white;"| Portrait
! colspan="3" style="background:#f93; color:white;"| Term in office
! rowspan="2" style="background:#f93; color:white;"| Lok Sabha
! rowspan="2" style="background:#f93; color:white;"| Prime Minister
! rowspan="2" style="background:#f93; color:white;"| Constituency
|-
! style="background:#f93; color:white;"| Start
! style="background:#f93; color:white;"| End
! style="background:#f93; color:white;"| Tenure
|- style="text-align: center;" |- style="text-align: center;"
| rowspan="2" |1
| rowspan="2" |[[L. K. Advani]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Lkadvani.jpg|100px]]
| rowspan="2" |29 June 2002
| rowspan="2" |22 May 2004
| rowspan ="2" | {{age in years and days|2002|6|29|2004|5|22}}
|[[13th Lok Sabha|13th]]
| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Gandhinagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gandhinagar]]
|} {{notelist}}

== List of chief ministers and deputy chief ministers==
=== List of chief ministers ===
[[File:BJP presence by states & union territories.svg|thumb|293x293px|NDA presence by state or union territory]] {{See also|List of chief ministers from the Bharatiya Janata Party}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin-top:0.5em"
|+Chief ministers from the National Democratic Alliance
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |S.No
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |State
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Name
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Portrait
! Colspan=2 style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Cabinet
|-
| [[Chief ministership of N. Chandrababu Naidu|1.]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Andhra Pradesh]]
|[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
|[[File:The portrait of CM Shri Nara Chandrababu Naidu.jpg|80px|border]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}; color:white;" |
|[[Fourth N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Naidu IV]]
|-
| 2.
|[[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Arunachal Pradesh]]
|[[Pema Khandu]]
|[[File:Pema Khandu in July 2016.jpg|80px|border]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Fifth Pema Khandu Ministry|Khandu V]]
|-
| 3.
|[[Assam Legislative Assembly|Assam]]
|[[Himanta Biswa Sarma]]
|[[File:Himanta Biswa Sarma in 2025.jpg|80px|border]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Sarma ministry|Sarma]]
|-
| 4.
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Bihar]]
|[[Nitish Kumar]]
|[[File:The Chief Minister of Bihar, Shri Nitish Kumar calls on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on December 10, 2015 (cropped).jpg|80px|border]]
|bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Tenth Nitish Kumar ministry|Nitish Kumar X]]
|-
| 5.
|[[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Chhattisgarh]]
|[[Vishnu Deo Sai]]
|[[File:Vishnudeo Sai.jpg|80px|border]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
| [[Sai ministry|Sai]]
|-
| 6.
|[[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Delhi]]
|[[Rekha Gupta]]
|[[File:Chief Minister of Delhi, Smt. Rekha Gupta.jpg|80px|border]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Rekha Gupta ministry|Gupta]]
|-
| 7.
|[[Goa Legislative Assembly|Goa]]
|[[Pramod Sawant]]
|[[File:Pramod Sawant at the inauguration of the Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Chair in Goa University (cropped).jpg|80px|border]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Second Pramod Sawant ministry|Sawant II]]
|-
| 8.
|[[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Gujarat]]
|[[Bhupendrabhai Patel]]
|[[File:Bhupendrabhai Patel accompanies Narendra Modi at Rajkot (cropped).jpg|80px|border]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Second Bhupendrabhai Patel ministry|Patel II]]
|-
| 9.
|[[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Haryana]]
|[[Nayab Singh Saini]]
|[[File:Nayab Singh Saini 2018.jpg|80px|border]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Second Saini ministry|Saini II]]
|-
| 10.
|[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Madhya Pradesh]]
|[[Mohan Yadav]]
|[[File:PM attends swearing in ceremony of Mohan Yadav and his deputies at Bhopal, in Madhya Pradesh.jpg|80px|border]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Mohan Yadav ministry|Yadav]]
|-
| [[Chief ministership of Devendra Fadnavis|11.]]
|[[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Maharashtra]]
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| [[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|101x101px]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Third Fadnavis ministry|Fadnavis III]]
|-
| 12.
|[[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Manipur]]
|[[Yumnam Khemchand Singh]]
|
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Yumnam Khemchand Singh ministry|Singh]]
|-
| 13.
|[[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Meghalaya]]
|[[Conrad Sangma]]
|[[File:The Chief Minister of Meghalaya, Shri Conrad Sangma.JPG|80px|border]]
|bgcolor=#DB7093|
|[[Second Conrad Sangma ministry|Sangma II]]
|-
| 14.
|[[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Nagaland]]
|[[Neiphiu Rio]]
|[[File:NeiphiuRio.jpg|80px|border]]
|bgcolor="#1717CC" |
|[[Fifth Rio ministry|Rio V]]
|-
| 15.
|[[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Odisha]]
|[[Mohan Charan Majhi]]
|[[File:ଶ୍ରୀ ମୋହନ ଚରଣ ମାଝୀ.jpg|80px]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
| [[Majhi ministry|Majhi]]
|-
| 16.
|[[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|Puducherry]]
|[[N. Rangaswamy]]
|[[File:N Rangaswamy.jpg|80px]]
| bgcolor="#FFC000" |
|[[Fourth Rangaswamy ministry|Rangaswamy IV]]
|-
| 17.
|[[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Rajasthan]]
|[[Bhajan Lal Sharma]]
| [[File:Bhajan Lal Sharma.jpg|70px]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bhajan Lal Sharma ministry|Sharma]]
|-
| 18.
|[[Sikkim Legislative Assembly|Sikkim]]
|[[Prem Singh Tamang]]
|[[File:Prem Singh Tamang.jpg|80px|border]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Second Tamang ministry|Tamang II]]
|-
| 19.
|[[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Tripura]]
|[[Manik Saha]]
|[[File:Manik Saha Official Portrait 2023.jpg|80px|border]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
| [[Second Saha ministry|Saha II]]
|-
| 20.
|[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[Yogi Adityanath]]
|[[File:Yogiji in 2023.jpg|80px|border]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Second Yogi Adityanath ministry|Yogi Adityanath II]]
|-
| 21.
|[[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Uttarakhand]]
|[[Pushkar Singh Dhami]]
|[[File:Pushkar Dhami.jpg|80px|border]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Second Dhami ministry|Dhami II]]
|}

=== List of deputy chief ministers ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin-top:0.5em"
|+Deputy chief ministers from the National Democratic Alliance
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |S.No
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |State
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Name
! Colspan=2 style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Portrait
|-
| 1.
|[[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Andhra Pradesh]]
| [[Pawan Kalyan]]
|bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[File: Shri Konidela Pawan Kalyan.jpg|80px]]
|-
| 2.
|[[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Arunachal Pradesh]]
| [[Chowna Mein]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[File:The Agriculture Minister of Arunachal Pradesh, Shri Chowna Mein calling on the Union Minister for Agriculture, Shri Radha Mohan Singh, in New Delhi on September 17, 2014 (cropped).jpg|80px]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |3.
| rowspan="2" |[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Bihar]]
|[[Samrat Choudhary]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[File:Samrat Choudhary.jpg|80px|border]]
|-
|[[Vijay Kumar Sinha]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[File:Shri Vijay Kumar Sinha, Leader of Opposition, Bihar Legislative Assembly, Patna meeting with the President of India Smt. Droupadi Murmu at Rashtrapati Bhavan on April 12, 2023.jpg|80px|border]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |4.
| rowspan="2" |[[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Chhattisgarh]]
|[[Arun Sao]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[File:Arun Sao BJP.jpg|80px|border]]
|-
|[[Vijay Sharma (politician)|Vijay Sharma]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
| [[File:Vijay Sharma BJP.jpg|80px|border]]
|-
| 5.
|[[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Gujarat]]
| [[Harsh Sanghavi]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[File:Harsh Sanghavi.jpg|80px]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 6.
| rowspan="2" | [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Madhya Pradesh]]
| [[Jagdish Devda]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[File:DCM Jagdish Dewda.jpeg|80px|border]]
|-
|[[Rajendra Shukla (politician)|Rajendra Shukla]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[File:DCM Rajendra Sukula.jpeg|80px|border]]
|-
| Rowspan=2| 7.
| Rowspan=2| [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Maharashtra]]
|[[Eknath Shinde]]
|{{Party color cell|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|80px|border]]
|-
|[[Sunetra Pawar]]
|{{Party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 8.
| rowspan="2" | [[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Manipur]]
| [[Nemcha Kipgen]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|
|-
|[[Losii Dikho]]
|bgcolor=#1717CC|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 9.
| rowspan="2" | [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Meghalaya]]
| [[Prestone Tynsong]]
|bgcolor=#DB7093|
| [[File:A delegation from North Eastern States led by the Minister General Administration Home (Civil Defence And Home Guards) Public Health Engineering Relief And Rehabilitation (cropped).jpg|80px|border]]
|-
| [[Sniawbhalang Dhar]]
|bgcolor=#DB7093|
|[[File:DCM Sniawbhalang Dhar.jpg|80px|border]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 10.
| rowspan="2" | [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Nagaland]]
|[[T. R. Zeliang]]
|bgcolor=#1717CC|
|[[File:The Chief Minister of Nagaland, Shri T.R. Zeliang meeting the Union Minister for Human Resource Development, Smt. Smriti Irani, in New Delhi on December 08, 2015 (1) (cropped).jpg|80px|border]]
|-
| [[Yanthungo Patton]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[File:The Nagaland Home Minister, Shri Yanthungo Patton meeting the Minister of State for Home Affairs, Shri Hansraj Gangaram Ahir, in New Delhi on November 09, 2016 (cropped).jpg|80px|border]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |11.
| rowspan="2" |[[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Odisha]]
|[[Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[File:Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo taking oath as Deputy CM of Odisha in 2024.jpg|80px|border]]
|-
|[[Pravati Parida]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[File:Pravati Parida taking oath as the Deputy CM of Odisha in 2024.jpg|100x100px]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |12.
| rowspan="2" |[[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Rajasthan]]
|[[Diya Kumari]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[File:The Deputy Chief Minister of Rajasthan, Shrimathi Diya Kumari & her colleague meet VP of India with their head.jpg|80px|border]]
|-
|[[Prem Chand Bairwa]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[File:Prem Chand Bairwa (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |13.
| rowspan="2" |[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[Brijesh Pathak]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[File:Brajesh Pathak.jpg|80px|border]]
|-
|[[Keshav Prasad Maurya]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[File:Shri Keshav Prasad Maurya (cropped).jpg|80px|border]]
|}

==List of current chairpersons (with their deputies) and speakers (with their deputies)==

===Rajya Sabha===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! House
! [[List of vice presidents of India|Chairperson]]{{efn|[[Vice President of India]] is the ''[[ex-officio]]'' Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha.}}
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Party
! [[Deputy Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha|Deputy Chairperson]]
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Party
|-
| [[Rajya Sabha]]
| [[C. P. Radhakrishnan]]
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Harivansh Narayan Singh]]
| [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}"|
|}

===Lok Sabha===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! House
! [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Speaker]]
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Party
! [[Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Deputy Speaker]]
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Party
|-
| [[Lok Sabha]]
| [[Om Birla]]
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| ''Vacant''
| N/A
| style="background-color: {{party color|Vacant}}"|
|}
===State Legislative Councils===
This is the list of current Chairpersons and Deputy Chairpersons of the [[State legislative councils of India|legislative councils]] of the [[States of India|Indian states]]:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! State
! Chairperson
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Party
! Deputy Chairperson
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Party
|-
| [[Chairperson of the Bihar Legislative Council|Bihar]]
| [[Awadhesh Narain Singh ]] 
| [[Bhartiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}"|
| Ram Bachan Rai
| [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}"|
|-
| [[Chairperson of the Karnataka Legislative Council|Karnataka]]
| [[Basavaraj Horatti]]
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[M. K. Pranesh]]
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|-
| [[Chairperson of the Maharashtra Legislative Council|Maharashtra]]
| [[Ram Shinde]]
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Neelam Gorhe]]
| [[Shiv Sena (2022-present)|SS]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|-
| [[Chairperson of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[Kunwar Manvendra Singh]]
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| ''Vacant''
| N/A
| style="background-color: {{party color|Vacant}}"|
|}

===Legislative Assemblies===
This is the list of current Speakers and Deputy Speakers of the [[State legislative assemblies of India|legislative assemblies]] of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian states and union territories]]:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/Presidingofficer.htm |title=LIST OF CHAIRMEN / SPEAKERS/ DEPUTY CHAIRMEN / DEPUTY SPEAKERS / SECRETARIES GENERAL / PRINCIPAL SECRETARIES / SECRETARIES OF PARLIAMENT AND STATE / UNION TERRITORY LEGISLATURES IN INDIA |date=23 August 2021 |website=legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! States
! Speaker
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Party
!Deputy Speaker
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Party
|-
| [[List of speakers of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Andhra Pradesh]]
| [[ Chintakayala Ayyanna Patrudu]]
| [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}"|
| [[Raghu Rama Krishna Raju]]
| [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}"|
|-
| [[List of speakers of the Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Arunachal Pradesh]]
| [[Tesam Pongte]]
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Kardo Nyigyor]]
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|-
| [[List of speakers of the Assam Legislative Assembly|Assam]]
| [[Biswajit Daimary]]
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Numal Momin]]
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|-
| [[List of speakers of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|Bihar]]
| [[Prem Kumar (politician)|Prem Kumar]]
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Narendra Narayan Yadav]]
| [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}"|
|-
| [[List of speakers of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Chhattisgarh]]
| [[Raman Singh]]
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| ''Vacant''
| N/A
|
|-
| [[List of speakers of the Goa Legislative Assembly|Goa]]
| [[Ganesh Gaonkar]]
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Joshua D'Souza]]
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|-
| [[List of speakers of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Gujarat]]
| [[Shankar Chaudhary]]
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Jethabhai Ahir]]
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|-
| [[List of speakers of the Haryana Legislative Assembly|{{visible anchor|Haryana}}]]
| [[Harvinder Kalyan]]
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Krishan Lal Middha]]
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|-
| [[List of speakers of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Madhya Pradesh]]
| [[Narendra Singh Tomar]]
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| ''Vacant''
| N/A
| style="background-color: {{party color|Vacant}}"|
|-
| [[List of speakers of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Maharashtra]]
| [[Rahul Narwekar]]
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Anna Bansode]]
| [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party }}"|
|-
| [[List of speakers of the Manipur Legislative Assembly|Manipur]]
| [[Thokchom Satyabrata Singh]]
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Kongkham Robindro Singh]]
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|-
| [[List of speakers of the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Meghalaya]]
| [[Thomas A. Sangma]]
| [[National People's Party (India)|NPP]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|National People's Party (India)}}"|
| [[Limison D. Sangma]]
| [[National People's Party (India)|NPP]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|National People's Party (India)}}"|
|-
| [[List of speakers of the Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Nagaland]]
| [[Sharingain Longkümer]]
| [[Naga People's Front|NPF]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Naga People's Front}}"|
| [[S. Toiho Yeptho]]
| [[Naga People's Front|NPF]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Naga People's Front}}"|
|-
| [[List of speakers of the Odisha Legislative Assembly|Odisha]]
| [[Surama Padhy]]
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bhabani Shankar Bhoi]]
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|-
| [[List of speakers of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Rajasthan]]
| [[Vasudev Devnani]]
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| ''Vacant''
| N/A
| style="background-color: {{party color|Vacant}}"|
|-
| [[List of speakers of the Sikkim Legislative Assembly|Sikkim]]
| [[Mingma Narbu Sherpa]]
| [[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|SKM]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}"|
| [[Raj Kumari Thapa]]
| [[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|SKM]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}"|
|-
| [[List of speakers of the Tripura Legislative Assembly|Tripura]]
| [[Biswa Bandhu Sen]]
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Ram Prasad Paul]]
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|-
| [[List of speakers of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Uttarakhand]]
| [[Ritu Khanduri Bhushan]]
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| ''Vacant''
| N/A
| style="background-color: {{party color|Vacant}}"|
|-
| [[List of speakers of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh]]
| [[Satish Mahana]]
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| ''Vacant''
| N/A
| style="background-color: {{party color|Vacant}}"|
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Union Territories
! Speaker
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Party
!Deputy Speaker
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Party

|-
| [[List of speakers of the Delhi Legislative Assembly|Delhi]]
| [[Vijendra Gupta]]
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Mohan Singh Bisht]]
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|-
| [[List of speakers of the Puducherry Legislative Assembly|Puducherry]]
| [[Embalam R. Selvam]]
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[P. Rajavelu]]
| [[All India N.R. Congress|AINRC]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|All India N.R. Congress}}"|
|}

==List of opposition leaders==

===State Legislative Councils===
This is the list of current opposition leaders in the [[State legislative councils of India|legislative councils]] of the [[States of India|Indian states]]:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! State
!Portrait
! Name
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Party
|-
| [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Karnataka Legislative Council|Karnataka]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|90x90px]]
| [[Chalavadi Narayanaswamy]]
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|-
|}

===State Legislative Assemblies===
[[File:Map of leaders of opposition in state legislative assemblies of India.png|thumb|Map shows the parties of the Leader of Opposition in States Legislative Assemblies of India]]
This is the list of current opposition leaders in the [[State legislative assemblies of India|legislative assemblies]] of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian states and union territories]]:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sansad.in/|title=Digital Sansad|website=Digital Sansad}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! State/UT
!Portrait
! Name
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Party
|-
| [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Himachal Pradesh]]
| [[File:The Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh, Shri Jai Ram Thakur calling on the Union Minister for Human Resource Development, Shri Prakash Javadekar, in New Delhi on September 06, 2018.JPG (1).jpg|90x90px]]
| [[Jai Ram Thakur]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|-
| [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| [[File:Sunil Sharma.jpg|90x90px]]
| [[Sunil Kumar Sharma (Jammu and Kashmir)|Sunil Kumar Sharma]]
|-
| [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|Jharkhand]]
|
| [[Babulal Marandi]]
|-
| [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Karnataka]]
| [[File:R. Ashoka.jpg|75px]]
| [[R. Ashoka]]

|-
|[[List of leaders of the opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu]]
|[[File:Palanisamy.jpg|92x92px]]
|[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|{{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[List of leaders of the opposition in the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|West Bengal]]
|[[File:Suvendu Adhikari at Esplanade Metro Rail Station, Kolkata, 6 March 2024.jpg|89x89px]]
| [[Suvendu Adhikari]]
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|}

== Member parties ==

{{Main|List of National Democratic Alliance members}}

As of March 2025, there are 39 political parties that are members of the alliance. The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and the [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]] are the only two political parties being recognised by the [[Election Commission of India]] as [[List of political parties in India|national parties]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Here's the list of national parties in India now after Election Commission's rejig |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/full-list-of-national-political-parties-india-election-commission-bjp-congress-aam-aadmi-party-2358255-2023-04-10 |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=India Today |date=10 April 2023 |language=en |archive-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923191417/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/full-list-of-national-political-parties-india-election-commission-bjp-congress-aam-aadmi-party-2358255-2023-04-10 |url-status=live }}</ref> Other parties in the alliance are either recognised as state level parties or unrecognised parties.
{{trim|{{#section-h:List of National Democratic Alliance members|List of members,==Past members==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"style="text-align:center;
|+Past NDA members
|- align=center
!scope=col| Party
!Abbreviation
! scope="col" | Withdrawal Year
!Reason
|-
|[[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party]]
|NDPP
|2025
|Merged with NPF
|-
|ADMK-Thondar Urimai Meetpu Kuzhu
|ADMK (TUMK)
|2025
|
|-
|[[Kerala Congress Democratic]]
|KCD
|2025
|Merger With AITC
|-
|style="text-align:center;text-align:center;"|[[Rashtriya Lok Janshakti Party]]<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bihar/pashupati-parass-rljp-quits-nda/article69450076.ece</ref>
|RLJP
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" |2025
|
|-
|style="text-align:center;text-align:center;"|[[Jannayak Janta Party]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-12 |title=How Hisar, Bhiwani-Mahendragarh Seats Scripted End of BJP-JJP Alliance in Haryana |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/how-hisar-bhiwani-mahendragarh-seats-scripted-end-of-bjp-jjp-alliance-in-haryana-8812353.html |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|JJP
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" |2024
|Disagreement over seat sharing for Lok Sabha elections
|-
|style="text-align:center;text-align:center;"|[[All India Samathuva Makkal Katchi]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-12 |title=Sarathkumar merges his party, AISMK, with BJP |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/sarathkumar-merges-his-party-aismk-with-bjp/article67943504.ece |access-date=2024-03-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="mergebjp" group="lower-alpha">Merged with the BJP.</ref>
|AISMK
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" |2024
|Merged with BJP
|-
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal (Sanyukt)]]
|SAD(S)
|March 2024
|Merge into [[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]
|- align=center
|style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" |[[Puthiya Tamilagam]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/News/State/talks-with-admk-were-smooth-krishnasamy-interview-1096151|title=அ.தி.மு.க.வுடனான பேச்சுவார்த்தை சுமுகமாக இருந்தது - கிருஷ்ணசாமி பேட்டி|newspaper=Daily Thanthi|access-date=5 March 2024|language =ta}}</ref>
|PT
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | 2024
|Allied with AIADMK
|-
|[[Mizo National Front]]
|MNF
|2023
|
|-align=center
|style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" |[[Kuki People's Alliance]]
|KPA
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | 2023
|Manipur Violence
|- align=center
|style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" |[[People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya)|People's Democratic Front]]<ref group="lower-alpha">Merged with NPP.</ref>
|PDF
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | 2023
|Merger with NPP
|- align=center
|style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | [[Goa Forward Party]]
|GFP
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | 2021
|Allied with INC
|- align=center
|style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | [[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam]]
|DMDK
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | 2021
|Left Alliance Over Seat Sharing Disagreement
|- align=center
|style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | [[Gorkha Janmukti Morcha]]
|GJM
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | 2020
|
|- align=center
|style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | [[Rastriya Loktantrik Party]]
|RLP
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | 2020
|
|- align=center
|style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
|SAD
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | 2020
|Farmers Law
|-|- align=center
|[[Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party]]
|JKPDP
|2018
|Support withdrawn by BJP
|- align=center
|- align="center"
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" |[[Haryana Janhit Congress (BL)]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Haryana Janhit Congress snaps ties with BJP|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/haryana-janhit-congress-snaps-ties-with-bjp/story-uSF9zjO65hIye9b5vbBScN.html|access-date=5 September 2015|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=28 August 2014|location=New Delhi}}</ref>
|HJCBL
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | 2014
|Merged with INC
|- align="center"
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" |[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<ref>{{cite news|author1=Karthick S|title=Vaiko's MDMK snaps ties with NDA, hits out at Modi govt|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Vaikos-MDMK-snaps-ties-with-NDA-hits-out-at-Modi-govt/articleshow/45411799.cms|access-date=5 September 2015|newspaper=Times of India|date=8 December 2014|location=[[Chennai]]}}</ref>
|MDMK
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | 2014
|
|- align="center"
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" |[[Janata Party]]<ref>{{cite news|title=NDA finds a new ally in Janata Party chief Subramanian Swamy|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/nda-finds-a-new-ally-in-janata-party-chief-subramanian-swamy-95626-2012-03-11|access-date=5 September 2015|publisher=[[Mail Today]]|date=12 March 2012|location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Janata Party merged with the Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP)|url=http://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/janata-party-merged-with-the-bhartiya-janata-party-bjp-1376308568-1|publisher=jagranjosh.com|access-date=5 September 2015|date=12 August 2013}}</ref><ref name="mergebjp" group="lower-alpha">Merged with the BJP.</ref>
|JP
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | 2013
|
|- align="center"
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" |[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]<ref name="past">{{cite news|date=16 June 2013|title=NDA camp left almost empty as JD-U leaves|newspaper=Business Standard|location=New Delhi|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/nda-camp-left-almost-empty-as-jd-u-leaves-113061600570_1.html|access-date=5 September 2015}}</ref>
|JMM
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | 2012
|Allied with INC
|- align="center"
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" |[[Ladakh Union Territory Front]]<ref>{{cite news|title=NDA gets one more ally|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/nda-gets-one-more-ally-109050200082_1.html|access-date=5 September 2015|newspaper=Business Standard|date=2 May 2009|location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Amid strife, Ladakh party merges with BJP|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/ladakh-party-merges-with-bjp/20100916.htm|work=Rediff.com|access-date=5 September 2015|date=16 September 2010}}</ref><ref name="mergebjp" group="lower-alpha" />
|LUTF
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | 2010
|
|- align="center"
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" |[[Uttarakhand Kranti Dal]]<ref>{{cite news|title=UKD withdraws support from state BJP govt|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20101228/dun.htm#1|access-date=5 September 2015|newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|date=2 December 2010|location=[[Dehradun]]|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054645/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20101228/dun.htm#1|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|UKD
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | 2010
|
|- align="center"
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" |[[Indian National Lok Dal]]<ref name="past" />
|INLD
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | 2009
|
|- align="center"
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" |[[Indian Federal Democratic Party]]<ref name="past" /><ref group="lower-alpha">Merged with the [[Kerala Congress]].</ref>
|IFDP
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | 2004
|
|- align=center
|style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|AITC
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | 2006
|
|- align=center
|style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | [[Lok Shakti]]<ref name=frontline>{{cite magazine|last1=Ramakrishnan|first1=Venkitesh|title=A 'united' Dal and a divided NDA|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1617/16170130.htm|access-date=5 September 2015|magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|date=August 1999}}</ref><ref name=jdumerge>{{cite news|title=SJ(D) merges with JD(U)|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sjd-merges-with-jdu/article6733595.ece|access-date=5 September 2015|newspaper=The Hindu|date=29 December 2014|location=[[Thrissur]]|quote=The JD(U) was formed on October 30, 2003, with the merger of the Sharad Yadav faction of the Janata Dal, Lokshakti Party and the Samata Party.}}</ref>
|LS
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | 2003
|
|- align=center
|style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | [[Samata Party]]
|SP
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | 2003
|Merger which Janata Dal (United)
|- align="center"
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<ref name="past" />
|DMK
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | 2002
|
|- align="center"
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" |[[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]]<ref name="past" />
|JKNC
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | 2002
|
|- align="center"
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" |[[Haryana Vikas Party]]<ref>{{cite news|title=BJP withdraws support to Bansi Lal govt in Haryana|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/jun/22har2.htm|access-date=5 September 2015|work=Rediff.com|date=22 June 1999}}</ref>
|HVP
| style="text-align:center;text-align:center;" | 1999
|
|}
Rasthriya Samaj Party( RSP) led by Mahadev Jankar in Maharashtra and Janadithipathya Rasthriya party( JRP) led by CK Janu in Kerala Left NDA in 2025.United Democratic Peoples Party Liberal (UPPL)Assam left NDA in 2026 in assam over seat shareing Differences. Biju Jana tha Dal(BJD) left NDA in 2009.

== Candidates in elections ==
=== Lok Sabha general elections ===
{{Lists of National Democratic Alliance candidates in Indian general elections}}

== Electoral history ==
=== Lok Sabha 1998 general election ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="border:1px solid black; border:0"
|+Constituents of National Democratic Alliance (pre-poll alliance)
! No.
! Party
! Alliance in states
! Seats contested
! colspan="2" | Seats won
|-
! align="center" |1
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| All States and UTs
| align=right|'''388'''
| align=right|'''182'''
|{{increase}} 21
|-
! align="center" |2
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|West Bengal
| align=right|28
| align=right|7
|{{increase}} 7
|-
! align="center" |3
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|
* Tamil Nadu
* Pondicherry
| align=right|23
| align=right|18
|{{increase}} 18
|-
! align="center" |4
| [[Samata Party]]
|
* Bihar
* Uttar Pradesh
| align=right|23
| align=right|12
|{{increase}} 4
|-
! align="center" |5
| [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]
|
* Maharashtra
| align=right|22
| align=right|6
|{{decrease}} 9
|-
! align="center" |6
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| Orissa
| align=right|12
| align=right|9
|{{increase}} 9
|-
! align="center" |7
| [[Lok Shakti]]
|
* Karnataka
* Nagaland
| align=right|11
| align=right|3
|{{increase}} 3
|-
! align="center" |8
| [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
| Punjab
| align=right|8
| align=right|8
|{{steady}}
|-
! align="center" |9
| [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
|Tamil Nadu
| align=right|5
| align=right|4
|{{increase}} 4
|-
! align="center" |10
| [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|Tamil Nadu
| align=right|5
| align=right|3
|{{increase}} 3
|-
! align="center" |11
| [[Haryana Vikas Party]]
| Haryana
| align=right|4
| align=right|1
|{{decrease}} 2
|-
! align="center" |12
| [[NTR Telugu Desam Party (Lakshmi Parvathi)|NTR Telugu Desam Party (LP)]]
| Andhra Pradesh
| align=right|3
| align=right|0
|{{steady}}
|-
! align="center" |13
| [[Manipur State Congress Party]]
| Manipur
| align=right|1
| align=right|1
|{{increase}} 1
|-
! align="center" |14
| [[Janata Party]]
|Tamil Nadu
| align=right|1
| align=right|1
|{{increase}} 1
|-
! align="center" |15
| [[Sikkim Democratic Front]]
| Sikkim
| align=right|1
| align=right|1
|{{increase}} 1
|-
! align="center" |16
| [[Satnam Singh Kainth]] ([[Independent politician|independent candidate]] supported by BJP)
| Punjab
| align=right|1
| align=right|1
|{{increase}} 1
|-
! align="center" |17
| [[Vazhappady K. Ramamurthy]] ([[Independent politician|independent candidate]] supported by BJP)
| Tamil Nadu
| align=right|1
| align=right|1
|{{increase}} 1
|-
! align="center" |18
| [[Maneka Gandhi]] ([[Independent politician|independent candidate]] supported by BJP)
| Uttar Pradesh
| align=right|1
| align=right|1
|{{increase}} 1
|-
! align="center" |19
| [[Suresh Kalmadi]] ([[Independent politician|independent candidate]] supported by BJP)
| Maharashtra
| align=right|1
| align=right|0
|{{decrease}} 1
|-
! colspan="3"| Total NDA candidates
|'''539'''
|'''259'''
|'''{{increase}} 64'''
|}

=== Lok Sabha 1999 general election ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="border:1px solid black; border:0"
|+Constituents of National Democratic Alliance (pre-poll alliance)
! No.
! Party
! Alliance in states
! Seats contested
! colspan="2" | Seats won
|-
! align="center" |1
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| All States and UTs
| align=right|'''339'''
| align=right|'''182'''
|{{steady}}
|-
! align="center" |2
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
|
* Bihar
* Karnataka
* Uttar Pradesh
* Kerala
* Rajasthan
* Lakshadweep
| align=right|41
| align=right|21
|{{increase}} 21
|-
! align="center" |3
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| Andhra Pradesh
| align=right|34
| align=right|29
|{{increase}} 17
|-
! align="center" |4
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|
* West Bengal
* Tripura
| align=right|29
| align=right|8
|{{increase}} 1
|-
! align="center" |5
| [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]
| Maharashtra
| align=right|22
| align=right|15
|{{increase}} 9
|-
! align="center" |6
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| Tamil Nadu
| align=right|19
| align=right|12
|{{steady}}
|-
! align="center" |7
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| Orissa
| align=right|12
| align=right|10
|{{increase}} 1
|-
! align="center" |8
| [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
| Punjab
| align=right|9
| align=right|2
|{{decrease}} 6
|-
! align="center" |9
| [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
|
* Tamil Nadu
* Pondicherry
| align=right|8
| align=right|5
|{{increase}} 1
|-
! align="center" |10
| [[Indian National Lok Dal]]
| Haryana
| align=right|5
| align=right|5
|{{increase}} 5
|-
! align="center" |11
| [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|Tamil Nadu
| align=right|5
| align=right|4
|{{increase}} 1
|-
! align="center" |12
| [[Akhil Bharatiya Loktantrik Congress]]
| Uttar Pradesh
| align=right|4
| align=right|2
|{{increase}} 2
|-
! align="center" |13
| [[Bihar People's Party]]
| Bihar
| align=right|2
| align=right|0
|{{steady}}
|-
! align="center" |14
| [[Himachal Vikas Congress]]
| Himachal Pradesh
| align=right|1
| align=right|1
|{{increase}} 1
|-
! align="center" |15
| [[Manipur State Congress Party]]
| Manipur
| align=right|1
| align=right|1
|{{increase}} 1
|-
! align="center" |16
| [[MGR Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| Tamil Nadu
| align=right|1
| align=right|1
|{{increase}} 1
|-
! align="center" |17
| [[Sikkim Democratic Front]]
| Sikkim
| align=right|1
| align=right|1
|{{steady}}
|-
! align="center" |18
| [[Tamizhaga Rajiv Congress]]
| Tamil Nadu
| align=right|1
| align=right|0
|
|-
! align="center" |19
| [[Democratic Bahujan Samaj Morcha]]
| Punjab
| align=right|1
| align=right|0
|
|-
! align="center" |20
| [[Arunachal Congress]]
| Arunachal Pradesh
| align=right|1
| align=right|0
|
|-
! align="center" |21
| Socialist Republican Party
| Kerala
| align=right|1
| align=right|0
|
|-
! align="center" |22
| [[Maneka Gandhi]] ([[Independent politician|independent candidate]] supported by BJP)
| Uttar Pradesh
| align=right|1
| align=right|1
|{{steady}}
|-
! align="center" |23
| [[Vanlalzawma]] ([[Independent politician|independent candidate]] supported by BJP)
| Mizoram
| align=right|1
| align=right|1
|{{increase}} 1
|-
! align="center" |24
| [[Sansuma Khunggur Bwiswmuthiary]] ([[Independent politician|independent candidate]] supported by BJP)
| Assam
| align=right|1
| align=right|1
|{{increase}} 1
|-
! align="center" |25
| Pawan Pandey ([[Independent politician|independent candidate]] supported by BJP)
| Uttar Pradesh
| align=right|1
| align=right|0
|
|-
! align="center" |26
| Natabar Bagdi ([[Independent politician|independent candidate]] supported by BJP)
| West Bengal
| align=right|1
| align=right|0
|
|-
! align="center" |27
| Elwin Teron ([[Independent politician|independent candidate]] supported by BJP)
| Assam
| align=right|1
| align=right|0
|
|-
! colspan="3"| Total NDA candidates
!'''543'''
!'''302'''
!'''{{increase}} 57'''
|}

=== Lok Sabha 2004 general election ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="border:1px solid black; border:0"
|+Constituents of National Democratic Alliance (pre-poll alliance)
! No.
! Party
! Alliance in states
! Seats contested
! colspan="2" | Seats won
|-
! align="center" |1
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| All States and UTs
| align=right|'''364'''
| align=right|'''138'''
|{{decrease}} 44
|-
! align="center" |2
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
|
* Bihar
* Karnataka
* Uttar Pradesh
* Lakshadweep
* Assam
| align=right|33
| align=right|8
|{{decrease}} 13
|-
! align="center" |3
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| Andhra Pradesh
| align=right|33
| align=right|5
|{{decrease}} 24
|-
! align="center" |4
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| Tamil Nadu
| align=right|33
| align=right|0
|{{decrease}} 10
|-
! align="center" |5
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|
* West Bengal
* Meghalaya
* Tripura
| align=right|31
| align=right|2
|{{decrease}} 6
|-
! align="center" |6
| [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]
| Maharashtra
| align=right|22
| align=right|12
|{{decrease}} 3
|-
! align="center" |7
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| Orissa
| align=right|12
| align=right|11
|{{increase}} 1
|-
! align="center" |8
| [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
| Punjab
| align=right|10
| align=right|8
|{{increase}} 6
|-
! align="center" |9
| [[Indian Federal Democratic Party]]
| Kerala
| align=right|1
| align=right|1
|{{decrease}} 13
|-
! align="center" |10
| [[Sikkim Democratic Front]]
| Sikkim
| align=right|1
| align=right|1
|{{steady}}
|-
! align="center" |11
| [[Naga People's Front]]
| Nagaland
| align=right|1
| align=right|1
|{{increase}} 1
|-
! align="center" |12
| [[Mizo National Front]]
| Mizoram
| align=right|1
| align=right|1
|{{increase}} 1
|-
! align="center" |13
| [[Sansuma Khunggur Bwiswmuthiary]] ([[Independent politician|Independent candidate]]) supported by BJP
| Assam
| align=right|1
| align=right|1
|{{increase}} 1
|-
! colspan="3"| Total NDA Candidates
!'''543'''
!'''189'''
!{{decrease}} 113
|}

=== Lok Sabha 2009 general election ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="border:1px solid black; border:0"
|+Constituents of National Democratic Alliance (pre-poll alliance)
! No.
! Party
! Alliance in states
! Seats contested
! colspan="2" | Seats won
|-
! align="center" |1
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| All States and UTs
| align=right|433
|align=right|116
|{{decrease}} 22
|-
!align="center" |2
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
|
* Bihar
* Jharkhand
* Kerala
* Tamil Nadu
* Uttar Pradesh
| align=right|32
| align=right|20
|{{increase}} 12
|-
! align="center" |3
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]
|
* Maharashtra
* Tamil Nadu
|align=right|24
|align=right|11
|{{decrease}} 1
|-
! align="center" |4
| [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
| Punjab
| align="right" |10
| align="right" |4
|{{decrease}} 4
|-
! align="center" |5
| [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
| Uttar Pradesh
| align="right" |7
| align="right" |5
|{{increase}} 2
|-
! align="center" |6
| [[Asom Gana Parishad]]
| Assam
| align=right|6
| align=right|1
|{{decrease}} 5
|-
! align="center" |7
| [[Indian National Lok Dal]]
| Haryana
| align=right|5
| align=right|0
|{{decrease}} 5
|-
! align="center" |8
| [[Naga People's Front]]
| [[Nagaland]]
| align=right|1
| align=right|1
|{{steady}}
|-
! align="center" |9
| Ajitrao Ghorpade ([[Independent politician|independent candidate]] supported by BJP)
| Maharashtra
| align=right|1
| align=right|0
|{{decrease}} 1
|-
! align="center" |10
| [[H. Lallungmuana]] ([[Independent politician|independent candidate]] supported by BJP)
| Mizoram
| align=right|1
| align=right|0
|{{decrease}} 1
|-
! colspan="3" align="center" | '''Total'''
! align="right" |'''520'''
! align="right" |'''158'''
!{{decrease}} 31
|}

=== Lok Sabha 2014 general election ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="border:1px solid black; border:0"
|+Constituents of National Democratic Alliance (pre-poll alliance)
! No.
! Party
! Alliance in states
! Seats contested
! colspan="2" | Seats won
|-
! align="center" |1
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| All states and UTs
| align=right|422
| align=right|282
|{{increase}} 166
|-
! align="center" |2
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| align=right|30
| align=right|16
|{{increase}} 10
|-
! align="center" |3
| [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
| align=right|23
| align=right|18
|{{increase}} 7
|-
! align="center" |4
| [[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam]]
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| align=right|14
| align=right|0
|{{steady}}
|-
! align="center" |5
| [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| align=right|10
| align=right|4
|{{steady}}
|-
! align="center" |6
| [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| align=right|8
| align=right|1
|{{steady}}
|-
! align="center" |7
| [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| align=right|7
| align=right|0
|{{steady}}
|-
! align="center" |8
| [[Lok Janshakti Party]]
| [[Bihar]]
| align=right|7
| align=right|6
|{{increase}} 2
|-
! align="center" |9
| [[Rashtriya Lok Samta Party]]
| [[Bihar]]
| align=right|3
| align=right|3
|
|-
! align="center" |10
| [[Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)|Apna Dal]]
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| align=right|2
| align=right|2
|
|-
! align="center" |11
| [[Swabhimani Paksha]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
| align=right|2
| align=right|1
|
|-
! align="center" |12
| [[Haryana Janhit Congress (BL)]]
| [[Haryana]]
| align=right|2
| align=right|0
|
|-
! align="center" |13
| [[All India N.R. Congress]]
| [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| align=right|1
| align=right|1
|
|-
! align="center" |14
| [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]]
| [[Meghalaya]]
| align=right|1
| align=right|1
|
|-
! align="center" |15
| [[Naga People's Front]]
| [[Nagaland]]
| align=right|1
| align=right|1
|
|-
! align="center" |16
| [[Puthiya Needhi Katchi]]
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| align=right|1
| align=right|0
|
|-
! align="center" |17
| [[Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi]]
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| align=right|1
| align=right|0
|
|-
! align="center" |18
| [[Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi]]
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| align=right|1
| align=right|0
|
|-
! align="center" |19
| [[Republican Party of India (A)]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
| align=right|1
| align=right|0
|
|-
! align="center" |20
| [[Rashtriya Samaj Paksha]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
| align=right|1
| align=right|0
|
|-
! align="center" |21
| [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (Bolshevik)]]
| [[Kerala]]
| align=right|1
| align=right|0
|
|-
! align="center" |22
| [[Kerala Congress (Nationalist)]]
| [[Kerala]]
| align=right|1
| align=right|0
|
|-
! align="center" |23
| [[Mizo National Front]]
| [[Mizoram]]
| align=right|1
| align=right|0
|
|-
! align="center" |24
| [[Urkhao Gwra Brahma]] ([[Independent politician|Independent candidate]])
| [[Assam]]
| align=right|1
| align=right|0
|
|-
! colspan="3"| Total NDA Candidates
|'''542'''
|'''336'''
|{{increase}}178
|}
Contested on BJP symbol lotus
* [[Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi]]
* [[Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi]]
* [[Puthiya Needhi Katchi]]

=== Lok Sabha 2019 general election ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="border:1px solid black; border:0"
|+Constituents of National Democratic Alliance (pre-poll alliance)
! No.
! Party
! Alliance in states
! Seats contested
! colspan="2" | Seats won
|-
! align="center" |1
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| All states and UTs
| align=right|437
| align=right|303
|{{increase}} 21
|-
! align="center" |2
| [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]
| Maharasthra
| align=right|23
| align=right|18
|{{steady}}
|-
! align="center" |3
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| Tamil Nadu
| align=right|20
| align=right|1
|{{decrease}} 36
|-
! align="center" |4
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| Bihar
| align=right|17
| align=right|16
|{{increase}} 14
|-
! align="center" |5
| [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
| Punjab
| align="right" |10
| align="right" |2
|{{decrease}} 2
|-
! align="center" |6
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
| Tamil Nadu
| align="right" |7
| align="right" |0
|{{decrease}} 1
|-
! align="center" |7
| [[Lok Janshakti Party]]
| Bihar
| align="right" |6
| align="right" |6
|{{steady}}
|-
! align="center" |8
| [[Bharath Dharma Jana Sena]]
| Kerala
| align=right|4
| align=right|0
| New
|-
! align="center" |9
|[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam]]
| Tamil Nadu
| align="right" |4
| align="right" |0
|{{steady}}
|-
! align="center" |10
| [[Asom Gana Parishad]]
| Assam
| align=right|3
| align=right|0
|{{steady}}
|-
! align="center" |11
| [[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]]
| Uttar Pradesh
| align=right|2
| align=right|2
| New
|-
! align="center" |12
| [[All Jharkhand Students Union]]
| Jharkhand
| align=right|1
| align=right|1
|{{increase}} 1
|-
! align="center" |13
| [[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party]]
| Nagaland
| align=right|1
| align=right|1
| New
|-
! align="center" |14
| [[Rashtriya Loktantrik Party]]
| Rajasthan
| align="right" |1
| align="right" |1
| New
|-
! align="center" |15
|[[Tamil Maanila Congress]]
| Tamil Nadu
| align="right" |1
| align="right" |0
| New
|-
! align="center" |16
|[[Puthiya Needhi Katchi]]
| Tamil Nadu
| align="right" |1
| align="right" |0
|{{steady}}
|-
! align="center" |17
|[[Puthiya Tamilagam]]
| Tamil Nadu
| align="right" |1
| align="right" |0
|{{steady}}
|-
! align="center" |18
| [[Bodoland People's Front]]
| Assam
| align="right" |1
| align="right" |0
|{{steady}}
|-
! align="center" |19
| [[Kerala Congress (Thomas)]]
| Kerala
| align="right" |1
| align="right" |0
| New
|-
! align="center" |20
| [[All India N.R. Congress]]
| Pudhucherry
| align="right" |1
| align="right" |0
|{{decrease}} 1
|-
! align="center" |21
| [[Sumalatha]] ([[Independent politician|independent candidate]] supported by BJP)
| Karnataka
| align=right|1
| align=right|1
|{{increase}} 1
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" | '''Total'''
| align=right |'''543'''
| align=right |'''352'''
|{{increase}} 16
|}
Contested on [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] two leaves symbol
* [[Puthiya Tamilagam]]
* [[Puthiya Needhi Katchi]]

=== Lok Sabha 2024 general election ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="border:1px solid black; border:0"
|+Constituents of National Democratic Alliance (pre-poll alliance)
! No.
! Party
! Alliance in states
! Seats contested
! colspan="2" | Seats won
|-
! align="center" |1
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| All states and UTs
| align=right|437
| align=right|240
|{{decrease}} 63
|-
! align="center" |2
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| Andhra Pradesh
| align=right|17
| align=right|16
|{{increase}} 13
|-
! align="center" |3
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| Bihar
| align=right|16
| align=right|12
|{{decrease}} 4
|-
! align="center" |4
| [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]
| Maharasthra
| align=right|15
| align=right|7
|{{decrease}} 11
|-
! align="center" |5
| [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
| Tamil Nadu
| align=right|10
| align=right|0
|{{steady}}
|-
! align="center" |6
|[[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)]]
| Bihar
| align="right" |5
| align="right" |5
| New
|-
! align="center" |7
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| Maharashtra Lakshadweep
| align="right" |5
| align="right" |1
|{{decrease}} 4
|-
! align="center" |8
| [[Bharath Dharma Jana Sena]]
| Kerala
| align=right|4
| align=right|0
|{{steady}}
|-
! align="center" |9
| [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
| Karnataka
| align=right|3
| align=right|2
|{{increase}} 1
|-
! align="center" |10
| [[Tamil Maanila Congress]]
| Tamil Nadu
| align=right|3
| align=right|0
|{{steady}}
|-
|-
! align="center" |11
| [[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]]
| Uttar Pradesh
| align=right|2
| align=right|1
|{{decrease}} 1
|-
! align="center" |12
| [[Asom Gana Parishad]]
| Assam
| align=right|2
| align=right|1
|{{increase}} 1
|-
! align="center" |13
| [[Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| Tamil Nadu
| align=right|2
| align=right|0
|{{steady}}
|-
! align="center" |14
| [[Jana Sena Party]]
| Andhra Pradesh
| align=right|2
| align=right|2
|{{increase}} 2
|-
! align="center" |15
| [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]]
| Meghalaya
| align=right|2
| align=right|0
|{{decrease}} 1
|-
! align="center" |16
| [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
| Uttar Pradesh
| align=right|2
| align=right|2
|{{increase}} 2
|-
! align="center" |17
| [[All Jharkhand Students Union]]
| Jharkhand
| align=right|1
| align=right|1
|{{steady}}
|-
! align="center" |18
| [[Hindustani Awam Morcha]]
| Bihar
| align=right|1
| align=right|1
|{{increase}} 1
|-
! align="center" |19
| [[Naga People's Front]]
| Manipur
| align=right|1
| align=right|0
|{{decrease}} 1
|-
! align="center" |20
| [[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party]]
| Nagaland
| align=right|1
| align=right|0
|{{decrease}} 1
|-
! align="center" |21
| [[Rashtriya Lok Morcha]]
| Bihar
| align=right|1
| align=right|0
| New
|-
! align="center" |22
| [[Rashtriya Samaj Paksha]]
| Maharashtra
| align=right|1
| align=right|0
|{{steady}}
|-
! align="center" |23
| [[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party]]
| Uttar Pradesh
| align=right|1
| align=right|0
|{{steady}}
|-
! align="center" |24
| [[United People's Party Liberal]]
| Assam
| align="right" |1
| align="right" |1
|{{increase}} 1
|-
! align="center" |25
| [[Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi]]
| Tamil Nadu
| align="right" |1
| align="right" |0
|{{steady}}
|-
! align="center" |26
| Puthiya Needhi Katchi
| Tamil Nadu
| align="right" |1
| align="right" |0
|{{steady}}
|-
! align="center" |27
| [[Tamizhaga Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| Tamil Nadu
| align="right" |1
| align="right" |0
|{{steady}}
|-
! align="center" |28
| Inthiya Makkal Kalvi Munnetra Kazhagam
| Tamil Nadu
| align="right" |1
| align="right" |0
|{{steady}}
|-
! align="center" |29
| [[O. Panneerselvam]] ([[Independent politician|independent candidate]] supported by BJP)
| Tamil Nadu
| align=right|1
| align=right|0
|
|-
! align="center" |30
| [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]]
| Maharashtra
| align=right|DNC
| align=right|DNC
|DNC
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" | '''Total'''
| align=right |'''540'''
| align=right |'''292'''
|{{decrease}} 60
|}
Contested by BJP symbol lotus
* [[Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi]]
* Puthiya Needhi Katchi
* Tamizhaga Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam
* Inthiya Makkal Kalvi Munnetra Kazhagam

==Electoral performance==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!align=center|Election
!Seats won
!Change
!Total votes
!Share of votes
!Swing
!align=center|Status
!NDA Leader
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|{{composition bar|265|543|hex={{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}}}
|''New''
|150,679,142
|40.90%
|''New''
|{{yes2|Government}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|{{composition bar|302|543|hex={{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}}}
|{{increase}}37
|149,823,824
|41.12%
|{{increase}}3.84%
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|{{composition bar|188|543|hex={{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}}}
|{{decrease}}114
|141,623,671
|36.34%
|{{decrease}}2.52%
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|{{composition bar|158|543|hex={{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}}}
|{{decrease}}30
|101,361,535
|24.30%
|{{decrease}}4.94%
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|[[L. K. Advani]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|{{composition bar|336|543|hex={{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}}}
|{{increase}}178
|211,784,403
|38.66%
|{{increase}}12.00%
|{{yes2|Government}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Narendra Modi]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|{{composition bar|353|543|hex={{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}}}
|{{increase}}17
|272,836,794
|44.90%
|{{increase}}10.28%
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|{{composition bar|293|543|hex={{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}}}
|{{decrease}}60
|283,010,926
|44.29%
|{{decrease}}0.61%
|{{yes2|Government}}
|}
{{Vertical bar chart|1998|265|1999|302|2004|188|2009|158|2014|336|2019|353|2024|293|full_name=All time-NDA Lok Sabha seat count|type=demographic|color=orange}}

== Timeline ==
{{Incomplete list|date=September 2020}}

=== 1999 ===
* The [[Telugu Desam Party]] extended outside support to the NDA, allowing [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] to become the first BJP Prime Minister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1999-10-25 |title=Andhra Pradesh elections: Chandrababu Naidu sweeps polls, but reforms yet to pay off |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/19991025-andhra-pradesh-elections-chandrababu-naidu-sweeps-polls-but-reforms-yet-to-pay-off-781692-1999-10-24 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rediff On The NeT: Naidu says no to slice of government |url=https://m.rediff.com/election/1999/oct/11tdp.htm |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref>

=== 2004 ===
* [[Telugu Desam Party]] withdrew from the NDA.<ref>{{Cite news |last=SHARMA |first=NIDHI |date=2015-02-18 |title=Balancing act? TDP talks of leaving NDA if TRS joins the government |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/balancing-act-tdp-talks-of-leaving-nda-if-trs-joins-the-government/articleshow/46280719.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-10-09 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

=== 2009 ===
* The [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] in [[United Andhra Pradesh]], joined the NDA on 10 May 2009<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-05-10 |title=TRS formally joins NDA fold |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/trs-formally-joins-nda-fold/story-ADLEUYShtslTdj2BnaOjWP.html |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923191926/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Discontent in TRS over joining NDA |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections-south/andhra-pradesh/story/discontent-in-trs-over-joining-nda-47292-2009-05-12 |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=India Today |date=13 May 2009 |language=en |archive-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923191929/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections-south/andhra-pradesh/story/discontent-in-trs-over-joining-nda-47292-2009-05-12 |url-status=live }}</ref> and subsequently denied the fact that it joined NDA and clarified that they only extended the support.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRS denies joining NDA |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/election-news/story/trs-denies-joining-nda-47196-2009-05-10 |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=India Today |date=11 May 2009 |language=en |archive-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923191923/https://www.indiatoday.in/election-news/story/trs-denies-joining-nda-47196-2009-05-10 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Indian National Lok Dal]] in [[Haryana]], joined the NDA on 19 September 2009,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-09-19 |title=INLD joins NDA |url=https://www.bjp.org/photo-gallery/haryana-janhit-congress-and-indian-national-lok-dal-joined-bjp-september-19-2009 |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=28 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828000000/https://www.bjp.org/photo-gallery/haryana-janhit-congress-and-indian-national-lok-dal-joined-bjp-september-19-2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> but later withdrawed it.

=== 2011 ===
* [[Kuldeep Bishnoi]] led [[Haryana Janhit Congress (BL)]] Joined NDA.
* [[Ramdas Athawale]] led [[Republican Party of India (A)]] Joined NDA.
* [[Ajit Singh (politician, born 1939)|Ajit Singh]] led [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]] withdrawn from the NDA.

=== 2012 ===
;Presidential election
{{Main|2012 Indian presidential election}}

* NDA nominated [[P. A. Sangma]] as its presidential candidate who lost against UPA's [[Pranab Mukherjee]].
;Vice-Presidential election
{{Main|2012 Indian vice presidential election}}

* [[Jaswant Singh]] was named as the candidate for the post of [[Vice-President of India|Vice-President]] against UPA's [[Mohammad Hamid Ansari|Hamid Ansari]]. Ansari won his second term in office.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 July 2012 |title=NDA names Jaswant Singh as its vice-presidential candidate |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/NDA-names-Jaswant-Singh-as-its-vice-presidential-candidate/articleshow/14988576.cms |url-status=live |access-date=16 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716143956/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/NDA-names-Jaswant-Singh-as-its-vice-presidential-candidate/articleshow/14988576.cms |archive-date=16 July 2012}}</ref>

=== 2013 ===
* On 16 June 2013, [[Nitish Kumar]] led [[Janata Dal (United)|Janta Dal United]] has withdrawn from NDA.
* On 13 September 2013, [[Narendra Modi]] declared as PM candidate for [[2014 Indian general election|2014 Elections]].

=== 2014 ===
* On 1 January 2014, [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhhagam]] leader Vaiko has announced that MDMK formally joined back to NDA.
* The two small parties viz [[Kongunadu Munnetra Kazhagam]] and [[Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi]] have also joined NDA.
* The BJP would like two more southern parties such as [[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam]], [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] to also join the alliance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2014 |title=Can Modi's magic help win BJP allies? Three southern parties to decide soon |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/allaboutnarendramodi/can-modi-help-win-bjp-new-allies-3-southern-parties-to-decide-soon/article1-1168371.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105012348/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/allaboutnarendramodi/can-modi-help-win-bjp-new-allies-3-southern-parties-to-decide-soon/article1-1168371.aspx |archive-date=5 January 2014 |access-date=13 April 2014 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
* In [[Maharashtra]], two regional political outfits, [[Swabhimani Paksha]] and [[Rashtriya Samaj Paksha]], joined NDA in January.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 January 2014 |title=Setback to AAP plans as Swabhimani Shetkari Sanghatana joins Sena-BJP led combine |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-01-07/news/45955465_1_aam-aadmi-party-aap-plans-opposition-alliance |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140114184127/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-01-07/news/45955465_1_aam-aadmi-party-aap-plans-opposition-alliance |archive-date=14 January 2014 |access-date=13 April 2014 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref>
* The coalition of five parties is termed as '''{{transliteration|mr|ISO|Mahāyuti}}''' ({{Langx|mr|महायुति|lit=Grand Alliance}}). So in Maharashtra now NDA alliance consist of 5 Parties viz BJP, [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]], [[Republican Party of India (Athvale)|Republican Party of India]], [[Swabhimani Paksha]] and [[Rashtriya Samaj Paksha]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2014 |title=SSS joins NDA, threat to NCP |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/sss-joins-nda-threat-to-ncp/1216628/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304174011/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/sss-joins-nda-threat-to-ncp/1216628/ |archive-date=4 March 2014 |access-date=13 April 2014 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>
* On 23 February 2014, [[Rashtriya Lok Samta Party|Rashtriya Lok Samata Party]] led by [[Upendra Kushwaha]] joined NDA and will be contesting at 3 Lok Sabha seats in Bihar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2014 |title=LS polls: BJP joins hands with Upendra Kushwaha's Rashtriya Lok Samata Party – IBNLive |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ls-polls-bjp-joins-hands-with-upendra-kushwahas-rashtriya-lok-samata-party/453844-81.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302214056/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ls-polls-bjp-joins-hands-with-upendra-kushwahas-rashtriya-lok-samata-party/453844-81.html |archive-date=2 March 2014 |access-date=13 April 2014 |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com}}</ref>
* On 27 February 2014 [[Lok Janshakti Party]] led by [[Ram Vilas Paswan]] joined NDA<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2014 |title=Ram Vilas Paswan's LJP returns lo to NDA, to contest from 7 seats in Bihar |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/ram-vilas-paswans-ljp-joins-nda-gets-7-seats-in-bihar_914688.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421205507/http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/ram-vilas-paswans-ljp-joins-nda-gets-7-seats-in-bihar_914688.html |archive-date=21 April 2014 |access-date=13 April 2014 |publisher=Zeenews.india.com}}</ref> It would contest at 7 Lok Sabha Seats in [[Bihar]] during [[2014 Indian general election|2014 Elections]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=LJP rejoins NDA, would contest 7 seats in Bihar in 2014 Elections |publisher=news.biharprabha.com |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/02/ljp-rejoins-nda-would-contest-7-seats-in-bihar-in-2014-elections/ |url-status=live |access-date=28 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305102429/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/02/ljp-rejoins-nda-would-contest-7-seats-in-bihar-in-2014-elections/ |archive-date=5 March 2014}}</ref>
* [[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|DMDK]] will be fighting Lok Sabha Election through an alliance with BJP led NDA.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Panwar |first=Preeti |date=26 February 2014 |title=Confirmed: DMDK-BJP form alliance in Tamil Nadu for LS polls |url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/confirmed-dmdk-bjp-form-alliance-in-tamil-nadu-for-lok-sabha-polls-1402705.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304213742/http://news.oneindia.in/india/confirmed-dmdk-bjp-form-alliance-in-tamil-nadu-for-lok-sabha-polls-1402705.html |archive-date=4 March 2014 |access-date=13 April 2014 |publisher=Oneindia}}</ref>
* [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] led Social Democratic Alliance are the other allies of NDA in [[Tamil Nadu]].
* [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]] : Its President, [[Raj Thackeray]] announced external support to NDA on 9 March 2014 which is marked as Party's formation day, supporting Narendra Modi as Prime Ministerial Candidate.
* [[Indian National Lok Dal]] : Its Gen. Sec., Sh. [[Ajay Singh Chautala]] announced external support to NDA, supporting Sh. Narendra Modi as Prime Ministerial Candidate.
* [[Lok Satta Party]] : President Shri J P Narayan announced external support to NDA, supporting Sh. Narendra Modi as Prime Ministerial Candidate
* [[All India NR Congress]] (AINRC) formally joined NDA on 13 March 2014 and will be contesting in [[Puducherry (Lok Sabha constituency)|Puducherry]].<ref name="Dutta">{{Cite web |last=Dutta |first=Debjani |date=13 March 2014 |title=Rangasamy in NDA, Names Ex-Speaker as LS Candidate |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Rangasamy-in-NDA-Names-Ex-Speaker-as-LS-Candidate/2014/03/13/article2106172.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407133632/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Rangasamy-in-NDA-Names-Ex-Speaker-as-LS-Candidate/2014/03/13/article2106172.ece |archive-date=7 April 2014 |access-date=13 April 2014 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
* On 6 April 2014, [[Telugu Desam Party]] rejoined the NDA after breaking the alliance in 2004 following the general election defeat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2014 |title=TDP back to NDA |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/tdp-back-in-nda-ties-up-with-bjp-for-ls-andhra-pradesh-state-polls/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140515005342/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/tdp-back-in-nda-ties-up-with-bjp-for-ls-andhra-pradesh-state-polls/ |archive-date=15 May 2014 |access-date=14 May 2014 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
* [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] Though Shiv Sena has quit Mahayuti in Maharashtra, before [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Elections 2014]], but has decided to remain with NDA at the centre.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shiv Sena to stay in NDA: Shiv Sena |url=http://thecitynews.in/shiv-sena-stay-nda-shiv-sena/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141002021642/http://thecitynews.in/shiv-sena-stay-nda-shiv-sena/ |archive-date=2 October 2014 |access-date=2 October 2014 |website=THE CITY NEWS}}</ref>
* [[All Jharkhand Students Union]] clinched an alliance with BJP for [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|Jharkhand Assembly elections]] under which its junior partner will contest eight of the 81 seats in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP clinches deal with AJSU in Jharkhand |url=http://www.newsx.com/national/nation/item/28282-bjp-clinches-deal-with-ajsu-in-jharkhand/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104202917/http://www.newsx.com/national/nation/item/28282-bjp-clinches-deal-with-ajsu-in-jharkhand/ |archive-date=4 November 2014}}</ref>

=== 2015 ===
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] on 27 February 2015 clinched an alliance with [[Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party|People's Democratic Party]] for [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir|Government]] Formation in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] under which its [[List of Chief Ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|CM]] will be from PDP.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2015 |title=JK govt formation: PM Modi to attend swearing in of PDP-BJP govt led by Mufti Sayeed |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/mufti-to-head-25-member-cabinet-pm-to-attend-his-swearing-in-on-sunday/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002024138/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/mufti-to-head-25-member-cabinet-pm-to-attend-his-swearing-in-on-sunday/ |archive-date=2 October 2015 |access-date=28 February 2015 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>
* In the month of November, BJP alliance lost the legislative assembly election in [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar]] to the [[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|Mahagathbandhan]] comprising [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]], [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]] and the [[Indian National Congress|INC]].

=== 2016 ===
* In January 2016, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] clinched an alliance with [[Bodoland People's Front]] in [[Assam]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 January 2016 |title=BJP forms alliance with Bodoland Peoples' Front for Assam elections |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/BJP-forms-alliance-with-Bodoland-Peoples-Front-for-Assam-elections/articleshow/50617318.cms |url-status=live |access-date=29 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118093936/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/BJP-forms-alliance-with-Bodoland-Peoples-Front-for-Assam-elections/articleshow/50617318.cms |archive-date=18 January 2016}}</ref>
* In March 2016, after a meeting with [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]] President [[Atul Bora]] and former Chief Minister [[Prafulla Kumar Mahanta]], BJP formed an alliance with [[Asom Gana Parishad]] for upcoming [[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|Assam legislative assembly election 2016]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Alok Pandey |last2=Ketki Angre |last3=Sandeep Phukan |date=4 March 2016 |title=BJP Teams Up With Asom Gana Parishad For Assam Polls |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bjp-teams-up-with-asom-gana-parishad-for-assam-polls-1283713 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103544/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bjp-teams-up-with-asom-gana-parishad-for-assam-polls-1283713 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=5 March 2016 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
* BJP also aligned with Rabha and Tiwa Tribe outfit Rabha Jatiya Aikya Manch and Tiwa Jatiya Aikya Manch.
* In March 2016, BJP forged an alliance with Kerala-based [[Ezhava]] outfit [[Bharath Dharma Jana Sena]] Party for [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|Kerala Elections 2016]].<ref>{{Cite news |author=Radhakrishnan Kuttoor |date=10 August 2015 |title=Kerala BJP to ride the Dharma Jana Sena |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-bjp-to-ride-the-dharma-jana-sena/article7521983.ece |access-date=5 March 2016 |archive-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923191924/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-bjp-to-ride-the-dharma-jana-sena/article7521983.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Following BJP's victory in the Assam Legislative Assembly Elections 2016, the party formed an alliance of like-minded non-Congress parties in the Northeast, called the [[North-East Democratic Alliance]], consisting of 11 regional parties of Northeast India.
* [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]], BJP leader from Assam has been appointed Convener of the regional alliance.
* On 21 December 2016, Khandu was suspended from the party by the party president and [[Takam Pario]] was named as the next likely [[Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh]] replacing Khandu after [[People's Party of Arunachal]] suspended Khandu along with 6 other MLAs.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 December 2016 |title=After Pema Khandu's suspension, Takam Pario to be new Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh, PPA Chairman says |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/takam-pario-to-be-new-chief-minister-of-arunachal-pradesh-ppa-chairman-says/articleshow/56250761.cms |url-status=live |access-date=11 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101192857/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/takam-pario-to-be-new-chief-minister-of-arunachal-pradesh-ppa-chairman-says/articleshow/56250761.cms |archive-date=1 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2016 |title=Takam Pario likely to be Arunachal CM in 2017 after PPA suspendsKhandu |url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/takam-pario-likely-to-be-arunachal-cm-in-2017-after-ppa-suspends-pema-khandu-6-mlas-3180414.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101134317/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/takam-pario-likely-to-be-arunachal-cm-in-2017-after-ppa-suspends-pema-khandu-6-mlas-3180414.html |archive-date=1 January 2017 |access-date=11 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2016 |title=Takam Pario, the richest Arunachal MLA, may replace Pema Khandu as CM |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/takam-pario-the-richest-mla-may-replace-pema-khandu-as-arunachal-pradesh-cm/story-vqnTyUSc01QcqOExcc9ueM.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101205536/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/takam-pario-the-richest-mla-may-replace-pema-khandu-as-arunachal-pradesh-cm/story-vqnTyUSc01QcqOExcc9ueM.html |archive-date=1 January 2017 |access-date=11 January 2017}}</ref>
* In December 2016, Khandu proved majority on the floor of the [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly]] with 33 of the People's Party of Arunachal's 43 legislators joining the Bharatiya Janata Party as the BJP increased its strength to 45 and had the support of two independents. He became second Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh of Bharatiya Janata Party in [[Arunachal Pradesh]] after the 44 days lead [[Gegong Apang]] government in 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2017 |title=Khandu wins musical chairs game for BJP |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/in-arunachal-cm-pema-khandu-wins-musical-chairs-game-for-bjp-4453844/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103170948/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/in-arunachal-cm-pema-khandu-wins-musical-chairs-game-for-bjp-4453844/ |archive-date=3 January 2017 |access-date=11 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2017 |title=Shifting to BJP, Pema Khandu drops 3 ministers, 2 advisors, 5 parliamentary secretaries |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/arunachal-shifting-to-bjp-pema-khandu-drops-3-ministers-2-advisors-5-parliamentary-secretaries-4455888/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104193803/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/arunachal-shifting-to-bjp-pema-khandu-drops-3-ministers-2-advisors-5-parliamentary-secretaries-4455888/ |archive-date=4 January 2017 |access-date=11 January 2017}}</ref>

=== 2017 ===
* In January 2017, Bharatiya Janata Party's alliance partner [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak]] Party in [[Goa]] and Shiv Sena in [[Maharashtra]] came together to contest [[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election|Goa Legislative Assembly election in 2017]] against the BJP with another Sangh Pariwar group called [[Goa Suraksha Manch]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=MGP-Sena-GSM form grand alliance to contest Goa polls |work=The Economic Times |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/mgp-sena-gsm-form-grand-alliance-to-contest-goa-polls/articleshow/56438533.cms |url-status=live |access-date=11 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113001221/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/mgp-sena-gsm-form-grand-alliance-to-contest-goa-polls/articleshow/56438533.cms |archive-date=13 January 2017}}</ref>
* The results of the [[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2017 Goa Assembly election]] gave rise to a hung assembly since no political party could achieve a complete majority of 21 in the 40 member [[Goa Legislative Assembly]].
* The [[Indian National Congress]] emerged the largest party with 17 seats but ultimately, the Bharatiya Janata Party which emerged victorious in 13 constituencies formed the government with the support of the [[Goa Forward Party]], Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party and independents.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2017 |title=Goa Election 2017: Manohar Parrikar resigns as defence minister, to be sworn-in as CM at 5 pm Tuesday |url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/goa-election-2017-governor-appoints-manohar-parrikar-cm-after-bjp-cobbles-up-coalition-of-smaller-parties-independents-defence-minister-modi-cabinet-reshuffle-3331716.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608052313/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/goa-election-2017-governor-appoints-manohar-parrikar-cm-after-bjp-cobbles-up-coalition-of-smaller-parties-independents-defence-minister-modi-cabinet-reshuffle-3331716.html |archive-date=8 June 2017 |access-date=28 June 2017}}</ref>
* The Goa Forward Party expressed its support to the Bharatiya Janata Party on the condition that the then [[Minister of Defence (India)|Union Defence Minister of India]] [[Manohar Parrikar]] would return to Goa as the [[Chief Minister of Goa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Defence Minister Manohar Parrikar Likely To Return To Goa As Chief Minister |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/03/12/defence-minister-manohar-parrikar-likely-to-return-to-goa-as-chi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517094847/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/03/12/defence-minister-manohar-parrikar-likely-to-return-to-goa-as-chi/ |archive-date=17 May 2017 |access-date=28 June 2017}}</ref>
* On 15 March 2017, [[N. Biren Singh]] was sworn as the Chief Minister by having coalition with NPP, NPF, [[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]] and others, the first time that BJP formed a government in [[Manipur]], though the [[Indian National Congress|INC]] emerged as the single largest party.
* On 27 July 2017, [[Janata Dal (United)]] rejoined NDA and formed a coalition government with Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in Bihar with Nitish Kumar as the Chief Minister and Sushil Kumar Modi as the Deputy Chief Minister, and with that BJP completed its domination in [[Hindi belt]].<ref name="bjpindia18">{{Cite web |title=With Bihar in their pocket, Narendra Modi and Amit Shah have conquered the Hindi heartland |date=27 July 2017 |url=https://scroll.in/article/845203/with-bihar-in-their-pocket-narendra-modi-and-amit-shah-have-conquered-the-hindi-heartland |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728065121/https://scroll.in/article/845203/with-bihar-in-their-pocket-narendra-modi-and-amit-shah-have-conquered-the-hindi-heartland |archive-date=28 July 2017 |access-date=27 July 2017}}</ref>

=== 2018 ===
* On 9 March 2018, [[Biplab Kumar Deb]] was sworn as the Chief Minister having a pre-poll alliance with [[Indigenous People's Front of Tripura|IPFT]], the first time that BJP formed a government in Tripura.
* On 16 March 2018, Telugu Desam Party withdrew from the NDA citing the BJP's failure to fulfill the promises made in the [[Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014|State Reorganisation Act]] and to grant [[Andhra Pradesh special status protests|special status to Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Yunus Y. Lasania |author2=Gyan Varma |date=2018-03-16 |title=TDP walks the talk, formally exits NDA |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/CBs1a1kfJmwMItE8OMz14K/TDP-quits-NDA-to-move-noconfidence-motion-against-Modi-gov.html |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=mint |language=en |archive-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923191923/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/CBs1a1kfJmwMItE8OMz14K/TDP-quits-NDA-to-move-noconfidence-motion-against-Modi-gov.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Mathew |first1=Liz |last2=Janyala |first2=Sreenivas |date=17 March 2018 |title=TDP leaves NDA amid dissent within, Chandrababu Naidu says PM has no time for allies |agency=Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/tdp-walks-out-of-nda-chandrababu-naidu-says-pm-modi-has-no-time-for-allies-seeking-rights-5100459/ |url-status=live |access-date=16 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216120615/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/tdp-walks-out-of-nda-chandrababu-naidu-says-pm-modi-has-no-time-for-allies-seeking-rights-5100459/ |archive-date=16 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=5 Reasons Why Chandrababu Naidu Exited NDA Government |url=https://www.ndtv.com/andhra-pradesh-news/5-reasons-why-chandrababu-naidu-pulled-out-of-nda-government-1824561 |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923192425/https://www.ndtv.com/andhra-pradesh-news/5-reasons-why-chandrababu-naidu-pulled-out-of-nda-government-1824561 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Rashtriya Lok Samata Party]] (RLSP) withdrew from the NDA on 10 December 2018, citing a lack of progress on development in Bihar.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 December 2018 |title=Upendra Kushwaha leaves NDA, resigns as minister |agency=Asian News International |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/upendra-kushwaha-leaves-nda-resigns-as-minister201812101521200001/ |url-status=live |access-date=16 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216120640/https://www.aninews.in/news/upendra-kushwaha-leaves-nda-resigns-as-minister201812101521200001/ |archive-date=16 December 2018}}</ref>
* In [[2018 elections in India|December 2018's state elections]], the NDA lost elections in [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Madhya Pradesh]], [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan]], and [[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh]] to the INC. In Chhattisgarh, BJP was defeated by the INC with 3/4th majority. It was also defeated by the [[Telangana Rashtra Samiti|TRS]] in [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana]] and BJP managed to win only 1 seat out of the 119 constituencies in [[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Telangana]]

=== 2019 ===
* On 7 January 2019, the [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]] withdrew from the NDA and also from the [[Government of Assam|Assam Government]] on the issue of citizenship amendment bill.
* On 21 January 2019, the [[Gorkha Janmukti Morcha|GJM]] withdrew from the NDA and extended the support to [[Mamata Banerjee]] .
* On 19 February 2019, [[AIADMK]] and [[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]] rejoined NDA and BJP announced that "They will contest 5 Lok sabha seats in Tamil Nadu".
* On 19 February 2019, [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] rejoined NDA
* BJP announced that "They will contest 5 Lok sabha seats in Tamil Nadu".
* On 10 March 2019, [[DMDK]] rejoined NDA.
* On 8 March 2019 in [[Sikkim]], BJP joined hands with opposition party [[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|SKM]]
* On 12 March 2019 in [[Assam]], BJP joined hands with old ally AGP<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 March 2019 |title=What is behind BJP's new alliance-hunting spree | India News – Times of India |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/what-is-behind-bjps-new-alliance-hunting-spree/articleshow/68397923.cms |url-status=live |access-date=13 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402051505/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/what-is-behind-bjps-new-alliance-hunting-spree/articleshow/68397923.cms |archive-date=2 April 2019}}</ref>
* On 12 March 2019 in [[Maharashtra]], [[Rayat Kranti Sanghatana]] is a part of NDA<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sadabhau Khot demands one seat from BJP to contest against Raju Shetti |work=Pune Mirror |url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/sadabhau-khot-demands-one-seat-from-bjp-to-contest-against-raju-shetti/articleshow/68381548.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411164602/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/sadabhau-khot-demands-one-seat-from-bjp-to-contest-against-raju-shetti/articleshow/68381548.cms |archive-date=11 April 2019 |access-date=11 April 2019}}</ref>
* On 25 March 2019 in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Puthiya Needhi Katchi]] is a part of Alliance<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 March 2019 |title=Full list of candidates of AIADMK-BJP alliance from Tamil Nadu for LS polls |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/full-list-candidates-aiadmk-bjp-alliance-tamil-nadu-ls-polls-98943 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401070043/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/full-list-candidates-aiadmk-bjp-alliance-tamil-nadu-ls-polls-98943 |archive-date=1 April 2019 |access-date=19 April 2019}}</ref>
* On 4 April 2019 in [[Rajasthan]], BJP joined hands with the [[Rashtriya Loktantrik Party|RLP]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2019 |title=RLP joins NDA in R'sthan |work=Tribuneindia News Service |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/rlp-joins-nda-in-r-sthan/753514.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406051646/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/rlp-joins-nda-in-r-sthan/753514.html |archive-date=6 April 2019 |access-date=6 April 2019 |last1=Service |first1=Tribune News }}</ref>
* On 5 April 2019 in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Nishad Party]] joined hands with NDA<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lok Sabha polls 2019: Boost to BJP as Nishad Party joins NDA |date=5 April 2019 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/lok-sabha-polls-2019-boost-to-bjp-as-nishad-party-joins-nda-1494553-2019-04-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408162752/https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/lok-sabha-polls-2019-boost-to-bjp-as-nishad-party-joins-nda-1494553-2019-04-05 |archive-date=8 April 2019 |access-date=5 April 2019}}</ref>
* On 23 May 2019 NDA won the [[2019 Indian General election]] with record breaking 352 seats with its allys
* In May 2019, NDA lost state elections of Andhra Pradesh & Odisha
* In May 2019, NDA won the state elections of Arunachal Pradesh & Sikkim.
* On 25 October 2019 in [[Haryana]],

JJP joined hands with NDA to forming a stable government at Haryana with BJP<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 October 2019 |title=JJP joins hands with BJP to form government in Haryana, to have deputy CM |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/jjp-joins-hands-with-bjp-to-form-government-in-haryana-to-have-deputy-cm-119102501403_1.html |url-status=live |access-date=29 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029150305/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/jjp-joins-hands-with-bjp-to-form-government-in-haryana-to-have-deputy-cm-119102501403_1.html |archive-date=29 October 2019}}</ref>
* On 11 November 2019 in [[Maharashtra]],

Shiv Sena exited from the NDA, as BJP was not willing to agree for Sharing CM Post with Shiv Sena to form government in Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 November 2019 |title=BJP loses its oldest ally Shiv Sena |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/maharashtra/bjp-loses-its-oldest-ally-shiv-sena/articleshow/72010644.cms |access-date=13 November 2019 |archive-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923192425/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/maharashtra/bjp-loses-its-oldest-ally-shiv-sena/articleshow/72010644.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
* In November 2019, NDA won the state election of Haryana
* In November 2019, NDA lost the state election of Maharashtra
* On 15 November 2019 in [[Jharkhand]],
BJP, AJSU sever ties in Jharkhand days before Assembly elections 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mohan |first=Archis |date=15 November 2019 |title=BJP, AJSU sever ties in Jharkhand days before Assembly elections |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/bjp-ajsu-sever-ties-in-jharkhand-days-before-assembly-elections-119111500051_1.html |url-status=live |access-date=17 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117104910/https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/bjp-ajsu-sever-ties-in-jharkhand-days-before-assembly-elections-119111500051_1.html |archive-date=17 November 2019}}</ref>
* On 23 November 2019 in Maharashtra, [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP (Ajit Pawar Faction)]] joined NDA, [[Ajit Pawar]] took oath as Maharashtra's Deputy Chief Minister.
* On 26 November 2019 in Maharashtra, Ajit Pawar resigns as Maharashtra's Deputy Chief Minister. With immediate effect Devendra Fadnvis also resigns from the post of CM of Maharashtra. His term becomes the shortest term as Maharashtra's Chief Minister.
* In December 2019, NDA lost the state election of [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|Jharkhand]].

=== 2020 ===
* On 16 January 2020 [[Jana Sena]] of [[Pawan Kalyan]] announced that tying up with [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]], this decision came after Chief minister [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]'s intention to decentralise the capital, instead of developing [[Amaravati]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2020 |title=Pawan Kalyan's Jana Sena ties up with BJP in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national-pawan-kalyan-jana-sena-party-jsp-bjp-tie-up-andhra-pradesh-580176 |access-date=11 May 2020 |website=indiatvnews |archive-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923192428/https://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national-pawan-kalyan-jana-sena-party-jsp-bjp-tie-up-andhra-pradesh-580176 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2020 |title=Pawan Kayan-led Jana Sena and BJP announce alliance in Andhra |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/pawan-kayan-led-jana-sena-and-bjp-announce-alliance-in-andhra-11579261002222.html |access-date=11 May 2020 |website=livemint |archive-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923192428/https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/pawan-kayan-led-jana-sena-and-bjp-announce-alliance-in-andhra-11579261002222.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2020 |title=Jana Sena, BJP tie up in Andhra, vow to emerge as alternative to YSRCP, TDP |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jana-sena-bjp-tie-up-in-andhra-vow-to-emerge-as-alternative-to-ysrc-tdp/story-7VVQh3xY3GjlptnOmMScmJ.html |access-date=11 May 2020 |website=hindustantimes |archive-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923192503/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jana-sena-bjp-tie-up-in-andhra-vow-to-emerge-as-alternative-to-ysrc-tdp/story-7VVQh3xY3GjlptnOmMScmJ.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)]] led by [[Babulal Marandi]] merged with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] on 17 February 2020, at Jagannathpur Maidan, [[Ranchi]] in presence of Union Home Minister [[Amit Shah]], BJP president [[Jagat Prakash Nadda]] and former Chief Ministers of Jharkhand [[Arjun Munda]] and [[Raghubar Das]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merger of Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik), a recognized State Party in the State of Jharkhand with the Bharatiya Janata Party |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11945-merger-of-jharkhand-vikas-morcha-prajatantrik-a-recognized-state-party-in-the-state-of-jharkhand-with-the-bharatiya-janata-party/ |access-date=11 May 2020 |publisher=Election Commission of India |archive-date=19 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519031841/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/11945-merger-of-jharkhand-vikas-morcha-prajatantrik-a-recognized-state-party-in-the-state-of-jharkhand-with-the-bharatiya-janata-party/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha Prajatantrik To Merge With BJP On February 17: Babulal Marandi |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jharkhand-vikas-morcha-prajatantrik-to-merge-with-bjp-on-february-17-babulal-marandi-2178497 |access-date=11 May 2020 |website=ndtv |archive-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923192430/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jharkhand-vikas-morcha-prajatantrik-to-merge-with-bjp-on-february-17-babulal-marandi-2178497 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 February 2020 |title=Babulal Marandi announces merger of JVM(P) and BJP on Feb. 17 |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/babulal-marandi-announces-merger-of-jvmp-and-bjp-with-immediate-effect/article30792674.ece |access-date=11 May 2020 |archive-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923193936/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/babulal-marandi-announces-merger-of-jvmp-and-bjp-with-immediate-effect/article30792674.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>[''[[Wikipedia:Citing sources#Bundling citations|excessive citations]]''] Earlier, Marandi expelled MLAs [[Pradeep Yadav (Indian politician)|Pradeep Yadav]] and [[Bandhu Tirkey]] from the party for "anti-party activities".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha pleases BJP, keeps out rebel MLAs from panel |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2020/jan/19/jharkhand-vikas-morcha-pleases-bjp-keeps-out-rebel-mlas-from-panel-2091343.html |access-date=11 May 2020 |website=newindianexpress |date=19 January 2020 |archive-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923193936/https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2020/jan/19/jharkhand-vikas-morcha-pleases-bjp-keeps-out-rebel-mlas-from-panel-2091343.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Both of them later joined [[Indian National Congress]] in its [[Delhi]] headquarters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=As Babulal Marandi goes back to BJP, his JVM-P MLAs join Congress |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/as-babulal-marandi-goes-back-to-bjp-his-jvm-p-mlas-join-congress/554654 |access-date=11 May 2020 |website=www.timesnownews.com |date=17 February 2020 |publisher=Election Commission of India |archive-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923193936/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/as-babulal-marandi-goes-back-to-bjp-his-jvm-p-mlas-join-congress/554654 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* In February 2020, NDA lost the state election of [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Delhi]]
* In August 2020, [[Hindustani Awam Morcha]] re-joined NDA & granted 7 seats to contest in [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]].
* [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] announced leaving NDA in September 2020.
* In October 2020, the [[Vikassheel Insaan Party]] which had left the [[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)]] joined the National Democratic Alliance and was granted 11 seats to contest.
* In October 2020, The [[All Jharkhand Students Union]] re-joined NDA.
* In October 2020, [[Gorkha Janmukti Morcha]] broke the alliance ahead of [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] and allied with [[All India Trinamool Congress]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gorkha Janmukti Morcha quits NDA |language=en-IN |work=The Print |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/gorkha-janmukti-morcha-quits-nda/article32910118.ece |access-date=15 March 2021 |archive-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923194511/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/gorkha-janmukti-morcha-quits-nda/article32910118.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
* In October 2020, [[Kerala Congress (Thomas)]] broke the alliance ahead of [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]] and allied with [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|United Democratic Front]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jolt to NDA as P C Thomas' Kerala Congress to quit alliance, likely to join UDF |language=en-IN |work=The Print |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/oct/24/jolt-to-nda-as-p-c-thomas-kerala-congress-to-quit-alliance-likely-to-join-udf-2214596.html |access-date=15 March 2021 |archive-date=1 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101124258/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/oct/24/jolt-to-nda-as-p-c-thomas-kerala-congress-to-quit-alliance-likely-to-join-udf-2214596.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* In November 2020, BJP had the alliance with [[Bodoland People's Front]] ahead of [[2020 Bodoland Territorial Council election]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bodoland People's Front severs ties with BJP |language=en-IN |work=The Print |url=https://theprint.in/politics/bodoland-peoples-front-severs-ties-with-bjp-allies-with-congress-for-assam-elections/613100/ |access-date=15 March 2021 |archive-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923194447/https://theprint.in/politics/bodoland-peoples-front-severs-ties-with-bjp-allies-with-congress-for-assam-elections/613100/ |url-status=live }}</ref>[''[[Wikipedia:Verifiability|irrelevant citation]]'']
* In November 2020, NDA won the state election of [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar]].
* In December 2020, [[United People's Party Liberal]] and Gana Suraksha Party joined the NDA and [[North-East Democratic Alliance|NEDA]] as alliance to Executive Committee in [[Bodoland Territorial Council]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Assam Guv accepts claim of UPPL-BJP-GSP for BTC executive |language=en-IN |work=The Outlook India |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/assam-guv-accepts-claim-of-upplbjpgsp-for-btc-executive/1992593 |access-date=15 March 2021 |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212756/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/assam-guv-accepts-claim-of-upplbjpgsp-for-btc-executive/1992593 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=After Fractured Poll Results, BJP To Back Hardliner In Assam's Bodoland |language=en-IN |work=The Outlook India |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/amid-fractured-results-bjp-makes-major-gains-in-assams-bodoland-polls-2337927 |access-date=15 March 2021 |archive-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923194444/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/amid-fractured-results-bjp-makes-major-gains-in-assams-bodoland-polls-2337927 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* In December 2020, [[Rashtriya Loktantrik Party]] broken the alliance on the issue of 3 agriculture reforms laws.<ref>{{Cite news |title="Won't Stand With Anyone Against Farmers": Rajasthan Ally Ditches BJP |language=en-IN |work=The Print |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bjp-ally-rashtriya-loktantrik-party-quits-nda-in-protest-over-farm-laws-2343966 |access-date=15 March 2021 |archive-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923194455/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bjp-ally-rashtriya-loktantrik-party-quits-nda-in-protest-over-farm-laws-2343966 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== 2021 ===
* In March 2021, [[Kerala Congress (Thomas)]] Has Withdrawn alliance ahead of [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]] And Joined [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|United Democratic Front]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Had never left the NDA, clarifies PC Thomas |language=en-IN |work=The Print |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/kerala/top-news/2021/03/06/had-never-left-nda-clarifies-pc-thomas.html |access-date=15 March 2021 |archive-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923194950/https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2021/03/06/had-never-left-nda-clarifies-pc-thomas.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* In March 2021, [[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam]] broken the alliance for not issuing demanded number of constituency in the 2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vijayakanth's DMDK Quits Alliance With AIADMK As Seat Sharing Talks Fail |language=en-IN |work=The Print |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/vijayakanth-dmdk-quits-alliance-aiadmk-seat-sharing-3514679.html |access-date=15 March 2021 |archive-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923194955/https://www.news18.com/news/politics/vijayakanth-dmdk-quits-alliance-aiadmk-seat-sharing-3514679.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* In April 2021, [[Goa Forward Party]] withdrew from the NDA for a variety of reasons, ranging from environmental issues to BJP apathy towards unemployment.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Vaktania |first=Saurabh |title=Goa Forward Party withdraws from BJP-led National Democratic Alliance |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/top-stories/story/goa-forward-party-withdraws-from-bjp-led-national-democratic-alliance-1790640-2021-04-14 |access-date=15 April 2021 |website=India Today |date=14 April 2021 |archive-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923194959/https://www.indiatoday.in/top-stories/story/goa-forward-party-withdraws-from-bjp-led-national-democratic-alliance-1790640-2021-04-13 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* In May 2021, NDA lost state elections of [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Tamil Nadu]], [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|Kerala]], [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal]]
* In May 2021, NDA won state elections of [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|Assam]] & [[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|Puducherry]].
* In May 2021, [[Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa]] led [[Shiromani Akali Dal (Sanyukt)]] joined NDA.
* In December 2021, [[Amarinder Singh|Captain Amrinder Singh]] led [[Punjab Lok Congress]] joined NDA.

=== 2022 ===
* In January 2022, [[Simarjit Singh Bains]] led [[Lok Insaaf Party]] joined NDA.
* In January 2022, [[Simarjit Singh Bains]] led [[Lok Insaaf Party]] broken the alliance for not issuing demanded number of constituency in the 2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election.
* [[Bodoland People's Front]] rejoined NDA.
* NDA won the state elections of [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Uttar Pradesh]], [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election|Goa]], [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|Uttarakhand]] & [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|Manipur]].
* NDA lost the state elections of [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab]].
* In June 2022 [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shivsena]] leader [[Eknath Shinde]] along with [[2022 Maharashtra political crisis|rebel MLAs joined NDA]] and formed a government on 30 June 2022 with [[Eknath Shinde|Shinde]] as [[Chief minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister of Maharashtra]] and [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] leader [[Devendra Fadnavis]] as [[List of deputy chief ministers of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra]] .
* After Goa Assembly elections 2022 [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]] extended support to NDA.
* On 9 August 2022, [[Nitish Kumar]] led [[Janata Dal (United)]] has withdrawn from NDA.<ref name="quit-nda-2022">{{Cite news |date=2022-08-09 |title=Nitish Kumar rejoins Grand Alliance in Bihar after quitting NDA for the second time |work=Scroll.in |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1030117/nitish-kumar-rejoins-grand-alliance-in-bihar-after-quitting-nda-for-the-second-time |access-date=2022-08-20 |archive-date=20 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820130149/https://scroll.in/latest/1030117/nitish-kumar-rejoins-grand-alliance-in-bihar-after-quitting-nda-for-the-second-time |url-status=live }}</ref>
* On 19 September, [[Amarinder Singh|Capt. Amrinder Singh]] led [[Punjab Lok Congress]] merged with BJP<ref>{{Cite web |author=Sanjeev Verma |date=Sep 16, 2022 |title=Former Punjab CM Captain Amarinder Singh to merge his PLC with BJP on September 19 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/former-punjab-cm-captain-amarinder-singh-to-merge-his-plc-with-bjp-on-september-19/articleshow/94244844.cms |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923195117/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/former-punjab-cm-captain-amarinder-singh-to-merge-his-plc-with-bjp-on-september-19/articleshow/94244844.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
* NDA won state elections of [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat]].
* NDA lost the state elections of [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Himachal Pradesh]].

=== 2023 ===
* In February, BJP broke alliance with [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]] to contest all seats in [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/meghalaya-polls-bjp-broke-alliance-in-meghalaya-to-contest-all-seats-amit-shah-3789158|title=BJP Broke Alliance In Meghalaya To Contest All Seats: Amit Shah|website=NDTV.com|access-date=17 February 2023|archive-date=23 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923195009/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/meghalaya-polls-bjp-broke-alliance-in-meghalaya-to-contest-all-seats-amit-shah-3789158|url-status=live}}</ref>
* NDA won state elections in [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|Tripura]], [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|Meghalaya]] and [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|Nagaland]].
* NDA lost state election in [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|Karnataka]].
* In June 2023 [[Hindustani Awam Morcha]] Joined NDA
* In July 2023 MLAs from [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] led by [[Ajit Pawar]] joined NDA and [[Ajit Pawar]] took oath as the [[List of deputy chief ministers of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]
* In July 2023 [[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party]] Joined NDA
* In September 2023, [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] joined NDA<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2023 |title=In boost to BJP, JD(S) joins NDA ahead of 2024 Lok Sabha polls |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/sep/22/in-boost-to-bjp-jds-joins-nda-ahead-of-2024-lok-sabha-polls-2617321.html |access-date=23 September 2023 |archive-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923195524/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/sep/22/in-boost-to-bjp-jds-joins-nda-ahead-of-2024-lok-sabha-polls-2617321.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* On 25 September 2023, [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] left the NDA alliance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AIADMK severs ties with BJP-led NDA alliance, to lead separate front for 2024 Lok Sabha polls |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/aiadmk-severs-ties-with-bjp-led-national-democratic-alliance-to-lead-separate-front-for-2024-lok-sabha-polls/cid/1968896 |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en |archive-date=25 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925174804/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/aiadmk-severs-ties-with-bjp-led-national-democratic-alliance-to-lead-separate-front-for-2024-lok-sabha-polls/cid/1968896 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AIADMK severs ties with BJP-led NDA; to form front to fight 2024 LS polls |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/aiadmk-severs-ties-with-bjp-led-nda-to-form-front-to-fight-2024-ls-polls-2700089 |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-25 |title=AIADMK snaps ties with BJP-led NDA alliance ahead of 2024 Lok Sabha polls |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/aiadmk-snaps-ties-with-bjp-led-nda-alliance-ahead-of-2024-lok-sabha-polls-8955585/ |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=25 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925123233/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/aiadmk-snaps-ties-with-bjp-led-nda-alliance-ahead-of-2024-lok-sabha-polls-8955585/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* In December 2023, NDA made a record breaking victory in the decisive states of [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh]], [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Madhya Pradesh]] and [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan]], routing the incumbent Congress. The NDA lost in Telangana.

=== 2024 ===

* On 28 January 2024, [[Nitish Kumar]] led [[Janata Dal (United)]] rejoined NDA by quitting [[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|Mahagathbandhan]] and [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|I.N.D.I.A.]] Alliance. It formed a coalition government with Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in Bihar with Nitish Kumar as the Chief Minister and two [[List of deputy chief ministers of Bihar|Deputy Chief Ministers]] from BJP.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bihar Government political crisis: Nitish Kumar takes oath as Bihar Chief Minister|date=28 January 2024|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bihar-nitish-kumar-nda-jdu-politics-live-updates-january-28-2024/article67785477.ece|website=The Hindu|access-date=28 January 2024|archive-date=28 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128043638/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bihar-nitish-kumar-nda-jdu-politics-live-updates-january-28-2024/article67785477.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
* On 8 February 2024, [[Nationalist Congress Party]] officially enters the alliance after [[Election Commission of India]] recognitions it to be the legitimate party over the [[Sharad Pawar]] led faction.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-07 |title=NCP's Ajit Pawar faction distributes sweets in Pune after ECI recognition, Sharad Pawar loyalists attack BJP over split |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/ncp-ajit-pawar-eci-recognition-sharad-pawar-loyalists-attack-bjp-9149059/ |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=8 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208132704/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/ncp-ajit-pawar-eci-recognition-sharad-pawar-loyalists-attack-bjp-9149059/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* On 9 February 2024, [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]] led by [[Jayant Singh]] entered the alliance after securing deal of two Lok Sabha seats in [[Uttar Pradesh]] with BJP.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Nothing left to deny': Jayant Chaudhary on BJP tie-up after Bharat Ratna move |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rlds-jayant-chaudhary-seals-deal-with-bjp-gets-2-lok-sabha-seats-in-up-one-rajya-sabha-seat-2499610-2024-02-09 |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=India Today |date=9 February 2024 |language=en |archive-date=10 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240210060542/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rlds-jayant-chaudhary-seals-deal-with-bjp-gets-2-lok-sabha-seats-in-up-one-rajya-sabha-seat-2499610-2024-02-09 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* On 7 March 2024, [[Tipra Motha Party]] joined NDA and two ministers sworn in Tripura Government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/tripura/tipra-motha-to-join-bjp-led-govt-in-tripura-days-after-signing-tripartite-pact-2924662|title=Tipra Motha to join BJP-led govt in Tripura days after signing tripartite pact|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>
* On 9 March 2024, TDP rejoined the NDA,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-09 |title=BJP, TDP, Jana Sena have come to understanding for alliance in upcoming polls: Naidu |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/bjp-tdp-jana-sena-have-come-to-understanding-for-alliance-in-upcoming-polls-naidu/articleshow/108351750.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-12-01 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> forming a three-party coalition colloquially referred to in Telugu as '''[[Kutami|{{transliteration|te|ISO|Kūṭami}}]]''' ({{Langx|te|కూటమి|lit=Alliance}})<ref>{{Cite news |title=కూటమి పొత్తుతో.. అభివృద్ధికి కృషి |publisher=ABN Andhrajyothy|url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/2024/andhra-pradesh/west-godavari/tdp-programme-1234811.html|language=Telugu|access-date=30 November 2024|date=3 April 2021}}</ref> comprising the BJP, [[Janasena Party]] and [[Telugu Desam Party]]. As part of the arrangement, the TDP and Janasena contested 17 and 2 seats, respectively in the general elections, and 144 and 21 seats, respectively in the Andhra Pradesh state legislative assembly elections.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/bjp-tdp-jana-sena-have-come-to-understanding-for-alliance-in-upcoming-polls-naidu/articleshow/108351750.cms|title=BJP, TDP, Jana Sena have come to understanding for alliance in upcoming polls|website=Economic Times|date=9 March 2024|access-date=10 March 2024|archive-date=10 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310040233/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/bjp-tdp-jana-sena-have-come-to-understanding-for-alliance-in-upcoming-polls-naidu/articleshow/108351750.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* On 4 June, NDA made a record breaking victory in the [[2024 Indian general election]] as the alliance recorded its third consecutive victory. NDA also made a record breaking victory in the decisive states of [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Andhra Pradesh]], [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Arunachal Pradesh]], [[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|Sikkim]] and [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|Odisha]], where it defeated the incubment BJD government, which was in power for the last 24 years.
* In October 2024, NDA made a record breaking victory in the decisive state of [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|Haryana]], routing the Congress. The NDA lost in Jammu and Kashmir, though it managed to increase its seats and garner the most votes. It did particularly well in Jammu region.
* In November 2024, NDA made a record breaking landslide victory in the decisive state of [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|Maharashtra]], routing the Congress led alliance. The NDA lost in Jharkhand.

=== 2025 ===

* In February 2025, BJP wins election of [[NCT Delhi]] assembly and comes to power after 27 years.
* On 11 April 2025, [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] General Secretary [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] and [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] leader and Home Minister [[Amit Shah]] announced their alliance for [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026 Tamil Nadu Assembly election]] on a Joint Press Conference at Chennai; thus AIADMK rejoining NDA.<ref name="BJP, AIADMK reunite forming alliance for 2026 Tamil Nadu Assembly election">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=BJP, AIADMK reunite forming alliance for 2026 Tamil Nadu Assembly election |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/bjp-and-aiadmk-reunite-and-announce-alliance-for-2026-tamil-nadu-assembly-election/article69439389.ece |access-date=11 April 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=11 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411125344/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/bjp-and-aiadmk-reunite-and-announce-alliance-for-2026-tamil-nadu-assembly-election/article69439389.ece |archive-date=11 April 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/tamil-nadu/chennai-bjp-announces-alliance-with-aiadmk-in-tamil-nadu-ahead-of-2026-elections-eps-to-be-cm-candidate-2025-04-11-985064|title=BJP announces alliance with AIADMK in Tamil Nadu ahead of 2026 elections, EPS to be CM candidate|first1=India TV News|last1=Desk|first2=India TV|last2=News|date=11 April 2025|website=India TV News}}</ref>
* In November 2025, NDA made a record breaking landslide victory in the decisive state of [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar]], routing the RJD led alliance. The BJP, for the first time won the most seats in Bihar.

== See also ==
* [[North-East Democratic Alliance]]
* [[United Progressive Alliance]], now defunct
* [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Britannica|861166 |title=National Democratic Alliance (NDA) }}

{{Indian political parties}}
{{National Democratic Alliance |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:National Democratic Alliance| ]]
[[Category:1998 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1998]]

Baselios Marthoma Paulose II

2026-03-26T06:50:08Z

Admin: Started New Data

{{Short description|Head of the Malankara Church (1946–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type =
| honorific_prefix = [[His Holiness]]
| name = Baselios Marthoma Paulose II
| honorific_suffix =
| patriarch_of = Catholicos of the East & Malankara Metropolitan
| title = Catholicos of the East, Malankara Metropolitan
| image = H.H. Baselius Marthoma Paulose II.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ml
| church = [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]
| archdiocese =
| province =
| metropolis =
| diocese =
| see = The Holy Apostolic Throne of St Thomas
| elected = 12 October 2006
| term_start = 1 November 2010
| term_end = 12 July 2021
| quashed = 
| predecessor = [[Baselios Marthoma Didymos I]]
| successor = [[Baselios Marthoma Mathews III]]

| ordination = 1973
| ordained_by = Yuhanon Mar Severios
| consecration = 15 May 1985
| consecrated_by = [[Mathews I]]
| cardinal =
| created_cardinal_by =
| rank = [[Catholicos]]
| birth_name = K. I. Paul
| birth_date = {{birth date|1946|8|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kunnamkulam]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2021|7|12|1946|8|30|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Kerala]], India
| resting_place_coordinates =
| nationality = Indian
| religion = 
| buried = [[Catholicate Aramana Chapel]]
| parents = 
| occupation =
| profession = 
| education =
| previous_post = *Metropolitan of Kunnamkulam Diocese (1985-2021)
* Catholicose Designate and Assistant to Malankara Metropolitan (2006-2010)
| alma_mater = [[St. Thomas College, Thrissur|St. Thomas College]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]]) [[Orthodox Theological Seminary, Kottayam|Orthodox Theological Seminary]] ([[Master of Sacred Theology|GST]]) [[Serampore University]] ([[Bachelor of Divinity|BD]]) [[C.M.S College]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]])<ref>Eastern Christianity and Politics in the Twenty-First Century. (2014). United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis.</ref>
| motto =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| coat_of_arms =
| coat_of_arms_alt = 
| feast_day =
| venerated =
| saint_title =
| beatified_date =
| beatified_place =
| beatified_by =
| canonized_date =
| canonized_place =
| canonized_by =
| attributes =
| patronage =
| shrine =
| suppressed_date = 
| module =
| other =
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}'''Baselios Marthoma Paulose II''' (born '''K. I. Paul of West Mangad'''; 30 August 1946<ref name="about">{{cite web|url=http://www.malankaraorthodoxchurch.org/thirumeni/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3&Itemid=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822023846/http://www.malankaraorthodoxchurch.org/thirumeni/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3&Itemid=2 |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 August 2010 |title=About Thirumeni |year=2010 |publisher=Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church |access-date=31 October 2010 }}</ref> – 12 July 2021) was the primate of the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]. He was ordained in 1973, consecrated in 1985 and enthroned as the 8th [[Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan|Catholicos of the Malankara Church]] and the 21st [[Malankara Metropolitan]] on 1 November 2010,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/story.php?id=100031 |title=Catholicos consecration on Nov. 1 |date=31 October 2010 |website=Mathrubhumi.com |access-date=31 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926221704/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/story.php?id=100031 |archive-date=26 September 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianetindia.com/news/catholicos-installed-today_206322.html|title=New Catholicos to be installed today|date=1 November 2010|website=AsianetIndia.com|access-date=1 November 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101101205811/http://www.asianetindia.com/news/catholicos-installed-today_206322.html| archive-date= 1 November 2010 | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Alexander|first=George|date=2019|title=St. Thomas & the Native Judeo-Dravidian Malankara Nasrani Church – A Brief Overview|journal=SSRN Electronic Journal|doi=10.2139/ssrn.3333526|s2cid=239270490 |issn=1556-5068|doi-access=free}}</ref> succeeding [[Didymos I]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Orthodox Church members welcome supreme head|url=https://gulfnews.com/going-out/society/indian-orthodox-church-members-welcome-supreme-head-1.1900679|access-date=16 September 2020|website=gulfnews.com|date=22 September 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Holy-Malankara-Orthodox-Syrian-Church-observes-Catholicate-Day/articleshow/33407516.cms|title=Holy Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church observes Catholicate Day |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 April 2014|access-date=21 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Profiles|url=https://cnewa.org/magazine/profiles-33537/|access-date=16 September 2020|website=Cnewa.org|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Early years==
Kollannur Iype Paul was born on 30 August 1946 as the second son of Kollannur. I. Iype of [[Kollannur|Kollannur house]], West Mangad near [[Pazhanji]] in Thrissur district of Kerala, India. His mother Kunjeetty belonged to the Pulikkottil family. He was given the name Paul after his grandfather. He was baptized in [[Pazhanji]].<ref name="about"/>

He completed his preliminary education at the Mangad Church School until his 7th standard. He completed his high school studies at the Pazhanji Government High School, which was established by the late [[Pulikkottil Dionysius II|Pulikkottil Joseph Mar Dionysius II]].

As a child, Paul attended church services regularly and became an altar boy at a young age. At 13, he was selected by his parish priest to be a part of the Order of the Washing of the Feet which is done on [[Maundy Thursday]] by H.G Paulose Mar Severios.<ref>{{cite web|title=Malankara Orthodox Church, Bava, Bava Thirumeni, Baselios Paulose II, Mar Thoma Baselios Paulose II|url=http://www.stthomassouthflorida.com/catholicate.html|access-date=29 August 2020|website=St. Thomas Malankara Orthodox Church South Florida|language=en}}</ref> In 1963, he completed his [[SSLC]].

== Education ==
Paul studied for pre-university and obtained a Bachelor of Science degree in physics from [[St. Thomas College, Thrissur]]. During this time, he was an active member of the [[Mar Gregorios Orthodox Christian Student Movement|MGOCSM]] at his church. His spiritual calling was strengthened while studying for his degree.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}}

In 1969, Paul enrolled at the Orthodox Theological Seminary in [[Kottayam]] for his theological studies under the discipleship of [[Paulos Gregorios]], T J [[Abraham Malpan]], and N.K Koruthu Malpan. He received his GST degree from Orthodox Theological Seminary and bachelor's degree from Serampore University. After that, he received a Master of Arts degree in sociology from C.M.S. College, Kottayam.<ref name="about" />

== Priesthood ==
On 8 April 1972, Paul was ordained for the first stage of diaconate in Parumala Seminary. He was ordained a full deacon as ''Dn. K.I. Paul'' at Koratty Zion Seminary. On 2 June 1973, ''Dn. Paul'' was ordained a priest as ''K.I. Paul.'' by Yuhanon Mar Severios in Parumala Seminary.<ref name="bombaydiocese">{{cite web |title=H.H. Marthoma Baselios Paulose II |url=https://bombayorthodoxdiocese.org/h-h-marthoma-baselios-marthoma-paulose-ii/ |access-date=2025-06-11 |publisher=Diocese of Bombay, Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church}}</ref> ''Paul'' celebrated the first Holy Qurbana at Mangad St. Gregorios Church, and served as [[vicar]] in the Mooleppat Mar Baselios Mar Gregorios Church for a short while. On 14 May 1983, Paul was ordained as a Ramban at Parumala Seminary by Mathews Mar Kuriolose(Mathews II).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/english/news/kerala/catholica-bava-baselios-marthoma-pauloseii-dies/4526 | title=Catholica Bava Baselios Marthoma Paulose II Passes Away | website=Deshabhimani.com | date=12 July 2021 | access-date=13 July 2021}}</ref>

== Episcopate ==
On 15 May 1985, at the age of 38, K I Paulose Ramban was ordained as a bishop and was given the name "Paulose Mar Milithios" at Puthiyakavu St. Mary's Church by [[Mathews I]]. He was the first Metropolitan after [[Gheevarghese Mar Gregorios of Parumala|Geevarghese Mar Gregorios]] and Puthenkavil Geevarghese Mar Philexinos to be ordained to the bishopric below the age of 40.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paulose Mar Milithios |url=https://www.stthomasokc.com/concept/articles/PauloseMarMilithios.aspx#:~:text=On%20May%2015,%201985%20Ramban,Basalios%20Mar%20Thoma%20Mathews%20I. |access-date=2026-03-01 |website=www.stthomasokc.com}}</ref> Four other bishops, Mathews Epiphanios, [[Philipose Mar Eusebius|Philipose Eusebius]], Geevarghese Ivanios and Thomas Athanasius were also ordained with "Paulose Milithios".

A new diocese for the Church, named to be [[Kunnamkulam]] was formed on 14 April 1985 by dividing a small part of the [[Kochi Orthodox Diocese|Kochi diocese]] and churches nearby to form the diocese. The newly ordained Paulose Milithios was appointed the diocesan metropolitan of the newly formed diocese.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/Jul/13/catholicos-baselios-marthoma-paulose-ii-a-great-shepherd-wholoved-church-and-people-2329287.html | title=Catholicos Baselios Marthoma Paulose II: A great shepherd who loved Church and people | newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] | date=13 July 2021 | access-date=13 July 2021}}</ref> The diocesan center and diocesan chapel are part of his contributions.

==Enthronement as Catholicos of Malankara and Malankara Metropolitan==
The Holy Episcopal synod and the Managing committee nominated him as the successor to the Catholicos of the East on 27 September 2006.<ref>{{cite web|title=Catholicos of the East|url=http://www.neamericandiocese.org/diocese/catholicos-of-the-east.aspx|access-date=29 August 2020|website=Neamericandiocese.org}}</ref> Paulose Mar Milithios was enthroned as the new Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan at a ceremony at the [[St. Peter and St. Paul's Church, Parumala|St. Paul's and St. Peter's church at Parumala]] on 1 November 2010, succeeding Baselius Marthoma Didymus I, who abdicated at the age of 90. Thomas Mar Athanasius was the chief celebrant for the [[Holy Qurbana (West Syriac Rite)|Holy Qurbana]] of the ceremony. He is 21st Malankara Metropolitan and 8th Catholicos of the Malankara Church. The enthronement came almost a year before the Church officially launched the centenary celebrations of the 1912 establishment of the Catholicate in Malankara Church and 1960th year of establishment of Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church. At the inception of Catholicate the first Catholicos was named as Paulose I. Now at the centenary of the Catholicate the Catholicos is again being called Paulose, precisely Paulose II. "This is not a coincidence, but a great plan of God" said the Principal of Orthodox Theological Seminary, K.M. George.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orthodoxherald.com/2010/11/01/new-catholicos-of-the-east-baselios-marthoma-paulose-ii-is-installed/|title=Orthodoxherald.com|website=Orthodoxherald.com|access-date=6 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newkerala.com/news/|title=Latest News Headlines m|website=Newkerala.com|access-date=6 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://byztex.blogspot.com/2010/11/enthronement-of-baselios-marthoma.html|title=Enthronement of Baselios Marthoma Paulose II|access-date=6 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/11/02/stories/2010110251670500.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108091645/http://www.hindu.com/2010/11/02/stories/2010110251670500.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=8 November 2012 | location=Chennai, India | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | title=Paulose II enthroned as Catholicos of the East | date=2 November 2010}}</ref>

=== Visits and meetings ===
He was created Associate Companion of the Roll of Honour of the Memorial of Merit of King Charles the Martyr in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |title=ROLL OF HONOUR OF THE MEMORIAL OF MERIT OF KING CHARLES THE MARTYR |url=https://memorialofmerit.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/master-roll-of-honour-mmcm-updated-august-2021-1.pdf |website=memorialofmerit.com |publisher=Memorial of Merit |access-date=25 February 2026}}</ref>
'''With the British Orthodox Church'''

In 2013, during his Apostolic European maiden voyage, celebrated [[Holy Qurbana (West Syriac Rite)|Holy Qurbana]], 80 years since the first celebration of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Qurbana in the Chapel of [[King's College London|King's College, London]]; 75 years since Mar [[Geevarghese II|Baselios Geeverghese II]]'s visit in 1937.<ref>{{cite web|title=Historic visit of H.H. The Catholicos of the East |website=Britishorthodox.org|url=http://britishorthodox.org/4189/historic-visit-of-h-h-the-catholicos-of-the-east/|access-date=30 August 2020}}</ref>

In 2013, he met with [[Pope Francis]], the head of the [[Roman Catholic church]], to congratulate him on his new papacy.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Confluence of Love in Vatican {{!}}|url=https://mosc.in/ecumenical/the-confluence-of-love-in-vatican-fr-dr-k-m-george|access-date=29 August 2020|website=Mosc.in}}</ref> Pope Francis thanked the Malankara Church and Catholicos saying:{{Blockquote|text=The Apostle Thomas exclaimed, "My Lord and my God!" (Jn 2:28) with one of the most beautiful confessions of faith in Christ handed down by the Gospels, a faith which proclaims the divinity of Christ, his lordship in our lives, and his victory over sin and death through his resurrection. This event is so real that Saint Thomas is invited to touch for himself the actual marks of the crucified and risen Jesus (cf. Jn 20:27). It is precisely in this faith that we meet each other; it is this faith that unites us, even if we cannot yet share the Eucharistic table; and it is this faith which urges us to continue and intensify the commitment to ecumenism, encounter and dialogue towards full communion. With deep affection I welcome Your Holiness and the members of your delegation and I ask you to convey my cordial greetings to the Bishops, clergy and faithful of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church.{{cn|date=September 2023}}}}

'''With Tikhon, Metropolitan of OCA'''

In 2015, the Malanakara Orthodox Church invited the Archbishop of Washington, Metropolitan of All America and Canada, [[Tikhon Mollard]] to speak at the bicentenary valedictory celebrations of the Orthodox Theological Seminary in Kottayam, Kerala, India. In that same year, Tikhon and Paulose II met in Armenia for the 100th Anniversary of the Armenian Genocide.<ref>{{cite web|title=Metropolitan Tikhon meets with Malankarese Catholicos|url=https://www.oca.org/news/headline-news/metropolitan-tikhon-meets-with-malankarese-catholicos|access-date=30 August 2020|website=Oca.org|date=7 July 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Metropolitan Tikhon, seminary deans guests of Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church|url=https://www.oca.org/news/headline-news/metropolitan-tikhon-seminary-reps-guests-of-malankara-orthodox-syrian-churc|access-date=30 August 2020|website=Oca.org|date=21 November 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Dean Travels to India for Malankara Church Celebrations {{!}} St Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary|url=https://www.svots.edu/voices/faculty/dean-travels-india-malankara-church-celebrations|access-date=30 August 2020|website=Svots.edu|archive-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208013116/http://www.svots.edu/voices/faculty/dean-travels-india-malankara-church-celebrations|url-status=dead}}</ref>

'''With Archbishop Michael'''
In 2017,<ref>{{cite web|title=ARCHBISHOP MICHAEL: Visit to India|url=https://www.nynjoca.org/news_170330_1.html|access-date=29 August 2020|website=Nynjoca.org}}</ref> the Catholicos met [[Michael Dahulich]], Archbishop of New York and the diocese of New York and New Jersey. While in Kerala, Michael visited various churches, and seminaries. One of Michael's highlights of his visit to Kerala was visiting and venerating the relics of [[Thomas the Apostle]].<ref>{{cite web|date=29 March 2017|title=Archbishop Michael Visits Kerala India|url=https://orthodoxyinamerica.org/2017/03/29/archbishop-michael-visits-kerala-india/|access-date=29 August 2020|website=Orthodoxyinamerica.org|language=en-US}}</ref>

'''With Patriarch Kirill of Moscow'''
In 2019, the Catholicos met with the head of the [[Russian Orthodox Church]], [[Patriarch Kirill of Moscow]] to discuss forming a working committee.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2019/sep/06/russian-and-malankara-orthodox-churches-form-working-committee-2029472.html|title=Russian and Malankara Orthodox churches form working committee|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=28 April 2020}}</ref>{{Blockquote|text=During the meeting between the two Church heads, an agreement was also reached to promote the study of iconography and liturgical music. Activities of youth organizations will be integrated and social activities are to be promoted, said the spokesperson. "It has also been decided to improve cooperation in academic and media fields", he said.|author=Express News Service|title=Fr. Johns Abraham Konat|source=The New Indian Express}}

'''Fraternal visits'''

'''2012''' - In 2012, Paulose II, was invited to the [[Enthronement|enthronement service]] of the supreme head of the [[Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Church]], [[Pope Tawadros II of Alexandria|Pope Tawadros II]] in St. Mark's Cathedral, Cairo. Paulose II was present for the Holy Eucharist and offered his prayers and best wishes to the Pope.<ref>{{cite web|title=In Egypt with the Message of Fraternity |url=http://mosc.in/ecumenical/in-egypt-with-the-message-of-fraternity|access-date=4 September 2020|website=Mosc.in}}</ref>

'''2013''' - In 2013, Paulose II was invited to the enthronement service of the patriarch catholicos of Ethiopia, Abune Mathais. During a keynote meeting, Paulose II spoke on the importance of the cooperation between the Ethiopian and Indian Orthodox churches in theological education, and pastoral work.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Shepherd of the Indian Church in Ethiopia |url=http://mosc.in/ecumenical/the-shepherd-of-the-indian-church-in-ethiopia|access-date=4 September 2020|website=Mosc.in}}</ref>

'''2015''' - In 2015, Paulose II was invited by [[Aram I|catholicos Aram I]] of the [[Armenian Apostolic Church|Armenian Orthodox Church]] to participate in the 100th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide. Earlier in 2010, Aram I was given the honorary award, [[Order of St. Thomas (award)|Order of Saint Thomas]].<ref>{{cite web|date=15 April 2015|title=Catholicos Baselios Paulose II to {{sic|parti|cpate|nolink=y}} in the 100th anniversary of Armenian Genocide|url=http://theorthodoxchurch.info/blog/news/catholicos-baselios-paulose-ii-to-particpate-in-the-100th-anniversary-of-armenian-genocide/|access-date=4 September 2020|website=Theorthodoxchurch.info|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

'''2017''' - In 2017, Paulose II was invited by the Syrian Orthodox primate Moran Mor [[Ignatius Aphrem II]], who was visiting India, to a peace talk. The Malankara Church declined the offer and requested that the Patriarch should initiate the process for the implementation of the Supreme Court's verdicts first.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mosc.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Order.pdf|title=IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : CIVIL APPEAL NO. 3674 OF 2015|website=Mosc.in|access-date=9 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=22 May 2018|title=Kerala: Patriarch visit from today; talks unlikely|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/220518/kerala-patriarch-visit-from-today-talks-unlikely.html|access-date=4 September 2020|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|language=en}}</ref>

=== Consecration of Holy Chrism ===
Paulose II consecrated the Holy Chrism (the anointing oil known as Myron/Mooron) on 23 March, 2018 at [[Catholicate Aramana Chapel]], Kottayam.<ref>{{cite news|date=24 March 2018|title=Church performs consecration of holy chrism|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/church-performs-consecration-of-holy-chrism/article23337191.ece|access-date=25 March 2026|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|language=en}}</ref>

== Health ==
He was "under treatment for lung cancer since December, 2019."

In early 2020, it was announced that Paulose II was experiencing some minor sickness and undergoing treatments at [[Saint Gregorios Hospital]] in Parumala, Kerala, India.<ref>{{cite web|last=Nicholovos|first=Zachariah|date=3 January 2020|title=CK No.1/2020|url=http://www.neamericandiocese.org/multimedia/document/kalpana/ck-01-2020-173.pdf|website=Northeast American Diocese}}</ref>

On 23 February 2021, it was confirmed that Paulose II has contracted [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19]]<ref>{{cite web |date=23 February 2021 |script-title=ml:മാര്‍ത്തോമ പൗലോസ് ദ്വിതീയന്‍ കാതോലിക്ക ബാവക്ക് കോവിഡ് |trans-title=Marthoma Paul II Catholic Bavak Covid |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/kerala/marthoma-paulose-ii-catholic-bava-get-covid-771514 |access-date=23 February 2021|website=Madhyamam.com|language=ml}}</ref> and undergoing treatments at the Saint Gregorios Hospital in Parumala, Kerala, India.

== Death ==
On 12 July 2021, it was announced that Paulose II passed away in the Saint Gregorios International Cancer Care Center in Parumala, Kerala, India.<ref>{{cite news|date=July 12, 2021|first=Jaikrishnan|last=Nair|title=Baselios Marthoma Paulose II: Orthodox church supreme head Baselios Marthoma Paulose II passes away|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/kerala-orthodox-church-head-baselios-marthoma-paulose-ii-passes-away/articleshow/84333570.cms|access-date=2021-07-12|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref> He was laid to rest with state honours in a specially-made crypt beside the [[Catholicate Aramana Chapel]] at the Church headquarters at Devalokam near [[Kottayam]].<ref name=funeral>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/jul/14/orthodox-church-head-baselios-marthoma-paulose-ii-laid-to-rest-2329750.html|title=Orthodox Church head Baselios Marthoma Paulose II laid to rest|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=9 March 2022}}</ref>

A five-member Episcopal Council led by senior metropolitan Kuriakose Mar Cleemis managed the administration of the church until 14 October 2021. The Malankara Association, an apex body comprising priests and laity representatives from all parishes under the church, designated the then Dr. Mathews Mor Severios Metropolitan as head of the church.<ref name=funeral/>

==Official title ==
*K. I. Paul (1946–1972)
*Deacon K. I. Paul (1972–1973)
*Rev. Fr. K. I. Paul (1973–1983)
*Very Rev. Paulose Ramban (1983–1985)
*His Grace Paulose Mar Milithios Metropolitan (1985–2006)
*His Beatitude Paulose Mar Milithios, Assistant to Malankara Metropolitan and Successor-designate to the [[Catholicos of the East]] (2006–2010)
*His Holiness Moran Mar Baselios Marthoma Paulose II, [[Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan]] enthroned on the Apostolic Throne of Saint Thomas (2010 – 2021)<ref name="KERALA GAZETTE 2011">{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.kerala.gov.in/pdf/2011/16/part_04/change.pdf|title=Kerala Gazette 2011|website=Egazette.kerala.gov.in|access-date=9 March 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://mosc.in/ The Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]

{{s-start}}
{{S-rel|oo}}
{{succession box
| title = [[List of Catholicoses of the East|Catholicos of the East & Malankara Metropolitan]]
| years = 2010–2021
| before = [[Baselios Marthoma Didymos I]] 2005–2010
| after = [[Baselios Marthoma Mathews III]] 2021–present}}
{{s-end}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paulose 02, Baselios Marthoma}}
[[Category:Catholicoi of the East and Malankara metropolitans]]
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
[[Category:Christian clergy from Thrissur district]]
[[Category:20th-century Oriental Orthodox archbishops]]
[[Category:21st-century Oriental Orthodox archbishops]]
[[Category:CMS College Kottayam alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian bishops]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian bishops]]

Thirumandhamkunnu Pooram

2026-03-18T01:34:05Z

Admin:

{{Short description|Indian temple festival}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox holiday
|image = Thirumandhamkunnu Pooram.jpg
|holiday_name = Thirumandhamkunnu Pooram {{lang|ml|place അങ്ങാടിപ്പുറം}}
|caption=Thirumandhamkunnu Pooram
|official_name = Thirumandhamkunnu({{langx|ml|തിരുമാന്ധാംകുന്ന് പൂരം}})
|observedby = [[Malayali]] [[Hindu]]s
|date = [[Mrigashīrsha|Makayiram]] [[Nakshatra]] in the Malayalam Calendar month of [[Malayalam calendar|Meenam]] (March 25, 2026 - April 4, 2026)<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://malayalam.nativeplanet.com/travel-guide/thirumandhamkunnu-temple-pooram-2024-from-march-17-details-inside-009339.html |title=Thirumandhamkunnu Temple Pooram 2024 From March 17 |date= 2023-12-11}}</ref>
|observances = ''Ottamthullal'' (ഓട്ടൻതുള്ളൽ), ''[[Ilanjithara Melam]]'' (ഇലഞ്ഞിത്തറമേളം), Fireworks (വെടിക്കെട്ട്)
|type = Hindu
|longtype = [[Hindu]] [[Temple Festivals of Kerala|temple festival]] Festival/[[Public holiday]]s in city of [[Malappuram]]
|significance = [[Hindu]] [[Temple Festivals of Kerala|temple festival]]
|date2015 ='''26 March'''
|date2016 ='''16 March'''
|date2017 ='''2 April'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.edwardtoursindia.com/Festivel.aspx |title=Festival Calendar |access-date=6 October 2016 |archive-date=7 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007040716/http://www.edwardtoursindia.com/Festivel.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}

'''Thirumandhamkunnu Pooram''' ({{langx|ml|തിരുമാന്ധാംകുന്ന് പൂരം}}) is an important temple festival of [[Malabar region|Central Malabar]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]. [[Tirumanthamkunnu Temple|Thriumandhamkunnu Temple]] is said to be one among the three important [[Bhagavathi]] temples of [[Kerala]], the others being [[Kodungallur]] and [[Panayannarkavu]]. Daily [[Puja (Hinduism)|pooja]] attracts thousands of devotees. The famous Mangalya Pooja attracts thousands of young girls, who seeks fortune of a good wedlock.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralareligious.com/thirumandhamkunnu-pooram |title=Thirumandhamkunnu Pooram |access-date=24 January 2017 |archive-date=9 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409213357/http://www.keralareligious.com/thirumandhamkunnu-pooram |url-status=dead }}</ref> Next year the Pooram festival will start from March 25, 2026 and will end on April 04, 2026 with large public participants.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://malayalam.nativeplanet.com/travel-guide/thirumandhamkunnu-temple-pooram-2024-from-march-17-details-inside-009339.html |title=Thirumandhamkunnu Temple Pooram 2024 From March 17 |date= 2023-12-11}}</ref>

The festival lasts for 11 days from [[Mrigashīrsha|Makayiram]] star in [[Pisces (astrology)|Meenam]] (March, April).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kerala.gov.in/malappuram |title="Malappuram - Kerala Government" |access-date=24 January 2017 |archive-date=14 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814233953/https://kerala.gov.in/malappuram |url-status=dead }}</ref> There is evidence to prove that the [[pooram]] festival has a history going back to the early decades of the 16th century in the palm leaf records of [[University of Calicut|Calicut University]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://thirumandhamkunnutemple.com/thirumandhamkunnu_festival_%20pooram.php |title=FESTIVALS}}</ref> People from different parts of the State have started reaching [[Angadipuram]] to seek.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://article.wn.com/view/2010/03/24/Thirumandhamkunnu_Pooram_begins/ |title=Thirumandhamkunnu Pooram begins |date= 2010-03-24}}</ref>

The idol of the Bhagavathi was taken out of the sanctum sanctorum on a caparisoned elephant for a holy bath called ‘arat,' accompanied by elephants, [[Nadaswaram|nagaswaram]] and [[chenda]]melam. The ‘arat' will continue for 10 days.
Thousands of people lined up on both sides of the road for a close glimpse of the deity as the procession was taken out, marking the ‘Poorappurappadu.'<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Thirumandhamkunnu-Pooram-begins/article16006300.ece |title=Thirumandhamkunnu Pooram begins |date=24 March 2010|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=13 July 2019}}</ref> The main event of this festival is [[Aaraattu|Aarattu]]. The same is performed 21 times, in a sequence of one in the morning and one in the evening, for ten days and the final Aarattu on the eleventh day evening. Tenth day (03 April) evening is Pallivetta.

On the Pooram day mid night there is a ceremonial meeting between Valluvakkonathiri, the king of the erstwhile kingdom of [[Valluvanad (southern Malabar)|Valluvanadu]] and Malayankutty, the head of Pana community who comes to the [[Pooram]] ground on a palanquin. It is known as Panante Varavu. This commemorates the religious harmony and the help rendered by the tribal chieftain to the [[Raja]] in bygone days. The twelfth day, from morning to evening there will be the performance of folk form Chavittukali. [[Ottamthullal]], Paadhakom, [[Chakyar Koothu|Chakyar Kooth]], Nagyarkouth, [[Thayambaka]], [[Melam]], cultural programmes etc. are performed during the festival days. Folk form [[Poothan and Thira|Poothan]] is performed during the festival days at temple premise.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2016-04-12 |title=Pooram at Thirumandhamkunnu Bhagavathy Kshethram |url=http://welcomekerala.in/events/12-22-apr-2016-pooram-thirumandhamkunnu-bhagavathy-kshethram-angadippuram-malappuram-dt |magazine=Welcome Kerala}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Mamankam festival]]
* [[Vairankode Bhagavathy Temple]]
* [[Vairankode Vela]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.malappuram.net/html/touristattractions1.htm Malappuram]

{{Culture of Kerala |state=collapsed}}
{{Tourism in Kerala}}

[[Category:Elephant festivals in Kerala]]
[[Category:April observances]]
[[Category:May observances]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals in Kerala]]

Lewis M. Ratus

2026-03-17T17:54:32Z

Admin:

{{Short description|Indian actor and screenwriter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{AI-generated|date=March 2026|reason=since v1 in 2024; user has created many AI articles and this also displays [[WP:AISIGNS]] e.g. superficial analyses, vocab distro typical of 2024 LLM output etc}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lewis M. Ratus
| image = Mogacho Aunddo Film still (cropped).jpg
| caption = Ratus in ''[[Mogacho Aunddo]]'', 1950
| other_names = Luis. M. Ratus
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]] (now Mumbai, [[Maharashtra]], India)
| death_place = [[Bandra, Bombay]], India (most likely)
| years_active = 1950–1963
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|screenwriter|playwright|teacher}}
| known_for = {{ubl|
* ''[[Mogacho Aunddo]]''
* ''[[Amchem Noxib]]''}}
| signature = Signature of Lewis M. Ratus.svg
}}

'''Lewis M. Ratus''' ({{fl.|1950–1963|lk=on}}) was an Indian actor, screenwriter, playwright, story writer, [[ghostwriter]], and teacher. He was among the first [[Konkani language|Konkani]] actors, alongside [[Al Jerry Braganza]], [[Leena Fernandes]], and Alfred Almeida, who appeared in the inaugural [[Konkani cinema|Konkani]] film ''[[Mogacho Aunddo]]'' (1950).

==Career==
Ratus was a relatively obscure individual about whom limited information is available in literary works. According to [[Wilson Mazarello]], a writer and historian, who documented the history of [[Konkani language|Konkani]] ''[[Tiatr|tiatro]]'' in his book ''100 Years of Konkani Tiatro'' (2000), Ratus was involved in the [[Konkani cinema|Konkani film industry]] and also worked as an English teacher in [[Bombay, British India]] (now Mumbai, [[Maharashtra]]). However, Ratus primarily gained recognition as a writer of Konkani plays, ''tiatros'' or ''[[tiatr]]s'' (a popular form of [[Goan]] [[musical theater]]), and stories. Ratus authored several ''tiatros'', however, his works were often performed and claimed by various theater directors as their own, effectively functioning as a [[ghostwriter]]. The extent of Ratus' involvement in the Konkani film industry is that he made his debut on the [[silver screen]] in the movie ''[[Mogacho Aunddo]]'' ({{translation|Love's Craving}}) in 1950.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art & Culture |pages=265 |language=en |access-date=2024-03-14 |archive-date=2024-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107200151/https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> In this film, Ratus portrayed a [[supporting character]] alongside actors such as Irene Amaral, Elizabeth D'Abreo, Mary D'Souza, Jacob Fernandes, Joyce Fernandes, and Romeo Paul Pires.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Antao |first=Steve |date=2015-12-08 |title=Lights! Camera! … 'Mogacho Aunddo' - the first Konkani film |url=https://itsgoa.com/lights-camera-mogacho-aunddo |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=ItsGoa |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810113847/https://itsgoa.com/lights-camera-mogacho-aunddo/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ratus also made contributions to the soundtrack of ''Mogacho Aunddo'', lending his vocals to popular hits like "Mogacho Aundo" (''Khorench to chodd khor Mogacho Aunddo, konnank zaina sor Mogacho Aunddo''). Collaborating with [[Leena Fernandes]], James Braganza, Irene Amaral, and Jacob Fernandes, Ratus showcased his musical abilities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-04-23 |title=Mogacho Aunddo' (Love's Craving) |url=http://www.goa-world.com/goa/index.html |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=Goa World via International Film Festival of India, Goa|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090421122454/http://www.goa-world.com/goa/index.html |archive-date=2009-04-21 }}</ref> Writer Andrew Viegas, in an article for the publication ''Goa World'', commended the performances delivered by Ratus and James Braganza in the film ''Mogacho Aunddo''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Viegas |first=Andrew Greno |date=2009-08-02 |title=Konkani Cinema |url=http://www.goa-world.com/goa/index.html |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=Goa World|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826003409/http://www.goa-world.com/goa/index.html |archive-date=2009-08-26 }}</ref>

[[File:Mogacho Aunddo by Jerry Braganza.jpg|thumb|A shot taken from the film, from right to left: [[Al Jerry Braganza]], [[Leena Fernandes]], and Ratus (in the middle).]]
''Mogacho Aunddo'' is a cinematic adaptation based on the book ''Mogachi Vodd'' by [[Dioguinho D'Mello]]. The film was created and directed by [[Al Jerry Braganza]], with production under the ETICA Pictures banner, which stands for Exchange Talkies of India, China, and Africa. In addition to its premiere in Goa, ''Mogacho Aunddo'' was screened at venues in [[Bombay]], including Rivoli ([[Matunga]]), Liberty ([[Fort area]]), and Star ([[Mazgaon]]). Notably, the movie was filmed in [[Goa]] during the [[Portuguese conquest of Goa|era of Portuguese rule]] and saw its release on 24 April 1950, making it the sole production originating from [[Portuguese India]].<ref name=":1" /> Wilson Mazarello, a writer, sheds light on the background of Ratus, the scriptwriter for ''Mogacho Aunddo''. Mazarello reveals that Ratus primarily pursued a career as an English teacher in Bombay and participated in the Konkani film and theater industry as a secondary pursuit. Ratus, alongside other Konkani ''tiatro'' writers, refrained from fully embracing the Konkani stage as a professional occupation due to their commitments in other fields. Their contributions to the domain of Konkani tiatro are of importance which is comparable to leading ''[[tiatrist]]s'' of their era, as highlighted by Mazarello's writings and inclusion of Ratus among the only twelve Konkani ''tiatro'' writers in the publication ''100 Years of Konkani Tiatro'', released in 2000. Ratus attained recognition in Konkani literature with his [[screenplay]] for the film ''[[Amchem Noxib]]'' ({{translation|Our Luck}}) in 1963, which garnered multiple accolades.<ref name=":0" /> The film was created by filmmaker [[Frank Fernand]] through his production company, Frank Films (Goa), and it featured actors [[C. Alvares]] and [[Anthony Mendes]] in leading roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Frank Fernand – The Wizard of Konkani Films |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Frank-Fernand-%E2%80%93-The-Wizard-of-Konkani-Films/130210 |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 |archive-date=2024-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314140424/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Frank-Fernand-%E2%80%93-The-Wizard-of-Konkani-Films/130210 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Amchem Noxib'' marked the first Konkani film to receive several awards and was released thirteen years after the pioneering Konkani production, ''Mogacho Aunddo'' (1950).<ref name=":1" />

==Personal life==
[[File:Telegram by Lewis M. Ratus.jpg|thumb|The telegram sent by Ratus to Lilian.]]
Ratus is a figure of limited biographical information, with little available knowledge about his personal and early life. A source shedding some light on his background is the book ''100 Years of Konkani Tiatro'' authored by writer and historian [[Wilson Mazarello]] in 2000. Mazarello suggests that Ratus was actively engaged as an English teacher in [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai), a fact attesting to his involvement in the field of education. In recognition of his contributions, Mazarello refers to him as "Prof. Luis M. Ratus", underscoring his professional standing.<ref name=":0" /> Additional insights into Ratus's life can be gleaned from an original [[telegram]] he sent to Lilian De Souza of [[Karachi]] on 21 March 1956, revealing his residence at 12, Chapel Road, [[Bandra]] in Bombay, Maharashtra.<ref>Ratus, Lewis M. (21 March 1956). ''Ordinary Telegram'' via Stranuso Film Corporation, Bandra, Bombay</ref>

==Filmography==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|1950
|''[[Mogacho Aunddo]]''
|Supporting role
|Professional debut
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|1963
|''[[Amchem Noxib]]''
|Screenwriter
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDB name|id=4474266}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ratus, Lewis M.}}
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Writers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Actors in Konkani cinema]]
[[Category:People from Bombay Presidency]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Male actors from British India]]
[[Category:Educators from British India]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from British India]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from British India]]
[[Category:People from Bandra]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Mumbai]]

Outer Ring Road, Kanpur

2026-03-16T13:20:25Z

Admin:

{{Short description|Road around Kanpur, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}

The '''Kanpur Outer Ring Road''', also known as '''Udyog Path''' is an under-construction {{convert|93|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} 6 lane access-controlled [[ring road]] encircling the city of [[Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India with a speed limit of 120kmph for Light Vehicles and 90kmph for Heavy vehicles.

It will start from [[Mandhana, Kanpur|Mandhana]] on Kanpur [[Aligarh]] Highway and will pass through Kanpur [[Jhansi]]/[[Agra]] Highway at [[Sachendi]], [[Hamirpur, Uttar Pradesh|Hamirpur]] Road near Ramaipur '''Defence Corridor''', Allahabad Highway at Maharajpur, from there it will cross [[Ganga river]] near [[Kanpur Airport|Chakeri Airport]] (where a connecting road is also proposed till '''Kanpur Airport''') and a bridge is also proposed on Ganga River. Then it will reach [[Unnao district]] where it will connect [[Raebareli]] Highway and under construction [[Lucknow–Kanpur Expressway|Awadh Expressway]] or [[Lucknow–Kanpur Expressway|Lucknow Kanpur Expressway]], further it will pass through Kanpur Lucknow Highway and '''[[Trans Ganga City]]''' and will again enter Kanpur district by crossing Ganga river between Ganga Barrage and [[Bithoor]] and end at [[Mandhana, Kanpur|Mandhana]] forming a circle.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ट्रैफिक जाम मुक्त कानपुर का सपना होगा साकार, भूमि अधिग्रहण कमेटी को भेजा गया रिंग रोड का अलाइनमेंट|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/kanpur-city-ring-road-alignment-kanpur-sent-to-land-acquisition-committee-read-commissionar-statement-here-21430005.html|access-date=2021-03-09|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi}}</ref>

This Udyog Path/Outer Ring Road will cost about [[Indian rupee|₹]]9,400 [[crore]].<ref name="jagran">{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/kanpur-city-electoral-issue-rings-on-the-105-km-mark-road-19133727.html|website=jagran.com|title=चुनाव का बड़ा मुद्दा : 105 किमी रिग रोड पर बातों के छल्ले|date=17 April 2019|trans-title=Electoral Issue: rings on the 105 km mark road|accessdate=2019-09-09}}</ref> On 11 September 2021, NHAI issued notification for acquiring land for 22.5km first phase of ring road. The first phase will be between Mandhana and Sachendi whereby land of 79 villages will be acquired. In total, there will be four phases, and notification for land acquisition of the other 3 phases has been issued.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/nhai-issues-notification-to-acquire-land-for-construction-of-outer-ring-road/articleshow/86128891.cms|title=NHAI issues notification to acquire land for construction of Outer Ring Road | Kanpur News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

This '''Outer Ring Road/Udyog Path''' will play a major role in the development of the Kanpur Metropolitan Area as many '''IT cities, Housing Societies, Integrated Mega-Townships, Wellness City, Educational Hubs, and Commercial Hubs, Defence Corridor, Mega Leather Cluster''', etc. across multiple thousands of acres of land are proposed to be established around this Ring Road. It is set to offload nearly 4.5 lakh vehicles off the main roads of the city of Kanpur as of now.

All four phases are currently under construction (including two bridges on ganga river)

The deadline for Mandhana-Sachendi phase is '''January, 2027'''.

==Status updates==
* '''Aug 2019:''' PWD department have done survey and costing estimates.<ref name="inextlive">{{cite web|url=https://www.inextlive.com/kanpur-news-kanpur-ring-road-will-be-built-with-rs-5000-crore-219553|title=Kanpur News Kanpur Ring Road Will Be Built With Rs 5000 Crore|website=Inext Live|accessdate=2019-09-09}}</ref>
* '''Aug 2020:''' [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh Government]] to prepare new alignment and new [[Detailed Project Report|detailed project report]] whereby the length of ring road could get shortened.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.inextlive.com/uttar-pradesh/kanpur/ring-road-will-connect-from-7-highway-246946|title = 7 हाईवे से कनेक्ट होगी रिंग रोड}}</ref>
*'''June 2021:''' Project approved by [[National Highways Authority of India|NHAI]].
*'''July 2021:''' Survey for land acquisition is expected to start from August-end.
*'''August 2021:''' Work for making of Detail Project Report started.
*'''September 2021:''' Notification for 1st phase land acquisition issued by NHAI.
*'''August 2024:''' Work has started on three phases and will begin soon on the last phase after tender finalisation. It is '''expected to be completed by January, 2027.'''

==See also==
* [[National Highway 230 (India)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Transport in Kanpur]]
[[Category:Ring roads in India]]
[[Category:Proposed roads in India]]

Madhu Guruswamy

2026-03-14T18:55:27Z

Admin: Starting basic details w/ sources...

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Madhu Guruswamy
| image =
| caption =
| other_names =
| birth_date ={{birth date and age|df=yes|1986|5|3}}
| birth_place = [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| education =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2010 {{endash}} present
| known_for =
| spouse =
| parents =
}}
'''Madhu Guruswamy''' is an Indian actor who predominantly works in [[Kannada cinema]] in addition to a few [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] films.
<ref name="vijaykarnataka">{{Cite web |date=27 July 2018 |title=A surprising Kannada villain |url=https://vijaykarnataka.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gossip/dark-shade-roles-actor-madhu-guruswamy/articleshow/65146632.cms |via=www.vijaykarnataka.indiatimes.com |access-date=18 October 2022 |archive-date=12 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012174109/https://vijaykarnataka.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gossip/dark-shade-roles-actor-madhu-guruswamy/articleshow/65146632.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="prajavani">{{Cite news |last= |date=27 July 2018 |title=ಆರ್ಭಟದ ನಟನ ಅಜ್ಞಾತಮುಖ |url=http://epaper.prajavani.net/data/pp3-20180727_4/webepaper/pdf/389905.pdf |access-date=1 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328170052/http://epaper.prajavani.net/data/pp3-20180727_4/webepaper/pdf/389905.pdf |archive-date=28 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=5 August 2018 |title=ಭಯದ ಪಾತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ |url=http://www.readwhere.com/read/download/issue/magazine/1755567 |access-date=18 October 2022 |archive-date=28 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328171901/http://www.readwhere.com/read/download/issue/magazine/1755567 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 July 2018 |title=MADHU GURUSWAMY TERRIFIC INNINGS |url=http://chitratara.com/show-content.php?id=11221&ptype=News&title=MADHU%20GURUSWAMY%20TERRIFIC%20INNINGS |via=www.chitratara.com |access-date=18 October 2022 |archive-date=18 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018114610/http://chitratara.com/show-content.php?id=11221&ptype=News&title=MADHU%20GURUSWAMY%20TERRIFIC%20INNINGS |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Early life and career ==

After taking acting lessons at Abhinaya Tharanga, Guruswamy spent a few years in theater.<ref name="vijaykarnataka" /> He was very fond of theater work and did several stage shows, while starting his career as a theater actor.

Guruswamy's first movie was ''[[Deadly-2]]'' (2010), in which he also worked as an assistant director.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}} His role in ''[[Bhajarangi]]'' (2013)<ref name="Youtube Link of work in Vajrakaya and Bhajarangi">{{Cite press release |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zqhG0H46rM0 |title='Vajrakaya' Release Press Meet: Actor Madhu Guruswamy Talks About His Character |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> brought him into the limelight, and his movies thereafter made his position stronger in the film industry, moreso after the blockbuster film [[Mufti (film)|Mufti]] (2017).<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 4, 2023 |author=Y Maheswara Reddy |title=Going places |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/going-places/articleshow/99223179.cms |access-date=2024-04-25 |newspaper=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref>

Guruswamy made his Telugu debut with ''[[Saakshyam]]'' (2018) and his Tamil debut with ''[[Pathu Thala]]'' (2023). The latter was a remake of ''[[Mufti (film)|Mufti]]'', and Guruswamy reprised his role. His next Telugu film was the [[Prabhas]]-starrer ''[[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire|Salaar]]'' (2023), in which he played the antagonist.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-02-06 |title=Madhu Guruswamy is the villain in Prabhas and Prashanth Neel's Salaar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/madhu-guruswamy-is-the-villain-in-prabhas-and-prashanth-neels-salaar/articleshow/80722919.cms |access-date=2024-04-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He then teamed up with ''Mufti'' director Narthan for ''[[Bhairathi Ranagal]]'', the sequel of ''Mufti''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-29 |title=Madhu Guruswamy reunites with Shivarajkumar in Bhairathi Ranagal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/madhu-guruswamy-reunites-with-shivarajkumar-in-bhairathi-ranagal/articleshow/99080418.cms |access-date=2024-04-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Filmography==
*''All films in Kannada, unless otherwise noted''
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Film
! scope="col" |Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2010
|''[[Deadly-2]]''
|Kencha
|Also assistant director
|<ref name="vijaykarnataka" />
|-
|rowspan="2" |2012
|''[[Chingari (2012 film)|Chingari]]''
|Vinesh Malhotra
|
|<ref name="vijaykarnataka" />
|-
|''[[Jaanu (2012 film)|Jaanu]]''
|Sangamesh
|
|<ref name="vijaykarnataka" />
|-
|2013
|''[[Bhajarangi]]''
|Manthravadhi
|
|<ref name="Youtube Link of work in Vajrakaya and Bhajarangi"/>
|-
|2015
|''[[Vajrakaya]]''
|Hujoor
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Jai Maruti 800]]''
|Veerappa
|
|<ref>{{cite web |date=10 April 2016 |title=Jai Maruti 800 movie review: Same old model! |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/100416/jai-maruti-800-movie-review-same-old-model.html |work=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=18 October 2022 |archive-date=18 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018114609/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/100416/jai-maruti-800-movie-review-same-old-model.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=11 April 2016 |title=Jai Maruthi: When God Joins the Laugh |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2016/apr/11/jai-maruthi-when-god-joins-the-laugh-922896.html |work=New Indian Express |access-date=18 October 2022 |archive-date=18 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018132626/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2016/apr/11/Jai-Maruthi-When-God-Joins-the-Laugh-922896.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2017
|''[[Mufti (film)|Mufti]]''
|Singa
|
|<ref>{{cite web |date=1 December 2017 |title=Mufti doesn't fit into any one genre; we have created a new one for it |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/mufti-doesnt-fit-into-any-one-genre-we-have-created-a-new-one-for-it/articleshow/61874144.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=18 October 2022 |archive-date=18 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018120111/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/mufti-doesnt-fit-into-any-one-genre-we-have-created-a-new-one-for-it/articleshow/61874144.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=20 July 2018 |title=Srimurali starrer 'Bharaate' to have nine villains |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/srimurali-starrer-bharaate-have-nine-villains-85119 |via=www.thenewsminute.com |access-date=18 October 2022 |archive-date=18 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018114609/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/srimurali-starrer-bharaate-have-nine-villains-85119 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=6 December 2017 |title=Mufti movie review: Undercover 'kill' bill |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/061217/mufti-movie-review-undercover-kill-bill.html |work=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=18 October 2022 |archive-date=18 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018181725/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/061217/mufti-movie-review-undercover-kill-bill.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|{{dts|2018|07|27|format=y}}
|''[[Saakshyam]]''
|Guruswami
|[[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] film
|<ref>{{cite web |date=20 July 2018 |title='Saakshyam' audio evokes tremendous response |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2018-07-20/Saakshyam-audio-evokes-tremendous-response/399768 |work=The Hans India |access-date=18 October 2022 |archive-date=18 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018114609/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2018-07-20/Saakshyam-audio-evokes-tremendous-response/399768 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="udayavani">{{cite web |date=26 July 2018 |title=ಭಜರಂಗಿ ಮಾಂತ್ರಿಕನ ತೆಲುಗು ಪಯಣ |url=https://www.udayavani.com/cinema/balcony-sandalwood-news/telugu-passage-of-bhajrangi-wizard |work=udayavani |access-date=18 October 2022 |archive-date=18 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018114615/https://www.udayavani.com/cinema/balcony-sandalwood-news/telugu-passage-of-bhajrangi-wizard |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" |2023
|''[[Pathu Thala]]''
| Singa
|[[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] film
|
|-
|''[[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire]]''
|Hazare
|[[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] film
|<ref>{{cite web |date=6 February 2021 |title=Madhu Guruswamy is the villain in Prabhas and Prashanth Neel's Salaar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/madhu-guruswamy-is-the-villain-in-prabhas-and-prashanth-neels-salaar/articleshow/80722919.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=21 October 2022 |archive-date=21 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021141552/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/madhu-guruswamy-is-the-villain-in-prabhas-and-prashanth-neels-salaar/articleshow/80722919.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Bhairathi Ranagal]]''
|Singa
|
|
|-
|}

==Awards and nominations==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Film !! Result !! Ref
|-
|2014
|IIFA Festival Awards
|Best Actor in a Negative Role
|''[[Vajrakaya]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref name="Youtube link for IIFA Utsavam 2015 Awards Best Performance in a Negative Role Kannada Nominations">{{cite web |date=27 November 2015 |title=IIFA Utsavam 2015 Awards Best Performance in a Negative Role Kannada - Nominations |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w1Z7pUzNkRc |publisher=[[YouTube]] |access-date=18 October 2022 |archive-date=18 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018114609/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w1Z7pUzNkRc |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=nm5794656}}
* {{Facebook|madhuguruswamyofficial}}
* {{Instagram | id=madhuguruswamy86| name=Madhu Guruswamy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Guruswamy, Madhu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian actor-politicians]]
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Bengaluru]]

Muhammad ibn al-Qasim

2026-03-10T12:26:58Z

Admin:

{{Short description|Umayyad general and governor of Sindh (695–715)}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Muḥammad ibn al-Qāsim al-Thaqafī
| nickname = {{lang|ur|فاتح سندھ }}
| office = 1st [[Sind (caliphal province)|Governor of al-Sindh]]
| term_start = 712
| term_end = 18 July 715
| predecessor = ''Position established''
| successor = [[Habib ibn al-Muhallab]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|695|12|31|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Taif]], [[Hejaz]], Umayyad Caliphate {{small|(present-day [[Saudi Arabia]])}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|715|7|18|695|12|31|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Mosul]], Umayyad Caliphate {{small|(present-day [[Iraq]])}}
| spouse = Zaynab (daughter of [[al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf]])
| father = al-Qāsim ibn Yūsuf al-Thaqafī
| mother = Habībat al-Uzmā
| signature =
| image = Umayyad Caliphate coinage temp Suleiman ibn Abd al-Malik al-Hind (possibly Multan) mint. Dated AH 97 (AD 715-6).jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Qasim-era [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] coinage of [[Sindh|Sind]] (minted possibly at [[Multan]]), dated [[Islamic calendar|97 AH]] ({{circa|715 CE}}) per obverse circular legend: ''"In the name of [[God]], struck this [[dirham]] in [[Indian Subcontinent|al-Hind]] {{nowrap|([[File:India in Abd al-Malik al-Hind coin 715 CE.jpg|40px|India in Abd al-Malik al-Hind coin 715 CE]])}} in the year seven and ninety"''
| native_name = {{Script/Arabic | مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ الْقَاسِمِ الثَّقَفِيِّ}}
| native_name_lang = ar
| leader = [[Al-Walid I]]
| military_blank1 = Allegiance
| military_data1 = {{flagicon image|Umayyad Flag.svg}} [[Umayyad Caliphate]]
| military_blank2 = Battles/wars
| military_data2 = [[Muslim conquest of Sindh|Muslim conquest of Sind]] (708–711) [[Siege of Debal]] (711) [[Battle of Aror]] (712)
| relations = Sulb, al-Hajjaj (brother)
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=April 2022}}

'''Muḥammad ibn al-Qāsim al-Thaqafī''' ({{langx|ar|مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ الْقَاسِمِ الثَّقَفِيِّ}}; {{Birth date|695|12|31|df=y}}–{{Death date|715|7|18|df=y}}) was an [[Arabs|Arab]] military commander in service of the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] who led the [[Muslim conquest of Sindh]] (and [[Punjab]], part of ancient Sindh), inaugurating the Umayyad campaigns in India. His military exploits led to the establishment of the [[Sind (caliphal province)|Islamic province of Sindh]], and the takeover of the region from the [[Brahmin dynasty of Sindh|Sindhi Brahman dynasty]] and its ruler, [[Raja Dahir]], who was subsequently decapitated with his head sent to [[al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf]] in [[Basra]]. With the capture of the then-capital of [[Aror]] by Arab forces, Muhammad ibn al-Qasim became the first [[Muslims|Muslim]] to have successfully captured Indian land, which marked the beginning of [[Islamic rulers in the Indian subcontinent|Muslim rule in South Asia]].

Muḥammad ibn al-Qāsim al-Thaqafī belonged to the [[Banu Thaqaf]], an [[Tribes of Arabia|Arab tribe]] that is concentrated around the city of [[Taif]] in western [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]]. After the Muslim conquest of [[Persia]], he was assigned as the governor of Fars, likely succeeding his uncle [[Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi]]. From 708 to 711, Muḥammad ibn al-Qāsim al-Thaqafī led the Sindh conquest. He established [[Sharia|Islamic rule]] throughout the region, serving as governor of Sindh from 712 until his death in 715. After his last conquest of [[Multan]] (Punjab), he returned to Arabia where on the way he died in [[Mosul]], in modern Iraq, though some sources{{Who|date=April 2022}} record that his body was buried in [[Makran]], a semi-desert coastal region in [[Balochistan]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}

==Sources==
{{Update section|date=October 2025}}
Information about Muhammad ibn al-Qasim and the Arab conquest of Sind in the medieval Arabic sources is limited, compared to the contemporary [[Muslim conquest of Transoxiana]].{{sfn|Gabrieli|1965|p=281}} The ''[[Futuh al-Buldan]]'' ('Conquests of the Lands') by [[al-Baladhuri]] (d. 892) contains a few pages on the conquest of Sind and Muhammad's person, while biographical information is limited to a passage in a work by [[al-Ya'qubi]] (d. 898), a few lines in the history of [[al-Tabari]] (d. 839) and scant mention in the ''[[Kitab al-Aghani]]'' (Book of songs) of [[Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani]].{{sfn|Gabrieli|1965|p=281}} A detailed account of Muhammad's conquest of Sind and his death is found in the ''[[Chach Nama]]'', a 13th-century [[Persian language|Persian]] text.{{sfn|Gabrieli|1965|p=281}} The information in the ''Chach Nama'' purportedly derives from accounts by the descendants of the Arab soldiers of the 8th-century conquest, namely [[qadi|''qadis'']] (judges) and [[Imam|imams]] from the Sindi cities of [[Aror|Alor]] and Bhakar who claimed descent from Muhammad's tribe, the [[Banu Thaqif]].{{sfn|Gabrieli|1965|p=281}} The orientalist [[Francesco Gabrieli]] holds the accounts likely emerged after {{circa|1000}} and considers the ''Chach Nama'' to be a "historical romance" and "a late and doubtful source" for information about Muhammad.{{sfn|Gabrieli|1965|pp=281–282}}

==Origins and early life==
Muhammad was born in {{circa|694}}.{{sfn|Baloch|1953|p=244}} His birthplace was almost certainly in the [[Hejaz]] (western Arabia), either in [[Ta'if]], the traditional home of his Thaqif tribe, or in [[Mecca]] or [[Medina]].{{sfn|Gabrieli|1965|p=282}} Following their general embrace of Islam in {{circa|630}}, members of the Thaqif gradually attained high military and administrative ranks in the [[Rashidun Caliphate|nascent Caliphate]] and played important command and economic roles during and after the [[early Muslim conquests]], particularly in [[Muslim conquest of Persia|Iraq]].{{sfn|Lecker|2000|p=432}} The tribe produced effective commanders associated with early Arab military operations against the [[Indian subcontinent]]: in {{circa|636}} the Thaqafite governor of [[Eastern Arabia|Bahrayn]] (eastern Arabia), [[Uthman ibn Abi al-As]], dispatched naval expeditions against the Indian ports of [[Debal]], [[Thane]] and [[Bharuch]].{{sfn|Baloch|1953|p=243}} The tribe's power continued to increase with the advent of the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] in 661.{{sfn|Baloch|1953|p=243}}

Muhammad belonged to the Abu Aqil family of the Banu Awf, one of the two principal branches of the Thaqif.{{sfn|Baloch|1953|p=243}} The Abu Aqil family gained prestige with the rise of [[al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf]], the paternal first cousin of Muhammad's father al-Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hakam.{{sfn|Baloch|1953|p=243}} Al-Hajjaj was made a commander by the Umayyad caliph [[Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan|Abd al-Malik]] ({{reign|685|705}}) during the [[Second Muslim Civil War]] and killed the Umayyads' chief rival for the caliphate, [[Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr]], in 692, and two years later was appointed the viceroy of Iraq and the eastern Caliphate.{{sfn|Baloch|1953|pp=243–244}}{{sfn|Gabrieli|1965|p=282}} Following his promotion, al-Hajjaj became a patron of the Thaqif and appointed several members to important posts in Iraq and its dependencies.{{sfn|Baloch|1953|p=244, note 11}} Muhammad's father was appointed the deputy governor of [[Basra]], though his career was otherwise undistinguished.{{sfn|Baloch|1953|p=245}} According to a letter between Muhammad and al-Hajjaj cited by the ''Chach Nama'', Muhammad's mother was a certain Habibat al-Uzma (Habiba the Great).{{sfn|Baloch|1953|p=245}} The ''Chach Nama'' also indicates Muhammad had a similar-aged brother named Sulb and Arabic sources indicate he had a much younger brother named al-Hajjaj, who served as an Umayyad commander during the [[revolt of Zayd ibn Ali|Alid revolt of 740]].{{sfn|Baloch|1953|p=245}}

No information is provided by the [[Arabic]] sources about Muhammad's childhood and adolescence.{{sfn|Gabrieli|1965|p=282}} The modern historian [[Nabi Bakhsh Khan Baloch|Nabi Bakhsh Baloch]] holds that Muhammad most likely grew up partly in Ta'if and then Basra and [[Wasit]], the provincial capital of Iraq founded by al-Hajjaj in 702.{{sfn|Baloch|1953|p=245}} Muhammad's time in Basra, a military and intellectual centre of the Islamic world at the time, may have widened Muhammad's career horizons, while at Wasit he was likely educated and trained under al-Hajjaj's patronage.{{sfn|Baloch|1953|pp=245–246}}

Al-Hajjaj was highly fond of Muhammad,{{sfn|Baloch|1953|pp=245–246}} and considered him prestigious enough to marry his sister Zaynab,{{sfn|Friedmann|1993|p=405}} though she preferred the older Thaqafite al-Hakam ibn Ayyub ibn al-Hakam, to whom she was ultimately wed.{{sfn|Gabrieli|1965|p=283}}{{sfn|Baloch|1953|p=247}} The ''Kitab al-Aghani'' refers to Muhammad at the age of 17 as "the noblest Thaqafite of his time".{{sfn|Gabrieli|1965|pp=282–283}} In the summation of Baloch, "Muhammad grew up under favourable conditions into an able, energetic and cultured lad of fine tastes".{{sfn|Baloch|1953|p=246}}

==Governor of Fars==
Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's first assignment was in the province [[Pars (Sasanian province)|Fars]] in modern Iran, where he was asked to subjugate a group of [[Kurds]]. After the successful completion of the mission, he was appointed as the governor of Fars.<ref name=Asani>{{citation |first=Ali |last=Asani |chapter=Muhammad ibn al-Qasim |editor-first=Josef W. |editor-last=Meri |title=Medieval Islamic Civilization: L-Z |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LaV-IGZ8VKIC&pg=PA524 |year=2006 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-96692-4 |pages=524–525}}</ref> He likely succeeded his uncle [[Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi]], a brother of al-Hajjaj, who was previously a governor. The city of [[Shiraz]] is said to have been revived by Muhammad ibn al-Qasim. He built a royal villa in the city and a military camp at a short distance from it.<ref>{{citation |last=Durrani |first=Ashiq Muhammad Khān |title=History of Multan: from the early period to 1849 A.D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mucqAAAAIAAJ |year=1991 |publisher=Vanguard |page=10|isbn=9789694020457 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Limbert |first=John |title=Shiraz in the Age of Hafez: The Glory of a Medieval Persian City |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x5-voc6nzmkC&pg=PA3 |year=2004 |publisher=University of Washington Press |isbn=978-0-295-98391-2 |page=4}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=The Silk Road Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UgOwDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT1622 |date=18 July 2016 |publisher=Seoul Selection |isbn=978-1-62412-076-3 |page=1622}}</ref> He was also given the task of subjugating the area to the south of [[Shiraz]], and the distant area of [[Jurjan]] near the [[Caspian Sea]].<ref name=Asani/>

Fars might have also had at this time some of the rebels leftover from the revolt of [[Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath|Ibn al-Ash'ath]], which almost brought down the rule of al-Hajjaj. An aged supporter of rebels and a Shia notable of the time, a disciple of the companion of Jabir ibn Abd Allah al-Ansari and a famous narrator of Hadith,<ref>Maclean, Derryl N. (1989), Religion and Society in Arab Sind, BRILL, pp. 126, {{ISBN|90-04-08551-3}}</ref> [[Atiyah ibn Sa'd|Atiyya ibn Sa'd al-Awfi]] was arrested by Muhammad ibn al-Qasim on the orders of Al-Hajjaj and demanded that he [[Umayyad tradition of cursing Ali|curse Ali]] on the threat of punishment. Atiyya refused to curse Ali and was punished. While Maclean doesn't give the details of the punishment, early historians like [[ibn Hajar al-Asqalani]] and [[Al-Tabari|Tabari]] record that he was flogged by 400 lashes and his head and beard shaved for humiliation and that he fled to [[Khurasan]] and returned to [[Iraq]] after the ruler had been changed.<ref>History of al-Tabari Vol. 39, pp. 228, under "Those Who Died in the Year 111", State University of New York Press, (1998).</ref><ref>Ibn Hajar al-‘Asqalani, "Tahdhib al-Tahdhib", Volume 7, pp 226, narrator no. 413.</ref>

==Background on Sindh==
===Umayyad interest in Sindh===
[[File:Map of expansion of Caliphate.svg|upright=1.35|thumb|Map of expansion of Umayyad Caliphate]]

According to Wink, [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] interest in the region was galvanised by the operation of the ''[[Meds (tribe)|Meds]]'' (a tribe of Scythians living in Sindh) and others.<ref name="wink1">{{harvnb|Wink|2002|p=164}}</ref> The Meds had engaged in [[piracy]] on [[Sassanid]] shipping in the past, from the mouth of the [[Tigris]] to the [[Sri Lanka]]n coast, in their ''[[bawarij]]'' and now were able to prey on Arab shipping from their bases at [[Kutch]], [[Debal]] and [[Kathiawar]].<ref name="wink1"/> At the time, [[Sindh]] was the wild [[frontier]] region of al-Hind, inhabited mostly by semi-nomadic tribes whose activities disturbed much of the Western [[Indian Ocean]].<ref name="wink1"/> Muslim sources insist that it was these persistent activities along increasingly important Indian trade routes by Debal pirates and others which forced the [[Arab people|Arab]]s to subjugate the area, in order to control the seaports and maritime routes of which [[Sindh]] was the nucleus, as well as the overland passage.<ref>{{harvnb|Wink|2002|pp=51–52}}</ref> During [[Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf|Hajjaj]]'s governorship, the ''Meds'' of [[Debal]] in one of their raids had kidnapped Muslim women travelling from [[Sri Lanka]] to [[Arabia]], thus providing grounds to the rising power of the Umayyad Caliphate that enabled them to gain a foothold in the [[Makran]], [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] and [[Sindh]] regions.<ref name="wink1"/><ref name="Gier">Nicholas F. Gier, [http://www.class.uidaho.edu/ngier/mm.htm From Mongols to Mughals: Religious violence in India 9th-18th centuries], Presented at the Pacific Northwest Regional Meeting American Academy of Religion, Gonzaga University, May 2006.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shoeb |first1=Robina |title=Female Sufism in Pakistan: A Case Study of Bibi Pak Daman |journal=Pakistan Vision |year=2016 |volume=17 |issue=1 |page=229|quote=But this version of the story is almost absent and not accepted by many historians, because Muhammad bin Qasim attacked Sindh to punish the then ruler of Sindh Raja Dahir who captured some Muslim women, and to release them he attacked Sindh.}}</ref>

Also cited as a reason for this campaign was the policy of providing refuge to Sassanids fleeing the [[Muslim conquest of Persia|Arab advance]] and to Arab rebels from the [[Second fitnah|Umayyad consolidation]] of their rule.{{clarify|date=June 2018}}

These Arabs were imprisoned later on by Governor Deebal Partaab Rai. A letter written by an Arab girl named Nahed who escaped from the prison of Partab Rai asked Hajjaj Bin Yusuf for help. When Hajjaj asked Dahir for the release of prisoners and compensation, the latter refused on the ground that he had no control over those. Al-Hajjaj sent Muhammad ibn al-Qasim for action against Sindh in 711. {{citation needed|date=September 2015}}

The [[mawali]] (new non-Arab converts) who were usually allied with Al-Hajjaj's political opponents and thus were frequently forced to participate in battles on the frontier of the Umayyad Caliphate, such as [[Kabul]], [[Sindh]] and [[Transoxania]].<ref name="2004Wink1">{{harvnb|Wink|2002|pp=201–205}}</ref> An actual push into the region had been out of favour as an Arab policy since the time of the [[Rashidun]] [[Caliph]] [[Umar bin Khattab]], who upon receipt of reports of it being an inhospitable and poor land, had stopped further expeditionary ventures into the region.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}

==Conquest of valley of Sindh==
{{Main|Arab conquest of Sindh|Umayyad campaigns in India}}
[[File:Sindh campaigns 711-715 CE.png|thumb|300px|right|Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's conquest of Sindh (711-715 CE). 
{{legend|yellow|Desert areas ([[Registan Desert]] and [[Thar Desert]])}}
{{legend|#FFD700|[[Zunbils]]}}
{{legend|#DEB887|Kingdom of Sindh ({{Circa|632–712}} CE)}}
{{legend|#7FFF00|[[Maitraka dynasty|Maitraka Kingdom]] ({{Circa|475–776}} CE)}}
]]
Hajjaj had put more care and planning into this campaign than the second campaign.<ref name="2004Wink1"/> Al-Hajjaj gave Muhammad ibn al-Qasim command of the expedition between 708 and 711, when he was only 15–17 years old, apparently because two previous Umayyad commanders had not been successful in punishing Sindh's ruler [[Raja Dahir]] for his failure to prevent pirates from disrupting Muslim shipping off the coast of Sindh.{{sfn|Friedmann|1993|p=405}} Al-Hajjaj superintended this campaign from [[Kufa]] by maintaining close contact with Muhammad ibn al-Qasim in the form of regular reports for which purpose special messengers were deputed between [[Basra]] and [[Sindh]].<ref name="2004Wink1"/> The army which departed from Shiraz under Muhammad ibn al-Qasim consisted of 6,000 [[Bilad al-Sham|Syria]]n cavalry and detachments of ''[[mawali]]'' (sing. ''mawla''; non-Arab, Muslim freedmen) from Iraq.<ref name="2004Wink1"/> At the borders of Sindh he was joined by an advance guard and six thousand camel cavalry and later, reinforcements from the governor of Makran were transferred directly to [[Debal]] (Daybul), at the mouth of the Indus, by sea along with five ''manjaniks'' (catapults).<ref name="2004Wink1"/> The army that eventually captured Sindh would later be swelled by the [[Jat]]s and [[Med people|Med]]s as well as other irregulars who heard of the Arab successes in Sindh.<ref name="2004Wink1"/> When Muhammad ibn al-Qasim passed through the Makran desert while raising his forces, he had to subdue the restive towns of Fannazbur and Arman Belah ([[Lasbela District|Lasbela]]), both of which had previously been conquered by the Arabs.<ref>{{harvnb|Wink|2002|p=131}}</ref>

The first town assaulted in Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's Sindh campaign was [[Siege of Debal|Debal]] and upon the orders of al-Hajjaj, he exacted retribution on Debal by giving no quarter to its residents or priests and destroying its great temple.<ref name="2004Wink1"/>{{sfn|Friedmann|1993|p=405}} From Debal, the Arab army then marched north-east taking towns such as Nerun and Sadusan ([[Sehwan]]) without fighting.<ref name="2004Wink1"/> One-fifth of the war booty including slaves were remitted to al-Hajjaj and the Caliph.<ref name="2004Wink1"/> The conquest of these towns was accomplished with relative ease; however, Dahir's armies being prepared on the other side of the Indus{{efn|The [[Indus River]] during this time flowed to the east of Nerun, but a 10th-century earthquake caused the river to change to its course}} had not yet been confronted.<ref name="2004Wink1"/> In preparation to meet them, Muhammad returned to Nerun to resupply and receive reinforcements sent by al-Hajjaj.<ref name="2004Wink1"/> Camped on the east bank of the Indus, Muhammad ibn al-Qasim sent emissaries and bargained with the river Jats and boatmen.<ref name="2004Wink1"/> Upon securing the aid of Mokah Basayah, "the King of the island of Bet", Muhammad crossed over the river where he was joined by the forces of the [[Thakur (Indian title)|Thakore]] of Bhatta and the western Jats.<ref name="2004Wink1"/>

At Aror ([[Rohri]]) Muhammad ibn al-Qasim was met by Dahir's forces and the eastern Jats in battle.<ref name="2004Wink1"/> Dahir died in the battle, his forces were defeated and Muhammad ibn al-Qasim took control of Sindh.<ref name="2004Wink1"/>

Soon the capitals of the other provinces, Brahmanabad, Alor (Battle of Aror) and [[Multan]], were captured alongside other in-between towns with only light Muslim casualties.<ref name="2004Wink1" /> Multan was a key site in the [[Hindu religion]].{{sfn|Friedmann|1993|p=405}} Usually after a siege of a few weeks or months the Arabs gained a city through the intervention of heads of mercantile houses with whom subsequent treaties and agreements would be settled.<ref name="2004Wink1" /> After battles all fighting men were executed and their wives and children enslaved in considerable numbers and the usual fifth of the booty and slaves were sent to al-Hajjaj.<ref name="2004Wink1" /> The general populace was encouraged to carry on with their trades and taxes and tributes settled.<ref name="2004Wink1" />

The conquest of Sindh (and areas of [[Punjab]]) in modern-day Pakistan, although costly, was a major gain for the Umayyad Caliphate. However, further gains were halted by Hindu kingdoms during [[Caliphate campaigns in India|Arab campaigns]]. The Arabs attempted to invade India but they were defeated by North Indian kings [[Bappa Rawal]] of [[Guhila dynasty]], [[Nagabhata I|Nagabhata]], of the [[Gurjara-Pratihara]] dynasty and by the South Indian emperor [[Vikramaditya II]] of the [[Chalukya dynasty]] in the early 8th century. After the failure of further expeditions on Kathiawar, the Arab chroniclers conceded that the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] caliph [[al-Mahdi]] ({{reign|775|785}}) "gave up the project of conquering any part of India."<ref name="Sen1999">{{citation|author=Sailendra Nath Sen|title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA343|date=1999-01-01|publisher=New Age International|isbn=978-81-224-1198-0|pages=343–}}</ref>

===Military and political strategy===
The military strategy had been outlined by Al-Hajjaj in a letter sent to Muhammad ibn al-Qasim:<ref name="Derryl1">{{harvnb|MacLean|1989|pp=37–39}}</ref>
<blockquote>My ruling is given: Kill anyone belonging to the ''ahl-i-harb'' (combatants); arrest their sons and daughters for hostages and imprison them. Whoever does not fight against us...grant them [[Aman (Islam)|''aman'']] (peace and safety) and settle their tribute [''amwal''] as ''dhimmah'' (protected person)...</blockquote>

The Arabs' first concern was to facilitate the conquest of Sindh with the fewest casualties while also trying to preserve the economic infrastructure.{{sfn|MacLean|1989|pp=37-39}} Towns were given two options: submit to Islamic authority peacefully or be attacked by force ({{Transliteration|ar|anwattan}}), with the choice governing their treatment upon capture.{{sfn|MacLean|1989|pp=37-39}} The capture of towns was usually accomplished by means of a treaty with a party from among the enemy, who were then extended special privileges and material rewards.<ref name="Wink">{{harvnb|Wink|2002|pp=204–206}}</ref> There were two types of such treaties, "''[[Sulh]]''" or "''ahd-e-wasiq'' (capitulation)" and "''aman'' (surrender/ peace)".<ref name="Wink"/> Among towns and fortresses that were captured through force of arms, Muhammad ibn al-Qasim performed executions of ''ahl-i-harb'' (fighting men) as part of his military strategy, whose surviving dependants were enslaved.<ref name="Wink"/>

==Administration of Sindh==
{{main|Caliphal province of Sind}}

{{ Annotated image
| image=Map of the Caliphal Province of Sind.png
| width=290
| image-width = 290 
| image-left=0 | image-top=0| float = right
| annotations =
{{Annotation|115|215|[[Pandyan dynasty|PANDYAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|115|185|[[Chola dynasty|CHOLAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|70|34|[[Turk Shahis|TURK SHAHIS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|75|130|[[Maitrakas]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|115|90|[[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|GURJARA PRATIHARAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|185|110|[[Pala Empire|PALA EMPIRE]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|35|47|[[Zunbils|ZUNBILS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|95|160|[[Chalukya dynasty|CHALUKYAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|5|63|[[Abbasid Caliphate|ABBASID CALIPHATE]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|140|5|[[Tang dynasty|TANG DYNASTY]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
|caption={{center|Map of the Caliphal province of Sindh, a province of the [[Abbasid Caliphate]], circa 750 CE.<ref name="JES">{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=145, map XIV.1 (e) |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |access-date=3 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224162023/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
}}
After the conquest, Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's task was to set up an administrative structure for a stable Muslim state that incorporated a newly conquered alien land, inhabited by non-Muslims.<ref name="Appleby292">Appleby. pg. 291-292</ref> He adopted a conciliatory policy, asking for acceptance of Muslim rule by the natives in return for non-interference in their religious practice,<ref name="Appleby292"/> so long as the natives paid their taxes and tribute.<ref name="Gier"/> In return, the state provided protection to non-Muslim from any foreign attacks and enemies. He established Islamic [[Sharia]] law over the people of the region; however, Hindus were allowed to rule their villages and settle their disputes according to their own laws,<ref name="Gier"/> and traditional hierarchical institutions, including the village headmen ({{Transliteration|ar|rais}}) and chieftains ({{Transliteration|ar|[[dihqan]]s}}) were maintained.<ref name="Appleby292"/> A Muslim officer called an ''amil'' was stationed with a troop of cavalry to manage each town on a hereditary basis<ref name="Appleby292"/>

Everywhere taxes (''mal'') and tribute (''[[kharaj]]'') were settled and hostages taken — occasionally this also meant the custodians of temples.<ref name="Wink" /> Non-Muslim natives were excused from military service and from payment of the religiously mandated tax system levied upon Muslims called [[Zakat]],<ref name="Appleby292"/> the tax system levied upon them instead was the [[jizya]] - a [[progressive tax]], being heavier on the upper classes and light for the poor.<ref name="Appleby292"/> In addition, three percent of government revenue was allocated to the [[Brahmins]].<ref name="Gier"/>

===Incorporation of ruling elite into administration===
During his administration, Hindus and Buddhists were inducted into the administration as trusted advisors and governors.<ref name="Gier"/> A Hindu, Kaksa, was at one point the second most important member of his administration.<ref>H. M. Elliot and John Dowson, ''[[The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians]]'', (London, 1867-1877), [https://archive.org/details/cu31924024066593/page/203 vol. 1, p. 203]. "Kaksa took precedence in the army before all the nobles and commanders. He collected the revenue of the country and the treasury was placed under his seal. He assisted Muhammad Kásim in all of his undertakings..."</ref> Dahir's prime minister and various chieftains were also incorporated into the administration.<ref>''The Chach-Nama''. English translation by Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg. Delhi Reprint, 1979. [http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=12701030&ct=3 Online version]. Retrieved 3 October 2006</ref>

===Clashes with the Jats===
{{anchor | Jat | Jats }}

Significant medieval [[Muslim]] chronicles such as the ''Chach Nama'', ''Zainul-Akhbar'' and ''[[Tarikh-i Bayhaqi|Tarikh-I-Baihaqi]]'' have recorded battles of [[Jat]]s of Sindh and Balochistan against the invading forces of Muhammad ibn al-Qasim and other Muslims.<ref>Chapter by S Jabir Raza ''Passages in the Chachnama, Zainul-Akhbar And Tarikh-i-Baihaqi'', Text and Translation, from the book ''The Jats, Their Role and contribution to the socio-Economic Life and Polity of North and North-West India'', Volume 2, pp. 43–52</ref>

The eastern Hindu Jats supported the Sindhi king, Dahir, against the Arab Muslim invaders, whereas the western Jats aligned with Muhammad bin Qasim (708-711 CE) against Dahir.<ref name=Viajaya>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5CYxDwAAQBAJ&dq=jats+and+muhammad+bin+qasim&pg=PT127 |title=Migrations in Medieval and Early Colonial India |publisher=Routledge |year=2017 |isbn=9781351558242 |editor=Vijaya Ramaswamy |access-date=17 January 2022}}</ref> At battle of Aror (Rohri), the united forces of Dahir and the eastern Jats jointly fought against Muhammad ibn al-Qasim.<ref name="2004Wink1"/> Rani Bai, the queen of King Dahir, had Jat origins, her father was Jat. [[Al-Baladhuri]]'s historical accounts document that the Jat people displayed a strong sense of independence, following the Muslim incursions into Sindh, some Jats, along with their livestock (buffalo), were taken to Iraq where they engaged in disruptive and rebellious activities.<ref name=ranib1>[[Manan Ahmed Asif]], 2016, A Book of Conquest: The Chachnama and Muslim Origins in South Asia, [[Harvard University Press]], p.211.</ref> After defeating Dahir, Muhammad bin al-Qasim turned against the Jats and Lohanas, the ''Chach Nama'', ''Zainul-Akhbar'' and ''Tarikh-i Bayhaqi'' have recorded battles between Hindu Jats and forces of Muhammad ibn Qasim.<ref name=Viajaya />

After the death of Hajjaj in 714 CE, the son of Dahir, Jaisimba (Jaisiah) reconquered the Brahmanabad during the time of [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] caliph [[Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik]] (r. 715-717). Jaisimba was later killed in a battle with Umayyad governor of Sindh, [[Junayd ibn Abd ar-Rahman al-Murri]] (r. 723 to 726 CE). However, the Jats and Meds continue to mount a formidable resistance against the Muslim forces around the ancient Sindhi capital of Alor (near [[Sukkur]]) during the time of caliph [[Harun al-Rashid]] (r. 786-809), in which Muslims did not fare well.<ref name=jatmed1>Sailendra Nath Sen, 1999, Ancient Indian History and Civilization, New Age International Publishers, pp-347-348.</ref> [[David Nicolle]] writes that "The resident Buddhist Jats [of Sindh] remained formidable warriors until they dropped out of historical records from the 11th to 17th century."<ref name=drop1>[[David Nicolle]], 2023, Medieval Indian Armies (2): Indo-Islamic Forces, 7th–Early 16th century, [[Osprey Publishing]], United Kingdom of Britain, p 14.</ref>

===Religion===
Lane-Poole writes that, "as a rule Muslim government was at once tolerant and economic".<ref>''Medieval India'' by Stanly Lane-Poole, Pub 1970, Page 10.</ref> The preference of collection of jizya over the conversion to Islam is a major economic motivator.<ref name=Extortion1>Habib Tiliouine, Richard J. Estes, 2016, "The State of Social Progress of Islamic Societies", Springer, page 338.</ref><ref name="Extortion2">John Powell, 2010, "Weapons & Warfare: Warfare : culture and concepts", Salem Press, page 884.</ref> Hindus and Buddhists who were classified as [[Dhimmi]]s had to pay mandatory [[Jizya]] instead of [[Zakat]] paid by Muslims.<ref>(Quran 9:29) “Fight those who do not believe in Allah or in the Last Day and who do not consider unlawful what Allah and His Messenger have made unlawful and who do not adopt the religion of truth from those who were given the Scripture - [fight] until they give the jizyah willingly while they are humbled.”</ref><ref>
(Sahih Bukhari Volume 4 Chapter 88) Narrated Ibn Umar that the Prophet said, "My livelihood is under the shade of my spear, and he who disobeys my orders will be humiliated by paying Jizya."</ref> Contrastingly preferential treatment was given to a small number of people who were converted to Islam by "exempting them from Jizya in lieu of paying the [[Zakat]]".<ref name="Appleby292"/> Muhammad ibn al-Qasim fixed the Zakat at 10% of the agricultural produce.<ref name=sid1/> Others had to pay the mandatory jizya.<ref>{{cite book |last=Glenn |first= H. Patrick |author-link=H. Patrick Glenn |year=2007 |title=Legal Traditions of the World |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=218–219}}</ref><ref>H. Patrick Glenn, ''Legal Traditions of the World''. [[Oxford University Press]], 2007, p. 219.</ref><ref name=Bennett>{{Cite book|title=Muslims and Modernity: An Introduction to the Issues and Debates|first=Clinton|last=Bennett|publisher=[[Continuum International Publishing Group]]|year=2005|isbn=082645481X|page=163|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D0vYYovH7OQC|access-date=7 July 2012|author-link=Clinton Bennett}}</ref> "In Al-Biruni's narrative", according to [[Manan Ahmed Asif]] – a historian of Islam in South and South East Asia, "Muhammad bin Qasim first asserts the superiority of Islam over the polytheists by committing a taboo (killing a cow) and publicly soiling the idol (giving the cow meat as an offering)" before allowing the temple to continue as a place of worship.<ref name="Asif2016p112">{{cite book|author= Manan Ahmed Asif|title= A Book of Conquest|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3QD6DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA112|year= 2016|publisher= Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-97243-8|pages=111–112}}</ref>

A religious Islamic office, "''sadru-I-Islam al affal"'', was created to oversee the secular governors.<ref name="Appleby292"/> The native hereditary elites were reappointed with the title of [[Rana (title)|Rana]]. According to [[Yohanan Friedmann]], Muhammad ibn al-Qasim declared that the Brahmins of [[Mansura, Sindh|Brahmanabad]] were good people.<ref name=sid1>Iqtidar Hisain Siddiqui, 2010, [https://books.google.com/books?id=DJbmTL8svpwC&dq=treatment+of+jats+by+muhammad+bin+qasim&pg=PA35 Indo-Persian historiography up to thirteenth century], Primum Books, Delhi.</ref>

While [[proselytization]] occurred, given the social dynamics of areas of Sindh conquered by Muslim, the spread of Islam was slow and took centuries.<ref name="Appleby292"/> No mass conversions to Islam took place and some temples escaped destruction such as the [[Sun Temple of Multan]] on payment of jizya.<ref>Schimmel pg.4</ref> In the Arab settlers controlled areas of Sindh and Multan, conversion to Islam occurred only slowly, not on a massive scale.<ref name="StillHindu1"/> Majority of the population continued to remain Hindu who had to pay the jizya imposed by the Muslim state.<ref name="StillHindu1">Mohammad Yunus, Aradhana Parmar, 2003, "South Asia: A Historical Narrative", Oxford University Press, page 123.</ref>

It has been reported that Muhammad ibn al-Qasim met with [[Ruqayya bint Ali|Sayyida Ruqayya bint Ali]] ([[Bibi Pak Daman]]) in India, a daughter of [[Ali|Ali ibn Abi Talib]] the son-in-law of the Islamic [[prophet Muhammad]] and the fourth [[Rashidun caliph]] (r. 656-661). The events of the [[Battle of Karbala|massacre of Muhammad's family at Karbala]] (680 CE) caused many relatives of Muhammad including Ruqayyah to migrate to [[Makran]]. Among her potential assassins had been Muhammad Bin Qasim who later switched allegiances and became a supporter of Ruqayyah after learning of the sufferings experienced by the family of Muhammad.<ref name="Shoeb2016">{{cite journal|last1=Shoeb|first1=Robina|year=2016|title=Female Sufism in Pakistan: A Case Study of Bibi Pak Daman|journal=Pakistan Vision|volume=17|issue=1|pages=225–229}}</ref>

==Death==
Al-Hajjaj died in 714, followed a year later by Caliph al-Walid I, who was succeeded by his brother [[Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik|Sulayman]]. The latter took revenge against the generals and officials who had been close to al-Hajjaj. Sulayman owed political support to al-Hajjaj's opponents and so recalled both of al-Hajjaj's successful generals [[Qutayba ibn Muslim]], the conqueror of [[Transoxiana]] (Central Asia), and Muhammad. He also appointed the son of the distinguished general [[al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra]], [[Yazid ibn al-Muhallab|Yazid]], who was once imprisoned and tortured by al-Hajjaj, as the governor of Fars, Kirman, Makran, and Sind; he immediately placed Muhammad in chains.<ref>{{harvnb|Wink|2002|p=53}}</ref>

Muhammad ibn al-Qasim died on 18 July 715 in [[Mosul]], which is a part of the modern-day Iraq. Some sources say that his body was transferred to [[Makran]] in [[Balochistan]] at the [[Hingol National Park]], which is part of modern-day Pakistan.

There are two different accounts regarding the details of Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's fate:

* According to [[al-Baladhuri]], Muhammad was killed due to a family feud with the governor of Iraq. Sulayman was hostile toward Muhammad because apparently he had followed the order of Hajjaj to declare Sulayman's right of succession void in all territories conquered by him. When Muhammad received the news of the death of al-Hajjaj, he returned to Aror. Muhammad was later arrested under the orders of the Caliph by the replacement governor of Sindh, [[Yazid ibn Abi Kabsha al-Saksaki]], who worked under the new military governor of Iraq, Yazid ibn al-Muhallab, and the new fiscal governor, the ''mawla'' [[Salih ibn Abd al-Rahman]]. Salih, whose brother was executed by al-Hajjaj, tortured Muhammad and his relatives to death. The account of his death by al-Baladhuri is brief compared to the one in the ''Chach Nama''.<ref name="Gier"/><ref name="keay185"/><ref>{{harvnb|Wink|2002|pp=207–}}</ref>
* The ''Chach Nama'' narrates a tale in which Muhammad's demise is attributed to the daughters of Raja Dahir of Aror (Sind), [[Surya Devi]] and Parimal Devi, who had been taken captive during the campaign. Upon capture, their mother had been made a slave of ibn Qasim himself,<ref>End of ‘Imad-ud-Din Muhammad ibn Qasim. The Arab Conqueror of Sind by S.M. Jaffar - Quarterly Islamic Culture, Hyderabad Deccan, Vol.19 Jan 1945</ref> while the two sisters had been sent on as presents to the Caliph for his [[harem]] in the capital [[Baghdad]] (however, Baghdad had not yet been built and the actual capital was Damascus). The account relates that they then tricked the Caliph into believing that ibn Qasim had violated them before sending them on, and as a result of this subterfuge, ibn Qasim was wrapped and stitched in oxen hides,<ref>Pakistan, the cultural heritage by Aḥmad Shujāʻ Pāshā Sang-e-Meel Publications, 1998, Page 43</ref> and sent to Syria, which resulted in his death en route from suffocation.<ref name=Dawn>{{cite news|last1=Balouch|first1=Akhtar|title=Muhammad Bin Qasim: Predator or preacher?|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1098562|access-date=31 March 2021|newspaper=Dawn|location=Pakistan|date=8 April 2014}}</ref> This narrative attributes their motive for this subterfuge to securing vengeance for their father's death. Upon discovering this subterfuge, the Caliph is recorded to have been filled with remorse and ordered the sisters buried alive in a wall.<ref name="chachnama">''The Chachnamah, An Ancient History of Sind, Giving the Hindu period down to the Arab Conquest''. (1900). Translated from the Persian by Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg. Karachi: Commissioners Press.</ref><ref name="keay185">Keay, pg. 185</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJbmTL8svpwC&pg=PA32|title= Indo-Persian Historiography Up to the Thirteenth Century|author= Iqtidar Husain Siddiqi|publisher= Primus Books|year= 2010|page= 32|isbn= 9788190891806}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
After Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's departure, the next appointed Arab governor died on arrival. Dahir's son recaptured Brahmanabad and c. 720, he was granted pardon and included in the administration in return for converting to Islam. Soon, however, he recanted and split off when the Umayyads were embroiled in a succession crisis. Later, [[Junayd ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Murri]] killed Jaisiah and recaptured the territory before his successors once again struggled to hold and keep it.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

'''Arab states in South Asia'''

During the [[Abbasid]] period, c. 870, the local emirs shook off all allegiance to the caliphs and by the 10th century the region was split into two separate states, [[Mansura (Brahmanabad)|Mansurah]] on the lower Indus and [[Multan]] on the upper Indus, both were the major Arab principalities in South Asia, which were soon captured by [[Ismailis]] who set up an independent [[Fatimid]] state.<ref name="Gier" /><ref>Keay, pg 186-187</ref> The Arab conquest remained checked in what is now the south of Pakistan for three centuries by powerful Hindu monarchs to the north and east until the arrival of [[Mahmud of Ghazni]].<ref>Akbar, M.J, ''The Shade of Swords'', Routledge (UK), December 1, 2003, {{ISBN|0-415-32814-4}} pg.102.</ref>

==Controversy==
There is controversy regarding the conquest and subsequent conversion of Sindh. This is usually voiced in two antagonistic perspectives viewing Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's actions.<ref name="Derryl2">{{harvnb|MacLean|1989|pp=22–29}}</ref>

His conquest, as described by Stanley Lane-Poole, in Medieval India (Published in 1970 by Haskell House Publishers Ltd), was "liberal". He imposed the customary poll tax, took hostages for good conduct and spared peoples' lives and lands. He even left their shrines undesecrated: 'The temples;' he proclaimed, 'shall be inviolate, like the churches of the Christians, the synagogues of the Jews and altars of the Magians'.<ref>''Medieval India'' by Stanley Lane-Poole, Published by Haskell House Publishers Ltd. NY 1970. Page 10</ref> In the same text, however, it is mentioned that "Occasional desecration of Hindu fanes took place... but such demonstrations were probably rare sops to the official conscience...", as destruction of temples and civilian massacres still took place.<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4oxDQAAQBAJ&dq=arisen+from+the+small+number+of+the+invading+force%2C+as+well+as+from+ignorance+of+civil+institutions&pg=PA169 A Book of Conquest]'', p. 169, authored by Manan Ahmed Asif, published by Oxford University Press, 19-Sep-2016.</ref>

#''Coercive conversion'' has been attributed to early historians such as Elliot, Cousens, Majumdar and Vaidya.{{sfn|MacLean|1989|pp=22-29}} They hold the view that the conversion of Sindh was necessitated. Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's numerical inferiority is said to explain any instances of apparent religious toleration, with the destruction of temples seen as a reflection of the more basic, religiously motivated intolerance.{{sfn|MacLean|1989|pp=22-29}}
#''Voluntary conversion'' has been attributed to Thomas W. Arnold and modern Muslim historians such as Habib and Qureishi. They believe that the conquest was largely peaceful, and the conversion entirely so, and that the Arab forces enacted liberal, generous and tolerant policies.{{sfn|MacLean|1989|pp=22-29}} These historians mention the "praiseworthy conduct of Arab Muslims" and attribute their actions to a "superior civilizational complex".<ref name="Derryl3">{{harvnb|MacLean|1989|pp=31–33}}</ref>

Various [[polemic]]al perceptions of Islam, Hinduism and Buddhism are also reflected in this debate.{{sfn|MacLean|1989|pp=31–33}} The period of Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's rule has been called by U.T. Thakkur "the darkest period in Sindh history", with the records speaking of massive forced conversions, temple destruction, slaughters and genocides; the people of Sindh, described as inherently pacifist due to their Hindu/Buddhist religious inclinations, had to adjust to the conditions of "barbarian inroad".<ref name="Thakkur">''Sindhi Culture'' by U.T. Thakkur, University of Bombay 1959</ref> On one extreme, the [[Arab Muslims]] are seen as being compelled by religious stricture to conquer and forcibly convert Sindh, but on the other hand, they can be seen as being respectful and tolerant of non-Muslims as part of their religious duty, with conversion being facilitated by the vitality, equality and morals of the Islamic religion.{{sfn|MacLean|1989|pp=31–33}} Citations of towns taken either violently or bloodlessly, reading back into Arab Sindh information belonging to a later date and accounts such as those of the forcible circumcision of Brahmins at Debal or Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's consideration of Hindu sentiment in forbidding the slaughter of cows are used as examples for one particular view or the other.{{sfn|MacLean|1989|pp=31–33}}

Some historians strike a middle ground, saying that Muhammad ibn al-Qasim was torn between the political expediency of making peace with the Hindus and Buddhists; having to call upon non-Muslims to serve under him as part of his mandate to administer newly conquered land; and orthodoxy by refraining from seeking the co-operation of "infidels". It is contended that he may have struck a middle ground, conferring the status of [[Dhimmi]] upon the native Sindhis and permitting them to participate in his administration, but treating them as "non-citizens" (i.e. in the Caliphate, but not of it).<ref name="Appleby292"/>

While Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's warring was clearly at times brutal, he is supposed to have said of Hinduism that 'the idol temple is similar to the churches of the Christians, (to the synagogues) of the Jews and to the [[fire temples]] of the [[Zoroastrians]]' (''mā al-budd illā ka-kanāʾis al-naṣārā wa ’l-yahūd wa-buyūt nīrān al-madjūs'').{{sfn|Friedmann|1993|pp=405–406}} This 'seems to be the earliest statement justifying the inclusion of the Hindus in the category of ''[[Dhimmi|ahl al-dhimma]]'', leading Muhammad to be falsely viewed by many modern Muslims as a paragon of religious tolerance.{{sfn|Friedmann|1993|p=406}}

==Legacy==
[[File:A wide angle picture of Muhammad Bin Qasim Masjid.jpg|thumb|Muhammad ibn al-Qasim Mosque in Sukkur, Pakistan, dedicated to the leader]]
Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's presence and rule were very brief. His conquest for the Umayyads brought Sindh into the orbit of the Muslim world.<ref name="Markovits">Markovits, Claude ''The Global World of Indian Merchants, 1750-1947: Traders of Sind from Bukhara to Panama'', Cambridge University Press, June 22, 2000, {{ISBN|0-521-62285-9}}, pg. 34.</ref> After the conquest of Sindh, he adopted the [[Hanafi]] school of [[Sharia law]] which regarded Hindus, Buddhists and Jains as "[[dhimmis]]" and "[[People of the Book]]", allowing them religious freedom as long as they continued to pay the tax known as "[[jizya]]". This approach would prove critical to the way Muslim rulers ruled in India over the next centuries.<ref name="Gier" /> Coastal trade and a Muslim colony in Sindh allowed for cultural exchanges and the arrival of [[Sufi]] missionaries to expand Muslim influence.<ref>Federal Research Division. ''"Pakistan a Country Study"'', Kessinger Publishing, June 1, 2004, {{ISBN|1-4191-3994-0}} pg.45.</ref>

From [[Debal]], which remained an important port until the 12th century, commercial links with the [[Persian Gulf]] and the [[Middle East]] intensified as Sindh became the "hinge of the Indian Ocean Trade and overland passway."<ref name="Markovits" /> [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], the founder of Pakistan, claimed that the [[Pakistan movement]] started when the first Muslim put his foot on the soil of [[Sindh]], the [[Gateway of Islam]] in India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan Movement|url=http://www.cybercity-online.net/pof/pakistan_movement.html|publisher=cybercity-online.net|access-date=31 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201083149/http://www.cybercity-online.net/pof/pakistan_movement.html|archive-date=2016-02-01|url-status=dead}}</ref> He is often referred to as the first [[Pakistani]] according to [[Pakistan Studies curriculum]].<ref name="DT">{{cite news| title=Distorted history of the Subcontinent |newspaper=Daily Times (newspaper)|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/627609/distorted-history-of-the-subcontinent/ |author=Qasim Sodhar|date=17 June 2020|access-date=31 March 2021}}</ref> [[Yom-e Bab ul-Islam]] is observed in Pakistan in honour of Muhammad ibn al-Qasim.<ref name="Yom-e-Babul Islam">{{cite news|agency=Associated Press Of Pakistan|title=KARACHI: Babul Islam day observed|url=http://archives.dawn.com/2003/11/07/local9.htm|access-date=31 March 2021|newspaper=Dawn|location=Pakistan|date=7 November 2003}}</ref><ref name="DT" />

[[Port Qasim]], Pakistan's second major port, is named in honor of Muhammad ibn al-Qasim.<ref>Cheesman, David ''Landlord Power and Rural Indebtedness in Colonial Sind'', Routledge (UK), February 1, 1997, {{ISBN|0-7007-0470-1}}</ref> [[Bagh Ibne Qasim|Bagh Ibn Qasim]] is the largest park in [[Karachi]] (Sindh, Pakistan), named in honour of Muhammad ibn al-Qasim. [[Ibn-e-Qasim Bagh Stadium]], [[Multan]] is a multi-use stadium named after Muhammad ibn al-Qasim. The Pakistan Naval Station Qasim, or [[PNS Qasim]], is the major naval special operations base for the [[Pakistan Marines|amphibious special operations forces]] in the [[Pakistan Navy]] named after Muhammad ibn al-Qasim. [[Bin Qasim, Karachi|Bin Qasim]] in Karachi is named after Muhammad ibn al-Qasim.

In the 1996 PTV Series ''Labbaik'', he was played by Babar Ali and 2019 Egyptian animated musical film [[The Knight and the Princess]].

==See also==
* [[Jat people in Islamic history]]
* [[Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent]]
* [[Caliphate campaigns in India]]
* [[Abdullah Shah Ghazi]]
* [[Shaikh Habib Al-Raee]]
* [[The Knight and the Princess]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Baloch |first1=Nabi Bakhsh |author-link=Nabi Bakhsh Khan Baloch |title=Muhammad ibn al-Qasim: A Study of His Family Background and Personality |journal=Islamic Culture |date=October 1953 |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=242–271 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Gabrieli |first1=Francesco |author-link=Francesco Gabrieli |title=Muḥammad ibn Qāsim ath-Thaqafī and the Arab Conquest of Sind |journal=East and West |date=September–December 1965 |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=281–295 |jstor=29754928 }}
* {{EI2 |first=Y. |last=Friedmann |authorlink=Yohanan Friedmann |title=Muḥammad b. al-Ḳāsim |volume=7 |pages=405–406}}
* {{citation |last=Gier |first=Nicholas F. |chapter=From Mongols to Mughals : Hindu–Muslim relations in medieval India |title=The Origins of Religious Violence: An Asian Perspective |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0LBhBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 |year=2014 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-7391-9223-8}}
** Nicholas F. Gier, [http://www.class.uidaho.edu/ngier/mm.htm From Mongols to Mughals: Religious violence in India 9th-18th centuries], Presented at the Pacific Northwest Regional Meeting American Academy of Religion, Gonzaga University, May 2006.
* Lane-Poole, Stanley ''Medieval India under Mohammedan Rule, 712-1764'', G.P. Putnam's Sons. New York, 1970
* {{EI2 |article=Thakīf |last=Lecker |first=M. |volume=10 |page=432}}
* Schimmel, Annemarie, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=3zEhkAEACAAJ Islam in the Indian Subcontinent]'', Brill Academic Publishers, Jan 1, 1980, {{ISBN|90-04-06117-7}}
* Appleby, R Scott & Martin E Marty, ''Fundamentalisms Comprehended'', University of Chicago Press, May 1, 2004, {{ISBN|0-226-50888-9}}
* {{citation |last=Wink |first=André |title=Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World, Vol 1: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam |publisher=Brill |year=1996 |edition=Third |orig-year=first published 1990 |isbn=0391041738 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC}}
** {{citation |last=Wink |first=André |title=Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World, Vol 1: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam |publisher=Brill |year=2002 |orig-year=first published 1990 |isbn=9780391041738 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC}}
* Keay, John, ''India: A History'', Grove Press, May 1, 2001, {{ISBN|0-8021-3797-0}}
* {{citation |last=MacLean |first=Derryl N. |title=Religion and Society in Arab Sind |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xxAVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA126 |year=1989 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=90-04-08551-3}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline}}

{{Pakistan topics|history}}
{{Karachi}}
{{Multan}}
{{Hyderabad District, Pakistan}}{{Authority control}}

[[Category:695 births]]
[[Category:715 deaths]]
[[Category:8th-century Arab people]]
[[Category:8th-century executions by the Umayyad Caliphate]]
[[Category:Banu Thaqif]]
[[Category:Generals of the Umayyad Caliphate]]
[[Category:Pakistani Muslims]]
[[Category:Arab Muslims]]
[[Category:History of Islam in Pakistan]]
[[Category:History of Sindh]]
[[Category:Umayyad governors of Sind]]
[[Category:Torture victims]]
[[Category:City founders]]
[[Category:Hinduism and Islam]]

Devi Bhagavata Purana

2026-03-09T09:43:50Z

Admin:

{{Short description|Goddess-centric Hindu text}}
{{Other uses|Bhagavata Puranas (disambiguation)}}
{{About|a Goddess-related text|Krishna-related text|Bhagavata Purana}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox religious text
| image =File:Devi bhagavata .jpg
| caption = A manuscript of Devi Bhagavata Purana
| author = [[Vyasa]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| language = [[Sanskrit]]
| verses = 18, 000
| chapters = 318
| volumes = 12
|background=yellow}}{{Italics title}}
{{Hindu scriptures}}
{{Saktism}}
[[File:Stone sculpture of Devi Durga 30 Jan 2018.jpg|thumb|Stone sculpture of Devi Durga, [[Indian Museum]], Kolkata]]
The '''Devi Bhagavata Purana''' ({{langx|sa|देवी भागवतपुराणम्}}, ''{{IAST|devī bhāgavatapurāṇam}}''), also known as the '''Devi Purana''' or simply '''Devi Bhagavatam''', is one of the major [[Puranas]] of [[Hinduism]]. Composed in [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]], the text is considered a [[Mahapurana (Hinduism)|Mahapurana]] for [[Devi]] worshippers ([[Shaktism|Shaktas]]), while others classify it as an [[Upapurana]] instead.{{Sfn|Dalal|2014|p=117}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Devi Bhagavatam: The First Book: Chapter 1 |url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/db/bk01ch01.htm |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=www.sacred-texts.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Winternitz |first=M. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.97551/page/n581/mode/1up |title=A History Of Indian Literature,vol.1 |date=1927}}</ref> It promotes ''[[bhakti]]'' (devotion) towards [[Mahadevi]], integrating themes from the Shaktadvaitavada tradition (a syncretism of [[Samkhya]] and [[Advaita Vedanta]]). While this is generally regarded as a Shakta Purana, some scholars such as Dowson have also interpreted this Purana as a [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] Purana.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dowson |first=John |title=A Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology and Religion, Geography, History, and Literature |publisher=Trübner & Company |year=2008 |pages=83}}</ref>

The Purana consists of twelve cantos with 318 chapters.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=168}} Along with the ''[[Devi Mahatmya]]'', it is one of the works in Shaktism, a tradition within [[Hinduism]] that reveres Devi or [[Shakti]] (Goddess) as the primordial creator of the universe, and as [[Brahman]] (ultimate truth and reality).{{Sfn|C Mackenzie Brown|1990|pp=44-45, 129, 247-248 with notes 57-60}}{{Sfn|John Stratton Hawley|Donna Marie Wulff|1998|pp=6-14}}{{Sfn|Tracy Pintchman|2015|pp=183-188}} It celebrates the divine feminine as the origin of all existence: as the creator, the preserver and the destroyer of everything, as well as the one who empowers spiritual liberation.{{Sfn|Dalal|2014|p=117}}{{Sfn|David Kinsley|1988|pp=133-139}} While all major Puranas of [[Hinduism]] mention and revere the Goddess, this text centers around her as the primary divinity.{{Sfn|Alf Hiltebeitel|Kathleen M. Erndl|2000|pp=24-36, 48 (RS Sherma)}}{{Sfn|K P Gietz|1992|p=330 with note 1809, 497 with note 2764}} The underlying philosophy of the text is Advaita Vedanta-style [[monism]] combined with the devotional worship of Shakti.{{Sfn|Tracy Pintchman|2015|pp=128-132}}{{Sfn|June McDaniel|2004|pp=89-91, 159-161}}{{Sfn|C Mackenzie Brown|1990|pp=142-144}} It is believed that the text was spoken by [[Vyasa]] to King [[Janamejaya]], the son of [[Parikshit]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doniger |first=Wendy |title=Purāṇa Perennis |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1993 |isbn=9780791413814 |pages=37}}</ref>

==Nomenclature==
The title of the text, ''''Srimad Devi Bhagavata''' or ''''Devi Purana''''<nowiki/>', is composed of two words, which together mean "devotees of the blessed Devi". Johnson states the meaning as the "ancient annals of the luminous goddess".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Johnsen |first=Linda |title=The Living Goddess |publisher=Yes International Publishers |year=1999 |isbn=9780936663289 |pages=11}}</ref>

* '''Srimad''' (or '''Srimat''', Sanskrit श्रीमत्) means 'radiant', 'holy', 'splendid', or 'glorious', and is an [[honorific]] religious title.
**[[Sri|'<nowiki/>'''Sri'<nowiki/>''']](or ''''Shri'<nowiki/>''' or ''''Shree'''', Sanskrit श्री) means 'Prosperity'. Goddess [[Lakshmi]] and [[Tripura Sundari]] are referred to as 'Sri'.
* ''''[[Devi]]'''' ([[Sanskrit]]: देवी) is the Sanskrit word for '[[goddess]]'; the masculine form is [[Deva (Hinduism)|''deva'']]. The terms ''Devi'' and ''Deva'' are Sanskrit terms found in Vedic literature of 2nd millennium BCE, wherein Devi is feminine and Deva is masculine.{{Sfn|Klostermaier|2010|p= 496}} Monier Williams translates it as "heavenly, divine, terrestrial things of high excellence, exalted, shining ones".{{Sfn|Klostermaier|2010|p=101-102, 492}}
* ''''[[Bhagavata]]'''' (or ''Bhagavatam'' or ''Bhagavat'', [[Sanskrit]] भागवत) means "devotees of the Blessed One", a general name for the earliest (before 11th century C.E.) devotees of Vishnu, particularly of Krishna-Gopala.{{Sfn|Lochtefeld|2002|p=94}}
* '[[Puranas|'''Purana''']]' (Sanskrit पराण) means 'ancient' or 'old' (or 'old traditional history').<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://spokensanskrit.org/index.php?mode=3&script=hk&tran_input=purANas&direct=se&anz=100|title=Sanskrit Dictionary for Spoken Sanskrit: 'purana'|website=spokensanskrit.org|access-date=2020-01-14}}</ref> It also means 'complete' and 'completing'<ref name=":2" /> in the sense that a Purana 'completes the [[Vedas]]'.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_6F0ZIBIL2ZAC|quote=purana word completes.|title=Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Puranas|last=Parmeshwaranand|first=Swami|date=2001|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-226-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_6F0ZIBIL2ZAC/page/n228 222]|language=en}}</ref>
**'''<nowiki/>'Maha'''' (Sanskrit महत) means 'great', 'large', or 'vast'.

==History==
[[File:A Saraswati Statue in park.jpg|thumb|This Purana lists Saraswati (above) as the creative aspect of the supreme Goddess, the Shakti of [[Brahma]].{{Sfn|C Mackenzie Brown|1990|pp=49, 130, 134, 139}}]]
The ''Srimad Devi Bhagavata Mahapurana'' has been variously dated.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=172}} A few scholars suggest an early date, such as Ramachandran, who suggested that the text was composed before the 6th-century CE.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=172}} However, this early date has not found wide support, and most scholars date it between the 9th and the 14th century.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=172}}<ref>{{harvnb|Alf Hiltebeitel|Kathleen M. Erndl|2000|p=139}}: "portrayals of the Goddess in the later Devi Bhagavata (c. ninth century CE) bear crucial differences from those of the Goddess in the Devi Mahatmya."</ref> Rajendra Hazra suggests 11th or 12th century, while Lalye states that the text began taking form in the late centuries of the 1st millennium, was expanded over time, and its first complete version existed in the 11th century.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=172}}<ref>{{cite book|author=P. G. Lalye|title=Studies in Devī Bhāgavata|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XVwpAAAAYAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Popular Prakashan|pages=101–105}}</ref> Tracy Pintchman dates the text to between 1000 and 1200 CE.{{Sfn|Tracy Pintchman|2015|p=128}}

The last ten chapters (31 to 40) of the seventh canto consist of 507 verses, a part which has often circulated as an independent volume, just like the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' of the ''Mahabharata'' circulates independently.{{Sfn|Cheever Mackenzie Brown|1998|pp=1-4}} This text, from Book 7 of this Purana, is called ''[[Devi Gita]]''.{{Sfn|Cheever Mackenzie Brown|1998|p=4}} This text may have been composed with the original text, or it might be a later interpolation, according to C Mackenzie Brown.{{Sfn|Cheever Mackenzie Brown|1998|p=4}} He suggests that this portion of the text was probably composed by the 13th century; it may be later, but was set down before the 16th century.{{Sfn|Cheever Mackenzie Brown|1998|p=4}}

The ninth canto contains many verses that reference ''Mlecchas'' (barbarians) and ''Yavanas'' (foreigners).{{Sfn|C Mackenzie Brown|1990|p=166}} These words may just refer to hill tribes, but the details contained in the description of ''Mlecchas'' within these verses, according to some scholars like Hazra, suggest that the writer of these parts knew about Islam and its spread in India, leading scholars to date these parts of the ninth book to the 12th to 15th centuries, compared to the older core of the ninth book.{{Sfn|C Mackenzie Brown|1990|p=166}}

The ''Devi Bhagavata Purana'' is not the earliest Indian text that celebrates the divine feminine. The 6th century CE ''[[Devi Mahatmya]]'', embedded in the ''[[Markandeya Purana]]'', asserts the divine superiority of the Goddess.{{Sfn|Collins|1988|p=36}}{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=191-192}} Archaeological evidence in [[Mathura]] and [[Bengal]] suggests that the concept of the divine feminine was in existence by about the 2nd century CE.{{Sfn|John Stratton Hawley|Donna Marie Wulff|1998|p=2, 9-10, 26 with note 2}}{{Sfn|Cheever Mackenzie Brown|1998|pp=1-4}} Both the ''Devi Mahatmya'' and ''Devi Bhagavata Purana'' have been very influential texts within the Shakta tradition, asserting the supremacy of the female and have made the Goddess a figure of devotional ([[bhakti]]) appeal.{{Sfn|Philip Lutgendorf|2003|pp=251-252}}

This text, along with all the Puranas, [[Vedas]] and the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' has traditionally been attributed by Hindus to the sage [[Veda Vyasa]].{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}

==Characters==

=== Avatars of Devi ===
This table shows the notable incarnations of Devi mentioned in the Purana.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Avatar (Incarnation)
!Description
!Canto
|-
|[[Bhuvaneshvari]]
|Third [[Mahavidya]] form of Devi, queen of [[Manidvipa]]
|3
|-
|[[Durga]]
|Goddess of protection, strength, motherhood, destruction and wars
|5, 7, 9
|-
|[[Parvati]]
|Consort of [[Shiva]], Goddess of love and fertility, who resides upon [[Mount Kailash|Kailasa]].
| -- 5,7,9
|-
|[[Kali]]
|Goddess of time and destruction
|5, 9
|-
|[[Lakshmi]]
|Consort of [[Vishnu]], Goddess of wealth and purity
|1, 3, 9
|-
|[[Saraswati]]
|Consort of [[Brahma]], Goddess of knowledge, music, art, speech, wisdom, and learning
|3, 5, 9
|-
|[[Radha]]
|Consort of [[Krishna]], Goddess of love, compassion and devotion, Queen of [[Goloka]]
|9
|-
|[[Gayatri|Savitri]]
|Personified form of [[Gayatri Mantra]] and mother of [[Vedas]]
|9
|-
|[[Shakambhari]]
|The one who nourished mankind with fruits and vegetables.
|7
|-
|[[Bhramari]]
|The Goddess of bees
|10
|-
|[[Tulasi in Hinduism|Tulasi]]
|Personification of the Tulasi plant
|9
|-
|[[Manasa]]
|Goddess of Serpents
|9
|-
|Mangala Chandika
|A form of goddess Chandika
|9
|}

=== Notable devotees ===
This table shows the devotees of the Goddess according to the Purana.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Name
!Description
!Canto
|-
|[[Ila (Hinduism)|Ila / Sadyumana]]
|The king was named Sadyumana and later became the mother of the [[Budha]]
|1
|-
|Anuha
|The son of Vibhraja; He married the daughter of Shuka named Kirti.
|1
|-
|[[Pratipa]]
|Father of [[Shantanu]] and grandfather of [[Bhishma]]
|2
|-
|Shringi
|The young sage who cursed Parikshit
|2
|-
|[[Kunti]]
|Mother of [[Pandava]]s and wife of king [[Pandu]]
|2
|-
|[[Ugrashravas|Suta]]
|Son of Lomaharshana and a disciple of [[Vyasa]]
| --
|-
|[[Vasudeva]]
|Father of [[Krishna]], [[Balarama]], and [[Subhadra]]; The king of the [[Vrishni]]s and a [[Yadava]] prince.
|2
|-
|subahu
|The king of Kashi
|3
|-
|Sudarshana
|The son of king Dhruvasandhi
|3
|-
|[[Indra]]
|The king of devas, God of weather
| --
|-
|[[Prahlada]]
|Son of [[Hiranyakashipu]]
|4
|-
|[[Nimi (king)|Nimi]]
|The son of [[Ikshvaku]]
|6
|-
|[[Indrani|Sachi]]
|Consort of Indra, Queen of [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]]
|6
|-
|[[Himavat|Himavan]]
|Personification of the Himalayas, He is the guardian deity of the [[Himalayan mountains|Himalayas]], The Goddess preached the Devi Gita to him.
|7
|-
|Sukanya
|Daughter of King Sharyati
|7
|-
|Satyavrata
|A prince cursed by sage [[Vasishtha]]
|7
|-
|[[Janamejaya]]
|King of [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]] kingdom, Son of Parikshit, Vyasa preached the Devi Bhagavata Purana to him.
| --
|-
|[[Savarni Manu|Savarni]]
|The eighth Manu of [[Hinduism]]
|10
|}

=== Notable demons and villains ===
Many demons (villains) are mentioned throughout the Srimad Devi Bhagavatam
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Avatar (Incarnation)
!Description
!Canto
|-
|[[Madhu-Kaitabha]]
|Two demons who originated from the earwax within the god Vishnu's ears.
|1
|-
|Asura Hayagriva
|Son of [[Kashyapa]] and [[Danu (Hinduism)|Danu]] who Slain by Lord [[Hayagriva]]
|1
|-
|[[Takshaka]]
|One of the sons of [[Kadru]], Murderer of [[Parikshit]]
|2
|-
|[[Ravana]]
|Multi-headed [[rakshasa]] king of the island of [[Lanka]],
|3
|-
|[[Mahishasura]]
|The son of [[Rambha (asura)|Mahisi]] (Buffalo) and the great-grandson of [[Brahmarshi]] [[Kashyapa]], He was ultimately killed by goddess [[Durga]]
|5
|-
|Tamra
|One of minister's of Mahishasura
|5
|-
|Durmukha
|One of minister's of Mahishasura, killed by goddess [[Durga]]
|5
|-
|Ciksura
|General of Mahishasura, killed by goddess Durga
|5
|-
|[[Shumbha and Nishumbha]]
|Two Asura brothers, sons of Kashyapa and Danu, Goddess [[Kaushiki]] killed them both
|5
|-
|Dhumralochana
|The asura who was the general of the demon king Shumbha
|5
|-
|[[Raktabīja|Raktabija]]
|One of minister's of the demon king Shumbha
|5
|-
|[[Vritra]]sura
|A great demon (''asura'') killed by Indra
|6
|-
|[[Nahusha]]
|A king of the [[Lunar dynasty|Chandravamsha]] (Lunar dynasty), Nahusha was made the ruler of [[Svarga]] during Indra's absence
|6
|-
|[[Hiranyaksha]]
|He is slain by the [[Varaha]] (wild boar) avatar of [[Vishnu]]
|8
|-
|[[Hiranyakashipu]]
|Younger brother of Hiranyaksha, Slain by [[Narasimha]]
|5,10
|-
|[[Durgamasura]]
|A powerful demon who was killed by Goddess Durga
|9
|-
|Shankachuda
|[[Sudama]] who was lord Krishna's friend in his previous life
|9
|-
|[[Arunasura]]
|A powerful demon who was killed by the goddess Bhramari
|10
|}

== Content and structure ==
The theosophy in the text, state Foulston and Abbott, is an encyclopedic mix of ancient history, metaphysics and [[bhakti]].{{Sfn|Lynn Foulston |Stuart Abbott|2009|p=75}} This history, states C Mackenzie Brown, is of the same type found in other Puranas, about the perpetual cycle of conflict between the good and the evil, the gods and the demons.{{Sfn|Cheever Mackenzie Brown|1998|pp=5-6}} These legends build upon and extend the ancient Hindu history, such as those found in the ''Mahabharata''.{{Sfn|Cheever Mackenzie Brown|1998|p=6-10}} However, this Purana's legends refocus the legends around the divine feminine, integrate a devotional theme to goddesses, and the Devi is asserted in this text to be the eternal truth, the eternal source of all of universe, the eternal end of everything, the ''nirguna'' (without form) and the ''saguna'' (with form), the supreme unchanging reality (Purusha), the phenomenal changing reality (Prakriti), as well as the soul within each living being.{{Sfn|Cheever Mackenzie Brown|1998|p=6-10}}{{Sfn|Tracy Pintchman|2015|pp=131-138}}{{Sfn|Alf Hiltebeitel|Kathleen M. Erndl|2000|pp=24-31}}

=== Puranic characteristics ===

==== As a Mahapurana ====
There are two Bhagavatas in Hindu puranic literature, the Vishnu [[Bhagavata Purana|Bhagavata]] and Devi Bhagavata. There are some doubts between genuine of these two puranas, as an example in Uma Samhita of [[Shiva Purana]] Mentioned Srimad Devi Bhagavatam as fifth [[Mahapurana (Hinduism)|Mahapurana]] called Srimad Bhagavatam.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Winternitz |first=M. |title=A History of Indian Literature Vol- I Part - II |publisher=University of Calcutta |year=1978 |pages=486–487}}</ref> Devi Bhagavata as it is called in itself, ''Bhagavata'' or ''Srimad Bhagavata'' confirms to the definitions of ''Bhagavata'' contained in other Puranas including Matsya Purana.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wilson |first=H. H. |title=The Vishnu Purana - A System Hindu Mythology and Tradition; Vol. 1 |date=11 March 2022 |isbn=9783752583281 |pages=49|publisher=BoD – Books on Demand }}</ref>

From J. L. Shastri's translation:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shastri |first=J.L. |url=https://archive.org/details/SivaPuranaJ.L.ShastriPart4/page/n59/mode/1up |title=The Siva Purana |date=1950 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |page=1626}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=Where the stories of the goddess Durga are mentioned, it is said to be Bhagavata Purana as well as Devi Purana.|source=Shiva Purana Uma Samhita, Chapter 44, verse 129}}

As mentioned in the [[Matsya Purana]], the Bhagavata Purana is contain 18,000 slokas and begins with the Gayatri and glorifies the Sarasvata Kalpa.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Basu |first=B. D. Ed. |title=The Matsya Puranam |publisher=The Panini office, Bhuvaneswari ashrama |year=1916 |language=English}}</ref> Vyasa mentions in Devi Bhagavatam that it was composed in Sarasvata Kalpa.

Farquhar mentions that devotees of Devi accept this Purana as the original Bhagavata Purana, the fifth among all the Puranas, and the Vishnu Bhagavata Purana is believed to have been composed by Vopadeva around A.D. 1300. He points out that Sridhara remarks on this claim in his (Vishnu) Bhagavata Purana commentary, a claim apparently common during his day, thus making it clear that Devi Bhagavata is posterior to the Bhagavata Purana and prior to Sridhara, who lived about A.D. 1400.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farquhar |first=J. N. |title=An outline of the religious literature of India |url=https://archive.org/details/outlineofreligio00farqrich/page/269/mode/1up |publisher=London, New York : H. Milford, Oxford university press |year=1920 |pages=269}}</ref>

Winternitz mentions that there are three polemic treatises discussing whether Devi Bhagavata should instead be considered a Mahapurana.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Winternitz |first=Moriz |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.97551/page/n581/mode/1up |title=A History of Indian Literature |volume=1 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |year=1996 |orig-date=1927 |isbn=9788120802643 |pages=555 |language=en}}</ref>

Hazra mentions that there is a band of scholars, both European and Indian, who hold that the Devi Bhagavata is the real Bhagavata and that the Vaishnava Bhagavata is a spurious work, which he views their opinion as untenable and elaborates on eleven reasons why in his book.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hazra |first=R. C. |title=Studies in the Upapuranas |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.18862/page/337/mode/1up |volume=2 |year=1963 |pages=337–341}}</ref>

Vishnulok Bihari Srivastava states that in Sanskrit literature, both Srimad Bhagavatam and Devi Bhagavatam are accepted as Mahapuranas, while the [[Vayu Purana]], Matsya Purana and Aditya Upa Purana accept Devi Bhagavatam as a Mahapurana.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bihari Srivastava |first=Vishnulok |title=Dictionary of Indology |publisher=Hindoology Books |year=2009 |isbn=9788122310849 |pages=55}}</ref> Vanamali, in her book "Shakti", states that Devi Bhagavatam is classified as a Mahapurana.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vanamali |title=Shakti: Realm of the Divine Mother |publisher=Inner Traditions/Bear |year=2008 |isbn=9781594777851}}</ref> Puri states that in the Devi Bhagavata Purana it is entitled as the Bhagavata Mahapurana and the Vaishnava Bhagavata as an upapurana.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Puri |first=Vishnu |title=Bhakti Ratnavali : An Anthology from Srimad Bhagavata |publisher=Sri Ramakrishna Math |year=2020}}</ref> Sanyal states that in the Saura Purana and the revakhanda of [[Skanda Purana]], the Bhagavata Purana is mentioned as being divided into two parts. He further points out that the Vaishnava Bhagavata Purana is not so divided and that the Devi Bhagavata Purana is divided into two parts of six chapters each, so it may be the Devi Bhagavata Purana.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Purana Bulletin |date=January–July 1969 |publisher=All India Kashiraj Trust, Varanasi |pages=135–136}}</ref>

Wilson states that It is acceptable to include the Bhagavata among the eighteen Puranas, but it is said that it can only be the Devi Bhagavata as the circumstances apply more precisely than the Vaishnava Bhagavata.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wilson |first=Horace Hayman |title=Puranas, Or an Account of Their Contents and Nature |publisher=Society for the Resuscitation of Indian Literature |year=1987 |pages=49}}</ref>

==== Five characteristics ====
As a [[Sattva|Sattvic]] [[Shaktism|Shakta]] Purana the Srimad Devi Bhagavatam has five characteristics.

From [[Swami Vijnanananda]] translation:
{{Blockquote|text=Thus, the Mahatma Veda Vyasa has divided this
Bhagavata Purana into so many Skandhas and into so many chapters; and that the number of verses is eighteen thousand is already stated. That is denominated as Purana which contains the following five characteristics: (1) Sarga (creation of the universe), (2) Pratisarga (secondary creation), (3) Vamsa (dynasties), (4) Manvantaras, (5) Vamsa nuchararita (the description of Manus and other kings).|source=Srimad Devi Bhagavatam First Canto, Chapter 2, Verse 17:18}}

=== Shlokas / Verses ===
Srimad Devi Bhagavatam consists of 12 cantos with 318 chapters.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=168}} Although the number of original [[Sanskrit]] ''[[shloka]]s'' ('verses') is stated to be 18,000 by the Devi Bhagavata itself.{{Sfn|Lynn Foulston |Stuart Abbott|2009|p=73}} The actual text, in different versions, is close.{{Sfn|Cheever Mackenzie Brown|1998|p=4}}
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" |Srimad Devi Bhagavatam Chapters and Verses
|-
!
! colspan="2" |'''[[Vijnanananda|Swami Vijnanananda]] Translation'''
|-
!'''Canto'''
!'''Chapters'''
!'''Verses'''
|-
|1
|20
|1,185
|-
|2
|12
|723
|-
|3
|30
|1,746
|-
|4
|25
|1,426
|-
|5
|35
|2,086
|-
|6
|31
|1,885
|-
|7
|40
|2,251
|-
|8
|24
|793
|-
|9
|50
|3,563
|-
|10
|13
|508
|-
|11
|24
|1,239
|-
|12
|14
|964
|-
|'''Total'''
|'''318'''
|'''18,369'''
|-
| colspan="2" |'''Difference (Sanskrit)'''
|'''+369'''
|}

== Cantos ==
For ease of reference, Swami Vijnanananda's complete 18-volume translation of the Srimad Devi Bhagavatam in wisdomlib is cited. It also provides original [[Sanskrit]] verses, [[transliteration]]s, [[synonym]]s, and purports.

=== First Canto ===
Consisting of 20 chapters, the first book (''skandha'') like other major Puranas, states Rocher, presents the outline, the structure of contents, and describes how in the mythical Naimisha forest, the ''Devi-Bhagavata Purana'' was first recited among the sages.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=168}} It also asserts that all of Reality was initially ''nirguna'' (without form, shape or attributes; in other words, there was nothingness except Truth).{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=168}} However, asserts the text, this ''nirguna'' Reality was a ''Bhagavati'' (woman), and she manifested herself as three ''Shaktis'' - Sattviki (truth, creative action), Rajasi (passion, aimless action) and Tamasi (delusion, destructive action).{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=168}} It also includes:
* The group of sages including [[Shaunaka]] requested Suta to recite the Bhagavata Purana, the fifth Purana among the Mahapuranas.
*Lord Vishnu assume the form of [[Hayagriva]] with the grace of Devi as a result of a curse by Vishnu's consort Lakshmi.
*The penance of [[Vyasa]], and boon granted by [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]]
*Birth of [[Budha]] from Tara by Soma; Sudyumna's change into a female named Ila and her prayers to the Goddess and the Goddess granting her a place at Her Lotus Feet
* Birth of [[Shuka]]<nowiki/>deva and visit to Mithila to meet King Janaka
* Instructions of Bhagavati to Vishnu

In chapter fifteen chapter of the 1st canto, Devi reveals her true identity to [[Vishnu]] who is lying on a banyan leaf.{{Blockquote|text=All this that is seen is I Myself; there is existent nothing other that is eternal|source=Srimad Devi Bhagavatam, Canto 01, Chapter 15, Verse 52}}

=== Second Canto ===
Consisting of 12 chapters, this canto is short and historical.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=168}} It weaves in the characters well known in the Hindu epic ''Mahabharata'', states Rocher, and introduces in the key characters that appear in remaining books of the ''Devi-Bhagavata Purana''.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=169}} It also includes:
* [[Parashara|Parasara]] union with [[Satyavati|Matsyagandha]] and part of Lord Vishnu, born as Vyasa.
* Union of Ganga with [[Shantanu]] and birth of eight [[Vasu]]s as her sons.
* Birth of [[Dhritarashtra]], [[Pandu]] and [[Vidura]], Dhritarashtra marriage [[Gandhari (Mahabharata)|Gandhari]] and Saubali and Pandu's marriage with [[Kunti]] and [[Madri]].
* The story of the birth [[Karna]] and five [[Pandava]]s.
* On the [[Kurukshetra War]]
* The story of Kasyapa and [[Takshaka]] meeting on the way to [[Parikshit]]'s house and Takshaka entering a fruit and killing Parikshit.

=== Third Canto ===
Consisting of 30 chapters, this canto mentions the glory of Devi [[Bhuvaneshvari]] and her worship, at the beginning of the universe [[Brahma]], [[Vishnu]] and [[Shiva]] see the Goddess reside in Manidvipa and praise her. It also weaves in legends from the [[Ramayana]].{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=169}}

* Description about the secondary creation
* [[Trimurti]] going towards the heavens on the celestial car
* Devi transforms Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva into young girls, Trimurti eulogizes Devi with various hymns.
* Devi's description of her own self and the description of nirguna [[shakti]] and nirguna [[purusha]].
* The Goddess bestows [[Saraswati]] on Brahma, [[Lakshmi]] on Vishnu and [[Parvati|Gauri]] on Shiva.
* Fight between Yudhajit and Virasena
* Details about [[Navaratri]] festival and [[Rama]]'s performing the Navaratri ceremony
=== Fourth Canto ===
Consisting of 25 chapters, this fourth canto presents more legends, including interactions between avatars of [[Hari]], [[Krishna]] and [[Shiva]] and [[Kashyapa]]'s birth as [[Vasudeva]]. It also introduces tantric themes and presents yoga meditation.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=169}}[[File:Durga Mahisasuramardini.JPG|thumb|180px|link=Devi|One aspect of the Goddess in the ''Devi Bhagavata Purana''. The text describes many.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=168-172}}{{Sfn|Tracy Pintchman|2015|pp=183-184}}]]

* The questions put by Janamejaya regarding Krishna's incarnation

* Details about Nara and Narayana
* The fight between the Risis and [[Prahlada]]
* Description about several avatars of Vishnu
* Explain about Devi's highest supremacy
=== Fifth Canto ===
[[File:Bhuvaneshwari temple in the Mysore Palace grounds.jpg|thumb|Bhuvaneshwari temple in [[Mysore Palace]]. Bhuvaneshwari is the supreme Goddess in Book 7 of this Purana.{{Sfn|Tracy Pintchman|2014|p=26-28}}]]
Consisting of 35 chapters, the canto mentions the glory of Devi (Devi Mahatmya), fight between [[Durga]] and [[Mahishasura]], killing of [[Sumbha and Nisumbha]] and other demons.

* Devi Mahatmya - Story of [[Mahishasura]] and the origin of goddess Mahalakshmi
* The conquest of the Heavens by Shumba - Nishumbha and Birth of Devi [[Kaushiki]]
* The story of King Suratha and a Vaishya who heard the Devi Mahatmyam from a sage, received the nine-syllable mantra from him and performed severe austerities and worshiped the Devi.
* The methods of Devi worship, worship of Devi either in a metal image or in a [[Yantra]]

=== Sixth Canto ===
Consisting of 31 chapters, The sixth book continue these legends, states Rocher, with half of the chapters focussed on the greatness of Goddess, how male gods are befuddled by problems, how they run to her for help, and how she solves them because she is enlightened knowledge.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=169-170}}{{Sfn|C Mackenzie Brown|1990|pp=201-216}} The text presents the feminine to whom all masculine deities are subordinate and dependent on.{{Sfn|Lynn Foulston |Stuart Abbott|2009|pp=73-74}} Its also include [[Indra]] killing of [[Vritra]].

* [[Tvashtr]] create a son named Vishvarupa and Indra kills Visvarupa.
* Tvashtr's rage and creation of [[Vritra]] from the sacrificial fire and the slaying of Vṛitrasura
* Indra's expulsion from heaven, [[Indrani|Sachi]] worship of Devi [[Bhuvaneshvari]] and [[Nahusha]] taking Indra's place.
* The birth of Mitra Varuṇa
* The origin of the Haihaya Dynasty
* Details of holy rivers, mountains, lakes and places sacred to the Goddess.
* The marriage of Narada and his face getting transformed into that of a monkey

=== Seventh Canto ===
Consisting of 40 chapters, The seventh canto of the ''Srimad Devi-Bhagavatam'' shifts towards more philosophy, asserting its version of the essence of the Vedas.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=170}} This book contains the philosophical text called ''Devi Gita'', or the "Song of the Goddess".{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=170}}{{Sfn|Cheever Mackenzie Brown|1998|p=1-2, 85-98}} The Goddess explains she is the [[Brahman]] that created the world, asserting the Advaita premise that spiritual liberation occurs when one fully comprehends the identity of one's soul and the Brahman.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=170}}{{Sfn|Cheever Mackenzie Brown|1998|p=12-17}} This knowledge, asserts the Goddess, comes from detaching self from the world and meditating on one's own soul.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=170}}{{Sfn|Tracy Pintchman|2015|pp=131-138}}Chapter 28 of the seventh book contain the story of Durgamasur and his annihilation by goddess Sivaa (Parvati) in her form of [[Shakambhari]].
* Description of the Solar and Lunar Kings

* The story of Satyavrata
* The birth of Devi Gauri, the seats of the Deity, and the distraction of Shiva
* Supreme goddess takes Universal Virat rupa and Self-realization, Spoken by the supreme Mother
This canto, states Rocher, also includes sections on festivals related to Devi, pilgrimage information and ways to remember her.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=170}} Her relationship with Shiva and the birth of [[Kartikeya|Skanda]] is also briefly mentioned in the 7th book.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=170}} The last ten chapters (31 to 40) of the canto 7 is the famous and philosophical ''Devi Gita'', which often circulates in the Hindu tradition as a separate text.{{Sfn|Cheever Mackenzie Brown|1998|pp=1-4}}

=== Eighth Canto ===
Consisting of 24 chapters, The eighth book of the ''Devi-Bhagavata Purana'' incorporates one of the five requirements of Puranic-genre of Hindu texts, that is a theory of the geography of the earth, planets and stars, the motion of sun and moon, as well as explanation of time and the Hindu calendar.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=170-171}} Its include:

* In the beginning of creation [[Manu (Hinduism)]] praise Devi and Lord taking [[Varaha]] avatar
* Divisions of Bhu Mandala with Seven islands
* Various avatars of Vishnu worship in [[Jambudvīpa]]
* Description of the movement of the Moon and other planets.
* [[Narada]] worship and praises Lord Ananta
* Description about nether worlds and different hells

=== Ninth Canto ===
The largest canto is the 9th ''skandha'' Consisting of 50 chapters, which is very similar in structure and content of the ''Prakriti-kanda'' of the ''[[Brahmavaivarta Purana]]''.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=171}}{{Sfn|C Mackenzie Brown|1990|p=160}} Both are goddess-focused and discuss her theology, but have one difference.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=171}} The ''Prakriti-kanda'' of the ''[[Brahmavaivarta Purana]]'' also includes many verses which praise Vishnu and use various names (incarnations), which re-appear in the 9th book of the ''Devi Bhagavata Purana'', with Vishnu's names substituted with Devi's names (incarnations).{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=171}} It also mentioned [[Krishna]] as the male form of goddess.

* Description of five forms of Devi [[Prakriti]]
* Manifestation of Shri [[Krishna]] and description of first creation (Sarga)
* Birth of Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva
* [[Lakshmi]], [[Saraswati]] and [[Ganga (goddess)]] mutually curse each other and descend them on Bharatavarsha.
* Description of the period of [[Kali Yuga]].
* Story of Devi [[Tulsi]]
* Significance and attributes of Bhagavati [[Bhuvaneshvari]]
* Goddess [[Mahalakshmi]] manifests from ocean of milk
* Description of mantras and songs of praise to Devi [[Radha]] and goddess [[Durga]].

=== Tenth Canto ===
Consisting of 13 chapters, This Canto of the ''Devi-Bhagavata Purana'' is one of the shortest, and integrates ''manavantaras'', another structural requirement for this text to be a major Purana, but wherein the Devi is worshiped in every cosmic time cycle, because she is the greatest, she kills the evil and she nurtures the good.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=171}}{{Sfn|C Mackenzie Brown|1990|pp=133-134}}Chapter 13 of the tenth book describes the glory of goddess [[Bhramari|Bhramri]] that how in the past she killed the demon [[Arunasura]].

* The creation Swayambhu Manu and Description of other Manus.
* Narada describes the greatness of Vindhya who tries to stop the path of [[Sun God]].
* Method of [[Panchayatana puja|Panchayatana Puja]]
* The anecdote of the King Suratha
* The story of [[Bhramari]] Devi

[[File:Devi Bhuvaneswari at Parashakthi Temple.jpg|thumb|240x240px|Devi Bhuvaneshwari]]

=== Eleventh Canto ===
Consisting of 24 chapters, This canto of the text discusses ''Sadachara'' (virtues) and [[Dharma]] to self as an individual, as belonging to a ''Grama'' (village, community) and to a ''Desha'' (country).{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=171}} The text praises [[Sruti]] and asserts it to be the authoritative source, adding that [[Smriti]] and [[Purana]]s are also sources for guidance.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=171}} This section is notable for adding that Tantra is also a source of guidance, but only if it does not conflict with the [[Vedas]].{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=171}} Verses in the 11th books also describe sources for [[Rudraksha]] as Japa beads, the value of [[Tripundra]] mark on the forehead, five styles of ''Sandhyas'' (reflection, meditation) and five types of [[Yajna]]s.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=171}}

* The glories of the Rudrakṣa beads and Bhasma
* The rules of using the Tripuṇḍra and Urdhapundra marks
* Description of the Greatness of the Devi Puja
* The description of Sandhya Upasana

=== Twelfth Canto ===
The last and 12th canto of the ''Devi-Bhagavatam'' Consisting of 14 chapters, Its describes the Goddess as the mother of the Vedas, she as the ''Adya Shakti'' (primal, primordial power), and the essence of the [[Gayatri mantra]].{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=171-172}} The verses map every syllable of the Gayatri mantra to 1008 names of reverence in the Hindu tradition.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=171-172}} These names span a spectrum of historic sages, deities, musical meters, mudras and the glories of the goddesses.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=171-172}} Also, from Chapter 10 to Chapter 12, a description is provided of the supreme abode of Devi called [[Manidvipa]], which is above [[Vaikuntha]] and [[Goloka]].

* One thousand and eight names of [[Gayatri]]
* The story of Uma Haimavati
* Effects of Gayatri upasana
* Janamejaya's Devi-yajna
* Glory of Devi Bhagavata as the essence of all the Vedas and Puranas.

=== Devi Gita ===
''Main articles: [[Devi Gita]]''

The ''Devi Gita'', like the ''Bhagavad Gita'', is a condensed philosophical treatise.{{Sfn|C Mackenzie Brown|1990|pp=179-198}} It presents the divine female as a powerful and compassionate creator, pervader and protector of the universe.{{Sfn|Cheever Mackenzie Brown|1998|pp=1-3}} She is, states Brown, presented in the opening chapter of the ''Devi Gita'' as the benign and beautiful world-mother, called ''Bhuvaneshvari'' (literally, ruler of the universe, and the word is feminine).{{Sfn|Tracy Pintchman|2014|p=26-28}}{{Sfn|C Mackenzie Brown|1990|pp=179-198}} Thereafter, theological and philosophical teachings become the focus of the text, covering chapters 1 to 10 of the ''Devi Gita'' (or, chapters 31 to 40 of this Purana's Canto 7).{{Sfn|Cheever Mackenzie Brown|1998|pp=1-3}} Some of the verses of ''Devi Gita'' are almost identical to the [[Devi Upanishad]].{{Sfn|Cheever Mackenzie Brown|1998|pp=25-26, 77 with note 26}}

{{Quote box
|quote = '''The soul and the Goddess'''
<poem>
[My sacred syllable हरीम] transcends,{{efn|group=note|हरीम is pronounced as hrīm, it is a tantric mantra beej, and it identifies a "Shakti".<ref>{{cite book|author=Antonio Rigopoulos|title=Dattatreya: The Immortal Guru, Yogin, and Avatara: A Study of the Transformative and Inclusive Character of a Multi-faceted Hindu Deity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZM-BlvaqAf0C |year=1998|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-3696-7 |pages=72 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Douglas Renfrew Brooks|title=Auspicious Wisdom: The Texts and Traditions of Srividya Sakta Tantrism in South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oo_cEGxebREC |year=1992|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-1145-2 |pages=94 }}</ref>}}
the distinction of name and named,
beyond all dualities.
It is whole,
infinite [[satcitananda|being, consciousness and bliss]].
One should meditate on that reality,
within the flaming light of consciousness.
Fixing the mind upon me,
as the Goddess transcending all space and time,
One quickly merges with me by realizing,
the oneness of the soul and [[Brahman]].
</poem>
|source = —''Devi Gita'', Transl: Lynn Foulston, Stuart Abbott ''Devibhagavata Purana'', Book 7{{Sfn|Lynn Foulston |Stuart Abbott|2009|pp=74-75}}
|bgcolor=#FFE0BB
|align = right
}}
The ''Devi Gita'' frequently explains Shakta ideas by quoting from the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]''.{{Sfn|Cheever Mackenzie Brown|1998|pp=1-3}} The Devi is described by the text as a "universal, cosmic energy" resident within each individual, weaving in the terminology of [[Samkhya]] school of [[Hindu philosophy]].{{Sfn|Cheever Mackenzie Brown|1998|pp=1-3}} It is suffused with [[Advaita Vedanta]] ideas, wherein nonduality is emphasized, all dualities are declared as incorrect, and interconnected oneness of all living being's soul with Brahman is held as the liberating knowledge.{{Sfn|Cheever Mackenzie Brown|1998|pp=1-3, 12-17}}{{Sfn|Tracy Pintchman|2015|pp=9, 34, 89-90, 131-138}}{{Sfn|Lynn Foulston|Stuart Abbott|2009|pp=15-16}} However, adds Tracy Pintchman, ''Devi Gita'' incorporates Tantric ideas giving the Devi a form and motherly character rather than the gender-neutral concept of Adi Shankara's Advaita Vedanta.{{Sfn|Tracy Pintchman|2014|p=9-10}}

The [[Bhakti]] theology of the ''Devi Gita'' part of this Purana may have been influenced by the ''Bhagavad Gita'', and with Vaishnava concepts of loving devotion to [[Krishna]] found in the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]''. All these texts highlight different types of devotion in a Samkhya philosophy framework.{{Sfn|June McDaniel|2004|pp=158-161}}{{Sfn|Cheever Mackenzie Brown|1998|pp=23-25}} The text asserts that ''Tamasic Bhakti'' is one where the devotee prays because he is full of anger and seeks to harm or induce pain or jealousy to others.{{Sfn|Cheever Mackenzie Brown|1998|pp=23-25}} ''Rajasic Bhakti'' is one where the devotee prays not to harm others, but to gain personal advantage, fame or wealth.{{Sfn|June McDaniel|2004|pp=158-161}} ''Sattvic Bhakti'' is the type where the devotee seeks neither advantage nor harm to others but prays to purify himself, renounce any sins and surrender to the ideas embodied as Goddess to liberate himself.

== Philosophy ==

=== Vedic literature ===

Devi Bhagavatam mentioned number of Vedic mantras connected with observance. In eleventh canto describes certain rites, also Devi is identified with [[Yajurveda]] and [[Rudra]]. In the ninth canto mentioned various phase powers of Devi. Dhyana stotras of Lakshmi and Svaha are adopted from [[Samaveda]]. Use of Rudrakshas mentioned in ninth canto is supported by the [[Śruti|Sruti]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Layle|first=P.G|title=Studies in Devi Bhagavata|publisher=Popular Prakashan|year=1973|isbn=978-8171540693|pages=38–39}}</ref>

=== Upanishad ===
Devi Bhagavatam adopted some of the passages in the Upanishad. In the seventh canto of the purana, Devi describes her own form. These verses are identical with some verses of the [[Devi Upanishad]]. Also, in the fourth canto some famous expressions of [[Taittiriya Upanishad]] are used to describe the nature of Devi.

=== Samkhya ===
{{Main|Samkhya}}

Devi Bhagavatam belongs to the Shaktadvaitavada tradition (syncretism of [[Samkhya]] and [[Advaita Vedanta]]; literally, the path of nondualistic Shakti). The duality of [[Prakṛti]] and [[Purusha]] in Samkhya is also acknowledged by Devi Bhagavatam as it covers wide range of different philosophies. In the text prakriti is identified with Parashakti. She is also called Mulaprakriti (root prakriti).

=== Bhakti ===
''Main articles: [[Bhakti]] and [[Bhakti yoga]]''

The Devi Bhagavata Purana adds ''Para Bhakti'' ([[Sanskrit]]: दवी) in Devi Gita as the highest level of devotion, states McDaniel, where the devotee seeks neither boon nor liberation but weeps when he remembers her because he loves the Goddess, when he feels her presence everywhere and sees the Goddess in all living beings, he is intoxicated by her ideas and presence.{{Sfn|June McDaniel|2004|pp=158-161}}{{Sfn|Cheever Mackenzie Brown|1998|pp=23-25}}

=== Advaita ===
[[Advaita Vedanta]] concepts can be seen throughout the Devi Bhagavata Purana. One of the main Advaita concepts found in the Purana is the concept that the individual self and the Supreme Self are one. As P. G. Lalye states that the Advaita Vedanta concept most prominent in the Devi Bhagavata Purana is the non-dual unity of the Goddess.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lalye |first=P. G |title=Studies In Devi Bhagavata |year=1973 |pages=80}}</ref>

=== Karma ===
Lalye state that Devi Bhagavatam has described many events that directly affect karma. In purana Vyasa, Narada and Narayana are exponents of Karma theory. He further states that one's actions must be forgiven. As the action is, so is the result. In this narrative the theory of karma and the theory of destiny are mixed together in the Purana.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Lalye |first=P. G |title=Studies In Devi Bhagavata |year=1973 |pages=133–134}}</ref>

== Significance ==
The Devi Bhagavata Purana promotes devotion to the Goddess.<ref>{{Cite book |last=J. N. |first=Farquhar |title=Outline of the Religious Literature of India |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Limited |year=1984 |isbn=9788120820869 |pages=359}}</ref> As Lynn Foulston states, the text was written to satisfy Shakti devotees. He further mentions that the Devi Gita in the seventh Canto is the Shakta alternative to the Bhagavad Gita.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Foulston |first=Lynn |title=Hindu Goddesses - Beliefs & Practices |publisher=Liverpool University Press |year=2009 |isbn=9781782847205 |pages=73–74}}</ref>
=== Hindu Festivals ===
[[File:Durga Puja 2.jpg|thumb|196x196px|Durga Puja in Navaratri]]
Devi Bhagavatam also mentions the [[Navaratri]] festival which is a special festival of Goddess and the rituals to be performed on that festival and about the Navaratri Puja performed by [[Rama]] on [[Ashtami]] night.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2013-05-15 |title=On the narration of the Navarātra ceremony by Nārada and the performance of that by Rāma Chandra [Chapter 30] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/devi-bhagavata-purana/d/doc57163.html |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

In the thirteenth chapter of the Ninth canto mentions, the Hindu festival of [[Dol Purnima|Dola Purnima]], celebrated during [[Holi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Devi Bhagavatam: The Ninth Book: Chapter 30 |url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/db/bk09ch30.htm |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=sacred-texts.com}}</ref>

=== shaktism ===
Divya Jyoti Jagrati Sansthan, a non-profit organization, performs the rituals of the Devi Bhagavatam and preaches its stories.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shrimad Devi Bhagwat Katha {{!}} DJJS {{!}} Divya Jyoti Jagrati Sansthan |url=https://www.djjs.org/devibhagwatkatha |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=www.djjs.org}}</ref>

When [[Swami Vivekananda]] talks about Para bhakti, the highest form of devotion to Brahman, he gives examples and definitions from the Devi Bhagavata Purana.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Swami |first=Vivekananda |title=The Complete Works Of Swami Vivekananda Vol. 3 |publisher=Advaita Ashrama |year=1958 |pages=85}}</ref>

Sanyal states that Devi Bhagavata Parayana is still popular in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Maharashtra]] etc.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1969 |title=Purana Bulletin 1969 January & July |journal=Purana Bulletin 1969 January & July |pages=150}}</ref>

==Reception==
The verses and ideas in the ''Devi-Bhagavata Purana'', state Foulston and Abbott, are built on the foundation of the [[Upanishads]] wherein the nonduality and oneness of [[Brahman]] and [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]] (soul) are synthesized.{{Sfn|Lynn Foulston |Stuart Abbott|2009|pp=75-76}}{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=170}} The text makes references to the philosophy and metaphors used in the Advaita Vedanta tradition of [[Adi Shankara]]. However, those ideas are reformulated and centered around the Goddess in the ''Devi Bhagavata Purana'', states C Mackenzie Brown, as well as other scholars.{{Sfn|Lynn Foulston |Stuart Abbott|2009|p=75}}{{Sfn|Cheever Mackenzie Brown|1998|p=12-17}} In ''Devi Bhagavata'' text, states Tracy Pintchman, the Devi is not only Brahman-Atman (soul, interconnected oneness), she is also the always-changing empirical reality ([[Maya (illusion)|Maya]]).{{Sfn|Tracy Pintchman|2014|p=29-30}}

The Goddess, in ''Devi Bhagavata Purana'', is both the source of self-bondage through ''Avidya'' (ignorance) and the source of self-liberation through ''Vidya'' (knowledge), state Foulston and Abbott.{{Sfn|Lynn Foulston |Stuart Abbott|2009|p=75}} She is identical to the Vedic [[metaphysics|metaphysical]] reality concept of Brahman, the supreme power, the ruler of the universe, the hero, the hidden energy, the power, the bliss innate in everything, according to the text.{{Sfn|Lynn Foulston |Stuart Abbott|2009|pp=75-76}}{{Sfn|Tracy Pintchman|2015|pp=128, 131-138}}{{Sfn|David Kinsley|1997|pp=131-134}} The Devi, states Kinsley, is identified by this Purana to be all matter, mother earth, the cosmos, all of nature including the primordial.{{Sfn|David Kinsley|1988|pp=179-180}} The Goddess is presented, states Brown, as "the womb of the universe", who observes the actions of her children, nurtures them to discover and realize their true nature, forgive when they make mistakes, be fearsomely terrible to the wicked that threaten her children, and be friend of all souls.{{Sfn|C Mackenzie Brown|1990|pp=129-130}}

Cynthia Humes compares the depiction of Goddess in the 6th-century Hindu text ''Devi Mahatmya'', with that in this later ''Devi-Bhagavata Purana'' text.{{Sfn|Alf Hiltebeitel|Kathleen M. Erndl|2000|pp=139-140 (Cynthia Humes)}} Both revere the feminine, states Humes, but there are some important differences.{{Sfn|Alf Hiltebeitel|Kathleen M. Erndl|2000|pp=139-140 (Cynthia Humes)}} Nowhere does the ''Devi Mahatmya'' state anything negative about women, and it is explicit in asserting that "all women are portions of the Goddess".{{Sfn|Alf Hiltebeitel|Kathleen M. Erndl|2000|pp=139-142 (Cynthia Humes)}} By contrast, states Humes, the portrayal of women in ''Devi-Bhagavata Purana'' is more complex.{{Sfn|Alf Hiltebeitel|Kathleen M. Erndl|2000|pp=139-142 (Cynthia Humes)}} It includes verses critical of the feminine, with the text stating that behavior of woman can be "reckless, foolish, cruel, deceitful" and the like. The ''Devi Bhagavata'' also praises women and describes their behavior can be "heroic, gentle, tenacious, strong" and the like.{{Sfn|Alf Hiltebeitel|Kathleen M. Erndl|2000|pp=139-142 (Cynthia Humes)}}

As Hazra points out, in some parts of the Devi Bhagavata Purana, Vishnu is shown as the supreme deity, and in some parts Shiva is shown superior to Vishnu and Krishna. In the ninth canto, Krishna is shown as Para-Brahman. He further shows that the author of this Purana has composed it in such a way as to be consistent with all the Hindu sects, without contradicting the views of any sect.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hazra |first=R. C. |title=Studies in the Upapuranas |year=1963 |volume=2 |pages=333}}</ref>

The ''Devi-Bhagavata Purana'' is an important and historic Shakta Bhakti text, states June McDaniel.{{Sfn|June McDaniel|2004|pp=158-161}}

== Commentaries and translations ==

=== Commentaries ===

* Studies in Devi Bhagavata - P.G. Layle
*Srimad Devi Bhagavatam with the Tika of Nilakantha
*Discourses on the Devi Bhagavatam - Pt Vidur Prasad Dahal
*The Triumph of the Goddess : The Canonical Models and Theological Visions of the Devi-Bhagavata Purana<ref>{{Cite book|last=Brown|first=C. Mackenzie|title=The Triumph of the Goddess|publisher=SUNY Press|year=1990|isbn=9780791403648|pages=327}}</ref>

=== Translations ===
The Devi Bhagavata Purana has been translated into different languages.

==== Telugu ====
*[[Mulugu Papayaradhya]], an 18th-century Telugu poet, is regarded as the first poet to translate the Devi Bhagavata Purana into [[Telugu language|Telugu]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C3JOAAAAYAAJ|title=Purāṇam|date=1962|publisher=All-India Kasiraja Trust.|pages=401|language=en}}</ref>
*[[Tirupati Venkata Kavulu]] also translated this purana into Telugu language in 1896 entitled ''Devi Bhagavatamu''. They have divided the purana into 6 skandas and themselves published it in 1920.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tirupati Venkata Kavulu |title=Devi Bhagavatamu |date=1920 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.332758/mode/2up |access-date=21 October 2020 |language=te}}</ref>
*[[Dasu Sriramulu]] (1846 -1908) a scholar, composer, poet, Avadhani, orator, proficient in astrology and dramaturgy, translator, founder of a music school, nationalist and social reformer and author of kavyalu, [[Satakam|Satakas]], plays, musical and dance compositions in Telugu. He translated many satakams and plays from [[Sanskrit]] into Telugu. He translated Sri Devi Bhagavatham, which was first published in 1907.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnamoorthy |first=Dasu |date=6 May 1996 |title=A multi-faceted genius |work=The Andhra Pradesh Times}}</ref>
*Sri Devi Bhagavatham by Acharya Bethavolu Ramabrahmam in 2005<ref>{{Cite book|last=ramabrahmam|first=Bethavolu|title=Sri Devi Bhagavatam|publisher=VGS Publishers|year=2005}}</ref>
*Sri Devi Bhagavatam translated by Smt. S Rukminamma<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rukminamma|title=Sri Devi Bhagavatam|publisher=Victory Publishers|year=2008}}</ref>

==== Kannada ====
* Edatore Chandrashekhara Sastry has translated the entire Devi Bhagavatam to Kannada with Sanskrit Text. This was published in 11 volumes at Mysore. (Jayachamarajendra Grantha Ratna Mala - 5)
*Sri Devi Bhagavata by Pavana Sutha<ref>{{Cite book|last=Prakashan|first=Laxmi|title=Shri Mad Devi Bhagwat Mahapuran|publisher=Laxmi Prakashan|year=2018|pages=488}}</ref>

==== Malayalam ====

* Srimad Devi Bhagavatam translated by Varavoor Shamu Menon and Dr. N. P Unni<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shamu Menon|first=Varavoor|title=Srimad Devi Bhagavatam|publisher=PRASANTHI PUBLISHERS|year=2015|isbn=978-8189823443}}</ref>
* Shrimad Devi Bhagavata published by Aarshasri Publications Co

==== Hindi ====

* Devi Bhagavatam published by [[Gita Press]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Shukla|first=Harendra|title=શરીમદ દવી ભાગવત|publisher=Shree Harihar Pustakalay Surat|year=|isbn=9789385955785|pages=984}}</ref>
*Shri Mad Devi Bhagwat Mahapuran by Laxmi prakashan<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Shivjeet|title=Srimad Devi Bhagawat Mahapurana|publisher=SHREE THAKUR PRASAD PUSTAK BHANDAR|year=2012|pages=576}}</ref>
*Shrimad Devi Bhagavata Purana in Simple Hindi Language by [[Gita Press]]
*A Synopsis of Devi Bhagawat by [[Gita Press]]
*Srimad Devi Bhagawat Mahapurana by Shivjeet Singh<ref name=":1" />

==== Gujarati ====

* શરીમદ દવી ભાગવત: Shrimad Devi Bhagavata Purana by Harendra Shukla<ref name=":0" />

==== Bengali ====

* Devi Bhagavatam by Navabharat Publishers, Kolkata

==== Nepali ====

* Srimad Devi Bhagawat Mahapuran (Nepali) translated by Gaurishankar Vasistha (SRI DURGA SAHITYA BHANDAR, VARANASI)<ref name=":0" />

==== Tamil ====

* Devi Bhagavatam - Karthikeyan by Giri Trading Agency private limited
* Sri Devi Bhagavatha 3 parts translated by Durgadoss S.K.Swami and Prema Pirasuram
* Shrimad Devi Bhagavata Purana in Tamil (Set of 2 Volumes) by Vidya Venkataraman
* Sri Devi Bhagavatham by Acharya Bethavolu Ramabrahmam - V.G.S Publishers

==== English ====
* [[Swami Vijnanananda]] translated the Devi Bhagavatam to English with Sanskrit Text.
* Srimad Devi Bhagavatam (2 Volumes) by C. P. Balachandran Nair
* Ramesh Menon translated condensed English version of The Devi Bhagavatam in 2010<ref>{{Cite book|last=Menon|first=Ramesh|title=Devi: The Devi Bhagavatam Retold|publisher=Rupa & Co|year=2010|isbn=9788129115546|pages=514}}</ref>
*Srimad Devibhagavata Puranam (Sanskrit Text with English Translation in Two Volumes) by Bahadur Sris Chandra
*Sampoorna Devi Bhagavatham by Sadguru Vaddiparti Padmakar
*Srimad Devi Bhagavatam (2 Volumes): English Version Prose by C. P. Balachandran Nair<ref>{{Cite web |title=Srimad Devi Bhagavatam (2 Volumes): English Version Prose |url=https://www.motilalbanarsidass.com/en-us/products/srimad-devi-bhagavatam-2-volumes-english-version-prose |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=Motilal Banarsidass |language=en}}</ref>

==== German ====

* Shrīmad Devī Bhāgavatam: Mutter Natur in Aktion by Michael Stibane<ref>{{Cite book|last=Stibane|first=Michael|title=Shrīmad Devī Bhāgavatam: Mutter Natur in Aktion|publisher=Alfa-Veda Verlag|year=2020|isbn=978-3945004456}}</ref>

==== Russian ====

* Девибхагавата-Пурана. В 6 томах (Devi Bhagavata Purana) - Клуб Касталия (Kastalia Club)

== See also ==

* [[Mahadevi]]
* [[Shaktism]]
* [[Puranas]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{citation style|reason=Inline full citation need to be moved to works cited and replaced with short citations|date=September 2023}}
{{reflist|30em}}

===Works cited===
*{{cite book |first=Charles Dillard |last= Collins |title=The Iconography and Ritual of Siva at Elephanta: On Life, Illumination, and Being |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=pQNi6kAGJQ4C&pg=PA36 | year=1988 | publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-88706-773-0}}
*{{cite book|first = Rosen|last= Dalal|year= 2014|title= Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide| publisher= Penguin|isbn= 978-8184752779| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC }}
*{{cite book|author1=Lynn Foulston |author2=Stuart Abbott| title=Hindu Goddesses: Beliefs and Practices| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XgwVgPx5G5UC| year=2009| publisher=Sussex Academic Press| isbn=978-1-902210-43-8}}
*{{cite book|author=K P Gietz|display-authors=etal|title=Epic and Puranic Bibliography (Up to 1985) Annoted and with Indexes: Part I: A - R, Part II: S - Z, Indexes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kgpLBpUCufwC&pg=PA870|year= 1992|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-03028-1}}
*{{cite book|author1=John Stratton Hawley|author2=Donna Marie Wulff |title=Devi: Goddesses of India| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CZrV3kOpMt0C |year=1998| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1491-2}}
*{{cite book|author1=Alf Hiltebeitel |author2=Kathleen M. Erndl |title=Is the Goddess a Feminist?: The Politics of South Asian Goddesses|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sQJzTr4c-g4C |year = 2000|publisher=New York University Press|isbn=978-0-8147-3619-7}}
*{{cite book|author=David Kinsley|title=Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HzldwMHeS6IC|year=1988|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-90883-3}}
*{{cite book| author=David Kinsley|title=Tantric Visions of the Divine Feminine: The Ten Mahavidyas| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iob2JIzY9fIC| year=1997|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-91772-9}}
*{{cite book| last= Klostermaier| first=Klaus K.| title=Survey of Hinduism, A: Third Edition| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8CVviRghVtIC | year=2010| publisher=State University of New York Press| isbn=978-0-7914-8011-3}}
*{{cite book|first= James|last= Lochtefeld|year= 2002|title= The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1 & 2|publisher= Rosen Publishing|isbn= 978-0823931798|url-access= registration|url= https://archive.org/details/TheIllustratedEncyclopediaOfHinduism.../mode/2up}}
*{{cite book| author=Philip Lutgendorf| editor=Arvind Sharma| title=The Study of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=npCKSUUQYEIC |year=2003| publisher=University of South Carolina Press |isbn=978-1-57003-449-7 }}
*{{cite book|author=C Mackenzie Brown|title=The Triumph of the Goddess: The Canonical Models and Theological Visions of the Devi-Bhagavata Purana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p6KumJp_wNgC|year=1990|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-0364-8}}
*{{cite book|author=Cheever Mackenzie Brown|title=The Devi Gita: The Song of the Goddess: A Translation, Annotation, and Commentary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=28CIEnZCcqMC|year=1998|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-3939-5}}
*{{cite book|author= June McDaniel |title=Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=caeJpIj9SdkC | year =2004| publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn=978-0-19-534713-5}}
*{{cite book|author=Tracy Pintchman| title=Seeking Mahadevi: Constructing the Identities of the Hindu Great Goddess| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JfXdGInecRIC |year=2014| publisher=State University of New York Press| isbn=978-0-7914-9049-5}}
*{{cite book|author=Tracy Pintchman|title=The Rise of the Goddess in the Hindu Tradition| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JsDpBwAAQBAJ| year=2015| publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-1-4384-1618-2}}
*{{Cite book|first=Ludo |last=Rocher| year= 1986| author-link= Ludo Rocher| title= The Puranas| publisher= Otto Harrassowitz Verlag| isbn= 978-3447025225}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/db/index.htm English Translation of the Devi Bhagavata by Swami Vijnanananda]
* [https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/devi-bhagavata-purana ''Devi Bhagavata Purana'' English translation] correct IAST transliteration and glossary

{{Puranas}}
{{Hindudharma}}

[[Category:Puranas]]
[[Category:Shaktism]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophy]]
[[Category:Sanskrit texts]]
[[Category:Indian religious texts]]

Ladakh Range

2026-03-08T19:30:18Z

Admin: add article after review

{{Short description|Mountain range in India and Pakistan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Ladakh Range
| other_name =
| etymology =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| photo = Leh from Stok.jpg
| photo_size =
| photo_alt =
| photo_caption = View of Ladakh Range above [[Leh]]
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=270|frame-align=center|zoom=6|stroke-width=2|frame-lat=34.228|frame-long=77.668|type=shape-inverse|stroke-color=#808080|id=Q2578947|text=Interactive map outlining Ladakh range}}
| country = [[India]]
| region = [[Ladakh]], [[Baltistan]]
| region_type = [[Territory]]
| district = [[Leh district|Leh]]
| settlement = [[Leh]]
| settlement_type = City
| parent = [[Karakoram]]
| border = [[Kailash Range]]
| label =
| label_position =
| highest =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ref =
| prominence_m =
| prominence_ref =
| isolation_km =
| isolation_ref =
| listing =
| translation =
| language =
| pronunciation =
| range_coordinates = {{coord|34.66|N|76.88|E|display=inline,title|region:IN_type:mountain_source:GNS-enwiki}}
| range_coordinates_ref =
| length_km = 370
| topo =
| type =
| age =
| access =
| child =
| embedded =
}}
The '''Ladakh Range''' is a mountain range in central [[Ladakh]] in India with its northern tip extending into [[Baltistan]] in Pakistan. It lies between the [[Indus River|Indus]] and [[Shyok River|Shyok]] river valleys, stretching to 230 miles (370 km).{{sfn|Negi, Discovering the Himalaya, Volume 1|1998|p=14}} [[Leh]], the capital city of Ladakh, is at the foot of the Ladakh Range in the Indus river valley.

== Geography==
The Ladakh Range is regarded as a southern extension of the [[Karakoram]] Range, which runs for 230 miles (370 km) from the confluence of the [[Indus River|Indus]] and [[Shyok River|Shyok]] rivers in [[Baltistan]] to the [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibetan border]] of Ladakh in the southeast.{{sfn|Negi, Discovering the Himalaya, Volume 1|1998|p=14}}<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Ladakh-Range Ladakh Range], Encyclopedia Britannica, retrieved 22 April 2018.</ref> The southern extension of the Ladakh Range is called the [[Kailash Range]], especially in Tibet.{{sfn|Mehra, An "agreed" frontier|1992|loc=end papers}}

The Ladakh Range forms the northeastern bank of the [[Indus River]] and the western bank of the [[Shyok River]].{{sfn|Mehra, An "agreed" frontier|1992|p=15}}

The Ladakh Range has an average height of about 6,000 metres and has no major peaks. Some of its peaks are less than 4,800 metres.{{sfn|Kaul, Rediscovery of Ladakh|1998|p=17}}

The main mountain passes are [[Chorbat]] (5,090 metres), Digar La (5,400 metres), [[Khardung La]] (5,602 metres), [[Chang La]] (5,599 metres) and Tsaka La (4,724 metres).{{sfn|Negi, Discovering the Himalaya, Volume 1|1998|p=14}}

== Habitation ==


The city of [[Leh]] lies in the [[Indus Valley]] at the foot of the Ladakh Range. Leh is a historic trading town with trade routes to [[Yarkant County|Yarkand]] and [[Tibet]] on the one hand, and [[Srinagar]] and rest of the Indian subcontinent on the other. The summer route from Leh to Yarkand passed through Khardung La to pass into the [[Nubra River|Nubra valley]] and thence to Yarkand via the [[Karakoram Pass]] and Suget Pass (in the [[Trans-Karakoram Tract]]). The winter route passed through Digar La to reach the Shyok River valley and, again, reach the Karakoram Pass. The trade route to Tibet went via [[Gartok]] in the Indus river valley at the foot of the Kailash Range.{{sfn|Warikoo, India's gateway to Central Asia|2009|p=1}} By the [[Tingmosgang|Treaty of Tingmosgang]] signed in 1684, Ladakh had the exclusive right to trade in the [[pashmina]] wool from Tibet, which led to its prosperity.{{sfn|Warikoo, India's gateway to Central Asia|2009|p=4}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |last=Karim |first=Afsir |chapter=Strategic dimensions of the trans-Himalayan frontiers |editor=K. Warikoo |title=Himalayan Frontiers of India: Historical, Geo-Political and Strategic Perspectives |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w_Z8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA56 |date=2009 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-03294-5 |pages=56–66 }}
* {{citation |last=Kaul |first=H. N. |title=Rediscovery of Ladakh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mg8My6WaWRcC&pg=PA17 |year=1998 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-086-6 |ref={{sfnref|Kaul, Rediscovery of Ladakh|1998}}}}
* {{citation |last=Mehra |first=Parshotam |title=An "agreed" frontier: Ladakh and India's northernmost borders, 1846-1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mIduAAAAMAAJ |year=1992 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-562758-9 |ref={{sfnref|Mehra, An "agreed" frontier|1992}}}}
* {{citation |last=Negi |first=S. S. |title=Discovering the Himalaya, Volume 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kusLzP8H6TQC&pg=PA14 |year=1998 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-079-8 |ref={{sfnref|Negi, Discovering the Himalaya, Volume 1|1998}}}}
* {{citation |last=Warikoo |first=K. |chapter=India’s gateway to Central Asia: trans-Himalayan trade and cultural movements through Kashmir and Ladakh, 1846–1947 |editor=K. Warikoo |title=Himalayan Frontiers of India: Historical, Geo-Political and Strategic Perspectives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w_Z8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 |date=2009 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-03294-5 |pages=1–13 |ref={{sfnref|Warikoo, India's gateway to Central Asia|2009}}}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons-inline}}
* Romesh Bhattacharji, [http://bameduniya.blogspot.co.uk/2013/03/ladakh-changing-yet-unchanged-missing.html Maps of ''Ladakh: Changing yet Unchanged''], via Bame Duniya blogspot, 19 March 2013

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Landforms of Ladakh]]
[[Category:Geography of Ladakh]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges of India]]

Nahan Kothi

2026-02-24T10:10:49Z

Admin: Starting initial data needs work...

{{Orphan|date=October 2023}}

'''Nahan Kothi''' is a 160-year-old building, situated at Railli village, near '''Sector 12-A [[Panchkula]]'''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Daily Post|date=20 June 2020|title=Nahan kothi attain heritage status vacated soon|url=https://dailypost.in/news/chandigarh/nahan-kothi-attain-heritage-status-vacated-soon/|access-date=20 June 2020|website=Daily Post}}</ref> It is the only remnant of the 19th century British architecture in the area.{{Infobox ancient site|name=Nahan Kothi|builder=|website=|public_access=No access|ownership=Forests and Public Works (Building and Roads) Minister|condition=|archaeologists=|excavations=|event=|occupants=|dependency_of=[[Panchkula]]|cultures=|epochs=|abandoned=|built=|material=|height=|native_name=|area=|width=|length=|part_of=Sirmour State, 19th century|type=Under restoration order|region=Sector 12|location=[[Panchkula]], [[India]]|coordinates={{coord|30|40|33.574|N|76|51|14.213|E|display=inline}}|map_alt=Panchkula|map_type=|caption=Nahan Kothi Panchkula|imagealttext=Nahan Kothi Front View|image=File:Nahan_Kothi_Front_View.jpg|native_name_lang=|notes=}}<mapframe latitude="30.6759928" longitude="76.8539481" zoom="15" width="223" height="162" align="right" />
This Red Kothi was built on the order of Surjan Singh and Bir Singh, princes of Raja Fateh Singh (1857-63 AD), the ruler of [[Sirmur State|Sirmour State]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2018-01-29|title=Year on, restoration work of Nahan Kothi still stuck|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/city-others/year-on-restoration-work-of-nahan-kothi-still-stuck-archaeology-haryana-5042827/|access-date=2020-06-20|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> This region including [[Morni]] and other adjoining hilly areas of Haryana, was then under the command Sirmour. Its capital was Nahan (Himachal Pradesh), hence the name, Nahan Kothi.

* It was generally used as a watchtower by the rulers to keep watch on the activities of their territory. Occasionally, it was used as an overnight halt during hunting expeditions. Its original characteristics of architectural style are still intact.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Corporation|first=Haryana Tourism|title=Nahan Kothi {{!}} Places of Interest {{!}} Panchkula {{!}} Destinations {{!}} Haryana Tourism Corporation Limited.|url=http://destination/nahan-kothi|access-date=2020-06-20|website=destination|language=en-IN}}</ref>
* It was home to Panchkula's consumer forum since November 20, 1997<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2016-05-28|title=Dangerous and dilapidated, Nahan Kothi houses Panchkula consumer forum|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/dangerous-and-dilapidated-nahan-kothi-houses-panchkula-consumer-forum/story-QkTHUYYvoDH8HXvVNk3mXO.html|access-date=2020-06-20|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
* The building was declared as a protected monument by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] in 2007<ref name=":1" />

== History ==
It is stated in the [[affidavit]] that the building was declared a protected monument by the Archaeological Survey of India in 2007, much after the District Forum had started functioning from there in 1997.<ref name=":0" />

[[Haryana]] has finally taken possession of the 160-year-old Nahan Kothi as a protected monument, and is planning to restore it as a heritage structure. In May last year,{{clarify|date=May 2021}} after 10 years of struggle, the Department of Archaeology and Museums of Haryana took control of Nahan Kothi for its restoration work.<ref name=":1" />

In 2007, Panchkula's DC Rajinder Kataria decided that the forum will be shifted to the upcoming new building of the district courts complex. The new building of the district courts was inaugurated on May 21, 2012. In view of the judgment, archaeology and museums asked the consumer forum in 2009 to vacate the building.<ref name=":2" />

Principal Secretary of the Department of Archaeology and Museums, Dr. [[Sumita Misra]], said, “''This building is of typical British architecture. So, the state archaeology department has taken over and we have asked the tourism department to oversee work on the building’s conservation''.”''<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2017-05-07|title=Haryana government takes possession of Nahan Kothi, plans restoration|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/haryana-govt-takes-possession-of-nahan-kothi-plans-restoration-4644358/|access-date=2020-06-20|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>''

== Gallery ==
[[File:Nahan Kothi.jpg|thumb|Nahan Kothi Front View]]
<gallery>
File:Nahan Kothi Side View.jpg|alt=Nahan Kothi Side View|Nahan Kothi Side View
File:Nahan Kothi Front View.jpg|alt=Nahan Kothi Front View|Nahan Kothi Front View
</gallery>

== Restoration ==
The state tourism department will draft a plan for restoration of the building in Sector 12. It's considered unsafe currently due to its dilapidated condition, A caretaker has been appointed to look after the building until restoration begins.<ref name=":3" />

The Director-General of Archaeology and Museums Department, Haryana, Dr Praveen Kumar said, “Right now, Nahan Kothi is not on our list of priorities for restoration. We have a small budget and for now we are focusing on other constructions in the state. It is not that we haven’t been taking care of it as there is always a caretaker present at the building. No renovation has been contemplated at present and any measures which will be taken will be done after March of 2018. We have it in consideration but since it is not too major a structure, steps have not been taken yet.”

It has further been stated that now the government/district administration has desired to shift the [[Consumer forum|Consumers Forum]], Panchkula, to SCO 208, Sector 14, Panchkula, which building has been taken at a monthly rent of Rs. 1.5 [[lakh]] by the e [[Haryana government|Haryana Government]].<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Panchkula district]]
[[Category:Houses in India]]

Ashok Pathak

2026-02-23T20:48:23Z

Admin: Started Details...

{{Short description|Indian film actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ashok Pathak
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_place = [[Siwan, Bihar|Siwan]], [[Bihar]]
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2012–present
| spouse =
| children =
| known_for = ''[[Panchayat (web series)|Panchayat]]''
}}
'''Ashok Pathak'''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/meet-panchayat-2-actor-ashok-pathak-cotton-seller-to-star-1953130-2022-05-23 | title=Meet Panchayat 2 actor Ashok Pathak, cotton seller to star | date=23 May 2022 }}</ref> is an Indian actor. He is best known for his role of Binod in the TV series ''[[Panchayat (TV series)|Panchayat]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/panchayat-2-s-binod-poses-with-rinki-in-new-pic-check-mate-sachiv-ji-says-internet-1984978-2022-08-07 | title=Panchayat 2's Binod poses with Rinki in new pic. Check mate Sachiv ji, says Internet | date=7 August 2022 }}</ref> He began his career with film of Bittu Boss.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/entertainment/panchayat-2-ashok-pathak-aka-vinods-incredible-story/ | title=From Cotton Seller to Panchayat 2's Star, This is Ashok Pathak AKA Vinod's Incredible Story | date=24 May 2022 }}</ref>
In 11 years of his acting journey,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/bollywood-news/story/panchayat-season-2-pramod-aka-ashok-pathak-interview-audition-struggle-tmovn-1468631-2022-05-23 | title=चौकीदार, चोर जैसे रोल करते-करते थक गया था, बोले पंचायत-2 के विनोद | date=23 May 2022 }}</ref> he has acted in films and web shows,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://cinemchi.in/ott/ashok-pathak-appeared-in-these-films-panchayat/ | title=पंचायत सीजन 2 के "क्रांतिकारी विनोद" इससे पहले इन फ़िल्मों आ चुके हैं नज़र, जानिए Ashok Pathak की फिल्मों के बारे में | date=26 May 2022 }}</ref> including Bittoo Boss, Shanghai, The Field, Saat Uchakkey, A Death in the Gunj, Pakauu Class of 83, Sacred Games, Wild Wild Punjab, [[Aarya (TV series)]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/entertainment/bollywood/article/ashok-pathak-aka-panchayat-binod-reacts-on-dekh-raha-hai-binod-memes-says-he-is uncomfortable-on-sushmita-sen-lalit-modi-memes/424010 | title=आर्या 2 में सुष्मिता सेन के साथ काम कर चुके हैं 'बिनोद' अशोक पाठक, मीम्स देखकर हो रहे हैं असहज | date=16 July 2022 }}</ref> [[Kathmandu Connection|Kathmandu Connection 2]] and Guns of Benaras.

In 2022, he acted in the [[Punjabi cinema|Punjabi]] film ''[[Khaao Piyo Aish Karo]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjabi Film's 'ਚ ਬਿਹਾਰੀ ਦਾ ਕਿਰਦਾਰ ਕਰਕੇ ਸਭ ਨੂੰ ਹੱਸਾਉਣ ਵਾਲਾ Ashok Pathak |url=https://punjabi.abplive.com/tv-show/ting-ling-ling/actor-ashok-pathak-interview-for-khao-piyo-aish-karo-punjabi-movie-on-abp-sanjha-661256 |work=ABP Live |language=pa |date=1 July 2022 |access-date=27 August 2024}}</ref> He played the role of a doctor in the movie Wild Wild Punjab. Ashok and his family migrated from Bihar to Hissar, Haryana for work. In 2024, Pathak played Dhaincha Jha in the Netflix series ''[[Tribhuvan Mishra: CA Topper]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ramnath |first1=Nandini |date=18 July 2024 |title='Tribhuvan Mishra: CA Topper' review: Show about sex work is proud to be loud |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1070787/tribhuvan-mishra-ca-topper-review-show-about-sex-work-is-proud-to-be-loud |work=Scroll.in |access-date=18 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Verma |first1=Sakshi |date=18 July 2024 |title=Tribhuvan Mishra CA Topper series Review: Manav Kaul's show has old Bollywood touch and bang-on performances |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/movie-review/tribhuvan-mishra-ca-topper-series-review-manav-kaul-s-show-has-old-bollywood-touch-and-bang-on-performances-911 |work=India TV News |access-date=24 July 2024}}</ref>

==Film==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Language
! Notes
! Ref
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Bittoo Boss]]''
| Bicky
| Hindi
|
|
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Shanghai (2012 film)|Shanghai]]''
| Auto Driver
| Hindi
|
|
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Shudra: The Rising]]''
| Jagan
| Hindi
|
|
|-
| 2015
| ''[[The Second Best Exotic Marigold Hotel]]''
| Scorpion Tuk-Tuk Driver
| English
|
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[A Death in the Gunj]]''
| Maniya
| English
|
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Saat Uchakkey]]''
| Gulaab
| Hindi
|
|
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Vekh Baraatan Challiyan]]''
| Birju
| Punjabi
|
|
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Fukrey Returns]]''
| Smackiya
| Hindi
|
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Golak Bugni Bank Te Batua]]''
| Chandan
| Punjabi
|
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[102 Not Out]]''
| Rickshaw driver
| Hindi
|
|
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Photograph (film)|Photograph]]''
| Gopal (Taxi Driver)
| Hindi
|
|
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Kala Shah Kala]]''
| Dhaba Owner
| Punjabi
|
|
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Jhootha Kahin Ka]]''
| Tommy Pandey Sidekick
| Hindi
|
|
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Khandaani Shafakhana]]''
| Bangali Baba
| Hindi
|
|
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Tara Mira]]''
| Kisna
| Punjabi
|
|
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Guns of Banaras]]''
| Suleman
| Hindi
|
|
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Kade Dade Diyan Kade Pote Diyan]]''
| Unmentioned
| Punjabi
|
|
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Wild Wild Punjab]]''
| Doctor
| Hindi
|
|
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Sister Midnight]]''
| Gopal
| Hindi
|
|-
|2024
|''Panchhi''
|
|Punjabi
|
|
|-
|2025
|''Pind Peya Sara Zombieland Baneya''
|Chango Pandey
|Punjabi
|
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Web Series / TV Series
! Role
! Platform
! Language
! Notes
! Ref
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Pushpavalli (TV series)|Pushpavalli]]''
| T Boy
| [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| Hindi
|
|
|-
| 2017-2018
| ''[[Sacred Games (TV series)|Sacred Games]]''
| Rafi (Supporting role)
| [[Netflix]]
| Hindi
|
|
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Class of '83]]''
| Naik Jr.
| [[Netflix]]
| Hindi
|
|
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Chalo Koi Baat Nahi]]''
| Maldives
| [[SonyLIV]]
| Hindi
|
|
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Modi: Journey of a Common Man]]''
| Waiter
| [[SonyLIV]]
| Hindi
|
|
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Aarya (TV series)|Aarya]]''
| Gopi
| [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| Hindi
|
|
|-
| 2022-2025
| ''[[Panchayat (TV series)|Panchayat]]''
| Binod
| [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| Hindi
|
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Rangbaaz (TV series)|Rangbaaz]]''
| Brijesh Gupta
| [[ZEE5]]
| Hindi
|
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Kathmandu Connection]]''
| Fazlu
| [[SonyLIV]]
| Hindi
|
|
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Tribhuvan Mishra CA Topper]]''
| Dhaincha
| [[MX Player]]
| Hindi
|
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|5131331}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pathak, Ashok}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]

Nandi Award for Best Feature Film

2026-02-22T12:59:00Z

Admin:

{{Short description|Indian award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}This is the list of winners of the [[Nandi Awards|Nandi Award]], for Best Feature Films in [[Telugu cinema]], since 1964.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020 | language=Telugu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/nandi-awards-2012-and-2013-rajamouli-ilayaraja-samantha-and-prabhas-emerge-winners-4549659/|title=Nandi Awards 2012 and 2013: Rajamouli, Ilayaraja, Samantha and Prabhas emerge winners|date=1 March 2017}}</ref>

==Best Feature Film - Gold==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#d1e4fd;"
! Year || Movie || Director || Producer || Music || Actors
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 2016 || ''[[Pelli Choopulu]]'' || [[Tharun Bhascker Dhaassyam]] ||Raj Kandukuri Yash Rangineni || [[Vivek Sagar]] ||[[Vijay Deverakonda]], [[Ritu Varma]]
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]'' || [[S. S. Rajamouli]]||[[Shobu Yarlagadda]]||[[M. M. Keeravani]] ||[[Prabhas]], [[Rana Daggubati]], [[Anushka Shetty]], [[Ramya Krishnan]], [[Satyaraj]], [[Tamannaah]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 2014 || ''[[Legend (2014 film)|Legend]]'' || [[Boyapati Srinu]]||[[Korrapati Ranganatha Sai]]||[[Devi Sri Prasad]] ||[[Nandamuri Balakrishna]], [[Radhika Apte]]
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Mirchi (film)|Mirchi]]'' || [[Koratala Siva]] ||V. Vamsi Krishna Reddy || [[Devi Sri Prasad]] ||[[Prabhas]], [[Anushka Shetty]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 2012 || ''[[Eega]]'' || [[S. S. Rajamouli]] || [[Korrapati Ranganatha Sai]] || [[M. M. Keeravani]] || [[Sudeepa]], [[Nani (actor)|Nani]], [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]]
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Sri Rama Rajyam]]'' || [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]] || Yalamanchali Sai Babu || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]], [[Nayantara]], [[Meka Srikanth|Srikanth]], [[Sai Kumar (Telugu actor)|Sai Kumar]], [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 2010 || ''[[Vedam (film)|Vedam]]'' || [[Radhakrishna Jagarlamudi]] || Devineni Prasad Yarlagadda Sobhu || [[M. M. Keeravani]] || [[Allu Arjun]], [[Anushka Shetty]], [[Manoj Manchu]]
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Sontha Vooru]]'' || [[Sunil Kumar Reddy|P. Sunil Kumar Reddy]] || Y Ravindra Babu Kishore Basireddy || Saketh Sairam || [[L. B. Sriram]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 2008 || ''[[Gamyam]]'' || [[Radhakrishna Jagarlamudi]] || Saibabu Jagarlamudi || R. Anil, E. S. Murthy || [[Allari Naresh]], [[Sharwanand]], [[Kamalinee Mukherjee]]
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Mee Sreyobhilashi]]'' || Eswar Reddy || Y. Sonia Reddy || [[Koti (composer)|Koti]] || [[Gadde Rajendra Prasad|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Radha Kumari]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 2006 || ''[[Bommarillu]]'' || [[Bhaskar (director)|Bhaskar]] || [[Dil Raju]] || [[Devi Sri Prasad]] || [[Siddharth Narayan|Siddharth]], [[Genelia D'Souza]], [[Jayasudha]], [[Prakash Raj]]
|-
| 2005 || ''Pothe Poni'' || [[Tammareddy Bharadwaja]] || [[V. Y. Praveen Kumar]] || [[Mickey J. Meyer]] || [[Sindhu Tolani]], [[Siva Balaji]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 2004 || ''[[Aa Naluguru]]'' || [[Chandra Siddhartha]] || Sarita Patra|| [[RP Patnaik]]||[[Gadde Rajendra Prasad|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Aamani]]
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Missamma (2003 film)|Missamma]]'' || [[G. Neelakanta Reddy|Neelakanta]] || B. Satyanarayana||[[Vandemataram Srinivas]] || [[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]], [[Bhoomika Chawla]], [[Laya (actress)|Laya]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 2002 || ''[[Manmadhudu]]'' || [[K. Vijaya Bhaskar]] || [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]]||[[Devi Sri Prasad]]||[[Nagarjuna Akkineni]], [[Sonali Bendre]]
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Preminchu]]'' || Boyina Subba Rao || [[D. Ramanaidu]]||[[M. M. Srilekha]]||[[Laya (actress)|Laya]], [[Sai Kiran]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 2000 || ''[[Chirunavvutho]]'' || G. Ramprasad || P. V. Syam Prasad || [[Mani Sharma]] || [[Venu Thottempudi]], [[Shaheen Khan (Indian actress)|Shaheen]]
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Kalisundam Raa]]'' || [[Udayasankar|Uday Shankar]]|| [[Daggubati Suresh Babu]]||[[S. A. Rajkumar]]||[[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]], [[Simran (actress)|Simran]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 1998 || ''[[Tholi Prema (1998 film)|Tholi Prema]]'' || [[A. Karunakaran]] || [[G. V. G. Raju]]||[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]||[[Pawan Kalyan]], [[Kirti Reddy]]
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Annamayya (film)|Annamayya]]'' || [[K. Raghavendra Rao]] || [[Doraswamy Raju]] ||[[M. M. Keeravani]]||[[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], [[Ramya Krishna]], [[Kasthuri (actress)|Kasturi]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 1996 || ''[[Pavithra Bandham]]'' || [[Muthyala Subbaiah]] || G. Sivaraju C. Venkata Raju ||[[M. M. Keeravani]]||[[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]], [[Soundarya]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Sogasu Chooda Tharamaa]]'' || [[Gunasekhar]] || Ram Gopal || Ramani Prasad<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.southmp3.net/2008/11/sogasu-chooda-tarama-naresh1995.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706151359/http://www.southmp3.net/2008/11/sogasu-chooda-tarama-naresh1995.html |archive-date=6 July 2009 |title=Telugu Mp3{{!}}Tamil Mp3{{!}}Hindi Mp3 Free Download}}</ref>||[[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]], [[Indraja]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 1994 || ''[[Bangaru Kutumbam]]'' || [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] || Kaikala Nageswara Rao || [[Raj–Koti]]|| [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao|ANR]], [[Jayasudha]]
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Mr. Pellam]]'' || [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]] || Gavara Partha Sarathi ||[[M. M. Keeravani]]||[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendraprasad]], [[Aamani]], [[AVS (actor)|A.V.S]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 1992 || No Award || - || - || - || -
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Yagnam (1992 film)|Yagnam]]'' || [[Gutta Ramineedu]] || [[Gutta Ramineedu]] || - || [[P. L. Narayana]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 1990 || ''[[Erra Mandaram]]'' || [[Muthyala Subbaiah]] || P. Venkateswara rao || [[K. Chakravarthy]] || [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendraprasad]], [[Yamuna (actress)|Yamuna]]
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Geethanjali (1989 film)|Geethanjali]]'' || [[Mani Ratnam]] || C. Praveen Kumar Reddy ||[[Ilayaraja]]||[[Nagarjuna Akkineni]], [[Girija Shettar|Girija]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 1988 || ''[[Swarna Kamalam]]'' || [[K. Viswanath]] || Ch. V. Appa Rao||[[Ilayaraja]]||[[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]], [[Bhanupriya]]
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Sruthi Layalu]]'' || [[K. Viswanath]] || Karunakar Sudhakar ||[[K. V. Mahadevan]]||[[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]], [[Sumalatha]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 1986 || ''[[Swathi Muthyam]]'' || [[K. Viswanath]] || [[Edida Nageswara Rao]]||[[Ilayaraja]]||[[Kamal Haasan]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]]
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Mayuri (film)|Mayuri]]'' || [[Singeetham Srinivasa Rao]] || [[Ramoji Rao]]||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||[[Sudha Chandran]], [[Nirmalamma]], [[P. L. Narayana]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 1984 || ''[[Swathi (1985 film)|Swathi]]'' || [[Kranthi Kumar]] || [[Kranthi Kumar]] ||[[K. Chakravarthy]]|| [[Suhasini (Telugu actress)|Suhasini]], [[Bhanuchander]], [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Ananda Bhairavi (film)|Ananda Bhairavi]]'' || [[Jandhyala]] || Ashwini Karthika Chitra ||[[Ramesh Naidu]]||[[Girish Karnad]], Malavika Sarkar, Rajesh
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 1982 || ''[[Meghasandesam]]'' || [[Dasari Narayana Rao]]|| [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] ||[[Ramesh Naidu]]||[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao|ANR]], [[Jayapradha]], [[Jayasudha]]
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Seethakoka Chiluka (1981 film)|Seethakoka Chiluka]]'' || [[Bharathiraja]]||[[Edida Nageswara Rao]]||[[Ilayaraja]]||[[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]], [[Mucherla Aruna]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 1980 || [[Yuvatharam Kadilindi]]|| [[Dhavala Satyam]]|| [[Madala Ranga Rao]]|| - || [[Murali Mohan]], Radhika, [[Narra Venkateswara Rao]],
|-
| 1979 || ''[[Sankarabharanam (1980 film)|Sankarabharanam]]'' || [[K. Viswanath]] || [[Edida Nageswara Rao]]||[[K. V. Mahadevan]]||[[J. V. Somayajulu]], [[Manju Bhargavi]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 1978 || ''[[Naalaga Endaro]]'' || Eeranki Sharma || K. Prem Ranjith || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || [[Hema Sundar]], [[G. V. Narayana Rao]], [[Roopa (actress)|Roopa]], Lakshmi Kanth
|-
| 1977 || No Award || - || - || - ||
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 1976 || ''[[Oorummadi Brathukulu]]'' || [[B. S. Narayana]] || J. Venkatarya G. K. Murthy || [[M. B. Sreenivasan]] || [[Rallapalli (actor)|Rallapalli]], [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]]
|-
| 1975 || ''[[Jeevana Jyothi (1975 film)|Jeevana Jyothi]]'' || [[K. Viswanath]] || [[D. V. S. Raju]] || [[K. V. Mahadevan]]||[[Sobhan Babu]], [[Vanisree]], [[Raja Babu (actor)|Raja Babu]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 1974 || ''[[Alluri Seetharama Raju (1974 film)|Alluri Seetharama Raju]]'' || V. Ramachandra Rao|| G. Hanumantha Rao || [[P. Adinarayana Rao]]||[[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], [[Jaggayya]], [[Vijaya Nirmala]] & [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]]
|-
| 1973 || ''[[Sharada (1973 film)|Sharada]]'' || [[K. Viswanath]] || [[Kranthi Kumar]] || [[K. V. Mahadevan]]||[[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]], [[Sobhan Babu]] & [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 1972 || ''[[Kalam Marindi]]'' || [[K. Viswanath]] || [[Vasiraju Prakasam]] || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[Sobhan Babu]], [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]
|-
| 1971 || ''[[Chelleli Kapuram]]'' || [[K. Viswanath]] || Mannava Venkatarao ||[[K. V. Mahadevan]]||[[Sobhan Babu]], [[Vanisree]], [[Nagabhushanam (actor)|Nagabhushanam]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 1970 || ''[[Kathanayika Molla]]'' || [[B. Padmanabham]] || B. Purushottam ||[[S. P. Kodandapani]] ||[[Vanisree]], [[Harinath]], [[B. Padmanabham]]
|-
| 1969 || ''[[Kathanayakudu (1969 film)|Kathanayakudu]]'' || K. Hemambaradara Rao || K.Gopala Krishna||[[T. V. Raju]]||[[N. T. Rama Rao|NTR]], [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 1968 || ''[[Bandhavyalu]]'' ||[[S. V. Ranga Rao]] || Badeti Satyanarayana Putta Venkatarao || [[S. Hanumantha Rao]] ||[[S. V. Ranga Rao]], [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], [[Dhulipala]]
|-
| 1967 || ''[[Sudi Gundalu]]'' || [[Adurthi Subba Rao]], [[K. Viswanath]] || [[D. Madhusudhana Rao]] ||[[K. V. Mahadevan]]||[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao|ANR]], [[Pushpavalli]], Sukanya, Master Raja
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 1966 || ''[[Rangula Ratnam (1966 film)|Rangula Ratnam]]'' || [[Bomireddi Narasimha Reddy|B. N. Reddy]] || [[Bomireddi Narasimha Reddy|B. N. Reddy]]||[[B. Gopalam]], [[Saluri Rajeshwara Rao]]||[[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]], [[Ram Mohan]], [[Anjali Devi]], [[Vanisree]]
|-
| 1965 || ''[[Antastulu]]'' || [[V. Madhusudhana Rao]] ||[[V. B. Rajendra Prasad]] ||[[K. V. Mahadevan]]||[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao|ANR]], [[P. Bhanumathi|Bhanumathi]], [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]], [[Jaggayya]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 1964 || ''[[Doctor Chakravarthy]]'' || [[Adurthi Subbarao]] || [[D. Madhusudhana Rao]]||[[S. Rajeswara Rao]]||[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao|ANR]], [[Sowcar Janaki]], [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], [[Jaggayya]], [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] & [[Suryakantham (actress)|Suryakantham]]
|}

==Second Best Feature Film - Silver==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#d1e4fd;"
! Year || Movie || Director || Producer || Music || Actors
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 2016 || ''[[Arddhanaari]]'' || P. Bhanushanker Chowdary || M. Ravi Kumar|| Ravi Varma || Arjun Yajath, Mouryaani
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Yevade Subramanyam]]'' || [[Nag Ashwin]]|| [[Priyanka Dutt]], [[Swapna Dutt]] || [[Radhan]], [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Nani (actor)|Nani]], [[Malavika Nair (Indian actress)|Malavika Nair]], [[Vijay Deverakonda]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 2014 || ''[[Manam (film)|Manam]]'' || [[Vikram Kumar|Vikram K Kumar]] || Nagarjuna Akinneni || [[Anup Rubens]] || [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], [[Naga Chaitanya]], [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]]
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Naa Bangaaru Talli]]'' || [[Rajesh Touchriver]] ||[[Sunitha Krishnan]] || [[Sharreth]] ||[[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]]
[[Anjali Patil]], [[Rathna Shekar Reddy]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 2012 || ''[[Minugurulu]]'' || Ayodhya Kumar || Ayodhya Kumar ||Josyabhatla ||[[Ashish Vidyarthi]], [[Suhasini Maniratnam]], [[Raghubir Yadav]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 2011 || ''[[Rajanna]]'' || Vijayendra Prasad || Nagarjuna Akinneni || [[M. M. Keeravani]] || [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]], [[Shweta Menon]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 2010 || ''Ganga Putrulu'' || [[Sunil Kumar Reddy|P. Sunilkumar Reddy]] || Kishore || Praveen Immadi || [[Penmatsa Subbaraju|Subbaraju]], Gayathri Rao, Rao Ramesh
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Baanam]]'' || Chaitanya Dantuluri || Seshu Priyanka Chalasani || [[Mani Sharma]] || [[Nara Rohit]], [[Vedhika]], [[Sayaji Shinde]], [[Rajeev Kanakala]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 2008 || ''[[Vinayakudu (film)|Vinayakudu]]'' || [[Sai Kiran Adivi]] || Saritha Patra || Sam Prasan || [[Krishnudu]], [[Sonia Deepti]]
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Happy Days (2007 film)|Happy Days]]'' || [[Sekhar Kammula]] || [[Sekhar Kammula]] || [[Mickey J Meyer]] || [[Varun Sandesh]], [[Tamannaah Bhatia|Tamannaah]], [[Nikhil Siddharth|Nikhil]], Vamsi Krishna, [[Sonia Deepti|Sonia]], Rahul
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 2006 || ''[[Godavari (2006 film)|Godavari]]'' || [[Sekhar Kammula]] || [[G. V. G. Raju]] || [[K. M. Radha Krishnan]] || [[Sumanth]], [[Kamalinee Mukherjee]]
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Anukokunda Oka Roju]]'' || [[Chandra Sekhar Yeleti]] ||[[Gangaraju Gunnam]] || [[M. M. Keeravani]] || [[Charmy Kaur]], [[Shashank (actor)|Shashank]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 2004 || ''[[Anand (2004 film)|Anand]]'' || [[Sekhar Kammula]] || [[Sekhar Kammula]] || [[KM Radha Krishnan]] || [[Raja Abel|Raja]], [[Kamalinee Mukherjee]]
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Okkadu]]'' || [[Gunasekhar]] || [[M.S. Raju]] || [[Mani Sharma]] || [[Mahesh Babu]], [[Bhumika Chawla]], [[Prakash Raj]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 2002 || ''[[Nuvve Nuvve]]'' || [[Trivikram]] || [[Sravanthi Ravi Kishore]] || [[Koti (composer)|Koti]] || [[Tarun (actor)|Tarun]], [[Shriya Saran]], [[Prakash Raj]]
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Murari (2001 film)|Murari]]'' || [[Krishna Vamsi]] || Gopi Nandigam || [[Mani Sharma]] ||[[Mahesh Babu]], [[Sonali Bendre]], [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]], [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 2000 || ''[[Azad (2000 film)|Azad]]'' || [[Tirupathi Swamy]] || [[C. Ashwini Dutt]] || [[Mani Sharma]] || [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], [[Soundarya]], [[Shilpa Shetty]]
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Nee Kosam]]'' || [[Srinu Vytla]] || Ganta Srinivasa Rao || [[R P Patnaik]] [[Devi Sri Prasad]] || [[Ravi Teja]], [[Maheswari]], [[Sivaji Raja]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 1998 || ''[[Kante Kuthurne Kanu]]'' || [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] || Dasari Padma || [[Vandemataram Srinivas]] || [[Dasari Narayana Rao]], [[Jayasudha]], [[Ramya Krishnan]]
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Sindhooram (1997 film)|Sindhooram]]'' || [[Krishna Vamsi]] || [[Krishna Vamsi]] Mohan Mullapudi ||[[Sri Kommineni|Sri]]||[[Ravi Teja]], [[Sanghavi]], [[Brahmaji]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 1996 || ''[[Little Soldiers]]'' || [[Gangaraju Gunnam]] || [[Gangaraju Gunnam]] || [[Sri Kommineni|Sri]] || Baby Kavya, [[Baladitya (actor)|Master Aditya]], [[Heera Rajagopal|Heera]], [[Ramesh Aravind]], [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]
|-
| 1995 || ''Badili'' || C. V. Reddy || C. V. Reddy || - || [[Anand (actor)|Anand]], Raasi
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 1994 || ''[[Subha Lagnam]]'' || [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]] || K. Venkateswara rao || [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]] || [[Jagapathi Babu]], [[Aamani]], [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]]
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Money (1993 film)|Money]]'' || [[Siva Nageswara Rao]] || [[Ram Gopal Varma]] || [[Sri Kommineni|Sri]] || [[Jayasudha]], [[J. D. Chakravarthy]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 1992 || ''[[Rajeswari Kalyanam]]'' || [[Kranthi Kumar]] || D. Kishore || [[M.M. Keeravani]] || [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao|ANR]], [[Vanisree]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]], [[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]], [[Jayachitra]]
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Pelli Pustakam (1991 film)|Pelli Pustakam]]'' || [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]] || [[Mullapudi Venkata Ramana]] || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||[[Gadde Rajendra Prasad|Rajendra Prasad]], Divyavani, [[AVS (actor)|AVS]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 1990 || ''[[Seetharamaiah Gari Manavaralu]]'' || [[Kranthi Kumar]] || [[Doraswamy Raju]] || [[M.M. Keeravani]] || [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao|ANR]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]]
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Mouna Poratam]]'' || Mohana Gandhi || [[Ramoji Rao]]|| [[S. Janaki]] || Vinod Kumar, [[Yamuna (actress)|Yamuna]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 1988 || ''Adade Adharam'' || [[Visu]] || Purna Chandra Rao || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || [[Visu]], [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]]
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Abhinandana]]'' || [[Ashok Kumar (cinematographer)|Ashok Kumar]] || R. V. Ramana Murthy || [[Ilayaraja]]|| [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]], [[Shobana]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 1986 || ''[[Repati Pourulu]]'' || [[T. Krishna]] || P. Venkateswara Rao || [[K. Chakravarthy]] || [[Vijayashanti]], [[Anuradha (actress)|Anuradha]]
|-
| 1985 || O Thandri Theerpu || Raja Chandra || Kishore || [[K. Chakravarthy]] || [[Murali Mohan]], [[Jayasudha]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 1984 || ''[[Kanchana Ganga (1984 film)|Kanchana Ganga]]'' || [[V. Madhusudhana Rao]] || [[Ramoji Rao]] ||[[K. Chakravarthy]]|| [[Sarath Babu]], [[Saritha]]
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Neti Bharatam]]'' || [[T. Krishna]] || P. Venkateswara Rao || [[K. Chakravarthy]] || [[Vijayshanti]], [[Suman (actor)|Suman]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 1982 || ''[[Maro Malupu]]'' || Vejella Styanarayana || Sagi Krishnam Raju || [[G. K. Venkatesh]] ||[[Sai Chand]], [[Narasimha Raju (Telugu actor)|Narasimha Raju]], Sivakrishna, [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]]
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Tholi Kodi Koosindi]]'' || [[K. Balachander]] || [[Kanuri Ranjith Kumar]] || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || [[Sarath Babu]], [[Seema (actress)|Seema]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 1980 || ''[[Yuvatharam Kadilindi]]'' || [[Dhavala Satyam]] || [[Madala Rangarao]] || [[T. Chalapathi Rao]] || [[M. Prabhakar Reddy]], [[Madala Ranga Rao]]
|-
| 1979 || ''[[Maa Bhoomi]]'' || [[Goutam Ghosh]] || G. Ravindranath [[B. Narsing Rao]] || [[Vinjamuri Seetha Devi]] || [[Sai Chand]], Kakarala, Hamsa
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 1978 || ''[[Chali Cheemalu]]'' || [[Devadas Kanakala]] || J. Venkatarya || - || [[Nutan Prasad]], Sailaja
|-
| 1977 || ''[[Tharam Marindi]]'' || [[Singeetham Srinivasa Rao]] || G. Radha Krishnamurthy || [[G. K. Venkatesh]] || [[Sreedhar]], [[Shubha (actress)|Shubha]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 1976 || ''[[Mahakavi Kshetrayya]]'' || [[C. S. Rao]] || [[P. Adinarayana Rao]] || [[P. Adinarayana Rao]] ||[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao|ANR]], [[Anjali Devi]], [[Manjula Vijayakumar|Manjula]], [[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]]
|-
| 1975 || ''[[Muthyala Muggu]]'' || [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]] || M. V. L. Narasimha Rao ||[[K. V. Mahadevan]] [[Sajjad Hussain (composer)|Sajjad Hussain]] || [[Sreedhar]], [[Sangeeta (Telugu actress)|Sangeetha]], [[Rao Gopala Rao]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 1974 || ''[[O Seeta Katha]]'' || [[K. Viswanath]] || A.R.S Sharma || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||[[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]], [[Rojaramani]], [[Shubha (actress)|Shubha]]
|-
| 1973 || ''[[Andala Ramudu (1973 film)|Andala Ramudu]]'' || [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]] || N. S. Murthy || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao|ANR]], [[Latha (actress)|Latha]], [[Raja Babu (actor)|Raja Babu]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 1972 || ''[[Tata Manavadu]]'' || [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] || K. Raghava Ekambara Rao|| [[S. P. Kodandapani]] ||[[S. V. Ranga Rao]], [[Anjali Devi]], [[Raja Babu (actor)|Raja Babu]], [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]], [[allu Ramalingaiah]]
|-
| 1971 || ''[[Sri Krishna Satya]]'' || [[K. V. Reddy]] ||[[Nandamuri Trivikrama Rao]] || [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]] ||[[N. T. Rama Rao|NTR]], [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 1970 || ''[[Kodalu Diddina Kapuram]]'' || [[Yoganand]] ||[[Nandamuri Trivikrama Rao]] || [[T. V. Raju]] || [[N.T. Rama Rao|NTR]], [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], [[Vanisree]]
|-
| 1969 || ''[[Athmeeyulu]]'' || [[V. Madhusudhana Rao]] || [[D. Madhusudhana Rao]]/''[[Saradhi Studios|Sri Saradhi Studios]]'' || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao|ANR]], [[Vanisree]], [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]], [[Chandrakala]], [[Vijaya Nirmala]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 1968 || ''[[Chinnari Papalu]]'' || [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] || ''Matha Pictures'' || [[P. Leela]] || [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]], [[Jaggayya]], [[Sowcar Janaki|Shavukaru Janaki]]
|-
| 1967 || ''Chadarangam'' || [[S. V. Ranga Rao]] || Badeti Satyanarayana Putta Venkata Rao ||[[T. V. Raju]] || [[S.V. Ranga Rao]], [[Harinath]], [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]], [[Anjali Devi]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 1966 || ''[[Chilaka Gorinka]]'' || [[Kotayya Pratyagatma]] || [[Kotayya Pratyagatma]] || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[S.V. Ranga Rao]], [[Anjali Devi]], [[Krishnamraju]], [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]]
|-
| 1965 || ''[[Sri Krishna Pandaveeyam]]'' || [[N.T. Rama Rao]] || [[N. Trivikrama Rao]] || [[T. V. Raju]] || [[N. T. Rama Rao|NTR]], [[K. R. Vijaya]], [[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]], [[Rajanala Kaleswara Rao|Rajanala]], [[Mukkamala (actor)|Mukkamala]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 1964 || ''[[Keelu Bommalu]]'' || [[C. S. Rao]] || P. Gangadhara Rao || [[S. P. Kodandapani]] || [[Vasanthi (actress)|Vasanthi]], [[Jaggayya]]
|}

==Third Best Feature Film - Bronze==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#d1e4fd;"
! Year || Movie || Director || Producer || Music || Actors
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 2016 || ''Manalo Okadu'' || [[R. P. Patnaik]] || G. C. Jaganmohan || [[R. P. Patnaik]] || [[R. P. Patnaik]], [[Anita Hassanandani Reddy]]
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Nenu Sailaja]]'' || Kishore Tirumala || Sravanthi Ravi Kishore || [[Devi Sri Prasad]] || [[Ram Pothineni]], [[Keerthy Suresh]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 2014 || ''[[Hitudu]]'' || Viplove|| K. S. V. Narasimhulu || [[Koti (composer)|Koti]] || [[Jagapati Babu]], [[Meera Nandan]]
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Uyyala Jampala]]'' || [[Virinchi Varma]] ||[[Daggubati Suresh Babu]] || Sunny M. R. || [[Raj Tarun]], [[Avika Gor]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 2012 || ''[[Mithunam (2012 film)|Mithunam]]'' || [[Tanikella Bharani]] || Anand Muyida Rao || [[Swaraveenapani]] || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Lakshmi
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Virodhi (2011 film)|Virodhi]]'' || [[G. Neelakanta Reddy]] || Anil Meka || [[R. P. Patnaik]] || [[Meka Srikanth]], [[Kamalinee Mukherjee]], [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 2010 || ''[[Prasthanam]]'' || [[Deva Katta]] || Ravi Vallabhaneni || [[Mahesh Shankar]] || [[Sharvanand]], [[Ruby Parihar]], [[Sai Kumar (Telugu actor)|Saikumar]]
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Kalavaramaye Madilo]]'' || Sathish Kasetty || Mohan Vadlapatla || [[Sharreth|Sharath]] || [[Kamal Kamaraju]], [[Swati Reddy]], [[Vikram Gokhale]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 2008 || ''[[Parugu]]'' || [[Bhaskar (director)|Bhaskar]] || [[Dil Raju]] || [[Mani Sharma]] || [[Allu Arjun]], Sheela, [[Prakash Raj]], [[Jayasudha]]
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Lakshyam (2007 film)|Lakshyam]]'' || Srivas || Nallamalupu Srinivas || [[Mani Sharma]] || [[Tottempudi Gopichand|Gopichand]], [[Anushka Shetty|Anushka]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 2006 || ''Ganga'' || Vemuganti Lingayya<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/3247/telugu/ganga/index.htm|title=Ganga Telugu Movie - Preview, Trailers, Gallery, Review, Events, Synopsis|date=15 September 2006|work=Nowrunning|access-date=6 August 2011|archive-date=25 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625003522/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/3247/telugu/ganga/index.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> || Sekhar Yalamanchi || Koti || Venu Gopal, Priyanka
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Gowtam SSC]]'' || [[P. A. Arun Prasad]] || Y. Sonia Reddy ||[[Anoop Rubens]]||[[Navdeep]], [[Sindhu Tolani]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 2004 || ''[[Grahanam]]'' || [[Mohan Krishna Indraganti]] || Subba Rao, Anji Reddy, P. Venkateswara Rao ||K. Vijay||[[Tanikella Bharani]], [[Jayalalitha (actress)|Jayalalitha]]
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Amma Nanna O Tamila Ammayi]]'' || [[Puri Jagannadh]] || [[Puri Jagannadh]] ||[[Chakri (music director)|Chakri]]||[[Ravi Teja]], [[Asin Thottumkal]], [[Jayasudha]], [[Prakash Raj]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 2002 || ''[[Santosham (2002 film)|Santhosham]]'' || [[Dasaradh (director)|Dasaradh]] || K. L. Narayana ||[[R. P. Patnaik]]||[[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], [[Gracy Singh]], [[Shriya Saran]], [[K. Viswanath]]
|-
| 2001 || ''Atu America Itu India'' || Gummaluri Sastry || Santi Kumar Chilumula ||[[Madhavapeddi Suresh]] || Vijay Nainan
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 2000 || ''[[Manoharam (2000 film)|Manoharam]]'' || [[Gunasekhar]] || Mullapudi Brahmanandam Sunkara Madhu Murali ||[[Manisharma]]||[[Jagapathi Babu]], [[Laya (actress)|Laya]]
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Prema Kadha]]'' || [[Ram Gopal Varma]] || [[Nagarjuna Akkineni]] || [[Sandeep Chowta]] || [[Sumanth]], [[Antara Mali]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 1998 || ''[[Ganesh (1998 film)|Ganesh]]'' || [[Thirupathi Swamy]] || [[Daggubati Suresh Babu|D. Suresh Babu]] || [[Mani Sharma]] || [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]], [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]], [[Madhoo]]
|-
| 1997 || ''Thodu'' || [[Akkineni Kutumba Rao]] || N.F.D.C. Limited ||[[Mangalampalli Balamuralikrishna]] ||[[Sarath Babu]], [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]], [[Jhansi (TV anchor)|Jhansi]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 1996 || ''[[Srikaram]]'' || C. Uma Maheswara Rao || G. Partha Sarathi || [[Ilayaraja]] || [[Jagapathi Babu]], [[Heera Rajagopal]]
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Ammai Kapuram]]'' || [[Muthyala Subbaiah]] || M. Nageswara Rao || [[Vandemataram Srinivas]] || [[Ali (actor)|Ali]], [[Maheswari]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 1994 || ''[[Bhairava Dweepam]]'' || [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]] || [[B. Venkatarami Reddy]]|| [[Madhavapeddi Suresh]] ||[[Nandamuri Balakrishna|Balakrishna]], [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]]
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Mathru Devo Bhava]]'' || K. Ajay Kumar || [[K. S. Rama Rao]] || [[M.M. Keeravani]]||[[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Tanikella Bharani]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 1992 || ''[[Aapathbandhavudu]]'' || [[K. Viswanath]] ||[[Edida Nageswara Rao]] || [[M. M. Keeravani]] || [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Meenakshi Seshadri]]
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Aswani (film)|Aswani]]'' || B. C. Mouli || [[Ramoji Rao]] || [[M. M. Keeravani]] || [[Ashwini Nachappa]], [[Bhanuchander]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 1990 || ''[[Hrudayanjali]]'' || A.Raghurami Reddy || P. Ramanath ||[[L. Vaidyanathan]] || [[Sanjay Mitra (actor)|Sanjay Mitra]], [[Girija Shettar]]
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Suthradharulu]]'' || [[K. Viswanath]] || Karunakar Sudhakar ||[[K. V. Mahadevan]]||[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao|ANR]], [[Bhanuchander]], [[Ramya Krishna]], [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 1988 || ''[[Kallu (film)|Kallu]]'' || [[M. V. Raghu]]|| D. Vijay Kumar A. L. Ananda Rao || [[SP Balasubramanyam]] || [[Sivaji Raja]], Rajeshwari
|-
| 1987 || ''Prajaswamyam'' || [[Paruchuri Brothers]] || Pokuri Baburao || - || [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]], [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 1986 || ''Aruna Kiranam'' || [[Muthyala Subbaiah]] || Y. Anil Babu || [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]] || [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]], [[Vijayashanti]]
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Vande Mataram (1985 film)|Vandematharam]]'' || [[T. Krishna]] || Y. Anil Babu || [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]|| [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]], [[Vijayashanti]], [[Nirmalamma]], [[Suthi Velu]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 1984 || ''[[Suvarna Sundari]]'' || Beeram Masthan Rao || Atla Brahma Reddy || [[Ramesh Naidu]] || [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]], Jayasri
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Sagara Sangamam]]'' || [[K. Viswanath]] ||[[Edida Nageswara Rao]] ||[[Ilayaraja]] ||[[Kamal Haasan]], [[Jayapradha]], [[Sarath Babu]], [[S. P. Sailaja|Sailaja]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 1982 || ''Keerthi Kantha Kanaka'' || U. Visweswara Rao || U. D. Murali Krishna || - || Nagendra, Mangala Gowri
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Ooriki Ichina Maata]]'' || [[Balaiah M.]] || [[Balaiah M.]] || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] ||[[Chiranjeevi]], [[Kanta Rao]], [[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]], [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 1980 || ''Sangham Marali'' || S. M. Santhanam || P. Apparao || - || Hari Prasad, Jyothi Chitra
|-
| 1979 || ''[[Punadi Rallu]]'' || G. Raj Kumar || Faazal Huck || Jakkula Premji|| [[Gokina Rama Rao]], [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Narasimharaju (Telugu actor)|Narasimha Raju]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 1978 || ''[[Karunamayudu]]'' || [[A. Bhimsingh]] || [[Vijayachander]] || Joseph Fernandez [[B. Gopalam]] || [[Vijayachander]], [[Rajasulochana]]
|-
| 1977 || ''[[Oka Oori Katha]]'' || [[Mrinal Sen]] || Allareddy Parandhama Reddy ||[[Vijay Raghav Rao]] || A. R. Krishna, [[G. V. Narayana Rao|Narayana Rao]], [[M. V. Vasudeva Rao]], Mamatha
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 1976 || ''[[Anthuleni Katha]]'' || [[K. Balachander]] || Ram Aranganal || [[M.S. Viswanathan]] || [[Jayapradha]], [[Rajnikanth]], [[G. V. Narayana Rao|Narayana Rao]]
|-
| 1975 || ''[[Swargam Narakam]]'' || [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] || M. K. Mavulayya P. S. Bhaskara Rao || [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]] || [[Annapoorna (actress)|Annapoorna]], [[Mohan Babu]], [[Phataphat Jayalaxmi|Jayalakshmi]], Easwara Rao
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 1974 || ''[[Teerpu]]'' || U. Visweswara Rao || U. Viswesara Rao || ||[[N.T. Rama Rao|NTR]], [[M. Prabhakar Reddy]]
|-
| 1973 || ''[[Samsaram Sagaram]]'' || [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] || K. Raghava || [[Ramesh Naidu]] || [[S. V. Ranga Rao|SVR]], [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]], [[Srividya]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 1972 || ''Praja Nayakudu'' || [[V. Madhusudhana Rao]] || Ch. Raghava Rao || [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]] || [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], Janaki, [[Nagabhushanam (actor)|Nagabhushanam]], [[Jaggayya]]
|-
| 1971 || ''[[Amaayakuraalu]]'' || [[V. Madhusudhana Rao]] ||[[D. Madhusudhana Rao]] || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao|ANR]], [[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]], [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 1970 || ''[[Balaraju Katha]]'' || [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]] || Nidamarthi Padmakshi || [[K. V. Mahadevan]]|| [[Master Prabhakar]], [[Nagabhushanam (actor)|Nagabhushanam]]
|-
| 1969 || ''[[Bangaru Panjaram]]'' || [[B. N. Reddy]] || [[B. N. Reddy]]/''Vaahini Productions'' || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[Sobhan Babu]], [[Vanisree]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 1968 || ''[[Bangaru Gajulu]]'' || [[C. S. Rao]] || [[Tammareddy Krishna Murthy]] ||[[T. Chalapathi Rao]] || [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao|ANR]], Bharati, [[Vijaya Nirmala]]
|-
| 1967 || ''[[Bhakta Prahlada (1967 film)|Bhakta Prahlada]]'' || [[Chitrapu Narayana Rao|Ch. Narayana Murthy]] || [[A. V. Meiyappan]] ||[[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[Roja Ramani]], [[S. V. Ranga Rao]], [[Anjali Devi]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 1966 || ''[[Asthiparulu]]'' || [[V. Madhusudhana Rao]] || [[V. B. Rajendra Prasad]] ||[[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao|ANR]], [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]], [[Jaggayya]], [[V. Nagayya|Nagayya]]
|-
| 1965 || ''[[Aatma Gowravam]]'' || [[K. Viswanath]] || [[D. Madhusudhana Rao]]|| [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] ||[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao|ANR]], [[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]], [[Rajasree]], [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]], [[relangi (actor)|Relangi]]
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 1964 || ''[[Gudi Gantalu]]'' || [[V. Madhusudhana Rao]] || Nehatha Doondi || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] || [[N.T. Rama Rao|NTR]], [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==See also==
* [[Cinema of Andhra Pradesh]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nandi Award For Best Feature Film}}
[[Category:Nandi Awards|Feature Film]]
[[Category:Awards for best film]]

Avtar Singh Jouhl

2026-02-21T01:49:09Z

Admin: Started Bio

{{Short description|British anti-racism campaigner (1937–2022)}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Avtar Singh Jouhl
| honorific_suffix = [[OBE]]
| image = Avtar Johal Singh.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date|1937|11|2|df=y}}{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}
| birth_place = [[Jandiala]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2022|10|8|1937|11|2|df=y}}
| death_place =
| occupation = Lecturer and foundry worker
| organization = [[Indian Workers' Association]]
| known_for = Anti-racism campaigning
}}
{{external media | width = 210px | float = right | headerimage= | video1 = [https://www.facebook.com/SUTRBirmingham/videos/a-short-video-of-avtar-singh-johal-leader-of-indian-workers-association-iwa-spea/259573748314028/ "A short video of Avtar Singh Johal, leader of Indian Workers' Association (IWA)"], Stand Up to Racism Birmingham, 30 October 2019.}}

'''Avtar Singh Jouhl''' {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|OBE}} (2 November 1937 – 8 October 2022)<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2022-11-04 |title=Avtar Singh Jouhl obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/nov/04/avtar-singh-jouhl-obituary |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-17 |title=Obituary: Avtar Singh Jouhl 1937-2022 |url=https://socialistworker.co.uk/obituaries/avtar-singh-jouhl-1937-2022/ |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=Socialist Worker |language=en-GB}}</ref> was a British [[anti-racism]] campaigner, national president of the [[Indian Workers' Association#IWA (GB)|Indian Workers' Association]] (IWA), foundry worker and [[trade union]] lecturer.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=17 October 2019 |title=Life-long class fighter against racism • International Socialism |url=http://isj.org.uk/life-long-class-fighter/ |access-date=4 March 2022 |website=International Socialism}}</ref>

His work campaigning to end the [[racial segregation]] in drinking establishments in [[Smethwick]], [[West Midlands (region)|West Midlands]] drew the attention of [[Malcolm X]] who visited the town, on 12 February 1965,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=12 February 2015 |title=Malcolm X's visit to Smethwick remembered in pictures |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-birmingham-31417235 |access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Aina |title=When Malcolm X visited Britain's most racist town |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2018/2/21/when-malcolm-x-visited-smethwick-after-racist-election |access-date=26 May 2022 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> and was taken to a [[Racial segregation in the United Kingdom|segregated]] pub, the Blue Gates, with Jouhl and Indian activists to witness where non-white customers were forced to drink in separate rooms.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

Jouhl worked at the Smethwick foundries as a moulder's mate before becoming a shop steward. He was furious to learn he and other South Asian workers were paid less than half their white counterparts for the same dangerous, hot work.<ref name=":2" /> He acted as a welfare worker and saw the need for collective action to end the colour bar and to end the use of separate toilets for white and non-white workers in these factories.<ref name=":2" /> Jouhl played a role in the [[1984–1985 miners' strike]] by sending six coaches of IWA members to the picket line.<ref name=":2" /> He also fought for Indian-born workers to be granted British passports so they would not be deported.<ref name=":2" /> A lifelong agitator and communist, Jouhl spent almost thirty years working with the IWA in foundries, campaigning against racism and campaigning for the working class.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |author-first=David |author-last=Jesudason|date=16 March 2022 |title=Breaking the Color Bar — How One Man Helped Desegregate Britain's Pubs (and Fought for an Anti-Racist Future) |url=https://www.goodbeerhunting.com/blog/2022/3/16/breaking-the-color-bar-how-one-man-helped-desegregate-britains-pubs-and-fought-for-an-anti-racist-future |access-date=16 March 2022 |website=Good Beer Hunting}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Josephides |first=Sasha |date=December 1991 |title=Towards a History of the Indian Workers' Association |url=https://web.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/CRER_RC/publications/pdfs/Research%20Papers%20in%20Ethnic%20Relations/RP%20No.18.pdf |journal=Ethnic Relation |volume=18 |via=University of Warwick}}</ref>

== Biography ==

=== Early life and background ===
Avtar Jouhl Singh was born in November 1937 in [[Jandiala]], a village named for a jand tree, within India's [[Jalandhar district]].<ref name=":2" /> Jandiala villagers flew the communist [[Red flag (politics)|red flag]] and before [[Partition of India|partition]] the village was a flourishing multi-faith society that included [[Sikhs]], [[Hindus]], [[Muslims]], and members of the [[Dalit Buddhist movement|Dalit]] community.<ref name=":2" /> Jouhl came from an agricultural family who donated grains to conferences to support the communist movement.<ref name=":2" /> Jouhl had three elder brothers and a sister who all worked on the farm but was the only one to be sent to school, due to the high cost of attending.<ref name=":2" /> At primary school, Jouhl learned to read and write as part of an all-boy class of 40 students, who would sit outside on [[jute]] mats while learning [[Urdu]].<ref name=":2" />

In high school, Jouhl agitated against school fee increases. Teachers hit Jouhl with a cane after he rebelled against the authorities who would force students to be taken out of school and exploit them by having them harvest locust eggs nearby for profit. Jouhl organised the students to pick the eggs and sell them themselves so that the proceeds would go to the children's education. When they handed over the money raised at the school assembly, it was taken by the teachers and the students were caned. His father also slapped Jouhl for his activities.<ref name=":2" />

Following the partition of India in 1947, life in Jandiala had changed and its Muslim residents began to leave among increasing fears of safety, despite the village elders trying to assure them. After protests were made by villagers over the replacement of the red communist flag by the independent [[India flag|India tri-colour flag]], a compromise was met whereby the red flag would be flown alongside the new Indian flag.<ref name=":2" />

Jouhl saw living in Britain and attending the [[London School of Economics]] as the way to achieve his dream of being a history lecturer.<ref name=":2" />

=== Personal life ===
Jouhl's cousin was jailed in 1941 for involvement in India's pre-independence movement. Prior to his incarceration and while he was eluding capture, the police kept raiding the Jouhl family house in order to find his cousin. Jouhl has stated that his early childhood remembrances involve his parents and other relatives being taken to the police station where they would be questioned and beaten.<ref name=":1" />

His father died in 1954, when Jouhl was 16.<ref name=":2" /> That same year, he underwent an arranged marriage to Manjeet (whom he was engaged to when he was nine or 10 years old). They loved one another and Jouhl did not remarry after Manjeet died in 1981 at age 40.<ref name=":2" />

Jouhl identified as [[Punjabis|Punjabi]], [[India]]n, and [[Black race|black]] and claimed that more Asians need to view themselves in these terms and realise the global anti-racism struggle is their fight too.<ref name=":2" />

Jouhl died on 8 October 2022,<ref name=":6" /> at the age of 84.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mackney |first1=Paul |title=Avtar Singh Jouhl (1937 – 2022): Beloved comrade – obituary |url=https://www.counterfire.org/articles/opinion/23540-avtar-jouhl-obituary |access-date=16 October 2022 |publisher=Counterfire |date=15 October 2022}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Arrival in Smethwick ===
Jouhl left India for the UK for the economic opportunities he believed it represented and because he had been admitted to the [[London School of Economics]] so would be able to achieve his desired future as a history lecturer.<ref name=":2" /> He arrived in Heathrow on 4 February 1958,<ref name=":2" /> with his wife following three years later.<ref name=":2" />
Jouhl met his elder brother at the London house he was staying at for his first night and he was taken to Smethwick the next day.<ref name=":2" /> His intention was to study but this decision changed after his arrival in Smethwick.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Jouhl and his fellow Indian migrants lived in cramped conditions with sometimes 15–24 tenants living in the same house. He observed how the migrants suffered racism in the workplace and in the street and became committed to helping their cause.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

He started work as a moulder's mate <ref name=":1" /> at the Shotton Bros factory.<ref name=":1" /> It was upon his first visit to a segregated pub, the Wagon and Horses in Smethwick <ref name=":2" /> where he discovered that non-white drinkers were not permitted in the assembly room despite the Wagon and Horses being a very large expansive drinking hole with two smoke rooms, one assembly bar and two public bars.<ref name=":2" /> When pressed, the flimsy excuse offered by the pub's landlord was that it was on account of Indians speaking in Punjabi which the white clientele would complain about as they didn't like feeling like they were being talked about.<ref name=":2" /> Jouhl also claimed that non-white pub goers were given different glasses, ones with handles, to their white counterparts so that they could be clearly distinguished, and avoided.<ref name=":2" />

The colour bar was seen to apply in other settings too. Jouhl visited a barber in Brasshouse Lane<ref name=":1" /> in Smethwick but the barber refused to cut his hair due to Jouhl being Indian.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Jouhl noticed while working at Shotton Bros. foundry as a moulder's mate that moulders were paid a lot more than the Indian workers (he was paid £7.50 compared with white colleagues wages of about £17).<ref name=":1" /> Non-white people were, according to Jouhl, not sold houses by estate agents and the Tory council at the time ruled, incorrectly, that it was only possible to go on the council house register if residents had been Smethwick residents for more than 10 years when this clearly disadvantaged the black and Asian immigrant community who had no such length of living in Smethwick.<ref name=":1" />

Jouhl joined the [[Indian Workers' Association]] after finding IWA membership cards in the regular delivery of a box of [[rationed]] food supplied to his home by an Indian grocer.<ref name=":2" /> Interested to learn more, Jouhl asked the delivery man to bring membership forms next time.<ref name=":1" /> Some of the others living in the house were already members and had been to a couple of IWA meetings in Wolverhampton.<ref name=":1" /> Jouhl took it upon himself to begin recruiting members alongside [[Jagmohan Joshi]] and they organised the [[Birmingham, IWA|Birmingham IWA]] which had its first meeting in 1958.<ref name=":1" /> Looking after the welfare concerns and political issues affecting the Indian immigrant community in Britain was its primary concern, and this included fighting against all forms of discrimination.<ref name=":1" />

In 1961, Jouhl was dismissed by Shotton Bros.<ref>{{cite web |title=MS2142 Papers of Avtar Jouhi and the Indian Workers' Association, 1956–2005 : Administrative History |url=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/32162659/ms-2142-papers-of-avtar-jouhl-and-the-indian-workers-association- |website=Birmingham City Archives|page=1 |quote= "He was dismissed from Shotton Brothers in 1961"|access-date=20 June 2022}}</ref>

=== Breaking the colour bar ===
White left-wing students worked with IWA workers to challenge the colour bar.<ref name=":2" /> Pub crawls with student organisations from universities in Birmingham and Aston were organised.<ref name=":1" /> First the white students would order drinks. Later, several Asians would come in to join them and would be refused service.<ref name=":1" /> The Asians were sometimes given a pretextual excuse that the room was previously booked.<ref name=":1" /> In response, the students would come to their defence and clearly counter the erroneous claims.<ref name=":1" />

This evidence of the blatant racism of the colour bar was then used to oppose the renewal of any publican's license since licensing law prevented any licensee from ever refusing to serve an entire class of people in such a clear cut way.<ref name=":1" /> When some of the licenses were not renewed, Jouhl stated that it "got huge publicity in 1963 because up until then racial discrimination was not unlawful so everyone and anyone was free to discriminate."<ref name=":1" /> The publicans argued that this was not a colour bar but a poverty bar but Asian teachers and doctors were also barred from these rooms.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Prem |first=Dhani R |title=The Parliamentary Leper: A History of Colour Prejudice in Britain |publisher=Aligarh: Metric Publications |year=1965 |location=LSE Library}}</ref> Jouhl campaigned to make it so that the Labour party and trade unions would support legislation opposing the colour bar and racial discrimination.<ref name=":1" /> A result of the campaign was a raised profile and backlash against the campaigners.<ref name=":2" /> His comrade Jagmohan Joshi's wife, [[Shirley Joshi,]] was an anti racism campaigner herself but was depicted and belittled as a "whore" in the press for having a non-white husband.<ref name=":2" /> The continued protests against any licensee's clear use of the colour bar did however begin to have a big impact on the commerce and reputation of the [[Mitchells and Butlers Brewery]] who ran much of the pubs in the surrounding area.<ref name=":2" />

David Jesudason said that Jouhl and the IWA broke the workplace's colour bar by "getting some 'big lads' to push aside the guy in charge of the segregated toilets."<ref name=":2" /> Jouhl positively invited dismissal from his employers due to his actions as he felt it would be for a "great cause".<ref name=":2" /> However, no such dismissal took place which Jouhl put down to his employers being too intimidated by him to do so.<ref name=":2" />

=== Malcolm X ===
[[File:The Blue Gates.jpg|thumb|The Blue Gates hotel in Smethwick which Malcolm X visited in 1965, photographed in 2021]]
The US civil rights activist Malcolm X travelled to Smethwick on 12 February 1965<ref>{{Cite news |last=BBC |date=12 February 2015 |title=Malcolm X's visit to Smethwick remembered in pictures |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-birmingham-31417235}}</ref> following an invitation by Jouhl.<ref name=":4" /> Malcolm X stated to the newspapers that he visited because he was "disturbed by reports that coloured people in Smethwick are being treated badly".<ref name=":0" />

Jouhl met Malcolm X in Marshall Street<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Connor |first=Laura |date=16 February 2015 |title=Malcolm X's visit to Smethwick to fight racism remembered 50 years on |url=http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/midlands-news/malcolm-xs-visit-smethwick-remembered-8653592 |access-date=7 March 2022 |website=BirminghamLive |language=en}}</ref> where he observed posters reading "Coloured people need not apply". Malcolm X reacted by stating that, "This is worse than in America. This is worse than Harlem. In New York I haven’t seen such things, but there we have other attacks and discrimination against Black people."<ref name=":2" />

Fearing for his safety during this midday walkabout, Jouhl expressed his worry that one of the white residents would harm Malcolm X and offered the services of the IWA to accompany him on the walk down the street. However, Malcolm X refused and stated he was confident and wanted to walk alone. He would keep his eyes open for any bricks being thrown his way.<ref name=":2" />

Following the walk's conclusion, Malcolm X said that he wanted to go to a pub so Jouhl, and his close comrade Jagmohan Joshi, accompanied him to the Blue Gates pub whereupon Jouhl and Malcolm X went into the smoking room.<ref name=":2" />

Jouhl says: <blockquote>I ordered a drink and the barmaid already knew me and she said that, 'My [landlord] doesn't allow Black people to drink here. You can have a drink in the bar'{{Nbsp}}... Malcolm X said there was no point, and we walked into the bar where several IWA members were. He had a soft drink and chatted with different people about the colour bar. He was there for 15 minutes, and he said, 'Keep up the fight. The only way to defeat the colour bar and racism is to fight it back.'<ref name=":2" /></blockquote>

=== Legacy of Malcolm X visit ===
[[File:Malcolm X plaque.jpg|thumb|Malcolm X [[blue plaque]] in Marshall Street]]
The visit gained press coverage at the time and was also captured in BBC film footage which had been hitherto unscreened until it was discovered in 2005, by Stephen C Page, a local artist.<ref name=":0" />

The visit highlighted the issue of the colour bar and racism in the UK. Jouhl called Malcolm X's visit "the shot in the arm for the anti-racism struggle in Britain.”<ref name=":2" /> The publicity of the visit "put racism in Britain on the international map" for the first time<ref name=":4" /> occurring as it did just a few days before Malcolm X's assassination.<ref name=":5" /> This and the wider work of Jouhl and the IWA in the first two decades of the mid-20th century in raising awareness of the anti-racism movement<ref name=":4" /> helped bring the topic of racism to the national discourse during the 1964 general election <ref name=":4" /> and helped deliver the [[Race Relations Act 1965]], the first legislation to outlaw discrimination due to colour, race, ethnic origin, or national origins in public places in Great Britain.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":0" />

Although segregation could continue in private clubs, such as the Smethwick Labour Club, it was now officially ended in pubs.<ref name=":2" />

The visit of Malcolm X and his meeting with Jouhl and the IWA is now commemorated by a stained glass window display in the Red Lion pub which depicts the two anti-racism campaigners.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A story of East meets West Midlands {{!}} Arts Council England |url=https://www.artscouncil.org.uk/news/story-east-meets-west-midlands |access-date=7 March 2022 |website=www.artscouncil.org.uk}}</ref> A plaque in Marshall Street has been erected marking the visit.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

The colour bar system of apartheid had led directly to the Indian immigrant community setting up their own pubs, Desi pubs, in the 1970s where they could play Indian music and serve Indian food and have safe places which acted as something of a community hub for many.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Desi Style — The History and Significance of England's Anglo-Asian Pubs |url=https://www.pelliclemag.com/home/2021/5/31/desi-style-the-history-and-significance-of-englands-anglo-asian-pubs |access-date=7 March 2022 |website=Pellicle |language=en-US}}</ref> Initially, the Desi pubs also provided their patrons with access to advice on legal, employment and marriage matters as well as offering a community fund for those who suffered hard times.<ref name=":5" />

{{As of|2018}}, 55.9% of the population of Smethwick was described as "non-white", a higher percentage of "ethnic minorities" than the borough of [[Sandwell]] (30.1%) or England overall (14.6%).<ref>{{cite web |title=Smethwick Town Profile |url=https://www.sandwelltrends.info/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2020/04/Smethwick-Town-Profile-Spring-2020.pdf |website=Vision 2030 Sandwell |access-date=21 June 2022}}</ref> Smethwick contains a rich array of [[Desi]] pubs and across the UK these are multicultural establishments for all.<ref name=":2" />

The pub where it all began, the Blue Gates, is a Desi pub now.<ref name=":2" />

== Other work ==
Jouhl organised for six coaches of IWA members to be sent to the [[1984–1985 miners' strike]] in solidarity with the plight of the striking workers even though the non-white workers experienced racism from some miners on the picket lines.<ref name=":2" />

== Order of the British Empire ==

Jouhl was awarded the [[Order of the British Empire]] (civil division) in 2000 for 'services to Community Relations and to Trade Unionism'.

== Legacy ==
Former BBC producer and broadcaster [[Charles Parker (producer)|Charles Parker]] interviewed Jouhl and included details of Jouhl's life in his play, ''The Great Divide'', including a description of visiting a pub for the first time.<ref name=":2" />

Another play is ''Marshall Street'' by [[Paul Magson (playwright)|Paul Magson]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=What happened when Malcolm X visited Smethwick in 1965? {{!}} Arts Council England |url=https://www.artscouncil.org.uk/news/what-happened-when-malcolm-x-visited-smethwick-1965 |access-date=7 March 2022 |website=www.artscouncil.org.uk}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web |date=19 October 2012 |title=Apartheid in London pubs |url=https://boakandbailey.com/2012/10/apartheid-in-london-pubs/ |website=Boak and Bailey}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Avtar Jouhl}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:British anti-racism activists]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:People from Jalandhar district]]
[[Category:Trade unionists from the West Midlands]]
[[Category:Trade unionists from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:British trade union leaders]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]

Kutiyana Assembly constituency

2026-02-15T15:16:57Z

Admin: stub

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{expand list|date=June 2025}}{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kutiyana
| constituency_no = 84
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Gujarat]]
| division =
| district = [[Porbandar district|Porbandar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Porbandar Lok Sabha constituency|Porbandar]]
| established = 1957
| electors = {{formatnum:225997}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| reservation = None
| abolished =
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Kandhal Jadeja]]
| party = {{Party index link|Samajwadi Party}}
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
}}

'''Kutiyana''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Porbandar district|Porbandar]] district.

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date= 5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref>

# Kutiyana Taluka
# Ranavav Taluka
# Porbandar Taluka (Part) Villages – Ratanpar, Oddar, Tukda Gosa, Keshod (Lushala), Erada, Delodar, Mitrala, Rajpar, Gosa, Chikasa, Bhad, Garej, Navi Bandar, Ratiya, Untada, Balej, Kadachh, Mocha, Gorsar, Mander, Chingariya, Pata, Madhavpur

==Members of Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1962 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Maldevji Mandalkji Odedra
| {{Full party name with color| Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| B. B. Gajera
| {{Full party name with color| Swatantra Party}}
|-
|[[1972 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Arjan Veja Nandania
| {{Full party name with color| Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1975 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1975]]
| Vejabhai Samatbhai Kambaliya
|-
|[[1980 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2"| Mahant Vijaydasji Virdasji
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1985 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| {{Full party name with color| Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| [[Santokben Jadeja]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1995 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| Bhura Munja Kadchha (Jadeja)
| {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1998 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Karsanbhai Odedara]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|-
|[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
|[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Kandhal Jadeja]]<ref name=election2012/>
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
|[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]:Kutiyana Assembly constituency }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kandhal Jadeja]]|party=Samajwadi Party|votes=60,163|percentage=46.94|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dheliben Odedra|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=33,532|percentage=26.30|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Bhimabhai Makvana|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=19,273|percentage=15.11|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nathabhai Odedra|party=Indian National Congress|votes=8,672|percentage=6.83|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 1963
|percentage = 1.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 26,631
|percentage = 20.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:225997}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022 |archive-date=6 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206124842/https://eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Nationalist Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Kutiyana<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=11 July 2021 |archive-date=13 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713055624/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate=[[Kandhal Jadeja]]|party=Nationalist Congress Party|votes=59,406|percentage=50.39|change=-2.85}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Laxman Bhima Dula Odedara|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=35,697|percentage=30.28|change=-6.95}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Vejabhai Modedra|party=Indian National Congress|votes=11,670|percentage=9.90|change=''New''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,17,895|percentage=59.16|change=-5.6}}
{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Nationalist Congress Party|swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]: Kutiyana<ref name=election2012>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3840-gujarat-2012/// |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2012 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=20 August 2018 |archive-date=15 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515061248/https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/3840-gujarat-2012/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Kandhal Jadeja]]|party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 61416|percentage = 53.24 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate = [[Karsanbhai Odedara]]|party= Bharatiya Janata Party|votes= 42942|percentage = 37.23|change= }}
{{Election box majority|votes=18474 |percentage = 16.02|change = }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=115350 |percentage = 64.76 |change =+13.03 }}
{{Election box gain with party link|winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2007 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2007]]: Kutiyana<ref name=election2007>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3839-gujarat-2007// |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2007 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=20 August 2018 |archive-date=15 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515061253/https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/3839-gujarat-2007/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Odedara Karsanbhai Dulabhai]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=37,130|percentage=45.49|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Antroliya Sukabhai Rambhai|party=Indian National Congress|votes=27,980|percentage=34.28|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kadachha Bhurabhai Munjabhai|party=Independent|votes=8,060|percentage=9.87|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Chavda Jayesh Govindbhai|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=3,064|percentage=3.75|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Bhutiya Vijay Bhaya|party=Independent|votes=2,553|percentage=3.13|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Bhutiya Gagubhai Bhagabhai|party=Independent|votes=1,196|percentage=1.47|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Bhatt Nitinbhai Vrujlal|party=Independent|votes=1,037|percentage=1.27|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Odedara Keshavbhai Vejabhai|party=ABRRP(P)|votes=610|percentage=0.75|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=9,150|percentage=11.21|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=81,630|percentage=51.73|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Bharatiya Janata Party|swing =}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}

{{coord|21.63|69.98|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Porbandar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]

Satya

2026-02-15T06:54:33Z

Admin: quick added page based on references and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Sanskrit word and a virtue in Indian religions}}
{{italic title}}
{{about|a Sanskrit word and a virtue in Indian religions|other uses}}
[[File:Rigveda MS2097.jpg|thumb|360px|{{transliteration|sa|Satya}} is an important concept and [[virtue]] in Indian religions. [[Rigveda]], dated to be from {{BCE|the 2nd millennium}}, offers the earliest discussion of {{transliteration|sa|Satya}}.<ref name=rohin/><ref name=atdn/> It appears in the fifth and sixth lines in this Rigveda manuscript image.]]'''{{transliteration|sa|Satya}}''' ([[Sanskrit]]: {{lang|sa|{{linktext|सत्य}}}}; [[IAST]]: {{IAST|Satya}}) is a [[Sanskrit]] word, usually translated as "'''truth'''" or "'''essence'''.“<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite book|author-link=Arthur Anthony Macdonell|first=Arthur A.|last=Macdonell|title=Sanskrit English Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/sanskritenglishd0000macd|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=1892|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sanskritenglishd0000macd/page/330/mode/2up 330–331]|isbn=9788120617797 }}
|2={{cite book|first=Klaus K.|last=Klostermaier|editor-first1=J. Wentzel Vrede|editor-last1=van Huyssteen|editor-first2=Nancy R.|editor-last2=Howell|editor-first3=Niels Henrik|editor-last3=Gregersen|editor-first4=Wesley J.|editor-last4=Wildman|editor-first5=Ian|editor-last5=Barbour|editor-first6=Ryan|editor-last6=Valentine|year=2003|chapter=Hinduism, History of Science and Religion|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofscienceandreligionwentzelvanhuyssteennielshenrikgregersennancyr.ho/page/405/mode/1up|title=Encyclopedia of Science and Religion|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofscienceandreligionwentzelvanhuyssteennielshenrikgregersennancyr.ho|publisher=Thomson Gale|isbn=0028657047|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofscienceandreligionwentzelvanhuyssteennielshenrikgregersennancyr.ho/page/405/mode/1up 405]}}
}}</ref> Across [[Indian religions]], satya is a deeply valued [[virtue]], signifying the alignment of one's thoughts, speech, and actions with reality.<ref name="knt">{{cite book|first=Kedar Nath|last=Tiwari|year=1998|chapter=Virtues and Duties in Indian Ethics|title=Classical Indian Ethical Thought|url=https://archive.org/details/nhAt_classical-indian-ethical-thought-kedar-nath-tiwari_202012|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-8120816077|page=[https://archive.org/details/nhAt_classical-indian-ethical-thought-kedar-nath-tiwari_202012/page/87/mode/1up 87]}}</ref> In [[Yoga]] philosophy, particularly in [[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali|Patañjali's ''Yoga Sutras'']]'', Satya'' is one of the five [[yamas]]—moral restraints designed to cultivate truthfulness and prevent the distortion of reality through one’s expressions and behavior.<ref name="grg">{{cite book|editor-first=Ganga Ram|editor-last=Garg|title=Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World|date=1992 |volume=3|isbn=8170223733|page=733|publisher=Concept Publishing Company }}</ref>

==Etymology and meaning==
{{See also|Sattva|Sacca (Buddhism)}}
{{transliteration|sa|Satya}} has [[cognates]] in a number of diverse [[Indo-European languages]], including the words "sooth" and "sin" in [[English language|English]], "{{transliteration|ru|suť}}" ("{{lang|ru|суть}}") in [[Russian language|Russian]], "{{lang|da|sand}}" (truthful) in [[Danish language|Danish]], "{{lang|sv|sann}}" in [[Swedish language|Swedish]], and "{{transliteration|ae|haithya}}" in [[Avestan language|Avestan]], the [[liturgical language]] of [[Zoroastrianism]].<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite journal | title=Prudentia, Volumes 11–13 | editor=Dept. of Classics and Ancient History, University of Auckland | year= 1979 | publisher=University of Auckland Bindery | page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=S70RAQAAMAAJ 96] | quote=The semantic connection may therefore be compared with the Sanskrit term for the 'moral law', dharma (cognate with Latin firmus) and 'truth' satya (cognate with English 'sooth' and Greek with its well known significance in Plato's thought...}}{{Verify source|reason=need to source this to a particular article/author|date=September 2023}}
|2={{cite book | title= Essays on Being | first= Charles H. |last=Kahn | year=2009 |author-link=Charles H. Kahn| publisher= Oxford University Press | isbn= 978-0191560064 | page= [https://books.google.com/books?id=DxE6zOaaGyIC&pg=PA23 23] | quote= A derivative of this participle still serves as the normal word for 'true' and 'truth' in languages so far apart as Danish sand and sandhed) and Hindi (sac, satya). In English we have a cognate form of this old Indo-European participle of 'to be' in 'sooth', 'soothsayer'.}}
|3={{cite book | chapter=The rime of the Book of the Dove|first=James R.|last=Russell|title=From Daēnā to Dîn | editor-first1=Christine|editor-last1=Allison|editor-first2=Anke|editor-last2=Joisten-Pruschke|editor-first3=Antje|editor-last3=Wendtland| year= 2009 | publisher= Otto Harrassowitz Verlag | isbn= 978-3447059176 | page= [https://books.google.com/books?id=VKS_C45BSOAC&pg=PA186 186]f105 | quote= Av. haiθya-, from the verb 'to be'—truth in the sense of 'the way things actually are'—corresponds to its cognates, Skt. ''satyá-'', Rus. ''istina''.}} }}</ref>

In the [[Vedas]] and later [[sutra]]s, the meaning of the word {{transliteration|sa|satya}} evolved into an [[Ethics|ethical]] concept about truthfulness.<ref name="knt" /><ref>{{cite journal |last=Dhand |first=A. |year=2002 |title=The dharma of ethics, the ethics of dharma: Quizzing the ideals of Hinduism |journal=Journal of Religious Ethics |volume=30 |pages=347–372 |doi=10.1111/1467-9795.00113 |number=3}}</ref> It means being true and consistent with reality in one's [[Manasa, vacha, karmana|thought, speech, and action]].<ref name="knt" />

==={{transliteration|sa|Sat}}===
'''{{transliteration|sa|Sat}}''' ({{langx|sa|[[wikt:सत्#Noun_2|सत्]]}}) is the root of many Sanskrit words and concepts such as {{transliteration|sa|[[sattva]]}} ("pure, truthful") and {{transliteration|sa|satya}} ("truth"). The [[Sanskrit]] root {{transliteration|sa|sat}} has several meanings or translations:<ref name=MMW>{{cite book|first=Monier|last=Monier-Williams|title=A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages|url=https://archive.org/details/1872sanskriten00moniuoft|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1872|pages=[https://archive.org/details/1872sanskriten00moniuoft/page/1052/mode/1up 1052]–1054}}
</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Ishwaran | first=Karigoudar | title=Ascetic Culture: Renunciation and Worldly Engagement | publisher=Brill | publication-place=Leiden | date=1999 | isbn=978-90-04-11412-8 | pages=143–144}}</ref>
# "Absolute reality"
# "[[Fact]]"
# "[[Brahman]]" (not to be confused with [[Brahmin]])
# "that which is unchangeable"
# "that which has no distortion"
# "that which is beyond distinctions of time, space, and person"
# "that which pervades the [[universe]] in all its constancy"

{{transliteration|sa|Sat}} is a common prefix in ancient Indian literature. It implies variously that which is good, true, genuine, virtuous, being, happening, real, existing, enduring, lasting, or essential. For example, {{transliteration|sa|sat-sastra}} means true doctrine, {{transliteration|sa|sat-van}} means one devoted to the truth.<ref name=AAM>{{cite book | last=Macdonell | first=Arthur Anthony | author-link=Arthur Anthony Macdonell | title=A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary with Transliteration, Accentuation, and Etymological Analysis Throughout | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. | date=2004 | isbn=978-81-208-2000-5}}</ref>{{rp|329–331}}<ref name=MMW/> In ancient texts, fusion words based on {{transliteration|sa|Sat}} refer to "Universal Spirit, Universal Principle, Being, Soul of the World, [[Brahman]]".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Chaudhuri|first=H.|year=1954|title=The Concept of Brahman in Hindu Philosophy|journal=Philosophy East and West|volume=4|number=1|pages=47–66|doi=10.2307/1396951 |jstor=1396951 }}</ref><ref name=aandb>{{cite book | first1=Sri|last1= Aurobindo|first2=Arabinda|last2=Basu| chapter=The Sadhana of Plotinus |editor-last=Gregorios | editor-first=Paulos | title=Neoplatonism and Indian Philosophy | publisher=SUNY Press | publication-place=Albany, N.Y. | year=2002 | isbn=978-0-7914-5274-5 | pages=153–156}}</ref>

The negation of {{transliteration|sa|sat}} is {{transliteration|sa|asat}}, meaning delusion, distorted, untrue, the fleeting impression that is incorrect, invalid, and false.{{r|AAM|page=34}}{{r|MMW}} The concepts of {{transliteration|sa|sat}} and {{transliteration|sa|asat}} are famously expressed in the [[Pavamana Mantra]] found in the [[Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad|{{IAST|Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad}}]] (1.3.28):
{{Verse translation|lang=sa-Latn|Asato mā sad gamaya
tamaso mā jyotir gamaya
mṛtyor mā amṛtam gamaya|Lead me from delusion to truth
from darkness to light
from mortality to immortality}}
{{transliteration|sa|Sat}} is one of the three characteristics of [[Brahman]] as described in {{transliteration|sa|[[Satcitananda|sat-chit-ananda]]}}.<ref name=aandb/> This association between {{transliteration|sa|sat}}, 'truth', and {{transliteration|sa|Brahman}}, ultimate reality, is also expressed in Hindu cosmology, wherein {{transliteration|sa|[[Satyaloka]]}}, the highest heaven of [[Hindu cosmology]], is the abode of {{transliteration|sa|Brahman}}.

==Hinduism==
{{Hinduism}}
{{Main|Hinduism}}

===Vedic literature===
{{Main|Historical Vedic religion}}

{{transliteration|sa|Satya}} is a central theme in the [[Vedas]]. It is equated with and considered necessary to the concept of {{transliteration|sa|[[Ṛta]]}} ({{lang|sa|ऋतं}}, {{transliteration|sa|ṛtaṃ}})—that which is properly joined, order, rule, nature, balance and harmony.<ref name=rohin>{{cite book | last=Hindery | first=Roderick | title=Comparative ethics in Hindu and Buddhist traditions | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass | publication-place=Delhi | year=1996 | isbn=978-81-208-0866-9 | pages=51–55}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=Sourcebook of the world's religions: an interfaith guide to religion and spirituality | publisher=New World Library | publication-place=Novato, Calif. | year=2000 | isbn=978-1-57731-121-8 | pages=52–55}}</ref> {{transliteration|sa|Ṛta}} results from {{transliteration|sa|satya}} in the Vedas, as it{{ambiguous|reason=|date=September 2023}} regulates and enables the operation of the universe and everything within it.<ref name=bahold>{{cite book | first=Barbara |last=Holdrege|chapter=Dharma | editor-last1=Mittal | editor-first1=Sushil | editor-last2=Thursby | editor-first2=Gene R. | title=The Hindu world | publisher=Routledge | publication-place=New York | year=2004 | isbn=0-415-21527-7 | page=215}}</ref> {{transliteration|sa|Satya}} is considered essential, and without it, the universe and reality falls apart and cannot function.<ref name=bahold/>

In the [[Rigveda]], {{transliteration|sa|rita}} and {{transliteration|sa|satya}} are opposed to {{transliteration|sa|anrita}} and {{transliteration|sa|asatya}} (falsehood).<ref name=rohin/> Truth and truthfulness is considered as a form of reverence for the divine, while falsehood a form of sin. {{transliteration|sa|Satya}} includes action and speech that is factual, real, true, and reverent to {{transliteration|sa|Ṛta}} in Books 1, 4, 6, 7, 9, and 10 of Rigveda.<ref name=atdn>{{cite book|author-link=Antonio T. de Nicolás|first=Antonio T.|last=de Nicolás|year=2003|title=Meditations Through the Rig Veda|isbn=978-0595269259|pages=162–164|publisher=iUniverse }}</ref> In the Vedas, {{transliteration|sa|satya}} includes current, future, and past contexts.{{clarify|reason=it isn't clear how "one" entered the picture here|date=September 2023}} {{clarify|reason=explain who De Nicolás is and why they are an authority|text=De Nicolás|date=September 2023}} states, that in Rigveda, "{{transliteration|sa|Satya}} is the modality of acting in the world of {{transliteration|sa|Sat}}, as the truth to be built, formed or established".<ref name=atdn/>

===Upanishads===
{{transliteration|sa|Satya}} is widely discussed in various [[Upanishads]], including the [[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]] where {{transliteration|sa|satya}} is called the means to [[Brahman]], as well as Brahman (Being, true self).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/Brihadaranyaka.Upanishad.Shankara.Bhashya.by.Swami.Madhavananda|title= Brihadaranyaka Upanishad|translator-first=Swami|translator-last=Madhavananda|publisher=Advaita Ashrama|year=1950|edition=third|at=[https://archive.org/details/Brihadaranyaka.Upanishad.Shankara.Bhashya.by.Swami.Madhavananda/page/823/mode/1up Section V]}}</ref><ref name=chjo/> In hymn 1.4.14 of Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, ''Satya'' (truth) is equated to [[Dharma]] (morality, ethics, law of righteousness),<ref name=paulh/> as

{{quote|Nothing is higher than the Law of Righteousness ({{transliteration|sa|Dharma}}). The weak overcomes the stronger by the Law of Righteousness. Truly that Law is the Truth ({{transliteration|sa|Satya}}); Therefore, when a man speaks the Truth, they say, "He speaks Righteousness"; and if he speaks Righteousness, they say, "He speaks the Truth!" For both are one.|Brihadaranyaka Upanishad|I.4.xiv<ref name=chjo>{{cite book|author-link=Charles Johnston (Theosophist)|first=Charles|last=Johnston|title=The Mukhya Upanishads: Books of Hidden Wisdom|date=23 October 2014 |publisher=Kshetra|isbn=978-1495946530|page=481}} For discussion on {{transliteration|sa|Satya}} and {{transliteration|sa|Brahman}} pp. 491–505, 561–575.</ref><ref name=paulh>{{cite journal|first=Paul|last=Horsch|translator-first=Jarrod|translator-last=Whitaker|title=From Creation Myth to World Law: The early history of Dharma|journal=Journal of Indian Philosophy|volume=32|pages=423–448|year=2004|issue=5–6 |doi=10.1007/s10781-004-8628-3 |s2cid=170190727 }}</ref>}}

[[Taittiriya Upanishad]]'s hymn 11.11 states, "Speak the {{transliteration|sa|Satya}} (truth), conduct yourself according to the {{transliteration|sa|Dharma}} (morality, ethics, law)".<ref>{{cite web|title=taittirIya upanishad|quote=सत्यं वद । धर्मं चर, ''satyam vada dharmam cara''|url=https://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/taitaccent.html|website=Sanskrit Documents}}</ref><ref name=paulh/>

The hymns of Upanishads portray truth as ultimately always prevailing. The [[Mundaka Upanishad]], for example, states in Book 3, Chapter 1,<ref name=eeas>{{cite book|first=E.|last=Easwaran|year=2007|title=The Upanishads|isbn=978-1586380212|page=181|publisher=Nilgiri Press }}</ref>

{{Quote|
<poem>
'''सत्य'''मेव जयते नानृतं<ref>[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/मुण्डकोपनिषद् Mundaka Upanishad (Sanskrit)] Wikisource</ref>
Translation 1: '''Truth''' alone triumphs, not falsehood.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Ananthamurthy | first1=U.R. | last2=Mehta | first2=Suketu | last3=Ananthamurthy | first3=Sharath | title=Compassionate Space | journal=India International Centre Quarterly | publisher=India International Centre | volume=35 | issue=2 | year=2008 | issn=0376-9771 | jstor=23006353 | pages=18–23 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/23006353 | access-date=7 September 2023}}</ref>
Translation 2: '''Truth''' ultimately triumphs, not falsehood.<ref>{{cite book|first=Brij|last=Lal|title=A Vision for Change: Speeches and Writings of A.D. Patel 1929–1969|date=2011 |publisher=Australian National University Press|isbn=978-1921862328|page=xxi}}</ref>
Translation 3: The '''true''' prevails, not the untrue.<ref>{{cite book|translator-link=Max Muller|translator-first=F. Max|translator-last=Müller|editor-link=Max Muller|editor-first=F. Max|editor-last=Müller|title=The Upanishads, Part 2|url=https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml|chapter=The Mundaka Upanishad|series=The Sacred Books of the East|volume=XV|year=1884|location=Oxford|publisher=Clarendon Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/upanishads02ml/page/38/mode/2up?view=theater 38–]40}}</ref>
</poem>
|Mundaka Upanishad, 3.1.6<ref name=eeas/>}}

Sandilya Upanishad of [[Atharvaveda]], in Chapter 1, includes ten forbearances<ref>Patanjali states five restraints, rather than ten. The complete list of ten forbearances in Sandilya Upanishad are, in the order they are listed in original Upanishad manuscript: {{transliteration|sa|ahimsa}}, {{transliteration|sa|satya}}, {{transliteration|sa|asteya}}, {{transliteration|sa|brahmacharya}}, {{transliteration|sa|daya}}, {{transliteration|sa|arjava}}, {{transliteration|sa|kshama}}, {{transliteration|sa|dhrti}}, {{transliteration|sa|mitahara}}, and {{transliteration|sa|saucha}}</ref> as virtues, in its exposition of Yoga. It defines {{transliteration|sa|satya}} as "the speaking of the truth that conduces to the well being of creatures, through the actions of one's mind, speech, or body."<ref>{{cite book | last=Narayanaswami Aiyar | first=K. | title=Thirty minor Upanishads | publisher=V̇asanṭā Press | publication-place=Madras | year=1914 | oclc=23013613 | pages=173–174}}</ref>

[[Paul Deussen|Deussen]] states that {{transliteration|sa|satya}} is described in the major Upanishads with two layers of meanings—one as empirical truth about reality and another as abstract truth about universal principle, being, and the unchanging. Both of these ideas are explained in early Upanishads, composed before {{BCE|500}}, by variously breaking the word {{transliteration|sa|satya}} or {{transliteration|sa|satyam}} into two or three syllables. In later Upanishads, the ideas evolve and transcend into {{transliteration|sa|satya}} as truth (or truthfulness), and {{transliteration|sa|Brahman}} as the Being, Be-ness, real Self, the eternal.<ref>{{cite book|first=Paul|last=Deussen|translator-first=A.S.|translator-last=Geden|url=https://archive.org/stream/philosophyupani00deusgoog|title=The Philosophy of the Upanishads|publisher=T&T Clark|location=Edinburgh|year=1908|pages=[https://archive.org/details/philosophyupani00deusgoog/page/n146/mode/2up?view=theater 128]–133}}</ref>

===Epics===
The ''[[Shanti Parva]]'' of the [[Mahabharata]] states, "The righteous hold that forgiveness, truth, sincerity, and compassion are the foremost (of all virtues). Truth is the essence of the Vedas."<ref>{{cite book|title=The Mahābhārata: Shanti parva|chapter=Mokshadharma parva|editor-first=Manmatha Nath|editor-last=Dutt|year=1903|at=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.134505/page/n369/mode/1up CCC.12]}}</ref>

The Epic repeatedly emphasizes that {{transliteration|sa|satya}} is a basic virtue, because everything and everyone depends on and relies on {{transliteration|sa|satya}}.<ref name=mnd344/>

{{Verse translation|lang=sa|सत्यस्य वचनं साधु न सत्याद विद्यते परम
सत्येन विधृतं सर्वं सर्वं सत्ये परतिष्ठितम
अपि पापकृतॊ रौद्राः सत्यं कृत्वा पृथक पृथक
अद्रॊहम अविसंवादं परवर्तन्ते तदाश्रयाः
ते चेन मिथॊ ऽधृतिं कुर्युर विनश्येयुर असंशयम|To speak the truth is meritorious. There is nothing higher than truth. Everything is upheld by truth, and everything rests upon truth. Even the sinful and ferocious, swear to keep the truth amongst themselves, dismiss all grounds of quarrel and uniting with one another set themselves to their (sinful) tasks, depending upon truth. If they behaved falsely towards one another, they would then be destroyed without doubt.|attr1=The Mahabharata, Chapter CCLIX: [[Shanti Parva]]<ref name=mnd344>{{cite book|chapter=Mokshadharma Parva|publisher=Pratapa Chandra Ray, Bharata Press|location=Calcutta|year=1891|title=The Mahabharata, Vanti Parva, Volume II|page=[https://archive.org/details/mahabharataofkri07royp/page/344/mode/1up?view=theater&q=ferocious 344]}}</ref>}}

===Yoga Sutras===
In the [[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali]], it is written, “When one is firmly established in speaking truth, the fruits of action become subservient to him."<ref name="Sutra Number 2.36">{{cite book|author=Patanjali|chapter=Sutra Number 2.36|title=Yoga Sutras|date=September 2012 |translator-first=B.|translator-last=Ravikanth|isbn=978-0988251502|pages=140–150|publisher=Sanskrit Works }}</ref> In Yoga sutra, {{transliteration|sa|satya}} is one of the five {{transliteration|sa|yamas}}, or virtuous restraints, along with {{transliteration|sa|ahimsa}} (restraint from violence or injury to any living being); {{transliteration|sa|asteya}} (restraint from stealing); {{transliteration|sa|brahmacharya}} (celibacy or restraint from sexually cheating on one's partner); and {{transliteration|sa|aparigraha}} (restraint from covetousness and craving). Patanjali considers {{transliteration|sa|satya}} as a restraint from falsehood in one's action (body), words (speech, writing), or feelings / thoughts (mind).<ref name=grg/><ref>{{cite journal|first=Aadil|last=Palkhivala|url= https://www.yogajournal.com/article/teach/teaching-the-yamas-in-asana-class/|title=Teaching the Yamas in Asana Class|journal=Yoga Journal|date=August 28, 2007}}</ref> In Patanjali's teachings, one may not always know the truth or the whole truth, but one knows if one is creating, sustaining, or expressing falsehood, exaggeration, distortion, fabrication, or deception.<ref name="Sutra Number 2.36"/> {{transliteration|sa|Satya}} is, in Patanjali's Yoga, the virtue of restraint from such falsehood, either through silence or through stating the truth without any form of distortion.<ref>{{cite book|first=Edwin|last=Bryant|chapter=''Ahimsa'' in the Patanjali Yoga Tradition|editor-first=Steven|editor-last=Rosen|title=Food for the Soul: Vegetarianism and Yoga Traditions|date=19 April 2011 |publisher=Praeger|isbn=978-0313397035|pages=33–48}}</ref>

==Jainism==
{{Main|Jainism}}

{{transliteration|sa|Satya}} is one of the [[five vows]] prescribed in [[Jain Agamas]]. {{transliteration|sa|Satya}} was also preached by [[Mahavira]].<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite book |last=Sangave |first=Vilas Adinath |author-link=Vilas Adinath Sangave |title=Aspects of Jaina religion |edition=5 |date=2006 |orig-year=1990 |publisher=[[Bharatiya Jnanpith]] |isbn=8126312734 |page=67}}
|2={{citation |last=Shah|first=Umakant Premanand |title=Mahavira Jaina teacher |date=20 October 2023 |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mahavira-Jaina-teacher |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}} }}</ref> According to Jainism, the underlying cause of falsehood is passion and therefore, it is said to cause {{transliteration|sa|hiṃsā}} (injury).<ref name=VKJain>{{cite book |first=Vijay K. |last=Jain |title=Acharya Amritchandra's Purushartha Siddhyupaya: Realization of the Pure Self, With Hindi and English Translation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4iyUu4Fc2-YC|url-access=limited |date=2012 |publisher=Vikalp Printers |isbn=978-8190363945 |quote={{PD-notice}} }}</ref>{{rp|66}}

According to the Jain text ''[[Sarvārthasiddhi]]'': "That which causes pain and suffering to the living is not commendable, whether it refers to actual facts or not".<ref>{{citation |last=Jain |first=S.A. |title=Reality (English Translation of Srimat Pujyapadacharya's Sarvarthasiddhi) |year=1992 |orig-year=1960 |publisher=Jwalamalini Trust |url=https://archive.org/details/Reality_JMT |edition=Second |quote={{PD-notice}}|page=197}}</ref>

According to the Jain text ''[[Puruşārthasiddhyupāya]]'':{{r|VKJain|p=33}}{{quote|All these subdivisions (injury, falsehood, stealing, unchastity, and attachment) are {{transliteration|sa|hiṃsā}} as indulgence in these sullies the pure nature of the soul. Falsehood etc. have been mentioned separately only to make the disciple understand through illustrations.|Puruşārthasiddhyupāya (42)}}

==Buddhism==
{{main|Buddhism|Sacca (Buddhism)}}

The term {{transliteration|sa|satya}} (Pali: {{transliteration|pi|sacca}}) is translated into English as "reality" or "truth." In terms of the [[Four Noble Truths]] ({{transliteration|pi|ariyasacca}}), the Pali can be written as {{transliteration|pi|sacca}}, {{transliteration|pi|tatha}}, {{transliteration|pi|anannatatha}}, and {{transliteration|pi|[[dharma|dhamma]]}}.

'The Four Noble Truths' ({{transliteration|pi|ariya-sacca}}) are the briefest synthesis of the entire teaching of Buddhism,<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2008-09-27 |title=Sacca, Saccā: 11 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/sacca#:~:text=Images%20(photo%20gallery)-,In%20Buddhism,and%20of%20the%20Eightfold%20Path%20leading%20to%20the%20extinction%20of%20suffering.,-The%201st%20truth |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Bauddha Darsana Lecture 6 Four Noble Truths |url=https://cec.nic.in/webpath/curriculum/Module/SANS/Paper07_Unit_II/6/content/downloads/script.pdf |journal=Consortium for Educational Communication |pages=2}}</ref> since all those manifold doctrines of the threefold [[Pali canon]] are, without any exception, included therein. They are the truth of suffering (mundane mental and physical phenomenon), of the origin of suffering ({{transliteration|pi|tanha}}, craving), of the extinction of suffering ({{transliteration|pi|Nibbana}} or {{transliteration|sa|nirvana}}), and of the [[Noble Eightfold Path]] leading to the extinction of suffering (the eight supra-mundane mind factors).<ref>{{Cite web |title=four noble truths |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095831186 |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=Oxford Reference |language=en }}</ref>

==Sikhism==
{{SikhBeliefs}}
{{Main|Sikhism|Satnam}}

{{Quote|
The Gurmukhs do not like falsehood; they are imbued with Truth; they love only Truth.|Gurubani, Hymn 3|<ref>{{SGGS page|1=23|2=938}}</ref>}}

Sat or truthfulness is one of the 5 virtues in Sikhism.

==Indian emblem motto==
{{see also|Satyameva Jayate}}
[[Image:Emblem of India.svg|thumb|x216px|right|[[National Emblem of India]]]]
The motto of the republic of [[India]]'s emblem is [[Satyameva Jayate]] which is literally translated as 'Truth alone triumphs'.

== See also ==
* {{annotated link | Dharma}}
* {{annotated link | Rta}}
* {{annotated link | Sacca}}
* {{annotated link | Satnam}}
* {{annotated link | Satyaloka}}
* {{annotated link | Satya Yuga}}
* {{annotated link | Transcendentals}}
* {{annotated link | Truth}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist|30em}}
===Sources===
* {{citation |last=Sangave |first=Vilas Adinath |author-link=Vilas Adinath Sangave |title=Jain Community: A Social Survey |url={{Google books|FWdWrRGV_t8C|plainurl=yes}} |date=1980 |publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]] |location=Bombay |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-317-12346-3 }}

{{Navboxes|title=Related topics
|list=
{{Indian philosophy}}
{{Jainism Topics}}
{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Hindudharma}}
{{Sikhism}}
{{Religion topics}}
{{Virtues}}
}}
{{Portal bar|India|Religion|Hinduism|Philosophy}}

[[Category:Sanskrit words and phrases]]
[[Category:Jain philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Buddhist philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Sikh philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Buddhist ethics]]
[[Category:Jain ethics]]
[[Category:Hindu ethics]]
[[Category:Theories of truth]]
[[Category:Historical Vedic religion]]

Dilli Abhi Door Hai

2026-02-13T22:19:03Z

Admin: creating

{{Short description|Hindu-Urdu phrase}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
"'''Dilli Abhi Door Hai'''" ({{langx|ur|{{nq|دلی ابھی دور ہے}}}}, {{langx|hi|[[wikt:दिल्ली अभी दूर है|दिल्ली अभी दूर है]]|translit=dillī abhī dūr hai}})<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=हुनूज दिल्ली दूर अस्त, यानी दिल्ली अभी दूर है।
|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/news/article/article1-story-288168.html |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref> is a [[Hindi-Urdu]] phrase from {{langx|fa|[[wikt:هنوز|هنوز]] [[wikt:دهلی|دهلی]] [[wikt:دور|دور]] [[wikt:است|است]]|translit=hanūz dihlī dūr ast|lit=[[Delhi]] is still far}}, meaning there is still work to be done.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-09-08 |title=जब औलिया ने कहा 'दिल्ली दूर है' और सुल्तान नहीं बसा पाए दिल्ली |url=https://www.navodayatimes.in/news/world/when-auliya-said-delhi-is-far-away-and-sultan-could-not-settle-in-delhi/180173/ |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=www.navodayatimes.in |language=hindi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=PANCHAL |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G53OMo5fyL4C&dq=%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C+%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4&pg=PA10 |title=Bharat Ke Mahan Vibhuti Amir Khusro Vyaktitva Aur Krititva |last2=PARMANAND |date=2001 |publisher=Star Publications |isbn=978-81-85244-64-8 |language=hi}}</ref> It was first used by [[Hazrat Nizamuddin Auliya]], a [[Sufism|Sufi]] saint of the [[Chishti Order]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-07-04 |title=People's Saint |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/peoples-saint/articleshow/9099072.cms |access-date=2023-08-16 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-24 |title=Tughlaqabad Fort: Of a monarch and a revered Sufi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/tughlaqabad-fort-of-a-monarch-and-a-revered-sufi/story-6GPQ2kRzGHl3iNPQucnlbI.html |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=View: How Delhi has long been the pampered showcase city of India |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/dilli-dur-ast-just-got-farther/articleshow/81620204.cms |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chakravarti |first=Aruna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ejWCgAAQBAJ&dq=hanuz+dilli+dur+ast&pg=PT218 |title=The Inheritors |date=2004-08-18 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-5214-159-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Adil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CI5ODwAAQBAJ&dq=hanuz+dilli+dur+ast&pg=PT89 |title=Absolute Delhi: Hidden Delhi Gems That You Would Love to Discover |date=2018-03-01 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-64249-392-4 |language=en}}</ref> It may be used to invoke a sense of nonchalance about far off threats.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Worried' Qureshi invokes 'Hanuz Dilli Door Ast' phrase to wish away India's UNSC bid |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2010/11/12/worriedqureshi-invokes-hanuz-dilli-door-ast-phrase-to.html |website=www.oneindia.com}}</ref> It has also been used as a political slogan during the [[Elections in India|Indian general elections]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Bhopinder |date=2021-03-30 |title=Fight Over Delhi: Will NCT Law Give BJP 'Soul' of Indian Politics? |url=https://www.thequint.com/opinion/delhi-statehood-lieutenant-governor-power-struggle-aap-chief-minister-kejriwal-modi-government-nct-law |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-26 |title='Open to alliance in UP for LS polls on Muslim-Dalit-tribal combine' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/open-to-alliance-in-up-for-ls-polls-on-muslim-dalit-tribal-combine/articleshow/101268401.cms |access-date=2023-08-16 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-13 |title=CPM's John Brittas writes: Rahul Gandhi, shun the shortcuts in Bharat Jodo Yatra |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/rahul-gandhi-bharat-jodo-yatra-john-brittas-writes-8148367/ |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=बहल |first=राघव |date=2022-02-03 |title=बजट 2022: आंकड़ों की नजर से ठीक, लेकिन राजनीतिक तौर पर अनसुलझा और जोखिम भरा |url=https://hindi.thequint.com/voices/opinion/union-budget-2022-numerically-honest-from-bjp-modi-gov-but-politically-uncharted-risky |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=TheQuint |language=hi}}</ref>

== History ==
[[Hazrat Nizamuddin Auliya]] and [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq|Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq]], Sultan of the [[Tughlaq dynasty]], had a strained relationship. Auliya cursed Tughlaq, telling him he could not come to [[Delhi]]. Within four years, the region of [[Tughlakabad (village)|Tughlaqabad]] was destroyed, as was the newly made [[Tughlaqabad Fort|fort in Tughlaqabad]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

== Uses ==
The slogan was used by Mughal Emperor [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]] when the [[East India Company]] was capturing Indian states rapidly.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-05-17 |title=Moral compass |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1753831 |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref>

In modern times, the slogan has been used by politicians, including by [[Asaduddin Owaisi]] in reference to [[Indian National Congress]] leader and Member of Parliament [[Rahul Gandhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=media |first=news and |title=Owaisi uses Persian proverb on Rahul's PM ambitions,tweets 'Hanuz Dilli Door Ast' |url=https://www.en.etemaaddaily.com/aimim/owaisi-uses-persian-proverb-on-rahuls-pm-ambitionstweets-hanuz-dilli-door-ast:43907 |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=www.en.etemaaddaily.com |language=english}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hanuz Dili Door Ast: Asaduddin Owaisi |url=https://www.suryaa.com/41942-hanuz-dili-door-ast-asaduddin-owaisi.html |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=suryaa |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-05-09 |title=Owaisi uses Persian proverb on Rahul's PM ambitions, tweets 'Dili Door Ast' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/owaisi-uses-persian-proverb-on-rahuls-pm-ambitions-tweets-dili-door-ast/articleshow/64089405.cms |access-date=2023-08-16 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Ab Dilli Dur Nahin (1957 film)|''Ab Dilli Dur Nahin'' (1957 film)]]
* [[Ab Dilli Dur Nahin (2023 film)|''Ab Dilli Dur Nahin'' (2023 film)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian political slogans]]
[[Category:Hindi words and phrases]]
[[Category:Urdu words and phrases]]
[[Category:Persian words and phrases]]
[[Category:Culture of Delhi]]
[[Category:Nizamuddin Auliya]]

Poonch Airport

2026-01-31T17:33:54Z

Admin: added post.

{{Short description|Airport of Poonch, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Poonch Airport
| nativename = पुंछ हवाई अड्डे پونچھ ہوائی اڈہ
| nativename-a =
| nativename-r =
| image =
| image-width =
| caption =
| IATA =
| ICAO =
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]], India
| type = Military/Public
| owner =
| operator = [[Airports Authority of India]]
| owner-oper =
| city-served =
| location = [[Poonch (town)|Poonch]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|J&K]], India
| elevation-f =
| elevation-m =
| coordinates = {{coord|33|46|13|N|074|04|59|E|type:airport}}
| website =
| metric-rwy =
| r1-number =
| r1-length-f =
| r1-length-m =
| r1-surface =
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:Dakotas in Poonch 1947.jpg|thumb|right|Refugees awaiting evacuation by air on Poonch airstrip, with a RIAF Dacota in the background. c. December 1947]]
'''Poonch Airport''' (also known as ''Poonch Airstrip'') is an airport located in the [[Poonch district, India|Poonch district]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India.<ref name=toi03>{{cite news|title=Poonch airport guard injured in militant attack|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-05-15/india/27279097_1_militant-attack-poonch-airport-guard|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103100757/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-05-15/india/27279097_1_militant-attack-poonch-airport-guard|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|access-date=7 February 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=15 May 2003}}</ref> Though no scheduled flights operate from Poonch, in 2005, then [[Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]] made a suggestion to [[Air Deccan]] that they start flying small aircraft to Poonch. The then Chairman of [[Air Deccan]], [[G. R. Gopinath|Captain Gopinath]] said that Air Deccan would consider flying helicopters to Poonch.<ref name=outlook05>{{cite magazine|title=Air Deccan launches Delhi-Srinagar flight|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=339881|access-date=7 February 2012|magazine=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook (magazine)]]|date=6 December 2005|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130131004919/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=339881|archive-date=31 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==History==
Poonch is of strategic importance, as via Poonch easy access to the [[Kashmir Valley]] can be gained.<ref name=rao>{{cite book|last=Rao|first=K. V. Krishna|title=Prepare or perish: a study of national security|year=1991|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=81-7212-001-X|page=50}}</ref> During the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]], the [[Pakistan Army]] had surrounded Poonch on 21 November 1947, thereby cutting off all communications with the rest of [[India]].<ref name=sen>{{cite book|last=Sen|first=L. P.|title=Slender Was the Thread: Kashmir Confrontation 1947–48|year=1994|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=0-86131-692-4|page=289}}</ref> Then [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] insisted that the Poonch must not be surrendered, though British Lieutenant General Russel then Commander-in-Chief of the [[Indian Army]] thought it was "sheer suicidal" to try and retain Poonch. Though supplies were airdropped, it was not sufficient for the army plus 40,000 refugees.<ref name=khan>{{cite book|last=Khan|first=JA|title=Air power and challenges to IAF|year=2004|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=81-7648-593-4|page=179}}</ref>

Lieutenant-Colonel Pritam Singh, commanding the forces in the area decided to build an airstrip in Poonch.<ref name=kumar>{{cite book|last=Kumar|first=DP|title=Kashmir: Pakistan's proxy war|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|pages=26, 42}}</ref> 6000 refugees teamed up with army personnel to build a 600-yard dirt strip in 6 days. While the construction activity was taking place, [[Royal Indian Air Force]] [[Spitfire]] and [[Hawker Tempest|Tempest]] aircraft engaged the Pakistani raiders, to make sure they did not intervene in construction efforts. The First RIAF [[Douglas C-47 Skytrain|Dakota]] landed in Poonch on 12 December 1947 carrying in reinforcements and carrying out refugees.<ref name=khan/> The landing was more of a test for the pilot since the area was surrounded by hills on three sides, all of which were occupied by the Pakistani raiders. Many aircraft were hit and damaged in the area.<ref name=gpcaptsingh>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Gp Capt Ranbir|title=Major defence operations since 1947|year=2009|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|page=50}}</ref> The airstrip was constantly targeted by the Pakistani raiders, especially when an aircraft was about to land. It required courage and piloting skill to land while under enemy fire.<ref name=ie48>{{cite news|title=R.I.A.F Pilots' Skill at Poonch|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=as4-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=cUwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2148,1559918&dq=|access-date=7 February 2012|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=18 October 1948}}</ref> Wing Commander [[Mehar Singh (pilot)|Mehar Singh]], the first pilot to land in Poonch also became the first pilot to land in Poonch at night, with the help of oil lamps.<ref name=jsingh>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Jogindar|title=Behind the scene: an analysis of India's military operations, 1947–1971|year=1993|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=1-897829-20-5|page=225}}</ref> He did so without any landing aids.<ref name=gulati>{{cite book|last=Gulati|first=M. N.|title=Military plight of Pakistan: Indo-Pak war, 1947–48, Volume 2|year=2000|publisher=Manas Publications|isbn=81-7049-123-1|page=351}}</ref>

==Incidents==
* In 2002, the [[Pakistan Army]] fired at the airport from across the border. The shelling did not cause any damage at the airport.<ref name=tt02>{{cite news|title=Poonch airport hit in Pak shelling|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020612/main4.htm|access-date=7 February 2012|newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|date=12 June 2002}}</ref>
* In 2003, a terrorist from the [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] opened fire in the area, injuring an airport guard.<ref name=toi03/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Airports in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Transport in Poonch District, India]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir State Forces]]
[[Category:Airports Authority of India]]

Megha Barsenge

2026-01-31T14:55:47Z

Admin: Starting some article initial version

{{Short description|Indian drama television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Arjun-megha.webp
| genre = [[Melodrama]] [[Romance film|Romance]] [[Social issue]]
| starring = [[Neha Rana]] [[Neil Bhatt]]
| creator = Saurabh Tewari
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 323
| story = Amitabh Singh Ramkshetra
| screenplay = Shivani Shah Ira Arya Pranjal Saxena Shahank Kunwar (Dialogue)
| director = Sangeetha Aashish Rao
| producer = Saurabh Tewari
| editor = Anurag Singh
| cinematography = Kunal V Kadham
| location = Mumbai
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 21 minutes
| company = Parin Multimedia
| network = [[Colors TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2024|8|6}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=y|2025|6|26}}
}}
'''''Megha Barsenge''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language television drama series that aired from 6 August 2024 to 26 June 2025 on [[Colors TV]]. It is digitally available on [[Disney+ Hotstar|JioHotstar]]. Produced by Saurabh Tewari under Parin Multimedia, it stars [[Neha Rana]] and [[Neil Bhatt]]. It is set in a Punjabi backdrop, taking place in Amritsar.

== Plot ==
Megha Khurana lives with her family in [[Amritsar]]. Megha's parents had fixed Megha's marriage to an [[Non-Resident Indians|NRI]], Manoj, but he proves to be a fraud who has cheated many women as his parents support him in his crimes. Manoj marries Megha. Manoj's parents mistreat Megha as Manoj took 25 lakhs from Megha's father, Surinder, for her future and goes to Georgia. Investigating, Megha goes to Georgia and meets an IAS officer, Arjun Talwar. He befriends Megha and is in pursuit of Manoj. Arjun reveals Manoj's crimes to Megha. Manoj learns that Megha is aware of his crimes. So Manoj falsely accuses Megha and has her jailed.

Arjun bails Megha and fights Manoj. Arjun and Megha fall in love. Arjun and Megha return to India and explain the truth about Manoj to her family. But Manoj seeks Megha. Arjun's patriarchal aunt, Navjot, troubles Megha and her family, who asked her to stay away from Arjun's life and also helps Manoj. Megha and Arjun expose Manoj's crimes to Manoj's girlfriend Amy, who then slaps Manoj and abandons him. Megha and Manoj divorce, then Megha and Arjun marry. Navjot creates problems for Megha. Arjun and Megha learn that the parents of Manoj's first wife, Nupur, filed a missing complaint.

Megha and Arjun gather evidence but Manoj discovers this and kidnaps Megha and reveals how he killed Nupur after she discovered his crimes and later took her kidney and puts her body inside the freezer for 6 years. Arjun saves Megha and they expose Manoj to Nupur's family and have him arrested. Megha realises she is pregnant with Manoj's child. Manoj learns of this, escapes from jail, and kidnaps Megha. Manoj holds Megha on a cliff as Arjun and other police officers try to save her. Arjun's father, KP Talwar, shoots Manoj, who falls off the cliff and is presumed dead.

Megha discovers KP Talwar had mistreated many women when her mother, Ranjeeta, arrests a human trafficker, Mr. Bhatti, and learns KP had an extramarital affair with Megha's aunt, Goldie. Goldie reveals KP's true nature to Megha and Megha exposes KP to the family but the family does not believe her as KP oppresses and tries to harm Megha. Megha files a case against KP with evidence as the court had issued an [[Arrest|arrest warrant]] against him. Arjun and the other family members discover KP's crimes. But Navjot kills KP and leads the family and Arjun to believe that Megha killed him, so Arjun and the family hates her. Megha seeks evidence regarding KP's death. But things got worsened when Manoj returns to snatch Arjun and Megha's child pretending to be mentally unstable.

Surinder blackmails Navjot due to her involvement in KP's murder, which he had witnessed. Megha learns that Navjot killed KP, and exposes her and gets her arrested. Manoj kidnaps Megha and brings her to [[Bandipur Rural Municipality|Bandipur]] in Nepal. Manoj rules Bandipur as a king. Arjun tries to save Megha from Manoj. Manoj is married to Alka as Alka decided to help Megha and Arjun to escape. Megha gives birth to a daughter, Mannu, but Manoj wants a son threatens to kill his daughter. Manoj forces Megha to hang Arjun. Arjun is presumed dead but promises to save Megha and her daughter from Manoj.

Megha is forced to live with Manoj for 7 years and raises their daughter, Mannu, as she hides her gender from Manoj, who mistreats Megha. Alka, who adopts Mannu, oppresses Megha and becomes evil. Arjun returns and bonds with Mannu and reunites with Megha, but Alka learns and exposes Mannu's truth to Manoj. Mannu starts to hate Manoj and considers Arjun after learning of Manoj's truth. Manoj tries to kill Mannu but is saved by Megha's parents, Surinder and Ranjeeta. Alka kills Surinder but Megha cuts Manoj's leg. Manoj and Alka trick Arjun and kill him and they kidnap Mannu. Manoj brings his parents, Sadanand and Kavita whom takes Mannu back to India where she is brought to Sadanand's nephew and Manoj's uncle, Trilochan's house at [[Moga, Punjab|Moga]]. Manoj's family mistreat Mannu in which they uses her in a robbery where they attacked and kills a man named, Ajay Khanna and assaults his wife, Sangeeta. Mannu manages to save their son but the boy blames Mannu for the death of his father and tooks her bracelet vowing to seek revenge. While Mannu blames the family for her misery so she decides to take revenge against Manoj and his family.

10 years later, Mannu, now renamed Jr. Megha, has grown into a strong rebellious woman who works as an [[NGO|NGO worker]]. Megha still hates Manoj and his family, and she still misses her family. Heer, Trilochan's sister, adopts Megha and hates their family's crimes. But however, Jr. Megha is still not recovered from that past incident tries to meet the boy whom had blamed her for his father's death. Manoj and his family bring Kabir, Arjun's look-alike, as Manoj plans to sell Megha to [[Canada]]. Kabir had the bracelet of Jr. Megha whom had stolen from her and is eagerly waiting for his revenge as Kabir is revealed to be the same boy whom he blames Jr. Megha for his father's murder in their childhood as his mother, Sangeeta is in coma due to the incident after 10 years. Unaware of their identities, Jr. Megha starts to hate Kabir.

Manoj and his family tricks Jr. Megha by kidnapping her and brings her to Canada where she was takened by human trafficker, Sultana whom they plan to sell Jr. Megha. But Kabir manages to save her where he discovers her identity. But both Kabir and Jr. Megha gets Sultana and her gangs to be arrested and the escaped from Canada. They apologise to each other and Kabir proposes his love interest to Jr. Megha which she rejects citing her past traumas. Then Jr. Megha gets learns Sr. Megha is alive and goes for a hunt to find her back. Kabir assures to accompany her and finds her the map to Bandipur.

It is revealed that Arjun had dug out a secret tunnel connecting India and Bandipur 10 years back for Jr. and Sr. Megha's escape. Jr. Megha and Kabir go by that secret tunnel way and reach Bandipur. Jr. Megha takes revenge where she destroys Manoj's business, freezing his and his family members's bank accounts and they seizes their truck by police. Kabir and Jr. Megha finds Sr. Megha where they both reunites and Sr. Megha kills Manoj thus completing their revenge. Sr. Megha, Kabir and Jr. Megha then get away from Bandipur and live their lives peacefully. The story ends with Sr. Megha's monolog of remembering her love, Arjun and the tough situations she had fought in her life, reminding everyone to not lose their grit and resilience.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Neha Rana]] as [[double role]]
** Megha Arjun Talwar (formerly Kohli): Surinder and Ranjeeta's daughter; Arjun's widow; Jr. Megha's mother (2024–2025)
** Jr. Megha "Mannu" Talwar: Megha and Manoj's daughter; Arjun's step-daughter (2025)
*** Miraya Sehgal as Child Mannu (2025)
* [[Neil Bhatt]] as [[double role]]
** IAS Arjun Talwar: KP and Shagun's son: Megha's husband; Jr. Megha's step-father (2024–2025)
** Singer Kabir Khanna: Sangeeta and Ajay's son (2025)
*** Heet Sharma as Child Kabir (2025)

=== Recurring ===
* Rinku Dhawan as Navjot Talwar: KP and CP's elder sister (2024–2025)
* [[Deepraj Rana]] as
** Inspector KP Talwar: Navjot and CP's elder brother (2024–2025)
** CP Talwar: Navjot and KP's younger brother (2024)
* Madhavi Chopra as Shagun Talwar: Parul and Phagun's younger sister (2024–2025)
* Deep Joshi as Sikandar Talwar: CP's son (2024–2025)
* [[Falaq Naaz]] as Mandeep "Mandy" Talwar: Sikandar's wife (2024–2025)
* [[Akshay Anand]] as Surinder Khurana: Goldie's elder brother (2024–2025)
* Geeta Bisht as Inspector Ranjeeta Khurana: Surinder's widow (2024−2025)
* Sahil Bhasin as Kripal Khurana: Surinder and Ranjeeta's elder son (2024–2025)
* Ghazal Sood as Riya Khurana: Kripal's wife (2024–2025)
* [[Deepshikha Nagpal]] as Goldie Khurana: Surinder's younger sister (2024–2025)
* Yajuvendra Singh as Sadanand Kohli: Trilochan's elder brother; Kavita's husband (2024−2025)
* Preeti Singh as Kavita Kohli: Sadanand's wife (2024−2025)
* [[Kinshuk Mahajan]] as
** Manoj Kohli: Sadanand and Kavita's son; Sr.Megha's ex-husband; Alka's husband; Mannu(Jr.Megha's)father (2024–2025)(Dead)
** Mathew Pareira: Manoj's false identity (2024)
* Unknown as Nupur Kohli: Mr. Sharma and Swati's daughter (2024)
* Kajal Sharma as Alka Kohli: Ghooran's daughter (2025)
* [[Ravi Gosain|Ravi Gossain]] as Trilochan Kohli aka Tilli: Sadanand's nephew; Heer's elder brother (2025)
* Redheemaa Gupta as Satpal Kohli: Trilochan's wife (2025)
* Arshi Shrivastava as Jasleen Kohli: Satpal and Trilochan's daughter (2025)
** Nancy Makwana as Child Jasleen (2025)
* Kajal Chawla as Heer Kohli: Sadanand nephew; Trilochan's younger sister (2025)
* Unknown as Ajay Khanna: Sangeeta's husband (2025)
* Unknown as Sangeeta Khanna: Ajay's widow; Kabir's mother (2025)
* Sonam Malik as Sonam: Megha's friend (2024)
* Ankush Kukreja as Rajbeer: Sonam's ex-fiancée (2024)
* Daria Gavrushenko as Amy: Manoj's ex-girlfriend (2024)
* Unknown as Mr. Sharma: Nupur's father (2024)
* Unknown as Swati Sharma: Nupur's mother (2024)
* Harsh Keshri as Reporter (2024)
* Ankit Kumar Tiwari as Doctor (2024)
* Gayatri Madhavan as Sneha (2025)
* Unknown as Mr. Bhatti: KP's accomplice; a human trafficker (2025)
* Sneha Jain as Mukta Jaiswal: Arjun's ex-girlfriend; Megha's rival; Navjot and Sikandar's accomplice (2025)
* Unknown as Ghooran: Alka's father (2025)
* [[Raza Murad]] as Bakhtawar Seth (2025)
* [[Soni Singh]] as Sultana (2025)
* Mansi Chadwani as Sultana's henchwomen (2025)

== Production ==
=== Development ===
In June 2024, [[Colors TV]] announced a new series titled ''Megha Barsenge''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=28 June 2024|title=New TV show 'Megha Barsenge' announced|url=https://theprint.in/feature/new-tv-show-megha-barsenge-announced/2152546/|access-date=2 October 2024|work=[[The Print]]|language=en}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
[[Neha Rana]] was selected to portray Megha.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Singh|first=Simran|date=30 June 2024|title=Megha Barsenge Showcases The Plight Of Abandoned Brides, Neha Rana Opens Up About Her Character, 'I Hope That Megha's Story Inspires Women To View Their Lives As The Beginning'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/megha-barsenge-showcases-the-plight-of-abandoned-brides-neha-rana-opens-up-about-her-character-i-hope-that-meghas-story-inspires-women-to-view-their-lives-as-the-beginning/articleshow/111385479.cms|access-date=2 October 2024|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref> [[Neil Bhatt]] was selected to portray Arjun.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Singh|first=Simran|date=8 August 2024|title='There are 30000 cases...': Neil Bhatt on playing IAS officer in Megha Barsenge, issue of bride abandonment|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-neil-bhatt-on-playing-ias-officer-in-megha-barsenge-issue-of-bride-abandonment-3101119|access-date=2 October 2024|work=[[DNA India]]|language=en}}</ref> [[Kinshuk Mahajan]] was cast as Manoj Kohli. He lost 10 kilograms to fit in the role.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=28 June 2024|title=Kinshuk Mahajan sheds 10 kilos for his show 'Megha Barsenge'|url=https://theprint.in/feature/new-tv-show-megha-barsenge-announced/2152546/|access-date=2 October 2024|work=[[The Print]]|language=en}}</ref> In September 2024, Rinku Dhawan entered as Navjot Talwar.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Trivedi|first=Tanvi|date=27 September 2024|title=I Am Playing A Strong-Willed, Independent Woman: Rinku Dhawan, Who Will Enter Megha Barsenge|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-am-playing-a-strong-willed-independent-woman-rinku-dhawan-who-will-enter-megha-barsenge/articleshow/113734556.cms|access-date=2 October 2024|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>

== Crossovers ==
* On 6 November 2024, ''[[Suman Indori]]'' had a crossover with ''Megha Barsenge''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=6 November 2024|title=Suman And Megha Unite For A Fresh Start In The Mahasangam Of 'Suman Indori' And 'Megha Barsenge'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/suman-and-megha-unite-for-a-fresh-start-in-the-mahasangam-of-suman-indori-and-megha-barsenge/articleshow/115025175.cms|access-date=8 November 2024|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>
* On 13 November 2024, the show had a crossover episode with ''[[Parineetii (TV series)|Parineetii]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=11 November 2024|title=Megha Barsenge & Parineetii to have special hour-long mahasangam|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/megha-barsenge-parineetii-to-have-special-mahasangam-episode-kunal-kapoor-23427308|access-date=12 November 2024|work=[[Mid-Day]]|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.colorstv.com/ap/shows/megha-barsenge/ Megha Barsenge on Colors TV]
* {{IMDb title|32792734}}

[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian romance television series]]
[[Category:2025 Indian television series endings]]

Sennavaram

2026-01-22T02:39:24Z

Admin: Created New Stub W/ Sources!

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sennavaram
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.4612757|N|80.1526271|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tiruvallur district|Tiruvallur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Gummidipoondi taluk]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 12
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 374
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 628561
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sennavaram''' is a village in the [[Tiruvallur district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Gummidipoondi taluk]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Tamil%20Nadu.pdf |title=Tamil Nadu village directory |publisher=Government of India |accessdate=2015-10-11 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095332/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Tamil%20Nadu.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

This village is located 1 km from Pattupalli, 4 km from Sunnambukulam and 0.5 km from Rakkampalayam. It is located close to the Rakkampalayam lake.

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Sennavaram has 124 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 60.12%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-3301-F-Census.xlsx |title=Thiruvallur population |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Tamil Nadu |accessdate=2015-10-11 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 374 || 192 || 182
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 33 || 21 || 12
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 31 || 16 || 15
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 51 || 25 || 26
|-
| Literates || 205 || 126 || 79
|-
| Workers (all) || 195 || 136 || 59
|-
| Main workers (total) || 32 || 27 || 5
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 2 || 1 || 1
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 3 || 3 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Other || 27 || 23 || 4
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 163 || 109 || 54
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 152 || 100 || 52
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 11 || 9 || 2
|-
| Non-workers || 179 || 56 || 123
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Gummidipoondi taluk}}

[[Category:Villages in Gummidipoondi taluk]]

Murli Hill, Rohtas

2026-01-06T00:17:13Z

Admin: Starting first details needs work...

{{Short description|Hill station in India}}
'''Murli Hill''' is a small [[hill]] in [[India]], situated in the north of the [[Akbarpur, Rohtas|Akbarpur]] village in the [[Rohtas district]] of [[Bihar]]. It stands at a height of 200 feet and is composed of [[limestone]] in thin [[Stratum|strata]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=O'Malley |first=Lewis Sydney Steward |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Shahabad/R0_RAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Murli+Hill%22+%22rohtas%22&pg=PA125&printsec=frontcover |title=Shahabad |date=1906 |publisher=Bengal Secretariat Book Departmentôt |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
The administration and ownership of the Hill have a history dating back to the [[British Raj]]. In 1764, after the [[Battle of Buxar]], the Rohtas pargana, which had the [[Kaimur Range|Kaimur range]] and Murli Hill, was handed over to the [[East India Company]]. A significant portion was subsequently granted back to the former Diwan of [[Rohtas Fort]], Raja Shah Mal, as a reward.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=State of Bihar v. Subodh Gopal Bose, (SC) BS109391 |url=https://www.lawfinderlive.com/archivesc/109391.htm?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1 |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=www.lawfinderlive.com}}</ref> Rai Harbans Rai, who was Raja Shah Mal's successor, imposed duties known ''Banskati'' ''o''n forest produce taken from the pargana. Around 1812, his representatives surrendered the grant back to the Company, which then retained the right to levy these duties. This right became known as the ''Banskati Mahal'' and was eventually administered directly by government officers after 1885.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Court |first=India Supreme |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Supreme_Court_Reports/RF1RAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22Murli+Hill%22+%22rohtas%22&dq=%22Murli+Hill%22+%22rohtas%22&printsec=frontcover |title=The Supreme Court Reports |date=1968 |publisher=Manager of Publications |language=en}}</ref>

The government permanently settled much of the surrendered territory. Mahal Chandanpura, which included the villages of Baknaur and Samahuta on Lower Murli Hill, was settled in favour of ''Rani Gulab Kunvar''. This grant did not include Upper Murli Hill, which remained government property. The right of the Zamindar of Chandanpura later became vested in the State of Bihar under the ''Bihar Land Reforms Act'' of 1950.<ref name=":1" />

=== Economic history ===
The area around the Hill has been associated with [[quarrying]] operations by companies such as Rohtas Quarries Ltd. and [[Dalmia Group|Dalmia Jain and Co. Ltd.]] A railway [[Siding (rail)|siding]], known as the Murli siding, was located on the hill as part of the [[Dehri Rohtas Light Railway]]. In the duration of 1910-12, a [[land acquisition]] of 1.683 acres was done on lower Murli Hill for the purpose of realigning this siding in the village of Sambauta.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/All_India_Reporter/6Yw2AAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22Murli+Hill%22+%22rohtas%22&dq=%22Murli+Hill%22+%22rohtas%22&printsec=frontcover |title=All India Reporter |date=1951 |publisher=D.V. Chitaley |language=en}}</ref>

== Geography and land division ==
The Hill has two sections:<ref name=":1" />

* '''Upper Murli Hill:''' This covers an area of 137 acres. It is situated in pargana Rohtas, Tahsil Circle Sasaram.

* '''Lower Murli Hill:''' This comprises an area of 250 [[bigha]]s within the Banskati Mahal, also in pargana Rohtas. The plots identified in records are plot No. 168 in Baknaur, and plots Nos. 42, 44, 128, and 130 in Samahuta.<ref name=":0" />

== Legal disputes over customary rights ==
The main legal conflict regarding the Hill was the case of the ''State of Bihar v. Subodh Gopal Bose'',<ref name=":0" /> which was decided by the [[Supreme Court of India]] in 1967. Details of the case are as follow:

* The plaintiff, ''Subodh Gopal Bose'', claimed a right to quarry limestone for trade purposes based on an ''immemorial custom and usage'' for tenants within the ''Banskati Mahal''. This claim was supported by entries in ''Custom-Sheets'' made during the Cadastral Survey completed of 1913. These records noted that ''residents could take stone for personal use without charge'' but had to pay fees to prepare and sell lime.

* The Verdict: The Supreme Court held that the practices recorded in the Custom-Sheets did not establish an absolute right. The need to pay fees for commercial purpose indicated that the privilege was permissive, not a customary right. The Court ruled that a tradition allowing an indeterminate number of tenants to quarry for trade purposes would be legally ''unreasonable'' as it could lead to the complete destruction of the resource.<ref name=":0" />

Outcome: The court declared that the plaintiff had no customary right to excavate limestone for trading from Lower Murli Hill. However, it upheld the plaintiff's right to possession of the specific plots for which he held tenancy rights from the Zamindar (excluding the land acquired for the railway), so long as those rights were not lawfully terminated.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Bihar}}

[[Category:Hills of India]]
[[Category:Hills of Bihar]]

Dai Village

2026-01-05T04:47:30Z

Admin: stub - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dai Village
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.544096631742363|N|76.73535314121847|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dewas district|Dewas]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_party = BJP
| leader_title = MLA
| leader_name = Ashish Sharma
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 455336
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 07274
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#MP.E2.80.94Madhya Pradesh|MP]]-41
| blank_name_sec1 =
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Dai Village''' is a village and a [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]] in [[Dewas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Dai Village is a major agricultural production area in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. In the [[2011 Census of India]], its population was reported as 585.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dai(474205) |website=2011 Census Data |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=531478|accessdate=17 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= village name and Language |website=Linguistic Survey of India|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2138/1/38109_2001_DEW.pdf|accessdate=22 December 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Dewas district]]

{{Dewas-geo-stub}}

Govinda III

2025-12-31T23:44:53Z

Admin: added formatting for accuracy and updated info as per guidelines

{{Short description|Rashtrakuta emperor from 793 to 814}}
{{use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| image = File:Inscription of Rashtrakuta Emperor Govinda III at Veerabhadra temple, Mavali.jpg
| alt = Govinda III
| title = Prabhutavarsha Jagattunga, Anupama, Kirthinarayana, Prithvivallabha, Shrivallabha, Vimaladitya, Atishayadhavala, Tribhuvanadhavala
| caption = Old Kannada inscription (800 CE) of Rashtrakuta Emperor Govinda III at Veerabhadra temple at Mavali.
| succession = [[Rashtrakuta Empire|Rashtrakuta Emperor]]
| reign = {{circa|793|814}}
| predecessor = [[Dhruva Dharavarsha]]
| successor = [[Amoghavarsha I]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| death_date = 814
| father = [[Dhruva Dharavarsha]]
| mother = Sila Mahadevi, daughter of [[Vishnuvardhana IV]]<ref>{{citation | last=Sastry | first=Vedam Venkataraya | editor=Balakrishnan Raja Gopal |title=The Rashtrakutas and Vengi and Cultural Contacts | journal=The Rashtrakutas of Malkhed: Studies in the History and Culture | publisher=Mythic Society, Bangalore by Geetha Book House | date=1994 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xU5uAAAAMAAJ | page=172}}</ref>
| spouse = Gamundabbe
| spouse-type = Consort
| issue = [[Amoghavarsha I]]
| religion = [[Jainism]]<ref name="Altekar, A.S. 1934">Altekar, A.S. (1934). ''The Rashtrakutas and Their Times''. Poona: Oriental Book Agency.</ref><ref name="Desai, P.B. 1957">Desai, P.B. (1957). ''Jainism in South India and Some Jaina Epigraphs''. Sholapur: Jaina Samshodhana Sangha.</ref>
 
}}
{{Rashtrakuta Manyakheta Kings Infobox}}

'''Govinda III''' (died 814) was the [[Rashtrakuta]] monarch who succeeded his father [[Dhruva Dharavarsha]]. He was militarily the most successful emperor of the dynasty with successful conquests from [[Kanyakumari]] in the south to [[Kannauj|Kanyakubja]] in the north, from [[Banaras]] in the east to [[Bharuch]] in the west. From the Someshvara inscription of 804, it is known that 'Gamundabbe' was his chief queen. During his reign, the Rashtrakuta dynasty expanded its territory and strengthened its political influence.

== Early life ==

=== War of Succession ===
Though Govinda III became the emperor it was not before having to face some internal family feuds. Govinda III ascended the throne in 793 CE and as was expected, his accession did not go unchallenged. For a time his elder brother Stambha kept quiet, but when he was assured of the support of a number of feudatories and neighbours, he broke out in open revolt against his brother. Govinda, however, quelled the rebellion of “twelve kings headed by Stambha” and took his brother prisoner. Govinda, however, treated him leniently and, being convinced of his loyalty in future, Govinda took the magnanimous step of reinstating him to the Ganga viceroyalty. Throughout the rest of his life, Stambha remained loyal to his plighted word, ending the war of succession.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kannauj |first1=Age of Imperial |title=The Age Of Imperial Kanauj |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.527067/page/n51/mode/2up?view=theater |website=archive.org |access-date=2015-10-01}}</ref>

== Religion ==
Govinda III is known for his policy of religious tolerance and support for multiple faiths within his empire. Inscriptions from his reign invoke royal titles such as "Prithvivallabha," "Shrivallabha," "Vimaladitya," and "Atishayadhavala"<ref name="Altekar, A.S. 1934">Altekar, A.S. (1934). ''The Rashtrakutas and Their Times''. Poona: Oriental Book Agency.</ref>—epithets that are common in Jain royal usage and also appear frequently in [[Jain]] donor and ruler inscriptions.<ref name="Desai, P.B. 1957">Desai, P.B. (1957). ''Jainism in South India and Some Jaina Epigraphs''. Sholapur: Jaina Samshodhana Sangha.</ref> This reflects the Rashtrakuta dynasty’s well-established tradition of supporting both Hinduism and Jainism.<ref name="Desai, P.B. 1957">Desai, P.B. (1957). ''Jainism in South India and Some Jaina Epigraphs''. Sholapur: Jaina Samshodhana Sangha.</ref><ref>Kamath (2001), p.91</ref> Numerous grants to Jain monks and temples continued during the Rashtrakutas’ rule.<ref name="Altekar, A.S. 1934">Altekar, A.S. (1934). ''The Rashtrakutas and Their Times''. Poona: Oriental Book Agency.</ref>

During the rule of Govinda III, and with his support Jain monks like acharya [[Virasena]] and acharya [[Jinasena]] composed important [[Jain]] texts, including the famous "Dhavala" (a commentary on the "Shatakhandagama"). Work on the "Jayadhavala" was also begun under them and later completed by their disciples.<ref>Williams, R. (1963). ''Jain Yoga: A Survey of the Mediaeval Śrāvakācāras''. Oxford University Press. pp. xi–xiii.</ref>

== Military career ==
According to the Nesarika inscription, some kingdoms came under the influence of Govinda III without any conflict or war with them. The lines read as follows:
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Nesarika inscription of Govinda III
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Transliteration!!English Translation by [[D. C. Sircar]]
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
{{blockquote|<poem>''Pandya-dēś-ādhipān matsyam vrishabham Pallavēśvarā[t] [*]'' 
''(Chô)lād vyāghram gajam Gangach chapa-yashțim cha Kerala[t] [*]'' 
''Amdhra-Chalukya-Mauryēbhyo vārāham Gürya(rja)rēśvarā[t] [*]'' 
''t(pha)lakam (prā)tipa[d*]-dhāryam vrishabham Pallavēśvarā[t] [*]'' 
''(Kō)sal-Avanti-nāthā(bhyām) Simhalad api nama[kam] [*]'' 
''Tārā(m) bhagava(tim) khyātām Dharmād Vangala-bhūmipat [*]''
 
</poem>|The Nesarika inscription of Govinda III, Verses 21-23<ref>Epigraphia Indica, Vol-34, pg.137 [https://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.06117/page/137/mode/1up Nesarika inscription of Govinda III]</ref>}}
| align=left |
{{blockquote|<poem>The fish from the Pandya king; the bull from the Pallava king; the tiger from the Chola king; the elephant from the [Western] Ganga king; the bow from the Kerala king; the boar from the Andhra (Eastern Chalukya), Chalukya and Maurya kings; phalaka or board bearing [the figures of] the pratipad or kettle-drum and the harya or snake from the Gürjara king; the bull from the Pallava king the namaka (i.e. the names of the individual rulers) from the Kösala, Avanti and Simhala kings; and the celebrated goddes Tără from Dharma, the king of Vangala.</poem>|The Nesarika inscription of Govinda III, Verses 21-23<ref>Epigraphia Indica, Vol-34, pg.125 [https://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.06117/page/n170/mode/1up Nesarika inscription of Govinda III]</ref>}}
 
|}

=== Conquest of Northern and Eastern India ===

==== Capture of Kannauj ====
{{see also|Tripartite Struggle}}

From his capital Mayurakhandi in present-day [[Bidar district]], Govinda III conducted his northern campaign in 800 CE. He successfully obtained the submission of [[Gurjara-Pratihara]] emperor [[Nagabhata II]], [[Pala Empire|Pala]] emperor [[Dharmapala of Bengal|Dharmapala]] and the incumbent puppet ruler of [[Kanyakubja]], [[Ayudha dynasty|Chakrayudha]].

The Sanjan plates of Govinda III mention that the horse of Govinda III drank the icy liquid bubbling in the [[Himalaya]]n stream and his war elephants tasted the holy waters of the [[Ganges]].<ref name="vic">Kamath (2001), p76</ref> The rulers of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] and [[Bengal]] also submitted to him. An inscription of 813 CE states the Govinda III conquered [[Lata (region)|Lata]] (southern and central [[Gujarat]]) and made his brother Indra the ruler of the territory. This in effect became a branch of the Rashtrakuta Empire.<ref name="branch">Reu (1933), p66</ref> After the conquest of [[Malwa]], Govinda III ensured the [[Paramara dynasty]] would rule as vassals of the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakutas]] in 800 CE.<ref>A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th century by Upinder Singh p.569</ref>

However, Govinda III had control over the regions between [[Vindhya]]s and [[Malwa]] in the north to [[Kanchi]] in the south, while the heart of his empire extended from the [[Narmada River|Narmada]] to [[Tungabhadra]] rivers.<ref name="branch"/>

==== Southern campaign ====
He obtained the submission of the King of [[Ceylon]] ([[Sri Lanka]]) without even going to battle. The King of [[Ceylon]] is said to have sent him two statues, one of himself and another of his minister as an act of submission.<ref name="tribute">Kamath (2001), p77</ref> The Nasari record states that now all the kingdoms of the Tamil country, the [[Cholas]], [[Pandyas]] and the Keralas paid their tribute to Govinda III.<ref name="tribute"/>

Never had the Rashtrakuta Empire reach such levels of military success and zenith of glory.<ref name="zenith">A.S. Altekar in (Kamath 2001, p77)</ref> Govinda III died in 814.<ref name=sen>{{cite book|last1=Sen|first1=Sailendra Nath|title=Textbook of medieval Indian history.|date=2013|publisher=Primus Books|isbn=9789380607344|page=20}}</ref> His brother Indra during this time founded the Gujarat (Lata) branch. Govinda III was succeeded by his son [[Amoghavarsha|Amoghavarsha I]].{{sfn|Narasimhacharya|1988|p=1}}

==Inscriptions==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%; width: 100%;" align="center" cellpadding="3" colspan="1"
| colspan="1" align="center" style="background:#F4A460; font-size: 100%;" |'''Nesarika grant of Govinda III'''
|-
|<gallery mode="packed" heights="250px">
File:Nesarika grant of Govinda III, Plate I.jpg|Plate I
File:Nesarika grant of Govinda III, Plate II.jpg|Plate II
File:Nesarika grant of Govinda III, Plate III.jpg|Plate III
</gallery>
|}

== See also ==
* [[Kannauj]]
* [[Amoghavarsha]]
* [[Rashtrakuta Empire]]
* [[Tripartite Struggle]]
* [[Branches of Rashtrakuta dynasty]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*{{cite book |last= Sastri|first= Nilakanta K.A.|title= A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|orig-year=1955|year=2002|publisher= Indian Branch, Oxford University Press|location= New Delhi|isbn= 0-19-560686-8}}
*{{cite book |last= Kamath|first= Suryanath U.|title= A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present|orig-year=1980|year= 2001|publisher= Jupiter books|location= Bangalore|oclc= 7796041 |lccn=80905179}}
*{{cite book |last=Reu|first= Pandit Bisheshwar Nath |title=History of The Rashtrakutas (Rathodas)|orig-year=1933|year=1997|publisher= Publication scheme|location= Jaipur|isbn= 81-86782-12-5}}
* {{citation |last=Narasimhacharya |first=Ramanujapuram |title=History of Kannada Literature (Readership Lectures) |url={{Google books|nOTmIt3wumwC|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]] |year=1988 |isbn=81-206-0303-6 }}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061104095148/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm History of Karnataka, Mr. Arthikaje]

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box |
before= [[Dhruva Dharavarsha]] |
title= [[Rashtrakuta|Rashtrakuta Emperor]] |
years= 793–814 |
after= [[Amoghavarsha]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Govinda 03}}
[[Category:814 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Rashtrakuta emperors]]
[[Category:8th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:9th-century monarchs in Asia]]

Edward Harrison (British administrator)

2025-12-29T17:35:44Z

Admin: rework information for clarity and cleaned formatting for clarity

{{short description|British colonial administrator and politician}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Edward Harrison
| image = Edward Harrison.jpg
| image_size = 220
| caption = Portrait by [[Godfrey Kneller]]
| order =
| office = President of Fort St George (Madras)
| term_start = 11 July 1711
| term_end = 8 January 1717
| lieutenant =
| predecessor = [[William Fraser (British administrator)|William Fraser]] ''(acting)''
| successor = [[Joseph Collett]]
| module = {{infobox person
| embed = yes
| birth_date = 3 December 1674
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1732|11|28|1674|12|3}}
| death_place =
| father = [[Richard Harrison (died 1726)|Richard Harrison]]
| relatives = {{nowrap|[[George Villiers, 4th Viscount Grandison|George Villiers]] (maternal grandfather)}}
| party =
| spouse = Frances Bray (1674–1752)
| children = Audrey Ethelreda Harrison
| profession =
| religion =
| signature = Edward Harrison.JPG
}}
}}

'''Edward Harrison''' (3 December 1674 – 28 November 1732) was a British colonial administrator and politician who sat in the [[House of Commons of Great Britain]] from 1717 to 1726. He served as the [[Madras Presidency|President of Madras]] from 11 July 1711 to 8 January 1717.<ref name="edward_peerage">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p2615.htm|title=A genealogical survey of the peerage of Britain as well as the royal families of Europe Person Page – 2615|accessdate=26 April 2008|publisher=peerage.com}}</ref><ref name="ODNB">{{cite ODNB|id=68358|first=John|last=Martin|title=Townshend, Etheldreda}}</ref>

== Early life ==

Edward Harrison was born in England to [[Richard Harrison (died 1726)|Richard Harrison]] and Audrey Villiers daughter of [[George Villiers, 4th Viscount Grandison]].<ref name="edward_peerage" /> He went to India as a purser, and became a captain of ships trading with China. He was Captain of the East Indiaman Gosfright in 1701, and of the Kent in 1709. Sometime before 1708 he married Frances Bray, daughter of Reginald Bray of [[Great Barrington, Gloucestershire]]. Her brothers Edmund and William Bray were Members of Parliament.<ref name = HOP>{{cite web| url =https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1715-1754/member/harrison-edward-1674-1732 | title=HARRISON, Edward (1674–1732), of Balls Park, nr. Hertford. | publisher= History of Parliament Online| accessdate = 17 September 2018}}</ref>

== Tenure as President of Madras==

Harrison was appointed [[Governor of Madras|Governor and Commander in Chief of the Madras Presidency]] in 1711. During his time in office he undertook a major rebuilding of the settlement. He dealt with several incidents, including the putting down of a minor revolt. The [[East India Company]] presented him with a sword of honour.<ref name=HOP/>

=== War with Gingee ===

Since its occupation by the [[Mughals]] in 1698, [[Gingee]] had been ruled by [[Swarup Singh of Gingee|Swaroop Singh]], who was actually the [[Rajput]] Governor of the Mughal province who had declared his independence and assumed the title of ''[[Raja]]''. The English at [[Fort St David]] frequently failed to pay their rents to the Raja. On one such occasion when Swaroops Singh did not receive any rent for the villages, he responded by capturing two English officers from Fort St David and imprisoning them. Matters came to standstill in February 1711, when open hostilities broke out between the kingdom of Gingee and the British settlement at [[Fort St David]]. Three Muslim officers in the service of Gingee and one officer of the [[British East India Company]] were killed in the ensuing hostilities. Harrison sent Richard Raworth, a member of the Council of Fort St George along with three ships to the scene of action to settle the matter.

Raworth arrived in Fort St David with three ships as Fort St David was blockaded by Swaroop Singh from land. Raworth's troops ran into a contingent of 400 cavalry and 1,000-foot commanded by Mahobat Khan on 11 August 1711 and barely managed to hold their ground. However, two top officers in the army, Captain Coventry and Ensign Somerville both lost their lives along with around 140 to 150 men of the Company's army. With matters reaching a standstill, Edward Harrison tried to enthuse the [[Nawab of Carnatic]] to come to the Company's aid but failed miserably. In the meantime, Richard Raworth was made the deputy Governor at Fort St David. Immediately on assumption of office, Raworth negotiated terms of peace with the Raja of Gingee. The Raja demanded a war indemnity of 16,000 pagodas in return for which he promised to cede three villages whose names have been mentioned as Trevandrun, Padre Copang and Coronuttum. However, even as the matter was under consideration, hostilities broke out once more when the Company troops attacked the forces of Gingee at Crimambakkam on 25 January 1712.

The war was, however, brought to a conclusion in April 1712 through the mediation of [[Guillaume André d'Hébert|M.Hebert]], the [[French India|French Governor of Pondicherry]]. Swaroop Singh agreed to a settlement on payment of a war indemnity of 12,000 pagodas.

On 15 November 1714, Gingee fell to the forces of the Carnatic bringing Rajput rule to an end.

=== Postal service ===

It was during Edward Harrison's time that a [[Mail|postal service]] was established between the factories at [[Madras]] and [[Calcutta]]. This was the first postal system established by the British East India Company in India.<ref name="postal_system">{{cite news | last=Muthiah | first=S. | title=Beginnings of a postal service | date=12 November 2007 | url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2007/11/12/stories/2007111250370500.htm | work=The Hindu: Metro Plus Chennai | accessdate=26 April 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108101115/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2007/11/12/stories/2007111250370500.htm | archive-date=8 January 2009 | url-status=usurped }}</ref> Mail was carried by runners or ''Tappy peons'' who travelled all the way to [[Ganjam]] where they exchanged mails with runners from Calcutta.

=== Armenian Church ===

The [[Armenian church]] was constructed in Armenian Street in 1712 to cater to the religious needs of the powerful Armenian community of Madras.<ref name="muthiah">{{cite book | title=Madras Rediscovered| last=Muthiah| first=S.| year=2004| pages=119| publisher=East West Books| location=Chennai| id=81-88661-24-4}}</ref>

=== Richard Raworth's Rebellion ===

In October 1713, Richard Raworth, Deputy Governor of Fort St David broke into rebellion and shook off his allegiance to Fort St George. Harrison immediately deputed a small force commanded by Henry Davenport to invade Fort St David and remove Raworth.<ref name="raworth_rebellion">{{Cite web|url=https://cuddalore-history.blogspot.com/2006/12/raworths-rebellion-1713.html|title=Richard Raworth's Rebellion 1713|accessdate=26 April 2008|author=Madhusudanan, Nick Balmer}}</ref> Henry Davenport was commissioned as the provisional Deputy Governor of Fort St David on 10 October 1713.

The force reached Fort St David on 18 October 1713 after passing through [[Mangadu]], [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]] and [[Cuddalore]].<ref name="raworth_rebellion" /> Condapah Choultry was taken and a strong ultimatum was issued to Raworth.<ref name="raworth_rebellion" /> Besieged and starved for the want of provisions, Raworth finally agreed to a settlement on 10 December 1713 and with the mediation of the French of [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], Raworth was finally pardoned and allowed to seek asylum in France.

=== Caste disturbances in Madras ===

In late 1716, [[caste]] disturbances broke out in Madras city which affected life and commerce in the city to a great extent. These disturbances started when a man belonging to the ''Komati'' caste which is regarded as a right-hand caste reportedly worshipped the idol of a God worshipped by the ''[[Chettiar|Chetties]]'' who formed a left-handed caste. The problem was solved in a few days; but tensions persisted and hostilities resumed at the slightest excuse. The continuous caste-wars forced the painters of [[Triplicane]] to leave the area. With the dispute remaining unresolved and continuing to threaten the functioning of Madras city, Harrison's was recalled and replaced with [[Joseph Collett]].

== Later life ==
[[File:Balls Park - geograph.org.uk - 271851.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Balls Park]]
On his return to England, Harrison was returned as Member of Parliament for [[Weymouth and Melcombe Regis (UK Parliament constituency)|Weymouth and Melcombe Regis]] at a by-election on 2 March 1717. He became a Director of the East India Company in 1718 and remained until 1731. At the [[1722 British general election|1722 general election]], he switched seats to his home area of Hertford and was elected top of the poll for [[Hertford (UK Parliament constituency)|Hertford]]. He was deputy chairman of the East India Company in 1723. In 1726, his father died and he inherited [[Balls Park]]. He vacated his seat at Hertford in favour of his brother George on 10 August 1726, when he was appointed [[United Kingdom Postmaster General|Postmaster-General]]. He was deputy chairman of the EIC in 1728, chairman in 1729 and deputy again in 1731.<ref name=HOP/>

Harrison died on 28 November 1732. Through his marriage with Frances Bray, he had one son and three daughters, one of whom, [[Etheldreda Townshend|Audrey "Etheldreda" Harrison]], married [[Charles Townshend, 3rd Viscount Townshend]] in 1723.<ref name="townshend">{{cite web|url=http://home.worldonline.co.za/~townshend/3rdviscount.htm|title=CHARLES TOWNSHEND 1700–1764, 3rd Viscount Townshend|accessdate=3 May 2008}}</ref>

== See also ==

*[[Governors of Madras]]

== Notes ==

{{Reflist|2}}

== References ==

*{{cite book | title=Madras in the Olden Time| volume=2| last=Talboys Wheeler| first=J.| year=1861| publisher=Higginbotham & Co.| location=Madras}}

==External links==
*{{Cite web|url=http://postalheritage.org.uk/collections/museum/paintings/|title=Paintings in ''The British Postal Museum and Archive'' :'Governor Harrison' by Charles Jervas, 1725, accession number: OB1995.142|accessdate=27 April 2008}}

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box| before= [[William Fraser (British administrator)|William Fraser]] (acting) | title=[[Madras Presidency|President of Madras]] | after= [[Joseph Collett]] | years=11 July 1711 – 8 January 1717}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[John Baker (Royal Navy officer)|John Baker]]
| before2 = [[Thomas Littleton (died 1722)|Thomas Littleton]]
| before3 = [[Daniel Harvey (British Army officer)|Daniel Harvey]]
| before4 = [[William Betts (MP)|William Betts]]
}}
{{s-title
| title = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Weymouth and Melcombe Regis (UK Parliament constituency)|Weymouth and Melcombe Regis]]
| years = 1717–[[1722 British general election|1722]]
| with = [[Thomas Littleton (died 1722)|Thomas Littleton]]
| with2= [[Daniel Harvey (British Army officer)|Daniel Harvey]]
| with3= [[William Betts (MP)|William Betts]]

}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[James Thornhill|Sir James Thornhill]]
| after2 = [[Thomas Pearse]]
| after3= [[John Ward (died 1755)|John Ward]]
| after4= [[William Betts (MP)|William Betts]]
}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[Thomas Clarke (died 1754)|Sir Thomas Clarke]]
| before2 = [[John Boteler (1684–1774)|John Boteler]]
}}
{{s-title
| title = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Hertford (UK Parliament constituency)|Hertford]]
| years = [[1722 British general election|1722]]–1726
| with = [[Charles Caesar (Treasurer of the Navy)|Charles Caesar]] 1722–1723
| with2= [[Thomas Clarke (died 1754)|Sir Thomas Clarke]] 1723–1726
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[George Harrison (Hertford MP)|George Harrison]]
| after2 = [[Thomas Clarke (died 1754)|Sir Thomas Clarke]]
}}

{{S-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Harrison, Edward}}
[[Category:1674 births]]
[[Category:1732 deaths]]
[[Category:Presidents of Madras]]
[[Category:Postmasters general of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies]]
[[Category:British MPs 1715–1722]]
[[Category:British MPs 1722–1727]]

Puran Mal

2025-12-25T11:03:12Z

Admin: added a post.

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{distinguish|Puranmal}}
{{Infobox royalty
| title =
| image =
| succession = [[Raja]] of [[Chanderi]]
| reign = 1529–January 1543
| predecessor = [[Babur]]
| successor = [[Sher Shah Suri]]|
}}

'''Raja Puran Mal''' (r. 1529 – January 1543) was a [[Rajput]] ruler of [[Chanderi]] and Raisen, present-day town in [[Madhya Pradesh]], India, during the [[Mughal Empire]] and the [[Suri dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite web|website=chanderi.mpenagarpalika.com|access-date=13 August 2021|url=http://chanderi.mpenagarpalika.com/|title=इतिहास}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Chandra|first=Satish|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC&dq=puran+mal+chanderi&pg=PA78|title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II|date=2005|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|isbn=978-81-241-1066-9|pages=78|language=en|quote=but he had been forced to allow local chiefs, including the Rajputs of Chanderi and Raisin, to function as almost independent potentates. Sher Khan invaded and conquered Malwa in 1542, but allowed many of the Hindu rajas to continue in their principalities. The following year, he returned to Malwa to crush a rebellion there, and used the opportunity to oust the powerful Rajput chief Puranmal from Chanderi-22 miles from modern Bhopal. Puran Mal who had defied Sher Shah earlier, withstood the siege. He came out of the fort with four thousand Rajputs and their families after a binding agreement had been reached by the two parties. But the Rajputs and their families were slaughtered when they were resting near Sher Shah's camp, despite the promise of a solemn safe conduct. This is a blemish on Sher Shah which cannot be washed away by the argument of some Afghan historians that no promise needed to be kept with an infidel king, and that the Rajputs had kept Muslim women from respected families in their houses, a charge which Puran Mal had denied. It might be mentioned that a similar charge was levied earlier on his father, Silhadi.}}</ref>

He defeated [[Babur]]'s [[Mughal army]] at Chanderi in 1529 and occupied the Chanderi Fort. Negotiations were made after [[Sher Shah Suri]]'s attack on the fort in 1542 but Puran Mal was killed by conspiracists.<ref name=":0" />

Though numerous other sources offer a different account, in which after the six-month long [[siege of Raisen]], Puran Mal surrendered to Sher Shah and was thereafter executed.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Chaurasia |first=Radhey Shyam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XnaL7zPXPUC&dq=sher+shah+Puran&pg=PA181 |title=History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D. |date=2002 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-269-0123-4 |pages=181 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Agrawal |first=Ashvini |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AZdCrUxFAHEC&dq=sher+shah+Puran&pg=PA68 |title=Studies in Mughal History |date=1983 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-2326-6 |pages=68 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Luard |first1=Charles Eckford |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YSM3AQAAMAAJ&dq=sher+shah+Puran&pg=RA1-PA114 |title=Bhopal State Gazetteer ...: Text and Tables |last2=Ali (Munshi.) |first2=Kudrat |date=1908 |publisher=Superintendent Government Printing, India |pages=114 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pal |first=Vijay Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cHCqEAAAQBAJ&dq=sher+shah+Puran&pg=PA179 |title=JAUHAR: in Indian Sub-Continent |date=2023-01-30 |publisher=Shashwat Publication |isbn=978-93-93557-80-3 |pages=178–179 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Srivastava |first=Ashirbadi Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P2cq-babye4C&q=sher+shah+Puran |title=Sher Shah and His Successors |date=1950 |publisher=B. L. Jain |pages=45 |language=en}}</ref>

==Conflict with Babur==
Babur attacked India in 1527 and Rajput kings of Rajasthan under the leadership of Rana Sanga of Mewar failed to stop him in Battle of Khanwa. The defeat of Rajput kings in Khanwa allowed Babur to capture a great portion of Indian territory, which included Chanderi. He is also noted to treat Hindus of Chanderi poorly. This was supposedly the reason why Puran Mal attacked Chanderi in 1529, defeated Mughal army of Babur and captured Chanderi fort.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Madhya Pradesh: District Gazetteers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5yALAQAAIAAJ&q=Puranmal|author=Madhya Pradesh (India), V. S. Krishnan|publisher=Government Central Press|year=1994}}</ref> After this defeat, the Mughals left Chanderi and Puran Mal took over the control of Chanderi.

==Conflict with Sher Shah Suri==
{{Main|Siege of Chanderi}}
The Mughal Empire was defeated by Sur Empire of Sher Shah Suri.

In 1542, Sher Shah added Malwa to his empire. During this campaign, he ordered his amir Shujaat Khan to bring Puran Mal to his presence. Shujaat Khan conducted Puran Mal, who had taken with him 6,000 horsemen before Sher Shah, who at once presented his new ally with a hundred horses and a hundred splendid robes of honour and then sent him home. Puran Mal set out for the return journey to Raisen leaving his brother Chaturbhuj in the service of Sher Shah. This arrangement soon went away. In 1543, a year after the understanding between the Afghan sultan and the Puran Mal, Sher Shah took Chanderi from Puran Mal and then laid siege to his stronghold Raisen. As his motive for this campaign Sher Shah is said to have given vent to his anger against Puran Mal, ‘who had made captives of the families of Muslims in Chanderi’, had forcibly made their daughters to be the dancing-girls and had not co-operated with his son. The siege continued for six months with the fort coming under heavy bombardment. Artillery proved to be the deciding factor and Puran Mal had to negotiate once again with Sher Shah. The negotiations were soon successful. Sher Shah granted to Puran Mal the iqta of Benares.<ref>{{Cite book|last=A.|first=Kolff, Dirk H.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/717564639|title=Naukar, Rajput, and sepoy : the ethnohistory of the military labour market in Hindustan, 1450-1850|date=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-52305-2|pages=105|oclc=717564639}}</ref>

==Death==
A little afterwards the negotiation, a number of Muslim women of Chanderi presented themselves before Sher Shah on the road-side and complained to him about Puran Mal. ‘He has killed our husbands’, they said, ‘put in chains our daughters whom he caused to dance along with the dancing-girls and has seized all our lands and earthly possessions.’ They threatened to accuse the sultan on the day of resurrection if he did not revenge them and, when he reminded them of the ‘oaths and vows’ that had been taken to guarantee the safety of the king, they told him to consult the ulema of his camp. Apparently Sher Shah simply had to comply with this. The ulema got together and issued a fatwa deciding that Puran Mal deserved death. The camp of the sultan’s new ally was now surrounded by elephants and troops. Seeing this, Puran Mal went into his tent and severed the head of his beloved wife, namely, Ratnavali, brought it before his dear and near ones and ordered them likewise to slay their families. In the ensuing fight, 10,000 Rajput soldiers laid down their lives fighting. [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|Abul Fazl]] denounces Sher Shah for his dishonesty and calls the ulema misguided men.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=A.|first=Kolff, Dirk H.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/717564639|title=Naukar, Rajput, and sepoy : the ethnohistory of the military labour market in Hindustan, 1450-1850|date=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-52305-2|pages=106–107|oclc=717564639}}</ref> Historian [[Abbas Sarwani]] describes a scene of the battle thus, "While the Hindus were employed in putting their women and families to death, the Afghans on all sides commenced the slaughter of the Hindus. Puran Mal and his companions failed not to exhibit valour and gallantry, but in the twinkling of an eye all were slain." Only a few women and children survived. Puran Mal's daughter was given to [[minstrels]] to be a dancing girl while his three nephews were [[castrated]]. As an excuse for the treachery, Sher Shah claimed it as a revenge for enslavement of Muslim women and that he had once, when seriously ill, pledged to wipe out the Rajputs of Raisen.<ref>{{cite book |last=Eraly |first=Abraham |author-link=Abraham Eraly |year=2002 |orig-year=First published 1997 |title=Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=04ellRQx4nMC&pg=PA91 |publisher=Penguin Books India |pages=91–92 |isbn=978-0-14-100143-2}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:16th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:History of Madhya Pradesh]]

Paribal Shallabugh

2025-12-18T13:54:42Z

Admin:

{{Short description|Village in Jammu & Kashmir, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Paribal Shallabugh Ganderbal
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Shallabugh-C
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Playground_Paribal_Shallabugh.jpg
| image_caption = Paribal Playground
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|34|10|11.79|N|74|43|20.52|E|type:city}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{Flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kashmir division|Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Ganderbal District|Ganderbal]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name4 = Tulmulla
| subdivision_type5 = [[Panchayat Samiti|Block]]
| subdivision_name5 = [[Sherpathri]]
| subdivision_type6 = Post Office
| subdivision_name6 = Tulmulla (191131)
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym = Paribaluk, Paribali
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]
| demographics1_title2 = Other
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| postal_code_type = Pincode
| postal_code = 191131
| area_code_type =
| area_code = 194
| iso_code = 0194
| registration_plate = JK-16
}}
'''Paribal''' or '''Paribal Shallabugh''' ([[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]: {{smaller|{{nq|پَرٕ بَل شالہٕ بۆگ}}}}) is a small notified village and locality forming part of the [[tourist]] village of [[Shallabugh]]. It is situated between the villages of Shallabugh, Chundina Deh Nowabad, and Takenwaripora in the [[Sherpathri]] block of Tulmulla tehsil, [[Ganderbal district]], in the [[Kashmir Valley]] of the [[Union Territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.getpincodes.com/locality/paribal-shallabugh-bo-ganderbal-srinagar-jammu-kashmir-191131 |title=Pincode of Paribal Shallabugh B.O (Ganderbal), Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir |website=GetPinCodes |access-date=2024-03-23}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The name ''Paribal'' generally refers to five villages: Laway Mohalla, Tull Mohalla, Ghat, Pethkundal, and Paribal. Locals from neighboring villages often collectively refer to all these villages as Paribal. These villages, are also officially documented as Shallabugh-C by government sources, and are the part of Shallabugh-A [[Panchayat]] Halqa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/Ganderbal-F20-LAE-2014.xls |title=Ganderbal-F20-LAE-2014 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Jammu and Kashmir |access-date=2024-03-23}}</ref> The name Paribal traces back to [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] words ''Par'' (پَر) meaning [[chisels]] and ''Bal'' (بل) meaning [[bank (geography)|riverside]], forming ''Par Bal'', which later became Paribal. This village was a key center for river trade. [[Boatmen]] used chisels to [[anchor]] their boats along the [[Sind River]], giving the village its name.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/shadipora-sangam-the-prayag-teertha-of-kashmir/ |title=Shadipora Sangam: The Prayag Teertha of Kashmir |date=12 March 2022 |access-date=13 March 2022}}</ref>

== History ==
Paribal's history dates back to ancient times when it served as a crucial [[trade route]] for the people of nearby villages in [[Sherpathri]]. Situated on the bank of the [[Sind River]], this route played a vital role in transporting goods during ancient times through the Sind River towards Shadipora town and further areas of [[Srinagar]] and [[Bandipora]] districts via the [[Jhelum River]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://searchkashmir.org/2012/09/vitastasindhusamgama-shadipur.html |title=Vitasta-Sindhu-Samgama: Shadipur |website=Search Kashmir |date=21 September 2012 |access-date=2024-03-23}}</ref>

Despite serving as the hub for trade, Paribal also served as the primary source of drinking water for dozens of villages in the [[Sherpathri]] belt of [[Ganderbal district]]. During ancient times, when water facilities were nonexistent, communities often relied on natural sources such as [[river]]s, [[lake]]s, and [[well]]s for their water needs. Locals from nearby villages such as Hathbura, Pirpora, Hakeemgund, Chundina Deh Nowabad, and [[Gogjigund]] used to bring drinking water as well as water for other purposes from the Sind River at Paribal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1681481 |title=Press Information Bureau |website=Press Information Bureau |access-date=2024-03-23}}</ref>

== Geography ==
The village spans thousands of hectares of [[forest]] containing millions of [[willow]] trees, stretching across both sides of the river. This forest, known as the Sindh Forest Division (Harran/Shallabugh Range), consists of two ranges: Shallabugh I on one side of the riverbank and Shallabugh II on the other side. These forests play a crucial role in maintaining the [[ecological]] balance of the area.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://presstrustofkashmir.com/2021/03/15/sindh-forest-division-ganderbal-plants-chinars-on-the-eve-of-chinar-daydfo/ |title=Sindh Forest Division Ganderbal Plants Chinars on the Eve of Chinar Day |website=Press Trust of Kashmir |date=2021-03-15 |access-date=2024-01-20}}</ref>

Paribal village enjoys a pleasant [[climate]] similar to other areas of Kashmir. The Sind River plays a crucial role in [[irrigation]] and other fish-related [[economic]] activities.

== Demographics ==
The population of Paribal village totals 2,500. The primary language spoken by the people is [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], with [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], and [[English language|English]] also being prominent.<ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=23 September 2020 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Economy ==
The majority of the people in this area depend on [[agriculture]], cultivating [[rice paddies]] in their fields to sustain their livelihoods.
[[File:Nagpaav.jpg|thumb|middle|View of Paddy fields during spring season located in Paribal Shallabugh]]

The [[Sind River]] and the [[Shallabugh Wetland]] are the primary sources of income for the local economy of the nearby villages.<ref>name="Source of Sind River">{{cite book | author=Kalhana | title=Kalhana's Rajatarangini: A Chronicle of the Kings of Kasmi | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4rcwLQDFh-EC&q=source+of+Sind+river&pg=RA1-PA12 | access-date=11 October 2013 |year=2001 | publisher=Elibron.com, 2001 | isbn=9781402173486 | page=12–}}</ref> Many people are involved in [[wickerwork]], creating decorative items from locally grown [[willow]] [[withy|stems]] found on the [[marsh]]y lands along the banks of the Sind River and Shallabugh Wetland.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kashmirlife.net/willow-wickers-give-kashmirs-shairpathri-belt-an-identity-an-economy-346367/ |title=Willow Wickers Give Kashmir's Shairpathri Belt an Identity, an Economy |website=Kashmir Life |date=29 February 2024 |access-date=2024-03-23}}</ref>

== Infrastructure ==
[[File:Paribal.jpg|thumb|Milestone marker indicating the starting point of Paribal village]]
Paribal village is well-connected by roads to [[Ganderbal]] city, located just 8 km away. However, despite its proximity to [[Srinagar]] city it is located just 15 km from the Srinagar, it is not directly connected. The construction of the Paribal-Takanwari Bridge, inaugurated by [[Chief Minister]] of [[Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir]] Shri. [[Omar Abdullah]], in November 2024<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.srinagarmail.com/2024/11/07/omar-abdullah-inaugurates-paribal-shallabugh-bridge-in-ganderbal-signifying-development-milestone/ |title=Omar Abdullah Inaugurates Paribal Shallabugh Bridge in Ganderbal, Signifying Development Milestone |date=7 November 2024 }}</ref> is underway. This bridge will connect the villages of [[Sherpathri]] belt of [[Ganderbal district]] with [[Srinagar district]], [[Baramulla district]], and [[Bandipora district]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tendersontime.com/india/details/design-and-construction-5000-mtr-span-bridge-pahribal-takanwari-over-nallah-sindh-ganderbal-epc-mod-58abc9d/ |title=Design and Construction of 5000 Mtr Span Bridge at Pahribal Takanwari over Nallah Sindh, Ganderbal - EPC Mode |website=Tenders on Time |access-date=2024-03-23}}</ref>

== Landmarks and attractions ==

[[File:Sindh_Forest.jpg|thumb|middle|View of Sindh river, flowing through Sindh Forest Division]]

The Sindh Forest Division Shallabugh I and II, spanning across the Sind River, attract tourists for [[camping]] and [[picnic]]s, as well as [[fishing]] enthusiasts. The [[Ramsar site|Ramsar-declared site]], [[Shallabugh Wetland]], can also be accessed via a pedestrian route through this village. The Paribal Playground, located on the Sind riverbank, is famous for organizing [[association football|football]] tournaments every year, attracting thousands of players and spectators. The Pethkundal Playground, located on the other side of the Sind River, is ideal for playing [[cricket]], enjoyed by the locals.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://presstrustofkashmir.com/2021/06/30/24-rr-organises-football-tournament-in-ganderbal/ |title=24 RR Organises Football Tournament in Ganderbal |website=Press Trust of Kashmir |date=30 June 2021 |access-date=2024-03-23}}</ref>

==Religious places ==
*Jamia Masjid Paribal
*Masjid Sharief Laway Mohalla
*Masjid Shareef Sultan ul Arifeen (ra) Gulshanabad Ghat

[[File:Jamia_Masjid_Paribal.png|thumb|Jamia Masjid Paribal Shallabugh Ganderbal]]

==Education institutes==
*Government Primary School Paribal
*Government Primary School Pethkundal
*Government Primary School Laway Mohalla

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Ganderbal district]]

Tribal Co-operative Marketing Federation of India

2025-12-15T21:29:29Z

Admin: Created First Details Basic Info

{{Short description|Government agency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox Government agency
| agency_name = Tribal Co-operative Marketing Development Federation of India (TRIFED)
| nativename =
| nativename_a = भारतीय जनजातीय सहकारी विपणन विकास संघ
| nativename_r =
| logo = Tribal_Co-operative_Marketing_Federation_of_India_2023.png
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| seal =
| seal_width =
| seal_caption =
| formed = 1987
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction =
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]]
| chief2_name = M. Raja Murugan, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| chief2_position = Managing Director
| budget =
| minister1_name = [[Jual Oram]]
| minister1_pfo = [[Ministry of Tribal Affairs|Minister for Tribal Affairs]]
| chief1_name = [[Ramsinh Rathwa]]
| chief1_position = Chairman
| parent_agency = [[Ministry of Tribal Affairs]]
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| website = https://trifed.tribal.gov.in/
| footnotes =
}}
'''Tribal Co-operative Marketing Development Federation of India''' ('''TRIFED''') is a national level cooperative body under the administrative control of [[Ministry of Tribal Affairs]], [[Government of India]]. It was established under the Multi-state co-operative societies act 1984 under the former Ministry of Welfare. Later it came under the control of Ministry of Tribal affairs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trifed.tribal.gov.in/about-us-1|title=About TRIFED|website=TRIFED|accessdate=3 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="Jagran"/> In order to empower the downtrodden tribal community it started the procurement of tribal art and craft items firstly in 1999 through its retail outlet called Tribes India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/trifed-reiterates-its-commitment-towards-transformation-of-tribal-lives-on-the-occasion-of-its-thirty-third-foundation-day/|title=TRIFED Reiterates its commitment towards transformation of tribal lives on the occasion of its Thirty-Third Foundation Day|website=indiaeducationdiary.in|accessdate=3 September 2020}}</ref>

==Mandate==
[[File:Jual Oram launching the TAM Squash - a non alcoholic drink, developed by the TRIFED & IIT-Delhi.jpg|thumb|Former Minister for Tribal Affairs [[Jual Oram]] launching the TAM Squash – a non-alcoholic drink, developed by the TRIFED & IIT-Delhi.]]
TRIFED was formed with the main objective of institutionalising the trade of [[Minor forest products]] (MFP) and to provide the tribals of India a fair price for the surplus agricultural products produced by them. It was established in 1987 and became operational in 1988. It also fulfills other objectives as per its mandate as for example it ensures the sustainable harvesting of MFP. It also saves the tribals from the policies of middleman, who buy the MFP from them at cheap rates while providing it to the end users at higher rates. In case of fluctuations in the price of these MFPs, the mandate of TRIFED is to provide adequate compensation to the tribals through [[Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers' Welfare]]. It also provides information to the tribals about the fair price of their products and enables them to bargain for it.<ref name="Jagran">{{cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/meaning-and-objectives-of-trifed-1553842609-1|title=TRIFED: Meaning and Objectives|website=Jagran Josh|date=29 March 2019 |accessdate=3 September 2020}}</ref> In order to support tribal art and craft it organises the tribal art and craft exhibition called "Aadi Mahotsav"; where tribal craft products from all over the country are exhibited and bought by the art lovers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/artisans-to-showcase-products-at-aadi-mahotsav-exhibition/article30170898.ece|title=Artisans to showcase products at 'Aadi Mahotsav' exhibition|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=4 December 2019 |accessdate=3 September 2020}}</ref>

==Initiatives==
[[File:The Union Minister of Tribal Affairs, Shri P.R. Kyndiah launching the ‘Vindhya Herbals' herbal products by TRIFED, in New Delhi on May 18, 2008.jpg|thumb|Former Minister of Tribal Affairs, [[P.R. Kyndiah|P. R. Kyndiah]] launching the ‘Vindhya Herbals' herbal products by TRIFED, in New Delhi on 18 May 2008.]]

===Van Dhan Yojna===
Van Dhan Yojna was launched on 14 April 2018, initially as a pilot project in Bijapur; [[Chhattisgarh]] under which a Van Dhan Vikas Kendra was set up to cater ten [[Self Help Group]]s of thirty tribal gatherers each. Out of the total cost of twenty five lakhs which was spent to set it up 25% was met by state government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1539321|title=Van Dhan Yojana|website=Press Information Bureau|accessdate=3 September 2020}}</ref> However; as per "TRIFED" each such Kendra will constitute 15 tribal Self Help Groups with 20 gatherers each making total number of beneficiary per Kendra to be 300.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trifed.tribal.gov.in/pmvdy|title=VanDhan Vikas Yojana|website=TRIFED|accessdate=3 September 2020}}</ref>

The Ministry of Tribal Affairs with technical support from the TRIFED aimed to set up 30,000 such centres in the country with the basic motive of skill upgradation and capacity building of tribal gatherers as well as ensure marketability of their raw products by setting up primary processing and value addition facilities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/van-dhan-scheme-launched-by-pm-to-help-increase-tribal-income-through-value-addition-118042700703_1.html|title=Van Dhan Scheme launched by PM to help increase tribal income through Value Addition|website=[[Business Standard]]|accessdate=3 September 2020}}</ref> As of June 2020, 1205 tribal enterprises employing 360,000 people through 18000 [[Self Help Group]] were established in the country. The scheme created some of the important success stories like that of [[Nagaland]]'s Langleng district, where tribals used to sell their unique hill broom grass for just ₹7 per kg. But after being trained through the "Van Dhan Kendra" under Van Dhan Yojna, they managed to earn ₹60 per broom which enhanced their income.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/van-dhan-yojna-ensures-livelihood-for-tribals-amid-pandemic/article31834944.ece|title=Van Dhan Yojna ensures livelihood for tribals amid pandemic|first=Priscilla|last=Jebaraj|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=15 June 2020 |accessdate=3 September 2020}}</ref>

The perishable nature of Non timber forest products made it difficult for tribal gatherers to make profit out of it, further the poor marketing infrastructure in tribal areas also made it difficult for them to have direct market access for their products. Considering these challenges the Ministry of Tribal Affairs and TRIFED launched the ''MSP for MFP'' scheme in 2013–14.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/forests/continued-low-expenditure-in-minimum-support-price-for-minor-forest-produce-scheme-59599|title=Continued low expenditure in 'Minimum Support Price for Minor Forest Produce' scheme|website=DownToEarth|first=Ishan|last= Kukreti|accessdate=3 September 2020}}</ref> In May 2020 the revised guidelines on the scheme were launched amidst [[COVID-19]] crisis and 23 more Non-Timber forest products were added to the list of MFP to be procured by State implementing agency (SIA).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1627631|title=Tribal Affairs Ministry announces inclusion of 23 additional Minor Forest produce items in Minimum Support Price List|website=Press Information Bureau|accessdate=3 September 2020}}</ref>

In the backdrop of "Van Dhan Yojna"; TRIFED along with the Ministry of Tribal Affairs and [[Ministry of Food Processing Industries]] launched the TRIFOOD project in August 2020. The scheme envisaged setting up of tertiary value addition units at [[Jagdalpur]] in Chhattisgarh and [[ Raigad district|Raigad]] in [[Maharashtra]] for value addition of forest products in a bid to enhance the income of the tribals of catchment area.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/aug/21/processing-units-to-boost-tribals-income-2186361.html|title=Processing units to boost tribals' income|website=newindianexpress.com|accessdate=3 September 2020}}</ref>

===Van Dhan Samajik Doori Jagrookta Abhiyaan===
Amidst the [[COVID-19]] crisis in 2020 TRIFED, launched this scheme in order to educate the tribals in COVID related safety measures. Nationwide and state specific webinars were organised in order to bring awareness on the issue. The Ministry of Tribal Affairs also revised [[Minimum Support Price]] (MSP) for [[Non-timber forest product|Minor forest products]] (MFP) to be procured from the tribals under ''MSP for MFP'' scheme meanwhile promoting door to door procurement and sale through mobile vans. The program was launched in association with [[UNICEF]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1626936|title=Webinar on "Van Dhan Scheme: learnings for post COVID-19" organized by DST, Rajasthan in association with TRIFED, M/O Tribal Affairs|website=Press Information Bureau|accessdate=2 September 2020}}</ref>

===Tech for Tribals scheme===
TRIFED with the support from [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]] launched the "Tech for Tribal" scheme in March 2020. It aims to impart the training to tribal forest product gatherers through a 30 day course developed by the higher educational institutions like IITs. The partner institutions will develop courses relevant to entrepreneurship in value addition and processing of Minor forest products. The scheme will empower the tribal entrepreneurs to run their business with marketable products having quality certification.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1607397#:|title=TRIFED Launches transformational "Tech For Tribals" program in partnership with Institutes of National Importance (INIs) to develop Tribal entrepreneurship|website=Press Information Bureau|accessdate=2020-09-07}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Ministry of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries]]
*[[Department of Animal husbandry and Dairying]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.tribesindia.com/ TRIBES INDIA]

[[Category:Ministry of Tribal Affairs]]
[[Category:Government agencies of India|Tribal Affairs]]
[[Category:Cooperatives in India]]
[[Category:Marketing in India]]

Pithoragarh Municipal Corporation

2025-12-14T14:56:46Z

Admin: added info.

{{Short description|Civic body that governs the town of Pithoragarh in Uttarakhand, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Pithoragarh Municipal Corporation
| native_name = पिथौरागढ़ नगर निगम
| transcription_name = Pithoragarh Nagar Nigam
| area_total_km2 =
| legislature = Unicameral Legislature
| coa_pic =
| coa_res =
| coa_alt =
| house_type = [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal Corporation]]
| body =
| houses =
| leader1_type = [[Mayor (India)|Mayor]]
| leader1 = Kalpana Deolal
| leader2_type = [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader2 = Deepak Saini, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| party1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election1 = 7 February 2025
| party2 =
| election2 =
| members = 40
| structure1 = India Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand Municipal Corporation 2025.svg
| structure1_res = 300px
| political_groups1 =
'''Government (5)'''
*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (5)
'''Opposition (35)'''
*{{Color box|#B2B2B2}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (35)
| voting_system1 = [[first-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]]
| voting_system2 =
| last_election1 = [[2025 Pithoragarh Municipal Corporation election|23 January 2025]]
| next_election1 = 2030
| session_room =
| session_res =
| session_alt =
| meeting_place = Nagar Nigam Bhavan, Pithoragarh
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Pithoragarh Municipal Corporation''' is the civic body that governs the city of [[Pithoragarh]] in [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]. <ref>{{Cite news |date=August 2024 |title=Pithoragarh and Almora set to be made as Municipal Corporations |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttarakhand/dehradun/story-uttarakhand-government-planning-to-upgrade-almora-and-pithoragarh-municipality-to-municipal-corporation-201723115377897.html |work=Hindustan Times |pages=2–3}}</ref>
== Structure ==
This corporation consists of 40 wards and is headed by a [[mayor]] who presides over a deputy mayor and 39 other [[councillor|corporators]] representing the wards. The mayor is elected directly through a first-past-the-post voting system and the deputy mayor is elected by the corporators from among their numbers.

==List of mayors==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! scope="col" | S. No.
! Name
! colspan=3| Term
! colspan=2| Party
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|1
|Kalpana Deolal
|7 February 2025
|[[Incumbent]]
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2025|2|7}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|}

==Current members==
Pithoragarh Municipal Corporation has a total of 40 members or corporators, who are directly elected after a term of 5 years. The council is led by the Mayor. The latest elections were held in [[2025 Uttarakhand local elections|23 January 2025]]. The current mayor of Pithoragarh is Kalpana Deolal of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttarakhand/pithoragarh/bjps-kalpana-elected-first-woman-mayor-of-pithoragarh-pithoragarh-news-c-230-1-shld1024-123180-2025-01-26|title=BJP's Kalpana elected as the first woman mayor of Pithoragarh|work=Amar Ujala|accessdate=25 January 2025|language=hi}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|colspan=6 align=center bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''Mayor: Kalpana Deolal'''
|-
! Ward No !! Ward Name !! Name of Corporator || colspan="2"|Party<ref>{{cite web|url=https://secresult.uk.gov.in/ElectionResultDashboard_main3|title=SEC Uttarakhand Election Result Portal 2025|work=SEC Uttarakhand|accessdate=28 January 2025|language=hi}}</ref>|| Remarks
|-
| 1 || Bajeti || Hansi Prakash || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 2 || New Bajeti || Naveen Lal Verma || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 3 || Nirara || Trilok Singh Mahar || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 4 || Kumaour || Neetu Tamta || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 5 || Piyana || Rajendra Kumar || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 6 || Takana Colony || Vikram Kumar || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 7 || Shiv Vihar || Bhupendra Singh || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 8 || Linthyura || Rahul Singh Lunthi || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 9 || Jakhani || Mahendra Kumar || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 10 || Bin || Deepshikha Mehta || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 11 || Bhatkot || Derek Waston || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 12 || Rai || Mohit Chausali || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 13 || Pandegaon || Mamata Pandey || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 14 || Padampur Colony || Prithviraj Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 15 || Bhadelwada || Kamlesh Chand || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 16 || Chandrabhaga || Lalita Joshi || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 17 || Dugkhani || Kamlesh Joshi || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 18 || New Tildhukri || Neeraj Kothari || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 19 || Krishnapuri || Ravindra Singh Bisht || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 20 || Jagdamba Colony || Mamata Saun || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 21 || Kujauli || Pushpa Upreti || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 22 || Jagriti Colony || Pawan Kumar Patani || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 23 || Shivalay || Anil Kumar Verma || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 24 || Purana Bazaar || Sushil Khatri || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 25 || Naya Bazaar || Karan Singh || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 26 || Simalgair || Neeraj Joshi || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 27 || Pitrauta || Krishna Verma || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 28 || Aincholi || Hema Joshi || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 29 || Panlot || Saurav Bhandari || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 30 || Daula || Sherin Nagarkoti || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 31 || Cinema Lines West || Renuka Joshi Mehra || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 32 || Cinema Lines East || Anshu Nagi || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 33 || Dhanaura || Bhavna Kapri || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 34 || Nera Basti || Dinesh Chandra Kapri || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 35 || Puneri || Shobha Punera || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 36 || Sera Chandak || Ravi Mehta || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 37 || Tildhukri || Jayanti Saun || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 38 || Malli Jakhani || Vijendra Singh Mahar || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 39 || Kharkot || Anil Kumar Joshi || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 40 || Vivekananda || Praveen Singh Uprari || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|}

==Election results==
The Pithoragarh Municipal Corporation holds direct elections every five years in the state and the latest elections were those held in the year 2025.

===Mayoral===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan="2"|Year
!rowspan="2"|No. of Wards
!colspan="5"|Winner
!colspan="5"|Runner Up
!rowspan="2"|Margin
|-
!colspan="2"|Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
!colspan="2"|Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
|-
|[[2025 Pithoragarh Municipal Corporation election|2025]]
|40
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Kalpana Deolal
|9,466
|39.35
|{{Party name with color|Independent}} ([[Indian National Congress|INC]] rebel)
|Monika Mahar
|9,449
|39.28
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|17
|}

===Ward-wise===
====2025====
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|+| Pithoragarh Municipal Corporation
|-
! colspan="2" |Party!! Won !! '''+/−'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || 5 || ''New''
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent politician}}
| [[Independent politician|Independents]] || 35 || ''New''
|-
| colspan="2" |'''Total'''|| '''40''' ||
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[2025 Pithoragarh Municipal Corporation election]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Municipalities of Uttarakhand}}
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Pithoragarh]]

Varkala Tunnel

2025-11-25T03:51:07Z

Admin: small changes

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{short description|Water tunnel system in Trivandrum, India}}

{{Infobox tunnel
| name = Varkala Tunnel, Trivandrum
| image = Varkala Tunnel.jpg
| caption = Former Chief minister VS Achudhananthan visiting Varkala Tunnel in 2006
| location = [[Varkala]], [[Trivandrum]], [[Kerala]]
| map =
| coordinates = {{coord|8.7365|76.730|type:landmark|display=title}}
| route = [[Trivandrum]]–[[Kollam]]
| status = Closed {{start date and age|2007}}
| start = {{coord|8.7365|76.730|type:landmark|display=inline}}
| end = {{coord|8.7167|76.721|type:landmark|display=inline}}
| startwork = {{start date and age|1867}}
| opened = {{start date and age|1877}}
| owner = [[Government of Kerala]]
| operator = Kerala Inland Waterways and Infrastructure Limited
| traffic = [[National Waterway 3]]
| toll = No
| construction = [[Kingdom of Travancore]]
| length = {{convert|1069.848|m|mi|abbr=on}}
| lanes = 2
| speed = {{convert|25|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|10|m|ft|0}}
| width = 10
}}

==History==
The Varkala Tunnel is a 19th-century canal tunnel system in Varkala, Trivandrum, Kerala, India. Constructed between 1867 and 1877 under the Kingdom of Travancore, it connected southern and northern waterways and supported inland trade. The tunnel was built under Dewan Sir T. Madhava Rao, with Chief Engineer Walthew Clarence Barton overseeing construction.

The twin tunnels, at Sivagiri (722 m) and Chilakkoor (350 m), enabled the transport of goods such as coir, rice, and cashew for nearly a century. By the mid-20th century, the rise of roads and railways led to disuse, and the tunnel was officially closed in 2007 due to siltation and encroachments.

==Technical specifications==
* Length: 1,069.848 metres (0.664 mi)
* Width: 10 metres (33 ft)
* Height/Clearance: 10 metres (33 ft)
* Number of lanes: 2
* Operating speed: 25 km/h (16 mph)
* Traffic: Part of National Waterway 3

==Modern revival==
The tunnel is part of the West Coast Canal (WCC) Project, managed by Kerala Waterways and Infrastructure Limited (KWIL). Restoration work includes dredging, structural reinforcement, and preparation for safe navigation. The project aims to integrate the tunnel into heritage tourism and eco-friendly inland waterway transport.

===Key milestones===
* 2017 – KWIL incorporated for WCC project
* 2020 – Initial dredging and de-silting at Varkala
* 2023 – Structural certification of the tunnels by Konkan Railway Corporation
* 2025 – Scheduled commissioning of Akkulam–Chettuva stretch, including Varkala Tunnel

Social rehabilitation under the Punargeham scheme has relocated over 400 families with financial packages exceeding ₹240 crore.

==Tourism and cultural significance==
The tunnel’s reopening will feature electric vessels offering zero-emission rides and light-and-sound shows narrating local history and heritage. The project is part of the Varkala Destination Development Master Plan, which aims to diversify tourism in the region beyond beaches, including canal cruises, walkways, and hospitality investments.

==Gallery==


==See also==
* [[Waterways transport in Kerala]]
* [[TS Canal]]
* [[AVM Canal]]
* [[Kollam Canal]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://kiwil.kerala.gov.in Kerala Inland Waterways and Infrastructure Limited]

[[Category:Tunnels completed in 1877]]
[[Category:Tunnels in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Water tunnels in India]]
[[Category:1877 establishments in India]]

{{asia-tunnel-stub}}

The Hindu (newspaper)

2025-11-15T23:10:55Z

Admin: added first info more to come

#REDIRECT [[The Hindu]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from unnecessary disambiguation}}
{{R from move}}
{{R unprintworthy}}
}}
{{Italic title}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hindu (newspaper), The}}

Devdas (disambiguation)

2025-10-25T20:34:16Z

Admin:

{{wikt|Devdas}}
'''''[[Devdas]]''''' is a Bengali novel by Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay, first published in 1917 and adapted as a film many times.

'''Devdas''' may also refer to:
* [[Devdas (1928 film)|''Devdas'' (1928 film)]], Indian silent film version of the novel, directed by Naresh Mitra, played by Phani Burma as Devdas
* [[Devdas (1935 film)|''Devdas'' (1935 film)]], Indian Bengali version of the novel, directed by Pramathesh Barua, played by himself as Devdas
** [[Devdas (1936 film)|''Devdas'' (1936 film)]], Indian Hindi version of the novel, directed by Pramathesh Barua
** [[Devdas (1937 film)|''Devdas'' (1937 film)]], Indian Assamese version of the novel, directed by Pramathesh Barua
* [[Devdas (1955 film)|''Devdas'' (1955 film)]], Indian Hindi version of the novel, directed by Bimal Roy
* [[Devdas (1965 film)|''Devdas'' (1965 film)]], Pakistani Urdu film
* [[Devdas (1979 film)|''Devdas'' (1979 film)]], Indian Bengali version of the novel, directed by Dilip Roy
* [[Devdas (1982 film)|''Devdas'' (1982 film)]], first Bangladeshi adaptation of the novel, directed by Chashi Nazrul Islam, played by Bulbul Ahmed as Devdas
* [[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|''Devdas'' (2002 Hindi film)]], Indian Hindi version of the novel, directed by Sanjay Leela Bhansali, played by Shah Rukh Khan as Devdas
** [[Devdas (soundtrack)|''Devdas'' (soundtrack)]]
* [[Devdas (2002 Bengali film)|''Devdas'' (2002 Bengali film)]], Indian Bengali version of the novel, directed by Shakti Samanta
* [[Devdas (2013 film)|''Devdas'' (2013 film)]], second Bangladeshi adaptation of the novel, directed by Chashi Nazrul Islam, played by Shakib Khan as Devdas
* [[Devadas (2018 film)|''Devdas'' (2018 film)]], an Indian Telugu language film directed by Sreeram Aditya

==Persons==
* [[Devdas Gandhi]] (1900–1957), Indian journalist, son of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
* [[Devdas Chakraborty]] (1933–2008), Bangladesh artist
* [[Devdas Apte]] (born 1934), Indian politician
* [[Devdas Chhotray]] (born 1955), Indian writer
* [[Mujibur Rahman Devdas]] (1929/30-2020), Bangladesh activist

== See also ==
* ''[[Dev.D]]'', a 2009 postmodern take on the novel by director Anurag Kashyap starring Abhay Deol, Mahi Gill and Kalki Koechlin
* [[Devadas (disambiguation)]]
* [[Devadasu (disambiguation)]]
* [[Devadasi]], female temple servants in India
* [[Devadasi (1948 film)|''Devadasi'' (1948 film)]], 1948 Indian film
* [[Daas Dev|''Daas Dev'']], a 2018 Indian film directed by Sudhir Mishra
{{disambiguation}}

Haldia Institute of Dental Sciences and Research

2025-10-06T23:05:56Z

Admin: small reworked section for consistency and fixed typos

{{Short description|Medical college in West Bengal}}
{{moresources|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox College
| name = Haldia Institute of Dental Sciences and Research
| image = Haldia Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Logo.svg
| established = 2007
| city = [[Haldia]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|22|08|9.59|N|88|05|4.4|E|type:edu|display=title, inline}}
| postcode = 721645
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]] [[Dentistry|Dental]] [[Dental school|College]] & [[Hospital]]
| campus = [[Urban areas|Urban]]
| chairman = [[Lakshman Chandra Seth]]
| principal = Dr. Uttam K. Sen
| affiliations = [[Dental Council of India|DCI]], [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences|WBUHS]]
| website = {{url|http://hidsar.in/}}
}}

'''Haldia Institute of Dental Sciences and Research''' ('''HIDSAR''') is a private dental college located in [[Haldia]], in the [[India]]n state of [[West Bengal]]. It is affiliated with the [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]] and is recognized by [[Dental Council of India]]. It offers [[Bachelor of Dental Surgery]] (BDS) and [[Master of Dental Surgery]] (MDS) courses.

==Courses offered==
Haldia Institute of Dental Sciences and Research conducts an undergraduate program of four years followed by one year of internship which leads to a Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS) degree and the postgraduate program of three years leads to a Master of Dental Surgery (MDS) degree. MDS is offered in the following specialties:<ref>{{cite web | url=http://hidsar.in/mds/ | title=MDS (Master of Dental Surgery) – Haldia Institute of Dental Sciences & Research }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://hidsar.in/bds/ | title=BDS (Bachelor of Dental Surgery) : 4+1 yr. – Haldia Institute of Dental Sciences & Research }}</ref>

* Prosthodontics and Crown & Bridge
* Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
* Oral Medicine & Radiology
* Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics
* Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopedics
* Periodontics
* Pedodontics & Preventive Dentistry

==Admission==
The institution enrolls undergraduates on the basis of their NEET UG scores and admits postgraduates on the basis of their scores in the NEET MDS conducted by NBE (National Board of Examination) held annually.

==Attached Medical College & Hospital==
[[ICARE Institute of Medical Sciences and Research|The ICARE Institute of Medical Sciences and Research & B. C. Roy Hospital]] (IIMSAR & BCRH) attached to the Dental College both are situated in the same campus in Banbishnupur, Balughata, Haldia, set in the serene 25-acre campus with college building having an area of about 1,00,000 sq feet and a 500 bedded multispeciality hospital named Dr. B. C. Roy hospital.

The pre and paraclinical medical subjects, as well as clinical medical subjects for the BDS students, are taught in this medical college and hospital.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Colleges affiliated to West Bengal University of Health Sciences}}

[[Category: Dental colleges in India]]
[[Category: Universities and colleges in Purba Medinipur district]]
[[Category: Affiliates of West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
[[Category: 2007 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2007]]

Gaya Municipal Corporation

2025-09-21T08:15:30Z

Admin: done

{{Short description|Civic body responsible for the administration of Gaya}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Gaya Municipal Corporation
| house_type = [[Municipal corporation (India) | Municipal corporation]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|1983}}
| leader1_type = [[Mayor (India) | Mayor]]
| leader1 = Birendra Kumar
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]
| leader2 = Chinta Devi
| leader3_type = [[Municipal commissioner (India) | Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader3 = Kumar Anurag
| seats = 53
| meeting_place = [[Durga Bari (Gaya)|Durga Bari]], [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], [[Bihar]] - 823001
| website = [https://gayamunicipal.net/pmc/public Official website]
| last_election1 = 2022
| logo = File:Gaya_Nagar_Nigam_logo.jpg
| logo_caption = Logo of Gaya Municipal Corporation featuring [[Rajendra Tower]]
}}

'''Gaya Municipal Corporation (GMC)''', better known by its Hindi name '''Gaya Nagar Nigam''', is the civic body governing the city of [[Gaya (India)|Gaya]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]]. It was established in 1983 during the tenure of [[List of chief ministers of Bihar|Chief Minister]] [[Chandrashekhar Singh]] and is responsible for upkeep of facilities and overseeing the city's 53 electoral subdivisions, known as [[Ward (electoral subdivision)|wards]].

Municipal Corporation mechanism in India was introduced during British Rule with formation of municipal corporation in Madras ([[Chennai]]) in 1688, later followed by municipal corporations in Bombay ([[Mumbai]]) and Calcutta ([[Kolkata]]) by 1762.<ref name="May ref5">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Anupam |title=City Mayors: Indian Mayors |url=http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/indian-mayors.html |access-date=29 October 2021 |publisher=citymayors.com}}</ref>

== History and administration ==

Gaya Municipal Corporation was established in accordance with the ''Gaya Municipal Corporation Act'' vide S.O. No. 1390 dated 18 November 1983<ref>{{Cite book |last=India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w2ucAAAAMAAJ&q=gaya+municipal+corporation |title=Taxmann's Income Tax Rules |date=2001 |publisher=Taxmann Publications |isbn=978-81-7194-238-1 |language=en}}</ref> to improve the infrastructure of the town as per the needs of local population.<ref name="ga1">{{cite news |title=Civic body approves toy train, water park in Gaya |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/civic-body-approves-toy-train-water-park-in-gaya/articleshow/91552242.cms |access-date=27 May 2022 |publisher=Times of India |date=14 May 2022}}</ref> Gaya Municipal Corporation has been categorised into wards and each ward is headed by a councillor for which elections are held every 5 years.

Gaya Municipal Corporation Municipal Corporation is governed by mayor Birendra Kumar<ref name="ga3">{{cite news |title=Bihar: Gaya civic body launches drive to boost cleanliness |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/gaya-civic-body-launches-drive-to-boost-cleanliness/articleshow/90467633.cms |access-date=27 May 2022 |publisher=Times of India |date=27 March 2022}}</ref> and administered by Municipal Commissioner Kumar Anurag who is an IAS officer of 2019 batch belonging to Bihar Cadre.

== Functions ==
Gaya Municipal Corporation is created for the following functions:<ref name="Ga9">{{cite news |title=Municipal Corporation - Functions, Roles, Members Qualification and Term |url=https://www.elections.in/government/municipal-corporation-in-india.html |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref name="Ga10">{{cite news |title=Good municipal governance key to improve quality of life {{!}} Pune News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/good-municipal-governance-key-to-improve-quality-of-life/articleshow/57320746.cms |access-date=18 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=24 February 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

* Planning for the town including its surroundings which are covered under its Department's Urban Planning Authority .

* Approving construction of new buildings and authorising use of land for various purposes.

* Improvement of the town's economic and Social status.

* Arrangements of water supply towards commercial,residential and industrial purposes.

* Planning for fire contingencies through Fire Service Departments.

* Creation of solid waste management,public health system and sanitary services.

* Working for the development of ecological aspect like development of Urban Forestry and making guidelines for environmental protection.

* Working for the development of weaker sections of the society like mentally and physically handicapped,old age and gender biased people.

* Making efforts for improvement of slums and poverty removal in the town.

== Revenue sources ==

The following are the Income sources for the Corporation from the Central and State Government.<ref name="Ga11">{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ga12">{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ga13">{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Revenue from taxes ===
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Property tax.
* Profession tax.
* Entertainment tax.
* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.
* Advertisement tax.

=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===

Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Water usage charges.
* Fees from Documentation services.
* Rent received from municipal property.
* Funds from municipal bonds.

=== Revenue from taxes ===
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Property tax.
* Profession tax.
* Entertainment tax.
* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.
* Advertisement tax.

=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===

Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Water usage charges.
* Fees from Documentation services.
* Rent received from municipal property.
* Funds from municipal bonds.

== See also ==

* [[List of municipal corporations in India]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://gayamunicipal.net/pmc/public Official Website]

{{Bihar}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Municipal corporations in Bihar]]
[[Category:Gaya, India]]

2014 I-League 2nd Division final round

2025-09-16T04:08:30Z

Admin: Started A Details...

{{main|2014 I-League 2nd Division}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{infobox football tournament season
| title = I-League 2nd Division final round
| year = 2014
| country = India
| image =
| num_teams = 5
| champions = [[Royal Wahingdoh F.C.|Royal Wahingdoh]]
| runner-up = [[Bhawanipore F.C.|Bhawanipore]]
| top goal scorer = [[Daniel Bedemi]] (8 goals)
| prevseason = [[2013 I-League 2nd Division final round|2013]]
| nextseason = [[2015 I-League 2nd Division|2015]]
}}

The '''2014 I-League 2nd Division final round''' is the seventh final round of the I-League 2nd Division. The tournament began after the group stage was completed on 18 February 2014. [[Royal Wahingdoh F.C.|Royal Wahingdoh]] won the tournament and will be promoted to [[2014–15 I-League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://i-league.org/?p=12667|title=ROYAL WAHINGDOH ARE SECOND DIVISION CHAMPIONS|date=11 April 2014|work=[[I-League]]|access-date=2014-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413123202/http://i-league.org/?p=12667|archive-date=2014-04-13|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Final round table==
[[United Sikkim F.C.|United Sikkim]] are given direct entry to the final around, as they were relegated from [[2012–13 I-League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://i-league.org/?p=10459|title=2nd Division League Starts in Feb ’14|access-date=2014-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111052218/http://i-league.org/?p=10459|archive-date=2014-01-11|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Royal Wahingdoh F.C.]] and [[Kalighat Milan Sangha F.C.]] qualified from Group A and [[Bhawanipore F.C.]] and [[Hindustan F.C.]] qualified from group B.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://i-league.org/?p=11137|title=2nd Div League: Teams Qualified|access-date=2014-02-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221184619/http://i-league.org/?p=11137|archive-date=2014-02-21|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:sports table|main|style=WDL
|res_col_header=QR

|team1=ROY|name_ROY=[[Royal Wahingdoh F.C.|Royal Wahingdoh]]
|team2=BHA|name_BHA=[[Bhawanipore F.C.|Bhawanipore]]
|team3=KMS|name_KMS=[[Kalighat Milan Sangha F.C.|Kalighat MS]]
|team4=UNI|name_UNI=[[United Sikkim F.C.|United Sikkim]]
|team5=HIN|name_HIN=[[Hindustan F.C.|Hindustan]]

|win_ROY=5|draw_ROY=3|loss_ROY=0|gf_ROY=12|ga_ROY=2|status_ROY=C,P
|win_BHA=5|draw_BHA=2|loss_BHA=1|gf_BHA=16|ga_BHA=7
|win_KMS=3|draw_KMS=1|loss_KMS=4|gf_KMS=10|ga_KMS=11
|win_UNI=2|draw_UNI=1|loss_UNI=5|gf_UNI=9|ga_UNI=12
|win_HIN=1|draw_HIN=1|loss_HIN=6|gf_HIN=6|ga_HIN=17

|col_P=#D0F0C0|text_P=Promotion to [[2014–15 I-League]]
|result1=P
|class_rules=1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.
|update=complete
|source=[http://i-league.org/?page_id=11424 i-league.org][https://globalsportsarchive.com/competition/soccer/i-league-2nd-division-2014/final-round/3482/ Global Sports Archive]
}}</onlyinclude>

==Fixtures and results==

===First leg===

{{football box collapsible
|date=23 March 2014
|time=15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[United Sikkim F.C.|United Sikkim]]
|score=0 – 1
|report=
|team2=[[Royal Wahingdoh F.C.|Royal Wahingdoh]]
|goals1=
|goals2= [[Badmus Babatunde|Babatunde]] {{goal|28}}
|stadium=[[Satindra Mohan Dev Stadium]], [[Silchar]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|nobars=1
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date=23 March 2014
|time=17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Kalighat Milan Sangha F.C.|Kalighat MS]]
|score=1 – 2
|report=
|team2=[[Bhawanipore F.C.|Bhawanipore]]
|goals1=[[James Gbilee|Gbilee]] {{goal|90+4}}
|goals2=[[Daniel Bedemi|Bedemi]] {{goal|9||25}}
|stadium=[[Satindra Mohan Dev Stadium]], [[Silchar]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|nobars=1
}}
----
{{football box collapsible
|date=25 March 2014
|time=15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Hindustan F.C.|Hindustan]]
|score=2 – 5
|report=
|team2=[[United Sikkim F.C.|United Sikkim]]
|goals1= [[Khemson Kabui|Kabui]] {{goal|7}} [[Joshua Adewumi|Adewumi]] {{goal|27}}
|goals2= [[Oluwaunmi Somide|Somide]] {{goal|19||79}} [[Mayal Dok Lepcha|Lepcha]] {{goal|65||68}} [[James Lukram Singh|Singh]] {{goal|88}}
|stadium=[[Satindra Mohan Dev Stadium]], [[Silchar]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|nobars=1
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date=25 March 2014
|time=17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Bhawanipore F.C.|Bhawanipore]]
|score= 0 – 0
|report=
|team2=[[Royal Wahingdoh F.C.|Royal Wahingdoh]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Satindra Mohan Dev Stadium]], [[Silchar]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|nobars=1
}}
----
{{football box collapsible
|date=27 March 2014
|time=15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[United Sikkim F.C.|United Sikkim]]
|score=0 – 1
|report=
|team2=[[Bhawanipore F.C.|Bhawanipore]]
|goals1=
|goals2= [[Pradeep Mohanraj|Mohanraj]] {{goal|25}}
|stadium= [[Satindra Mohan Dev Stadium]], [[Silchar]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|nobars=1
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date=27 March 2014
|time=17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Hindustan F.C.|Hindustan]]
|score=2 – 0
|report=
|team2=[[Kalighat Milan Sangha F.C.|Kalighat MS]]
|goals1= [[O. O. Sola|Sola]] {{goal|65}} [[Mayel Lepcha|Lepcha]] {{goal|73}}
|goals2=
|stadium= [[Satindra Mohan Dev Stadium]], [[Silchar]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|nobars=1
}}
----
{{football box collapsible
|date=29 March 2014
|time=15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Kalighat Milan Sangha F.C.|Kalighat MS]]
|score=1 – 0
|report=
|team2=[[United Sikkim F.C.|United Sikkim]]
|goals1= [[Phaoom Biswas|Biswas]] {{goal|90+2}}
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Satindra Mohan Dev Stadium]], [[Silchar]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|nobars=1
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date=29 March 2014
|time=17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Royal Wahingdoh F.C.|Royal Wahingdoh]]
|score=0 – 0
|report=
|team2=[[Hindustan F.C.|Hindustan]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Satindra Mohan Dev Stadium]], [[Silchar]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|nobars=1
}}
----
{{football box collapsible
|date=31 March 2014
|time=15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Kalighat Milan Sangha F.C.|Kalighat MS]]
|score=1 – 1
|report=
|team2=[[Royal Wahingdoh F.C.|Royal Wahingdoh]]
|goals1= [[James Gbilee|Gbilee]] {{goal|70}}
|goals2= [[Reagan Singh|Singh]] {{goal|21}}
|stadium=[[Satindra Mohan Dev Stadium]], [[Silchar]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|nobars=1
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date=31 March 2014
|time=17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Hindustan F.C.|Hindustan]]
|score=0 – 2
|report=
|team2=[[Bhawanipore F.C.|Bhawanipore]]
|goals1=
|goals2= [[Daniel Bedemi|Bedemi]] {{goal|6}} [[Pushpender Kundu|Kundu]] {{goal|90+1|o.g.}}
|stadium=[[Satindra Mohan Dev Stadium]], [[Silchar]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|nobars=1
}}
----

===Second leg===

{{football box collapsible
|date=3 April 2014
|time = 15:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Hindustan F.C.|Hindustan]]
|score= 1 – 2
|report=
|team2=[[Royal Wahingdoh F.C.|Royal Wahingdoh]]
|goals1= [[Mayel Lepcha|Lepcha]] {{goal|24}}
|goals2= [[Badmus Babatunde|Babatunde]] {{goal|3}} [[Seityasen Singh|Singh]] {{goal|32}}
|stadium=[[Lammual]], [[Aizawl]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|nobars=1
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date=3 April 2014
|time = 18:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Bhawanipore F.C.|Bhawanipore]]
|score= 1 – 1
|report=
|team2=[[United Sikkim F.C.|United Sikkim]]
|goals1= Silveira {{goal|52}}
|goals2=[[Oluwaunmi Somide|Somide]] {{goal|23}}
|stadium=[[Lammual]], [[Aizawl]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|nobars=1
}}
----
{{football box collapsible
|date=5 April 2014
|time = 15:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Kalighat Milan Sangha F.C.|Kalighat MS]]
|score= 3 – 0
|report=
|team2=[[Hindustan F.C.|Hindustan]]
|goals1=[[Pushpender Kundu|Kundu]] {{goal|43|o.g.}} [[James Gbilee|Gbilee]] {{goal|78}} [[Arijit Bagui|Bagui]] {{goal|86}}
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Lammual]], [[Aizawl]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|nobars=1
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date=5 April 2014
|time = 18:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Royal Wahingdoh F.C.|Royal Wahingdoh]]
|score= 3 – 2
|report=
|team2=[[United Sikkim F.C.|United Sikkim]]
|goals1= [[Badmus Babatunde|Babatunde]] {{goal|18||45}} [[Bekay Bawar|Bawar]] {{goal|40|pen.}}
|goals2=[[Jeh Williamson|Williamson]] {{goal|42}} [[Shahensha Ansari|Ansari]] {{goal|71}}
|stadium=[[Lammual]], [[Aizawl]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|nobars=1
}}
----
{{football box collapsible
|date=7 April 2014
|time = 18:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Bhawanipore F.C.|Bhawanipore]]
|score= 4 – 1
|report=[http://i-league.org/?p=12565 Report]
|team2=[[Kalighat Milan Sangha F.C.|Kalighat MS]]
|goals1= [[Pradeep Mohanraj|Mohanraj]] {{goal|10}} Dowary {{goal|45||49}} [[Daniel Bedemi|Bedemi]] {{goal|78}}
|goals2= [[Eze Kinglsey|Kinglsey]] {{goal|28}}
|stadium= [[Lammual]], [[Aizawl]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|nobars=1
}}

{{football box collapsible
|date=7 April 2014
|time = 22:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[United Sikkim F.C.|United Sikkim]]
|score=1 – 0
|report=[http://i-league.org/?p=12565 Report]
|team2=[[Hindustan F.C.|Hindustan]]
|goals1=[[Sukhwinder Singh (footballer born 1983)|Singh]] {{goal|55}}
|goals2=
|stadium= [[Lammual]], [[Aizawl]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|nobars=1
}}
----
{{football box collapsible
|date=9 April 2014
|time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Bhawanipore F.C.|Bhawanipore]]
|score=4 – 1
|report=[http://i-league.org/?p=12603 Report]
|team2=[[Hindustan F.C.|Hindustan]]
|goals1=[[Daniel Bedemi|Bedemi]] {{goal|37||45+1}} Dutta {{goal|60}} [[Abinash Ruidas|Ruidas]] {{goal|69}}
|goals2= [[Deepak Mehra|Mehra]] {{goal|18}}
|stadium=[[Lammual]], [[Aizawl]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|nobars=1
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date=9 April 2014
|time = 18:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Royal Wahingdoh F.C.|Royal Wahingdoh]]
|score=2 – 0
|report=[http://i-league.org/?p=12604 Report]
|team2=[[Kalighat Milan Sangha F.C.|Kalighat MS]]
|goals1=[[Bekay Bawar|Bawar]] {{goal|18}} [[Jackichand Singh|Singh]] {{goal|81}}
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Lammual]], [[Aizawl]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|nobars=1
}}
----
{{football box collapsible
|date=11 April 2014
|time = 15:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[United Sikkim F.C.|United Sikkim]]
|score=0 – 3
|report=
|team2=[[Kalighat Milan Sangha F.C.|Kalighat MS]]
|goals1=
|goals2= Zodinliana {{goal|22}} [[Joel Sunday|Sunday]] {{goal|28}} [[Bhim Onrao|Onrao]] {{goal|42}}
|stadium=[[Lammual]], [[Aizawl]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|nobars=1
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date=11 April 2014
|time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Royal Wahingdoh F.C.|Royal Wahingdoh]]
|score=3 – 2
|report=[http://i-league.org/?p=12667 Report]
|team2=[[Bhawanipore F.C.|Bhawanipore]]
|goals1=[[Jackichand Singh|Singh]] {{goal|37}} [[Badmus Babatunde|Babatunde]] {{goal|55}} [[Bekay Bawar|Bawar]] {{goal|87}}
|goals2=[[Daniel Bedemi|Bedemi]] {{goal|23||74}}
|stadium=[[Lammual]], [[Aizawl]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|nobars=1
}}
----

==Goalscorers==

'''8 goals:'''
* {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Daniel Bedemi]] ([[Bhawanipore F.C.|Bhawanipore]])

'''5 goals:'''
* {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Badmus Babatunde]] ([[Royal Wahingdoh F.C.|Royal Wahingdoh]])

'''3 goals:'''
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* {{flagicon|LBR}} [[Bekay Bewar]] ([[Royal Wahingdoh F.C.|Royal Wahingdoh]])
* {{flagicon|LBR}} [[James Gbilee]] ([[Kalighat Milan Sangha F.C.|Kalighat MS]])
* {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Oluwaunmi Somide]] ([[United Sikkim F.C.|United Sikkim]])
{{div col end}}

'''2 goals:'''
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* {{flagicon|IND}} Dipendu Dowary ([[Bhawanipore F.C.|Bhawanipore]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jackichand Singh]] ([[Royal Wahingdoh F.C.|Royal Wahingdoh]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} Mayal Dok Lepcha ([[United Sikkim F.C.|United Sikkim]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} Mayel Lepcha ([[Hindustan F.C.|Hindustan]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pradeep Mohanraj]] ([[Bhawanipore F.C.|Bhawanipore]])
{{div col end}}

'''1 goal:'''
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* {{flagicon|IND}} Abinash Ruidas ([[Bhawanipore F.C.|Bhawanipore]])
* {{flagicon|BRA}} Alex Petroman da Silveira ([[Bhawanipore F.C.|Bhawanipore]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} Arijit Bagui ([[Kalighat Milan Sangha F.C.|Kalighat MS]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} Bhim Onrao ([[Kalighat Milan Sangha F.C.|Kalighat MS]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} Deepak Mehra ([[Hindustan F.C.|Hindustan]])
* {{flagicon|NGA}} Eze Kinglsey ([[Kalighat Milan Sangha F.C.|Kalighat MS]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[James Lukram Singh]] ([[United Sikkim F.C.|United Sikkim]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jeh Williamson]] ([[United Sikkim F.C.|United Sikkim]])
* {{flagicon|NGA}} Joel Sunday ([[Kalighat Milan Sangha F.C.|Kalighat MS]])
* {{flagicon|SLE}} Joshua Adewumi ([[Hindustan F.C.|Hindustan]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} Khemson Kabui ([[Hindustan F.C.|Hindustan]])
* {{flagicon|NGA}} O. O. Sola ([[Hindustan F.C.|Hindustan]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} Phaoom Biswas ([[Kalighat Milan Sangha F.C.|Kalighat MS]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Reagan Singh]] ([[Royal Wahingdoh F.C.|Royal Wahingdoh]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Satiyasen Singh]] ([[Royal Wahingdoh F.C.|Royal Wahingdoh]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shahensha Ansari]] ([[United Sikkim F.C.|United Sikkim]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} Snehashish Dutta ([[Bhawanipore F.C.|Bhawanipore]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sukhwinder Singh (footballer born 1983)|Sukhwinder Singh]] ([[United Sikkim F.C.|United Sikkim]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} Zodinliana ([[Kalighat Milan Sangha F.C.|Kalighat MS]])
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.i-league.org Official website]

{{I-League 2nd Division}}
{{2013–14 in Indian football}}

[[Category:I-League 2 final rounds]]
[[Category:2013–14 in Indian football|I-League 2nd Division]]
[[Category:2014–15 in Indian football|I-League 2nd Division]]

Pax of Nagoa SC

2025-08-22T21:59:25Z

Admin:

{{Short description|Indian professional association football club}}
{{distinguish|Fransa-Pax FC}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Pax of Nagoa
| image = Pax of Nagoa SC.svg
| upright = 1
| fullname = Pax of Nagoa Sports Club
| short name = PXN
| nickname = The Pax
| founded ={{start date and age|1963}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/club-pax-of-nagoa/753.html|title=Club: Pax of Nagoa|website=www.thegoan.net|date=3 September 2012|access-date=10 April 2024}}</ref>
| dissolved =
| owner = Ravi Cabral<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegoan.net/sports/%EF%BB%BFpax-of-nagoa-appoint-costa-as-coach/102081.html|title=Pax of Nagoa appoint Mattheus Costa as coach|website=www.thegoan.net|date=30 July 2023|access-date=10 April 2024}}</ref>
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = [[Mateus Costa]]
| ground = Nagoa Ground
| capacity =
| league = [[Goa Football League#Goa Professional League|Goa Professional League]]
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_b1 = _greencollar
| pattern_ra1 =
| pattern_sh1 =
| pattern_so1 = _3_stripes_white
| leftarm1 = 00A550
| body1 = FFFFFF
| rightarm1 = 00A550
| shorts1 = 00A550
| socks1 = 00A550
| pattern_la2 =
| pattern_b2 =
| pattern_ra2 =
| pattern_sh2 =
| pattern_so2 =
| leftarm2 = 000000
| body2 = 000000
| rightarm2 = 000000
| shorts2 = 000000
| socks2 = 000000
| website =
}}

'''Pax of Nagoa Sports Club''' is an Indian professional [[association football|football]] club based in [[Nagoa]], [[Goa]].<ref name="cfs">{{cite web|url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2023/07/29/sports/pax-of-nagoa-sc-unveil-team-jersey/|title=Pax of Nagoa SC unveil team jersey|website=[[Navhind Times]]|publisher=Navhind Times|date=29 July 2023|access-date=25 April 2024}}</ref> They are a village club from the [[Nagoa]] and [[Verna, Goa|Verna]] area and currently compete in the [[Goa Football League|Goa Professional League]].<ref name="toi"/>

==History==
Pax of Nagoa was founded in 1963 by Fr. Bruno Diniz to unite the villagers of Nagoa through football and nurture local young talent. In its earlier years, the club participated in the second and first division, and professional league conducted by the [[Goa Football Association]] (GFA).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/paxofnagoafccfs/|title=Pax of Nagoa FC/Cabral Francis Simon Group|website=@paxofnagoafc [[Instagram]]cfs|date=19 March 2012|access-date=22 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/of-nag-people-birds-and-a-football-ground/articleshow/57880967.cms|title=Of Nag people, birds and a football ground|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 March 2017}}</ref>

The P in Pax stands for '''Peace'''; A stands for '''Amor''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|m|ər}} (Latin: ''{{lang|la|Amor}}'', "love"); and '''X''' stands for [[Christ]] in Greek.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xaeNfA6Hmy4|title="Rise, Fall, and Resurgence" PAX of Nagoa Story |website=[[YouTube]]|date=19 March 2012|access-date=15 October 2023}}</ref>

===2008–present===
After the closure of [[Fransa-Pax FC|Fransa-Pax]] in 2008, the other club based in Nagoa known as ''Pax of Nagoa'', continued participating in village tournaments like the Verna<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/benaulim-down-nagoa/19704
|title=Benaulim-down-Nagoa|website=[[O Heraldo]]|date=9 December 2008|access-date=26 April 2024}}</ref> and Curtorim Panchayat Cups.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/Pax-of-Nagoa-win-shootout-to-enter-semifinals/155730|title=Pax of Nagoa win shoot-out to enter semi-finals|website=[[O Heraldo]]|date=14 January 2020|access-date=25 April 2024}}</ref> In 2010, they entered the [[Goa Football League#Competition structure|GFA Third Division]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/fluent-win-for-pax-of-nagoa/39281|title=Fluent win for Pax of Nagoa|website=[[O Heraldo]]|date=22 August 2010|access-date=25 April 2024}}</ref>

In 2023, after winning the [[Salcete]] Zone of the [[Goa Football League#Competition structure|Goan Third Division]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gomantaktimes.com/opinion/goan-football-clubs-seeking-great-heights-without-any-effort|title=Goan football clubs seeking great heights without any effort|website=www.gomantaktimes.com|date=1 August 2023|access-date=10 April 2024}}</ref> Pax of Nagoa signed an MOU with CFS Charities,<ref name="cfs" /> paid the franchise fee, moved to the [[Goa Football League#Goa Professional League|Goa Professional League]], and participated in the [[2023–24 Goa Professional League]].<ref name="toi">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/from-third-div-to-pro-league-pax-of-nagoa-make-the-big-move/articleshow/102955772.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst|title=From Third Div to Pro League, Pax of Nagoa make the big move|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 August 2023|access-date=10 April 2024}}</ref> They appointed [[Mateus Costa]] as head coach for the season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegoan.net/sports/%EF%BB%BFpax-of-nagoa-appoint-costa-as-coach/102081.html|title=Pax of Nagoa appoint Costa as coach|website=www.thegoan.net|date=30 July 2023|access-date=25 April 2024}}</ref> They also entered their U17 team into the [[2024 Reliance Foundation Development League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/rfdl-pax-of-nagoa-punch-above-their-weight/articleshow/108443023.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst|title=RFDL: Pax of Nagoa punch above their weight|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 March 2024|access-date=10 April 2024}}</ref>

They finished fourth in the [[2023–24 Goa Professional League]] season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/sporting-put-it-across-nagoa-for-goa-pro-league-title/articleshow/109762827.cms|title=Sporting put it across Nagoa for Goa Pro League title|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 May 2024}}</ref>

==Honours==
* '''[[Goa Football League#Competition structure|GFA Third Division]]'''
**Winners ([[Salcete]] Zone): 2022–23<ref>{{cite web |title=Pax of Nagoa win Salcete Zone|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/Pax-of-Nagoa-win-Salcete-Zone/199589|website=[[O Heraldo]] |access-date=26 April 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Football clubs in Goa]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in Goa, Daman and Diu]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 1963]]

Upper Mediezie Ward

2025-08-15T11:28:21Z

Admin: Created Some Stub W/ Refs!

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement

| name = Upper Mediezie Ward
| settlement_type = [[Ward (electoral subdivision)|Ward]] under [[Kohima]]
| other_name = Upper Agri
| established_title = Incorporated
| established_date =
| image_skyline =
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| mapsize =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Nagaland
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Nagaland, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.657474|N|94.091200|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Nagaland]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of urban centres in Nagaland|City]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kohima]]
| parts_type =
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| government_type =
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name =
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 =
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| footnotes =
}}

'''Upper Mediezie Ward''' also known as '''Upper Agri Ward''' is a ward located under [[Nagaland]]'s capital city, [[Kohima]]. The ward falls under the designated Ward No. 17 of the [[Kohima Municipal Council]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/nerc-shifted-to-upper-agri/|title=NERC shifted to Upper Agri|date=2 April 2017|newspaper=[[Eastern Mirror]]|access-date=1 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://morungexpress.com/sanitation-drive-schedule-kma-ward-17|title=Sanitation drive schedule for Kma ward-17|date=4 September 2011|newspaper=[[The Morung Express]]|access-date=1 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kmc.nagaland.gov.in/map.html|title=Map of Kohima/ wards and colonies|publisher=[[Kohima Municipal Council]]|access-date=1 December 2021|archive-date=28 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728210828/https://kmc.nagaland.gov.in/map.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Education==
'''Educational Institutions in Upper Agri Ward:'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://study4sure.com/institutes/schools/nagaland/kohima/school.php?place=Ward%2017%20-%20Agri/Forest/Eletrical|title=Schools in Ward 17|date=10 May 2018|website=Study 4 Sure|access-date=2 December 2021}}</ref>

=== Schools ===
* Fernwood School
* Stella Higher Secondary School

==See also==
* [[Municipal Wards of Kohima]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://kmc.nagaland.gov.in/map17.html Map of Kohima Ward No.17] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201120056/https://kmc.nagaland.gov.in/map17.html |date=1 December 2021 }}

[[Category:Kohima]]
[[Category:Wards of Kohima]]

Khonghampat Orchidarium

2025-08-12T23:29:06Z

Admin: new

{{Short description|Botanical garden in Manipur, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox park
|name = Khonghampat Orchidarium ({{langx|mni|Khonghampat Urei Leikol}})
|image = Vanda coerulea orchid blooms from manipur.jpg
|location = Khonghampat, [[Imphal, Manipur]], India
|type = [[Botanical Garden]], Orchidarium
|size_ha =
|species = 500<ref name="Travel House">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TT_u45_WfCUC&dq=khonghampat+orchidarium+500+different+varieties+orchids+.+Spread+over+200+acres+some+rarest+orchids+world&pg=PA166|title=Travel House Guide to Incredible India|date=2004|publisher=Travel House|isbn=978-81-241-1063-8|language=en}}</ref>
|plants =
|opened = 1976
|owner = Manipur Forest Department
|collections = 500 orchid species including many from genera - [[Dendrobium]], [[Vanda]] and [[Rhynchostylis]]
|area = {{cvt|200|acre}}<ref name="Travel House"/>
}}
The '''Khonghampat Orchidarium''' ({{langx|mni|Khonghampat Urei Leikol}}) is a [[botanical garden]] in [[Imphal, Manipur]], India.<ref name="Lisam 2011">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6d-IyINtk4C&dq=khonghampat+orchidarium&pg=PA586|title=Encyclopaedia Of Manipur (3 Vol.)|last=Lisam|first=Khomdan Singh|date=2011|publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7835-864-2|language=en}}</ref> It is dedicated to the collection, cultivation, preservation and display of a wide range of 500 varieties of [[orchids]] found in [[Manipur]].<ref name="Travel House"/> It houses some of the rarest orchids in the world.<ref name="Travel House"/> The peak blooming season of the orchid flowers is from April to July.<ref name="Lisam 2011"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1o-HDwAAQBAJ&dq=With+sites+like+the+Khonghampat+Orchidarium%2C+Manipur+is+also+famous+for+its+natural+beauty.&pg=PA75|title=General Knowledge of Northeast India: For All Psc and Competitive Exams|last=Ghosh|first=Joydeep|date=2019-02-28|publisher=Educreation Publishing|language=en}}</ref> The finest visiting season is March to April.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pth_7qgEN7IC&dq=khonghampat+orchidarium+finest+time+to+see+these+blooms+is+in+March+-+April+&pg=PA28|title=Indian States At A Glance 2008-09: Performance, Facts And Figures - North-East And Sikkim|last=Laveesh|first=Bhandari|date=2009|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-2348-7|language=en}}</ref> This Orchidarium is the orchid centre of the Forest Department of Manipur.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9dNOT9iYxcMC&dq=khonghampat+orchidarium+orchid+Forest+Department+&pg=PA1159|title=Concise Encyclopaedia of India|last=Gupta|first=K. R. Gupta & Amita|date=2006|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-269-0639-0|language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
The Khonghampat Orchidarium ({{langx|mni|Khonghampat Urei Leikol}}) was founded by the Manipur Forest Department in the year 1976.<ref name="Lisam 2011"/>

== Features ==
The Khonghampat Orchidarium ({{langx|mni|Khonghampat Urei Leikol}}) covers an area of 200 acres of land.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gL7pGaL3vooC&dq=khonghampat+orchidarium&pg=PA30|title=Discover India by Rail|last=Silas|first=Sandeep|date=2005-11-01|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-81-207-2939-1|language=en}}</ref>

Predominant genera of the orchid species grown in the orchidarium include Vanda, Dendrobium and Rhynchostylis.<ref name="Lisam 2011"/> A few of the species are the following:
{| class="wikitable"
!Orchid species
!Local names
!Latin Roman transliterations
!Images
|-
|[[Vanda ampullacea]] (Ascocentrum ampullaceum)
|ꯅꯥꯆꯣꯝ ꯂꯩ
|Nachom Lei
|[[File:Vanda_ampullacea_(Roxb.)_L.M.Gardiner,_Phytotaxa_61_48_(2012)_(49709793578).jpg|thumb]]
|-
|[[Dendrobium chrysotoxum]]
|ꯈꯣꯉꯨꯃꯦꯂꯩ
|Khongumelei
|[[File:Orchidaceae Dendrobium chrysotoxum 1.jpg|thumb]]
|-
|[[Dendrobium chrysanthum]]
|ꯃꯦꯔꯥ ꯂꯩꯈꯝ
|Mera Leikham
|[[File:Dendrobium chrysanthum Orchi 11.jpg|thumb]]
|-
|[[Dendrobium moschatum]]
|ꯏꯉꯥꯂꯩ (ꯏꯉꯦꯂꯩ)
|Engallei (Engellei, Ingallei, Ingellei)
|[[File:Dendrobium moschatum (Ecological Botanical Gardens 2015 - 03).jpg|thumb]]
|-
|[[:wikispecies:Dendrobium pendulum|Dendrobium pendulum]]
|ꯇꯥꯡꯀꯛꯂꯩ
|Tangkaklei
|[[File:Dendrobium pendulum - Shatin Orchid Show, Hong Kong- (9255247500) - cropped.jpg|thumb]]
|-
|[[:c:Dendrobium wardianum|Dendrobium wardianum]]
|ꯌꯦꯔꯨꯝ ꯂꯩ ꯇꯥꯡꯖꯧꯕꯤ
|Yerum Lei Tangjoubi
|[[File:Flowergrowersgui61898wrig 0019.jpg|thumb]]
|-
|[[Rhynchostylis retusa]]
|ꯁꯝꯖꯤꯔꯩ
|Samjirei
|[[File:Fox tail orchid(Rhynchostylis retusa) (35040524830).jpg|thumb]]
|-
|[[Vanda coerulea]]
|ꯀ꯭ꯋꯥꯛꯂꯩ
|Kwaklei
|[[File:Vanda coerulea Orchi 6054.jpg|thumb]]
|}

== See also ==
* [[Imphal Peace Museum]]
* [[INA War Museum]]
* [[Kakching Garden]]
* [[Keibul Lamjao National Park]] - world's only floating national park in Manipur, India
* [[Loktak Folklore Museum]]
* [[Manipur State Museum]]
* [[Manipur Zoological Garden]]
* [[Phumdi]] - Floating biomasses in Manipur, India
* [[Sekta Archaeological Living Museum]]
* [[Yangoupokpi-Lokchao Wildlife Sanctuary]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Botanical gardens in India]]
[[Category:Imphal]]
[[Category:Orchid organizations]]
[[Category:1976 establishments in Manipur]]

Zero Bridge

2025-08-08T17:44:26Z

Admin: reworked content as per guidelines also and corrected details for consistency

{{about||the 2008 Kashmiri drama film|Zero Bridge (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox Bridge
|bridge_name = Zero Bridge
|image = Zero Bridge.jpg
|caption =
|official_name =
|carries = Pedestrian pathway
|crosses = [[Jhelum River|Jhelum]]
|locale = [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]
|maint =
|id =
|designer =
|design = Wooden [[Arch bridge|Arch Bridge]]
|material = [[Wood]]
|spans =
|pierswater =
|mainspan =
|length = {{convert|160|m|ft}}
|width = {{convert|9|m|ft}}
|height =
|load =
|clearance =
|below =
|traffic =
|preceded =
|followed = [[Abdullah Bridge]]
|begin =
|complete =
|open = 1950s
|closed = Late 1980s (vehicular traffic)
|toll =
|map_cue =
|map_image =
|map_text =
|map_width =
|coordinates = {{coord|34|4|11.23|N|74|49|48|E|display=inline,title}}
}}

'''Zero Bridge''' ({{IPA|ur|ziːɾoː bɾɪd͡ʒ}} ; {{IPA|ks|zərʲ kəd̪ɨl}}) is a wooden arch pedestrian bridge in [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]. It spans the [[Jhelum River]], connecting the Sonwar area on the north bank with Rajbagh on the south.<ref name="BrighterKashmir">{{cite news |title=Zero Bridge‑ renowned landmarks of city |publisher=Brighter Kashmir |date=8 July 2024 |url=https://www.brighterkashmir.com/zero-bridge--renowned-landmarks-of-city |access-date=18 June 2025}}</ref>

== History ==
Zero Bridge was constructed in the late 1950s under the leadership of then Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir, [[Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad]]. The bridge measured approximately 160 metres in length and 9 metres in width.<ref name="BrighterKashmir"/> It was initially used for both vehicular and pedestrian traffic, but vehicular access was restricted by the late 1980s due to its weakening structure.<ref name="NDTVDismantled">{{cite news |title=Kashmir's iconic Zero Bridge dismantled |url=https://www.ndtv.com/cities/kashmirs-iconic-zero-bridge-dismantled-474981 |publisher=NDTV |date=4 April 2012 |access-date=19 July 2025}}</ref>

In 2012, major parts of the bridge were dismantled for safety reasons. The Jammu & Kashmir Projects Construction Corporation Ltd (JKPCC) undertook restoration using traditional materials such as deodar and walnut wood.<ref name="Excelsior">{{cite news |title=Zero Bridge misses deadline, 20% work done so far |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/zero-bridge-misses-deadline-20-work-done-so-far/ |work=Daily Excelsior |date=25 April 2013 |access-date=19 July 2025}}</ref> The restoration, costing around ₹11 crore, avoided the use of concrete to maintain the historical appearance.<ref name="RisingKashmir">{{cite news |title=Srinagar’s heritage site Zero Bridge craves for attention |url=https://risingkashmir.com/srinagars-heritage-site-zero-bridge-craves-for-attention/ |work=Rising Kashmir |access-date=19 July 2025}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The name "Zero Bridge" is explained in two ways. One interpretation suggests that, as it is located upstream of [[Amira Kadal]], considered the “first bridge” in Srinagar, it was informally called “Zero” as a precursor.<ref name="RisingKashmir"/>

Another explanation cites a local story of a deaf Kashmiri contractor named “Zorr” (meaning "deaf" in Kashmiri), whose name may have evolved into "Zero" over time.<ref name="NDTVDismantled"/>

== Architecture and design ==
During restoration, traditional timber such as deodar and walnut were used. The reconstruction retained the original wooden-arch aesthetic, and modern materials like concrete were intentionally avoided to preserve the bridge’s heritage value.<ref name="RisingKashmir"/><ref name="Excelsior"/>

== Current status and use ==
Zero Bridge is no longer open to vehicles and serves solely as a pedestrian bridge.<ref name="NDTVDismantled"/> The nearby [[Abdullah Bridge]] now handles vehicular traffic. The bridge is used by residents and visitors as a walkway and resting spot along the river.<ref name="RisingKashmir"/>

In 2023, Zero Bridge was included in the Jhelum Riverfront Development Project, with pathways extended to the General Post Office (GPO) area to improve connectivity.<ref name="KashmirReader">{{cite news |title=Jhelum Riverfront: Zero Bridge to GPO inaugurated |url=https://kashmirreader.com/2023/11/01/jhelum-riverfront-zero-bridge-to-gpo-inaugurated/ |work=Kashmir Reader |date=1 November 2023 |access-date=19 July 2025}}</ref>

== Cultural and civic importance ==
Zero Bridge is regarded as a heritage structure and remains part of the city's historic identity. In 2011, proposals to demolish the bridge were met with opposition from citizens and conservation groups advocating for preservation.<ref name="Hindustan">{{cite news |title=Demolition creates new bridges |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/demolition-creates-new-bridges/story-e2JiW5eiB9qdU2Ws97LcHN_amp.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=16 September 2011 |access-date=19 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="NDTVDismantled"/>

== See also ==
* [[Amira Kadal]]
* [[Abdullah Bridge]]
* [[Jhelum River]]
* [[Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bridges of Srinagar}}

[[Category:Bridges in Srinagar]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Srinagar]]
[[Category:Bridges over the Jhelum River]]
[[Category:Bridges in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Wooden bridges]]
[[Category:Arch bridges]]
[[Category:Bridges completed in the 20th century]]
[[Category:Wooden buildings and structures in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Srinagar]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]